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Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mdthode. irrata to pelure, 1 d 32X 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 'vl '■■■I I'-S^ u-iik^A M -..T*'^ 'S. s^t'^US&'t, ;K -''."^ '\^ ^.f •: # .S«%>¥ ffu; v-f- FA'ENTS Dl' INDIA *» 'V^ i»«* ■ ^C"^»M*V' J \^ ■' ■ •r ifinr/itir.r L'f/i J'/iiP: IVENTS Dl' INDMIV Tfl.HTORY. iiptrtimSnnt li i>rAt>ri(- CHAPTBR II. Of modern theorists upon the peopling of America, CHAPTER III. Early settlements in North America, . IG 23 INDIAN BIOGRAPFIY. CHAPTER I. Synopsis of the New England Indians at tho date of the Plvmouth settlement-The.r first head-sachem known to the Enehsh Cn 31 CHAPTER 11. ^oSon"onrJstnftiP^H''° ^^"'P ^3^ '^^ colonies-Immediate Sc%\f hlrcindSci;"".'""^^''.''^';'*^' -dependence, &c.- 4G ^•■■1 CONTENTS. CIIAPfEK III. PACK The Narragansett tribe— Territory and power— Chief sachemt at the date of the English aettUiinents in ficw Kugiand, .... 56 CHAPTKR IV. The Pc(iuot tribe— Their first ciiief sachem known to the English, Pckoath, Qi CHAPTER V. The Indian tribes of Virginia at the date of the Jamestown sctlie- ment— The Powhatan confederacy— Reception of Captain Smitli by Powhatan— Interposition of Pocahontas in his favor, ... 72 f CIIAPTEll VI. Conduct of Powhatan after Smitli's departure for Enijland, and causes of it— Marriage of Pocahontas with John Ilolfe— Dcatii and charac- ter of Powhatan, 91 I CHAFXER VII. The family of Powhatan— Sequel of the history of Pocahontas— Ilcr civilisation and instruction in Christianity— Her visit to England in 1616— Ilerdeatii and character— Her descendants, . . . .106 CHAPTER VIII. Sequel of the history of Opecliancanongh— The great massacre of 1622— Massacre of 1641— Capture of Opcchaucanoug'i by the Eng- lish—His death and character, 116 CHAPTER IX. Biographical sketch of Captain John Smith, 126 CHAPTER X. Summary account of the Five Nations— Anecdotes of the Onondaga chief, Garangula — History of tlie Five Nations continued to the time of Adario— Adventures of Black-Kettle, 131 CHAl'TER XI. The Five Nations continued — Remarks on their oratory — Circum- stances favorable to it — Account of a council of the confederates at Onondaga in 1690, 141 CHAPTER XII. Account of the Ottawas — Their first chief sachem known to the Eng- lish, Pontiao— He saves Detroit from an army of Indians, . . 153 00NTKNT8. CHAPTER Xni. MOC tro.t undertaken by l-ontiac in SnL&t:rf7oStetroi?, !' ^" jci CIIAITER XIV. Siege of Detroit maintained bv Pnn*;^^ a i i Indian army-Arrival ot-su7rnr?«h~'3^'''''f"''S^®' ^^'"cd by tbe Bridge-Poitiao a' cnlt . ra sc ttf 1"^''"^^^"'/''^ "^ ^'""''y peaoe-His authority as^'Lft 1^-1 ?, '^T^^" ^"'^'=""' '"^^e traditionary fume, . '""^"'""-"'s talents as an orator-Ilis 170 CriAPTRU XV. ^Se"n\llSi^stJ?^'S" J'-^ S---^ -". including Ta- them- White-EyVs leader yon?.nd"r '!"•''-]«'» Parties among Anecdotes, . . "' *""'' ^"'^ t^aptam Pipe of the otlier- cirArrfin xvr. 183 Observations on the chamrfor «r wut t-i t^. his death-Thc alter S and --^'^^'''"^'f'*''' «°'"'nfint on aware nation-Grand" In ii-inr.n^'r' ;vn ascendancy in tbe Del- speechont Itorcasion M^^^^^^ ^^ J^etroit-ripe's spirited but fails to prove them ''''' "''"^" ^S^^'"^* the missio^arS; ' 193 NARRATIVES, CAPTIVITIES AND ANECDOTES. CIIAPTKR I. Destruction of Schenectady, 202 CHAPTEK ir. Murder of Miss McCrea-PIeroism of Mrs.- Merril, 207 CHAI'TER III. Welsh or White Ind lans, 210 CIIAPTKR IV. Battle of Oriskaiia-Dcstruction of VV'y oming J • • . 313 OONTUVni. CIIAVXKK V. PAOX Tecunjieh-Hw great exertion, to prevent the whites from overrun- dLa^h'orTeiU"'"'." "' '5iPP««-'— liHttle of the Tbame..a.d 239 niAITKR VI. Facts in tho history of the Honcca nation-Sagoycwatha, or Red- Jackct-His iainous speech to a missionary-Governor Clinton', account ot h.m-VV.tchcraft alfair-One of his p.nipk, put io lea h Lafayette-Counnl at Canan a.,;ua-l'armors.Urothor-Narrative ot his capture during the revolutionary war, . 243 CIIAI'TKK Vir. do^l^ljc-Jacket-Delbutod" bj? General Wa;r;;inZ'baU^^^ 273 cirAPTEn VIII. '^rudTam'ily^'in'no?'''*^: """'l "^'^P^'^^^y "^ Reverend John Williamg 297 CIIAI'TKU IX. of pS PI '■? "! ^"'"?"'- "" ■^^'"ff^ chicf-Crcsap's war-Baltic ,^Lh?i) V'''''=i;'t-' '7'. '"«.''""""** spofch-Thc genuineness of it doubted-Cornstock-llis history-Melancholy death of Logan, 301 CUAPTKR X. Adam Poe, 311 G CHAPTER XI. Narrative of the captivity of John Ortiz, a Spaniard, who was ele-cn years p prisoner among the Indians of Florida, "'. "" "^^ J''^'^;' 315 CHAPTER XII. Narrative of the captivity of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson, wife of Rev. Joseph Rowla. '.on, v.ho was talcen p-isoucr when Lancaster was destroyed mt. year lU-6 J writiea by herself, . . 332 Ai 1 V Par re CONTKNTt. 322 cuArTKa xui. fAQK CHAPTER XIV. 362 rilAPTKU XV. ■'rr.i'u'.if.f isa M^rs^^^t: f i»M,, „e„j, „„ coi/iiriunicii(eil t- "- " ■ •-'' »' •naroii s L'anisi.n m n,. .,,,«. ._ ter 01' tlic place, taken at the destruction o? M■17u^.7d^^•!; fr'"'"'^"^''- ^^?"''^' '^J"" --..un.catca to Dr. Cotton ^i^U.oV{i?XlS?]X'^.ii:SLi^! 3G4 CHAI'TKH XVI. in ihe dibtnct olAl diiJ W I .^ . *■ fe'"""'',**"" t"' St. iivovge river 36G CnAPTEH XVII. Narrative of excessive distress of persons (ikr ' ken at the destruction of on the tvventy-seventh 392 CHAPTER XVIII. ^S " rS^;nd!S.!S^:i.^-f ^' --"P'ified in the captivity son,ofKnoxmarshat Sedr^^^^^^^^^^^ l^ugJand, m the year 17''4 ^"^' ^^^ ^''" ludiuus in New ' ■ * ' 395 CHAPTER XIX. ''£S^S"£,!';^S^Sl!!^,^J^5r'f' "T'""— *^'- by the wa« an inhabitant' Octobrriti.i74t"''' ^ "'"' ^""""'-''•' ^^''«^« ^e 406 CHAPTER XX. ' 41C 8 CONTENTS. CHAPTEK XXI. Captivity of Mary IWler, of Hopkinton, . PAGE . 417 CHAPTER XXII. Narrative of the captivity of Mrs. Isabella M'Coy, who was taken captive at Epsom, N. H., in the year 1747. Collected from the re- collections of aged people who knew her, by the Rev. Jonathan Curtis, a minister of that town, about seventeen years ago, and Ly him communicated to the publishers of the New Hampshire Histori- cal Collections, 4j^ CHAPTER XXIII. An account of the remarkable occurrences in the life and travels of Colonel James Smith, (late a citizen of Bourbon county, Kentucky,) during his captivity with the Indians, in tha years 1755, '56, '57, 'o8, and '59, , . 425 CHAPTER XXIV. Harris's Escape, 475 CHAPTER XXV. Minutes of the Provincial Council, of the year 1721, from which it will be seen that the Mingocs or Conestogas: were a large and powerful tribe, . 477 CHAPTER XXVI. MasFacreof the Coaestoga Indians in Pennsylvania, . . » . 