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ADDRESS KEFORK THE SECTION OF ECONOMIC SCIENCE AND STATISTICS OF THE American Association for tie Atacement of Science, AT THE TORONTO MEETING, August 28th, 1889. BY CHAS. S. HILL, VICIC PRESIDENT, SECTION I. From the Proceedings of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, Vol. XXXVIIL TOllONTO. 1889. 'I nil y ECONOMIC AND SOCIA LOGIC REIATIONS OF THE CANADIAN SKATES AND THE EM TED STATES: rROspEcrni'.i. v considered. ADDliEfSS lil'.KORK TIIK SECTION OF ECONOMIC SCIENCE AND STATISTICS l)K TIIK Americai Assoclalloii for the AJvanceineiit of Science, AT THE TORONTO MEETING, August 28tli, 1S89. BY CHAS. S. HILL, VICK rKKSIDKXr, SKIJTION I. Kroin llic IV()CCL'(linf;s of ilic American Association for the AdvanceiiiLMU of Science, Vol. XXXVIII. - - >■- ■■■"- *-t»'-a^* TOUONTO. 1889. A DDK ESS BY CM AS. S. U I LL, VI1'K-1'KK.SII)KNT MKCl'lDN I. BCONOMIC SCIENCK AM) .STAT1^STII'S. KCOXOMIC AND SOCro LOGIC liFJj iTioys OF TIIF CAXADIAN STATES AM) TIIK U SITED STATES; I'ROSI'EA^VIV ELY COX- SIDE It ED. What Gix/ liiifh jollied Uujether " — no man luin mid (nnnder. Joined by luitural conditions of creation, by ties of consan- guinity and language, by bans of matrimony and posterity, tliese two i)eoples, assembled bere to-day, of tlie Canadian States and tbe United States, must eventually be one and inseparable — inevitably. Our relations with tlie Canadian people arc closer than our relations with those of any of our sister American He- publics, althougli of similar form of government, because of the dillerence in the language of the latter. The science of God in nature is far grander than the science of man in art. In His Infinite wisdom our topographic conditions are one and insei)arable. By His Divine will our language of communication is one and the same, and the Christian Cross is our religious em- blem of one Faith, whether of the Anglican, Uoman or CJrecian branch of the Church. These are the unifying elements which ronde. our destiny one as a people and one in government. These conditions are dc facto and unchangeable; therefore they need no consideration. Our Kconomic and Sociologic relations are problematic, 3 I I {iiul ;.ii analysis of tlio prospective eoiulitioiis thereof can l>iit bo of benefit and interest in anticipation of union or not, but the union of these two peoples in one government eventually is as certain as the union of territory is now definite and unalteraljle. Two Connnitteos of the United States Congress are already in the field studying this problem from a political point of view, and that a lively and important discussion will take place at the coming session of (.'ongress in Washington next winter is very certain. Grave and serious may be the immediate results of the ccming consideration as an international (juestion, in view of the remarkable existing and rapidly devulo[)ing condi- tions that are assuming such com[)licated features, but the ultimate result will bo annexation and consolidation. In view of the existing conditions on the one hand and the prospective conditions on the other, there seems to be no more i)ertinent and im[)ortant an economic problem for consideration before tliis Section to-day. I shall not pretend to analyze each specifio subject of these conditions in cause and result, but merely open a discus- sion as to tlie economic measures and sociologic benefits to be attained in the future; nor shall I burden you with statis- tical data more than in a few tabulations, for such are familiar to you ail. The many distinguished economists of scientific study and world-renowned fame attending this convention, and who have recorded special papers to be presented to you during our sessions, will more ably interest and inform you. When we comi)are our natund conditions with those of the many peoples of the Old World, what a mighty contrast is presented, and what a volumo of thought is suggested. On this New Continent the English tongue has sounded over Lakes, re-echoed o'er the Plains, and reverberated over seven millions .square miles, from Ocean to Ocean, obliterat- ing the dialect yearly of hundreds of thousands of Imnii- ^nmts, ami silonciiig in oxtomiiiiutioii tliu U)iiy;uc.s of tlio aborigines. On tlio 01(1 Continont wo iinlc', for there must first be universality in political govcrmnf^nt, as well as in eco- nomic and socioloific condition; and national assimilation. It would be preposterous to establi-ih a free-trade policy with Canada and preserve a protection policy with Eng- land. The side-door entrance would bo used exclusively for commercial intercourse with (Jreat iJritain and the trade of our Atlantic and I'acilic seaport cities would be ruined and the prosperity that our merchants have enjoyed would bo known no more forever. The employment wliicli they now distribute to the poorer classes of those thickly-settled and thriving cities would be not only interrupted, but destroyed. Loss of wages, idleness, discontent, and strife would re- sult as surely as such a basis of int<;rcoursc should be es- tablished with a people that belonged to and were under the government of a European nation. Were you of Canada an independent peoi)le a commercial union would be a very different matter for consideration. But as long as the Canadian people arc under the control of the British (iovernment, wjiich now rules the seas and the commerce of the world, to open such a side door of trallic would be cutting the artery of our Industry and bleeding of workmen to deatli. A commercial union with Canada would, of course, be practically a commercial union or a free-trade traflic with Great Britain. As well might we establish the union direct and better that we declare free trade to the world. A.ssimilation of political interests must come before a "commercial union" is possible. llow shall itcome? The I'nited States cannot court it or tender a i)rotectorate to the Dominion. It would be directly PI I 8 contrary to our national policy to acquire territory by moans of aggression. Canada must be tbc suitor. 81ic must make her peace witli her borne government and obtain tbe consent of Motbor I'jUgland before entering into a matrimonial alliance witb ourselves. Wiietber tlie United States must assume tbe debt of Canada or pay a consideration in money will be a question of agreement. G0VKRN.\rK\T. Autocracy, Plutocracy, Democracy, Wbicli? For one bundred years tlio people of Canada liavc failed to become assimilated even in tbcmselvos. For one bundred years tbe people of tbe United States bave been banded as one, except during tbe brief period of political passion — in wbicb tbe flames and fury of prejudice were fanned by influences from abroad — and by ignorance of true politico-economic princii)les at bome; but tbe dark cloud of strife and ditFerence bas passed, and now, more purified in love and stronger in reason for tbe sad lesson learned, we are One, " now and forever." Wby, tben, tins great contrast in similitude of conditions existing between two people, side by side? It is because of tbe difference in form of government. Ex-Prcsident Wliite, of Cornell University saj's tbat — "The ti'-.it reqiiisito to a good government is to educate the great mass of citizens to the point of grasping simple political ciuestions," and so it is empbatically. Between autocracy and democracy tbere seems to bave sprung up a fear of plutocracy, or rule of wealtb, in our re- markably [)rosperous country; but tbat fear can be calmed by the reflection tbat in tbe country wbere tbe poor man bas an equal cbance witb tbe ricb man — provided tbat in- dustry and integrity are equally prominent — plutocracy is impossible. Tbe Premier of Canada, Sir John Macdonald, is, of course, II y by moans her peace t of Mother liancc with issume the y will bo a have failed itcd States f period of f prejudice Ignorance of dark cloud purified in ned, we are 'conditions •nment. 