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ire.

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1 2 3

uis

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION.

UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

BULLETIN

OF THK

UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

No. 4

A MONOGRAPH OF THE

HARRISON

ai^

*• ■*-'•

WASHINGTON:

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OPFIOR.
1893.

r ^

wiam

L 4

_i JjSj .

ADVERTISEMENT.

This work (Bulletin No. 43) is cue of a series of i>uik'is inteuded to
illustrate the collectious belonging to the [Tuited States, and consti-
tuting the National Mus(>uni, of which the Smithsouiau Inatitution
was placed in charge by the act of Congress of August 10, 184G.

The iiublications of the National Museum cousist of two series — the
Bulletin, of which this is No. 43, in continuous series, and the Proceed-
ings, of which the sixteenth volume is now in press. A small edition
of each paper in the Proceedings is distributed in pamphlet form to
specialists in advancie of the publication of the bound volume.

The Bulletin of the National Museum, the publication of which was
commenced in 1875, consists of elaborate papers based upon the collec-
tions of the Museum reports of expeditions, etc., while the Proceedings
facilitate the prompt publication of freshly-acquired facts relating to
biology, anthropology, and geology, descriptions of restricted groups
of animals and plants, the discussion of particular questions relative
to the synonymy of species, and the diaries of minor expeditions.

Other papers of more general popular interest are printed in the
Appendix to the Annual Report.

Full lists of the publications of the Museum may be found in the cur-
rent catalogues of the publications of the Smithsonian Institution.

Papers intended for publication in the Proceedings and BuUetin of
the National Museum are referred to the Committee on Publications,
comiwsed as follows: T. H. Bean (chairman), A. Howard Clark, R. E.
Earll, Otis T. Mason, Leonhard Stejneger. Frederick W. True, and
Lester F. Ward.

S. P. Langley,
Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution.

Washington, D. C, September 20th, 1693.

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION.

UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

MONOGRAPH OF THE BATS OF NORTH

AMERICA.

HARRISON ALLEN, M. D.

WASHINGTON:

GOVERNMKNT PRINTING OFPICB.
1893.

. '•!

PREFACE.

1.1

Nearly tliirty years have passed siuce the Monograph of the North
Ameri(!au Bats* appeared ks oue of the series of miscellaneous publi-
cations of the Smithsonian Institution. Imi)erfect as it was, this me-
moir has remained the single work on the subject. The influence of
Prof. S. F. Baird is discernible throughout, and it is proper to say that
thcopinions of species therein entertained were accept^ed by him. But
the changes in systematic zoology make it desirable that a new essay
be written.

The monograph as it now appears is essentially new. It is not only
larger by reason of the addition of species, but the descriptions are
elaborated. N(<vel standards of comparison have been employed and
many anatomiciil details included in the introduction.

The region occupied by the monograph (as in the original issue) is
that of North America, extended to the south as far as the boundary
line between the United States and Mexico.

Since 18(}4 two forms {Euderma maculata and Atalaj)ha teliotis) have
been discovered. Two tropical genera {Artibeus and Promops) and one
species ( Vespertilio albescens) have been found to extend their northern
movements so as to be included in the United States. The chief acces-
sions have come in the form of geographical subspecies. Among these
occur Promops perotis californicus, Nyctinomus macrotis nevadenaiSj
Vespertilio albescens melanorhinus, Vespertilio albescens affinis, Vespertilio
albescens evotis, Vespertilio nitidm eiliolabrum, Vespertilio nitidus ma-
eropuN, and Vespertilio nitidus longicrus.

In the accounts of the genera t^'espertilio and Nyctinomus^ which we
know to range southward over extended areas, the work is confessedly
incomplete, since the material available did not permit of comprehensive
study. I felt indisposed to treat critically the descriptions of authors
of forms, which, in my judgment, demanded careful comparisons of types
and of extensive series of individuals. I can not pass judgment there-
fore upon the validity of the new species of Nyctinomus described by
Dr. 0. Hart Merriam {Nyctinomus femorosaccus and Nyctinomus moha-
rensis), nor of several new species of Vespvrtilio from Mexico which
have been described by other authors.

*A Monograph of the Bats of North America.
U. S. Army, Washington, D. C, 1864.

H. Allen, m, d., assistant surgeon

PHEFAfE.

Tbo iiintoriiil iisod in nnisiiig tli<> old inoiiogniph iiikI bringing it up
to (lute lis for tlie most part tliiit in tlio posaession of tliu V. H. National
Mu80um. Valuable aid was received by upeeiinens examined from the
collection of the Muaeuin of Comparative Zoology of Harvard Uni
versity; tliatof tiie American Museum of Natural History, New York;
that of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia; and that of
the California Academy of Science. I desire to return my thanks to
the officers of these institutions for courtesies extended. Dr. C. Hart
Merriam, of the Agricultural Department, Washington, kindly sent me
the entire valuable collection of the Vcspertilio in his charge; and by
so doing enabled me to study this ditli«'ult genus under the most favor-
able circumstances. Special acknowledgments are also due Mr. H. A.
Ward, of Rochester, N, Y., who placed in my hands his entire collec-
tion of Chiroi)tera, [ also wish to thank Mr. G. S. Miller, jr., of Cam-
bridge, Mass.; Prof. J. H. JVlontgomery, of Meadville, Pa., and Dr.
Robert W. Haynes, of Los Angeles, Cal., for valuable assistance. •

All measurements are assumed to be in the French scale unless other-
wise stated.

The measurements in English scale are taken from the monograph
of 1864, together with lists of specimens which at that time formed the
basis of the descriptions. These are copied ftu- the convenience of
rewlers who may not have access to that publication.

The figures have been drawn by Mr. F. von Iterson with a fidelity
to the originals which can bot fail to aid the student of a confessedly-
difficult group of aninials.

AHUIIEVIATIONS.

IT. S. N. M. — llnitod States Niitional Mn.st'Uin.

A. N. S. P. — AciHltMiiy of Naturiil .Sciences of Pliiliulolphin.

M. C. Z. — Miisuuui of Coiupiirative Zoology.

:<*■ *Hi-.' V —

CONTENTS.

t (

Page.

hitroduction I

Paiiiily Phjlloatoiuiilm .' 33

MncrotuB 33

M. californicuH 84

Artibeua 43

A. perspicillatus 43

["aiuily VeBpertilionidui 53

Coryuorhiuus 53

C. macrotis 55

C. townHendii 58

Eudorma 60

E. inaciilata 61

Antrozous 64

A. pallidus 66

V dspertilio 70

V. gryphu» 76

V. gryphus liicifiigus 78

V. albesceuH 87

V. albeHceuB evotis 89

V. albescens melunorhiiiuii 91

V. albescens atfluis 93

V. nitidns 94

V. uitidus niacropuH 100

V. nitidus ciliolabruni 101

V. nitidns lungicrus 103

Lasionycteris 104

L. noctivagans 105

Adelonycteris , Ill

A. fuHCUs 112

Vesperiigo 121

V. uarolinensis 121

V. hesperus 128

Nycticejns 131

N. hnmeralis 131

Dasypterus 137

D. intermedins 137

Atalapha 141

A. noveboracensis 142

A. teliotis 153

A. cinerea 155

Nyctinomus 163

N. brasiliensis 163

N. inacrotis nevadeusis 171

I'romops 175

P. perotis californlcus 175

VII

LIST OF PLATE8.

I. MaorotiiH californicns 34

II. MacrotuB califorulciis 36

III. Artibeiw porspicillatus 44

IV. Artibeus perBpiolUutUH 46

V. Artiboiis porspiclllatus 50

VI. Corynorliiuiis macrotis 56

VII. Corynorhiuus luaorotis, and C lowiistMiilii 58

VIII. Antrozona ])alli(lu8 66

IX. Antrozous pallidiis 68

X. Vespartlllo gryphns 76

XI. Vespertilio gryphns 78

XII. Vespertilio iiitidiiH and varirlkn JU

XIII. Laeionycteris noctivagniiH 106

XIV^ Lasionycteris iioctivagauH 108

XV. Adelouycteris fiiscus 112

XVI. Adelouycteris fuscus 114

XVII. Adelonyctcris fiwcus 116

XVIII. Vesperugo carolineiisis 122

XIX. Vesperugo oarolincnsis 128

XX. Vesperugo hesperus 128

XXI. Vesperugo hesperus 130

XXII. Nycticejus liumeriilis 132

XXIII. Nycticejus Luuit-ralis 134

XXIV. Dasypterus interiuedius 138

XXV. Dasypterus intermedins 140

XXVI. Atalapha uoveboracenais 142

XXVII. Ata'.ipba noveboracensis, and A. teliotis 144

XXVIII. Atalapha noveboracensis, and A. telioti i 152

XXIX. Atalaplia cinerea 156

XXX. Atalapha cinerea 158

XXXI Atalapha cinerea 160

XXXII. NyctinoinuH brasiliensis 161

XXXIII. Nyotinomna brasiliensis 168

XXXIV. Nyi^tiuomus macrotis uevadensis 172

XXXV. Nyctinomns macrotis nevadensis 174

XXXVI. Promops perotis californicus 176

[XXXVII. Promops perotis caliioruicus 178

LXXVIII. Promops perotis californicuo 180

• I

A MONOGRAPH OF THE BATS OF NORTH AMERICA.

By HarrisoU Allen, M. D.

INTRODUCTION.

Dho bata constitute the order OUiroptera. Unlike related groups

|ich are equally extensive, the bats do not vary in sufficwnt degree

io confounded by any possibility with other creatures. By an un-

fined observer shrews might be mistaken for mice or voles, some of

smaller marsupials for minks or weasels, conies for marmots. But

popular impression of a bat is accurate, since this creature is the

ly mammal adapted for true flight, and no other mammal resembles

If any mammals exist or have existed that are half bats and half

lies, half bats and half lemurs, half bats and half marmots, they are

|to unknown to the naturalist. Paleontology is silent as tt) the

jin of the bats, though comparison of their bony framework with

^se of the Insectivora, Lemuroidea, and Bodentia suggest that they

have arisen from the mammalian stem not far from the points at

|ich the differentiation of these branches began.

MEMBRANES.

[jet us examine the undissected bat, and endeavor to establish thereby
jieral conceptions of the creature and of some of the signs of the
berflcies by which its varieties can be named. It is at once seen
It the anterior extremities are furnished with greatly elongated
jers, the intervals between which are occupied by two layers of skin,
^dsmith uses a happy phrase when he says " the fingers serve like
sts that keep the canvas of a sail si)read and regulate its motions."
jrers of skin tlius make up tlie wing membrane. They are continuous
m the last finger anil the thumb, or some adjacent surface, to the
Bs of the body, the neck (both above and below the arm and forearm),
the outer side of the posterior extremity. Each wing membrane
johes below the knee and from this point, in varying degrees, to the
rle and the foot. The space between the posterior extremities is also
kipied, as a rule, by two adjoined layers of integument which con-
futes the interfeiuoral membrane. This structure as opposed to the

BULLKTiN 43, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

abf*ve is less constant in form and dimensions. It may be guided by i
long tail quite to its tip, it may allow the tip to project in different de-l
grees beyond its free margin, it may greatly exceed in size that of the]
stunted tail, it may be defined as a hem along the inner border of the{
limbs, or it may be entirely absent.

It follows from these statements that all bats are provided with i
back and a f^'ont skin-expanse from the sides of the body to the extremil
ities in a constant manner, but from the tail to the posterior extremitieal
in an inconstant manner, the last named presenting modifications deter|
mined by degrees of outgrowth of the tail itself.

The membranes present many details with respect to the manner ofl
their attachment to the sides of the body and to the various parts ofl
the limbs. Interesting variations of plan are seen where .the skinl
crosses joints. In the elbow joint the skiu may be attached entirely tol
the epicondyle, so that the joint lies quite to the under side of thtl
wing, as in the African fox-bat, Upomophorus; or it may be attachedl
midway, namely, to the olecranon, as in many forms, but perhaps bestj
seen in the neotropical American Saccopteryx; or it may be attached
entirely to the epitrochlea, so that the joint lies quite on the upper siirJ
face of the wing, as in Ehinolophus pearsoni and Taphozous, At the
wrist distinctions are seen in the manner in which the tendons of tha
extensor carpi ulnaris and flexor carpi ulnaris are disposed at the a,ng\a
which is formed between the radius and the fifth metacarpal boueJ
When this angle is marked, and skin-folds are conspicuous over thel
tendons named, a radio-metacarpal pouch is defined. The knee always!
lies on the iipper surface of the membrane. It is most free in J^aorof hJ
and least so in the Molossi.* The membrane attached to the ankle ..ayl
lie entirely to the halliical side of the joint, but is disposed to cross itl
by an oblique raised fold and be secured to the minimal, t. e., little toe|
side.

I have found it convenient to employ a uumber of names for the sub-|
divisions of the dermal expanse.

The membrane which extends from the sides of the trunk to includel
the anterior extremity is the wing membrane ("bat wing," patagiurajj

The membrane between the legs is the interfemoral membrane (urof
patagium).

The wing membrane above the arm and forearm is the prebrachiiini|
(antebrachial membrane, propatagium).

The wing membrane below the arm and forearm would become aiiti I
thetically the postbrachium. But since the postbrachium could not bej
separated from the sides of the trunk ami the legs, it has been founu|
necessary to discard it. *

The part of the wing membrane lying between tlie body, the humerus,!

*The group named tho MolosMi will bo hold in thiH essny to be distinct from thel
Kroup of which Kmballohura is tlio centrnl ^enns. I iint of tho opinion that thewl
iiUiiuicoH are <li8tinct and coequal.

A MONOGRAPH OP THE BATS OF NORTH AMERICA.

for the sub-l

irebrachiiiiul

tbe lower exti^inity, and a hypothetical line drawn downward from the
elbow and intersecting the fi-ue raargin of the membrane, is the endo-
patagium.

The boundary at the elbow is often fixed by the vertical terminal
branch of the triceps fascide system. The subordinate lines (probably
platyamal in origin) in the endopatagium incline obliquely either to-
ward the humerus or the trunk.

The part of tbe wing membrane which is limited by the line at the
elbow as above given, by the forearm, and the fifth metacarpal bone
aud phalanges, is the mesopatagium.* Within the mesopatagium the
subordinate lines incline either toward the forearm or the manus.

The part of the wing membrane limited to the manus becomes the
ectopatagium (dactylo-patagium). The subdivisions of the ectopatagium
are the first, second, third, and fourth interspaces. These are named
firom the poUex toward the quintus. The series of bones which is em-
braced in the metacarpal and phalangeal lines being conspicuous in
the bat, it is desirable to possess a name in referring to each series
taken as a whole. The name digit will be used fo" the rod of segments
embracing the metacarpal element. The nerve which appears at the
anterior margin of a digit becomes predigital, and that of the posterior
margin, jmstdigital.

The cartilaginous tip to the terminal bony phalanx, respectively, of
the third, fourth, and fifth fingers might receive the name of the third
phalanx when three phalanges are present, and of the fourth phalanx
when four phalanges are present.! The shapes of the terminal pha-
langes are of interest and some of these Will be described.

I have examined a sufficient number of genera to suggest that an
account of the markings of the wing membranes and of the shapes of
the terminal phalanges enter into all discriminating studies.

The division of the wing membrane into the parts endopatagium,
mesopatagium and ectopatagium is sustained by what is observed in
Taphosotis mauritianm, since in this species the endopatagium is of a
(lark color while the rest of the membrane is white, excepting the extreme
tip of the end of the third finger. Now when the animal is at rest the
Hurfiwes above named are those only which are exposed to the light.
In all young bats which cling to the mother, without exposing any other
portions of the membrane than those named, it is evident that for a
long period the endopatagium has functions which are not exacted of
the rest of the wing membrane, and in consequence, in my judgment,
it is easy to see how this portion of the wing expanse should be dis-
tinguished from those portions which are used only in flight.

* The eudopataginm aud mesopatagium are together the same as plagiopataginm
of Kolenati. (Beitr. z. Naturgesch. der Europ. Chir., Dresden, 1857.)

tit must be acknowledged that the study of the embryos does not confirm the
Htatement here made. In a word, the segmentation of the cartilage ftt>m the shaft of
the bony phalanx remains a probability only.

4 BULLETIN 48, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

The digits on their palmar aspect may be sharply defined as in the |
PhyllostomidsB and Corynorhinua, or they may be obscured by the mem-
brane or the upper part in the forepart of the hand, namely, in tlie|
region of the second, third, and fourth digits, as in Molossi, Yesperti-
lionidse and the genus Antrozous. The membrane may lie chiefly on I
the iipper aspect of the digits, as in most bats, or at the lower. That!
in the second interspace may be attached to the upper border of the|
second and to the lower border of the third metacarpal bone.

The skin is much more loose about the legs than the arms and on the I
interfemoral membrane than the wing membrane. The membranes are I
attached to the lower border of the first two or three caudal vertebrae, |
thus permitting them to be seen distinctly above, and to the upper bor-
ders of the remaining vertebree, thus permitting them to be seen more |
distinctly below.

The skin of the two sides of the body unite in such wise as to per-
mit a very narrow interval to exist between the two layers. The upper I
layer of the wing membrane is extending directly outward on a level |
with the back of the chest and of the loin, but the lower layer is vari-
able. It may extend outward as in the upper layer, but a disposition I
exists for it first to conform to the curve of the side of the trunk and
join the upper layer near the union of the side with the up^ " "face
of the trunk. In one remarkable instance, Chilonycteris aujyi, tlie
under layer extends quite to the middle line of the back, and thence is |
deflected in an acute angle outward to join the upper layer. The re-
gion of the axilla is greatly depressed in bats, owing to the inclination I
for the under skin layer to extend upward and backward. This space I
is so large as to suggest the adaptation of the pouch thus formed for |
the protection of the young. In Cheiromeles it must have another sig-
nificance, since it here constitutes a huge bag- like involution which |
extends as far as the middle line of the back.

THE WING MEMBRANE AT BEST.

The bat when at rest folds the finger*;: by a movement of the root of I
the hand (carpus) downward on the wrist end (distal end) of the forearm, f
This movement is characteristic and when completed brings the fingers |
in a compact bundle (like the ribs of a closed umbrella) under the fore-
arm and parallel to it. The hand is thus tucked up toward the rest of I
the anterior extremity, and as the forearm (in the same movement) is I
sharply flexed on the arm the entire extremity presents the greatest
possible contrast to what it exhibited when prepared for flight. The
bat now supports the body in one of two ways. It is prone, i. e., with
the front of the body downward on the plane of support, or it is pend-
ant, t. e., hung by the claws of the hind feet. If it is prone the base of |
the thumb and wrist supports the body and is furnished with a hard-
ened pad of skin (callosity) for the purpose, the thumb being held at I
the same time well out of the way, and (he posterior extremity taking I

18 aajyi, the

A MONOGRAPH OF THE BATS OF NORTH AMERICA. 6

llie position nearly the s'lme as that of teirestrial quadrupeds. The

B8t example of those that scurry* when the wings are folded are the

lolossi. In this group tlie phalanges of the third and fourth digits

ire now no longer held in axial line with the metacarpals as in flight,

jut are drawn upward and to the side, though well out of the way.

Che tail in all prone forms remains extended and the tip touches

I plane on which the animal rests. If the bat is pendant in rest the
)a8e of the thumb and wrist do not support. The thumb is without
kallosity, is more engaged in the wing membrane, and is drawn more
jr less in toward the under surface of the wing. In this event the foot

furnished with sharper and more recurved claws, since they are now
[>rehensile. The leg assumes a position quite at variance with the ter-
restrial position and is different in this regard from all mammals, the
ploth aloue excepted. The tail in the pendant form, at least in our red
jat, is drawn well forward and rests on the lower part of the trunk, it

readily seen that very long digits of the anterior extremity would be
lore or less in the way in the prone forms, while they might be extended

any degree in the pendant forms, without interference. In fact the
irst named have smaller digital elements than the last and the wing
bxpanse is correspondingly more restricted.!

THE WING MEMBRANE IN FLIGHT.

While interesting characters are thus observed in the bat when at
|:est it is in the use of the limbs in flight that the chief peculiarities are
loted. The intervals between the digits vary greatly in the different
;euera. As already remarked the under surfaces of the second and
bhird digits are boldly outlined or are covered with membrane so as t/O
|>bscure their outlines. In the forms in which this obscuring is noticed
pe fifth finger is supported by a little rod of cartilage.

The opening of the wing exerts a powerful influence over the posterior

Extremity. It pulls it outward in the forms in which an interfemoral

lembrane is present and thus makes tense this membrane. The entire

imb is abducted from the terrestrial position and the foot is turned

rith its plantar surface forward.

The wing membrane may be said to be redundant when the expanse
^bove the arm and forearm extends freely to the carpus and embraces

*A word was needed to express the terrestrial motion of a bat whose wings are at
^est. I venture to use "scurry" in lieu of a better.
tThe contrast between prone and pendant positions of bats when at rest is an
astructive one. It supposes the existence of a number of adaptive characters, which
rill be observed in the accoants of members of our fauna. So little is known of the
babits of bats that it would be premature to base any generalizations upon these or
^ny other isolated groups of structural peculiarities. I havo seen our common brown
i in captivity hang itself up by the claws, but have never seen it other than prone
vhen at rest in its native haunts. I am also aware that Rhynohonycteriii (which has
i flexed thumb and a small poUioal callosity) comes to rest like a moth; i, e,, with
ugs expanded yet prone.

BULLETIN 43, UNITED 8TATE8 NATIONAL MUSEUM.

the small thumb to a point beyond the first phalanx of the thumb;
when it extends down to the foot beyond an oblique muscle line which I
extends upward and outward from the lower part of the leg; when the
spaco between the second and third digits is ample, and that between
the thumb and second digit is i)rovi(led with a Avell-deflned hem of |
membrane.

Skin folds are often disposed along the lines represented by tlie |
palmar fascia, at the proximal end of tlie fifth digit.* The flexor ten-
dons at the radio-digital angle are often covered with similar disposi-
tions of the skin.

The membranes are supported not only by the parts of the skeletal I
frame- work, as these parts are usually defined, but by a number of
special adaptations. An accessory cartilage at the somad margin of |
the terminal fifth digit has been already named (Vespertilionidee, ex-
cept Plecoti).t Tlie interfemoral membrane is supported at the free I
margin by a special cartilage (calcar) from the tarsus in all bats except-
ing the rteropido;, Rhinolophidie, and the stenodermata. The calcar
may have a process from its under margin, as in Noctulinia noctula. \
The terminal joint of the tail may be spatulate, as in Nycteris. Termi-
nal cartilages of the third and fourth digits are present except in Ptero-
pidte, Bhinolophidte, and Emballonuridic. They are of varying
shapes, the whole arrangement having for its object tlie support of tlie
free margin of the wing membrane. These cartilages, as a rule, are
deflected outward, though they may remain axial, as .in Phyllostomidiv |
and Plecoti.

All things remaining the same, the degree of strain may be measured I
by the extent and variety of these special supports, and may be said
to be in the line of specialization for aerial movements. Hence, in forms
in which they are absent the membranes are broad and may be said to
exhibit more of a parachute arrangement than in other types in which |
they are present, and the motion of the wings to be like that of a slow
fanning rather than a rapid, varied flight.

Strain on the membranes is also shown in the angles formed between
the portions of tlie wing farthest away from the body, namely, the
region of the second and third digits. These are pulled away from the
fourth and fifth digits, which remain nearly passive, by the traction of
the muscles which extend these bones (extensores carpi radiales longior]
et brevior), and the whole membrane becomes tenpe. The contrast be-
tween the shapes of the wing in this regard is considerable when such |
forms ijS Artibeus, Nyctirumius, and Atalapha are compared.

When the wing of a bat is held up between the eye of the observer I

"VespertilionidiB (excepting Plecoti), and Molossi.

t In the prodrome of tins introductory essay (Proc. U. 8. Nut. Mns. xvi, 1893) this j
cartilage is given as a character of the Molossi, while said to be absent in Antroioiit.
I have since corrected both of th«se stateineiits. My first announcement respecting I
the accessory cartilage was made in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1889, 330 {note).

:UM.

A MONOGRAPH OF THE BATS OF NORTH AMERICA.

r the tbunob;
le liue wUicii {
eg; when llie
that between |
iflned hem of I

inted by the
lie flexor teu- 1
uilar dispo-si-

' the skeletal I
a number of
ful margin of |
tilionidse, ex-
d at the free I
1 bats except-
. The cah-ar |
linia noctuk.
'eris. Ternii- 1
sept in Ptero-
of varying I
apport of the
s a riile, are
lyllostomidit

be measured
may be said
nee, in forms
ay be said to
pes in whicli
liat of a slow

ued between
namely, the
vay from the
traction of
iales longior {
contrast be^
e when such I

the observer

xvi, 1893) tbis |
t in AntroeoHS.
ent respecting I
I, 330 (note).

1(1 a bright light the membrane is seen to be translucent. The deli-

te collective tissue linen (trabeculni) are seen uniting the various

rts of the bony framework, und the positijius of the nerves, blood

sae's, and muscle-fascicleH an dis])luyed. The paths of the nerves and .

ml vessels constitute one system and may be spokcu of together, but

trabeculie and muscles are distinct from these and ii" some degree

km each other. As in the case of the relation which exists between

skin and the bones, so in the arrangement of the parts just named

degrees of strain to which 9 wing is subjected account in the m lin

the difference in the various genera. The muscle-fascicles are most

liiierous in the membrane near the body, and are better developed in

narrow-pointed winged forms, such as Molossi and Atalwpha, than

I the broad, parachute-like forms.* The muscle element in the wing

lespecially weak in the Pteropidte, Bhinolophidte and YespertilionidsB.

Dhe fibrous lines which extend across the membranes are not without

stem. Many of them are excessively attenuated tendons; such, for

lample, are the fibers of the palmar fascia, already mentioned. Others

the fibers which connect the joints of digits; more of them yet ap-

lar to be parts of a true derm. The nerves and blood vessels pursue

le same courses. Sin(>e the directions of nerves are of more impor-

iice in morphological study than the vessels, the former will be alone

Imed. In each interdigital space a nerve tends to enter at its proximal

Id and, dividing into two branches, incline along the sides of the op-

Ised metiicarpal bones. The departures from this plan are numerous,

jd are so constant in groups of generic and even specific limitation

lat they constitute valuable additions to diagnoses.

lAn oblique raised line passing down on the wing membrane from the

|per part of the arm, in most bats, corresponds to the corcuso-hrachi-

\n fascicle. It is least marked in highly aberrant forms, and may be

nerve origin, instead of muscular, in Noctilio, Corynqrhinu^, and

ecotus. A second, lying near the elbow, in like manner, is caused by

luscular slip from the triceps extensor and therefore becomes the

fceps fascicle. In Corynorhimis and Plectotus this line is represented

one corresponding to a nerve, apparently ulnar, or the internal cuta-

)us. Both these lines are offshoots from the muscles named. The

tercostal lines are those which pass directly from the sides of the

ink.

iThe wing membrane, when expanded, exhibits differences in the width
[the interdigital spaces. These differences relate in an intimate man-
Ir with the behavior of the parts in flight, and consequently with
ibit. The subjoined table indicates some of these distinctions:

' Perhaps the highetit degree of developnieut of the luuacle system is attained in
tinopoma.

8 BULLETIN 43, UNITED STATES NATIONAL 1«JSEUM.

Manal (pteral) formulai of the tpidtks of neoond, third, aud fourth intempace*.

Upeoiea.

LoitbMtoma

Hohiioatoma

Hacrotua

D««mo<luii

Tampyrop*

Chilonyoterii

Henildenua

Vunpj'nis

Lonchogloua

Monophyllu*

Artibeua

llrachyphylla . . . .

Monnopi)

FhylloBtoma

Bhy nchonycteria .

Cynoptenia *

Veapertiliot

EpnmoplioniB t

RninoiKima

HolU8Hlli)&

Nootilio

Fteropusll ,

mm.
7
3
2
2
»

J'
IB

:i
:i

3
3
4
5

lU
2

13
3

2»
18

III.

mm.
17
16
15
21
17
15
20
41
IS
17
21
25
16
2fl
16
18
11
21
13
5
18
17

yore-

. Dlli'orence

IV.

betwwii

III and IV.

mm.

9-lJ

105

5»

145

* C. mareinatna.
t T. ninnnus.

t K. ft-anqiieti.
^H. rul'ug.

IIP. eilwardaii.

This list is selected in the main for comparison in members of a sin.
gle family, viz, the Phyllostomidse. The last eight forms are from fami-
lies other than the one first named.

It is believed that thesiB distinctions may be conveniently included I
in the characteristic proportions of bats.

In flight the thumb is extended in 'Vespertilionidte, but partially
flexed in Phyllostomidie (excepting Desmodus and Diphylla) and in
Plecoti. The degree of inclosure of the thumb in the membrane an-
swers to the amplitude of the membranes generally and when extensive
tends to draw the thumb slightly toward the palm, the space between
the thumb and index finger being moderately occupied by a skin expan-
sion.

It is a tendency under certain conditions for all growth processes to
dominate functions other than those which are essential to their own
activities. The best general conception of the manner of extending a
fold of skin between the limbs is seen in the Uatrachia. In the water
newts a longitudinal ridge is often seen extending along the sides of
the trunk. This is continuous along the hinder border of the anterior
extremity (well developed in Menopoma) and reaches as far as the tip
of the fifth digit. This fold is supplied by the ulnar nerve, which ap-
pears to be in its earliest expression a nerve for the skin of the poste-
rior border of the forearm, of the fifth digit, and the muscles found in
these regions. The phenomena of a fold of skin extending between the
toes is one already familiar, so that the general plan of the skin exi)an8e
in a creature so low as the Menopoma prefigures that of so highly spe-
cialized a form as the bat without violence and without leaving a single
line obscured. Difference of degree and nqt'bf kind separates them.

JM.

ternpacet.

DIfl'erenca

>r6-

lietwwii

'III*

IllandlV.

>m.

;»

3«

0-lJ

106

»3

r>H

8.1

■M

145

iRii.

srs of a sill.

B from fami-

ly included

it partially

Ua) and in

nbrane au-

n extensive

ce between

kin expaii

rocesses to

' their own

xtending a

the water

he sides of

16 anterior

as the til)

which ap-

the poste-

i found in

itween the

n expanse

igiily spe-

g a single

s 1

bheui. I

i J10N00KAf>H OF THE hA'^H OP NORTH AMERICA.

The very exceptioual di8po8itif»n in the bat xbr the skin from the
I trunk to extend the entire lengths it' the limb, and in the case of the
anterior extremity to form enormous -vobs between the produced dig-
I its, is associated with an inclination Lr (he ears to become greatly ex-
]iiuulc(l and for cutaneous olfshoots to appear at the muzzle, chin, and
tiic sides of the face. Even the prepuce is disposed to be redundant.
To^j^cther with this inclination, deriaal structures are highly specialized,
so' tliat the sebaceous glands, hair follicles, and tactile bodies are well
developed. It can be readily surmised that special adaptations for a
variety of purposes occur in this group of structures, s . that secondary
sexnnl characters are found in the gland masses of the skin of the neck,
and of the skin folds, the details in the ears, the pouches of skin, etc.,
arc available for purposes of classiflcation.

THE EXTERNAL EAR.

In this connection let us glance at the peculiarities of the external ear.
Tlie external ear is markedly moditled from the type usual in quadrupeds.
Its simplest expression is seen in the Pteropidie and the Bhinolophidse.
In these families the widely separated auricular cartilages are closely
enwrapped by integument and the tragus is said to be absent. (See be-
low.) In such an ear the terms inner and outer hordes and tip, exhaust
tlie list which are demanded in their description. In the ears of the
remaining families it is far different. The auricle here is expanded to
degrees which bring the outer parts to a greater or less degree down-
ward and forward on the upper parts of the necik and reach the region
of the mouth, or even the chin, while the inner border, being guarded
by a skin fold which connects the ear to the crown, is disposed to be
united with the corresponding part of the ear of the opposite side and
extend in varying degrees toward the snout. Skin lappets arise from
both inner and outer borders. Those from the inner border from a
long appendage which lies in advance as defined in the simple ear and
becomes the internal hem. As a rule it ends as a free lobe inferiorly,
which thus becomes the internal basal lobe. The line of the true inter-
nal border being always discernible becomes the internal ndge. The
external border, which is distinguished from the true external border
which now becomes the external ridge is also disposed to form a hem
{exiernal hem), which, however, in contrast to the inner is apt to be
divided into an upper and a lower part; the upper part forms the first
scallop, and the lower the second scallop. The free lower end of the
outer border becomes the external basal lobe, which may be separated
from the lower scallop by a deep basal notch, or the second scallop may
extend across this notch and the external basal lobe and becomes eon-
tinuous at various distances with the face or that over the lower jaw.
These parts will not receive distinctive names. In most examples the
auricle is also conveniently divided into an anterior and a posterior
part, the anterior part is marked, if marked at all, by lines repeating

BULLETIN 43, UNITED RTATEH NATIONAL MUSEUM.

that of tbu internal border, wliil» the posterior ]>art in marked, if
marked at all, by conHpiiMioiiH trauHverne linos or Htriie. The hair
when it extends upward on tho ^ar from the crown Ih UHually of tlie
color and character of tliat of the crown, while that of the posterior Ih |
of the color and charai^ter of that of the neck.

The tragitH varies exceedingly in form. The following terms are cm-
ployed in its description, viz, the inner and outer border, the tip, the |
notch, which is near the base of tiio outer border, and the basal lobe,
which lies below the notch. The tragus is said to be absent in Ptero-
pidie and Khinolophidas but in some examples of the family last nam<-(l
arndlmental tragus can \w discerned. The tragus always arises from
the ridge which lies in front of the auditory meatus and connects tiie
inner and outer auricular borders. It is of interest to observe timt
while this connection with the borders is imperfectly defined in m«)st I
bats that in the recently discovered Kiiilcrma it is markedly so united |
and ten<ls to constrict the basal parts of the enorm >us auricle.

Not only is this the case, but tlic curs are often united by a band |
(inter auricular membrane) which extends obliquely forward. In Cory-
norhinuH and Macrotus it is on the face, and in Promops perotis reached |
quite to the snout.

In illustration of the value of the ear in classitlcation the following; I
table is drawn up from the members of the bats described iu this |
memoir.

Phyllostomida: — Ext«rnal ear without internal basal lobe. External I
ridge rudiniental or absent. External basal lobe not marginal, but lies |
well within the large second scallop, which is continued well iu ft-out;
tragus prorect, coarsely crenulate or spinose on outer border.

Moloaai. — Ear without internal basal lobe. Interual ridge produced |
forming a "keel." External ridge marginal, produced, bounding exter-
nal basal lobe. External basal notch open, i. e., not covered by lower |
scallop ; tragus rudiniental.

VeHpertilionidai. — Ear with internal basal lobe. Internal and exter- 1
nal ridges rudimental, not produced. External basal lobe marginal
(except Plecoti), not touching external basal ridge. External basal I
notch occupied by produced lower scallop. Tragus obscurely crenu-
late on outer border, or smooth.

SECONDAUY SKIN DEVELOPMENTS.

At the muzzle the skin folds are median and lateral. The margins |
of the nostrils expand above and at the outer side while they are sepa-
rated by a groove or a ridge in the middle line, as is seen in Brachy-
phylla and Nyctinomm. Or the two lines of perinarial expansion may I
meet below in the space between the nostrils and the lip to tbrm a
swollen ridge as in Olossophaga or a lappet as in most Vampyri, while
the iuteruarial ridge is continuous with a vertical leaflet. This is tlie |

;uM.

A MONOGRAPH OF THE HATS OF NORTH AMERICA.

« marked, if I
). The liiiir
ually of tlie
])OHterior i» \

)rtn8 are cm-
, the tip, the I
lie basal lohe, \
lit in Ptei'o-
Y last named
1 arises from
:(>uiioct8 tile
►bservo tliiU
lied in most
ly so united |
'icle.
id by a band |
■d. In Cory-
rotia reaches) I

;lie foUowiiif;
ibed in this

5. External

iiial, but Im

'ell in front; [

er.

ge produced

nding exter-

•ed by lower I

1 and extcr-
)e marginal
ternal basal {
irely creuu-

)he margins |
By are sepa-
I in Braclni-
ansion may I
p to form a
»jPyn, while
This is the

MM' s*>en in most of the Phyllostomidte as excmplifltHl in this memoir
I I rlihfiis and Macrotm. The nostrils may remain simple with the upper
>nit>r advanced upon lumen of the ojiening so lis to divide it into two
kt'iiua as in most VesiH^rtiliouidat or the liuneii may be oval as in Eu-

In all the genera in which the foliations about the nostrils are well
[>v«>1()|)(>(l the outgrowths occur in positions of structures which can be
lulled in the muKzles of other mammals. Thus in Jihinolophun (and at
last in IlippoHiderim, so far as examined) the upper or inner margin of
Icli nostril leads to the development of a fold (siipra-narial) which by
kiitin^^ with its fellow forms the anterior of the two ascending leaflets

the sella; the lower or outer margin leads to the development of the
Itei-al fold (infra-narial), which passes back to form the lateral margin

the posterior ascending leaflet or the terminal leaflet; the muzzle
jands are continuous posteriorly, with a short skin-fold which joins
litli the lateral fold to form the terminal leaflet. The supra-narial also
lins the terminal leaflet from in front. The three plications end on
lie terininal leaflet at the part where it frees itself from the head. Va-
dous sapplemental folds occur in ift^>;>o»«/er«#, none of which, however,
istiii'l) the plan. The scheme described for Artibeus is essentially the
Jiine, excepting in the fact that a single ascending leaflet is formed, to
lliich both supra narial and infra-narial folds contribute. In Ucto-
fii/llo the entire inuxzle-gland series becomes foliate, thus exhibiting
jcomitlete devehipmeiit of a tendency announced in Rhinolophus, In
Ii/ctirix the supra and infra narials do not assist in forming a median
juncture, but remain well out on the side of the face.
iTlie lower lip is firmly held to the gum of the lower incisor teeth, as

Vespcrtilio, or it is free and forms a protrusile, membranous fold

ill Ataltipha. It may be entire or divided in the center so as to form
\o chill plates as in Macrotus and, as a variation, in Xycticeju«. In
hnlnphi a distinct lappet extends entirely across the chin and in de-
j-ees of development distinguishes the sexes. The chin itself and the
j)ace directly back of it is adorned with scattered warts in all forms,
kit in rhyllostomida;, as shown in Ariibensy the entire chin is conspicu-
^isly adorned with verructe arranged in median and lateral groups.

Chihiujcteris and Mormopn these are the sites of curiously complex
laflets.

J The sides of the face are furnished with skin-folds of various lengths,
Ihicli are continuous with the external border of the auricle, or a large
[art lies directly back of or below the angle of the mouth, while the
Ides of the muzzle are apt to be more or less thickened by swollen
land-masses, which tend to embrace the side of the nose-leaf as in
yrtibem and Macrotm, or ascend toward the vertex of the face, where
jiey either approach each other on the top of the muzzle as in Antro-
^U8, or end free as in Corynorhinuti.

BULLETIN 43, UNITED 8TATE8 NATIONAL MUSEUM.

THE HAIR.

Tliuhiiir of tliu body is arrivngeU in rugioiiH having well-doflned bonnd-
urieH. Tiio uro^vn of tlio lioad, the region diruc.t ly in front of tliu <>ur, I
t\ioi nuck, eHpocialiy tlio Hide and back, iiiuluHiveof a lino wtosh tiie top
of tlio chcHt, tlie Hhoulder itMoIf, tlie HiduH of the under Hurface of the
biHly, the rump, and inibitt are all regions which are often Heparatcly
colored, or clothed with hair of distinct texture, or rateof devehipiuent
than that of the other portions of the body. The sides of the neck are
always furnished with longer hair than is the fk-ontand ordinarily tliHn|
ia the back. The hair of the pubis is more woolly than that seen else-
where. The hair extends farther on the dorsum of the fiu'O in Ve«per-
tilio than in most genera. The same region is naked in Atlelonycteris. \
The shoulders are occasionally furnished with shades of color contrast-
ing with that of the rest of the body.

The membranes are clothed with hair in varying degrees. The greater I
area is naked. The interfemoral membrane is more thickly clothed ou
the upper than the lower surface, a tenden(;y reaching its maximum iiii
Atalapha, while the lower surtm^e of the wing membrane between tlie I
body and the border of the manus — a tendency also marked in Atalapha, I
but most marked in the Asiatic form of the noctulo bat [NoctuUna nne\
tula hiMoptcrun), As a rule the fur from the under surffuto of the body
extends from the upper third or half of the arm to the knee. The
presence of a clump of hair on the dorsum of the forearm is a good
peripheral charattter for Atalapha oinerea. The interfemoral membrane I
as a rule is covered with an extension of hair from the rump to the|
basal third in Yespertilionidre. In Vespertilio an interesting char-
acter is noted in the clump, not being well defined, but straggles down-
ward in an irregular manner and is lost near the ankle. This disposition I
is espetiially developed in Vespertilio capaccini and in the Nevadan
variety of Vespertilio nitidus ciliolabrum. The lower border of the I
membrane is constantly fringed in some forms of Vespertilio, but as
an individual variation in the North American species. It is rare to I
have the lower border of the wing membrane from the foot to the
manus fringed as in Pteropus, but Vespertilio, as seen in Nortii
America exhibits a singularly constant, minute bristle which overlies I
the membrane at the tip of the fifth finger. The ears are apt to be
sparsely haired ou the inner surface near the anterior border, on the |
outer surface at the basal third or half, and on the external basal lobe.
Ou the whole the bats which take the prone position in rest are less I
heavily furred than those which are pendent. In one of the most
marked forms of the former group ( Cfieiromeles) the skin is nearly naked. I
Interesting contrasts can be made in this way between the haunters of I
caves, attics, and old tree trunks and those which are caught hanging |
from the smaller branches and twigs of trees and bushes.

Bristles (seta?) usually surmount warts (verrucse). They are best de- 1
veloped ou the face of Molossi, though they may be found in the group

A MONOOUAPH OF THE HATH OF NORTH AMERICA.

lined ImmiimI-
t of tliu <>)ir, I
;ro8H tlut top
rfuco of tlie
11 8vpanit<0y
luvelopmciit I
blie nock are I
iinarily tlittn |
lit Hven oIho-
•0 in Ve»per-
ddonycteriH.
lor contrast-

The greater I
y clothed ou
maximum ill I
luitwcon the
inyl/a{aj)/ta,|
octulina noc-
I of the body I
knee. The I
m is a good I
1 membrane I
rump to the I
Bating char-
ggles down-
t disposition I
»o Nevadanl
)rder of the
Ulio, but as I
is rare to
foot to the
in North
icli overlies
e apt to be I
der, on the I
basal lobe. I
rest are less I
the most!
iarly naked,
haunters of I
ht hanging I

are best de-
a the group

list iiivuumI on the upper surface of the intorfemoral membrane. The
Ici.v long hairs of the sides of the muz/du, which are so conspicuous in
liiiiiy of the small mammals of (»thor orders, notably the Itodentia and
Bai'iiivora are absent. The best examples are met with in VeHpertilio
IimI (lliorronyoteriii. Fringes of bristles adorn the margins of the toes
|i Molossi.
Ill describing bats in this manner the attention which has been given
I tliiultitails of tlio coloring and the markings on mendmuiea require
111 exact use of terms.

VVIieii hair arises from the membrane it will be seen that the clumps
iillow the dire(^tions of the trabecuhu and are detected in the trans-
[ireiit wing as minute black dots arranged in rows. These must not
K> eoiifoundcd with pigment spots which dot the naked spaces of the
^iii^' in some species.

GLANDS.

The skin glands are best devehtped on the sides of the face directly
luck of the muK/le. In Molossi a large, median, coarse sebaceous gland
|es depressed ou the under surface of the neck. It is best developed

the male. An elevated thoracic mediaidy placed gland is present in
\mctti(l<i. The mammiu are large during the lactating perio<l when the
i|)pleH are projecting and the aveolar space naked. At other times
|ie nipple disappears and the gland is redu(;ed to the smallest possible
roportions. In Savcopteryx and its allies the wing membrane above
|ic anterior extremity is furnished with a S)u;k which is lined with folds
[liicb yield a fetid secretion. The position and size of this sack furnis'
(cellont characters to distinguish genera as well as sexes of individ-

ils.

OOLOBATION.

J It is necessary to state that the colors for the most part are described
|om alcoholic specimens which have been removed from the spirit and
smutted to dry. Mr. F. W. True writes in the Smithsonian Beport
(r 1888 that alcohol disturbs the color-scheme of a mammal. The
laracter of alcohol is not especially here named and the remark is
J»d()ubte<lly correct for specimens which have been preserved in wood
pirit. However, none of the specimens used for this study have been
Reserved in other than commercial alcohol which has been variously
|luted with water. I have observed no differences of the kind named
etweon the few living individuals I have seen, the fur of the dried
tin prepared in the usual way with arsenic and in skins dried after
toloiiged immersion in commercial spirit. It must also be remembered
kat since all the material available has been preserved in the same
ledium the comparisons are sufficiently exact for purposes of identifl-
litiou of museum alcoholics. It is barely jwssible that the color de-
[ription may require modification as contrasted with that based upon
nug specimens.

i! '

14 ' UULLETIN m, UNITED BTATEH NATIONAL MUSEUM.

'I THK 8KKLETON.

Tint HkuU. — III (IcHci'ibint; tliu Hkiill in batH, I have borne in mind tlinij
tll<^ form of tlio i>ratii tfivw oxpriiHHion to tlio Hhapo of Mic brain-uaN<^ ti
afar KiHMitei' (Ici^roo tlian is Mio oasii in otliur inammalH. Tliu diviHioiJ
of tUiy brain aro rtMidily ontliiuMl exfornally, and yiold convoniunt boiiiidJ
ario8, Hin(H> Mio sliapcH of aMsociiafod parts liannoniKo in Homo dut?i'('t' t([
thorn. Thus tlio ro|i(ion of tho proonoiiplialon, of tiui moseucoplialoiij
and of tlio inot(Mi(H^plialuii aro dotlnod. In liiio tnannor the improssiDiiif
made by the lines of attaehinoiit of the temporal and masaeter nmscleii,
tlie former on tlie eraninm, tlie latter on tlie lower jaw, are valnablcJ
For the temporal mnscles I h'.ve named the median line betwee i tlid
two the Haaittal vrmt, or line, and the anterv r and ])Osterior temponij
impressions the anterior oiid poHtcrior temporal ridijen, or lines.

On the niidor surface of the skull the sixe and direction of the ])r(H'J
ess (sphenoidal tonjrue) which extends backwanl and outward froiJ
the basisplicnoid is w«)rthy of notice. As compared to other inamnmlsf
the cochlea is uiinsually \\xv\tv at the base of the skull, and is, aa a riilt|
but partially concealed by the tympanic bone.

The otic capsule varies in the decree in which bony laminie occupjl
the spaces cre)it4>d by tin* semicircular canals. On the side of the skill
the surface (opisthotic) which adjoins the s<]<iama in miinunals ^mm\
ally is in bats crossed by a proi'essof thesipiama uniting with one IVoiij
the exoccipitnl, as in Afalapha^ or tlie surface is tree as in Xifctinomiiii
The old-worhl f^enus HippoHidnos resembles Xi/vtinonnuH in this iwrl
ticular. When the otic (^apsule falls out, as it is apt to do in the ovcJ
fnacerated skull, a foranen or a not(;h is always dcllned between tlii
aquaina and the occipital biuie. 8oinetiiiies a foramen of the same sij;
nitlcance, viz, one occupied by the opisthotic during life, is seen o\
the occiput.

The otic capsule in Tteropidie ahnie is inch>sed in Ixme, to formi
triaii|;ular wtnljie comparable to the os prtrosa of other mammals. At
a rule, the form of the cochlea and semicircular canals are outlined iiJ
tli«)ugh in the lininan skull the eiicapsulin)>: petrosal bone lutd \ml
chiseled away; the dejirees in wiiich thin i)lates of bone till in tliJ
semicircular canals beinj'- aloiu> subject to chanp>. The horizontal IdoJ
in all forms examined is tilled with bone.

The foll»>wiii}; scheme of the otic elements will be found useful:
Kxternal loop entiivly occupied with boiu':

Sni>»^rior liutp iiii,t(iiliit«<(l, opon irhbi'im.

Siiin'rior liiop Hourly liUoil S'lirtitiiiiiiiin ( .V. hnmlifntia).

SinitM'itir loop iiliont hull" lil'ltMl ilahntlm.

ICxternal h>op aliin)st entirely occupied «ith bone:

• I'fupnUlio.

Adelohyvlrrin (.Lj'u»cti»).

A MONOORAPH OF THE BATS OF NORTH AMERICA. 15

I'lxtoi'iiiil loop and Hupei'ior loo])S uot occupied with bono:

Soelilin.
; ' - MaerotuM (occiiMiunully uxcepteil).

; . t.i .<'. . . Hemidernui.

CliiloHjivtvriH.

Vlw tyiTipiinic bono is HoiuctimeH iiicoinplete, as in VeHpertilio, at its
iipptT arc, wli«ro it limits the zona tympanica superiorly. The bone
iiiiistitutiis th»i bulla, whii'h presents various degrees of extension over
(lie cDchloa or forward along tiie side of the glenoid fossa. The width
; of tlie origin of the ster no- mastoid muscle is much greater than ia
iiiaiiiiiialia goufsrally. This interval in Artibvux equals one-seventh of
t ln' greatest length of the skull, wJiile in CaniH it equals one-nineteenth.
Seen I'rom above, the face is described as forming a vertejr. This ex-
tends from the region of the proencephalon to the upper border of the
anterior nasal aperture. On the side the region of the face is equal to
the length of the dental series. The orbit is, strictly speaking, t'jat
poi'tionof the skull which accommodates the eyeball; but this is much
Mualler than the space as defined by the bony limits, as seen in many
I otiierniauimuls. Since custom has sanctioned an acceptance of an or-
hi till m/ion which woiUd be limited posteriorly if a process were j.resent
e\t(>nding from the anterior temporal ridge toward the zygoma, a simi-
lar region so restricted is held to be a valid one in all bats. In some
giMUMii, indeed, as those of the Emballonuridus the post-orbital proc-
ess is constantly present, and in the Pteropida^ varying degrees of
posterior limitations of the orbital region are seen. The face, including
a pari of the frontal bone, is inflated at the side in bats. I hav« called
tills the fronds maxillary inflation. It forms a ridge or swelling ut the
I upper btM'der of the orbit. The inflation of the skull at the anterior
part of the frontal bone to form the frontal sinus is much less conspic-
luoiis in the Cheiroptera than in some other lU'ders, but the maxillary
lintlatiou is greater. This peculiarity gives the face abroad effect at its
Ijiuiftlon with the brain-case and modifies the shape of the orbit. The
\tilimoidiil platcK variously change the shape of the inner wall. As a
mile, the frontal bono here permits the ectoturbinal parts to be in part
Jdeiiiied. The region of the lachrymal bone appears to resist the dis-
position to inflation; lienco the peculiarities of the inflation give char-
laeter to I his portion of the cranium. On the vertex the inflation causes
Ithe t'aee to widen from the ])roeneephalon to near the anterior nasal
laperture, where it is abruptly narrowed, and to create depressions of in-
leonstant kinds in the line of the conjoined nasal bones. The extent to
i liifli the recession of the nasal bone from the anterior nasal aperture
iKtiirs. as well as of the ])alatal nottih, due to the rndinientary state of
t!ie proinaxillu', aflord bases for some characters of minor value. The
ItMifrtli of the infra -orbital canal and the peculiarities of the outer wall
|i)l tlieeanal are of interest. In Artihcm the canal is hmg and for the

if.

BULLETIN 43, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

most part smooth externally, as in Cairn, while in the fauna generally
it is short, as in Felis, and the outer wall is often elevated.

The hard palate may be either in the main axis of the skull, as in most
forms, or deflected upward and forward. The characters furnished by
the pterygoid processes, the palatal plates, are here as useful as in
other mammalian groups. The i)remaxill8B are rarely firmly united to
one another. When they are so united, as in PhyUostomidae and Mo-
lossi, the median incisors are disposed to be (iontiguouis. When they are
not united, a large median interspace separates them and is continuous
with the vacuity which in other mammals represent the incisorial for-
amen. The presQUce or absence of the spheuo- palatine foramen is used
in some groups, as Molossi and in Plecoti, in separating genera. Tlie
disposition of the turbinals is also of interest, the iieculiarities of tbe
arrangement being definitive of the families as established on other
structural characters. If in mammals generally an outer and an inner
turbinal group is recognized, then in the bats we have a median lamina
which bears upon its inner surface one or more scrolls (endoturbinals),
and an outer lamina with much simpler accessories (ectoturbinals).
The simplest arrangement of the turbinals is seen in the Nycteridse and
Ehinolophidie, the most complex in Pteropidse. In Natalus alone is
the ectoturbinal rudiniental or absent. (Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., Feb.,
1880.)

In addition to the f)ecul,iarities of the masseteric impression on the
lower jaw, already noticed, characters are furnished in the height of the
coronoid process and the degree of deflection as well as the size and
shape of the angle. The i)ost-8ymphysal spine which is conspicuous
in some extinct forms has not been seen by me in any of the extant
forms (Promops perbaps excepted), and I have examined most of the
genera of the order.

The shortening of the face, pari passu, with reduction of teeth, is seen
in Carnivora. The tendency is seen in Vespcrugo, smd in bats gen-
erally. In Vespertilio the shortening of face is accompanied by dis-
placement inward of the premolars. In a mechanical sense it amounts
to the same as reduction in number. In pteropine bats a remarkable
persistence of facial length remains, while the dis])osition to reduction
is evident. One may conclude from the instance last named that the
shortening of face and reduction of teeth are independent. The same
is true of the Ungulata.

In Atalapha the lower jaw closes in front of the upper. The lower
canines articulate with the anterior surfaces of the npi)er laterals their
entire length. The upper canines are free, i. c, do not articulate with
anything.

Vertebral column, — The vertebral column is without large processes
other than the hftMnoi)ophyses which are well developed iu the cervical
region.

The atUts is broadest in Pteropidiw. In both Pieropua and Epomoph-

A MONOGRAPH OP THE BATS OP NORTH AMERICA.

torus tlio bone extends downward posteriorly and at the sides so as
jto conceal the lower opening of the canal for the vertebral canal. The
luppei' border of the conjoined laminsB is boldly rugose. In Artibeus, a
Imeinber of a group in the New World analogous to the foregoing, the
Lit las is greatly reduced in the proiwrtions of the lamina3 and the trans-
I verse process, the lower opening of the canal for the vertebral canal is
|exi)()sed on the posterior aspect of the bone, while the upper border of
Itlic (ionjoined laminae is scarcely rugose. In the vespertilionines, molos-
Isines, and phyllostoinines minor peculiarities distinguish the atlas.
iTlicse are given in the diagnosis of genera and species. Tn a general
Kviiy it may be said that the pteropines are broadly separated from all
Itlie other bats by the characters presented by this bone. In Pteropus
laiul Epomophorm the axis possesses a large neural spine which almost
[equals the length of the body inclusive of the cylindroid odontoid proc-
ess. In Artibem the spine is but one-half the length of the body, inclu-
sive of the tubercle-like odontoid process. The remaining portion of the
cervical is curved more or less antero posteriorly. This is less marked
ill the pteropine and phyllostomine genera than in the vespertilionine,
iiiere the curve is so great as to bring the occiput almost to the flrst
i( irsal vertebra. The aacrumy at its upper portion, exhibits a compressed
projecting ventral surface. The spinous processes are flat, distinct, and
liucrease in size from above downward in molossines and Atalapha, but
tliey are low and confluent in many forms as in the pteropines. The
irst coccygeal vertebra in tailed forms is large and resembles those of
the sacrum. The caudal vertebra; below this are cylindroid. They
rary greatly in length, especially at the beginning of the series.
Ribs. — The flrst and second ribs are flat and broad (coalescent in
{(italus and Hipposideros), but as a rule have a wide interspace. The
)ther interspaces are also well defined in Pteropidte, but are often
1 arrow, and in Jffatalus and Hipposideros are practically obliterated.
[Tlie costal cartilages are relatively inelastic and are disposed to become
['arly calcified. Indeed, the entire chest is rigid, and the ribs often
jecome anchylosed to the spine, and in some forms, as in old Individ-
lals of Vespertilio murinvs, the contiguous ribs to each other. Hence
the respiratory movements are for the most part performed by the
|liai)hragm and the flank miiscles.

Stenium. — The prosternum is broad and massive, while both the
mesosternum and metasternum are narrowed. The prosternnm sends a
j'onspicuous process forward into the neck (as in many terrestrial mam-
|iials) in molossines; all the others are without this process. The flrst
oiiit is usually conspicuously keeled, and in Pteropidae this keel is
livided by a deep notch. The mesosternum in the same family is also
ieeled its entire length, but in the other groups it is barely ridged or
smooth.

Anterior limb. — The clavicle is present in all bats. It is firmly at-
Itached at both the acromial and the sternal end. The last named
441— No. 43 2

BULLETIN 43, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

;

effects an important articulation witli tbe cartilage of the first rib audi
in the sterno-claviculo-costal joint ; in Molossi, at least, it is of enormous |
strength. The scapula, as in other claviculate forms, with few excepj
tions, in which the large anterior extremity is not supported on the I
ground, possesses an infraspinatus fossa very much larger than thel
supraspinatus. The bone lies well up on the side of the neck in thel
forms in which the cervical series of vertebra* is bent forward. Excel- j
lent characters are yielded by thecoracoid process. It is always longiin<l|
slender, simple, and gently curved in various arcs in Pteropidse, Hhil
nolophidie, Emballonurida;, and Phyllostomidie, but bifid in mostl
Vespertilionidie. It is interesting to find the genus Vcspertilio abt'i-l
rant in this respect, the process being simple and curved quite as in I
the larger groups first named. " The posterior tubercle is prolonged tol
form an oblique posteriorly- directed process in Laaionycteris, and the)
molossines Atalapha and Chalinolohua.

With the exception of the tuberosities of the humerus no checkl
processes exist anywhere in the bones of the limbs, thus presentiuJ
marked contrasts with the limbs of birds. The trochlear end of thel
humerus yields in the shape and direction of the epitrochlea valuable |
characters. This process conforms to the terrestrial type, i. e., it i
transversely inclined in pteropines and the genus Saccopteryx; is del
fleeted downward parallel or nearly so to the shaft in phyllostominesi
and molossines, but is absent in vespertilionines. In vespertilioniuesl
again the articular surface is axial, /. e., is in the middle line of thel
humerus, but in phyllostomines it is thrown well ott to the outer side!
Narrow-winged forms, as the molossines and the genus Atalapha, exhibit!
large tubercles on the humerus and wide trochlear surfaces. ThusI
these chara<*ter8 harmonize with rapid fiight. On the other hand, thel
forms with smaller tubercles and narrow, poorly defined trochlear surf
faces have broad wings and presumably slow fiight.

The radius constitutes the main support of the forearm and presentsl
few variations' from a single type. As a rule it is nearly straight, but!
is much bent in Hipposidcros. It is always obliquely grooved by tliel
tendon of the extensor ossi metacarpi i)ollicis. Tlie size of the lar};e,|
deep fossa for the insertion of tlie biceps flexor is variable. Since thel
ulna does not enter into the composition of the anterior arc of thel
trochlea, and its place is here taken by the radius in addition to thel
work this bone does in articulating with the humerus at its outer hiilfj
it is easily seen that the radius is provided with two facets at its pros f
imal end, and that the main ridge on the distal articular surface of thel
humerus fits in between these two radial facets. So far as the degreel
of invasion of the radius into the trochlea has been noted it appears m
correlate with tlie degree of activity of the prone form in scurrying.
It is thus marked in Cheiromeles and ^folo,'isus, and is small IdI
Kerivoula. .

The ulna is more inconstant in form than the radius; in all it is iul

r:<

A MONOGRAPH OP THE BATS OP NORTH AMERICA.

faces. TbusI

all it is iu-

I'oinpletc and is composed of a proximal .and a distal rudiment. The
Loxiinal rudiment is free at the weak olecranon, which resembles the
Lirts iu the sloth, and is continuous in most genera with an arched
htdlike sliaft of uniform width, which is ossified, as a rule, with the ra-
iliiis at about its proximal third. Exceptions are noted to this arrange-
liu'iit iu some of the vespertilionine genera, e. (f., Scotophilua and Mini-
ftptcrus, as well as in the molossine Promops, in which a small anchy-
oscd olecranon unites by a filiform shaft to the proximal third of tlie
kiliia. But the vespertilionine forms as a rule {Harpiocephahis not ex-
luiiiiied) retain a free olecranon which is continuous with a filiform ta-
lu'ring shaft, which ends free in the muscles of the forearm. Coryno-
rliinKs, Xyctophiliis, O/mZtnoiofiMS are exceptions even to this arrange-
Ineiit, for here the shaft is entirely absent, the rudimental fixed olecra-
liou constituting the entire proximal end. The tendon of the triceps
msclc as it is inserted into the ulua is occupied by a sesamoid bone.
io other animals possess a bone in this situation. It is either a sepa-
rate ossicle developed in the tendon, or the disjuncted epiphysis of the
liia. This relatively unimportant bone receives the muscle which
ilono extends the powerful forearm. The extenso'' carpi ulnar is a
nuscle as constant iu this group as iu others — arises from it. All the
relations of the ulna, therefore, are with the extensors. The distal end
Is anchylosed to the radius at the wrist. The form may be that of a
piadrate plate, more or less well defined, which is usually entire, though
may retain a minute foramen of insufficiency, as a rule, in the ves-
x'l'tiliouines and molossines. The plate may be absent when a hook-
like process directed proximally, as in Atalapha; it may project nearly at
jiglit angles to shaft and be conoidal, as in phyllostomines, rh'inolo-
)liiiies, and the genera Saccopteryx and NataluH) or it may be absent,
fs in the pteropines.

The varpus of bats exhibits some valuable characters. In all forms

|h(' first row of bones is composed of two bones only — viz, a large bone

rhich constitutes the greater part of the row and will here receive the

kaiue of the scapho-lunar, and a small separate bone at the ulna border

|f the scapho-lunar which appears to be the cmneiform.

The second row is composed of the trapezium, trapezoid, os magnum,
kneiform.aud often the pisiform. The os magnum and unciform always
>nite to form a convex surface for articulation with the second row. With
[lie excei)tion of the pisiform all these integers are easily recognized.
pile carpus on the whole is simple, since the first, second, and third
let; "iirpal bones are in axial articulation with trapezium, trapezoid,
jiul OS magnum, respectively, wliile the fourth and fifth metacarpal
Jones articulate with the unciform.
In pteropines the trapezium and os magnum are greatly larger than
re the other bones of the second row, and give a peculiarly massive
Ippearance to the carpus when the wing is folded. The bone first
lamed is without nodosity on the palmar aspect. Wedged between

BULLETIN 43, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

the two bones laat iiametd is the insigiiiflcant trapezoid. Owing to the
abruptly curved line formed by the heads of the metacarpals the
second and fifth bones lie at the level of the plane which would unite
the ends of the curve, while the third and fourth form the bottom.
The cavity deflued by the carve as indicated is almost entirely occupied
by a large hatchot-shapo prolongation of the os magnum. Thus the os
magnum, beside its axial attachments, is held on the one side to the
second and on the other to the fifth metjicarpal bone. The heads of |
these bones are so disposed as not to approach each other. The pisi-
form is absent unless it is represented in the palmar prolongation (tf |
the OS magnum.

In rhinolophines the plan is that of pteropines. Though the bones
are less massive than in that group, the methods of articulation are
the same, and the pisiform is also apparently absent.

In Artibem the palmar part of the os magnum articulates with a
separate but much smaller element, which occupies the place of the
hatchet-shape plate in Pteropus. The heads of the metacarpals are
scarcely curved, and those of the second and fltth are disposed not |
to approach each other.

Among the vespertilionines we notice the following: Corynorhinus \
closely resembles A. ''/tftejts. In Adclonyoteris the trapezium possesses
a tubercle on the palmar aspect; the os magnum is without palmar I
plate, either united or separate. The heads of the second and fifth
metacarpaltj approach each other and almost touch. In Atalapha tlie
tubercle to the trapezium is retained, while the palmar extension of
the 09 magnum is absent. Articulating on the pollical side of the flftli
metacarpal bone is a separate ossicle, whi(!h appears to take the place
of the part last named. It is elongated and much larger than any of
the carpal elements. I have named it the pisiform. Antrozous is [
much the same as Atalapha; the ossicle by the side of the fifth metii- 1
carpal bone is triangular in shape. The i)late of bone which is con-
tinuous with the OS magnum on its palmar aspect in pteropines appears |
to be the same as the separate ossicle in the same situation in Artibeus.

The bone which articulates by its base with tlie tiftli metacarpal bone I
in Atalapha and AntrozoKs would appear to be identical with the above
plate, since when it is present the os magnum ends in a simple manner
toward the paim. It would api)ear to be tlie pisiform, since in Atalapha \
it was observed to receive the tendon of the extensor carpi ulnaris.*

Sesamoid honen. — The sesamoid bones are found in locations where I
great motion is permitted on the side opposite to which the bones are
lodged — the purpose being apparently to prevent stretching of the

* The ilifflcnlty of studying the carpus without decalcification iiud mtvkiiig sec- 1
tionw for microscopic study is concedtMl. The .ibove epitome will doubtl<>8s be modi-
fied in details when such a method of study is adopted. The pteropines and true I
rhinolophines are seen to bo in alliance by characters derived from the carpus, a
position which is in harmony with the absence of the tragus and the compact form
of the otio bones.

^^1

ring to the
a.rpal8 tlie
ould unite
le bottom,
jr occupied
bus the o8
lide to the
le heads of
The pisi-
•Dgation of

the bones
ilation are

tea with a
lace of the
arpals are
)po8ed not

rynorhinm

possesses
ut palmar
. and fifth
alapha the i
^tension of I
>f the fifth
3 the place

an any of |
trozous is
fifth metii-
ich is con-
es appears

Artibeus.
irpal bone

the above
>le manner
1 At alapha \
ilnaris.*
)n8 where I

bones are
ng of the

making sec- |
88 1)0 modi-
OS auil true I
carpus, a
mpact foru

A MONOGRAPH OP THE BATS OP NORTH AMERICA.

Liiscloa which carry the sesamoids. At the point at which stretch-
jii}f would begin the bones lock with the .joint surface and takes the
strain. They are well developed in the tendons of the extensors of the
[first, second and third metacarpal bones, especially in the phyl-
Qostoniines.

Tlio tendency above noted for the second and fifth metacarpal bones
to iucliue toward one another on the palmar aspect of the carpus, and
Ls a result for the second bonji to lie in front of the third and for the
{filtli to lie in front of the fourth, is a notable feature in the manus of
till' bat. Minor differences are seen in the relative lengths of the bones,
^riicy are shortest in pteropines and rhinolophines. The se6<)nd meta-
I'arpal is usually slightly shorter than the others, but in Hipi)osideros
jit is nnich shorter. The fifth metacarpal bone is apt to be the largest,
|iis in Pteropus, but in Hipposideros and in the molossines it is the short-
est. In the group last named and the related genus Atalapha the bones
|sire marked by grooves for the powerful metacarpo-phalangeal flexors,
lie third metacarpal bone is commonly the largest, the fifth the shortest,
tlu' fourth being intermediate, yet in North American species of Ves-
\l)eriHio the fourth bone, being slightly shorter than the fifth, is some-
times an individual variation. M'egaderma is remarkable for having the
|above order reversed — the fifth metacarpal is the largest and the third
is the shortest. Viewed as a whole the manus, notwithstanding its
Miornious longitudinal development in the third, fourth, and fifth ele-
[meiits, is singularly unimportant in the first and second. The second,
jowever, while unsupported by elongated phalanges, has strong archi-
tectural functions at the line of its union with the carpus.

The degrees of rigidity of the joints of the mnnus vary greatly.
The metacarpo-phalangeal Joints of the RhinolophidiB are quite rigid
|in all the forms examined. In most forms this joint in the fifth finger
is less flexible than that of the other fingers. All things remain-
ing the same, the degrees of rigidity are least marked in the third
jtin^cr and most marked in the fourth and fifth, a proposition in har-
mony with the manner of dividing the manus, namely, with the serial
iiovoment (abduction) of the first, second, and third digits away from
the fourth and fifth, which in their turn are more disposed to remain
Istationary, and thus tend to make rigid the main portion of the wing
linenibrane.

The forms in which the second and third digits are approximated, sind

the digit last named is widely separated from the fourth, embrace the

iMolossi, the Vespertilionidte, and the remote Pteropidse; those in

Iwhit'h the <!onverse appears, at least in which the second and third

|<lij;its are relatively wide apart and the third digit not notably removed

Irom the fourth, include many widely-removed groups, namely, the

PhyllostomidiB, the Rhinolophidse, the Epomorphi, the Plecoti, and

J^atalidie. It will be seen the arrangement last named prevails in the

llarjiest number of forms.

The phalanges present few points of contrast. They are uniformly

HiTLrarriN i:i, itnitkd hi'ATks national museum.

i I

vIoitfjAttMl nulH. Ah a nil«« Mio hocoikI <1i);it pohhchhoh a Hi'ii^hi rudil
iiuMitary |>iialaiix which may Im> IV<>(« <»r Mnniaiichyloscd to the iiiotacarJ
|ial. The hiiflirHt «l(>^i'<>o of drvrlupDitMit is nttaiiiiMl in Mio ptitropiiiei*!
and in tiiCfriMius /iVM'»r*;><i>H«r, t lie toiincr having tlirco and fh«^ hittor twol
1)halan)j:<>K. I n t !i(> ptoropiiicHthr Miird isordinarily t'nrniHhcd with atdawT
Tlio plnihin^as vary greatly in (ho raum'i of motion, thoHO of thu hocoiiiII
and tilth digits hoing the l(>ast niobih", in their relative lengths in tliel
))tero))ines and the genera \ovtilio and MitiiitpfcruH, these lorms beiiigl
rtMnarkalile tor the degrees presMit of lateral and dorsal flexion. Itl
has been noted on p. 5 that the disposition and relativi^ sixes of tliol
piialang"s,vary in the scurrying and pendant forms. In the ]msitioiil
of llight the row of tlrst phalangt>s is Hexed downward, but the rovrl
ot second phalanges is at the same time detlected latta'ally; i. c, tol
ovarii th(> body. In the position of rest the parts either remain axially[
disposed or tlu> row of the tlrst phalanges is laterally or dorsally Hexed,
as in th(< ntolossiinvs and emballanourines. The terminal eartilagos arol
apparentlyabsiMitin pteropiiuvs an<l rhinolophines. When present tliovf
renniin in axial line with the phalanges, as in phyllostomines (exeeptiiij>|
rrt»M/)»/r««), or they are dcHected, from that line, as in vospertilioniiicsl
and inolossiu(>s. These little rods a|)pear to be indices of the amiMint andl
dire<'tion of strain to which the inend>ranes are subjected, and poiiitj
tlu'refore, to distinctions in na>thods of tlight. It may be said tlmti
they are absent, or, if present, axially disposed in the broad-wingiHll
forms, but are detlected in the narrow winged.* In vespertilioniiicsl
(excepting CitriiHorliiiius) the litth digit is provided with an accessory!
cartilage, \vhi«'h lies to the ctuter side of the terminal cartilage. lt|
slightly projects from the margin «)f the wing membrane. t

The usual number of phalanges to each digit is two. In Phyllostol
mida> the lunnberis three to the third digit, the fourth and tlfth haviiij;!
two each. Y«'t in a specimen (ai)parently luu'nnd) of PhfilloHtonia Inmi
fotioH I note three phalanges in the fourth digit as well as the tliirdl
The third ])halanx is probably a segmentation of the second rather tliaii|
a distinct Joint ad<led periplu'rally to the scries. At least it so ai>peav8

'Thi> sii;uill('!nu'<> nt" tlio ciirtihiiLtinoUK tips to the «1ij;itH is not clear. At lirsll
Hixlit tlicy a|)|)oai' to he ot'tlii< value ot'tlistiiii't ))liiiliuiv:eN, mill 1 liiivo until roo<Mitlv|
lii'lil to thin view, liut exaiuiuutiou of HoctiouN untl<>r th<> luicroMcopo yichlH no inili-l
cation of scjinK'ntation, nor docs inspection of cuiUryos sliow stajjes in wliicti sciuir-j
ate elements exist. Nevertheless I note in .>Arcri(Nii excess of «cj;nicutation of tliil
last phaiaux, ami l>ol>son oliserves the same in the Molossi. Intcrestinii prop<Mlirt|
are noted in the ehMueuts of thi< metiicarpiil and plialau;;ea) series. As a rule, tlii'vl
lire ri.i;iil and lirittle. In riirin thcHc peculiarities are so luarkod as to innk(> il|
dirtlcult to hamlle a spi>eimi'n with -ut inourrinij a chaui'e of hreakiii); these uxcccd-
insly tielicate structnn'.«>. In th(> rhyllostomid,)-. on the other hand, they are ;i|il|
*o Ite yiehliujr and elastic, and susjijest (at h'ast in the case of the second and tliirill
dij;its) that the hones are imperfectly ossitied. Mr. ('. IVrcy Moore, of the I'lii-f
versity of Pennsylvania, who has kimlly investijjated the suhject for ine, stiifwl
tliat att<ir attempts at deeaicitication the ditrits of hats everywhere yield tougbl
mat rices.

tPr. Acad, of Nat. Sci.

A MONOORAPH OF THK HATH OF NORTH AMERICA.

ill Tlnirnfitera (an iiiiiHictaiit kuiiuh bi^twvuii tliu Anu^ricnii nuked- nosed
iiiid Icul'iiuKtMl t'orniH), wlicro i\w \M\\i\\\ of tliu hccoiuI and tliird plia-
laii^^i'H ulMHit «>quulH that of tint khcoihI jihalanx «)f tho Banu) dx^xt in
the allied (((uuu-a Furiti and NntubiH.

Till' niueii {{nsiti^r luii)rth of tiio third <li^it, as (;oni]>!iT<-d with that
ol (illiur digitH, is a notinvortiiy foatnrc of tlio bat win^;. Its rehitive
It'll;;! Ii in dift'uront foriiiH HurveH as a {fuidn to /jfonoric and HonietiineM
Id s|in'ilic distinctionH.

Tlif piMMiliariticMof tho tiiiinil) aro HO niarlced tliat thoy can bo best
cDiisiiicred apai't from tint other inanal parts. Tho tlininb, as a rule, is
lit't' iVoiii nuinibrane beyond tlu^ basal tliird of the first phabiux, but
may be almost entirely inclosed, as in Tlii/ropUra. Tho extent of the
rinvi'iippin;; membrane determines the sixe of the little fold of skin
wliirli lies between the thumb and tho second metiicarpal bone. The
lliiiiiib is relatively larffo in ])endent forms, since it is here of value in
prclieiision; per cifutrii, in Thifroptrrn, in which ^eiius a suctorial disk
lakes tlu^ place of a prehensile thumb, this di;^it is also small, though
the animal is unadupted to activity in the jirone attitude. It has been
alrciidy noied (p. *») that the thuiid* is bent downward and the under
siui'iice of the first metacarpal bone fairly well outlined in the pendent
loriiis. It is not known how DvumoduH and Diphylln, which i>roces8
willi lar^ic projectinji; thumbs, support the body when at rest. The
claws oil the f(!ot are )veak, and the animals aro probably not ]>endent
111 rest. VVMth thest^ ex(reptions, the phyllostomines possess the semi-
llescd thumb, as do all the other families excepting tho nudossines and
vesper! iliones.

I'dstrrior limb, — The innominate bone always exhibits a narrow rod-
like ilium which occasionally projects slightly al)ove the line of the ilio-
sacral articulation, but as a ruh^ is lev(4 therewith. The d(u-sum of the
iliiiiii is flat, in most forms, but it may b(^ <'oncavo and broad, as in
iiKtlossiiiea, Atalaphu and (ViilontfvU'rin. The pubis is, as a rule, defined
ill the males, but is absent and has awi«le interval defined between the
iiiiHiiiiinnte bones anteriorly in tho females. Tho shape of the ischium
and of the thyroid fcu'amen is subject to slight variation in genera and
even in species. The innominate bone is in most fcnuns distinct from
the vertebral column. In molossinos, Vhilnntn'teris, and in rhinolo-
pliiiu's, it is anchylosed, both at the sacro-iliae junction and the ischio-
saend or iachio-eoccygeal Junctions. ChUouyctcnn is an instance of tho
union last named. In all bats a disposition exists for the tuberosity of
the ischium to approach the vertebral column, thus presenting a marked
eimtriist to that seen in terrestrial quadrupeds. Antrozom exhibits a
laei't between the tuberosity and the first joint of the coccyx. The sloth
is flie only animal I can recall which exhibits a fixation of the ischium
similar to that found in the bats. Tho ilio-pectineal spine is marked;
oth-n a large tubercle, it may be a needle-like spine. In Hipposideros
it is of enormous length and is anchylosed to the ilium near its upper
bonlor.

BULLETIN 43, UNITEO 8TATK8 NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Th« intorcst wliicli iittacbcH to tlie osteolofjy of the hind extremity
hiiN led iiiu to iiivii in more detail the following:

In ijteropines the ilium is curved outward to u flight degree at tlic
crest. The ridge from the dipper border of the acetabulum is iuconspii;-
uous and does not extend entire length of ilium; thus the ventral and
dorsal surfaces arc not separated and there is no special external bor-
der near the crest. The tuberosity of the ischium is detlected markedly
from the liiu) of the ilium and lies against the coccyx. The pubis i.s |
thittkeued inferh»rly; the i)cctineal spine is absent or scarcely discern-
ible.

In HipposideroH among the rhinolophines the ilium is expanded and
is concave on both dorsal and ventral surfaces. The broad crest ex-
tends outward and unites by a broad thin tiange to the tip of the long |
pectineal spine. Tuberosity of the ischium not projected bac^kward;
nearly the entire pubis and ischium converted into a broad plate of
bone at the expense of the thyroid foramen. Symphysis pubis long,
entire. The trochanters of the femur are drawn backward and ap-
proximated; the inner trochanter is the longer; the outer side of the
shatt below the head furnished with a tiange. The condyles small and
separated by a wide notch. In the tihin the spine for hamstrings com-
pressed. Internal tuberosity prolonged; no mallelus.

In phyllostomines the ilium is not deflected at crest. As seen inArti-
heuH the ridge above the acetabulum is rudimental as in pteropines— |
the ventral and dorsal surfaces therefore scarcely distinguished. Tlie
external border below the crest is rugose and enormously thickened.
The ischium is turned but sliglitly toward the coccyx. The inferior
border of the pubis produced inward as a long blunt process and the
upper border forms a long, acicular process (pectineal eminence) which
extends one-half the length of the ilium. The trochanters of the/e>« )/*•
not carried back, the outer not separated from the head by a notch.
The inner is much longer than the outer. Tlie shaft at its inner side
at the proximal tifths exliibits a conspicuous crest. The condyles are
of equal size. Above them posteriorly is a depression (best marked
over inner condyle) to receive in forced tiexion the i>()sterior border of
the articular surface of the tibia. Intercondylar notch, pit-like. Prox-
imal end of the tibia with scarcely any inward projecting process;
malleolus none ; tubercle for insertion of hamstrings markedly devel-
oped; surface for articulation with the ttbula rugose.

In Hemiderma the innominate is much as in Artibeus, but the pubis
not projecting or thickened; the pectineal spine but one-third the
length of the ilium. The femur quite as in this genus, but the outer
trochanter separated by a notch from the head. In Macrotus the in-
nominate bone much the same as above, but the pectineal spine over
one-half the length of the ilium. The trochanters of the femur approxi-
nuited and carried well to the back of the shaft. The fibula only half
the lengtli of the tibia.

In Mormops the ilium is greatly compressed between the ventral and

A MONOGRAI'H OF THE DATS OF NORTH AMERICA.

dorsal HiirfiioeH; first joint of tho tail very long. The femur and tibia
■AS in MiwrotuH. OhilonyotcriM in liitu manner oxhibitH a comprusHed
iliiiin ossified to Haurum with broad rugose external border adjoining
(;r('st. Dorsal surface sliglitly cQii(;ave and expanded. In both Mor-
mopH and Chilonyvteris the tuberosity of the ischium is an(;hylo8ed
to tlu* sacrum. The pubis in the male of Monnops is bony and entire;
ill VhUtmycteriH it is less firmly defined. The pectineal spine in Mor-
mops is two-thirds the length of the ilium. In ChilonyoteriH davyi it
is I'cinarkablu for being nearly as long as this bono and bound by
lilnous tissue to the vertebrie. In both of the genera of LobostomidsB
till- trochanters of the femur are approximate, confluent, and carried
wi'il back of the head. Tibia and fibula much as in Macrotus.

Ill MoloHHtia the innominate bone is compressed, expanded. It is con-
cave dorsally with narrow 'iac upper border slightly projecting. Pec-
tineal spine one-third the ....ght of the ilium. Pubic symphysis en-
tire, bony. Tuberosity of the ischium projects well backward, but is
tVcf from the sacrum. The inner trochanter much larger than the •
oiitcsr; truncate with a downward-projecting spine, not carried back-
ward. The outer trochanter separated from the head by a slight notch.
('oiidyles e(iual in size; notch wide, shallow. Tibia straight with
larKC^ malleolus.

Ill Promopa tl"^ pelvis entire as in Molo88ua; characters much the
sanie as in this genus, but the upper border of the ilium without spine
and the tuberosity articulating with the sacrum, but not auchylosed
thereto. Femur and tibia of the same character, the distal epiphysis
of tlie femur narrower than the expanded shaft. In N^yctinomus the
ilium as in Molosaus, but the i>ubic bones free ; femur and tibia the
same.

Ill Atalaphn the ilium is quite as in Molossus, bnt is not anchylosed to
the sacrum. The pectineal spine is blunt, rudimental ; tuberosity of the
iscliium lies in the same line with ilium, and approaches the sacrum, but
is not articulated therewith. Both trochanters of the femur are carried
backward as in Vampyri, but are not approximate, t. e., they are visible
from in front; the inner is the narrower, though they are of the same
length. Condyles high and narrow, the inner scarcely the wider;
iioteh narrow, deep. Tibia curved with medianly projecting inner
tuberosity, malleolus scarcely discernible. Fibula entire; upper por-
tion membranous. In Antrozous the ilium is anchylosed to the sacrum
and ill the male at least the symphysis pubis is well defined; the tuber-
osity of tlie ischium extends back of the line of tne ilium and almost
touches the sacrum. The pubic bone without a thickened inferior
border. The femur and tibia much as in Vespertilio.

