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IMapa. plataa. charts, ate., may ba filmad at diffarant raduction ratioa. Thoaa too larga to ba antiraly ineludad in ona axpoaura ara filmad baginning in tha uppar laft hand comar, laft to right and top to bottom, aa many framaa aa rac;uirad. Tha following dlagrama illuatrata tha mathod: Laa cartaa. planchaa. tablaaux. ate., pauvant Atra fHm4a i daa taux da rMuction diff4ranta. Loraqua la documant aat trap grand pour ttra raproduit it un saul clich4. il aat flimA A partir da i'angia supMaur gaucha. da gaucha k droita. at da haut an baa. mn pranant ia nombra dimagaa nAcaasaira. Laa d^qrammaa suivanta illuatrant la m4thoda. ire. ] 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 uis "^ SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. BULLETIN OF THK UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. No. 4 A MONOGRAPH OF THE HARRISON ai^ *• ■*-'• WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OPFIOR. 1893. r ^ wiam L 4 _i JjSj . ADVERTISEMENT. This work (Bulletin No. 43) is cue of a series of i>uik'is inteuded to illustrate the collectious belonging to the [Tuited States, and consti- tuting the National Mus(>uni, of which the Smithsouiau Inatitution was placed in charge by the act of Congress of August 10, 184G. The iiublications of the National Museum cousist of two series — the Bulletin, of which this is No. 43, in continuous series, and the Proceed- ings, of which the sixteenth volume is now in press. A small edition of each paper in the Proceedings is distributed in pamphlet form to specialists in advancie of the publication of the bound volume. The Bulletin of the National Museum, the publication of which was commenced in 1875, consists of elaborate papers based upon the collec- tions of the Museum reports of expeditions, etc., while the Proceedings facilitate the prompt publication of freshly-acquired facts relating to biology, anthropology, and geology, descriptions of restricted groups of animals and plants, the discussion of particular questions relative to the synonymy of species, and the diaries of minor expeditions. Other papers of more general popular interest are printed in the Appendix to the Annual Report. Full lists of the publications of the Museum may be found in the cur- rent catalogues of the publications of the Smithsonian Institution. Papers intended for publication in the Proceedings and BuUetin of the National Museum are referred to the Committee on Publications, comiwsed as follows: T. H. Bean (chairman), A. Howard Clark, R. E. Earll, Otis T. Mason, Leonhard Stejneger. Frederick W. True, and Lester F. Ward. S. P. Langley, Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. Washington, D. C, September 20th, 1693. n SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. MONOGRAPH OF THE BATS OF NORTH AMERICA. BY HARRISON ALLEN, M. D. WASHINGTON: GOVERNMKNT PRINTING OFPICB. 1893. . '•! PREFACE. 1.1 Nearly tliirty years have passed siuce the Monograph of the North Ameri(!au Bats* appeared ks oue of the series of miscellaneous publi- cations of the Smithsonian Institution. Imi)erfect as it was, this me- moir has remained the single work on the subject. The influence of Prof. S. F. Baird is discernible throughout, and it is proper to say that thcopinions of species therein entertained were accept^ed by him. But the changes in systematic zoology make it desirable that a new essay be written. The monograph as it now appears is essentially new. It is not only larger by reason of the addition of species, but the descriptions are elaborated. N( old inoiiogniph iiikI bringing it up to (lute lis for tlie most part tliiit in tlio posaession of tliu V. H. National Mu80um. Valuable aid was received by upeeiinens examined from the collection of the Muaeuin of Comparative Zoology of Harvard Uni versity; tliatof tiie American Museum of Natural History, New York; that of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia; and that of the California Academy of Science. I desire to return my thanks to the officers of these institutions for courtesies extended. Dr. C. Hart Merriam, of the Agricultural Department, Washington, kindly sent me the entire valuable collection of the Vcspertilio in his charge; and by so doing enabled me to study this ditli«'ult genus under the most favor- able circumstances. Special acknowledgments are also due Mr. H. A. Ward, of Rochester, N, Y., who placed in my hands his entire collec- tion of Chiroi)tera, [ also wish to thank Mr. G. S. Miller, jr., of Cam- bridge, Mass.; Prof. J. H. JVlontgomery, of Meadville, Pa., and Dr. Robert W. Haynes, of Los Angeles, Cal., for valuable assistance. • All measurements are assumed to be in the French scale unless other- wise stated. The measurements in English scale are taken from the monograph of 1864, together with lists of specimens which at that time formed the basis of the descriptions. These are copied ftu- the convenience of rewlers who may not have access to that publication. The figures have been drawn by Mr. F. von Iterson with a fidelity to the originals which can bot fail to aid the student of a confessedly- difficult group of aninials. AHUIIEVIATIONS. IT. S. N. M. — llnitod States Niitional Mn.st'Uin. A. N. S. P. — AciHltMiiy of Naturiil .Sciences of Pliiliulolphin. M. C. Z. — Miisuuui of Coiupiirative Zoology. :<*■ *Hi-.' V — CONTENTS. t ( Page. hitroduction I Paiiiily Phjlloatoiuiilm .' 33 MncrotuB 33 M. californicuH 84 Artibeua 43 A. perspicillatus 43 ["aiuily VeBpertilionidui 53 Coryuorhiuus 53 C. macrotis 55 C. townHendii 58 Eudorma 60 E. inaciilata 61 Antrozous 64 A. pallidus 66 V dspertilio 70 V. gryphu» 76 V. gryphus liicifiigus 78 V. albesceuH 87 V. albeHceuB evotis 89 V. albescens melunorhiiiuii 91 V. albescens atfluis 93 V. nitidns 94 V. uitidus niacropuH 100 V. nitidus ciliolabruni 101 V. nitidns lungicrus 103 Lasionycteris 104 L. noctivagans 105 Adelonycteris , Ill A. fuHCUs 112 Vesperiigo 121 V. uarolinensis 121 V. hesperus 128 Nycticejns 131 N. hnmeralis 131 Dasypterus 137 D. intermedins 137 Atalapha 141 A. noveboracensis 142 A. teliotis 153 A. cinerea 155 Nyctinomus 163 N. brasiliensis 163 N. inacrotis nevadeusis 171 I'romops 175 P. perotis californlcus 175 VII LIST OF PLATE8. n I. MaorotiiH californicns 34 II. MacrotuB califorulciis 36 III. Artibeiw porspicillatus 44 IV. Artibeus perBpiolUutUH 46 V. Artiboiis porspiclllatus 50 VI. Corynorliiuiis macrotis 56 VII. Corynorhiuus luaorotis, and C lowiistMiilii 58 VIII. Antrozona ])alli(lu8 66 IX. Antrozous pallidiis 68 X. Vespartlllo gryphns 76 XI. Vespertilio gryphns 78 XII. Vespertilio iiitidiiH and varirlkn JU XIII. Laeionycteris noctivagniiH 106 XIV^ Lasionycteris iioctivagauH 108 XV. Adelouycteris fiiscus 112 XVI. Adelouycteris fuscus 114 XVII. Adelonyctcris fiwcus 116 XVIII. Vesperugo carolineiisis 122 XIX. Vesperugo oarolincnsis 128 XX. Vesperugo hesperus 128 XXI. Vesperugo hesperus 130 XXII. Nycticejus liumeriilis 132 XXIII. Nycticejus Luuit-ralis 134 XXIV. Dasypterus interiuedius 138 XXV. Dasypterus intermedins 140 XXVI. Atalapha uoveboracenais 142 XXVII. Ata'.ipba noveboracensis, and A. teliotis 144 XXVIII. Atalapha noveboracensis, and A. telioti i 152 XXIX. Atalaplia cinerea 156 XXX. Atalapha cinerea 158 XXXI Atalapha cinerea 160 XXXII. NyctinoinuH brasiliensis 161 XXXIII. Nyotinomna brasiliensis 168 XXXIV. Nyi^tiuomus macrotis uevadensis 172 XXXV. Nyctinomns macrotis nevadensis 174 XXXVI. Promops perotis californicus 176 [XXXVII. Promops perotis caliioruicus 178 LXXVIII. Promops perotis californicuo 180 • I A MONOGRAPH OF THE BATS OF NORTH AMERICA. By HarrisoU Allen, M. D. INTRODUCTION. Dho bata constitute the order OUiroptera. Unlike related groups |ich are equally extensive, the bats do not vary in sufficwnt degree io confounded by any possibility with other creatures. By an un- fined observer shrews might be mistaken for mice or voles, some of smaller marsupials for minks or weasels, conies for marmots. But popular impression of a bat is accurate, since this creature is the ly mammal adapted for true flight, and no other mammal resembles If any mammals exist or have existed that are half bats and half lies, half bats and half lemurs, half bats and half marmots, they are |to unknown to the naturalist. Paleontology is silent as tt) the jin of the bats, though comparison of their bony framework with ^se of the Insectivora, Lemuroidea, and Bodentia suggest that they have arisen from the mammalian stem not far from the points at |ich the differentiation of these branches began. MEMBRANES. [jet us examine the undissected bat, and endeavor to establish thereby jieral conceptions of the creature and of some of the signs of the berflcies by which its varieties can be named. It is at once seen It the anterior extremities are furnished with greatly elongated jers, the intervals between which are occupied by two layers of skin, ^dsmith uses a happy phrase when he says " the fingers serve like sts that keep the canvas of a sail si)read and regulate its motions." jrers of skin tlius make up tlie wing membrane. They are continuous m the last finger anil the thumb, or some adjacent surface, to the Bs of the body, the neck (both above and below the arm and forearm), the outer side of the posterior extremity. Each wing membrane johes below the knee and from this point, in varying degrees, to the rle and the foot. The space between the posterior extremities is also kipied, as a rule, by two adjoined layers of integument which con- futes the interfeiuoral membrane. This structure as opposed to the 2 BULLKTiN 43, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. abf*ve is less constant in form and dimensions. It may be guided by i long tail quite to its tip, it may allow the tip to project in different de-l grees beyond its free margin, it may greatly exceed in size that of the] stunted tail, it may be defined as a hem along the inner border of the{ limbs, or it may be entirely absent. It follows from these statements that all bats are provided with i back and a f^'ont skin-expanse from the sides of the body to the extremil ities in a constant manner, but from the tail to the posterior extremitieal in an inconstant manner, the last named presenting modifications deter| mined by degrees of outgrowth of the tail itself. The membranes present many details with respect to the manner ofl their attachment to the sides of the body and to the various parts ofl the limbs. Interesting variations of plan are seen where .the skinl crosses joints. In the elbow joint the skiu may be attached entirely tol the epicondyle, so that the joint lies quite to the under side of thtl wing, as in the African fox-bat, Upomophorus; or it may be attachedl midway, namely, to the olecranon, as in many forms, but perhaps bestj seen in the neotropical American Saccopteryx; or it may be attached entirely to the epitrochlea, so that the joint lies quite on the upper siirJ face of the wing, as in Ehinolophus pearsoni and Taphozous, At the wrist distinctions are seen in the manner in which the tendons of tha extensor carpi ulnaris and flexor carpi ulnaris are disposed at the a,ng\a which is formed between the radius and the fifth metacarpal boueJ When this angle is marked, and skin-folds are conspicuous over thel tendons named, a radio-metacarpal pouch is defined. The knee always! lies on the iipper surface of the membrane. It is most free in J^aorof hJ and least so in the Molossi.* The membrane attached to the ankle ..ayl lie entirely to the halliical side of the joint, but is disposed to cross itl by an oblique raised fold and be secured to the minimal, t. e., little toe| side. I have found it convenient to employ a uumber of names for the sub-| divisions of the dermal expanse. The membrane which extends from the sides of the trunk to includel the anterior extremity is the wing membrane ("bat wing," patagiurajj The membrane between the legs is the interfemoral membrane (urof patagium). The wing membrane above the arm and forearm is the prebrachiiini| (antebrachial membrane, propatagium). The wing membrane below the arm and forearm would become aiiti I thetically the postbrachium. But since the postbrachium could not bej separated from the sides of the trunk ami the legs, it has been founu| necessary to discard it. * The part of the wing membrane lying between tlie body, the humerus,! *The group named tho MolosMi will bo hold in thiH essny to be distinct from thel Kroup of which Kmballohura is tlio centrnl ^enns. I iint of tho opinion that thewl iiUiiuicoH are m the shaft of the bony phalanx remains a probability only. 4 BULLETIN 48, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. The digits on their palmar aspect may be sharply defined as in the | PhyllostomidsB and Corynorhinua, or they may be obscured by the mem- brane or the upper part in the forepart of the hand, namely, in tlie| region of the second, third, and fourth digits, as in Molossi, Yesperti- lionidse and the genus Antrozous. The membrane may lie chiefly on I the iipper aspect of the digits, as in most bats, or at the lower. That! in the second interspace may be attached to the upper border of the| second and to the lower border of the third metacarpal bone. The skin is much more loose about the legs than the arms and on the I interfemoral membrane than the wing membrane. The membranes are I attached to the lower border of the first two or three caudal vertebrae, | thus permitting them to be seen distinctly above, and to the upper bor- ders of the remaining vertebree, thus permitting them to be seen more | distinctly below. The skin of the two sides of the body unite in such wise as to per- mit a very narrow interval to exist between the two layers. The upper I layer of the wing membrane is extending directly outward on a level | with the back of the chest and of the loin, but the lower layer is vari- able. It may extend outward as in the upper layer, but a disposition I exists for it first to conform to the curve of the side of the trunk and join the upper layer near the union of the side with the up^ " "face of the trunk. In one remarkable instance, Chilonycteris aujyi, tlie under layer extends quite to the middle line of the back, and thence is | deflected in an acute angle outward to join the upper layer. The re- gion of the axilla is greatly depressed in bats, owing to the inclination I for the under skin layer to extend upward and backward. This space I is so large as to suggest the adaptation of the pouch thus formed for | the protection of the young. In Cheiromeles it must have another sig- nificance, since it here constitutes a huge bag- like involution which | extends as far as the middle line of the back. THE WING MEMBRANE AT BEST. The bat when at rest folds the finger*;: by a movement of the root of I the hand (carpus) downward on the wrist end (distal end) of the forearm, f This movement is characteristic and when completed brings the fingers | in a compact bundle (like the ribs of a closed umbrella) under the fore- arm and parallel to it. The hand is thus tucked up toward the rest of I the anterior extremity, and as the forearm (in the same movement) is I sharply flexed on the arm the entire extremity presents the greatest possible contrast to what it exhibited when prepared for flight. The bat now supports the body in one of two ways. It is prone, i. e., with the front of the body downward on the plane of support, or it is pend- ant, t. e., hung by the claws of the hind feet. If it is prone the base of | the thumb and wrist supports the body and is furnished with a hard- ened pad of skin (callosity) for the purpose, the thumb being held at I the same time well out of the way, and (he posterior extremity taking I 18 aajyi, the A MONOGRAPH OF THE BATS OF NORTH AMERICA. 6 llie position nearly the s'lme as that of teirestrial quadrupeds. The B8t example of those that scurry* when the wings are folded are the lolossi. In this group tlie phalanges of the third and fourth digits ire now no longer held in axial line with the metacarpals as in flight, jut are drawn upward and to the side, though well out of the way. Che tail in all prone forms remains extended and the tip touches I plane on which the animal rests. If the bat is pendant in rest the )a8e of the thumb and wrist do not support. The thumb is without kallosity, is more engaged in the wing membrane, and is drawn more jr less in toward the under surface of the wing. In this event the foot furnished with sharper and more recurved claws, since they are now [>rehensile. The leg assumes a position quite at variance with the ter- restrial position and is different in this regard from all mammals, the ploth aloue excepted. The tail in the pendant form, at least in our red jat, is drawn well forward and rests on the lower part of the trunk, it readily seen that very long digits of the anterior extremity would be lore or less in the way in the prone forms, while they might be extended any degree in the pendant forms, without interference. In fact the irst named have smaller digital elements than the last and the wing bxpanse is correspondingly more restricted.! THE WING MEMBRANE IN FLIGHT. While interesting characters are thus observed in the bat when at |:est it is in the use of the limbs in flight that the chief peculiarities are loted. The intervals between the digits vary greatly in the different ;euera. As already remarked the under surfaces of the second and bhird digits are boldly outlined or are covered with membrane so as t/O |>bscure their outlines. In the forms in which this obscuring is noticed pe fifth finger is supported by a little rod of cartilage. The opening of the wing exerts a powerful influence over the posterior Extremity. It pulls it outward in the forms in which an interfemoral lembrane is present and thus makes tense this membrane. The entire imb is abducted from the terrestrial position and the foot is turned rith its plantar surface forward. The wing membrane may be said to be redundant when the expanse ^bove the arm and forearm extends freely to the carpus and embraces *A word was needed to express the terrestrial motion of a bat whose wings are at ^est. I venture to use "scurry" in lieu of a better. tThe contrast between prone and pendant positions of bats when at rest is an astructive one. It supposes the existence of a number of adaptive characters, which rill be observed in the accoants of members of our fauna. So little is known of the babits of bats that it would be premature to base any generalizations upon these or ^ny other isolated groups of structural peculiarities. I havo seen our common brown i in captivity hang itself up by the claws, but have never seen it other than prone vhen at rest in its native haunts. I am also aware that Rhynohonycteriii (which has i flexed thumb and a small poUioal callosity) comes to rest like a moth; i, e,, with ugs expanded yet prone. 6 BULLETIN 43, UNITED 8TATE8 NATIONAL MUSEUM. the small thumb to a point beyond the first phalanx of the thumb; when it extends down to the foot beyond an oblique muscle line which I extends upward and outward from the lower part of the leg; when the spaco between the second and third digits is ample, and that between the thumb and second digit is i)rovi(led with a Avell-deflned hem of | membrane. Skin folds are often disposed along the lines represented by tlie | palmar fascia, at the proximal end of tlie fifth digit.* The flexor ten- dons at the radio-digital angle are often covered with similar disposi- tions of the skin. The membranes are supported not only by the parts of the skeletal I frame- work, as these parts are usually defined, but by a number of special adaptations. An accessory cartilage at the somad margin of | the terminal fifth digit has been already named (Vespertilionidee, ex- cept Plecoti).t Tlie interfemoral membrane is supported at the free I margin by a special cartilage (calcar) from the tarsus in all bats except- ing the rteropido;, Rhinolophidie, and the stenodermata. The calcar may have a process from its under margin, as in Noctulinia noctula. \ The terminal joint of the tail may be spatulate, as in Nycteris. Termi- nal cartilages of the third and fourth digits are present except in Ptero- pidte, Bhinolophidte, and Emballonuridic. They are of varying shapes, the whole arrangement having for its object tlie support of tlie free margin of the wing membrane. These cartilages, as a rule, are deflected outward, though they may remain axial, as .in Phyllostomidiv | and Plecoti. All things remaining the same, the degree of strain may be measured I by the extent and variety of these special supports, and may be said to be in the line of specialization for aerial movements. Hence, in forms in which they are absent the membranes are broad and may be said to exhibit more of a parachute arrangement than in other types in which | they are present, and the motion of the wings to be like that of a slow fanning rather than a rapid, varied flight. Strain on the membranes is also shown in the angles formed between the portions of tlie wing farthest away from the body, namely, the region of the second and third digits. These are pulled away from the fourth and fifth digits, which remain nearly passive, by the traction of the muscles which extend these bones (extensores carpi radiales longior] et brevior), and the whole membrane becomes tenpe. The contrast be- tween the shapes of the wing in this regard is considerable when such | forms ijS Artibeus, Nyctirumius, and Atalapha are compared. When the wing of a bat is held up between the eye of the observer I "VespertilionidiB (excepting Plecoti), and Molossi. t In the prodrome of tins introductory essay (Proc. U. 8. Nut. Mns. xvi, 1893) this j cartilage is given as a character of the Molossi, while said to be absent in Antroioiit. I have since corrected both of th«se stateineiits. My first announcement respecting I the accessory cartilage was made in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1889, 330 {note). :UM. A MONOGRAPH OF THE BATS OF NORTH AMERICA. r the tbunob; le liue wUicii { eg; when llie that between | iflned hem of I inted by the lie flexor teu- 1 uilar dispo-si- ' the skeletal I a number of ful margin of | tilionidse, ex- d at the free I 1 bats except- . The cah-ar | linia noctuk. 'eris. Ternii- 1 sept in Ptero- of varying I apport of the s a riile, are lyllostomidit be measured may be said nee, in forms ay be said to pes in whicli liat of a slow ued between namely, the vay from the traction of iales longior { contrast be^ e when such I the observer xvi, 1893) tbis | t in AntroeoHS. ent respecting I I, 330 (note). 1(1 a bright light the membrane is seen to be translucent. The deli- te collective tissue linen (trabeculni) are seen uniting the various rts of the bony framework, und the positijius of the nerves, blood sae's, and muscle-fascicleH an dis])luyed. The paths of the nerves and . ml vessels constitute one system and may be spokcu of together, but trabeculie and muscles are distinct from these and ii" some degree km each other. As in the case of the relation which exists between skin and the bones, so in the arrangement of the parts just named degrees of strain to which 9 wing is subjected account in the m lin the difference in the various genera. The muscle-fascicles are most liiierous in the membrane near the body, and are better developed in narrow-pointed winged forms, such as Molossi and Atalwpha, than I the broad, parachute-like forms.* The muscle element in the wing lespecially weak in the Pteropidte, Bhinolophidte and YespertilionidsB. Dhe fibrous lines which extend across the membranes are not without stem. Many of them are excessively attenuated tendons; such, for lample, are the fibers of the palmar fascia, already mentioned. Others the fibers which connect the joints of digits; more of them yet ap- lar to be parts of a true derm. The nerves and blood vessels pursue le same courses. Sin(>e the directions of nerves are of more impor- iice in morphological study than the vessels, the former will be alone Imed. In each interdigital space a nerve tends to enter at its proximal Id and, dividing into two branches, incline along the sides of the op- Ised metiicarpal bones. The departures from this plan are numerous, jd are so constant in groups of generic and even specific limitation lat they constitute valuable additions to diagnoses. lAn oblique raised line passing down on the wing membrane from the |per part of the arm, in most bats, corresponds to the corcuso-hrachi- \n fascicle. It is least marked in highly aberrant forms, and may be nerve origin, instead of muscular, in Noctilio, Corynqrhinu^, and ecotus. A second, lying near the elbow, in like manner, is caused by luscular slip from the triceps extensor and therefore becomes the fceps fascicle. In Corynorhimis and Plectotus this line is represented one corresponding to a nerve, apparently ulnar, or the internal cuta- )us. Both these lines are offshoots from the muscles named. The tercostal lines are those which pass directly from the sides of the ink. iThe wing membrane, when expanded, exhibits differences in the width [the interdigital spaces. These differences relate in an intimate man- Ir with the behavior of the parts in flight, and consequently with ibit. The subjoined table indicates some of these distinctions: ' Perhaps the highetit degree of developnieut of the luuacle system is attained in tinopoma. 8 BULLETIN 43, UNITED STATES NATIONAL 1«JSEUM. Manal (pteral) formulai of the tpidtks of neoond, third, aud fourth intempace*. Upeoiea. LoitbMtoma Hohiioatoma Hacrotua D««mor6- lietwwii 'III* IllandlV. >m. 40 1 ;» 6 44 7 ia 10 3« 10 40 li aa 0-lJ 106 u »3 13 32 U 51 18 64 18 SO II 81 4S 40 II r>H « 58 10 8.1 11 64 17 46 ■M 83 45 145 62 iRii. srs of a sill. B from fami- ly included it partially Ua) and in nbrane au- n extensive ce between kin expaii rocesses to ' their own xtending a the water he sides of 16 anterior as the til) which ap- the poste- i found in itween the n expanse igiily spe- g a single s 1 bheui. I i J10N00KAf>H OF THE hA'^H OP NORTH AMERICA. 