3 that — nasM of citizens ins to have I, in our re- be calmed ! poor man 3d that in- utocracy is 5, of course, ^ in his earnest loyalty to England a zealous monarchist, and has no taste for the agitation al)out the question of annex- ation of his pco|)le to ours, for he well knows that it could only be done l)y renouncing the autocracy of the royal family and assuming the democracy of our people. It is to his wisdom and foresight, however, that Canada owes licr progressiveness and advancement in the last ten years, but it would be only fatality that caused him to realize that his skillful statesmanship and economic judgment only hastened the accomplishment of annexation to our people's Government — the last result that he desired. Perhaps the most witty observation upon this subject has come from the lion. Mr. Chapleau, Canadian Secretary of State, ata dinner in Montreal recently, viz: that" whilehedid not " wish to disparage the United States he would say that if " they were to annex themselves to Canada it would be good " for them." But he erred very much in the prospective view when he added that " these movements towards the United States mean only one tiling — destruction to Canadian industries," for such has not been the experience of any State or Territory of our Union. Mr. Erastus Wiman, who is well informed concerning the interests and circumstances governing both peoples, says that— "He reKiirdod it as uiit'ortuiiate t!mt the wlinle continent was not included in the American Hevolution. Only Great Britain's liljeral policy, wliicli giie exercises toward iier vast Western colony, and wliieli she learned to be imperative for peace one hiin- lired years aRo, has made possible the continned colonial existence of Canada. Tlie liominion xa to-day intensely loyal to the l'',ni;lish K'>vernment, becanse of the extendt^d inthienee of the ( lraiif;enien, who resist the enernachrnonts alike nf Americanism and l?atlioli(!isni : becanse of tlie si . lumdred and fifty millions nf clnllars of liritisli capital invested in Canadian enterprises: because of the influx of Urifi-h emigration, whicli delilierafply chooses liritisli land in which to live, and becanse of the urnlesji-itblu char- notei of the exiles whoseeU in Canada immunity from punishment for crime committeii ill the Inited Stales.' To take a view from another side, wliich is the only just means of learning the true sentiment of a people, let us listen to the ex[)ression of the Premier of the Province of Quebec, the Hon. Ilouorc Mercier, who says that " Quebec is a Jh'itish coloiiy only in namcy 2 Ill ii } 1 S J 10 He udds- " The iispiirttidiis !\ii(l iiiil(l iipit nation, 1(1 to lie lis iiu'oii- I howeil its s])!en- *ay that tlio tiisU )nsidcration 1 tlie i)coplo lilute the French BUS of the people )n the spirit from tlioso and refloc- yon ill an than seems enlatives of 1 sociologic, ' argument 1 tke public \otical body- Mans. The c it is a dip- ' one nation )ily (h'afted dil)loinatist noncy-mak- Ileciprocal treaties are good enough so far as they [)rotcct against diserimiiiations of trade tricks in the [)orts of two countries, but for growing countries like the United States and Canada to bo circumscribed and liandicapi)od by l^odies of diplomatic obligation against economic interests and de- velopment is absurd. For instance, wo find ourselves, by our infantile treaty of 1818 with England, which we have outgrown, ridiculou.«ly a[)[)earing as an overgrown man wearing the short clothes of boyhooil, mortified and smart- ing yearly under the obligation to our parent country, which is now inlinitcly the smaller, to the dr;paragement of our commercial interests or the breaking of good faith. To show this absurdity authoritatively, however, and the danger of short-sighted, so-called reci[)rocity treaties I quote from a report of the Committee on Commorce of the United States House of Representatives, May 28, 18 12, made through its chairman, Hon. John P. Kennedy, of ^[aryland, a states- man and economist. That Report, Xo. 833, 27th Congress, 2d session, page 27, says : "The aim of our liovenimont li;is bmMi to establish reciproi;ity in tnnle. * * * "Itseetns to have been imagined thut reciproi'ity consisted in eipial privileges of iinportalion and expoitation in our own vessels and the vessels of the nation with which we e.staliiished these rel;itioiis; that the t;reater the seopo given to tliese privileges of import and export, the nearer the approach to perfect reciprocity." This Committee of Congress did not make a su[)erticial research into the cause of civil results in our commercial conditions, but thoroughly cut to the germ of the disease by analytical dissection, as will be seen by reference to that re- markable document : ***** "Diir cotiinierce has bi'cn proll'cred to tlic w irld iifioii terms dictated by the most friendly dispiisitjon, and with a sincere desire to give the utmost scope to the expansion of coinm<'rcial adventure." * * * "iiiir citi/.ens have acquiesced tor years in these arraiii!eiiients, under the sjiecioiis delii.-ion that, as the system professed to be one of n cipr^iciU a Ivaiita.^^e, \\\: have gained by it reciprocal freedom of trade.'' The Report adds with severe comment : " The romiiiittee have already pointed out the. /V"iV,< of this reciprocity." * * * It is of interest here to examine the record of our Treaties '!il ( 12 so as to place cfirrcctly in the mind the character and date of each that we have made witii nations i)rutessedly reei[)ro- cating tlie benefits antici{)ated and to judge of the results. TllEATlKS, Oj5SOr,KTI0 AND ExiSTIXO. The first Cotninercial Treaty of our country ever made was with France, in 177S, but it was afterward broken, greatly to the discredit of that country, in good faith, in principles of amity and economic relations, and which caused an interru[)tion of our navigation and commerce upon the Atlantic Ocean. The order and date of these treaties under the old Gov- ernment were, viz : f)l(i (.'(jnfiih' ration. 177**, Feb. ti Kinnce \mity and commerce. 178'J, "fit. H Netlierlaiiils \niity ami comiiifrco. Oct. 8 Netlieiliinds lieciiptiired vessel ■<. 1783, Jim. 2(1 (iie:it liritiiiii .\rmislice. April 3 Sweileii Amity unci (!oinmeicu. Sept.I 3 1 i rent Itiu.iiii I'eiieo. 1785, .Inly' !t mid 28, .\n(;. .5, and Sept. ll)..,l'in.ssia Ami fy and coniiiierce. 