Ill V('Si)ertilio the ilium is narrow, not expanded above, and not con-
cave posteriorly; the outer border scarcely thickened near the crest.
Tiie pe(!tiiieal spine low, compressed, directed slightly forward, blunt,
scarcely higher than the acetabulum. The inferior border of the pubic
boue greatly thickened near the symphysic line in the male. The in-

BULLETIN 43, UNITED HTATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

noniiniite bono iH lightly liold to the Hacruin and at the HymphyHiHpu])if).|
Tiio innur tro<;liantcr of th«^ fcniui' i>(|uals tho uxternal. Both arc Hinal
and the gluteal (tr^Ht is Hcarcely hirgor tliau a thmge wliich unites \\w\
innur tro<;hant<>r to tlie sluit't, thus making th(^ femur unique. The in I
ncr condyle is sliglitly the larger and tiie notch narrow. Tho til)ial
with large projecting median spine at tlie ])roxinial end; mnlleolus dix-l
tinct.

In AdelonifcteriH and LaaioHi/ctcrifi tiwi i)arts quite as in VeHpertilio]
the pectineal spine sliglitly longer; the shaft of the femur Just below|
the head less expanded.

CorynorhinuH nuidi as in VcupcrtiUo, but the upper part of the feninr|
much less expanded, the shaft near tlie trochanter scarcely at all.

Tho femur is without neck. The outer and inner troehauters arcl
subequal and of large size, the outer tending to become the larger m
in the molossines. The outer side of the shaft below the troehanterl
is often mfirked by a ilango in position of the third trochanter. Ilip\
poHtderoH and all phyllostomines show an inclination to the developnieiitl
of a conspicuous flange on the inner side of the shaft near tho inner trn[
chanter. This is most marked in Chilonycteris, Morntopn, and Natuhid
In the genera last named the trochanters are «lrawn backward, lie oiii
the posterior surface of the bone, and are in close relation (resembliiijj;,
with the head, tho anterior end of a geometric larva), while as a rule
they are on lines which answer to tho lateral ligaments of the kneel
ioiut. The condyles are approximate markedly unequal with a narrowl
intercondylar notch, the inner condyle being the larger, as is the riile,!
or wide apart with small condyles, as in molossines and rhinolophincsJ
The tibia may be shorter than the femur, as in Ariibeus and Moloasim,]
but it is, as a rule, longer than that bone. The inner tuberosity is fur-
nished with a horizontally-projecting process in vespertilionines ; this is
an excellent character defining the family. Tiio tubercle for insertion!
of the hamstrings is most marked in strictly arboreal forms, as tliel
pteropines. The malleolus is often rudimentary or absent, as in phyl-
lostomines and rliinolopiiines. Tho fibula is uniformly imperfect above!
save in the molossines, where it is complete, or in Autrozons, where al
membranous fillet continues the form of the bone to the inner tuberosityf
of the tibia.*

*8iiire the above sketch was written the Hkelotoii of Desinodun has been examnieil.l
I find that it beiirs a close rcseuiblanco to other phyllostoniinos, but is distinctivel
in the following particnlars : Tho shaft of the radius is joined at its middle by tlicj
ulnii, which can be traced, nevertheless, apparently to tho wrist. I say "apparently "
for the femur, tibia, and fibula exhibit dispositions to form lateral fianges, and it mnyl
be that the structure in /VsworfHs is not the reappearance of the lost ulna-shaft lintl
is simply tho radius, which here exhibits an unusual form. In any event it cim-l
stitutcs a character not seen elsewhere in tho order. The fiangcs of the femur art |
symmetrical, directed forward, and convert the anterior surface of the shaft intoal
groove for the origin of the femoral head of the <(uadriceps extensor muscle. The I
flange in tho tibia and fibula is single; the two are iu contact — to obliterate tbel
interosseous space.

A MONOGRAPH OK THE MATS OP NORTH AMERICA.

Tlu toeH retain two phalant;cH to tlio flrHt tov; all tlio otliern have
tliK'c, but differ In tlnur rulativo len^tliH. Tlio flrH^ phulimx of the flrHt
toe iH, Hu far aH examined, loii^'er tlian tliat of the otlicr to<>H. In
I'litopuH tlie lenptliH of th(» to«'H frouj the He(!ond to the* fifth gradually
(liiiiiiiiHh. In Vhihnycteris tlmy abruptly increase, that of the Herond
tot' being oue-third Hhorter than the fifth. In all batH the tarHUH and
(Mlciinouni are elongate and exhibit the general character of these bones
in iiiiiniinalM, in which little or no weight is borne upon the posterior
(>\tr*'niities. Jtoth Imnes are so disi)0Hed that the larger end of ea(;h is
directed i>roxinially. In KhinolophiiH the <;alcanenm enters into the
ankle joint. In other forms the calcaneum is independent of the Joint.
Ill i'liyllostomida', including NataluH, as well as in the genus Rhyncho-
iijirti'rin, the (lalcar* is placed in axial line with the calcaneum. In
other fninilies it joins the calcaneum to its outer side at a well-defined
iiiijile. As a rule the astragalus and calcaneum are nearly of one size,
Imt in the genus last named the calcaneum is notably the smaller (Am.
Niitmalist, Feb., 1886, 170).

(iKNKRAL VLAN OP ANTEBIOB EXTREMITIES IN PLYING VEBTE-

HRATE1) ANIMALS.

US, where al

From the above consideration it will be seen that the wing mem-
hriines possess various features which can bo used in distinguishing
tlic incMibers of the order. But after what manner are the flying mam-
iiiiil.s distinguished from other flying vertebrates!

There are two distinct types of modification which the vertebrate
.skeleton has undergone in adapting the animal for flight, both of which
(l('l>end upon some peculiarity in the structure of the anterior extremi-
ties; and in order to obtain a correct opinion of them we propose to
cast a glauce at each in turn.

.1 plan of honii utruclure of the wingii of flying vertebrate ammah.

ItoiicH (if riirpus nnunitoil,
<listinct; lliKlit' innin-
taiiieil 1>y dermal ex-
paim«.

b. Hiincs of oarpds iinited;
lli^'lit luiiiiitaiiuMl by
dcniial appeudagua.

I. Wing nibinbrane supported by all flngors.

Iiat9 tVeHpiTtilio), order of Mammali * .
II. Wing nionibrano supported by the fourth finger
only (which in immensely developed), the
others remaining free.

I'lcrodactyleg, order of Reptilia.

III. Bones of metacarpnn, two to three in number;

feathers not radiating.

Living birds (AvES) — class.

IV. Kones of metacarpus, four in number; feathers

radiating.

A rchaopieryx ( AvEs) — subclass.

'Tlio calcar is an element of doubtful homology. It supports the free border of
tli(^ interfeuioral membrane and is of the same significance as the accessory carti-
liij;t? of the tifth manal digit.

I II

28 BULLETIN 43, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

I. The Tlat, in which the hiimoritti is long nnd nlender, with a small pectoral

ridge. Ulnarndimontury. The radinsnonstitutes the bulk of the forearm;

narpus composed of nix 1)oneH ; the metacarpal bones, five in nnmlier, 8e])a-

-^. . rate and distinct ; tlio phalanges generally, two in number ; thumb, and in |

some genera the index linger, surmounted by a claw.
II. The Pterodactyl, in which the humerus is short and straight, very broud I
at head, with angular and prominent pectoral ridge ; ulna and radius dis-
tinct, of nearly equal size; carpus composed of five bones ; metacarpus of I
four bones, separate and distinct; first finger with three joints, second
with Ibur, third with five, fourth with four joints, all provided with claw8,
with the exception of the fourth, which is remarkable for the extraordinary I
' development of its several joints. It is from this last-mentioned finger to
the base of the foot that the skin was stretched by which the animal was |
enabled to fly.

a. <

DIAGRAM OF THE BONKS OF ANTKRlOlt EXTRKM1TIE8 OF WI.YINC} VEKTEBRATK8.

A. Bat.— a. Scapula, b. HunieruH. c. ItailiiiR. d. Kiidiniuut of ulna nr.„liyloge<1 to radius, c Car

pus. /. MetscarpuH. g. PlialaugoH.

B. ARCHiGOPTEBVx.— KefereuccB ii8 in Fig. 1. The dotted outlines sevu at carpuH and the terminal

■plialanges are restored portions.

C. Bird References as in Fig. 1. Ttie dotted outline of the second ungual pliolanx indicates the |

occasional occurrence of a clnw at tliiH ]ii>int. Tlie nit^jority of blnls are without it.
1). l*TBHODACTYLE. — References the same as in Fig. 1

A MONOGRAPH OF THE BATS OF NORTH AMERICA.

\b.

IV.

III. The Bird, in which the humerus is curved, more or less slender; pectoral
ridge prominent, not angular; ulna large, curved, not united with the
slender and more diminutive radius; carpus or two bones; metacarpus of
two, sometimes of three bones, the first being small and cylindrical, the
other two of larger dimensions and united so as to form a bone resembling
those of the forearm ; ulnar phalanx of one joint, united to the radial,
which is composed of two.

The power of sustaining flight not dependent upon the expansion of skin,
but upon the excessive development of dermal appendages (feathers).
The Archaeoptoryx agrees with the typical bird in general particulars, but
differs in the number of metacarpal bones, which are here four in number :
the first and second are slender, free and separate from one another ; the
third and fourth bear considerable resemblance to those of extant birds, in
beinglarge, stout, and closely approximated ; but are not, however, united.

Flight is supposed to have been maintained in the same manner as in
living birds.

Ill addition to the instances already given, certain Ashes, as the
Exoaetm .and Dactylopterm, possess the power of sust»ining true flight.
T\w iiiechanisiu thsit lifts the body of the fish from the water, and up-
holds it for a short time in the air, is obtained in the pectoral flns,
which, iu these animals, are enormously developed. The structure of
tlii'se flns is homologous to that of the anterior extremities of other
vertebrates, their form alone being modified to adapt the animal to
tlie medium in which it is placed. Thus we have, in each great subdi-
vision of vertebrate animals, a representative capable of sustaining
flifiht. ■

Another somewhat similar modification of the animal economy is met
witli in a few animals of arboreal habits. Here a peculiar arrange-
ment of the skin is observed, whicli enables the possessor to break the
force of downward leaps. In the Flying Lemur (Gahopithccm), in the
Flying Sciuirrel (Pteromys), and in the Flying Opossum (Petaurista),
tiie furred skin extends laterally from the sides of the body and is
attached to anterior and posterior extremities at the metacarpal and
metatarsal regions respectively. The only instance of osteological
development is obtained in the Dragon {Draco volans), a small lizard
fn >in Sumatra, in which long, transverse processes from either side of the
luinl)ar vertebrae support a thin membratious growth which is capable
of being opened and shut by means of muscles attached to the bony
tVame-work.

TEETH.

In describing the molars the nomenclature of H. P. Osborn will be

I folio wed. The diagram herewith presented is copied from this writer's
|l)ai)er in the American Naturalist, December, 1888, p. 1072.

UPPEU MOLARS.

Antoro-internal cusp Protocone. pr.

I I 'iintfi'o- internal cusp or sixth cusp Hypocone. hy .

Aiiti'io-externalcusp Paracono. pa.

rdstcro-csternal cusp Metacone. me.

AiittTior intermediate cusp Pre toconnle. pi.

I Posterior intermediate cusp Metaoonule <L

[

30 BULLETIN 43, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

LOWER MOLARS.

Antero-extemal cusp Protoconid. pr'

Postero-exteriial cusp Hypocoiiiil. hy'

Antero-intornal curi) or Hftb ciisx) Paraconid. pii''

Intermodiateor autero-iuterual cusp (in quadritubercular molars) . . Metaconid. nieii

Postero-iuternal cusp Entoconid. on''

The upper molar in most bats presents to an extraordinary degree I
depressions on the outer or buccal surface of the crown. Such depres-
sions receive the name of " flutiugs" and are seen in the teeth of many
mammals other taau the bats, as for example in the moles and shrews [
among the Insectivora, in the Ungulata, and in a marked degree in an
extinct genus described by E. D. Cope, LambfJotherimn. "Flutings,"!
while of no houiological significance, furnish systematic! characters, and |
will therefore be noted in the descriptions. ' Disposed so as to define
two V-shaped figures the "flutings" extend as a sinuate commissuie]
between the paracone and the metacone. Of the two V* an auteridr
and a iwsterior will bo distinguished. Each V has two limbs, a first and
a second. In the third molar various degrees of loss of the system
of flutings occur. Commonly the anterior V is retained while the set-
ond is lost, excepting the buccal half of the first limb, as in A. fmcus, w |
the "fluting" is reduced to the anterior V> the palatal half of the sec-
ond limb being lost, as in Macrotm and Atalapha. In the bats of North |
America the least reduced last molars are seen in Nyctinomvs and T^,
hesperus.

The tritubercular tooth which results from the i)resence of the three j
cusps, the protocone, the paracone, and the metacone, may be con-
nected with a triangular figure by bands which u..ite the cusp-points. I
Tliese bands will be named in this mcmograph the commissures. In
the molars of the bat such a triiuigle is seen whose apex is palatal and
constituted of the protocone and whose commissure extends from this |
cusp to the paracone and metacone. Its base is the extraordinarily
sinuate ("fluted") buccal surface of the crown. A careful search must j
be made for the true positions of the sides of this triangular figure, lor
they lie on the opposed sides of the teeth and are inconspicuous. Tlie
crown at the " flutings" is of great vertical extent and dwarfs even tlie
proportions of the protocone. When setsn in profile the proportions
between the size of the "columns" of tlie two V^ «iid the "cusp" of |
the protocone afford materials for interesting comparisons in the differ-
ent genera. Tlio hypocone presents excellent subordinate characters.
It is a development of the (dngulum. Usually flat, as in Macrotm, it I
may be sharply defined as in Promops perotis or providcnl with a sharp
cusp as in tlie exotic genus NocHlio, The cingulum can be traced as a
delicate ridge which lies basal to the sides of tlie tritubercular triangle. |
It varies greatly in extent, being best developed in Nyctinomus.

In the lower molar scarcely any fluting is present and the plan of the J
tooth is simple. The protoconid, paraconid, and metaconid are united]
by cnmmissui-es. The apex of the triangular figure is buccal. The |

A MONOGRAPH OF THE BATS OF NORTH AMERICA.

lieol «ir hypoconid is large. It is united to the triangle by a cuuimis-

sui't' at :be lingual side. Such a commissure is provided with a sharp
I cusp in P. perotiH, but as a rule it is smooth.

Tlu^ student can not fail to be impressed with the variable form of the

liiteiiil incisor in both Jaws. In the lower jaw it may be of the same
icliiUiicter as the other teeth in its series, as in Adelonycteris, Vcnperu(fo,

iiikI l.tmonyctertH, It may be more robust than its fellows, as in Ves-
\lH'rtU(o, but oftener is simpler in outline, as in CoryHorhinns, and may
I be IK it only so, but dwarfed in all proportions, as in Nyctinomus hrasil-

/('H.s/v. The next step may be anticipated, namely, its entire disap-
pearance, as in Nyctinomus macrotis and in Promops.

TiK'se modifications suggest that the tooth has a struggle to main-
[tain its ow!i iu the dental armature. At all events its study is one of

interest, and should never be omitted in defining' the characteristics of
[all forms whatever, either of variations, species, or genera.

The first and second premolars in both the upper and the lower jaw,
land the third incisor in the lower jaw, often present a perfect cingulum.

This is distinctly seen in the first premolar of Atalapha. Such a tooth
lis remarkable since, as far as I know, it is without parallel elsewhere in
linainuialiau teeth. Various degrees of development of the buccal
laspect of the cingulum appear to give rise to a cusp, which then arises
\((fter the outer or buccal cusp. I was led, in an early study of the
Ihunian dentition, to claim that this the outer (labial) cusp of a bicuspi-
Idate form arose first and the inner (buccal) cusp arose Liter. I have
honji' maintained (Dental Cosmos Phila. 1874, 017, also Studies in the
Iracial Region, 1874) the primitive tooth to have been monocuspidate
land the subsequent forms to have been developments therefrom. But
|iiiy claim has not been allowed.

An excellent view for contrasting taxonomic characters is that ob-
Itained by examining with a lens the lingual aspect of the lower mo-
llars. On the whole, the first molar yields the most trenchant char-
lactors. Three cusps are seen iu profile, named, from before backward,
Itlie paraconid, metacouid, and hypoconid. The proportions of these
|to one another should be made in all studies of the teeth. In ptero-

l)incs the three cusps are merged, and a simple convex contour results,
similar effect is produced iw Hemidenna and Brachyphylla among the
|])iiyllostomines. For the most part the three cusps are separately dis-
|])lay('(l as acute triangles, whose bases are confluent. In rhinolo-
|l)liines the hypoconid is flat, produced backward, as is also the case iu

ICIi'Xffoiiycteriii and Phyllonycteris among the glossophagines, but in
|(. iicr {genera it is acutely cusped and co-equal with the two preceding
li'iements. In Natalm it is actually the largest of the series.

1 i>'

•■I

'vi

1' i
> i

' I KEY TO GENERA.

I. Bats with median appendage to nose, four incisors in lower jaw . . . Phyllostomid*.

a. Body massive, auricle shorter than head, not united with its fellow. .Artibeiit.
a\ Body slender, auricle as large or longer than head, united with its fellow |
Maorotu

II. Bats without modian appendages to nose.

6. Nostrils circular, wings narrow and pointed ; tail long, produced far beyond I
interfemoral membrane ; marginal toes fringed with coarse hair. MoloshiJ

Lips grooved 2iyctinomm,\

lAyts not grooved Promops. I

6', Nostrils elliptical, wings broad, ample; tail ns long as, or slightly lou),'ei|
than, the broad interfemoral membrane ; marginal toes naked

VESPKBTILIONIDii:. !

c. Two incisors in upper jaw.
tSix inci.--.ii-s in lower jaw.
•Interfemoral membrane more or less hairy.

Fremidars - Dasypterui, I

2 I

Premolars - Atalapha.l

* * Interfemoral membrane not hairy Nycticejm,

1 1 Four incisors in lower jaw Jntroioin]

c'. Four incisors in upper jaw. ^

t Premolars - ; greatest width of tragus at base equals one-half of iimetl

border Adelonydcrii]

I I Pre»nolars -.

* Greatest width of tragus equals much less than one-half inner border;!

nose simple, ears separate reg^jeriijo.!

* * Greatest width of tragus equals one-third height of inner borderi

auricles united.

5 Nose with lateral club-shaped gliind-masses Corynorhiniii.l

} J Nose without lateral club-shaped gland-masses JSurfecmo.l

2 I

I I I Premolars -- ; greatest width of tragus at middle and equals two-thirdil

htsight of inner border LasionycteriiM

Q r

1 1 1 1 Premolars ' Lips whiskered, dorsum of face furred Vesperiilm

Family PHYLLOSTOMID^E.*

GeuuH MACROTUS Gruy.*

/'" ;

Macrotus Gray, Proc. Zcnil. Soc. London, 1843, 21.

otoptenia Flower and Lydekker, Mammals Living and Extinct, 1891, 673.

DiugnoHk. — Ears large, united, produced iiiferiorly far beneath the
small external basal ridge; nosed-leaf 8imi)le, abruptly acuminate, com-
plete, no separation between the basal and ascending parts; the median
ridge contined to the interval between the nostrils. Tragus tapering,
convex on inner border and straight on the outer. Wing membrane
reaching to ankle; tail long, extending a short distance beyond the
I ample interfemoral membrane. Lower lip and mentum deeply cleft.

3 a

Ikntal formula.— ^\o\ax» ,<; Premolars

o , Canines Z ; Incisors ^, x 2 = 34.

J. E. Gray (Voy. o( Sulphur, p. 28), places Macrotus in a separate
Idivisicm from the American leaf-nosed bats and of equal rank with the
|groui)s now understood as the Stenodermata and Vampyri. The fol-
jlowiug genera are considered by him to be closely related and are thus
Kletined: Tail short, with point on the upper side of the wide inter-

" PHYLLOSTOMID.^. — Bat8 with laminate ectoturbinals of the ethmoid bone;
pi'cnirtxillii' with palatal processes forming a median suture and defining an moisive
I'orainen ; trapezium without palmar tubercle, thus permitting flexion of the thumb ;
kviiig.s adapted for a fanning flight, (excepting possibly noofilio) but not for terrestrial
[iroirvcssion ; ulna with shaft ivnchylosed to the radius at the proximal third ; proximal
I'liiliiiient nou perforate; fifth digit without accessory curtilage ; coracoid process not
bilid, curved forward ; no raised folds of skin at the junction of carpus and metacarpus
lo represent the palmar fascia; no oblique line on the wing-membrane at the lower
^liirdof the tibia; nose-leaf dominant, but absent in aberrant forms contained in
Lol)ostorai, Noctilionini, Natulini, Thyropterini.
Mr. F. W. True has kindly furnished the following note:

Flower and Lydekker, in their recently published work — Mammals, Living and Ex-
|iii('(— substitute the name Otopterua for this genus, on the ground that Macrotus,
pray, is preoccupied by Macrofis, Dejean. It appears, however, that Dejean's name,
Vhicli was published in his Catalogue des Coleoptvrea, 18.33, p. 186, was not acconi-
kaiiied by a diagnosis, and has not been adopted by later writers on insects. It can
lot, therefore, be regarded as valid.

(^litc aside from this fact, it is(iue8tionable whether Maerolun and il/((cro(i« should
|e regarded technically as identical names. Agassiz gives 'ViW"''/f^h)ugitudo" as
proi>er derivation of the latter (as also of his genus Macrota). This is inter-
pting, as Keid in 1836 (P. Z. 8., p. 131) gave the name Macrolis to ParameleB lagotii
pow called Peragale laijotig). If the difl'oronce in the termination of the two words
1 to lie disregarded, Gray's name is preoccupied by that of Keid. This, as already
tated, seems oj)en to (|uesiion, and Gray's name is, therefore, retained.

441—^0. 43 3 33

;1 I

BULLEyiN 43, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

femoral membrane; ears lateral, separat- Mosia, Mystacina, Aello,
JSmballonuraj Centronj/cteris, Urocryptus, IHclidurus, Taphozom, Noc-
tiliOf Phyllodiaj Chilonycterisj and Mormops are embraced in this oddly-
arranged group. lu the same work, p. 10, the author places Macrotm
near Megaderma and Bhinopoma as a subgroup of the Phyllostomiiia:
" Ears close together over the forehead ; forehead with a rather deep pit;
nose-leaf lanceolate, erect; tail elongate, produced beyond the inter-
femoral membrane; wings from the ankle ; lower joint of thumb mod-
erate."

Wagner was of the opinion last named, that Macrotm exhibits affini-
ties with Megaderma. S. F. Baird followed this writer, and I naturally I
accepted this opinion,* since my work was carried on under the guidance
of the eminent authority last named. Peters, in his revision of the |
PhyllostomidiBjt definitely fixed the position of the genus.

Macrotm resembles Lonchorhina in the elevation of the nasal bones I
and in the depression on the facial portion of the frontal bone, as well I
as in the elevation of the skull at the vertex near the oc^ciput and in the|
large size of the tympanic bone. From Lophostoma it is easily distin-
guished by the absence of the temporal crest, which is so conspicuous I
in this genus, and by the form of the zygoma, which is high and ofl
uniform diameter throughout. The frontal bone is without a depressioul
in the facial portion, an^ the nasal bones do not form a ridge, wliilej
the dorsi-facial surface is cylindroid. Phyllostoma is distinguished iiil
having a small lachrymal process and a fiat, broad, dorsi-facial surface,!
The temporal crest is defined, though not conspicuous. The zygoniaj
is of the same character as in Macrotus. The tympanic bone is muchi
smaller than in this genus. In a fragment of an immature skull ofl
Vampyrus auritm the skull is without temporal crest, the dorsi-facial|
surface is cylindroid and without depression on the frontal bone.

1. MaorotUB californlcuB Baird. (PlatoB i, ii.)

Macrotm calif ornious Baird, Proc. Acad. Nat. 8ci. Phila., 1858, 117. Ih., Kep. l',|
8. and Mexican Boundary Survey, pt. 2 (Mammals), 1859, 4, PI. 1, Fig. 2.

Maoyotus waterhousii (in part), Dubson, Cat. Chirop. Brit. Mus., 1878; Alston, l!iol.|
Centrali-Amer., Mam., 1879-'82, 38.

Diagnosis. — Auricle much longer than head. Basal lobes well devell
oped. Nose-leaf with defined lower border. Fur (above and belo\\)|
base, white; terminal third, fawn; tip, gray.

Description. — The auricle is ovate and longer than the head. The inl
ternal basal lobe is rounded and free, raised above the head and restiiin
against the interauricular membrane. The external basal lobe is liii'^^f.l
the greatest width equal to the distance between the eye and eml o|
the muzzle. A prominent wart, which lies above the rictus,^ terminsi
the lobe anteriorly. Two longitudinal ridges are seen on the iniierj

^Monograph N. A, Bats, 1864.

tMB. Aknd. Berlin, 1865, p, 256.

^Rictus will be used ait a ti-rin interchangeable with angle of ike mouth.

cina, Aello^
lozom, Noc-
I this oddly-
}8 Macrotm
'llostomina:
ler deep pit;
1 the iuti'i
huuib mod-

liibits ailiiii-

I naturally

he guidance

ii!iion of the

nasal bones
sne, as well
it and in the I
isily dist in-
conspicuous I
bigh and oil
I depressiouj
ridge, while]
nguished in I
cial surface, [
Che zygoma I
one is muchl
ire skull ofl

dorsi-faciall

bone.

Ih., Rep. U,|
Fig. 2.
; Alston, Hiol.l

8 well devel I
and below)!

ad. The in]
and restiiin
lobe is lai'gfl
) and end m
\ terminiitesl
m the iniierf

e month.

Explanation of Plate I.

1. Front vifnv ofhciid of Mticroliix cali/oniinix.

2. Side \ iew (iCsaine.

:i. View of tragus and inner surface of auricle.

I. The wini;- ni<-nil>rane of same.

.">. The tail and interfeuioral niemlirane.

(i. The skull seen from above, x 2.

7. The skull an<l lower jaw seen from the side, x 2.

X. The OS i)etrosa. x 2.

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM

BULLETIN 43, PL. I

Macrotus CALIFORNICUS.

A MONOGRAPH OF THE BATS OF NORTH AMERICA.

sinfiico, one small and inconspicuous at junction of internal basal lobe
to tlu^ main portion ot'tl»oauri<ile; a second, much lonjjer, arises behind
tilt' tragus and passes upward nearly to the tip. The auricle anterior
to the ridge last named is sparsely covered with hair. Numerous deli-
cute transverse folds are seen on the outer half of the auricle, which
reach almost to the border. Nearly on aline with the Junction of the
external basal lobe and the main portion and opposite to the meatus a
.semilunar raised fold is seen.

The interauricular membrane is notched above, hairy on the outer sur-
t'lice, and with a h)ngitudinal ridge in young individuals in the middle
line. The membrane extends beyond the inner canthus of the eye, at
wliieh point it bears a snmll wart. The tragus is l«)Ug, slender, and
tapering; when laid forward it reaches to the inner canthus. The
posterior surface is furnis'.. )d wit'.i u longitudinal ridge. The base ex-
hibits two roots, one extending a short distance obliquely on the face;
the otlier continuous with the ridge o]>posite to tlie meatus. The
trafiiis is slightly constricted above the facial root, but soon becomes
convex along the inner border. The outer border is strsiight, ex-
cepting at the base. Here the parts are variable. In the greater
number of specimens examined a trace only of an external basal lobe
is seen.* The nose-leaf is simple, entiie, rounded at the muzzle and
lixed to the upper lip, whik free at the sides. The erect portion tapers
acutely, and is sparsely covered with hair. A rudiment of a midrib is
seen between the nostrils. The nostrils are oblong, oblique, with raised
trenchant borders. They ar* slightly narrowed externally and do not
modify the lateral contour of the nose-leaf. A crescentic patch of warts
lies on the fiice back of the muzzle. Two small, slightly oblique, smooth
mental plates, separated by a groove, are seen at the chin. Well back
(tf the chin-plates is a conspicuous median wart. The rictus is on a line
with the inner canthus. The wing membranes are attached to the epi
troclilea.t The fifth metacarpal bone is the longest.

The prevailing color of the fur is white. On the dorsum for the apical
lifth it is light brown, fawn, or yellow brown. Frequently the extreme
[tip is gray. On the venter the basal half of the hair is alone white,
the apical half being ashy-brown, the extreme tip again appearing
white or plumbeous. The face retains the color of the venter without
the basal white. The side of the neck and the base of the prebracU-

• In a ymiiig individual (8916, S. I., the epiphyses not united, and the length of
I the bculy 44'""') the external basal lobe was thick and acutely concave on th§ outer
jliiiidcr. It was obscurely verrucose and received by a delicate fold the outer bor-
Idcr of the tragus upon its anterior surface. A thioliened longitudinal swelling was
Ispcn on the posterior surface near the inner border. In a second immature speci-
|iiifii (121"'" long, tlie niillt tf>eth being in position) the tragus was more as in adult.

till an immature specimen. No, 4405, Miis. Coiup. ZooL, the membrane came from
It he I'picoudyle.

II.

I it'

nULLETIN i:i, L'NITEIJ HTATK8 NATIONAL MUSEUM.

inin arc of th« colors of the dorsuin rather than the venter.* Imme-
diately behind thejinietion of the ears the head is nlnioHt naked. Tlu;
basal third of tiie iitit'icle is covered with hair. Tlie external aurfaie I
of the external basal lobe is entirely clothed. The inner surface of tlie
auricle at the internal basHl h)be, and extending; thence upward along]
the inner border, is sparsely covered with short hairs. The lu-oxinml
half of the humerus is also clothed, as well as the endopatiifi^iuni, iiiidl
a line theiu-e to the proximal one half of the thijjh. Klsewhere tiii'l
membranes are naked, save at the dorsum of the tlrst metacarpal boiif,
where a few hairs are found.

MembranvH. — In the second intersjjace of the wiug; the membrane inl
attached to the ]>ulmar borders of the second and third metacarpal
bones; in the third interspace, to dorsal boi'der of the third metacarpiil
bone and palmar border of the fourth; and in the fimrth interapace, to
the ]>alniai' borders of the fimrth and tifth metacarpal bones. The
ealearotarsal expanse is absent. The ])rebrachium is withor.t distiiifl
five lines. Intercostal lines nin(^ in number. Coracobrachialis faseiclel
does not rea<^h the line of the elbow. At the elbow is a number of fiiuJ
ra«liated lines, apparently due to muscle- tlbers. The membrane isl
slightly thickened near the ankle. Triceps fascicle system made up!
of two inferior and two superior branches. Vertical muscle lines seveu!
in number. A small thread-like line appears at the proximal third iifJ
the tifth metacarpal and passes nearly the entire length of the di;,'it,r
In tln! fourth interspace the predigital nerve arises from the fifth met [
acarpal bone at about its middle; one or two nerves arise from thetiftlij
metacarpophalangeal joint; the post-digital from the metacarpo-plia [
langeal joint; longitudinal line distinct. Thirty-six transverse liiiesj
can be counted in the tburth interdigital interspace. These are greatljl
in excess of i he number in any other form examined. Both in this spiiccl
and in the angle between the tifth metacarpal bono and the radius al
fine network of fibers is present. No similar appearance is seen clseT
where. In the third interspace both predigital and post digital nerYesj
arise from the metacarpophalangeal joints; longitudinal line dlstiiict.1

The interfemoral membrane reaches to the ankle. The tail projoctsl
one-sixth of its length beyond the inferior margin. An oblique lino exi
tends from the end of the second vertebra to the middle of the calfarl
The ■'trm^ture last named is one-half the length of the tibia; its tip|
projects conspicuously from the truncated border of the interfemoral
membrane. The terminal cartilage of the third digit acicular; that of!
the fourth digit is bifid, witii the h)bes equal; while that of the litthl
digit, while bifid, exhibits the posterior lobe greatly prolonged, liij
specimen No. 404 S. I. the terminal cartilage of the right third digit i|
comi>08ed of four segments.

*C<)ne8 and Yarrow (Wheeler Exp. Geo!. Snrv., Zoiil, 1875) state that alcohol-blfflili
iujf causes the difference between if. caUfornicus and M. waterhouaii. Of this stati'-
ment the authors offer no evidence. I doubt its correctness.

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM

BULLETIN 43, PL. II

1. Maxillary teeth of Macrotus californicus. x 8.

2. Mandibular teeth of same, x 8.

cohol-bl<'nili-|
3f this st.itc-

A MONOGRAPH OF THE BATS OF NORTH AMERICA.

Variations. — The distance between the tail and the tip of the caloar
is inconstant. The sides of the interfenioral membrane do not always
end at precisely the same level on the tail.

Tiie basal part of the nose-leaf may be separated from the ascending
part by a sulcus in the manner seen in Artibeus and I'hyllostoma. Tlie
lower margin may be separated from the groove to the outer side of the
lateral margin.

Manal formula.

Iinniatiire

Sccciiid interspace
Thiiil iiiturHpaeo .
iMiiirtli iuterspacti
Fdrciiiiii

Skull. — The brain case is raised much above the level of the face. The
sa}i;ittal crest is defined, except on tlie meteucephalon, where, excepting
at the extreme tip of the angle between the vertex and the occiput, it is
absent. No convexity exists over the region of the proencephalon, Tvliich
measures one-eighth of the length of the brain case. The region of ibe
metencephaloii measure.-, one-third of the length of the brain case. The
tympanic bone is large, almost entirely concealing the cochlea. The
basioccipital bone is without lateral fossif. The lingual process of the
splienoid bone is rudimentary or absent. The posterior temporal impres-
sion is deflected from the sagittal line at meteucephalon to define with
the aid of the fellow of the opposite si<\e a large, triangular, convex space.
The fiiee vertex is markedly inflated at the side for the greater part of
its length; a median ridge extends over the anterior two-thirds, the
])osteri()r thirds being depressed; on ea(;h side of the median line a
small foramen, which transmits a nerve to the auricle, is seen. On
the side the iuflatiou occupies the greater part of the superior maxilla
and causes the region of the infraorbital foramen to be slightly de-
pressed. The anterior border of the orbit is trenchant. The ectoturbi-
nal i)lates show through the frontal bone as it forms the orbital inner
wall ; a small foramen is seen near the rhinencephalon lying below an
ol)li([ue ridge. The upper border of the malar bone is incised at the
middle third. A line produced from the upper border of the anterior
nasal ai>erture intersects the middle of the first upper premolar. The
inner surface of the ascending ramus of the lower jaw is furnished with
a i idfic which extends forward <m a line with the teeth. The condyle end
readies the aveolus. The angle is narrowed, curved, and tapering at the
tip ; it projects posteriorly beyond the condyle to the outer third of which
it lies as the bone is viewed from above. The distance from the con-
dyle to the tip of the coienoid is eqnal to the width of the horizontal
ramns.

The cochlea in the Phyllostomidu), as a rule, exhibits the loop of the

' <

■\''

38 BULLETIN 43, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

outer semicircular canal free from boue. In Maorotus this cliaracter
is less constant than in other genera examined, for oiit of three exam-
ples one shoNved the loop occupied with a thin, bony lamina.

Millimeters,

Length of skull 23

I Width of skull at tho widest part 9

I Width of dorHi-facial rogioii at the widest part 5

Length of superior dental series 9

, Width of haao at tlie glunoid cavities 11

In the skull of an immature iudividual from the Museum of Compara-
tive Zoology, measuring 21""" from end of the premaxilla to the occiput,
the following characters are noted: The mandible projects 2""" beyond
the premaxilla^ The premaxillie do not join the nasals, which are
twice as wide at the posterior ends than at the anterior. The tympanic
bones are complete.

Tlie arrangement of the turbinal plates is as follows: The ectotur-
binal is small, a little less than one-half the length of the first endo-
turbinal. Its ui)per border is horizontal and its lower concave. The
extreme tip of tho lobule extends as far as the anterior border of the
first molar. The second plate is concealed and the third and fourth
are arranged much as in Vampyrops, which this tbnn in great part
resembles. TIr". lobule on the first endoturbinal is small, but readily
discernible. The plates below their inflated summits are not clearly
seen. The parts on the median surface are contiguous.

Xotes on the skrleton. — The atlas is provided with two spines on the
nferior border of the transverse process and a tubercle on the body.
The meso-sternum is provided with a trenchant unbroken keel. The
tlnar rudiment at the distal end of the radius is a minute tubercle
without notch or foramen ; the proximal rudiment is a little less than
half the length of the radius. The vertebral border of the scapula is
sigmoid with the concavity corresponding to the base of the spine.
The infra spinatus fossa is not deepened at the axillary border. The
end of the spine at the glenoid cavity end is not angulated. The
coracoid process is abruptly curved toward the axillary border; the
end reaches a point below the glenoid cavity. Tlie inner tuberosity
of the humerus is scar(;ely elevated above the level of the head. A
narrow notch is defined between the epitrochlea and the trochlea, the
under border of the epitrochlea is furnished with a spine.

The first metacarpal bone equals one-half the length of the first
phalanx of the first digit, the second lacks one fifth the length of the
third metacarpal bone and is slightly arched. The second digit is a >
long as the third metacarpal bone. The third and fifth metacarpal
bones are of eipial length and are not as long as the forearm. The
fourth is 2"'"'. shorter. The tliird metiicarpal bone is much tlu;
stoutest, the second phalanx is slightly the longer. In I'epose the first
phalanx of the third digit is in axial line with the third metacarapl
bone. The fourth an<l fifth digits are of the same length. The femurs

A MONOGRAPH OF THE IJATS OV NOKTH AMERICA.

brought nearly to the median line posteriorly, where they lie almost
in ('(Mitact.*

Maxillar!/ teeth. — Central incisor much larger than the lateral, con-
tiguous with its fellow with sharp transverse cutting edge. The lat-
eral iucisor very small, crown directed obliquely forward and inward
with an obscurely bilobed cutting edge. Canine rather E)mull not
twice the length of the central incisor; the first premolar as broad as
tlu' second but less abruptly pointed and touching canine. The second
])r('iuolar with wide base where it rests against the first molar. An in-
toi'val exists between the two teeth. The first molar slightly inclined
backward with low protocone and obscure commissures, the posterior
being in great part absent. Paracone forming a smaller V than the
iiietacono but is more fiuted than it. Hypocone obscure, low. The
second molar more quadrate than the first; the protocone somewhat
better defined. The Vs of the buccal cusjis equal but the protocone
is tumid at an angle formed by it with the anterior border of the
erown. The third molar with protocone having well defined commissures.
Tiie i)(>sterior limb of the paracone but half the length of the anterior
limb. Tlie remaining parts of the tooth not represented.

Mandibular teeth. — Incisors simple, even, obscurely bilobed. First
prenu)]ar higher and broader (in profile) than the second and third.
Tiiis distinction is not so apparent when the parts are viewed from
ab()\e. The second and third premolars are progressively more pointed
and lower than is tho foregoing.

The first molar with the V much smaller than the triangular heel
whose anterior limb juts against the ])Osterior limb of the V near its
base (perhaps, on the whole, to a less degree than is represented in
the figure). The base (t. c, the lingual aspect) of the V is open, but
tliat of the heel is closed by a depressed (;ommissure. The second molat
uuieli the same as the foregoing, the V and heel being subequal. The
tliird molar with tlio largest V in the series but with a small, com-
pressed, deflected tubercle like heel.

1 Paraconid in first lower molar smallest of any in the series. The
conjoined bases of the paracouid and metaconid deeply incised so as to
sliow the protoconid when the tooth is seen in profile on lingual aspect.
Tiiis eliaracter is not seen outside of this group, but reaches a higher
degree of development in Ischnof/IonNfi.

Cat.

S|)ci'|.

No.

iiirni).

1!;H7

.VJ14

6174

11 ■.'(!,')

MMII

lilTl

Lucality.

List of HpvcimenM.

Sex.

Fort Yuma, Cal

Cape St. LucSH ...'

...do

...ilo 9.1d'

Nfar TiicHon d'liiiiii

Nolwulity ' ?

Presenteil by —

Kntnro of 8|M)ci-
men.

M^i.G. H. TliumaH...| Alruliol (type).

Juhu Xautiis ; Alcoliol

do do

I do

I. ...do

Collection.

U.S.NHt.MuN.
Oo.
Do.

1)0.

Do.
Do.

' For otLur comiuenta ou the skeleton of Maorotua, see lutroduotion.

40 BULLrCTIN 43, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Dobsoii (/. c.) considers M. calif ornicm, Baird, to be the same as M.
waterhouHii, Gray. S[)eciinciis of the latter are not available for ex-
amination. Bats of the Antilles may range north and west through
the neotropical belts of the United States, but M. waierhouHii does
not appear to be an example of the tendency. By the measurements
taken by Mr. Dobson this species appears to possess a smaller tail and
a shorter appendage to the nose than does M. californicus. Among
other measurements (English scale) of West Indian species are the
following: head, 1"'; body, 2.(50'"; tail, 1.50'"; ear, 1.10'"; tragus, 0.42'" ;
nose-leaf, 0.30™ ; wing from carpus, 0.3'" ; forearm, 0.2"".

On the whole,! have concluded not to make any change in the name
of the Californiaii species of Macrotus, and shall rest content to quote
from the first edition of the Monograph (pp 3, 4) the following pas-
sages:

A comparison of the type with good specimens of the latter from Cuba, preserved
in alcohol, and presented by Prof, Poey to the Quiitlisoniaii Institution, show un-
mistakable ditferences, as do others from Jamaica, recently received from Mr. March.

The chin plates are less acutely defined ; the internal border of the tragus is much
thickened, and the revolutcd i)orti(>n nt the base of the external border is slightly
swollen. The fur is bicolored; central portion dark-brown instead of fawn. The
nose-leaf is of about the same height as above species ; the tail, however, is 0.25 of
on inch shorter. The duntatiou is similar.

The M. mexicana, Saussurc, is a species from Mexico described by M. Saussure in
Revue et Mag. de Zool., 2d series, XII, 1860, p. 486. The author states that the de-
scription is taken from a specimen which was in poor condition. It is difficult to
tell from his description whether his species is the same as M, oalifomious or not.

MeamremenUi of an average of four individtiaU.

Milli-
meters.

Length of head and body (from crown of head to base of tail) 39

Length of head 22

Height of ear 23

Height of tragus 10

Length of arm 22

Length of forearm 48

First digit :

Length of first inet^icarpal bone 4

Lengtli of first phalanx 4

Second digit :

Lcngtii of second nu^tacarpal bono 28

Length of first phalanx 4^

Third digit:

Length of third metacarpal bone 34

Length of first phalanx 14

Lengtli of second phalanx 16

Length of third ]ilialanx 9

Fourth digit :

Length of fourth metacarpal bone 32

Length of first )>halanx 13

Length of second phalanx 11

2347

52 H

,VJ14(« ' 2

52116 j 2,

WNf 1 2,

MU(/ ■■ 2.

WUc 1 2.

Iil74 i 2.

A MONOGRAPH OF THE BATS OF NORTH AMERICA.

Milli-
Fii'th digit: met^TS.

Ijcugth of flftli metacarpal bone 35

Length of Urst phalanx 12

l^t'Hgth of second phalanx 9

Length of thigh 16

Length of tibia , 20

Length of foot 10

Length of tail 27

Meaauremenls from firtt edition of Monograph. *

(,'m'-
ri'iit

From
tip of

Leiigtli

Height

of uoHe

luaf.

Length
of tore-
arm.

Length

Lengtii
of

Lengtii

of
tliunib.

Height

Heiglit

0?
tragus.

Ex-

Nature of

iiiiiii-
liL-r.

iiom! to
tail.

In:

of tail.
Int.

of tibia.

lougeHt
(luger.

ot ear.

pauHe.

specimen.

Int.

I,,F.

Int.

Iim.

Int.

2M7

2.3

1.8

0.2

1.10

0.1»

3.3

0.5

1.1

0.5

10.

Alcohol.

,VJU

2.0

1.3

0.2

1.8

0.8

3.0

0.5

1.0

0.4}

10.0

Do.

J214«

2.0

1.4

0.2

1.10

0.10

3.2

0.4

1.2

0.5

10.0

Do.

■flUb

2.0

1.3

0.2

2.0

0.10

3.0

0.5

1.0

0.4i

10.0

Do.

KUc

2.0

1.2

0.2

2.0

0.8

3.0

0.5

1.0

0.5

11.0

Do.

.VJ14(/

2.0

1.4

0.2

1.8

0.10

3.0

0..-,

0.11

0.4

10.6

Do.

.'i214^

2.0

1.4

0.2

1.9

0.0

3.0

0.5

1.0

0.0

11.0

Do.

1)174

2.0

1.3

0.2

1.8

0.8

3.0

0.5

1.0

0.5

10.6

Do.

Mucrotus bulleri H. Allen. — The following description of a Mexican
spcfies of Macrotm may prove to be of value in studying M. califor-
nicm, and is therefore introduced at this place. The original can be
found in the proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 1890,
Vol. xxviii, p. 72.

In Article X VI,extnicted from the Bulletin of the American Museum
of Xatural History, Vol. ii, No. 3, p. 10(), entitled " Notes on a collec-
tion of Mitmmals from Southern Mexico," by Dr. J. A. Allen, occurs
the following statement:

^[ai'l•otun californivuH, Baii'd. — Eight skins and skulls and three additional skulls,
nil niuleH. Bolano.s, Jalisco, July 3, 1889. " Occurs in iinmouse numbers in the
ailit.s and old mine driftn of the Mineral de Bolanes. Of the fourteen captured all
were males, whereas in the case of the other kinds of bats taken here females gen-
erally iirodoniinate." (Audley Buller, MS. notes.)

In the absence of specimens for comparison, it is ditflcnlt tosay certainly whether
Ibeyarc the same as the California specimens. Judging by descriptions, they are
somewhat darker in color.

1 had an opportunity through the courtesy of Dr. Allen of esamin-
iiiS two of the specimens of this series, and contuirred with this au-
thority in considering th( to be identical with M. cali/ornicus. The
skins were of immature inaividuals and the jiarts about the auricle ap-
paiciitly inutilated. The hair was furnished with (lark cinereous tips,
ii character which, while in striking contrast with the more northern
form of the spciiies, was not thought to be distinctive for southern ex-
it iiiples of other species, as A >7j7*^«« pempieilliitiiK nwl Atalapha nove-
hoyaroisix are differently colored from nortliern individuals. The main
iiu'iisuroments were the same. But since Dr. Allen published his

;- I i

is; J.-

• See Preface.

1 1

BULLETIN 13, UMTEl) STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

[I,

notes I have carefully soaked oue of the skins in diluted spirits and
have detected that the apparent mutilations of the auricle are due to
dist(H'tion, and that the form of the auricle is sufficiently pronounced
to warrant a careful examination of the cranium.

Dr. Allen has sent to me eight crania for inspection. The characterH
of these specimens are in many res]»ect8 quite different from those of
M. californicus. The following is the description of this new species:

Auricle scarcely longer than head; the internal basal lobule rudi
mental and projects about a millimeter bej'^ond the juncture of the
interauricular membrane. lOxternal basal lobe reduced to a thin ridge
which leaves the tragus exposed. Tragus with convex anterior border
for basal two-thirds, and an abruptly acuminate apical third. The
outer border is straight — apparently without basal notch or lobule.

The nose-leaf without well-defined lower border — scarcely longer
thf n the face. Chin apparently without divided plate.

Skull. — Facial I'egion without depression on the frontal bone; indeed,
it is faintly ridged posteriorly; region over ethmoid scrolls scarcely
inflated. Squamosal i>ortion of zygoma not more than one-half the size
of the same part in M. cali/ormcus. No projection of vertex at occiput,
but the entire superior curvature of the head simple. Angle of mandi-
ble projects scarcely at all back of the condyloid surface. The two
halves of the mandible closer together than in M. cali/ormcus.

Teeth. — The lower premolars are more crowded than in M. californicus.
The palatal portion of the upper canine is produced to a point posterior
to the lateral incisor.

Fur. — On the back the basal two-third is white, the apical third very
dark plumbeous, the tip tending to gray. These distinctions are best
defined on the sides of the neck. At the middle of the back the gray
tip is absent. The colors xmdergo no variation over the posterior sur-
fa<'e of the prebrachium, the humerus, oi the rump. On the endo-
patagium the hairs are shorter, sparsely do\'eloped, and of a fawn color
throughout.

On the venter a disposition exists for the basal two-thirds of the hair
to be whiter tlian the rest of the hair. This is most marked on the
sides of the trunk, and is nearly absent at the middle. The apical
third is less markedly plumbecms and. the tip is more gray than on the
back. On the whole the venter gives the impression of being gray,
and the back as being of a dark, sooty hue.

The posterior surface of the auricle covered with short unicolorcd
gray hair which extends upward along the median border nctarly its
entire length. The hair extends both on the bacsk and the venter over
the fleshy part of the forearm.

Two immature examples (the distal epiphyses of the metacarpal
bones of the third, a fourth, a fifth, manal digits ununited) 2004, 2005
(Am. Mus., N. Y.), from Bolanos, .Talisco, Mexico.

A MONOORAPU OF THE BATS OF NORTH AMERICA. 43

Mcaturemeutii.

MlUlmeteri.

Ilcifjlit of auricle from vortex « 7

lliijjlit ot'trajjuH (slightly distortetl; 6

Jliight of nowe-lenf _ 7

[.iiifjth of forearm 44

First digit :

Mt!tiionrpal 4

First phalanx 4

Seconil phalanx 2

SccoikI digit :

M(!tacarpal , 45

I'irst phalanx 5

Tliirtl digit:

Metacarpal 32

First phalanx 16

Second phalanx 15

Third i)halanx 9

Fourth digit :

Metacarpal 31

First phalanx 14

Second phalanx 11

Fitth digit :

Metacarpal 33

First phalanx 14

Second phalanx 10

Leiif{th of femur 15

Length of tihia 16

LciiKth of foot 13

Length of tail 25

Length of free portion of tail 3^

Genus ARTIBEUS Leach.

Artibeus Leach, Trans. Linn. Soc.. London (1822), xiii, 75; Peters, MB. Akad.
lierliu, 1865, :»6; Alston, Biol. Ceiitrali-Amer., Mam., 1879-'82, 47.
.Uadatd'Hs Leach, 1. c., 81.

Antibeua Gray, Mag. Zoiil. and Bot., 1839, II, 487.
Fteroderma Gervais, Exped. du Comte de (Jastehiau, Zoiil., 1855, 34.

1. Artibe'js perspiolllatus (LinniFus). (Plates iii, iv, v.)

VfHpertilio pergpieiUatua hinmf^ns, Syst. Nat., 7th ed., 47; Schreber, Saiigethiere, 1775,

p. 160, PI. XLVi,
J'hyllostoma perspicillalum Geotfroy, Ann. du Museum, xv, 1810, 176, PL xi; Wagner,

Schreb. Saiigeth., SuppL, i, 1844, 402; v, 1855, 631.
.Irliliriw jamaicendi* Leach, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, xiii, 1822, 75.
Madatwm letomi I-each, 1. c. p. 82.

I'll 111 fostoma supcrciUatum Wied, Beitr. zur Naturgesoh. Brosil, ii, 1826, 200.
■ lictiheitH perspiciUatua Gray, Mag. ZoJil. and Bot., 1839, 487.
JrtibeiiH carpohjiua Gosse, A Naturalist's Sojourn in Jamaica, 1851, 151.
I'terderma perspicillatum Gervais, Exjted. du Comte de Castelnau, Zoologie, 1855, 34,

ri. viu, Fig. 7; PL x, Fig. 1 (teeth).

BULLETIN 43, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Artiheu»per»picillatua, FoterSfUh., Akad. licrlin, 1865,p. 350; (l)Mayuur(l, Bull. Esse^c
Inst., 1872, 137; DobHon Cat. Chirop. Brit. Mus., 1878, 519; Alston, Biolog. Cen-
trali-Amer., Mam., 187»-'82, 47."

Artibeus is intermediate between Urodernia and Dermanura and the
three genera are in ch)se alliance. Peripheral characters Huch as those
of the auricle and nose-leaf are of doubtful value. The small third
lower molar separates Artibeus from Dermanura, as the absence of the
third upper molar separates it from Uroderma.

All of the three genera named can be distinguished from Vampyropn
by the shape of the first lower molar. In Vampyrops the protoconid
is greatly elevated, while the anterior border of the tooth is not pro-
longed.

DiagnoHis. — Nose-leaf smooth, with entire margins and a broad
longitudinal ridge, which is discernible on both anterior and posterior
surfaces; lower portion, us a rule, not free at any part from the upper
lip. Infra marginal tubercles at the mentum more than three in num-
ber.t Mentum provided with a large central wart, on either side of
which is placed a smaller wart; the whole arrangement is surrounded by
a semicircular row of nodules. Interfemoral membrane scanty, deeply
emurginate, without tail.

Molars broad without Vs and exhibit a disposition to become cuspi-
date on outer and inner bordert>. Upper middle incisor broad and
straight.

2 2 12

Dental Formula. — Molars,-; premolars,..; canines,:-, iuci8Oi'8,-x2=30.

Description. — General form massive; the body heavy; the head
with broad transverse diameter. Auricles small, separate. Each au-
ricle when laid against the face reaches the external canthus. The
inner border is markedly convex and continued in a single curve with
the broad internal basal lobe. The outer border is straight, with a
number of transverse lines on couch. The hem is one-third the width
of the auricle at its broadest part and is continuous below with the
rounded broad external basul lobe. A conspicuous external basal ridge
is present. The tragus in height equals the distance ft'om the tragus
to the eye. It is erect, slightly convex on inner border, almost straight
in the inner, and thickened along the mediau surface, which is usually
coarsely spinose inferiorly. The basal notch broad, with a spine at the
upper border the basal lobe. A fold of skin extends obliquely from
the base to the face. The nostrils are oval and placed obliquely upwanl
and outward. The ends of the opening are free, but the sides are
remarkably foliated. The nose-leaf is thus divided by the nostrils into
an upper (supra narial) and a lower (infra narial) portion. Both of

•The synonomy in part has been copied from Dobson's Catalogue of the Chi-
roptera iu the British Museum.

Iln two specimens of Derma nio-a ciiierea examined, the sides of the nose-leaf
were concave, the posterior surface of the no.,e-leiif was without trace of longitu-
dinal ridge, and the infra-marginal tubercles were three in number.

lull. £88e\
olog, Cen-

' and the
as tboHe
all third
36 of the

mpyropn
otoconid
not pro-

a broad
•osterior
»e upper
in num-
:• side of
nded by
, deeply

e cuspi-
oad and

e head
lach au-
8. The
ve with
with a
a width
ith the
*1 ridge
tragus
traight
usually
Q at the
y from
ipward
les are
ils into
Joth of

lie Chi-

lose-Ieaf
longitu-

Fit
Ki(
Ki(
Ki(
Fi(

Fi(

Explanation of Plate III.

1. Front view ot lioml oC .litihniH ixriipMlliituH.

2. Side view ol'snine.

;i. View of traj>iiN iiiul inner surfiiii- olaiiriclo.

1. 'I'Ih' iiit(>rt('in()r,'il nirinlirnnc

5. The skull and the lower .jiiw seen from the siih

(>. The skull seen from a hove, x 2.

7. The OS ])etrosa. x I.

x2.

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM

BULLETIN 43, PL. Ill

..=s^

Artibeus perspicillatus.

tlU'S»

wilic
'I'lies
ini(l-i
l)r();i<
posU
writi
is Hi»
mass
unite

wIllTi

fcllov
wliici

l)l't\V(

tiirou

(lible

Ktnir

form 1

a (list

Tlic ('

iiose-l

cent c

spccir

lobe

borde

Coll

variat

spiH'ie

siilHcii

ret^ t St

of cole

The

Fa\vu,

white

the hi

the ex

stance

Intl

crown

were a

ries of

tip, wl

*l)T..

species

n.l

ki.

A MONOGRAPH OP THE HATS OF NORTH AMERICA.

rln'seare vertically diHimaed — the latter lying in advance of the fonner.
'i'lu' iip])er nostril -border in obli(inely dinpoHed to form a fleshy band
wliich widens to form the lateral margin of the naked, erect nOHeleaf.
'i'liese margins tend to unite at the posterior surface of the tip of the
midrib. Ikying between the nostrils is a tubercle; above this is a
broadly ovate, convex mid-rib. A similiar midrib is seen on the
l)(»stcriov uurfrtce. This "fer de lance" is spoken of in general zoological
writings as the erect ])art of the nose-leaf. The infra-narial outgrowth
is <iisposed laterally. It also is naked, conforms to the large, crescentic
mass of mu//Kle- glands, and is coarsely sinuate on its fre<.> margin. It
unites with the posterior surface of the supra-narial porti(m at the point
wlicre this leaflet frees itself from the head. Below it unites with the
fellow of the opposite side across the muzzle by a row of obscure nodules
wliich may form a ridge. A few hair-bearing warts lie in the space
between the muzzle-glands and the eye. The upi)er lip is bordered
tliroughout with marginal papilhe; the lower lip is free from the man-
dible its entire length, and furnished with i>apillie at the sides only.
Near the mentum the papillte become coarser, and in front of the incisors
form a distinct row which is arranged in the form of a semicircle round
a distinct, undivided chin plate. The eye is large and conspicuous.
The calcar is short, about the. length of tarsus; tail none.

Variations. — The lobe at the free margin of the basal portion of the
nose-leaf may be conspicuous or almost absent; a faintly marked cres-
cent of minute warts may lie ou either side of the upper lip, in some
Hpceimens the basal part may be without tubercle. The external basal
lobe of the tragus may be nearly quadrate. The spines on the outer
border of the tragus proper are subject to much minor variation.

Coloration. — The color of the hair of this species is subject to great
variation,* a circumstance which probably accounts for the number of
species which have been proposed. The material at hand has not been
Kutticicut to satisfactorily determine the ranges of variation. I will
le.' t satisfied in defining some of the more marked characteristic types
of coloration.

The prevalent shades, however, are not very broadly differentiated.
Fawn, deep sienna brown, mouse-gray with various shades of ashy
white tips to the hairs, being the prevalent hues. The degree to which
the hair is unicolored or bicolored is also inconstant. Unfortunately
the exact localities from which material has been collected in many in-
stances are not known.

In the specimen No. 11187 N. M., Mirador, Mexico, the fur of the
crown was white; the longitudinal streaks usually present in Artibeus
were apparently absent, but in reality they formed the lateral bounda-
ries of the crown. The occiput and back were of a light-gray brown at
tip, while the main portion of the hair much lighter. Over the sacrum

*l»r. .1. A. Allen (Bull. Am. Mum., 1801) ciiti'iH into a careful comparison of this
species from the West Indies, Uolivia, and Bogota.

BULLETIN 43, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

r ,

i ■■ '

the hair was almost white without brown tips. The face was provided
with light-brown hair verging to white. The inter-ramal space was
white; so also was the front of the neck. The same color extended over
the middle of chest. The rest of chest aud abdomen was of a light
shade of fawn, with ashy tips to the hair. The fur was slightly thin.
ner over the front of the trunk than at ihe sides. The side of the neck
was of the prevalent color of the back. On each side the lower part
was covered with white tips to the hair, thus simulating shoulder
tufts.

No. 5206, N. M., from Cuba, showed the same coloration as above,
excepting that the crown was brown and the lateral stripes were scarcely
discernible.

In the second example the color was the same as above, excepting tue
fur was less white on the back. The crown was of a brown color and
the two lateral stripes were distinct. The region of the sacrum was
also brown in color.

In specimen No. 13320 N. M., the fur was everywhere of a rich
sienna brown, and was unicjlored. The lateral stripes on the head
were distinct. A small linear tuft extended from the base of the tragus
to the external canthus. A long fringe of hair laid in front of the
auricle.

In a third individual a few sparsely distributed hairs were seen ou
the venter of the antebraehium, a distinct row projecting over the free
margin. The dorsum of the forearm from near the elbow to the middle
was covered with a sparse growth of short hair, which was directed
downward and backward. The venter of the forearm exhibited a simi-
lar disposition; the hair was confined to the fleshy portion. The dor-
sum of the first metacarpal bone was occui)ied by a few hairs. The dor-
sum of the endopataguim was covered with hair in the angle between
the lower border of the thorax and the arm near the elbow. On the
venter it extended as a thin layer from the lower end of the biceps to near
the upper third of the thigh.

Prof. B. G. Wilder, of Cornell University, kindly sent me for examina-
tion a specimen, which bore a general resemblance to those from the Na-
tional Museum. No haii", however, was on the forearm or on the dorsum.
The hair over the ventral aspect of biceps muscle and along the side of
the trunk to the pubis was much darker than elsewhere, and was of a
ashy brown color. On the dorsum of the head the color was white ; thus
the linear streaks were apparently lost. The chest and loin were of a
light brown at the tip, yellow brown in the middle, two-fourths aud
plumbeous at the basal Amrth.

A second example from the same source showed the color to be a gen-
eral dark brown ; the stripes were well defined ; a white patch was seen
at the base of each auricle posteriorly ; the back was provided with a
long lustrous brown hair, unicolored for the most part, but showinf;
paler shafts over the scapul*. Below the fur was much darker than

U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM

BULLETIN 43, PL. IV

epting tbe
I color and
icrum was

■I

! f

Wing membrane of Artibeus perspicillatus.

'■il

ab()\
Tlie
rect(
bone
In
AciU
11]. pc
thel
till' 1
grciil
tlie li

tliC il

uiiicc

lii.stri

tiiictl

brow

}fr

1""" V

muse

the 1

passe

in niii

bnii'l]

t'lbo\\

imnil]

as tilt

obli(ii

niarki

exten

(ligitii

lai'gci

joint (

a loiij

withii

tiie ni

across

<iigiti

digit i

tlic ai

Shi

the or

direct

tlic i)a

suture

c(iin]»a

the frt

A MONOGRAPH OF THE BATS OF NORTH AMERICA.

above, and uiiicolored save at the tips, which is distinctly cinerous.
Tlie Heshy part of the forearm was covered with hair, which was di-
rected toward the elbow. The dorsal surface of the first metacarpal
bone was marked with a small clump of hair.

In two specimens collected by the expedition of the Philadelphia
Academy of Natural Sciences at llxmal, Yucatan, in 1889, the general
aiipcarauce of the venter was mouse-gray beneath, with silvery tips to
the liair, and that of the dorsum was darker and without gray, except
tlie two faint stripes ou the head. The head and neck were for the
greater part white, the tip alone being ash gray. The white lines on
the head were inconspicuous. On the side of the neck the hair was of
tlie above type, but much longer. The front of the neck was nearly
nnicolored, the basal one-tifth alone being white. The dorsum was dark
lustrous and uncolored at the loin. The venter was provided with dis-
tinctly ashy appearance of the tips, but the rest of the fur was ash
brown.

Membranes, — The prebrachium with free margin occupied with a band
1""" wide, which apparently represents the tendou of the occipito-poUicis
muscle; intercostal markings conspicuous, four in number; the lowest is
the largest and extends as lar as the ankle. The oblique line, which
passes upward and outward as far as the ankle on the mesopataginm
in many genera, is here absent. The line of the fascicle of the coraco-
brachialis is conspicuous and extends to a point in a vertical line with the
elbow. The lines of the vertical platysma fascicles are about thirty in
number. The system into which the triceps- fascicle enters extends as far
as the end of the fifth digit. It is composed of three divisions, a vertical,
obi i(iue, and a hoi'izontal. Thefourth interspace is provided with a faintly
marked longitudinal line, which begins at a point 22""" from carpus and
extends to a point 10""' from the free margin of the membrane. The pre-
iligital nerve appears at the middle of the fifth metacarpal bone, and is
larger than the post digital, which appears at the metacarpophalangeal
joint of the third finger. The third interspace is also provided with
a longitudinal line. It extends from near the palm and reaches to
within 10""" of the free margin of the membrane. A nerve a])pears at
the nietacarpo-phalangeal Joint of the fourth finger and lies obliquely
:i(rf)ss the lower part of the interspace. The fourth phalanx of the third
4ligitis sickle shaped, the membrane being to its tip; that of the fourth
digit is of the shape of an inverted T; that of the fifth is triangular,
the angle, which is directed toward the body, being prolonged.

Shdl. — The skull is massive, broad, as compared with other crania in
tiie Older, Concave muscular impressions are defined in the region
directly back of the temporal bone. The mastoid process is longer than
the iiaroccipital. The tympanic bone is complete above, though the
suture between the two parts is conspicuous. The bone is small as
cominued with the same part in other genera; it recedes slightly from
the free border of the squama, and as seen frou below letvves the cochleft

BULLETIN 13, UNITED" STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

■li

F !■

exposed for a diBtance slightly in excess of its own width. The splie-
noidal tongne is not detlected from tlic level of the basisphenoid. The
infraorbital foramen, as a rule, is doubled. The posterior border of
the vomer is almost on a level with the posterior edge of the hard
palate. Tlu> angle of the mandible is slightly detleeted outward. Tlie
lachrymal canal, as seen in the orbit, is exceedingly small and in some
examples is apparently absent. In large specimens it rudiment of the
postorbital process is present and the anterior border of the temporal
Assure is trenchant.

Nasal bones without median depression.* The shape of the zygoma
is 8ubje<'t to considerable variation ; the depth of the notch on the upper
border and the height of the arch midway between the maxillary
sqnamosis processes being inconstant proportions. The styloid pro-
cess is relatively of great length and projects into the substance of the
tongue. From an average of measurements of three specimens, the
following was secured :

Length 28""" ; length of superior dental series 11""» ; outside measure-
ment of the width of the dental arch at the first upper molar 13 ';

width of the base of the cranium at the glenoid region 15""" ; the length
of the face from the postorbital processes 9"-"'; the length of the
mandible 18""" ; the height of the coronoid process 3""".

The aiTangement of the turbinals in Artibens is as follows: The
ectoturbiiml is exceedingly slender and is furnished with a fleshy sum-
mit, which is convolute outward. Its upper portion alone is seen from
the median surface. The first endoturbinal is free below but fleshy
above. It is produced forward one-half its length beyond the end of
the ectoturbinal in the form of a lobule, is acuminate, and possesses, as
iu Dermanura a small posterior lobe. The second endoturbinal is con-
cealed by the third. When the latter is pre8se<l aside at its upper part
the small biconvolute plate of the second plate is seen in position.
The third endoturbinal possesses a large h>bule, which lies upon the
median surface The lobule is subrounded in form, completely occu-
pying the upper edge of the plate so that it appears to ariSe from the
cribriform by a pedicle. The fourth endoturbinal presents an exposed
jdate on the median surface. It is beneath the convex nonpertbrate
space and yields a single large couvoluti<m, which is turned outward.
Although this plate lies back of the cribriform plate the absence of
any connection between it and the vomer would seem to sliow that tlie
arrangement met with in many mammals is departed from.

Four examples of immature crania were studied. No. 1 measured
14""" long and 9""" wide at mastoids. Maxilla articulates with the

'^11'

*Tho genera I'roderma, Artiheut, and Dermaiiiira are all characterizod by tliis ni'na-
tiv«! charat'trr. In rampyvopH a groove-liko depn-HHioii in bpcu (tii tlio dorsum of
tlu) face at tbi' upjier twti-tliinls oC the nasal boiicH. This jn'cnliarity cnaltles tlie
observer readily to di«tin};iiisli tlio crauia of Crodcrma and Vumpyropt, uotwitii-
staudinj; tbat the deuta formuliu are the same.

A MONOGRAPH OP THE BATft OP NORTH AMERICA.

nasal at the upper flftU of its outer border, tUo reinaiuiug four-iifthfl
being occupied with the premaxiUa. The nasals twice the width above
as below, where the free margin is oblique froui within outward so that
an inverted A-shaped space is defined between them. The frontals
separated by a sharply limited median suture; the encrauial and facial
region in the orbit defined; a fronto-squamosal suture evident: An
intermediate oaside to the squamosal and opisthotic elements is seen
at tlie side of the cranium. The basioccipital and exocoipitals unite
as in mammalia generally. The part first named is tilted upward,
thus forming the wall of a deep basicranial depression. The pro-
portions of the tympanic bone and cochlea are as in the adult. The
permanent central upper incisors are alone erupted. Five hook-like
deciduous teeth are visible. They may be named two incisors, one
canine and two premolars. All the permanent lower incisors are erup-
ted. The only hook-like deciduous tooth is one in the position of the
canine. The premolars and molars are near the surface of the gum and
can be obscurely outlined.

Tiie glaus penis is free. The prepu(!e is reduced to a conical lappet
interiorly.*

Maxillary teeth. — Incisors contiguous or separated by a slight inter-
val. T]»e lateral incisor does not touch the canine tooth. Central
incisors with quadrate crown and straight bilobed cutting edge.
Lateral incisors subtriangular; crown with concave anterior surface,
iuid oblique, simple, cutting edges. In some individuals these teeth
exliil)it concave cutting edges and convex lateral borders. The canine
is i.s long as the interval between the two teeth is wide, with low cin-
guUmi on all sides except the buccal. Tlie first premolar touches both
canine and second premolar or slightly overlaps the latter. The second
premolar is larger than the first, with rudiment of protocone. Pos-
teriorly a double buccal contour is seen, with a rudiment of a metacone.
Tlie grinding surface of the first molar is elongate, with a slight incli-
nation backward; the protocone is c(moidal. Between it and the
scarcely fluted buccal aspect a smooth, deeply concave surface is seen.
With the exception of an irregular double basal (contour all trace of
the- (tonoidal shape of the paracone and metacone is lost. The inner of
the two lines is often incomplete (see figure). The hypocone is conoidal
and well developed. On the buccal surface the positions of the para-
cone and metacone are well defined, conspicuous, and sectorial. The
metacone, which is more especially defined by the inner con<"our, is
coarsely pectinate in some specimens. The second molar is smaller than
tlie first. The inner contour line extends the entire.length of the buc-
cal border. The molars are contiguous at their buccal edge only. This

'Tlui value of this chamctor 1h apparent when compared with Sfiiniira, in which
KtMius the glans is free boneath only — the abruptly truncated prepuce above being
adliurcut iilmoat to the entire upper surface of the glauH. In BraohyphijUa the glaus
is oouccalt^d by an elongatii prepuce,
ill— No. 43 4

I if!

w '

BULLETIN 43, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

pecaliarity is less marked in the youn^ adult than in some of the older
auimals.

Mandibular teeth. — The incisoi'H are- contiguous, blunt, uniform — an
intervalexistinjf between the anterior and posterior borders of thecuttiug
edges. Canine excavfite posteriorly touching the triangular coin
pressed simple first premolar. Tlie second ]>remolar is a third higher
than the first. The cingnluni is slightly elevated at the base of the
main cusp (paraconid) and provided with a small heel (hypoconid).
The first molar much larger than the second, quadrate tapering
slightly forward. Protocouid marginal, compressed, sectorial, less
than twice the height of hypoconid and expanded at base anteri-
orly. Paraconid trifld, the main cusp conoidal not distinct from ciu-
gulum, marginal hypoconid compressed. Bntocouid conoidal, conspic-
uous, marginal, an intermediate tiibercle between it and the ptu^aconid.
Second molar quadrate, tapering slightly backward. Protoconid not
marginal, but a well defined nearly complete cingulum at buccal base,
conoidal, with flange at base anteriorly, paraconid obscurely trifld, the
main cusp much thelongest, hyxwconid sectorial, entoconid conoidal,
no intermediate tubercle between it and paraconid. The third molar
rudi mental scarcely larger than one of the lower incisors; blunt, de-
pressed in center of grinding surface; sometimes provided with a par-
tial cingule.

The milk incisors are re^aiued for a longer time than the other milk
teeth. They may remain in the jaw, lying to the labial side of the
complete set of permanent iucisore.

Remarks. — I am not certain about the identiflcation of some of the
cusps of the molar teeth in Artibens. Individual variation occurs in
the arratigenient of the cusps on the lingual aspect of the first and
second mandibular molars, which make it likely that they are develop-
ments from a cingulum in a tooth from which all traces of the true
Ottsps have disappeared. If this hypothesis be accepted the description
is greatly simplified. But it lacks proof, and demands for Artibeux a,
more abberant i)08ition than is suggested by other features in its
economy.

The loss of the V-hke cusps of the molars, the development of mar-
ginal cuspules, the delicate and somewhat elaborate sculpturing on the
grinding surfaces combine to the make these teeth of Artibeun unique.*

After framing the above description I Htudied the teeth iu the allied genera ('en-
titrio, Stiirnira and Brachijphylla . Those notes are herewith appended:
Centurio—The mandibular molars sui'h aa in JrUbeus. The canine deeply con-

K,--

•The following notes on the teeth of allied genera will be of value. In Dermaiiiira
the lower incisors are twice the length of the same teeth in Arlibeua and Uroderma.
The upper central incisors in the genus Inst nuined are much longer than the laterals,
and are furnished with oblique cutting edges much in the same manner .as in Hemi-
dennaaml Vampyropa. Artibi^ua, Dermitnnra, and Uroderma, nre readily distinguislied
from Vampj/ropa by the presence of a marginal cusp (protoconid) on the ^tuterior half
of the lingual aspect of the first lower iMolar,

S. NATIONAL MUSEUM

BULLETIN 43, PL, V

1. Maxillary teeth of Artibeus perspicillatus. x 8.

2. Mandibular teeth, x 8.

iM'

A MONOGRAPH OF THE BATS OF NORTH AMERICA.

fftve on anterior surface. The firHt premolar nuich smaller thau second, which
liuai'H u small denticlo on the posterior border. The uietacouo creiniilatu on the
jiiiNterior border. The posterior border is excavated to a point opposite the tirst
iiKilar. The niundibiilar first premolar is smuller than the second. The first premolar
ix Hiiialler than the second. The llrst molar with four simple cusps, the second with
tliit'c; all nro simple and nearly coimiuuI.

siurnira — The iirht maxillary premolar us largo as second, not compressed from
before backward. The maxillary tirst an<l seccmd molars tritubercular, no trace of
hypiicone. I'aracouo with a double contour linoou concave simple grinding surface.
Third uiolar bicuspidate. The tirst mandibular premolar much wider than second,
but of the same height. The tirst molar larger than second, Paracone is simple,
niiioidal, marginal with cuspidate commissure so high on lingual border as to re-
HCiiiblc a distinct cusp; endoconid same a paracouid. These 4hree cusp-like points
arc visible from lingual aspect of tooth, Hypoconid scarely smaller than protocouid
but not conoidal. Third molar obscurely trituborcular.

lii-achyphylla. — Large posterior basal cusp on posterior border of canine; first pre-
molar minute entirely outside of axis of tooth-row. Second premolar with well de-
tiiu'il palatal basal lolie (protocoue) which is continuous with Hutlngs which extend
to ajtex of oonoidal crown which almost reaches level of canine. First molar slightly
Binaller than second ; tritubercular protocone oblique with intermediate cusp between
it and mctacone. Paracone and metacone subcquul (the former being the larger)
Nectorial and irregularly fluted on palatal sides. .Second molar as first but the prot-
ocone is straight, i, e., parallel to buccal border, no intermediate cusp on crown but
a large marginal cuspule on buccal side between the subequal paracone and meta-
cone (the latter being the larger.) The third molur one-half the size of the first
with well defined anterior and posterior commissures. The mandibular premolars
Biil)c(iual, the posterior with a longer heel. The mandibular molars quadrituber-
enhir, cusps well defined, crown not excavate.

Notes on the skeleton. — Atlas with inconspicuous or no tubercle on
body. No spines on the lower border of the tran.sverse process.

Axis with very small transverse process, which bears no foramen to
outside of the foramen for the vertebral artery. No tubercle on the
keel on the ventral aspect of the centrum.

Scapula. — The coracoid process scarcely curved and the free end not
reaching a point below the level of the glenoid cavity. The free end of
tlic spine angulated. The infra-spinous fossa slightly deepened at the
axillary border. The inner tubercle of the humerus slightly raised
above the head.

Humerus. — Theconvexityof the trochlea well defined, broad in front;
lui'dian concavity deeper behind than in front; the same is true of the
limiting ridge; the lateral concavity is v/eak and not produced back of the
longitudinal axis of the humerus. Epicondyle horizontal, conspicuous;
no spine on the under surface; no median pit on the shaft beneath the
ci)icoiidyle.

The radius with a spoon-shaped distal articular sui'face with mark-
edly-developed side flanges. The biceps impression occupies entire lat-
eral surfiice of the shaft. The surface for articulation of the ulna is
broad above, narrow below, and is throughout irregular.

The proximal rudiment of the ulna is free at the olecranon, but
aiichylosed with the radius a little above the middle of the shaft. The
distal rudiment is a small, hatchet-shaped tubercle.

BULLETIN 43, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

The trapezium is three times jih large as and (covers uiul eoiieeals the
trapezoid. J t i)reseiits a large spheroid surface for first digit, but yields
a superfleies on same general surfaiie, which is without fa(!et. Proximal
surface with dorso-ventral ridge. The trapezoid is sigmoid, sleudi-r.
The magnum recalls general sha])e in man; the distal end is large and
oblique. The un(;ilbrm is irregularly prismoidal, with large lateral sig.
moid articular notch. The carpus exhibits a flat, scale like element iu
first row, which remained with the radius in <lisarticulation.

The second and third metacarpal bones are compressed at proximal
articular surface, the second being C-shapeand the third spatula-shape.
The fourth and fifth are irregularly spinose, the fourth being multifex,
articulation axial; the fifth trifex, articulation lateral.

In both ArtiheuN and VampyruH the entire length of the second digit
is not greater than the l(>ngth of the third metacarpal. Hence the
movement of digits of third, fourth, and fifth finger do not attect that
of the second digit. In Vespertilionidm (well seen in Atalupha) all is
difllerent; the second <ligit of second finger is flexed with the flexion of
the entire series. The first metacarpal and the first phalanx of the first
digit are as in Macrotm, The fifth metiicarpal is the longest and the
fourth is the shortest. The second phalanx of the third digit is greatly
longer than iu Macrotm; the fifth meta(;arpal is as long as the forearm.
In repose the first digit lies parallel to long axis of the face and above it.

In common with some other phyllostonune bats (e. g. Stenodenna and
Olossophaga), some of the elements of the manus are imperfectly ossi-
fied, and hence are flexible. The second digit, the second and third
phalanges of the third and fourth digits exhibit this property.

Remarks oh measurements. — The fourth metacarpal bone is shorter
than the third and fourth. In the type the three bones are of the
same length. The thumb, face, tragus, and foot are as large as in the
type, while the forearm, auricle, head, trunk, thigh, and leg are smaller.
The phalanges of the manus (excepting those of the thumb) are longer,
proportionately to the length of the forearm, than in the type. Hence,
the thumb, forearm, head, auricle, phalanges, thigh, and leg are varia-
ble quantities, while the tragus, faee, and foot are fixed.

The females range somewhat larger than the males. In four females
the average length of forearm was 70""". In six males it was 66""".

Habitat. — Neotropical America.

The reasons for including Artibeus perspiciUatUH in this monograph
are derived from a statement of Mr. C. F. Maynard (Mammals of Flor-
ida, p. 22). This writer reports the existence of the species in Florida.
The following extract is taken from Mr. Maynard's paper:

While at Key West in the early winter of 1S70 I observed several large bats flying
about the city, which closely resembled in flight a species which I had seen in north-
ern Florida two years before, but which flow so high that I was unable to shoot
them. I was very anxious to obtain a specimen, but as shooting was prohibited in
the streets of the city of Key West, and as I never siiw the bats elsewhere on the
island, I feared that I should be obliged to go away without one. I wasj there-

A MONOGRAPH OF TIIK MA'r.S OF NORTH AMERICA.

foil', :i<,'ri'('al>l,v Hiirprincil nno iiiiii'iiiiiK to hvv, a hoy c-ntnr my room with ii but in Lis
liiiiiit wliii'li, IVom ltd liU'Kt< Hi7.<>, 1 kui'W roiild bo no otbcr thiin tint H]iecioH wbiok
I liiiil HO long <k>sii'r<1 to obtuin. Ktt Huid ihut ku bud fonnd it bunKinj^ n|)on the
li'iil' III' a truo and had killud it with a piuco of iiinoHtonf. Tliift ix, I think, the
I'iinI iiistunc*^ <in rocord of a bat of thin form licinf; taki-n on tho Atlantic slope.
This spcrirs, witliont doubt, inliabitH the wliolo of I'lr.i'idii. They lly t-nrly in the
('vriiinj{, often bi-foro HunHot, and, aH liaH Itccn rfinnrki'd, UHnally very hi>{h.

Noiiii of tho batH of Florida appear to hibernate, or nt best they only remain quiet
iIiiiiiiK' I'U od'attionally cold niKht.*

MeamiremenU.

I.i'ii^th III' lii'iiil anil lioilv (I'l'iiiii rrnwii iil' lii'iiil In linsi^ ol'tiiil).

I.inulli nriinii

l.i'MClli III' rmiMriii •

First ilinil :

l.riiytli (if tlist intilniai'iiiil bniio

I.I ii^tli ot'tlrHl )iliuliiiix

Sri'iillil ili^it:

liimlTi of sci'iiiiil iiK'tai'iii'iial bono

I.i'imtli of llrHt iilinlaiix

Tliiiililiuit:

l.i'iiKtIi of tliinl nii'tnrnriml Imiio

I.t'ii^tli of lli'Ht pliiilaiix

l.i'iiKtIi of Kciiiiiil plialaiix

I,inj;tli of tliiiil jihiilanx

FiiiirtliiliKil:

l.iii^tli iif fiiurlli iii<itiii'ur|ial Vioiio

I.i'iidtli of tlrnt ]iIiiiIhiix

Lnintli of Hi'i'oiiil iilialniix

FillliiliHit:

l.iimlli of fiftli nii'tararpal Iioiio

LiiiKtli of llrHt ]ilinlniix

I.in^tli of Hi'conil ])liuluiix

I.iiiCth of livnd

Iliitlil of I'ar

Hiiulit nf trngiiH

I.iiidl h of thigh

Li'iiiith of tihla

Length of foot

I'.S. N.-M.

I11H7.

Miradiir,

Miixico.

211
57

41
SI

'.m
111

DO
Vi
20

I'.S. N.M,
i:i22«).

«0

02
21
37i
2U

62
20
26

.11

:io

84)

2;i

i;i

lA.X. S.P.

'Kx|H'<l.,lHMS.

\ tioatan.

4
6

•

4»
17
38
18

47
IS
10

47
11
IS
SO
13

15
M
10

Family VESPERTILIONIDyE.t
(ienuH CORTNORHINUS II. Allen.

ron/Hoi/iiiiM* II. Allen, rroe. Aead. Nat. Sci. I'hila., 1865, 173.

I'lecutiin Leconte, Cuvier's Animal Kingdom (McMnrtries' ed.), App. 1831, 431;

Cooper, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, 1837, 72. 73; Dobson, Cat. Chirop.

l{rii. Mils., 1878, 180.
Siinotiis II. Allen, Monog. N. A. Bats, 18(>4, 63.