9 The very exceptioual di8po8itif»n in the bat xbr the skin from the I trunk to extend the entire lengths it' the limb, and in the case of the anterior extremity to form enormous -vobs between the produced dig- I its, is associated with an inclination Lr (he ears to become greatly ex- ]iiuulc(l and for cutaneous olfshoots to appear at the muzzle, chin, and tiic sides of the face. Even the prepuce is disposed to be redundant. To^j^cther with this inclination, deriaal structures are highly specialized, so' tliat the sebaceous glands, hair follicles, and tactile bodies are well developed. It can be readily surmised that special adaptations for a variety of purposes occur in this group of structures, s . that secondary sexnnl characters are found in the gland masses of the skin of the neck, and of the skin folds, the details in the ears, the pouches of skin, etc., arc available for purposes of classiflcation. THE EXTERNAL EAR. In this connection let us glance at the peculiarities of the external ear. Tlie external ear is markedly moditled from the type usual in quadrupeds. Its simplest expression is seen in the Pteropidie and the Bhinolophidse. In these families the widely separated auricular cartilages are closely enwrapped by integument and the tragus is said to be absent. (See be- low.) In such an ear the terms inner and outer hordes and tip, exhaust tlie list which are demanded in their description. In the ears of the remaining families it is far different. The auricle here is expanded to degrees which bring the outer parts to a greater or less degree down- ward and forward on the upper parts of the necik and reach the region of the mouth, or even the chin, while the inner border, being guarded by a skin fold which connects the ear to the crown, is disposed to be united with the corresponding part of the ear of the opposite side and extend in varying degrees toward the snout. Skin lappets arise from both inner and outer borders. Those from the inner border from a long appendage which lies in advance as defined in the simple ear and becomes the internal hem. As a rule it ends as a free lobe inferiorly, which thus becomes the internal basal lobe. The line of the true inter- nal border being always discernible becomes the internal ndge. The external border, which is distinguished from the true external border which now becomes the external ridge is also disposed to form a hem {exiernal hem), which, however, in contrast to the inner is apt to be divided into an upper and a lower part; the upper part forms the first scallop, and the lower the second scallop. The free lower end of the outer border becomes the external basal lobe, which may be separated from the lower scallop by a deep basal notch, or the second scallop may extend across this notch and the external basal lobe and becomes eon- tinuous at various distances with the face or that over the lower jaw. These parts will not receive distinctive names. In most examples the auricle is also conveniently divided into an anterior and a posterior part, the anterior part is marked, if marked at all, by lines repeating to BULLETIN 43, UNITED RTATEH NATIONAL MUSEUM. that of tbu internal border, wliil» the posterior ]>art in marked, if marked at all, by conHpiiMioiiH trauHverne linos or Htriie. The hair when it extends upward on tho ^ar from the crown Ih UHually of tlie color and character of tliat of the crown, while that of the posterior Ih | of the color and charai^ter of that of the neck. The tragitH varies exceedingly in form. The following terms are cm- ployed in its description, viz, the inner and outer border, the tip, the | notch, which is near the base of tiio outer border, and the basal lobe, which lies below the notch. The tragus is said to be absent in Ptero- pidie and Khinolophidas but in some examples of the family last nam<-(l arndlmental tragus can \w discerned. The tragus always arises from the ridge which lies in front of the auditory meatus and connects tiie inner and outer auricular borders. It is of interest to observe timt while this connection with the borders is imperfectly defined in m«)st I bats that in the recently discovered Kiiilcrma it is markedly so united | and tenus auricle. Not only is this the case, but tlic curs are often united by a band | (inter auricular membrane) which extends obliquely forward. In Cory- norhinuH and Macrotus it is on the face, and in Promops perotis reached | quite to the snout. In illustration of the value of the ear in classitlcation the following; I table is drawn up from the members of the bats described iu this | memoir. Phyllostomida: — Ext«rnal ear without internal basal lobe. External I ridge rudiniental or absent. External basal lobe not marginal, but lies | well within the large second scallop, which is continued well iu ft-out; tragus prorect, coarsely crenulate or spinose on outer border. Moloaai. — Ear without internal basal lobe. Interual ridge produced | forming a "keel." External ridge marginal, produced, bounding exter- nal basal lobe. External basal notch open, i. e., not covered by lower | scallop ; tragus rudiniental. VeHpertilionidai. — Ear with internal basal lobe. Internal and exter- 1 nal ridges rudimental, not produced. External basal lobe marginal (except Plecoti), not touching external basal ridge. External basal I notch occupied by produced lower scallop. Tragus obscurely crenu- late on outer border, or smooth. SECONDAUY SKIN DEVELOPMENTS. At the muzzle the skin folds are median and lateral. The margins | of the nostrils expand above and at the outer side while they are sepa- rated by a groove or a ridge in the middle line, as is seen in Brachy- phylla and Nyctinomm. Or the two lines of perinarial expansion may I meet below in the space between the nostrils and the lip to tbrm a swollen ridge as in Olossophaga or a lappet as in most Vampyri, while the iuteruarial ridge is continuous with a vertical leaflet. This is tlie | ;uM. A MONOGRAPH OF THE HATS OF NORTH AMERICA. 11 « marked, if I ). The liiiir ually of tlie ])OHterior i» \ )rtn8 are cm- , the tip, the I lie basal lohe, \ lit in Ptei'o- Y last named 1 arises from :(>uiioct8 tile ►bservo tliiU lied in most ly so united | 'icle. id by a band | ■d. In Cory- rotia reaches) I ;lie foUowiiif; ibed in this 5. External iiial, but Im 'ell in front; [ er. ge produced nding exter- •ed by lower I 1 and extcr- )e marginal ternal basal { irely creuu- )he margins | By are sepa- I in Braclni- ansion may I p to form a »jPyn, while This is the MM' s*>en in most of the Phyllostomidte as excmplifltHl in this memoir I I rlihfiis and Macrotm. The nostrils may remain simple with the upper >nit>r advanced upon lumen of the ojiening so lis to divide it into two kt'iiua as in most VesiH^rtiliouidat or the liuneii may be oval as in Eu- In all the genera in which the foliations about the nostrils are well [>v«>1()|)(>(l the outgrowths occur in positions of structures which can be lulled in the muKzles of other mammals. Thus in Jihinolophun (and at last in IlippoHiderim, so far as examined) the upper or inner margin of Icli nostril leads to the development of a fold (siipra-narial) which by kiitin^^ with its fellow forms the anterior of the two ascending leaflets the sella; the lower or outer margin leads to the development of the Itei-al fold (infra-narial), which passes back to form the lateral margin the posterior ascending leaflet or the terminal leaflet; the muzzle jands are continuous posteriorly, with a short skin-fold which joins litli the lateral fold to form the terminal leaflet. The supra-narial also lins the terminal leaflet from in front. The three plications end on lie terininal leaflet at the part where it frees itself from the head. Va- dous sapplemental folds occur in ift^>;>o»«/er«#, none of which, however, istiii'l) the plan. The scheme described for Artibeus is essentially the Jiine, excepting in the fact that a single ascending leaflet is formed, to lliich both supra narial and infra-narial folds contribute. In Ucto- fii/llo the entire inuxzle-gland series becomes foliate, thus exhibiting jcomitlete devehipmeiit of a tendency announced in Rhinolophus, In Ii/ctirix the supra and infra narials do not assist in forming a median juncture, but remain well out on the side of the face. iTlie lower lip is firmly held to the gum of the lower incisor teeth, as Vespcrtilio, or it is free and forms a protrusile, membranous fold ill Ataltipha. It may be entire or divided in the center so as to form \o chill plates as in Macrotus and, as a variation, in Xycticeju«. In hnlnphi a distinct lappet extends entirely across the chin and in de- j-ees of development distinguishes the sexes. The chin itself and the j)ace directly back of it is adorned with scattered warts in all forms, kit in rhyllostomida;, as shown in Ariibensy the entire chin is conspicu- ^isly adorned with verructe arranged in median and lateral groups. Chihiujcteris and Mormopn these are the sites of curiously complex laflets. J The sides of the face are furnished with skin-folds of various lengths, Ihicli are continuous with the external border of the auricle, or a large [art lies directly back of or below the angle of the mouth, while the Ides of the muzzle are apt to be more or less thickened by swollen land-masses, which tend to embrace the side of the nose-leaf as in yrtibem and Macrotm, or ascend toward the vertex of the face, where jiey either approach each other on the top of the muzzle as in Antro- ^U8, or end free as in Corynorhinuti. 12 BULLETIN 43, UNITED 8TATE8 NATIONAL MUSEUM. THE HAIR. Tliuhiiir of tliu body is arrivngeU in rugioiiH having well-doflned bonnd- urieH. Tiio uro^vn of tlio lioad, the region diruc.t ly in front of tliu <>ur, I t\ioi nuck, eHpocialiy tlio Hide and back, iiiuluHiveof a lino wtosh tiie top of tlio chcHt, tlie Hhoulder itMoIf, tlie HiduH of the under Hurface of the biHly, the rump, and inibitt are all regions which are often Heparatcly colored, or clothed with hair of distinct texture, or rateof devehipiuent than that of the other portions of the body. The sides of the neck are always furnished with longer hair than is the fk-ontand ordinarily tliHn| ia the back. The hair of the pubis is more woolly than that seen else- where. The hair extends farther on the dorsum of the fiu'O in Ve«per- tilio than in most genera. The same region is naked in Atlelonycteris. \ The shoulders are occasionally furnished with shades of color contrast- ing with that of the rest of the body. The membranes are clothed with hair in varying degrees. The greater I area is naked. The interfemoral membrane is more thickly clothed ou the upper than the lower surface, a tenden(;y reaching its maximum iiii Atalapha, while the lower surtm^e of the wing membrane between tlie I body and the border of the manus — a tendency also marked in Atalapha, I but most marked in the Asiatic form of the noctulo bat [NoctuUna nne\ tula hiMoptcrun), As a rule the fur from the under surffuto of the body extends from the upper third or half of the arm to the knee. The presence of a clump of hair on the dorsum of the forearm is a good peripheral charattter for Atalapha oinerea. The interfemoral membrane I as a rule is covered with an extension of hair from the rump to the| basal third in Yespertilionidre. In Vespertilio an interesting char- acter is noted in the clump, not being well defined, but straggles down- ward in an irregular manner and is lost near the ankle. This disposition I is espetiially developed in Vespertilio capaccini and in the Nevadan variety of Vespertilio nitidus ciliolabrum. The lower border of the I membrane is constantly fringed in some forms of Vespertilio, but as an individual variation in the North American species. It is rare to I have the lower border of the wing membrane from the foot to the manus fringed as in Pteropus, but Vespertilio, as seen in Nortii America exhibits a singularly constant, minute bristle which overlies I the membrane at the tip of the fifth finger. The ears are apt to be sparsely haired ou the inner surface near the anterior border, on the | outer surface at the basal third or half, and on the external basal lobe. Ou the whole the bats which take the prone position in rest are less I heavily furred than those which are pendent. In one of the most marked forms of the former group ( Cfieiromeles) the skin is nearly naked. I Interesting contrasts can be made in this way between the haunters of I caves, attics, and old tree trunks and those which are caught hanging | from the smaller branches and twigs of trees and bushes. Bristles (seta?) usually surmount warts (verrucse). They are best de- 1 veloped ou the face of Molossi, though they may be found in the group m. A MONOOUAPH OF THE HATH OF NORTH AMERICA. 18 lined ImmiimI- t of tliu <>)ir, I ;ro8H tlut top rfuco of tlie 11 8vpanit<0y luvelopmciit I blie nock are I iinarily tlittn | lit Hven oIho- •0 in Ve»per- ddonycteriH. lor contrast- The greater I y clothed ou maximum ill I luitwcon the inyl/a{aj)/ta,| octulina noc- I of the body I knee. The I m is a good I 1 membrane I rump to the I Bating char- ggles down- t disposition I »o Nevadanl )rder of the Ulio, but as I is rare to foot to the in North icli overlies e apt to be I der, on the I basal lobe. I rest are less I the most! iarly naked, haunters of I ht hanging I are best de- a the group list iiivuumI on the upper surface of the intorfemoral membrane. The Ici.v long hairs of the sides of the muz/du, which are so conspicuous in liiiiiy of the small mammals of (»thor orders, notably the Itodentia and Bai'iiivora are absent. The best examples are met with in VeHpertilio IimI (lliorronyoteriii. Fringes of bristles adorn the margins of the toes |i Molossi. Ill describing bats in this manner the attention which has been given I tliiultitails of tlio coloring and the markings on mendmuiea require 111 exact use of terms. VVIieii hair arises from the membrane it will be seen that the clumps iillow the dire(^tions of the trabecuhu and are detected in the trans- [ireiit wing as minute black dots arranged in rows. These must not K> eoiifoundcd with pigment spots which dot the naked spaces of the ^iii^' in some species. GLANDS. The skin glands are best devehtped on the sides of the face directly luck of the muK/le. In Molossi a large, median, coarse sebaceous gland |es depressed ou the under surface of the neck. It is best developed the male. An elevated thoracic mediaidy placed gland is present in \mctti(lratii tfivw oxpriiHHion to tlio Hhapo of Mic brain-uaN<^ ti afar KiHMitei' (Ici^roo tlian is Mio oasii in otliur inammalH. Tliu diviHioiJ of tUiy brain aro rtMidily ontliiuMl exfornally, and yiold convoniunt boiiiidJ ario8, Hin(H> Mio sliapcH of aMsociiafod parts liannoniKo in Homo dut?i'('t' t([ thorn. Thus tlio ro|i(ion of tho proonoiiplialon, of tiui moseucoplialoiij and of tlio inot(Mi(H^plialuii aro dotlnod. In liiio tnannor the improssiDiiif made by the lines of attaehinoiit of the temporal and masaeter nmscleii, tlie former on tlie eraninm, tlie latter on tlie lower jaw, are valnablcJ For the temporal mnscles I h'.ve named the median line betwee i tlid two the Haaittal vrmt, or line, and the anterv r and ])Osterior temponij impressions the anterior oiid poHtcrior temporal ridijen, or lines. On the niidor surface of the skull the sixe and direction of the ])r(H'J ess (sphenoidal tonjrue) which extends backwanl and outward froiJ the basisplicnoid is w«)rthy of notice. As compared to other inamnmlsf the cochlea is uiinsually \\xv\tv at the base of the skull, and is, aa a riilt| but partially concealed by the tympanic bone. The otic capsule varies in the decree in which bony laminie occupjl the spaces cre)it4>d by tin* semicircular canals. On the side of the skill the surface (opisthotic) which adjoins the s<]sed in Ixme, to formi triaii|;ular wtnljie comparable to the os prtrosa of other mammals. At a rule, the form of the cochlea and semicircular canals are outlined iiJ tli«)ugh in the lininan skull the eiicapsulin)>: petrosal bone lutd \ml chiseled away; the dejirees in wiiich thin i)lates of bone till in tliJ semicircular canals beinj'- aloiu> subject to chanp>. The horizontal IdoJ in all forms examined is tilled with bone. The foll»>wiii}; scheme of the otic elements will be found useful: Kxternal loop entiivly occupied with boiu': Sni>»^rior liutp iiii,t(iiliit«<(l, opon irhbi'im. Siiin'rior liiop Hourly liUoil S'lirtitiiiiiiiin ( .V. hnmlifntia). SinitM'itir loop iiliont hull" lil'ltMl ilahntlm. ICxternal h>op aliin)st entirely occupied «ith bone: • I'fupnUlio. Adelohyvlrrin (.Lj'u»cti»). A MONOORAPH OF THE BATS OF NORTH AMERICA. 15 I'lxtoi'iiiil loop and Hupei'ior loo])S uot occupied with bono: Soelilin. ; ' - MaerotuM (occiiMiunully uxcepteil). ; . t.i .<'. . . Hemidernui. CliiloHjivtvriH. Vlw tyiTipiinic bono is HoiuctimeH iiicoinplete, as in VeHpertilio, at its iipptT arc, wli«ro it limits the zona tympanica superiorly. The bone iiiiistitutiis th»i bulla, whii'h presents various degrees of extension over (lie cDchloa or forward along tiie side of the glenoid fossa. The width ; of tlie origin of the ster no- mastoid muscle is much greater than ia iiiaiiiiiialia goufsrally. This interval in Artibvux equals one-seventh of t ln' greatest length of the skull, wJiile in CaniH it equals one-nineteenth. Seen I'rom above, the face is described as forming a vertejr. This ex- tends from the region of the proencephalon to the upper border of the anterior nasal aperture. On the side the region of the face is equal to the length of the dental series. The orbit is, strictly speaking, t'jat poi'tionof the skull which accommodates the eyeball; but this is much Mualler than the space as defined by the bony limits, as seen in many I otiierniauimuls. Since custom has sanctioned an acceptance of an or- hi till m/ion which woiUd be limited posteriorly if a process were j.resent e\t(>nding from the anterior temporal ridge toward the zygoma, a simi- lar region so restricted is held to be a valid one in all bats. In some giMUMii, indeed, as those of the Emballonuridus the post-orbital proc- ess is constantly present, and in the Pteropida^ varying degrees of posterior limitations of the orbital region are seen. The face, including a pari of the frontal bone, is inflated at the side in bats. I hav« called tills the fronds maxillary inflation. It forms a ridge or swelling ut the I upper btM'der of the orbit. The inflation of the skull at the anterior part of the frontal bone to form the frontal sinus is much less conspic- luoiis in the Cheiroptera than in some other lU'ders, but the maxillary lintlatiou is greater. This peculiarity gives the face abroad effect at its Ijiuiftlon with the brain-case and modifies the shape of the orbit. The \tilimoidiil platcK variously change the shape of the inner wall. As a mile, the frontal bono here permits the ectoturbinal parts to be in part Jdeiiiied. The region of the lachrymal bone appears to resist the dis- position to inflation; lienco the peculiarities of the inflation give char- laeter to I his portion of the cranium. On the vertex the inflation causes Ithe t'aee to widen from the ])roeneephalon to near the anterior nasal laperture, where it is abruptly narrowed, and to create depressions of in- leonstant kinds in the line of the conjoined nasal bones. The extent to i liifli the recession of the nasal bone from the anterior nasal aperture iKtiirs. as well as of the ])alatal nottih, due to the rndinientary state of t!ie proinaxillu', aflord bases for some characters of minor value. The ItMifrtli of the infra -orbital canal and the peculiarities of the outer wall |i)l tlieeanal are of interest. In Artihcm the canal is hmg and for the if. 16 BULLETIN 43, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. most part smooth externally, as in Cairn, while in the fauna generally it is short, as in Felis, and the outer wall is often elevated. The hard palate may be either in the main axis of the skull, as in most forms, or deflected upward and forward. The characters furnished by the pterygoid processes, the palatal plates, are here as useful as in other mammalian groups. The i)remaxill8B are rarely firmly united to one another. When they are so united, as in PhyUostomidae and Mo- lossi, the median incisors are disposed to be (iontiguouis. When they are not united, a large median interspace separates them and is continuous with the vacuity which in other mammals represent the incisorial for- amen. The presQUce or absence of the spheuo- palatine foramen is used in some groups, as Molossi and in Plecoti, in separating genera. Tlie disposition of the turbinals is also of interest, the iieculiarities of tbe arrangement being definitive of the families as established on other structural characters. If in mammals generally an outer and an inner turbinal group is recognized, then in the bats we have a median lamina which bears upon its inner surface one or more scrolls (endoturbinals), and an outer lamina with much simpler accessories (ectoturbinals). The simplest arrangement of the turbinals is seen in the Nycteridse and Ehinolophidie, the most complex in Pteropidse. In Natalus alone is the ectoturbinal rudiniental or absent. (Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., Feb., 1880.) In addition to the f)ecul,iarities of the masseteric impression on the lower jaw, already noticed, characters are furnished in the height of the coronoid process and the degree of deflection as well as the size and shape of the angle. The i)ost-8ymphysal spine which is conspicuous in some extinct forms has not been seen by me in any of the extant forms (Promops perbaps excepted), and I have examined most of the genera of the order. The shortening of the face, pari passu, with reduction of teeth, is seen in Carnivora. The tendency is seen in Vespcrugo, smd in bats gen- erally. In Vespertilio the shortening of face is accompanied by dis- placement inward of the premolars. In a mechanical sense it amounts to the same as reduction in number. In pteropine bats a remarkable persistence of facial length remains, while the dis])osition to reduction is evident. One may conclude from the instance last named that the shortening of face and reduction of teeth are independent. The same is true of the Ungulata. In Atalapha the lower jaw closes in front of the upper. The lower canines articulate with the anterior surfaces of the npi)er laterals their entire length. The upper canines are free, i. c, do not articulate with anything. Vertebral column, — The vertebral column is without large processes other than the hftMnoi)ophyses which are well developed iu the cervical region. The atUts is broadest in Pteropidiw. In both Pieropua and Epomoph- A MONOGRAPH OP THE BATS OP NORTH AMERICA. 17 torus tlio bone extends downward posteriorly and at the sides so as jto conceal the lower opening of the canal for the vertebral canal. The luppei' border of the conjoined laminsB is boldly rugose. In Artibeus, a Imeinber of a group in the New World analogous to the foregoing, the Lit las is greatly reduced in the proiwrtions of the lamina3 and the trans- I verse process, the lower opening of the canal for the vertebral canal is |exi)()sed on the posterior aspect of the bone, while the upper border of Itlic (ionjoined laminae is scarcely rugose. In the vespertilionines, molos- Isines, and phyllostoinines minor peculiarities distinguish the atlas. iTlicse are given in the diagnosis of genera and species. Tn a general Kviiy it may be said that the pteropines are broadly separated from all Itlie other bats by the characters presented by this bone. In Pteropus laiul Epomophorm the axis possesses a large neural spine which almost [equals the length of the body inclusive of the cylindroid odontoid proc- ess. In Artibem the spine is but one-half the length of the body, inclu- sive of the tubercle-like odontoid process. The remaining portion of the cervical is curved more or less antero posteriorly. This is less marked ill the pteropine and phyllostomine genera than in the vespertilionine, iiiere the curve is so great as to bring the occiput almost to the flrst i( irsal vertebra. The aacrumy at its upper portion, exhibits a compressed projecting ventral surface. The spinous processes are flat, distinct, and liucrease in size from above downward in molossines and Atalapha, but tliey are low and confluent in many forms as in the pteropines. The irst coccygeal vertebra in tailed forms is large and resembles those of the sacrum. The caudal vertebra; below this are cylindroid. They rary greatly in length, especially at the beginning of the series. Ribs. — The flrst and second ribs are flat and broad (coalescent in {(italus and Hipposideros), but as a rule have a wide interspace. The )ther interspaces are also well defined in Pteropidte, but are often 1 arrow, and in Jffatalus and Hipposideros are practically obliterated. [Tlie costal cartilages are relatively inelastic and are disposed to become ['arly calcified. Indeed, the entire chest is rigid, and the ribs often jecome anchylosed to the spine, and in some forms, as in old Individ- lals of Vespertilio murinvs, the contiguous ribs to each other. Hence the respiratory movements are for the most part performed by the |liai)hragm and the flank miiscles. Stenium. — The prosternum is broad and massive, while both the mesosternum and metasternum are narrowed. The prosternnm sends a j'onspicuous process forward into the neck (as in many terrestrial mam- |iials) in molossines; all the others are without this process. The flrst oiiit is usually conspicuously keeled, and in Pteropidae this keel is livided by a deep notch. The mesosternum in the same family is also ieeled its entire length, but in the other groups it is barely ridged or smooth. Anterior limb. — The clavicle is present in all bats. It is firmly at- Itached at both the acromial and the sternal end. The last named 441— No. 43 2 i 18 BULLETIN 43, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. ; effects an important articulation witli tbe cartilage of the first rib audi in the sterno-claviculo-costal joint ; in Molossi, at least, it is of enormous | strength. The scapula, as in other claviculate forms, with few excepj tions, in which the large anterior extremity is not supported on the I ground, possesses an infraspinatus fossa very much larger than thel supraspinatus. The bone lies well up on the side of the neck in thel forms in which the cervical series of vertebra* is bent forward. Excel- j lent characters are yielded by thecoracoid process. It is always longiinnite to form a convex surface for articulation with the second row. With [lie excei)tion of the pisiform all these integers are easily recognized. pile carpus on the whole is simple, since the first, second, and third let; "iirpal bones are in axial articulation with trapezium, trapezoid, jiul OS magnum, respectively, wliile the fourth and fifth metacarpal Jones articulate with the unciform. In pteropines the trapezium and os magnum are greatly larger than re the other bones of the second row, and give a peculiarly massive Ippearance to the carpus when the wing is folded. The bone first lamed is without nodosity on the palmar aspect. Wedged between 20 BULLETIN 43, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. the two bones laat iiametd is the insigiiiflcant trapezoid. Owing to the abruptly curved line formed by the heads of the metacarpals the second and fifth bones lie at the level of the plane which would unite the ends of the curve, while the third and fourth form the bottom. The cavity deflued by the carve as indicated is almost entirely occupied by a large hatchot-shapo prolongation of the os magnum. Thus the os magnum, beside its axial attachments, is held on the one side to the second and on the other to the fifth metjicarpal bone. The heads of | these bones are so disposed as not to approach each other. The pisi- form is absent unless it is represented in the palmar prolongation (tf | the OS magnum. In rhinolophines the plan is that of pteropines. Though the bones are less massive than in that group, the methods of articulation are the same, and the pisiform is also apparently absent. In Artibem the palmar part of the os magnum articulates with a separate but much smaller element, which occupies the place of the hatchet-shape plate in Pteropus. The heads of the metacarpals are scarcely curved, and those of the second and fltth are disposed not | to approach each other. Among the vespertilionines we notice the following: Corynorhinus \ closely resembles A. ''/tftejts. In Adclonyoteris the trapezium possesses a tubercle on the palmar aspect; the os magnum is without palmar I plate, either united or separate. The heads of the second and fifth metacarpaltj approach each other and almost touch. In Atalapha tlie tubercle to the trapezium is retained, while the palmar extension of the 09 magnum is absent. Articulating on the pollical side of the flftli metacarpal bone is a separate ossicle, whi(!h appears to take the place of the part last named. It is elongated and much larger than any of the carpal elements. I have named it the pisiform. Antrozous is [ much the same as Atalapha; the ossicle by the side of the fifth metii- 1 carpal bone is triangular in shape. The i)late of bone which is con- tinuous with the OS magnum on its palmar aspect in pteropines appears | to be the same as the separate ossicle in the same situation in Artibeus. The bone which articulates by its base with tlie tiftli metacarpal bone I in Atalapha and AntrozoKs would appear to be identical with the above plate, since when it is present the os magnum ends in a simple manner toward the paim. It would api)ear to be tlie pisiform, since in Atalapha \ it was observed to receive the tendon of the extensor carpi ulnaris.* Sesamoid honen. — The sesamoid bones are found in locations where I great motion is permitted on the side opposite to which the bones are lodged — the purpose being apparently to prevent stretching of the * The ilifflcnlty of studying the carpus without decalcification iiud mtvkiiig sec- 1 tionw for microscopic study is concedtMl. The .ibove epitome will doubtl<>8s be modi- fied in details when such a method of study is adopted. The pteropines and true I rhinolophines are seen to bo in alliance by characters derived from the carpus, a position which is in harmony with the absence of the tragus and the compact form of the otio bones. ^^1 ring to the a.rpal8 tlie ould unite le bottom, jr occupied bus the o8 lide to the le heads of The pisi- •Dgation of the bones ilation are tea with a lace of the arpals are )po8ed not rynorhinm possesses ut palmar . and fifth alapha the i ^tension of I >f the fifth 3 the place an any of | trozous is fifth metii- ich is con- es appears Artibeus. irpal bone the above >le manner 1 At alapha \ ilnaris.* )n8 where I bones are ng of the making sec- | 88 1)0 modi- OS auil true I carpus, a mpact foru A MONOGRAPH OP THE BATS OP NORTH AMERICA. 