1788, Nov. 14 Fiaiipe Con.sular. Tiiese were all the treaties of the original Government, niaile from the date of rebellion against British Commercial Taxation, to the reorganization under the title of United States of America, March 1, 1780. Under the reorganized Government our first treaty with Great Britain was of Peace, Amity, and Comuierce, dated November 19, 1701. It was the first treaty under the Con- stitution of the United States, and signed by " Grenville " and John Jay, to which was afterward appended an ad- ditional and an explanatory article signed by " IJond " and Timothy Pickering. This treaty, however, although fully detailed specifically, was not in force long, but supplemented, as will be here shown, by sharp dii)lomacy, to the disad- vantage of our people from the year 1815 to the present dfvy. The schedule of existing Commercial Treaties is as follows: (I 1 r iuul (lute of 0(1 ly rucipro- f tho results. G. y ever niado vanl broken, )od faith, in , and which id commercu the old Gov- nily mill commorop. nilV iiiul cDiiimerco. iciiiilurcd vonseW. iiii>Uc-t>. iiity mill iiornniercu. Ui'l\ ni tv aiul coninieice. iisiilm'. Cirovernment, 1 Goniniercial itlo of United st treaty with unierco, dated idor the Con- { "Grenville" ended an ad- ■ " Bond " and ilthough fully sup[)lcinentcd, to the disad- ,0 the present 3S is as follows: Reciprocal Coimacrcial Treaties of tlic I Jailed Slates Existing at Present {Alphabcticalbj Arranged). Nutinil. liiitc of Treaty. Art;ontiii(U.'()nfeilointiiiii....liily J", is.'):t Aiisti-jii-lliiiisary An^. 27, IH1<> liflKiiiin Mar. H, IKV.'i Uolivia May i:t, Ihm Urazil Dei'. iLi, iKiM Chili May ir., 1h;i2 Cliiiift .Nov. 17, Ixso Cnrea lime I, ISHii (;o.Mta Kica July In, Ix.'il Denmark -. April »'., IHjr. Dominican Uepuhlic l-'eli. H, l.silT K(|Uailor hiiie l:t. ls:i!) Krance >e\tt. iin, Imhii (ieriiiaiiv Iiiiv :i, Isl.'i (jreat liritaiii (■Inly ■'!, iHir. Supplemented J Oct. 2u, IsIS Heiieweij (.Au^. 's 1>^-1 Greece Dec. I0-J;i, Ib:i7 fJuateniala Mar. li, IS4'.» Hanover luno In, IHlii llan.neatic KepublicH Dec. 2n, 1S27 Hawaiian Nlamis Jan. ;VK IST'i llayii Nov. :t, isr,! Ho'iuluriw luly I, lHii4 Italy Keb. 2ii, 1871 •lapan .July 'is, 1S78 Liberia Oct. 21, lsc,2 Nation. Date of Treaty. Madapiscar Mar. l:t, 188;t Mexiro Ian. 2n, Is8;i .Morocco Sept. Iti, lH;itl .Muscat .Sept. 21, I8;M NetherlnmlM (Oct. H, 17H2 .Supplcinented ^ .Ian. lit, U:V.I KeiuMved (Aui;. 21!, Ufri New liruiaila Dec. 12, \Mn Nicaragua lune 21, lxil7 Norway July I, !827 otloman Krnpire Keli. 'iJi, lh.'2 I'araauay Keb. 4, IS.I!. I'tMsia .." Dee. 1:), Im.m; Peru Sept. n, l,'<7n I'Drtuf-'ul Aug. 2ii, lH4n I'lii.^'sia May 1, 1X2S Russia Dec. 1-1:5, 18;{2 Siilvadnr Dec. li, 1h70 Samoa Ian. 17, 1878 Siam Dec. IT-.'il, I8(i7 Spain luly 22, 1819 ■Sweden (see iilso .Norwav).. luly 24, 1827 Swiss ('oiil'ciieration .Nov. 2.'i, 18.")() Tripoli lune 4, 18(15 Tunis luly 24, 1824 Turkey (see Ottoman ICmpire). Venezuela Aug. 27, 18f)(l Tlii.s list includes only those of Commerce and Navigation and does not include Treaties of Peace and Amity. How far these Reciprocal Treaties have really efi^cted a reciprocation and benefit to our trade — even where most effective — is a question to wliich we should give careful ex- amination, and it is tlie duty of every business man to con- sider the same, as they deeply affect his financial interest. Since the adoption of our Constitution one Jiundred and twenty-seven Reciprocal Commercial Treaties have been made valid, of whicli scventij-scren. liave become obsolete, and the fifty, recorded above, remain in force. Tliese Reciprocity Treaties have been of varied purport, viz : " Consular," " favored nation privileges," " real estate," " [)er.so'nil property," " privileges tc vessels," " merchants," etc. It would bo tiresome to detail the particulars of the good and bad contained in the multifarious assortment of inter- national law that these Treaties present. True, tho Peace Treaty of 1815 established an era of pacifi- cation throughout Europe and America. Industrial enter- prise and commercial rivalry were actively inaugurated, and, as usual under excitement of competition, every advantage 1 14 for the securing of trade was studied, and licnco the greatest commercial freedom aniiiiging hor fiirgo hore in lier sliips if she gives the like privilege; luit.ljy tlie lieeiprocily Ticiitics, to ^ivp for tlie carrying of a nation like Hi-ctiien, whiiihilit,ns i>l ntir Treitliis, which placi: Ihc Mi'iiinii offnriiiiii ctitnlriis on nn ciiiintih/ with Ih-il ol Ihr. l/nitc'l Slntea in thr iinVrcrt as well a.s- Ihr dii-i "t invlc." It seems dillicult to fintl any defense or excuse for our im- politic provisions, and deploniblc disadvantage in shipping conditions. Tiie lion. Mr. Beck, of Kentucky, one of the ablest and most earnest advocates of Free Trade, at a dinner in New York city last year, made the following remarkable admis- sion of the disadvantage under which we labor in our com- mercial relations with foreign powers under our antic^uated Treaties : " I (im, porlmp", UTil'ortmiate ill lai'kiiiK either veneration or respect for antii|uateil laws. I deny tlie riglil— yes, tlie power— of ttic Federal (Joverninent to make Treaties with foreign nations lUithoriziiiK tlieni toenKaj;e in our ooeaii-earryin^ trade upon pre- cisely the same terms tliat our own citizens may." This frank admission applies more particularly, neces- sarily, to the treaty of 1815 with CJreat Britain than to any other nation, and is a most forcible and patriotic reflection upon our international commercial relations, although the final expression detracts from the good point taken. But this question is one of so much importance to-day that its discussion was agitated last year and ably expounded by the Hon. Mr. Morrill, of Vermont, of the Senate, under the following resolution : " Rcsolrrd, Tliat so-called reciprocity treatie-^, liavinj; no possible l)asis of reciprocity with nations of inferior population and wealth, involving the surrender of enormously une(|ual sums of revenue, involving the surrender of immensdy larger 'volumes of home trade than are ollered to us in return, and involving constitutional <|nestions of the gravest cliaracter, are untimely, and should everywhere be regarded with dis- favor." That these two distinguished Senators, of antipodal ideas, politic and economic, should at least agree in condemning the hypothetical bonefitsof our so-called Reciprocity Treaties, is certainly a suggestive thought. ** n n till slijiiiliiHiiiis III ill/ with llml itl Ihi: SO for our im- c in sliipi)ing lie ablest and liner in New rkiiblo admis- V in our com- jr antii^uated ipct for i\iiti(|Ufttoil It to niiiko Tioiitios int; ti-ad(> upon pre- lularly, neces- 1 than to any otic reflection although the taken. rtance to-day ily expounded Senate, under t)asi.s of leciprot^ity nder of enormously y larger 'volumes of utional ((uestions of regarded with dif- itipodal ideas, condemning ocity Treaties, IIoMK Markets. The Hon. Lcverett Saltonslall, of Massachusetts, the father of the U. S. tariff of 1842, in liis able rop-ort of that year, epitomized. Mr. Saltonstall j)lcade(i that — " A dt'p.irturo from Hip policy uudiM- u liieli rliujc-i nn impi'rti Imve lipen so iirnuu'ied as lo eneounigp '/')//ic.<^(C i»r//(.y depriving tlii'in of the home market. The operation of it would ho like that ol our rprijiriinil tnnlirs, its tliiii arc ciilled, under whieh we hiive lost n vtreat part of the earry ing trade of our ■ wii producie." This evil has .so long been a subject of complaint that it has frequently been recomuionded that an " auction duty " would check the excessive shipment to our {)orts of refuse stock of foreign goods .sold hero at any price and proceeds remitted in specie to the great injury of our business com- munity. Mr, McLane, Secretary of the Treasury, sent a draught of a bill to the House for this purpose in lSo2. The Economy of a Homo x^^arket to which Mr. Saltonstall refers has heen discussed in the preceding letter of this series, and its connection with tliis letter in regular order is here emphasized; Mr. Saltonstall speaks forcibly, further, on page 20 of his same Report, as follows : "Thus it is that in si.