489 CHAPTER XXVII. Indian Anecdotes, ......,..,, 493 INTERESTING FRAGMENTS^ The Wester:) Mothers, ^^(y ^^^elaOiie Jndk.i,, .' ! 513 An Indian Mother— Great battle in the ^ndian country, . . .514 Miciiigan and Wisconsin Border, 5I5 Chapter on Indians, 51<) •An extract from the Life of Capt. Samuel Brady, . . ' . .* 50] Polygamy— Treatment to Wives— Marriage Ceremonies— Mode of Divorcing— Another Ceremony— Children called by the Mother's name, &c 504 Deathof an Indian Warrior, ! ! '. 52b Appendix, 52J) ^f- PREFACE. ^ Anortier book upon the Aborigines of North America, exclaims the reader ! I ave we not volume upon volume of works' on the Indians o th.s contment7 Their manners and customs, warfare and barbaH- ties have been described again and again, by antique as well as |T>odorn wrtters: Church, Hoyt, Hubbard, Mail.er, M^Clun. F inT roud, S™th, Hutchinson, Heckewelder, Fletcher, irake S m v . others, have all wntten books in relation to some certain tribes con nu.g themselves to distinct latitudes, whilst others of them vetale " andmg of the P. gr.ms at Plymouth up to the present period; but they are most generally given in a prolix detail-much that to the mZ Zh "^fV^t" "^' -interesting, and which for the LTea" length are laid aside, and their beautiful parts lost sight of as Ihev He would not be understood to say, that the authors of the books we have alluded to are in any manner blameable for this; they have labored laithfully and industriously in the accumulation ftcts 1 natter which directly concerns every American. They have made heir su,,ects part of the history of our own government,'a;d LTuch we should understand them, and be conversaiUwith the events change and scenes of days that have passed. ' ° Voluminous histories are looked upon and very often deemed too mtricate by some to be read. In view of a full and'minute de "rfpt on of all the Indians that priorly existed in the vast territories which now compose the Umted States, it would require as many ^ aL td a^ much labor as the printing of the archives of our own'republL ^ oik has however been undertaken by a distinguished author, S. G. Dhakh, Ksq oi Massachusetts, who has already published evera vo u ,hich a. deservedly popular. We must here acknoXd; :nr:;:rt ;t r' ':^ '-' — of theevents which appe;. «e axG no\r abuui presenting to the public. 10 PREFACE. We do not design, by the publication of a compendium of the Event, m Ind,an History, to rMm any particular Advantage o othez books of a s,mdar character that have already been issued . There are, notwithstanding, a number of advantages connected whh ^^m^'-T' /' ^^'""^^ ^^ '- --^ ^-^--'-^ ^ventJ n en he iZf' ?7^^ """°^' '' ^'*'- '^^^ ''^^y — ''' J- select n! 7 7 ""' " '°""'^^^°" '''''^- '^'^ -« had an eye in e ect,ng from those works which are the most accurate in their answering the purpose to complete our object. The Bio-Maphic-U celebrated m the Indian annals; some, indeed, are as complete and ^on nrehensiveas can any where else be found ;-of this the r ad r ^U be bet ^ .MBRIC. I. ,«„« ^^^^<^^W:irj:^^^^^ r, ^^^ onginal man of Indies by saihng west, cauZL L ""?•* ? ^'"^^ ^* ^^^ East nent of America. When ttf liT7 f.'^' ^^'""^ ^"^ «>«ti- and many after him, supposed thevhnl n''- ^^^f^^^ Columbus, of the continent of India and hen 'J tK T''? ^^ ^''^ ^^^'» ^^^r^ c-allt a«u iur a iong time aiter- .* % i$ EVBNTO IN INDIAN HISTOXY. wards the aca thereabouts was full of rocks and shelves." This ac- count, although mixed with fahlo, cannot, we think, be entirely rejected; and that the ancients had knowledge of countries westward of Europe appears as plain and as well authenticated as any passage of history of that period. Aristotle, or the author of a book which is generally attributed to him, speaks of an island beyond the Straits of Gibraltar; but the pas- sage savors something of hearsay, and is as follows : — «' Some say that, beyond the Pillars of Hercules, the Carthagenians have found a very fertile island, but without inhabitants, full of forests, navigabb rivers, and fruit in abundance. It is several days' voyage from therhap.s be granted that Tl" .mtivos othjs country n»ght originally como of the scattJ^^ed 1 W i lor after that Brutu.s, who wa« the Iburth from Eneas left Sm,.' u,x.n the confhct held with the Latins, (where, altht^gThe gav^^S JTnTruJT' to the slaughter of \heir g.^at captain S rTnv oU ers of the heroes of Lat.um, yet he held it more safely to d^n unto «omc other ,,lae(3 and ,«3ople, than, by staying, to runlho S (if an unquiet hie or doubtful Conquest ; w],ich,ks histo v ,m£ ^uuou he perlbrmed.) This peop/e wa^ dispersed the ^i^noqti tion, i,ut he p<3oplc that lived with him, by rLon of their c^nvcTi xited of bot . 1 his IS the mam ground of Morton, but he says much more upon the subject; as that the similarity of the Ian uayes of ^ ndums to the (ireok and Roman is very gLt. Fror^Ce^oLmn^. i^^; S I'u t'l' ■'?'' ^t!'^'""!' ^.l"' ^'>"^'^»'^ '^''"^ "l'^««t to^a.in: M. ? l 'f . "-■'''• -'^"'"='' '^'"'*f'^» thinks it very improbabk- tha the lartars came over by the north from Asia, becS ttv c«uld not see land beyond the ice, yet he finds no diffi^uhv hw,^ 2 thorn across the wide Atlantic, al.hough he allows tE no ^15 fa ill 1 f""< J'-ve a J atin origin1,e thinks evident, ISTk^ witi out dolibt, their ancestors were acquainted with the god Pan. dia^so^SbT "^■'' "'^ f"^ ^•"■•^'>' ^« questioned'tha tL U. Tol^^r ™'""^ ^''^^ r h. 1 his seems to clash with the more rational v ews of t?u£^ d^^d 1 : cSor^'^r •■ "^^""" ^'-^ '^-^^ of Amenc^ h!;£; uLsco\ueU, tfie Californians ho nearest to Asia. We are ,ip/,ijnmf«.f wuh the mode of writing in all tJH3 eastern nations We SXS^ gmsh betwa-n the c mracters of the Japanese, the Chin J, tht ChS lartars the Mogul Tartars, and other nations extendin.. as far «s t^ Bay of Kumtschatka,- and learned dis.sertations on then^by Mr. Ce^ ?1 . u^u V^"" "'^^ ^^ ^''« ""P^rial academy af'sciei^ a Petersburg. What discovery would it fx! to meet with any ofTlS??fvf Asia. But as to the Cahioniians, if ever they were possessed of irZ nventK>n to perpetuate their nx^moirs, they havee^ freiXt^ and ^i^ tha js noy found among thci. a.^oun'ts to no n^^ tS '^ oS^uro' Z ^- 1 '^"'' r'^^ "^^^'^ «"^ "^'^ adulterated^alS^ s^ci! «on of time. 1 hey hare not so much as retained any kn^le W the partiaular country f ro^ which they emigrated." Thi^ i« thTS of oue who hved many years among the Indi^xve r^nZ^^Ji ^'^' ! accou»»fr Z* >tuu< 1« I'.VKNTil !."» lSDl\y IIISTORV. tii Mr. Wiluiun VVo- ahko 111 c-omplcxion, shape, hal.it and nuuuiei-s." Reve.e.iu Thomas Thovowgoo.j pubiisiied a book ia 165:2, to pi>,v:<:- iiat tiie Judians were ih.i Jews wlio had been » lost in the world lor liio spae^. (.. near 2,000 years." Jk'ing written to for his opinion .