21 Liiscloa which carry the sesamoids. At the point at which stretch- jii}f would begin the bones lock with the .joint surface and takes the strain. They are well developed in the tendons of the extensors of the [first, second and third metacarpal bones, especially in the phyl- Qostoniines. Tlio tendency above noted for the second and fifth metacarpal bones to iucliue toward one another on the palmar aspect of the carpus, and Ls a result for the second bonji to lie in front of the third and for the {filtli to lie in front of the fourth, is a notable feature in the manus of till' bat. Minor differences are seen in the relative lengths of the bones, ^riicy are shortest in pteropines and rhinolophines. The se6<)nd meta- I'arpal is usually slightly shorter than the others, but in Hipi)osideros jit is nnich shorter. The fifth metacarpal bone is apt to be the largest, |iis in Pteropus, but in Hipposideros and in the molossines it is the short- est. In the group last named and the related genus Atalapha the bones |sire marked by grooves for the powerful metacarpo-phalangeal flexors, lie third metacarpal bone is commonly the largest, the fifth the shortest, tlu' fourth being intermediate, yet in North American species of Ves- \l)eriHio the fourth bone, being slightly shorter than the fifth, is some- times an individual variation. M'egaderma is remarkable for having the |above order reversed — the fifth metacarpal is the largest and the third is the shortest. Viewed as a whole the manus, notwithstanding its Miornious longitudinal development in the third, fourth, and fifth ele- [meiits, is singularly unimportant in the first and second. The second, jowever, while unsupported by elongated phalanges, has strong archi- tectural functions at the line of its union with the carpus. The degrees of rigidity of the joints of the mnnus vary greatly. The metacarpo-phalangeal Joints of the RhinolophidiB are quite rigid |in all the forms examined. In most forms this joint in the fifth finger is less flexible than that of the other fingers. All things remain- ing the same, the degrees of rigidity are least marked in the third jtin^cr and most marked in the fourth and fifth, a proposition in har- mony with the manner of dividing the manus, namely, with the serial iiovoment (abduction) of the first, second, and third digits away from the fourth and fifth, which in their turn are more disposed to remain Istationary, and thus tend to make rigid the main portion of the wing linenibrane. The forms in which the second and third digits are approximated, sind the digit last named is widely separated from the fourth, embrace the iMolossi, the Vespertilionidte, and the remote Pteropidse; those in Iwhit'h the iialaiix which may Im> IV<>(« <»r Mnniaiichyloscd to the iiiotacarJ |ial. The hiiflirHt «l(>^i'<>o of drvrlupDitMit is nttaiiiiMl in Mio ptitropiiiei*! and in tiiCfriMius /iVM'»r*;>H«r, t lie toiincr having tlirco and fh«^ hittor twol 1)halan)j:<>K. I n t !i(> ptoropiiicHthr Miird isordinarily t'nrniHhcd with atdawT Tlio plnihin^as vary greatly in (ho raum'i of motion, thoHO of thu hocoiiiII and tilth digits hoing the l(>ast niobih", in their relative lengths in tliel ))tero))ines and the genera \ovtilio and MitiiitpfcruH, these lorms beiiigl rtMnarkalile tor the degrees presMit of lateral and dorsal flexion. Itl has been noted on p. 5 that the disposition and relativi^ sixes of tliol piialang"s,vary in the scurrying and pendant forms. In the ]msitioiil of llight the row of tlrst phalangt>s is Hexed downward, but the rovrl ot second phalanges is at the same time detlected latta'ally; i. c, tol ovarii th(> body. In the position of rest the parts either remain axially[ disposed or tlu> row of the tlrst phalanges is laterally or dorsally Hexed, as in th(< ntolossiinvs and emballanourines. The terminal eartilagos arol apparentlyabsiMitin pteropiiuvs an| rrt»M/)»/r««), or they are dcHected, from that line, as in vospertilioniiicsl and inolossiu(>s. These little rods a|)pear to be indices of the amiMint andl dire<'tion of strain to which the inend>ranes are subjected, and poiiitj tlu'refore, to distinctions in na>thods of tlight. It may be said tlmti they are absent, or, if present, axially disposed in the broad-wingiHll forms, but are detlected in the narrow winged.* In vespertilioniiicsl (excepting CitriiHorliiiius) the litth digit is provided with an accessory! cartilage, \vhi«'h lies to the ctuter side of the terminal cartilage. lt| slightly projects from the margin «)f the wing membrane. t The usual number of phalanges to each digit is two. In Phyllostol mida> the lunnberis three to the third digit, the fourth and tlfth haviiij;! two each. Y«'t in a specimen (ai)parently luu'nnd) of PhfilloHtonia Inmi fotioH I note three phalanges in the fourth digit as well as the tliirdl The third ])halanx is probably a segmentation of the second rather tliaii| a distinct Joint adpeav8 'Thi> sii;uill('!nu'<> nt" tlio ciirtihiiLtinoUK tips to the «1ij;itH is not clear. At lirsll Hixlit tlicy a|)|)oai' to he ot'tlii< value ot'tlistiiii't ))liiiliuiv:eN, mill 1 liiivo until roor th<> luicroMcopo yichlH no inili-l cation of scjinK'ntation, nor docs inspection of cuiUryos sliow stajjes in wliicti sciuir-j ate elements exist. Nevertheless I note in .>Arcri(Nii excess of «cj;nicutation of tliil last phaiaux, ami l>ol>son oliserves the same in the Molossi. Intcrestinii prop il| dirtlcult to hamlle a spi>eimi'n with -ut inourrinij a chaui'e of hreakiii); these uxcccd- insly tielicate structnn'.«>. In th(> rhyllostomid,)-. on the other hand, they are ;i|il| *o Ite yiehliujr and elastic, and susjijest (at h'ast in the case of the second and tliirill dij;its) that the hones are imperfectly ossitied. Mr. ('. IVrcy Moore, of the I'lii-f versity of Pennsylvania, who has kimlly investijjated the suhject for ine, stiifwl tliat attquulH that of tint khcoihI jihalanx «)f tho Banu) dx^xt in the allied (((uuu-a Furiti and NntubiH. Till' niueii {{nsiti^r luii)rth of tiio third !iT<-d with that ol (illiur digitH, is a notinvortiiy foatnrc of tlio bat win^;. Its rehitive It'll;;! Ii in dift'uront foriiiH HurveH as a {fuidn to /jfonoric and HonietiineM Id s|in'ilic distinctionH. Tlif piMMiliariticMof tho tiiiinil) aro HO niarlced tliat thoy can bo best cDiisiiicred apai't from tint other inanal parts. Tho tlininb, as a rule, is lit't' iVoiii nuinibrane beyond tlu^ basal tliird of the first phabiux, but may be almost entirely inclosed, as in Tlii/ropUra. Tho extent of the rinvi'iippin;; membrane determines the sixe of the little fold of skin wliirli lies between the thumb and tho second metiicarpal bone. The lliiiiiib is relatively larffo in ])endent forms, since it is here of value in prclieiision; per cifutrii, in Thifroptrrn, in which ^eiius a suctorial disk lakes tlu^ place of a prehensile thumb, this di;^it is also small, though the animal is unadupted to activity in the jirone attitude. It has been alrciidy noied (p. *») that the thuiid* is bent downward and the under siui'iice of the first metacarpal bone fairly well outlined in the pendent loriiis. It is not known how DvumoduH and Diphylln, which i>roces8 willi lar^ic projectinji; thumbs, support the body when at rest. The claws oil the f(!ot are )veak, and the animals aro probably not ]>endent 111 rest. VVMth thest^ ex(reptions, the phyllostomines possess the semi- llescd thumb, as do all the other families excepting tho nudossines and vesper! iliones. I'dstrrior limb, — The innominate bone always exhibits a narrow rod- like ilium which occasionally projects slightly al)ove the line of the ilio- sacral articulation, but as a ruh^ is lev(4 therewith. The d(u-sum of the iliiiiii is flat, in most forms, but it may b(^ <'oncavo and broad, as in iiKtlossiiiea, Atalaphu and (ViilontfvU'rin. The pubis is, as a rule, defined ill the males, but is absent and has awi«le interval defined between the iiiiHiiiiinnte bones anteriorly in tho females. Tho shape of the ischium and of the thyroid fcu'amen is subject to slight variation in genera and even in species. The innominate bone is in most fcnuns distinct from the vertebral column. In molossinos, Vhilnntn'teris, and in rhinolo- pliiiu's, it is anchylosed, both at the sacro-iliae junction and the ischio- saend or iachio-eoccygeal Junctions. ChUouyctcnn is an instance of tho union last named. In all bats a disposition exists for the tuberosity of the ischium to approach the vertebral column, thus presenting a marked eimtriist to that seen in terrestrial quadrupeds. Antrozom exhibits a laei't between the tuberosity and the first joint of the coccyx. The sloth is flie only animal I can recall which exhibits a fixation of the ischium similar to that found in the bats. Tho ilio-pectineal spine is marked; oth-n a large tubercle, it may be a needle-like spine. In Hipposideros it is of enormous length and is anchylosed to the ilium near its upper bonlor. 24 BULLETIN 43, UNITEO 8TATK8 NATIONAL MUSEUM. Th« intorcst wliicli iittacbcH to tlie osteolofjy of the hind extremity hiiN led iiiu to iiivii in more detail the following: In ijteropines the ilium is curved outward to u flight degree at tlic crest. The ridge from the dipper border of the acetabulum is iuconspii;- uous and does not extend entire length of ilium; thus the ventral and dorsal surfaces arc not separated and there is no special external bor- der near the crest. The tuberosity of the ischium is detlected markedly from the liiu) of the ilium and lies against the coccyx. The pubis i.s | thittkeued inferh»rly; the i)cctineal spine is absent or scarcely discern- ible. In HipposideroH among the rhinolophines the ilium is expanded and is concave on both dorsal and ventral surfaces. The broad crest ex- tends outward and unites by a broad thin tiange to the tip of the long | pectineal spine. Tuberosity of the ischium not projected bac^kward; nearly the entire pubis and ischium converted into a broad plate of bone at the expense of the thyroid foramen. Symphysis pubis long, entire. The trochanters of the femur are drawn backward and ap- proximated; the inner trochanter is the longer; the outer side of the shatt below the head furnished with a tiange. The condyles small and separated by a wide notch. In the tihin the spine for hamstrings com- pressed. Internal tuberosity prolonged; no mallelus. In phyllostomines the ilium is not deflected at crest. As seen inArti- heuH the ridge above the acetabulum is rudimental as in pteropines— | the ventral and dorsal surfaces therefore scarcely distinguished. Tlie external border below the crest is rugose and enormously thickened. The ischium is turned but sliglitly toward the coccyx. The inferior border of the pubis produced inward as a long blunt process and the upper border forms a long, acicular process (pectineal eminence) which extends one-half the length of the ilium. The trochanters of the/e>« )/*• not carried back, the outer not separated from the head by a notch. The inner is much longer than the outer. Tlie shaft at its inner side at the proximal tifths exliibits a conspicuous crest. The condyles are of equal size. Above them posteriorly is a depression (best marked over inner condyle) to receive in forced tiexion the i>()sterior border of the articular surface of the tibia. Intercondylar notch, pit-like. Prox- imal end of the tibia with scarcely any inward projecting process; malleolus none ; tubercle for insertion of hamstrings markedly devel- oped; surface for articulation with the ttbula rugose. In Hemiderma the innominate is much as in Artibeus, but the pubis not projecting or thickened; the pectineal spine but one-third the length of the ilium. The femur quite as in this genus, but the outer trochanter separated by a notch from the head. In Macrotus the in- nominate bone much the same as above, but the pectineal spine over one-half the length of the ilium. The trochanters of the femur approxi- nuited and carried well to the back of the shaft. The fibula only half the lengtli of the tibia. In Mormops the ilium is greatly compressed between the ventral and A MONOGRAI'H OF THE DATS OF NORTH AMERICA. 26 dorsal HiirfiioeH; first joint of tho tail very long. The femur and tibia ■AS in MiwrotuH. OhilonyotcriM in liitu manner oxhibitH a comprusHed iliiiin ossified to Haurum with broad rugose external border adjoining (;r('st. Dorsal surface sliglitly cQii(;ave and expanded. In both Mor- mopH and Chilonyvteris the tuberosity of the ischium is an(;hylo8ed to tlu* sacrum. The pubis in the male of Monnops is bony and entire; ill VhUtmycteriH it is less firmly defined. The pectineal spine in Mor- mops is two-thirds the length of the ilium. In ChilonyoteriH davyi it is I'cinarkablu for being nearly as long as this bono and bound by lilnous tissue to the vertebrie. In both of the genera of LobostomidsB till- trochanters of the femur are approximate, confluent, and carried wi'il back of the head. Tibia and fibula much as in Macrotus. Ill MoloHHtia the innominate bone is compressed, expanded. It is con- cave dorsally with narrow 'iac upper border slightly projecting. Pec- tineal spine one-third the ....ght of the ilium. Pubic symphysis en- tire, bony. Tuberosity of the ischium projects well backward, but is tVcf from the sacrum. The inner trochanter much larger than the • oiitcsr; truncate with a downward-projecting spine, not carried back- ward. The outer trochanter separated from the head by a slight notch. ('oiidyles e(iual in size; notch wide, shallow. Tibia straight with larKC^ malleolus. Ill Promopa tl"^ pelvis entire as in Molo88ua; characters much the sanie as in this genus, but the upper border of the ilium without spine and the tuberosity articulating with the sacrum, but not auchylosed thereto. Femur and tibia of the same character, the distal epiphysis of tlie femur narrower than the expanded shaft. In N^yctinomus the ilium as in Molosaus, but the i>ubic bones free ; femur and tibia the same. Ill Atalaphn the ilium is quite as in Molossus, bnt is not anchylosed to the sacrum. The pectineal spine is blunt, rudimental ; tuberosity of the iscliium lies in the same line with ilium, and approaches the sacrum, but is not articulated therewith. Both trochanters of the femur are carried backward as in Vampyri, but are not approximate, t. e., they are visible from in front; the inner is the narrower, though they are of the same length. Condyles high and narrow, the inner scarcely the wider; iioteh narrow, deep. Tibia curved with medianly projecting inner tuberosity, malleolus scarcely discernible. Fibula entire; upper por- tion membranous. In Antrozous the ilium is anchylosed to the sacrum and ill the male at least the symphysis pubis is well defined; the tuber- osity of tlie ischium extends back of the line of tne ilium and almost touches the sacrum. The pubic bone without a thickened inferior border. The femur and tibia much as in Vespertilio. Ill V('Si)ertilio the ilium is narrow, not expanded above, and not con- cave posteriorly; the outer border scarcely thickened near the crest. Tiie pe(!tiiieal spine low, compressed, directed slightly forward, blunt, scarcely higher than the acetabulum. The inferior border of the pubic boue greatly thickened near the symphysic line in the male. The in- 26 BULLETIN 43, UNITED HTATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. .1 noniiniite bono iH lightly liold to the Hacruin and at the HymphyHiHpu])if).| Tiio innur tro<;liantcr of th«^ fcniui' i>(|uals tho uxternal. Both arc Hinal and the gluteal (tr^Ht is Hcarcely hirgor tliau a thmge wliich unites \\w\ innur tro<;hant<>r to tlie sluit't, thus making th(^ femur unique. The in I ncr condyle is sliglitly the larger and tiie notch narrow. Tho til)ial with large projecting median spine at tlie ])roxinial end; mnlleolus dix-l tinct. In AdelonifcteriH and LaaioHi/ctcrifi tiwi i)arts quite as in VeHpertilio] the pectineal spine sliglitly longer; the shaft of the femur Just below| the head less expanded. CorynorhinuH nuidi as in VcupcrtiUo, but the upper part of the feninr| much less expanded, the shaft near tlie trochanter scarcely at all. Tho femur is without neck. The outer and inner troehauters arcl subequal and of large size, the outer tending to become the larger m in the molossines. The outer side of the shaft below the troehanterl is often mfirked by a ilango in position of the third trochanter. Ilip\ poHtderoH and all phyllostomines show an inclination to the developnieiitl of a conspicuous flange on the inner side of the shaft near tho inner trn[ chanter. This is most marked in Chilonycteris, Morntopn, and Natuhid In the genera last named the trochanters are «lrawn backward, lie oiii the posterior surface of the bone, and are in close relation (resembliiijj;, with the head, tho anterior end of a geometric larva), while as a rule they are on lines which answer to tho lateral ligaments of the kneel ioiut. The condyles are approximate markedly unequal with a narrowl intercondylar notch, the inner condyle being the larger, as is the riile,! or wide apart with small condyles, as in molossines and rhinolophincsJ The tibia may be shorter than the femur, as in Ariibeus and Moloasim,] but it is, as a rule, longer than that bone. The inner tuberosity is fur- nished with a horizontally-projecting process in vespertilionines ; this is an excellent character defining the family. Tiio tubercle for insertion! of the hamstrings is most marked in strictly arboreal forms, as tliel pteropines. The malleolus is often rudimentary or absent, as in phyl- lostomines and rliinolopiiines. Tho fibula is uniformly imperfect above! save in the molossines, where it is complete, or in Autrozons, where al membranous fillet continues the form of the bone to the inner tuberosityf of the tibia.* *8iiire the above sketch was written the Hkelotoii of Desinodun has been examnieil.l I find that it beiirs a close rcseuiblanco to other phyllostoniinos, but is distinctivel in the following particnlars : Tho shaft of the radius is joined at its middle by tlicj ulnii, which can be traced, nevertheless, apparently to tho wrist. I say "apparently " for the femur, tibia, and fibula exhibit dispositions to form lateral fianges, and it mnyl be that the structure in /VsworfHs is not the reappearance of the lost ulna-shaft lintl is simply tho radius, which here exhibits an unusual form. In any event it cim-l stitutcs a character not seen elsewhere in tho order. The fiangcs of the femur art | symmetrical, directed forward, and convert the anterior surface of the shaft intoal groove for the origin of the femoral head of the <(uadriceps extensor muscle. The I flange in tho tibia and fibula is single; the two are iu contact — to obliterate tbel interosseous space. \ A MONOGRAPH OK THE MATS OP NORTH AMERICA. 27 Tlu toeH retain two phalant;cH to tlio flrHt tov; all tlio otliern have tliK'c, but differ In tlnur rulativo len^tliH. Tlio flrH^ phulimx of the flrHt toe iH, Hu far aH examined, loii^'er tlian tliat of the otlicr to<>H. In I'litopuH tlie lenptliH of th(» to«'H frouj the He(!ond to the* fifth gradually (liiiiiiiiHh. In Vhihnycteris tlmy abruptly increase, that of the Herond tot' being oue-third Hhorter than the fifth. In all batH the tarHUH and (Mlciinouni are elongate and exhibit the general character of these bones in iiiiiniinalM, in which little or no weight is borne upon the posterior (>\tr*'niities. Jtoth Imnes are so disi)0Hed that the larger end of ea(;h is directed i>roxinially. In KhinolophiiH the <;alcanenm enters into the ankle joint. In other forms the calcaneum is independent of the Joint. Ill i'liyllostomida', including NataluH, as well as in the genus Rhyncho- iijirti'rin, the (lalcar* is placed in axial line with the calcaneum. In other fninilies it joins the calcaneum to its outer side at a well-defined iiiijile. As a rule the astragalus and calcaneum are nearly of one size, Imt in the genus last named the calcaneum is notably the smaller (Am. Niitmalist, Feb., 1886, 170). 1 (iKNKRAL VLAN OP ANTEBIOB EXTREMITIES IN PLYING VEBTE- HRATE1) ANIMALS. US, where al From the above consideration it will be seen that the wing mem- hriines possess various features which can bo used in distinguishing tlic incMibers of the order. But after what manner are the flying mam- iiiiil.s distinguished from other flying vertebrates! There are two distinct types of modification which the vertebrate .skeleton has undergone in adapting the animal for flight, both of which (l('l>end upon some peculiarity in the structure of the anterior extremi- ties; and in order to obtain a correct opinion of them we propose to cast a glauce at each in turn. .1 plan of honii utruclure of the wingii of flying vertebrate ammah. ItoiicH (if riirpus nnunitoil, y dermal ex- paim«. b. Hiincs of oarpds iinited; lli^'lit luiiiiitaiiuMl by dcniial appeudagua. I. Wing nibinbrane supported by all flngors. Iiat9 tVeHpiTtilio), order of Mammali * . II. Wing nionibrano supported by the fourth finger only (which in immensely developed), the others remaining free. I'lcrodactyleg, order of Reptilia. III. Bones of metacarpnn, two to three in number; feathers not radiating. Living birds (AvES) — class. IV. Kones of metacarpus, four in number; feathers radiating. A rchaopieryx ( AvEs) — subclass. :> 'Tlio calcar is an element of doubtful homology. It supports the free border of tli(^ interfeuioral membrane and is of the same significance as the accessory carti- liij;t? of the tifth manal digit. I II 28 BULLETIN 43, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. I. The Tlat, in which the hiimoritti is long nnd nlender, with a small pectoral ridge. Ulnarndimontury. The radinsnonstitutes the bulk of the forearm; narpus composed of nix 1)oneH ; the metacarpal bones, five in nnmlier, 8e])a- -^. . rate and distinct ; tlio phalanges generally, two in number ; thumb, and in | some genera the index linger, surmounted by a claw. II. The Pterodactyl, in which the humerus is short and straight, very broud I at head, with angular and prominent pectoral ridge ; ulna and radius dis- tinct, of nearly equal size; carpus composed of five bones ; metacarpus of I four bones, separate and distinct; first finger with three joints, second with Ibur, third with five, fourth with four joints, all provided with claw8, with the exception of the fourth, which is remarkable for the extraordinary I ' development of its several joints. It is from this last-mentioned finger to the base of the foot that the skin was stretched by which the animal was | enabled to fly. a. < DIAGRAM OF THE BONKS OF ANTKRlOlt EXTRKM1TIE8 OF WI.YINC} VEKTEBRATK8. A. Bat.— a. Scapula, b. HunieruH. c. ItailiiiR. d. Kiidiniuut of ulna nr.„liyloge<1 to radius, c Car pus. /. MetscarpuH. g. PlialaugoH. B. ARCHiGOPTEBVx.— KefereuccB ii8 in Fig. 1. The dotted outlines sevu at carpuH and the terminal ■plialanges are restored portions. C. Bird References as in Fig. 1. Ttie dotted outline of the second ungual pliolanx indicates the | occasional occurrence of a clnw at tliiH ]ii>int. Tlie nit^jority of blnls are without it. 1). l*TBHODACTYLE. — References the same as in Fig. 1 I A MONOGRAPH OF THE BATS OF NORTH AMERICA. 29 \b. IV. III. The Bird, in which the humerus is curved, more or less slender; pectoral ridge prominent, not angular; ulna large, curved, not united with the slender and more diminutive radius; carpus or two bones; metacarpus of two, sometimes of three bones, the first being small and cylindrical, the other two of larger dimensions and united so as to form a bone resembling those of the forearm ; ulnar phalanx of one joint, united to the radial, which is composed of two. The power of sustaining flight not dependent upon the expansion of skin, but upon the excessive development of dermal appendages (feathers). The Archaeoptoryx agrees with the typical bird in general particulars, but differs in the number of metacarpal bones, which are here four in number : the first and second are slender, free and separate from one another ; the third and fourth bear considerable resemblance to those of extant birds, in beinglarge, stout, and closely approximated ; but are not, however, united. Flight is supposed to have been maintained in the same manner as in living birds. Ill addition to the instances already given, certain Ashes, as the Exoaetm .and Dactylopterm, possess the power of sust»ining true flight. T\w iiiechanisiu thsit lifts the body of the fish from the water, and up- holds it for a short time in the air, is obtained in the pectoral flns, which, iu these animals, are enormously developed. The structure of tlii'se flns is homologous to that of the anterior extremities of other vertebrates, their form alone being modified to adapt the animal to tlie medium in which it is placed. Thus we have, in each great subdi- vision of vertebrate animals, a representative capable of sustaining flifiht. ■ Another somewhat similar modification of the animal economy is met witli in a few animals of arboreal habits. Here a peculiar arrange- ment of the skin is observed, whicli enables the possessor to break the force of downward leaps. In the Flying Lemur (Gahopithccm), in the Flying Sciuirrel (Pteromys), and in the Flying Opossum (Petaurista), tiie furred skin extends laterally from the sides of the body and is attached to anterior and posterior extremities at the metacarpal and metatarsal regions respectively. The only instance of osteological development is obtained in the Dragon {Draco volans), a small lizard fn >in Sumatra, in which long, transverse processes from either side of the luinl)ar vertebrae support a thin membratious growth which is capable of being opened and shut by means of muscles attached to the bony tVame-work. TEETH. In describing the molars the nomenclature of H. P. Osborn will be I folio wed. The diagram herewith presented is copied from this writer's |l)ai)er in the American Naturalist, December, 1888, p. 1072. UPPEU MOLARS. Antoro-internal cusp Protocone. pr. I I 'iintfi'o- internal cusp or sixth cusp Hypocone. hy . Aiiti'io-externalcusp Paracono. pa. rdstcro-csternal cusp Metacone. me. AiittTior intermediate cusp Pre toconnle. pi. I Posterior intermediate cusp Metaoonule the palatal half of the sec- ond limb being lost, as in Macrotm and Atalapha. In the bats of North | America the least reduced last molars are seen in Nyctinomvs and T^, hesperus. The tritubercular tooth which results from the i)resence of the three j cusps, the protocone, the paracone, and the metacone, may be con- nected with a triangular figure by bands which u..ite the cusp-points. I Tliese bands will be named in this mcmograph the commissures. In the molars of the bat such a triiuigle is seen whose apex is palatal and constituted of the protocone and whose commissure extends from this | cusp to the paracone and metacone. Its base is the extraordinarily sinuate ("fluted") buccal surface of the crown. A careful search must j be made for the true positions of the sides of this triangular figure, lor they lie on the opposed sides of the teeth and are inconspicuous. Tlie crown at the " flutings" is of great vertical extent and dwarfs even tlie proportions of the protocone. When setsn in profile the proportions between the size of the "columns" of tlie two V^ «iid the "cusp" of | the protocone afford materials for interesting comparisons in the differ- ent genera. Tlio hypocone presents excellent subordinate characters. It is a development of the (dngulum. Usually flat, as in Macrotm, it I may be sharply defined as in Promops perotis or providcnl with a sharp cusp as in tlie exotic genus NocHlio, The cingulum can be traced as a delicate ridge which lies basal to the sides of tlie tritubercular triangle. | It varies greatly in extent, being best developed in Nyctinomus. In the lower molar scarcely any fluting is present and the plan of the J tooth is simple. The protoconid, paraconid, and metaconid are united] by cnmmissui-es. The apex of the triangular figure is buccal. The | A MONOGRAPH OF THE BATS OF NORTH AMERICA. 31 lieol «ir hypoconid is large. It is united to the triangle by a cuuimis- sui't' at :be lingual side. Such a commissure is provided with a sharp I cusp in P. perotiH, but as a rule it is smooth. Tlu^ student can not fail to be impressed with the variable form of the liiteiiil incisor in both Jaws. In the lower jaw it may be of the same icliiUiicter as the other teeth in its series, as in Adelonycteris, Vcnperu(fo, iiikI l.tmonyctertH, It may be more robust than its fellows, as in Ves- \lH'rtU(o, but oftener is simpler in outline, as in CoryHorhinns, and may I be IK it only so, but dwarfed in all proportions, as in Nyctinomus hrasil- /('H.s/v. The next step may be anticipated, namely, its entire disap- pearance, as in Nyctinomus macrotis and in Promops. TiK'se modifications suggest that the tooth has a struggle to main- [tain its ow!i iu the dental armature. At all events its study is one of interest, and should never be omitted in defining' the characteristics of [all forms whatever, either of variations, species, or genera. The first and second premolars in both the upper and the lower jaw, land the third incisor in the lower jaw, often present a perfect cingulum. This is distinctly seen in the first premolar of Atalapha. Such a tooth lis remarkable since, as far as I know, it is without parallel elsewhere in linainuialiau teeth. Various degrees of development of the buccal laspect of the cingulum appear to give rise to a cusp, which then arises \((fter the outer or buccal cusp. I was led, in an early study of the Ihunian dentition, to claim that this the outer (labial) cusp of a bicuspi- Idate form arose first and the inner (buccal) cusp arose Liter. I have honji' maintained (Dental Cosmos Phila. 