\tpeu countries of Kuropp, in whieh, if anything liko nviproeity of terms were observed, m-erfour hmi'lrvl tliomt'ind liO'/.i/invU of Ano rii-.in tnharco, worth before shipment, anont titirtii niillioiis of dullurs, wouhl prohahly he eonsumed, the' enormous hiii-.leiis imposed upon the article hy the (iovernments of those oountrii>a limit the introntration of economic and socio- logic conditions in our day; but if the people of Canada and the several peoples of our sister republics of Spanish blood progress one-half in proportion to the United States wo could see it in ten yours. Surely, if Canatla can appropriate >i!21.',()00,000 for the Canadian Pacific Railroad, and go ahead with it as she has, it is by no means a chimerical project to contemplate a longitudinal railroad from the extreme north to the extreme south of our American Continent. Rut it is to the Canadian Pacific Railroad that I would call your attention. This railroad, it is feared by many of our [)eo])le, will rob the United States not only of its transcontinental trade, but also of our little ocean commerce that is left. So it will, if our statesmen lie supinely on their backs and see our com- merce, our shipping, and our railroad trallic taken from us without putting forth the same seientifie and economic effort in legislative skill and foresiglit to protect such interests. Put the Congress of the United States will act. It cannot be omitted. There is the Canadian Pacific railroad cutting the State of ^hlino in half. Already are ('anadian railroads, as well as Canadian ship- ping, protected and encouraged, while our own interests are neglected. How long can this continue? The whole terri- tory of America iiorth t)f the forty-iifth j)arallel of latitude would pass under the rule of the Dominion of Canada if the present aggressions upon us were to continue. Rut we owe a duty to ourselves, as well as faithful friend- ship to you, our neigiibors. The railroad condition of the world is as follows: America 181,000 miles. Europe— i;]0,000 " Asia 17,000 " Australia, about IJ.OOO " Africa 5,000 " Thus it will be seen that America leads the world in rail- 1 I 1, It (I 20 road ()iitcr[)risc. 01" this tliu riiitod Statos Ims I. ■)(►,()()() miles; Canada, 12,000 miles. Here is a coiitiMst in cuter- prise as in population. There is so much in this, as especially in shipping; condi- tions that require scientilic study, that 1 f,'reatly rc';j;ret that in tiiis address it is necessary to continc argument to hut a brief review. Co.VSIM.S AND Diri.OMATISTS. "Commorco is kinjx," wrote (/arlyle; hut ho should have added, The consul is premier in commerce. Mightier is he who makes the kiiii; than he who wt;ars the crown. The Consul has the power to <^uide tratle and develop an. immense economic work tor his countrymen. The di[)lomatist has the ;;'reater inlluenco in sociologic associations. He passes, as it is saiil, "the snud'-ho.x with distinguished consideration," and manifests the ethics of intercourse, diplomatically, of course', l)etween two peoplesof antipodal tastes and hahits, while the consul studies the means of aggrandizing all the commerce (or wealth) of the nation to which he is accredited in the most scientilic man- ner possible. In this science, as in foreign ship[)ing protection, England has outscienced all other scientists of the world, and the people of Canada have displayed similar talent. This is another of the few su[)eriorities that I am willing to yield in acknowledgment to our disaih'antage ; but it is one of the benefits that I trust wo of the United States may be inspired to imitate by the approaching unidcation with the people once known as Ca",adians,as we were once known as Colonists. The Consul is a p(nver — where he is needed ; l.»ut there exists at present a lino of pickets along our dividing bound- ary called consuls doing a duty which is really the most preposterous farce tiiat ever was known, exci'[)t for nominal commercial relations and the fees of the [)Ost. Who that has tried to study the commei'ce between the United States and Canada has not Ibund that the trade passed i 21 iiiis ir,( 1,000 •ast ill ciitor- i|»l»i!ig c'ondi- ly i'(.«^ret that loiit to but u HocnUly l)(t\V('iMi tlio posts of custoin-lioiH(!-< is nsgn'at as lliat passed Irjfitimati'ly. LuiiilxT, i-lotliiii;,', animals, v^gs, itc, arc) pass(.'(l in and macliiiics, implniKtiits, »t(r., an; [)assu(l out ad lihitiiia without iluty or ('<|uital»l<.' cxchaii^o. Of what vaUio iiro tho otlicial statistics hotweeu our two (iovorninunts uiidur such circuinstaiicts ? should have Fijihtiof is he iwn. d dovolop an in sociolojxic ud'-box with the ethics of two peoples of 1 studies the eaith) of the ientilie man- ion, England )i'ld, and the am willing ge ; but it is 1 States may fiealion with [3 once known i ; but there iding bound- ly the most for noiniaiU between tho trade passed OUR SOCIOI/KIK.' KKLATIONS, Social economy is a dependent condition — dependent upon the chance to regulate our national and pt.-rsonal welfare of the domestic family, to sustain <;xi-»tencf, to accumulate comforts, and to hoard up all excess oi inconio not needed for absolute! immediate subsistence, that it may be; reserved for contingent reverses or for indulgence of luxury. in the economic phase of this subject, however, there must bo a distinct line drawn between the expenses for necessaries and saving for luxury. The man who, even by chance, inh(;ritanco, or hard in- dustiT, possesses wealth and trusts the loan of that wealth It bis neighbors on faith without collateral security, hoping and cx|)ecting his })rosperity tf) increa.so according to his hap[>y ideas, would .soon find himself the b<;ggar of charity instead of the ruler of millions in personal wealth. Take from social economy that relianco upon the security of collaterals and the healthy and sure regulation of justice through law prescribed and ordainerl by the science of po- litical economy, and you rob the domestic circle of that in- centive to industry and thrift which is animated and guar- antotul by the regulation of commerce, whether of small or great degree, under enactment of a |>olitico-economic body of the {leoplo, and thereby also rob both rich ami poor of pros[)erity and hapj)iness. In an interesting lecture before the Anthropological So- ciety at the Columbian University, at Washington, some months since, Prof. Alfred Uussel Wallace, of ICngland, en- deavored very seriously to teach us that all men could and iiii! 22 should live as angels on trust, faith, hope, and charity, and this beautiful theoretical creed is earnestly uri^ed by many under the term of free trade. This would be revolution indeed. Gladh' mi<;ht we accept such tenets as principles of politi- cal or social economy in tempo)'al as well as in spiritual affairs were we assured that our neighbors would be as per- fect angels as we could easily imagine ourselves to be. But we are not. Neither man nor woman has yet arrived at that degree of perfection, even with