Dminoais. — Ears with internal basal lobe not entire but almost
aborted near the headfold. Nostrils with no trace of nasal cornu. The

' 'I'hi.s paper appeared in tho (inarterly .loiiriial of the Boston Zoillogieal Society,
vol. 11, 188)!. Mr. Maynard kindly sent me a drawing of the bat he describes. I
have no hesitation in idenlifviiig it as Ai-tibciia persiiirillatiia.

tVi;si'ERTILIONID/E. Bat.s with volute tiirbinals of the ethmoid bone; pre.
iii:i.\illn' without palatal jiroeesses forminij a median suture, but in its place a wide
inti'isiiace which includes the incisive foramen of other types; no sphcno-palatine
i'oiaiiiine; trape/.inm with palmer tubercle, and hence thumb erect, i. c, uot inclined
to tluxiou on palm; wings adapted for a rapid irregular flight, and auimal for

1 I :.

64 lUILLETIN 4;t, UNITKD STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

inar{;ii)H oftlu' dursully directed iipeiture everted, tlie lower outer angle
beiiifj (fpooved. The I'aehil eluini) of glands hack of tlie niuexle ele-
vated into eliib shaped manses. Hplienoidal foramen at the bottom of
a deep r<>ceas. A wt!ll-d<r(lned hem of membrane between thumb and
the seeond digit. The fifth digit greittly longer than the forearm. Tlie
palmar asjject of digits in undissccted speeimen with outlines defined
at proximal ends. The terminal eartilage of the fourth digit axial,
Hmall.

Deiitiil formula — M(ilur»' , I'rciiiitlurN' , ('iiiiinnH , IiioiHors , X2— 36teetli.

O i 1. O

Membranes of tln^ seeond digital interspace is attached to the ven-
tral border of the third metacarpal bone; that of tlm third interspac^e
to its dorsal border.* The thumb is semiflexed, callosity rudimental;
phalanges disposed to curve forward in flight. The second phalanx of
the third digit is longer than the first. The otic capsule nnich as in A n-
trozouH; the external semicircular canal is free from bone. The tym-
panic bone appears to bo united to the capsule (oh piirona).

Corynorhinus differs markedly from AntrozouH in the greater devel-
opment of the hypocoiie in both ui)per and lower molars and in the
less rudim(>ntal form of the third maxillary molar. The points of the
cusps are all more produced than in the genus named.

Since some writers (vide Dobaon /. c.) do not accept Corynorhinns as
a valid genus but assign the species to 7V<'c«<m« the following diagnosis
of this genus is given. Plecotm : the first phalanx of the third, fourth,
and fifth digits, longer than thi. second. Nostrils, as in Vespertilio, i. <:,
■with a well-defined cornu and a lunate aperture. The internal basal
lobe of the ear entire. The tragus foliate scarcely tapering above.
The sphenoidal foramen not at the bottom of a deep recess. The clumps
of gland-masses on the snout not raised, indeed, are smaller than in
most genera of the family.

The following is the manal formula:

Milli-
meter.

Second interspace 2}

Third interspace 12

Fourth interspace 20

Forearm 38

The material available for stiuly of ('ori/nnrhinim was unsatisfactory.
I have three examples of C. viacrotin — one of them innnature — two
alcoholics. Of C. townsendii I have four examples in alcohol, all adult.

both nerial and terrestrial progression; ulna with siniill iiroxinial rudiment rart'ly
forming a well-defined shaft whicli is anrliylosed to tht? Viidius (Kerivoula), liiit
usually forming a lilaniout which endn among the mnsch^s of the forearm ; accessdiy
cartilage to the fifth digit present except in I'lecoll; coracoid as a rule bifid (excep-
tions in I'lecoli ami Autro::om); raised folds of skin at the junction of the carims
and uietacar)>u8 (except in I'lecuti); oblique line on the wing mcmbrnne at the lower
third of the tibia; nose-leaf absent; tall inclosed in the ample interfenioral uiem-
brane, or the last joint alone projecting; hy]iocouc rudimental or absent; the paro-
conid, metaconid, and bypocouid large, subequal.
"Same as in Antrozoua.

Milli.
meter.

... 2\

... 12

... 20

... 38

ifiictory.

ire — two

Al adult.

A MONOOttAHM OK THK HA'I'S OF NORTH AMERKJA. 55

Tliv VeHiMsrtilionidiK liav«t liithorto (MiibnutiHl all tlio Hiiiall iiakod*
nosed batH not iiududcd in the iiioIoshjiiu and «niballananmi gronpH.
1 ii:iv« elsewhere* jfiven reasons for asui^niit)^ yatalun to a separat<^
I'iiinily iu <rloKe alliance with the pbylloHtonune bats, ntttwithtttandinf;
that the uose-leaf (at least in the adult) is absent. I have no donbt
tliiit Thyropteni, Vorymtrhi am, Euilvrmiu N^oeHlio, and Aiitrozoun are
also to be separated from the ti-ue v<^spertiIioMine forms. The intervals
between these outlying genera are unerpial. Thi/roptcra is in close re-
lilt ion to Natalm; Cori/Horhinm to Emlefmu. Yet the e.xhibition ol
pli.vllostomino characters, suggest that these genera are aberrant e.t-
pressioiisof the leaf-nose types, and are probably the forerunners of the
genera of the group iu which Atalapha, Vespertilio, Adelonycterin, Ve»-
pcriKjo, Lasionycterh^ and Nycticejus are fonnd.

Xoctilio exhibits phyllostomine affinities, but approaches more nearly
to tlie raolossine than to the vespertilionino group, though the genera
XorlHlinin, Minioptenis, and Vhalinolobua may here be said to occupy
ail intermediate position.

Aiitrozoua iu like manner can be shown to have oi-iginated from a
piiyllostomine stem, though probably at points independent of either
of tliose above named.

1. Cotynorhinua maorotia (Leconte). The Big-eared liat. (Plate vi, vii).

Plecnina maorotia Loconte, Cuv. Animal Kingdom (McMiirtries' e<l), Appendix i,

1831, 431 ; Dobsou, Cat. Chirop. Writ. Mn»., 1878, 180.
rtei'iilua lecoatii Cooper, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist., N. Y., iv, 1837, 72.
Sjiiiotua lecontii Wogner, Sclireb. Saiigeth., Siippl. v., 1855, 720.
Sjiiiiitiia marrotii H. Allen, Monog. N. A. Bats, 18ft4, 63.
Coryitorhinug macrotis H. Allen, Proc. Acad. Nat. .Sei., Pliila., 1865, 173.

Diagnosis. — Phalanges of the fourth and fifth digits of equal length.
Tlie maxillary central incisor not bifid. The post-digital nerve of the
t'ourth interspace arises at a point midway between the distal and
|)ri)\imal ends of the fourth metac^arpal.

'Die following is the inanal formula:

Secimd interHpawi 8

I'liinl inturspace 15

KoMitli iiitorspapr 27

I'oicarm 40

Ihscriptlon. — Kars nearly twice the length of the head ; internal
basal lobe rudimental, rounuod, free inferiorly, but lost iu a mere line
al)ove, and ending on the internal border at the bcadfold in a small non-
pri)je(!tiug tubercle. The internal border moderately convex, turned
abruptly backward so as to lie upon the posterior surface of the auricle,
and is lost on the headfold. The tip is small, rounded; outer border
nearly straight, not incised. The first scallop alone is present ; it passes
downward and forward to near the angle of the mouth, well to the out-
side and beyond the external basal lobe, which forms a rounded sharply

*Proc. Nat. Mubouui.

56 BULLETIN 13, TNITRD STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

doflued loallot Tho tiiporiii^ tragua in less than half the height of the
auricU;; baHal uotch Hcarccily (U^IIikhI; banal lobe Heiiiic.irunlar, coiicavo
above, ]>ro.iecting outward. NostrilH irregularly (iua<lrate, roachiii^r
alinoat to the top of tho high iimz/Ui; the borderH slightly produced;
lower border furiiiHhed with a groov«^; Neptuiu abHent. Fa<>4al glands
not extended laterally, but raised toward dorsum of rostrum into a
prominent ehi! -Mha))ed niasH. Lower li]i not moveable, without mental
plate.

Thocorn>co-bTo«'hialisand trieeps niuschis not sending fascdcles totlio
wing-membrane.

Postdigital nerve arises from the fourth metacarpal bono about mid-
way between tiie pro .inial and distal ends. Tiie mesopatagium is pro-
vided with a system of nr scle-fascicrles which are dispersed obliquely
frtmi above downwanl about midway between the forearm and the t'lva
margin. Tail just below the pubis is raised from the under surface of
the interfemoral membrane ; for the rest of its extent it is raised from tlie
upper surface; the tip is not oxsert. The calcar is weak, extends less
than one-half the length of the free margin of the interfemoral mem-
brane and is without ])o8t-ealcaral lobe. Foot slender, as long as the
thund).

Fur on the dorsum dark brown at apical one-third; dark ash at basal
two-thirds; on the ventre the fur is light gray or white at apical one-
third; black at basal two-thirds. A sparse growth of hair is seen on
the base of the toes.

Maxillary teeth. — Central incisor bifid -posterior cusp much the smaller.
Tooth phu'ed at the edge of incl.'.or notched and presents a convex
median border. Lateral incisor with long, acJculate cusp; concave on
palatal surface, oblitiue on lateral border, parallel with central tootli
oil median border. In other respects the teeth as in C. towusendii (q. v.).

Mandibular teeth. — These are the same as in C. townsendii, except
that the incisors are nun-e crowded.

8kuU. — Tiie entire ""rion of the vertex of the region of the mesen-
cephiUon is elevated ). . defln.4 laterally by the weak posterior tem-
poral crests. Greatest length 10'". Great^-ist width 8"> to 1)^'". Least
width 3". Length of mesencephalon ;{"'. The length of face from the
orbit is 3™. Greatest height 5.06"'. Thus the height is absolutely
gnater than in Euderma, while the length is much less. The sagittal
crest is absent over the \)osterior half of the vertex and extends to a
lino which answers to the middle of the auditory meatus; the anterior
ttMuixn'al imj' '^ssions are faintly defined. The face-vertex with sharply
limited pit-like concavity, which is sharply separated from the anterior
nasal aperture. The region of the proencephalon is well defined above.
The fron to-maxillary infiatiou is most marked at the region of the or-
bit, but to a mut^h less degree than in Euderma; the orbital ridge is
swollen and faintly marked. The faciiil opening of the infi'aorbital
canal lies 1""" above the tooth row. Tim outer wall is sharply crested,

IM,

Bight of the
ar, concave
ft, roacliiii^r
produced;
«ial glands
rum into u
out mental

iiclos to tlio

about mid-
ium is pro-
I obliquely
ul the free
surface of
id from the
bonds less
aral ineiii-
)»g as the

h at basal
pica! one-
is seen on

16 smaller,
a convex
racave on
bral tooth
du{q. v.).
a, excei)t

le meseii-
rior tem-
'. Least
from the
bsolutely
I sagittal
inds to a
anterioi-
sharjtly
anterior
d above.
F the or-
ridge is
aorbital
crested,

Ki(
Fi(
Fit
I'K

Fi(
Fi(

Explanation of Plate VI.

1. I'r.uit view oni,.ii.l of Coniiiorlihiiix iiiarrotis.

'■i. Side view ol'N.uiit'.

3. Vit"\V(.ltrjij{iis;iii«l iiiii' siirfiice oliiiiriclc.

I. WiiiK' liieiilln'iliic.

r>. Tail and iiitiTft'inDial numihiaiie.

li. Skull st'fii (Vom above, x 2.

7. Skull sffii Iroiii tlxi .side, x L'.

V. s. NATIONAL MUSEUM

BULLETIN 43, PL, VI

CORYNORHINUS MACROTIS

wit

iiiitl
the
iiii'i
Tlic
(;oii.>

iii«'

fill:

liiirc

ciivi

Iiori;

cave

ll('rt(

iiiipi'

tlio r

Tlic 1

HoiiM

the ii

ii(»r(li

of A I

<)(' bill

t'oryii

!■-■?

f'!

^■1

iii'iiii III

l-ciijjth
l-cii

I'ii-st (li
L.-ii
l.cn

St'l'IMul I
I.CIIj
I.CIl)

TliinI (li

I.CIIJ]

l.i'iijj

l.rn,

KiiiM'th (I

I..MlJjr

'■''"'K

I'it'lll (lijr

Ll'Ilirl
l.l'lljrl

A MONOGRAPH OP TIIK HAT8 OF NORTH AMERICA.

wiflioiit pit. A line imMluood I'roiii tlic upi)er bordor of the jviitevior
iiiisul aperture iiiters«Hits tliejiinctiun of the llrst premolar with tl;c lirst
molar. Tlio zypMiia at the posterior third wideii<>d and elev:>l!'il at
llid upper border. TIhj paroecipital and mastoid proeesHos aid iiidi-
iiicntary, and the Hterno-mastoid region is scarcely depressed.
Tliere is n<» trac-e of a Hphenoidal tongue. The pterygoid process is
(•(iiispicuous. The tympanic bone is complete and very large, conceal-
ing the cochlea. The tympanic bulla is in contact with the basioccipi-
tiil and basisphenoi<l ; it is not excavate, but incised anteriorly and
Imri'ly reaches a line whit^h answi'rs to the posterior border of the glenoid
cavity. The eoronoid process is acuminate and about the height of the
h(trizontal ramus. Tiie posterior border of the ascending ramus is con-
cave. Tiie angle is ]»roduced but slightly bey«)nd tlw <u)ndyle, and is de-
lIcrtcMl beyond the outer border as seen from above. The masseteric
iiii|u'cssion is imperfectly limited iiiferiorly, not reaching the border of
Mi(^ ramus. The angle touches the plane on which the mandible rests.
The lower border of the ramus is markedly concave near the angle.

Habitat. — All the specimens examined have been collected in the
Hoiilh Atlantic States, except one from Hanta lY, New Mexico. On
the authority of Prof. IJaird, it has been obtained at Meadville, in
iiordiwM^stern Pennsylvania. At my recpiest, Prof. J. II. Montgomery,
of Alleghany (3ollege, Meadville, recently kindly collected a number
of bats from this neighborhood, but has not succeeded in procuring
VtiryiiorhlnvH.

Mvamrvments.

[No. tk)G2, I'roiii Uiin. (.'uiiip. Zoiil.]

Ifilllmeteri.
46

lliMil and body (from crown of h»a<l to l)aHu of tail)

Li'iijjtli of arm :

I -I'liKth of foroarm 38

Kii'st difjit:

l.ciinth of ftrst motacarpiil bone 3

I.fn^tli of lirat ]iliulaDx 4

Sci'oiid diffit:

l.i'iiKtli of Hccoiid metacarpal bono 32

Length of lirst phalanx 2

Tliinl digit:

Length of third mutacarpal bono 35

Length of first |dialan\ 12

Length of Hocoud ]>halanx 17

I'omlh digit:

Lengtli of fourth motacarpal bone 34

Leiigtli of lirst |)halan\ 9

Length <d" Hocond ]dialanx 9

I'it'ili digit:

Li'nglli of lifth metacarpal bone 34

Length of lirst |>halanx 8

Length of second |dnilaux 8

HIILLETIN 43, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

MilliiiK'tcrH.
Length of head :

Height of ear 27

Height of tragus 12

Length of tliigh 15

Length of tiliia 19

Lengtli of foot 10

Lengtii of tail 44

From

Mr»»»n'tHontH from first ediliim of Monitijruitli,

U.8.N.M. ;ti,rof!l,.ngth^;|.'f''L..n«.l,oV'K "•='?"' I Kx- Nature of

Cat. No. nose to (if tniL ...... ' of tlliiii. ist llu- .,,,;Li. <)ffur. ,.,.'".... panse. j Bpeeinien.

fi232.

1377.

4727.

890.

j Mil.

! In.

In.

1.8

1.7

; 1.8

1.7

1.0

1.6

i.e

1.8

1.10

1.8

K<T.

thumb. "''■"'•• truK.is.' l'*""'

In.

1.7
(0
1.0
1.7
1.7

In. In. 1 In.

0.8 , 2.H 0.4
0.8 i 2.0 0.4
0. 9 2. 8 0. 4
0.0 2.8 1 0.5
0. 8 2. 8 0. 5

In.
1.1
1.1
1.0
1.2
1.1

In. 1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0,7

In.

9.0

0.4
0.0

n.o

10.0

Alcoholic

Do.
Dr.v.

Do.

List of speoimi'tiH.

Cat, No.

No. of
sjiecl-
ni«ii8.

Locallt.v.

I'ruHuiitod by—

Natun^ of spcni-
nit'DH.

Collection.

5451

1
1

South f'aroliim ' W. f'oopcr

ilo ' do

SocictV ilill.4 S C ! M \ I'lirliu

Drv

V S Nat Mu»

6528

l„

5453

5460

....do

Do.

5452

Kemper County, Miss ..
Kiitaw, Ala

D. C. Llovd

Prof. WiiulieU..
(f)

Dr. Boaii

Mai. I,o(;outn

W.J. Howard..

....do

Do.

5407

Alcoholic

Drv

Do.

"»

Do.

6234

Alcoholic

Dry

Do.

4727

" Uiiitwl Stiite.s "

Santa Fit

Do.

5232

Alcoholic

Do.

2. CorynorhinuB townsendii (Cooper). (I'latovii).

rUcoius townsendii Cooper, Ann. Lyr. Nat. Hist. New Yorli. iv, 1837, 73.
,Synotu8 townsendii Wagner, Sclireb. Siiugetli. Suppl., v, lS."i."), 720.
Corynorhinus townsendii H. Allen, I'roi', Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1865, 173.
Plecotus macrntuH Dobson, Cat. Chirop. Brit. Mus., 1878, 180; Allen, Monog. N. A.
Bats, 18&1, ().").

Diagnosis. — Post-digital nerve arises from near distal end of the fourth
metacarpal bone. First phalanx of third and fourth difjrit shorter than
second. The first phalanx, fifth linger, longer than second. Central
maxillary incisor bifid. Forearm 38 to 4(». Tragus slightly longer
than in (J. nmerotis, and the general appearance of the animal is
more robust. The fur quite as in ('. vhicrotia, witli the color.>4 of ventre
inclining more to gray than to white.

Maxillary teeth. — The maxillary incisors conical, ^mple, with entire,
well-defined cingula ; the inner border of the lateral not touching central.
The central much the larger. Tlie two teeth touching, but an interval
present between the lateral and tlic canine. The first premolar minute;
resembles lateral inci.sor. The second premolar with un usually treuchan-s
protocoue. The first molar with anterior coimuissure of protocoiie

'-■'

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM

BULLETIN 43 PL. VII

1. Maxillary teeth of Corynorhinus macrotis. x 12.

2.3. Maxillary and Mandibular teeth of Corynorhinus townsendii. x 12.

1,
.i'

f f

•I ;i

A MONOGRAPH OK THE HATH OF NORTH AMERICA.

trcnchaut and ^I'ell seen from above. Anterior V Hlightly smaller than
I)(»sterior ; hypocone absent. The third molar with protocone with entire
coininisHure; anterior V complete; posterior Y lacking the greater part
of the posterior limb.

Mandibular teeth. — The incisors trifld, scarcely crowded; basal ridge
developed into a high cinguluni, giving the teeth a multitubercnlate
appearance. The canine with a well-developed cingnlum at the lingual
aspect; both anteriorly and iwsteriorly it is furnished with a tubercle.
The first and second premolars are small, conical, with complete cingula.
The first tooth is slightly the smaller. The cusps of the molars are all
high and sharp. The heel is well developed in all the molars, and in the
third is triangular. The commissure on base in all the molars is unusu-
ally high. The paraconid subequal through molars, inclined forward,
the conjoined bases of this cusp and that of the metaconid incised some-
what as in MacrotUB.

Notes on the skeleton — Scapula. — The coracoid is simple, neither
curved backward nor forward ; axillary border nearly straight, scarcely
convex. Humerus. — The epitrochlea as in Vespertilio; the lateral
groove on the trochlea is sharply defined; olecranon fossa i)resent.
Ulna. — Proximal rudiment anchylosed to radius; shaft not traceable.
Distal rudiment quadrate plate as in Vespertilio. The pisiform bone
lies across the palmar aspect of the carpus and does not act as a splint
to the fifth metacarpal bone.

Hahitat. — Western and central portions of the United States, extend-
ing south to Mexico.* Specimens in the National Museum are from
Utah and the upper part of Missouri.

MeaHiirenienln.

[No. 1220.)

Millimeters.

Head and body (from crown of head to base of tail) 38

Li'iijrth of arm 21

Lfiigth of forearm '. 42

First digit :

Length of iirtit metacarpal bone 2^

Lengtli of first phalanx 3i

Si'coud digit :

Length of second metacarpal bone 34

Length of first phalanx 2

Third digit :

Length of third metacarpal bone 35

Length of firHt phalanx 13

L(>ngth of second phalanx 16

I'tmrth digit :

Length of fourth metacarpal bone

Length of first phalanx 10

Length of second phalanx 12

* J. A. Allen reports it from Guadalajara, Mexico.

HULLKTIN 43, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MU8EUM.

Mlllinii'trrH
Fifth dinit :

Length of fifth inoliiciirpiil hone 1(1

Length of fIrKt jihnlaiix 10

LoiiKth of Rcroiiil ])hiiliiMX !l

Length of hf'ftd 8

liinght of «iir 30

Height of tragiiH Ill

Length of thigli

Length of tibiii 21

Leni;th of foot it

Length of tail 37

Mmsitri'miiiilH J'rom Jlml cdiliuii of Muiwyrupli.

Curriiiit uiiin-
Iwr.

ft231...

n2:ioa .

b'SMb .
5'j:iO(?..
b-SMd .
WWr. .
51!a(/. .

5'jaoj/ .

From
tip of
iioHe to

tall.

In.
1.9
1.9
l.U
1.0

i.e

l.»i

l.B

1.9

l.ciiKlli
of tnil.

III.
I.O
1.8
1.7
1.9
1.0
1.9
1.0
l.H

I.i'liKtli

lit' fori'-

arm.

In.
l.H
1.0
1.0
l.H
1.0
1.8
1.0
1.8

n,«tl.fe^-r''i.ei«...,^'^r'

.tl.l.. ....* U.. *" ..I'. I "*

l.(

of lil)itt.

In.

0.8
0.8
U.O
(1.8
U.8
U.8
O.U
0.8

C'Ht liii-
gor.

In.

2.10

2.1)

2.10

2.0

2.10

2.11

2,10

thvuuli.

In.

(1.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4

of CHI-.

tragiiH.

In.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.

In.
0.
0.

0.
0.

PUIIRU.

In.
II.O
U.O
l!.0
10.0
10. tl
10.0
10.0
10.0

Nuliiic of
Bpeciiiieii.

Alcoliolir
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.

List of Mpiximenn.

Cat. No.

6231.
5230.

1 No. of
mens.

l.ocnllty.

rreHHDtcil by-

^'"'"ni™."'""''' tJolleotlon.

Upper MlHHouri ... Dr. F. V. Hnyilfii Alcoliolio

Utah Capt. J. H. SimpRou*.! do

» Collecteil by C. S. McCarthy.

Oouim EUDERMA H. Allen.

V. S. Nat. Mii8.
l)u.

Euderma H. Allen, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila., 18il2, 467.

HMiotua J. A. Allen, Hull. Anier. Muh. Nat. Hist., Ill, No. 2, Feb. 20, 1891, 195.

Diagnosis, — Two proniolar.s in eacli jaw. Auricle coiistrit^ted at base,
the simple internal and external basal ridges holding it to the c(>Tre
sponding borders of the base of tragus. The internal hem narrow, not
over one sixth width of auricle. External basal lobe sharply delineil
posteriorly by the external basal ridge and is without ridge or lobule;
post rietal wart ab.sent. External basal lobe of tragus absent. Snout
simple, broad median depression between nostrils. Membranes as in
Corynorhiniis. Auditory bulla not united on inner margin to skull, and
reaches to a point opposite middle of glenoid cavity. Oeneral character
of the teeth as in Corynorhiniis.

S 2 1 '' *

Dental Formula. — Molars,^; Premolars -; Canines :j; IncisorH^, x2 = 34 teeth.
O Ji i. o

A MONOGRAPH OF THE WATS OF NORTH AMERICA.

The above diti^^tioHis may bu cuiiiitarvd with advantage with that of
('(irynorhinuH and PU'Cotus.

Cofjinorhinuii, — Tlirri' |>r<>m()liirH in lower Jaw. Auricle not conHtrictod at bnan;
bill It ItuHiil riil){0M liuiiiK tVi-u from triiK)iH. Inturnal busiil ri(l((u with thiol< tranitvurHu
Ciilil HiiiuilatiiiK an iuturiial basal lobo wliii^h U iiltAcnt. Width of internul Uutn
ni'iiily half that of tiiu aiiriclu. 'I'l-a^riiH with doliii); I oxturual baHiil lobe and notch.
lAtirnal liaHu lobo with intiM'ual lol>iil(t ending in larjfo poHt rictal wart. C'lavute
jii'i MM on uach Hido of tho Hnoiit; nostrilx with niiond bordt^r, liinicn Hiniiate.

I'ltrotun. — Tliruu prenudai'H in each jaw. Auriolo not couHtrictud at baHe. Tho
iiarntw iuturual auricular hum not ov<t one-eiglith width uf thu auriclu and !» pro-
iliiccd infiU'iorly into a lapput. Internal baHiil ridge Simple, free from tragus. Kx-
li'i'Miil biiHal lol>i^ not limited jtoatfriorly and bearH a minute lolnile on inner surface.
TrM^iiH with wt'll-dotlnud notch and basal lube; {lost rictul wurt hairy, coujoiued to
liasal lobe.

The following statements concerning the differential characters of
lh«lenna, Corynorhinim, Plecotus, and Synotun are herewitli submitted,
ill my judgment SynotuH is more widely separated from the other three
genera than are any of the last named from one another, and it is prob-
ably true that ifynotus is not ii member of the group of the plecotiau
bats, but is iu closer aftinity with Vespcruyo.

ICiuIerma.

Internal Ii«»h1 Icibc I'n'o
i'r<iH»i iiK Intonml rUlgi).

Hotli intornal anil exter-
nal riil;;i'H I'oiitliiiioim

Willi llllHI' of tl'IIKIIH.

TniKus witliuiit iiitoruul

liasjil IoImi,
Ti'iiniiml rnrtilagtt,

fiiintli digit nxial.

C'lMiiiiiiiil proi'i'HH round-
I'll ; aiigli'tii lower jaw,
liiiiiiil at 1iaH«.

Tviiipanir liiiUa extendi
liii'»iiril to point o|i|ii>-
aiti' middle ol' fil«Doiil
cavity. SplKMiiipala-
tin» ioranii'n iiresont;
till' iipiier orbital bor-
ilir I'ugoBu.

I'liliitid iilnto extends
bark of linu of liiMt
miliar for a iliHtiinoe
I'linalling noarly one-
hall tlir Iciigtliof tliu
litrrv^oid protiCHa.

Aiili'riiir tmniHiral crust
nut niurkvd.

.Seriiiirt upper premolar
nut toiirhlng drHt mo-
lar.

CorynorhtnuH.

Internal basal lobe not
free , riidiiiientary. j
Large Hwollen tliread {
airoHH internul riilge. ,

ItiillieH not eontliniouH
witb base of tragus.

Traj;iiH witli internal
basal lobe. {

Terniiual cartilage
fuurtli digjt axtal. I

Curouoid process lU'umi-
nate; angle to lower I
jaw not broad at base. I

Tympanic bulla reuebes
posterior iMiriler of
glenoid cavity,
nplieno-palal ine ores -
ont{ tbe upperorbltal
border not ruguau.

Same.

rteootUR.

Internal basal lube
free, not crossing
internal ridge.

Uiilges not eontlnu-

oiiH witli base II f

triiguH.
TiagiiH witli iutorual

basal lobe.
Tenninal cartilage I

fourtli digit uxial.

T y III p a o i e bulla
■"e a dies u point
slightly in advance
oft lie glenoid cavity.
Splieno-iialiitinclor-
amen amiarcntlv ab-
sent ; I pper orliital
border not rugose;
trenchant.

Synotiis.

Anterior temporal crest
not marked.

Second u)iper premolar
not toMchiug first
molar.

Sagittal and anterior

temporal crests

inarked.
.Second uiiper |irenio-

lar not toucbingtlrst

molar.

No Internal basal lobe.

Ridges not conttniiouh
with base of tragus.

Tragus with internal
basal lobe.

Terminal cartilage
fourth digit dutlocted
toward t hiinib.

Angle of lower jaw nar-
row at base; coronold
process pidnted.

Tympanic bulla reaches
liosterlor Isirder of glen .
did cavity. Spheno-
palatine foramen pres-
ent; theupiH'r orbital
border not rugose.

Palatal plate extends
back of lino of last mo-
lar for adistiuiceeiiual-
ling one-third the
length of pterygoid
|iriH'ess.

Sagittal and anterior tern-
l>oral urestA marked.

1. Euderma maculata (J. A. Allen).

Hisliotus maculaius J. A. Allen, Hull. Amer. Mus. Na*. Hist., Ill, 1891.

hiagnosin. — The diagnosis of the single species is that of the genus.

Description. — Kars three-fourths length of the forearm, broad at tip,

united by a small membrane. Internal basal lobe well deftued. luter-

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—T ,- n •

BULLETIN 43, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

fif

nal basil ridge extends nearly the entire length of the auricle. Exter-
nal border simple, entire, without scallops. The external basal lobe
well defined, simple, not recurved, hairy on outer surface. Auricle
greatly constricted opposite base of tragus, to wliicli it is attachied; no
external basal ridge. Tragus elongate, but scarcely narrowed at tip,
little more than one-third the length of the auricle, straight or slightly
convex on inner border, moderately convex on outer border; basal
notch shallow, indeterminate; no basal lobe. Muzzle simple, depressed
in middle; glands on the side rndimental, not club-shaped; nostril
entire oval, without corhu.

The auricle is marked with numerous transverse striae at outer two-
thirds excluding the tip. The inner border and tip fringed with short
hair, a sparse growth occupies the inner surface of the auricle from the
inner border of the internal basal ridge.

Membranes. — The thumb disposed t(> be Hexed, the membrane extend-
ing to the base of the first phalanx. A distinct hen) extends between
the thumb and second digit. The second digital interspace ;i"""
wide. Metacarpal bones distinct on palnnir asjiect. Palmar tblds nt
fifth metacarpal two in number. The terminal cartilage of the fourth
digit axial. Foot one-seventh of the length of the forearm. Tail as
long the forearm, tip exsert.

The markings on the membranes are as follows: In the fourth inter-
space the predigital nerve arises midway along the fifth nu^tacarpal aiul
the post digital from the distal fourth of the fourth ]neta(;arpal bono.
Oblique tibial lines four in number. The interfemoral membrane c: -
tire, ample, marked by ten well-defined comjdete transverse lines. Iii-
tercostals twelve in number, ranging oblitiuely outward and upward.

Fur. — Black and white hues arranged in a manner uni(pie in Olu'i-
roptera. Dorsum with fur of a i)revailing black, the hair being nni-
forndy long and unic(dored, excepting at the base of the ears, over tlie
shoulder blades, and at the rump, where the hair is white. The cluin])s
on the ear are unicolored ; those on the shoulder blades have hair witli
basal half black: that on the rump is intermingled with black, but
otherwise the hair is as on the shoulder blades. The nape of the neck,
crown, and base of the ears, where they join the crown, of a more rusty
black than that of the dorsu'n generally. This arrangement is liniitod
by the low band which unites the ears; the fa<'e is sparsely covercil
with blackish hairs; the lips at the sides are whiskered; the spaces
about the eyes are naked. The under surface of the body with white
as its prevailing color, the basal i)ortion of the fur everywhere being
black, excepting where the large ear extends down on the side of tlio
neck. In this region (viz the upper half of the neck) the hair is pure
white and uni<«)lored and continuous above with the basal ear clumps,
The lower half of the side of neck is black throughout. A faint white
line extends aca'oss the shoulder to unite the clumps on the shoulder
blades to that of the ventre. The fur otherwise black at basal two-

A MONOGRAPH OF THE BATS OF NORTH AMERICA.

uh inter-
•pal anil
al hone.
aue c; -
es. Ill-
pwanl.
Ill V\m-
inff imi-
>ver the

1 cliimi"*
air witli
lick, but
e lU'ttk,
r«> rusty
limited
covered
spaces
ill white
e being
e of the
is pure
clumps,
it white
lumhler
aal two-

thirds, apical third, white. Tho arm at its basal third black. The
cxtout of the wbitc portion diminishes from above downward. Mem-
branes everywhere naked.

Skull. — Brain-case, low, quadrate, tht height one-half the bimastoid
diameter. The metieucephalon as long as mesencephalon and pro-
oncephalon. Sagittal crest rudimentary, does not extend beyond a line
ai'sweriugto the middle of the zygoma, the remaining portions of the
posterior temporal crest widely separated: the anterior not defined.
I )orsum of face vertex with a shallow concavity which is not sharply de-
lined; orbit with inflated inner wall and rugose elevated upper border;
lachrymal tubercle marked. Infraorbital canal short; the foramen on
line with iutervtll between second prem<»lar and first molar. Line of
tho upper margin of the anterior nasal aperture if i)roduced would in-
tersect the second premolar; tympani(! bone apparently incomplete
above.

The paroccipital process bold, trencdiant; sterno-mastoid impression
deeply concave; mastoid composed entirely of squamosal element.
Zygoma quite as in Corynorhinm — the squamosal part twice as wide
as maxillary; sphenopalatine foramen present, of large size. Occipital
crest trenchant. Tympanic bone greatly inflated, equals one-third the
length of the skull, not touching basioccipital, or basisphenoid ; exca-
vate anteriorly. It extends to a line which answers to the middle of
the glenoid cavity. The mest)pterygoid fossa as long as one-third the
distance from the posterior palatal border to the incisors. The sphen-
oidal foramen is at the bottom of a deep recess. The coronoid process
is round, small, raised scarcely one-third the height of the ascending
lauins; lower border of the horizontal ramus near tl.e angle slightly
concave. The angle is raised from the plane on which the mandible
rests. Atlas witli large foramen for vertebral artery which rests on a
niere thread of bone; transverse process semicircular without spine.
In common with other cervical vertebne the tubercle on anterior surface
of body is marked. Ribs twelve in number. Both ]»resternnm and
nu'sosternum keeled. Scapula nuich as in (Jorynorhlntis. It was mu-
tilated in the single specimen examined.

}f(t.riUary teeth. — Incisors contiguous, slightly inclined toward the
nu'd ian line, but the lateral tooth se[)arated from the canine by a moderate
interval. Central incisor cuspidate with a small cuspule projected mid-
way on the posterior surface; a distinct cuspule also arises from the
cingulum posteriorly. Lateral incisor one-half the size of the central,
and cuspidate, with a small cuspule arising from the cingulum on the
anterior and a> second on the posterior portion. Canine not larger than
tile second premolar, the buiuial surface is abruptly convex. The first
pit'inolar is small not wedged in, with complete cingulum. The space
lietween it an<l canine narrower than that between it and second pre-
niiilar. The second imiuudar n,s long as the canine and slightly fiuted.
Molars a« in Cori/Horhmm^

BULLETIN 43, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Mandibular teeth. — Incisors crowded, trifld, i. e., the main cusp pos-
sesses a well developed cuspuleon each side the base, the cingulumon the
posterior side being large. The first and second teetlroverlap for a dis-
tance equaling one-hull' of their diameters. The third incisor retains
a posterior cuspulo which is larger than the anterior and separated troni
the main cusp by a wide interval. The canine is small and projects but
a slv;ht degree above the incisors. It exhibits a marked cuspule on the
cingiilum anteriorly. I

The premolars are j^teparated by a small interval. The first is smaller
than the second, distinctly trifid, and contiguous to the canine. The
second is much larger and trihedral. The molars as iu Corynorhinus;
the apices of cusps acicular: the lingual surface of hy^ocouid is trittd.

Euderma is based upon the type specimen of Hintiotua maculatus.
Through the courtesy of Dr. J. A. Allen I have recently had an oppor-
tunity of examining it.

Dr. Allen believed that this striking form belonged to Eistiotm on
the ground that the shape of the ears and of the nuizzle, as well as the
disposition of the membranes, were of the same general type, while the
t«eth were the same in number. . In my opinion these statements re-
quire modification. A minute first upper premolar is to be seen in the
rather large space between the canine and the second premolar, thns
separating Dr. Allen's species from Histiotus, in which a single upper
premolar is present. Together with this peculiarity 1 find that the gen-
eral characters of the sknll, the teeth, and tlie wing membrane are like
those of VoryHorhinuH. Indeed, it may be said to be a Plecotian genus
without nuizzle processes, and since with these peculiarities the new
form possesses but two premolars in the lower .jaw, it is quite distinct.
I, therefore, ])ropose to describe it as follows :

Habitat. — The single sjjecimen known was colle<!ted by Mr. Thomas
Shooter, Pirui, Ventura County, Cal. It was caught on a fence.

Genus ANTROZOnS II. All<-n.

AntrozoHS H. Allen, I'roc. Acad. Nat. 8ci. Phila., 1862, 247; Monog. N. A. Bats, 1864,
66; Dobson, Cut. Chirop. Brit. Mus., 1878, 170; C'oues uiid Yarrow, Wheeler's
Exped., Zoiil., 1875.

Nose liigh, tapering, narrow; snout angular, blunt; nostrils apical,
lower (outer) borders joining above in a transverse line; ears longer thau
head, not joined.

3 111

Dental Formula. — Molars,,, premolars ~, canines -, incisors ^x2-

=28.

In the incomplete tympanic bone, in the absence of the palatal plate
to the premaxilla, in the markings on the fourth digital interspace, in
the shape and relations of the ulna, in the details of the molars, and in
the arrangement of the nasal scrolls, AntrozouH is in alliance with the
Vespertilionida'. Affinity with Cory norhi nun is suggested by the shape
of the muzzle-glands. Antrosoun resembles Atalapha in the shapes of

f ■■)':]

A MONOGRAPH OP THE BAT8 OP NORTH AMKRICA.

tlic last molars as well as in the proportions of the hjrpoconid. In the
iiiiinbcr and arrangement of the premolars and molars, as well as in
tlif. shape of the upper premolar, Antrozous is strikingly like Daaifpterm.
Ill the number of incisors in the lower jaw, in the free lower lip, in the
ni:inal formula, iu the disposition for the nostril to bear a vertical in<
tn-narial ridge and the upper border of the muzzle to exhibit a trans-
verso outgrowth, in the presence of a hem on the i)oUical side of the
second metacarpal bone, Antrozous recalls the Phyllostomidse.

In the restriction of the lower incisors to four in a family where the
dominant number is six it is of interest to note that in Nyctinomous
hmsiliemisttie third incisor on each side is rudimental or may be lost,
thu3 reducing the number from six to four, the number normal to N.
mncrotiH and Proh.opa.

Peters has called attention to the affinity between Antrozous and
Xyctophilua. I have lately been able to make a comparison between
tliese genera, so far removed in geographical range. The following
characters have not been used before in classification :

Antrozoug.

Transverse muzzle-band continuouH with
the lower margin of tho nostril ; thus
the depression of the nostril is con-
tinuous with the groove above the
nostril.

External basal lobe of tho auricle without
an inner fold.

Ttrniinal cartilage of the fifth <Mgit bitid,
the somad lobe prolonged; incon-
spicuous accessory cartilage.

Tlii^ nerves in the fourth interdigital
unequal, tho post-digital much the
longer.

I'rotocone small, not extending beyond
the paracone.

Ujipcr premolar scarcely fluted, without
cinguluni on palatal surface. Lach-
rymal ]>roce88 small, no supraorbital
ridge ; facial vertex convex.

Nyotophiltu.

Tfansverso band is continuous with the
upper margin of the nostril ; thus the
depression of the nostril is cut off
from the pit above tho nostril.

External basal lobe of the auricle with a
conspicuous inner fold.

Terminal cartilage of the fifth digit
acicular ; conspicuoas accessory car-
tilage.

The nerves of the fourth interdigifal
space of e<jual length and arise on
same level.

Protocone large, extending entire length
of tooth.

Upper premolar deeply fluted, with cin-
guluni on palatal surface. Lachry-
mal process and supraorbital ridge
trenchant ; facial vertex flat or oon-
oave.

The shapes of the premolars and molars, the presence of the acces-
sory (!artilage to the fifth digit, the number of teeth in the lower jaw,
are (iharacters which ally Nyvtophilua to the vespertilionines and place
it near Synotus, while no characters suggest its affinity to the phyllos-
toinines, unless the shape of the nose-leaf be held to be of this value.
Ill common with Corynorhinus and Antrozous, the muzzle glands unite
biick of the nose-leaf. On the whole, I incline to the opinion that Nyoto-
pit Hits did not arise from i,i stem distinct from that from which
sprung the vespertilionines, while Antrozous arose from the phyllosto-
441— No. 43 5

66 BULLETIN 43, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. "

iiiiiu'H at a point not far rcinotu from tlio vainpyrinu group, or the un-
known ancestral stem of Natalus and ThyropUra.

1. AntrcsouB palllduB (Leconto). Tlio palo bat. (Platwi viii, ix.)

VetptTtilio pallidHs Looonto, I'roo. Aood. Nnt. Bui. Philu. vii, 1855, 43; Baird, U. S. aud

Mex. Buiind. Survey, Koport ii, 1858, PI. i. Fig. 1.
Atitrozoui palUdua II. Allan I.e.; Dobaoii, Cat. Ckirup. Brit. Mus., 1878, 170; Coiiin,

Aiuer. Nut., 1867, 283; Couoh and Yarrow, Wlieeler's Exped., Zoul., 1875,85.

Diagnosis. — Scallopa of auricle not breaking convex outline of outer
margin; external basal lobe concealed in part. Tlie vesportilionine
tragus half the height of the auricle. Head folds continuous on the
dorsum. Transverse ridge defines the upper border of the blunt muz/le.
The nostrils simple, lunate. Chin plate subtriangular, defined. Iii-
i II , cisors iii lower jaw, four iii number. Protocone rudimental ; last maxil-

lary molar but half the size of others and composed of rudimental pro-
tocone and paracone. Proximal rudiment of the ulna not anchylosod
to radius at elbow- Muzzle glands flat, nearly confluent above. The
second and third metacarpals distinct on palmar surfaces. Phalanges
of the third digit of one length; the first phalanx of the fourth and
fifth digit longer than the second. A well-defined hem of membrane is
seen between the thumb and second digit ; the fifth digit greatly longer
than the forearm. The terminal cartilage of the fourth digit deflected
toward the second digit. Jfumerous clobely arranged muscle fibers
arise from the tibia near the oblique tibial line and are dispersed over
the greater part of the membrane nearly to the fifth digit. * The ole-
cranon is dorsal, the membranes arising from the opicondyle. The sec-
ond and third metacarpals are not on level of membrane, but raised
above it, and not crossed by oblique lines. This easily distinguishes
Antrozous from other genera of Vespertilionidae.t
The inanal formula is as follows :

SecoDd iutorspaoe 3

Third interspace 15

Foiirtli interspace 28

Forearm 51

The greater part of the free margin of wing membrane with a delicate
buff border. This is not peculiar, but appears to be unusually con-
spicuous.

The tail is raised from the plane of the undersurface of the iuterfem-
oral membrane near the pubis, but for the rest of its length it is raised
from the dorsal. The terminal joir.t is exsert, and bears a small fleshy
tip. The calcar is longer than the foot and ends in a small lobe. The
post calcaral lobe is fleshy and obscurely defined. The interfemoral
membrane is crossed by numerous broad transverse lines.

* The accessory cartilage ninst be sought for with care by the aid of a powerful
lens.

tThe stateiueut of E. Coucs that the second digit has two phalanges is not cun-
firmed. , ^

xiniLi

tllO Ull-

, II. 8. ami

'0; Coiic'N,
r5,8o.

of outer
tilioiiiiiu
i on tlio

etl. Ill-
it uiaxil-
iital pro-
sbyloscd
re. TllO
talangcs
rth and
branc is
yr longer
eflected
Q fibers
Jed over
rhe ole
rbe sec-
t raised
guisbes

delicate
Jly con-

iterfem-
s raised
11 fleshy
B. Tlie
femoral

powerful
not cun-

Explanation of Plate VIII.

F!(

Vu
V\i
Vu
Vu
Vu
Vu

1. Front \U:\v of hcail of Aiilro:oiiH palUdiin.

2. Sido vi«w of saiiii'.

3. View oftrafj;ns and inner siirfaci' ofanriclo.
I. Wing nieiubriiuc.

5. Tail and intcrfenioral nu-niltrani'.

(>. Sknll se<'n from above, x '2.

7. Skull and lower .jaw seen from tln^ side, x 2.

Vui. 8. Os petrosa.

BULLETIN 43, PL. VIII

Antrozous pallidus.

Tli«
ciilur 1
paHsiiij
t'l-om (
toiirth
tliird <i
iiboiitt
ilt tlio

Vari
fawn s
Mi^j. L
(liirker
Hair a
not tip
tinge,
meiiibt
liairs a
iialH e:
Htat«d
iutornii
Hilly ed
the lull

Ruff<
third, 1
crenuh

a point
tooth 1
which
with pi
obHcpu
the pr
lialfth
tion. '
in first
but rel
in the
of the I

Mam
li(iue c
preniol
commif
The he

The
to the
hypoco

iln

A MONOOUAPU OF TUE DATS OF NORTU AMEBICA. 67

Till) (lutei- bordui- of the uuklo strouKthoiiod by n uuinbur of trubo-
ciilur liiiOH, wbichdivuriTu in tbo oiido part»giuin and iiiteratict the linuo
piiHsiiifT between the hiimorus and tho iufurior extremity. Fascicles
from uorauo-briichialiM and triceps muscles well developed. In tho
fourth intordiKital space the predigital nerve appears at the distal
tliird of the tifth metacarpal bone, while the postdigital apiwars from
about the middle of the fourth metacarpal bono. Fascial bands marked
at the baso of the hfth digit.

Variatiom. — Two varieties of ccdor are observed in this species — tho
fawn and the yellowish brown. Tho first was tho one descril)ed by
Mi^j. Leconte. This author says: <'IIair light fawn colored, tip with
darker, beneath paler." The yellowish brown may thus be described :
Hair above light brown at base, darker at tips; below lighter browu
not tipped. In some instances the brown tip above assumes a reddish
tinge, and the fur beneath becomes almost white. The interfemoral
membrane is entirely naked. At the base of the thumb a few browu
liairs are found. The membrane to underside calcar in some individ-
uals extends obli<i[uely across to the hallical side of foot. As abov6
stat«d the chin plate is often divided in middle line by a groove. An
internarial vertical ridge is sometimes faintly defined. The nostrils are
subject to slight variation in size of median part of aperture converting
tiie lunate into an inverted comma-like figure.

Ruflw. — The folds seven in number. Between the second and the
third, the third and the fourth, tho fourth and the fifth, secondary
crenulated folds appear.

Maxillary teeth. — The single maxillary incisor is simple, conical with
a pointed basal cusp. Canine with posterior surface outside of axis of
tooth row; palatal surface broad, marked by a longitudinal column
whicli gives to it the appearance of a second cusp. The first molar
with protocone raised slightly above the line of the small cingulum, tho
oblique anterior commissure being absent. An interval exists between
tbo protocone and the posterior V. Tho anterior V is less than one-
iialf tho size of the posterior, both in vertical and bucco-palatal direc-
tion. Tho hypocone is absent. The second molar with protocone as
ill first molar. The anterior V is much larger than in tooth just named,
but relatively smaller than in tho corresponding teeth of other genera
in the family. The third molar much as in Atalapha. Tho first limb
of the anterior V alone marked; the protocone rudimental.

^fandibular teeth. — Incisors, trifld, not crowded. Canine with ob-
li(iue cingulum on lingual aspect with no posterior tubercle. The first
premolar obscurely bifid. First and second molars with thickened
commissure to heel (hyitoconid) encroaching on the grinding surface.
Tiu!! heel of the third molar a mere rudiment on lingual side.

The paraconid and metaconid close together, and form a narrow baso
to the triangle formed by those elements and the protoconid. The
liypoconid is much less developed than either of the other elements.

BULLETIN 43, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Skull. — The Ha^ittul tciiiiHiral croat in high and couspicuoua over the
mesencophtUou and riidiiiiuntary over the metacephuloii and proeneeph-
alon. A distinct convexity lies over the proencejihalon. The an-
terior temporal creHts are well defined. A tubercle lies at the btisnl
end of each creat. From this tubercle forward the imperiectly defined
upiM^r border o^ the Himple inner o<*bital wall extends. The vertex oi'
the face is without nasal enunenci.; a groove extending from the be-
ginning of the sagittal temporal crest to the anterior nasal aperture.
The maxilla is without cunuavities. The anterior border of the vomer
corresponds to the middle of the first maxillary molar. The nasal
bones and the horizontal plates of the superior maxilln3 advanced 2
millimeters beyond the vomer. Anterior nasal aperture incised. The
inner wall of the orbit is convex. The lachrymal foreamen is one-half
as large as the infraorbital. The'iiifraorbital forameu relatively large
and placed near orbit. The two parts of the tympanic bone do not
unite but conceal the cochlea; the basisphenoid bone retains a nearly
vertical auditory process. The ma^^toid is smaller than the paroccipital
process. The ster no- mastoid impression is narrow, elongate, not in-
flated. The external semicircular canal is almost entirely, and the hor-
rizontal quite, covered with bone. The posterior and upper surfaces
are as in Atalapha. The apertures in the cranium by which the otic
capsules approach the periphery are circumscribed. The inner bor-
der of the condyle of the lower jaw is produced, acuminate. The mas-
seteric impression is weak inferiorly; the angle is broad and flat, quite
unlike other vespertilionine forms excei)ting perhaps HarpiocephaluH.
It lies in a line with the middle of the condyle and is therefore not de-
flected; the lower border of the fossa for the insertion of the temporal
muscle forms a ridge which is continuous with the line of the alveolus.
The ethmoid bone in this genus closely resembles that of other Vesper-
tilionidte. The ectoturbinal is compressed mediolaterally.

Notes on the skeleton. — Scapula : coracoid process turned forward at
tip. Axillary border markedly convex below impression for triceps
muscles. Humerus : epitrochlea projects horizontally, deflected down-
ward, and is flat and broad; lateral trochlea weak, scarcely defined; no
olecranon fossa. Carpus not distinctive: pisiform lies across palmar
aspect. .■'■::•'? 7 ■^;^'.i-

Penis with a cauliflower-like thickening to prepuce.

Habitat. — The pale bat is found in California, Oregon, Gape St. Lucas,
Mexico and Arizona. It is abundant at Fort Yuma. E. Coues states
that it infests the houses and annoys the inmates by its scrambling al)out
the recesses in the walls and copings. The naked muzzle has " a pe-
culiar livid hue in life, rendering the animal more repulsive and forbid-
ding than is usual even in this family." ; .i

'^i^.-

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM

BULLETIN 43, PL. IX

■ t

1. Maxillary teeth of Antrozous pallious.

2. Mandibular teeth of same. X8.

X8.

Head

Longt

Loiigt

First

Secou

Tliird

L«

I'dlU'tl

L(
L<
U

Fifth 1
L(
Lt
Lt

Leiigtl
lldgh
Huigb
l.ungt:
Lciigtl
l.uiigtl
Lougtl

(Jnrrei
h

152.
5;t8.
Wl .
W.t.
K»(7.
431.
m5.

i7;i.

■16.

Cut. N<i

15;
524
5241
5451
5:il
52
52;il

52;r

623!
523(

A MONOGRAPH OP THE BATS OF NORTH AMERICA.

MeaturementH from an average of four tpeviment.

Hillimeten.

Iluad aucl body (from crown of hotul to boHo of tail) 48

Luiigth of nrin 31

Length of foreurin 51

Kirst digit:

Length of first metacarpal bono 3(

Length of firot phalanx , 5

Second digit:

Length of second metacarpal bono 39

Length of first phalanx 2^

Third digit:

Length of third metacarpal bone 43

Length of first phalanx 13

Length of second phalanx 13

I'oiirth digit:

Length of fourth metacarpal bono 43

Length of first phalanx 12

Length of second phalaux 11

riftli digit:

Length of fifth metacarpal bone 43

Length of first phalanx 11

Length of second phalanx 8

Length of head 23

Height of oar 26

Height of tragus

Length of thigh 17

Length of tib a.. , 19

Length of fool 11

Length of tail 41

Measurementt from flrtt edition of Monograph.

(/'nrrent num-
ber.

From I
tip of ; Length
nose to of tail,
tail.

152

5:w

.VJl

in.

2.10

2.U

2.4

/».

2.0

(0
(1)
i.«

431

M'l

(»
2.6
2.0
2.0
2.4
2.5

(»)
1.(1

17;(

1.6

.15

1.6
l.O

Length

Length
tibia.

Length

of luDg-

fore-

e8t fin-

arm.

ger.
In.

In.

2.0

0.9

3.0

2.0

0.8

a.o

1.10

0.8

3.0

2.0

0.9

3.4

2.0

0.9

3.0

2.0

0.0

3.4

t.ll

1.0

3.0

2.0

1.0

3.0

2.0

0.10

3.4

2.0

0.9

3.5

l^ength
thuinb.

In.

0.4
0.5
0.6
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.4
0.5
0.5
0.5

Height
of ear.

In.

0.10

0.9

0.10

1.0

0.10

0.12

1.1

1.0

^y Ex- Natureof
tragus.! !"«•••• |»Pec'nien.

In.

0.6
0.5
0.5
0.4
(»)
0.6
0.0
0.7
0.7
0.7

In.

12.0

10.6

11.0

(»)

11.6

11.0

11.2

11.6

12.0

Dry.

k.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.

List of ipeciment.

rat. No.

No. of

specimen.

152

5211

5240

5455

5:m

521

5238

5237

5239

5236

19 1

Locality.

El Paso (Bouudary Survey) .

San Kllnnrio, Tax

Fort Hliss, N.Mex

Flirt D«ll<». Oreg

IVwat.'roek, Cal

Tnjon Valiey

Fort Tejon, Cal

ilo

Fort Yuma, Cn\

CaiM< St. Lucas

Presented by—

J. H. Clark (type) . . .
Dr. C.B. Kennerly...
Dr. S. W. Crawford .

Dr. Ueo. Suckley

Dr. A. L. Heemiann .

John XauiuB

M^. U. H. Tliomas..
John Xantus

Nature of
specimen.

Dry.

Alcoholic.
Do.

Do.
Aloohollo.
Do.
Do.
Do.

BULLETIN i% UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

il ^

While tlie sheets were passing thronj^h the press the foHowing addi-
tions liave been made to my study of AiitrozouH and its allies, l}unt/p-
terns, C'orynorhinus, and Nyatojihiliis. in Antrozouii theparaconids and
metaconids are indistinctly defined and much crowded; in Dasi/pte-
ruH they are well defined and separated from ejich other, as is the
case in the family. AntrozouH differs from Dmyptertta in the presence
of a broad, ilange-like epi(!ondyl»; ; in the simple (nonbifld) conusoid
process; in the smaller i)isiform bone, which shows no disposition to be
prolonged downward along the shaft of the fifth metacarpal bone; in
the flftli metacarpal bone l)eing almost the length of the fourth; in the
greater trochanter being broatl, and not deflected backward; a«d in tiic
outer femoral condyle being smaller than the inner. The first phalanx,
respectively, of the second, third, fourth, and fifth toes are dis])osed to
be dorsifiexed on the metatarsus — a character apt to be repeated in all
scurrying forms. I say apt to be repeated, for it is an adaptive char-
acter and due to muscle traction. The reader is referred to the figure
of Adelonycteris fuHcuH in illustration of the shape taken by the toes
when the animal lies prone. This position is sometimes also assumed
in specimens preserved in strong alcjhol. The absence of such a dis-
position in CorynorhimiH and Basyptenm is in consonance with other
characters, nam^iy, that in these genera the foot is adapted to hanging
rather than to scurrying, and that both genera are of the broad-
winged parachuted type of flight rather than of the narrower-winged
zigzag-fiying type. One notes, therefore, without surprise that the
third finger, both in Corynorhinus sind Banynterus, is longer than in
Antrozous.

In NyctophiluH it is seen that the inner condyle of the femur is
smaller, and the greater trochaiiti^r is deflected backward — the last
character especiially being best developed in parachuted types.

The union of gland clumps \y,w\i of the nose-leaf in Anirozoiia is in
evidence of a dispositiim seen in Bnichyphylla and PhyUonyeteris. So
far as it goes, it indiiiates an approximation of the genus to the phyl-
lostomines.

Peters (SB. Akad. I>erlin, 1882, 987) places Antrozous and NyctophUm
in association with liliinophylla and Mv<j<t(krmn (.'). It is remarkable
that Mnvrotus should also have be«^n pla(;ed in a similar alliance. (See
this genus.) I have had nomeansof instituting comparisons with either
of the forms last named.

Genus VESPERTILIO LiiiiiiiMis.

Q S 1 2

Dental formula. — Molnrs V, premolnrH | , (canines , iiirisor.s _ x2 = 'lH teetli.

The genus Vespertilio will be restricted to those bats which, having
on each side of the jaw three premolars and three molars, have in ad-
dition two u|)|>er and three lower incisors. Each species possesses an
erect, tapering tragus and a marginal external basallobe to the auri(;le.

A MONOGRAPH OF THE BATS OP NORTH AMERICA.

Hoth tilie internal and exterr al basal lobes are near together and form
the lower end of an ellipse of which the tip .institutes the upper end.
In contrast with Ktrivoula a,iid Natalm the scallops come well forward
in front of the conch. Both sides of the auricle in good specimens are
usually marked with raised arborescent lines. In further contrast with
Kerivoula and Nataluti (genera which have the same number of teeth •
.(B Veftpertilio) a phalanx is present in the second manal digit. The
third digit is scarcely longer than the combined lengths of the body
and the lower extremity, while an oblique tibial line is present on the
wing membrane. The scallops of the auricle are membranous (i. e.,
not thickened), and are not incurved toward the tragus in the manner
which is so conspicuously the case in Adelonycteris (q. v.). The proto-
coiie of the third upper premolar is well defined. The post-digital nerve
of the fourth interspace arises from the side of the fourth metacarpal
bone near the middle.*

The exact relations which obtain between Adelonycteris, Vesperugo
and the older genus VespertiUo, have not been determined. This arises
from the fact that minute variations in the numbers of teeth in bats
appear to be less denotive of structural peculiarities elsewhere in the
economy that is the case with the mammalia generally. Dobson {I. c.)
places Adelonycteris, Vcspertigo and Lasionycteris in the same group,
each being the type of a sub-genus. But the inter » .!s between mem-
bers of the group are most unequal. Adelonycteris and Vesperugo can
scarcely be separated except by the teeth while Lasionycteris has dis-
tinguishing characters in many parts of the periphery.

While the species of Vespertilio are exceedingly variable, it is of in-
terest to note that the wings are quite constant in form. Scarcely any
distinctions are discernible between these parts in species so remote in
areas of distribution as those of Europe and America. The shaiKi of
the tragus is of more exact specific value than the wings and on the
whole yields the best single character of the skin surface. The inter-
femoral membrane is variable and is of much less value than the
tragus in denoting the constancy of species. The same may be said of
the auricle, for its shape and proportions are more generic than specific
ill significance, though it mnst be conceded that the size of the first
scallop and the character of the outer border above the scallop dis-
tinguish varieties. At best the American species are less sharply dis-
tiii}>nished fi-om one another than are those of the old world. In
support of this statement the ensuing notes ;;ire presented of my ob-
servations on a few well-known exotic forms:

v. miifieola (Indiii). — Nostril with cormi well defined with prominent mnrginn,
licirder of iioHtril ftt innz/.lo imperfectly limited, septum recodeut obscure. Muzzle

" I't'xiwrtilio, according to ('ones and Yarrow (Wheeler Expedition, 1875), includes

1 2 *^ S
all ImtM with ,j ^ ' prcmohirs. 'I'liesii chnructerH define respectively the genera

J, w, ,1, A,

la^^ dcliiiotl hy them) Vetpcrug, I'vupcriigo, f'enimridvii, and Veiiptrtilio.

BULLETIN 43, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

glands distinct, nodular. Postmental wart constitiito s a largo, hard nodule. Thumb
directed outward, scarcely larger than its metacarpal bone ; callosity large.

F. nattereri (Europe). — Nostril as in V. miiricola; muzzle and post mental glaniU
rndinieutal. Internal margin of thr> auricle and internal basal lobe not lying against
the head. Outer margin >>i the base of the tragus obscurely separated from tlio
inconspicuous lobule. Tragus greatly viroduced, tiliform. First metacarpal bono
strongly Hexed, outline w^flned; callosity small. Thumb scarcely if at all projected
beyond the contour of the second metacarpal bone. Oblique tibial lino arises from
the distal third of tlio tibia.

V.capaccinii (Europe). — Foot jinormous; tragus long, filiform; membrane from
ankle, or a point slig}itly above i:, covered with hair which also clothes the leg ami
the sides of the intorfenioral niPinbr.nne.

F. wyglaciiiiia (P^uropc). — As opposed to the preceding this species is not ho
easily distinguished from the American species (vide Monograph). The tragus in
quite as in the phases of our Western States. The fur presents some distinctive
features, viz, in the diit'erent hues of brown of the back.

The American species further resembles V. mystacinus in the bearded
upper lip, especially the western forms, as stated in Monograph, p. C(».
In alcoholic specimens this is less conspicuous than in the dry, for the
hairs are soft and readily cling to the skin. In some varieties the hairs
quite thickly clothe the sides and front of the face, and are conspicuous
from their bhick color. Apart from the wing membrane this is the best
peripheral charsicter by which VespertiUo can be distinguished from
Adelonycteris and Veaperugo.

The difficulties acknowledged in identifying the American species
are apparently insuperable, so great is the range of variation in the
proportions of the ears, thumb, feet, tail, and phalanges of the manus,
and in the coloration of the fur and the membranes. If the purposes
of zoological science should end with the identification of species, the
student might well be discouraged in his studies in this field. But
fortunately the very intricacies of the subject Si:ggest problems, in the
attempts to solve which, his knowledge of the life and structure of these
little organisms can not fail to be increased.

After careful consideration from the available material, I have con-
cluded thsit there are three species of Vespertilio in the United States,
namely, F. gryphus, inhabiting the country east of the ninety-eightli
degree parallel longitude; F. albescens, and F. niftdiw, in the country
west of the line above named.

Numerous variations exist which make it unsatisfactory to frame
diagnoses of these species after the manner seen elsewhere in this
memoir. Such variations are of great interest, and it will be found con-
venient to retain for them names of well-marked varieties as though
they had specific value. Among such I include F. luci/ngun under V.
gryphvs; V. melanorhhms under F. albescens; V. macropus under F. albes-
cens; V. eiiotis under F. albescens; V. longicrus under F. nitidus; V. yu-
manensis under F. nitidus.

Variations in animals are commonly included under the headings of
the regions of country in which they occur and by which their distri-
bution is limited. While varieties so defined are doubtless the main

A MONOGRAPH OF THE BATft OP NORTH AMERICA.

ones, two other kiiidH arc recognized a8 present in the American species
of Vespertilio. The first of these is ontogenetic and consists in adults
not infrequ(Mit1y retaining in an irregular manner some of the propor-
tions of the young. This I pro{M)He calling pedomorphic vai-iation, or
pt'doinorphism. The second is due to depositions of black pigment in
increased proportion in those parts of the skin which is not covered by
I'lir, as on the ears, membranes, snout, and feet. This I propose calling
iDclanic variatitm. Pedomorphic and melauic variation is seen in all
three species.

1 propose presenting each of these subie(!ts in some detail under dis-
tint^t lieadings, sis follows:

Pedomorphic variation. — In young bats the foot and thumb are apt
to be disproportionately large as compared with the same parts in
mature individuals; at the same time the auricle and tragus are corre-
spondingly small, the snout high, blunt, and nearly naked. Thisdispo-
for the sition for our species occasionally to retain juvenile peculiarities has

led to much confusion in their identification. Prof. E. D. Cope has
])i'oposed to employ for this condition the term retardation, that is to
say, the parts above named are, as it were, held back while others are
permitted to go on to adult expression. V. lucifugits of Leconte is a
"ihnnorphic variety of V. gryphm as V. yumanensis is a similar variety
. . nit id us.

It is easily understood how necessary it is to determine the age of a
fjivcn specimen to be identified, since an immature form of the typical
exaiiipfe of a species may be similar to the fully grown adult from the
retardation of development in the characters above named. In quite
young individuals the fourth and fifth digits arc of the same length
wliile the basi-o(!cipital bone is not coossified with the sphenoid, and
tli(; epiphysis at the distal end of the metacarpal bone, as well as both
ends of the hun\erus, are detachable. In older specimens, yet imma-
ture, tiie proportions of the manus are as in the adult while the joint
last named is still without sharpness of outline, thus indicating imper-
fection in development. The interfemoral membrane is triangular, the
tij) of the tail boldly exserted, and the post calcaral lobe is absent.
Tlu^ teeth are fully erupted long before the tail and the manus are com-
plete, so that tlie characters presented by them are of little value in
determining age after the animals become independent food-seekers.
The study of the young, therefore, is of importance in the identification
of species. Mr. J. A. Allen (Mammals of Massachusetts) has stated
tliat ill his judgment V. luci/ugus is the young of V. suhulntus, a state-
ment which is equivalent to saying that bats having the chanicteristics
above developed are always immature. I have, therefore, taken pains
to examine carefully the composition of the bones in the forms which
I have included in the monograph under V. luci/ugus, and I can defi-
nitely assert that they are not immature. With the exception of the
characteristic retention in the head, foot, thumb, and interfemoral mem-

!'i=li

niTLLETIN 43, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

fii:

branci, the proportion of the winjrs and the details of the skeleton a>id
of the teeth are precisely those of V. gryphuH.

The pedoniorpliiit varieties of V. f/ryphm appear to be more common
in cold, elevated countiie.-. than in warmer. The retardation may be
due to the enviranment bein^ ui. favorable to developniont, owing to a
shtu't summer and a correspondingly long period of hibernai,ion. This,
howe'.er, is a surmise, as excellent examples are met with in V, al-
beseem along the soutliern parts of California and in Lower (California.
The markings of the meiubraties iu pedomorphism are precisely those
of the typical adults. The chara' ters which may be retarded are, of
course, infinite. In point of fiujt, however, those which are usually
found associated are those above named. Occasionally a small ear and
tragus is found with a small foot and large interfemoral membrane.
The opposite to this I liave not seen, namely, a large foot with a large
ear, tragus, and interfemoral membrane.

Melanic variation. — When the pigmentation is everywhere so great
as to give a black hue to the membranes, ears, face, and feet, the con-
trast is so great between the individuals and tiiose which exhibit the
translucent black sha'des as to be very noticeable. Since the intensely
black forms include those which also possess auricles which are mod-
erately or scarcely concave on the outer border, and which are larger
than the head, they constitute true varieties. V. evotis and V. mela-
norhinuH are melanic varieties of V. albescens. V. longicrus True is
probably a melanic variety of V. nitidus. Melanic variation is less
connuon in V. gryphus than in either of the western species. In no in-
stance does it enter into a diagnosis. Black vsirieties through tl;e
fauna may be found in both the typical and the pedoinorphic adults.

It is diiflcult to determine the examples of Vespertilio from the conn-
try west of the ninety-eighth parsillel. The change of color of fur and
membrane, the variation in the shapes of the interfemoral membrane,
the relative lengths of the limbs, especially of the thumb, feet, and
legs, are unavailable for purposes of diagnosis.

I assume that the ftdlowing characters determine the western spe-
cies: Lateral upper incisor much less frequently crenulated at cingulum
than in the eastern forms, and disposed tf) inward rotation. Penis
small, with narrow, otteii pigmented prepuce. Fur forming a transverse
white line under the lower jaw. Tragus not isosoles, but straight on
inner border and convex at lower part of the outer border. If the outt r
border is without cMmeavity above this convex portion, then the tragus
is semielliptical; if the border is with concavity, then the tragus is
semipyriform. The membranes are translucent, never brown in tint,
but when not melanic are of a peculiar blueish-black, gray tinge, lie-
flnesque describes a species of North Ainerican Vespertilio under the
name of V. cyniioptcrus, whU-h I have been unable to identify. (See
Appendix.) The " wings are of a dark blueish gray." The diilerence lie
tween a dark bluish gray and a diluted translucent black is, perhaps,

A MONOGRAPH OP THE BATS OF NORTH AMERICA.

one of personal equation. To express it differently, the membranes '
iii'it liglitly pignientod, though the pigmont is black in color. The an-
terior surface of the interfcmoral membrane appears to be less pig-
mented than other portions of the wing meiabraues. As a result the
iiieinbrano presents a whitish api>earance, as though a little uhalk
and water had been lightly painted over it. The post calcaral lobe i.}
oltcn well deveh)ped, but on the whole i-^ inconstant.

The characters of the eastern species aie seen in the diagnosis and
des(!ription of V. gryphus, and are in con*- ist to the western.

The distribution of the genus Vespertilio in North America is similar
to that of other genera of mammals whose range is extensive. Thus it
can be said that the western forms in the United States (west of 1)8°)
an^ distinct from the eastern; that the eastern forms range north and
northwest through British America with little variation, and that they
are disposed to reappear in the mountain ranges of the northwestern
United States along the Pacific coast, presumably by migration from
tlie north along paths of high altitude; that the southern parts of the
eastern United States, say from below 30° latitude, resemble Mexican
phases, as do those of the western, from an irregular line between 30°

anil 42° latitude.

The species of the genus, therefore, are the least local of any mem-
bers of the fauna. It is probably true that all of its representatives
liave been derived from one or more tropical ancestors, and that an
exhaustive knowledge of these forms will be required before the pecu-
liarities of the more northern phases can be properly interi)reted. As-
suming that migrations have taken place from the south to the north,
tlie lines of their first divergence would appear to have occurred in the
iioitherii parts of Mexico in three separate treiias — one to the northeast
through tlie Gulf States; one due north through Arizona and New
Mexico, and one northwest through the Sacramento Valley. At points
fartlier north tlie lines become greatly disturbed, the tropical features
art^ to a great extent lost, and the study of individuals becomes one of
f^ieat intricacy. Greatly extended research beyond the means available
to the writer will be needed before th& questions of distribution and
the validity of zoological varieties can be determined. The conclu-
sions at present thought to be tenable may serve a useful purpose
until the question can be settled by students who are more favorably
situated than he.

1. Vespertilio gryphus Fr. Cuvior. Tho little ]tr>wn Itat. (Platns x, xi.)

I'lupcrtilio gryphus Fr. Cuvior, Nouv. Annal. rtii MiiHeiim, PariH, 1832, 15.

VcHiHrtilio salnrii, ibid.

I'lsiurtilio Buhflamis, il)i<l.

ViKpirtilio caroli Temininck Mono^;. Mam. ii, 1835, 237. Wagner, Schrnb. Saiigeth.,

Sui>j>l., V, 1H55, 749; Dobson, Cat. Chirop. Urit. Mu«., 1S78, 325.
I'eHjiirliUo domeiitiottii (Jroen, Cab. Nat. Hist., ii, 290.

76 BULLETIN 43, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

V. Buhulalus Harlun, Fauna Americana, 1825, 22 (not Say) ; Riohardsoi., Fauna fioreiit.
Ainer., i, 1829, 3; Uotlinan, Amer. Nat. Kiot., i, 1831, 71 ; Cuo^er, Ann. Lye. N. Y.,

IV, 1837, 61 ; De Kay, Nat. Hist. N. Y. (Zool.), 1842, 8; Wagner, Scbreb. SiiuK.tli.

V, 1855, 750, Looonto, Proc. Acb<1. Nat. Sci. i'lila., 1856, 436j H. Allen, Mou.ig.
Ii. ' N. A. ItutB, 1864, 51; DnbBon, Cat. Chirop. Brit. Mas. 1878, 324.

1 As indicated by the nynoiiymy, this hat is tlie same aa thit V. Hubulatu»

) of the first edition of the Monograph.

Maj. Lecoute rehabilitated V. subulatus, Say, (see Appendix), and sub-

) sequent writers acisepted this writer's determination. The type is lost.

,' The original diagnosis was remarkable in four respects: It described

' the lower canine tis bifid on one side — an anomaly I have never seen;

; it was drawn up from an immature individual; it was of a dull cinere-

' ous color on the dorsum, and had hairs on the free border of the inU^r-

femoral membrane. The specimen was secured on the Charles River,

' y one of the sources of the Arkansas, in a section now near Pueblo in

southwestern Colorado.

^' The only specimens of Vespertilio which have been described from

/ ' regions near the one described are F. nitidm macropus, nob., which was

obtained from Fort Whipple, Ariz., and F. nitidus ciliolabrumf Merriam,

which was collected in western Kansas.

In one of the four specimens of T'. nitidns nnwroptis in my possession
the color of the fur might easily be said to have a grayish cast, though
the predominant color is brown. The question at once arises, can a
specimen of Vespertilio collected i n southwestern Colorado on the eastern
slope of the Rocky Mountains be said justly to be the same as those
which frequent the Eastern and Gulf States? I believe this question
must be answered negatively, so long as I hold to my present opinion
that western and eastern forms are distinct. It is agreed that the
ninety-eighth parallel represents the line which separates the two sec-
tions, and since Charles River lies well within the western section, there
appears to be no longer a doubt that F. subulatus is western in its aflSni-
ties. Since the description of Say, therefore, can not apply, it is neces-

!J sary to determine which of the numerous names given to the eastern

form is available.

The diagnoses of Fr. Cuvier {I. c.) might all apply — three of them to
the Northern ( F. gryphus, V. salarii, and F. crassus) and three to the
Southern varieties ( T'". creeks, F. georgianus, and F. suhfUivus). V. gear-
gianus was sent to Cuvier by Maj. Leconte and the name was accejjted
by the donor of the specimen as applicable to the form described in
this memoir under the name Vcsperugo earolinensis. Of the remaining
species it would appear to be appropriate to select the first in theoriU'r
of the description. If this plan be accepted Vespertilio gryphus, Fr.
Cuvier, is the name of the eastern species. The term "murinoid'' of
this writer happily gives the reader a clue to the affinity of the species,
since Fc»j9er<iKoM»MrtHf*« of Europe resembles our species of Vespertilio
in many respects. The presence of two additional molars in the upjier
jaw as contrasted with the number in F. creeks the " serotiuoid " bat /. c.

rM.

r'auna Boreal,
n. Lye. N. Y.,
rob. SiiuKt'Mi,
.Hen, Mouof;,

"^, subulatUH

k), and sub
ype is lost.
t described
ever seen;
lull cinere-
f the inter-
[•les River,
Pueblo in

ribed from
which was
I, Merriam,

possession
bSt, thou^li
ises, can a
;he eastern
e as those
s question
nt opinion
1 that the
le two sec-
tion, there
a its aflini-
it is neces-
he eastern

jf them to
:ee to tlie
. V. gear-
J acce])ted
scribed in
remaining

the order
ijphtis, I<'r.
rinoid'' of
e species,
''espertilio
the up))er

"bat i.e.

\ ... [

! ';

!,i'

Explanation of Plate X

l''Hi. 1. Kroiit view ..riK.ad of lixiHrlilio (irmihn,,.

Vu;. 2. Side view of .same.

Km. a. View of tiiiffus (111(1 inner sni-face of aurieio.

I''l(i. I. AViiiir lueiiibraue.

Fm. ."). Tail and inteifeiiioial iiiembmiie.

Fl(i. 6. .Skull Niieii from above, x 2.

Vui. 7. Skull and lower Jaw seen from the Hide, x 2.

Fio. 5. JIaxillary incisors, x 32.

BKi-

U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM

BULLETIN 43, PL. X

<r^

Vespertilio qryphus.

I ;.

A MONOGRAPH OF THE BATS OF NOKTH AMERICA. 77

ii VcHprrugooT an Adelonycterin, which hHVo 'Mio falHo iiiolnrH nbovo luxl
bii; one beh)w" is in direct tcHtinioiiy that this writer treatixl the hiHt
|)i fiiiolar UH a iiiohir and tliu smaller prenidlars uh *' falHe molarH.*' The
hiii;;iia);e iniplieH the Hanie an the modern expreHsion that there are two
iiiiiiute premolars in each jaw in the yespvrtilio and but one minute
pirniolar in the lower jaw of A(Monycteri».

Tliu t((llowin}f oinbnuics the Hiilient points in Temminck's ivccount of
the coloration in \\ caroli: 'Moues, ciHes dn con et ttmtes Ics parties
HiiperieurcH d'un brune-roussatre A base des |)oila noire; en deHsous d'uu
Itlaiic jaunAtre i\ la iMiinte et bnm-fonue i\ la baHc."

IHuf/nimiH. — Subacuminate, tapering; ears. Interfemoral membrane
below the level of the ankles trianKular; tip of tail exsert; penis lar^e,
willi distinctly expanded butconcealed glans; prepuce never pigmented.
Lateral maxillary incisor disposed to outward rotation, almost always
witli crenulat<cd cingulum. The face broad, {torn 0'" to lU"' between the
ears, and, owing to the presence of large muzzle-glands, giving the rc/iou
in front of the eyes a swollen appearance. A supralabial groove not
(lisiiiictly inclines toward the mouth anteriorly; ga]>e of mouth rarely
extends back beyond the internal canthus. The tragus is slender and
[tointed; the inner border is straight, with the outer border inclined out-
ward, thus forming two sides of an isosceles triangle. Above the notch
the tragus is falciform and turned outward. It is rarely crenulate on the
outer border. Membranes incline to be brown above (never block ex-
cepting in the Incifugan variety) and gray with tawny shades below.
The hair on the dorsum of the interfemoral membranes ends abruptly
at tlio level of the knees. Manal formula variable. The following are
expressions of it:

First iuterspace < ii

Socoiid iuterapace < ..

!23

Forearm Jm

Description. — The auricle is elongated, with slightly acuminate in-
ternal basal lobe, and moderately convex anterior border and rounded
tip. The external border directly below the tip and for a short dis-
tancte is emarginate. The first scallop is distinct; the second indistinct,
and the ridges are scarcely developed. The external basal lobe is
rounded, small, incurved as a rule, thickened, and broader than high.
The internal and external basal lobes lie near together, while the two
borders of the auricle lie far apart. Hence the form of the ear is that
of an oval, the lower external part being concealed by hair. Both
sides of the auricle in well-preserved examples are marked by numer-
ous raised arborescent lines; no transverse plica^ such as are often
conspicuous in the ears of bats, are here, as a rule, noticeable.

The tragus is acuminate, the anterior border straight, the external

" Hi

\-\

ill

78 BULLETIN 43, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

oblique, the widest part of the tragus being just above the small
semicirculai* notch ; the external basal lobe with a disposition to turn
inward, *. e., toward the interior of tlie auricle.

The sides of the muzzle Avith well-developed glands, which give tlie
fiuje a swollen appearance. The chin is provided with a triangular
nuked space whose apex is often slightly prolonged; the nostril with
nearly central septum, and separated from the mouth by the width of
the labial border only.

The wing membrane extends to the base of the toes; the tip of the
tail is moderately exsert. The postcalcaral lobe slightly developed or
absent.
j ji The fur of the back is of a prevalent dark bro-vn or olive brown color;

li'! i! f basal third, plumbeous black. The brown color is apt to be f-mewliat

lighter on the hejul and base of the ears tlian elsewhere. Jt varies in
character, being sometimes dark brown and often light, or shades with
admixtureof russet, yellow, and even of gray. The basal two-thirds may
be smoky brown instead of dark plumbeous. The under surface of the
body is of a light gray, verging to tawny shades; the basal two-thirds
of the hair is black. The skin from chin to a point as far back as the
oral angles scarcely lighter in color than the rest of the body.

The melanic variety of V. tjryphm is much less common than witli
V. nitidus or V. albescens. A good example of it is seen in a speci-
men in the United States Department of Agriculture (No. 23276, from
Cherokee, N. C). The dorsal brown is of so deep a hue in this example
as to appear black in alcohol.

The variations of V. gryphus are two in number, as follows: («)
The pedomorphic forms (See p. 73), exan'ples of which can be found in
any of the geographical varieties and find their best expression in the
V.luci/ufftis of Leconte; (6) a geographical variety confined to northern
pai'ts of the United States and Canada, and not embraced in other
groups.

Var. (a) — Vespertllio gryphus lucifugus (Loconte).

V. lucifugus Leconte, Ciiv, An. Kinj;iloin (McMiirtrio'H (mI,), I App. 1831, 431; Ihid,
Proc. Acad. Nut. Sci. Phila., 1855, 436; Dobaoii, Cut. Chirop. Urit. Mu8., 1879,
328; Alston, Biol. Centrali-Araer., Mam., 1879-'82, 25.

V. eraasua Fr. Ciiv., Nouv. Annales du Museum d'Hist. Nat., 1832, 15.

V. breviro8tria Max. Prince von Wied, VerzeicL. Boobach. Siiugetli. N. A., 1860, 19.

DeseriptioH, — Head rathei large, somewhat flattish ; lips moderately
whiskered; snoutmoreobtuse than in other varieties of Venpertilio ; nos-
trils sublateral, sotne distance from free border of upper lip ; ears narrow,
blunt at tip, slightly emarginated on outer side — the internal basal lobe
produced, rounded, and somewhat obtuse, notthicker than other portions
of ear. Tragus half as high as auricle, mostly blunt, unfrequently
abruptly acuminate. Mental space well defined. Feet large; inter-

I •<

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM

BULLETIN 43, PL. XI

; m

1. Maxillary teeth of Vespertilio gryphus.

2. Mandibular teeth of same, x 12.

X 12.

I !■■.

feinor;
I'l'iiiori

(J()l(
at biis
at tip-
color i

The
above
(listiiij

V. I
ill the
color (
foot, V
asiu ^

Tlie
Teriit<
hordci
of tiio
Aiiotli
braiie
icspeci

I ha
individ
future
a8 the

(/'iirii'iit I
lior.

5:i3«

ri:i47
ri:t7o

,'>:ifl4

5377

i^'4

A MONOOUAPU OF THE BATS OF NORTH AMEKICA.

femoral membrane of moderate size; termination of calcar with inter-
t'ciiiural somewhat abrupt; tlie \mnt of tail exserted.

Coloration subject to little variation, that of the back dark plumbeous
lit base, with dark or lightish olive-brown tips; that of the belly lighter
lit tip — exhibiting a wliitish gray or yellowish gray ai>pearauce. The
color is thus similar to that of V. gryphus.