1874, 017, also Studies in the Iracial Region, 1874) the primitive tooth to have been monocuspidate land the subsequent forms to have been developments therefrom. But |iiiy claim has not been allowed. An excellent view for contrasting taxonomic characters is that ob- Itained by examining with a lens the lingual aspect of the lower mo- llars. On the whole, the first molar yields the most trenchant char- lactors. Three cusps are seen iu profile, named, from before backward, Itlie paraconid, metacouid, and hypoconid. The proportions of these |to one another should be made in all studies of the teeth. In ptero- l)incs the three cusps are merged, and a simple convex contour results, similar effect is produced iw Hemidenna and Brachyphylla among the |])iiyllostomines. For the most part the three cusps are separately dis- |])lay('(l as acute triangles, whose bases are confluent. In rhinolo- |l)liines the hypoconid is flat, produced backward, as is also the case iu ICIi'Xffoiiycteriii and Phyllonycteris among the glossophagines, but in |(. iicr {genera it is acutely cusped and co-equal with the two preceding li'iements. In Natalm it is actually the largest of the series. I n 1 i>' l\ •■I 'vi 1' i > i ' I KEY TO GENERA. I. Bats with median appendage to nose, four incisors in lower jaw . . . Phyllostomid*. a. Body massive, auricle shorter than head, not united with its fellow. .Artibeiit. a\ Body slender, auricle as large or longer than head, united with its fellow | Maorotu II. Bats without modian appendages to nose. 6. Nostrils circular, wings narrow and pointed ; tail long, produced far beyond I interfemoral membrane ; marginal toes fringed with coarse hair. MoloshiJ Lips grooved 2iyctinomm,\ lAyts not grooved Promops. I 6', Nostrils elliptical, wings broad, ample; tail ns long as, or slightly lou),'ei| than, the broad interfemoral membrane ; marginal toes naked VESPKBTILIONIDii:. ! c. Two incisors in upper jaw. tSix inci.--.ii-s in lower jaw. •Interfemoral membrane more or less hairy. Fremidars - Dasypterui, I Ji 2 I Premolars - Atalapha.l * * Interfemoral membrane not hairy Nycticejm, 1 1 Four incisors in lower jaw Jntroioin] c'. Four incisors in upper jaw. ^ t Premolars - ; greatest width of tragus at base equals one-half of iimetl border Adelonydcrii] 2 I I Pre»nolars -. * Greatest width of tragus equals much less than one-half inner border;! nose simple, ears separate reg^jeriijo.! * * Greatest width of tragus equals one-third height of inner borderi auricles united. 5 Nose with lateral club-shaped gliind-masses Corynorhiniii.l } J Nose without lateral club-shaped gland-masses JSurfecmo.l 2 I I I I Premolars -- ; greatest width of tragus at middle and equals two-thirdil O htsight of inner border LasionycteriiM Q r 1 1 1 1 Premolars ' Lips whiskered, dorsum of face furred Vesperiilm Family PHYLLOSTOMID^E.* GeuuH MACROTUS Gruy.* /'" ; Macrotus Gray, Proc. Zcnil. Soc. London, 1843, 21. otoptenia Flower and Lydekker, Mammals Living and Extinct, 1891, 673. DiugnoHk. — Ears large, united, produced iiiferiorly far beneath the small external basal ridge; nosed-leaf 8imi)le, abruptly acuminate, com- plete, no separation between the basal and ascending parts; the median ridge contined to the interval between the nostrils. Tragus tapering, convex on inner border and straight on the outer. Wing membrane reaching to ankle; tail long, extending a short distance beyond the I ample interfemoral membrane. Lower lip and mentum deeply cleft. 1 3 a Ikntal formula.— ^\o\ax» ,<; Premolars o , Canines Z ; Incisors ^, x 2 = 34. J. E. Gray (Voy. o( Sulphur, p. 28), places Macrotus in a separate Idivisicm from the American leaf-nosed bats and of equal rank with the |groui)s now understood as the Stenodermata and Vampyri. The fol- jlowiug genera are considered by him to be closely related and are thus Kletined: Tail short, with point on the upper side of the wide inter- " PHYLLOSTOMID.^. — Bat8 with laminate ectoturbinals of the ethmoid bone; pi'cnirtxillii' with palatal processes forming a median suture and defining an moisive I'orainen ; trapezium without palmar tubercle, thus permitting flexion of the thumb ; kviiig.s adapted for a fanning flight, (excepting possibly noofilio) but not for terrestrial [iroirvcssion ; ulna with shaft ivnchylosed to the radius at the proximal third ; proximal I'liiliiiient nou perforate; fifth digit without accessory curtilage ; coracoid process not bilid, curved forward ; no raised folds of skin at the junction of carpus and metacarpus lo represent the palmar fascia; no oblique line on the wing-membrane at the lower ^liirdof the tibia; nose-leaf dominant, but absent in aberrant forms contained in Lol)ostorai, Noctilionini, Natulini, Thyropterini. Mr. F. W. True has kindly furnished the following note: Flower and Lydekker, in their recently published work — Mammals, Living and Ex- |iii('(— substitute the name Otopterua for this genus, on the ground that Macrotus, pray, is preoccupied by Macrofis, Dejean. It appears, however, that Dejean's name, Vhicli was published in his Catalogue des Coleoptvrea, 18.33, p. 186, was not acconi- kaiiied by a diagnosis, and has not been adopted by later writers on insects. It can lot, therefore, be regarded as valid. (^litc aside from this fact, it is(iue8tionable whether Maerolun and il/((cro(i« should |e regarded technically as identical names. Agassiz gives 'ViW"''/f^h)ugitudo" as proi>er derivation of the latter (as also of his genus Macrota). This is inter- pting, as Keid in 1836 (P. Z. 8., p. 131) gave the name Macrolis to ParameleB lagotii pow called Peragale laijotig). If the difl'oronce in the termination of the two words 1 to lie disregarded, Gray's name is preoccupied by that of Keid. This, as already tated, seems oj)en to (|uesiion, and Gray's name is, therefore, retained. 441—^0. 43 3 33 I ;1 I 34 BULLEyiN 43, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. femoral membrane; ears lateral, separat- Mosia, Mystacina, Aello, JSmballonuraj Centronj/cteris, Urocryptus, IHclidurus, Taphozom, Noc- tiliOf Phyllodiaj Chilonycterisj and Mormops are embraced in this oddly- arranged group. lu the same work, p. 10, the author places Macrotm near Megaderma and Bhinopoma as a subgroup of the Phyllostomiiia: " Ears close together over the forehead ; forehead with a rather deep pit; nose-leaf lanceolate, erect; tail elongate, produced beyond the inter- femoral membrane; wings from the ankle ; lower joint of thumb mod- erate." Wagner was of the opinion last named, that Macrotm exhibits affini- ties with Megaderma. S. F. Baird followed this writer, and I naturally I accepted this opinion,* since my work was carried on under the guidance of the eminent authority last named. Peters, in his revision of the | PhyllostomidiBjt definitely fixed the position of the genus. Macrotm resembles Lonchorhina in the elevation of the nasal bones I and in the depression on the facial portion of the frontal bone, as well I as in the elevation of the skull at the vertex near the oc^ciput and in the| large size of the tympanic bone. From Lophostoma it is easily distin- guished by the absence of the temporal crest, which is so conspicuous I in this genus, and by the form of the zygoma, which is high and ofl uniform diameter throughout. The frontal bone is without a depressioul in the facial portion, an^ the nasal bones do not form a ridge, wliilej the dorsi-facial surface is cylindroid. Phyllostoma is distinguished iiil having a small lachrymal process and a fiat, broad, dorsi-facial surface,! The temporal crest is defined, though not conspicuous. The zygoniaj is of the same character as in Macrotus. The tympanic bone is muchi smaller than in this genus. In a fragment of an immature skull ofl Vampyrus auritm the skull is without temporal crest, the dorsi-facial| surface is cylindroid and without depression on the frontal bone. 1. MaorotUB californlcuB Baird. (PlatoB i, ii.) Macrotm calif ornious Baird, Proc. Acad. Nat. 8ci. Phila., 1858, 117. Ih., Kep. l',| 8. and Mexican Boundary Survey, pt. 2 (Mammals), 1859, 4, PI. 1, Fig. 2. Maoyotus waterhousii (in part), Dubson, Cat. Chirop. Brit. Mus., 1878; Alston, l!iol.| Centrali-Amer., Mam., 1879-'82, 38. Diagnosis. — Auricle much longer than head. Basal lobes well devell oped. Nose-leaf with defined lower border. Fur (above and belo\\)| base, white; terminal third, fawn; tip, gray. Description. — The auricle is ovate and longer than the head. The inl ternal basal lobe is rounded and free, raised above the head and restiiin against the interauricular membrane. The external basal lobe is liii'^^f.l the greatest width equal to the distance between the eye and eml o| the muzzle. A prominent wart, which lies above the rictus,^ terminsi the lobe anteriorly. Two longitudinal ridges are seen on the iniierj ^Monograph N. A, Bats, 1864. tMB. Aknd. Berlin, 1865, p, 256. ^Rictus will be used ait a ti-rin interchangeable with angle of ike mouth. m. cina, Aello^ lozom, Noc- I this oddly- }8 Macrotm 'llostomina: ler deep pit; 1 the iuti'i huuib mod- liibits ailiiii- I naturally he guidance ii!iion of the nasal bones sne, as well it and in the I isily dist in- conspicuous I bigh and oil I depressiouj ridge, while] nguished in I cial surface, [ Che zygoma I one is muchl ire skull ofl dorsi-faciall bone. Ih., Rep. U,| Fig. 2. ; Alston, Hiol.l 8 well devel I and below)! ad. The in] and restiiin lobe is lai'gfl ) and end m \ terminiitesl m the iniierf e month. Explanation of Plate I. 1. Front vifnv ofhciid of Mticroliix cali/oniinix. 2. Side \ iew (iCsaine. :i. View of tragus and inner surface of auricle. I. The wini;- ni<-nil>rane of same. .">. The tail and interfeuioral niemlirane. (i. The skull seen from above, x 2. 7. The skull anposite to tlie meatus. The trafiiis is slightly constricted above the facial root, but soon becomes convex along the inner border. The outer border is strsiight, ex- cepting at the base. Here the parts are variable. In the greater number of specimens examined a trace only of an external basal lobe is seen.* The nose-leaf is simple, entiie, rounded at the muzzle and lixed to the upper lip, whik free at the sides. The erect portion tapers acutely, and is sparsely covered with hair. A rudiment of a midrib is seen between the nostrils. The nostrils are oblong, oblique, with raised trenchant borders. They ar* slightly narrowed externally and do not modify the lateral contour of the nose-leaf. A crescentic patch of warts lies on the fiice back of the muzzle. Two small, slightly oblique, smooth mental plates, separated by a groove, are seen at the chin. Well back (tf the chin-plates is a conspicuous median wart. The rictus is on a line with the inner canthus. The wing membranes are attached to the epi troclilea.t The fifth metacarpal bone is the longest. The prevailing color of the fur is white. On the dorsum for the apical lifth it is light brown, fawn, or yellow brown. Frequently the extreme [tip is gray. On the venter the basal half of the hair is alone white, the apical half being ashy-brown, the extreme tip again appearing white or plumbeous. The face retains the color of the venter without the basal white. The side of the neck and the base of the prebracU- • In a ymiiig individual (8916, S. I., the epiphyses not united, and the length of I the bculy 44'""') the external basal lobe was thick and acutely concave on th§ outer jliiiidcr. It was obscurely verrucose and received by a delicate fold the outer bor- Idcr of the tragus upon its anterior surface. A thioliened longitudinal swelling was Ispcn on the posterior surface near the inner border. In a second immature speci- |iiifii (121"'" long, tlie niillt tf>eth being in position) the tragus was more as in adult. till an immature specimen. No, 4405, Miis. Coiup. ZooL, the membrane came from It he I'picoudyle. '1 II. I it' 86 nULLETIN i:i, L'NITEIJ HTATK8 NATIONAL MUSEUM. inin arc of th« colors of the dorsuin rather than the venter.* Imme- diately behind thejinietion of the ears the head is nlnioHt naked. Tlu; basal third of tiie iitit'icle is covered with hair. Tlie external aurfaie I of the external basal lobe is entirely clothed. The inner surface of tlie auricle at the internal basHl h)be, and extending; thence upward along] the inner border, is sparsely covered with short hairs. The lu-oxinml half of the humerus is also clothed, as well as the endopatiifi^iuni, iiiidl a line theiu-e to the proximal one half of the thijjh. Klsewhere tiii'l membranes are naked, save at the dorsum of the tlrst metacarpal boiif, where a few hairs are found. MembranvH. — In the second intersjjace of the wiug; the membrane inl attached to the ]>ulmar borders of the second and third metacarpal bones; in the third interspace, to dorsal boi'der of the third metacarpiil bone and palmar border of the fourth; and in the fimrth interapace, to the ]>alniai' borders of the fimrth and tifth metacarpal bones. The ealearotarsal expanse is absent. The ])rebrachium is withor.t distiiifl five lines. Intercostal lines nin(^ in number. Coracobrachialis faseiclel does not rea<^h the line of the elbow. At the elbow is a number of fiiuJ ra«liated lines, apparently due to muscle- tlbers. The membrane isl slightly thickened near the ankle. Triceps fascicle system made up! of two inferior and two superior branches. Vertical muscle lines seveu! in number. A small thread-like line appears at the proximal third iifJ the tifth metacarpal and passes nearly the entire length of the di;,'it,r In tln! fourth interspace the predigital nerve arises from the fifth met [ acarpal bone at about its middle; one or two nerves arise from thetiftlij metacarpophalangeal joint; the post-digital from the metacarpo-plia [ langeal joint; longitudinal line distinct. Thirty-six transverse liiiesj can be counted in the tburth interdigital interspace. These are greatljl in excess of i he number in any other form examined. Both in this spiiccl and in the angle between the tifth metacarpal bono and the radius al fine network of fibers is present. No similar appearance is seen clseT where. In the third interspace both predigital and post digital nerYesj arise from the metacarpophalangeal joints; longitudinal line dlstiiict.1 The interfemoral membrane reaches to the ankle. The tail projoctsl one-sixth of its length beyond the inferior margin. An oblique lino exi tends from the end of the second vertebra to the middle of the calfarl The ■'trm^ture last named is one-half the length of the tibia; its tip| projects conspicuously from the truncated border of the interfemoral membrane. The terminal cartilage of the third digit acicular; that of! the fourth digit is bifid, witii the h)bes equal; while that of the litthl digit, while bifid, exhibits the posterior lobe greatly prolonged, liij specimen No. 404 S. I. the terminal cartilage of the right third digit i| comi>08ed of four segments. *C<)ne8 and Yarrow (Wheeler Exp. Geo!. Snrv., Zoiil, 1875) state that alcohol-blfflili iujf causes the difference between if. caUfornicus and M. waterhouaii. Of this stati'- ment the authors offer no evidence. I doubt its correctness. U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 43, PL. II 1. Maxillary teeth of Macrotus californicus. x 8. 2. Mandibular teeth of same, x 8. cohol-bl<'nili-| 3f this st.itc- A MONOGRAPH OF THE BATS OF NORTH AMERICA. 37 Variations. — The distance between the tail and the tip of the caloar is inconstant. The sides of the interfenioral membrane do not always end at precisely the same level on the tail. Tiie basal part of the nose-leaf may be separated from the ascending part by a sulcus in the manner seen in Artibeus and I'hyllostoma. Tlie lower margin may be separated from the groove to the outer side of the lateral margin. Manal formula. Iinniatiire Sccciiid interspace Thiiil iiiturHpaeo . iMiiirtli iuterspacti Fdrciiiiii Skull. — The brain case is raised much above the level of the face. The sa}i;ittal crest is defined, except on tlie meteucephalon, where, excepting at the extreme tip of the angle between the vertex and the occiput, it is absent. No convexity exists over the region of the proencephalon, Tvliich measures one-eighth of the length of the brain case. The region of ibe metencephaloii measure.-, one-third of the length of the brain case. The tympanic bone is large, almost entirely concealing the cochlea. The basioccipital bone is without lateral fossif. The lingual process of the splienoid bone is rudimentary or absent. The posterior temporal impres- sion is deflected from the sagittal line at meteucephalon to define with the aid of the fellow of the opposite si<\e a large, triangular, convex space. The fiiee vertex is markedly inflated at the side for the greater part of its length; a median ridge extends over the anterior two-thirds, the ])osteri()r thirds being depressed; on ea(;h side of the median line a small foramen, which transmits a nerve to the auricle, is seen. On the side the iuflatiou occupies the greater part of the superior maxilla and causes the region of the infraorbital foramen to be slightly de- pressed. The anterior border of the orbit is trenchant. The ectoturbi- nal i)lates show through the frontal bone as it forms the orbital inner wall ; a small foramen is seen near the rhinencephalon lying below an ol)li([ue ridge. The upper border of the malar bone is incised at the middle third. A line produced from the upper border of the anterior nasal ai>erture intersects the middle of the first upper premolar. The inner surface of the ascending ramus of the lower jaw is furnished with a i idfic which extends forward long as the third metacarpal bone. The third and fifth metacarpal bones are of eipial length and are not as long as the forearm. The fourth is 2"'"'. shorter. The tliird metiicarpal bone is much tlu; stoutest, the second phalanx is slightly the longer. In I'epose the first phalanx of the third digit is in axial line with the third metacarapl bone. The fourth ansterior limb of the paracone but half the length of the anterior limb. Tlie remaining parts of the tooth not represented. Mandibular teeth. — Incisors simple, even, obscurely bilobed. First prenu)]ar higher and broader (in profile) than the second and third. Tiiis distinction is not so apparent when the parts are viewed from ab()\e. The second and third premolars are progressively more pointed and lower than is tho foregoing. The first molar with the V much smaller than the triangular heel whose anterior limb juts against the ])Osterior limb of the V near its base (perhaps, on the whole, to a less degree than is represented in the figure). The base (t. c, the lingual aspect) of the V is open, but tliat of the heel is closed by a depressed (;ommissure. The second molat uuieli the same as the foregoing, the V and heel being subequal. The tliird molar with tlio largest V in the series but with a small, com- pressed, deflected tubercle like heel. 1 Paraconid in first lower molar smallest of any in the series. The conjoined bases of the paracouid and metaconid deeply incised so as to sliow the protoconid when the tooth is seen in profile on lingual aspect. Tiiis eliaracter is not seen outside of this group, but reaches a higher degree of development in Ischnof/IonNfi. Cat. S|)ci'|. No. iiirni). 1!;H7 1 .VJ14 28 6174 1 11 ■.'(!,') B MMII 1 lilTl Lucality. List of HpvcimenM. Sex. I Fort Yuma, Cal Cape St. LucSH ...' ...do ...ilo 9.1d' Nfar TiicHon d'liiiiii Nolwulity ' ? Presenteil by — Kntnro of 8|M)ci- men. M^i.G. H. TliumaH...| Alruliol (type). Juhu Xautiis ; Alcoliol do do I do I. ...do I. ...do Collection. U.S.NHt.MuN. Oo. Do. 1)0. Do. Do. ' For otLur comiuenta ou the skeleton of Maorotua, see lutroduotion. 40 BULLrCTIN 43, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Dobsoii (/. c.) considers M. calif ornicm, Baird, to be the same as M. waterhouHii, Gray. S[)eciinciis of the latter are not available for ex- amination. Bats of the Antilles may range north and west through the neotropical belts of the United States, but M. waierhouHii does not appear to be an example of the tendency. By the measurements taken by Mr. Dobson this species appears to possess a smaller tail and a shorter appendage to the nose than does M. californicus. Among other measurements (English scale) of West Indian species are the following: head, 1"'; body, 2.(50'"; tail, 1.50'"; ear, 1.10'"; tragus, 0.42'" ; nose-leaf, 0.30™ ; wing from carpus, 0.3'" ; forearm, 0.2"". On the whole,! have concluded not to make any change in the name of the Californiaii species of Macrotus, and shall rest content to quote from the first edition of the Monograph (pp 3, 4) the following pas- sages: A comparison of the type with good specimens of the latter from Cuba, preserved in alcohol, and presented by Prof, Poey to the Quiitlisoniaii Institution, show un- mistakable ditferences, as do others from Jamaica, recently received from Mr. March. The chin plates are less acutely defined ; the internal border of the tragus is much thickened, and the revolutcd i)orti(>n nt the base of the external border is slightly swollen. The fur is bicolored; central portion dark-brown instead of fawn. The nose-leaf is of about the same height as above species ; the tail, however, is 0.25 of on inch shorter. The duntatiou is similar. The M. mexicana, Saussurc, is a species from Mexico described by M. Saussure in Revue et Mag. de Zool., 2d series, XII, 1860, p. 486. The author states that the de- scription is taken from a specimen which was in poor condition. It is difficult to tell from his description whether his species is the same as M, oalifomious or not. MeamremenUi of an average of four individtiaU. Milli- meters. Length of head and body (from crown of head to base of tail) 39 Length of head 22 Height of ear 23 Height of tragus 10 Length of arm 22 Length of forearm 48 First digit : Length of first inet^icarpal bone 4 Lengtli of first phalanx 4 Second digit : Lcngtii of second nu^tacarpal bono 28 Length of first phalanx 4^ Third digit: Length of third metacarpal bone 34 Length of first phalanx 14 Lengtli of second phalanx 16 Length of third ]ilialanx 9 Fourth digit : Length of fourth metacarpal bone 32 Length of first )>halanx 13 Length of second phalanx 11 2347 - 52 H 1! ,VJ14(« ' 2 52116 j 2, WNf 1 2, MU(/ ■■ 2. WUc 1 2. Iil74 i 2. A MONOGRAPH OF THE BATS OF NORTH AMERICA. 41 Milli- Fii'th digit: met^TS. Ijcugth of flftli metacarpal bone 35 Length of Urst phalanx 12 l^t'Hgth of second phalanx 9 Length of thigh 16 Length of tibia , 20 Length of foot 10 Length of tail 27 Meaauremenls from firtt edition of Monograph. * (,'m'- ri'iit From tip of Leiigtli Height of uoHe luaf. Length of tore- arm. Length Lengtii of Lengtii of tliunib. Height Heiglit 0? tragus. Ex- Nature of iiiiiii- liL-r. iiom! to tail. In: of tail. Int. of tibia. lougeHt (luger. ot ear. pauHe. specimen. Int. I,,F. Int. Int. Iim. Int. Int. Int. 2M7 2.3 1.8 0.2 1.10 0.1» 3.3 0.5 1.1 0.5 10. Alcohol. ,VJU 2.0 1.3 0.2 1.8 0.8 3.0 0.5 1.0 0.4} 10.0 Do. J214« 2.0 1.4 0.2 1.10 0.10 3.2 0.4 1.2 0.5 10.0 Do. ■flUb 2.0 1.3 0.2 2.0 0.10 3.0 0.5 1.0 0.4i 10.0 Do. KUc 2.0 1.2 0.2 2.0 0.8 3.0 0.5 1.0 0.5 11.0 Do. .VJ14(/ 2.0 1.4 0.2 1.8 0.10 3.0 0..-, 0.11 0.4 10.6 Do. .'i214^ 2.0 1.4 0.2 1.9 0.0 3.0 0.5 1.0 0.0 11.0 Do. 1)174 2.0 1.3 0.2 1.8 0.8 3.0 0.5 1.0 0.5 10.6 Do. Mucrotus bulleri H. Allen. — The following description of a Mexican spcfies of Macrotm may prove to be of value in studying M. califor- nicm, and is therefore introduced at this place. The original can be found in the proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 1890, Vol. xxviii, p. 72. In Article X VI,extnicted from the Bulletin of the American Museum of Xatural History, Vol. ii, No. 3, p. 10(), entitled " Notes on a collec- tion of Mitmmals from Southern Mexico," by Dr. J. A. Allen, occurs the following statement: ^[ai'l•otun californivuH, Baii'd. — Eight skins and skulls and three additional skulls, nil niuleH. Bolano.s, Jalisco, July 3, 1889. " Occurs in iinmouse numbers in the ailit.s and old mine driftn of the Mineral de Bolanes. Of the fourteen captured all were males, whereas in the case of the other kinds of bats taken here females gen- erally iirodoniinate." (Audley Buller, MS. notes.) In the absence of specimens for comparison, it is ditflcnlt tosay certainly whether Ibeyarc the same as the California specimens. Judging by descriptions, they are somewhat darker in color. 1 had an opportunity through the courtesy of Dr. Allen of esamin- iiiS two of the specimens of this series, and contuirred with this au- thority in considering th( to be identical with M. cali/ornicus. The skins were of immature inaividuals and the jiarts about the auricle ap- paiciitly inutilated. The hair was furnished with (lark cinereous tips, ii character which, while in striking contrast with the more northern form of the spciiies, was not thought to be distinctive for southern ex- it iiiples of other species, as A >7j7*^«« pempieilliitiiK nwl Atalapha nove- hoyaroisix are differently colored from nortliern individuals. The main iiu'iisuroments were the same. But since Dr. Allen published his ;- I i n\ is; J.- • See Preface. 1 1 42 BULLETIN 13, UMTEl) STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. [I, notes I have carefully soaked oue of the skins in diluted spirits and have detected that the apparent mutilations of the auricle are due to dist(H'tion, and that the form of the auricle is sufficiently pronounced to warrant a careful examination of the cranium. Dr. Allen has sent to me eight crania for inspection. The characterH of these specimens are in many res]»ect8 quite different from those of M. californicus. The following is the description of this new species: Auricle scarcely longer than head; the internal basal lobule rudi mental and projects about a millimeter bej'^ond the juncture of the interauricular membrane. lOxternal basal lobe reduced to a thin ridge which leaves the tragus exposed. Tragus with convex anterior border for basal two-thirds, and an abruptly acuminate apical third. The outer border is straight — apparently without basal notch or lobule. The nose-leaf without well-defined lower border — scarcely longer thf n the face. Chin apparently without divided plate. Skull. — Facial I'egion without depression on the frontal bone; indeed, it is faintly ridged posteriorly; region over ethmoid scrolls scarcely inflated. Squamosal i>ortion of zygoma not more than one-half the size of the same part in M. cali/ormcus. No projection of vertex at occiput, but the entire superior curvature of the head simple. Angle of mandi- ble projects scarcely at all back of the condyloid surface. The two halves of the mandible closer together than in M. cali/ormcus. Teeth. — The lower premolars are more crowded than in M. californicus. The palatal portion of the upper canine is produced to a point posterior to the lateral incisor. Fur. — On the back the basal two-third is white, the apical third very dark plumbeous, the tip tending to gray. These distinctions are best defined on the sides of the neck. At the middle of the back the gray tip is absent. The colors xmdergo no variation over the posterior sur- fa<'e of the prebrachium, the humerus, oi the rump. On the endo- patagium the hairs are shorter, sparsely do\'eloped, and of a fawn color throughout. On the venter a disposition exists for the basal two-thirds of the hair to be whiter tlian the rest of the hair. This is most marked on the sides of the trunk, and is nearly absent at the middle. The apical third is less markedly plumbecms and. the tip is more gray than on the back. On the whole the venter gives the impression of being gray, and the back as being of a dark, sooty hue. The posterior surface of the auricle covered with short unicolorcd gray hair which extends upward along the median border nctarly its entire length. The hair extends both on the bacsk and the venter over the fleshy part of the forearm. Two immature examples (the distal epiphyses of the metacarpal bones of the third, a fourth, a fifth, manal digits ununited) 2004, 2005 (Am. Mus., N. Y.), from Bolanos, .Talisco, Mexico. A MONOORAPU OF THE BATS OF NORTH AMERICA. 