all our progressivcness, in the United States, and certainly not in England, where free trade has been a national doctrine for forty years. Professor Wallace was beautiful in his theoretical prece])ts and teachings, but we do not, unf()rtunatcl3% partake of Divine nature or of those conditions of life essential to free trade relations and interchanges which are claimed peculiar to the isolated isles of Britain. No wise financier would lend money even upon collateral if a lawsuit was antici[)ale(l to be necessary to recover his principal, but would he be willing to trust on faith? What right in justice to his family? what sense of .self- preservation and maintenance of honor would he main- tain? how long before he would be ruined, were he to lend without security, or were our [lolitico-economic laws com- pulsory to lend on faith, or, worse, to make a general divis- ion of till' hard earnings of a lifetime? It would be robbery to the [)Oor man's thrift; it would be death to industry. Il7(c/t the poor man ciul horroiv from the rich ivithont col- lateral, tiien that blessed theory of free trade will prevail — but not till then. " (Jharity covereth a multitude of sins,'' but withal not the sin of debt ! Even Christianity is a failure in creating charity for the indebtedness of one dime. A del)t will bu rememberud by the creditor forever, though periiaps forgotten by the debtor. This is not a national characteristic; it is an individuality, M 23 charity, and ;o(l by many revolution plosof [)oliti- in spiritual Id bo as por- 5 to be. s yet arrived gressiveness, ;land, whore ' years, tical prece])ts , partake of Mitial to free ned peculiar whether of Jew or Gentile. It was a very ungracious and incorrect reflection in Shakespeare to attempt to cast ignomy in this respect upon the Jewish [)eople through the character of Shylock. The Hebrew i)eo[)le are as charitable as our own. We must deal with ourselves as we are, not as what we should like to be. As well might we guide our conditions by the delicate theory of Platonic love or govern ourselves according to the idealistic principles of Zenoj)lu)n or Aristotle or Zeno, even more beautiful in i)rinciple, and as their pliilosophy teaches man to become, as to be governed to-day by the tenets of those later theorists, Adam Smitii, Ricado, Say, and Bastiat, who wrote of political and social economy according to the conditions in their age, but wliich were pre-existent to steam and mechanical development. on collateral ) recover his aith ? icnse of self- Id he main- ;'e he to lend e laws com- eneral divis- ift; it would wilhout col- prevail — but ithal not the arity for the ever, though idividuality. Race And Religion. Nowhere in the world is a more conspicuous hatred niatii- fested between factions of one people under one government on account of race and religion than is witnessed to-day in Canada. French, English, Irish, and purely Canadian races cacii retain and maintain their separate and distinctive identity. Not even in Great Britian were the several races and religious divisions of England, Scotland, and Ireland more antipodal in their tastes and habits or bitter in their hatreds in olden times than arc the French and the British colo- nists — the Roman and the Anglican ciiurches — of the Do- minion to-day. Mr. Beaugrand is as positive in his expressed written views of this fact as Premier Mercier is earnest in his eloquent avalanche of oratorical emphasis. Can any nation prosper as a i)Cople under suc'.i prevailing feeling ? It is in fact an ill-assorted combination of two peoples under a cold autocratic government, without any softening I 24 provisions to ameliorate racial prejudices or animate re ligious ties. Canada will disintegrate herself upon her racial and re- ligious conditions, for wo see in our neiglihoring friends at present tiio anomaly of a jn-cdominating race governed under an uncongenial authorit}-. In the United States this antipathy cannot exist, as our form of government destroys such feeling of rivalry, hecause the natural passions of jealousy, dislike, or amhition have nothing to fted upon. In oxemplilication of this as a fact we see that many of these very two peoples have migrated into several of our iStates and are dwelling in peace and pros{)erity, and Mr. Beaugrand lias very truly said that in annexation to the United States — "Tlie French Cnimrotection in his new life of earnest striving and saving througli industry. Subjugation by low wages and humiliation in dress and food, as was the case in his foreign home, would be to rob him of pride and our- selves of econonsic results. The international representation and cosmo[)olitan char- acter of our peo[)le through the influence of these wonderful features of Political l']eonomy is seen by th(> following ex- liibits : and name, it isccrtain our 1st. Of tlie sanguinary ties blending us together as a people; and 20 2il. (^f the ecouotuic power thereby coiitributoil to our AVoaKh annually. The ofheial fi^^urcs of the hist Census p;iive as — 'I'lif tiiinl iiuiiilii'r li:ivinn Irish fmluTs •f,')-2n,r)'2:i " " (iormiin I'lithorx t.HHii.sri " " liritisli fiitlicrs 2,11:11), SOS " " Sc:iii(liimvi!iii I'ailici-s (;:!.'),l(r) " " Hritisli-Aiiu'rit'iiii fathers n:!!i,'2J7 " • " fiithers of other iiiitioiiiilitit'H I,;i21,l8r) " " native falherw (iiiil foreign luothtMH ■)7:i,4;!l •' " foci if/H residents of bolli parents iintirc :!3,252 'I'otaf* I'j.ii'is.ntm Thi' total numli''r havinj; Irish mothers 1,44S,121 " " (ierinan mothers 4,.'"ir)7,»;2n " " ISritish molliers l,71Ml,2(li) " " Scanilinavian mothers » r.;n,H(l|) " " llrilish-Aineriean mothers fl;il,4i)8 " " mothers of other nationalities l,22i'.,113 " " native mothers and foreign fathers I,:i;i7,(itl4 " " of foreign residents of both parents native 31,2.'"i2 Total* l4,nS5,996 Thus the largest foreign clement iateriningled with us is the German, tiie second is Irish ; these constitute nearly 70 per cent, of the whole. The recent remarkable increase of emigration from Ger- many to this country has excited that great I'olitical Econo- mist, Chancellor J>ismarck, and it is not surprising that ho seeks to guartl his country from the aggrandizement of American Industries by an increased Tariifupon American meats, by prohibition, anil, worse than all, from tlcpopula- tion and denationality through American absorption by interdiction to his [)eople of migratory privileges. The ollicial report of a Consul in Germany .says : "This unpreeedenlerl (ixodns is engaging the serious atti'iilion of tho (Jernian econ- omists, and especially llint of Imperial Cnaneellor Hisniarek. Tlie former have been calenlating the working value of the average emigrant, and slate that the s^rviees of every laboring man leaving the country may be valued at Sl.ooo; there can be but little donl)t that every emigrant is worili that yearly amount to the I'nittd States. Com- puting tlie wealth the United States aecpiire liy the influx of populitioii on this basis, and estimating the nuinbor of emigrants to the United Slates (iuring the year 18S1 as having reached rioii,o(Ki, the country would have gained in that period J ;;io,o,i;i,oo!)." * It may be rememliered that our present industrial strength is only 17,(l0l),i)n{l, and at previous Census only 12,n(KV"'i'- 27 ited to our 4,HS:i,SI2 2,ii:i:i„s()8 (',:(.