The narrow bluut ear, short face, and the elevation of the nostril
above the free margin of upper lip are the characters which serve to
distinguish this eubspecies.

V. daubentonii, of Europe, bears some resemblant^e to this subspecies
in the shape of the ear and tragus; but it is dissimilar in the whitish
color of fur beneath, and in the attachment of the wing membrane to
foot, which is here joined to the ankle iusteiid of the base of the toes
lis iu V. gryphtis lueifugus.

Tiie specimen, numbered 5538, from the east of Colville, Northwest
Territory, lias a pointed tragus, and the middle j)art of the free
bolder of the interfemoral membrane fringed with stiff hairs. Tiie fur
of the body is silvery beneath, blackish above, back of feet not hairy.
Another form from St. Louis, Mo. (Cat. No. 5344), has the wing mem-
brane attached to the ankles — the foot being entirely free. Iu other
lespects both agree with V. gryphus lueifugus.

I have thought it necessary to thus briefly indi<!ate these two aberrant
individuals, without giving any separate account of them. Should*
t'lituie collections bring forward any others having the same peculiarities
as the above.

Meattirements from first edition of Monograph.

Cumiit num-

From
tip of

Length

Length
ot fore-
arm.

Length
of tibia.

Length

Length
thumb.

Height
of
ear.

Height

of
tragus.

Ex-

Nature of

liiir.

none to
tail.

of tail.

longest
finger.

])au8u.

spiHumen.

7n.

7«.

In.

5336

1.10

1.5

0.7

2.0

0.21
0.21

0.6

0.2

9.0

Alcoholic.

1.9

1.5

0.6A

2.4

0.3

8.0

Do.

'<:m

1.9

1.6

1.4

0.4

2.6

0.3

0.7

0.3

8.0

Do.

y.m

I.O

1.0

1.4

0.4i

2.5

0.3

0.6J

0.3

8.9

Do.

■i:i"0

1.9

1,0

1.4

0.4

2.5

0.3

0.7

0.3

8.9

Do.

.MOI

2.0

1.0

1.7

0.8

2.6

0.3

0.7

0.4

10.0

Do.

ri;in4

1.6

1.3

i.a

0.6

2.3

0.3

0.0

0.3J

8.0

I>o.

5377

1.0

1.3

0.7

2.2

0.2t

0.6

0.3

8.0

Do.

i' ':; 1 ii

ft,:, 1

■

^^m

I !'

80 BULLETIN 43, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Ligt of iipecimens.

Cat

No. t>f

No.

fiprci-

niens.

5370

saM

m:i4

s;i:io

sa;iH

5;i;i7

71117

71IW

MIQ

51154

55()1

5')(HI

5ri()r)

5:i73

549H

5;i4ii

5407

5347

5303

5370

5;)74

5381

5300

5378

5200

54U3

5364

5:183

5;tm)

5377

5373

IjWiality.

■Iiiinog liny, If ikIhud'h Buy

WcHtiMirt, N. V...

Koxtmrtf. I'a

Wiishington, I). C.

Hmiufort, 8. C

do.

VruHoutud by

C. Droxicr.

8. F. Uainl.

C. (inrnnl...
Dr. llnydcD.
.do .

NMiiro of
HpouiinrDH.

Alcoholic .

iaio Ko.ynlii, liiiku SiipiMidr.' K, A. iIiMi|)e8

Di'troit Kivcr.

(IroHHo IhIii, Midi

Wim-ouHlii

Kiiciiiu, Wis

Cook Comitv, 111

Cairo, 111

Fort I'lunw, Nnlir

Saiitft Ft>, N. M

Ciintoumi'iit lliirKwyii,
Pu);ot Sound, VVasli...

do I

Fort .Stoilacoom, AVasli
Coliiiiibin Uiver

N.N

Fort lieadiiiK, CiU

do ^

Capo Flatter V. WbhU.

ABpinwall, N. G

8. F. llninl
Kov. C. Fox..

A. ('. Ilnrrv...
Dr. P. K. lloy
K. Kuiiiiicott.

Dr. Ilavdon..
W.J. Itoward
Dr. AnderHon

A. Cnnipbell ! — do

Dr. Siirklt-y | do .

.do do .

....do.

...do

....do

....do....
....do

Dry

— do

...do

AU-oUollo.

Dry

Alcoholic

Dry

Alcoholio

...do

1 I'niU'd States

ExjMMlitioil.

Dr. ,1. F. Hammond.

Liout. Trowbridge..
(■').

Exploring

..do.
..do.
..do.
..do.
..do.
Dr. 8. Hays |....do.

Collection.

n. 8. Nat.
Hub.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
D«.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.

Ill this coiuiectioH it may bo said that J. B. Tyrrell (I. c.) has collected
this from as far north as the Hudson Bay. 49G1, M. C. Z. from Arkansas
is the most southern locality from which I have noticed it. The foot
in this specimen is very large, viz., 1'" long ; the base of toes are furnished
with long hairs, the tibia is 17""" long, and the external basal lobe of
the auricle is not incurved.

Var. (6) Northern form of Vespertilio gryphus.

It is highly prob.able that this variety has been repeatedly de-
scribed in numerous accounts of North American bats (see Appendix)-
but for the reasons already given it is impossible to determine to which
species of the earlier naturalists it should be assigned. It is found best
expressed in the region of which the St. Lawrence River is the center.
Specimens have not been found north of Canada, south of Now York,
nor west of Wisconsin.

The tragus is long (truly subulate) directly outward. The anterior
border of the auricle is distinctly convex, the posterior border concave.
Ears long, next to V. albescens erotis in size. Tiiey reach beyond the
median line at inentum. The foot is small, scarcely one-third the
length of tibia. No post-calcaral lobe, but an apici-calcaral lobe is
well marked; the tip of the tail is exsert; the membranes are light-
brown in color.

Collection.

IT. 8. Niit.
Mils.
Do.
Uo.
I)o.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Da.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.

bS collected

. Arkansas

The toot

furnished

sal lobe of

itedly (le-
ippendix)-
e to which
found best
le center.
!J^ow York,

e anterior
r conciive,
eyond the
third the
ral lobe is
are light-

A MONOaUAPU OF THE BATH OF NORTH AM£BICA.

List of apeeimen*.

Cal. Nil.

.'.3W1

t!:i2i)

7J.'>3
H18H
I1H2U

r>:i34

No. of
ii|»>riinen.

Locality.

NovB Scotia

llitllfax, Niivn S<'iitia.

ilo

KayHtleld, WIh

WimmIh IIdU, Miimh . ..

West Point, N. Y ....

Collnctlon.

IT, 8. Nat. HuR.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.

'i'wo apeciinens of bats have been examined from the far north. One
of tliese is No. 11100 N. M., Uupert House, Hudson Jiay. [inmaturo.
Tlic fur is dark brown. The tragus is small. The other is No. 11189
N. M., Alaska. Tlie oar is lai-jre, the tragus is subulate, and the
l»roi)(»rtions generally quite as in the soutliern forms. The fur is
(iiiric brown. The specimen is in very poor condition. It is placsed
l>r(»visi(mally with 1^ gryphun. It is nearer the gryphian than the
iiilidian forms, but tian not be included in any of the above varieties.
The ease with which the bats from IJritish America can descend ahuig
lines of high elevation iiit^t the northwestern part of the United States
rt'iKh'TS it probaby true that a mingling here of eastern and western
turms take place. At all events I find it st)metimes im[)ossiblo to iden-
tity many specimens collected in Alaska, the western coast of British
America, western Washington, and Oregon.

.V specimen which I have, recently received from Dr. Merriam, ob-
tiiiiied from I'rincess Charlotte Islands, belongs to the same csategory-

Mrmbmnes. — The predigital nerve in tlie fourth inU;rspa<}e appears
iVoMi the side of the iitth metacarpal bone at about its middle and is
iari^er than a postdigital opposite which it appears at the side of the
loiirtli metacarpal. The transverse lines in the interfemoral membrane
arc nearer to each other near the base than elsewhere.

'IMie muscular mass of the base of the tifth meta(;arpal bone (com-
l)()sc'(l of the flexor minimi digiti and the intero8neom) equals one-sixth
tiie hMigth of the bone. The metacarpal bones more distinctly defined
on tlie dorsum than venter; the ventral aspect of the fourth metacarpal
l)on(' is the least tlistinet of any, owing to the fact that it is crossed by
numerous minute fibers.

MdxiUary teeth. — The maxillary central incisor caniniform, slightly
larjicr than the lateral, and (owing to a higli tlegree of Jeveh)pment of
tilt' ciiigulum) is marked bifid at cutting edge. The lateral border of
lialatal surface with a basal cusp. Lateral incisor with a main conical
crown, which is somewhat wavy in contour posteriorly. Cingulum low
and broad on tlie posterior and lateral borders, but crenulated and
(lisjiosed obliquely forward and upward to the median border of the
tooth, nearly reaching the level of the main cusp-tip. The variable
441— No. 43 -G

I'
li

BULLETIN 43, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

II ;i

obliqae uiugulo band uoimtitutes a marked ])eculiarity of tbi8 and allied
8pe(;ie8. Both tbo central and lateral incisoi' are disposed to be turned
on themselve.h The central presents its labial surface obliquely toward
the median luie (see PI. x, tig. 8) ; the lateral at a right angle, orn early
so, to the central. The degree attained by this rotation constitutes the
difference between the divergence of tlie parallel alignment of the
main cnsps. These peculiarities, according to Dobson, present eliur-
jicters which are of value in distinguishing species. But they appear
to have no validity in American examples of Vespertilio.

Canine with a well-developed concavity on palatal surface, but with-
out any on the posterior surface. Its anterior surface is trenchantly
lluted near median border. Of the three ijremolars the first two are
small, conical with well-dedned cingula, the first with the larger. The,
seitoud is usually in tooth line, but may lie back of it, and therefore
not be seen from witliout. Molars have two supplemental lines ex-
tending from the commissure of the protocone to the apices of the sub-
equal Vs. Itudiment of a heel is plainly discernible. The third molar
with a rudiment of a posterior limb.

Mandibular teeth. — The first and second incisors crowded-trifid. Tlie
third massive, square, or rugged, due to irregular development of tlie
cingulum, which nearly reaches tl«e level of the obscurely trifld edge.
Canine with well-defined posteritti- and lingual surfaces. The first and
sec(md premolars small, corical; the first the larger, the seccmd some-
times thrown in a little of the axis of the series. The molars as in
Adelonycteris and Venperugo; the heel «)f the third molar Avith small,
acute cusp. The cusps, seen from lingual aspect of the lower molars,
sharp and well developed. The hypoconid slightly larger than the
triangle composed of the protoconid, paraconid, and metaconid. The
cingulum forms a little cusp on the posterior border of ea(!h molar. "

Dental variations. — In a specimen from the mouth of the Colorado
River (No. 11170, N. M.), the maxillary lateral incisor «m both sides
was nuich larger than the small unicuspid central; the last line of the
second V of the third molar was absent.

In the main modifications are noted in the relation of the superior
l^remolars and in the shapes of the superior lateral incisors. The pre-
molars may be crowded so that the second is often not visible from
without and even the first may be placed so far inside the line of the
other teeth as to be scarcely seen. Both Dobson and Merriam accept
this disposition as of specific significance. I can not concur. In ex-
amples of both V. gryphus and V". nitidus I find examples of this reces-
sion.*

The cingulum of the lateiral incisor may be entire or lacking on median
contour; the median fiange may be crenulated or smooth; the palatal

* Dobson (lesfribcs this urraugciuout as characteristic of V, albeacena, aud Merriam
of F, mliQlaltrum,

A MONOGRAPH OF THE BATS OF NORTH AMERICA.

base may be wide or greatly restricted. After a careful search I re-
nmin of the opinion tliat the diflerences in the form of this unique tooth
arc not of Hpeciflc significance.*

Ill the teeth of individuals in whom the teeth are worn it is impossi-
h\i' to note distinctions in the relation of these teeth.

Skull. — The skull is nearly flat. The mesencephalon measures 3""".
The length of the skull is 14™"> to U^""". The greatest width is 8°"", and
the least width, viz., at proencephalon, is 4'""'.t The posterior impres-
sion of the temporal muscle is barely visible. A small sagittal line is
seen over the mesencephalon, but no elevation anywhere. The proen-
coplialon is seen at the vertex and is convex on the side. The vertex of the
face with a linear groove which extends almost to the anterior nasal
aperture. The fronto-maxillary inflation is rudimental and confined to
the upper border of the orbit and does not involve the lachrymal region;
no tubercle is present over the foramina. The lachrymal foramen is
larpe and placed well in advance of the orbital foramen of the infra-
orbital canal. The inner wall of the orbit is faintly convex. The infra-
orbital canal is not defined inferiorly and the depression lies in a space
between the eminence for the third premolar. The paroccipital process
is produced as a spine, nearly as long as the occipital condyle, and
projects below the level of the mastoid. The coronoid proctas is higher
than the horizontal ramus. The raasseter impression is brought well
down nearly to the lower border of the horizontal ramus. The angle
is produced, slender, and reaches slightly beyond the condyle. It is
dctleeted so as to lie to the outer side thereof. A minute posterior
spine is seen at the symphysis.

The following specimens exhibit some individual variations in the
sknll. The brain case is markedly elevated above the face. Greatest
width, 7"""; least width, 4""". A distinct tubercle overlies the orbital
foramina.

.M. G072 N. M. The linear groove not quite reaching the anterior nasal
aperture. The temporal impressions are well defined, leaving a convex
triangle at the occiput. The upper border of the orbit is rather
trenchant, no tubercle is present.

Pedoniorphic forms from Georgia, M. 4380-2 N. M. A tubercle lies
over the orbital foramina; a linear groove reaches the anterior nasal
aperture; the sphenoidal tongue does not resuih the tympanic bone.

Tiie turbinals exhibit the following features : The encranial surface in
all essential features iis in Adelonycter in. The single ectoturbinal one-

SK!;i

V |ii:'

"This littlu tooth can not 1>u Heeii to advantiiKe iiuIchh Htiidicd uh :i microHcopio
olijfct. It In cxct'odiiinly ditticiilt to draw. Mr. vou ItorHoii hn» done tho best pos-
hMiIc. At my roqueHt Prof. Henry F. OHborii carefully esainiued thin tooth. I hoped
tliiit lie iiiif;ht recoKin/.e in it chariieterH in eontnion with thoHe of the teeth to the
I'xiiiii't foriuH of niicro-uinnnnalia; hut he iiNHures nut that nothing Hiniilar to it has
liceii Ncen by him in his Hpecial studies in tliis grou]).

till I', nitidH9 oiUolabrum the greatest width is 6""", tho least width, 4'"'»,

'I MM

BULLETIN 43, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

third the length of the flrst endoturbinal plute. As Heeii from abov(>,
the cctoturbiiial is lodged in a concavity in the latertil Hurface of thu
preceding plate. The first endoturbinal is produced as far as the flrHt
premolar. The plate is of a ]>yriforni figure as seen from above, and
presents a truncate apex. Tlie portion in advantic of the transverse
lamina is deeply concave beh)\v and overlies the niaxilloturbinal. T\w,
second endoturbinal is of a triangular figure with a rounded apex. It
appears to be lodged, when the parts are viewed superficially, on tlio
median surface of the endoturbinal series. The third endoturbinal is
the smallest of the three, and is contiuous with the upper portion of the
first endoturbinal.

Notes on the skeleton. — Atlas with two depressions in front. Scapula.
Superior vertebral angle, on level with base <»f the coracoid, the end (»f
which is simple, not tapering. Humerus with troclilea axial, epicuii-
dyle small, nodular, and i)laced in front of a deep fossa. Radius much
compressed laterally. The central articular groove at proximal end
narrow but deep, the median flange semicircular and without facet in
front. Proximal rudiment of ulna filiform, free ;* distal rudiment a per-
forate ({uadrate plati\ Of the proximal ends of the metacarpal bones,
the fourth has the least motion and presents a deeply excavated proxi-
nml surface; the fifth has most motion and ])resents a flat proximal
8urfa<H\ The third is slightly deflected toward the center of the manus.
The third, fourth, an<l fifth metacarpal bones diminish slightly in length
in the onhv of the Ixmes named. Occasionally the fourth is slightly
shorter than the fifth.

Habitat. — V. gryphus ai)pears to be an abundant species in the north-
ern and northeastern range of the United States and in the Missis-
sippi Valley as far west as the ninety-eighth «legree of longitude, but
less abundant in the Middle and South Atlantic States. I have never
collected it near Philadelphia. According to J. B. Tyrrell it is found
in Canada east of the Rocky Mountains. The vesijertilionine bats
from northwestern British America and Alaska are of this species,
modified, possibly, by breeding with northern forms of V.nlbescens. At
least I can not otherwise determine them. See in this connection re-
marks, p. . Pedomorphic varieties straggle as far north as Hud-
son Bay. It appears to be a strictly pastoral specie8,t and is found
aggregated in large numbers in caves in association with Adelonyc-
teris fusciiH, N. humeralis, and V. cnroHnensis. It is frequently mis-
taken for the species last named. Sometimes it is found clinging
together in clumi)8 under the bark of decay. «l tree trunks.

•Tho study of thu proximal end ut' tlio ulii.i iiiUHt be inndo by di«Hectioii. Thn
boiK'H iiH TiHiiiilly iireparod show noiio of the chunirters. Tht^ iiliiii fiiilH "free"'; Unit
in to Nay, licHaH a fllaiiicnt anions tbo iiiiisclcs of the forcarin.

tTho word " imNtoral " is here UH(>d in contrast to "nrbal." It ia not cglleotvd in
boHBt!9 either in towu or country, but iu troeij tmd iu cftves,

A MONOGRAPH OF THE HATS OP NORTH AMERICA.

"|il

V. gryphuH bears ii close reHCinblanco to V. albeHcenn. The propor-
tions in tlie main are the Hame. The thumb is of the Hame size in the
two IbrniH. Tlie differences which obtain between the two species in
the direction of the suprahibial groove and the shape of tlie tragus
iu«; perhaps as trenchant as any. The region at which the species arc
collected appear to strengthen the contrasts; thus, the V. nlbeneeng oi
southern California are easily distinguished from the V. nubulatus of
N(>\v England and Canada, while the Texan examples are more ditli-
ciilt to determine. It is likely that the species is primarily tropical,
and in its subsequent movements to the north it underwent modiflca-
tioiis, one variety following the western northern and great ])lateau,
iiiid preserving most of the peculiarities of the type. Another variety
follows the eastern path and ranges over the lower countries east and
north of the Mississippi Kiver. In Texas the two have scarcely sep-
arated. Material is wanting to prove the difference which may exist
between the forms between eastern and western Texas. From the
(litlerence in altitude between the coastwise lauds of the east and the
I)lateau lands of the west vsiriations in Vespertilio of the kind indi-
cated might be expected to exist,

I have not been su(;cessful in detecting secondary sexual characters
in V. (iryphus. Little is known of the characters of the young (i. «.,
witli milk dentition) of this species. The fur of the venter is paler
and more yellow than in the adult. While the postcalcaral lobe is
almost absent, the metacari)al bones are relatively short ai^d of a uni-
I'oriu length. The antibrachial membrane is less firmly bound down
to the distal end of the forearm than is the case in the adult. The
outlines of the legs are not sharply defined.

follecti'il ia

Meatitremeiils.

[V. S. N. M. n;i20, ItiiyHia.1, WiH.]

Milliiueters.

Hniid and body (from crown of head to base of tail) I

L('ii>,'th of iiriii 1

l.i'ii<;lb of foruarm .54

l'"iist, di^it. :

Ijongtb of first metacarpal bone 1

Luiigtli of ]>halauKe8 6

Sfcipiid digit:

liCngth of Hecond metacarpal bone 27

Length of first phalanx li

'I'liird digit:

I ii'ngth of third metacarpal bone 39

I-cugtIi of first ]ihalanx 11

l-iingtli of second phalanx 9

t'lmrth digit:

licngth of fonrth metacarpal bone ~ 39

lit-ngth of first ])halaux 8

Length of second ]>halaux 7

86 BULLETIN 43, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

A/m«ttr(>m«rN(»— Coutiiiuuil. '

Fifth (lixit: MllimiiiicrK,

l^iungtli of lit'th inotacarpiil lioue ;ty

Length of llrst plialuiix 8

LoiiKth of HHCOiid ])liiiliinx )i

Lon);tli of lieiwl Ki

Ilui^bt of far IK

JIuiglit of triiKiiH 9

Length of thigli 12

Litiigth uf tibia 16

Leii^tli of foot 9

Length of tail ;t3

Mi'aaurt'meiilH from Jirnt tdilion of Mtmoijraiili.

)! ,

',1 '■

/<..„.,„> From tli>
number. ^^^^^

5382
6384
5346

638S
5370
5393
r>352

Inehri.
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.8
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.10

L«iiUt)i

hnii|;tli of

Litiiutli
of tiliiu.

LuiiKtIi uV

lllll|rfHt

lliigur. 1
Inches.

ot'tnil.
Inehe:

I'uriiariii.

Inelien.

Inches.

1.4

0.7

2.]

1.4

0.7

2.3

1.4

0.7

2.2

1.4J

1.4

0.7

2.3

1.5

1.3

0.41i

2.1

1.4

\:l\

0.4J

2.2 '

1.5

0.5

2.3

1.8

1.0

O.Si

2.4

V. ..f... ' thiiiul). ofiiir. tra«ii«. *'

Inehei.
0.3
O.S
0.3
0.3
0.2i
0.3
0.3
0.3

Inehts.
0.7
0.7
0.7

o.et

0.7
0.7J
0.7
0.7

trakn*. •«M>a'i»e.

Inehts.
0.0
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.4

Inchn.
U.O
9.0
U.U
U.O
H.O
0.0
U.O
U.i!

List of MiiecimrnH

Cat.
No.

ii,

5384
5370
5385
5385
5382
5381
7196
7197
8721
6355

5351
5312
5500
6318
63:18
5391
6348
6346
5302
5435
5432
5503
5441

No of

HpCCi.

iiionR.

Locality.

I'rewntMl by—

Nova Scotia

Itrumtwick, Me 1

Kli7.alirtht«wii, N. Y |

IMiillipsliiirK, I'a

liruilfiird, l*o

MrHilville, Ptt

Ueaufort, S. C

<to

Micliipiuo. I^aliti Su|ierior...
I'ortrtuc, Lal{o SiipiTior :

UplHT MiHNiHHippi JtiVIT,

lIliiioiH

Ratline, Wis

UroH!4 iMlaud MicliiirHii .. .

<lo

Ditroit, Midi

Brimlcville, Ind

Soiitlirrn IlliniiiH

St. LoniH, Mo

Suiiora, N. Mux

do I

Sonora.N.Mex

Dr.Gilpin

A. S. I'acltanI

S. F. IJalrrt

A. Ilralioloy

C.C. Martin

J. F. TliickHtuii

l)r. Jlnyileii

C. A. Hulibard

II. A. II<M)|II'«

K. Konnicott do

Ur. P. K. Hoy do ... .

C. Fox Dry

do Ali'oliolic.

( 'apt. (iiiiinison do

Dr. K. Hayniond do —

It. Kminicott I do

Dr. KuKt'lnianii ! do

Artliiir Scliott do

J.ll. Clark ! Dry

(0 ....do....

J. H.Clark ....do....

Natiiru of I
Mpecinieii. i

Ali-oliolio.
...do....
...do....
...do...
...do....
...do....

Dry

...do....
...do....
Alcoliolic.

Collect iuD.

IT.S.Nut.Miis
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.

Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
D<i.
Do.

MlluniHit'rK,

. - . . :i!t

.... Hi

.... in

!l
.... 12
. . . . 16

. . . . ;t5

It of

IIH.

Kx|iniiii«.

ei.

Inetirt.

u.o

9.0

».U

U.O

H.0

9.U

9.1)

9.2

Collection.

l>u.
Uo.
I)u.
Du.
Uo.
Uo.
Uo.
I»o.
Uo.

Uu.
Do.
Uo.
Uo.
Uo.
Uo.
Uo.
Uo.
Uo.
Uu.
Uo.
Uo.
Uo.

A MONOGRAPH OF THE BATS OP NOHTTI AMERICA.
2. Veapertlllo albeaoena (ieoft'.

I'lupertllh albeircnt (iootl'., Anilities du Miib., IHOr), viii, 204; Toniiiiinck, Moiiok.

MaiiiiniftroH, 1840, 11,214; I'oturH, Mil. Akad. Korliii, lH(i6, lU; Dolison.Cat. Chi.

ro)>. llrit. Mu8., 1K78, 326; AIhIoii, liiiil. Cuntruli-Aiiior., Mnin.. IH79-1882, 24.
f'luiH'rtUio lirntilicitHia tSpix, Hiiniiiruiu ct VeHportilionnin BrusilienNium itpeoiea uovio,

1H23, 03, tub. XXXVI, (Ig. 8.
lisinrlilio leiirofitiiilir \\"i>'i\., Kcitritg. NiiliirgoHch. liriiNil., IHSo, 1i, 271.
liKlxrlilio nithilis Wu)rn*)r, Schrob. HallK*)th., Hnppl. 1841, i, 'M.*

IHugnogis. — A white ring of fur iktoss the space between the angles
(tf the lower jaw conspicuous in alcoholic specimens. Auricle trans-
liici'nt, plicas usually present, but do not extend to the outer margin;
tlic dorsal aborescent lines infrequently present. The tip of the tragus
is never acuminate; the convex basal half often ends abruptly and is
followed by a narrower terminal por) m; the basal not4;h is defined by
the convex portion and the external bj».-.al lobe; the external basal lobe
is not antitlexed. The face is scarcely swollen. The forearm measures
from ."{1^""" to 46""" long. The facial clump of glands is narrowed post-
eriorly; the supralabial gr<>ove does not extend to the mouth.

V. albeHcenn, iu its larger phase, closely resembles V. gryphm^tTom
wliich it can be distinguished by the shape of the tragus and the shape
of the clump of supralabial glands. When dwarfed, V. albenoem closely
roscmbles V. nitidm, fro»'> which it may be distinguished by the
greater size of the thumb and foot. The membranes vary in ctdor from
hliiish translucent black to dense opaque black. The anterior surface
ol" the interfemoral membrane often whiter, that is to say, retains an
iijipearance as though it were washed over with a milky fluid.

Vespertilio albencens, as seen by reference to the original description
(see A])pendix), was so named from the white color of the tips of the
liiiii' on the under surface of the body, a style of coloration in no wise pe
ciiliiir. The general appearance of the pelage must have been somber,
since the fur of the back is described as black, and that of the inferior
parts obscure brown. As in the case with other original descriptions,
it would be impossible, without examination of the type, to distinguish
tills bat from others in the fauna, and we are compelled to rely upon
personal authority. I'eters (M. B. Akatl. Berlin,180G, p. 19) rehabili-
tiited V^. albesvenii, but did not give a new diagnosis. He was content
to point out the fact that V. leiicngmter, Wied., and V. nubilis, Wagner,
wi'YC the same as this species. Peters has been followed by Dobson,
Alston, and J. A. Allen. The author last named extended its range
tVom South America and Guatemala to Mexico.

Vcsjiertilio brmiUenHu, Spix, is described in terms similar to those of V.
(ilhcsccnH, with the marked exception that the fur of the under surface
of the body is bla<!k. But in a figure which accompanies the descrij)-
tioii, tJie color is of the same shade as is commonly seen in V. nlbeKceuti.
So iiir as th(^ figure is concerned, no one would hesitate h)ng in assign-

' 'I'liu last two iiaiiies are here included ou the authority of Peters, who has exam-
ined the types.

(■ ; I

:m::

5; ' I

§! ■ i ,

nULLKTIN 13, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUHEUM.

Ill

'il

iD{; Spix'H t'oriii to tlitt Hiiiiiu HpocicH iih UooilVoy's. I liiivo oxuiiiiii<>(l
a|>e(;iiiitMiH of I'. hUwhcchh in Mi(« National MuNtuun wiiirh liav(< been n\
cuivcd tVoni the llritiHli Muhciihi, and aHHUiiiablyaro tlio same as tliosd
named by I)obHon,tliat lam of the o])inion that Hinco in Aniuriitanobiit
iN known in wliicli tliu fnr oC tlic under Murl'atiu \a black, that V. brasiU-
emin is tlii^ Hamn an V. alheMcenii.

It iH ini|H»rtaiit to aHiuM-tain tlio placcH of variation in this obscure
8|MH;ioH and a fuw notes on individuals are herewith aitpeiided. In Ho.
'JtM40j Keeler ( 'ounty, (Jalif., collection of Agricultural Department, tlie
f(M»t presentAid the extreme uieaHurement of 10""" while the forearm was

.*J5"'"', the lenpth of the hea«l an<l body 4.'>"'"', and the tail 3(» '. Yet with

these dimensions the thumb was 5""" loug only, and tin; iiustealcanii
lobe was absent. Of the idialanges of the nianus those of the second
row were scarcely shorter than those of tlu^ first, the greatest dispropor-
ti(m beinu noticed in the fifth digit when the lengths were as S"'"' to 5""".
In No. WATm, Old Fort Tejon, Calif., ibid., the individual was smaller.

The forearm was 3'2""" long, the foot S^"'"'. The head and body was3!>

long, the tail 'Mi'"-", the thumb renniining the same, vix, 5" ". There was
no postcalcaral lobe. Tlu^ differences in the relative lengths of tlie
<ligits were great«^r than in No. 21>840, in the third digit being 10"'"' to

8^"'"', in the fourth 8""" to ', and in the fifth 8""" to 4""". In No.

27974, 6 Colorado River, Nevjula, ibid., the forearm was ',il^"'<» lonfj,
the foot S'»'", the thumb 5'""', the heiwl aud body 38'""', the tailL'9'"'";
while the phalanges of the third aud fourth were C(iual, in the fifth thu
proportions were as (»^'""' to 4^"'"'.

If these proportions were ccmstant, specific distinctions could easily
be drawn. Hut unfortunately they are not so, and no two individuals
will be found to conform to any diagnosis for specific character^' which
I have endeavored to franie. The auricle varied in detail on the outer
border, especially as to the width of the first scallop and the tip. I'o-
culiarities probably obtain according to altitude, charai'ter of food,
degree of humidity in the atmosphere, etc. In No. 28072, Lone Pine,
Calif., (Collection of .Agricultural Department, the proportion of the tail

to the body was as 32 ' to 30""", a great contrast to the foregoing jdiase.

In No. 315G9, San Kmigdio, Calif., ibid, the membranes and cars were
black. The forearm was 3(iV""', b«ung the greatest length of any indi-
vidual examined in tin* United States (oiu*. specimen from Mexico meas-
ured 41'""'). The tlunnb was remarkably small, being 4.i'""', while the iiMit
was SA""". The length of the body was 40""" and that of the tail 43""".
thus being ample. The phalanges were subciiual cx(!epting thoseof tlie
filth digit, where the values were as 0'"'" toO'»"'. This variety is too laifje
for the type of 1'. mrhiiiorliiinin. It it like V. rt//«wrH« in having bluisii
translucent wnigs as in the diagnosis, but difl'ering in the presence t»f
large yet delicate frame and in greater de|»osition of |>igm<>nt. Some
of the black phases are noted as being found in growths <»f, juniper.
Is it possibU' that it is a mountain variety and that V, icotia is a phase

ir V

A MONOaUAPH OF THE 1JAT8 OF NOHTH AMERICA.

85)

of Mid Name? AlHton (Biol. C«iitrali-Aiii«>r. Mam., p. 25) uxtoiidH tlii^
r,i\\m<i of V. UivifufiUH t(> lii'a/il aiul Htiitos tliat aM|M!rim(>ii in the ItritiHli
Mii8(Mim iH HO labeled. Aceonliii); to tiut viewn cxpreHHml (Mmccniiiig
r. UtdifiujuH umler the head of V. firyphuHy the lueifuKan phuNe is a
p<'(lomorphi(; form. If is probable thtM'cfore tliat V, albenvmH has a
pi'ilomorphic form wliirh can not be distinguished from the same form
(if tiie (^loHely allied spi^cies V, <in/phiiH. I havt) seen no sucii form, how-
i'V*'i', in (rolle(;tions nnide. in tla; ITnited States.

In the first edition of the Mtmograph, p. M, I assign V. lueifuijUH a
ilislribution as far south as the istlnnus of Panama. I now believe
tliat the Neotropical forms sinuilafing V. tfrifphtiH lin'ifugiiH nri'.ewxtn-
|ilcs of pedomorphism in V. nlbeMvaiiH. C. II. Merriam identities V.
UivifufiuH (three specimens) in collections from Little iSpring, at the
north foot of Han Framdsco Mountain, Arizona.

Var (a).— Veapertillo albeaoens evotls (II. All^n).

Vciperiilio evoUn H. Allen, Moiiok- KatH N. A., 1864; DobHon, Cut. Chinip. Hrit.
MiiH., IK7S, 324; .1. A. Allnn. Itiill. Am. Mum. Nut. IliHt, 1S!)3, v, 202; MtMriiun,
MaiiinialH of Hun FranuiHr.o Mt. Hu);lon, N. A. Fnunn, No. 3, AuK»Ht, 18!M), 40; AlHtou,
l!i(.l. (!«!ntrali-Aniur., Mum, 187!t-H2, 1.

lU'Hcription. — Head rather snnill; face p(»int«'d, moderately whiskered,
snout jn-odm-ed; ears lurge, hijih, erect, oval, iM)t furniu},'' (mtwardly,
loiij;, subacumite, sli^litly <li verging fnigns; thumb slendur; fiM)t of
iiuxlcrafe si/e; ample intertemoral membrane; last Joint of vail e.vsert.
Til*' membranes are of a light brown (utior, fending in some to a darker
iiiic. Ilair long and soft, idanib«>(ms at base behind, with ligiit brown
ti])s inclined to yellowish toward the head. The fur in front is dark
maroon or blade at base, with whitish tips. The basal third of the ear
is covered with hair at base; at the base of the inferfemoral membi*anu
ht'liind a tuft of hair is seen. In two specimens the fur had a darker
tinge, the tips behind being dark olive-brown, tlic base being bhu;k.
'I'liis variety has the largest ear of any of the Anterican species of Yen-
Ittrtilio.

Tlic above description is copied (with th»' substitution of the word
"variety" for "species") li<»m the first edition of the M«mograph, i)age

■IS.

Ilciein is embraced a group of forms which tind ex])ression in the
lii<:lilauds of Montana, Washingt(»n, ('oh)rad(», and Arizona, flumgh
s|iiirsely fo; id in Oalitbniia.

Tiie auricU^ is large, ordinarily coordinated with long, straiglit, slen-
<lci' tragus, fliongli tliis is not constant; ])osferior borth-r of the ear not
t iinirginated; tlie nieml)ranes are almost always black; the foot is
small; the tip of tail, as a rule, is moderately exsert; postcah'aral lobe
nl'tcn i)resent; pigment in the second digital interspace is occasionally
absent.

lL_L.

Iff

;( ■■!

i ■ !

si;

lO BULLETIN 43, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

lAnt of HpenimenK eramivi'd.

CataliiKiio iiiimlior.

NiiiiiIm!!'

nfHpeoi-

mens.

Spn.

Liii'iility.

Cnllectiou.

4900

11192

Do.

5;i«i

Kust of C'olvilli",

Do.

8014

Arizona .

Do.

;ill89

EiiHtoii, AViisli . .

Dopartnicnt AjrridiUurci 1)|..
poxit. r.S. National MiiHeiiiii.

18083

San FraiiciHco Mountain,. \rizonit.
Owens IjUke, Oalit'omia

28958

29(190

Inyo Moiinlaina, ('ulifornia

Sail Joaiinin liiver. C'ulil'oniia . . .
Old Fort 'Icjon. Calif

Do.

;io;i02

29827

Do.
Do.

289;t4

I'aliranaKat Valley, Nevada

Itplinont. Calif

Do.

329

(.'aliforniii Academy of Science.
Do.

327

341

Lake Tahoe, Nevada

Do.

All of tho above exhibit the white transverse line between the angl(>s
of the Jaw, which has been ajtcepted as a (character of V. albescens.

No. 29827 has a fringe of hair on the free border of the interfenioral
membrane. Say describes his V. subulatus (see Appendix) as being
similarly adorned. This is given by Dobson {I. c.) p. 323, as one
of the characters of V, levin Is. Geoft'rey (1824) from Uruguay. In
311890 $ , from Easton, Wash,, the forearm measured 33""", the, thunih
5""", the foot 8"'"', tibia 17"'"', ear IG"'"' in height, tragus 8^"'"', tail 40""".
The phalanges of the third finger were equal, namely, 11"'"'; those of
the fourth subecjual, namely, as 8"'"' for first sind 9'""' for second, and
those of the fifth still further sube<iual, being 8'"'" for the first and
6^""" for the second. The post-calcaral and apici-calcaral lobes arc
absent and tip of tail not exsert. Ears and membranes intensely black.
The sha])eof the ears (other than in length and color, and the general form
of the interfemoral membrane) are quite as in V. (fryphvs. The (tolera-
tion, especially of the front of the neck and the tragus are as in )'.
albescens. Is the variety modified by descent from the north and
proi)erly belongs f<> the eastern phase of Vespertilio, or has it come
more direccly from the south through V. albescensf I have accepted
the latter hypothesis.

In four specimens of Vespertilio from San Francisco Mountain, .Ariz-
ona, the United States Department of Agriculture, one No. 1809o i ,
adult, the forearm is 37'""', ears 19'""' high, thumb 6""", tibia 17""", foot 8""",
tail 33'"'", head and body 34'""' ; two had no post-calcaral or apici-calcaral
lobes, yet had exsert tail to the distance of 2"'"', and is named 1". albesiriiH
evotis, while the other three, all adult females, were much alike in ]»ropoi-
ti(m of ears, thuml», feet, and forearm, and all were of the smaller ear form.
One had post-calcaral lobes and scarcely any exserted tip to the tail;
one, post-calcaral distinct lobes and distiiv-ttly exsert tip, whih^ flie
third had no lobes, yet with distinct tip. Here V. albescens erotis is
Amnd in the sanu^ locality with the melanic form of V. albescens.

In No. 31189 S , Easton, Wash., the thumb is 6""", strongly hooked;

A MONOGRAPH OF THE BATS OF NORTH AMERICA.

the forearm 33""", the tibia 17^'""', tlio foot 7'""', tlio head and body
H""", and the tail 3{)""'". The central ineisor strongly inclined inward,
lateral {jiviufj the appearance of diverging incisora. Ears scarcely
cmarginate, external basal lobe higher than broad, niembrauea black,
space beneath lower jaw not white. This is the typical V. evotis of
the monograph. It wonld certainly be a distinct valid species if the
southern forms did not show tendencies toward V. albescens.

Viir. (h). Vespertilio albescens melauorhlii'dB (Murriaui).

lixpn'tUio melauorhinuii Murriani, N. A. Fauna, No, 3, 1K90, 4G.

Tlie following is an abridgment of the original description of V.
mclanorhinus:

(ilandular prominence between eyes and nose inconspicuous; tail a
little longer than head and body, the extreme tip iirqjecting, ears
shorter than head, shallow external emargination ; tragus long and
sh'uder, directed forward and outward ; convex at lower two-thirds,
and then rapidly becomes narrower, and is sinuate and slightly con-
ciive on ujjper third. Thumb about half as long as the foot. Foot
medium. Interfemoral membrane furred above to a litth) beyond the
middle of tibia; postcalcaral lobe small but distinct; upper part uni-
lorni, dull golden brown, except the lips and fiiee below and in joint of
eyes, which parts are abrui)tly black ; under pai-t paler, palest pos-
teriorly. Bars, face, and membranes black; nnderfur everywhere
bhickish, allied to V. ciliolabrum, frinn which it differs in having shorter
cars and h)nger legs and tail, as well as in color.

No. 18()84, if San Francisco Mountain, Arizona, forearm, 31""";
thumb, 4"'"'; foot,C"'"'; head and body, 41"""; tail, 41"""; tip delicate,
scarcely exsert.

The following embrat^es a study of the type of V. melanorhinus:

Millinu-tors.

VitM ]>hiilnnx, third digit 10^

Sccoiid phalanx, third digit lOi

First phahtnx, fourth digit 8

Second phalanx, fourth digit 8

First ])lialaux, fiftli digit 8

Scidiul phalanx, fifth digit 6

Basal, half of auricle furred. Basal, three-fourths of fur above deep
bhick; apical fourth, bright shiny golden brown. The interfemoral
membrane thickly furred to knees and sparsely so almost to ankles. The
]))'()portions of basal black diminishes toward the rump, but the hair
even on the interfemoral is obscurely bicolored. Basal, three-fourths
below black; apical, fourth white with a slight mixture of a tawny
sliade. The interfemoral membrane clothed nearly to the knee with
tlic same character of hair as on the neck, chest, and abdomen; but the
basal pro]>ortion of black diminishes in proportion. Under surface of
lower jaw not white. The prepuce blaekish.

i
I

■ :j
, (■

\'
i.

^r-

:5 [n

>'■

ii' '

92 BULLETIN 43, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Ill specimen Nos. 29809 and 2!)81(), Walker I'ass, California, collection
of Agricultural Department, the spacre under the lower jaw wa8 black;
the forearm measured iJ7""", the head and body, 45""'' ; the tail, 44'""' ; the
thumb, ')"""; the foot, 7""".

Millimeters.

First pLuIanx of the third digit 12

Second phalanx of thu third digit 12

First ]ihalanx of the fourth digit »J

Second }ihaif>iix of the fourth digit !1J

Fii-st ]>h!ihinx of the fifth digit 8J

Second phulaux of the fifth digit 6

V. albescens melanorhinus is essentially the same as the melanic form of
V. albescens, excepting that the tii)8 of the hair of the under surface of the
body are whiter than is the rule with this species and the tragus is moro
than usually crenulated, and two of the situations are exceptionally deep
near the basal pai't of the outer border. That the hair is disposed to
be white on the under surface of the body is suggested by the names
albescens and leucogast^r. In a bat otherwise black, this contrast of
color is striking.

Var. (c). Vespertilio albescens velifer (J. A. Allen).

Dr. J. A. Allen (Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., No. 1, p. 177, 18) has
described a species of Vespertilio from Mexico, which he believes to
unite the characters of V. albescens and V. subulatus (= V. gryphvs). I
have examined the skins upon which this diagnosis has been made and
believe the form to be a variety of V. albescens. The following is the
text of Dr. Allen's description :

Vvapm-tiUo relifer, sp. nov.

Size of V. albeacena, with nearly the cohniitioit of f. niiidua and the ears of T. siib-
ulatug.

Above basal two-thirds of the fur blackish, p.issing into dark broccoli brown at
the surface; below much paler, tlie surface pale butty gray. Pelage full and suft,
extending on the membranes about as in )'. liivifutiiiK. Ears of medium size, similar
in general form to those of f. sithulaliiM, but rather narrower and more attenuate at
the tiji, the n])per posterior third distinctly hollowi^l, the lower third abriibtly nnicii
expanded; tragus long, rather narrow, fully or rather more than half the length of
the ear, the front border nearly straight, the posterior border slightly rounded as
far as a little beyond the middle, then sloping gradually to the rather narrow, but
rounded tip, with a distiuc^t notch op))osite the anterior base.

Wings from the base of the toes; ealcaiieum strongly developed, feet large; thumb
short, stout, with a rather thick claw; tij) of last caudal vertebra free.

Length of head and body (measurements from dry skin), 44"""; tail, 33"""; ear,
from base of inner margin, 14"""; tri.;;us, !•"""; forearm, 42"'"'; thumb, 8"'"'; tliird
linger (metaearp.l, 38'""'; first phahmx, 13"'"'; second ])hulanx, 12"""; third ]>halanx,
10'"'"), 73"'"'; tibia, 17'"'"; foot, 11""".

Sknll broad, rather short ; basilar length, 14'""' ; total iength, 16'""' ; greatest width,
lO..')'""'; lower .jaw (front border to condyle), 13""". First U|i]>er j)remolar abnut
twice the si/,e of the second, both placed on the inner border <d' the tooth row.

Type, 2(596, a<l., Sta. Cruz «lel Valle, Oua<lalajara, Jalisco, September 7, 1889, Ur.
A. C. Buller.

:! J

A MONOGRAPH OF THE BATS OF NORTH AMERICA.

Tlirne Bpecimens, one male und two foniiileH, and nix udilitioii.al HkullH, Sta. (!ruz
(li'l Valle, (iiiiidalnjiira. Jalisco, Supterabur 7 and S, ISK!).

riicBo speciiui^iiH agree very closely in size and coloration and in all other charac-
tiTH, and represent an apparently new species, qnite different from any heretofore de-
s('ril)ed. Its large size readily distingnishes it from any other known Mexican or
North American species of the genus, except I'. aUicm-aw Geoffroy, which it appears
to equal in size, while differing from it almost as widely as possible in coloration,
niiii also greatly in the size and form of the ear and in the very differently shaped
IriifAUs. Fortunately a Maximilian specimen of f. IciicogaKlcr Wied., a species nur-
rt'iitly synonymized witli f. alhftrens (see Dobson, Cat. Chirop., p]>. 326, 327), in the
Anii'ricau Museum, enables me to make a direct comparison of V. alhencviix with the
pKisent -species.

I have received a bat t'roin Mr. (r. S. Miller, jr., who obtiiiiied it from
Diilyura, Cal., whirh aii.s\ver.s so closely to V. albexcvMH velifer (J. A.
Allen) as to be at least a variety of this subspecies. The free margin
of the iuterfemoral membrai.e from the calcars to the tip of the tail is
conspicuously fimbriated. The fur above is of a light tawny browu of
the same shade aa is met with in many Californian specimens of Ade-
hiiyctcris/iiscus. The under surfa(;e is tipped with white thr(»ughout,
after a manner precisely the same as in V. alheHveun. The basal parts
of the fur both above and below is intensely black.

Var. (d) Vespertilio albescens affiiiia (H. Allen).

Under the name of VcxpcrliUo aflinis in the Monograph of l)S(i4 (p.
T),'?) I describe an immature bat as fcdlows:

I', affin . — Head moderate, slightly depressed; face hairy; ears rather small, inner
iKinltT convex, onter border concave. Tragus is subulate, about half as high as the
o;ir. straight oninternal side, diverging on the external. Lip whiskered. Uody
I'liliiist, Feet long and slender; a few curved hiiirs at the base of the nails; wing
iiK'iiibrano, attached midway to base of toes. Iuterfemoral membrane rather small;
a little lobe at the termination of the calcaneum; point of tail exserted. Thumb
riitlicr large. Wing membranes dark brown, but thin.

I'nr thicker behind than before and extending a slight distance on the Inter-
I'cnioral membrane. Color lustrous light chestiMit brown above; tlie same color of
ii li;;litcr shade, inclining to yellowish below. The base of the fur above and below
is of a delicate fawn brown.

The dentition is the same as in P. erolh, the incisors being the same length, the
laterals bicuspid.

1.0 ffinis resembles S. georgianus ( f'eaperugo) in being about the same size and in the
fur and membranes presenting the same general appearance. It differs from that
NiM-cies in having the car more emarginated on the outer border; the tragus not blunt,
nor HO wide proportionately ; the face more h^iry and not so depressed ; the red<lisli hue
of the hair more decided; the fur thicker and less wavy. The dentition differs in there

I'eiiig ' molars, instead of ''. V. affinis has also a narrower iuterfemoral mein-
6 5

liniue and a i arked calcareal lobe. On the dorsum the basal third of fur chestnut

lirown, apical half two-thirds lighter brown. The venter basal third deep brown

dliiite a ditl'erent shade than that of the dorsum), while the tips are of a light gray,

M iging to white. The membranes from the tarsus. The <'(doration and the attach-

I t of the wing membrane to the foot (listinguish this variety. For the standard

^^llich existed for species at the time it was described, warranted it« being placed

mider a separate heading from V, subulatua, Jt is immature,

■Ml.

BULLETIN 43, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

This variation differs markedly iu coloration from any bat of the
genus in thefanua. This alone should retain the form. It holds rela-
tively the same position as the preceding variation and V. nitidus
hngicrus. * v • > , ,

3. Vespertilio uitidus H. Allen. The Culiforuiau Bat. (Plate xii).

rcgperlilio nitidiis H. Alleu, Proc. Aciid. Nat. Sci. Pbila., 1862, 247: Moiiug. Bats N.

A., 1864,60; Dobsoii. Cat. Chirop. Brit. Mus., 1878, 318; Alatou, Biol. Centrali-

Amer. Mam., 1879-1882, 24.
resperlilio agilis H. Allen, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 279.
Vespertilio volana H. Allen, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 279.
Vespertilio cali/omious ( t), Bachuian, Joam. Acad. Nat. Sci,, Phila., 1842, 280; Peali«,

IT. S. Explor. Exped. (Mam.), 1858, 3.

Diagnosis. — Ears much as in V. gryphus; the first scallop equals in
length the external border and tip; the external basal lobe tends to be
higher than broad ; the outer border of the tapering tragus convex at
lower half disposed to be crenulated, the outer and inner border never
forming the sides of an isosceles triangle. Tail ample, convex on lower
margin. Tail subtriangular or obovate below the level of the ankles
and the tip exsert only in the pedomorphic forms. The first metacar-
pal bone parallel to the second.*

It is a question whether V. californieus Bachman (rule Appendix)
should be accepted as a name for this species. 1 have concluded that
the description does not sufficiently identify it. It is simply known to
have been a western bat (for the word californieus need not necessarily
have meant in 1842 the State of California as now restricted) having
vespertilionine features as shown in the " sharp nose" and '* linear at-
teuuated tragus." The " light yellowish-brown " fur suggests that it
may be the same as V. nitidus macropus. Since the type specimen is
lost I have thought best not to attempt to rehabilitate this species.

Description — Dorsum light or dark chestnut brown with individual
variations of olive brown, taw.iy, or gray colors. The base of the hair
is of a deep black except at the rump where it is unicolored. The
sparse hair on the back of the interfemoral membrane usually extends
as far as the level of the feet; it is occasionally confined to the region of
the basal third of the tail. The under surface of the body is of a lighter
shade of brown than the dorsum. The gray tints gradually increase
from above downward and are conspicously developed at the pubis in
some specimens. In the most marked examples of this tendency it

* Alston (Biol. Centrali-Amer., 1879-1882, 24) gives the following differential dinj,'-
nosiH between V. nitidus, V. nigncans, and V. lucifugiis.

V. nitiduB. — Ears as long as head; muzzle slender, pointed; thumb shorter tliini
foot, which is small ; tail wholly included iu membrane. Forearm 1". 20'". Fur rctl-
dish brown above; reddish gray beneath.

V. nigricans. — Ears shorter tiian head ; muzzle obtuse ; thumb as long as foot. Forc-
nrm 1". 30"'. Fur sooty rnst-color.

V. lucifugns. — Ears as long as head, Forearm 1." 40,'" Fur olive-brown, graylHli
below,

h s

, li

'if

■il I

. 1.

L'.

. :i.

. t.

. 5.

. (!.

Fi(

.7.

Fl(!

. 8.

I'K.

. !>.

Fi(i

. 10

Fig

. 11

Explanation of Plate XII.

Front virw ofliciul of W-aiieriUiu iiitidua.
Side y'wAv of same.

View orti'u<;iis and inniT side of anricdo.
Front view of head of t'rxpcrtilio iiitidiia ci'ofia.
Side view of sanio.

Winy; niiMnbianc of Icxpcrtilio iiitidun.
Tail and intrrfcnioral nii'nil>rauc.
'rii<> skull seen from above of sanm. x 2.
The skull and lower jaw seen from the side of sanuv
. A variant form of skull of same, x 'J.
The skull of I'l'spertilio niliihis ciliolahrum. x 2.

K'Z

ERRATUM,

For " Fig. 4. Front view of head of Vespertilio niHdus
evotis " substitute " Fig. 4. Front view of head of Ves-
pertilio albescens evotis."

I I,

\l.6. NATIONAL MUSEUM

BULLETIN 43, PL. XII

h 2, 3, 6, 7, 8, 9. VESPERTILIO NITIDUS.
10. VESPERTILIO NITIDUS, VARIETY.

1 1

4, 5. VESPERTILIO NITIDUS EVOTIS.

11. VESPERTILIO NITIDUS CILI0LA8RUM.

■ ihh

in li'si

lIKMlh

IlKMIll

tit tht
Postc
rived
33"'"'.

Vm
oliaiif
thiiml
coinm
tioiis
iiccesi

Tlie
and M
lieviu,
to our
peiidi:
jtlace
not wi

The
till' d«

llMlfftll

tliree i
tlic inl
ico (A
(larkei
tinct f
tioii 0]
and ai
kiiulH.
apt to

Orej
wliore,
instea)
tlic tif
31""" t
tlie f()(
to 5"'"'

Tn a
the do
sciire f
tip. 1

A MONOGRAPH OF THE BATS OF NOUTH AMERICA.

is less decided than in V. nlbescem. The gray color in also «iuito com-
monly seen at the space beueath the lower jaw as far back aa the oral

iiiik1«S' '''

A scattered growth of gray hair occupies the ventral aspect of the
Avi iig membrane at its upper half from the body to near the elbow. The
incinbranes are ample. The caudal series of vertebrie from the rump
to the ankle one-third the distance from the ankle to the non-exserttip.
Postcalcaral lobe as a rule well developed and supported by a rod de-
rived from the calcar. The length of the forearm ranges from 29""" to

3;{"'"'.

Variations — The variations of V, nitiduH are numerous. They embrace
I'luuiges in coh)r of the fur, ear, membranes, and the iiroportions of the
thiuub, feet, legs, and forearm. Pedomorphic variation is extremely
common. Before definite conclusions can be reached as to the limita-
tions of the group elaborate study of more extensive material will be
necessary.

The siiecies of such distinguished writers as Dr. O. Hart Merriam '
and Mr. F. W. True can not be lightly put .aside, and I am far from be-
lieving tliat the form V. ciliolabrum and V. longicrua are not additions
to our knowledge. I place their descriptions, therefore, not in the Ap-
l)en<lix, but in the text under V. nitidus where they find their jiroper
lilii(;e as subspecies or as members of groups otherwise aberrant, but
not well known.

The specimens of V, nitidm from Mexico are of a reddish color on
the dorsum. The foot, thumb, and tail as in California specimens. The
lenjith of the forearm is 28"'"' to 29"'"' ; the head is two and one-half to
three times as long as the foot; the tip of the tail is, as a rule, not exsert,
the intcrfemoral membrane is ample. In a specimen from Jalisco, Mex-
ico (American Museum of Natural History), the colors are everywhere
darker; so dark, indeed, that at first sight it might be taken for a dis-
tinct form. Specimens from California are of four varieties of colora-
tion on the dorsum, the chestnut, the olive, the tawny, and the gray;
and are thus arranged in the order of the frequency of the several
kinds. The tawny and gray are infrequently seen. Darker shades are
apt to prevail toward the northern range of the Pacific slope.

Oregon and British Columbia have a nitidian bat not found else-
viiere, viz, one in which the basal black of the hair is of a brown shade
instead of black, and is thus not in so great contrast with the color of
the tip as is the case with the southern specimens. The forearm is
;U""" to 36""" long; the head one and one-half times to twice as long as
tlie foot; the tip of the tail is exsert, the thumb measuring fi-om 4"""
to T)""".

In a series of four skins collected by Mr. C. P. Streator (Am. Mus.)
the dorsum was without the deep basal black, and in its stead an ob-
scure shade of deep fawn which passed gradually to the ash or sooty
tip. The venter was much more gray than in the southern examples.

•1.'

; i

lU'LLETIN 43, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

The foot was liir^j*', (>(|iially <»iii'.liiilf the ItMifjtli of tiic luiad; the powt
calcaral h>b(' was alis(;nt. Thu caudal Neries IVoui niiii]) t«> aiiklo
a'little li'SH than one-halt' tliu distance from the ankh^ to the tip. TIk;
length of the forearm ranf,'ed from liO""" to 'Mi'""'. This variety, there
fore, nniy be accepted as pedomorphic. Immature spectimens from
Alaska appear to be of this variety. The color of a specimen from
Beaver ton, Orejjfon, is dark olive-brown, <[uite as in Addoiti/cU-riii /uuvhk
with lijihter sliades anteriorly. Those from liritish Columbia are much
darker, veiginff from dark jxray to brown-gray.

Twospecdnu'iisof V.nhiricaiin, Nos. '3'2U\ Panama and4.W2 n. 1. (Mas.
Coinp. Zoiil.), agree with the specimen from the American Musenm
of Natural Jlistory in having the foot 7""" long. These do icoi muteriiiily
differ from two s|)ecinu>ns collected by Dr. ItenJamiM Sharp at Tobago,
AVest Indies, in which the external basal lobe was broader than higii,
the fur black. 1 regret tiiat tin* material at my disposal is not of a
chara<'ter whi<'h enables me l(t determine the ])recise relations obtain
ing between V. iiijiHvaHn and V. uHkIuh. The vespertilioinne bats ol'
the west <'<»ast of the United States closely resendde V. nij/ricans. I
am not sure but that V. nitidux must be accepted as a geograi»hiciil
variety of this South American form; practically there is no difference
between the two varieties excepting the shape of the external basnl
lobe of the ear and the color of the hair of the dorsum, which is darkisli
gray to black in V. niprlvaiis and reddish-brown in V. niiidun.

In a melanic specimen liSlKlO, collected by C. II. Merriam, at I*antu;a,
Nevada, ((Collection of Agricultural Department), the leg measured IL"",
the forearm 'M'", the auri(;le 12'", the foot 7'", and the tragus 5'", while
the iKist calcaral lobe was large, and the tail exsert. These proportions
are (juite different from thos«^ of the average V. iiitidux.

In the dark sienna (almost black) brown of the back and the scarcely
lighter shade of the sann; color of the chest and abdomen, a specimen
collected at Queen Charhttte Island, by JVIr. J. II. Keen, and kindly
sent me by Dr. C. H. Merriam, notraee of white color marked the space
between the lower Jaw

In No. 21:L'23 S , Kosebnry, Oregon (Collection of Agricultural De-
partment), the same deep brown to black colors obtain. The tragus is
semipyriform and of the height of the first scallop, which is conspicti-
ously convex. The interfenioral membrane below the level of the ankles
is triangular, with the tip of tail boldly exsert. The Ibrearm is 32'",
the thumb ')■", the tibia I'l"', the foot 8"', head and trunk 39'", and the
tail 32'". The upper lateral incisor is not parallel to the central. The
external basal lobe tends to be broader than high and the space be-
neath the lower Jaw, while less white than in the more southern ex-
amples, was not of the same color as the rest of the fur on the under
8urfa(.'e of tlu^ body.

No. 24011 Blue Creek, Washington (Collection of Agricultural De-
partment), closely resembles V.nitidus, but is of a uniform black color.
The feet and interfenioral membrane are jm'cisely as in the species

i '-

A MONOOBAPJI OF THE HATS OP NORTH AMERICA.

he post

iinklu
ip. Tlio
y, there
118 from
len from
in fusriis
irt'imu'li

1. 1. (Mns.
MuHeiim
liittMiiilly
; Tobiijio,
laii hiKh,

1 not of 11

iH obtain
e bats of
rivans. I
if^raphit'iil
difteroiKC
riial basal
is (birkisli

it l*ana<;a,
snred lli ",
", while
roportioiis

le scarcely

I speciiiKMi

iid kindly

the space

iltnral De
e tragus is
rt conspicu-
the ankles
rm is 32"',
'", and the
litral. The
e space be
mthern ex
the under

ultuval l)e
jlack coh)r.
the species

iiiuncd, but the thumb is larger and the external basal lobe a mere no<
dale.

r. agilis and V, mlam which appear to be suttlciently distinctt to war-
riiiit placing them in varieties of V. nigrioann.* V. yumanoms of the
Monograph of 1864 is undoubtedly an immature apecimen of the same
species. All the varieties of V. nigricans exhibit a disposition for the
upper ])ortion of the tragus to be crenulated; this is marked in V. yu-
ntrnensia. In typical expressions V. nigricans from Brazil as well as
tilt* varieties from Peru (also described in the doubtful V. oxyotus, Pe-
ters) exhibit crenulations ; the chai-acter, however, can not be relied
upon as distinctive, since individuals of V, gryphus from eastern lo<!ali-
tita of the United States occasionally exhibit it.

Skull and teeth as in V. gryphm, evepting that the crenulated cin-
gnlura of the maxillary lateral incisor ^s less well developed.

Characters of immature specimens. — The colors of immature speci-
mens, excepting the aberrant V. yumanensis, are more black on the
dorsum than in the adult. The tips are obscurely and irregularly
tipped with brown on the dorsum about in the same manner as the
tips are silvery in L. noetivagans. On the venter the distribution of
the. gray tips is more uniform. The white color of the under parts of
the Jaw (seen also in V. albescens) is :>bsent in the immature. In an
individual 28'" long no fur was seen n the upper parts of the head
and trunk ex<!ept over the neck where a patch of olive brown hair was
seen. The sides of the neck were also sparsely covered with hair of the
same color. The under parts were thinly covered with very short
wliitish hair. The upper third of the interfemoral membrane and all
the thighs were rather thickly covered with coarse olive-brown hair.
The tips of the fourth and fifth fingers were marked by a few minute

'^^ Tll(^ varieties of F. nigricann einbrnoe all forms which I describe.l in tlie proceod-
iiiKH of the Academy of Natural Scieuce, of Philadelphia, in 1886 (Notes on the Ves-
|)i>rtiIionidio of Tropical America), containing the namim of V. mundiis, V. cinoinnut,
V. csiyuus, V. obsourm, V, exilis and V. ienuulomaliii. I now look ui)on these pvovi-
Hioiially dexcribed forms either as geographical or podomorphic. The first four nien-
tiiiiiiMl, namely, V. mundus, V. exiguun and V, obacurits belong to the dark variety,
wliilo V. ciiicintiug resembles V. nigricans from the chestnut-red tints on the dorsal
fur. V. exilis and V. teiiiiidoraalia again are of the V. nitidus typo in the color of the
dorsal fur. A duo consideration of my statements in this paper would liave clearly
sliown that these forms were never distinctly olfered as species, but that they were
fiiil)niitted provisionally only under their separate names. It was hoped that the
tlu- descriptions might bo appended without confusion to the available meager diag-
iKiscH of the S(mth American species. My position in this matter has been misunder-
stddd. If I had denoted these varieties by number, or any other arbitrary means, it
would have been to my mind as significant as naming them. According to the method
of the Nuttal Ornithological Club of naming geopraphical subspecies by trinomials
Bni.ic of these names may get be available in studies of V. nigricans and V. nitidus.

'I'lie likelihood that tropical species of Vespertilio extend their range along the en-
tire western coast makes it desirable to have exact knowledge of the South Ameri-
liiiii forms. With the exception of V. albescens (which is nndoubtedly distinct from
V. nigricans) I have no acquaintance with these species. V. polythrix and V. oxyotut
are probably synonyms of V. nigricans.

441— No. 43 7

'iM

i)«

HULM/nV i;i, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Pit

i: !;

11 i^

r ',; t

liiiirs. Ill iiii «'Xiiiii|>l»' iiu'iisuriiiijiJL'""" llir paits were inarkctl as above,
Imt ill iidditidii tluculinMlorsmiiwas iiiiil'oriiilycovi'rtMl with short olivn
brown liair.

Ifuhils, — Our knowh'dfic oftlie habils ol' V. nit'uhiH and its vari«'lics
is very scanty. As above, stated [think it likely that when all tliefaits
ccMiceiiiinn' this species and its assotuates are e(>lle<!ted that it will Ik'
found that it is very close to, if not idcnticul with tiio forms now known
as V. «////•/(•«(/(«, ]'. cliilovnsis, et«!. It is warraiital)Ie, therefore, uinlci'
such an assiiinption to include all notes of tlu^ habits of these and of
specillc descriptions of individuals whicli may be shown to bi^ synouy-
nunis herewith.

r. chlloviisis in an islandic variety. Hats can readily take tlifjht from
the mainland to an island of greater distance than Chiloe (vi<le L. nor-
tiviijam and Ataliiplia cinciru). In commentinjjf on tlu^ liabits of V. rlii-
loensin Darwin. says: *' It is not. I believe, <;omiiioii, nor (h> the humid and
impervious forests of that island (<!hiloe) appear aconf^enial habitaliim
for members of the family. It must, however, be observed that even in
Tierra del Fueyo, where the climate is still less hospitable, ami where
the number of insects is surprisingly small, I saw one of these animals
on the wing." The description and tijifure of l'. r//«7o(;H.s/» Waterhoiisc
(Zoiil. A'oy. Heaj-h', Mammalia, bS.'W, .'")) answers very well (except that
it is without ui'ii.v color of fur on the inferior surtiuic of the body) to V.
nigricans, IMany speciim-ns, which I liave examined from (Jaliforiiia
and Oregon, could not be, in the main, better described and delineated.

The dark hues of T. cliihwiinis recall those of examples of V. nitiiliis
which have been collected in Oregdii. is the humid character of tiiis
portion of thecoa.st-wise range suflicient to account for tiie dittereiicc
in coloration from the Californian varieties? It would appear to he
true. that the lighter shades of brown and gray are associated Avitii
dry, hot plains and the dark«M' hues with forests, especially when
these cover higli hills or humid mduntains, (Jnfortunately nothing is
said upon tliis subject by cidlectors. The nature of the food, so im-
portant a fa»;tor in preserving coloration in mammals and birds, is also
never vouchsafed. W^hile we know in a general way that the species
with its congeners are insectivorous, the kinds of in,sect.s selected is un-
known. From the larg<', numbers of iiiiinature forms (as compared witii
the adult) in thcMerriam collection I assume that many were obtained
either from caves or hollow trees.

Melanic and pedoniorjihic formn of 1'. iiiiidiiN, as already remarked,
are connnon. A careful examination of tlu^ materal recently collected
by W. S. IJryant in Lower California, for the California Academy of
Science, and by C. Hart Merriam, for the Agricultural Department, lias
not resulted in bringing theconfusion whicli <'xistsinmy mind respecr-
ing V. iiifidHS into order. In .specimens coHected from the State ol
Washington to the lower part of Lower California, the same disposition
l)revails, namely, to have a bat with a forearm ranging in length from
30'" to 35"" in length; a small, delicate thumb not exceeding 3"' to3V" in

icngt
to V
tliiim
wliih

say.

5433..
5432 ,
5(4(1.
5'il..
5444.
525. .

im.

519S.
5500.
Sliill.
53IW.

^iiil .

A MONOOItAPH OP THE DA.T8 OF NORTH AMERICA.

ItMi^'th, and a lout;, dolifatutail and iionexsert tip partH, whivli conform
to V. nitidun (nob.), iiitermingling with other pliasoH in which thu
tliiiinb i8 much hirger viz, 4'" to 5'", thu tail small and more uxHvrt,
wliilu tli(^ g<>.iiui'al Mizo of tlu^ individual is much the samo, that iH to
s;iy, uot iudicutive of any distinctive peculiarities iusize.

Meittiirfmentit,

Mllliinntera.

Ili'itil and body from crown of huad to base of tail

I.rii)5tli of arm 6

I.tii^tli of forearm 28

FiiNt dijcit:

Lini^th of tirHt miitiv(^arpiil bone 21

Length of lirHt phalanx 1|

.Second digit:

I^tnigtli of Hucond metacarpal bono 96

Length of tlrat phalanx 1^

Third digit:

Length of third metacarpal bone 26

Length of flrnt phalanx 9

licngth of second phalanx 10

Koiirth digit:

Length of ftmrth niotacarpiil bone 26

Length of llrst phalanx ' 7

Length of second phalanx 6

I'ifth digit:

Length of fifth meta(!arpal bone 25

Length of first phalanx , 6

Length of second phalanx 5

Length of head 14

Height of oar 10

Height of tragns 7

Length of thigh 12

Length of tibia 13

Leiintli of foot 5

Length of tail 36

■; 'I

■.i

Meanurements from first edition of monograph.

C'lirnmt mini-
lier.

5433..

54;i2

54411.

5'.!:i..

.5444.

,525. .

r.'OT.

5liW.

5.5(10.

5l!ill.

53tW.

5.5:15.
.5538.
5.5li5.
5.534.
.5.537.
54115.

From
tip of

Leiigt h

Length
of fore-
arm.

Tn.

LeiiKth

Length
of long-

LeUKth

of
thumb.

In.

Height

Height
of tra.

gUH.

Kx-

of tail.

of tibia.
7n.

est tlu-
ger.

of oar.
In

panse.

In.

. In.

In.

1.8

l.S

1.3

o.«

2.3

0.3

0.5

0.21

8.0

1.8

1.0

1.3

o.u

2.0

0.3

0.0

o.a

8.0

1.6

1.0

1.2

0.6

1.9

0.2

0.4

0.2

7.0

1.7

1.0

i.;i

0.6

2.0

0.3

0.5

0.2

7.0

l.il

1.1

1.2

0.5

i.e

0.2i

0.4*
0.4J

0.2-

7.0

1.7

1.2

1.3

0.6

2.0

0.3

0.2:

7.7

1.7

1.2

1.3

0.6

2.e

0.3

0.44

0.3

(f)

7.0

l.J

1.2

0.6

2.0

0.3

0.6

0.3

7.0

1.7

1.4

1.2

0.7

2.3

0.3

0.5

0.3

8.5

1.6

1.2

0.6

2.1

0.3

0.5

0.3

7.9

l.«

1.3

1.2

0.6

2.1

0.U

0.6

3.0

8.0

1.5

1.4

0.6

2.1

0.2

0.6

3.0

8.6

1.6

1.1

1.2'

0.6

2.0

0.2

0.0

3.0

7.6

l.S

1.6

1.2

0.6}

2.1

0.2i

0.6

3.0

8.0

1.6

1.3

0.6

2.6

0.2

0.6

3.0

8.0

1.4

1.2

0.5J

2.0

O.li

0.0

3.0

7.0

1.5

1.3

1.2

2.3

0.2

0.6

3.0

H.O

1.6

1.2

0.6i

2.1

0.2

0.6

3.0

8.0

Nature of
Hiioclu\en.

l)o.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Alooholio.
Do.
Do.

Do.

Du.

Do.

Do. ■

Do.

Hi!

' ''!

ill ■".
11,1 ii-,.

100 BULLETIN 43, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Li»t of specimenii.

Cat.
No.

No. of
apcci-
nieiiH.

I,o<^nllty.

Treacnied liy.

Nature of
specimen.

CoUccHon.

6482

Guadaliipo CnDon, N. Mex . .

P(!t'OH Ki ver, Tex

Santa Fis N. Mex

KftHt of Fort ( ;olvilIe

I'liget Sound

Fort Steilacooni, Wash

Capt. J. Pope

Dry

....do

tr. s. Nut

Miiseuiii.

W.J. Howard-

Alcoholic .
....do

....do

'^04

....do

Dr. (Jeo. Suckley

....do

Dry

Alcoliidic .

....do

...do

....do

...do

6484

TOOS
6487

San Francisco, C'al

K.D.CiittH

W. Hntton

A.S.Taylor

1207

1868

do.

FortTejon, C'al

6406

M^i. Geo. H. Tlioniaa, U. S.

A.
do

....do

6687

84^

....do

6308

....do

Var. (a). Vespertilio nitidus macropus (H. Alleu).

Vespertilio macropus H. Allen, Proc. Acad. Nat. 8ci. PhUa., 1866, 288.

The following is the description of this variety, provisionally <lo-
Hcribed as V. macropus. Above, fur long, silky, three-fourths black,
apical fourth uniform, light russet brown, a small clump at the base of
iuterfemoral membrane. Beneath, same proportion as above, being at
base black, at tip grayish- white, i)ure white at pubis; fur extends later-
ally on membrane midway to elbow. Wing membrane attached midway
between base of outer toe and ankle joint. In other resiiects it closely
resembles V. subulatiis.

MeasuremeHta,"

Height of ear fi"

Height of tragUH 3J'"

Length of hunicruH l" 4'"

Length of thnnih 8 "

Length of foot 4i'"

Length second joint index finger 1'"

Expanse 8" 3"

This form has the light reddish brown coh)r to the fur on the dorsal
surface of the body as in the Sonoran varieties of V. nitidus. The foot
is very large and the interfemoral membrane triangular below the level
of the ankles and the tip of the tail is exsert. As above stated the
resemblance to V. snbulatus (V. ^ryphus) in this regard is close. V.
nitidus macropus 1 believe to be a pedomorphic form of V. nitidus, but
owing to peculiarities of environment retains the light yellow brown
hues so common in desert living individuals.

Two other specimens were in«'luded in the collection sent me by Dr.
Coues at the same time with the foregoing. I named these forms F.

* Mature. Dr. Coues' private collection, near Fort Major, Colorado River, Now
Mexico. Dr. E. Coues, U. 8. Army.

A MONOGRAPH OP THE BAtS OF* I^ORffl AMERICA.

101

6'"

3i'"

1" 4'"

■A'"

1'"

suhulatua. I now believe them to be members of the same group with
the next variety (<i. v.) of Y. nitidtus,

Var. (b). Vespertilio nitidua ciliolabnim (Merriuin). (Plato xii.)
ViKiicrtilio oiliolabrum Merriam, Proc. Hiol. Soc. Waahiiigtou, iv., 1886-'88, 1.

Tlie following is an abridgment of tlie original description of F.
cilinlabrum :

Ear as long as the head; calcar occupies one-half the free margin of
the interfemoral membrane; post calcar lobe large; apici-calcaral lobe
developed; internal basal lobe slightly ouiuled; outer margin auricle
sharply emarginated (concave) for about one-third of its entire length;
first scallop at first abruptly convex, then straight; external basal lobe
(rertoxed lobe) distinct. Tragus as in all western forms. Thumb very
siiiiill, considerably shorter than foot. Foot small. Half of last ver-
tcbrse free.

Fur long and soft; basal portion dusky, apical portion varying from
wliitish or yellowish wliite to isabella-brown (tawny-isabellaintheNew
Mexico specimens), which in some individuals is nearly as dark as in V.
8»/>h/«<m«; the colored apiciil portion varies in extent from less than
oiii'-third to more than one-half the length of the hairs.

Dr. Merriam believes V. cililolabrum to be allied to V. nitidus. The
ear is larger and in other proportions, and in color it is distinct.

Ilfibitfit. — Trego County, Kans., and subsequently collected in Grant
Comity, southwest corner of iSew Mexico. Mr. A. B. Baker the dis-
coverer states that it was found in bluffs or canyons near the town of
IJiiuner and well hidden away in clefts in the chalk rocks. Others oc-
cai)it'd abandoned swallows' nests which were inaccessible; but they
wort' easily dislodged by means of stones. Mr. Baker has informed
me that the locality for this subspecies no longer exists.

ifm»Hre»»en<«.

Iliad and body.,
lIllKl

Tiiil..

Kiir I'nmi inner I)hhh1 angle.
TriK'n«

lluilllTUH

K(iniirni ,

Tliiiinh

riiinl tintstir

Fil'tli linger ,

Tihiii .

Iliiiil fimt

Wiiltli of HtM'ond int«rH|mei\
Wiillli iif tliinl int<'rM|iavH...
Width of finirtli iuUirHpace..

2794

i^ad

Merriam

coll.

mm.
42.
16.2.1
37.
15.

6.75
22.
32.50

3.75
56.
44.
11.25

27U7*

$ ltd.

Merriam

coll.

mm.
43.
16 25
4U.
15.
6.75
22.

3.50
56

45. ,50
ll.!)0

7.50

27055

I'nliriinip

Valley,

Neb.

?nin.
39.

39.

31.
4.

13.

2.60
10.
27.

'Type.

In specimen No. 270G1, Death Valley, California, the thumb is 3""";
postcalcaral well developed, no apici-calcaral lobe; the tail is as long

::ii

B 'i

102 BULLETIN 43, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

as head and body, ample, convex Oil Hides ; intertomoral mumbranu is
sparsely haired to ankles above.

The upper first and second npper premolars .are invisible from witli-
out; ears furred at basal one-half; tragus with distinct spine at upi)er
border of the basal notch, and crenulated near tip. In all the forms
the hair on the interfemoral membrane nlmost to the ankle; forearni,
30'"; hair deep black at base; light golden yellow to light brown above;
white beneath.

The following list includes the specimens of this subspecies in the
collection of the Agricultural Department:

27054 5 Vegas Valley, Nevada.

27055 9 Paliruinp Valley, Nevada.

27056 <? Colorado River, Lincoln County, Nev.

27059 3 Death Valley, Califoniia.

27060 i Death Viilley, California.
27058 3 Death VaUey, California.

27061 3 Death Valley, California.
27051 3 Aiuarj^osa River, California.

30731 2 East Fork Keweak River, California ; dark chostuut hrowii above,

light butl° beneath.
30730 5 Ibid.

In specimen No. 2786 9 and No. 2787 $ collected by E. Coues at Fort
Whipple in 1862, the outer margin of the ear scarcely concave, first
scallop not sharply defined above; external basnl lobe thick, rigid,
sharply incurved. All parts of body and of membranes delicate,
lacial proportions slender, nose pointed. Interfemoral membrane above
sparsely haired almost to ankle; post calcai'al well developed; ai)iii
calcaral long, projecting. Tail 19'" to ankle; 17'" from ankle to tip; tip
not exsert. Tail in 2786 straight to within three segments of end,
then it is abruptly flexed. In 2787 it is curved throughout as in Vex-
pertilio generally, and the apici-calcaral not projecting; post calcsirals
absent.

Here, in two examples, the contrast as to the lobes about the calcar
and the shape of the tail is marked. The degree of hairiness on tlie
ui)per surface of the interfemoral membrane is the same in the two
sexes. I can not distinguish this form by any valid character from a
group of specimens (five in all, 18776 to 18780, all females) in the ctd-
lection of the Agricultural Department, from Oracle, near Tucson, Ariz.;
one of these. No. 18778, is taken as a basis for the following notes:

Basal lobe not thickened at free border, scarcely incurved; the post
calcaral lobe a mere hen) ; the membranes are not black; the glands
on the side of the face swollen, ovate mouth cleft, not reaching tlie
jmsterior canthus; the thumb 4'" long; the foot 5"' long; the head and
trunk 38"'; the tail .'W'" long, longer than body; forearm 30'".

These examples are nearly identical with skins of E. Coues from Fort
Whipple. Very light chestnut brown above, white beneath the Jaw;
tragus semipyriform ; lateral incisor small and parallel to central
interfemoral membrane, milky in front. This group of individuiils
exhibit characters combining those of V. albesvcm and V. nitidus. A

tlii I

A MONOGRAPH 01' THE HATS OF NORTH AMERICA. 103

lij:lit»'i- sliiuU^ to tlic t'nr iiiiil a slifrlilly sniiilliT tlniiiih \v«»ul(l readily
cinry tlicm over to T. iiitUluH cUioUthrum.

Two ('xaiiii)l('s (No. 124r)0, IF. S. N. M., both gravid leniales) collected
h\ Mr. II. VV. Iloiisliaw, near AVingate, N. Mex., in 1872, presented
siuii niark(Hl color jdiases as to snggest that if these-, prove to be eon-
stunt in individuals collected IVom this portion of the country that a
separate geographical subsjjecies of V. nitidus be based npon them and
(lie somewhat similarly colored specinu'ns from the Death A'alley re-
f^ion. The fur is long, silky, n«'arly white above in one sj>ecimen, aiul
hi iliiant light aure<ms in the second. Both specimens are quite white
lit'iieatli. Interfemoral UKMubrane hairy above nearly to ankle, the back
ol thigh and leg being covered. The general proportions are quite as
in t h(^ type of V. nithdis. I i subsequent observation ('onflrms such sub-
s])eciiic detenninati(m, the name V. nitidun Jlcnshairii may be given it.
.Ml-, llenshaw was the fust collector who bnmght this phase of vesper-
lilionine life to the attention of naturalists.

\';ir. ((■). Vespertilio nitidiiB longicruB (Tnii').

I'isiicrtilio loiijiivriix V. W. 'I'nic, I'rnc. I '. S. Nat. Mils., 1?<87, (i.

Tlie following is tiie original text of the description:

ClMiuliiliir proiniiieiii-t-s ol' llic sidcM of tln> i'iit-e well dovtilopcil, iis in T. Iiicifiifins,
iiiiikiiijj tlio innzzlo aiiiH-ar lihiiit. I'.ai-s shoi-tt-r tliaii the lu-ad; laid foiwaiil tlu-y
(Id not rc'Hi-li the nostrils liy a iiiilliiiii'tci-; iiiiKU- inarRin oveiily t-oiivcx iVoiii loin- to
tip; iipiM'i- third of outi-r iiiargin scarc-i-ly conclave, lower two-thirds rather Rtroiiyly
(■DM vex. LeiiHth of the tragus sliffhtly more than one-half the height of the ear; in-
11(1 margin concave, outer marjfin convex, crcmilate; ti]> rounded off.

Wings from the l)iis<( of the toes; foot hvss than one-half the length of the heart.
T:iil long. Interfemoral niemhrane (h-ep antero-jiosteriorly ; the hinder margin
sir.iight in the posterior half, ('ah-aneiim ending in a small rounded lohe in the
iiii(l(ll(-of the hinder inarginof the interfemoral menihvane; the margin hctweenthis
liilii- and the foot \i-ry convex. Only the caitilaginoiis extremity of the tail free.
TiUia very long, excelling the head hy nearly one-fourth.

Tlie fur of the body extends on the iiit«-rfeinoral memltrane along the tail as far as
ii line joining the <entcr8 of the tibia-. The fnr above nniforni umber colored, or
sliulitly lighter at the extremities; beneath, umber in the basal three-fourths, rtilll
Naples y4-llow in the ii)iieal lourtli. Membram-s dull brown.

>kiill witli the fa<'(> very short and the brain-ease greatly eh^vated. Tooth as in
(. Iidi/iiiiiin, exee)>t that the lirst ujiper ])rcmolar is not ei-owded behind the canine.

• Ill account of the length of the tibia I have thought it appropriate to uanie the
Npccics I'eitpfrlilio lotiiiicriis

ll i-< evident that it is closely allied to T. /(/r'lAK/M.'i, but it is readily distinguish-
;ilili- Irinii that s)>ecies by its sh(U'ter an<l broader ears, longer tibia-, smaller feet, and
duller ('(ilor.

MittHuriniciilH n/ I ini>i ililio loiDjiirKH. l-'iH.'.!, I'lun't •SoiiikI.

Jlillimctprs.

I.i'iiuth of head and body 17..')

I.iiiglb of head Iti.

ll( ight of ear : 12.5

l.innth of tragus (i. 5

Length of forearm Hit. (I

l.ciigtli of thumb 6.

I .( iiM t h of tibia 20.

l.iiigth of foot 7.5

1 ..iigth of tall 15.

'ii a!

i-^l

i i

1 ■

>■-:

? iii

i I ;.