43 Mcaturemeutii. MlUlmeteri. Ilcifjlit of auricle from vortex « 7 lliijjlit ot'trajjuH (slightly distortetl; 6 Jliight of nowe-lenf _ 7 [.iiifjth of forearm 44 First digit : Mt!tiionrpal 4 First phalanx 4 Seconil phalanx 2 SccoikI digit : M(!tacarpal , 45 I'irst phalanx 5 Tliirtl digit: Metacarpal 32 First phalanx 16 Second phalanx 15 Third i)halanx 9 Fourth digit : Metacarpal 31 First phalanx 14 Second phalanx 11 Fitth digit : Metacarpal 33 First phalanx 14 Second phalanx 10 Leiif{th of femur 15 Length of tihia 16 LciiKth of foot 13 Length of tail 25 Length of free portion of tail 3^ Genus ARTIBEUS Leach. Artibeus Leach, Trans. Linn. Soc.. London (1822), xiii, 75; Peters, MB. Akad. lierliu, 1865, :»6; Alston, Biol. Ceiitrali-Amer., Mam., 1879-'82, 47. .Uadatd'Hs Leach, 1. c., 81. Antibeua Gray, Mag. Zoiil. and Bot., 1839, II, 487. Fteroderma Gervais, Exped. du Comte de (Jastehiau, Zoiil., 1855, 34. 1. Artibe'js perspiolllatus (LinniFus). (Plates iii, iv, v.) VfHpertilio pergpieiUatua hinmf^ns, Syst. Nat., 7th ed., 47; Schreber, Saiigethiere, 1775, p. 160, PI. XLVi, J'hyllostoma perspicillalum Geotfroy, Ann. du Museum, xv, 1810, 176, PL xi; Wagner, Schreb. Saiigeth., SuppL, i, 1844, 402; v, 1855, 631. .Irliliriw jamaicendi* Leach, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, xiii, 1822, 75. Madatwm letomi I-each, 1. c. p. 82. I'll 111 fostoma supcrciUatum Wied, Beitr. zur Naturgesoh. Brosil, ii, 1826, 200. ■ lictiheitH perspiciUatua Gray, Mag. ZoJil. and Bot., 1839, 487. JrtibeiiH carpohjiua Gosse, A Naturalist's Sojourn in Jamaica, 1851, 151. I'terderma perspicillatum Gervais, Exjted. du Comte de Castelnau, Zoologie, 1855, 34, ri. viu, Fig. 7; PL x, Fig. 1 (teeth). 44 BULLETIN 43, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Artiheu»per»picillatua, FoterSfUh., Akad. licrlin, 1865,p. 350; (l)Mayuur(l, Bull. Esse^c Inst., 1872, 137; DobHon Cat. Chirop. Brit. Mus., 1878, 519; Alston, Biolog. Cen- trali-Amer., Mam., 187»-'82, 47." Artibeus is intermediate between Urodernia and Dermanura and the three genera are in ch)se alliance. Peripheral characters Huch as those of the auricle and nose-leaf are of doubtful value. The small third lower molar separates Artibeus from Dermanura, as the absence of the third upper molar separates it from Uroderma. All of the three genera named can be distinguished from Vampyropn by the shape of the first lower molar. In Vampyrops the protoconid is greatly elevated, while the anterior border of the tooth is not pro- longed. DiagnoHis. — Nose-leaf smooth, with entire margins and a broad longitudinal ridge, which is discernible on both anterior and posterior surfaces; lower portion, us a rule, not free at any part from the upper lip. Infra marginal tubercles at the mentum more than three in num- ber.t Mentum provided with a large central wart, on either side of which is placed a smaller wart; the whole arrangement is surrounded by a semicircular row of nodules. Interfemoral membrane scanty, deeply emurginate, without tail. Molars broad without Vs and exhibit a disposition to become cuspi- date on outer and inner bordert>. Upper middle incisor broad and straight. 2 2 12 Dental Formula. — Molars,-; premolars,..; canines,:-, iuci8Oi'8,-x2=30. Description. — General form massive; the body heavy; the head with broad transverse diameter. Auricles small, separate. Each au- ricle when laid against the face reaches the external canthus. The inner border is markedly convex and continued in a single curve with the broad internal basal lobe. The outer border is straight, with a number of transverse lines on couch. The hem is one-third the width of the auricle at its broadest part and is continuous below with the rounded broad external basul lobe. A conspicuous external basal ridge is present. The tragus in height equals the distance ft'om the tragus to the eye. It is erect, slightly convex on inner border, almost straight in the inner, and thickened along the mediau surface, which is usually coarsely spinose inferiorly. The basal notch broad, with a spine at the upper border the basal lobe. A fold of skin extends obliquely from the base to the face. The nostrils are oval and placed obliquely upwanl and outward. The ends of the opening are free, but the sides are remarkably foliated. The nose-leaf is thus divided by the nostrils into an upper (supra narial) and a lower (infra narial) portion. Both of •The synonomy in part has been copied from Dobson's Catalogue of the Chi- roptera iu the British Museum. Iln two specimens of Derma nio-a ciiierea examined, the sides of the nose-leaf were concave, the posterior surface of the no.,e-leiif was without trace of longitu- dinal ridge, and the infra-marginal tubercles were three in number. lull. £88e\ olog, Cen- ' and the as tboHe all third 36 of the mpyropn otoconid not pro- a broad •osterior »e upper in num- :• side of nded by , deeply e cuspi- oad and >. e head lach au- 8. The ve with with a a width ith the *1 ridge tragus traight usually Q at the y from ipward les are ils into Joth of lie Chi- lose-Ieaf longitu- mi M Fit Ki( Ki( Ki( Fi( Fi( Explanation of Plate III. 1. Front view ot lioml oC .litihniH ixriipMlliituH. 2. Side view ol'snine. ;i. View of traj>iiN iiiul inner surfiiii- olaiiriclo. 1. 'I'Ih' iiit(>rt('in()r,'il nirinlirnnc 5. The skull and the lower .jiiw seen from the siih (>. The skull seen from a hove, x 2. 7. The OS ])etrosa. x I. x2. U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 43, PL. Ill ..=s^ Artibeus perspicillatus. f tlU'S» I K B wilic 'I'lies ini(l-i l)r();i< posU writi is Hi» mass unite wIllTi fcllov wliici l)l't\V( tiirou (lible Ktnir form 1 a (list Tlic (' Vm iiose-l cent c spccir lobe borde Coll variat spiH'ie siilHcii ret^ t St of cole The Fa\vu, white the hi the ex stance Intl crown were a ries of tip, wl *l)T.. species n.l ki. A MONOGRAPH OP THE HATS OF NORTH AMERICA. 45 rln'seare vertically diHimaed — the latter lying in advance of the fonner. 'i'lu' iip])er nostril -border in obli(inely dinpoHed to form a fleshy band wliich widens to form the lateral margin of the naked, erect nOHeleaf. 'i'liese margins tend to unite at the posterior surface of the tip of the midrib. Ikying between the nostrils is a tubercle; above this is a broadly ovate, convex mid-rib. A similiar midrib is seen on the l)(»stcriov uurfrtce. This "fer de lance" is spoken of in general zoological writings as the erect ])art of the nose-leaf. The infra-narial outgrowth is margin. It unites with the posterior surface of the supra-narial porti(m at the point wlicre this leaflet frees itself from the head. Below it unites with the fellow of the opposite side across the muzzle by a row of obscure nodules wliich may form a ridge. A few hair-bearing warts lie in the space between the muzzle-glands and the eye. The upi)er lip is bordered tliroughout with marginal papilhe; the lower lip is free from the man- dible its entire length, and furnished with i>apillie at the sides only. Near the mentum the papillte become coarser, and in front of the incisors form a distinct row which is arranged in the form of a semicircle round a distinct, undivided chin plate. The eye is large and conspicuous. The calcar is short, about the. length of tarsus; tail none. Variations. — The lobe at the free margin of the basal portion of the nose-leaf may be conspicuous or almost absent; a faintly marked cres- cent of minute warts may lie ou either side of the upper lip, in some Hpceimens the basal part may be without tubercle. The external basal lobe of the tragus may be nearly quadrate. The spines on the outer border of the tragus proper are subject to much minor variation. Coloration. — The color of the hair of this species is subject to great variation,* a circumstance which probably accounts for the number of species which have been proposed. The material at hand has not been Kutticicut to satisfactorily determine the ranges of variation. I will le.' t satisfied in defining some of the more marked characteristic types of coloration. The prevalent shades, however, are not very broadly differentiated. Fawn, deep sienna brown, mouse-gray with various shades of ashy white tips to the hairs, being the prevalent hues. The degree to which the hair is unicolored or bicolored is also inconstant. Unfortunately the exact localities from which material has been collected in many in- stances are not known. In the specimen No. 11187 N. M., Mirador, Mexico, the fur of the crown was white; the longitudinal streaks usually present in Artibeus were apparently absent, but in reality they formed the lateral bounda- ries of the crown. The occiput and back were of a light-gray brown at tip, while the main portion of the hair much lighter. Over the sacrum *l»r. .1. A. Allen (Bull. Am. Mum., 1801) ciiti'iH into a careful comparison of this species from the West Indies, Uolivia, and Bogota. 46 BULLETIN 43, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. r , i ■■ ' the hair was almost white without brown tips. The face was provided with light-brown hair verging to white. The inter-ramal space was white; so also was the front of the neck. The same color extended over the middle of chest. The rest of chest aud abdomen was of a light shade of fawn, with ashy tips to the hair. The fur was slightly thin. ner over the front of the trunk than at ihe sides. The side of the neck was of the prevalent color of the back. On each side the lower part was covered with white tips to the hair, thus simulating shoulder tufts. No. 5206, N. M., from Cuba, showed the same coloration as above, excepting that the crown was brown and the lateral stripes were scarcely discernible. In the second example the color was the same as above, excepting tue fur was less white on the back. The crown was of a brown color and the two lateral stripes were distinct. The region of the sacrum was also brown in color. In specimen No. 13320 N. M., the fur was everywhere of a rich sienna brown, and was unicjlored. The lateral stripes on the head were distinct. A small linear tuft extended from the base of the tragus to the external canthus. A long fringe of hair laid in front of the auricle. In a third individual a few sparsely distributed hairs were seen ou the venter of the antebraehium, a distinct row projecting over the free margin. The dorsum of the forearm from near the elbow to the middle was covered with a sparse growth of short hair, which was directed downward and backward. The venter of the forearm exhibited a simi- lar disposition; the hair was confined to the fleshy portion. The dor- sum of the first metacarpal bone was occui)ied by a few hairs. The dor- sum of the endopataguim was covered with hair in the angle between the lower border of the thorax and the arm near the elbow. On the venter it extended as a thin layer from the lower end of the biceps to near the upper third of the thigh. Prof. B. G. Wilder, of Cornell University, kindly sent me for examina- tion a specimen, which bore a general resemblance to those from the Na- tional Museum. No haii", however, was on the forearm or on the dorsum. The hair over the ventral aspect of biceps muscle and along the side of the trunk to the pubis was much darker than elsewhere, and was of a ashy brown color. On the dorsum of the head the color was white ; thus the linear streaks were apparently lost. The chest and loin were of a light brown at the tip, yellow brown in the middle, two-fourths aud plumbeous at the basal Amrth. A second example from the same source showed the color to be a gen- eral dark brown ; the stripes were well defined ; a white patch was seen at the base of each auricle posteriorly ; the back was provided with a long lustrous brown hair, unicolored for the most part, but showinf; paler shafts over the scapul*. Below the fur was much darker than U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 43, PL. IV epting tbe I color and icrum was t ■I ! f Wing membrane of Artibeus perspicillatus. I '■il \n m m ab()\ Tlie rect( bone In AciU 11]. pc thel till' 1 grciil tlie li tliC il uiiicc lii.stri tiiictl brow }fr 1""" V muse the 1 passe in niii bnii'l] t'lbo\\ imnil] as tilt obli(ii niarki exten (ligitii lai'gci joint ( a loiij withii tiie ni across angle of the mandible is slightly detleeted outward. Tlie lachrymal canal, as seen in the orbit, is exceedingly small and in some examples is apparently absent. In large specimens it rudiment of the postorbital process is present and the anterior border of the temporal Assure is trenchant. Nasal bones without median depression.* The shape of the zygoma is 8ubje<'t to considerable variation ; the depth of the notch on the upper border and the height of the arch midway between the maxillary sqnamosis processes being inconstant proportions. The styloid pro- cess is relatively of great length and projects into the substance of the tongue. From an average of measurements of three specimens, the following was secured : Length 28""" ; length of superior dental series 11""» ; outside measure- ment of the width of the dental arch at the first upper molar 13 '; width of the base of the cranium at the glenoid region 15""" ; the length of the face from the postorbital processes 9"-"'; the length of the mandible 18""" ; the height of the coronoid process 3""". The aiTangement of the turbinals in Artibens is as follows: The ectoturbiiml is exceedingly slender and is furnished with a fleshy sum- mit, which is convolute outward. Its upper portion alone is seen from the median surface. The first endoturbinal is free below but fleshy above. It is produced forward one-half its length beyond the end of the ectoturbinal in the form of a lobule, is acuminate, and possesses, as iu Dermanura a small posterior lobe. The second endoturbinal is con- cealed by the third. When the latter is pre8sebule, which lies upon the median surface The lobule is subrounded in form, completely occu- pying the upper edge of the plate so that it appears to ariSe from the cribriform by a pedicle. The fourth endoturbinal presents an exposed jdate on the median surface. It is beneath the convex nonpertbrate space and yields a single large couvolutiremolar is a third higher than the first. The cingnluni is slightly elevated at the base of the main cusp (paraconid) and provided with a small heel (hypoconid). The first molar much larger than the second, quadrate tapering slightly forward. Protocouid marginal, compressed, sectorial, less than twice the height of hypoconid and expanded at base anteri- orly. Paraconid trifld, the main cusp conoidal not distinct from ciu- gulum, marginal hypoconid compressed. Bntocouid conoidal, conspic- uous, marginal, an intermediate tiibercle between it and the ptu^aconid. Second molar quadrate, tapering slightly backward. Protoconid not marginal, but a well defined nearly complete cingulum at buccal base, conoidal, with flange at base anteriorly, paraconid obscurely trifld, the main cusp much thelongest, hyxwconid sectorial, entoconid conoidal, no intermediate tubercle between it and paraconid. The third molar rudi mental scarcely larger than one of the lower incisors; blunt, de- pressed in center of grinding surface; sometimes provided with a par- tial cingule. The milk incisors are re^aiued for a longer time than the other milk teeth. They may remain in the jaw, lying to the labial side of the complete set of permanent iucisore. Remarks. — I am not certain about the identiflcation of some of the cusps of the molar teeth in Artibens. Individual variation occurs in the arratigenient of the cusps on the lingual aspect of the first and second mandibular molars, which make it likely that they are develop- ments from a cingulum in a tooth from which all traces of the true Ottsps have disappeared. If this hypothesis be accepted the description is greatly simplified. But it lacks proof, and demands for Artibeux a, more abberant i)08ition than is suggested by other features in its economy. The loss of the V-hke cusps of the molars, the development of mar- ginal cuspules, the delicate and somewhat elaborate sculpturing on the grinding surfaces combine to the make these teeth of Artibeun unique.* After framing the above description I Htudied the teeth iu the allied genera ('en- titrio, Stiirnira and Brachijphylla . Those notes are herewith appended: Centurio—The mandibular molars sui'h aa in JrUbeus. The canine deeply con- K,-- •The following notes on the teeth of allied genera will be of value. In Dermaiiiira the lower incisors are twice the length of the same teeth in Arlibeua and Uroderma. The upper central incisors in the genus Inst nuined are much longer than the laterals, and are furnished with oblique cutting edges much in the same manner .as in Hemi- dennaaml Vampyropa. Artibi^ua, Dermitnnra, and Uroderma, nre readily distinguislied from Vampj/ropa by the presence of a marginal cusp (protoconid) on the ^tuterior half of the lingual aspect of the first lower iMolar, S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 43, PL, V 1. Maxillary teeth of Artibeus perspicillatus. x 8. 2. Mandibular teeth, x 8. iM' A MONOGRAPH OF THE BATS OF NORTH AMERICA. 51 fftve on anterior surface. The firHt premolar nuich smaller thau second, which liuai'H u small denticlo on the posterior border. The uietacouo creiniilatu on the jiiiNterior border. The posterior border is excavated to a point opposite the tirst iiKilar. The niundibiilar first premolar is smuller than the second. The first premolar ix Hiiialler than the second. The llrst molar with four simple cusps, the second with tliit'c; all nro simple and nearly coimiuuI. siurnira — The iirht maxillary premolar us largo as second, not compressed from before backward. The maxillary tirst anngth of the third metacarpal. Hence the movement of digits of third, fourth, and fifth finger do not attect that of the second digit. In Vespertilionidm (well seen in Atalupha) all is difllerent; the second l,v Hiirprincil nno iiiiii'iiiiiK to hvv, a hoy c-ntnr my room with ii but in Lis liiiiiit wliii'li, IVom ltd liU'Kt< Hi7.<>, 1 kui'W roiild bo no otbcr thiin tint H]iecioH wbiok I liiiil HO long sii'r<1 to obtuin. Ktt Huid ihut ku bud fonnd it bunKinj^ n|)on the li'iil' III' a truo and had killud it with a piuco of iiinoHtonf. Tliift ix, I think, the I'iinI iiistunc*^ {h. Noiiii of tho batH of Florida appear to hibernate, or nt best they only remain quiet iIiiiiiiK' I'U od'attionally cold niKht.* MeamiremenU. I.i'ii^th III' lii'iiil anil lioilv (I'l'iiiii rrnwii iil' lii'iiil In linsi^ ol'tiiil). I.inulli nriinii l.i'MClli III' rmiMriii • First ilinil : l.riiytli (if tlist intilniai'iiiil bniio I.I ii^tli ot'tlrHl )iliuliiiix Sri'iillil ili^it: liimlTi of sci'iiiiil iiK'tai'iii'iial bono I.i'imtli of llrHt iilinlaiix Tliiiililiuit: l.i'iiKtIi of tliinl nii'tnrnriml Imiio I.t'ii^tli of lli'Ht pliiilaiix l.i'iiKtIi of Kciiiiiil plialaiix I,inj;tli of tliiiil jihiilanx FiiiirtliiliKil: l.iii^tli iif fiiurlli iii4, 63. Dminoais. — Ears with internal basal lobe not entire but almost aborted near the headfold. Nostrils with no trace of nasal cornu. The ' 'I'hi.s paper appeared in tho (inarterly .loiiriial of the Boston Zoillogieal Society, vol. 11, 188)!. Mr. Maynard kindly sent me a drawing of the bat he describes. I have no hesitation in idenlifviiig it as Ai-tibciia persiiirillatiia. tVi;si'ERTILIONID/E. Bat.s with volute tiirbinals of the ethmoid bone; pre. iii:i.\illn' without palatal jiroeesses forminij a median suture, but in its place a wide inti'isiiace which includes the incisive foramen of other types; no sphcno-palatine i'oiaiiiine; trape/.inm with palmer tubercle, and hence thumb erect, i. c, uot inclined to tluxiou on palm; wings adapted for a rapid irregular flight, and auimal for 1 I :. 64 lUILLETIN 4;t, UNITKD STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. inar{;ii)H oftlu' dursully directed iipeiture everted, tlie lower outer angle beiiifj (fpooved. The I'aehil eluini) of glands hack of tlie niuexle ele- vated into eliib shaped manses. Hplienoidal foramen at the bottom of a deep r<>ceas. A wt!ll-dntal form of the third maxillary molar. The points of the cusps are all more produced than in the genus named. Since some writers (vide Dobaon /. c.) do not accept Corynorhinns as a valid genus but assign the species to 7V<'c«u8 (except in I'lecuti); oblique line on the wing mcmbrnne at the lower third of the tibia; nose-leaf absent; tall inclosed in the ample interfenioral uiem- brane, or the last joint alone projecting; hy]iocouc rudimental or absent; the paro- conid, metaconid, and bypocouid large, subequal. "Same as in Antrozoua. Milli. meter. ... 2\ ... 12 ... 20 ... 38 ifiictory. ire — two Al adult. A MONOOttAHM OK THK HA'I'S OF NORTH AMERKJA. 55 Tliv VeHiMsrtilionidiK liav«t liithorto (MiibnutiHl all tlio Hiiiall iiakod* nosed batH not iiududcd in the iiioIoshjiiu and «niballananmi gronpH. 1 ii:iv« elsewhere* jfiven reasons for asui^niit)^ yatalun to a separat<^ I'iiinily iu ro.iecting outward. NostrilH irregularly (iua4al glands not extended laterally, but raised toward dorsum of rostrum into a prominent ehi! -Mha))ed niasH. Lower li]i not moveable, without mental plate. Thocorn>co-bTo«'hialisand trieeps niuschis not sending fascdcles totlio wing-membrane. Postdigital nerve arises from the fourth metacarpal bono about mid- way between tiie pro .inial and distal ends. Tiie mesopatagium is pro- vided with a system of nr scle-fascicrles which are dispersed obliquely frtmi above downwanl about midway between the forearm and the t'lva margin. Tail just below the pubis is raised from the under surface of the interfemoral membrane ; for the rest of its extent it is raised from tlie upper surface; the tip is not oxsert. The calcar is weak, extends less than one-half the length of the free margin of the interfemoral mem- brane and is without ])o8t-ealcaral lobe. Foot slender, as long as the thund). Fur on the dorsum dark brown at apical one-third; dark ash at basal two-thirds; on the ventre the fur is light gray or white at apical one- third; black at basal two-thirds. A sparse growth of hair is seen on the base of the toes. Maxillary teeth. — Central incisor bifid -posterior cusp much the smaller. Tooth phu'ed at the edge of incl.'.or notched and presents a convex median border. Lateral incisor with long, acJculate cusp; concave on palatal surface, oblitiue on lateral border, parallel with central tootli oil median border. In other respects the teeth as in C. towusendii (q. v.). Mandibular teeth. — These are the same as in C. townsendii, except that the incisors are nun-e crowded. 8kuU. — Tiie entire ""rion of the vertex of the region of the mesen- cephiUon is elevated ). . defln.4 laterally by the weak posterior tem- poral crests. Greatest length 10'". Great^-ist width 8"> to 1)^'". Least width 3". Length of mesencephalon ;{"'. The length of face from the orbit is 3™. Greatest height 5.06"'. Thus the height is absolutely gnater than in Euderma, while the length is much less. The sagittal crest is absent over the \)osterior half of the vertex and extends to a lino which answers to the middle of the auditory meatus; the anterior ttMuixn'al imj' '^ssions are faintly defined. The face-vertex with sharply limited pit-like concavity, which is sharply separated from the anterior nasal aperture. The region of the proencephalon is well defined above. The fron to-maxillary infiatiou is most marked at the region of the or- bit, but to a mut^h less degree than in Euderma; the orbital ridge is swollen and faintly marked. The faciiil opening of the infi'aorbital canal lies 1""" above the tooth row. Tim outer wall is sharply crested, IM, Bight of the ar, concave ft, roacliiii^r produced; «ial glands rum into u out mental iiclos to tlio about mid- ium is pro- I obliquely ul the free surface of id from the bonds less aral ineiii- )»g as the h at basal pica! one- is seen on 16 smaller, a convex racave on bral tooth du{q. v.). a, excei)t le meseii- rior tem- '. Least from the bsolutely I sagittal inds to a anterioi- sharjtly anterior d above. F the or- ridge is aorbital crested, Ki( Fi( Fit I'K Fi( Fi( Explanation of Plate VI. 1. I'r.uit view oni,.ii.l of Coniiiorlihiiix iiiarrotis. '■i. Side view ol'N.uiit'. 3. Vit"\V(.ltrjij{iis;iii«l iiiii' siirfiice oliiiiriclc. I. WiiiK' liieiilln'iliic. r>. Tail and iiitiTft'inDial numihiaiie. li. Skull st'fii (Vom above, x 2. 7. Skull sffii Iroiii tlxi .side, x L'. V. s. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 43, PL, VI CORYNORHINUS MACROTIS wit iiiitl the iiii'i Tlic (;oii.> iii«' fill: liiirc ciivi Iiori; cave ll('rt( iiiipi' tlio r Tlic 1 Ua HoiiM the ii ii(»r(li of A I <)(' bill t'oryii !■-■? f'! ^■1 V, iii'iiii III l-ciijjth l-cii I'ii-st (li L.-ii l.cn St'l'IMul I I.CIIj I.CIl) TliinI (li I.CIIJ] l.i'iijj l.rn, KiiiM'th (I I..MlJjr '■''"'K I'it'lll (lijr Ll'Ilirl l.l'lljrl ! i* A MONOGRAPH OP TIIK HAT8 OF NORTH AMERICA. 57 wiflioiit pit. A line imMluood I'roiii tlic upi)er bordor of the jviitevior iiiisul aperture iiiters«Hits tliejiinctiun of the llrst premolar with tl;c lirst molar. Tlio zypMiia at the posterior third wideii<>d and elev:>l!'il at llid upper border. TIhj paroecipital and mastoid proeesHos aid iiidi- iiicntary, and the Hterno-mastoid region is scarcely depressed. Tliere is n<» trac-e of a Hphenoidal tongue. The pterygoid process is (•(iiispicuous. The tympanic bone is complete and very large, conceal- ing the cochlea. The tympanic bulla is in contact with the basioccipi- tiil and basisphenoihalanx 17 I'omlh digit: Lengtli of fourth motacarpal bone 34 Leiigtli of lirst |)halan\ 9 Length halanx 8 Length of second |dnilaux 8 58 HIILLETIN 43, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 1 MilliiiK'tcrH. Length of head : Height of ear 27 Height of tragus 12 Length of tliigh 15 Length of tiliia 19 Lengtli of foot 10 Lengtii of tail 44 B" I From Mr»»»n'tHontH from first ediliim of Monitijruitli, n\ U.8.N.M. ;ti,rof!l,.ngth^;|.'f''L..n«.l,oV'K "•='?"' I Kx- Nature of Cat. No. nose to (if tniL ...... ' of tlliiii. ist llu- .,,,;Li. <)ffur. ,.,.'".... panse. j Bpeeinien. fi232. 1377. 4727. 890. j Mil. \ ! In. In. 1.8 1.7 ; 1.8 1.7 1.0 1.6 i.e 1.8 1.10 1.8 K4 of ventre inclining more to gray than to white. Maxillary teeth. — The maxillary incisors conical, ^mple, with entire, well-defined cingula ; the inner border of the lateral not touching central. The central much the larger. Tlie two teeth touching, but an interval present between the lateral and tlic canine. The first premolar minute; resembles lateral inci.sor. The second premolar with un usually treuchan-s protocoue. The first molar with anterior coimuissure of protocoiie '-■' U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 43 PL. VII 1. Maxillary teeth of Corynorhinus macrotis. x 12. 2.3. Maxillary and Mandibular teeth of Corynorhinus townsendii. x 12. 'J 1, .i' 1 f f •I ;i A MONOGRAPH OK THE HATH OF NORTH AMERICA. 59 trcnchaut and ^I'ell seen from above. Anterior V Hlightly smaller than I)(»sterior ; hypocone absent. The third molar with protocone with entire coininisHure; anterior V complete; posterior Y lacking the greater part of the posterior limb. Mandibular teeth. — The incisors trifld, scarcely crowded; basal ridge developed into a high cinguluni, giving the teeth a multitubercnlate appearance. The canine with a well-developed cingnlum at the lingual aspect; both anteriorly and iwsteriorly it is furnished with a tubercle. The first and second premolars are small, conical, with complete cingula. The first tooth is slightly the smaller. The cusps of the molars are all high and sharp. The heel is well developed in all the molars, and in the third is triangular. The commissure on base in all the molars is unusu- ally high. The paraconid subequal through molars, inclined forward, the conjoined bases of this cusp and that of the metaconid incised some- what as in MacrotUB. Notes on the skeleton — Scapula. — The coracoid is simple, neither curved backward nor forward ; axillary border nearly straight, scarcely convex. Humerus. — The epitrochlea as in Vespertilio; the lateral groove on the trochlea is sharply defined; olecranon fossa i)resent. Ulna. — Proximal rudiment anchylosed to radius; shaft not traceable. Distal rudiment quadrate plate as in Vespertilio. The pisiform bone lies across the palmar aspect of the carpus and does not act as a splint to the fifth metacarpal bone. Hahitat. — Western and central portions of the United States, extend- ing south to Mexico.