-), »()5 n:w,247 l,;i2i,48r) 57:i,4;{t :!,i,252 vj.ii'is.nnfl 4,448,421 4,r,r)7,(;2n 1,7110,2110 r.:ii,H09 o;!i,4n8 1,2211,113 i,:i;'.7,0(i4 ,'!3,2:)2 44,9.')5,9BG 1 with us is e nearly 70 I from Ger- ,ical Econo- ng that he lizeineiit of 1 American . (le[)0|)ula- orption by 10 Gi'rniiin ccon- iriwer hiivo lieen : 111" s->i'vicps of ciui III! hut littlo (I StHtOH. Coin- r)ii on this lianis, the year 1881 aa iiMi,i)ai),i)iK)." Y 17,()0(),()(H), ftiiil This reported loss of wealth to flermany is so reliable that it appears the increase of our indm^trial wealth from Immi- gration has been about ^800,000,000 yearly, of recent years. To estimate carefully as to the money actually brought into our country i)er immigrant, we must first take the aver- aue number of adults and find the amount of specie added hy this yearly increase of population. Another German Consul writes on this i)oint, viz; "I'hiit tlu! followiiit; are the ligiires givi'ii nio \>y the i)(>\un: lUUliorities of Ihi.s port : Ailiilts, !i,22:i; oliililreii iimlei- twelvo ye;ir-i, 2,20S : iiifaiils iiiider one yoar, ,">l!i : total, 11,1)011." This is a just proportion ; or take even less, say, 75 per cent, only as adults, we have last year, adults — r)nO,000 at a minimum amount per capita of ^100 adding to our country a specie value of §59,000,000 Calculating this immigration as a settled part of our people, at the usual average of 5 per family, and with the minimum family expenses per month, S50, and §G00 i)er year, we add at this rate to our Wealth yearly by increased circulation of Money, about !?500,000,000. The intrinsic motive power for this extraordinary emi- gration is found in the simple fact that there is an instinctive yearning in man to better his condition and raise his family to the highest degree of education and refinement, and the Emio-rant sees in the United States the fairest basis of Labor and most equitable standard of Christian liberty and Political Economy. Thus we see a most powerful influence and benefit to our Industry, and a most important point in our Political Economy through Immigration. In transformation of peo[)leour extreme northern States, Maine, Vermont, and New Ilampsliire, in the upper {)art thereof, there has been for the last ten years a great develope- ment, vi/., the exodus westward of many citizens of those States and the migration of French (Canadians to fill the vacant void. 1 m i I 28 I'ut this is Caniulianiziiig New Enffland, inul, altliou<;h it has long bc(Mi in my iniml, I prefer to qiu)te from an able article of Mr. A. \j. IJartlett, in the " Forum " of August, which covers the point completely: ll(j\v rnpiiliy the I-'i-cih li i 'lUiinli.iu clciiioiU in Now lOnnlninl, tho Ki't'i't riviO llicroof the Iriili ill iiniiu!ri":il ■'triMimli, an I z.'nlo'.i-i ti li-lity to lln^ U irLi.iii Hiitlialii! (Umi'uli , lin" iiicreu^cil, is sl'iiwii liy !i fi'W st'itislics IrDiii tin- iiiHiiufiicliiiiiin citios. In tliu city of Lcwislcm, Mp., tlio clnMiiMi nf (':in;icli:in piirtMilfiKi' almost 0(|iial tlmsp of Anicriciin and of Irish pari'iitaK" f""i''i'i''il. In Mani'lii'xlfr, N. II, out of a iiDpiilatiim of l(i,(i(iil' iJ.Odo are of lliis niilioiialily. In Na>liini, out of ii popuhition of IT.'iiio, ."i.."ii)0 are of this nationality, a piin of fully oni-lialf in live ypars. In Lowell, .Mass., they oonstitnto one-tliii(l of tlie population. In llolyoke the chiMron of Canailian parental" are to tliosc i)f Ainpiicnn parcutaije as live to two. In Kail Kivcr, in 18."):t, theie was one Krenoh Caniiilian family: in IsTI this i>la-i'^ hid inoreased to (1,001) souls ; in tho ne.\t decade that nutnhcr was i[iorc than do'ilijcd : iiud to-day tlioy numhor there full ■Jo.oo ■. In Woon- soc'Uct, IJ. I., they Constitute lwo-(ifths of the population. In the pulilii; schools of .'Manidiester, out of .•),il7ii pnpds enrolled, l,l:!7 were the chil- dren of aliens — Krencli, <.tcrin!Ui, Swodisli, ICnglisli, .ScoI(Mi, Nova .Scotian, Italian, Nor- wppian, Iianish, and Russian. In I.ewiston, Me., out of fi.Txl miners, only I,,sri'.i were of Amcr can parentage, th(> nationalities of the others beini; as diverse as tliose mentioned above. In llolyoke, IMass., out of i'.,-i!i7, only 81:1 were of American parentage. In Woon- socket, l{. I., less than half the children of school age, as given liy the school censiisi are enrolled in the public schoul-, and the school report of l.Sss .s.ays . "The inrlu.ic of Krioch I'anadian-^ m every year is (|uite large, and it has become a serious i|Uestion how iliey can best be assimilated. The education of the masses is vvith Us a fundainenlal princi|)le. "'■ * * Schouls are eslabli-i|\ed, instruction pro- vldi'il that the cliildreu of all alike may becoMie uselul and iialrioti(' citizens. But do we realize Ihatjthere are Uundreils of cliildi-en going to school heic whose instructicni has Tio more lo ilo iow:ircl making them gooil American citizens than iloes tlu' instruc- tion of Canadian chiliiren. ' Thi.s is a matter of a,s happy satisfaction, as it is true, and proves llif unifying power of our grand goveriiment. In connection herewith I especially point to coninients U[)oii l"]ducation in anolher page. UNIVi:]iS.\L LANGLAtiK. speech is the most powerful agent in the world ; tho most assimilating clement in life; the most comforting to all sen- sibility. It is a ha|)py solace to think of our grand Anglo-Catholic Creed " 1 believe in the Holy Communion of Saints;" but with the living tiiere can be no communion of thought or mutuiil interest of i)urpose without the interchange of soul in one language. " Two sduls with l)iit ono .sint^lo tliouglit. Two hoiirts lliiit lietit tis one," 29 , altliou<;li it can only bo roalizod when the li[).s speak one tonj^ue. i-oin an able This is why we of tlie Uniteil States, although so cosmo- of August, politan, are so assimilated and unified; because in every State one language is recognized in all educational and ill- icit riviii tiuMcof dustrious pursuits. cuti.oii,! chindi, ^pin. i-eason why Canadians are not unified in themselves itii's. Ill till) ciiv , . . , hnso of Aiiiciican IS bccause 01 tho want of this mnuenee. i-uhitinn of i(v,,„i- TUevo is no greater mistake of the Roman (Jatholio branch ', ").5(i0 aro (if tills ^ _ ^ ., they coii.-titiito of the Church than tlio scrvicc iu the Latin tongue. Were •lTIs!mri<>o'nch *'''^ ^''''0^' corrected the natural sympatiiy of ihat solemn MiextdeciviBihiu form of worship would be far more impressive ui)on the ■JIV'll'- III Whom- • 1 ,• , 1 1- 1 1 i- !