« the onga, oi the m.tives, -he kindiv answers to those lottt-r^ .mm Salem, ui i\ew Lngland, 2()ih of the 10th nx.nth, more tlian 10 years since, in ha>c verba:' Tlmt they did not come into AmtTi- ••ti Horn the northeast, as some had imagined, he tliouaht evi(k-nt fi.i tiies.j reasons: 1, then- anccstnrs atiirm they came IromUie soulhwtsi and return thence when they die; '2, IxK-auie they "separate their wo- men ai a little wgwam by themselves in their lemininc; seasons;" and ^, -l)eside their god Kutrand to the southwest, they hol.l that Nana- witnawit (a god over hea^l) made the heavens (uid tjic earth; and some taste ot alhmty with tlie Hebrew I liave found." D<>:tor Cotton Mather s;.ys, " it should not pass without i-cniark. tliat three most memorable things whicli have borne a very enth, and tlie beginning of tlie si.xtc<:Mith c.^nrurv an,sc unto the world: the first was the resurrection of Literatun-; tfio second was the opening of America; the third was irhc Reformation of K(;ligion. Ihe reader must now .summon liis gravity. " But " this author continues, "as probably the Devil, seducing ihe first inlKibil fan ts o America into it, therein aimed at the having of them and tlieir posterity out ol the souiid of the silver trumpets of the gospel, tJirn to 1x3 neard through the Roman Empii-e. If the Devil had any e-xpccta- uon, that, by the peopling of America, lie should utterly deprivranv hurojieans ot the two beaielits, literature and religion, whicli dawned ui>ou the nuscrabic world, (one just before, the other just atler,) the- , ." and this ORIGIN OF TIIK IXOIAXS. jj, hrnl thniofl nnvit'atitm hitlirr Vi.* ir. ».r. i i . * ... l' °'- 'us ,U. s!H.t of i,M-ouiul which 1...11 m do r . , ' Z' 7^ "' ''."''■''"•^ "''^" ^»«^' loniPs; ,HHl our J-:ii.,t was i li , ' ' ' '' ^'^^'' ^'"•''^ t^"it<.".l Co. could ,V.un Ihm old nsu ;■ ,^ S. ^^J"" '""T ■ "i ""^'" '^ '"^ '^' God fhc prinoo of this worhi.- ' "''"' '"'"^ '^ ''3' ^''^-^-rnth Huhhc-jrd, who wrote about IfiSO l.nu ft,; >' ft- ony observation bo nrnd.,,'. ei '""""^'^ "'''"'" P^^-^-«"g«*-' .«.^ier to sav fi-on. what u n ti ,• l """ ''! ""'' 'J'^P'^-'i^n^S .t'. 'ii'I derive th(.ro^^.in C IpJ' ,, '^ ""'•' ^'""^ 'Von. whom tlK'v ro l>o descended (Von the ' J^ \J^ ",:; ^^ ^^''- i-ncy th.-.n «alan.aneser and Ksarhadi .,;.,'- "j:;^!^' 7"-' ^'M>tive by :;»i:n-, there iK-ing „o Ibotstep n 1 1 , ^^' I' f ^'--" '-r any thorn nir.ro than to aiiv other of the hill ' ""'"" !"'^'I"»quity to ii>cir lanouaoe or manners.-' ''' *" tl»o earth, either m lo .-n, it has been Z^t^'^;^; ^X-TT "?' ^'^'''^''^ '" ^-n- i.a.i a eonmion onoi^; buMl^s i^ . " 'l'"'' ^'""^^ "'^>- "'"^^ have- ^aniy ibilow. Who w ,neto tl ■ii;r''^"«'0". ^Joc^s not nc^^- ""on M ith the Scythians the T 1 r'? '""" f ""'" ^"^^^^^'^ '" ■■^"'i i"^l''0d every other mSn still th,!' ^^"";^-^"' "'■"^'^^^•^' ^^^Ish, -3 to the contrary, have al "^.x i^If to S ^T^ ^■'i'^"" ^''^ ""^ "f ongm as either or all of tk- latter themselves priority ^^^^''o'^:::::^^ th. peop,o of co^ p^^^e mlai;ible certainty that liM I" ' ''^^'^"^ ''^ ■''•«'d> " We know with ->urce," n^eanin^AS. I "foZrtI -'"''T ''^T^ ^'""^ ^^e san^ -'ni-sc notion, that to admit ny l"^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^--•^'- '^Pon the vontyof the holy Scrititu res \v' ^ ^" '"'•«''^'-' "pon tlie '<"ave them eq.uVhy i S-il ' in ' '" ""' '"'^ ^^" ^''^' '^^i^^^ We --c.]y,that:il Imbila ; ';L Vr;;"yj"^^"«T-' ^-un.^ at t^>e same time, and by ddfcrent ra es o/ m^^ rr. 'f-" ^^'^"^^'^ pled, we know: that it'was so oeo|X?a' rr^--^'-'' '^ '^^ ''' f^" bac IV as \vi' iiav( any dO ■vaifTs ly i?rnrAN iiistobv. I'l a{U»unf, wo soc iio rra.son to diHlxilicv* . Henri*, when it wa» no/ so, iii nn iiitilr fi) iii(|uin', as it would \rc. iin|)oNsiblf' to < ■onceivo of the nimi- Irilatioii of spnce. Wht'ii u m;\v country was discovered, much in- (|uiry was made to OMCortuin from whence carne the inhnhitunts fourui upon it — not (!ven UHkinj^ whence cume the other nnimnlH. The a •,- kk\v(!r to us is plain. Man, the other anitnal», tret;« and plants of ("very kind, were placed there by the supreinti directing hand, which curritis iBi every opcrntion of nature by fixed and undeviatiny laws. This, it must U; plain to every rcinder, is, ut least, as reconcileable to th(! Bible hlsfoiy n::^ the theory of Uol«'rtson, which is thut of Orotius, and all tliusc wlio have followed them. Smith siiys, " There are found men and animals nil over the habi- fuhle earth: who has put them upon it? We have already said, it w Ik; wlio lias mndc the ;j;raH9 grow ii> the fields; and wo >'hould l)e iki more surprised to find in America men, than we iiouid to tind flies." Mr. ynutli also says, "Some do not wish to believe that the caterpil- lars and the snails < T one part of th(^ world should Ix; tinginally from wiollier part: wherefore be r.stonished, thci/. t'lat there should be in America some kinds of animals, and some races of men like our own I" V'(j|faire has written upim th(! subject in a manner that will always U; alfracting, howfiver much oy little ciedence may Ix? allowed to what fie has written. The chapter is as follows: "Since many fail not to iuuJ;u systems upon the manner in which America has Ixien peopled, il is lelt only for iis to say, that he who created Hies in those reho on his hijipogriff, when he went to fetch Roland'a senses, which vcre corked up in a bottle. If America had been discovered in hiis time, and then; had then been men in Europe systematic enough to have a(haucc-d, with the Jesuit Lcfitau, that tljc Caribbecs desceiuied tht ii IS not m)i it) if the aimi- , much ill' tants fuuihi TIk? a > Its of ((vory lioh curriL?) I. This, it to thc! Biblf us, und all r thc habi- >iai(i, it i.4 on 1(1 1)0 IK I lind Hies." ic catcrpil- iiinlly Ironi oiild be ill our own?" VI 1 1 ahvuys ed to wtiat iuil not to n\ peopled, 3se re «J«^-. he would have vjono well tu have brought back the bottle contuinini? the wita of Uje«e reaBoners, which he would doubtlesH have found m ZlZm |Uon« w.th hoHe of Anguhca s lover. The firHt thing done whTan mhab.te.i ,«land .. d^^-overod in thc Indian Ocean, or in the S^u^X bea, 18 to uiquin,', Whence came these ,)eople? but a^ for the treeTand the tortoises they are, without any heitation, pronoun^ to teindt Menous; a« if u were more difficult for nature to make men thart^ make tortoises. One thmg, however, which seems to counteln^ dhis system is, that there is scarcely an island in the eastern or S^ ocean which does not contain jugglers, quacks, knaves. anHcir 1 h.8, It IS probable, gave rise to the opinion, that these animals a^ of the same race with ourselves." """"««s are oi Dr. S. L. Mitchill, of New York, a man who wrote learnedly, if not wisely, on almost every subject, has, in his opinion, like huS b^ fore him, set the great question, H<»c was America peopedfaTrZ He has no doubt but the Indians, in the first place, arT of h^s^nt from thZ" Wr/^-' northeastern nations of Asia, and heicelprung rom them. What time he settles them in the country he does ntj ell us, but gets them into Greenland about the year 8 or 900. Thinl^ he saw the Scandinavians as far as the shores of the st Lawrence bu^ aL nllwl i l"u"".