* Specimens in the National Museum are from Utah and the upper part of Missouri. I MeaHiirenienln. [No. 1220.) Millimeters. Head and body (from crown of head to base of tail) 38 Li'iijrth of arm 21 Lfiigth of forearm '. 42 First digit : Length of iirtit metacarpal bone 2^ Lengtli of first phalanx 3i Si'coud digit : Length of second metacarpal bone 34 Length of first phalanx 2 Third digit : Length of third metacarpal bone 35 Length of firHt phalanx 13 L(>ngth of second phalanx 16 I'tmrth digit : Length of fourth metacarpal bone Length of first phalanx 10 Length of second phalanx 12 * J. A. Allen reports it from Guadalajara, Mexico. 60 HULLKTIN 43, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MU8EUM. Mlllinii'trrH Fifth dinit : Length of fifth inoliiciirpiil hone 1(1 Length of fIrKt jihnlaiix 10 LoiiKth of Rcroiiil ])hiiliiMX !l Length of hf'ftd 8 liinght of «iir 30 Height of tragiiH Ill Length of thigli Length of tibiii 21 Leni;th of foot it Length of tail 37 Mmsitri'miiiilH J'rom Jlml cdiliuii of Muiwyrupli. Curriiiit uiiin- Iwr. ft231... n2:ioa . b'SMb . 5'j:iO(?.. b-SMd . WWr. . 51!a(/. . 5'jaoj/ . From tip of iioHe to tall. In. 1.9 1.9 l.U 1.0 i.e l.»i l.B 1.9 l.ciiKlli of tnil. III. I.O 1.8 1.7 1.9 1.0 1.9 1.0 l.H I.i'liKtli lit' fori'- arm. In. l.H 1.0 1.0 l.H 1.0 1.8 1.0 1.8 n,«tl.fe^-r''i.ei«...,^'^r' .tl.l.. ....* U.. *" ..I'. I "* l.( of lil)itt. In. 0.8 0.8 U.O (1.8 U.8 U.8 O.U 0.8 C'Ht liii- gor. In. 2.10 2.1) 2.10 2.0 2.10 2.11 2.11 2,10 thvuuli. In. (1.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 of CHI-. I tragiiH. In. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. In. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. u. u. PUIIRU. In. II.O U.O l!.0 10.0 10. tl 10.0 10.0 10.0 Nuliiic of Bpeciiiieii. Alcoliolir Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. List of Mpiximenn. Cat. No. 6231. 5230. 1 No. of mens. l.ocnllty. rreHHDtcil by- ^'"'"ni™."'""''' tJolleotlon. Upper MlHHouri ... Dr. F. V. Hnyilfii Alcoliolio Utah Capt. J. H. SimpRou*.! do » Collecteil by C. S. McCarthy. Oouim EUDERMA H. Allen. V. S. Nat. Mii8. l)u. Euderma H. Allen, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila., 18il2, 467. HMiotua J. A. Allen, Hull. Anier. Muh. Nat. Hist., Ill, No. 2, Feb. 20, 1891, 195. Diagnosis, — Two proniolar.s in eacli jaw. Auricle coiistrit^ted at base, the simple internal and external basal ridges holding it to the c(>Tre sponding borders of the base of tragus. The internal hem narrow, not over one sixth width of auricle. External basal lobe sharply delineil posteriorly by the external basal ridge and is without ridge or lobule; post rietal wart ab.sent. External basal lobe of tragus absent. Snout simple, broad median depression between nostrils. Membranes as in Corynorhiniis. Auditory bulla not united on inner margin to skull, and reaches to a point opposite middle of glenoid cavity. Oeneral character of the teeth as in Corynorhiniis. S 2 1 '' * Dental Formula. — Molars,^; Premolars -; Canines :j; IncisorH^, x2 = 34 teeth. O Ji i. o F A MONOGRAPH OF THE WATS OF NORTH AMERICA. 61 The above diti^^tioHis may bu cuiiiitarvd with advantage with that of ('(irynorhinuH and PU'Cotus. Cofjinorhinuii, — Tlirri' |>r<>m()liirH in lower Jaw. Auricle not conHtrictod at bnan; bill It ItuHiil riil){0M liuiiiK tVi-u from triiK)iH. Inturnal busiil ri(l((u with thiol< tranitvurHu Ciilil HiiiuilatiiiK an iuturiial basal lobo wliii^h U iiltAcnt. Width of internul Uutn ni'iiily half that of tiiu aiiriclu. 'I'l-a^riiH with doliii); I oxturual baHiil lobe and notch. lAtirnal liaHu lobo with intiM'ual lol>iil(t ending in larjfo poHt rictal wart. C'lavute jii'i MM on uach Hido of tho Hnoiit; nostrilx with niiond bordt^r, liinicn Hiniiate. I'ltrotun. — Tliruu prenudai'H in each jaw. Auriolo not couHtrictud at baHe. Tho iiarntw iuturual auricular hum not ovi^ not limited jtoatfriorly and bearH a minute lolnile on inner surface. TrM^iiH with wt'll-dotlnud notch and basal lube; {lost rictul wurt hairy, coujoiued to liasal lobe. The following statements concerning the differential characters of lh«lenna, Corynorhinim, Plecotus, and Synotun are herewitli submitted, ill my judgment SynotuH is more widely separated from the other three genera than are any of the last named from one another, and it is prob- ably true that ifynotus is not ii member of the group of the plecotiau bats, but is iu closer aftinity with Vespcruyo. ICiuIerma. Internal Ii«»h1 Icibc I'n'o i'r- aiti' middle ol' fil«Doiil cavity. SplKMiiipala- tin» ioranii'n iiresont; till' iipiier orbital bor- ilir I'ugoBu. I'liliitid iilnto extends bark of linu of liiMt miliar for a iliHtiinoe I'linalling noarly one- hall tlir Iciigtliof tliu litrrv^oid protiCHa. Aiili'riiir tmniHiral crust nut niurkvd. .Seriiiirt upper premolar nut toiirhlng drHt mo- lar. CorynorhtnuH. Internal basal lobe not free , riidiiiientary. j Large Hwollen tliread { airoHH internul riilge. , ItiillieH not eontliniouH witb base of tragus. Traj;iiH witli internal basal lobe. { Terniiual cartilage fuurtli digjt axtal. I Curouoid process lU'umi- nate; angle to lower I jaw not broad at base. I Tympanic bulla reuebes posterior iMiriler of glenoid cavity, nplieno-palal ine ores - ont{ tbe upperorbltal border not ruguau. Same. rteootUR. Internal basal lube free, not crossing internal ridge. Uiilges not eontlnu- oiiH witli base II f triiguH. TiagiiH witli iutorual basal lobe. Tenninal cartilage I fourtli digit uxial. T y III p a o i e bulla ■"e a dies u point slightly in advance oft lie glenoid cavity. Splieno-iialiitinclor- amen amiarcntlv ab- sent ; I pper orliital border not rugose; trenchant. Synotiis. Anterior temporal crest not marked. Second u)iper premolar not toMchiug first molar. Sagittal and anterior temporal crests inarked. .Second uiiper |irenio- lar not toucbingtlrst molar. No Internal basal lobe. Ridges not conttniiouh with base of tragus. Tragus with internal basal lobe. Terminal cartilage fourth digit dutlocted toward t hiinib. Angle of lower jaw nar- row at base; coronold process pidnted. Tympanic bulla reaches liosterlor Isirder of glen . did cavity. Spheno- palatine foramen pres- ent; theupiH'r orbital border not rugose. Palatal plate extends back of lino of last mo- lar for adistiuiceeiiual- ling one-third the length of pterygoid |iriH'ess. Sagittal and anterior tern- l>oral urestA marked. I 1. Euderma maculata (J. A. Allen). Hisliotus maculaius J. A. Allen, Hull. Amer. Mus. Na*. Hist., Ill, 1891. hiagnosin. — The diagnosis of the single species is that of the genus. Description. — Kars three-fourths length of the forearm, broad at tip, united by a small membrane. Internal basal lobe well deftued. luter- IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I £ KS 112.0 lit 12.2 m 1.25 III . .4 ,,.6 < ^„ ► Hiotographic Sciences Corporation 23 WfST MAIN STRiET WEBSTER, N.Y. MS80 (716) 873-4S03 m \ :\ \ rv o^ —T ,- n • ^ 62 BULLETIN 43, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 'I I fif nal basil ridge extends nearly the entire length of the auricle. Exter- nal border simple, entire, without scallops. The external basal lobe well defined, simple, not recurved, hairy on outer surface. Auricle greatly constricted opposite base of tragus, to wliicli it is attachied; no external basal ridge. Tragus elongate, but scarcely narrowed at tip, little more than one-third the length of the auricle, straight or slightly convex on inner border, moderately convex on outer border; basal notch shallow, indeterminate; no basal lobe. Muzzle simple, depressed in middle; glands on the side rndimental, not club-shaped; nostril entire oval, without corhu. The auricle is marked with numerous transverse striae at outer two- thirds excluding the tip. The inner border and tip fringed with short hair, a sparse growth occupies the inner surface of the auricle from the inner border of the internal basal ridge. Membranes. — The thumb disposed t(> be Hexed, the membrane extend- ing to the base of the first phalanx. A distinct hen) extends between the thumb and second digit. The second digital interspace ;i""" wide. Metacarpal bones distinct on palnnir asjiect. Palmar tblds nt fifth metacarpal two in number. The terminal cartilage of the fourth digit axial. Foot one-seventh of the length of the forearm. Tail as long the forearm, tip exsert. The markings on the membranes are as follows: In the fourth inter- space the predigital nerve arises midway along the fifth nu^tacarpal aiul the post digital from the distal fourth of the fourth ]neta(;arpal bono. Oblique tibial lines four in number. The interfemoral membrane c: - tire, ample, marked by ten well-defined comjdete transverse lines. Iii- tercostals twelve in number, ranging oblitiuely outward and upward. Fur. — Black and white hues arranged in a manner uni(pie in Olu'i- roptera. Dorsum with fur of a i)revailing black, the hair being nni- forndy long and unic(dored, excepting at the base of the ears, over tlie shoulder blades, and at the rump, where the hair is white. The cluin])s on the ear are unicolored ; those on the shoulder blades have hair witli basal half black: that on the rump is intermingled with black, but otherwise the hair is as on the shoulder blades. The nape of the neck, crown, and base of the ears, where they join the crown, of a more rusty black than that of the dorsu'n generally. This arrangement is liniitod by the low band which unites the ears; the fa<'e is sparsely covercil with blackish hairs; the lips at the sides are whiskered; the spaces about the eyes are naked. The under surface of the body with white as its prevailing color, the basal i)ortion of the fur everywhere being black, excepting where the large ear extends down on the side of tlio neck. In this region (viz the upper half of the neck) the hair is pure white and uni<«)lored and continuous above with the basal ear clumps, The lower half of the side of neck is black throughout. A faint white line extends aca'oss the shoulder to unite the clumps on the shoulder blades to that of the ventre. The fur otherwise black at basal two- A MONOGRAPH OF THE BATS OF NORTH AMERICA. 63 uh inter- •pal anil al hone. aue c; - es. Ill- pwanl. Ill V\m- inff imi- >ver the 1 cliimi"* air witli lick, but e lU'ttk, r«> rusty limited covered spaces ill white e being e of the is pure clumps, it white lumhler aal two- thirds, apical third, white. Tho arm at its basal third black. The cxtout of the wbitc portion diminishes from above downward. Mem- branes everywhere naked. Skull. — Brain-case, low, quadrate, tht height one-half the bimastoid diameter. The metieucephalon as long as mesencephalon and pro- oncephalon. Sagittal crest rudimentary, does not extend beyond a line ai'sweriugto the middle of the zygoma, the remaining portions of the posterior temporal crest widely separated: the anterior not defined. I )orsum of face vertex with a shallow concavity which is not sharply de- lined; orbit with inflated inner wall and rugose elevated upper border; lachrymal tubercle marked. Infraorbital canal short; the foramen on line with iutervtll between second prem<»lar and first molar. Line of tho upper margin of the anterior nasal aperture if i)roduced would in- tersect the second premolar; tympani(! bone apparently incomplete above. The paroccipital process bold, trencdiant; sterno-mastoid impression deeply concave; mastoid composed entirely of squamosal element. Zygoma quite as in Corynorhinm — the squamosal part twice as wide as maxillary; sphenopalatine foramen present, of large size. Occipital crest trenchant. Tympanic bone greatly inflated, equals one-third the length of the skull, not touching basioccipital, or basisphenoid ; exca- vate anteriorly. It extends to a line which answers to the middle of the glenoid cavity. The mest)pterygoid fossa as long as one-third the distance from the posterior palatal border to the incisors. The sphen- oidal foramen is at the bottom of a deep recess. The coronoid process is round, small, raised scarcely one-third the height of the ascending lauins; lower border of the horizontal ramus near tl.e angle slightly concave. The angle is raised from the plane on which the mandible rests. Atlas witli large foramen for vertebral artery which rests on a niere thread of bone; transverse process semicircular without spine. In common with other cervical vertebne the tubercle on anterior surface of body is marked. Ribs twelve in number. Both ]»resternnm and nu'sosternum keeled. Scapula nuich as in (Jorynorhlntis. It was mu- tilated in the single specimen examined. }f(t.riUary teeth. — Incisors contiguous, slightly inclined toward the nu'd ian line, but the lateral tooth se[)arated from the canine by a moderate interval. Central incisor cuspidate with a small cuspule projected mid- way on the posterior surface; a distinct cuspule also arises from the cingulum posteriorly. Lateral incisor one-half the size of the central, and cuspidate, with a small cuspule arising from the cingulum on the anterior and a> second on the posterior portion. Canine not larger than tile second premolar, the buiuial surface is abruptly convex. The first pit'inolar is small not wedged in, with complete cingulum. The space lietween it anroce88 small, no supraorbital ridge ; facial vertex convex. Nyotophiltu. Tfansverso band is continuous with the upper margin of the nostril ; thus the depression of the nostril is cut off from the pit above tho nostril. External basal lobe of the auricle with a conspicuous inner fold. Terminal cartilage of the fifth digit acicular ; conspicuoas accessory car- tilage. The nerves of the fourth interdigifal space of e. Sknll se<'n from above, x '2. 7. Skull and lower .jaw seen from tln^ side, x 2. Vui. 8. Os petrosa. BULLETIN 43, PL. VIII Antrozous pallidus. Tli« ciilur 1 paHsiiij t'l-om ( toiirth tliird erlin, 1882, 987) places Antrozous and NyctophUm in association with liliinophylla and Mv auricle and internal basal lobe not lying against the head. Outer margin >>i the base of the tragus obscurely separated from tlio inconspicuous lobule. Tragus greatly viroduced, tiliform. First metacarpal bono strongly Hexed, outline w^flned; callosity small. Thumb scarcely if at all projected beyond the contour of the second metacarpal bone. Oblique tibial lino arises from the distal third of tlio tibia. V.capaccinii (Europe). — Foot jinormous; tragus long, filiform; membrane from ankle, or a point slig}itly above i:, covered with hair which also clothes the leg ami the sides of the intorfenioral niPinbr.nne. F. wyglaciiiiia (P^uropc). — As opposed to the preceding this species is not ho easily distinguished from the American species (vide Monograph). The tragus in quite as in the phases of our Western States. The fur presents some distinctive features, viz, in the diit'erent hues of brown of the back. The American species further resembles V. mystacinus in the bearded upper lip, especially the western forms, as stated in Monograph, p. C(». In alcoholic specimens this is less conspicuous than in the dry, for the hairs are soft and readily cling to the skin. In some varieties the hairs quite thickly clothe the sides and front of the face, and are conspicuous from their bhick color. Apart from the wing membrane this is the best peripheral charsicter by which VespertiUo can be distinguished from Adelonycteris and Veaperugo. The difficulties acknowledged in identifying the American species are apparently insuperable, so great is the range of variation in the proportions of the ears, thumb, feet, tail, and phalanges of the manus, and in the coloration of the fur and the membranes. If the purposes of zoological science should end with the identification of species, the student might well be discouraged in his studies in this field. But fortunately the very intricacies of the subject Si:ggest problems, in the attempts to solve which, his knowledge of the life and structure of these little organisms can not fail to be increased. After careful consideration from the available material, I have con- cluded thsit there are three species of Vespertilio in the United States, namely, F. gryphus, inhabiting the country east of the ninety-eightli degree parallel longitude; F. albescens, and F. niftdiw, in the country west of the line above named. Numerous variations exist which make it unsatisfactory to frame diagnoses of these species after the manner seen elsewhere in this memoir. Such variations are of great interest, and it will be found con- venient to retain for them names of well-marked varieties as though they had specific value. Among such I include F. luci/ngun under V. gryphvs; V. melanorhhms under F. albescens; V. macropus under F. albes- cens; V. eiiotis under F. albescens; V. longicrus under F. nitidus; V. yu- manensis under F. nitidus. Variations in animals are commonly included under the headings of the regions of country in which they occur and by which their distri- bution is limited. While varieties so defined are doubtless the main A MONOGRAPH OF THE BATft OP NORTH AMERICA. 73 ones, two other kiiidH arc recognized a8 present in the American species of Vespertilio. The first of these is ontogenetic and consists in adults not infrequ(Mit1y retaining in an irregular manner some of the propor- tions of the young. This I pro{M)He calling pedomorphic vai-iation, or pt'doinorphism. The second is due to depositions of black pigment in increased proportion in those parts of the skin which is not covered by I'lir, as on the ears, membranes, snout, and feet. This I propose calling iDclanic variatitm. Pedomorphic and melauic variation is seen in all three species. 1 propose presenting each of these subie(!ts in some detail under dis- tint^t lieadings, sis follows: Pedomorphic variation. — In young bats the foot and thumb are apt to be disproportionately large as compared with the same parts in mature individuals; at the same time the auricle and tragus are corre- spondingly small, the snout high, blunt, and nearly naked. Thisdispo- for the sition for our species occasionally to retain juvenile peculiarities has led to much confusion in their identification. Prof. E. D. Cope has ])i'oposed to employ for this condition the term retardation, that is to say, the parts above named are, as it were, held back while others are permitted to go on to adult expression. V. lucifugits of Leconte is a "ihnnorphic variety of V. gryphm as V. yumanensis is a similar variety . . nit id us. It is easily understood how necessary it is to determine the age of a fjivcn specimen to be identified, since an immature form of the typical exaiiipfe of a species may be similar to the fully grown adult from the retardation of development in the characters above named. In quite young individuals the fourth and fifth digits arc of the same length wliile the basi-o(!cipital bone is not coossified with the sphenoid, and tli(; epiphysis at the distal end of the metacarpal bone, as well as both ends of the hun\erus, are detachable. In older specimens, yet imma- ture, tiie proportions of the manus are as in the adult while the joint last named is still without sharpness of outline, thus indicating imper- fection in development. The interfemoral membrane is triangular, the tij) of the tail boldly exserted, and the post calcaral lobe is absent. Tlu^ teeth are fully erupted long before the tail and the manus are com- plete, so that tlie characters presented by them are of little value in determining age after the animals become independent food-seekers. The study of the young, therefore, is of importance in the identification of species. Mr. J. A. Allen (Mammals of Massachusetts) has stated tliat ill his judgment V. luci/ugus is the young of V. suhulntus, a state- ment which is equivalent to saying that bats having the chanicteristics above developed are always immature. I have, therefore, taken pains to examine carefully the composition of the bones in the forms which I have included in the monograph under V. luci/ugus, and I can defi- nitely assert that they are not immature. With the exception of the characteristic retention in the head, foot, thumb, and interfemoral mem- !'i=li w 74 niTLLETIN 43, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. II fii: branci, the proportion of the winjrs and the details of the skeleton a>id of the teeth are precisely those of V. gryphuH. The pedoniorpliiit varieties of V. f/ryphm appear to be more common in cold, elevated countiie.-. than in warmer. The retardation may be due to the enviranment bein^ ui. favorable to developniont, owing to a shtu't summer and a correspondingly long period of hibernai,ion. This, howe'.er, is a surmise, as excellent examples are met with in V, al- beseem along the soutliern parts of California and in Lower (California. The markings of the meiubraties iu pedomorphism are precisely those of the typical adults. The chara' ters which may be retarded are, of course, infinite. In point of fiujt, however, those which are usually found associated are those above named. Occasionally a small ear and tragus is found with a small foot and large interfemoral membrane. The opposite to this I liave not seen, namely, a large foot with a large ear, tragus, and interfemoral membrane. Melanic variation. — When the pigmentation is everywhere so great as to give a black hue to the membranes, ears, face, and feet, the con- trast is so great between the individuals and tiiose which exhibit the translucent black sha'des as to be very noticeable. Since the intensely black forms include those which also possess auricles which are mod- erately or scarcely concave on the outer border, and which are larger than the head, they constitute true varieties. V. evotis and V. mela- norhinuH are melanic varieties of V. albescens. V. longicrus True is probably a melanic variety of V. nitidus. Melanic variation is less connuon in V. gryphus than in either of the western species. In no in- stance does it enter into a diagnosis. Black vsirieties through tl;e fauna may be found in both the typical and the pedoinorphic adults. It is diiflcult to determine the examples of Vespertilio from the conn- try west of the ninety-eighth parsillel. The change of color of fur and membrane, the variation in the shapes of the interfemoral membrane, the relative lengths of the limbs, especially of the thumb, feet, and legs, are unavailable for purposes of diagnosis. I assume that the ftdlowing characters determine the western spe- cies: Lateral upper incisor much less frequently crenulated at cingulum than in the eastern forms, and disposed tf) inward rotation. Penis small, with narrow, otteii pigmented prepuce. Fur forming a transverse white line under the lower jaw. Tragus not isosoles, but straight on inner border and convex at lower part of the outer border. If the outt r border is without cMmeavity above this convex portion, then the tragus is semielliptical; if the border is with concavity, then the tragus is semipyriform. The membranes are translucent, never brown in tint, but when not melanic are of a peculiar blueish-black, gray tinge, lie- flnesque describes a species of North Ainerican Vespertilio under the name of V. cyniioptcrus, whU-h I have been unable to identify. (See Appendix.) The " wings are of a dark blueish gray." The diilerence lie tween a dark bluish gray and a diluted translucent black is, perhaps, A MONOGRAPH OP THE BATS OF NORTH AMERICA. 75 one of personal equation. To express it differently, the membranes ' iii'it liglitly pignientod, though the pigmont is black in color. The an- terior surface of the interfcmoral membrane appears to be less pig- mented than other portions of the wing meiabraues. As a result the iiieinbrano presents a whitish api>earance, as though a little uhalk and water had been lightly painted over it. The post calcaral lobe i.} oltcn well deveh)ped, but on the whole i-^ inconstant. The characters of the eastern species aie seen in the diagnosis and des(!ription of V. gryphus, and are in con*- ist to the western. The distribution of the genus Vespertilio in North America is similar to that of other genera of mammals whose range is extensive. Thus it can be said that the western forms in the United States (west of 1)8°) an^ distinct from the eastern; that the eastern forms range north and northwest through British America with little variation, and that they are disposed to reappear in the mountain ranges of the northwestern United States along the Pacific coast, presumably by migration from tlie north along paths of high altitude; that the southern parts of the eastern United States, say from below 30° latitude, resemble Mexican phases, as do those of the western, from an irregular line between 30° anil 42° latitude. The species of the genus, therefore, are the least local of any mem- bers of the fauna. It is probably true that all of its representatives liave been derived from one or more tropical ancestors, and that an exhaustive knowledge of these forms will be required before the pecu- liarities of the more northern phases can be properly interi)reted. As- suming that migrations have taken place from the south to the north, tlie lines of their first divergence would appear to have occurred in the iioitherii parts of Mexico in three separate treiias — one to the northeast through tlie Gulf States; one due north through Arizona and New Mexico, and one northwest through the Sacramento Valley. At points fartlier north tlie lines become greatly disturbed, the tropical features art^ to a great extent lost, and the study of individuals becomes one of f^ieat intricacy. Greatly extended research beyond the means available to the writer will be needed before th& questions of distribution and the validity of zoological varieties can be determined. The conclu- sions at present thought to be tenable may serve a useful purpose until the question can be settled by students who are more favorably situated than he. 1. Vespertilio gryphus Fr. Cuvior. Tho little ]tr>wn Itat. (Platns x, xi.) I'lupcrtilio gryphus Fr. Cuvior, Nouv. Annal. rtii MiiHeiim, PariH, 1832, 15. VcHiHrtilio salnrii, ibid. I'lsiurtilio Buhflamis, il)ij>l., V, 1H55, 749; Dobson, Cat. Chirop. Urit. Mu«., 1S78, 325. I'eHjiirliUo domeiitiottii (Jroen, Cab. Nat. Hist., ii, 290. Hi n 76 BULLETIN 43, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. V. Buhulalus Harlun, Fauna Americana, 1825, 22 (not Say) ; Riohardsoi., Fauna fioreiit. Ainer., i, 1829, 3; Uotlinan, Amer. Nat. Kiot., i, 1831, 71 ; Cuo^er, Ann. Lye. N. Y., IV, 1837, 61 ; De Kay, Nat. Hist. N. Y. (Zool.), 1842, 8; Wagner, Scbreb. SiiuK.tli. V, 1855, 750, Looonto, Proc. Acb<1. Nat. Sci. i'lila., 1856, 436j H. Allen, Mou.ig. Ii. ' N. A. ItutB, 1864, 51; DnbBon, Cat. Chirop. Brit. Mas. 1878, 324. 