• 1 • ' • • mind oi the listener and tar more powerful in winning m wore the ciiii- Aiiiericau converts to that faith. (inn, Italian, Nor- zi . . i . . i t-> i • i i • 1 inly i.sr.ii were of Let US rcllcct that tlic Liiglish laiiguagc is now general tiioso inontioned ^^^^ evcrii imii of the globe. This cannot be said of any t)ther ntanc III Woon- •'' '' '^ • i ,. • i he sohooi eeiisiis. laiiguage uiidcr tlie sun. liiiiik oi it I . , ^ hi America, Europe. Asia, Africa, Australia, and Oceanica It has hi>oom(' a ; i , > ; of the masses is ^\^q Kncrlish laiiguago is heard extensively, if iu)t' bv a vast instruction pro- n a fr- eiti/.ens. But ,io majority. ,vhos<> iiistriii'tioii •' -J does the instrnc;- Tlic idea of Vola|)iik bocomiiig a luilrerml language is absurd in the extreme. is true, and ^\ language cannot be issued by one man, it must grow nmeiit. Li naturally with generations. ments upon Who could have made tiie Englisli language, although the great Johnston, the rellective Webster, and the critical Worcester, and many others iiave from time to time im- proved it? 1 ., , Look at a small tabic of figures to see at a glance the d ; tlie most , . ,. . „ , . ." , , ,*' , ,, re ative condition oi the i^rincipal languages to-day : g to all sen- ^ ^ & f' j jlo-Catholic aints ;" but of thought ?rchangc of English, by about 150,000,000 tongues. German,'' " 70,000,000 French, " " -"O.OOO.OOO Spanish," " 10,000,000 Russian," " 32,000,000 Italian, " " 30,000,000 Portuguese, " 8,000,000 1 1, GO Tliu London Times rcceiilly very pcM'tiiiciitly romarkod : "Till' cDmiiuM-fi! of llie worM caiuiiil KO on without KiiKliih l.i'i iln^ lniv(!li'r Mtdp wIrtb \u: clioosex, he will tiiul the lii'ditk, the .Iinv, and \\w Si'iiti'linmii carryiiiK cm hu-inoss. Tlif.v tian»iict it, howovor, in I'liinHsh and Ihi'DiiKh an Kni;li~li liini or nii American one. Smaller liranolii-.s of trade fall to tlin KriMicliiiiiin, Ihn (icrinun, and lln' Italian— the PortiiKUoxi', as a riih', onniipifs liitnself with lliu leavings of Iho rest — hiit each nnd all have ac!<|iiirod for pniiitinal inorcMiilile n^aHon-i a sulliuioni^y of lOnKlisli t p nialic liiinself understood. " To Eiinjland uiKiucstionably belongs the credit of bciiij; the great disseminator of llie Englisli language by the con- trol of the greater part of the world's Shipping, and it is to be hoped that we Americans will imitate and help her in this great work. Generation and Population of the Continent. We have looked into the natural condition of our two countries. We must follow the growth of each to know what is likely to develop still further. It is easy to see our prepondr.rositij in population, but which of us has the smarte.st brain remains to bo seen. Thegreater generally absorbs the less, but there can be no unification by force or numbers or power. England's ex|)erience with poor old Ireland shows clearly to the world that although there may be a coerced union there is not unification. But look at the olliciul figures which show the proportions of both country and people by tfie following tabulation : Let us look at the figures [in round numbers] of condi- tions just here. Area. I'opiilalioii. DiMisily llic ITnito.lStiitos* a, 000,000 (!r,,00(),000 18. Tlio Cu.mdian Htutcs ;J, 500,000 r.,000,000 1.41.' * Including Ala.Nka, wlii,di has provod to ponaos^' great wealth. ' remarked : iM tlu^ Inivtilcr M(ii|] ti'litniiii I'liri-yint; nn l''.iii;li-li lii'iii or iiri In: (ii'i-miiii, anil lliu iiKs of (ln! rest— but ioiicy of KiiHlisli Id I'edit of bciiii; je b^' the coii- g, and it is to I help her in )NTIXKNT. 1 of our two iich to know 311, but wiiich there can be shows clearly oerced union e proportions bulatioii : 31 And also lot us estimate ourselves with (Jreat IJritain tlirown in with Canada. Area. I'opnliilfnn. Tho Ciuiiuliiili Sttiti'S .".,rj()(),()()0 -).(IOO,000 Gn-iit Hiitiiiii 121,000 3(1,000,000 CaiiiiJii Hiul Croat Britiiiii :?, (121,000 ■11,000,000 Tlio Uiiitud Stall's :•., (100,000 05,000,000 And what are we coming to? Can Canada vie with us in advancement? Certainly not without us. for see the pro- portionate growth of the two peo{)les in the past. .Viid what will it be in the iuturc? It is estimated that the rates of increase of population by birtlis over deaths is at present 2 per cent. Taking into calculation our yearly increase of population from immigration and our past decailal Census, wo find it to be but a reasonable estimate to predict for the United States — without Canada — in the year — 1900 a population of 85,0()(),0000, 2000 a poi)ulation (at least) 500,000,000. This is not speculative, but as likely as it is that the world will continue " to bring forth its fruit,'' and that mankind continues to produce issue. What our moral conditions will be de])onds upon our continued development of good sense and refinement. Where shall we put this ovoi-llowing [)opulation except to spread them over the vast and vacant liclds of Canada. rs] of condi- illadoii. iHMisily. 100,000 18. )00,000 1.41,' ealth. Education. The chief bulwark of industry, identity, and mutual inter- est in the United States is our Public (I'^'ree) School System ; but there is much improvement yet to be ni;ido. Political economy and social science should be more generally taught for tho higher elevation of national and local administration and for the better amelioration of domesticitv amontr our people. ■ 1 1 f'^ 4 !l ' I J: ' I ' ■!, 32 Not only is the education of tlio mnssos an ossontial ele- ment to tlio prospirity of u people, but that eilucation must 1)0 in oiii' own country. There is nothing more conchicivo to unfit the youth for nearly all the paths of American industry than a cultivation of foreign taste and n )tions in children tluin a foreign edu- cation, rpon this important point I wish to cite the opin- ion of (Jeneral Washington, who wrote: "It Ims HlivavH liucn ii hhhi-co of simmdiis ro^rot Willi me to sei" Uk- yoiilli of tlu'>i' United Stiitcs si'iit to fiirt-inn comitiios for tlio purpose of odiiciition, oftoii hoforo tliPir' miiiils wcro formed or tliey liiid Itnlihed iiiiy ii(le(|Uiitti ideiii of tlio linppiiieHs of their own, ooiitriiolinu too frenneiitly not only Imliits of disHipation ivinl nirarajaiiri , Imi principles niifrieiidly to ri'piililieaii (luririnm nl." The stamlard of Education in the United States to-day is the best and highest in the world. U. S. C'onsul Potter, at Crefeld, writes to the Department of State, in regard to the unhappy influences ui)on the Ameri- can youth studying abroad, especially infJermany, that — "(osiudi inlltii'ticos none iiro inoro sen'! < I' 3-1 Tliero is not tt braiicli of imhistry, inontiil or physical, tliiit liiis not 1)0011 siinpliliod, iiiiprovi'il, and clioaponod , tliorc is not an article oi' homo or l'oroi},ni inanufacturo (nt iron orany other material), of moclmiiismor inj^oimitios, es- sential to labor and to our wants intrado or household com- forts, that have not been made cheaper in price; and when; is the man who desires to give up the advancement, tlio independonco, the relincmont, the education, the thrift, and ail the l)lessings brou<;ht about by this so-called Mono()oly '! That monopoly can only exist under free trade, and that free trade can only exist under the protection of monopoly is uiujuestionably clear, in the fact that it was only the mo- nopoly of iron that developed British manufacture, the monopoly (throughout the world) of her many and de- veloped manufactures that induced and enabled her states- men to open British pt)rts as the sans-souci marts of inequi- table tratle. If industries or trade require protection, it is against that monopoly; hence the absurdity of the weaker condition monoj)olizing the greater. It is to destroy monopoly that j)rotection is necessary ; it is as necessary to discriminate in the policy of protection as it is discreet to protect only where necessary. Protection is not for the benefit of monopolists at homo ; it is to defend us from monopoly i'roin abroiKl — from foreign monopolists of capital and of pauper labor, from monopoly of the world's foreign carrying trade, from monoi)oly of for- eign banking exchange, and from a foreign controlling influ- ence over our commerce through commercial letters of credit from the monopolizing