^' '^^"^"^^ '^•l °^«'- 'he western coun^n^ ^n ' r ^PPf^'hend the doctor would have short time for his emC g ants to do all that nature and art have done touching these matS In the first place, it ,s evident that many ages passed away from tS time these tumuli weie begun until they wefe finishedVsd. a XuS^ of ages must have passed since the use for which they were re3 C o^ers whTcIrm^: JT' '^'^' '^' ^''"' y'^'^ S-- fr«- »he r^n of ^;^^:t:7^'- ^-'- ^-^- b^nt^eirtoS The learned Doctor Swinton, in a dinsertation upon the peoolinff of America, after stating the different opinions of vLous authors K have advocated n) favor of the " dispersed people," the PhcBnidrs and In fn H . rr^'^'^u^™"' '""'^ I^^i''^ ^ho inhabited a countrfn^ 80 far disfant from them as Egypt and Pho^rrlcia, our readers 3 ^ we apprehend, readily admit. Now, no coun.ry can bT pItcLd upo ^ Asm, par'acularly Great Tartary, Siberia, and more especiallv Z wmch many ;rartarian colonies passed into America, a^d peooled the most considerable part of the new world." ^^ hJ^"^: '^ '! °? ^° ^ '^^"'®^' ^^ 'he most rational way of gettins in. Tnce of eauatnWnl „^ i °°\^"^'V« ^^X '« account for the exist, ence ot equatorial ammals in America, when all authors agree that EVENTS IN INDIAN HI8T6«Y. i i! ( i: they never could have passed that wa>, as they never could have sur- vived the coldness of the climate, at any season of the year. More- oyer, the vocabulary we have given, if it prove any thing, proves that either the inhabitants of North America did not come in from the north- west, or that, if they did, some unknown cause must have, for aoes suspended all communication between the emigrants and their ances- tors upon the neighboring shores of Asia. In 1822, there appeared in London a work which attracted some attention, as most works have upon similar subjects. It was entitled, « Description of the ruins of an ancient city, discovered near Palenque^ m the kingdom of Guatemala, in Spanish America; translated from the oiiginal manuscript report of Capt. Don Antonio Del Rio, followed by a critical investigation and research into the history of the Americans by Dr. Paul Felix Cabrera, of the city of New Guatemala." Captain Del Rio was ordered by the Spanish king, in the year 1786, to make an examination of whatever ruins he might find, which heac- cordingly did. From the manuscript he left, which afterwards fell into the hands of Doctor Cabrera, his work was composed, and is thai part of the work which concerns us in our view of systems or conjee- tures concerning the peopling of America. We shall be short with this author, as his system differs very little from some which we have already sketched. He iu very confident that he has settled the ques- fion how South America received its inhabitants, namely, from the 1 hcEnicians, who sailed across the Atlantic Ocean, and that the ruined aty described by Captain Del Rio was built by the first adventurers. Doctor Cabi-era calls any system, which, in his view, does not har- monise with the Scriptures, an innovation upon the " holy Catholic re- ligion; ' and rather than resort to any such, he says, « It is better to believe his [God's] works miraculous, than endeavour to make an os- tentatious display of our talents by the cunning invention of new sys- tems, m attributing them to natural causes." The same reasonin^^ will apply m this case as in a former. If we are to attribute ever J thing to miracles, v/hercfore the necessity of investigation ? These authors are fond of investigating matters in their way, but are displeased if others take the same liberty. And should we follow an author in tiis theories, who cuts the whole business short by declarino- all to be a miracle, when he can no longer grope in the labyrinth of his own forming? Our reader would be just in condemning such waste of time. When every thing which we cannot at first sight understand or com- prchend must not be inquired into, from superstitious doubts, then and there will be fixed the bounds of all science; but, as Lord Bvron said upon another occasion, " not till then." " If it be allowed, (says Dr. Lawrence,) that all men are of the same species. It does not follow that they are all descended frpm the same flimily. We have no data for determining this point: it could indeed only be settled by a knowledge of facts, which have long ago been in- volved in the impenetrable darkness of antiquity." That climate has nothing to do with tiie complexion, he offers the following in proof;— " The establishments of the Europeans in Asiu and A^merica have (( id have sur- 3ar. More- proves that m the north- 'e, for ages, their ances- acted some /as entitled, F Palenque, ed from the bllowed by Americans, year 1786, hich heac- rwards fell and is thai I or conjee- short with ;h we have i the ques- , from the the ruined jnturers. 