1 As indicated by the nynoiiymy, this hat is tlie same aa thit V. Hubulatu» ) of the first edition of the Monograph. Maj. Lecoute rehabilitated V. subulatus, Say, (see Appendix), and sub- ) sequent writers acisepted this writer's determination. The type is lost. ,' The original diagnosis was remarkable in four respects: It described ' the lower canine tis bifid on one side — an anomaly I have never seen; ; it was drawn up from an immature individual; it was of a dull cinere- ' ous color on the dorsum, and had hairs on the free border of the inU^r- femoral membrane. The specimen was secured on the Charles River, ' y one of the sources of the Arkansas, in a section now near Pueblo in southwestern Colorado. ^' The only specimens of Vespertilio which have been described from / ' regions near the one described are F. nitidm macropus, nob., which was obtained from Fort Whipple, Ariz., and F. nitidus ciliolabrumf Merriam, which was collected in western Kansas. In one of the four specimens of T'. nitidns nnwroptis in my possession the color of the fur might easily be said to have a grayish cast, though the predominant color is brown. The question at once arises, can a specimen of Vespertilio collected i n southwestern Colorado on the eastern slope of the Rocky Mountains be said justly to be the same as those which frequent the Eastern and Gulf States? I believe this question must be answered negatively, so long as I hold to my present opinion that western and eastern forms are distinct. It is agreed that the ninety-eighth parallel represents the line which separates the two sec- tions, and since Charles River lies well within the western section, there appears to be no longer a doubt that F. subulatus is western in its aflSni- ties. Since the description of Say, therefore, can not apply, it is neces- !J sary to determine which of the numerous names given to the eastern form is available. The diagnoses of Fr. Cuvier {I. c.) might all apply — three of them to the Northern ( F. gryphus, V. salarii, and F. crassus) and three to the Southern varieties ( T'". creeks, F. georgianus, and F. suhfUivus). V. gear- gianus was sent to Cuvier by Maj. Leconte and the name was accejjted by the donor of the specimen as applicable to the form described in this memoir under the name Vcsperugo earolinensis. Of the remaining species it would appear to be appropriate to select the first in theoriU'r of the description. If this plan be accepted Vespertilio gryphus, Fr. Cuvier, is the name of the eastern species. The term "murinoid'' of this writer happily gives the reader a clue to the affinity of the species, since Fc»j9ere of mouth rarely extends back beyond the internal canthus. The tragus is slender and [tointed; the inner border is straight, with the outer border inclined out- ward, thus forming two sides of an isosceles triangle. Above the notch the tragus is falciform and turned outward. It is rarely crenulate on the outer border. Membranes incline to be brown above (never block ex- cepting in the Incifugan variety) and gray with tawny shades below. The hair on the dorsum of the interfemoral membranes ends abruptly at tlio level of the knees. Manal formula variable. The following are expressions of it: First iuterspace < ii Socoiid iuterapace < .. !23 Forearm Jm Description. — The auricle is elongated, with slightly acuminate in- ternal basal lobe, and moderately convex anterior border and rounded tip. The external border directly below the tip and for a short dis- tancte is emarginate. The first scallop is distinct; the second indistinct, and the ridges are scarcely developed. The external basal lobe is rounded, small, incurved as a rule, thickened, and broader than high. The internal and external basal lobes lie near together, while the two borders of the auricle lie far apart. Hence the form of the ear is that of an oval, the lower external part being concealed by hair. Both sides of the auricle in well-preserved examples are marked by numer- ous raised arborescent lines; no transverse plica^ such as are often conspicuous in the ears of bats, are here, as a rule, noticeable. The tragus is acuminate, the anterior border straight, the external \ " Hi \-\ ill I' 78 BULLETIN 43, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. oblique, the widest part of the tragus being just above the small semicirculai* notch ; the external basal lobe with a disposition to turn inward, *. e., toward the interior of tlie auricle. The sides of the muzzle Avith well-developed glands, which give tlie fiuje a swollen appearance. The chin is provided with a triangular nuked space whose apex is often slightly prolonged; the nostril with nearly central septum, and separated from the mouth by the width of the labial border only. The wing membrane extends to the base of the toes; the tip of the tail is moderately exsert. The postcalcaral lobe slightly developed or absent. j ji The fur of the back is of a prevalent dark bro-vn or olive brown color; li'! i! f basal third, plumbeous black. The brown color is apt to be f-mewliat lighter on the hejul and base of the ears tlian elsewhere. Jt varies in character, being sometimes dark brown and often light, or shades with admixtureof russet, yellow, and even of gray. The basal two-thirds may be smoky brown instead of dark plumbeous. The under surface of the body is of a light gray, verging to tawny shades; the basal two-thirds of the hair is black. The skin from chin to a point as far back as the oral angles scarcely lighter in color than the rest of the body. The melanic variety of V. tjryphm is much less common than witli V. nitidus or V. albescens. A good example of it is seen in a speci- men in the United States Department of Agriculture (No. 23276, from Cherokee, N. C). The dorsal brown is of so deep a hue in this example as to appear black in alcohol. The variations of V. gryphus are two in number, as follows: («) The pedomorphic forms (See p. 73), exan'ples of which can be found in any of the geographical varieties and find their best expression in the V.luci/ufftis of Leconte; (6) a geographical variety confined to northern pai'ts of the United States and Canada, and not embraced in other groups. Var. (a) — Vespertllio gryphus lucifugus (Loconte). V. lucifugus Leconte, Ciiv, An. Kinj;iloin (McMiirtrio'H (mI,), I App. 1831, 431; Ihid, Proc. Acad. Nut. Sci. Phila., 1855, 436; Dobaoii, Cut. Chirop. Urit. Mu8., 1879, 328; Alston, Biol. Centrali-Araer., Mam., 1879-'82, 25. V. eraasua Fr. Ciiv., Nouv. Annales du Museum d'Hist. Nat., 1832, 15. V. breviro8tria Max. Prince von Wied, VerzeicL. Boobach. Siiugetli. N. A., 1860, 19. DeseriptioH, — Head rathei large, somewhat flattish ; lips moderately whiskered; snoutmoreobtuse than in other varieties of Venpertilio ; nos- trils sublateral, sotne distance from free border of upper lip ; ears narrow, blunt at tip, slightly emarginated on outer side — the internal basal lobe produced, rounded, and somewhat obtuse, notthicker than other portions of ear. Tragus half as high as auricle, mostly blunt, unfrequently abruptly acuminate. Mental space well defined. Feet large; inter- I •< U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 43, PL. XI ; m 1. Maxillary teeth of Vespertilio gryphus. 2. Mandibular teeth of same, x 12. X 12. I !■■. feinor; I'l'iiiori (J()l( at biis at tip- color i The above (listiiij V. I ill the color ( foot, V asiu ^ Tlie Teriit< hordci of tiio Aiiotli braiie icspeci I ha individ future a8 the (/'iirii'iit I lior. 5:i3« ri:i47 ri:t7o ,'>:ifl4 5377 i^'4 A MONOOUAPU OF THE BATS OF NORTH AMEKICA. 79 femoral membrane of moderate size; termination of calcar with inter- t'ciiiural somewhat abrupt; tlie \mnt of tail exserted. Coloration subject to little variation, that of the back dark plumbeous lit base, with dark or lightish olive-brown tips; that of the belly lighter lit tip — exhibiting a wliitish gray or yellowish gray ai>pearauce. The color is thus similar to that of V. gryphus. The narrow bluut ear, short face, and the elevation of the nostril above the free margin of upper lip are the characters which serve to distinguish this eubspecies. V. daubentonii, of Europe, bears some resemblant^e to this subspecies in the shape of the ear and tragus; but it is dissimilar in the whitish color of fur beneath, and in the attachment of the wing membrane to foot, which is here joined to the ankle iusteiid of the base of the toes lis iu V. gryphtis lueifugus. Tiie specimen, numbered 5538, from the east of Colville, Northwest Territory, lias a pointed tragus, and the middle j)art of the free bolder of the interfemoral membrane fringed with stiff hairs. Tiie fur of the body is silvery beneath, blackish above, back of feet not hairy. Another form from St. Louis, Mo. (Cat. No. 5344), has the wing mem- brane attached to the ankles — the foot being entirely free. Iu other lespects both agree with V. gryphus lueifugus. I have thought it necessary to thus briefly indio. 5377 1.0 1.3 1.3 0.7 2.2 0.2t 0.6 0.3 8.0 Do. i' ':; 1 ii ft,:, 1 1 ■ ^^m I !' 80 BULLETIN 43, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Ligt of iipecimens. Cat No. t>f No. fiprci- niens. 5370 saM m:i4 s;i:io sa;iH 5;i;i7 71117 71IW MIQ 51154 55()1 5')(HI 5ri()r) 5:i73 549H 5;i4ii 5407 5347 5303 5370 5;)74 5381 5300 5378 5200 54U3 5364 5:183 5;tm) 5377 5373 IjWiality. ■Iiiinog liny, If ikIhud'h Buy WcHtiMirt, N. V... do Koxtmrtf. I'a Wiishington, I). C. do Hmiufort, 8. C do. VruHoutud by C. Droxicr. 8. F. Uainl. do do do C. (inrnnl... Dr. llnydcD. .do . NMiiro of HpouiinrDH. Alcoholic . iaio Ko.ynlii, liiiku SiipiMidr.' K, A. iIiMi|)e8 Di'troit Kivcr. (IroHHo IhIii, Midi do do Wim-ouHlii Kiiciiiu, Wis Cook Comitv, 111 do Cairo, 111 Fort I'lunw, Nnlir Saiitft Ft>, N. M Ciintoumi'iit lliirKwyii, Pu);ot Sound, VVasli... do I Fort .Stoilacoom, AVasli Coliiiiibin Uiver N.N Fort lieadiiiK, CiU do ^ Capo Flatter V. WbhU. 0) (0 ABpinwall, N. G 8. F. llninl Kov. C. Fox.. do do A. ('. Ilnrrv... Dr. P. K. lloy K. Kuiiiiicott. do do Dr. Ilavdon.. W.J. Itoward Dr. AnderHon A. Cnnipbell ! — do Dr. Siirklt-y | do . .do do . ....do. ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ....do ....do ....do.... ....do Dry — do ...do AU-oUollo. Dry Alcoholic Dry Alcoholio ...do ...do do 1 I'niU'd States ExjMMlitioil. Dr. ,1. F. Hammond. do Liout. Trowbridge.. (■'). Exploring ..do. ..do. ..do. ..do. ..do. Dr. 8. Hays |....do. Collection. n. 8. Nat. Hub. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. D«. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Ill this coiuiectioH it may bo said that J. B. Tyrrell (I. c.) has collected this from as far north as the Hudson Bay. 49G1, M. C. Z. from Arkansas is the most southern locality from which I have noticed it. The foot in this specimen is very large, viz., 1'" long ; the base of toes are furnished with long hairs, the tibia is 17""" long, and the external basal lobe of the auricle is not incurved. Var. (6) Northern form of Vespertilio gryphus. It is highly prob.able that this variety has been repeatedly de- scribed in numerous accounts of North American bats (see Appendix)- but for the reasons already given it is impossible to determine to which species of the earlier naturalists it should be assigned. It is found best expressed in the region of which the St. Lawrence River is the center. Specimens have not been found north of Canada, south of Now York, nor west of Wisconsin. The tragus is long (truly subulate) directly outward. The anterior border of the auricle is distinctly convex, the posterior border concave. Ears long, next to V. albescens erotis in size. Tiiey reach beyond the median line at inentum. The foot is small, scarcely one-third the length of tibia. No post-calcaral lobe, but an apici-calcaral lobe is well marked; the tip of the tail is exsert; the membranes are light- brown in color. Collection. IT. 8. Niit. Mils. Do. Uo. I)o. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Da. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. bS collected . Arkansas The toot furnished sal lobe of itedly (le- ippendix)- e to which found best le center. !J^ow York, e anterior r conciive, eyond the third the ral lobe is are light- A MONOaUAPU OF THE BATH OF NORTH AM£BICA. List of apeeimen*. 81 Cal. Nil. .'.3W1 t!:i2i) 7J.'>3 H18H I1H2U r>:i34 No. of ii|»>riinen. Locality. NovB Scotia do llitllfax, Niivn S<'iitia. do ilo KayHtleld, WIh WimmIh IIdU, Miimh . .. West Point, N. Y .... Collnctlon. IT, 8. Nat. HuR. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. 'i'wo apeciinens of bats have been examined from the far north. One of tliese is No. 11100 N. M., Uupert House, Hudson Jiay. [inmaturo. Tlic fur is dark brown. The tragus is small. The other is No. 11189 N. M., Alaska. Tlie oar is lai-jre, the tragus is subulate, and the l»roi)(»rtions generally quite as in the soutliern forms. The fur is (iiiric brown. The specimen is in very poor condition. It is placsed l>r(»visi(mally with 1^ gryphun. It is nearer the gryphian than the iiilidian forms, but tian not be included in any of the above varieties. The ease with which the bats from IJritish America can descend ahuig lines of high elevation iiit^t the northwestern part of the United States rt'iKh'TS it probaby true that a mingling here of eastern and western turms take place. At all events I find it st)metimes im[)ossiblo to iden- tity many specimens collected in Alaska, the western coast of British America, western Washington, and Oregon. .V specimen which I have, recently received from Dr. Merriam, ob- tiiiiied from I'rincess Charlotte Islands, belongs to the same csategory- Mrmbmnes. — The predigital nerve in tlie fourth inU;rspa<}e appears iVoMi the side of the iitth metacarpal bone at about its middle and is iari^er than a postdigital opposite which it appears at the side of the loiirtli metacarpal. The transverse lines in the interfemoral membrane arc nearer to each other near the base than elsewhere. 'IMie muscular mass of the base of the tifth meta(;arpal bone (com- l)()sc'(l of the flexor minimi digiti and the intero8neom) equals one-sixth tiie hMigth of the bone. The metacarpal bones more distinctly defined on tlie dorsum than venter; the ventral aspect of the fourth metacarpal l)on(' is the least tlistinet of any, owing to the fact that it is crossed by numerous minute fibers. MdxiUary teeth. — The maxillary central incisor caniniform, slightly larjicr than the lateral, and (owing to a higli tlegree of Jeveh)pment of tilt' ciiigulum) is marked bifid at cutting edge. The lateral border of lialatal surface with a basal cusp. Lateral incisor with a main conical crown, which is somewhat wavy in contour posteriorly. Cingulum low and broad on tlie posterior and lateral borders, but crenulated and (lisjiosed obliquely forward and upward to the median border of the tooth, nearly reaching the level of the main cusp-tip. The variable 441— No. 43 -G I' li 82 BULLETIN 43, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. II ;i obliqae uiugulo band uoimtitutes a marked ])eculiarity of tbi8 and allied 8pe(;ie8. Both tbo central and lateral incisoi' are disposed to be turned on themselve.h The central presents its labial surface obliquely toward the median luie (see PI. x, tig. 8) ; the lateral at a right angle, orn early so, to the central. The degree attained by this rotation constitutes the difference between the divergence of tlie parallel alignment of the main cnsps. These peculiarities, according to Dobson, present eliur- jicters which are of value in distinguishing species. But they appear to have no validity in American examples of Vespertilio. Canine with a well-developed concavity on palatal surface, but with- out any on the posterior surface. Its anterior surface is trenchantly lluted near median border. Of the three ijremolars the first two are small, conical with well-dedned cingula, the first with the larger. The, seitoud is usually in tooth line, but may lie back of it, and therefore not be seen from witliout. Molars have two supplemental lines ex- tending from the commissure of the protocone to the apices of the sub- equal Vs. Itudiment of a heel is plainly discernible. The third molar with a rudiment of a posterior limb. Mandibular teeth. — The first and second incisors crowded-trifid. Tlie third massive, square, or rugged, due to irregular development of tlie cingulum, which nearly reaches tl«e level of the obscurely trifld edge. Canine with well-defined posteritti- and lingual surfaces. The first and sec(md premolars small, corical; the first the larger, the seccmd some- times thrown in a little of the axis of the series. The molars as in Adelonycteris and Venperugo; the heel «)f the third molar Avith small, acute cusp. The cusps, seen from lingual aspect of the lower molars, sharp and well developed. The hypoconid slightly larger than the triangle composed of the protoconid, paraconid, and metaconid. The cingulum forms a little cusp on the posterior border of ea(!h molar. " Dental variations. — In a specimen from the mouth of the Colorado River (No. 11170, N. M.), the maxillary lateral incisor «m both sides was nuich larger than the small unicuspid central; the last line of the second V of the third molar was absent. In the main modifications are noted in the relation of the superior l^remolars and in the shapes of the superior lateral incisors. The pre- molars may be crowded so that the second is often not visible from without and even the first may be placed so far inside the line of the other teeth as to be scarcely seen. Both Dobson and Merriam accept this disposition as of specific significance. I can not concur. In ex- amples of both V. gryphus and V". nitidus I find examples of this reces- sion.* The cingulum of the lateiral incisor may be entire or lacking on median contour; the median fiange may be crenulated or smooth; the palatal * Dobson (lesfribcs this urraugciuout as characteristic of V, albeacena, aud Merriam of F, mliQlaltrum, F A MONOGRAPH OF THE BATS OF NORTH AMERICA. 83 base may be wide or greatly restricted. After a careful search I re- nmin of the opinion tliat the diflerences in the form of this unique tooth arc not of Hpeciflc significance.* Ill the teeth of individuals in whom the teeth are worn it is impossi- h\i' to note distinctions in the relation of these teeth. Skull. — The skull is nearly flat. The mesencephalon measures 3""". The length of the skull is 14™"> to U^""". The greatest width is 8°"", and the least width, viz., at proencephalon, is 4'""'.t The posterior impres- sion of the temporal muscle is barely visible. A small sagittal line is seen over the mesencephalon, but no elevation anywhere. The proen- coplialon is seen at the vertex and is convex on the side. The vertex of the face with a linear groove which extends almost to the anterior nasal aperture. The fronto-maxillary inflation is rudimental and confined to the upper border of the orbit and does not involve the lachrymal region; no tubercle is present over the foramina. The lachrymal foramen is larpe and placed well in advance of the orbital foramen of the infra- orbital canal. The inner wall of the orbit is faintly convex. The infra- orbital canal is not defined inferiorly and the depression lies in a space between the eminence for the third premolar. The paroccipital process is produced as a spine, nearly as long as the occipital condyle, and projects below the level of the mastoid. The coronoid proctas is higher than the horizontal ramus. The raasseter impression is brought well down nearly to the lower border of the horizontal ramus. The angle is produced, slender, and reaches slightly beyond the condyle. It is dctleeted so as to lie to the outer side thereof. A minute posterior spine is seen at the symphysis. The following specimens exhibit some individual variations in the sknll. The brain case is markedly elevated above the face. Greatest width, 7"""; least width, 4""". A distinct tubercle overlies the orbital foramina. .M. G072 N. M. The linear groove not quite reaching the anterior nasal aperture. The temporal impressions are well defined, leaving a convex triangle at the occiput. The upper border of the orbit is rather trenchant, no tubercle is present. Pedoniorphic forms from Georgia, M. 4380-2 N. M. A tubercle lies over the orbital foramina; a linear groove reaches the anterior nasal aperture; the sphenoidal tongue does not resuih the tympanic bone. Tiie turbinals exhibit the following features : The encranial surface in all essential features iis in Adelonycter in. The single ectoturbinal one- SK!;i V |ii:' "This littlu tooth can not 1>u Heeii to advantiiKe iiuIchh Htiidicd uh :i microHcopio olijfct. It In cxct'odiiinly ditticiilt to draw. Mr. vou ItorHoii hn» done tho best pos- hMiIc. At my roqueHt Prof. Henry F. OHborii carefully esainiued thin tooth. I hoped tliiit lie iiiif;ht recoKin/.e in it chariieterH in eontnion with thoHe of the teeth to the I'xiiiii't foriuH of niicro-uinnnnalia; hut he iiNHures nut that nothing Hiniilar to it has liceii Ncen by him in his Hpecial studies in tliis grou]). till I', nitidH9 oiUolabrum the greatest width is 6""", tho least width, 4'"'», 'I MM 84 BULLETIN 43, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. third the length of the flrst endoturbinal plute. As Heeii from abov(>, the cctoturbiiial is lodged in a concavity in the latertil Hurface of thu preceding plate. The first endoturbinal is produced as far as the flrHt premolar. The plate is of a ]>yriforni figure as seen from above, and presents a truncate apex. Tlie portion in advantic of the transverse lamina is deeply concave beh)\v and overlies the niaxilloturbinal. T\w, second endoturbinal is of a triangular figure with a rounded apex. It appears to be lodged, when the parts are viewed superficially, on tlio median surface of the endoturbinal series. The third endoturbinal is the smallest of the three, and is contiuous with the upper portion of the first endoturbinal. Notes on the skeleton. — Atlas with two depressions in front. Scapula. Superior vertebral angle, on level with base <»f the coracoid, the end (»f which is simple, not tapering. Humerus with troclilea axial, epicuii- dyle small, nodular, and i)laced in front of a deep fossa. Radius much compressed laterally. The central articular groove at proximal end narrow but deep, the median flange semicircular and without facet in front. Proximal rudiment of ulna filiform, free ;* distal rudiment a per- forate ({uadrate plati\ Of the proximal ends of the metacarpal bones, the fourth has the least motion and presents a deeply excavated proxi- nml surface; the fifth has most motion and ])resents a flat proximal 8urfad in contrast to "nrbal." It ia not cglleotvd in boHBt!9 either in towu or country, but iu troeij tmd iu cftves, I A MONOGRAPH OF THE HATS OP NORTH AMERICA. 85 "|il V. gryphuH bears ii close reHCinblanco to V. albeHcenn. The propor- tions in tlie main are the Hame. The thumb is of the Hame size in the two IbrniH. Tlie differences which obtain between the two species in the direction of the suprahibial groove and the shape of tlie tragus iu«; perhaps as trenchant as any. The region at which the species arc collected appear to strengthen the contrasts; thus, the V. nlbeneeng oi southern California are easily distinguished from the V. nubulatus of N(>\v England and Canada, while the Texan examples are more ditli- ciilt to determine. It is likely that the species is primarily tropical, and in its subsequent movements to the north it underwent modiflca- tioiis, one variety following the western northern and great ])lateau, iiiid preserving most of the peculiarities of the type. Another variety follows the eastern path and ranges over the lower countries east and north of the Mississippi Kiver. In Texas the two have scarcely sep- arated. Material is wanting to prove the difference which may exist between the forms between eastern and western Texas. From the (litlerence in altitude between the coastwise lauds of the east and the I)lateau lands of the west vsiriations in Vespertilio of the kind indi- cated might be expected to exist, I have not been su(;cessful in detecting secondary sexual characters in V. (iryphus. Little is known of the characters of the young (i. «., witli milk dentition) of this species. The fur of the venter is paler and more yellow than in the adult. While the postcalcaral lobe is almost absent, the metacari)al bones are relatively short ai^d of a uni- I'oriu length. The antibrachial membrane is less firmly bound down to the distal end of the forearm than is the case in the adult. The outlines of the legs are not sharply defined. follecti'il ia Meatitremeiils. [V. S. N. M. n;i20, ItiiyHia.1, WiH.] Milliiueters. Hniid and body (from crown of head to base of tail) I L('ii>,'th of iiriii 1 l.i'ii<;lb of foruarm .54 l'"iist, di^it. : Ijongtb of first metacarpal bone 1 Luiigtli of ]>halauKe8 6 Sfcipiid digit: liCngth of Hecond metacarpal bone 27 Length of first phalanx li 'I'liird digit: I ii'ngth of third metacarpal bone 39 I-cugtIi of first ]ihalanx 11 l-iingtli of second phalanx 9 t'lmrth digit: licngth of fonrth metacarpal bone ~ 39 lit-ngth of first ])halaux 8 Length of second ]>halaux 7 86 BULLETIN 43, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. A/m«ttr(>m«rN(»— Coutiiiuuil. ' Fifth (lixit: MllimiiiicrK, l^iungtli of lit'th inotacarpiil lioue ;ty Length of llrst plialuiix 8 LoiiKth of HHCOiid ])liiiliinx )i Lon);tli of lieiwl Ki Ilui^bt of far IK JIuiglit of triiKiiH 9 Length of thigli 12 Litiigth uf tibia 16 Leii^tli of foot 9 Length of tail ;t3 Mi'aaurt'meiilH from Jirnt tdilion of Mtmoijraiili. )! , ',1 '■ /<..„.,„> From tli> number. ^^^^^ 5382 6384 5346 638S 5370 5393 r>352 Inehri. 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.8 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.10 L«iiUt)i hnii|;tli of Litiiutli of tiliiu. LuiiKtIi uV lllll|rfHt lliigur. 1 Inches. ot'tnil. Inehe: I'uriiariii. Inelien. Inches. 1.4 1.4 0.7 2.] 1.4 1.4 0.7 2.3 1.4 1.4 0.7 2.2 1.4J 1.4 0.7 2.3 1.5 1.3 0.41i 2.1 1.4 \:l\ 0.4J 2.2 ' 1.5 0.5 2.3 1.8 1.0 O.Si 2.4 V. ..f... ' thiiiul). ofiiir. tra«ii«. *' Inehei. 0.3 O.S 0.3 0.3 0.2i 0.3 0.3 0.3 Inehts. 0.7 0.7 0.7 o.et 0.7 0.7J 0.7 0.7 trakn*. •«M>a'i»e. Inehts. 0.0 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 Inchn. U.O 9.0 U.U U.O H.O 0.0 U.O U.i! List of MiiecimrnH Cat. No. ii, 5384 5370 5385 5385 5382 5381 7196 7197 8721 6355 5351 5312 5500 6318 63:18 5391 6348 6346 5302 5435 5432 5503 5441 No of HpCCi. iiionR. Locality. I'rewntMl by— Nova Scotia Itrumtwick, Me 1 Kli7.alirtht«wii, N. Y | IMiillipsliiirK, I'a liruilfiird, l*o MrHilville, Ptt Ueaufort, S. C u. Uo. I)u. Du. Uo. Uo. Uo. I»o. Uo. Uu. Do. Uo. Uo. Uo. Uo. Uo. Uo. Uo. Uu. Uo. Uo. Uo. A MONOGRAPH OF THE BATS OP NOHTTI AMERICA. 2. Veapertlllo albeaoena (ieoft'. 87 I'lupertllh albeircnt (iootl'., Anilities du Miib., IHOr), viii, 204; Toniiiiinck, Moiiok. MaiiiiniftroH, 1840, 11,214; I'oturH, Mil. Akad. Korliii, lH(i6, lU; Dolison.Cat. Chi. ro)>. llrit. Mu8., 1K78, 326; AIhIoii, liiiil. Cuntruli-Aiiior., Mnin.. IH79-1882, 24. f'luiH'rtUio lirntilicitHia tSpix, Hiiniiiruiu ct VeHportilionnin BrusilienNium itpeoiea uovio, 1H23, 03, tub. XXXVI, (Ig. 8. lisinrlilio leiirofitiiilir \\"i>'i\., Kcitritg. NiiliirgoHch. liriiNil., IHSo, 1i, 271. liKlxrlilio nithilis Wu)rn*)r, Schrob. HallK*)th., Hnppl. 1841, i, 'M.* IHugnogis. — A white ring of fur iktoss the space between the angles (tf the lower jaw conspicuous in alcoholic specimens. Auricle trans- liici'nt, plicas usually present, but do not extend to the outer margin; tlic dorsal aborescent lines infrequently present. The tip of the tragus is never acuminate; the convex basal half often ends abruptly and is followed by a narrower terminal por) m; the basal not4;h is defined by the convex portion and the external bj».-.al lobe; the external basal lobe is not antitlexed. The face is scarcely swollen. The forearm measures from ."{1^""" to 46""" long. The facial clump of glands is narrowed post- eriorly; the supralabial gr<>ove does not extend to the mouth. V. albeHcenn, iu its larger phase, closely resembles V. gryphm^tTom wliich it can be distinguished by the shape of the tragus and the shape of the clump of supralabial glands. When dwarfed, V. albenoem closely roscmbles V. nitidm, fro»'> which it may be distinguished by the greater size of the thumb and foot. The membranes vary in ctdor from hliiish translucent black to dense opaque black. The anterior surface ol" the interfemoral membrane often whiter, that is to say, retains an iijipearance as though it were washed over with a milky fluid. Vespertilio albencens, as seen by reference to the original description (see A])pendix), was so named from the white color of the tips of the liiiii' on the under surface of the body, a style of coloration in no wise pe ciiliiir. The general appearance of the pelage must have been somber, since the fur of the back is described as black, and that of the inferior parts obscure brown. As in the case with other original descriptions, it would be impossible, without examination of the type, to distinguish tills bat from others in the fauna, and we are compelled to rely upon personal authority. I'eters (M. B. Akatl. Berlin,180G, p. 19) rehabili- tiited V^. albesvenii, but did not give a new diagnosis. He was content to point out the fact that V. leiicngmter, Wied., and V. nubilis, Wagner, wi'YC the same as this species. Peters has been followed by Dobson, Alston, and J. A. Allen. The author last named extended its range tVom South America and Guatemala to Mexico. Vcsjiertilio brmiUenHu, Spix, is described in terms similar to those of V. (ilhcsccnH, with the marked exception that the fur of the under surface of the body is bla(l a|>e(;iiiitMiH of I'. hUwhcchh in Mi(« National MuNtuun wiiirh liav(< been n\ cuivcd tVoni the llritiHli Muhciihi, and aHHUiiiablyaro tlio same as tliosd named by I)obHon,tliat lam of the o])inion that Hinco in Aniuriitanobiit iN known in wliicli tliu fnr oC tlic under Murl'atiu \a black, that V. brasiU- emin is tlii^ Hamn an V. alheMcenii. It iH ini|H»rtaiit to aHiuM-tain tlio placcH of variation in this obscure 8|MH;ioH and a fuw notes on individuals are herewith aitpeiided. In Ho. 'JtM40j Keeler ( 'ounty, (Jalif., collection of Agricultural Department, tlie f(M»t presentAid the extreme uieaHurement of 10""" while the forearm was .