104 BULLETIN 43, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

In this species of Mr. True, the short ear, with its sharply concave
outer margin, the short noncrenulate tragus, the dark color of fur on
the under surface of the body, the long tibia, with triangular shape to
the interfermoral membrane below the line of the ankles, separate tliis
form from other bats which have been collected in the region of the
northwest. If other examples sustain the peculiarities, V. longicrus
is undoubtedly a distinct species. It is likely, however, to prove to be
a variant of the eastern forms modified by migration to the north and
west. In the event of this proving to be the case, it becomes a sub-
species of V. gryphus. V. longicrus, while a member of the humid coast
line of the west coast of North America, is unlike other individuals which
have been collected from the same region. The peculiar excavation of
the outer border of the auricle and the length of the tibia have not
been reiieated in other specimens.

N'ote on Veapertilio subulatus, Say.* — Attempts to rehabilitate V. sub-
ulatus, so as to admit it in the group of western forms, has proved to
be as difficult as is the case for all the North American bats where the
types are unknown. This is especially true of species described in the
first half of the present century. To make the admission valid it is
necessary that Say's description should answer to the descriptions
of V. albescens, V. nitidus, or one of the subspecies of these forms. The
reader must judge for himself with what degree of justice any of tlie
names of the herewith defined forms, either reestablished by acquaint-
ance with types or secured by detailed description at the hands of accom-
plished zoologists, should be put aside in order to restore a form which
has been imperfectly described (see p. 187) from a single immature
specimen.

Genus LASIONYCTERIS Peters.
Larionycteris Peters, MB. Akad. Berlin, 1865, 648. ' .

Veaperidea Cones iiud Yarrow, Wheeler's Pxped., Zool., 1875.

Diagnosis. — Ears with whitish internal basal lobe ; outer border and
outer basal parts with membranous flange. Tragus of peculiar shape,
short, blunt, with straight inner and convex outer border. F-ace hairy.
"Wings to base of toes; no calcaral lobe or tip; tip of tail exsertod.
Foot and thumb of one length and a little less than one-fifth as long as
the forearm. Hair dark, plumbeous or blackish, with tips conspicuously
dashed with gray or white. Dorsal four-fifths of interfemoral mem-
brane with numbers of minute warts arranged transversely and fur-
nished with n sparse growth of hair. The first phalanx in the third,
fourth, and fifth fingers longer than the secxmd.

Dental formula — niolars', premolars;", tauiiu's .iuciHors" x = 36 teeth.

o o 1 O

The manal formula is as follows:

Mmimotoi's.

First interspiice 1

Second insterspace . . .' 4

Third interspiice '^5

Forearm 37-38

• For literature of T. aubulatiia, see p. 76.

A MONOGRAPH 07 THE BATS OF NOKTH AMERICA.

105

Previous to the date of the Monograph of 1864, this genus had beeii
einbraced ir^ Veapertilio. In considering it a species of Scotophilua I
made an error. The difference in the number of the molars, the two
geuera, should have influenced me in not including the form in any of
the genera known at that time. " The trifling difference in the number
of the teeth does not aft'ord a sufficient reason for considering them (the
North American Vespertilionine species) as different" (Leconte). I
was influenced by this opinion in not separating Lasionyoteris from its
congeners. While Maj. Leconte, a leading authority in his day, was so
doubtful upon the subject of the value of the variations in the dental
formula he placed great importance on the minute changes in form of
the outer ear.

1. LaalonyoteilB noctivagans (Leconte). The Silvery Bat. (Plates xiii, xiv.)

Fespertilio noctivagans Leconte, Cuv. An. Kingdom (McMurtrie's ed.), i, June, 1831,

31; Cooper, Ann. Lye, Nat. Hist. N. Y., iv, 1837, 59; DeKay, Nat. Hist. N. Y.

(ZoiJl.), 1842, 9, PI. I, Fig. 1 ; Wagner, Schreb. SUiigeth., Suppl., v, 18E5, 754.
VesperiUio auduhoni Harlan, Month. Amer. Jour. Geol. Nat. Hist., i, 1831, 220, PI. ii;

lb., Med. and Physical Researches, 1835, 30, PI. iv.
VespertiUo pulverulentua Teuiminck, Monog. Mam., ii, 1835, 235; Leconte, Proo.

Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1855, 436; Max. zii Wied, Archiv Naturg., 1861, 192.
Svolophilut nooHvagana H. Allen, Monog. N. A. Bats, 1864, 39.

Lasionyoteris noctivagans Peters, MB. Akad. Berlin, 1865,648; Merriam, Mamm. Ad-
* iroudack Region, 1886.

Visperides noctiragans Coues and Yarrow, Wheeler's Exped., Zoiil., 1875.
Vcsperiigo noctivagans Dobson, Cat. Chirop. Brit. Miis., 1878, 238.

Description-:-Enr oval. Internal basal lobe of dull yellow color which
contrasts with th(i dark brown of the rest of the auricle. The free pro-
jecting lobe rather larger than in other species of the group. The
lobe ends abrnptly on the inner border, wliich is directed in an
oblique straight line upward and backward to a blunt tip which is in the
long axis of the auii<!le and is not directed backward. The upper part
of the outer border is straight and bears a delicate fold which is turned
back against the posterior surface of the auricle. The lower part is
convex, also bears a delicate reverted fold, and is separated from the
upper by a small notch. The external basal ridge does not reach the
border of the auric^le. It is irregular and bears two tubercles, between
wliich lies a well-defined pocket. The external basal lobe is membranous
and bears upon its inner surface a sr 11 nodule which is homologous to
the reverted portion in Adelonycterh ftisctis. The external basal lobe
ends on a post rictal wart.

Thus the ear has a membranous expansion of variable width on the
l»osterior border from the tip to the angle of the mouth.

Tragus short and blunt, straight on the inner border, slightly deflected
outward at the outer border for a short distance, and is thence abruptly
convex, to be gradually inclined inward at the pedicle. The outer snr-
tiice of tragus is concave and suggests in a general way the plan in
Emhallonura. Glandular masses on side of snout conspicuous; they

r^f-

I
i

'f ii

t •'■.

In:

1 -

r '

i : •

106

BULLETIN 43, UNITED STATES >'ATIONAL MUSEUM.

appear to advantage againnt the depression in the faee directly back of
them. 3uout is broad, scarcely eniarginate. Width between nostrils
greater than distance from mouth to top of snout. Upper lip slightly
pendulous at the side. Mental plate well <leflned inferiorly. Dobsmi
states that the inner margin of the tragus appears to be in the an^^ie
between the free projection of the internal basal lobe and the coniili.
This must be an individual variation or an error of observation.

Dorsum fur long and silky, of a dark brown, bla(;k at the basal two-
thirds or four-fifths, the apical portion i>ecoming abruptly gray or white.
The head and neck almost entirely brown-bhick, the silvery appear-
ance not being sufficient to give character to the region. Occasionally
the hair of the face, both above and at the sides, will be of the dominant
color, while the crown and nape will be of the same character as the
body. . .

Below the fur is of the general character of the dorsum, but slightly
shorter. The postmental region nearly naked, the rest of the neck
scarcely silvery, as on the dorsum of face.

The prebrachium with distinct tendon of occipito-pollical muscle.
Three conspicious intercostal lines are discerned.

The coraco brachialis fascicles rises liigh up near the axilla. Tlie
triceps fascicle system with vertical oblique and horizontal lines dis-
cernible. None of the terminal Hues of the foregoing, reach the free
margin of thfe wing-membrane. No vertical lines apart from the fore-
going are discernible. The obliquetibial line arises from near ankle and
extends as far as the intercosto-humeral at the elbow.

A delicate forked line extends downward and soraad from the lower
part of muscle mass at the proximal end of the fifth metacarpal bone.

The fourth interspace exhibits the predigital nerve ai)pearing in a
well-defined elevated fold of membrane at the side of the niuscle-niass
just named. The line forms a curve and extends about one-half way
down the shaft of the fifth metacarpal bone, when it is lost along the
lino of the shaft. The main branch of the nerve arises from the middle
of the curve and passes downward and forward, but does not extend
beyond the middle of the interspace, nor quite to its free border. The
postdigital nerve arises high in the interspace, apparently from the
palm, approaches the fourth metacarpal bone at its proximal end, but
soon leaves it and is distributed to the anterior half of the interspace.

The third interspace shows a delicate line from the first interphalaii-
geal joint of the fourtli finger and a sec(uid longer one from the meta-
carpo-phaiangeal joint of the third finger.

The interfemoral membrane shows the oblique line (above) as a cand-
otibial, since it arises from the side of first caudal vertebra. The trans
verse lines on the int«rfemora membrane are regularly disposed and
marked with minute pilose warts.

The terminal phalanges much the same as in Atahpha. The parts
are all delicate; the terminal phalanx of the third digit is sigmoid and

tly back of
en nostrils
ip sliglitly
■. Dobsitii
I the angle
the concli.
ion.

basal two-
y or white.
py appciir-
scasionally
) dominant
3ter as the

i-^li

lit sliglitly
' the neck

al jnust'lo.

:illa. The
lines dis-
h the free
a the fore-
ankle and

the lower
rpal bone,
iring in a
iscle-niass
i-half way
along the
he middle
ot extend
der. The

from the
I end, but
iterspace.
erphaliiii-
the metii-

IS a caiiil-
!^he triiiis-
)osed iiiid

riie parts
moid and

I IS-.

1'^

li:f

f(i1

'■■

!
j

S:
''i

■1
1 ■

,!
■It

!;'

l:<

ii'

iM'i !•

Ilil j;

Explanation of Plate XIII.

Fig. 1. Front view of hoatl of LaHiotii/rtvrin nortiragam.

Fi«. 2. Side vi«>w of saiui*.

Fid. 3. N'iew of trajjus and inner surface of auricle.

Fi(i. 4. Wing nienibranc.

Fi(i. 5. Tail and iiitcrfcinoral luciiibrnnc.

Fi»i. G. Tlie skull seen from above, x 2.

Fig. 7. TLc sivull and lower Jaw seen from the side, x 2.

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM

BULLETIN 43, PL. XIII

.ii^

Lasionvcteris noctivagans.

■f

r ,1

n
n

5 5

H ;:

11 1

- U
I 11

less rij
liuix

The
silverj

The
metaci
8iune 1
or iibo
raised
ends a
tlieflf
equals
distan
fiftli m
arc on
nearly
and M

In a
Mr. G
distim
arm.

Var
extend
localit:
never i
body e
ous lin
not al\
interv*
The 8l
black,
soineti
of blui
wart ti

A sj
to be i
partici

Skill
are ab
of the
two foi
low na
poster]
either

The
ridge \

¥ LI

A MONOGRAPH OF THE BATS OP NORTH AMERICA.

107

less rigid tliiin in any species examined. The tip of the terminal plia-
laiix of tlie fourth digit is minutely lobed and ft'eo.

The dorsum of the interfemoral membrane sparsely tiovered with
silvery tipped hair for four-fifths of its extent; thetibiieare involved.

The wing membranes are attached to the base of the toes. The fifth
metacarpal bone is shorter than the third and fourth, which are of the
same length. No raised lines are present in the radio-metacarpal angle
or about the muscle-mass at the base of the fifth digit. A delicate
raised line is seen on the dorsum of the prebrachium. The prebrachium
ends at the distal third of the forearm. The distance from the cud of
the fifth metacarpal bone and the olecranon (the manus being closed)
equals one-seventh of the length of the forearm. (In A. fmcus this
distance equals one-ninth the length of forearm.) The fourth and
fifth metacarpal bones lie well palmed of the third. (In A.fuscus they
are on the same line.) In repose the first phalanx of the third digit is
nearly in the same line with the third metacarpal bone, as in Noctilio
and Miniopteris. The second phalanx of the same digit is straight.

In a specimen from Beaverton, Oregon, sent me for examination by
Mr. G. S. Miller, .jr., Cambridge, Mass., the tip of the calcaral spur is
distinctly lobed and the foot is exactly one-fifth the length of th<j fore-
arm. The membranes and hair are black.

Variations. — Variation is slight in coloration, notwithstanding the
extended range of the species and the great numbers found in certain
localities. Leconte describes " entirely black " examples; these I have
never seen. Occasionally the dorsum, where the hair of the side of the
body ends and that on the membrane begins, is marked by a conspicu-
ous line of hair having long white tips. The basal black or brown does
not always abruptly end in the tip, but an obscure, rusty-black shade
intervenes. I have not met with any varieties with furred thumb.
The shafts of the hair in front may be plumbeous instead of brown
blaclv. The edges of the lips, as well as the internal basal lobe, are
sometimes white. Very rarely the tip of the tragus is ])ointed instead
of blunt. The external basal lobe may extend across the postrictal
wart to the mouth. The lobe is very rarely revolute in any degree.

A specimen from Healdsburg, Cal. (Cal. Acad, of Science), appeared
to l)e somewhat darker, both in fur and membrane, but in essential
particulars it was similar to Eastern forms.

Skull. — There is no trace of a crest at the sagitta; temporal ridges
are absent; the mesencephalon equals one-fourth the greatest length
of the cranium ; the eminence for the proencephalon minute and bears
two foramina which are near each other; the vertex of the face with a
low nasal eminence for the anterior one-third of the entire region ; the
posterior two-thirds is concave: the maxilhe are deeply concave on
either side of the nasal eminein

The fronto-maxillary region is produced laterally into a trenchant
ridge which causes the inner wall of the orbit to appear concave. The

I' 'i

I I!

BIB 5

108

BULLETIN 43, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

infraorbital forameii is small and n(>ar the urbit. In the orbit the
correHpundiug foramen is large and withont concavity about it. A line
produced from the upper margin of the anteri v nasal aperture inter-
sects the dental arc.li directly back of the canine toutb. The upper bor-
der of the zygomatic arch elevated. The paroccipital process is pro-
duced, but does not reach the level of the lower border of the occijiital
condyle; it is longer than the mastoid. The region between it and the
mastoid is slightly inflated with a shallow incision inferiorly; it cqualH
one-ninth of the greatest length of the skull. The tympanic bone is not
complete above, the head of the malleus, as in A. /uhcus, appearing iu
the interval and without an anterior basal process.

A small post maxillary process is present. Basioccipital without lat-
eral concave depression. The sphenoidal tongue is conspicous, conceal-
ing the cochlea at the anterior half. The posterior palatal spine is well
developed ; the vomer is re(;cdant. The height of coronoid process above
level of the condyle is les^ than the width of the horizontal ramus
The interval between angle and condyle is rectangular. The syin
physis yields a su'all posterior process which ends opposite the second
premolar.

Examination of the interior of the nose shows that the septotur-
binal space extends a little in advance of the septal line. There is but a
single opening for the ectoturbinal. The main plate is marked by a
relativelj' small opening, behind which extends a row of three small
foramina. On the nasal surfiice the endoturbinal series is inflated,
and does not exhibit the lateral concavity seen in other Vesper-
tilionidn;. It is directed downward and forward. The first endo-
turbinal is as ill A. /uhcuh. It reaches a point as far as the canine
tooth, is slightly depressed above, and presents a uniformly sloping sur-
face laterally. Its lower edge forms the lower border of the median
surface. The second endoturbinal is of uniform width, longer than
high, and equal in length to the free portion of the first endoturbinal.
The third endoturbinal is smaller than the preceding.

Maxillary teeth. — The median of the maxillary incisors is bifid on
the cutting edge, and so placed as to be obliquely lodged in the jaw,
the inner of the bifid points being directed outward. The lateral incisor
with a conical outer (labial) surface and a trenchant flange of nearly
the same length as the median aspect of the palatal surface. These
two parts are in exact antero-posterior position to each other, thus
being in contrast with the oblique position of the parts in the case of
the central tooth. The canine is concave on the palatal surface, the
trenchant border being in the line of the tooth axis; the labial sur-
face posteriorly is concave. The first premolar is very small, but edged
in the space between the outer and inner angles of the interval between
the canine and second premolar; the second premolar scarcely longer
than first molar with a sharp spine-like protocone and low rounded heel;
the first and second molars with posterior commissure of the protocone

orbit the
it. A line I
turo iiitw-
upper bor
ess is pro-
le occipital
I it and the
; it equals
bone is not
)peuring iu

without Lit-
is, conceal-
)ine is well
(cess above
tal ramus.
The sym.
the second

D septotur-
ere is but a
arked by a
hree small
18 inflated,
Jr Vesper-
first endo-
the canine
loping sur-
he median
•nger than
loturbinal.

s bifid on
1 the jaw,
iral incisor
of nearly
se. These
ther, thus
he case of
irface, the
abial sur-
but edged
1 between
ily longer
ded heel;
[>rotocoue

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM

BULLETIN 43, PL. XIV

.1 ;i

1. Maxillary teeth of Lasionycteris noctivagans.

2. Mandibular teeth of same, x «.

II .11

■k^

,: 'ir ii;.

Il^

III I

>i I

■; i

absen
111(1 im
lit'cl ii
is cnti

SOCOIK

Mm
is inoi
iinu!li

St't'OlM

iiiiviin
cuttin
sents
is slijr
is trib
quite ;
iniiiut
base c
the V
acomi
geiicTi
sniiilk
also is

Not
than
iiinoin
nu'ii i
Palati

Jx'en
Fciiial
(Merr;
male.
I hav«
h)iig, 1

Hal
l)eai' f
Wost«

IllOIIOJ

Calitb
iwctiv
JM
habits
dacli '.
bat ii
sixty-
aiul i

* Th(

A MONOGRAPH OF THE BATS OF NORTH AMERICA.

109

absent; tbe anterior V nearly of the same size as the second; the heel is
I'udimental, the apex is seen as on the posterior part of the cusp of the
heel in fig. In the third molar the posterior commissure of the protocone
is entire and adjuts against the palatal end of the anterior limb of the
second V, the second limb being absent.

Mandibular teeth. — The first incisor presents a trifid cutting edge and
is more inclined than the others from within outward, thus permitting
iuu(!li of the base to be seen when the tooth is viewed from above. The
seeond and third teeth gradually increase in thickness, the last named
liiiving a distinct nodosity back of, but on the same level with, the trifid
cutting edge. The canine is concave on its posterior border, and pre-
sents an unusually broad cingulum. Of the three premolars the first
is sliffhtly larger than the second, the third is largest of the series, and
is trihedral. All are surrounded by complete cingula. The molars are
quite as in Vespertilio distinguished by possessing high acute tips.* A
minute cusp out lines the posterior border of each molar at the lingual
base of the heel. In the first and second tooth the heel is larger than
the V, and projects farther on the buccal side and is without a trace of
ii commissure. The third molar diflfers from the same tooth in any (►f the
genera of the group in the triangular form of the heel, but is a little
smaller than the corresponding part in the first and second molar. It
also is without a commissure.

Notes on the skeleton. — Coracoid process of scapula, with base broader
than the apex, which is obscurely bifid. The inferior border of the
innominate bone at the ischium and pubis produced. The thyroid fora-
men is subrotund. Bibs, eleven in number. Ulna as in A. fusctis.
Palatal rugte, seven.

Jiemarks on sex. — No secondary sexual characters have been detected.
Females are much more numerous than males in the Adirondacks.
(Meniam, I. c.) Out of eighty-five caught in one locality, but one was a
male. In collections the males are less commonly seen than the females.
I have examined ten males and fif'eeu females. The penis is whitish,
Ions, aubcylindroid — prepuce not expanded.

Hnbitat. — Distributed throughout the United States. It would ap-
l>ear from specimens in museums to be much less common toward the
Western range than iu the East. At the date of the publication of the
monograph it had not been found in the Rocky Mountains or in
California. According to J. B. Tyrrell (Mam. of Canada, 1888), L.
novtivagans is found as far north as Hudson Bay.

Habits. — 0. Hurt Merriam (/. c.) has given close attention to the
habits of the silvery bat. In his work on the Mammals of the ^rtiron-
dack Region, this writer states that L. noctivngans is the most cr^^|^mon
bat in that section. In one locality, (mt of seventy species seonred
sixty-three were of this species. It is the earliest sjiecies to appear,
and is especially fond of water ways and the borders of hard-wood

'■i;

Thc»e are often worn off iu the flrst and second molars iu old iudividnala,

ii'ilil

'ii ;

110 BULLETIN 43, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

groves. The young were found to be more "beautiful" than the adults
and alone to possess perfect silvery tips to the hairs. This fact is not
borne out by my examinations. I have found less ditt'erence in the
coh)r of the young and adult than in other species, and between the
half-grown and the adult forms I have observed none of the contrasts
which are so noteworthy in A.fusctts.

Mr. jVIerriam states that this bat has been known after being wound(Ml
and falling into the water to swim powerfully and swiftly against a
strong current to the shore. This is an interesting fact. Mere flutter-
ing of the wings of a wounded animal could not so direct the animal.
It must be that a coordinated act (presumably in imitation of the act
of flight) propelled the animal through the water.

Meaauyemenlt.

TT.S.N.M.*

S291.
St. Louis,

Mo.

Hvail and body (from crown of head to base of tail) .

r ^ngth of anil

ngtb of forearm

>. .rst digit :

Length of first iiietacari)al bone

Length of plialanges

Second digit:

Length of second niutacaipal bone

Length of first phalanx

Third digit:

Lengtii of tliird rattaiarpal lione

Length of tirst phalanx T

Length of second phalanx

Fourth digit:

Length of fonrtli metacarpal bono

Lengtii of tirst phalanx

Length of secontl phalanx

Fifth digit :

Length of flfth metacarpal hone

Length of first phalanx

Length of second phalanx

Length of head

H<!ight of ear

Height of tragus

I^cngth of thigh

Length of tibia

Length of foot

Length of tailt

Collection
oftJ.S.MIl-

ler, 10(10.

Boavertdu,

Oregon.

.38

234

23.

36)

U-2

:!(i

31*

12
i:f
7
32

"plot quite mature.

tThc ditlerenccs in some of the nicasuri'meiitH of the two cxaniiilcs is due to the immaturity of
specimen No. 5201.

Measurements from firet edition of Monograph.

' Hoof 'Lenirth'J^«"K*'':'^«"?"'r*'of''' f ■«"»«•' HeiirhtH^iKht! „, Nature

{ tail.

tibia.

i>32».

4721).

74«.

74.

2231.

1785.

In.

2.6
2.9
2. fi
2.3

""•j.O
2.2

In.
l.G
1.&

■■■i;5'

1.2

In.
1,7
1.0
1.7
1.0

In.

0. (i
U. fl

o.u

0.6

"6.6
0.7

,fi;:^?!i"'""'".

tragus. I I"'""

In. !
2.0
2.»
2.0
2.0 I

2.7 1

0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3

6.3 '
0.4

III.
O.U
0.0
O.H
O.Ci

"6.'6 "
0.5i

In.
0.2
0.24
0.2?
0.3

6.3 "
0.24

In.

12.0

Dr;

1,1.
Dd.
Do.
Vi>.
Do.

1)0.

w »

the adults
fact is not
ttce in the
(tween the
3 contrasts

J wounded
T agaiuKt a
ere flutter-
he animal,
of the act

r.*

Collection
ofG.S.Mil.

ler, loiio.

Beavertdu,

Orecoii.

-2

-a.

35
4

a,-)

lOJ

35
14

33
10
5

111

12
13

7
32

inimaturltvof

[ Niitiirp

of «ini'i

iiii'ii.

2.0

Dry.

2.0

ltd.

Do.

A MONOGRAPH OF THE BATS OF NORTH AMERICA.

LUt of gpeoimeiin.

111

Niimlicr

Ciit.
No.

of Hpcci-

incDH.

,«:il

•>

,■•.427

r^iiis

fi;!57

5'JilO

^■m

;t;ii!H

.I'J'.il

.'i'.'!)3

5204

.'>4:)1

.s;;.')9

•Will

.■iJ'ja

•V.'hil

.'iS'il

."•iL'u:;

47'J9

Localitv.

ifunu's Bay, II. B

Moofio Factory, H.

Middli'lxirii, MnsB

Ciirlialo, I'li

West Phlladelphiii

Mt. Holly, N.J

Wasliiiigton, D. C

lUinoix KivLT

St. Lniiln, Mo

NebraBka

Platte Kiver

Fort Uulon, JCebr

Yt'llowstoue River

I'nget Sound

Fort Keading, Cal

United States

PreHcnted by-

C. Drexel .

J.W.P..rBnkB

S.F.Baird

David Miller

W. S. Wood

Dr. Gen. C Brown

W. Wilson

R. Kennicott

Dr. EnKnlmanii

Dr. J. (j.Cooper

W. S. Wood

Dr. F. V. Haydcn

do.....

, do

(,'ol. Vaughan j do

Dr. Kennedy I do

Dr. T. F. Ilaiiiiuoud ! do

(/) ....do
Muj. Leconte do

Nature

of Hjieci-

men.

Alcoholic .

...do ....
..do ....

Dry

Alcoholic
...do ....
...do....
...do....
...do ....
...do....
...do....
...do ....
...do....
...do....
do....

CoUoction.

V. S. Nat.

MU8.

Do.
Do.

1)0.

Do.
Do,
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.

GeuuH ADELOM7CTERIS H. Alleu.

Scotophilita Leacli, Trans. Linn. Hue. liondon, xiii, 1822, 71. {Type, S. kuLlii.)
IV«2)('rH«' Key.Hnrlitig &, BlusiuH, Wiepn. Arch. 1M3'J, AVirl)elthiere Eurupas, 1840, 49.
Adchniicteria H. Alleu, Proc. Aciul. Nat. Sci. Pliila., 1892.

Diagnosis. — As in the case of Vespertilio it is impossible to frame a
diaji'iiosis of a genus where the forms are cosmopolitan and tue student
is confined to material representing a fauna. I am content to designate
Ailelonycteris by the dental formula.

Dental formula. — Molars ij, premolars A, canines \, incisors f x ^ =
:V2 teeth.

Vnpcnis was establislieti on Vesiwrtilio serotinus and Vespertilio dis-
color. It is distinguished from othe ve.sjiertilionine bats by the pres-
•Mict' of a single molar in the upper jaw. The genus Scotophilv^ was
bused by Leach on an individual without locality. For many years
llii^i'li.sh writers (especially Gray and Tomes) applied this name to the
t'( inns now included under Vesper us and Vcsperugo. I followed the same
])iiictice in the Moiiograpliof 18(i4, since I naturally assumed that these
writers were acquainted with Leach's type. Peters in 18G6 pointed out
file fact that Sootophilu:! wuh ilistinct and embraced a group of bats
none ofwlio.se representatives are found either in Europe or America.
Srotiiphilu.'i, therefore, can be no longer applied to any of our species. I
liiivc latiily ascertained, through specimens in the possession of the
.Mnseum of Compaiativo Zoology, that Scotophilus closely resembles
Atiihiplid, wliicli genus it may be said to represent in Africa, Asia, and
.Viistralia.

.Mr. V. W. True has called my attention to the fact that the Vesperus
ol Keyserling and Blasius, ISK), is antedated by Vesperus oi Tiejean,
1S21. The latter was a nonien nudum until 1829, when it was taken

* K. &■ ]i. proponed Vesperiia us ii Biibgenus to FeapertiHo.

lii!

ill I ^'11 1

if i'^

112

BULLETIN 43, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Up by Latreille and described. The Vesperus of K. & B. is, therefore,
untenable. Vesperus is valid only in Latreille, 1829 (Coleoptera, Ceram-
bycidfe). Acting upon the information herein conveyed, I have proposed
(1. 0.) to change the name of Vesperm as applied to a genus of Ohirop-
tera to Adelonycteris.

1. Adelonycteris fuscuB (Palisot de Beauvois), The Brown Bat. (Plates xv, \vi

XVII.)

VesperliHo f uncut Poliaot de Beauv., Cat. Peale's Mus., 1796, 14; Leconte, Proc. Acad.

Nat. Sci. Phila., 1855, 437,
Vespertilio carolivenaia Temminck, Monog. Mam., ii, 1835, 237; Harlan, Faiiua

Anier., 1825, 9; Godnian, Ainer. Nat. Hist., 1826, 67; Leconte, Cuv. An. King,,

(McMurtrie's ed) i, 1831, 431; Harlan, Month. Anier. Jonr. Oeol. and Nat. 8ci.,

1, 1831, 218; //>., Med. and Phys. Researches, 1831, 28; Cooper, Ann. Lye. Nat.

Hist., N. Y., IV, 1837, 60; DeKay, Nat. Hist. N. Y., Zool., 1842, 10, PI. II, f. 1.;

Leconte, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1855, 434; Wagner, Schreb. Siiugith.,

Siippl., V, 1855, 753.
reapertilio arcnatiia Say, Long's Expod. Rocky Mts., 1823, 167.
Fe$pertUio phaiopa Raf. Anier. Month. Mag., 1818, 445 (not Temni. Monog. Mam,, ii,

183.5, 234); Leconte, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1855, 437; Wagner, Schreb.

Saugeth., Snppl., v, 18.55, 756.
VeapfrtiUo urainua Temminck. Monog. Mam., ii, 1835 ,234; Wagner, Schreb. Siiugoth,,

V. 18.55, 756; Max. zu Wied, Archiv Natnrg., 1861, 190.
Feapertilio gryphua Wagner, Schreb. Siiugetli., v, 1855, 749.
Veapertilio caroU I^econte (not Temm.), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1855, 437.
Sootophiltia greeni Gray, Cat. Mam. Brit. Mus., 1842.*
Seotophilus fuacua H. Allen, Monog. N, A. Bats, 1864, 31; J. A. Allen, Bull. Mub.

Comp. Zoill., 1869, 208.
Veapertia aerotiniia var. fuaciia, Dobson, Cat. Chirop. Brit. Mus., 1878,193.
Feaperua aerotinua Alston., Biolog. Centrali-Amer., Mam., 1879-82, 20.
Veaperut aerotinua fuacua Merriam, Mammals of Adirondack Region, 1886, 184.

Diagnosis. — Scallops of auricle disposed to be revolute. Chin plate
obscurely defined or triangular. Upper lip not defined — continuous
with muzzle. Tragus blunt— outer border slightly convex. The me-
dian incisor bifid greatly larger than lateral coracoid. The process
with small anterior spine from free end; not deflected posteriorly, but
descends parallel to glenoid cavity. Dorsum of face naked; lips not
whiskered.

Description. — Ears erect, but incline outward; the tip can be made to
reach a point half way between the angle of the mouth and the snout.
The general slope of the ear is elliptical, with the blunt tip turned
slightly backward. The internal basal lobe broad rounded, but does not
project back of the internal ridge ; the anterior border of the ear convex,
posterior emarginate and joins the region of the external ridge abruptly
by a moderate first scallop, which is sometimes revolute. The external
ba^al lobe is longer thai- high involute, scarcely elevated posteriorly,
slightly oblique to the border of the auriclt- and thicker on free border
than elsewhere. The second scallop occupies a triangular space and

*J. A. Allen believes that Epteaicut melanopu Raf., belongs to this synonPlii^'
(See Appendix.)

, therefore,
sra, Ceram-
e proposed
of Ohirop-

itea XV, XVI,

, Proc. Acad,

irlan, Fauua
('. All. King,,
nd Nat. Sci,,
n. Lye. Nat.
PI. II, f. L;
b. Siiugeth.,

og. Mam., II,
;ner, Schreb.

lb. Siiugeth.,

5, 437.

, Bull. MuB.

,184.

Chin plate
jontiimous
, The me-
[le process
riorly, but
I; lips not

)e made to
the snout,
tip turned
lit does not
sar convex,
:e abruptly
le external
•osteriorly,
xee border
space and

i Bynoqpmjr.

ill

Explanation of Plate XV.

I'Ki. 1. Front view of liCiul oi' .lileloiiiicleria /hsciih.

Fi(i. 2. Side vi(*w ot'siiinc.

ri(i. 'A. View of tragus and inner side (»t'!inri<'le.

FiG. 1. WinjH' nienibnine.

Fid. 5. Tail and intcrf'cnuiral nicnibranc.

Fi(i. (i. 81vnll seen from aliovc. x :.'.

Fig. 7. Skull and lower, jaw .seen from the side, x 2.

Fuis. 8-10. Maxillary incisor.s. x Hi.

U. 8. NATIONAL MUSEUM

BULLETIN 43, PL. XV

fflTTTIX^''

I . «

Adelonycteris fuscus.

Jjiii

■ 1

• ii

: 1

'. '

■ '

!!*

■ !

if '^i

I "J »:

'I I'

J t.

i|'

exteiK
on the
extern
above
is ores
of coai
snout
nostril
The p(

The
half w
the cc
hrowu
in tim
I iuivt
coast,
fawii-c
sci'ibe<

The
of the
the I'ei
as it jc
b('t\ve(
tiie ml
fioni tl
\vell-d(
ffniur.
furi't'cl.

Inl:

COh)!', j

the tip
likewifc
liaii' is
tile sjH

111 5
same a
mucli (

lull
witiiou
the til
c()iispi(
tioii is

SpiMinif
or Hdid,.

Itiil, issm:

ii^M

A MONOGRAPH OF THE BATS OP NORTH AMERICA.

113

extends well upon the lobe. The tragus is straight or slightly concave
on the inner border and convex on the outer; the tip is blunt. The
uxternal basal lobe is rounded, turned slightly forward; the notch
above it is narrow but sharply defined. A conspicuous postrictal wart
is present. The lips are fleshy and furnished above with a sparse row
of coarse hair. Other than a few coarse hairs the face is naked. The
snout is blunt, with scarcely any euiarginatiou between the palmate
nostrils. The mental plate small, triangular, and obscurely defined.
Tlic postmental wart is commonly present.

The hair above is dark brown, or tawny, nearly black at the basal
halt' with dark brown (olive) to lustrous isabellabrown tips. Below
the colors are lighter, the general color being gray, pallid, or yellow
brown. The tips of the hair on the surface last named varies greatly
in tint among specimens of the same geographical range or locality.
I biive seen many fawn-colored individuals from the North Atlantic
coast. In the neighborhood of Philadelphia specimens occur with
t'awncolored tips, though the rule is for the color to be as above de-
scribed. In the Western forms the tips may be obs(!Ui'e light buff.*

The hair extends on the membranes abovo from the proximal half
of the humerus along the the side of the body to the i)roximal half of
tlie lemur. With the exception of a small portion of the prebrachium
as it joins the neck the wing membranes are naked, as is also the space
between the caudal vertebrae and the thigh. Beneath, the hair, as is
tbe nile in Chiroptera, covers a large surface. A sparse growth reaches
fioni the body to a point midway to or quite to the elbow, and, by a
welldetiued hem, from the middle of the humerus to the middle of the
femur. The ui)per fourth of the interfemoral membrane is slightly
fuiied.

in 11217, adult, from firazos, Tex., the membranes are of a brown
color, the basal parts of the hair on the dorsum are light brown, while
the tips are of scarcely any different shade. In the venter the hair is
ikewisc light brown at basal htilf, but the remaining portion of the
hair is unich paler. The ears and dentition are the same as in other of
tile species.

In 5335, adult, from Carson Valley, Nevada, the colors are much the
same as in the example last named, except that the membranes are
uiucb darker.

In lli(>98, adult, from Santa Barbara, Cal., the external basal lobe,
witiiout incurved upper border hem, extends upwards nearly as far as
the tip and completely concealing the external emargination; three
consjjicuous transverse lines on the inside of the auricle. The colora-
tion is not distinct, being quite the same as in the average example.

" ".1 /m«ch« prosents a wule range of appareutly iudividiial variation in color.
Spi'iiiiionH from a Hinglo locality tjiken at the sauio HeuHon vary Iron a liglit-yellowiuh
or ffoldcn tint to a deep sepia brown." (J. A. Alien, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. HiSt., Ill,

Itill, IHDfi.)

441— No. 4.3 8

I! :

114 BULLETIN «:», UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUHEUM.

But it may be said tiiat tht^ Californian Mpeciniens do not, as a viile,
difftii' from th«i Eafttoni onus. [ liavo many examples in good condition
from >rr. II. A.Ward's eollection, and find them in no way atypical.

Tlui immatuie examples are often more white at the tipM than aiu
the adults, and in one specimen from Williamstown, Mass. (U. S. N.
M. No. 4H44), is almost an albino. Uther things remaining the same,
the presence of the long, whitish tips to the hair prepare the student
for th<^ fact that the specimen is not fully grown. The varying degrcc^s
in which the pale shades of the tips of the hair are met in adults depend
upon the extent to which the colors of the young animal are retained.

Although pertaining to forms beyond the limits prescribed in tins
essay, the following notes may be of interest. Mr. J. A. Allen (IJnll,
Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. Ill, No. 100, 1800). describes a specimen from
Nassau, which is one-third the size of the A.fuscm of the United States,
and has delicate membranes and ears and is similar in color. In Xo,
8185 U. S. N. M., from Cuba, the colors are of an almost golden brown
above the basal darker colors. In all other respects the specimen is
like those from which the general description is drawn up. In No,
13215, adult, from Mirador, Mexico, the sliades of basal brown on tbe
dorsum are of a very dark brown, while the tips are warm sienna. On
the venter of chest and abdomen the hair is of four obscnrely differen-
tiated shades of dark brown and gray, the tips being gray. The hair
on the neck is of two shades only, the basal two-thirds being light
brown, and the tips being conspicuously white gray.

On fresh specimens collected in Philadelphia a sparse growth of
hair was found on the ventral surface of the endopatagium, extending
along the arm and forearm to nesir the Avrist.

Membranes. — A small, oblique band is found at the muscle mass near
proximal end of the fifth metacarpal bone on the niesopatagium, and
one on the fourth interspace. The intercostal lines five in number.
The postdigital line, as a rule, appears as one of two terminal branches,
which arise from a common trunk in the angle formed by the approxi-
mation of the fourth and fifth metacarpal bones. The line may, in some
instances, approach the fourth metacarp.il and in some the fifth, when
the arrangement resembles that of Vespcruf/o caroUnensin. Thepredig-
ital nerve shows the line from the muscle mass scarcely elevated. The
terminal phalanx of tite third finger slender, and equals two-thirds tbe
length of the second. That of the fourth digit is L-shape.

The fitth x)lialanx is minute, a conspicuous accessory cartilage lies
somad to it and projects slightly beyond the free margin of the endo-
patagium. A rounded callosity is seen at the ball of the thumb iuul
palnuir aspect of ankle. The tibial line does not reach the free margin
of the endopatagium as it does in YeHpertiUo.

In the young and depilated adults a raised skin fold lies on the side
of the neck in line with the prebrachium. It is' defined by the occii»it<i
pollical nniscle. The occipito-pollical receives no accession from the

;, as a rule,
[I condition
typical.
)8 than are
'.. (IT. S. N.
; the Haiiif,
be student
\ng tlegi'otis
ilts dcpciKl
re retained,
ibed ill tills
Vlien (Bull.
jimen from
ited States,
or. In Xo.
Ideii brown
specimen is
ap. lu No.
)wn on tbe
iienna. On
ely diffcren-
. Tbe luilr
being light

I growth of
I, extending

e mass ne»r
tagiuui, and
in number,
al branches,
tbe approxl-
nay, in some

i fifth, WiUMl

Thepredig-
vated. The
ro-thirds the

artilago lies
of the entlo-
s thumb and
I free mavglii

i on the side
the occii»lt(t-
on from the

j^ljjg

i 5

u. s.

Explanation of Plate XVI.

Fi(is. 1, L'. .tdcloiijii'liris fiiHiKu, n\wv,iu<i the iiiiiiiiifr of icHtiiiy;. Tlic iurcliinl)
tinK'lit's tlic |(liiii«' (if Mip|Mirt li,v tlir cillosities ill tlic liiisti of ilii>
lliuiiilts. 'I'lic |iIimImiik'i'f« of till' >viiiK' '!■'<' Ili'xeil forward. 'I'lii' tiiil
in iirc'lu'il uiiil the ti|) toiiclii's tlic ^roiiiiil.

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM

BULLETIN 43, PL. XVI

fflv

Adelonycteris fuscus.

;,4 .,

;:,|

; ' : 1

'•:'■ '\

JiiiiiL

I I

» )

;;i: I

;

1 ^'
1^

lll^ '

i| ij'

. ' ii

A MONOGRAPH OP THE BATS OF NORTH AMERICA 115

jx'ctoralis. Tho first three Joints of tlie tail are ilisplayed ventard ;
llic reraainiiijj joi. s . are displayed dorsad. The third metacarpal, witli
iiiciiibraiie pn'.miul concealiug; contour at the proximal third. Tho
toiirth metacarpal. is crossed ol)li(iuely by several nerves from the third
to the fourth interspaces.

Variations. — The sec^ond scallop of the auricle may extend up a little
beyond the external basal rid^e along the outer border, or it may be
divided into two parts by a notch at the ridge, and that portion of the
hem above the notch be revolute backward and reach the curve of the
tip, thus obliterating tlie emargination. This was well seen in an old
iiidividual in the National Museum, collected by Mr. Henshaw in the
Noithwest territory. The e;;tunal basal lobe may not have au involute
border. The tragus may be scarcely at all convex on the outer border
and nearly the same width throughout. The nnirgiu of the interfemo-
ral membrane Joins the tail at the Joint between the terminal and the
adjoining vertebra instead of half along the last segment which is the
rule. The lobe at the end of the calcar is often absent, while the
jiost-calcaral lobe itself is rarely so. The tip of the tail in one imma-
tui'c specimen from Panama (3214 Cam.) was not exseit.

l-'or variations in lengths of the metacarpal bones, see measurements.

The following notes liave been taken from a Uu^iber of examples col-
Ii'ctcd in California. The tragus is coarsely crenulato on the outer
border. The flrst scallop is markedly convex. The second scallop is
wide and conceals the posterior third of the external basal lobe, but
does ' jt extend far up on the first scallop. The fleshy tip to the tail
occupies the greater part of the exsert portion. The face, ear, and
nuMiibranes are black.

In tliree specimens the maual formula is subject to variations. It is
as follows:

mm. mm. mm.

.Sci-oihI internpaco 2 1^ 2^

'Ihiril iutorspaco 8i 11 13

Fourth interspuce 31 35 30

Forearm 44 42 44

Sktill. — The sagittal temporal crest is well developed over the me.
soncephalon ; of equal height with the occipital crest, the two forming
a conspicuous elevation at the back of the skull. The region of the
mesencephalon equals three and one-half times ^he length of the skull.
T lie region of the proencephalon is flat and retains one foramen. The
vertex of tlie lace with a low nasal eminence for the anterior half. The
posterior half is depressed, and is continuous with the anterior two^
iliirds of the sagitta. A shallow fossa is seen on the maxilla at the
side of the nasal eminence. The frontomaxillary region is moderately
iiitlated. A distinct projecting lamina overlies the lachrymal bone.
Tlio inner wall of the orbit is nearly flat, while its upper border is in-
flated. "The infraorbital foranuMi is large, subcordate, and defined
iiil'eriorly. The depression in the region of the foramen extends be-

i, , i

1 — r

116

BULLETIN 13, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

yoml the region (»f the roots of the third premoliir in a maimer much
the aauio an in V. hvnper»s. A distinct lacrhrymal canal in the orbit is
seen, but no concavity lies above it. The line produced downward from
the upper border of the anterior nasal aperture intersects the dental
arch directly back of the canine tooth. The paroecipital process almost
reaches the level of the lower border of the occip?*^al condyle. Tlie
region between the paroecipital process and the mastoid is not elevated ;
it retains a deep in(!ision inferiorly, and equals one-seventh of the
greatest length of the skull.

The space between the swelling over the roots of the upper incisors
and canine is without groove. (See .1. sefothim.) The upper border of
the anterior nasal aperture is rounded. (See A. serotinuH.)

There is no post- maxillary process. The tympanic bone with a small
anteriorly produced pro(!es8 on the base. The anterior palatal notcli
reaches to a line int«irsecting the middle of the canine tooth. The
height of the coronoid process above the level of the condyle greater
than the width of the horizontal ramus. The interval between the
angle and the condyle is semicircular. The impression for the masseter
muscle is deep, and sharply deiined inferiorly. Angle on line with the
outer third of condyle, and is therefore scarcely deflected.

Inner car, — Superior semicircular cajial, free; the external, scarcely
free; a small opening is seen in the one almost occupying loop. A
small portion of the cochlea is exp»).-.ed on the side of the skull, just
below the union of the occipital with the s<]uamosal.

The openings of the septoturbinal space are confined to a large fora-
men, placed Just in advance of the nonperforate space. Near to tlie
septum, at the anterior portion of the space, is seen agnmpof foramiuii
advancing well to the front. Directly ojjposite the beginning of this
scries, to the lateral side, is the gnmpof foramina for the first endotur
binal plate, while in front of the latter lie two foramina for the single
ectoturbinal plate. The arrangement is the same in Vcsperugo. Tlie
ectoturbinal is as in Noctiilinia iiociida, with the exception that it is
deflei'ted a little more outward. Tlie first endoturbinal is acuminate,
with a unitbrndy sloping border. On the medium service the plate is
not visible beloV the second and third plates. The second plate is as
in y. novtula. The third is longer than wide.

Maxillarif teeth. — The maxillary central incisor hmg, chisel-shaped,
slightly inclined mcdianly in you-ig and young adults, but to a less de-
gree than in A. serotinus', bifid on the cutting edge, the outer nodule
being larger. The cingulum narrow, uniform, entire. The lateral in-
cisor rudimental, cxmical, cingulum broad, uniform, entirt}. Theincisors
exhibit considerable variation. Some of these are exhibited in aocoiu-
panying figures. (IM. xv figs.S-lO.) The modifications consist in propor-
tion of cingulum to length of crown in the size of the small cusp on the
cutting surface of the central tooth, and in the size and degree of concav-
ity on the outer border of the lateral tooth. In one example (Rpecimeii

iiier much
ho orbit is
ward from
the dental
CS8 almost
lyle. Tlie
belevattMl;
itli of the

er incisors
• border of

ith a small
atal notch
)oth. The
f\fi greater
itweon tlie
e masseter
e with the

il, scarcely
U loop. A
skull, Just

J. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM

BULLETIN 43, PL. XVII

large fora-
ear to the
f foramina
ng of this
it eudotiu-
the single
ugo. Tlie
that it is
icuminate,
16 ])late is
plate is as

el-shaped,
> a less de-
ter nodule
lateral iii-
he incisors
in aocom-
in propor-
usj)oii the
of eoneav-
(specimeii

1. Maxillary teeth of Aoelonycteris fuscus. x 8.

2. Mandibular teeth of same, x s.

I ^ •'

i I

A MONOGRAPH OV THE BATS OP NORTH AMERICA.

117

without locality) the ceutral incisor was not bifid. Canine with a nar-
row posterior concave serviiie; it is deflected a little outward so as to
pinniit the flange between it and the palatal surface to lie in the axis
ot the tooth row. The palatal surface remarkable for a narrow column-
like longitudinal ridge at the flange defining the surface anteriorly.
Tlie single premolar not distinctive; it lies in contact with the canine;
In tliis regard it differs from the arrangement in A. velatuH, where an
interval is defined. The first molar with the first .-shaped figure is
iiiuch smaller than the second; the protocone exhibits an occasional
crenulated appearance posteriorly. In the second molar the V's are
equal. In the third molar the protocone is simple entire, the heel ab-
sent; in this tooth the posterior limb of the first V equals one-half the
length of the anterior, while the second V is represented only by the
initial half of the anterior limb.

Mandibular teeth. — Incisors equal, crowded, all possessing trifid cut-
ting edges, the third being slightly thickened, and in some individuals
the trifid figure obscure. Canine with deep, broad, concave posterior
surface, small lingual surface — the two being separated by a laminate
tiange; a prominent posterior cusp lies on the lingual side. The first
premolar is smaller than the second, and is wedged* in by the basal
cusps of the canine and the premolar. The molars quite as in Vespertilio,
i, e., with sharply acute cusps, especially prominent hypoconid, and
small cuspule in posterior borders.

Xotes on the skeleton. — The coracoid process of scapula, with a small
anterior spine from the free end — none from the posterior. The ex-
ternal tuberosity of humerus slightly higher than the internal trochlear
spine; small nodular, and looks directly backward. The oblique keel
on articular surface wider than the grooves. The outer groove is much
tlie narrower and confined to anterior and axial parts, i. e., is absent
posteriorly. The articular surface one-third wider internally than ex-
ternally. The proximal rudiment of ulna not anchylosed to the radius.
Tin' slender threadlike shaft lies against the radius at its middle, but
not joined to it. It ends in fibrous tissue, and is gradually lost near
the wrist. The distal ulna rudiment is (][uadrate and perforate. Number
of ribs, eleven.

Habits and distribution. — The brown bat is probably the most com-
mon s])eeies of any in the United States. The red bat and the little
brown bat appear to be numerous in collections, and are more likely
to be gathered in large numbers in some localities than is the brown
bat. But on the whole the brown bat is the one most generally met
with. It frequents not only the open country but the towns. It often
enters our apartments at night in search of a resting jdace, and not for
food, as is often surmised. According to C. Hart Merriam (Mammals
of the Adirondack Eegion, 1886) it is raro in *'ie mountainous tracts
of northern New York, and it is believed that
the main, a dweller in the warmer low ranges.

ihe species may be, in
The highest latitude

118

BULLETIN 43, tNlTEt) StAtEli NATIONAL MUSEUM.

named for it in the Monograph of 1864 waa Lake Winnipeg, British
America. J. J. Allen reports it from British Columbia. According to
J. B. Tyrrell (Mammals of (Canada, Tonmto, 1888;, A.fuscus has been
collecttul in Ottawa City and Lake Winnipeg. Mexican and Antillesiii
forms when compared with the more northern examples are found to
be of the same species. It has been secured from all parts of the United
States, but I am unable to give any rate of its distribution.

C. F. Maynard (Mammals of Florida, /. o.) found it frequently in tlie
northern sections of Florida, but more abundantly in the vicinity of
settlements than elsewhere. "I once captured," he states, "a female
of this species which was heavy with young. I placed her in a cage
and left her. After an absence of an hour or so I returned and found
that she had escaped, but h.id left a young one clinging to the woodwork
on the side. The little thing was entirely naked, but was furnished
with toeth, which it showed when handled, and endeavored to bite,
squeaking after the manner of all these animals. I replaced it in a
cage, where it remained until night, but in the morning it was gone,
and I supposed that its mother had carried it away."

The brown bat when at rest is not often found hanging by its thumbs
or feet. As a rule, it rests with folded wings flat upon a rough wall or
inside of a hollow tree, with its head directed downward. The follow-
ing note is taken from a study of the living animal in captivity:

The tail is arched beyoiul the second caudal vertebra: the fleshy tip
is apparently tactile, and kept close to the plane on which the animal
reposes. The toes are widely abducted (see IM. xvi). When excited
the little creature emits a rapid succession of short, high-pitched
sounds, at the same time opening the mouth to an extraordinary ex-
tent, exposing fleshy masses in the position of the masseter and internal
pterygoid muscles. The animal is hibernating. It appears to be sim-
ply di'owsy; it can be easily aroused, and the heat of an apartment at
about 05° F. restores it to activity. The breathing is entirely by the
flank (so far as can be observed by sight and touch), after the manner
of birds. As already mentioned, the hair of the back and loin is mod-
erately appressed and of a dififerent luster from that of the neck and
head. The animal is not sensitive to moderate sounds, but loud noises
startle it Avhen not in deep torpor from cold. A jmlf of air blown upon
it brings it up instantly from lethargy, causing it to cnntract its whigs
to the smallest compass and open its mouth in evident agitation. Tlie
ear when touched with a probe induces the external basal ridge to be
curved inward (back of tragus) and lie against the internal lobe, while
the deeper parts are completely closed; the tragus is erect and its axis
oblique (outward and upward) to the axis of the auricle.

Fat is stored up in this species (probably likewise in others) in two
large coarsely lobate mass.i's between the scapulie, in the recesses be-
tween them and the head, and about the pubis. In the latter locality
it is oily and less compact than is seen elsewhere.

A MONOOUAPH OF THE lUTS OF NORTH AMERICA.

119

^foiaon Adelonyvtcris xerotinus. — Dobson {I.e.) includes yl./M«cM« under
A. strotinuH Sclireb. J ii his judsnu'nt it should ooiistitute but a variety
ol' t he Old World spt'i^ies. '* It diflFers," says this observer, " from Euro-
IH'iin forms of V. serotiiiUH and from those from Central America in be-
iiij; smaller, the forearm apparently never exceeding; 1".8 and the foot
(t".4; also in the somewhat deeper emargiuation in theupper half of the
outer margin of the ear." lie foHows these remarks with a table of
measurements of specimens from North America and Cuba. C. Hart
Merriam (Mamnmls of the Adirondack Eegion, 188G), follows Dobson
and designates A. fuscux, under the rules of the Nuttall Ornithological
('l4ib, as a geographical variety, viz, the V. serotinus fusevs. I have
examined two adults and three imnniture specimens of A, serotinus
(National Museum) in the jtreparation of this revision, and hold to the
opinion expressed in the Monograph of 18r4, that it is distinct from A.
fusevs.

In this connection the following description of A, serotinus is i)re-
seiited:

Hair everywhere, both on dorsum and venter, nearly unicolored; the
base and greater part of the shaft is of a dull brown, the tips slightly
lighter. The light shade is more marked on the venter than on the
dorsum. The young are much ligiiter, an<l present a distinctly pallid
appearance everywhere. The color of the tips of the hair of the dorsum
is lighter than that of the shafts.

The hair on the membranes in both adult and young as in A./uscus,
except that a sparse growth of pallid hair extends on dorsum of the in-
terfemoral membrane between the tail vertebr* and the thigh. This
space is naked in A. fuscus.

Skull, — The lachrymal swelling on the orbit is convex; seen from
above it is much more prominent than hi A./uscus, while the process
over the lachrymal is much less trenchant. The sagittal crest at the
occiput is stouter. A conspicuous groove lies on maxilla between the
swelling over the roots of the canines and incisors.

Teeth. — Tlie lateral maxillary incisor is convex on outer border in-
stead of being conca\ e. I have seen but one exception to this in A.
serotinus; in A. fuseus it is the rule. The median maxillary incisors
arc sharply inclined toward each other. The anterior nasal aperture
is acuminate above. The lower incisors are more crowded than in A.
fnseus; the outer tooth is in contact with the canine by a broad surface.
Tlie hypocone of the last molar is ijuadrate.

\\\ A. fuseus the palatal rugic are seven in number. The flrst lies
directly back of the incisors and is entire. The second and third are
simple, and as a rule lie straight across the palate and ure arranged in
double crescents at irregular intervals, j. e., the spaces belweeu them
are equal. In A. serotinus the palatal ruga' are also seven in number.
'i'iie tirst is interrupted in the center. The second is sinuate nstead of
straight as in A. /«»c««. The remaining are arranged in crescents at

i.ii

M i,

120

BULLETIN 43, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

■11'

■

} ■*'

i^:

equal distances apart. In a lialf-^iown exani]>U'. tln^ rnsiu are throupli-
out arranged in crescents. I place but little relian<'e, however, upon
the cliaracters derived from the rugai.

MeasHremenis.

[V. H. N. M.. 11217. 9. nrazoH, Tex.l

MilliniHc'iH.

Hcnd and body (fVoin crown of Lead to base of tail) .">'J

Li-n^th of iirni -!•

Length of forearm 17

First digit:

Length of first nictiicarpal bono I

liCngth of jdialanges fi

Second digit:

Lengtli of second metacarpal bone II

Length of first phalanx l

Third digit:

Lengtli of third metacarpal bono -iL'

[.icngth of first phalanx Ki

Length of second phalanx Hi

Fonrth digit:

Jicngth of fonrth metacarpal bone II

I.iengtli of first ]ihalanx II

Lengtli of second )ihalaux 11

Fifth digit:

Length of fifth metacarpal bone lU

Length of first jihalanx 10

Length of second phalanx (i

Length of head IL'

Height of ear 11

Height of tragus 7

Length of thigh is

Length of tibia IS

Length of foot !i

Length of tail It!

Measurements from first edition of Monograph.

Current number.

4731.
4734.
4737.
4731).

473.

()).
3137.

537.

424.

From
tip of
no.se to

Lenjrt h
of tuil.

Length'
of fore-

tnil.

In.

;„.!

2.«

1.4

1.9 !

2.0

1.5

i.g

2.5

1.5

1.8

2.nr

1.4

1.8

2.6

1.4

1.6

2.7

1.5

1.7

2.2

1.6

1.9

2.4

1.4

1.6

3.0

1.4

2.9

Lenpth'^-T'l-f'-Heightlw'
"'■"''"'•. X»|;'pV thumb.! "•■•">'•• i tragus.

In.
0.9
0.0
0.8
0.0
0.7
0.8

In.
2.0
3.0
3.0

In. 1

0.3
0.5
0.4

3.0

0.4

3.0

0.4

3.0

0.4

3.0

0.4

2.6

0.3

3.0

0.4

In. I

0.5 1

0.6

0.5

0.7

0.5

0. 5

0.0

7(1.
0.25
0.3
0.2J
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.2J
0.3

Kx- Natnroiif
jtaiisi^ Hpet^iiiicn.

In.
10.0
11.0
10.0
10. OJ

r..o

9.6

(')

Dry.

1)0.
1)0.

Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.

A MOKOORAPII OP THK HATS OV NORTH AMERICA. 121

],iiit of dyiccimcMi.

I ntii-

nii.iilier.

fll'.i-J

.VIOfi

ri:i(i'J

r.:iin

:<:w~

'MM

Ml 111. ...
fiiir,!

.'p;iiii

.'kllu

.Vlll

.W.'4

:if:n

5:1.')

:a\i

,">;iii!)

fi:;iis

;;:'7I

lillil viir.
'i;i2o

Ti i*J.'i. . . . ■

:t"2i\

'Mi

4:i:;7

4;::l

J7:ill

47:il

SMO ....
,'i.;44-.'i...
5411

Nniiilior

III' R)H<ci.

muu.

LiMinllly,

Pnwonfoil by—

Niitiirii or
Hiioolmeu.

1 I Luke Winiiipi-i: ]{. Kitniilrott .Vlcoliolii'.

WillllllllHlOWII, MllHH

Wfntpoit, N. Y I

< 'iirlli<li>, I'll

WiiHliiiigton, 1». (!

ilo

Clcvclnnil, Ohio

MiMHill.slpili

ItoiiiiK (Anility, 'J'c'iiii

Oninil Cofciiii, I,ii

SI. I.oiiIh. Mi>

Fort llilcy. Kiiim

NiiliniHkii

Milk iiinT, N.'lir

Kort I'ifiio. XcIpp

l''(irl TiiwHoii, Ark

Kurt, Sinitli. .\rk

Moiilliof riilciiii Kivnr

UrH7.IIH lilviT, Tcx.iH

I'lijlt't Sound, ^^'aHllill^tl)n.

(Jiiraon Vallt'y , Niviiclii

Snii Fniiiciwo, Ciil

I'oHii (Jici'k. Ciilit'iirniR

I'liitcd Stiili'S

ilo

do ,

Kl Minidor, iiciir Vera Cruz,
Jtcxii'o.

S. If. Siiiddor do .

S.K. Halnl |....do .

do [ do .

Col. WciiviT I do .

T. U.IVal.' [....do .

l>r. Kirtlaiid ! do .

Col. WalloM I do .

I'rof. .Mitihill !....do .

SI.CIiiirli'H Colli'do I do .

1)1. (ii'o. ICnKi'loianii ' do .

Henry Jlrandt do .

l)r..(.'(i. (!oo])or ' do .

l»r. Hnydrn I do .

I )r. .1 . K viniH do .

1 )r. Ed wardii I do .

Dr. Sliiinuird do .

do do .

, do I do .

(/) ....do.

Cn|it..T. II. SimpHon I do .

11. H.MolHiaiiHi'ii I.... do .

Or. Ucrriiiiiiiu do .

Mi\j. I.oconto do .

do do .

(?) ....do.

(f) ...do.
Dr. ('.SartorhiH do .

('ollunllon.

r.K.Nnlional
MiiH«uin.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do,
Do.
Do.
Dn.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.

(•eiiiiH VESPERTTOO KeyRetliii); and ItlimiiiH.

S 2 12

I ii II lal formula. — Molars ' promolar.'* , caninis , iiicisorH X 2=34 teeth.

(5 ^ I O

Tlic siibffenu.s Veitperuyo was establislit'd in lS.'iO, by Keyserling and
lUa.siiis (Wicgiiianirs Arcbiv, 1831), 312; Wirbelthicrc Europe as 1.S40).

It i.s characterized by the possession of two premolars in both the
iipiicr and the lower Jaw.* It resembles Adclonycteris in tlu' naked face
and absence of whiskered lips.

I'or remarks on the separation of this genus from Seotophilus, see
Aililoiij/cterin.

Dry.

Do.

1. Vesperugo carolinensis (Oooff). The Carolii a Hat. (Plafos xviii. xix.)

('."/jcc/i/io caroUiieHHia fitioff. Aunal. ilii Mns., Pari.s, IfiOC, viii, p. 193; l^esmarest,

M:iiiiiiiah)}j;ic, 1820, 136 (not Tciuiiiiiick ; Bt'i^ Addon ijcterin).
yiKlierlilio i/coniiaiiidi Vr. Cnv., Annal. dii Mns., Paris, 1832, 16; T.oroiiti', Proc. Acad.

N'at. Sci. Phila., 18.")-), 4315; WajiiuT, Schrcl.. .Siinijctli., v, 18,5,5, 750.
Vi'KjiiTlUw moiitlfohi Bachinan, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. I'hila., ISU, 92.
I ixiin-tilio rranHHs (?), Vr. Ciiv., Annal. du Mns., Pari.s, 18.32, 17.
I'l "pi rtilio iiatarii ft), Fr. Ciiv., Annal. du Mns., Paris, 1832, 17.
Scolophiliin tieorgiaiiiis 11. Allen, Monog. \. A. Hats, 1861, 35.
yixjitruijo (jrorifxaniiH Dohsoii, Cat. Cliiroi). Hrit. ^Ins., 1878, 235.
Vitipirtilio cryflirodaclyhis (?), Tonnninrk, Monog. Mam., 1835, ii, 237.

Ill the opinion of Mr. J. A. Allen (Mam. of Massachusetts), F. flieor(/t-
itniis of Fr. Cuvier is the same as Vrspn'tUio .siihvlatus ( 1'. gryphus). The

'I oxciiido Xoctulinia nnctula and t'cuperugo leinleri.

MKi 30

.See I'roc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,

.jLiiL

122

miLLKTix i:j, vnitki) ktatks national muhkum.

rill

i|i .! i'

acceptance of tliis conclusion would leave tlic Hi»ccies wliich is lun\
deHcrihcd unnamed. Unfortunately no one can dellnitcly tell what tlic
VcupcriiUo ffeorffiaiiim really is, if we i)nt aside tlie tt^Htiniony of Major
Leconte, wlio sent the origiiuil material to J-'r. Cuvier for »tudy ( \'i(lf
Mono^'raph of 18()4, p. .'{7).

This 8i)ecies was named SvotojthihiH fieorniaiiiiH in the first edition nt'
this Monograph. The assignment to SvotophiluH luis been explained on
page 111. The specific name was derived from the paper of MaJ. Leconte,
in which it was claimed that while the number of the teeth was that
characteristic of VeHprrtilio, the bactk was desc-ribed in the followin};
language: "Dark plumbeus above tii)ped with bright rufous, the hair
so arranged that the pelage appears varied with black, particularly on
the upper part of the back.'' No othei' bat than tlie one under dis-
cussion has fur so colored; so it is evident that some other species rhaii
a member of the genus Vvspertilio was intended. The statement re
garding the teeth was erroneous. I was Isivored with au opportunity of
examining a collection of bats which had been named by Maj. Leconte,
and the bat identified by me at the time of writing the monograph an
Hcotophilus gvoryiamiH, is undoubtedly the same as the one named
Vcspertilio genr^iannn by Maj. Leconte.

The following passage from the Monogi'aph is apropos to the i)reseiit
statement:

This Hpeolos has liecu but imperfectly described by the uiithors above cited. I'r.
Cuvier's diagiiOHis is quite incoinplote, aud would bn uudistiiiguishablo from tlint
of the smaller form of V, (jryphuH had it not beou that, from having sent the autbur
the specimen from which the description was taken, Maj. Leconte was familiar willi
the type, and afterwards gave a more exact description of the animal in the work
above cited. He, however, was himself in error in some ])articnlarH, especially in
making the dentiti<m similar to that of V. mthuhduH ( f. f/rnphuH), and in assertiii);
that tlie last false midar of the upper jaw was bi-enuirgiuated. I have before me ii
large series of specimens, some of which have Maj. Leconte's name attached, but in
none of them have I found any internal basal bi-emargiuate cusp as described by him

Dr. Bachman's descrijiticm of V. moniicola api)lies well to .S', yeorgianiis, exeeptiiij;
in the measurements, which, in the case of the ear and tragus, are entirely too sniiill
in proportion to the size of the body. I have au alcoholic specimen, marked I',
moiilicohi, in the same handwriting as some other sjyecimens purported to have been
labeled by Dr. Uachman, which is beyond doubt .S. georgiunus ( ?'. grorgiaiiun), the
ear and tragus being of the usual size.

Vespertilio carolinemiM Geoft'. (Annales du Museum, 180G, VIII, fij;.,
pi. 48) is figured as having two premolars in the upper jaw. Tejuminciv
(Mammalogie) gives five molars in <^ach jaw. This fact would separate
the species from VespertUio and place it in VexperKflo. The figure of
the head (Fig. 1, pi. 59) is quite compatible with that of Vesper itgo.
Geoflfroy (I. c.) and Desmarest (Mamnnilogie, 1820, l.'}(i), luiwever, both
speak of its resemblance to V. muriniiii. The writer last nauied also
speaks of its resembling Y. becLsteinii, Leisler,'a species not known when
Geoifroy framed his description.

Temminck,for some reason not given, claims that his VespertiUo vov-
olinemis resembles V. serotimm, aud thus indicates its relation to the

di in luTc^
llwliiit tlic
y (»f Majdi'
huly ( \'i(lc

edition of
[pliiiiieddii
ij.L<!coiite,
It was tliiit
( i'ollowiii};
8, the liiiir
icularly on
under (lis-
pccies tliiiii
temcnt re-
jortnnityof
ij. Lecontc,
uograph as
itnt! named

the ju-eseiit

'e citeil. Vt,
lit) from tliiit
nt the author
fauiiliur -witli
1 ill the work
especially in
[ in nssertiii);
;) before iiic ii
iiclieil, but ill
ribed by him
Hs, excepting
rely too siiiull
11, iiiarktd C.
to have bi'iMi
irgianug), the

, VIII, flf..,
Teniminck
Id separate
je figure of
Yesperiigo.
ivever, botli
named also
nown M'licii

pertiiio cur-
btiou to the

■F^^^^^

^ x^ ^

IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)

{./

^J'A^

11.25

8ai2.a

— 6"

2.0

ii4

U 11.6

Hiotographic

Sciences
Corporation

23 WEST MAIN STREET

WEBSTER, N.Y. US80

(716) S72-4S03

..V

<^\

■'i: ■ 1

Explanation of Plate XVIII.

Kio. 1. Front virwofhciiil ol' fvapiTinjn mroliiietiHiit.

l''l(i. U. Side view ot'saiiic.

I'lti. ;{. View «l" tiiiKMs :iii(| jnutT .siirCarc of.iiiiiclc.

I'"io. 1. Wing ini'iiiliriiiii*.

I'Ki. I'l. Tail and intiTl'cinoiiil niemliranc.

Fid. (i. Sknll NiM'u tVoiii ali()\<'. x L'.

I'm;. 7. Sjuijl anil lowtT.jaw seen Ironi tlic side, x L'.

Km;. 8. iMaxlliaiy incisoi'H. x L'«.

- TV ■ fnf^—^r'^

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM

BULLETIN 43, PL. XVIII

>r,.

•1'--

K'i

■■'■""I

VESPERUGO CAROLINtNSIS

t^^ioJl^, '

t i

ill

' !

i 'i

pel
Tci
run

IlU'l

tlui
lcs>
anc
of

jaw
tlia
figi
tioi

clai
cies
one
kuo
S. (
sba

Cd'l

not
yell

so.

Soi

oti

phil
ami
can
asid
C
thai
eiiti
but
ling
ligh
sam
V.i'
wliii

]|00(

the
beai
that
])
mix(

Hti!'-'

A Monograph op the 13AT8 of north America. 123

(rcims whiiili ill this essay will receive the name of Adelonycterin. Bnt
Tciiiiiiiiick's figure does not hariuoni/c with his statement; the ar-
riinjjoment of tiie digital nerves in the fourth interspace of the wing
iiu'inbrane being precisely that of Venpertilio; the lips are whiskered,
tlm tragus erect and subulate as in the American species. Neverthe-
less Tetnminck was followed by Maj. Leconte, myself, and Dobson;
and so it came about that Vespertilio curolinensh Geoflf. up to the date
of the present writing has been considered to be not a species of Ves-
pirtilio but one of the genus having less than three premolars in each
jaw. It is evident that these statements are less substantiated by facts
than are those of Geoffroy and Desmarest. Unfortunately the skull as
figured by Geoffroy is that of a vesperngan species, while his descrip-
tion is of a vespertilionine species. Can we conclude that the correct
fiji'ure is drawn, and that both Geoffroy and Desmarest were in error in
claiming that a resemblance exists between V. caroUnensis and a spe-
cies of Vespertiliof I think the conclusion last drawn is the correct
one, and I infer that a bat with two premolars in the upper jaw was
known to Geoffroy inhabiting the United States near Oharlestown,
S. C. This being assumed I note that the tragus, while of the same
shape and relative size as in V. murinus, is yet half heart shape (demi-
co'iir), which, while not accurate for a North American Vesperugo, is
not directly misleading. The tips of the hair of the belly are certainly
yellow, and F. georgianus of Leconte is the only one in which they are
so. The face is also shorter and relatively broader than in V. murimis, ,'& a

So serious is the discrepancy between the description of V, carolinensia
of Temmiuck and his figure that his account must be put aside. ^ 4 '

I conclude that the Vespertilio georgianus of Maj. Leconte, Seoto-
philHS georgianus, of my Monograph of 18(54, and the Vesperugo georgi-
(I II us of subsequent writers, must be considered synonyms of Vespertilio
cdivUnensis Geoff.,and that the name georgianus Fr. Cuvier must be put
aside and that of caroUnensi^ substituted therefor.

Concerning Vespertilio erythrodactylus Temminck, it may be said
that while one false molar only is stated to be in the upper jaw, the
entire number of molars is given as five. The membranes are black,
but the base of the fingers and the "interdigital membrane of the first
finger" are red. The tragus is subulate (en feule de saule); the fur is
light red brown above (base of tail well covered), lighter shades of the
same predominating below. Length of head body, 1'.6"' to 2'" ; tail,
1'.4"; forearm, 1".2'"; expanse, T'.ii'" to 8. The specimens upon
which the above description is based were collected in the neighbor-
hood of Philadelphia. On the whole, V. erythrodactylus, other than in
the red color of the base of the fingers and the length of the forearm,
bears a close resemblanceto Vesperugo caroUnensis. It is well to stat/e
that Maj. Leconte {I. c.) has failed to identify V. erythrodactylus.

Diagnosis. — Membranes of a dark brown color; hair chestnut brown
mixed with paler shades; the thigh is hairy throughout; the ear is as

'ill

Mh\

124 BULLETIN 43, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

long or sliglitly longer than tlie bead; second interspace without pig-
ment. Predigital line absent in fourth interspace, as a rule. The nervo
may arise from angle as iu A. /uncus. Very rarely on one side only is
the arrangement as in Vesperiilio. Transverse lines of the interfemoral
membrane numerous, regular, furnished with minute dots which
are hairy. Postcalcaral lobe absent. Foot one-iburth the lengtli
of the forearm. Tip of coracoid furnished with two coequal processes.

Description. — Ear oval with slightly convex anterior sinuate, or
straight outer border and blunt tip. The iuternal basal lobe mucli
longer than high, as iu AdelonycteriH. The external basal lobe begins
at the pih)se post-rictal wart as a low skin-fold. Gradually it becomes
higher, and at the pofiterior half is a thickened nodule with an inclina-
tion to incurve on the concavity of the auricle. The second scallop
(hem) is larger than the external basal lobe. The external basid
ridge ends on the border of the ear in a thickened convex border (first
scallop) Avhich extends oue-half the height of the ear. It is followed
by a shallow emarj^ination, above which underlies the blunt tip. The
tragus is erect, with blunt tij) and straight inner border. The outer
border is wider just above the well-defined notch than elsewhere and
is slightly convex. The basal lobe is rounded and diverted forward.

The face more hairy tlian in A.fusciis and less blunt at the snout, which
is scarcely, if at all, concave on the outer border. (No. 0088 [J. S. N". ]\I.)
The fur of the back dark brown, almost black at basal half, .apical
half abruptly contrasted to base as being pallid, dull yellow, or liglit
chestnut, the last-named hue predominating, the extreme tip again
darker sienna, though of lighter shade than the base. The fur of the
venter the same as that of the back, but without dark tips; . A harmony
exists between the colors of the two sides ; thus, when the back is dull
yellow the venter is of the same color, and no for each of the shades;
the hair on the membranes unicohu'ed. hi specimen Fo. 4979 S. I.,
Woburn, Mass., the dark tip to the fur, especially on the dorsum, was
so long as to give a somber cast to the entire pelage. In new examples
from Bee County, Tex. (Nos. 3482 and 3483, Am. Mus.), this character-
istic was particularly well marked and suggested the style of colora-
tion seen in Atitlapha. The hair on the membrane on the dorsal aspect
covered the proximal third of the arm, and extended thence on the
membrane outward to a line answering to the knee; hence the mem-
brane is curved for a greater distance than would be iiulicated by the
extent to which the humerus is covered. The species is distinctive in
the entire thigh being hairy. The interfemoral membrane is hairy at
its basal half and of a uniform ir<m-rust hue. The haired surface in-
cludes the jiroximal half of the tibia.

On the ventral aspect the membranes are furred at the proximal
third of the humerus, and thence as a. sparse thin growth in the inter-
val between the elbow and the knee. The interfemoral membrane is
heavily furred below the pubis, and very sparcely so on the transverse

I 1«

A MONOGRAPH OF THE BATS OF NORTH AMERICA

125

;l)OUt pig-
rho nervo
(le only is
;erfcmoi'iil
>t8 which
le lengtli
processes,
uuate, or
obe inucli
>be begins
t becomes
m incliiiii-
1(1 Hcallop
:ual basiil
)rder (first
s followed
tip. The
The outer
ivhere ami
forward.
lOut, which
J.S.N.ISI.)
lalf, apical
w, or light
tip again
fur of tlio
\. harmony
ack is dull
le shades;
4979 S. I.,
)rsum, was
r examples
character-
of coh)ra-
rsal aspect
ce on the
e the meni-
;ed by the
itinctive in
is hairy at
surface in-

B proximal
the inter-
embrane is
transverse

lines for nearly its entire extent. Specimen No. 5985 S. 1., Carlisle,
I'a.. retains scarcely any basal or api<!al brown on the dorsum, the hair
is (if an obscure pallid hue, while beneath a ri(!h chestnut color pre-
dominates.

A young 8i)ecimen which measured 30""" from crown of head to the
puliis possessed short unicolored hair throughout. On tiie dorsum the
liair was light rufus brown. On the venter the color was more obscure.
The left side of the neck and body was old gold, while the right side
was the color of the rest of the venter. The hair on the front of the
necic was not smooth, but i)re8ented the appearance of a ruffle or irregu-
lar roussette. On the membranes the hair distribution was the same
as in the adult, excei)ting that the dorsum of the interfemoral membrane
was furred to a line above the ankles.

Variations. — The ear may be slightly lon./er than the head. Varia-
tions in the arrangement of the nerves of the fourth digital interspace
are noted in the diagnosis.

The mcmbraneh. — V. varolinenaiH is remarkable for the absence of pig-
ment from the second digital intersi)ace. The wing membrane is at-
taeiied to the foot at the base of the toes. The tip of the tail is exsert
from an ample interfemoral membrane, whose free border is slightly
convex. The calcar ends without marginal tip; there is no post cal-
caral lobe. The bodies of the caudal vertebraj are all dorsal; the
upper part of the interfemoral membrane is not furnished with trans-
verse muKcle fibers.

Intereostals are three in number. Coracobrachialis fascicle from the
axilla. The fourth interspace with two long conspicuous predigitals,
but, as a rule, no postdigital. The third interspace with the nerves
from the metacarpo phalangeal Joints. In a few si)ecimen8 tlie two
dostdigitals arise from a common line which extends parallel to the
liftli metacarpal bone, in which case a close resemblance to some forms
oi' AihlonycteriH fuscHs is seen. The terminal phalanx of the fourth
finjjer as in 'L. noctivaganH.

The interfemoral membrane is marked by a number of delicate trans-
verse, slightly pilose lines, which can be traced upward as far as the
second caudal vertebra. The jiilose spots are conspicmms on tliese
lines, as well as on those of the endopatagium near the body. The
terminal cartilage of the fourth digit is directed ptdlical.

Maxillary teeth.* — The central incisor bifid (rarely monoeuspid); a
tliin lamina terminates the tooth posteriorly. The lateral is smaller,
with a thin transverse lamina on either side of the single cusp. An in-
terval between the lateral and the canine. The canine as in A. /mens,
i.e., the posterior surface deflected outward beyond the axis of the den

"Miij. Leconte (I. 0.) notes tlio following: "Posterior false molar of the nppur
jaw ]i:is an interior basil, biemargiiiato cusp formed from ii prolongation of the cal-
caueum of tlio tooth, and the canine of the lower jaw Las an interior, blunt, basal
loliu," I have not recognized the peculiarities here noted,

;! J

I r

126 BULLETIN 43, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

tal line, the palatal Heparated from the poHt«rior by a proniiuet flange.
The first premolar is less tliun lialf the si/e of the second. It is in tlio
dental line, but, owing to its minuteness, it apjiears to l)e depressed
when seen in profile. Molars with well-defined cingula; first and sec-
ond molars as in J^./««cu«, except that no trace of heel is seen. Tlie
third molar with outer surface more deeply fluted than in A./uscus and
the rudiment of the second V-shaped figure is longer.

Mandibular teeth. — None of the teeth crowded. This remark is es-
pecially applicable to the incisors and premolars. Incisors arranged
in a V-shape row, flat, trifid, first and second touching, but the third
sepaiate from the second and the canine. Canine not curved back-
ward, presenting nowhere a concave surface. Very prominent flange
between the posterior and lingual surfaces. Cingnlum prominent,
forming two cingules, one anterior — the larger — and one posterior
(talon 1). First premolar small, with entire robust cingnlum scarcely
touching canine. Molars q^iite as in Vespertilio and fillies. Very liigh
cusp points and pointed apex, which is subequal with Y.

Variations. — In specimen the upper central incisor was bicuspid.

Skull. — The mesencephalon is ii"""; the length of skull, 13"""; the
greatest width, 7"""; the least width, 3'"'". The posterior temiM)ral
crests are apparently absent. The sagittal is faintly expressed ; it is
not visible beyond the middle of the vertex. The anterior temporal
impressions are defined. The nasal eminence is absent. The entire
region depressed with a linear ridge on either side. The fronto-maxil-
lary inflation is conspicuous above tha orbit, forming a bold oblique
ridge, which is considerably raised above the level of the nasal bones.
Both lachrymal and infraorbital foramina conspicuous. A line from
the upper border of the anterior nasal aperaturo falls dii-ectly back of
the canine. The paroccipital process is small rounded, and not pro-
duced below the level of the i)aroccipital. The intermediate space is
incised below. The lingual tongue reaches the tympanic bone; the
tympanic bone .is incomplete above. The pterygrid process is fur-
nished with a rather long style. The masseteric impression reaches
the lower border of the horizontal ramus. The angle produced beyond
the condyle and deflected outward so as to intersect the out^v edge of
the condyle. In a specimen from Carlisle, Pa., having unicuspid max-
illary incisor the temporal crest is absent, and the two sagittal tem-
poral impressions do not meet, at the same time that the post-temporal
crests are more marked than in most specimens. The mandebe is dis-
l)08ed to be entire, i. e,, the halves do not fall apart as readily as in
other species.

Jfotes on the Skeleton. — Coracoid process of scapula, broader at base
than at the free end, whiirh is furnished with two coequal processes.
Glenoid regioii with large concavity on the outer surface. Humerus
so similar to that of V. resperus that with the exception of size (it is
21""" long) the two might be of the same species. ■ Proximal rudiment

iuet flange.
It is ill tlio
I depressed
'st and si'c-
seeu. The
.f uncus and

U. 8. NATIONAL MUSEUM

BULLETIN 43, PL. XIX

■'• ■ I

Diai'k is ea-
rs arranged
it the third
arved back-
ineiit flange
prominent,
le posterior
am scarcely
Very high

)icu8pid.
[1,13"""; the
or temiM)ral
ressed; it is
ior temporal
The entire
rrontomaxil-
)old oblique
nasal bones.
A line from
sctly back of
and not pro-
ate space is
io bone; the
ocess is fur-
sioii reaches
need beyond
ut^jr edge of
icuspid niax-
sagittal tem-
ost-temporal
ndebe is dis-
readily as iii

)ader at base

al processes.

I. Humerus

of size (it is

nal riidimeut

^yf;^-^:

.---"

1. Maxillary teeth of Vesperugo carolinensis. x 12.

2. Mandibular teeth of same, x 12.

1 i

t 1

I '

A MONOGRAPH OF THE BATS OF NORTH AMERICA. 127

ol' iiliiti not iiiichylusod to riuliiiH. Tho long throiid representing tlie
gliiiCt appeiirs to Join tlie rndiiiH at the distal third; it in more tlxed
tiiaii in VcHpefHH. The distal rudiment oblique proximal and concave
outer border (perforate f). The ribs are eleven in number. The pec-
tineal spine of the innominate bone small, little more than a nodule.
Tlici thyroid foramen elliptical. The tuberosity of the ischium not pro-
longed. Tiie |)osterior border of the innominate bone obliq ■ . The
cavity of the pelvis narrowed from side to side. Filmla as long as the
tibia.

Jlahitat. — The Austroriparian region, and extending thence to the
north as far as Carlisle, Pa., and to the west to eastern Missouri.
Nothing is known of its habits. It is often found in collections asso-
ciated with Vexpertilio gryphus, but it is not known to be collected in
the same locality with this species,

MeanuretnimU, ,

[Mus. Cump. Zool. 5092$ , Short Cave, Ky.]