3s not har- Jatholic re- 9 better to ake an os- ' new sys- reasoninw •ute every ? These displeased author in 5 all to be f his own e of time. 1 or corn- then and yron said " the same the same lid indee-d I been in- mate has proof: — ica have I I ORIGIN OF THE INDIANS; V*f 33 Iho I6th century, Columbus Con^ IT^ kI l'? '"'S'""'"? "f Spaniard. ,he ^es. lniL\£2%t ZZiZtX'^ ■''''' ''^, .he nations iivin| in tite nirth of r..1nd S"' °""™" "' "" CHAITER III. EAHLY SETT1EME,VTS I» NOSTII AMERICA. the colmiL. ''""'' ^"""""''' '"'«' '»™Si" supplies to , M^'m^^^S^uISZ:^ 1'°"''™' England, .and was ,1„ ' He fell in wirtlfclS nca "aiX^T l! V''? ''''" °' ^"^'"^ met near the shoi^ bv fte „,T„ • ' .u * ''" '^''^^wered. Being '"^o ''y;l>o-'9.h^o t/cr-- --3. ..0 w. kindly The ne..t year Marttn Prittg arrived on the coi^f and colla*^ a J ieTB5ta"p?st'orpSn*"^!;f "f"*' "f «P""ation. ' Pnng found it on Xtt uo^idgStotT '"" ■=""■ ='''°°' ""= "'^'"''- Wt BVBNTS IN INDIAN HI8T0R¥. cai^ of Sassafras. The Indians appeared hostile to this company^ and caused them to leave the coast sooner than they would otherwise have done. But this Avas not without a cause. A canoe had been stolen from them, and they were sported with by the sailors, who, to get rid of them, when they had amused themselves sufficiently, would set their dogs to chase them away. In 1606, Captain George Weymouth carried off five of the natives from the coast of New England, against their consent; one of whom was a chief. In 1607, the first permanent colony of Virginia arrived in the Che- sapeake, the twenty-sixth of April, and the thirteenth of May they took a position for a town; which, soon after, in honor of King James, was named James Town. They were annoyed by the Indians at first, and one person was killed. A peace was concluded in June following, but it was of short duration. An attempt also to settle a colony on Kennebcck river was made this year, but was relinquished the next. In 1614, Captain John Smith made a profitable voyage to New England, and made an accurate survey of its coast. The New Eng- land Indians, in this voyage, were justly incensed against the English, to a great degree. When Smith went for England, he left one Hunt to complete his cargo of fish. This perfidious man enticed twenty - four Indians on board his vessel, put them in confinement, and sold them at Malaga to the Spaniards for slaves. Jn the course of the year, another vessel came on the coast to trade, with two of those taken off by Hunt to assist in the business. It was now designed to settle a trading house, but the Indians soon discouraged them in the attempt. One of the prisoners had died, and the other was not permitted to go on shore. But some approached the ship under pretence of trade, and he jumped overboard. His friends in the canoes discharged their ar- rows so thick at the same time, that in defiance of the English guns they got him on board, and paddled off. A number of the English were badly wounded, and some of the Indians killed. The English were discouraged, and sailed for England. Two other natives, carried away by Hunt, found means, in time, to get back to New England, and in some measure allayed the vengeance of their countrymen, by assuring them that the English, in general, were highly displeased at the conduct of Captain Hunt. These, and many other insults on the Indians, though small in com- "*parison with those suffered by their race in South America, were more than enough to cause them to entertain fearful apprehensions of every stranger. Before 1619, perhaps it would have been altogether impracticable to have attempted a settlement in New England, previous to this time. The natives, before which, were extremely numerous and warlike; but this year a mortal sickness prevailed among them, that almost entirely desolated the country; insomuch, that the living could not bury the dead. For when the Pilgrims arrived at Plymouth, the ground was strewed with human bones. The extent of this pestilence was from Penobscot to Narraganset. EAHLY SETTLEMENTS IN NORTH AMERICA. 25 Ongin of (he Settlement of New England. -m.otvy and sunorsti- on iK^gan o Jose somo ground in England, as caWy ..s 1050^ And the pcrsocu ions and s„f enngs ui' the c-urly .nartyrs of religious ik". do.n have: been d.c suhj.ct oi' nmny massy vohnncs. Jn 154' a iturgy had been prepan.! by the bishops/and a law passed k., MMlmgto It. J lie clergy were ordered to cnCnn to the lit.,r<.v ."uler pa.n o( hnes and imprisonment. And, as J,as al 'v S Kjen the case, anw.ng all sects, the new sect, then denom 3 P ^ ri.s::;r'''"''"^'''^'^"' "'•'-''-'- Jn 1007, a congregation lied from England into Holland, and in HXH, u-ere .,o.ned by others, and a church was then- .st led u cordmg, as they behoved, to the principles of the primitiv ] ch of Urns ;hav>ng Air ohi> Hobinsnn il,; their paster. Tk:i,^ rem.w ' omv'' ''M'ri.=on „„, ,„,;„;„";:;/r j,^c", i '■ sr ;:™„T^^^^^^^^ / ^'6 EVENTS IN INDIAN HISTORY. flJ at Hull, havinfr a ship of his own IxMonging to Zealand. They mndo agrw-nient with him, find acquuintcd him with their condition, hoping to tiud more ihifldiilness in him than in the ioritier of their own na- tion. He hade them not tear, Ibr he would do well enough. He was by appointment to take them in, b(;twe(!n Grindstone and ilull, where; was a larg(! common, a good way distant from any town. Now against the prefixed time, the women and children, with the goods, were sent to the place in a small hark, which they had hired for that Mid, and the men wen; to meet them hy land; Im't it so ii'll out, that they were there a day before the ship cami', and ihe sea being rough and the women very sick, prevailed with the seamen to put into'^a creeJc hard by, where they lay on ground at low wtiti;r. The next morning the ship came, but they were fast and could not stir till about mxui. In the mean time, the ship-masfr^r, perceiving how the matter was, sent his boat to get the men aboard, whom he saw ready, walk- ing about the shore, but after the first boat full was got aboard, and she was ready to go for more, th(> master (>spied a great company, both horse and loot, with bills and guns and other weajjons, lor the country was raised to take them. The Dutchman seeing that, swore his coun- try oath, ^ Sacnimenfc,' and having the wind 'fair, weighed anchor, hoisted s;iils, and away. After enduring a fearful storm at sea, lin- fourteen days or more, seven whereof thc:y nciver saw sun, moon nor stars, and being dtiven near the coast of Norway, they arrived at their desired haven, where thu _ opie came flocking, "athniring their delive- rance, the storm having been so long and sore, in which much hurt had been done, as tlus mast(u-'s friends related to him in their congra- tulations. The rest of the men that were in greatest danger made a shift to escc'ipe away before the troop could sur[)ris(> them, those only staying that best n)ight be assisting unto the women. But pitiful it was to see the heavy case of these poor women in distrciss; what weep- ingand crying on every side — some f()r their husbands that were car- ried away in the ship, others not knowing what shcjuld become of them and their little ones, crying for fear and quaking with cold. Being apprehended, they werr.' hurried from one jjlace to another, till in the end they knew not what to do with them; for, to imprison so many women with their innocent children lor no other cause, many of them. Ixit that they would go with their husbands, seeni(;(l to Im; unreasonable, and all would cry out at them; and to send them home again was as difficult, for they alleged, as the truth was, they had no homes to i^t. to, for they had either sold or otherwise disposed of their houses and living. To be short, after they had been thus turmoiled a good whik;, and cx)nveyed from one constable to anothei-, they wei'o glad to he ri(l of them in the end upon any terms, though in the mean time, they, poor souls, endured misery enough." After remaining several years in Holland, they began to fear that their company would finally become lost, by their conn(;ction with the Dutch, and their eflbrts to establish the true religion also lost. Some of their young men had already engaged in the mditary service of the Dutch, and marriages with tlieir young women had ■t m I EVRtV SETTtKMKNTH IX XORTH AMKRICA. 