conditions of the Lloyds Insurance, which alone is a triumvirate of insurance, shipj)ing, and official protection thereto through the British consular serv- ice. Monopoly is only powerful where conditions are left un- rer/alated, where the greater absorb the lesser, and where the poor are most subject to the rich and iniluential. But as a feature of Political Economy in import duty of our country the truth is recorded in the pages of oflicial his- tory of our country's past. SJ^ 3r, 1 or physical, 1 clioapciiod , luifacturo (ol ij^^'Muitios, es- )UseIu)l(I com. o; and wlienj lU'c'iiiont, tile lie thrift, and il Moiio[)oly '.'' ulo, and that of monopoly only the mo- lUfacturo, the any and do- 0(1 hor states- rts of iiiequi- s against that :cr condition onopoly that scriniinatc in ct only whore sts at homo ; -from foreign •m monopoly opoly of for- rolling influ- Iters of credit Is Insurance, lipping, and onsular serv- es are left un- id where the 1. iport duty of f oflicial his- Tho power of the fmritjn " Importor's Monopoly " is ex- hibited in Ihe investigation of the working of the boasted Tarid" of 1S40. 'i'lie Impoi'tcr of tin; Cnited States is pecu- liarly of a duplicate character in his relation to the politico- economic conditions of our connlry. It may not bo generally known, but of this class of our community 7'' per c(>nt. are foreign, representing foreign capital and foreign industry ; 2'> per cent., only, being the ratio of Americans possessed of horne capital, of homo ties and homo interests, nationally or individually, in the im- porting trade of our country. It is tho former who control a monopoly of our foreign trade, and who with watchful eye antagoni/o every clause in legislative acts that tend tit interrupt that status that they have steadily developed, ami the s[>irit of monopoly evinced since the colonial taxations for foreign staples that drove our fathers to indepcndcjico in |)ers<)n and protection in industry. It is not from tho latter clas^ of irn[)orters that tho cry comes for free trade as an economic [)rincii)lo, but their cry is, to bo saved from tho "undervaluations," tho "im[)uro grades," and tho " tricks of the trade" that have boon made, and will always bo made, under an approach to free condi- tions or deceptive ad valorem I'ates of customs duties. So ruinous a result from such a .system can only \)o understood from the evidence of those who have suflereil, but tho im- portance thereof justiHes the citation in corrolioration of fact in conti'adistinction from falla(;y or theory. So far from tho industry of manufacture being a Monoi)oly under an economic policy of im[)0stduty, it is conspicuously incorrect to every clear and impartial mind, after careful study of the causes and results in our condition. On the contrary, the great number and variety of classes who are benefited by such [)rotective system are as 11 is to 4; proportionate to the Census return of those who in their industrial occuj)ations have tlie great benefits of such eco- nomic safeguard without the fear of financial risk or ap- prehension. 36 A home demand, from a largo and steadily incrcasinjj; custom at our own doors, is far more secure than the patron- age of rival foreign nations, whose purchases from us de- pend upon the contingencies of the production or scarcity of other parts of the world and the prevailing relations of peace or warfare l)et\veen nations. There are many causes influencing u monopoly and de- pression of commercial patronage from foreign nations that are necessarily |)rejudicial in trade and conducive to a sudden excess in demand and shortness in supply, and also to as sudden a reverse. Monopoly, then, lies in foreign banking exchange, in foreign insurance, and in foreign shipping, which secures to foreign imports an undermining influence upon our homo industry that tends to consume our strength h\ commercial relations, notwithstanding our resources and home enter- prise. Such monopoly, if allowed to develop, and surely if advanced by abolition of our protecting Tariff, will result as injudiciously and ruinously to our people as such causes and conditions have mined other nations in the past. C()^■CLUS10^'. An argunient is too apt to present individual ideas or jireferences; too liable to be based upon hy[)otheses or sophisms; too probrd^le to be drawn in conclusion omitting some premise of reason or comlition, a realism not sophism, that r-.ight materially alter the deduction made. Ii is easy to accept an argument provided the sentiments ex- pressed r^eet the sympathy of the listener or reader, but it is hard to make men agree whose immediate interests do not a[)pear to them suHicient to give reflection to questions consid- ered or whose ideas are of a diametrical tendency, although we all know many instances where parties have, after careful study or from some experience felt, It^arned the mistake they had made in judgment by finding conditions existing that 37 had not before been apparent to thorn, because either they had been blinded by prejudice or tlioughtless of the subject. This is true even among students of Ecunomic Science and statisticians in tiieir deductions from official data, and the greatest care and frankness should be cultivated in verifica- tion of all those data and of historic records to guard against error and to perfect a scientific research for a correct conclu- sion. An illustration of disagreement to bo regretted, especially among Economists, as, lor instance, Condillac absurdly claimed as a principle of economy that there was an in- crease of value in the exchange of commodities, because, as he wrote — " If men alwfvys exchanged equal value for equal value there would Vje no profit to ho made by traders." This is a sophism, and exposed clearly by Baptist Say, who answers — "Since a sale is nothing but an act of barter, wherein one Idnd of goods, silver, for example, is received in lieu of another kind of goods, the loss which either of the par- ties dealing should sustain on one article would be equivalent to the profit he would make on the other, and there would he to the community no production whatever." And plainly explodes such fallacy when he says: "Thr siUcr (loc6 not plan the ro'jnc nor thr. hitiin- the fool, and Comtilldr hiv.l no iironnd for his poaifion." Sismondi answers the sophism thus: "77ii' Iradir plans himself tntircrn the prodncer mid the con.-iiinicr to h.n'fii Ih m holh at once, nidkimj his ehanje for that benefit npon hoth." Thus we see that sometimes " even Doctors disagree ! " It is far from my wish or thought that this brief analysis of the existing conditions and probable eventualities of our true {)eople be taken in an autocratic spirit. Not as Monarchists but as Republicans, and with the progressivencss naturally peculiar, and judging of the future by the past, with careful study and consideration, it seems 38 to us that there is no future for Cannda but in union with the [Jnite(] States, which is to-day Jirst in industry, first in educational system, and first in wealth among the nations of the world. Wo cannot go to you, but invite you— when you feel that you cannot help it— to come to us ; and it seems beyond the- ory and more than a "glittering generality" to expect it soon, " For no pent-up Uticacontraets our powers, JJut the whole boumlle.ss Continent is (or will eventually bo) oiira." \ , * .