MUllroeten.

ilond and body ( f^om crown of head to baHu of tail) 26

Loii^th of arm 91

Lt'iiKtU of forearm 81

First digit:

Length of flrat inetacarpnl bone 3

Longtli of phalanges 6

Second digit :

Length of Hecoud metacarpal bone 29^

Length of tirHt phalanx 2i

nird digit:

Length of third n>etacarpal boue 30

Length of tlrst phalanx 12

Length of second phalanx 11

Fourth digit :

Length of fourth metacarpal bono 21

Length of first phalanx 11

Length of second phalanx ' 6^

Fiftli digit:

Length of fifth metacarpal bone 29

Length of first phalanx 8

Length of second phalanx 4

Length of head 14

Hciijht of ear 10

Hfinht of tragus 4^-

Length of thigh ISi

i Length of tibia 14 ipj 'i

Length of foot 6

M',

Hi.'

1
i

1 II I ! I

128 BULLETIN 43, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

MeaHunmentH from fir»l edition of MoHixjraph.

Fniiii
C'urr<Mitiiiiiii' tip III'
bcr. iiiiRu to

tall.

52M
52»7
6981
SB82
5083
mifl
5a3»
534U

l»41

In.

1.8
1.0

i.e

1.6

l.fl

1.0
1.8
1.0
1.0
1.0

;«:lfr

In.
1.0
1.6
1.6
l.B
1.5
1.6
1.6
1.5
1.0
1.0

In.
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.4

i.;i

1.4

1.3
1.8

I.eiiKtIi
ul' tibia.

In.
0.0

0.0
U.0
0.0
0.7
0.7
0.6
0.0
O.U
0.7

(if

lllUKMt

UiiK<tr.

In.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
3.

LtMigtfi

(if
thiiiiili.

U.4
0.4

0.3

U.3i

O.4J

llt'lKllt
(if cur.

/».

0.5

0.7

0.0

0.5

0.4i

0.5

Hdluht

(if
IrHKUs.

Kx
paiiHv.

7h.

9.0

8.9

8.0

R.O

U.O

0.3

9.3

8.11

8.10

Nature nf

ll|H<cllllull.

Alodlidllc
1)11.

Ihi.
I>(i.
I>o.
I)o.
I)o.
I)o.

Li»t of iiprmmeiiii.

Catn-

IdKiie

nuiubor.

5207

5433
6375
62»8
6440
6340
53»»
5341
6442
5343
5401
5318
6360
5371
6489

No. of

spvct

niciiH.

Locality.

Carli8l(\ Pa.

WaabinKton

, do

Hampaliire Co., Va.

C'larli Co., Va

Mount Vernon

\Vbitll(dd Co., Ua. .

Georgia

New Orleans

St. Louia, Mo...;..

Cairo, lil

Potfluu Creek. Arlc.
MiitamoraH, Mox...
United States

Freseutod by —

8.F. Balnl.

C. Olranl

M. M'Uouald

Dr. Keunerlv

(I)

A. Uerbardt

W. Coo|icr

N.O.Acad

Vt. (i. KnKelmunn

K.Kennluott

Dr. (r C. Klinnmrd

U. C(Hicb(Uerl. C(d.).
MH,|or LuooDto

Natiiro of
H]ieelinoiia.

In alcobol.

Dry akin..
In alcohol.

...do

Dry akin..
In alcohol.

do.

Dry akin..

In nlcobol.

...do

....do

...do

....do

CoUevtidii.

V. 8. Nil-
1 1 o n a 1
Mmbcuiii.

Do.

2. Vesperugo hesperus H. Allen. The western bivt. (Plates xx,xxi.)
Sc4>toj)hilua heaperua H. Allen, Mouug. N. A. BatH, 1864, 43. \

Fespenego heaperua True, Proc. U. S.Nat. Mus., 1887, 515.
Veaperugo merriami Dobson, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., (v), xviii, 1886, 124.

Diagnosis. — Smallest bat in the fauna ; forearm 26""". Tragus not half
the height of the auricle; inner border concave; outer convex tip blunt.
Lower scallop slightly revolute ; external basal lobe not levoluteobliquo ;
base scarcely wider than the narrow blunt tip; interfemoral membrane
ample with post calcaral lobe; tail extended one- half its length beyond
the ankle. The metacari)al of the third digit as long as the forearm;
the first phalanx of the same shorter than the second. The second
digit not longer than the third metacarpal bone. Foot larger than the
thumb, equals over one-fifth of the length of the forearm. Penis cylin-
droid. In the third maxillary molar a trace of the last limb of the sec-
ond V is disceriiable. Transverse line on the interfemoral membrane
interrupted at the pubotibial line.

The manal formula is expressed as follows :

MilUmot«r!4.

First interspace .....:. \

Second interspace 6

Third interspace '. 22

Forearm 26

I-

Natiiri' »r

»v.

ll|H<cllll('li.

Almliolli'.

])o.

IKi.

Ihi.

!)«..

I>o.

I)o.

\h>.

Do.

J)o.

(f
II.

Collection.

il..

U. 8. N,..

t i (> n a 1

Miiii'uni.

...

Iht.

»1..

Do.

...

Do.

»1..

DiK

...

Do.

...

Do.

)1..

Do.

• • •

Do.

...

£, XXI.)

34.

;u8 not half
X tip blunt,
iteobliquc;
. membrane
gth beyond
le forearm ;
riie second
er than the
fenis cylin-
of the sec-
membrane

MilUmotcrs.

m >

:■

Explanation of Plate XX

Fig. 1. Front view of bead of Vespcriiffo lifsperim.

Fig. 2. Side view of simie.

Fig. it. View of traj^iis and inner surface of auricle.

l'"i(i. 1. Win}; nieuiliranc.

Fig. 5. Tail and interfenioral nienibraue.

Fi(i. (i. Skull seen from above, x 2.

Fm. 7. Skull and lower Jaw seen fiMini the side, x 2

.'•'■■f^';- ' ,>r T

''■^•'/■'fT,

U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM

BULLETIN 43, PL. XX

*«

M F

:iil

4'J^Jitii^l^,

VESPERUGO HESPERUS

A MONOOBAPH OF THE BATS OP NORTH AMERICA.

129

Description. — Ears oval;* the anterior border of the ear sharply
convex, inclining backward and upward to the rounded tip; the upper
half of the posterior border is concave and without scallop. The lower
liiilf is provided with a small, reverted scallop, which is continuous with
that of the space between the external ridge and the nonrevolute
slightly tapering, external basal lobe; a delicate flang extends from the
lobe to the angle of the mouth.

The fur is thicker on dorsum than on venter. It is black at the basal
two-thirds and dark gray verging to light ocher or almost white, at the
tips. It is lighter on the crown than elsewhere. On the venter the
same colors prevail as on the dorsum, but thegray color is of a lighter
shade and tends to become white. The fur is unusually compact on
neck and below the lower jaw.

In No. 5406, U. S. N. M., the second digit is as long as the third meta-
carpal, i. c, the phalanx does not extend beyond the third metacarpal
phalangeal joint. The penis is slightly flattened and ends in a moder-
ately e;cpanded prepuce.

Membranes. — Intercostals three in number, the lowest appearing at
the knee and passing to the free margin of the endopatagium. Coraco
brachialis fascicle appears at the middle of the humerus; it is simple and
apparently joins a vertical line which is extended downwsird from the
elbow. The triceps fascicle system with a single inferior line, but with
no superior obliques. The fourth interspace withdigital nerves as in Ves-
periilio, in this regard markedly diflfering from otlit'r examples of Ves-
periigo which have been examined. The interfemoral membrane is pro-
vided with a piibocalcaneal line.

Mr. Dobson is inclined to believe that V. hesperits is identical with
r. abramus, an old world species of extensive range being found in
middle Europe, the oriental region, and the northern part of the Aus-
tralian region (see Appendix). But American zoologists have not
agreed with this opinion. Mr. F. W. True has made this question the
subject of a special note (Proc. of the U. S. Nat. Mus., 1887, p. 515) and
concludes that V. hesperus is " distinct and valid." Mr. Dobson de-
scribes a specimen of Vesperugo from North America under the name
of V. merriami. This specimen I have not seen. Mr. True believes
that it is the same as the V. hesperus of the monograph. This is con-
< lusive that Mr. Dobson after examining V. hesperus (as identified by
Mr. True) did not recognize it to be the siime as V. abramtis, but a dis-
tinct species. The material upon which the original description was
based was impertect. It consisted of two dry, imperfect skins and a
single alcoholic specimen. It has been obtained since in abundance.

^faxiUary teeth. — Incisors both conical and unicuspid. The median
tho larger. A small space between the latiMnl and the canine. The
tirst premolar minute as in Atalapha and wedged in between canine and
second premolar inside the longitudinal axis of the tooth row. The re-

* lu tlio monograph, the statement on page 44 that ib^ eur9 are round«d ii an error.
Ml— No. 43 9

111 1

• iipi

130 BULLETIN 13, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

maiuiiig tcith luiicli as in VcHperiHjo carol im-nniii, exiteptiug iu theliwt
molar, wlieie a trace of the last limb of the second V is (li8cernil)lc.
The drawinj^- exliibits (his rudiment a little lonjyer than ia the average.

Mandibtilm teeth. — The lower incisor with third tooth (tohtiguous with
second iucisor and with canine. The first premolar in lirm contact with
the canine. In other respects the teeth are as in Vcsjjerugo carolincmh.

Skull. — No trace of posterior tenijjoral crests or sagittal crests are
seen. The anterior temporal crest is well defined. The mesenc('i)lia-
Ion three and one- third times the length of the skull. No nasal ciiii-
nence is seen; a shall<»w groove is present at the anterior third of the
face vertex; bad: of this groove lies a well-defined oval pit. The infra-
orbital canal is as in A.fiiseus Both the groove and thepit'are sharply
limited at the sides by lateral ridges. The upper surface of the max-
illa is depressed.* The paroccipital process is rudimentary and scarcely
visible. The tympanic bone is incomplete above.

Notes on the skeleton. — The bones nnich the same as in Vespentgo
carolinensis. The free end of coracoid with long process on th» vertical
side instead of the small tubercle of the sjjecies just named. The pec
tineal spine ot the innominate bone aciculate, long, equaling one-fifth
the length of the ilium. The thyroid foramen is subround, the ischium
narrow, the tuberosity i>rolonged, the posterior l ^ of the innomi-
nate nearly horizontal. Sacrum composed of four elriments.

Habitat. — Vespentgo hesperm ranges from the low, hot plains of Mexico
npward into the Californian basin through the valley of the Colorado
River and the surrounding country. Dr. Merriam informs me that it is
never found in the mountains and the limit of its distribution is sharply
limited to the lower ranges of hillsides and to the plains. According
to the same observer (N. A. Fauna, No. 3, 1890, 37) V. hesperns is found
in swarms in the Grand Cafion of the Colorado River. It inhabits the
crevices of the clifls and is often found drinking from springs. " The
flight of this si)ecics is so swift and zigzag that it is a very difficaU
species to shoot in the rapidly failing light. Tiie young, as usual am(»iif;
bats, fly more slowly and steadily and are <'asily killed.''' It inhabits
crevices in clifls and begins to fly before dark iu the evening, at which
time swarms of them come up over the brink of the canon and flit
about among the pines and pifion.

MfKniiremnils.

[Sau Svbastliui, ('ill. J Ciil. Aciid. Sci.]

MUlimetcrs.

HeaA and body (from orowii of licfid to basi' of tail) 26

Length of arm Hi

Length of forearm 26

First digit :

Length of first metacarpal bone 1

Lenirth of lirst jdmluux H

Second digit:

Length of second metacarpal bono 26

Length of lirst ]>li!ilanx 1

*Tho hard ptilate is depressed, Bancer-sbaped, t, c, is ec^ually concave ttom before
backward and iium uidu to side.

'>V

JM. -

fj ill tlie last
disceruihle.
the average,
tiguous with
contact with
carolineiiHiH.
il crests are
meBenccplia-
nasal ciiii-

■ third of the
b. The infra-
it'are sharply
3 of the max-
f and scarcely

in Venperudo
II th« vertical
cd. The pec
ding oiie-tifth
i, the ischium
f the innomi-
its.
ains of Mexico

■ the Colorado
8 me that it is
tion is sharply

Accoi'diiij!
pcruit is found
t inhabits the
•rings. " The
very diflictilt
H usual amoiij;

It inhabits
ling, at whicli
sanon and dit

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM

BULLETIN 43, PL. XXI

1. Maxillary teeth of Vesperugo Hesperus, x i6.

2. Mandibular teeth of same, x 16.

MiUiiiietcn.

; L'6

;■.■. ui

;■ 1

cavo from before I

? 1 1

I 1
;

Tliird
L
L

Foiirt
J.
L
L

Fifth

Loiijit

H.'i-li

Hei},'li

Lcnut

Li'Ugt

CuITCt

iunnl>4'

640fl

Doir.

Cut.
No.

ston

5510
5509

Xyctivt
Altilap

J)h

boidc
ai)(l u
roracM
bordo
touch

I lent

Xyc
from I
pi'ciiu
boide
the cii

i^i'cond
Tliiiil i
romtli
Fuii'ini

"11

A MONOaEAPII OF THE BATS OP NORTU AMERICA.

131

MtuHuremrntH — ( 'ontiuiiod.
Tbiid digit : Minimcteni.

Length of third ii.otncarpa! ho\w 26J

Length of lirst phal.-nx 6

Length of seeoiid phalanx 9

Fourth digit:

ijongth ol fourth in>.ta(^iirpul hono 26

Length of iirHt plialaux 7

Length of Hucuud phalanx 6

Fil'tli digit:

l.,eiigth of fifth riotac^arpttl hono 26

I-cngth of first jthalanx 5

Length of second ' 'talaux 4

Loii^thof head 13

H.■i^'llt of ear 10

Heijjht of tragus

Length of thi^h llj

Liiijith of tibia 10

Lciijjthof foot ii

Liugthof tail 28

Mea»nrement»

/rum fir «

t edUioH

of Monograph .

Current
uuiiilier.

From tip
of noao
to tail.

Lcnjit'i LeiiKthot
oftiiil. forcitrm.

Longlli
oftibiB.

LonKtIi of
loutreHt
fliiKcr.

LruKtli of
tbiiiiib.

n.^iKiit

of (iiir.

JIclKht of
trnKiiH.

Expanse.

540fi
WIS
,->,Mi)

Inches.
1.4
1.4

I.n

Inehei. Inehes.
1.0 1.1
f 1.1
0.11 1.4

Inchen.
0.5
0.5
0.4

Inehes.
1.8
1.0
'J.O

Inehet.
0.1
O.U
0.l|

Inehee.
0.3

Inches.
O.U

o.il

0.1

Inches.
7.0
1
7.0

List of upecimeng.

Ciit.
No.

No. of
Hpeci-
niong.

Locality.

Presented by—

Nature of
specimen.

Collection.

5ton

1
1
1

Fort Tnma, Cal

M^i.G. H. Tbomas

Ali'obolic.

Dry

....do

V. S. N. M.

ciSIO

Posa Creek, Cal

Dr. A. L. lleemiauii

Do.

5500

Do.

(ienuM NYCT1CBJU3 Raftiiesquo.

SilPlieejiis Kalincaque, Journal dti I'hyKiijuts xxxviii, 181!), 417.
Ahldpha Coues and Varrow, Wheeler's Exped., Zoiil., 1875-'87.

IHugnosis. — Bats with siuall tragus having a uniform convex outer
bonk'r. Largo head fohl to auricle, scallops not revolute. Chin plate
and ui)per lip at muzzle well delinetl, the former not triangular. Tip of
eora(!()i(l i)rocess broader than base and deflected toward the vertebral
border of the scapula. A single conical upper incisor on each side not
toiuhiiig canine. Face naked. The inanal formula is as follows:

3 111

Ikiital formula. — Molars ;;, xiremolais „, cauines .., ineisors o X 2=^30.

Xijtticejm has the dental formula of Basypterns. It is distinguished
from this genns by the fuioL of the axis of the paracolic of the upper
piciiiolar, if produced, intersecting the protocone near its anterior
bolder, and by the upper incisor being separated by an interval from
the ciiniue.

Milimetrcs.

Second intorspnoc 1^

Tliird iiitei'spac^ ". 8-i)i

I'onilli in(er.-<piiee 2^-27 ^

I'omiim 18-20

132 BULLETIN 43, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

By tlie number of upper premolars and incisors Nycticejus approxi-
mates Scotophilus, Rhogeessa, and Atalapha. Coues and YaiTow, indeed,
(Wl.ocler's Expedition, 1875), place it with the genus last named. Mr.
Oldfleld Thomas is iuclined to place it with Vesperugo (see infra). In
my opinion the structural pecidiarities are of a character which warrant
a separate generic diagnosis. The nearest ally of Nycticejm is Bhogema,
which maybe said to represent it in the South American fauna. In the
details of the molars and of the wing membranes it is unlike any of the
forms of our fauna, but most resembles Adelonycteris and Vespentgo.
Until Peters identifled the Scotophilus of Leech, Nycticejus was thought
to be distributed throughout the tropical belt of the Old World. It
is now held to be confined to the warm southern parts of the United
States and Central America.

O. Thomas (quoted in Mammals Living and Extinct, Flower and
Lyddeker, 1891,) credits NyeUc^m to Scotophilus. I can not agree
with this determination. In Scotophilus the last upper molar is like Ata-
lapha', in Nycticejtis it is like Vesperugo. The details of the lower
molars are absolutely different. The hypoconid in Scotophilus is small,
narrow and blunt; the triangle composed of blunt cusps with shallow
interspaces. The hypoconid is large, larger than the trifingle (wliieli
is compressed from behind forward as in Nyctinonms), and has high
aciculate cusps. Tlie character of elbow-movement is distinct in the
two forms. In Scotophilus the inner r.adial facet on the humerus is
weak, scarcely at all concave. The joint is strengthened by a bold,
trenchant epitrochlea. In Kycticejus the inner radial facet on the
humerus is deeply concave and sharply defined, thus strengthening the
joint, while the epitrochlea is small and feeble. The palate is prolonged
backward markedly in Scotophilus, but scarcely at all in Nyctice^ns.

1. NycticejuB humeralis O. Thomas. (Plates xxii, xxin.)

Nycticejus ccej»M«cu7aW« Leconte Ciiv. An. Kingd. (McMurtrie's od.), 1831, 432; .las.

Leconte, Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1855, 433; H. Allen, Monog. N. A. Bats, 1864,

12, figs. 9-11.
Vesperiilio creeks F. Cuv., Nouv. Annal. du Mus., Paris, i, 1832, 18.
Feapertilio aenobarhm Temininck, Monog. Mam., 1835-'41, 247, PL 58, Fig. I, liiif

Peters, MB. Akad. Berl., 1866, 681.
reaperu8 cubanua Gundlacli, MB. Akad. Berl., 1866, 681.
Nycticejus humeralis O. Thomas. Ann. & Mag. N. H. vii, 1891, 528.

In the monograph of 1864 I queried whether or not ¥. humernJk
Rafinesque, was the same as JV". crepuscularis. I have since concluded
that they are the same and, therefore, agree with Mr. Oldfleld Thomas
in accepting this name.

Diagnosis. — The diagnosis of the single species, that of the genus.

Description. — Auricle small, shorter than the head, the portion above
the head oval; outer border scarcely concave, tip obtuse. Internal
basal lobe bold, thick, inferiorly forming a minute pendant point; an-
terior border abruptly convex; it does not touch the head, but is raised

EUM.

ceju8 approxi-
irrow, indeed,
b named. ^Ir.
lee infra). In
vhich warrant
« is Bhogema,
fauna. In the
like any of the
,nd Veaperiigo.
8 was thought
Id World. It
of the United

;, Flower and
3au not affree
lar is like Ata-

of the lower
thiluH is small,
3 with shallow
fifingle (whit'b
and has liigh
iistinct in the
10 humerus is
led by a bold,

facet on the
mgthening the
teis prolonged
Nyctice^us.

:xin.)

), 1831, 432; .las.
N. A. Bats, 1864,

iijl

. 58, Fig. 1, ri*

N". humernJk.
nee concluded
Idfield Thomas

if the genus.
^ portion above I
;u8e. Internal |
>ant point; an-
I, but is raised]

ill

Explanation of Plate XXII.
1. Front view of lifiul of SiivtUrJiix liiiincialiH.

;!. Side view of SilcHirjiis liiimeniliH.

4. Vu'W of tiiiHiif* """I '""''•' HI"'''"'*' "'' "l'•■i<•l»••
Fill. 5. Winy; nii'mlirnnc.
Fi(i. »>. Tail iiutl intfift'nioral iiienibnuii'.
Fl(i. 7. Sluill st'tMi from aliovo. x 2.
Fid. !<. Skull antl lower jaw seen from tlie sidr. x 2.

Fid
Fid
Fid
Fid

U. b. NATIONAL MUSEUM

BULLETIN 43, PL XXII

^i^^

\:ir.x-.

-'-tC^

Nycticejus humeralis.

I !

tllii:i!

1 , I

! Ml"

A MONOGRAPH OF TlIK BATH OP NORTH AMERICA. 133

tluM'ctrom by the hoad-fold. Tho koel (inttirnnl basal ridgo) promi*
iiciit, well dutlued. External basul lubo well developed, nearly naked,
willi base placed well below tho line of the mouth and itH anterior
l)oiil<T nearly at right angles therewith. Tho external basal ridge
voiitinueM with tho external border of tho auricle and constitutes tho ,
miu'Ki" "f tbe Hrst scallo]>, which is thus obscurely deilned. The
sucond scallop is well-outlined, convex, and ends on the outer surfiu^e
of tlic external basal lobe. Tho tragus is nearly one-half the height of
the auricle; the broadest i>art extends from the inconspicuous notch to
tlie a])ical third, where it abruptly narrows to a blunt tip; tho anterior
Ijordcr is straight or slightly coucave, the postericu- convex ("dolabri-
fonii '' Leconte). The mentum is well defined and, as a rule, undivided.
Till' iwllical callosity is round, conspicuous, 2""" wide. No post cal-
liiral lobe or lobe at tip of the cahiar (apici <'alcaral lobe) is present.
A wart is placed well below the angle of the mouth.

Dorsum throughout of a ligiit ash-grey color, the basal, one-third to
two thirds, being dark-brown. Venter the same, with the brown hues
of tlie shafts being more conspicuous. The sides of the neck less ash
tliiui elsewhere, hence the effect of this region is that of nearly brown
throughout. The degree of ashy huo of the dorsum is variable in speci-
mens from one locality and may bo absent when the hair is uniformly
' brown, the shaft simply being darker in shade than the tip. The veu-
ter is ([uite constant in color in all individuals examined.

The material available for study is not sufficient for me to decide
whicii of the two styles of coloration of the dorsum is the mi,_L frequent,
it may be that tho grey variety is a sign of advanced maturity, all the
examples were those of lactating females, although some of tho brown
variety were also in the same condition.

On the dorsum tho hair extended to the middle of the humerus and
downward thence to the knee. The iuterfemoral was turned only at
the l)asal fourth. In the venter the hair extends on the humerus only
as far as the end of the pectoral ridge and on tlie thigh to the proximal
mid thence along the side of vlic body to the middle of tho thigh. The
lower fourth of the intorfomoral was alone furred.

Vdriationx. — In No. GOCO Arkansas (M. C. Z.) tho post-calcareal lobe
is present. The tragus is less than one-half the height of tho auricle.
The last caudal vertebra is free.

Ill No. 8172 U. S. N. M. (Carlisle, Pa.) is similar to the Southern
form, except that tho external basal lobe is as high as it is long, and

le siuumit is surrounded, and the inner border of the tragus straight.
A larj;(^ pendant skin-fold extends the entire length of the right side
of space below tho lower jaw. This asymmetrical fold is of interest
siiiee no similar disposition exists so far as I know in any other bat.

In \o, 4735 U. S. N. M. the fur on tho dorsum is everywhere dark,
hisirous brown at the apical third, and black at the basal; two-thirds
on tlio rump it is brown throughout. On the venter tho apical tints
are lijihter.

11'

:i 1 1

'-' i

MJ !

:i «

134 BULLETIN 42, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Membranes, — Iiitercostals four in number. Tlie coraco-brachialis
fascicle appears near the axilla and becomes vertical a little beyond the
elbow. The triceps fascicle system with a siuj^le superior oblique and
a single vertical inferior branch. The line above the main trend of tlie
nerve as in A. /uncus. The fourth interspace as in this species except
that the postdiji^ital appears at the proximal sixth of the fourth metacar-
pal bone. In one specimen it was absent. The oblique tibial and
pubo tibial lines as in this speciies. In No. 4378 the lines in the foui tli
interdigital space arise from the digits, the postdigital from the proxi-
mal third and the predigital from near the middle.

Skull. — The sagitta? crest is deflned its entire length. The posterior
temporal ridge is trencliant. Iiniitiu<' a small triangle. The anterior
temporal ridge is also well defined and ends on the orbital ridge which
is sharply outlined, and is continuous with an oblique line which crosses
the flat inner wall of the orbit. The fronto-maxillary inflation is rudi-
mental, — the least developed in any of the species. The face-vertex is
without depression in some examples; in others it is shallow, and less
than half the length of the region. (Such specimens may not be en-
tirely mature.) Two shallow depressions overlie the maxilhe. The
facial infraorbital foramen lies over the intei'val between the second
premolar and the first molar. The anterior nasal aperture ends on the
line of the anterior border of the second premolar. The paroccipital
process is acuminate and projects downward no farther than the level
of the inflated mastoid. The interval between these two jtrocesses is
concave and incised below. The tympanic bone is incomplete above
the head of the malleus intervening. The coronoid process lies above
the level of the condyle and slightly exceeds the width of the adjacent
horizontal ramus. The massetric impression reaches the lower mar^jin
of the ramus. The angle is small, truncate, and slightly produced be
yond the line of the condyle.

The encranial surface is about one-third the area of the entire region,
the cribriform plate marked as follows: First, a single opening is seen
on tne spheuoturbinal surface; second, two openings on the ejtotnrbi-
nal surface; third, a relatively large depression on the endoiurbinai,
containing two openings, well to the lateral aspect, for the first eiido-
turbinal plate.

The nasal surface exhibits a sinjjle ectoturbinal plate. It is a little
less than one-half the length of the first endoturbinal, is directed al-
most vertically downward, the swollen upper border looking outward.
The lateral surface is concave, deflected outward as far as tiie tip of the
first endoturbinal. It is slightly concave above. The free portion is
acuminate, reaching as far as the level of the canine tooth. The second
plate is as in V. /uncus, but not so much narrowed at the base. The
third is a mere nmnded nodule.

Mamillary teeth. — The incisor slender, simple, with entire cingnlum
vertical on border of palatal noti;h; a small space between it and tlii'
canine. The palatal surface of the canine concave, broad; posterior

ico-bracliialis
e beyond the
r oblique and
» trend of tlie
pedes except
iirth metacar-
le tibiiil 1111(1
in the fourth
om the proxi-

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM

3ULLETIN 43, Pu. XXII

I H

1,1

entire region,
•eniiig is .seen
the ejtotiirbi-
eiidoturbiiial,
lie first eiido-

;ire ('iiigiihim
^n it and the

ad; posterior

1. MAXILLARV teeth of NYCTICEJUS HUMEf?AUI3.

2. Mandibular teeth of same, x 12.

'III

il;

i' !

I
Hill lii

A MONOGRAPH OP TIIK BATS OP NORTH AMERICA.

135

iiiirrow coiuiave ill lino with loiigitudiiial taxis of tooth row; borders
abriibtly raised, thin. Single premolar not distinctive. The Vs of the
liist and second molar siibequal; tlie protocone with obscurely defined
posterior coinmissiire which ends at the apex of the second V. the
lu'd is rudiinental, its apex appearing on the top of the protocone.
The third molar with protocone as iii the other molars, but the i>osterior
limb ot the second V absent.

ManiUbular teeth. — The incisors crowded. First with trifld cutting
o(lj;e, more inclined forward than the second and third, which are blunt,
thick, and bearing a more uoilule on the cutting surface. Canine with
broad concave posterifu- and narrow concave lingual surface, the two
separated by a sharp longitudinal flange. The heel like base, low and
broad. The first premolar wedged in tooth row" by the basal lines of
tlic adjacent teeth; much smaller than the second, with the lingual
I'iiigulum angulated. The second jiremolar with anterior basal cusp
on lingual pjirt of the cingulum advanced. The first and second
molars not distinctive. The third molar with a small deflected heel,
which, while triangular, is mu(rh compressed from without inward.

Xott's on the skeleton. — Atlas with minute spine from the transverse
liiinina; the lower of the two foramen not seen from in front. Axis
without lateral oblique spine.

Scapula with thin axillary border; triceps impression without rugos-
ity or spine; the superior angle scarcely inflected; tip of the coracoid
process is broader than the base and is deflected toward the vertebral
border. Humerus with internal tuberosity not higher than head and
of about the same size as the external tuberosity. Ulna in some spec-
iiiieiis anchylosed to radius at proximal end. Apparently attached to
this bone about at distal third of the siiaft, but in fact ending free as
as ill Adelonyeteris, Vesperuffo, and Vespcrtilio. The distal end wit)'
s([uare perforated lamina. Innominate bone with narrow subrounded
ilium not expanded above. Proximal end of tibi.i with large spine
The first metacarpal bone equals the phalangeal series in length.

Scrual characters. — The proportion of the sexes could not be deter-
mined by the material available. Many of the specimens examined (all
of those from Carlisle, Pa., N. M.) were lactating females, while of the
nine si)ecimens in the Museum of Comparative Zoology seven were m.ales.
The i»euis (see siiecimeiiNo. 1 185, Cam. from Seabrook Island, South Caro-
lina ) is long (8"""), pendulous, cylindrical, and without expanded prepuce.
In this respect the jiarts are quite dissimilar to A. fusctis and closely re-
semble Atalapha, Testis on side of base of tail.

The brain. — Tiie flocculns of the cerebellum not projected.' Tlie an-
teiioi' portion of cerebrum (rhinocele) abruptly constricted from the
pyiirorm figure of the hemisphere.

Habitat. — This species has not been recorded in the United States
in regiiMis beyond the South Atlantic slojie and the country extei .. <?
west t<i the Mississippi and north to the Middle States as far as *enr ■
sylvania. One specimen was formerly in the Smithsonian Institi. ^,

'iil'

1 1

fill

I
I

136

BULLETIN 43, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

collected from Nebraska; several from Arkansas, and one from Mata
moras, Tex. Dobsou's statement that it is found in the Rocky Moun-
tains is not accompanied by reference to collections. There is one
specimen in the British Museum from Central America.

Mi^asareiufnls,

Head und bo<ly (from crown of head to baso of tail) . .

Lengtii of arm

Lengtii of forearm

First digit:

Length of first metacarpal bono

LeiiL'tli of phalanges

Second digit :

Lengtii of second metacarpal bone

Length of first phalanx

Third digit:

Length of third metacarpal bono

Length of first plialanx

Lengtii of second phalanx

Fourth digit:

Lengtii of fourth metacarpal bono

Length of first phalanx

Length of second phalanx

Fifth digit:

Length of fifth metacarpal hone

Lengtii of first ]>halaiix

Length of second phalanx

Lengtii of head

Heighth of ear

Heiglitb of tragus

Length of thigh

Length of tibia

Length of foot

Length of tail

r.S.N.M.

47::5
9

skin.

Mm.

;i7

IH'
1)2

12
10

;n
11

U S.N.M.

5320

alcohol.

M. C. Z.

4H7M

alcohol.

Mm.

1.')
8

lU
11
U

;lO

:i5

311
12
9

33
12

ItlJ

Mvi.

M.C.Z.

1185

36
19
30

3
28

30
lUi
H

«J

4
l;'i

3
11
14

6
30

Mm.

39
20
34

2
3J

29
2

32
12J

31
11

31)

■8

I*
3»

12
7

MeasiiremviitK from first edition of Monograph.

Current num-
ber.

From

tip of

uose to

tail.

Length
tail.

Length
of fore-
arm.

Length

tibia.

Length

longest

finger.

Length

of
thumb.

Height
of
ear.

Height

ot'
tragus.

Kx.

pause.

Nature

of sped.

men.

Jn.

In.

6312

2.0

1.5

1.4

O.U

2.6

0.4

0.2J

9.0

Alcoholic.

2.0

1.5

1.4

0. U

2.6

11.4

0.5

0.2

9.0

1)0.

2.0

1.5

1.4

O.U

2.5

0.3

0.4

0.3

l)o.

6313

2.0

1.4i

1.4

O.U

2.0

0.3

0.4

0.3

Uo.

5322

1.5

1.4

o.«

2.6J

0.4

0.5

0.3

Do.

6329

2.0

1.2

1.3

O.fl

2.3|

0.4

0.2i

0.3

Do.

2.0

1.2

1.0

0.0

2.7

0.4

0.4i

0. 2J

9.9

Do.

4735

2.0

1.2

1.3

0.0

2. ,'i

0.4

0.2

3.6

Dry.
l)o.

47;!«

2.(1

1.2

1.3

ll.K

2.1

0.3

0.34

0.2

7.9

111

l.(i

2.2

0.3

0.4

0.2

Do.

283

1.0

1.4

0.0

2.2

0.3

0.4

0.24

7.6

Do.

882

2.0

1.3

1.5

0.0

2.4

0.3

O.OJ

0.3

8.0

Do.

Lint of upecimens.

Cat.

No. of

No.

mens.

.5448

.5350

5312

5313

•WOII

.5322

5307

.53V2

.5329

4736

5539

Loi ality.

Carlisle, I'a

Wasliiimton, 1). (J

Liberty Co., (la

New Orleans

St. Louis, Mo

Neliniska

Kecliiioiid's liaiicb, Tex.
Malainoias, (Deri. Col.).

" Uiiiti'd States."

(1)

Presented by

Nature of
specimen.

S. F. Baird ; Dry

(.') ' Aboliolic.

Dr. -los. ilones ' do

N. (). Academy '. . . .do

111' (i Kngelniauii '....do

Dr < 'ooner !. . . .do ....

.1 II Clark I. ...do....

I,t. 1) N Couch ....do....

do '. . . .do

Maj. I.ecoute , Dry

(?) !....do

Cidlectimi.

,S. N. M.

Do.

from Mata
ocky Mouii-
lioru i8 oue

.z.

M.C.Z.

1185

lUl.

Mm.

36
19
3U

;i9

•M
3J

•s

12J

U
30

3(1

«*

'«

iii8e.

Nature

of spi'ci-

lutn.

III.

O.H

AlcDliolic.

».U

Do.

0.3

!)(..

0.3

Do.

0.0

Do.

3.6
7.9

'%„.

Do.

7.0

Do.

8.0

Do.

of
en.

ColU'ctioii.

U.S.N.M.

Ho.

Do.

A M0K0GBAt»H OE' ^THE BAfS OF KOftTH AMEftlCA.

137

Genus DASTFTERUS, PeterH.

Da/typteru*, Peters, MB. Akad. Berlin, 1870, 904.

AUilapha, Peters, MB. Akad. Berlin, 1870, 912; Dobson, Cat. Chirop. Brit. Mus.,

1878, 274.
iMniurus, II. Allen, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, 146; Mouojj. N. A. Bats, 1864,25.
XHflicejus, Coues and Yarrow, Wheeler's Ilxped., ZoiJl., 1875, 87.

When I described this form I pliiced it with Lasiurus, out Prof.
Peters proposed for it a distinctive generic name, Dasypterux, since it
possesses one premolar only in the upper jaw. In the propriety of
making this change I concur.

Q 111

Dental formula. — Molars , • — premolars -„■ — canines - — incisors - X 2 = 30.

O J 1 i>

Diagnosis. — Ears elliptical; tragus incurved, blunt, with a transverse
ridge on the outer surface. The internal basal lobe projects backward
beyond the internal ridge. Back of ample interfemoral membrane
scarcely hairy. The phalanges of the third digit equal in length. The
first phalanx of the fourth and fifth finger longer than the second. The
olecranon is free behind — the membrane concealing the region of the
elliow in front.

The axis of the paracoue of the upper premolar, if produced, inter-
secting protocone near at its middle. The upper incisor in contact
with the canine. (See Nycticejus.) The resemblance of the teeth of
this genus to those of Antrozous have been already noted.

The manal formula is as follows :

HilUmetera.

Second interspace 2

Third interspace ■ 14

Fourth interspace 40

Forearm 40

1. Dasypterus Intermediua (Peters). (Plates xxiv, xxv.)

Lamirtu infermedim U. Allen, Proc. Acad. Nat. 8ci. Phila., 1862, 146; Monog. N. A.

Bats, 1864, 25.
Ihmjpterua intermedins Peters, MB. Akad. Berlin, 1870, 904.
Atalapha intermedia Peters, MB. Akatl. Berlin, 1870, 912; DobHOu, Cat. Chirop. Brit.

Mus., 1878, 274.
Xyvlicf'jiis intermediua Coues and Yarrow, Wheeler's Expedition, Zoid., 1875.

Description. — Ears longer than broad, slightly emarginate jjoste-
riorly beneatli the tip and Avithout black border. The internal basal
lobe as iu Atalapha, but projects but little back of the inconspicuous
keel. The external basal lobe rounded without basal notch anteriorly.
Hem narrow; it is confined to the notch as in Atalapha. The tragus as
in this genus; the transverse ridge on the tragus complete. Muzzle
and ehinplate as in A. cinerea. Wing membranes with markings quite
as iu Atalapha. A conspicuous muscle-mass lies between the long
calcar and the foot. This incloses a muscle as in A. noveboracensis.

138 BULLETIN 43, rNITKD STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM,

ii!

ill

The tip of the tail is free. In speeimeii ()()!)8, MuHeiini of Coniparativo
Zoology, tlie maininary glands were large. Tiietwo nipples were near
e.ich other toward the axilla, without a furred surface intervening.

Hair everywhere h)ng and silky. Dorsum, including the head, neck,
and esirs, with hair at the basal half dark brown ; apical half old gold.
On the membrane from the proximal third of the arm to the knee tlio
hair is the same as on the body. It is longer than the hair in similar
positions in the red bat or the hoary bat. A light-brown tuft overlies
the first metacarpal bone, and the i)rebrachium above the elbow.
Unicolored light-brown hair sparsely covers the interfemoial membrane
as far as a line that unites the ankles. The fleshy extension to the
outer side of the calcaneum as in Atulapha. Ventre including the sub-
mental region and the neck, with basal two-thirds dark brown, apical
third light brown ; no shades of old gold are present. A sparse growth
of light-brown, unicolored hair extends along the forearm its entire
length and upon the meta(!arpus as far as the third digit. The end
opatagium from the elbows to the knee is covered with hair having the
same chara(;ters as the above.

No differentiations are seen on the side of th(^ neck or of body. The
ears arc covered at the basal two-thirds.*

Mcmhrans^i. — The markings on tlie wing membranes are so similar to
tho'ie oiA. cinerea that they need u()t be described. The propatagiuni
is not withdrawn behind the ulna at any point.

Variations. — Au example from Davenport, Fla., in the collection of
Mr. G. S. Miller, jr., Cambridge, Mass., is described as follows:

Dorsum of au obscure ocher-brown, flecked with dispersed transverse
sooty lines. The color becomes more rusty over the loins and upon the
basal half of the interfemoral nicimbrane where it is of a dull russet.
The basal fifth is black, the remaining jwrtion is almost white. Tlie
subtip is ocher-brown and the tip occasionally black. On the inter-
femoral membnine the hair is of a dull Isabella brown; the basal black
equals one-fifth of the shaft, which is scarcely lighter than the loiifj
tip. Thus the shaft is not lighter tlian on the dorsum. The fold ex-
tending from the auricle to the head is heavily furred. Of the two
examples one, although the larger, was immature, showing that varia-
tion in the measurements of a number of individuals may be expected.

Teeth. — The maxillary incisors much as in A. cinerea and A. norebora-
ceuHis; the cinguhmi markedly developed; the first premolar is absent,
The posterior commissure of the paracone does not reach the posterior
border of the tooth, but adjuts against the anterior limb of the second
V near its tip; the third molar as in other species.

*Damjpt<rm ega, Potei-H. — A six^ciiiieu of this spticioH from tho colloctioii of f ho
Museum of Compariitive Zoiilojiy. The i);tl!it!i1 rugiu uro six in number. The lower
incisorH not trifid, snlxMiual, the first the largest. Th(i fnr of the ventre is with-
out tip of different shade to that of the shaft. The hiiir is of two eolors, while im
the dorsum it is of three.

oinparative
8 were near
r'Oiiing.
Iiead, neck,
If old gold,
le knee tlio
f in similar
uft overlies
the elbow,
niembraiie
sion to the
ng the aub-
own, apical
irse growth
L its entire
;. The end
having tlie

body. The

similar to
ropataginin

ioUection of
>ws :

[ transverse
id npon the
dull rnaset.
ivhite. The

1 the inter-
basal black
an the long-
'he fold ex-
Of the two
: that varia-
»e expected.
1. norehora-
IV is absent,
lie posterior
f the second

li^ctiou of <lio
r. The lower
ontro is witli-
ilora, whilt! on

Jili

* 'I

I ^ i

Explanation of Plate XXIV.

Fi(5. 1. Front view nl' head of Daityplenm intermedins.

Fl(i. 2. >Si(l(! view ot'siiuit'.

Fi(i. 3. Wiiif; ineiubi'iiiiu.

Fi(i. i. Tiiil niul intt'ii'emorul moinbriiuo.

Fro. 5. Skull Hceii from above, x 2,

Flu. t). Skull uud lower Jaw seen from the side, x 2.

BULLETIN 43, PL. XXIV

Dasypterus INTERMEDIUS.

tll<

art
tlic

IS .
Wil

imi

IK^i
ilOl

ton
pai
iiit

Slif

s|n
cor
orl
lyi

('X(
oil

oil."

1)01

IVo
tlu
Til
tli{

ma
lov
iioi
nie
fro
rio
J
nil)

1110

on
rai
Th
lial
ity
in
J

ill I

A MONOORAl'H OK TllK HATH OF NOUTIf AMKRICA.

139

Tliii muiidilmlur iiKUHors crowdcil; tlu^ tii'.st incJNor much liirgur than
tlif f;oo(iiial second iiiul third teeth; cuttiii^i; cd){» tritld iviid pahittil
Idisc produced; the Hecoiid and third rounded, conoid, and blunt; tiioy
iir(* made obscurely bifid in front; the first premolar not more than lialf
tiie size of tiui second; the molars quit<>- as in other specic^s.

<S7im//. — The greatest length is 17""". The length of mesencephalon
is ."»"'"'. The greatest width is 10"""; the least width 5"'"'. A delic^ato
sagittal <!rest extends the entire length of the metenceplialon and half
wiiy over the niesenc(4)halon. The posterior temporal crests are almost
l)iU'allel with ea«!h other over tlie posterior half of the mesencephalon
near the dorsal median line, leaving a <'onspi(;uous space whi<di is the
lioniologue ()f the triangular interval in other genera. The anterior
temporal cr st is well defined and ends on the orl)ital crest. The
panuuiipital i •ioss is large, conical directed, backward, and its line
intersects the condyle above its center. The mastoid process is
slightly produced, but less so than is the ]>aroccipital. The intermediate
8|)a(^e is scarcely <!onvex and deeply incnsed. The tymj)anic bone is
complete. No tubercle lies above the proenceplialic foraniiiui. The
orbital crest is small and is placed well forward an<l involves the lach-
lymal bone. The infraorbital canal is ])laced high above the teeth ; is
exceedingly short, permitting a me e rim of bone to lie between the
oiiiital and the facial foramen. The lachrymal foramen is inconsi)icu-
oils, almos' (!oncealed in profile. Tlie line produced from the upper
border of the anterior nasal aperture intersecting the first molar. The
fi'oiito-niaxillary inflaUon moderately developed and is best defined at
th(^ lachrymal region. The lingual process reaches the tympanic bone.
Tiie tympanic ring is (;omplete. The zygonni is without elevation on
tlie upper border.

The coronoid process is not as high as is the horizontal ramus. The
masseteric impression is weak inferiorly and not quite retiching the
lower border of the horizontal ramus. It scarcely impresses the coro-
noid. The angle torms a flat quadrate process, deeply concave on
median aspect and extends scarcely beyond the condyle. As seen
from above, it lies in line with the middle of the condyle. The poste-
rior symphysal spine is conspicuous.

N^otes on the siceleton. — The triceps impression of the scapula bends
more to dorsum than to venter. The glenoid is absolutely straight on
median surface exciavated above on lateral but very conves; inferiorly
on same side. The infra-spinous portion of venter with a stout ridge
ranging downward and backward from the compact tissue at glenoid.
This ridge answers to the concavity on dorsum. In both human and
bat scapula the stoutest ridge on venter answers to the deepcjst concav-
ity on dorsum. In the human variety this lies near the axillary border;
in the bat at middle of the dorsum .

Habitat. — Mexico and the Gulf States. It is a rare species and

„l

''1 '
h

140 UULLETIN 43, UNITED 8TATE8 NATIONAL MUHEUM.

iiotliiu); iH kuuwii of its litu luHtory. The tyiH) Hpuciiuou wuh obtained
at MataiuuniH, Muxioo.

MtaKuremmh,

V. H. N. M.
Immatura.

HomI nuil 1hm),v (fruni omwii of heiul to liiiae of tall) .

Lengt h of unii

Length of forviirm

FimtiligU:

Length of flrnt ni«ta<!ar|>al Imue

Length of iilmlangeH

S<>('ouil iligit:

l<«ngtli of nerond nietw^arpnl bone

Leugth of tlrst phiiliin x

Thlnl tllgit:

Lengt h of inetiicariml bone

Length of tlmt plialunx

Length ot' Hecoml phalanx

Fourth illgit:

Length of fiinrth n>etA('arpal bone

Length of Hrnt (ilialan x

T.ongth of HiNMinil phalanx

Fifth digit :

Length of llfth melncarpal bono

Length of ttrat phalanx

Longtji of Buuonil phalanx

Length of'hi'Utl

Height of ear from head

Height of tragus

Length of thigh

Length of tlhta

Length of foot

T.engthnrtail

Length of ualoar.....

Mm.

M
4

r>7

r>H

•M
'iO

IVft

13
40

H
21

7
18
IKl

7
M
18

M.O.Z.

Mm.

!»i
411

r.
r>t

20
2<l

4»

i:i

7
IH
21

8
W)
16

MeanurrttwnU, fromfir»t edition of Monoyruph.

(lurrent
number.

5:(38
6135
6138
6137
6139
6140

From

tip of

nose to

tall.

Length

tall.

Length

fore-
arm.

length
tibia.

Length

of
longest
Auger.

Length
thumb.

Height
ear.

Height
tragns.

pauHe.

In.

7n.

In.

3.0

2.6

2.2

0.11

4.0

0.5

0.74

0.3

13.0

2.3

2.2

2.1

0.11

4.0

0.4*
0.4S

0.7

0.2i

13.0

2.0

2.7

2.1

0.11

4.1

0.6
0.6

0. 3

15.0

2.6

2.2

2.1

0.11

4.1

0.5

0.3

13.3

2.6

2.0

1.9

0.8

,3.0

0.5

0.7

0.3

12.0

2.5

2.0

0.11

4.0

0.3

0.7i

0.3

12.6

2.5

2.0

0.9

2.6

0.6

0.3

13.0

Nature of
Hpeclmen.

Aloihollc.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.

Hit of speciment.

r>„* Number

No.' "♦"I'""'-
mens.

Locality.

PresenttHl by —

Nnturr of
specimen.

Collection.

3228
6135

Matainoraa, Mex

Lt. (;onoh, tl. S. Army (Berl.

Coll.).
do

Alcoholic.
....do

TT.S.jJ.M.
Do.

61.36

...do

Do.

6137

....do

Do.

6138

....do ....

Do.

613!)

... d

Do.

614))

...do

. . do

Do.

I obtained

M.O.Z.

Mm.

fli

411

5,'.
2i)
Ull

411

i:i

?1
21

7
1H
21

8
W)
16

U. 3 NATIONAL MUSLUM

aULLtTIN -tj, Pl XXV

Naturo of
Hpoolmnn.

Aloihollc.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.

Ciilteutioii.

1. Maxillary teeth of DAsvpTtHus inteumedius. x 12.

2. Mandibular teeth of same, x 12.

TT.S.XM.

Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do,
Do.

ill

I ml

it'

•1*1

•r

A MONOGRAPH OF THE BATS OP NORTH AMERICA.

141

OenuB ATALAFHA Rafinosqne. n

Aialapha Ra&neBqne, Pr(^ciH des ddconvertes et travaux Homiologiqnes, 1814,12;
Desniarest, Mam., 1820, 146; Gervais, Hist. Nat. Mam., i, 1854, 214; Peters, MB.
Akad. Berlin, 1870, 907; Dobson, Cat. Chirop. Brit. Mus., 1878— Coues «fe Yar-
row, Wlieeler'e Exped., Zool. 1875, 86.

ScotophUtu Gray, Mag. Zoiil. and Bot., ii, 1838, 498. ;

Lnsiurua Gray, List Mam. Brit. Mus., 1843; Tomes, Proc. Zool. Soo. London, 1857,
34; Allen, Monog. N. A. Bats, 1864, 14.

In changing Lasiurm to Atalapha I have followed the tendency of
all recent writers. I have never seen the original description of
Rafinesque, and recalling the cloud under which most of the work of
tills eccentric naturalist rested, I thought it better to employ the name
of Lasiurus of Gray which, although without characterization, was
known to apply to a species already identified.

By reference to the diagnosis of Atalapha fmcata in the appendix
it will be seen that it is impossible to name by its use any species of
bat in North America, I assume that Raflnescxue's original characteri-
zation of Atalapha has satisfied such observers as Gervais, Peters, and
Dobson of its validity.

The skull without marked depression between the mesencephalon
and themetencephalon. The labyrinth concealed at the occipu*. A
basisphenoid fossa is present. The glenoid tends to be pedunculated.
The sacrum is broader below than above, with high coequal spines and
(!omposed of from four to five elements. The caudal vertebrje form a
curved axis directed ventrad. The scapnla with coracoid having a
long process at the free end directed backward. The spine with nodule
or facet-like process at the middle. The superior angle incurved and
bears a process which deepens the subscapular fossa. The vertebral
border depressed at supra- spinatus fossa and elevated at the infra-
spinatus fossa. The head of the humenis with an oblique articular
.surface; the internal tuberosity produced. The epitrochlea prolonged
as a short spine; it serves to deepen the trochlea, besides affording
attachment to a ligament and muscles. The epicondyle with a small
spine anteriorly. The radius with a square shaft and marked with im-
pressions for extensors of the carpus and thumb. The proximal ulnar
rudiment is anchylosed to the radius — a slender thread-like shaft end-
ing free at the proximal third of radius; the distal rudiment with a
reverted spine. The manus with erect thumb, not disposed to lie with
the second digit; the callosity rudimental, if present; not wider than
tlie first phalanx. The second and fifth metacarpal bones stout, the
latter shorter than the forearm, and concave on poUical border near the
head for the elongated pisiform bone. The second phalanx of the third
digit flexed at a right angle in repose and can not be brought to axial
line with the first phalanx. In repose the third digit is much longer
than the body and inferior extremity. The pectineal spine or the in-
nominate bone reaches the upper lip of the acetabulum ; the thyroid
foramen is oval; the internal superior spinous pr*^ iss of the ilium is

,.1

142 BULLETIN 43, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

pointed. Femur witli external trochanter triangular, with a horizontal
upper border. Itadiocarpal pouch defined; palmar folds present. The
endopataglum with, numerous vertical muscle fascicles, which form a
curved diminishing series toward the manns^ The membranes stretched
across from the ventral borders of the large, distinct metacarpals.
The occipito-pollical muscle receives an accession from the pectoralis
muscle; it is held firmly at the forearm to the fascia over the extensor
muscles. The cerebrum is acuminate; cerebellum is with lateral lobe
(flocculus).

Maxillary incisors two, conical, touching canines, protocone small,
with trace only of posterior commissure; third upper molar rudimental;
first upper premolar minute and lies inside axis of dental series.

Atalapha is the most aberrant of any of the genera of the Vespertl
lionid(v, as this family is at presentdeflned. It presents features in com-
mon with the Molossi and the Phyllo8tomid(v. The shape of the wing,
especially as to the strength of the first metacarpal bone, the shortness
of the fifth metacarpal bone as compared to others of its series, the
rigidity of the phalanges of the fifth d'^it, the arrangement of the
lines in the fourth iuterdigital space, the flexibility of the lips, the
great height of the internal tuberosity and of the length of the epicou-
dyle of the humerus, the reverted distal ulnar rudiment, the posterior
deviation of the coraooid iirocess, the presence of a distinct lateral
lobe to the cerebellum, the number of the upper incisors (being re-
stricted to two), and the general shape of the wing are as a. Molossi;
while the complete tympanic bone (forming a ring at the upper margin),
the pisiform bone being palmad ai).d t»-ticulating with the fifth meta-
carpal bone, the palmad distinctness of the metacarpal bones, the
shapes and relative proportions of the ectoturbinals, the presence
of numerous vertical raised must^le bands on the endopatagium, the
angle of the lower jaw not being deflected, but remaining in axial lino
with that of the horizontal ramus, the genus resemble the true Phyl-
lostomida;.

The following key will be of use in determining the species:

I. Border of ear light brown ; no clumpis of hair on foreuriu.

a. External basal lobe of ear notched A. novehoracensis [p. 142] .

6. External b.asal lobe of ear not uotched A. teliotia [p. 153].

II. Border of ear black; a clump of hair ou dorsum of forearm ...A, cmerca [p. 155].

Atalapha noveboracensiB (Erxleben). The lied Bat. (Plates xxvi, xxvii, xxviii.)

Ves2)ertilio noveboracenais Erxl., Syst; Reg. Anim., 1777, 135; Harlan, Faw.a Amer.,
1825, 20; Godman, Amer. Nat. Hist., i, 1826, 50; Cooper, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist.
N. v., 1837, 57; De Kay, Nat. Hist. N. Y. (Zool.), 1842, 6, pi. ii; Leconte, Pru<.
Acad. Nat. Sol. Phila., 1855, 432.

Ni/cticejusnovehoravengig fieeonte, Cuv. Regn. Anim. (McMurtrie's ed.). Appendix, 18!n ,
482 ; Temmiuck, Monog. Mam., ii, 1835, 1,58. Wagner, Schreb. Siiugeth., Snppl., i,
1840, 546; Jb., v, 1855, 773. Schiuz, Synopsis Mam., i, 1844, 199; Max. zu, Wied,
Archiv Naturgescb., 1861, 186.

i horizontal
jsent. The
lich form a
m stretched
metacarpals.
B pectoralis
le extensor
ateral lobe

cone small,
rudimental;
eries.

lie Vesperti-
ures in com-
>f the wing,
le shortness
8 series, the
nent of the
ihe lips, the
' the epicou-
he posterior
inct lateral
s (being re-
i a Molossi;
per margin),
5 fifth meta-
1 bones, the
lie presence
itagium, the
in axial line
le true Phyl-

ies:

(10611818 [p. 142].

leliolis [p. 153].
'inerca [p, 155].

xxvn, xxviii.)

, Fau'ia Amcr.,
iyc. Nat. Hist.
Leconte, Proc

A^ppendix, 18iJl,
gt'tli.,Snppl.,i,
Max. zu. Wieil,

IS!! il;

'in

! S

1 :

■

(

1
(

1
1

U. S. N

Explanation of Plate XXVI.

Fio. 1. Fro it view of head ai AtaUipha novehoraeensia.

Fit;. 2. Side view of same.

Fi«. 3. View of traifua and iiiiiiM- surface of auricle.

Fig. 4. Wing membrane.

Fig. 5. Tail and interfemoral meuibrauc.

Fig. fi. Skull seen from above, x 2.

Fi(i. 7. Skull and lower jaw seen from the side, x 2.

Fig. 8, Os jjetrosa. x 4.

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM

BULLETIN 43, PL. XXVI

i#ii '"'

4,^^v^:::l^*^€^

■) ii"

Atalapha NOVEBORACENS'S.

' '.'

1 1

A MONOGRAPH OF THE liATS OF NORTH AMERICA. 143

LiiniH)'ua noveboraociiHia Tomes, Proc Zoiil. ,Sof. Loudou, 1857, 34.

I'lUjivrtilh lasiuruH Ciine], Linn. Syst. Nat., 1788; Helireb. Hiiuf;., 1826; Geotl'. Annul.

(In Mu8., Paris, viii, 1806, 200, f. 0; Itesni. Maniui., 1820, 142; Fisch., Synop. Mam.,

1829, 109.
Niiclicejua laaiurus Wngner, HdUrob, Siliigotli., .Supj)!., v., 1855, 772.
I'txixrtHiorubeUim Palisut do Hcaiivois, Cat. I'ealo's Mns., 179(), 204.
Vcsperlllio vUlosiHsinittH" Geoff., Aunal. dii Miis., Paris, viii, 1806, 478; DcBmarost.

Mam., 1830, 143; Fischer Syuop. Munini., 182U, 110; Koujjger, 8augeth. Parag.,

1830,83; Wagner, SSeLreb., Silugetli., Suppl. I, 1840, .5;m.
VcxinrliUo vionachita Raf., Anier. Month. Mag., iv, 1817, 445.
I'lxjwrtilio teaselatiia, Ibid,, Amer.Montb.Mag.lv, 1817, 445.
TiiphijzouB rufita Harlan, Fauna Anier., 1825, 2.S. ;

Vinpertilio rufua Warden, Descript. United f^tatca, v. 602.
Ldshtrua rufua Gray, List. Mam. Brit. Mus., 1813, 32; Gosse, Naturalist iu Jamaica,

1851, 280.
I'rspertilio bloaaeivillH Lesson et Garu ot. Bull, des Sci. Nat., viii, 95; Fisch. Synop.

Mam., 1829, 110 ; La Sagra, Hist, do I'He do (Juba, 1840, 6, pi. i, f. 4, 5, 6, 7, 8.
VciperHlio bonariensia Lesson, Voy. de la Coquille, I, 1829, 137.
Xijclicejua variia Pooppig, Reiso Chili, i, 1835, 451; Wagner, Suppl. Schreb, Siiugeth.,

I, 1840, 547; Gay, Hist, do Chili (Zool.), i, 1848, 37.
AUilapha Mexicanu Saussure, Revuo ot Mag. do Zoiil., xiii, 1861, 97.
Atdlapha varia Peters, MB. Akad. Berlin, 1870, 909.
AliiUqihn franfeii Peters, MB. Akad. Berlin, 1870, 908.
.Iliilopha pfeiffun Gundlaeh, MB. Akad. Berlin, 1861, 152.
Aliilaplid noveboracenaia Peters, MB. Akad. Berlin, 1870, 908; Dobson, Cat. Chirop.

Brit. Mus., 1878; Cones, .lordan's Man. N. A. Vert.; Alston, Biol. Central-

Amer., 1879-1882, 22; Coues aud Yarrow, Wheeler's Expedition, Zoiil., 1875.

1875.
New York Bat. Pcnii. Syn. Quad., 1771, 367. Eneylcoped. Mothodique. (Dau-

lienton), 1783, iig. ; Penn. Arct. Zoiil., 1792, 184; Kirtland, Zoiil. Report 18—, 175,

Emmons, Mass. Report, 1840, 9.
Red Bat. Wilson Ornith., vi, 50, f. 4.

Diagnosis. — Much smaller tliau ^l. ciiierea, wliiclx it otherwise closely
resembles. The hair is reddish with fawn and chocolate variants.
Tliereis no clump of hair above the dorsal aspect of the elbow, and the
forearm measures from .'{G""" to 38""". The border of the auricle is browu
and the «'xternal basal lobe is notched.

The phalanges in each digit, with the exception of the first, nearly the
same length.

Themanal formula is as follows:

Millimet«rH.

J^irst interspace 10

!!<fcoud interspace 33

DilVerenco 23

Forearm 37

' The tragus in this species is described by its proposer us subulate. The hair ex-
tends on the dorsum of interfenioral uienibrane. But it is not mentioned to what
degree. The niembriinc.i are piotoso. The form is quite as likely to be a variety of
V.alheacena mono ol' Aldlapha. (Heop. 87.)

144 BULLETIN 43, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

!
1:

Denorlption. — Ears shorter than bead; leas rounded, than in A. rin-
erea.* While anterior border is (ionvex the posterior is slightly ecu-
cave between the tip and conch and minutely revolute. The internal
basal lobe is wider than high, lower border horizontal, posterior end
free and projecting back of the base of the keel (int. basal ridge). The
keel is stout and conspicuous. The external basal ridge defined. A
narrow hem conttned to the region of the shallow notch which it entirely
occupies. The external basal lobe rounded not incurved or thickened;
a distinct notch at the base anteriorly. The tragus nearly half as
high as the auricle. Anterior border nearly or quite straight, tip
rounded and produced forward. The greatest width equals onelialf
the height. The basal lobe is conspicuous; above it lies a long shallow
notch, the upi)er border of which forms a minute tubercle; above this
the border is convex but tapers abruptly toward the apex. The tragus
is marked by a transverse ridge, which, however, does not extend en-
tirely across the outer surface.

The muzzle is flat or concave, and projects slightly beyond the lower
lip. The nostril near the upper lip with septum touching the outer
wall. The simple chin plate not bound to the gum nor defined at tlie
sides, but continues with the border of the lower lip. It is apt to be
more conspicuous in the female and have a sharply limited lower border.

The calcar is bony in adult forms. It often ends by a small distinct
lobe. The post calcaneal h)be is often absent. The wing membrane is
attached to the base of the toes. White spaces occupy the side of the
fourth- and fifth metacarpal bones. Numerous minute spots are dis-
persed over the third and fourth digital interspaces.

The fur is everywhere soft, luxuriant, and more brilliant in coloring
than in any other species in the fauna. Above the general effect is of a
russet red color with occasional shades of brown, fawn, dull buff, or gray.
The hair of the body is everywhere black at the basil third, followed
by a bright, broad band of light buff (gold or yellow); then follows a
subtip of the characteristic hue of red or its variant, the extreme tip
of the hair being often gray, especially toward the sides of the body.
The hair is relatively short on the head and neck, and longer on the
back of the chest, side of the neck, and over the loin. The ears are
covered at the basal two-thirds with fine unicolored hair of the same
hue as that of the head; thus the color of the back (at the ear) is
brought around to the side and even to the front of the neck. The in-
terfemoral membrane is completely covered in the majority of speci-
mens with hair which is slightly woolly in texture and is without the
black base and buff of the shaft that is so conspicuous in the hair of the
body. The wing membrane is covered with hair from a point midway
from the elbow to the ankle. Like that on the interfemoral membrane,

*In the drawing of tlio head by M. Dugfes, ])1. xxvii flg. 2 the ears are represented
as bordered by a broad dark margin. Nothing similar to this has been observed by
lue in the study of the alcoholic specimens.

BUM.

an in A. rin-

slightly cou.

The internal
|)08terior end

ridge). The
) defined. A
ich it entirely
or thickened;
nearly half as

straight, tip
uals one-half
I long shallow
y, above this
The tragus
lot extend eii-

9nd the lower
ag the outer
efined at tlie
is apt to be
lower border,
tmall distinct
membrane is
le side of the
pots are dis-

it in coloring
1 effect is of a
buff, or giiiy.
lird, followed
len follows a
> extreme tip
of the body,
mger on the
Fhe ears are

of the same
t the ear) is
3ck. The in-
rity of speci-

without the
le hair of the
loint midway
d membrane,

are represeiitetl
BO observed by

! J'

1 M

Explanation of Plate XXVII.

Fig. 1. Alalapha novehoraceiwis lianKinfJ l>y li"><l f«"t. The hairy interfeiiioriil
lueiiibranc is l.eut forward by the flexuri- of the tail. After a sketch from
lifo by M. Duji;o8.

Fig. 2. Head of Uulapha novehovacenais, showing the protruding snout. After a
sketch from life by M. Dugds.

Fu}. 3. Front view of head ni Atalapha teVwtis.

Fni. 1. Skull seen from above, x 2.

Fig. 5. Skull and lower jaw seen from the side, x 2.

,.! ,

■} %

interfenioriil
Hketcli from

lilt. After a

U. d. NATIONAL MUSEUM

''«IS^<-

1,2. Atalapha noveboracensis.

BULLETIN 43, PL. XXVII

3, 4, 5. Atalapha teliotis.

1 ^

A MONOGRAPH OF THE BATS OF NORTH AMERICA. 145

tlie bas.vl black is here abHeiit. The back of tlic loot is covered with
bail' of the sftinc clianu^tcr as on the iiitorfoinoial iiicnibratie. A patch
of white hair is seen oveilyinp the first metacarpal bone.

The abrupt contrast seen at the side of the wevk between the dorsal
and the ventral colors, the long stretch of tlui dorsal color that covers
tlic ear and extends with its lower forward curve to near the angle of
the mouth, the raised longitudinal fold of integument, tend to make
this part of the body of special interest.

On the venter the hair is not of the unifonn shade of the dorsum,
bnfc presents two divisions, the first in the region of the space beneath
the jaws and in front of the neck; the second, that of the front of the
chest, the abdomen, and the pubis. The first is of a delicate shade of
russet red, verging to yellow; the second is of a grayer or whiter tinge,
especially at the tips of the hair. The sides are often pure salmon.
Th(^ basal black and shaft of buff are the same as on the dorsum, bat
the long gray tip is best developed on the venter. The salmon-tinted hairs
of the side are without yellow on the shafts and are often without gray
tips. A conspicuous white patch is seen on the venter of prebrachium
as this membrane joins the body. In some individuals a ring like band
of wliite is continuous with these patches across the jiectoral region.
The sides of the neck are particularly richly colored for the red and
white effects are here abruptly demarctated. In Southern examples the
gray of the abdomen predominates over the red and salmon. In Mex
ican varieties the entire venter assumes a gray tinge with warm sienna
brown interspersed. The hair of the membranes is less developed on
the interfemoral membrane, but is more developed on the wing mem-
brane than is the case on the dorsum. On the interfemoral membrane
short, woolly, sparsely arranged uuicolored fur is seen at the basal half
only. From the knee the same character of fur extends to the third
digit from the side of the body for a distance equal to one-third of the
widtli of the wing. The color is dull salmon.

Tlie varieties of coloration are found in the subtip and tip of the hair;
they may be named the red, the dark brown, and the gray. The red is
confined to the subtip and is accompanied with a bright buff" shaft and
110 ashy tip or so slight a disposition to ash as not to interfere with the
prevalent color. The dark brown retains a dull old gold or ocher shaft,
witli a subtip of this color or of old gold; in this variety the membranes
are from dark brown to nearly black; tlie gray color, to a gray-brown
subtip, a fawn shaft, and a long gray tip; no ashy hue is anywhere seen.

These differences do not correlate with any structural peculiarities or
with contrasts in measurements. Unfortunately many of the more strik-
ing are from examples which are without locality. One gray specimen
was from Louisiana. In a specimen froui Mount Pleashnt, sent me for
insi)ection by Mr. G. S. Miller, jr., the colors were somber, being of a
(Uill maroon mottled with black, remarkably like the display of colors
in A. semota, from the Sandwich Islands,
441— No. 43 10

».]

146

BULLETIN 43, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

M. t

1 1

i ^f

I 'i

'.', -s

In the iuiuiatiu'c iiidividual the hair is witbout thu basal bbick. On
the dorsum the tijjs are iiioro ashy than in the adult. lu some si)cci-
mens the gray tints predominate ahmg the entire bair. In other exam-
ples the basal i>avts are lifjbt brown or reddish brown. On the venter
the parts below th ^ line «)f the head are entirely white over the oheHt
in very y«>ung aninuds, the abdomen being niiked. fn older forms the
basal parts are brown; the sides of tlie trunk are lined nearly as far
back as the spine, much as in Vhilioiii/oteis daryi. Tlie ears are hairy
with the exception of the tips. The deep conchy as it turns on the neck,
is heavily covered with hair of the dorsal hues. The hair on the inter-
femoral membrani' and the white spots (m the lirst and fifth meta-
carpals are as in the adult, but the hair along the forearm is absent.

In an embryo 20""" long, from vei'texto])ubis was, with the exception
of a little hair on the lower lip, naked on the under surface of the body.
The coh)r of tlie skin was of a delicate salmon. On the back, in-
cluding the interfemoral membiane, the liair was short, uniform, and of
a chestnut-brown color, with ashy tips, excepting the margin of the
trunk, where the hair was white. On the head a fold extended ob-
liquely forward and inward and almost Joined a corresponding band
from the ear of the o[)posite side. The skin of the side of the neck over
the jiosition of the tendon of the occipito-pollieal muscle was conspicu-
ously raised. In another examjde of the same size the coloration was
the same, ex<'epting that the junction of the side of the neck and the
region of the shoulder (ventral aspect) was covered with short, white
hair.

Varintions. — No. OOoO IJ. S. N. M.; skin, nearly adult; withont
locality, is of a uniform gray at the vsubtip. The absence of the
characteristic russet and chocolate tints easily distinguishes this form.
It probably is from a n-Mthern locality. The specimen is in bad con-
dition. Specimen Xo. 1115."} U. IS. N. J\I., skin, from Arizona or Nevada,
Wheeler's expedition ( ?), does not appear to ditl'er from the eastern ex-
amples. The Mexican and California varieties are smaller, with a red-
der color i)osteriorly and a gray hue anteriorly. The shoulder tuft is
more distinctly ventral. The ventral as])ect of the interfemoral mem-
brane is less bairy at the base than are the northern fornis, while tie
hair about the interior extremity extends farther on the endopatagium.

An example from Guainiiuato, Mexicio, in the collection of Mr. 11. A.
Ward (No. ]42{)6), rescnibles A. Jntntzii, Peters. The venter is cov-
ered with silky i'ur, plumbeous at basal half, and whitish or gray at
apical half. The fm- on the membrane is grayisli.

Two examples from Florida, in the Museum of Comparative Zoology,
are darker thnmghout than the above description. The external basal
lobe was larger, the tirst phalanx of the second shorter, finger and tlie
external border of the auricle slightly emarginate. The specimens
are immature and much nnitilated with sliot. They may represent
A. pfeifferi ( ?). Mr. C. F. Maynard, /. v., mentions that specimens from

UM.

A MONOOKAPH OP THE BATS OF NORTH AMERICA.

147

1 black. On
some Kiicci-
1 other exiuu-
111 the venter
ver the chest
ier forms the
nearly as far
ars are hairy
3 ou the neck,
on the inter-
d fifth nieta-
1 ab8ent.
the exception
i of the body,
the back, in-
liform, and of
iiargin of the
extended ob-
[)ondin^ bund
the neck over
was conspicu-
oloration was
neck and the
I short, white

lult; without
5ence of the
hes this form,
in bad con-
la or Nevada,
le eastern ex-
■r, with a red-
loulder tuft is
femoral mem-
■ms, while tlie
ndopatagiuni.
1 of Mr. II. A.
venter is cov-
sh or grsiy at

itive Zoology,
external basal
finger and the
'he specimens
nay represent
pecinieiis from

Florida ara not only smaller in si/e than those from the North', but are
much deejier in color; the fur is generally tipped with ush.

The extent to which hair is distributed ovjt the skin expanse is
subject to considerable variation. It is scantily present over tlie dor-
sum of the interfomoral membrane and the ventral region of the forearm
in all the specimens (three in number) which have been (roUected in
California. In this i)articular such sjiecimens resemble the parts as
ihnudin D.ega, (Hervais and I), eyregia, Peters. It is possible that the
Mexican A. frantzii may range northward as far as California. In
specimen No. 14:^1 from Massachusetts, in the Museum of Comparative
Zoiilogy, the hair is restricted in almost precisely the same manner a'^
ill the western and neotropical varieties. It is interesting to notice the
persistence of the minute tufts of hair on the first and fifth metacarpal
elements. Tiiese appear early in the individual, while the other growths
appear late, and are hence subject to a greater range of variation.
The size of the post-cal(!aneal lobule varies, and in some specimens it is
absent. Dobsoii states that it is always alisent. The prebracdiial niem-
biaiie is as a rule ample, but it may end ou the radius at a point at the
befiinning of the distal fourth of the radius. When the membrane is
scant the j'-iricle is thick and well set. It is suggestive that in the
Molossi when the auricle is thick and leathery the antibrachial mem-
brane is also small.

It is evident from the above account that extended series from the
entire continent will be necessary before the observer can determine
the \alidity of species which have been described from Mexico and
South America. From the material at my disposal I prefer to accept
but two red bats in the United States, ^l. noveboracemin and A. teliotis,
though holding as probable that a distinct species may be discovered
in Florida. The figure drawn by M. Duges (PI. xxvii, fig, 2) exhibits
the auricle bordered by a broad margin of a contrasting shade to that
of the interior, as in .1. cinerca and the tragus not incurved. It is
probable that the fur conceals the external basal lobe, as here rejire-
sented.

Maj. Le Conte mentions having met with an entirely white form, the
bases of the hair alone being dark. It was probably an albino.

In a specimen from Cambridge, Mass., in the collection from Mr. C
H. Miller, jr., the internal basil lobe ends abruptly at the outer end of
the internal basil ridge, and is sparsely covered with hair on the con-
chal surface.

So acute an observer as Mr. J. A. Allen believed, in 1861) (Bull. Mus.
Conip. Zool., 1869, 143), that the red and hoary bat may yet pnve to
be one and the same species. In this opinion I can not concur.

Membranes. — The membranes are attached almost to the back of the
truiiU. The prebrachium forms a ridge at the side of the neck over the
(Hciliito-poUical muscle. The thumb is disposed tc be drawn palmad
In the traehimof this muscle, but to a much less degree than in sjiecies
of rhyllostomidte. The thumb callosity is not wider than the adjacent

i ,

148

BULT.ETIN

13, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

I :

ii
1,1

J' IS

phnlanx! The membrane is drawn evenly across the dorsal borders of
the digit, so that the bones project palmad only. The third metacarpal
bone is here as distinct as any others of its series. The proximal fourth
of the fifth nietacari)al bone is concealed by palmar folds.

When the lines of the membranes are studied they are seen to be
much the same as in A. einerea, with the exception of the intercostal
lines, which are more distinct than in that species, and the horizontal
limbs of the triceps fascicde system are farther apart. The third
interspace is without predigital lines. The terminal digit of the fourth
finger is without projecting lobe; that of the fifth finger is minute.
The prebrachim with two elliptical thickenings in the line of the tea-
don of the occipito-pollical muscle; one of these lies at the shoulder,
the other along the line of the forearm.

/S^'MH.—Thebraincaseismucli elevated posteriorlyandabruptly inclines
downward toward the face; no depression on vertex between mesen-
cephalon and metencephalon. Processes and crests as a rule produced.
The sagittal temporal crest is short and nearly confined to the interval
between the metencephalon and the mesencephalon. The posterior
temporal ridge is well defined and extends obliquely from the end of
the sagittal, thus leaving a large triangle between the two crests
and the occipital crest. The anterior temporal crests are faintly de-
fined. The metencephalon is a third of the entire length of the head.
The swelling of the protencephalon is distinctly seen on the vertex.
The vertex of the face is provided with a wide groove its entire len{>th;
there is no nasal eminence. A ronnded ridge is seen on each side on
the line of the single incisor. The outer wall of the infra-orbital canal
is elevated into a tubercle. The lachrymal bone bears a distinct tliougb
small spine. The frontomaxillary inflation is moderate and the inner
wall of the orbit flat. The zygniotic arch is slender and of uniform
width, i.e., is without elevation of the upper border. Theparocoipital
process is nearly as long as the occipital condyle; the mastoid process
is nearly as long as the paroccipital; tlie lower border of the interval is
deeply notched. The tympanic ring is complete. Tlie angle of the
lower jaw is entirely outside the condyle, as seen from above. The
masseter impression is not defined interiorly and reaches the inferior
impression of the horizontal ramus.

The details of the cribriform plate and the ethmoidal turbinal ])lates
are as follows :

The encranial surface presents the septoturbinal foramina placed in
a row along the anterior half of the space of the sante name. The open-
ings of the ectoturbinal surface are in a direct line with the foregoing,
and both are depressed below the general surface. The foramen tor
the first endoturbinal is seen lying at the bottom of the conspicuons de-
pression near the crista galli. Tiie foramina are everywliere at tlie
sides of the encranial surface. Seen from the nasal aspect the ectotur-
binal seems to be nearly the length of the first endoturbinal, and is com-

EUM.

sal borders of
rd metacarpal
oximal fourth

ire seen to be
he intercostal
;he horizontal
•t. The third
b of the fourth
;er is minute,
ine of the tea-
the shoulder,

ruptly inclines
Btweeu mesen-
•ule produced,
to the interval
The posterior
ft the end of
he two crests
ire faintly de-
I of the head,
m the vertex.
I entire length;
[ each side on
iiorbital canal
istlnct thou}{li
aud the inner
nd of uniform
lie paroccipital
astoid process
the interval is
angle of the
I €above. The
es the inferior

Surbinal i)lates

nina placed in
ne. The oiieii-
the foregoing,
e foramen tor
'onspicuonsck'-
■ywhere at tlic
vt the ectotui-
lal, and is com-

A MONOGRAPH OF THE BATS OF NORTH AMERICA.

149

IM'cssed medio-laterally. It is slightly convolute outward at its base
and concave on its lateral surface. The first endoturbinal is abruptly
aeuminate anteriorly, and straight on its median, lateral, and under
free surfaces, the last named being concave inferiorly. The second en-
doturbinal plate is oblique, and slightly inflated at its anterior end.
Its lower border forms the inferior edge of the median series of plates.
Tlio third endoturbinal is triangular in shape, and is one-half the size
of the preceding.

Teeth. — Teeth the same as in A. cinerea, with the exception the lower
incisors are less crowded and serrate throughout. Some specimens show
a degree of crowding greater than that exhibited in the drawing. The
anterior prolongation on the lingual aspect of the lower second premolar
is somewhat exaggerated. The incision between the paraconid and
hypoconid does not reach to the level of the basal cingula.*

The milk upper incisors are carried outward, canine form, and four in
number. The lower incisors are unequal, the first tooth being the
smallest and simplest, the third the largest and most complex. The
lower canine is curved backward and furnished with a large basal cusp.

Mr. G-. S. Miller has sent me, from Nassau, a skull of ^. noveboracensis
possessing the remarkable peculiarity of the left maxillary incisor hav-
ing two distinct cusps instead of one. Close examination was required
before it could be seen that two left incisors were not present.

Notes on the skeleton. — The end of the coracoid process of the scapula
is scarcely wider than the base ; the spine is but little curved and is
furnished with a tubercle at the middle. The region of the semicircular
canals of the bony labrynth is scarcely wider than the cochlea, and is
without lateral expansion. The epicondyle of the humerus is produced
as a spine. The sternum is provided with a large veutra 1 crest at the
anterior third of the prosternum; the lateral process is one-half the
length of this segment. The distal rudiment of the ulna is in the form
of a reverted spine, which is occasionally united to a crest projecting
from the radius, thus converting the notch that is defined between the
ulna and the radius into a foramen. The radius is quadrate, in trans-
verse sections; it retains a groove for the extensor tendons. The pec-
tineal spine is quadrate and as high as the upper border of the acetab-
ulum. The calcar is firmly osseous. The fourth metacarpal bone is
not concealed when the third and fifth bones are approximated ; the
first metjicarpal bone lies near the center of the carpal region ; the
second metacai'pal is broad and stout, resulting in defining a small
second space between it and the second metacarpal.

h'cmarks on sex. — The females as a rule are a little larger than the
males, and, when fully adult, retain at the lower border of the chin-

' Maj. John Lcconte (Proc. Acad. Nat. Scl. Philii., 1853), in describing the teeth of
this HpeciuB, states tliat the oaniuo is hollowed out behind, with a, perpendicular
Si'|itum dividing the concavity for its whole length. The premolars are concave on
the outer aud inner surfaces.

I, I

V i

■1

■ i

1 1

<ii

150 BULLETIN 43, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

plate a sharper border, which extends slightly along the lip; the
tongue and the terminal caudal vertebra are also somewhat loLger.
It is probably true that these characters are tactile in significance and
relate to tlie delivery and care of the young. Prom the marked flex-
ibility of the tail the interfemoral membrane is brought well to tlie
front. The head can with ease be depressed into the pocket in this
way formed, and the mother can easily guide the young with her mobile
lips to the mammary glands. While this conclusion is of the nature
of a surmise, it is made tenable by the structure of the parts involved
in the act.

The prepuce is thick, cauliflower-like.

The females are more often preserved in the museums than the mjiles;
whether this is due to the greater abundance of females or for some
peculiarities which render their capture more easy, is impossible to say.

The mammary glands are rudimental in the female between periods
of sexual activity. The mammary region is covered with fur of the
same character as seen elsewhere on the front of the thorax. Neither
in a female, whicli possessed embryos two lines in length, is tliere
any external development. If such a specimen be dissected the local-
itj- of a mere trace of the gland can be detected by the position of a
small cii'cular spot of dark skin, which retains a central white poiut.
No mammary structure will be visible. The lactatiug female, however,
possesses large mamm.ne; one of these lies on the border of the axilla
and a second over the pectoral muscle.

The testicles are black. The prepuce is thick and cauliflower-like.

Habitat. — The red bat has an extensive range, even assuming that
the species of the tropical and neotropical regions are distinct. Ac-
cording to J. B. Tyrrell (Cat. of Mam. of Canada, Toronto, 1888) it is
found throughout Canada, from the Atlantic to the Pacific coasts. lu
the United States it appears to be more common in the valley of the
Mississippi and in the Atlantic slope than on the western plateau. Ac-
cording to C. Hart Merriam {I. c.) it is rare in the Adirondack Moun-
tains. To the west of the Sierras it is not common. But two speci-
mens were sent me from the local collection of the California Academy
of Science. In the Museum of the Smithsonian Institution in 1865
there was but a single specimen from this region. This was secured
at Fort Tejon.

C. F. Maynard, in his paper entitled " Mammalia of Florida" (/. (;.),
says that this species is common in the more northern sections of tlie
State, frequenting tlie woods. During the day the bats are seen cling-
ing head downward from the leaves of trees. The animal has been
captured in the eastern United States while hanging in the manner
described. These observations harmonize with the rudimental mota-
carpo-phalangeal caUosity of the first digit and the great length of tlie
third digit, which (lan not in repose be dorsiflexed at the phalanges.
Nevertheless specimens have been obtained from a cave near Albany,

UM.

A MONOGRAPH OF THE BATS OF NORTH AMERICA.

151

;he lip; the
what loLgcr.
lilicanco iiiul
marked flex-
; well to tlie
ocket in tliis
;h her mohile
f the nature
irts involved

m the males;
i or for some
ssible to siiy.
ween periods
th fur of the
ax. Neither
gth, is there
;ed the local-
position of a
white point,
lie, however,
of the axilla

lower- like,
isuiuing' that
istinct. Ac-
o, 1888) it is
c coasts. Ill
valley of the
lateau. Ac-
lulack Moun-
it two spi'ci-
iiia Academy
itiop iu 1805
was secured

orida" (/. <•.),
ctions of the
V seen cling-
lal has been
the manner
neutal mota-
length of tlie
e phalanges,
near Albany,

y. V. by G. J. Green, and the collection of the Museum of (Compara-
tive Zoology contains a specimen (No, 5991) which was secured in
Short Cave, Kentucky.