27 taken ])laco. These things canscd Jiiorc csiKjeially iK-cause'the Dutch Under these considerations, their thoiiirht America: hut never so iiir noril much grief to the pious (orefathors; were dissolute in their morals. s wer(! turned towards ieigh was ai)out this time ])rojectin 'i as New England. Sir Walter Rji |)lace was lirst taken under consid'erat was promised, and ail tin; he gn settlement in (}uiana, and tl inn. Here Ins mfies ol a tr •pical a perpetual sprint Hut CAW. • I •■ ,, ,. ,. , •■ t.,,,nv. that distant, country. TlurVir-inia c nn i)Hny were wd u.g to grant tlrm such privilogos as we-'; U dr ,Km-er hut the iHgonedJauK. would agrei no iLrther thm/ ^ o c u " mve at them, provided ihc^ sh.oul.tl conduct peaceably." he agents -■eturned the next year, 1018, to the^reat diseouracrc ment of the congn^gafon. Resolved, however, to make anotlu-r trild o^nu. were sent ag.un the next year, and arter long and t^S dulajs a grant was ohtauaed, under the seal of the cnmany, which ath.- all his great troulde and expense, was never used. ' ' ' ' Not^v,thstandmg, their removal was not oiven up, an.l they made ivady tor heir voyage with what expedition theV could. ItTs S t :?lhir ^'"''' ^' f-'orctoUparethe way; and a^ ^ ngl> two ships wcuT, got ready, one named the Spc-d well, of sixty tons, the o lier the Mayflower, of one Junulred an.l iioht tons. S- thy left bouthamp.m i..r America ; but they were twice fb ml to r..-turn by reason of the bad state of the l.-sser'.hip. bo- rdXX^r''"'' '" i''""'^ the Speclwell, and they embarked on llS;'n!S.5'?:^;;^;"^^'' •" '''' ^'^^" of Septemher, again sailed on Such Mere the transactions, and such tlu. difficulties attendinc. this Frsevermg company of pilgrims (as they are truly called n ik Uu clst.i '^''^''' '"" "'"^' ''"'' '^■'^™ '^'''' ""^i' they appeai on Lauding of the Pilgrims at Phjmovth.~M\cr some difficulties mjt voyage ol two months an.l three .lays, they tell in wi, " S ol Cape Cod on the ninlh of Nov,.mber. Findmg themselves fur Sr Lorth than they mter.d.d to settle, they s..,o.l t.^the sc.uthwar 1 k t M.,n hiuhng themsehvs n..n-|y encompassed with dang.n-ous h'oal tlK,' captain took a.lvantage of th,.ir feirs, and bore up aoai^. fo'L' c.4.0; an,l, on th,. lOih of Novemb.n-, anchored m Cape Cod harbor^ place, aV.TlSi?cfbc;.'f ST.' '"'"^f ^'" '^'"J^ ^^'^^^ '^rown out of its nottl'CectJL' th^o/cLtl^dTh: SmtrvVt'Tl!?r^'^. ^^•''"'^ '''T ^'^^ ^^^ ' .nlJing that the En'glish should .eranyCin'i'thcr; "'"' '"' ^^^« ""' as EVENTS IN INDIAN lUSTOKV. ()ii <)l)!iorviii<; their latitiide, they fbiiiid thenis(!lve.s out oftlie hmits of tlu; soutli Viro-inia coiiipuiiv ; upon wliieh it was Jiiiited I)y some that they shoiilil now Ik.; iiiuKir no laws, ami every servant would havt; MS uiiicli authority as his master. Hut (he wisdom that had conducteil llii'in hither was sullicient to provide ajrainsl Ihisevil; therelbro, an instrument was drawn and signed, by whieh tlu^y unanimously I'ornaMl themselves into a body politie. 'I'his in.«ftrument"was excr.uted" Novem- Ix'r th(! 1 Ith, and signed by iJirty-one persons; that bein^tlu; numlMirof men (pialilitid to act li)r themselves. Their whole niniii)er consisted of one hundred and one.* John Carver was chosen j^'overnor lor one year. * It Avill no (l()ul)t be ever intcrcstiiifr to posterity to know the first form ol govcrmneiit over drawn up in tiiis country, and tlu; tiiuncs oftlioso who lirst ventured upon tii" .jreut undertaking of settliufr in Atnorica. IJotli are lioro presented to tlu; reader, as they are found in Mr. Prince's JNcw hn^land Cbronology : — "lu tlu! name of God, Amen. Wo, wlioso natncs are under written, the loyal suhjects of our dread Hovoroinfu lord, iCing James, l)y the {,'raco of (.od,ot Great ISrilain, France; and Ireland, Kini,Mlefeuder of tiie faith, &c.: '•llayui^r undertaken, for the j,'lory of Gml and the advancement of the ( hristian laUii, and honour of our kinir and country, avoyaire to plant the lu-st colony in the nortiioru jiarts of Viriiiuia, do, })y tiTuse ])rescnts, soleuuily ami mutually in the jjresence of God, and of one another, cove- nant and combine ourselves toyolher into a civil body politick, for our bettor orderuiy and i)reservation, and fartherancc of the ends albresaid; and by virtue hereof, to enact, constitute, and frame such iust and equal laws, ordmances, acts, constitutions, and ollices, from tirne to time, as shall be thought most meet and convenient lor liio general good of tiie colony. Unto which we promise all due submission and obedience. In Avilness whereof W(! have hereunder sid)scribed our names at Cape Cod, the 11th oi INovembcr, in the reign of our sovereign lord, Kin'^ James, of hngland, France and Ireland, the XVIII, and of Scotland the £lV. Anno Douuui l():2l)." Mr. John Corvcr,* William Uradford,-^ Mr. Edward WinsJow,* Mr. Wm. Ib-ewster,* Mr. Isaac Allertou,* Cap'. Miles Htaudisli,* John Aldeu, l\lr. Sanuu'l Fuller,f Mr. Christopher Martin,*; "' William Mullins,*; 8 o H G () 1 o 4 5 f) I 23. i21. iif). 2(i. 10. Mi 11. Mr. Win. While,*; V2. Mr. Uiebard Warren,t 13. John Ilowland, (m Cai'^vcr's J'amihj.) 14. ]\Ir. Stephru Hopkins,* 15. Edward Tilly,*; IG. John Tilly,*} 17. Francis Cook,f 18. Thomas Rogers.; 1!). Thomas Tinlicr.*; :20. John Ridgdalo.*5 21. Edward Fuller,*; 22. John Turner,; The above names having this mark with them. Those with tiiis f did not. end of March ™' " each family. S o 4 2 o W o 3 3 Francis Eaton,* 3 James Cliilton,; 3 John Crackston,-; 2 John IJillington,* 4 21. iMoses Fleicher,5 1 28, John Goodman,; 1 2lt. Degorv Priest,; 1 :t(t. Thomas Williams.