*J5"'"', the lenpth of the hea«l an"'"', and the tail 3(» '. Yet with these dimensions the thumb was 5""" loug only, and tin; iiustealcanii lobe was absent. Of the idialanges of the nianus those of the second row were scarcely shorter than those of tlu^ first, the greatest dispropor- ti(m beinu noticed in the fifth digit when the lengths were as S"'"' to 5""". In No. WATm, Old Fort Tejon, Calif., ibid., the individual was smaller. The forearm was 3'2""" long, the foot S^"'"'. The head and body was3!> long, the tail 'Mi'"-", the thumb renniining the same, vix, 5" ". There was no postcalcaral lobe. Tlu^ differences in the relative lengths of tlie 840, in the third digit being 10"'"' to 8^"'"', in the fourth 8""" to ', and in the fifth 8""" to 4""". In No. 27974, 6 Colorado River, Nevjula, ibid., the forearm was ',il^"'<» lonfj, the foot S'»'", the thumb 5'""', the heiwl aud body 38'""', the tailL'9'"'"; while the phalanges of the third aud fourth were C(iual, in the fifth thu proportions were as (»^'""' to 4^"'"'. If these proportions were ccmstant, specific distinctions could easily be drawn. Hut unfortunately they are not so, and no two individuals will be found to conform to any diagnosis for specific character^' which I have endeavored to franie. The auricle varied in detail on the outer border, especially as to the width of the first scallop and the tip. I'o- culiarities probably obtain according to altitude, charai'ter of food, degree of humidity in the atmosphere, etc. In No. 28072, Lone Pine, Calif., (Collection of .Agricultural Department, the proportion of the tail to the body was as 32 ' to 30""", a great contrast to the foregoing jdiase. In No. 315G9, San Kmigdio, Calif., ibid, the membranes and cars were black. The forearm was 3(iV""', b«ung the greatest length of any indi- vidual examined in tin* United States (oiu*. specimen from Mexico meas- ured 41'""'). The tlunnb was remarkably small, being 4.i'""', while the iiMit was SA""". The length of the body was 40""" and that of the tail 43""". thus being ample. The phalanges were subciiual cx(!epting thoseof tlie filth digit, where the values were as 0'"'" toO'»"'. This variety is too laifje for the type of 1'. mrhiiiorliiinin. It it like V. rt//«wrH« in having bluisii translucent wnigs as in the diagnosis, but difl'ering in the presence t»f large yet delicate frame and in greater de|»osition of |>igm<>nt. Some of the black phases are noted as being found in growths <»f, juniper. Is it possibU' that it is a mountain variety and that V, icotia is a phase ir V A MONOaUAPH OF THE 1JAT8 OF NOHTH AMERICA. 85) of Mid Name? AlHton (Biol. C«iitrali-Aiii«>r. Mam., p. 25) uxtoiidH tlii^ r,i\\m lii'a/il aiul Htiitos tliat aM|M!rim(>ii in the ItritiHli Mii8(Mim iH HO labeled. Aceonliii); to tiut viewn cxpreHHml (Mmccniiiig r. UtdifiujuH umler the head of V. firyphuHy the lueifuKan phuNe is a p<'(lomorphi(; form. If is probable thtM'cfore tliat V, albenvmH has a pi'ilomorphic form wliirh can not be distinguished from the same form (if tiie (^loHely allied spi^cies V, (ms at base behind, with ligiit brown ti])s inclined to yellowish toward the head. The fur in front is dark maroon or blade at base, with whitish tips. The basal third of the ear is covered with hair at base; at the base of the inferfemoral membi*anu ht'liind a tuft of hair is seen. In two specimens the fur had a darker tinge, the tips behind being dark olive-brown, tlic base being bhu;k. 'I'liis variety has the largest ear of any of the Anterican species of Yen- Ittrtilio. Tlic above description is copied (with th»' substitution of the word "variety" for "species") li<»m the first edition of the M«mograph, i)age ■IS. Ilciein is embraced a group of forms which tind ex])ression in the lii<:lilauds of Montana, Washingt(»n, ('oh)rad(», and Arizona, flumgh s|iiirsely fo; id in Oalitbniia. Tiie auricU^ is large, ordinarily coordinated with long, straiglit, slen- s of the Jaw, which has been ajtcepted as a (character of V. albescens. No. 29827 has a fringe of hair on the free border of the interfenioral membrane. Say describes his V. subulatus (see Appendix) as being similarly adorned. This is given by Dobson {I. c.) p. 323, as one of the characters of V, levin Is. Geoft'rey (1824) from Uruguay. In 311890 $ , from Easton, Wash,, the forearm measured 33""", the, thunih 5""", the foot 8"'"', tibia 17"'"', ear IG"'"' in height, tragus 8^"'"', tail 40""". The phalanges of the third finger were equal, namely, 11"'"'; those of the fourth subecjual, namely, as 8"'"' for first sind 9'""' for second, and those of the fifth still further sube the eastern phase of Vespertilio, or has it come more direccly from the south through V. albescensf I have accepted the latter hypothesis. In four specimens of Vespertilio from San Francisco Mountain, .Ariz- ona, the United States Department of Agriculture, one No. 1809o i , adult, the forearm is 37'""', ears 19'""' high, thumb 6""", tibia 17""", foot 8""", tail 33'"'", head and body 34'""' ; two had no post-calcaral or apici-calcaral lobes, yet had exsert tail to the distance of 2"'"', and is named 1". albesiriiH evotis, while the other three, all adult females, were much alike in ]»ropoi- ti(m of ears, thuml», feet, and forearm, and all were of the smaller ear form. One had post-calcaral lobes and scarcely any exserted tip to the tail; one, post-calcaral distinct lobes and distiiv-ttly exsert tip, whih^ flie third had no lobes, yet with distinct tip. Here V. albescens erotis is Amnd in the sanu^ locality with the melanic form of V. albescens. In No. 31189 S , Easton, Wash., the thumb is 6""", strongly hooked; A MONOGRAPH OF THE BATS OF NORTH AMERICA. 91 the forearm 33""", the tibia 17^'""', tlio foot 7'""', tlio head and body H""", and the tail 3{)""'". The central ineisor strongly inclined inward, lateral {jiviufj the appearance of diverging incisora. Ears scarcely cmarginate, external basal lobe higher than broad, niembrauea black, space beneath lower jaw not white. This is the typical V. evotis of the monograph. It wonld certainly be a distinct valid species if the southern forms did not show tendencies toward V. albescens. Viir. (h). Vespertilio albescens melauorhlii'dB (Murriaui). lixpn'tUio melauorhinuii Murriani, N. A. Fauna, No, 3, 1K90, 4G. Tlie following is an abridgment of the original description of V. mclanorhinus: (ilandular prominence between eyes and nose inconspicuous; tail a little longer than head and body, the extreme tip iirqjecting, ears shorter than head, shallow external emargination ; tragus long and sh'uder, directed forward and outward ; convex at lower two-thirds, and then rapidly becomes narrower, and is sinuate and slightly con- ciive on ujjper third. Thumb about half as long as the foot. Foot medium. Interfemoral membrane furred above to a litth) beyond the middle of tibia; postcalcaral lobe small but distinct; upper part uni- lorni, dull golden brown, except the lips and fiiee below and in joint of eyes, which parts are abrui)tly black ; under pai-t paler, palest pos- teriorly. Bars, face, and membranes black; nnderfur everywhere bhickish, allied to V. ciliolabrum, frinn which it differs in having shorter cars and h)nger legs and tail, as well as in color. No. 18()84, if San Francisco Mountain, Arizona, forearm, 31"""; thumb, 4"'"'; foot,C"'"'; head and body, 41"""; tail, 41"""; tip delicate, scarcely exsert. The following embrat^es a study of the type of V. melanorhinus: Millinu-tors. VitM ]>hiilnnx, third digit 10^ Sccoiid phalanx, third digit lOi First phahtnx, fourth digit 8 Second phalanx, fourth digit 8 First ])lialaux, fiftli digit 8 Scidiul phalanx, fifth digit 6 Basal, half of auricle furred. Basal, three-fourths of fur above deep bhick; apical fourth, bright shiny golden brown. The interfemoral membrane thickly furred to knees and sparsely so almost to ankles. The ]))'()portions of basal black diminishes toward the rump, but the hair even on the interfemoral is obscurely bicolored. Basal, three-fourths below black; apical, fourth white with a slight mixture of a tawny sliade. The interfemoral membrane clothed nearly to the knee with tlic same character of hair as on the neck, chest, and abdomen; but the basal pro]>ortion of black diminishes in proportion. Under surface of lower jaw not white. The prepuce blaekish. i I ■ :j , (■ \' i. : ^r- :5 [n i. >'■ ii' ' 92 BULLETIN 43, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Ill specimen Nos. 29809 and 2!)81(), Walker I'ass, California, collection of Agricultural Department, the spacre under the lower jaw wa8 black; the forearm measured iJ7""", the head and body, 45""'' ; the tail, 44'""' ; the thumb, ')"""; the foot, 7""". Millimeters. First pLuIanx of the third digit 12 Second phalanx of thu third digit 12 First ]ihalanx of the fourth digit »J Second }ihaif>iix of the fourth digit !1J Fii-st ]>h!ihinx of the fifth digit 8J Second phulaux of the fifth digit 6 V. albescens melanorhinus is essentially the same as the melanic form of V. albescens, excepting that the tii)8 of the hair of the under surface of the body are whiter than is the rule with this species and the tragus is moro than usually crenulated, and two of the situations are exceptionally deep near the basal pai't of the outer border. That the hair is disposed to be white on the under surface of the body is suggested by the names albescens and leucogast^r. In a bat otherwise black, this contrast of color is striking. Var. (c). Vespertilio albescens velifer (J. A. Allen). Dr. J. A. Allen (Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., No. 1, p. 177, 18) has described a species of Vespertilio from Mexico, which he believes to unite the characters of V. albescens and V. subulatus (= V. gryphvs). I have examined the skins upon which this diagnosis has been made and believe the form to be a variety of V. albescens. The following is the text of Dr. Allen's description : Vvapm-tiUo relifer, sp. nov. Size of V. albeacena, with nearly the cohniitioit of f. niiidua and the ears of T. siib- ulatug. Above basal two-thirds of the fur blackish, p.issing into dark broccoli brown at the surface; below much paler, tlie surface pale butty gray. Pelage full and suft, extending on the membranes about as in )'. liivifutiiiK. Ears of medium size, similar in general form to those of f. sithulaliiM, but rather narrower and more attenuate at the tiji, the n])per posterior third distinctly hollowi^l, the lower third abriibtly nnicii expanded; tragus long, rather narrow, fully or rather more than half the length of the ear, the front border nearly straight, the posterior border slightly rounded as far as a little beyond the middle, then sloping gradually to the rather narrow, but rounded tip, with a distiuc^t notch op))osite the anterior base. Wings from the base of the toes; ealcaiieum strongly developed, feet large; thumb short, stout, with a rather thick claw; tij) of last caudal vertebra free. Length of head and body (measurements from dry skin), 44"""; tail, 33"""; ear, from base of inner margin, 14"""; tri.;;us, !•"""; forearm, 42"'"'; thumb, 8"'"'; tliird linger (metaearp.l, 38'""'; first phahmx, 13"'"'; second ])hulanx, 12"""; third ]>halanx, 10'"'"), 73"'"'; tibia, 17'"'"; foot, 11""". Sknll broad, rather short ; basilar length, 14'""' ; total iength, 16'""' ; greatest width, lO..')'""'; lower .jaw (front border to condyle), 13""". First U|i]>er j)remolar abnut twice the si/,e of the second, both placed on the inner border . 326, 327), in the Anii'ricau Museum, enables me to make a direct comparison of V. alhencviix with the pKisent -species. I have received a bat t'roin Mr. (r. S. Miller, jr., who obtiiiiied it from Diilyura, Cal., whirh aii.s\ver.s so closely to V. albexcvMH velifer (J. A. Allen) as to be at least a variety of this subspecies. The free margin of the iuterfemoral membrai.e from the calcars to the tip of the tail is conspicuously fimbriated. The fur above is of a light tawny browu of the same shade aa is met with in many Californian specimens of Ade- hiiyctcris/iiscus. The under surfa(;e is tipped with white thr(»ughout, after a manner precisely the same as in V. alheHveun. The basal parts of the fur both above and below is intensely black. Var. (d) Vespertilio albescens affiiiia (H. Allen). Under the name of VcxpcrliUo aflinis in the Monograph of l)S(i4 (p. T),'?) I describe an immature bat as fcdlows: I', affin . — Head moderate, slightly depressed; face hairy; ears rather small, inner iKinltT convex, onter border concave. Tragus is subulate, about half as high as the o;ir. straight oninternal side, diverging on the external. Lip whiskered. Uody I'liliiist, Feet long and slender; a few curved hiiirs at the base of the nails; wing iiK'iiibrano, attached midway to base of toes. Iuterfemoral membrane rather small; a little lobe at the termination of the calcaneum; point of tail exserted. Thumb riitlicr large. Wing membranes dark brown, but thin. I'nr thicker behind than before and extending a slight distance on the Inter- I'cnioral membrane. Color lustrous light chestiMit brown above; tlie same color of ii li;;litcr shade, inclining to yellowish below. The base of the fur above and below is of a delicate fawn brown. The dentition is the same as in P. erolh, the incisors being the same length, the laterals bicuspid. 1.0 ffinis resembles S. georgianus ( f'eaperugo) in being about the same size and in the fur and membranes presenting the same general appearance. It differs from that NiM-cies in having the car more emarginated on the outer border; the tragus not blunt, nor HO wide proportionately ; the face more h^iry and not so depressed ; the red , , 3. Vespertilio uitidus H. Allen. The Culiforuiau Bat. (Plate xii). rcgperlilio nitidiis H. Alleu, Proc. Aciid. Nat. Sci. Pbila., 1862, 247: Moiiug. Bats N. A., 1864,60; Dobsoii. Cat. Chirop. Brit. Mus., 1878, 318; Alatou, Biol. Centrali- Amer. Mam., 1879-1882, 24. resperlilio agilis H. Allen, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 279. Vespertilio volana H. Allen, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 279. Vespertilio cali/omious ( t), Bachuian, Joam. Acad. Nat. Sci,, Phila., 1842, 280; Peali«, IT. S. Explor. Exped. (Mam.), 1858, 3. Diagnosis. — Ears much as in V. gryphus; the first scallop equals in length the external border and tip; the external basal lobe tends to be higher than broad ; the outer border of the tapering tragus convex at lower half disposed to be crenulated, the outer and inner border never forming the sides of an isosceles triangle. Tail ample, convex on lower margin. Tail subtriangular or obovate below the level of the ankles and the tip exsert only in the pedomorphic forms. The first metacar- pal bone parallel to the second.* It is a question whether V. californieus Bachman (rule Appendix) should be accepted as a name for this species. 1 have concluded that the description does not sufficiently identify it. It is simply known to have been a western bat (for the word californieus need not necessarily have meant in 1842 the State of California as now restricted) having vespertilionine features as shown in the " sharp nose" and '* linear at- teuuated tragus." The " light yellowish-brown " fur suggests that it may be the same as V. nitidus macropus. Since the type specimen is lost I have thought best not to attempt to rehabilitate this species. Description — Dorsum light or dark chestnut brown with individual variations of olive brown, taw.iy, or gray colors. The base of the hair is of a deep black except at the rump where it is unicolored. The sparse hair on the back of the interfemoral membrane usually extends as far as the level of the feet; it is occasionally confined to the region of the basal third of the tail. The under surface of the body is of a lighter shade of brown than the dorsum. The gray tints gradually increase from above downward and are conspicously developed at the pubis in some specimens. In the most marked examples of this tendency it * Alston (Biol. Centrali-Amer., 1879-1882, 24) gives the following differential dinj,'- nosiH between V. nitidus, V. nigncans, and V. lucifugiis. V. nitiduB. — Ears as long as head; muzzle slender, pointed; thumb shorter tliini foot, which is small ; tail wholly included iu membrane. Forearm 1". 20'". Fur rctl- dish brown above; reddish gray beneath. V. nigricans. — Ears shorter tiian head ; muzzle obtuse ; thumb as long as foot. Forc- nrm 1". 30"'. Fur sooty rnst-color. V. lucifugns. — Ears as long as head, Forearm 1." 40,'" Fur olive-brown, graylHli below, h s , li 'if ■il I ?; Vu . 1. Vu L'. Vu . :i. Vu . t. Vu . 5. Vu . (!. Fi( .7. Fl(! . 8. I'K. . !>. Fi(i . 10 Fig . 11 Explanation of Plate XII. Front virw ofliciul of W-aiieriUiu iiitidua. Side y'wAv of same. View orti'u<;iis and inniT side of anricdo. Front view of head of t'rxpcrtilio iiitidiia ci'ofia. Side view of sanio. Winy; niiMnbianc of Icxpcrtilio iiitidun. Tail and intrrfcnioral nii'nil>rauc. 'rii<> skull seen from above of sanm. x 2. The skull and lower jaw seen from the side of sanuv . A variant form of skull of same, x 'J. The skull of I'l'spertilio niliihis ciliolahrum. x 2. K'Z I ERRATUM, For " Fig. 4. Front view of head of Vespertilio niHdus evotis " substitute " Fig. 4. Front view of head of Ves- pertilio albescens evotis." tl I I, \l.6. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 43, PL. XII lO h 2, 3, 6, 7, 8, 9. VESPERTILIO NITIDUS. 10. VESPERTILIO NITIDUS, VARIETY. 1 1 4, 5. VESPERTILIO NITIDUS EVOTIS. 11. VESPERTILIO NITIDUS CILI0LA8RUM. 17 ■ ihh I ii f I in li'si lIKMlh As IlKMIll tit tht Postc rived 33"'"'. Vm oliaiif thiiml coinm tioiis iiccesi Tlie and M lieviu, to our peiidi: jtlace not wi The till' d« llMlfftll tliree i tlic inl ico (A (larkei tinct f tioii 0] and ai kiiulH. apt to Orej wliore, instea) tlic tif 31""" t tlie f()( to 5"'"' Tn a the do sciire f tip. 1 A MONOGRAPH OF THE BATS OF NOUTH AMERICA. 95 is less decided than in V. nlbescem. The gray color in also «iuito com- monly seen at the space beueath the lower jaw as far back aa the oral iiiik1«S' ''' A scattered growth of gray hair occupies the ventral aspect of the Avi iig membrane at its upper half from the body to near the elbow. The incinbranes are ample. The caudal series of vertebrie from the rump to the ankle one-third the distance from the ankle to the non-exserttip. Postcalcaral lobe as a rule well developed and supported by a rod de- rived from the calcar. The length of the forearm ranges from 29""" to 3;{"'"'. Variations — The variations of V, nitiduH are numerous. They embrace I'luuiges in coh)r of the fur, ear, membranes, and the iiroportions of the thiuub, feet, legs, and forearm. Pedomorphic variation is extremely common. Before definite conclusions can be reached as to the limita- tions of the group elaborate study of more extensive material will be necessary. The siiecies of such distinguished writers as Dr. O. Hart Merriam ' and Mr. F. W. True can not be lightly put .aside, and I am far from be- lieving tliat the form V. ciliolabrum and V. longicrua are not additions to our knowledge. I place their descriptions, therefore, not in the Ap- l)en(|iially <»iii'.liiilf the ItMifjtli of tiic luiad; the powt calcaral h>b(' was alis(;nt. Thu caudal Neries IVoui niiii]) t«> aiiklo a'little li'SH than one-halt' tliu distance from the ankh^ to the tip. TIk; length of the forearm ranf,'ed from liO""" to 'Mi'""'. This variety, there fore, nniy be accepted as pedomorphic. Immature spectimens from Alaska appear to be of this variety. The color of a specimen from Beaver ton, Orejjfon, is dark olive-brown, <[uite as in Addoiti/cU-riii /uuvhk with lijihter sliades anteriorly. Those from liritish Columbia are much darker, veiginff from dark jxray to brown-gray. Twospecdnu'iisof V.nhiricaiin, Nos. '3'2U\ Panama and4.W2 n. 1. (Mas. Coinp. Zoiil.), agree with the specimen from the American Musenm of Natural Jlistory in having the foot 7""" long. These do icoi muteriiiily differ from two s|)ecinu>ns collected by Dr. ItenJamiM Sharp at Tobago, AVest Indies, in which the external basal lobe was broader than higii, the fur black. 1 regret tiiat tin* material at my disposal is not of a chara<'ter whi<'h enables me l(t determine the ])recise relations obtain ing between V. iiijiHvaHn and V. uHkIuh. The vespertilioinne bats ol' the west <'<»ast of the United States closely resendde V. nij/ricans. I am not sure but that V. nitidux must be accepted as a geograi»hiciil variety of this South American form; practically there is no difference between the two varieties excepting the shape of the external basnl lobe of the ear and the color of the hair of the dorsum, which is darkisli gray to black in V. niprlvaiis and reddish-brown in V. niiidun. In a melanic specimen liSlKlO, collected by C. II. Merriam, at I*antu;a, Nevada, ((Collection of Agricultural Department), the leg measured IL"", the forearm 'M'", the auri(;le 12'", the foot 7'", and the tragus 5'", while the iKist calcaral lobe was large, and the tail exsert. These proportions are (juite different from thos«^ of the average V. iiitidux. In the dark sienna (almost black) brown of the back and the scarcely lighter shade of the sann; color of the chest and abdomen, a specimen collected at Queen Charhttte Island, by JVIr. J. II. Keen, and kindly sent me by Dr. C. H. Merriam, notraee of white color marked the space between the lower Jaw In No. 21:L'23 S , Kosebnry, Oregon (Collection of Agricultural De- partment), the same deep brown to black colors obtain. The tragus is semipyriform and of the height of the first scallop, which is conspicti- ously convex. The interfenioral membrane below the level of the ankles is triangular, with the tip of tail boldly exsert. The Ibrearm is 32'", the thumb ')■", the tibia I'l"', the foot 8"', head and trunk 39'", and the tail 32'". The upper lateral incisor is not parallel to the central. The external basal lobe tends to be broader than high and the space be- neath the lower Jaw, while less white than in the more southern ex- amples, was not of the same color as the rest of the fur on the under 8urfa(.'e of tlu^ body. No. 24011 Blue Creek, Washington (Collection of Agricultural De- partment), closely resembles V.nitidus, but is of a uniform black color. The feet and interfenioral membrane are jm'cisely as in the species i '- A MONOOBAPJI OF THE HATS OP NORTH AMERICA. 97 he post iinklu ip. Tlio y, there 118 from len from in fusriis irt'imu'li 1. 1. (Mns. MuHeiim liittMiiilly ; Tobiijio, laii hiKh, 1 not of 11 iH obtain e bats of rivans. I if^raphit'iil difteroiKC riial basal is (birkisli it l*ana<;a, snred lli ", ", while roportioiis le scarcely I speciiiKMi iid kindly the space iltnral De e tragus is rt conspicu- the ankles rm is 32"', '", and the litral. The e space be mthern ex the under ultuval l)e jlack coh)r. the species iiiuncd, but the thumb is larger and the external basal lobe a mere no< dale. r. agilis and V, mlam which appear to be suttlciently distinctt to war- riiiit placing them in varieties of V. nigrioann.* V. yumanoms of the Monograph of 1864 is undoubtedly an immature apecimen of the same species. All the varieties of V. nigricans exhibit a disposition for the upper ])ortion of the tragus to be crenulated; this is marked in V. yu- ntrnensia. In typical expressions V. nigricans from Brazil as well as tilt* varieties from Peru (also described in the doubtful V. oxyotus, Pe- ters) exhibit crenulations ; the chai-acter, however, can not be relied upon as distinctive, since individuals of V, gryphus from eastern lobsent in the immature. In an individual 28'" long no fur was seen n the upper parts of the head and trunk exrtiIionidio of Tropical America), containing the namim of V. mundiis, V. cinoinnut, V. csiyuus, V. obsourm, V, exilis and V. ienuulomaliii. I now look ui)on these pvovi- Hioiially dexcribed forms either as geographical or podomorphic. The first four nien- tiiiiiiMl, namely, V. mundus, V. exiguun and V, obacurits belong to the dark variety, wliilo V. ciiicintiug resembles V. nigricans from the chestnut-red tints on the dorsal fur. V. exilis and V. teiiiiidoraalia again are of the V. nitidus typo in the color of the dorsal fur. A duo consideration of my statements in this paper would liave clearly sliown that these forms were never distinctly olfered as species, but that they were fiiil)niitted provisionally only under their separate names. It was hoped that the tlu- descriptions might bo appended without confusion to the available meager diag- iKiscH of the S(mth American species. My position in this matter has been misunder- stddd. If I had denoted these varieties by number, or any other arbitrary means, it would have been to my mind as significant as naming them. According to the method of the Nuttal Ornithological Club of naming geopraphical subspecies by trinomials Bni.ic of these names may get be available in studies of V. nigricans and V. nitidus. 'I'lie likelihood that tropical species of Vespertilio extend their range along the en- tire western coast makes it desirable to have exact knowledge of the South Ameri- liiiii forms. With the exception of V. albescens (which is nndoubtedly distinct from V. nigricans) I have no acquaintance with these species. V. polythrix and V. oxyotut are probably synonyms of V. nigricans. 441— No. 43 7 If 'iM i)« HULM/nV i;i, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Pit i: !; 11 i^ r ',; t liiiirs. Ill iiii «'Xiiiii|>l»' iiu'iisuriiiijiJL'""" llir paits were inarkctl as above, Imt ill iidditidii tluculinMlorsmiiwas iiiiil'oriiilycovi'rtMl with short olivn brown liair. Ifuhils, — Our knowh'dfic oftlie habils ol' V. nit'uhiH and its vari«'lics is very scanty. As above, stated [think it likely that when all tliefaits ccMiceiiiinn' this species and its assotuates are e(>lle the humid and impervious forests of that island (.iiui'al Mizo of tlu^ individual is much the samo, that iH to s;iy, uot iudicutive of any distinctive peculiarities iusize. Meittiirfmentit, Mllliinntera. Ili'itil and body from crown of huad to base of tail I.rii)5tli of arm 6 I.tii^tli of forearm 28 FiiNt dijcit: Lini^th of tirHt miitiv(^arpiil bone 21 Length of lirHt phalanx 1| .Second digit: I^tnigtli of Hucond metacarpal bono 96 Length of tlrat phalanx 1^ Third digit: Length of third metacarpal bone 26 Length of flrnt phalanx 9 licngth of second phalanx 10 Koiirth digit: Length of ftmrth niotacarpiil bone 26 Length of llrst phalanx ' 7 Length of second phalanx 6 I'ifth digit: Length of fifth meta(!arpal bone 25 Length of first phalanx , 6 Length of second phalanx 5 Length of head 14 Height of oar 10 Height of tragns 7 Length of thigh 12 Length of tibia 13 Leiintli of foot 5 Length of tail 36 1' ■; 'I ■.i Meanurements from first edition of monograph. C'lirnmt mini- lier. 5433.. 54;i2 54411. 5'.!:i.. .5444. ,525. . r.'OT. 5liW. 5.5(10. 5l!ill. 53tW. 5.5:15. .5538. 5.5li5. 5.534. .5.537. 54115. From tip of Leiigt h Length of fore- arm. Tn. LeiiKth Length of long- LeUKth of thumb. In. Height Height of tra. gUH. Kx- || of tail. of tibia. 7n. est tlu- ger. of oar. In panse. In. In. In. . In. In. 1.8 l.S 1.3 o.« 2.3 0.3 0.5 0.21 8.0 1.8 1.0 1.3 o.u 2.0 0.3 0.0 o.a 8.0 1.6 1.0 1.2 0.6 1.9 0.2 0.4 0.2 7.0 1.7 1.0 i.;i 0.6 2.0 0.3 0.5 0.2 7.0 l.il 1.1 1.2 0.5 i.e 0.2i 0.4* 0.4J 0.2- 7.0 1.7 1.2 1.3 0.6 2.0 0.3 0.2: 7.7 1.7 1.2 1.3 0.6 2.e 0.3 0.44 0.3 (f) 7.0 l.J 1.2 0.6 2.0 0.3 0.6 0.3 7.0 1.7 1.4 1.2 0.7 2.3 0.3 0.5 0.3 8.5 1.6 1.2 1.2 0.6 2.1 0.3 0.5 0.3 7.9 l.« 1.3 1.2 0.6 2.1 0.U 0.6 3.0 8.0 1.5 1.4 Mi 0.6 2.1 0.2 0.6 3.0 8.6 1.6 1.1 1.2' 0.6 2.0 0.2 0.0 3.0 7.6 l.S 1.6 1.2 0.6} 2.1 0.2i 0.6 3.0 8.0 1.6 1.3 1.3 0.6 2.6 0.2 0.6 3.0 8.0 1.4 1.2 LU 0.5J 2.0 O.li 0.0 3.0 7.0 1.5 1.3 1.2 6 2.3 0.2 0.6 3.0 H.O 1.6 1.2 1.2 0.6i 2.1 0.2 0.6 3.0 8.0 Nature of Hiioclu\en. l)o. Do. Do. Do. Alooholio. Do. Do. Do. Du. Do. Do. Do. Do. ■ Do. Do. i! Hi! I* ' ''! ill ■". 11,1 ii-,. 100 BULLETIN 43, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Li»t of specimenii. Cat. No. No. of apcci- nieiiH. 17 I,o<^nllty. Treacnied liy. Nature of specimen. CoUccHon. 6482 Guadaliipo CnDon, N. Mex . . P(!t'OH Ki ver, Tex Santa Fis N. Mex KftHt of Fort ( ;olvilIe I'liget Sound do Fort Steilacooni, Wash do Capt. J. Pope Dry ....do tr. s. Nut do Miiseuiii. W.J. Howard- Alcoholic . ....do 9^ do ....do '^04 do ....do m Dr. (Jeo. Suckley do ....do ....do Dry do Alcoliidic . ....do ...do ....do ...do 6484 do do do do do do TOOS 6487 San Francisco, C'al K.D.CiittH W. Hntton A.S.Taylor 1207 1868 do. FortTejon, C'al 6406 M^i. Geo. H. Tlioniaa, U. S. A. do ....do ....do 6687 do 84^ ....do do do ....do 6308 do do ....do Var. (a). Vespertilio nitidus macropus (H. Alleu). Vespertilio macropus H. Allen, Proc. Acad. Nat. 8ci. PhUa., 1866, 288. The following is the description of this variety, provisionally h/«