.1. G. Shute, of Woburn, Mass., observed soon after sunset in Octo-
ber a .strange object pass him in the air which seemed to fall to the
ground not far from Avhere ho was standing. He found it to be a pair
of red bats in coitn. (J. A. Allen, Bull. Mus. Comi). Zoiil., 1809.)

From the drawing by M. Dugvs (PI. xxvii, fig. 1), which was sent by
liini to Prof liaii'd, it can be inferred that the animal while at rest
may bring the interfemoral membrane forward and upward over the
abdomen. 1 have elsewhere ventured to suggest that the female may
insert the head into the pouch in this way formed to assist in the de-
livery of her young and to care for them afterwards. In a second draw-
ing the snout (see PI. xxvii, fig. 2) is represented as protruding. It is
noticeable that the mouth is not wide open and that no teeth are visible.

The red bat may fly over wide ranges of open water, since a specimen
now in the Museum of Comparative Zoology was caught at sea near
Cashes Ledge. The disjmsition for bats to flyover the water has been
often noted; they not only collect the dipterous and neuropterous
insects which there abound, but when at rest hang from a branch or
twig on the edge of a bank with their snouts nearly touching the water.
(Morriam.)

The following table includes measurements of very young individuals
with deciduous teeth :

iitiiii

lludv

Kiii'iMrni

First iiictacaipal biiiiii — (irst ilij{it

I'liiilanx

Tiliia

Font

728.

No immbrr.

No number.

M. C. Z.

V. S. N. M.

U. S. N. M.

i:.

10 19

2Ri

•JJ 3

4 5

7 10

T»

In those three individuals, wlu»se forms are, respectively, 10, 19, and
I's.i, the foot remains essentially uiudianged, nnd is the same in the
smallest specimen as in the adult. In the first of the series the tibia
and foot are '^f the same length. The bone grows rapidly, and is over
t\vi(!e the len, h of the foot in the adult. Tlic body and the forearm
grow in about the same ratio, and change much more rapi<lly than does
the head.

ti i

ill

i
t
)

. \

}
1

'I
1

152 BULLETTV 43, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Meaxuremcnls.

Hpnd and body (from crown of Itcntl to biuto of tail)

Leiigtli of iirin

liiaiuth of forciiriii

FirHt digit:

liiuigtii of Hrnt inctiiciirpal bono

L«iij;t)i of tirHt plialiiiix

Luugtli of Nucoiid pliulunx

Second di 'jit:

Lenj;!!' of second uictaiuirpul bono

Leugtb of tirat |i)i:ilini\

Third digit:

liCngt.h of tliird iniitncnrpul bono

I.enfitb of firHt pimlunx. ..

J^cngtli of Hccond jilialnnx
Fonrtb digit:

Li'ngtn of fonrtli mvtaciirpal bone

Length of tiritt ]>linlHnx. . .

Length of xecond plialunx
Fiftli digit:

Length of fiftli metacarpal bone

Length of tirat phalanx...

Length of Recond phalanx

Length of liead

Ui^ight of ear from head
Heiglit of traguH
Length of tliigh
Lengtii of tibia
Length of foot
Length of tail

* Lactiiting.

MeiMurcments from fir»t edition of Monograph,

Current
number.

5266

5267

From tip
of nose
to tail.

In.

i.n

2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0

^S »S:

In.

2.0
2.0
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.9

In.
1.0
l.(i
l.fl
l.fl
1.5
1.6

''•■"K"' ofMou'^est I'"»«"'
of tibia. fl„"^r of tliiimb.

In.
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9

In. '

n.i) (
•i.r> !
u.o

;).5 !

2.9 !

;).o

In.

0.4 J

0.4)

0.4

0.4i

0.4

0.4}

Height
of oar.

In.

0.4
0.0
0.5
0.4
0.5
0.4

o?^i^l|i=-r-so.

In.
0.2
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
U.3

7)1.
10. B
l'J.O
11.6
ISI
11.0
11,0

List of ajiecimenn.

Cat. No.

Speci-
mens.

5242

,'5243

5246

6188-90

it !

5244

5540

'■i 1

5247-8

2 !

5246

5257

5256

5263

5314

6260

5259

5252

.'^263

5464

5261

5262

5274

.5270

5253

5254

6256

Locality.

Presente*! by—

MuHl^rcgi't Island, Mass . .

WetliersHcld, Conn

Mount Holly, N.J

Carlisle, I'a

Ann .\riiiidel County, Md.

Washington, 1). C".

Coliiuilius. <ia

Liberty County, (>a

TallairiRsec, Fla

SIi< aiiopy. Fla

Kutaw, .\la

Washington, Miss

do.

M<uit icello, M iss

(.'(diiiithus. Miss

Tyree .Sprinsis. i'cnn

Knoxvllle. 'I'cnii

Orand Cotcaii. L:i

I'rairir Mcr Uoiige, La

Fort ToHHoii, .\ik

Fort Sniilli. Avk

Ked River, Arit?

Nature of
Bpecimen.

Dr. T. XI. Brewer In alcohol.

('harles Wriglit do

Dr. Ilrowu do

S. F. Uaird do

do ■ do

.1. H. Clark ;....do

Niitioiiiil Institute «lo

Dr. Niiliols I do

Dr. (icsner do

Dr. W. L. Jones do

T. (Mover do

Dr. J. li. lieiin do

I'ldf. Wiiicliell do

Col. ]{. L.C. Wiiiles do

do do

Miss II. TciiiiiHon do

Dr. Spillmnn ! Dry skin .

Prof, I!. Owen } In alcohol

Prof. Mitchell ....ilo

St. Cliiiilcs ('ollege,U.S.A. do

James Fniric I do

Dr. L. A. Edwards do

Dr. G. C. Shuinard do

(0 :--..iio

Collection.

. S. N. M.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Dp
Do.

:uM.

J. 8. NATIONAL MUSEUM

BULLETIN 43, PL. XXVIII

;i5

5 i

:io

:ir>

:i9

iiij

;in

ii'.'j

tr^t.l Expanse.

7)1.
10,0

11;.

11.6
IJ-I

n.o

11.0

In.

0.2

0.3

of
en.

CoUectioii.

lOl.

TJ. S. N. M.

..■■

1)0.

. . . .

Do.

. . . .

Do.

. . . .

Do.

....

Do.

. . . .

Do.

II ..

Do.

lol.

Do.

Dp.

Do.

■v-5.

1. M«XILLARY TEE.TH OF ATALAPHA NOVEBORACENSIS. X 16.

2. Mandibular teeth of same, x ifi

3. Maxillary incisor, canine, and premolars of Atalapha teliotis. x 16.

'•;:,

I. !

I''

/!!

'■f^ti:.!ifp&jm'i:smmmmiSi!?mW'- ■ ■

5^1f'^y'^

' .f

Will I

X 4

I !. ;i

.1)^1

A MONOGRAPH OV THE BATS OP NORTH AMERICA.

163

List of specimens — Continued.

Cat. No.

Sped-

int>ii8.

5251

5463

ri250

4215

.'1249

5460

.-■.457

5459

5156

ivtee

.'.458

.'•.461

5265

5261

6278

5269

,'.272

:;277

5268

5266

6267

5273

5279

.'.276

8185-7

5271

5541

Locality.

Cosh County, Ho

MisHonrI

St. Louis, Mo

Meoslio ITalla, Kans

IlllnolB

(;o<iii County, 111

Uaclne, Wis

Albion, MIcli

(iriMne Isle, Mi<'li

Lalte Superior

Yellowstone Kiver

Nebraslca

Laramie Peal< , Nelir

Cimarron Kiver, Kuns

Pecos River, Tux

Bet.Laredo &C'auiurgo,Tex.

Matanioriis

Fort Bliss, N. Mex

FortTtJon, Cal

Cape St. Lucas

Roolc Creelt 1

Locality unknowy

Prtisented by —

l)r. P. R. Hoy

ilo

Ur. (>. EnKolmaon

U.F.(ioss

R. Eenniuott

Dr.P. U. Hoy

R.R.CliiW

Rev. Cliarlus Fox

(')

Dr. F. V. HiivUon

1 'ol. Vauglmii

Dr. J. G. Cooper

Dr. llayden

.I.H.darlc

Capt. J. Pope

Arthur Schott

Lieut. Couch (Berl. Col. )
Lieut. S.W.Crawford ..

John XantUB

W.S. Wood

(»)

(J)

(?)

W. L. LeDuc

Nature of
specimen.

In alcohol
Dry skin .
lu olcoliul
Dry skin..

....Ilo

....«lo

...do

....do

In alcohol

....do

...do

....do

...do

....do

Collection.

U.8.N.M.
Do.

Do. '
Do. '
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.

Do. .
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.

2. Atalapha teliotis H. Alleu. (Plates xxvii, xxviii.)

A. teliotis H. Allen, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc, xxix, 1891.

Ears rounded, much smaller than head. The iuteriial basal lobe
longer than broad, and without posterior projection. The external
basal lobe longer than high, without notch at the base anteriorly.
The hem occupying notch is half the height of the .auricle and is ample.
The tragus is coarsely creiiulate on the outer border, slightly narrowed
at the tip, which is not turned forward. The external surface is with-
out a trace of ridge, aud the notch at the base above the small basal
lobe without a tubercle. Snout and lower lip quite as in other species
of the genus, except that the chin plate is somewhat wider.

Skull with groove on center of face vertex continuous with the an-
terior nasal aperture. Sagittal temporal ridge sinuate. The first
upper premolar exceedingly minute, scarcely half the size of the cor-
responding tooth in other species; it can with difficulty be seen even
with the aid of a lens. The lower premolars are nearer of a size than
is the case ii. other species, the first being fully half the size of the
sceond. The third lower incisor is rounded, minute, aud without cus-
pules.

The membranes are much as in J., noveboracensis, but the terminal
]ihalanx of the fifth finger is longer and ends with a free end on the
margin of the endopatagium. The membranes are attached to the foot
at a point midway between ankle and the base of the toes.

The prevalent color of the hair is dark chestnut above, but lighter
below. The base on the body is everywhere black, and the shafts buff.
No ashy tips are anywhere seen. The ventral half of the side of

t 1

;.:i4i.:^-;!;>3'i'

?<\!.^OV-'^J!:L-.'

I -,

154 BULLETIN in, UNITKI) STATK8 NATIONAL MUSEUM.

nock is wliitc. TIm- liiiir \h sniiUy aloiifj tlio ventral smfiico (»f the
foieanii and tlic |»r»)\iiiial ends «»r tlio last three nietacarpalH. Tiio
dorsniu of the liitert'eiuoral iiieiidmuK^ is I'm red only at the basul third.
The reniainiiijuf characters as in A, iwreboritcenniH.

Th(^ nianal formula is 2-l()-L'S-;{7, the difference between the third
and fonrth iiit«rdigital interspace 18, and is much the same as in A.
voreboraccnfiifi.

Teeth. — The teeth, as in otlier species of the fjenus, with the exception
tliat the first i)reinolar is smaller and slightly oval, and the second
premolar with a narrower Vand sumller heel.

This speci(^s is readily distinguished by the shai)o and small size of
the Ciir and tragus, by the attachment of the wing membrane to tlic
foot, and by the peculiarities of the premolars in both jaws, as Avell as
those of the third lower incisors. It agrees with a southern variety of
A. noveboracensiti {A. frantU) in the i)artially free dorsal surface of the
interfemoral membrane.

The specimen was forwarded to me by Mr. J. G. Cooper, of the Cali-
fornia Academy of Natiual Scieuce, in a bottle containing an example
of ^. noveboraeenHis, and it resembles this form so (dosely in coloration
that at first I mistook it for an immature example of the species last
named. The specimen is in poor condition. After decomposition had
set in it had been preserved for a long time in strong alcohol.

Habitat. — Unknown, but is probably southern California.

Mcaauremenlii.

MiUimeterH.

Head and body (from crown of head to base of tail) 3H

Length of arm 22

Length of forearm 37

First digit:

Length of first metacarpal bone 2

Length of firNt phahnix 4

Second digit:

Length of second metacarpal bone 10

Length of first phalanx (J

Third digit:

Length of third metacirpal bono 40

Length of iirst )>hal,'in\ II

Length of sccoud phalanx ir>

Fonrth digit:

Length of fourth metacarpal boni' IW

Length of first jihiilanx 10

Length of second phalanx H

Fifth digit:

Length of fifth metacarpal bono 32

Length of first ]>haianx 7

Length of second phalanx 7

Length of head 12

Height of ear from head 4

Height of ear from base of external lobe to tip 15

UM.

it'lH't' (tf tll«

irpulH. TImi
biiHul tliird.

sen the third
Eime as in A.

he exception
[ the st'cond

small si/e of
brune to tiic
H, as well as
Ml variety of
iirfaco of the

, oftheCah-
aii examphf

n coloration
species last

)osition had

lol.

MillimeterH.

3«

22
37

2
4

ir.

A MONOGUAPH OF THK BATS OP NORTH AMERICA. 155

MrimuirmentH — C'ontiuufil.

Milllmuters.

HtM^lit of tragiiH 3

{.(•iigtli of tliigli 14

1,. iiKth of l.g 16

l.riigth of f4)ot 6

l.i^ngth of tiiil 39

Widtii of HBcoiul iiilonligitul intorspiici! 2

Width of third iiitt^'digital intiTHpiice 10

W idtli of fourth inti^rdigital iiiterHpacj) 28

DilVurein'e Uetwecu third and fourtli iiiterHpace 18

l.ongth of forvanii 37

The measurement of the body and of the metacarpals are within the
liinfje of these which <!an be made on specimens of A. novchoraceusis.
Tlie second phalanx of the third tingei' is longer than the second; the
si>(^ond phalanx of the fourth finger is much shorter than the Hrat; the
second phalanx of the fifth finger is of the same length as the first. In
tiicse respects the measurements are in contrast with tliose of A. nove-
horacensis. The thigh is shorter tlian the leg, while both are smaller
tlian is the species nametl. The foot is shorter, while the tail is slightly
longer.

'i. Atalapha cinerea (Palisot do BeauvoiH). Tht< Hoary Bat. (Plates xxix, XXX,

XXM.)

fesptrtilio cinervun Puliaot de Poauvois, Cat. Pcale'H Mus., Phila., 17!)(>, 14; Lo-

contc, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1855, 433.
f'i»l)ertilio j)c«ino«i(» Say, Loug's Exped. to Rocky. Mts., 1823, 67; Harlan, Fauna

AnuT., 1825, 21; Ih., Med. and Phys. Researches, 1831, 28; (iodmaii, Aiiier. Nat.

Hist., 1826, 08, pi. ii, f. 3; Richardson, Fauna Horeal. Anier., 1829, 1; Cooper,

Ann. Lye. Nat. HLst. N. Y., iv, 1837, 54; DeKay, Nut. Hist. N. Y. (Zool.), 1842,

7, pi. II, f. 2.
Sciitophilus priiiii08Uii (iray, Mag. Zool. and Hot., it, 1838, 498.
\;ifti(rju» pritinosKs Teinniinck, Monog. Mum., 18;i5, 151 ; Wagner's Schrel). Siiug.

(Suppl.), 1, 1840, 544; lb. v, IKto, 770; .Schinz, Syn. Mam., i, 1845, 197; Max.

Zn, Wied, Archiv Natiirgesch., 1861, 185.
iMMuriis pruinosuH TomfM, Proc. Zoiil. Soc. Lond., 1857, 37.
LdKiiiruK Hnereiin 11. Allen, Monog. N. A. Pats, 1864,21; .1. A. AUimi, Mammals of

Mass., 1869, 208.
Atuttipha cinora Peters, MH. Akad. Berlin, 1870, 910 — Dobsou, Cat. Chirop. Brit.

Mus., 1878, 272— Alston, Biol. Ceutrali-Anier., 1879-'82, 23.

DiiuinoHix. — A large bat with I'ounded black-bordered ears, blunt in-
I'lirved tragus; external basal lobe without notch ; interfemoral mem-
l)iiiiie hairy above. Color distinctive, being hairy with play of cohirs
of grays and of dull yellow. A clump of hair above the dorsal aspect
of elbow. Forearm 54"""'

The second phalanx in each digit shorter than the first.

The manal formula is as follows:

eters.

Tiiird -^ ..'rspace IS^'

iMiiiith interspace 40

I'orcarm 49

DKferences between third and fourth 27

156 BULLETIN 13, UNITKD STATKM NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Denvription. — The uuiiclo is erect, of a subrouiuled form, and in good
Hpt'ciniens marked within by tbnr delicate trauHvernelineH; wlien prcHHt'd
on the lu'a<l tlie u])i>er border reoishes to the median lino or oxteiidH
slightly beyond it. The outer bonier of the auriclo m Hlightly ennir;-!-
nate and with tiie exception of the border, in of the color of the A/inj{
ineinbrancH. The border, an ju8t mentioned, in of a darker hue than tho
rest of the auricK> and is naked, except along the posterior border, where
it is furnished with a single row of hairs. The remainder of the auriclo
is luyry. The internal basal lobe is large and roaches to or conceals
the eye; it is as broad as the tragus at its widest part. The lower
border is oblique from behind forward. The external basal lobe is
also large, not revolute, separated from the main body of the auricle by
a deep incisure, in which is lodged the basal lobe of the tragus, but not
pro«luced at the anterior border to the extent seen in A. noveboraeensis.
When pressed against the side of the head the upper border touches
the internal basal lobe.

The tragus with basal lobe to the outer side of pedicle, which is
separated by a deep rounded notch from the main lobe. This notch
receives the revoluted border within and below the notch in the auricle.
At the widest part the tragus is more than half its height.

The mouth cleft reaches to the second line of the premolar or to tlm
external canthus. The lower lip is fleshy and not fixed to the gum.
Two subrounded, subequal buccal folds are present. A wart is found
at the angle of the mouth, and a second back of the chin. The snout
is broad, nearly equally in width the length of the mouth (deft, as seen
in profile. When the iieshy upper lip is drawn outward the distance
between the incisor teeth and the end of the snout is equal to the width
of the snout. The nostrils are slightly produced, directed obliquely
outward, the space between them concave. The surface is marked by
a transverse line of supralabial hairs as in Molossus. The rounded
shield between the upper incisors separated from the upper lip by a
depression.

Coloration. — The idan of coloration is the same as in A. novehoracemh.
On the dorsum of the head and on the ears the hair is light brown to
dull yellow, with black base. On the dorsum of the neck and chest the
color on the shaft above the basal black is of a dull yellow, to ocher in-
stead of bright yellow; the subtij) is deep brown, chocolate, umber, or
even black, against which the ashy tip appears to good advantage.
The last two colors are conspicuous in the unmanipulated fur, and has
caused the name "hoary bat" to be given the species. On the loin the
shades are darker than elsewhere. On the venter the hair of the side
of the face and beneath the jaws is black. The upper half of the neck
is dull yellow, with black base; the lower half of the neck is provided
with a deep brown subtip, with slight ashy tip; which character of t'lir
extends over the chest and abdomen. As in A . noveboraeensis, the line
between the neck and the chest is marked by a ring-like disposition of

UM.

and in good
'hen prcHHt'd
) or extunds
litly eniur^i-
of the ^fiug
huo than tlio
M'der, wln'io
f the auricle
or conceals
The lower
asal lobe is
le auricle by
igus, but not
veboracensis.
rder touches

de, which la

This notch

I the auricle.

lar or to the
bo the gum.
art is found
The snout
deft, as seen
the distance
to the width
;d obliquely
s marked by
;'he rounded
l)er lip by a

reboracensin.
ht brown to
,nd chest the
to ocher in-
«, umber, or
advantaj^e.
fur, aud has
L the loin the
r of the side
"of the neck
: is provided
iracter of fur
nsis, the line
isposition of

U.S.

Explanation of Plate XXIX.

Vm. 1. Front view of head of .Italapha cixcrea.

Fig. 2. Sidti view of heiul of same.

Fio. '^. Side view of trajjus and iuuer surface of auricle

Fio. 4. Tail mid iuterfeiuoral membraue.

Fid. 5. Skull seen from above, x. 2.

Fui. fi. Skull aud lower jaw seeu from the side, x 2.

Fki. 7. Ospetrosa, x4.

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM

BULLETIN 43, PL. XXIX

ATALAPHA CINEREA.

whil
brae

of t]
chid
dull
Ti
far i
exte

I'OVt

the
of f
the :
iron
as fa
a di
arm
fiirr
witl

gi".
iiite
witl
iiite
chai
darl
furr
thai

T'
(lor*
of t

Ii
Call
\vhi
iiecl

li
are

8
oth<

T
■)"""
tlie
tho

T
tliic

X
do])
Th(
/(■/•/

A MONOGRAPH OF THE BATS OF NORTH AMERICA. 157

white tips, which become conspicuous on the ventral aspect of thepre-
brachium to form the so-called " shoulder tuft." At the pubis, the base
of the iuterfemoral membrane, and along the sides of the trunk, in-
cluding the axillte, the hair is silky and without the black baa ; it is
(lull brown or cinerous, with a long, ocher tip.

The membranes. — On the dorsum the hair extends from the body as
far as a line from the middle of the humerus to the ankle, and thus
extends slightly on the membrane beyond the tibia. A distinct patch
covers the back of the first metacarpal, the first interdigital space, and
the base of the second metacarpal bone; a mere fleck overlies the base
of the fifth metiicarpal and the forearm near the elbow. On the venter
the membranes are covered with short, brown, obscurely bicolored fur
from the side of the body, and thence extends in a broad, oblique line
as far as the third digit; upon the third interspace it stretches distally for
a distance equally one-half the length of the metacarpal bones. The
arm is covered, while the forearm is naked. The prebrachium is also
furred, save at the free border. The exterior of the auricle is covered
with dull yellow or ocher-colored hair, except at the broad, black mar-
giu, which, however, bears at the lower part a delicate fringe. The
interior of the auricle, both in front and back of the keel, is covered
with short hair. The tragus is also slightly furry. The dorsum of the
iuterfemoral membrane is covered throughout with hair of the same
character as that of the loin, or with that in which the shaft assumes a
darker shade of buffer brown; the ventral aspect of this membrane is
furred only at the basal third; the color can not be distinguished from
that of the pubis.

Variations. — In No. 13281, U. S. N. M., Utah, the hair on the h)in and
dorsum of the iuterfemoral membrane is of a ca/cf a^' lait brown instead
of the darker shades described in the text.

In No. 4223, U. S. N. M., Petaluma, Cal., and No. 13207, also *"rom
California, the shaft of the hair above the basal dark shade is almost
white, both on the dorsum head and body and the ventral aspect of the
neck. The colors about the face are deep brown instead of black.

In No. 6184, U. S. N. M., British America, the ash tips on the venter
aro absent except on the mammary lines.

Some of the specimens are more gray on the sides of the neck than
others.

The terminal point of the caudal series varies in length from 1™"' to
511,11. rji^Q prebrachium is small, joining as a rule the proximal half of
t1u> forearm. The females as a rule have it somewhat larger than in
the males.

The posterior border of the tragus at a point .just above the notch is
thicker tiian the rest of the border in No. 5284, TI. S. N. M .

Membranes. — The prebrachium without details. The lines of the en-
dopatagium aro indistinct, owing to the hairiness of the membranes.
Tlie coraco-brachialis fascicle extends to the free margin as In Miniop-
Uris and Umballonura.

ill

!l!.
M

illi

II -j

,^!5|

il i

158 BULLETIN 43, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Th« tricei»s fascicle system crosses tlie elbow at origin, is without
vertical braiidi, but yields two horizontal primal branches; these ex-
tend across th(^ membrane near each other and appear to end in the
abruptly determined comb-like endings which do not reach the region
of the phalanges of the tilth finger. There are two oblique lines ex-
tending downward and somad from the muscle-mass at distal end of
the tifth finger.

The fourth interspace has the predigital nerve, as in MiniopteriSjWhih
the terminal branches do not reach the digits of the fifth finger, but
join a branching nerve which appears from the metacarpophalangeal
joint of the fourth finger. A small unbrancht d line (postdigitai nerve f)
appears at the middle of the fourth metacarpal bone.

Two oblique bands are seen on the fourth interspace near the palm.
A fork-like arrangement of lines is seen in the angle between fimrth
and fifth metacarpal bones, and appears to be a branch of the median
dividing into the two branches commonly seen in this interspace. In
the third interspace a similar arrangement is seen, but the main nerve
pursues a longer (sourse before dividing. At the region of the digits
there are two predigital nerves and three postdigitals. In this portion
of the membrane, therefore, an unusually large number of lines are
seen. It is possible some of these lines pertain to the blood-vessel
system.

The pelvotibial line is seen on the iuterfemoral membrane; but tlie
oblique lines from the caudal vertebrae are distinctly visible.

Tlie terminal phalanx of the third finger is curved only at the tip, and
no part thereof projects; that of the fourth finger is acicular, deflected
at a right-angle poUical to the second; it yields a free projecting tip;
that of the fifth finger is acicular, is deflected sonmd and inclosed only
on this side.

The membrane of the first interspace can be discerned everywhere
along the -line of the wing, except at part of the first phalanx of tlie
third digit.

»S'Am«.— Length, K!;^"""; greatest width, 9^"""; least width, 5""". The
sagittal crest is limited, and ends on the anterior third of the mesen
cephalon. The jiosterior temporal crest is faintly expressed. Face in
advance of orbit 2'""'. The occipital crest is interrupted in the center.
No tubercle is present over the jiroencephalic foramina. The vertex
of the face provided with a wide depression which extends to the
anterior nasal aperture. The fronto-maxillary inflation is conspicuous,
extending back of the anterior temporal impression and forming an
elevation at the side of the vertex depression. The orbital ridge is
small and distinci, is placed well forward, and terminates posteriorly
by a tubercle. Tlie inner wall of the orbit is concave; a second tuber-
cle lies directly back of the large lachrymal canal.

The paroccipital process is large, spinous, and is directed obliquely
downward and backward for nearly the length of the condyle. The

JM.

is without
i; these t'x-

eud in tlie
1 the regiiiu
lie lines ex-
listal end of

pteriSjVfhih
1 iinger, but
iphalaugeal
'ital nerve f)

r the pahn,
ween fourth
' the median
erspace. In
I main nerve
)f tlie digits
this portion
of lineiS are
blood-vessel

me; but the

le.

t the tip, and

lar, deflected

ejecting tip;

nclosed only

everywhere
alanx of the

h, 5""". The
' the meseii
ed. Face in
n the center.
The vertex
ends to the
conspicuous,
il forming an
•ital ridg*^ is
s posteriorly
second tuber-

ed obliquely
ondyle. The

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM

BULLETIN 43, PL. XXX

Wing membrane of Atalapha cinerea.

!i;

i
'1'fMi i

^,1

'■I

'1 ,i

■ii

1 ■*
I 'I

mas
TIh!
sup
sect
iMv:
and
Tlie
is s(

T
liori
n\u
not
abd
posi

T
race
twei
end
niei
voce
asp(
(lerti
totn
ond

(1UC(

The
M
in»'
sliai
is w
fliit(
moll
Tlio
prot
Xyc
ciot
liost
a].i.i
isina
Cinj
sani
Tlh
till"
Viv
.1/
and

A MONOGRAPH OF THE BAT8 OP NORTH AMERICA. 169

mastoid process is well detined, and is slightly produced downward.
Tlic interval is smooth, but is deeply incised interiorly. The line of the
superior border of the anforior nasal aperture, if i)roduced, would inter-
sect the first inohir. Tli(> hard i)alate is iMcline«l upward. The glenoid
(Mvity has a semblance of u pedicle. Tlio pteryj^oid process is broad
and conspicuously i>roduc('(l. The tynii»anic bone conceals the cochlea.
The bony labyrinth being removed, the region of the semicircular canals
is seen to be wider than the (tochlea.

The coronoi<l process is rudimental, and but half the height of the
horizontal ramus. The masseric impression involves the coronoid and
reaches to the inferior border of the ramus. The angle is flat and does
not reach the line of the condyle, and is slightly deflected, so, when seen
above, is found to lie to the outer side of the condyle. A well-deflned
post-sympliysal rugosity is present.

The general jdau of the ethmoid plates resembles that of A. novebo-
racemis. The parts are, however, of greater height, the interval be- '
tween the first and second endoturbinals being wider. The second I

eiuloturbinal is relatively larger, and curved outward. This arrange- |

nient (sauses tlie plate to present a concave surface outward, which
rec^eives the swollen lower border of the tliird plate. The median i

aspect of the first endoturl)inal is straight ; but the lateral surface is '

(lertected outward, and is impressed on its entire surface by the ec-
toturbinal which rests iij)on it, leaving only a raised rim of the {

oiidoturbinal round its anterior half. The median surface of the pro- ;

(liieed portion of the first en(]oturl)inal is nearly as high as it is long.
Tlie concave under surface embraces securely the maxilloturbinal.

MaxlUnry teeth. — Tlie single incisor adjoins the canine and project-
ing slightly forward and inward. The median surface deeply and
sliarplyexcavated and is in contour witli the palatal notch. The canine
is wedged in between the in(!isor and the second premolar, posteriorly
tinted. Cingulum is entire; median excavation present. The first pre-
molar isminutc, conical, placed well to inner side'of the axis of tooth row.
Tlie second premolar with broad cingulum, with scarcely perceptible
protocone, deeply fluted on buc(!al surface. The first molar resembling
Xyctinomus. The protocone is of low development, much as in Ma-
crotus, but is acutely pointed at apex with oblique palatal surface, the
posterior commissure obscurely defined on the posterior aspect of tooth,
iipparently not reaching beyond the ajtex of the second V. The first V
smaller than the second and nu)re deeply fluted on buccal surface.
Cingulum defined, buthypocone absent. The second molar much the
same as the first; the Vs are subeiiual. The third molar rudimental.
Til. ])rotocone and commissures are defiiuMl, but the posterior linut of
tlie first is imperfect, being defective in buccal half, while the second
V i < absent.

Mandibular teeth, — Tlie incisors are c ■' ; tlie first is the widest

and coarsely serrate at the cutting edge, l. second and third blunter

\'\

1 1 :

160

BULLETIN 43, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

and less coiupressed, the posterior basal swulliug iiuirked in all. Tliu
canine sliglitly inclined backward, concave on posterior surface. Tlie
cingulum entire. The premolars unequal, tbe first much the smaller.
The first and second molars with the anterior limb of the heel joiniii},'
the smaller V at about the middle of the posterior Jiisb. The commis-
sure on the lingual surface of the heel oblique from behind forward.
The third molar with a scarcely triangular heel, which is smaller thau
the V, blunt, compressed.

Notes on the nkeleton. — Atlas with sharply produced downward trans-
verse process, which bears a single foramen. The process back of the
transverse process of the presternum equals the length of the process
in front of the same. The mesosteruum scarcely crested.

The ('oracoid process of scapula does not reach to the middle of the
glenoid cavity. The end of the process is twice the width of the base;
the long process from the scapula spine is greatly curved, and is ab-
ruptly widened in the middle. The axillary border resembles that in
MolossuH riifus in being straight for over half its length, tiud in be-
ing thence gradually inclined outward. The upper border is at the
superior angle, furnished with a conspicuous spine, which projects to-
ward the glenoid region and lies below the level of the base of tlie
corocoid. The infraspinous fossa is without ridge between the sur-
faces for the infraspinatus and teres minor muscles; a ridge lies in the
subscapular fossa. A facet ts seen on the axillary side of the acro-
mion. The clavicle is stouter than in most bats of the size and is more
curved than in Artibeus, with which it answers in general size.

The humerus with internal tuberosity much higher than the head,
The radius is about one and a half times as long as the humerus. The
proximal border is produced so as to partake of the olecranoual func-
tion of supporting the elbow posteriorly; on the articular surface a
deep, narrow groove is bounded by tlanges. The distal end with a
broad, thin process on the flexor surface directed uownward and in-
ward. The outer border is producjed, truncate, and appears on the un-
der surface of the bone. The proximal ulnar rudiment does not extend
distally beyond the lower border of the depression for the insertion of
the biceps muscle; the distal ulnar rudiment is provided with a groove
for the flexor tendons.

The carpus does not possess characters distinct from A. novebont-
eensis. The third metacarpal bone with two grooves entire length on
one side and one groove on the other.

The first phalanx of the second finger one-fifth the length of the cor
responding metacarpal bone. The second phalanges of the third and
fourth fingers are slightly longer than the first.

The fifth digit varies slightly as compared with the length of the
forearm, No. 5284, U. S. N. M., Nebraska; it lacks one-fifth (/. c, '2)
of being as long as the fin-earni. In No. 3215, U. S. N. M., it lacks but

UM.

ill all. Tbo
irt'ace. The

the smaller,
heel joininjr
The coinniis-
ind forAvaid.
smaller tliau

iiward traiis-
1 back of the
r the process

liddle of the
of the base;
i, and is ab-
nbles that in
1, a,ud in be-
ler is at the
I projects to-
e base of the
een the sur-
ge lies in the
of the aero-
B and is more
[ size.

an the head,
amerus. The
^anoual fuuc-
lar surface a
\l end with a
ward and in-
irs on the un-
es not exteud
3 insertion of
with a groove

A. novebont-
ire length on

;th of the cor-
the third aud

length of the
-fifth (/. <:, '2)
[., it lacks but

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM

BULLETIN 43, PL. XXXI

1. Maxillary teeth of Atalapha cinerea.

2. Mandibular teeth of same, a x.

X 8.

; t

1 (i

!'l

J 1 ;

I* ■

li :

Ion

tliii

III

iiiit

lari

tlic

tlii(

call

/
No
mil
Tyi
Ma
the
lik(
to 1
Ex
Bill
niei
Phi

t
not
ran
per
iiiai
can
\V1

Hon
Lcii

Firs

Si'C(

Thi

Fou

A MONOOllAPlI OV THE BATS OF NOIiTH AMERICA. 161

ono-Hixtli. Ill thu tot'inci' s|i(;ciiii(>ii tli«^ fourth in(^tac!ir|>!il hone is 2"""
longer than tlie (orciirin ; in tln^ lattci- it is. just as long.

Remarks on ner. — Thi'. prubracliial ineiiibianit is suuillor in the feinal '
than ill the male, and stops at tho distal fourth of fifth of the forearm,
in one example only of nine specimens of femah's examined was a large
iintebraehial membrane present. Of tlirce males examiued two hav«*
iiii'ge antibraehial mombraiuss whie.h (^xt(Mid frtui to the thumb, while
tln^ third terminates at tlie distal fifth of th«^ forearm. The auricle is
tln<'ker in the female than in the male. The penis is furnished with a
cauliform i)repuce.

habitat — According to Lo Conte, A. cinrrea is more (common in the
Northern than in the Middle or Southern States, .fudging from the
numbers found in collections, it is a rare bat in the far West. J. B.
Tyrrell (I. c.) states that it is found in (Canada from Nova Scotia to
.Manitoba. Eichardson (American Borealis, 1829, ii) obtained it on
the lied River in British North America at an altitude of 54°. It is
likely that it frequents mountain ranges and table-lands in i)reference
to river valleys or coastwise regions. IMr. Thomas Say reports (Long's
{'Expedition to Koeky Mimutains, 1823, i, 107) its collection at Council
Blufls, Iowa. Say {I, c.) mentions that Prof. Barton presented a speci-
men of this bat to the Philadelphia Museum that had been captured in
Philadelphia.

0. Hart Merriam (Mammals of the Adirondacks Region, 1886, 176)
notes that the flight in this species is swift and irregular. The nightly
range is greater than in any member of tlie fauna. Whenever the tem-
jterature of the air is above 59° p. it luay be seen on the wing. Like
many bats, it is active just before evening and at dawn. It has been
caught hanging from a twig of a tree as in the case of A. noveboracensis.
When kept in confinement it suspends itself by the claws of the feet.

Measurementa taken as an average of four iitdividuah.

Head and body (from crown of head to base of tail) 68

Length of arm 37

J,('U|j;th (if forearm 54

I'irat digit:

Longtli of first metacarpal bone 4

I.ongth of lirst phalanx 8

Second digit:

Ltingth of second metacarpal bone 69

Length of first phalanx 8

'I'iiird digit :

Length of third metacarpal bone 60

Length of first phalanx 19

Length of second phalanx 33

Tourtli digit:

Length of fourth metacarpal bone 53

Length of first phalanx 11

Length of second phalanx 13

441— No. 43 ^11

I ■
i

MtUimetera. {|||m

?;^t

lf)2 UULLETIN 13, UNITED STATEvS NATIONAL MUaElJM.

Fifth UiKit:

liUliKlli of tiitli iiifturiirpiil lioiii^ 45

littliKtIi of liisl pliiilunx 7

Leii^'tli of Ht!i;oiul |)halun.\ 9

Length of hrud 24

Ili'ight of ear 15

Height of iragiiH 8

Length of lliigh l(i

Length of liltiti 22

Length of foot U

Length of tail 47

McaHurcments from Jirnt viiilion 0/ Momxjrajili.

Curniut
niinibvr.

5ra(»

14 (J)

147

325S

42i;i

4728

26U

3098

174a

873

883

41S

"' """" ..!■ tail. ' lor "inn. of tlRiu. |"U.""«r' "f H'liuib,

tu tnil.
lnehei<

a.
;i.

Length

)f luugcH

ttiiger.

I II ell en.
2.4
2. .">
1.8

3.(1
2...

2.0
2.0

2.0

2.0
2.0
3.0

2.0
2.0

6 I

2.0
2.0
2.0

liieliii.
2.0
2. 2
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.
2.0

IhcI et.

1.0

0.11

1.0

0.10

0. 10

0.8

0. 11

0.10

0. 10

0.12

0.11

0.12

0.10

Inehfii.
4.3
4.1
4.0
4.1
4.2
4.2
3.
4.0
4.0
3.8
4.0
4
4.0
4.1
4.0

Inchet,
O.fl
0.7
O.fl
0.0
0.6
0.0
0.7
0.0
0.7
0.0
0. U
O.fl
O.fl
O.fl
O.fl

Ilelffbt
uf uur.

Inchei.
0.6
O.Oi
0.4
0.4
0.4

Height
or trugua.

Inehu.
0.4
0.4
0.3
0.3
0.4

0. :ii

0.3

0.4

0.4
0.4
0.4

0.3

0.2i

0.2$

0.3

0.4

0.3

Expanse.

Inchei.
l.'i.
14.
13.
12.
13.
1:1.
II.
11

Lhl of MperimetiH.

Cat.

No. of

tio.

Hpei'lnum.

5280

6184

S2H«

6417

5421

5281

5283

5328

5284

5422

4213

5415

3768

5414

.5282

4728

.5286

5287

I.oculitv.

I'l'fsciiteil 1>V —

Halifax, N.S

ISrit mil Aiiiprica

Krd Kivor siMtlmiit'iit

CU^vi'lantl, Oliiii

Littlo Uliii", Khu.'*

St. I.oiiIh. Mo

(iraiKl Ciitoan, Ln

Fdrt I'iprro. X. Xlex

Near Fort rniiiii, N. .Mox.

Fi)rt I'ierii'. Svhr

NimphIio FiiUh, Kiilis

S<mtli Fork I'latto

I.a lioiilo liivur, T'tah.
Donna Anna, X. Mi'X.

Mataniuras

" I'niKMl StaleH "

Montcniy, Ciil

I'c'taluum, C'al

nr.C.ilpin

' K. KtMiniioft

! 1). (lunn

Dr. Kirtlancl

AV..S. Wood

Dr. (J. lOnnilnumn

.St. CharliH CoUugr

D. .1. Kvan.s

Dr. Hayileii

(lii

H. F. (Joss

F. V. Hayden, MD., U. S.
A. ( /)

Dr. T. C. Ilonry

Lieut. Ooncli.Uerlin Col! -){«

A.S.Taylor ?.

E. .SaiuuoU

Nature of
speciuicn.

Alcoholic .

...do

Dry

...'do

AlcolioUc
....do
...do

do.

Dry.
— do .
...do.

....do....
...do....
Alcoholic

Dry

Alcoholic
....do

CoUortion.

U. S. N. M.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.

Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.

■I ^

Group MOLOSSL*

* MoLOS.si. — So intimate is the nilntion between this gronp nnd the Vespertilionidw
that I <le(!line to give it the value of a family. Tlio characteristics elsewhere noted are
here taxonomically arranged. It aiipears to bo subordinated to the Vesportiliouiiln',
nnd for the present, at Iciist, I sliall ])laco it as an alliance thereto. The Mulosai,
like the Vespertili(mi(la', arr adaptt'd to cosmopolitan range by the adaptation to
botli terrestial and aeriel locoiuotion. Tlie Aving is stout, narrow, and muscuhir.

With the VcsportiliouidLU the ethmoidal plates are volute, the trapezium is fur-

A MONOOUAl'H OF THE UATH OF NOUTH AMliUICA.

163

45
7
9
24
15
H
Ifi
22
11
47

lelKlit

truitus.

U.4
0.4
0.3
U.3
0.4

Expanse.

Inchei.
15.3
U.U
13.4
12. «
13.6

0.3

11.6

o.^

0.2$
0.3

12.6

10.0

0.3

12.0

0.4

11.6

0.3

12.6

0.3

14.0

0.3

U.O

re of
ucn.

lollo .

Collection.

lioliv

lioUo

U. S. N. M.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.

Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.

VespertilionidH'
awliere noted are
Vespurtiliouidft',
0. The Mdlossi,
ho adaptation to
and muscular,
rapezium is I'ur-

(ioiiiiH NYCTINOMUS (iiMitlVoy.

.V i/cf inomiu Ottoffroy, Dcscript. do I' K^ypto, ii 1812, 114; 11. Alli-D, MoniiK. N. A.
Iiut^4, 18(M, r>; DubNitn, Cut. Chirop. Itrit. Mii>«,,4»78, 4:i7; AIhIuu, UmU>h. C'n-
trali-Aincr., Mainin., lS7!)-82, 'M.

Tlii8;ioiiii8 is ill doso rulatioii with MoIohsks. It is (li8tiii;{'iiisli<Ml by
flio ubseiicci of niiiuii of th« pahital plates (»f tlii^ i)i'i>iiia.\illii. 'iVctli
with hiijje liyporoiu'. Auiicli* with iiitfrnal basal ridyv, di^velopcd
into a woll detlned ''keel;" the external basal ridj;« coiitiiiiious with
nil t'rect external basal lobt>. Auricle ([uadratc; iiH>tacar|)o plialaiiK*'!ii
joint of third and fourth diKit8 mobile, bent forward; tli«^ iiiterpha-
laiigeal Joint of the same di}>it8 iiiobilc, bent bacUward (these dip ts
wlieu extended reach far behiw the level of the toes); tlu' Joints of the
lifth di(;it ri^id and in line with the metacarpal. Tiic seeinid meta-
carpal lies palmad to the third; the phalanx is rudinicntal or absent.

NtictinomuH is of wide distribution, examples beiii^' louiid in all parts
of subtropical and tropical reffions. With the exception of N. nor-
McenHiH (Australia, Norfolk Island) and N.JoliorviiHis (Malay I'eniii-
Hula), the species are singularly alike in essential features. A critical
examination of all the species is demanded before the exact position
of the North American forms can be determined.

The North American species considered in the following pages are
y. brHsilietiHtH and N. macrotin. I have not seen N. femovoHUCcus
Mcrriam (N. A. Fauna, No. li, 18.S9, p. 23), or y. moharciiHis, Merriam
(N. A. Fauna, No. 'J, 1880, p. 23), both from southern Oalifornia. (See
Appendix.

1. NyctinomuB brasilienBlB iHid. (tcotfroy. (PlutoH xxxii, \xmii.)

MoloHHun naaiitiiH Sjiix, Siui. ot Vcsii. Hras., 182ij, (50, pi. .xxxv, ti};. 7; Jidv Isis,
August, 1824, 89!) (Brazil); Schinz, Syu. Miuii. i, 1814, 14H.

Dijmpes nuHUtuB Tonuninck, Mou. Main, i, 1827, 23^4. i7>., /oiH. Jour., iii, 1828, 459;
Wagnor, Schrob., Siiugeth., Supi»l. i, 1844, 474; i7». v, 1855, 711.

nisliod with a palmar tubercle, ami thec</racoid procoss \s always bitid, the posterior
jKirtiou being prolonged.

A large spheuo-palatiuo foramen is present, while the presence of ])alatal processos
to I lit! premaxilltu is detected in most of the genera. The tail is always protluccd well
lii'vond the interfemoral lueuibrane, and the accessory cartilage is absent from the
BliiMt, rigid fiff' digit.

The groups ol the Molossi constitute a subfamily characterized by the narrow wing,
piKiiiinent thumb, free terete tail, and the rigidity of the short fifth digit. The
);r<iiip at one end recalls the subfamily Eiuballanuriine in the dors.il llt'xion and ad-
(Imtiou of the metacarpo-phalangeal and iuterplialaiigeal joints of the tliird digit,
fliiiracters it possesses in common with mo.st forms c»f tlie Emballanurinie. The types
of ii|)por molar, namely, in the presence of a hypocone, is also met with in KmhaUa-
iiiifd. The last upper molar in both groups exhibits a nearly perfect second V. Tho
hv'^t'. liy])ocouid iu tlie last lower molar is repeated in all the cinballannrines iu-
chi<llng Fiii-ia, Adaptation to active motion with wing at rest is seen in all. The
greatest degree of tho adaptation last named is seen in Chciromckv of Borneo, though
tbc other genera of the group are rapid flyers.

(MM

[ii i

, I

I-V. 18H7, 05, )>1. III. lifr. 1;

LV, 1837, 59, pi. Ill, Ii
ia»0, 358, (not of (icol)'.

164 BULLETIN 43, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

NycUnomus nasHtus (snonty bat), Tomes, Proc. Zoiil. Soc. London, 1861, 68 (Jiunaica).

II. Alien Moiio^. N. A. Hats, 1861, 7.
Nycihiomiis hraHilieiiHin Isid. (ieoff., Air.ial. ties Sol. Nat., 1, April, 1824,337, pi. xxii

(Brazil); Hi., Zoiil., .Journal, 1825. 133; Ferimsaii, Mnll. <1oh Sci. Nat., ii, ISL'l,

74; l)ol)snn. Cat. Chirop. Brit. Mus., 1879,437; Alston, Biolog. Centrali-Anii r.,

1879-82, 33.
Nycti,.tmnH viiiriniin (Jray, Gritlitli's Cnv. An. KiiiKdom, v., 1828, 66.
Nycticm cjjtiixrjilinhi LiHontc, Cnv. An. Kingdom (Mi'.Murtrio's ed.), I, 1831, i:!2

(Kouth Cuniliiia).
MohismiH ciiiioa'jihnla Coopor, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hih. N. Y.,

Warner, Scliiolt., SiiiiKi'th., Snppl. V, 1^5.5, 711.
MuhiKitii fnHgiiioHUH Cooper, Ann. Lye. Nut. His. N. Y.,

(Soiitli Ca'olina).
Rhiiioimma ra.oUiiciiiiM (iundlaeh, Arcliiv f. Natnrjjosch,

in Dcsm. Mam.. 1820, 130, and Diet, d'llist. Nat., XL v, 1829); Leconte, I'nn'.

Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vii, 18.5.5, 437.
(1)nyHt>pfH llano \Vaj;ncr. Sclireb., Siingetli., Snppl. I, 1840, 475.
(i)N!iiiiiinmiig mexivaiiiis and A'. astecuB, Sauss., Kev. et Mag. deZoiil., xi, 1860,283.

Diatjiioiiis. — Muzzle tnincate, witlniuinbers of spines on upper border,
but none on tlie verti(!al internarial ridge. Spines also on the inner
border of the auricle. Dorsum of face furnished with long ftout bris-
tles. Fur of a dull mouse gray, paler beneath. The first phalanx
in the third, fourth, and fifth digits, exceeds in length the sec^ond.
Second phalanx of the fourth digit over half the length of the first
phalanx. The tail beyond the level of the toes is free.

Description. — The muzzle with a deep emargination b< .^ween the nos-
trils. A vertical band withcmt a groove or spine extends on the muz-
zle to the lip. A small post-mental wart is present. The ears are one-
half to 1""" apart on the face.* The median border of the ear is sin-
uate near its attachment to the head, Tha outer border is notched at
the upi)er third so that the entire edge may be said to be scallo])e(l;
the border below the side of the scallop is thin, and eveited as fur us
the " of the external basal ridge. The border ends abruptly at tlic
anteiiur edge .>f the base of the external basal lobe which is broader
than high and higher posteriorly tlian anteriorly. In some specimens
the antitragus is continued forward by a skin fold to the angle of the
mouth. The notch between the external basal ridge and the exteiiiiil
basal lobe is inconspicuous not reaching one-halfway to the base. Tlie
tragus is quadrate, uieasuriuj* -4""" along the posterior border and U"""
along the a;<terior.

The fur is silky on the back of the head and basal half of ears;
the trunk and sides of the neck are plumbeims veiling to drab or dusky
brown; the ba^e is everywhere white but the extent of the color is
variable. On the sides of the neck the wliite color is most marked,
and on the h)wer part of the back and rumj) it is least so. A silvery
tint is seen on the tip« when they are seen in an oblique light. TLi
sides of the trunk are much lighter in hue and are unicolored. T'le

*ll!iIeB8 close cxaniinatioii he made the oars a])]iear to he united. Thus CJoucsiiiiil
Yarrow (VVJicelur'sExpud., Zoiil., 1875) describe them ua uuitud ov«jr the vertex.

, 68 (Jamaica).

i,337, pi. XXII
Nut., II, ISiM,
Icntrali-Anicr.,

), I, 1831, i;u

, 1>1. III. lij,'. 1;

), pi. Ill, (if;.;!

(not of (■coll..
Lecoiite, I'mc.

1., XI, 1860, L'83.

ipper border,
on the inner
g f.t«ut bris-
flrst plialanx
the second.
I of the first

ween the nos-
s oil the muz-
) ears are one-
le ear is sin-
is notched at
be scalloix'd;
ted as tiir as
riiptly at the
ch is broader
me specimens
angle of tlie
1 the external
he base. The
irder and IV'""

half of ears;
drab or dnsky
if the color is
most marlced,
in. A silvery
le light. Thi
icolortid. T'.e

Tliust;t)UcHimil
ver the vertex.

Explanation of Plate XXXtl.

Fig. 1. Front view of IkmuI df yjitlinomns brasiliensis.

Fu). 2. Side vie jl'saiiio.

Fio. H. Vinw of vra};[ns and iuiier surfat-o of auricle.

Fi<i. 4. Wiiijf nieiiibraiii'.

Fio. 5. Tail and iiiterfoinoral luombraiK^ of S'l/vtinomiin braiiiUvnaia, western form.

Fill. (). Tail and Interfenioral membrane of .same, eastern form.

Fl<i. 7. fSkiill seen from above.

Fi(i. 8. Skull and lower .jaw seen from the Bide.

Flo. it. Os ptttrosa.

BULLETIN 43, PL. XXXII

NVCTINOMUS BRASILIENSIS.

iiiJL'"

!-i|rj|!

U !

..■.Tj:;i.-'i7r:=T.v

fur (
HID]
mar

i'lir i
tniii
brae
Tl
t\ve(

of ](

iroq
iicai
si on
tlie

M
cost
com
war
iiii'i]
eral
syst
abn

T
the
the
pou
iil'tl
ban
line
is c(
trai

T
rior
rior
liftl
yic'l
bra
pro
ten
ant
is s
rioi
fon
Ian
end

A MONOOKAl'H OP THE BATS OP NORTH AMERICA. 1 Gf)

fur extends (»n tln^ niombraiics from a point at tlif, in'oxiniiil third of tlie
liiimenis to tlie distal two-tliirds of the femur and is tliickcr along tlio
margin tlian where it is continuous with the body. On the venter the
I'ur is intermediate in shade between that of the back and the side of the
ti unk. It is either unicolored or barely white at the base. The pre-
brachial membrane is naked or furnished with a small i)atch of hair.

The face is naked over the dorsal surface except in the space be-
tween the median border of the auricle and the nostril where a number
(if long 3""" to 4""" stout bristles are found.* In the female not in-
frequently a whitish diffused patch is seen on esich side of the neck
ii«'ar the lower jaw. A few long white hairs adorn the pubis. Occa-
sionally the male has a patch similar in color to the above growing on
tlie post-mental space.

Membranes. — The entopatagium without markings irom the inter-
costal or lumbar nerves. The line of the coraco-brachialis fascivle be-
comes apparent at the middle of the humerus, passes vertically down-
ward medianly to the elbow, and divides, at lower tw(»-thirds of the
iiicmbrane, into two branches. The lower runs forward to a i)oint lat-
eral to the elbow, i. c, in advance of the joint. The triceps fascicle
system with a plesh of superior branches. The terminal part of nerve
abruptly deflected downward.

The first oblique band at the radiometacarj)al angle is attached to
the first metacarpal bone. It crosses the palm obliquely, and reaching
the mesopalr.flum lies for 4""" close to and parallel with the radius. The
pou(!h is distinct. The tendon of the i)almar interosseus muscle of the
tilth finger makes no inijjression upon the membrane. A broad, dusky
band, apparently due to the membrane becoirsing contr-« ted in this
line, extends obliquely from the lower end of the tibia to the wrist. It
is conspicuously seen in all specimens which are held uj) to a strong
transmitted light.

The fourth interspace shows a nerve appearing at the angle ante-
riorly. This soon divides into two branches, a posterior and an ante-
rior. The posterior passes obliquely across the membiane to reach the
tilth finger at the distal third, where it disappears. Eefore doing so it
yields a branch, which is distributed to the posterior half of the mem-
brane. The anterior nerve keeps close to the fourth finger. At its
pi'oximal fourth it is lost in the contour of the bone. Just before its
termination it sends off a large posterior branch, which su])plies the
anterior of the intersi)ace. In the third interspace a long main nerve
is seen dividing into two branches. In the second interspace a i>08te-
rior nerve appears at the proximal third of the first ])halanx of the
fiiurth finger, and an anterior from the proximal third of the first ]>ha-
III iix of the third finger. The ecto]»atagium is attached on the distal
end of the second i-h lanx of the fifth finger, while the mesopatagium

* Tim lirisMcH a'iont the noHtrils liii vo Ix'en iie{;lectetl in describiiif!; specii's of Xjicti-
tiomuH. Tbey are oonspicuouH iu X brasiliensis, wliile ulniust abbout iu iV. pliculu».

166

BULLETIN 43, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

is attached to tlie tip of tlie third ])hahinx, tlius the mcdiiin border of
this phaliiiix is without monibraiie. The tliird phalanx is directed
obliquely toward the body. The third phalaux of the fourth linger is
delleeted parallel to the free inar}>iii of thenienibraue of the third inter-
sjtaee away from the body, and jnesents a well-defined free inferior
border. The third ])halanx of the third finger exhibits a distinct cu
taneous flange or hem on th(5 free border. Thus all the terminal i)lia-
lanxes are in ])art or in whole free fr(»m the wing membrane on one
border. The tail membrane with an indistinct band extending from
the knee inward from knee one-half the way to the tail. The inferior
margin presents a well-marked lobe near the tail.

Variaimis. — A variety oi' Nyctinomns from California differs from
others examined in the jjresenee of plantar tubercles, and in the largo
size and good delinition of the calcaneal tubercle (pi, xxxil, tig. '>).
It is further distinguished by the females exhibiting well-defined spines
on the median vertical ridge of tlie muzzle. In the males these are
supplanted by small tubercles, or the ridge is entirely smooth. In
four exiimples, three of which were males, the chin was furnished with
two small, symmetrically placed warts. No similar appendages have
been noted in the genus. In one female an elongated wedge-shape
plate defined the mentum. The specimens were li2 in number; males
9, female 18. The females were disposed to be slightly larger than the
males, and to possess unusually marked masses of fat in the anterior
abdominal wall and at the groin. Should increased knowledge of this
variety make it desirable to assign it a distinct name it may be re-
garded i\» yyctinumns hmsiiic>i.sis calif ornicua.

The assertion that the ears are disunited is sustained by many ex-
aminations. However, in a specimen (No. (J04ij, Mus. Comp. Zool.) the
ears are united by a band 1""" high.

In three specimens from the island of St. Kitts (6019, 6020, G02I
Mus. (.'omp. Zoiil.) the tail was free for 0""" only.

X.piniiiliis, from the Bogas country, Africa, resembles the species last
named in the length of the second phalanx of the fourth finger, such
length being over twice the lengtli of the corresponding phalanx in
other species of the genus examined. One female of this species has
been examined from the collections of the Museum of Comparative
Zoology.

The i'ollowing observations on this species may be of use in study-
ing X. 1)r(i,sili(nsis: The muzzle is without spines. The lips are much
bicker than in JN'. hrasHiensiN; they are wider than the muzzle ishigli.
The few stout bristles on the face an^ much less consincuous than in
N. ImtNilinitiiN. The ears ar<' united for a height of 4""". The keel of
the auricle is 5""" long. The ears are rounded without a scallop on
posterior border; the free jxtrtion below the head measures <•""". The
antitragus is higher than broad and is 4""" wide at the base. The sides

\ It

border of
H directi'd
h fliiger is
liird intc'i •
ce inferior
istinct en-
niiial ])liii-
lie oil Olio
idiiig from
le inferior

ffers from
the largo

Lll, fig. ;-)).
nod spines
tliese are
ootli. In
shed with
igea have
dge-sliapo
•er; males
than the
e anterior
ge of this
lay be re-
many ex-
Zoiil.) the

1020, G021

lecies last
iger, such
lialanx in
)ecie.s has
iiparative

in study-
are nuu'h
le ishigii.
s than in
le keel of
callo]) on
>""". Tlie
The sides

A MONOGRAPH OP TIIK BAl'S OF NOKTH AMERICA.

167

of the tragus are of equal height, quadrate, and measure a little less
than 1""" in all proportions. They are directed obliciuely backward, so
that the upper border is vertical. On the mesopatagium the first
oblique hand is small and indistinct. It is .attached to the side of the
fifth metacarpal bone (i. e., it is free from the nniscle mass). The pouch
is indistinct. The subnientum is provided with a distinct wart, but no
median ridge lies between the wartand the lower lip, as in N. brasi-
lienstH.

MaxUliary teeth. — The incisor of each side is slender, simple, obliquely
directed downward and inward, but not touching its fellow. A wide
space exists between it and the canine. The canine is slender, vertical,
scarcely produced beyond the second premolar; cingulum producied
posteriorly. To the outer side of this prolongation, but set in slightly
Ironi the outer limit of the tooth series, is seen the minute first premo-
liir. The second premolar with well-defined piotocone and fiuted para-
cone — the heel-like projection of the cingulum is discernible. The first
molar possesses a sharply defined acute protocone of low elevation, the
commissures embracing the two Vs. The jtaracone is slightly smaller
tlian the metacone. The hypocone unusually well defined, often almost
as high as the protocone and sometimes bilobed. The second molar as
the first, but with equal cusps and simple hypocone. The third molar
with protocone as in other molars. The anterior V slightlj' compressed.
The posterior V with anterior lind) entire; posterior limb absent. The
molars do not touch excei)t at their buccal surfaces.

Mandibular teeth. — The incisors, three in number, the first and second
C(|ual or subequal, bilobed, without basal cusps. The third much
smaller, wedged in b»!tween the second and the canine, and is often
lost. The canine with sharply defined cingulum entirely round the
tooth. The premolars slightly crowded, the first the smaller. Of the
molars the V is smaller than the heel throughout. Tlie anterior limb
of the heel adjusts against the V at about its middle. Tiie triangle
composed of paraconid, metaconid, and protocinid is much compressed
from before backward. The i)arac<uiid not inciin<>d forward as is seen
to be the case in Atalapha and ^faerotl(s. Tlie commissure at the base
of the heel is conspicuously cusi)idatc. In the third molar it, in addi-
tion, bears a second small acicule. The cingulum is visible throughout
lit the base <ni the buccal surface.

iSkiill. — Oreatest length, 1.")"""; greatest width, 10""»; least width,
4111111. length of fiuw from orbit, ;U"""; distance from infraorbital
foramen, to the tooth row, 1""". The sagittal crest is defined the entire
length ; weaker posteriorly. The ])osterior temjjoral crest is trenchant,
forming with its fellow the sides of a broad-based triangle, 2""" long.
The mesencephalon is .{""" long. The anterior temporal crest ends
on the orbital crest, which is sharply outlined and as long as the orbit
is high. The inner wall of the orbit is fiat. The vertex of the face

168

lUILLETIN lit, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MU8EUM.

provi(l<((l with » iiicdiiin <>roovo. wliicli bofjiiis abruptly at tlio junction
oftlio sajjittal witli tlui anterior toinporal cmsts and rcacilics a point
liiill'way to the anterior nasal aperture. The fronio maxillary infla
tion extends over the entire face vertex. The short intraorbital caiiii
is provided with an elevated ridfj;e like outer wall, which carries a pit.
A largo foramen unites the nasal chambers near the ])osterior nasal
aperture with the mesopteryyoid fossa, 'riie otic foramen converted
into a notcb, thus permittiu}; the otic capsule to be exposed the entire
length on the side of the skull. The paroccipital i)ro('es8 is inconspic-
uous and ends at a point about on ;i level with the mastoid process
The interval is occupied entirely by the otic capsule. The tymi)anic
ring is ccmiplote. The sphenoidal tongue is rudimentary or abscuit.
The eoronoid process is less than half the height of the hori/ontal
ramus. The angle is scarcely produced back of the line of the condyle.
The interval between the two is almost straight. The angle is broad,
flat, acuminate and is markedly (h^tlected outward so as to \w almost
free from the line of the condyle when seen from above. Th(» masse-
teric im])ression is de«!pbnt does notrea(!h the lower border of tlie ramus.
The ])ost-symphysal process is absent. The incisive notch deep as in
res pert ilio and allies.

The foHowing notes will be of interest in connection with the stmly
of the skull of N. ImiHilienHiH:

N. orthotis. — The sagitta is well detincd. The face verte'- is elevated
■with scarcely any depression. The rrontoinaxilhiry i .uaticm is rudi-
mentary. The zygoma is without (elevation on the upper border. The
basisphenoid fossa' is well marked. The postpalatal spine is absent.
The infraorbital canal is long, permitting the line of the anterior inisal
aperture to fall back of the facial foramen. The eoronoid is less ele-
vated, Avhile the angle is longer and less acumiiuito, and lies far beyond
the condyle. I

¥. norfolcensis. — The sagittal crest is absent. The face vertex is
with shallow depression, but conspicuous orbital ridge and lachrymal
tubercle. The eoronoid ])roeess is Iiigh, greatly exceeding the width
of the adjacent rannis. The angle is widely deflected from the line of
the condyle.

N. europn. — The sagitta is absent. The orbit crest is scarcely de-
fined. Tlu' lachrymal tubercle small. The zygoma is without elevation
on the upper border. The eoronoid process abov«! the line of the con-
dyle is a mere tubercle, and greatly less than the width of the adjacent
ramus.

Nofea on the sh;h;to)i. — Atlas: The lower opening for the vertebral
artery is much larger than the upper; below it a spine projects down-
ward and (»utward.

Scapula: The upper half of the subscapular fossa limited inferiorly
by an oblique keel. The vertebral border of this subfossa is concave

UM.

tlio junction
!lics a point
ciliary iuHa
lorbital cana
iarries a pit.
torior nasal
II converted
(I the entire
H inconspic-
:()id process
le tympanic
or abscMit.
* horizontal
Hie condyle,
tie is broad,

be almost
The masse-
1" the ramus.

deep as in

h the study

is elevated
ion is rudi-
order. The
i is absent,
terior nasal
[ is less ele-
far beyond

I
; vertex is

1 lachrymal
: the width

the line of

icareely de-
it elevation
of the con-
ic adjacent

} vertebral
jects down-

1 inferiorly
is concave

U. S. NATIONAi. MUSEUM

BULLETIN 43, PL. XXXIII

1. Maxillary teeth of Nyctinomus brasiliensis. x 12.

2. Mandibular teeth of same, x 12.

iin
pn

WH
lip

Til

]

pe(
I III
(liii
tlu

1
riK
lor

J
boi
till
net
of
ole
hrr
ttit

J
iibi
IJii
()(I<

]
iiiii
J'hi
Ilia
cry
wci
wai

(llU

hci

ill

iiro

:ib(

sta

fol(

fl'Ol

Till
\Vi
(pii

A MONOOIIAPH OF TUF- BATS (>F NORTH AMKIUCA, 1(50

iind <lo<'|M'ii»'(l Hoiiiixt, ('speciiilly lit the uiirIo, wIhto ii liirj,'o nunirvtMl
process Iroiii tlio IxtrdtM' is hccii. TIio roroiioid extends toward this
process iiixl iK'iiily rciiclu's if;tliiis the (-oroiioid is not curved down,
ward as in tlie case generally in otlier tiian thi^ iiiolossids. The lower
lip oi" the glenoid cavity pr<»jects markedly, making the glenoid very
concave; the lateral margin is (convex; the mediiin margin is straight.
The triceps impression is stri(rtly axillary, with a greater tendency to
encroachment on the dorsum.

Humerus: Axis of head very oblique to tln^ axis of the shaft. The
pectoral ridge ecpials one-fifth the length of the shaft The external
lubersity greatly exceeds the inner in height. The <'i)itrochlea is pro-
duced as a spine, which n^aches below the trochlea. The inner half of
the trochh'a is scarcely grooved anteriorly.

Ulna: The proximal i)art of the uliui ecpials half of tlie length of the
radius; the aiticular surface bears a longitudinal (^est. The <listal part
form a quadrate imperforates plate.

Pelvis : The innomiiuite bones do not unite at the symphysis. Each
bone is firmly anchylosed to thv saciuin. Tins symphysal border is
three times as long as the pectineal spine. The thyroid foramen is
nearly circular. The sacrum is comi)osed of three elements, the spines
of which increase from above downward. The caudal vertebrse are
eleven in number. The first two resemble the sacral elements in having
broad, flat, conjoined lateral i)roce8se8. The others sire like caudal ver-
tebrie generally in mammals.

Habitat. — Subtropical and tropical America apparently everywhere
abundant. It is sometimes so nunu'roiis in the Southern cities of the
United States as to render houses uninhabitable by their disagreeable
odor and the noise they make in moving about.

I had an opportunity in December, 1880, to study a number of living
iinimals which had been c(dlected by Mr. James Bell at (lainesville,
i'la., and sent to me by Prof. liaird. They did not resist handling and
made no defense. The numth was not open in excitement, nor was any
cry emitted; a slight puiiing sound was occasionally heard. The feet
were used to dress the fur and to scratiih; tlie outer side of the thigh
was easily reached by abducting the foot, the last-named act being in-
duced doubtless by the long peroneal muscle, the knee at the same time
being moderately flexed. Extensicmofthe wingoften occurred (as though
in preparation for flight), as terrestrial animals stretch their limbs in
anmsing from sleep. In such a movement the inferior extremity was
iibducted by the tracti(m of the fifth finger on the wing membrane. lu
standing the trunk was ]>rone, the head slightly elevated, the wings
folded, the toes separated, the first and fifth toes being farther apart
from their neighbors than were the second and third from one another.
The foot was dorsitlexed find the plantar surfai-e was on the ground.
Walking was accomplislied with ease and carried the little creature
quickly along. The maniisin this act remained folded, and the motion

..^...

?«>.*^'

IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)

.<^

iJ"^

&
^

1.0 [ji^ I

11.25

2.5

14.0

2.2
2.0

i>^

Photographic
.Sciences
Corporation

23 WIST MAIN STREET

WEBSTER, N.Y. M580

(716) 872-4503

170 BULLETIN 43, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

appeared to bo made up of the arm and forearm acting as one factor,
the callosity over tbe first metacarpal bone serving as a point of resist-
ance. In taking iiigbt from a flat surface tbe animal appeared to spring
into tbe air as a lizard jumps, no one portion of tbe body appearing to
move more tban anotber; but it is probably true tbat most of the act
was accomplished by the arm and forearm. In coming to rest at tlie
end of flight the wings often remained extended for a little while; some-
time one would bo folded when tbe other was kept extended. When
placed on a horizontal surface, as a table top, the animal scurried to the
edge and often hung partially over. The flexible loin enabled the pelvis
and lower extremities to remain on the top of the table, while the rest
of the trunk \vas pendent on the side. A number of the bats were
allowed to escape in a large room. They moved freely about the surface
of a large table jintl made short flights to neighboring objects. No food
was partaken of, and at the end of a few days they became listless and,
since it was evident that they could not thrive, they were killed by im-
mersion in spirits.

Meaaitrementii. An average taken from five individuaU.

MilUmeterii.

Head and body (from crown of head to base of tail) 49

Length of arm 21

Length of forearm 40

First digit :

Length of first metacarpal bone 3

Length of first phalanx 4

Second digit :

Length of second metacarpal bone 38

Length of first phalanx

Third digit: •

Length of third metacarpal bone 38

Length of first phalanx 14

Length of second phalanx 14

Fourth digit :

Length of fourth metacarpal bone 38

Length of first phalanx 12

Length of second phalanx 8

Fifth digit :

Length of fifth metacarpal bone 24

Length of first plialanx 11

Length of second phaLinx 5

Lengtii of head

Height of ear 13

Height of tragus 4

Length of thigh

Length of tibia 11

Length of foot 7

Ijcngth of interfcmoral membrane

Length of tail in monibrnne 15

Length of tail free from membrane 16

•ne factor,
t of resist-
l to spring
pearing to
of the act
est at the
lile; some-
id. When
ried to the
.the pelvis
ie the rest
bats were
;he surface
I. No food
stless and,
lied by im-

MilUmeters.

A MONOGRAPH OP THE BATS OF NORTH AMERICA.
Measiirementa from first, edition of Monograph.

171

(.'urrent num-
ber.

From
tip of
nose to

tail.

Length

tail.

Length
of fore-
arm.

Length

tihin.

L4>n)^th

longest
finger.

Length

ot'
thumb.

Height

ear.

Height

of
tragus.

Ex-
panse.

Nature

of
spticimen.

,r,253

In.
2.0
2.6
2.6
2.4
2.3
2.3
2.(1
2.2

In.
1.3
1.1

1.0

l.M
i.;i

1.2
1.3
1.2

In.
1.7
l.B
1.7
1.0
1.0
1.7
1.0
1.6

In.
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
U.O
0.0
0.6
0.0

In.

3.0

:i.o

3.2
3.2
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0

In.

o.«

0.4

0.3

0.4i

0.3

3.3

0.3

In.
0.7

0.7
0.0
0.0
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.7

In.
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2

In.
11.0
10.3
10.0
9.0
10.0
10.0
10.4
10.3

r)494

l)o.

,1227

Do.
Do.

Ml»

Do.

.f.225

Do.
Do.
Do.

List of specimens.

Cat.
No.

No.
of speci-
mens.

Locality.

Presented by—

Nature

specimen.

Collection.

5475

1
1
1
3
2
1
1
1

Unner Kio Gmnfle

Dr T. C. Henrv

Dry

XT 8. N M

5473..

El Paso

J.H.Clark

Do.

5225. .

Alcoholic.
. . . .do

Do.

.VJIO..

I'ecos to Rio Uranile

firaiid Coteau, La

Capt. J. Pope

Do.

54IHI. .

St. Charles College

....do

Do.

5223..

....do

Do.

5227..

Fort Yuma, Cal

Mi^ . G. H. Thomas

....do

Do.

4742..

"U.S"

Mi^j. Loconto

Dry

Do.

2. Nyotinomus macrotlB nevadenais H. Allen, (riaten xxxiv, xxxv.)

Xyctinomus macrotis Gray, Ann. Nut. Hist., iv, 1839, 5; Dobson, Proc. Zoiil. Soo.

London, 1876, 729, Fig. 6.
/)j«oj)e» auritii* Natt, Wugner, Wiegm. Archiv, 1843, 368; Biirmeister, Thiere Bra-

siliens, 1854, 69.
Ihjiopes laticaudattts and caciis Renggor, Siingoth. Paragnay, 1800, 88.
Ihjsopet auriapinosis Peale, U. }<<. Ex]>I(ir. Exped., viii, 1844, 21.
Xyctinomus auritus Petere, MB. Akiul. Berlin, 1865, 573.

Two specimens from Nevada in the National Museum present many
characters in common with N. macrotis, as this species is described by
Gray* and-Dobsont. In both forms the ears are united by a band,
the keel of auricle is curved upward and backward, the tragus is small
and of the quadrate type, the ear-conch is thin and translucent, and
the terminal phalanx of the fourth linger measures but 2""", and is
shorter than terminal phalanx of tht fifth finger. There is also a gen-
eral agreement in other measurements. Nevertheless, the specimens
I'an not be received into any of the species of Nyctinomtm hitherto de-
scibed. As compared with descriptions of 2f. macrotis, its nearest ally,
the muzzle is not "concave" between t.i;e ears. Tlie tragus is convex
above instead of being " straight or concave," nor does its lower half
form a "prominent angular projection." The fur, instead of being of a
''reddish-brown beneath and above," is, on the dorsum, of a uniform
dark plumbeus (mouse color), the base of the fur being the same as the
tips. A faint line of fur extends along the forearm to the distal one-

•Ann. Nat. Hist., I v., 1839, 5. ~~~

t Cat. Chirop. Brit. Mua., 1878, 435.

172 lUILLETIN 43, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

fllth. Tlie fur on the venter is slightly lighter in tint, that of the. chest
being a Hhmle darker than that of the abdomen. Hut, on the whole,
the dorsum and venter may be said to be of the sanui general tint. The
endopatagium is without a naked space alongside the body.

The keel of the auricle does not project outward beyond the anti-
tragns. The manner of termination of the outer margin of the auricle
on the antitragus is not described by authors. Judging from Dobson's
figure (PI. XXII, Fig. r>),the margin reaches the outer surface of the anti-
tragus, while in the Nevada specimen it ends on the middle of the ex-
ter'uil basal jnocess. The outer margin of the auricle is uniformly
rounded.

The Ameri(!an species of NyotinomuH are not variable to any markv-^d
degree, and the cUarac^ters Just given are of greater significance than
would be the case in some other genera. But the variations in the
form of the tragus in Ohiroptera are always associated with other char
acters; that is to say, the form of the tragus is an index to variation.
The slightest modification in outline from the one accepted as typical
of the species is associated with some other minor changes in the gen-
eral periphery. Respecting the color, it may be said that the ntonse
tint of the Nevada specimens is not described in any species of Nycti
nomus, and is therefore probably not a variation in the color of N.
macroUs.

J>e8criptio'':—Mmz\e with sharply defined upper borders, with deep
emargination between them. The border furnished with numerous
pectinate spines, except over the nostrils, where their place is taken
by minute papillte. In the younger of the two specimens the muz/.le
presents a few scarcely discernible spines on upper border. Vertical
ridge on front of muzzle papillate; in general character as in N. bra
sUiensia; well defined ridge on mentum ; no submental wart apparent,
but a single long hair grows from the center. The ears are thin, senii-
translicent, united by a band 1""" high, and a faint ridge extends 2"""
in front of commissure. Three snmll spines are seen on the internal
border. The keel is 9"' long, folded back, and of the same consistence
as rest of the auricle; four minute spines are seen on the upi>er border
of tlie auricle. A faint, shallow scallop is seen where the revolute
flange of the auricle is defined. The antitragus is broader than high,
4""" at base, 2""" high. The notch back of it reaches to the base of the
antitragns. The inferior extremity is well defined on the venter, that
is to say, that the pubo-tibial fold is absent.

The second phalanx of the fourth finger is 2""" long. In this regard
N. mairotin resembles If. megalot'iH and N. yracilis; and is distinguished
from N. braaiUensift, in which this phalanx is 7""" long. With Old
World forms comparisons may be made with N. piunilns and N. aj'ri-
canwx, in both of which this phalanx measuies 7""" in length.

The entopatagium with (M)raco-bra('hialis fas<'icle dividing at upper
third of membrane, its anterior division reaching line of elbow and

I f

^f.

>t' the chest
the wh(»U>,
tint. The

A the anti-
tho anricle
n Dobsoii's
of theaiiti-

> of tlie ex-
unifonnly

ny markv'^d
caiice than
OMB ill tlie
otlier char-

► variation,
as typical

in the gen-
the uionse
!S of 2^ycti-
jolor of N.

witli deep
numerous
« is taken
the inuz/.te
. Vertical
1 in N. hm
b apparent,
thin, senii-
xtends 2""»
16 internal
jonsistenco
•per border
le revolute
than high,
base of the
enter, that

this regard
itingiiishcul

With Old
nd N. aj'ri-
i.
g at u])per

elbow and

:l'l

Explanation of Plate XXXIV.

Fig. 1. Front viow of head of Xiictinomus macrolh neradetisit.

Fi(i. 2. Side view of same.

Fui. ii. View of tl'itgiis iiud inner surface of auricle.

Fio. 4. Winj;; nieinbriine.

Fig. ."). Tail and interfenioral nienibranc.

Fig. 6. Slviill seen from above, x 'J.

Fig. 7. Sliull and lower jaw seen from the side, x 2.

U. S. NATIONAL MUFEUM

BULLETIN 43, PL. XXXIV

Nyctinomus MACROTIS NEVADENSIS.

'%'

N
fn

ID
It

w
r<

8]
SI

t
a

\
I

]

A MONOGRAPH OK THE BATS OP NOHTH AMERICA.

173

extPnding tlienco vertically to within a millimeter of free margin.
Other nerves of the wing membrane and the terminal phalangeH as in
N. braHilk'imis. The tail membrane with a well-defined lino extending
from the middle of the thigli to the free margin of the membrane.

The first ol>li(iue band at the radis-carpal angle is attached to the
mnscle mass at the base of the fifth metacarpal bone parallel to radius.
It measures 5""". The i)ouch is indistinct.

A fibrous band lies to the inner side of the fifth metacarpal bone.
N. braHiliemiH has none.

Mojeillary teeth. — The incisor is cuspidate. The caniiie without pos-
terior basal prohmgation and in contact with tiie first premolar, which,
while small in size and Him])le, is larger than in ¥. hraHiUensis and is
retained in the axis of the tooth row. The remaining t<}eth, as in the
species last named, with the exception that the posterior limb of the
second V is complete and more than half as long as the anterior limb.

Mandibular teeth. — Incisors two in number, Hai, crowned, deeply
bilobed. The remaining teeth mucli the same as in N". brasiliensia.

SktiU. — Length, 22"""; mesencephahm, S"""; greatest width, 10""» ;
least width, 4""". Length of face from infraorbital (!anal, 4""". The par-
occipital process is broad at the base, subacuminate, not reaching to
the line of the middle of the condyle and no longer than the mastoid.
The interval 0(!cupied by the otic capsule, which, with the exception
of a small portion crossed by a process of the scjuamosa, is exposed.
The face vertex is scarcely inflated at its widest part, is very little
wider than the region of the proencephalon. The region of the lachry-
mal bone is marked by a tubercle. The orbital crest is conspicuous
and not produced. The line of the upper border of the anterior nasal
aperture if produced would intersect the tlental arch immediately back
>f the canine. The opening from the mesopterygoid fossa to the orbit
is large. The sagittal crest is small and confined to the region of the
proencephalon and metencephalon. The interval between the faintly
marked posterior temporal crest and the occipital crest is elevated,
rounded, and not triangular. The sphenoidal tongue is rudimental
and is not disposed from the horizontal. The basispheaoid dossie is
conspicuous. Tlie tympanic bone is large and inflated; the mastoid
region small, nodular; the basi occipital is narrrow without latteral
depressions, which are so conspicuous in Artibeus; the round foramen
of the sphenoid bone separated I'rom the sphenoidal foramen by a sep-
tum; the pterygoid process a delicate spine; the vomer extends to the
posterior border of the hard i)alate.

The small corouoid is scarcely elevated above the level of the condyle,
but is one-half the width of the adjacent part of the horizontal ramus.
The angle is broad, flat, and scarcely produced beyond the condyle.
Seen from above it is so deflected that it lies just at the outer border
of the condyle. The posterior border of the ascending ramus is slightly
concave. The masseteric impression is shallow and leaves a broad in-
terval between it and the lower margin of the ramus.

174 BULLETIN 13, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Siucu 1 have iievoi- seen Nyctinomuti macrotiH in the adult form, or IVoni
loealitieH from whujh it was flrst collected, I have thou^^ht it bent to iden-
tify the specinienH described as N. mairoiUH ncvadenciii.

In specimen No. 1/)178, the head and b: dy measures GO'"'" whi(!h is
probably nearer the adult than in the precedinjif example. The len},'tli
of the arm is 25""" and that of the forearm 54"'"'. Tlie other measure-
ments are not of sutticient value to be separately made.

Habitat'. — Nevada and (valifornia, accordinfj to Dobson, N". macrotis
has been collected in Cuba and Brazil (Mato Grosso), and Paraguay.
This writer assigns Diisopes aitrispinoiius of Peale to JV. macrotiH. la
this connection it is of interest to state that Mr. Peale collected 7). an
rispinosns at sea. The specimen flow on the vessel off the coast of Brazil
lOU miles from laud.

■\ , MKASUHEMKNTS.

[No. 15178, U. S. N. M.]

MilUiuetcra.

Head and body (from crown of bead to base of tail)

Length of arm 28

Length of forearm 52

First digit :

Length of tirat metnciirpal bone 3

Length of flrMt phalanx 4

Second digit :

Length of second metacarpal bune 45

Length of first phalanx

Third digit:

Length of third metacarpal bone 46

Length of first phalanx 15

Length of second phalanx 12

Fourth digit :

Length of fourth metacarpal bone 42

Length of first phalanx 12

Length of second phalanx 2

Fifth digit :

Length of fifth metacarpal bono 24

Length of first phalanx 15

Length of second phalanx 4

Lenth of head 20

Height of ear 15

Height of tragus 2

Width of tragus - 2

Length of thigh 18

Length of tibia 13

Length of foot 10

Length of intcrfemoral membrane

Length of tail entire 43

Length of tail (free portion) 23

* U. S. Exploring Ex])editiou, Mamm. and Omith., 1848, 22.

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM

BULLETIN 43. PL. XXXV

"■" whi(;li is

The length

er meusure-

1. Maxillary teeth of Nyctinomus macrotis nevadensis. x 12.

2. Mandibular teeth of same, x 12.

01
CO

rt\
tb
1»

81]

N
is
fo
m
m
tl

tl
T
ti
b:

P
w
a

tl
o:

V
CI

ii
a

il
Is

tl
»

A MONOailAIMI OF THE bAT8 OF NOUTII AMERICA.

175

OenuB PROMOPS (<urvuit<. . \

Promopi Gnrvnis, Exped. dii Coiiii;to do Cuotuliiuii, ZciiiloKio, Muullnif^rnH, 1H85,
5B, pi. XII, ti({8. 3, 3u; I'lttxrH, MH. Akud. Burlin, 18A6, 071.