^ 1 :n. Gilbert Winslow, I :i2. Edmund Margeson,} 1 :W. l'et(M- Brown, 1 34. Kicliard IJrilterigc,^^ I 3,T«. George Soule, {qfJIr. Win- slow's fami/i/.) 'Ml llichanl Clark,; 1 37. Uichard Gardiner, 1 35. John Allertou,; 1 3!). Thomas English,? 1 40. Edward Dorey, ) 41. Edward Leister, S {hvth of J\Ir. Hoi>kins' family.) 101 * at the end brought their wives - I — Those with this \ died Ijcfore the The Ijgures at the end of the names denote the number in >l't\n) limits (1 l)y sonic ivould liuvt- 1 con(luct(; 4 J I 1 I 1 5 I 1 1 Ir. Win- 1 1 1 1 imily.) 101 leir wives )efore the lumber in HMIilll i' si m tji / EARLY SETTLEMKNTS IN NOKTH AMEIIK A. '2n '1 ft h II The day unswc-iing to tlio clovcntli of Dcx-nnibor is ccU.'bmtoil as the by oflhr IfiiuiinL.- ofllir I'llnrims;* hut on that di.y ii place was di.s- •ovcird, !ui(l lixed upon lor their scttlcinciit. Parties beloii; \m\ hiiided and luade some diswjvcries. "iUi^ same day tliat I he; mcmorahio instrument was signed, ji. partv icJl tlie ship, and iandcil to t;.\plore the cuimtry and get wood, but returned without making any particular discovery. Hut a lijw days JiJh'r, (x\ovemlKr fdleenth) sixteen men, under Captain Myles Stand- isJi, were permitted to go in search of a convenient place liir settle- mejit. They saw live Indians, whom they lollowed all day, but could not overtake them. 'J'h(! next day they discovered several Indian ;iraves, one ol' which they opened, and lound some rude imi)lcments 'jl'war, a mortar, and an earthen pot ; all which they took can; to lyplace, being unwilling to disturb the sopnlchrcs oi'the dead. Tiiev (i)Uiid under a small mound of earth u cellar curiously lined witli itark, in which was stored a (jiiantity of Indian corn. Of this the\ took as much as they could carry, and returned to the ship. Soon ader, twenty-lbur others 'made tiie like excursion, and obtained !t considerable (juantity (^f corn, which, with that obtained beioi-e, was about ten bushels. S.jiuc; beans were also found. This discovery gave thi'iM great encouragement, and perliaps prevented their iurther rejnoval ; it also sa\ed them from liunine. Alk-r considerable discussion concerning a place Ibr settlement, m which some were Ihr going to Agawam,t !i'«l «<>ifiC!p bay .jf Cape Cod. TIk; weather was very cold, and the spray of the sea lighting on them, tiiey were soon covered with ice, as it were like coats of mail. Al night, havmg got to the bottom of tlio bay, tiiey discoven.d tenor iwehc Indians, about a league olf, cutting up a 'grampus, who, on discovering the English, ran awuy with what of the tish they had cut "11. \\ ith some dilliculty from shoals, thev landed and erected a iuit, mid passed tlu' fu-st uiglit. In the morninii thev divided their coin- i-tmy,- some went by land and others in the vessel, to make further discf.very of the bay, to which they oave the name of Grampus, be- lodged on board the shallop, and the rest as belbre. Th(' next morning, December the eighth, as they were about to -iui)ark, they were llirinusly beset by Indians. Serine of the com- i>.'my having earned flu ir guns down to the boat, the others div. <'Jiarged „pon ihem as fast as they could; but the Indians shouted and rushed on, until those had regained their arms, and then thev were put to flight. One, however, more courageous than the rest, 'took a position belmid a tre(^ and withstood several volleys of shot, dis- •»d J)V-oiZl ^''° °|'' **>''« to new eleven days are added; therefore, the ' ..~.l Deco.nbcr is cclebi-atod as the landing of the forefathers. natne'hratnnerT!;;^.'" '"^" '^"" "^^"*' ^^ '^ ^^^^ ^-"'^ ^-^ ^'^^ 3* P.VENTS OP INDI KVENTS OP INDIAN flISTOKY. TVi*^ flre«f «'«irotni}ei' «itK fhr. Indians. uo EVKNTS IX INDIAN HIHTOUV. charging arrows liiinsclf at tli(> muiu; lime At l<'np;tli a sliot, glancing upon thf! aide of the tree, hurlt'il tlio kirk so ulM>ut his hcutl, tluit hr thought it time to eseapo. Eighteen arrows were picked up by th«! Enghsh after the iwttle, which thty sent to their Iriends in England UH curiosities. Somt; were headed with brass, and others with horn and hone. Tlu? place wluire this hapj)ened was, on this Jiccount, called the First Encount(!r.*' The company, after leaving this place, narrowly escaped licingcast away; hut they got saiijou an uninliahifecl island,! where ihey passeat-o.,n,, and ofh.T Anicrir-an proihidions. Abont this tm..,' ([...ginning c.f April) tlovcmor Carver died. Soon aihT, Mr. VVdhan. Hn.dC.nl was hosm. Thn nu.rfality that Ik Z Such was tho l>c-ginninjror N(.wKnylane- uCTolent interposition of some of the monks upon that island. " When f arrived," says Dermer in his letter to Purclias, "at my savage's na- tive country, finding all dead, I travelled along a day's journc^y to ii. place called Nuinmastafjuyt, where, finding inhabitants, I des])atcho(l a tncsseiiger a day's journey further west, to Pacanokit, which border- cth on the sea; whence came to sec me, two ^7/i|f."?, attended v.ith a guard of fifty ai'med nu n, who, being well .satisfied with that my savagx' and I discoursed unto them, (licing desirous of novelty) gave mc con- tent in whatsoever I deniaiuled. Here I redeemed a Frenchman, and afterwards another at Masstachusitt, who three years since escapeil siiipvvreck at the northeast of Cape Cod." One of these two kings, — * This cclcbi'ated eminence, (iVotiucntly called, by corruption of the Indian name, Mouut-Flopc) is a mile ov two east ot' the villai^e of Bristol. It is very steep on all sides, and tenriinates in a largo rock, having iUv appearance, to a distant spectator, of an imrneiiso dome. f It is gratir-injr to learn from Smith tliat Hunt \i'as prniisticd, thoun-h not according to the Ijascness of Ids infaniou'i ci'iirn', "tie Ijotraied foure and twentie of thcio poore Saluages aboord his ship, and most dishonestly and inhumanely for their kinde usage of me and all our men, carried thetii with him to jUaligo, and there for a little priuatc gaine sold those silly Saluages for llials of eight: but (his vilde act kept him. ever nftcrfrom anij Dwrn cmploiemcnt to these parts." — Generate Historic of ISfcw England, published in 1G3:,*. fm ■ I INDIAN BIOGKAI'iii'. 33 isof Nan- !.