■I 2 11

Denlnl J'oriHula. — Mdlars , inoiiiolurn _^, canine *, inciHorH ' x '2—iW.

PromopH was 8eparat(!d by (Jervais from MoIohkum, (Jeoff., on tlio pres-
once of two prumolarH in the upper Jaw, MoloHsitu having; but one.

DiagnoniH. — The larguHt bat in thu fuunn, the forearm measuring
rtlj™'"* Ears joined and reaeh forward quite to the muzzle. Proto-
cone, without the crenuhitions Whi(rh arc ho eonspicuouH in Molomim
ri{fus. The ma.xilhiry incisors touch and occupy the iutcrval8 between
the canines. The flrst maxilhiry premohir is small and withdrawn to
palatal side of axis of dental series. Anterior V of first molar much
smaller than the second. In common with other MoUmi (exceptinjf
Nyctinomus), the premaxillo) are conjoined at the palate. The fifth dif^it
is much the smallest of the series, and the first phalanx of the third and
fourth digits is dorsillexed in repose. The first row of phalanges in
manus is from three to four times as large as the second. The fifth
metiicarpal bone is one-half the length of the fourth and nearly one-
third the length of the third metacarpal bone.

1. Promops perotia oallforniouB Morriain. (I'lutuH xxxvi, xxxvii, xxxviii.)

Dr. C. Hart Merriam has described a bat in the fourth fascituilus of
the North American Fauna* un<ler the mime of MoIoshus ealifornictisA
Two adult females of this bat have been forwarded to nui by the Na-
tional Museum, and upon these the following descrii)tion has been
based. I have long been familiar with a sp(!cies of Molossus which ap-
peared to be a distinct variety, one specimen without locality, which
was sent to me by Mr. J. C. Cooper, of the Califcruia Academy of Science,
and a second purchased of Mr. Ward, also without locality. One of
these was in fair condition and more closely answered to the description
of M. glaucinus than to M. perotis, and was identified as M. glaucimut
var. 1 have not seen M. fflaucinus, and held as probable that, as in the
case of Macrotus, a species of Cuban bat might find closely allied foi«ms
in Mexico and California. Were it not for the fact that I have ex-
amined M. tcaterhousii from Cuba I would have hesitated in separating
M. cali/ornieus from it. Dobson indeed does not recognize the species
last named. Purbuiug this plan of reasoning, 1 declined to describe
the Californian specimen as new. Mr. Merriam has been fortunate in
securing fully adult forms, which are evidently the same as my M, glau-
cinus var., and has described therii under the name above given. He

•N. A. Fauna, 4, 1890-1.

tl have been acquaiutcd with two examples of this species for b long time. One
was purchased in a miscellaneous lot, and one sent for examination by the California
Academy of Science. Both of these examples were without locality, and I assumed
they might be member of faunie from which I had never received specimens.

176

BULLETIN 43, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

makes no allusion to M. (flaucinus, but institute's ('oin])iU'isons with M.
perotis, from wliii^h it is undoubtedly distinct. In the absencpot'cxait
, information reapoc'tlnjjf M. glannmis, I have concluded to adopt jno-
visionally Mr. ^Nlcrriain's name as one based upon the study of the adult.
Careful comparisons with M. (flaucinus must be made before its validity
is established.

M. ylpneinuH is stated by Dobson to be light brown atthebaseof tlici
hairs, then chestnut brown, the extreme tips grayish, so that the upper
surface appears altogether gray. The colors of M. californicus arc
within the group of the grays, and it is tenable that the basal sluHlf
may be variable within specific limits and pass from chestnut to l»iill'
and thence to whire butf. Be this as it may, the coloratioji may be dis-
carded in the diag losis, and the important specific characters made to
include the emargination on the posterior border of the auricle (which
is said by Dobson to be absent in M. glaucinus), the presence of a tu-
bercle on the interauricular membrane, and in the first ujjper premolar
being central in the space between the canine and second premolar.

The tragus in M. glauvinm, according to Dobson, is 0.12 (3i'""), while
in M. mlifornivm it is J:""", a diflFerence so slight as to come M-ithin the
range of personal error.

The diflt'erence in the measurements of the bo<ly and limbs is not
greater than those between specimens of M. perotis in the Cambridge
collection and those of the British Muocum series made by Dobson.

On the dorsum the hair has sooty-ash tips, varying to a light but!"
or whitish; thus the hair is of two colors. The greater i)ortion is a
shade of white. The tips appear to be less diflferently colored from the
sliaft over the loin than elsewhere. On the venter the color is lighter,
the tips of the hairs are less sooty, but s'ill ashy.

On the membranes the hair covers the basal half (jf the ear dorsally;
it»extends from the proximal third of the humerus to .lear the knee,
and on the interfwnoial mend)rane at the basal third. On the venter
the* hair is about of the same distribution as above, but they do not
reach so far along the thigh, and more is found along the forearm.

A thin line of dark uniccdored hair is seen along the upper bonier of
tlie proximal third of the forearm in advance of the elbow; a second
much larger line of similar hair extends from the proximal third of tlie
forearm to the wrist, and a white defined patch overlies the carpal por-
tion of the fourth digital intersi)ace.

Memhranen. — The prcbrachium not volant beyond the Junction of tlie
proximal to the middle third of the forearm. The wing nu'mbrane is
attached to the distal fourth of the leg. No. 19088, IT. S. N. M., female,
has a rudimentary gul..r itoueh. Auricile ample, one-third longer than
head, nearly circular, with a broad, shallow excavation on outer mar-
gin; the keel long, nearly reaching the n()t(!h, and is slightly folded foj-
ward. The hem begins at the posterior emargination, becomes gradu-
ally convex, but narrows opposite the external basal ridge, crosses the

GUM.

sons with M.
ieucoofcxiHt
io adoi>t ino-
>'of thojidiilt.
re its validity

liebuHooftlKi
UattlienpiHT
ifornmiN aic
basal sliadf
stnut to bull'
ijiinaybedis-
!tei<s made to
iiricle (whirh
?nce of a ta-
per premoliir
premohir.
(3i"'-^')» while
B within tlie

b'mbs is not
s Cambridge
' Dobsoii.
a liglit butt'

portion is a
»red from the
ur is lighter,

:'ar dorsally;
»r the knee,
I the venter
they do not
brearm.
»or border of
v; a second
third of the
i carpal t)or-

iction of tlic
lembranc is
. M,, female,
longer thiin
I outer niiir-
i folded for-
►mes gradu-
crosses the

'''

Fl«
Vu
Fi(
Fk
Fit
Fi(

Explanation of Plate XXXVI.

. 1. I'nder view of the liead of I'roniopn piroth vdtiJ'oriiiciiH.

. 2. [Side view of name.

. 3. View of tra{i;ii8 and inner surface of auricle.

. 4. Tail and interfemoral membrane.

. 5. Skull seen from above, x '2.

. (i. Skull and lower Jaw seen from the side, x 2.

BULLETIN 43, PL. XXXVI

A MONOGRAPH OP THE BATS OF NORTH AMERICA.

177

notch, and euds on tbe posterior border of the aiititragua. The anti-
tiagus is longer than high. The couch is very deep, ahnost reaching
the shoulder. When the antitragus is removed from its attachments
and turned outward the boundnries of the not<;li and the attachment
are distinctly seen. The external basal ridge joins the lowest of the
transverse ridges at a right angle. The tragus is hniger than wide and
is abruptly truncate at tlie ajtex. The iiiteranrictular membrane is
deeply uot<;he(l in the middle and furnished M'ith a hairy tubercle on
either side. A rib connected this membrane to the snout directly back
ot the muzzle. The muzzle with circular borders which are iinperfecitly
defined below, but trenchant and prorect above, where they are ob-
scurely crenulate. In the median line a vertical ridge separates the
ahnost marginal nostrils. A sparse growth of hairs sparsely lines the
upper part of interior of the auricle. A delicate fringe covers the pos-
terior margin, including the hem. Tlie hair of the back of the conch
and base of the antitragus can not be distinguished from that of the
side of the neck. The interauricular membrane is hairy on both dor-
sal and ventral surfaces; a moderately stiff brush of forwardly directed
bairs project from the rib above the snout.

When the inmiense range of coloration in some bats is recalled, as
tor example in Artibevs pcrspiciUatm, it : ''ell to be cautious in dis-
tiiiguishing species by shades of fur only.

Ukull. — The brain case scarcely elevated above the vertex of the face.
Metencephalon slightly higher than the mesencephalon, and this in turn
but little higher than the face. A slight depression only betw^een the
mesencephalon and the metencephalon. Tympanic bone not concealing
cochlea. The otic capsule comes to the jteriphery at both squamosal
bone and occiput. Semicircular canals tilled with bone, save the supe-
rior, which retains a minute foramen. Anterior temporal ridge faintly
marked; sagitta barely defined; posterior temporal ridge trenchant.
Face vertex straight. Inner wall of the orbit nearly flat; anterior wall
not depressed or with a narrow transverse groove. Anterior nasal
sjiiue with flat, thin, lateral process. The infraorbital foramen in front
of the second premolar. Squama at base of zygoma is indented.

Distance from infraorbital canal to anterior, nasal aperature equals
twiee the diameter of base of canine. Hard palate extends a short dis-
tance beyond the last molar. Lower jaw with semilunar notch exceed-
ing the distance from angle to the condyle. The angle exceeds in length
tbc mesolateral diameter of <;ondyle, and lies below the lower border of
tlie horizontal ramus. The sympliysal spine, seen from in front the sym-
piiysis menti, is crested at lower half.

The above description contrasts with Molossm rufus as loUows: The
short face vertex is abruptly inclined. The anterior temporal crest not
si'cn, but the posterior crest and the sagitta are very large in many
specimens, resembling the parts as seen in NoctUio.
' Inner wall of orbit convex; anterior wall depressed. The anterior
441— No. 43 12

178 BULLETIN 13, LNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

nasal aperaturc with stout blunt process. The infraorbital canal back I
of the second premolar; the distance from the canal to the anterior
nasal aperture equals the width of the base of the canine tootb. Thft
hard i)alate does not extend beyond the last molar. The lower jaw w^Hi
semilunar notch ecjually tlie distan(^e from the anf^le to the condyle;
the angle exceeds in length the mesolateral diameter of the condyle.

Maiguremeiits of Bkull.

P. perotit \ ,r t

OreatflHt Inngth

Leniith of brniii case

Wiiltli of liruiii itiMo (biiiiiwtoiil)

Width of hraiii cane (liizyKoinutiiO . . .
Width of lirnin uuhu (bip'riincuidiulic;)
Leiigt li of face

2/m.

U
13
14

The ectoturbinal is compressed from side to side and is one-half the |
length of the first eiidoturbinal. The tlrst endoturbinal is acuminate,
as it is seen from the median surface, the portion projecting in advance 1
of the third endoturbinal being slightly convex inferiorly. The third
endoturbinal is received in a depression on the lateral surface of the
first, the second being absent. It in turn receives the fourth. Both
these turbinals, as st^eii in situ, are longer than wide.

Maxillary teeth. — Incisor almost touches canine, yet reaches middle
line and is contigious with its fellow at the base. The simple, cone^like
crown is thence deflected outward, causing the crowns of the two teeth i
to Lightly diverge from one another. Canine simple without groove;
the cingulum slightly produced backward. The small first premolar
lies directly on the outer face of the interval between the canine and
the second premolar. The second premolar with prominent paracolic
and large heel-like projection. The molars quite as in Nyctinomus,
other than that the rudiment of the second V of the third molar is a |
mere tubercle.

Mandibular teeth. — The incisoi-s are compressed and bilobed. The I
premolars are slightly crowded. The commissure at the lingual base
of the heel is deeply eniarginate in the middle. The heel of the third
molar is somewhat compressed from without inward, the lingual
bordei* being much the higlier.

Ifotes on the sicelcton. — Axis with long transverse process,which bears I
a foramen to the outsi<le of the foramen for the vertebral artery. Keel I
on the ventral surface of the centrum ending in a tubercle. Atlas with
tubercle on anterior arc; large spine on anterior border of wide trans-
verse process. St^apuhi coracoid defle cted posteriorly, narrowed at end.

Humerus. — The height of the outer tuberosity correlates with tbel
depth of the fossa in front of the head. The depression on the humerus,
inner side, near elbow, equals one-half diameter of shaft. Trochlear '
surfaces iit elbow deep, well defined.

Radius. — ^The depression on the radius less than that on the humerus. I

JM.

1 canal back |
Llio auterior
tootl). The
vet Jaw with I
;he condyle;
1 condyle.

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM

BULLETIN 43, PL. XXXVII

>erotu
irnieui.

IT, rv/ui.

f-m.

Mm.

•22

one-half the |
) acuminate,
g in advance I
. The third
arface of the
lurth. Both |

iclies middle
lie, cone-like |
he two teeth I
lOut groove;
•st premolar
) canine and
nt paracolic
Nyctinomus, ]
L molar is a I

ilobed. The
lingual base
of the third
the lingual

,which bears
rtery. Keel I
Atlas with
' wide trans- 1
owed at end.
;e8 with the I
;he humerus,
. Trochlear |

;he humerus.

WINQ MEMBRANE OF PROMOPS PEROTIS CALIFORNICUS.

r\'

A MONOQRAI'H OF THE B4T8 OF NORTH AMERICA. 179

Tlio (liHtul end of the radius m iarniMhcd with a large median i)rocciJ8.
Ulnu with proximal end not anchylosed to the radius, but having an
exceedinf^ly delicate throat-like shaft which joins the radium at junc-
tion ofmiddlo with the distal, viz., at 45""" the ramius being 72'"'" long.
Thib is best seen in the young. The distal ulna element is united to
the radius, forming with it a i)erforate quadrate i)late which bears a
minute perforation. The distal border of the plate is notched.

A sesamoid dorsad to first row of carpal bones ; a second sesamoid on
the fourth metacarpal, which is united to ccntrale (or magnum) by a
ligament; a third sesamoid on fifth metacarpal at i)roximal end; it is
united to the bones of the first row by a ligament.

Carpus. — The concavo-convex trapezium much larger than the small
tripartite trapezoid, and overlapping it. Magnum subcordate unci-
form with coarsely spinose facet for the fourth metacarpal, but is plaiu
and simple for articulation with the fifth metacari)al. Unciform, small,
irregular. Pisiform not extending on shaft of the fifth metacarpal.

Metacarpus with first nuitacarpal, with axial facet for articulation,
with a lateral facet of the second metacarpal. Second metacarpal with
a large angulated head which is directed toward the fifth; the fifth
metacarpal has a corresponding angulation whi(!li is directiul toward
the second; this arrangement greatly strengthens the palmar aspect of
the carpus. The bone is compressed with sharp palmed keel much
smaller than any of the series.

The differences in the length of the metacarpal and x>halaugeal ele-
ment are seen in the table of measurements.

No keel is seen on tlie sternum.

Ribs are thirteen in number — the twelfth and thirteenth beirg widely
deflected and having much larger interspaces than the others. The
sacrum has three elements.

Innominate with concave dorsum anchylosed to the sacrum and to
each other at the pubis.

Femur. — Internal trochanter with minute spine; external trochanter
with rugose h)ngitudinal ridge extending on proximal fourth of shaft.
The line of top of the external trochanter carried across shaft lies just
below head and, if produced, intersects the lower border of the free
end of the internal trochanter.

Tibia, with globose spine, posterior surface of shaft near condyle
depressed for flexon of toes. Fibula entire; prox end with glocose ex-
tremity; distal end the larger, with well-defined malleolus. Clavicle
widest to mesal half. A distinct facet is seen for articulating with the
first costal cartilage.

3feasiiremenU.

MilliiuoteTB.

Head and body (from crown of head to base of tail) 70

Length of arm 35

Length of forearm 67

180 DULLETIN 13, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Mcatiuretiienlii — Cuut.iuiiuU.
I'iiHl «lij{i( : Mlllimntein,

I L)<ii^r|li of lii>t iiictaciii'iial lioiie (j

Li'llfrtll of lll'Nt iihulitiix IJ

Si'coiiit ili);it:

l.i-iiglh of Mccoiid lut^tiicai'pul lioiie tl7

Lfii^lli of tii-Ht iihulimx 2

Tliiniainit:

Lcii^tli of tliiril iiii'tat'iirpal )ion< t;9

iii'ii^tli of (ii'Mt ]ilialaiix ;(()

L<Mi)rtli of Hccoiid |ih)ilaiix 1>G

Funi'th ili^it:

Li'U^'lU of fourth inutiK'arpal bono (;(i

Lfiijrtli of first )ilialaiix 2',i

L(Mi^th of acoonil plialuiix r,^

Fiftli (linit:

Loii^th of liftli inutacnrpul bouo ,'{7

Length of first i>huh>nx 1>1

Length of second jihalaHX

Leiigtli of head 2!l

Height of ear (frrni lower border of coneh) 4I»

Heiglit of car (from vertex) 22

Height of tragus 4

Length of thigh \h

Length of tibia II

Length of foot II

Length of tail in inturfenioral nienibraue '22

Length of tail beyond tbo iuterfemoral membrane 30

The measiirenieuts of P. (flaueinus are here giveu for couvenieiice.
They have beeu cah^uhited on the metric scale from Dobson'a measure-
meuts on the Euglish scale.

Mea8urementH.

Millimi'lcrH.

Head and body ( from crown of head to base of tail) 7(i

Length of forearm (il)

Length of lirst metacarpal bone II

Third digit:

Length of third metacarpal bouo (il

Length of first plialanx IT)

Length of second phalanx 27

Fourth digit:

Lengtli of fourth metacarpal bone 5G

Length of lirst phalanx 21

Length of second phulunx 6

Fifth digit:

Lengtli of lifth metacarpal bone 2!l

Length of tirst phalanx 21

Length of second phalanx a

Length of head 29

Height of ear lU

Height of tragus IJJ

Length of tibia lU

Length of foot 8

Length of tail 03

Length of tail (free from membrane) 25

U. 8. NATIONAL MUSEUM

BULLETIN 43, PL. XXXVIII

1. Maxillary teeth of Promops perotis californicus. X8.

2. MaNDIBUi-AR teeth of same. X8.

lliol

ICi

• •t'tli

IIUMII

\\)](h
My c
at l><

«iii <
|iimt

CIIIIU

(loos
forni
cU^s.
verti

IIIOVI

tll(3 I

lorin
cxtci
coiic
is 3"
is fol
with
thicl
ahov
Til
with

till! 1
1»,\' tl

ti'iiiii
ill tL
The
ri(!tu

Til
digit
tiiaii
piiali
digit
half
bran

Th
bruit

A MONOaRAPII OF THE IJAT8 OP NORTH AMERICA. 181

Tim closoly nllicd PromopH jwrotin h'.ioiild ho (!(irofully compared with
llio fontgniiiff Hitl)H])(^(^ios. Ifc prcHiMit.-t tlio i'ollowiiit; chariu^terH :

Kiirs not a.s IiIkIi an broad. Tliick at tho lar^n kitul and in tho region
iiCtlio Junction oC tlio keel witii tlio ui)iH^r haHu; for t\w rcHt, tliiu and
iiionibranons. Uoium^ tlu^ ear Ii»8 in tlitt hoa<l in an irro^fular niuHH of
I'oIdH. Tlio Hecond Hcallop not easily distin^ulKlu'd from tint conch.
i(y careful inHpct;tion a small inciHion is seen to lie on the outer nuir({in
at beginning of the ridge of the external basal lobe and the upper miir.
;;in of tho auricle. The second scallop can n(»t be traced beyond tiie
jiostantitragiis notch. Tiie i)ostcrior border of the aurich^ is witliout
cniargination. The keel is niin^h wider than in /'. mlifornit'm. The
ransverse auricular line not in the form of ridges. The second scallop
does not roach the antitragus, whi(;h has the same form as in /'. vaU-
fornicuH. The notch of the interauricular membrane is without tuber-
cles. The snout with less sliarp margin and apparently no median

vertical ridge. The interauricular membi'ane with septum 0' beliind

iinizzle and (('""■ in front of skull. Thus, the membrane lies upoD the
movable snout.

Antitragus twice as long as high; ridge extending forward joining
tiie n])per lip in advance of the angle. Keel fleshy, with lower third
t'oi-ming a lobe which is folded baitkward and toucliing the rudimcutal
external basal lobe. A c<inspicuous fringe of short hair grows from
conch on line of the keel. The ears are Joined by a membrane, which
is 3""" high, and lies on the snout directly back of th.e muzzle. It
is folded bat;k, excepting at the median line. This membrane, together
with the band for two-thirds of the posterior surface of the auricle, are
tliickly covered with hair. A fringe of small hairs border the auricle
above the second scallop.

The tragus is twice as high as wide; nearly rectangular apex and
without basal notch and h>be. The long mobile snout is one-fourth
tli<! length of the head. The ujjper margin of the muzzle is not found
Ity the (ionvex contour line as in NyctinomuH, but presents above it a
triangular cushion, which is surrounded by long, thick hair, which fills
ill the interspace between the muzzle and the interauricular membrane.
Tlie upper lip is separated from the muzzle by a fringe of hair. The
rictus (angle of the mouth) lies in a line with the eye.

The terminal phalanges of the manus are described as follows: Third
digit, terminal phalanx compressed laterally; apex sliglitly expanded,
tiiangular; no membrane on the ectal side. Fourth digit, terminal
jilialanx slender, aciculate, without free tip, and inclined pollical. Fifth
digit, the terminal phalanx is broad, almost spatulate, the proximal
half thickened, the endopatagium is attached to the base, and the mem-
brane of the fourth interspace to its tips.

The brain. — The cerebellum is provided with a flocculus. The cere-
brum is pyriform, smooth.

Sex differences. — The hair is of a brownish shade, darker in the female

182 BULLETIN ■»:?, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

tliiui ill tlie male. The base of the hair is pale buff to white. In the
ieiHiUe the venter in slij^htly lijfliter than the dorsum, but in the male
no appri'ciabh^ ditterence betweiui the refjions exist. The forearm and
manus with hair as in /'. jxrotiH mlifornkux. Although nuinyspeeinu'us
were available for exainiiiatioii, but one of them, a female, was in good
eoiulition. In n\!iny the hair had been almost entirely lost, and all the
specimens hatl \wv\\ senumacerated in weak aleohol, and had been lit-
erally ehurned by transi)ortatiou on mule ba(tk under a tropical sun.

Hahitat. — Kio das Vclhas, Brazil. Collected by L. Agassiz (Thayer
Exped.).

MeaHurnmcHts.

Millininlera.

Head auil body (from crown of head t() Imso of tail) <)2

Lfii^tli uf arm 45

Length of forearm 79

First digit:

Length of tirst metacarpal bone 5

Length of first phalanx 5

Sec<md digit:

Length of second metacarpal bono 71

Length of tirst phalanx 2

Third digit:

liCngth of third metacariial bono 79

licngth of (irst ))halani: 33

I>ength of second ]ih!ilanx 31

Fonrtli digit:

Length of fonrth metacarpal bone 75

Length of tirst ])halanx '.. 2fi

Licngth of second phalanx (!

Fifth digit:

Length of tifth metacarpal Ikmio 42

Length of first ])lialanx 25

Length of second phalanx 7

Length of head 11

Height of f>ar 27

Height of tragus (posterior surface) 6

Length of thigh 28

Length of tibia 2(i

Length of foot 14

Length of tail interfen\"r.il membrane 42

Length of tail free from iuterfemoral membrane 22

Meaaurcmenia of 1'. pcrotis, from Dohgon.

Inclitia.

Tliird mctiiciirpiil. .

First nliiilanx

Sccnllil )))llllllllX

Fourth iiictaciirpal.

First iilmlimx

Scroiul jiliiilanx

Filth motncarpiil...

First phnlniix

Seeuiiil plinlaiix

3.5

1.30

1.20

2.85

1.5

0.25

1.70

o.eo

0.25
' 0.35

Milli-
nu'ters.

70
33

;)i

2.9
1.15

0.09
0.35

to. Ill the
n the mulo
oreiiriujiiid
y speciiiuiiis
van in godl
and all tlie
ul been lit-
)ical sun.
siz (Thayer

MilliiiintHra.

<(2

....:. 26
(5

2(i

icliea.

Milli.

3.5

1.30

1.20

2.85

2.9

1.5

1.15

0.25

1.70

0.90

0.09

0.26

0.35

r 0.35

Appendix.

In order to enable the student to decide for himself in regard to the
many donbtfnl or unidentitiod species of authors cited in the foregoing
pages, the descriptions themselves are reproduced in the present Ap-
pendix.

liAFiNESQiTE. — American Monthly Magazine, iii, 1818, 445.

1. reapertilio mtiHtar. 11. (Wliiskor Itiit. ) Tail two-fifths of totiil length, up|)or
iiifiHores none, lower (J, 2 wartN at the '.iwor jaw, body entirely fallow, top of the
lieftd brownish, ears brown, auriculatvd, longer than the bead. Length .5 inches,
breadth 14.

2. Vespertilio humeraliii. R. (Black Hhouldor bat.) Tail three-sevenths, upper
ineisores 2, remote, lower 6, hody dark brown above, shouldiTs black, gray beneath,
wings, tail, ears and snout blaekish, eyes under the hair, oars longer than the head,
elliptical, auricnlat-ed. Length, 8 1-2 inches, breadth, 11.

3. Vesperlilio leasetatim. it. (Netted bat.) Tail half of total length, hairy above,
ujiper ineisores 2, remote, lowerG, body fallow above, head |)ale, dirty fulvous beneath,
with a faint fallow collar, shonlderH white, wings hairy at tlio l>ase, with 2 hairy
white spots above near the thumb, membrane blaekish, netted of fulvous internally
and clot',ed of same externally, shafts fulvous, nose bilobat*^, ears nearly concealed
by the hair. Length 4 inches, breadth 12.

4. Feapcrlllio rjianopieriia. \t, (niu«!-wing bat.) Tail one-third, 2 ineisores above,
fl beneath, body dark gray above, bluish gray beneath, wings of a dark bluish gray,
shafts black, ears auriculated, longer than the head. Length 3 inches, breadth 10.

5. Vespertilio mv)anotii8. H. (Black baek bat.) Tail one-third, brown above, gray
beneath, body blackish above, whitish beneath, wings dark gray, shafts black, ears
auriculated, rounded. Length 4 1-2 inches, breadth 12 1-2.

G. VenprrtiUo valcaraUis. R. (Spurred bat.) Tail one-third, body dark l);'own above,
da'-k fallow beneath, wings black, shafts rose-coloured, a spur at the inner side of the
elbow, hind feet black. Length 4 inches, breadth 12.

7. Ve»pert\lio moiinchtiH. R. (A.'onk bat.) Tail one-fourth, hairy above, fringed
laterally, body i>ale, fallow above and below, head and neck covered with a longer
fur of a dark red fallow, wingf dark gray, shafts red, hind feet black, nose red, ears
concealed in the fur. Length 4 inches, breadth 12.

8. Vespertilio phahps. R. (Black faced bat.) Tail one-third of total length,
naked, mucrouate, body dusky bay above, pale beneath, face, ears and wings
blackish, 4 ineisores in the upper jaw, 2 on each side, dividinl by a largo flat wart,
unequal, the outside ones larger and bilobod, 6 snuill ineisores at the lower jaw.
Length 4 1-2 inches, breadth 13.

9. rvipertilio megalotis. R. (Big-eared bat.) Tail three-eighths of total length,
body dark gray above, pale gray beneath, ears very large, duplicated, auricules
nearly as long. Length 4 inches, breadth 12 inches.

183

184 BULLETIN 13, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

RAFlNKSQtTE.— Annals of Nature, 1820, 2, .3.

1. N. Hjt. AlaUii>h(i fiixvala. EiirH Iniifror tliaii (lie lioad, anrirnlatod and lilarkisli;
tail tliroo-Hcvciitlis of totiil li'iifftli, Jutting only 1>.V an olttuso [>(>iiit; Imdy lirowiiiNli
above, f;rayisli Imiteiilli; sliouldrrs and «'lioekHdark brown; liind I'cct. Idackisli, hairy
above; winj^s blackJNli brown. Found in tbo nortbcrn parts ot'lhc state of New
York and in \'crniont. Total liMijjtli Huto and an half inches. My (j;''iins .ilal(i)ihu
(Pre.e. dec.) contain all the Hats withont foro teeth; there arc 'A or \ Hpeeies of
them in the I'nited Slates all blended nufler the name of I'eupcrtilio (or A'oc/i/io)
vovi'lioraceiifiin by the writers.

1. N. (i. KrTK.sic;'.s. Four acnte fore-teeth to the upper jaw, in two equal pairs,
separated by a fjreat interval and a larjje flat wart, each pair has two nne(|nal teeth,
the outside tooth !■> nnich larger and unetmally bilid, the outside one mueli larger,
inside tooth small and entire. Six fore-teeth to the lower jaw, e(|ua1 very small,
eloso and truncate. Canine ivA'th very shar)i, curved and long. Grinders uii-
equallj' trifid. Snout plain, nose without api>endages. Ears separated, anricn-
lated. Tail nnicronate. — This gi'nus a|ipears to dift'er from all those of (ieotl'roy
and Olivier, ainoiig the extt>nsive tribe of Hats. Tlie name means honse-llyer.

2. J'^plrsitUH Miclaiiopn. Fallowish brown above, pale beneath, fai'e, ears, wings,
feet and tail blackish; ears oval, shorter than the head and wrinkled; tail naked,
one-third of total length, niucrone one-sixth of the tail; posterior toes eiliate, — Not
uncommon in Kentucky, Indiana, i&e.,tolallengtli, fcnir and an half incln's. Iliad
noticed it under the head of VispertiUo phaiopa,m the American Magazine, vol. lid.
It comes often in the house at night.

3. JiplcHiviiH 7)i!idiin. Fulvous iibove, grey beneath; wings, ears and tail, pale
brown, shafts whitish; ears double the l<Migtli of the head; tail naked, slightly nni-
cronate, nearly as long as the bod,v. — I have observed it in the barrens of Kentucky
flying in the houses. Total length tliree inches, of which the tail includes tive-
twelfths. Ears tliree-(|uarters of an inch long. I mentioned it under the name of
Vesp. midus in my account of the Hats of the Western Stales, (Am. Mag. v. .S). I
have since instituted two other genera with them, Niipexodoii and Xjicfweius (I'rodr.
70 N. G. An) ; the others are jirobabl.y Atalaphes. I know already fifteen species of
Bats in the United States, almost all new ones.

Leconte.— Cuvier's Animal Kiufidom (McMurtiie's ed.), 1831, 431

Vcupertilio rarolhiensis, Geoff. Anterior upper fore-teeth sub-simple, larger than
the jiosterior. Kemarkable for a strong odour resembling that of a F(tx.

r. htcifiigiis, h. C. — Anterior iipjier fore-teeth bilobate; body above dark brown,
beneath cinereous; nose sub-bil<d>atn; face with a nakedish prominence on each side;
ears (d)long, naked, tragus siiblinear, half as long as the ears; tail projecting a little
beyond the membrane; length to the insorticm of the tail, two inches and a quarter;
tail, one inch and a iiiiarter.

r. voctiratiiinH, L. C;. Anterior upper fore-teeth bilobate, the posterior sub-simple ;
colour black or dusty cinereous; hair on the back and belly tipped >vith grey; ears
short, naked, roundish; tragus slioit and nuiudish ; nose snb-bilobate; tail project-
ing a little beycmd the interfenioral niembrane, which is hairy ; length two inches
and five eighths; tail one and three eighths,

II.

Add Plvroliig maerolin, L.C. Upper fore teeth four, trilobate, distant by pairs, the
posterior smaller: <'ars very Ion;;-, iioir.riiii; forwards; tragus subulate, half the length
of the ears. (There is anotjjer species with eciually long ears, which are not united
on the cranimu; which of tliese is the Mtiiitlotin, of liaflln., it i^ impossible to say.)

A MONOGRAPH OF THE BATS OF NORTH AMERICA.

185

in.

Ni/et. noreharacetiHiH. EnHily known hy its sliort and rouncl oars, and l>y tlio inter-
foinoral inoniliriiuo Ix'injj; liiiiry and iiicludin>r (lie wliolo of tlm tail. Tin-re in r. white
H|)ot at tlitt insertion of tliu win/;, and anotlicrat tlie base of tlie tliuinl); llicso marks
aru ('(instant. This simcii's varies. ninch iu colour, and has been called f. la»iurii»,
8chr(!lter, )'. moiiachiin by some, and is figured Wils. Orn. VI, pi. 4, whence it has
been (pioted by M. Ciivicr as the Taphoziim.

2\ijvl. irepiinciiliiris, \i. C. A'mivc brown, lieueath pahir; a small black wart nl)ove
each eye; nose somewhat bilobatu; chin with a small double wart; ears modornte;
trains snnill, subulate; tail pro,jectin<; a little beyond the membrant!.

A'ycf. vijnovephalu, L. C. The.post(!rior fore tooth on each side smaller than the rest
which are emarginate; nose furnished on the top and sides with stilf short bristles;
lips very large, souxnvhat pendulous ; cars broad, round, naked ; tragus not apparent ;
tail long, e\t(>uding far beyond the membrane; outer and inn(!rt(ieH of the hind feet
wooly on the outside; the rest with each two long hairs on the toj).

r>.

Paltsot be Beauvois. — Description of Atnlaplia cinereuH and Adelo-
nyctcHsfuHCHS. (From Painplilot.)

Cray Hat. — Two u))pcr te(!th very small, hardly visible. Head whitish ; ears round
and Hat, of a white color surrounded with black, aiuWiu appendage at their base;
hair gray at the roots, black in tln^ middle, and white at the ends, so that tlm animal
Las the apjicarancc of being spotted with white. The hair extends to the membrane
which sur 'ounds the tail.

"The anterior parts of the membranous wings from the body of the iirojecting claw
and cov(!red with hair on both sides. This membrum^ is about twic(! tlio size of that
in the preceding sp(^cies" (//■ noreboi-Hceimn Auct.). "The wings, extended, measure
14 inches. The nostrils are euuirgiuated.

"Gray Hat. l', ciiieiriis.

" This is found in Pennsylvania, and is not described by any author."

" Jirown Bal. — The two fore teeth in the npi)cr jaw distant from one another, near
the canine teeth, and about half their length; ears naked, blackish, and of an oval
iigure, with an appendage at their base. Tail almost as long as body; Hying mem-
brane black ; hair brown on the surface, gray below.

"Hrown Hat. I'. J'iikviis.

"'I'his is the most common species iu the neighborhood of Philadelphia. It very
much resembles the C'ommou liat of France, except in the number of teeth iu the
upper jaw."

Temminok. — iVlonographies de Mammalojjie, II, 18.35, 235.*

r. itrninuR. (A new species kindly furnished me by Prince Max; it is basedupon the
examination of seven iiulividuals.) — Head large; muzzle r.itbcr long, large, and but
little depressed; nostrils large, opening upon the side and crcscentic — sejiarated by
a groove. Ears ovoid, niuch higlierthan thesiinnnitof the head, the posterior border
vertical, and slightly emarginated at the tij); tragus long, lanceolate, but a little
rounded near the tip; the aurich? is hairy at tln^ bas(!of the external j)art; the thumb
stout, armed by a very curved nail; tail long, point free; iuterfemoral itiembrane
marked beneath with parallel lines; claws of feet very long, stout, and curved.
Incisor teeth above in two close pairs; below (i, trilobed. Molars above 4, without
false; inferior with .">, one being a snnill false molar.

Fur long, soft, and shining; above of a brown umber line, the inferior parts more
clear. All the fur is gray at the base. Meiiibranes and ear black.

"Translation with emendations in "Monograph of liats of North America," Allen,
18(54.

186 BULLETIN 43, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Length, 3 inches 11 lines, the tail taking IJ inches; length of ear, 4i lines; ex-
panse of wing membrane, 10 inches 9 linos.

ifafc.— Fonnd \>y Prince Max u|)on the banks of Missouri River.

V. carolinensis. —yoi so large as V. serotinus of Europe. Ears as long as the head,
oblong, and hairy one-liiilftlie length of the external part of ears. Nose a little
blunt, but nostrils api>roaoho(l ; tragus leaf-shaped, erect, and half as long as the
auricle; point of Ihc tail free. Incisors 4, in pairs above, and 6 below. Molars 5
throughout.

Fur bicolored throughout ; superior part of a brown " marron," but the base of the
hair is ashy black ; beneath of a yellow ash, the base of the hair being brown.

Total length, 2, 3, or 5 inches, of which the fail constitutes 1 yich; expanse, 10
inches.

Hab. — Charleston, S. C,

V.})haiop8 — The general contour like that of V. murinus. Point of tail free; tail
not so long, strongly "sloped" out on external border, with a lobe cut out behind.
Tragus an erect leaf. Superior incisors, 4 ; the external are bilobed, and are larger
than the internal. Inferior, 6. Molars, 4 above and 5 below.

Hair short and unicolored throughout, glossy, above brown, with a tinge of red,
below it is of dearer hue; face and membranes blackish.

Length, 4 inches 4 lines, or .5 inches, the tail being 2 inches; expanse of wing
membrane, 12 to 13 inches; autibrachium, 1 inch 8 lines.

This is the Black-faced Ua* of Kaflnesque, of which there is mention made in
Desm. Mam. in a note.

Hah. — North America; our animal comes from Tennessee.

F. piilrernlentuit. — Resembh^s, in the color of the superior fur, V. discolor, but differs
from it in its lesser size, in the interfemoral being hairy on both sides, and in the
difference of color of the belly. Mu/zle large and obtuse; ears larger than high,
rounded, one-half haired; tragus hatchet-shaped; tail short; interfemoral very
hairy above, but less at the point tlian at the base, that beneath of a clear "voie,"
and in concentric lines; the toes furred above.

Fur long, soft, bi(u>lored throughout; the superior and inferior parts are of the
same color. It is of a deep marron, the point <uily being touched with white, the
hairs " clair sermes," arranged in horizontal lines upon the inferior part of the in-
terfemoral membrane, are white.

Length, 3 inches 6 lines, of which the tail is 1 inch 3 lines; expanse, 10 inches;
autibrachium, 1 inch 6 lines.

This species was furuislied us by Prince Max Wied, who obtained it in the moun-
tain recesses of North America. Ours come from the borders of Missouri.

r. caroli. — Tail the form of our V. pipistreHu», but the ears are longer. Face ob-
tuse; nostrils very much separated; e.ars are of medium size, ovoid, slightly eniar-
ginate on their exteriuil border without having a lobe or prolongation. Upper in-
cisors 4, in pairs above and 6 below. Molars, 6 in all ; the two first false molars of
the upper jaw very small, short, and pointed. Fur bicolored throughout. Face,
sides of neek, and all of the sujjerior part of a reddish brown, with black at the
base; beneath of a yellowish-white at the point, with a deep brown at base, which
in some parts is of a faint yellowish-ash. The young have a more somber hue.
The extreme tip only of the superior parts is brown; that of the inferior is of a
deeji brown.

Tot.al length, 3 inches 3 lines, the tail of which is 1 inch and 4 lines; expanse
of wing membrane, K inches (iliues; autibrachium, 1 inch 4 lines; height of ear
from skull to the tip, ti lines. The young have an expanse of 7 inches 10 lines to 8
inches.

The Museum ^las obtained from Prince de Musign-ino (Charles Bonaparte) many
individuals of this species.

Hab, — North America, around the environs of New York and Philadelphia.

A MONOGRAPH OP THE HATS OP NORTH AMKRICA.

187

V. eriithrodactylus. — Losh tlian tho f. pipintreUun. Tho foreiinii, bsiso of lingers,
and the interdigitiil iiiciiibraiK! of tho lir«t fliifjcr is rcddiKh, tiio oHiitr iiiciiiliranes
arc blacli. Kurs liairfd from tlieir l>a.si« tUc grcati^r portion of tlioir hoifjlit, small,
ovoidal. TragiiH, tmbuliite; tail very long, ])oint free; intcrfcmoral membrane
haired above; beneath the- hairs are arranged along the veins; it is of a silky text-
ure, very short, and sparingly distributed. Ineisors, 4, in pairs above and <! below.
Five molars in all ; only one false niohir in the iipi)cr jaw.

Fnr long, fine, and silky; above tricolored, beneath bieolored. All the superior
parts of a faint brownish red, but a little yellow about tho head and neck; the
hairs are black at thoir baso, aftorward.s yellow, and the tip brownish rod, superior
part of interfemoral membrane very furry; beneath brown Jit base and brownish red
at tip; the sides of tho iuterfoinoral eovered with Rjjarse hairs.

Length of tail, 2 inches 10 lines, or .3 iiudios iiiaximum, that of tail 1 inch 1 lines;
forearm, 1 inch 2 lines; expanse of wing membrane, 7 inches lines, or H inches
maximum.

The Museum du Pays Bas possesses many individuals of this supposed new
species, for whicdi wo are indelited to Prince de Musignano; those specimens are
preserved in alcohol, and aro part of the sanui invoice as tho preceding species,
I'esp. calcaralus, indicated by M. Ratinesiine, lias the wing membranes about the
fingors red above ; but it is much larger and the coloration of the fur is considerably
dift'erent.

Hah. — North America, about tho environs of Philadelphia.

V. ferrngineus. — Stylo of J', daubentonii, of Europe. Nose short, obtuse; ears nar-
row, a little scooped out on tho posterior border and towards tho tip; tragus short,
subulate. Tail very long, point free, tho basal jiortion covered with hair; tho claws
of the hind feet are of a whitish yellow. Upper incisors 4, in pairs, internal long
"biscam" at point; the external short, bifurcated; inferior incisors 6. Upper
molars 4 ;' lower 5, with one false molar.

Hair short, smooth, bieolored; above th<! c(dor of a dead leaf, or inonvor loss
reddish; the base of tho hair is of a browiiisli Idack beneath; all the hair at its
baso is of a faint blackish red, and the point pure white. These two hues of the
hair form a sort of Idaek and white mixture which is very conspicuous. The mem-
branes of tho oars, having been iininersed in alcohol, are of a brownish red.

Total length, 4 inches or 2 lines longer, that of the tail 1 inch 9 lines; huniorus,
1 inch; forearm, 1 inch 8 lines; anal expanse, 10 inches, or lines longer.

This species, based upon tho examination of many alcoholic .specimens, is new.

Hah. Holland, Guiana. (Museum Pdi/j* K(i«: from the onvirous of Surinam.)

Sav. — Loiifj's Expoditioii to tho llocky Mountains, IT, 1823, 05, note.

Ve»peri\Ho mihiilaliis. — A small bat was shot this evening, during tho twilight, as
it Hew rajiidly in various diieetions over the surface of tho creek. It appears to be
an immature specimen, as the molars aro remarkably long and acute; the canines
are very much incurved, and the right inferior one is singularly bifid at tip, the
divisions resembling short bristles. This species is beyond a doubt distinct from
the Carolina bat ( T. caroliniana, Geoft'.), with which the cars aro proportionally
equally elongated, and, as in that bat, a little ventricose on tho anterior edge, so as
almost to extend over tho <'ye, but tho tragus is much longer, narrower, and more
acute, resembling that of T. emnnjinatuH, Geoff., as well in form as in proportion to
tho length of the ear. We call It V. aiibnlalua, and it may be thus described — Ears
longer than broad, nearly as long as tho head, hairy on the basal half, a little ven-
tricose on the anterior edge, and extending near to the oyc; tragus elongated, subu-
late; tho hair above I>lackish at base, tip dull cinereous; the interfemoral membrane
bairy at base, the hairs unicoloured, and a fi-w also scattered over its surface and

188

UULLETIN 43, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

along its odgo, an well as that of the bracbial meinbrano; Lair bonoath black, tho
tip ytdlowish-white; bind fiM't ratbor long, a few sotie extending ovrr the nails;
only !i niinnt )orti(>n of tbe tail protrudes beyond tbe nienibrano.

Total length, 2 9-10 indues; tail, 1 1-5 inches.

VeapcrtUio aiqiialns. — llciid large; ears riitlier shorter than tho head, wide, and nt
tij), rounded, hairy at base, posterior edge witli two sligiit and very olituseeiuargi-
nations; tho anterior base distant from the eye; tragus ar(|uated, obtuse at ti]!;
intcrfenuM'al nu^nibrane naked, iueluding the tail to one-half of the penultimate
joint. Total length, 5 inches; tail, 112 inches; expansion more than 1.3 inches.

liescmbles J', /hschh in color, but larger. Ears broader and proportionally shorten-,
and an arquated tragus curving in an almost luuiform manner towards the ante-rior
portion of tli(< ear, like that of l'. KcrolitiiiH. [Description abbreviated from Say.]

Council Blurt's (Iowa). Say, Long's Expedition to Rocky Mountains, 1823, I, l(j7.

Fr. CuviER.* — Nouv. Annalos <lu MiLseuiii (I'llistoiro ^aturelle, Paris,
1832, 15.t

1. respertilio gryplius. — The head is like that of tho Miirinoid group of bats, to
the molars proper of which is united two additional false molars on both sides of
either Jaw. Tlie oar is emarginatod, and the tragus is knife-shapod. All tho superior
parts of tho body are of a whitish yellow, the inferior parts are gray, but the base
of the fur on both sides is of a blackish color. Whiskers aro present on each sidti of
tho upper lip and on the extremity of the lower jaw.

Length of body, from tho tip of nose to base of tail, I iuch 9 lines; length of tail,
1 inch 7 lines; expanse of wing membranes, 7 inches 10 lines.
Jlab. — Environs of New York. (M. Milbert.)

2. r. Salarii. — The head is like that of the Miirhioid group of bats, to the molars
proper of which is united tlie presence of two false molars on both sides of either
jaw. The ear is eniarginate, and tho tragus lanceolate. The superior parts of tho
body are of a brown chestnut-gray, and the inferior parts a grayish white. There
is more of the brown color at tho basal jiortion of the fur than at tho upper. Whisk-
ers are present on the sides of the upper lip and at the extremity of the lower jaw.

Length of body, from tip of nose to tho base of tail, 1 inch fi lines: length of tail, 1
Iuch 7 lines; expanse of wing membranes, 7 inches 7 lines.
Ifrtft.— Environs of New York. (SI. Milbert.)

3. V. creeks. — Tho head of the Seratiiioid group of bats. No false molars on upper
jaw, and one only iulViriorly ; the oar is emargiuate, the tragus lanceolate; the up-
per parts are of a brown yellow, the inferior parts of a dirty gray; tho lijiirs of all
the parts are black at their base. Whiskers are present on tho sides of tho muzzle
and beneath upon the lower jaw.

Length of body, from tij) of nose to tho base of tho tail, 2 inches; length of tail, 1
inch ; expanse of wing membranes, 9 inches.
Hub. — tJeorgia. (M.aj. Leconte.)

4. F, oraanns. — The head is like that of tho Murincid group of bats. Two false
molars on each side of tho two jaws; tho ears are obtuse, the tragus is liinceolate.
All the superior parts of the body of a brown chestnnt-gi-ay, and the inferior parts
whitish; the fur at its base is darker tinted than its tips. Moustaches are present
on the upper lip and upon tho lower jaw.

Length of body, from tip of nose to base of tail, 2 inches; length of tail, 1 inch 8
lines; expanse of wing membranees, 8 inches 8 lines.

* M. Cuvier designated by the term " Afiirinohl (iroup " those species of Chiroptera
since placed under the genus fritpeitiUn. In the " Scrotinoid (iroiip '' he placed those
species now included in Scntophiliis. The names are taken respectively from two
well-known European species — f. mitriniis and F. nerotiiiiiii.

t Translation with emendations in "Monograph of Bats of North America," Allen,
1864.

A MONOGKAPH OF THE BATS OF NORTH AMERICA.

189

This speciuH was coUcctud by M. Luseuer, who sout it from Now York, under tbo
namo which 1 have retuiued.

5, r. georgiaiiuH. — The liead is like that of tlie Miirinoid fjronp of bats. The ear is
eiuarginato, and the tru^iis is subulate. All t)ie superior parts of thu body are
colored by a mixture of Idiick and whitish yellow ; the black mostly, iuasmuch as
tbo points of the hair arc whitish, the remainder beiujr black. The inferior parts
are gray, but mixed with black from the same cause which colore the superior por-
tions. Mustaches are present on the sides of the upper lips and upon the lower Jaw.

Length of body, from tip of nose to base of tail, 1 inch, (i lines; length of tail, 1
inch 2 lines; expanse of wing uuuubrauces, 'i inches '2 line.s.
Hub. — (ioorgia. (MaJ. heitonte.)

6. r. mthjtarus. — Tlie head is like that of the Murlnnid group of bats. The ear is
emarginated, the tragus is half heart-shaped. The inferior parts of the body are of
a clear whitish-gray, slightly waved with brown; tlic sii])orior jtarts are of a white
yellow; thct hairs of the superior parts are blaclv at tiicir base, whitish through the
greater part of their Icugtli, and brownish at their tips; that of the inferior parts
are black at their basal portions, and of a whitish yclh)w at their outer. Mustaches
are present on tlie sides of the upper lip and benoath upon the lower Jaw.

Length of body, from tip of nose to the base of the tail, 1 inch linos; length of
the tail, I inch 3 lines; expanse of wing membranes, 7 inches 2 lines.
Hub, — Georgia. (Maj. Loconto.)

A.UDUBON and Baoiiman. — Journal, Aciideiny of ^Natural Science Phil-
adelphia, 1842, 280.

rvHpcrtit'wmunticola (Mountain l)at). — V. vespertiiiono subulata brevier; auriculus
brevioribus; tragus nom;xcod(!ntil>us, dimidiam lougitudineui auricuhc ; colore fnlvo.

Moiitilain Hat. — Smaller than Say's Bat ( T. snbidatiis); (Mirs shorter; tragus, less
than half the length of the ear; color, yellowish l>rowu. Upper fore teetli bilobate,
ears moderate, nak(;d, erect, ratlusr broad at base; tragus linear, subulate, body
small; wiugs long; tiil projecting a lino beyond the iuterfemoral membrane, whicli
is slightly spriuklcil with hair abovts and beneath.

Color. — Tlu' nose and chin are l>lack ; ears liglit brov.n; wing membranes dark
brown. The wliolc^ of the fur of the body, above and beneatli, is from the roots, of
an uuitbrni yellowish-brown color.

The si)ecies ditfcis from Say's Hat, not only in color, but in the much shorter ears
and tragus. The size and sha))0 of the tragus we have found an invaluable guide in
our American bats; the cars of the ])rcscnt hjiecics, when alive, are always erect;
whilst those of Say's Bat are folded backwards like those of the long-eared Bats —
Pkvolnif.

Dentition.

2 2 1 I

-Incisors „-. Canines

6 1—1

Z)imcn«i((»8.— Length of head and body, linch 8 lines; length of tail, 1 iiu-h 6 lines;
length of spread, 8 inches; lieight of car posteriorly, 3 lines; height of tragus, l^-
liiu-s.

N. B. — The triigus in Say's Bat is four-and-a-half lines in height. Several speci-
mens of this Bat were obtained during the summer, on the mountains of Virginia, at
the tlrey Sulphur Springs. They were uniform in size and color.

FcHpertilio rinjiniaiius (Virginian bat). — V. vt^spertilione mouticolil ]iaululum
lougior, anricalna panlulnni longioribus miinisciue acutis; densibus j)rimoribus
maxillio auperioris simplicibus; interfemorali mcmbraml utid.l; corpore supra fuli-
gineo-fusco; subtns ciiuireo-fnscato.

Virginian bnt.—X little larger than the Mountain Bat; ears a little longer and more
pointed; upper fore teeth simple ; interfemoral membrane naked ; sooty brown above,
ash brown beneath.

190 BULLETIN 13, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Dviitilioit. — InuiHoro

•) ') 1 1

^ ". CaimicH , ,.
(» 1 — 1

III hI/o tliiH H])(^ric'H is intitrmcdiiitn liut\vt>(Mi I', iitrolincnuiii und f. gubulutuH. Tliu
ear is iiaktMl, less rounded, und iiioro jxtiiilod tliiiii rithcr of thi> olht-r ulosi-ly ulliuU
Hpi'cifM. The tragus in very iiiirrow, linear, and Ii-hs than lialf'tliu luiiKtli of tlio ear.
Tlie tail is iiu'losrd in tliu intt-rfiMnoral nienihranc, except thu |)unultiiiiatu joint,
which in free. The anterior n|>i>er forr teetii, instead of lieinj; Huh-Hiuiple, uh in the
r, raroHiitiiHin, or biU)liiito, um in I'. niibHltitiin and /'. monlaniiH, are Hiuiple.

Cotor. — Thu nose, upper lip and upper jaw are black; win)(s dark brown. Tiio
back is sooty brown; on eacli shoulder, at tlie iusertiun of tlio win^;, there is u cir-
cular black spot about I lines iii diameter; on the under surface eiiierinus brown.

DiiiwiiHiuiiu. — Length of head and body, 2 iuiduis ~> lines; length of tail, 1 inch;
leiiKth of sprcuil, 8 inches H lines; heiglitof ear posteriorly, 4 lines; height of trugiis,
U lines.

Hah. — Mountains of Virginia.

}'. Iciliii (Leib's bat). — V. supra fusco-fcrrugincns, subtus cinureus, ulis fturi
bus(|uu nigris.

l.cib'H lial. — Ears and wings black; dark yellirtvish brown above; uinvreous be-
neath.

DfHCfiplioii, — Anterior upper fore teeth biloliate; head short; nose blunt; ears
nu)derate, broad at base, erect; tragus linear, nearly half the length of the ear;
wings and tail long, the latter extending two lines beyond the interfcnioral nicni.
brane, which is naked; teet very small; toes short and slender; uaila sharp and
much curved; hair sid't and downy.

Co/or.— The ears, wings, and interfenioral membrane are black. The fur on the
back is black from the roots to near the extremities, where it is so slightly tipped
with light brown as to give it a dark-yidlowish brown apjiearauce. On the under
surface the hairs are ])luinbeous at the roots, tipped with yellowish white.

7>cw/iMoH.— Incisorp

•> o 1 1

" . • Canines , ,•
<) 1 — 1

Dinienniona. — Length of head and body, 1 inch 7 lines; length of tail, 1 inch 4 lines;
lengthof spread, 7 inches; height of ear jiosteriorly, IJilines; height of tragus, 1 lino

JIdb. — Michigan.

I'. califoiiiiciiK (Californiau bat). — V.fuseo lutescens, vellere longo et molli; trago
longitudine diniidium auris t^xcedente.

((iJifoniian but. — With long silky hairs; tragus nu)re than half the length of the
ear; color light yellowish brown.

DeHvnpliiiii. — Anterior npiier fore teetli bilobate. Head small; nose sharp; ears
of moderate size; erect, rather narrow, and pol:.ted. Tragus linear, attenuated.
Wings of moderate length, which together with the ears are naked. Interfenioral
membrane with a few scattered liairs; feet small; nails slightly hooked. Tail pro-
jecting a little beyond the. interl'emoral niembrauo.

Color. — The pelage, which is unusually long for the size of the body, and very soft
und glossy, is, on the ujiper surface, dark plumbeous from the base, and broadly tipt
with light yellowish brown; on the under surface the color is a little darker, owing
to the outer extremities of the hfiirs being more narrowly edged with the prevailing
color ou the back, exhibiting the darker shades beneath. The ears and tragus are
blackish — the nose, chin, wings, and interfemoral membrane dark brown.

Hub. — We have obtained but a single s))ecimeu, which was captured at Califoruiii.
2—2 .. . 1—1

Dentition. — Incisors

P Canines. .

l)imfnnioHii. — Length of head and body, 1 inch 7 lines; length of tail, 1 inch .5
Hues; length of spread, 7 inchest? linos; height of ear posteriorly, 3 lines; height of
tragus, 2 lines.

A MONOOBAPII OF THE BATS OF NOUTH AMERICA.

191

H, alJH iviiri

iiientoiiH bo-

Pbinoe Maximii.lian von Wied-
Nord Ameiika, 18G2, 19.*

-Vwzoicli. bcnbach. Siiugothion^ in

Fetpertilio breviroslrU. — Description: Head very Hhort; Hnoiit brond, and but little
produced; car tolurubly liiK)>i I'ltthor elliptical, thu anterior border Honiowbut
rounded, tbu outer nearly strai^bt, under the tip Hlijrbtly eniar^rinatud ; tragiiH rather
Bnuill, nearly lancet-abapcd; the fur about the head very plentiful, no that the eycH
are entirely hidden.

Dentition, — The specimen of this bat is lost, so I can not therefore furnish the den-
tition.

The expansion of the wings rather small. Thumbs lonj; and small, with f^riMttly
curved nails. Tail somewhat Ion;;, eight or nine joints lying on the outer half of
the fur of the interfemoral memtirane, the tip, however, is one and a half to two
lines long, with the free points exserted; the five hind toes are long, the nails weak,
and sharply curvitd; culcaneum rather long; fur thick about the belly, mouse-like,
that of tlio back longer; wing membranes near the body are somewhat furred.

Coloration. — Expausion of wing membranes and ears are dark brown; upper por
tion of the body dark yellowish-brown, the hair on the outer half fallow yellowish-
brown, dark gray at the roots; under ])orli(>u whitish yellow-gray.

MeaHuremrnts, — Entire length, .3 inches; expanse of wing membrane, 9 ii'ches 4
lines; height of cars on the upper side 5^ lines; length of the exposed portion of the
tragus, 1^ lines; the tail is free from the fur about 1 inch 5 lines; length of calca-
neum, 5 lines.

I obtained this bat at Freiliurg, l*a., abonttlie bitter part of July. It flies about
rather early in the morning. We have observed that this bat resembles the other
species closely, but it is readily distinguished by the shortness of the head, as the
name given to it implies.

Stienne Geoffroy St. Hilaiue. AnnaleH dii Museum D'Histoire
Naturelle, Paris, viii, 180G, p. 204.

Vegpertilio albeicenH. — Le vospertillon poudrea I'oreille haute de 14 millimetres et do
m^rne forme qne celle du V. ttha vein; son orcillon est de meme subulc^, et son pelage
noiriUreen dessus et brun-obscur en dcssous: il paroit comme jioudr^ de blanc sous
le ventre, parce que les pointesxle'chaque poll sont de cctto couleur. La teinto blanche
gagne de plus en plus en arriero. Co vespertilion est la cliauve-souris donziMine ou
la chauve-souris brune-obscure de M. d'Azzara. II en rapporte ainsi les dimensions:
longuer totale 80 millimetres; de la (luene, 33, de Touvergure, 235.

[No locality isgtven but the statement is made that the si)eciu>en was procured by
M. d'Azzara and an inference can be drawn from this fact that the type of f. albes-
cena in South America.]

DoBSON, — Annals and Ma^jazine of Natural History (1886) xviii, 124.

Veaperugo Merriami. — The following is an abstract of Mr. Dobson's original ar-
ticle. V. merriami Dobson (Ann. and Mag., N. II., 188G, xviii, 124), outer margin of
ear less deeply emarginate than in '/. pipiatrellus, projecting part of the lower half
outer margin folded backward; tragus broad, outer side upper half even convex
even to broad tip. Internal margin concave, at base of outer margin a longitudi-
nally directed lappet is soon; post calcaneal lobule shallow, extreme tip of tail
alone exsert. Color, pale yellowish brown on both surfaces, paler beneath, busul half
or more of the hairs dnskv.

'Translation in "Monograph of IJats of North America," Allen, 1864.

192 BULLETIN 13, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

rpiiur iiiiai H iiiiiiMiN])i(liitc iiiucr liir}^(4' and thicker ami lower liiciHors inasiaof
jaw. First miixiUary |>reiiiolar in auglo not viHiblu from without, althuugb cimi) of
the Hec'oud jiremolar is widely HoparattMl from that of the canine; the lirst lower
premolar much Hhorter than the second, which considerably uxceeda iu height the
cusps of the muhirs.

.Uvdnureimnln. — Head and l)ody, 1".5; tail, 1"; lioad, 0".5; ear, 0".!>8; tragus, 0".18;
forearm 1".05; poUox, 0".15; third linger, 1".6; lifth Ungor, 1".2; tibia, 0"A; foot,
0".2.

Spix. — Siiiiiariiiii ct Vesi)ertili()iiuin Hni.silieusium species uovie,
18li3-'03; tab. xxxvi, Vig. 8.

Vcspertilio braaiUenii'ni. — Corporc supra ot subtiis uigro, alls byaliuis.

hencripliu. — L'or|)us exiguum; caput ublougum; rostrum promiuulum, apicosubob-
tusiim; auriculio longuiscuho, laucotdatio, versus ba"iu sublarg.e, revoluta', versus
unguium oris uoii excurreutcs; tragus integer lanceolatus, auriciilarnm fere longi-
tudine ; iiares anticai, revolutio adlatera, nti et versus nientum verrucis tubulit'oriuibus
niiiuitu!; truucus corporis sui)ra et subtiis niger; membrana alaris et interfemoralis
pellucidu', prior usfjue ad pollire' t pedis large decurens posterior us<iuo ad calca-
neum breviusculum et secundum caiulam maiorem decurrous ; cuuda pede postcriorie
longior, iipi<'e vix exscrto ac lllx'ro.

Longitudo truuca a rostri apico usque ad caudio iuitium IJ", capitis i", oaudie in-
volutie 2", liberal 1'", humeri 1", radii ultra IJ", poUicis J", digiti indicis 1 J", uiedii 2",
minimi 2", femors i", tibia i", plantar 2^'", calcauei SJ'", niembrana iuterfemoralis
IJ", aurieularum ultra i", tragus ultra 2'", latitu<h> occipitis A", anricularum i'", iu-
terscapulas i'", alarum exteusurum 10'", membrauie iuterfumuralis 1^",

True, Proceedings, U. S. National Museum, 1887, 515.

A noteun VrHpiriiiio liinpenta (AlU'ii). — luhismonographof the bats of North Araorica*
Dr. Harrison Allen describtid, undc^r the name of SculophituH hcsperua, or the Western
fiat, a small bat from southern California. Uis description was bused upon lour
Bpecimens, two of which (Xos. 550!), ,5510, Nat. Mus.) were from Posa Creek, and a
third (No. 5106, Nat. Mus.) from Fort Vuma. One of these types (No. 5509), with its
skull, is still iu the national collection.

Upon oxamiuiug the skull of tiiis specimen I find that Dr. Allen has apparently
nustakeii the character of the superior incisors, in that he describes them as "of
eciual length," whiht in reality tlie outer pair lire only about half as long as the inner
pair. Otherwise the skull agrees with Dr. Allen's description, and belongs to tlio
genus Vi'spentgo of Keysurliug and Blasius, and to the subgenus of the same name,
as delined by Dr. Dobscm.

The species appears to be distinct and valid. It is, however, menti<med by Dr.
Dob.son iu Iiis Catalogue of tlie Chiropterat only iu a footnote, aad ho is apparently
doubtful of its validity. After quoting Dr. Allen's description, ho writes: "Tlui
above description agrees very well with u specimen of a bat from the .Straits of
Juan de Fuca (Vancouver's Island), which is preserved iu the collection of the
IIuBsler Museum, near Portsmouth, and which appears to me to bo identical with
V, abramit8."

At a later date this author described a now species of North American Vesperugo,
under the name of V. inerriami, basing his description on a single specimen sent him
by Dr. C. Hart Merriam. Upon going over this description with Dr. Allen's type

•SmithsouiauMiao. Cull., Vol. xi, 1864.

tPitges 228-229, footuote.

A MONOGRAPH OF THE BATS OF NOKTH AMERICA. 193

of V. hesiterua and imotlier specimin of the Haiiie (No. 15»81) in liuud, I find that
the latter agree perfectly with the former. I have no doubt, therefore, that V. mer-
riami must be regarded as identical with f. henperuit (Allen).

The locality given by Dr. Dobsou (Lociittt ( Jrove, N. Y.) is inrorrect. The species
is resident in the extrrnio Bouthwcstt-rii section of the United States. Dr. Allen's
specimens, as already stated, were from I'osu Creek and Fort Yuma, Cal. Another
specimen recently acquired by the National Museum (No. 15981), and referred to
above, is from Whitewater, San Diego County, in the same State.

U. a. National Musku.vi, Xovember 21, 1887.
441— No. 43 13

INDEX.

[Ill thin liiitux llin numnit nf unnnra anil Hpnrli'^ I'minil in tli« I'liltrd State* and Britllb Anierlot tn

liriiiti'il III llaliiM.I

I'liKf.

iilii'UiniiM, \'<'ii|i<'rii|{ii III'.'

A(leliiiiiict<-ri¥ 71, H'J, 1 11, lltS

.i(Mi>ii!/eMiii /imnil 1117, 11^

Ailt'lunycterix McriitlniiH llfl

Aello .14

irnnbHrliiiN, Vi>H|H'i'tlllo 132

iilflliiiH, A'f«p«rllllu 1)3

nrricniiUH. Nyi'tliiiiiiiiiH 172

iiKIUh, VbhpciIIIIo Vi

albeteenii, Vf»pirllllo 83, 87. 02, 143, 191

An'rozoui .14, 94, 137

Antrozoui palliduH tW

arcimttiM, Vimpcrtiliu 112

Arotibeus 43, 18U

ArlibiMiH >'urpul«giiH 43

arqmitUM, VcHpiTllllo 188

ArtiliriiH.jaiiiitii'viiHlH 43

A rtibetm pertiiiciUatiu 43

AUllapha 100, 124, 131. 132. 137, 141

Atalapha cinerea 137, 155, 101

Atalapbii Iraiit/.U 143, UO. 147, 154

AtalapliH I'liHratH 184

Atalaplm iiitni'iiieilia 137

Atalapliii iiit^xicaiia 143

Atalapha noofOvracentit 137, 142, 143. 154, 1.M

Atalaplm pft'lllfrl 143

Atalapha teliotit 153

Ataluplia varia 143 I

aiuliilioui, Vt>»pf liillo 105 !

aiiri8iiino8i8,I>yHniH'8 171, 174 i

aiirltiis, UygupoH 171 i

aiirltuB, NyctinomiiH 171

Hat, brown IS.'!

bat, Califoruiau 100

Hat, gray 185 \

bat, Virginian 180

liechBteiuii, VeHpcrtllio 122

liluSHOViUii, Vuspcrtilio 143

bunnrienBiH, VeHpcrtilio 143

Itracliyphylla 51, 70

braiilientii, Xyelinomni 103, 101

bragilienglH, Vcspi'itiliii 87. 192

breviroBtris, VoHpcrtilii) 78, 101

Brown Bat 185

buUeri, MacrutUH 41

ca'CHB, DyBoiiCH 171

calcaratiiH, A'csportilio 183

Calitbrninn bat 190

oali/ornicu$, Maeroluii 34

P«ge.

lalllornlrUH, MoIorhiih 17i

califnriiieut, I'romupi periitil 175

raliliirulciiH, ViMpurtilio 04, 190

1 iipai'ilnll, VfHpertlllo 72

oaiuli, VeHpoitlliii 75, 70, 112, 180

caniliiii.nHiH, Itliinopunia 164

lariilini'imiii, VuHiicrtllio ..112, 121, 184, 186, 187, 190

larolliiinsiit, VtiBporiigo 114, 121, 130

carpuli'KiiH, Ai'lilii'iiH 43

('(■iitronyctt-ris 34

( 'I'litiirlii SO

CliilDiiyi'teilH 34

ciliolabinni, Vi'.spiTtilio 83

cUiiilalirum, Vetpertilio nitidui 101

ciiicliiniiH, V««pei-tlilo B7

eiiterea. Atalapha 137, 155, 161

ninei'im, Dunii'iiiiira 44

ciniToiiM, I.ai'iuriia 185

limToiiB, VrBpcrtilio 155

CorynvrhinuK S3, 01, 05, 70

Curyiwihinuii maerotit 55

<'orynoihiiiiiii tounirndii ,18

ornHHiiH, Vt'spertilio 78, 121, 188

creeliH, VcBpiTtiliii 132

crepuHculuria, Nyctici'Jiis 132, 185

cubanuB, VeHpiiriis 132

(■yiiocepbala, MoIomnmo 164

cyuuucphalii. Nycticea 104

oynucepbala, Xyctieejiis 185

ryauopteriia, Vi'Hpcrlilio 74,183

Datypterut 6S. 7U, 137

DasypteniB ega 138, 147

Dasy pterus egregia 147

Daayptenu intermediiit 137

■lanbrntonii, VoBpiTtilio 79

Doriiiauura 48

Dernianura ciuurea 44

Dii'litiiiniB 34

iloiiuwticuH, Vcspcrtilio 75

Dyaopes aiiriapinuKlH ...171,174

DysopoH auritiiH 171

I)yi<u|H-B laticauilatiiH and cat'dia 171

l)y sopi'B liaso V 104

I'ga, DasyptcruH 138, 147

cgri'gia, DaByptcriiB 147

Kmbalbiuura 34, 157

Eptosiciis 184

KptCMicnM iiulaiiops 112, x84

EptcaicuH luyilii.t 184

195

196

INDEX.

BrjrtbrodoctyluH 187

erythrodactyliiB, Yesiiortilio 123, 121

Euderma 60

£uderma maculata 6i

eorops. 1 1'ycliiioiiiiis 108

eToiis, "^eBpcrtilio 89

evotls, V jspcrtilio albcscenB 89

ozignua, Vcspertilio 07

eziliH, VcHpertilio 97

femorosacctig, Nyotiiioniiis 161)

ferrugiucug, Vcspertilio 187

frantzii, Ataliiplm 143, 140, 147, 154

fuli({iuU»U8, MolOHHUB 104

fuRcata, Atalaplia 184

fuieut,A' elonycterit 112

fusuus, Atalaplia 107

fasciis, Scotopliilus 112

fusciiH, serotiuus Vcsptinis 112

fagcus, Vcspertilio 112

georgianug, Scotophiliig 121

georgianng, VvgpoTtiliu 121, 189

glauviimg, Mologgug 175

Glogguphaga 52

graoilig, NyctiDomug 172

Gray bat 185

greuni, Scotopliilug 112

gryphut, VeiperHUo 72, 75, 104, 112, 127, 188

heipenu, Veiperugo 1 28, 192

HiBtlotng 60

Histiotng maoulatug 61

humeralii, Nyetieejut 132,85

bumoralig, Vcgpertilio 183

Intermedia, Atalaplia 137

tn(«r»t«Itiw, Oanypterut 137

Intermedius, Lasiurug 137

intormediug, Wyctictjug 137

Jamaicengig, ArtibeDg 43

Johorengig, Nyctloomug 163

Eeri voula 71

LanonycUrit 71, 104

La*ionyeterit noctivagant 105, 125

Laaiurng 137,141

liaaiaruB cinereug 155

Lasiurug iutennedius 137

Laslurua noveboracengis 143

lasiurug, Nyctiwdus 143

LoBiuruB pruiuuBUB 155

LasiuruB rufng 143

lasiurug, Vegpertilio 143

laticaudatug, Dysopes 171

lecoDtii, Plecotus 55

lecontU, Synotus 65

leibii, Vegpertilio 19o

lencogaster, Vespertilio 87

lewisii, Madatieus 43

Loncborbina 34

longicnig, Vegpertilio 104

loDgicrug, Vegpertilio nitidus 103

Lopbostoma " 34

lucifugug, Vespertilio 78, 94, 184

luctftigtu, TeijyertiUo gryphtu 78

matrotU, Corynorhinus 55

macrotis, Nyctinomug 171

macrotig, Plecotus 65

macrotis, Synotus 55

maeroptu, Veiprrtilio nitidus loo

Maerotw) 33 7Q

Ma<'rotu8 bullori ^\

Maorotun cali/ortiimm 34

Macrutug mexicana 40

niacrotug, Plecotus 58, 184

Macrotns watorhousii 34

maeulata, Euderma ei

inaculatus, Histiotug gj

Madatirus 43

Metlaticits lewisii 43

Megaderma 34,70

megalotis, Nyrtinonug 170

megalotis, Vegpertilio 193

Melauic v" lation 74, 08

melanops, Kptesicug U2, 184

melanorbiuus, Vespertilio m

melanotig, Vegpertilio 183

merriaiiii, Vcsperugo 128, 191

mexicana, Atalaplia 143

mexicana, Macrotiig 40

mexicauug, Nyctinonmn 104

Miniopterig iu7, 157

raobavensig, Kyctinomus 103

MolosBi 142, 182

M0I0B8U8 californit'iig 175

Mologgug cy noccpbala 144

Mologgug fuliginogug 164

Molossug glaucinuB 175

Mologgug perotig 175

Molossug rnfug loo

Molossus watt-rliousii 175

nionaclius, T'espcrt ilio W, 183

montanuB, Vespertilio igo

mocticola, Vespertilio 121, 189

Mormops 34

Mosia ;t4

mnndus, Vesjiertilio 97

muricohi, Vespertilio 71

murinus, Nyctinomug l&l

muriuus, Vcspertilio 76, 122, 188

uiydas, Eptesicus 184

niystax, Vespertilio 183

Mystaciua 34

mystaciuiiH, Vespertilio 72

naso, Dysopes 164

nasatus, Nyctinomus 164

Natalus 71

nattereri, Vegpertilio 72

nevadentit, Xyctinomus maerotil 171

nigrinaus, Vespertilio 96

nitidm, Vetpertitio 04

Noctilio.. 34,107

nootivagans, Lationycterii 105, 1 25

noctivagang, Scotopbilus 105

uoctiragans, Vegporides 105

noctivHgang, Vegpertilio I0.1, 184

nootivagans, Vesjierugo 105

iioctula, Noctulinia 1 16

Noctulinia noctula 116

norfolcensis, Nyctinonms 168

noveboraeeiitif, A talapha 137, 142, 143, 154, 156

noveboracunsis, Lasiurug 143

noveboraoensis. Xyetieejus 142, 185

noTeboraeeusis, Vespertilio 142

INDEX.

197

100

33,70

W,I84

34,70

172

183

74,08

112, 1S4

183

128,191

143

164

107,157

163

142,182

175

161

164

....... 175

175

100

175

141", 183

190

121,189

164

...76,122,188

184

183

161

164

171

34,107

105, 1J5

105

106

10,"), 181

105

116

188

2,143,154,156

143

142,185

142

I'age.

nubillg, Vesitortilio 87

Nyoticen oynocophula 164

Nyctlcejus 1 31, 137

I^ycticqJiiB crepiisiMilnris 132, 185

Nycticojus cynocoplialii 185

Nycticojiig Inimeralis 132

Nycticojus iiitermeiliiiM 137

Nycticejus laoiuru!! 113

Nycticojus novelioraiciisis 142 185

Nycticejus pruinosui 155

Nyctlctjus varii« 113

Nyctinomous 05, 132, 163

NyctiuoniuB al'rirauim 172

Nyctinouuis auritus 171

Nyctinomus bratilientis 163, 164

Nyctinonnis curops 168

Nyctiuoiiius fenioniitaccus 103

Nyctinumus gracilis 172

Nyctiuomus huineralis 85

NyctuiomHSJolu)reu.>tin 163

Nyctiuomus inairotis 65, 171

Nyetinoimu macrotis nfadennn 171

Nyctinomus mogalotis 172

Nyctiuomus moxicaiius 161

Nyctiuomus moliavcusirt 163

Nyctiuomus murinus 164

Nyctinomus uasutus 101

Nyctinomus norfulcensis 168

Nyctinomus plicatus 165

Nyctinomus pumilus 160

Nyctophilus 05. 70

obscurus, Vespertilio 97

urthotis, Nyctinomus 168

Otopterus 33

oxyotus, A''esportilio 97

pallidut, Antrozout 00

pallidus, Vespertilio 66

Podomorphic forms of V. nitiilus 08

Pedomorpliio variation 73

perotis, Molossus 175

lierapicillatum, I'liyllostoiua 43

perspicillatum, Ptenlernia 43

pertpicillattu, Artibeun 43

perspicillatus, Vespertilio 13

pfeifferi, Atalapha 143

pliaiops, Vespertilio 112,183,186

Phyllodia 34

Phyllonyctcris 70

Phyllostomn 34

Phyllostoma perspiiiliatura (3

Pliyllostoma superclllatum 43

PIiyllostomidH) 142

PlecotuB 53,01,18'J

Plocotus lecontii ,55

Plccotus macrotis 5.5, 58, 181

Plecotus towuscndii 58

plicatus. Nyctinomus 105

polytlirix, V^espcrtilio 97

I'romopD CI, 175

I'romopii t-eromr eaUfomieut 175

pruinosus, Lasiurus i.'>5

pruinosus, Nycticejus 155

pruinosus, ."^cotophilus 1.55

pruinosus. Vespertilio 155

Pt«toderma 43

Face.

Ptenlernia perspicillatum 43

pulvorulontus, Vespertilio 105, 186

pumilus, Nyctinomus 166

Uhinopoma 34

Uliinopoma cnrolinensis 164

liliiuopliylln 70

Itlioj;cessa >. 132

rubcllus. Vespertilio 143

ruhis, Liislnnis 113

rufus, Molossus 160

rul'us, Taphyzous 143

rufus, Vespertilio 143

salarli, Vespertilio 75, 76, 121, 188

Scotophilus 105,111,132,141

Scotopliilus fuscus 112

Scotophilus geort^ianus 121

Scotophilus grucui 112

Scotophilus noctivagans 105

Scotophilus pruinosus 155

serotinus, Adolonycteris 119

serotinus, Vesjierus 112, 188

ser'otinus, Vesporus fuscus 112

Steuoderma 52

St umira 51

subflavus, Vespertilio 75, 189

subulatus, Vespertilio 76, 92, 104, 187, 190

superclllatum, Pliyllostoma 43

Syuotus 53, 61, 65

Synotus lecontii 55

Synotiis macrotis 55

Synotus townsendii 58

Taphozous 34

Taphyzous rufus 143

teliolit, Alalapha 153

tenuidorsalis, Vespertilio 97

t«sselatus, Vespertilio 183

tezsalatus, Vespertilio 143

towusendii, Corj'norhinus 58

townsendii, Plecotus 58

townsendii, Synotus 58

Urocrj'ptus 34

Urodcrma 48

ursinus, Vespertilio 112, 185

Vampyrops 48

Vampyrus 52

varia, Atalapha 143

variation, melanic 74

variation, pedoiuorphio 73

varlis, Nycticejus 143

Vesperides 71, 104

Vesperii'»« noctiriigans 105

Vespertilio 71,135

Vespertilio n^nobarbus 132

Vespertilio afflnus 93

Vespertilio agilii! 94

Vespertilio albescent 83, 87, 92, 143, 191

VetpertHio albeseeni ajinis 03

Vesperlilio aWeseens evotis 80

Vesjierlilio albescent melannrhinus 91

Vetpertilio albescens velifer 92

Vespertilio arcaatns 112

Vespertilio arquatiis 188

Vespertilio auduboni 105

Vespertilio lieckHteinil 122

Vespertilio blosselvlUii 143

198

INDEX.

Page.

VeipvTtilio bunariensls UH

Vespertilio b-aslMensls 87, 192

Vc»pertnio brevlfostris 191 . 78

Vespertilio caloaratns 183

Vespert ilio capRociiiii 72

V'espertilio callfomlcuB 94, 190

VeapertillocarolineiiBis. . .112, 121, 184, 18G, 187, 190

Vespertilio oaroli 78, 77, 112, 180

Vespertilio ciliolabram 8:i

Vehpertilio cincinnnS 97

Vespertilio oinerens 155

Vespertilio crassus 78, 121 , 188

Vespertilio creeks 132, 188

Vespertilio oyanopterns 71, 183

Vespertilio daubentonii 70

Vespertilio domesticna 75

Vespertilio erythrodactylns 121, 123, 187

Vespertilio ovotis .' 89

Vespertilio exiguus 97

Vespertilio exills 97

Vespertilio ferrugineiis 187

Vespertilio fnscns 112

Vespertilio georgiauus 121, i^9

rttpertilio gryphv$ 72, 75, 104, 112, 127, 188

Vtipertilio grypMit Incifugua 78

Vespertilio hnmeralis 183

Vespertilio Insiiirns 143

Vespertilio leibii 190

Vespertilio leucogaster 87

Vespertilio longicriis 104

V esiMrtllio lacifugus 78, 94, 184

Vespertilio megalotis 183

Vespertilio raelanorhiuas 91

Vespertilio melanotis 183

Vespertilio nitidus macropns lUG

Vespertilio monacbus 143, 183

Vespertilio niontaniis 190

Vespertilio monticola 121, 189

Vespertilio miindus 97

Vespertilio maricola 71

Vespertilio inurlnus 76, 122, 188

Vespertilio mystaviuus 72

Vespertilio mystax .' 183

Vespertilio iiattercri 72

Veapertilio nigricans 96

Fags.
Yeipertilio niiidui m

Veti^ertilio nitidui ciliolabrum loi

V«»Fi!rKKo tiitidut longicnig io,i

Vesj-ertilio noctivagans 105, 134

Vifi;>ertillo noreboraceusis 142

Vespertilio nnbilis gy

Vespertilio obscnriis 97

Vespertilio oxyotus 97

Vespertilio pallidiis ea

Vespertilio perspicillatus 43

Vespertilio phaiops 112, 183, 186

Vespertilio polythrix 97

Vespertilio pniinusiis 155

Vespertilio piilverule.-itns 105, 186

Vespertilio rubcllus 143

Vespertilio, rafas 143

Vespertilio salnrii 76, 76, '21, 188

Vespertilio serotiimx 188

Vespertilio subflaviia 75, 189

Vespertiliosubulntus , 70,92,104,187,190

Vespertilio tenuidorsalis 07

Vesi>crtiilio tesseli His 183,143

Vespertilio ursinuH 112, 185

Vespertilio villosissiinus 143

Vespertilio virginianus 189

Vespertilio volans 94

Vi'spertilio yumancnsls 72

reapmtgo 61, 71, 114, 121, 135

Vosperugo abramus 192

Venpencgo carolinensit 1 14, 121

Vetperugo hetperut 128, 192

Ve»i)enigo luerrinnii 191

Vesi>emgo noctivagans 103

Vesperus . . .• 71, 1 1 1

Vesperus cnbanus 132

Vesperus grorgianus 121

Vosperus merriami 128

Vespernsserotinus. 112

Vesperus serotinus fiisoiiH 112

villnsiHsimns, Vespertilio 143

Virgiuian bat 189

virgiuianus, Vcsjiert ilio 189

volans, Vespertilio 91

waterhousii, Macrotiis 34, 17r>

y umanensis, Vespertilio 72

FkgCw

....... 101

103

105,184

14a

..112,183,186

15.'>

105,186

143

75,76,121,188

188

75,189

2, 104, 187, IBO

.- OT

18.1,143

112,185

143

189

1,114,121,135

192

114,121

128,192

191

105

71,111

132

121

128

112

143

189

, 189

, 94

34,175