-3t Massa- in interior unty. or , each go- !Ct to one impanoaii ' tlu! iiuli- ruLshcd in •iiicr, (the Vew Eng- man, who s sent out President He liud !Ut twentv LG14, and nto and ;i by till' bf- "" WluMl vage's na- mely to 11. c;s[)atcliod ■h border- ed v.ith ii ny savaeacc and love; that he accepted him as his friend and ally; and that he Governor desii-ed to see him, and to trade and treat with him upon iiendly terms. Massasoit appears to have made no special repli b this harangue for the sufficient reason, probably, that he did not pm- Msely comprehend the drift of it. He paid more attention to the JZ and armor of Winslow while he spoke; and when lie had ceased speak, ig, signified his disposition to commence the proposed trade forthwith by buying them. They were not, however, for sale; and so, leaving Winslow ni the custody of his brether, he crossed a brook between him and the English taking with him twenty of the Wampa oa^J who were directed to leave their bows and arrews behind theln. It' ^ w!h '" ' ^'. T- "'"' ''y Captain Standish and another gentle. "Ml, wi h an escort of six armed men, who exehanaed salutations with hini, and attended lum to one of the best houses in the vilia-re.* Il^re a green rug was spread upon the floor, and three or fluir cushion^ -led on 1 for his accommodation. The (Governor then entere^ reeommended by Standisli, and which answered the purpose of delighting and astoundin.. the' tirst appeared was, by the settlers of his time, called "sSbSryS^^^^^ 34 EVEM'S IN INDIAN IIISTOKY. [I ! 1 w ! r iiti Waniiianoags, even l)cyoiKl expectation. It was a deference paid to their sovereign, which plea^se(l as well as surjjrisod thcni. The sachem and the Governor now kissed each other, and after the interchange of certain other civilities, sat down to(>ether, and reiralcd themselves with what Neal calls an entertainment. It consisted, it seems, chiefly of "strong waters, a thing the savag(>s love very well; and the sachem took Slick a large draught of it at once, as made him sweat all tte while he slaid." A treaty was concluded upon this occasion, thti terms of which arc as follows: 1. That neither he, nor any of his (Massasoit's) should injure or do hurt to any of their people. 2. That if any of his did any hurt to any of theirs, he should send tJie ofreiider, that they might punish him. .'<. Tliat if any thing were taken away from any of theirs, he should cause it to Ixi restored, and they should do the like to his. 4. That if any did unjustly war against him, they would aid him; and if any did war against them, he should aid' them. 5. That he should send to his neighbor conlederates, to inform them of this, that they miglit not wrong them, but might be likewise com- prised in these conditions of peace. 6. That when his came to them upon any occasion, they should leave their arms behind them. 7. That so doing, their sovereign lord, King James, would esteem hun as his friend ,ind ally. " All which," says Morton, — and some other annalists agree with hhn, — " he liked very well, and withal, at the same time acknowledged himself content to become the subject of our sovereign lord the King aforesaid, his heirs and successors; and gave unto him all the lands adjacent, to him and to his heirs fi)rever." This acknowle'dgment of the sovereignty ol'the King, if it really make a part of the agreement, certainly deserved a place as a distiwct article; being by far more im- IK)rtant than all the others^. The grant of land, — and this grant con- stituted the entire title of the Plymouth settlers, as against the natives, — ^s confirmed by sul)sequent transactions, and especially by the acts of Massasoit. }]iit his submission to the authority of King'James, as a subject to a sovereign, is more doul)tlul, nor does it by any means accord with the seventh express article. That the treaty itself also was not preserved prccisc'ly as it was j)roI)ably understood, may be; inferred from the variations of it given by Mourt in his relation. 'Ac- cording to his sixth article, lor example, a just reciprocity is maintauied, by providing that the English should leave their />tew.'?behuid them in tlicir interviews with the Indians. This distinction between alliance, find subjection, — at least in the mind oi' one of the parties, — seems to have been too much overlooked. Such, however, was the; first treaty made with th(; Indians of New England, — a pasjage in its history of grea* interest. It was madt; U{)on peaceable and honorable terms. The Indians came in voluntarily to make it; and though they received as a consideration for the im- mense territory granted at tlic time, only a pair of knives, and a cop{)er cnco paid to The sachem terchangc of nsclves with IS, chiefly of the sachoni went all llic jccasion, tlK-: injure or do should send rs, he should .lid aid him ; inform them kewise com- thcy should v'ould esteem 3 agree with 3knowledge maintained, hind them in cen alliance s, — seems to ans of New t was nvtuk) 11 voluntarily for the im- and a cop{)er INDIAN BIOGRAPHY. 35 chain with a jewel in it for the grand sachem; and a knife a ie^veI hall a cemury, nor was M„ssa«,it, or any of ,ho Wa ,™ oS,l™ °J his lifo imo, convicted by the harshest rcvilcrs of hi, „ "r t " «tr r:a;T!:;ror:ci;^i' ts^^-'-t, '"^ U, have di«crc. «l,.e Iron, „1;"1:;' :r;tm^:^^Z:t wore a largo chain of white bone beads uboiL his neck wbiH S- hably one of the royal i„,;^„i„, „„d tha hi hStls cm Id SmT &:::;:*:!t;r ;e,c^sxirSi;;f;sf?rf'.:nr '■""' .ty, and bo,b head and Sice so oiled tba, be! " boW "^^^^^^ weapon was a long knile, swingins at his boso „ bf„ sSl. His ".^ namS"" '''°'" ''" •^"^"^'- P^'^^^ of Boston harbor is said to Lave been 86 EVENTS IN INDIAN HISTORY. i1 ■ peace with us; for they have seen our people sometimes alone, two or three in the woods at work and Ibwliug, when they ofTered them no liarm, as they might easily have done."' Thoy remained at their en- campment till lute in the forenoon; the Governor requiting the sachem's liberality, mean while, by sending an e\press messenger for his large ]«!ttle, and filling it with dry peas. " TJiis pleased them well, and so they went their way;"— the ore party as much relieved, no doubt, as the other Avas gratified.* We met with Massasoit again in July, 1621 ; an embassy being then sent to him at hi own residence, Montaup or Sowams. This embassv consisted of Edward Winslow and Stephen Hopkins; and the objects of it were, says Mourt, " thntforasmvch as his subjects came, often and iinthoittfeur upon all occasions amongst ?/,(|uanto's iailuence,"^ came riuming in among a party of colonists, witi\ his face gaslied, and the blood iresh upon it, calling out to them to flee for their lives, and then looking be- hind him as if pursued. On coming up, ho told them that the Indians, under Massasoit, were congregating at a certain place for an fUtack upon the Colony; that he had re((nvc(l his woimds in conse(|U(Mice o!' life. The? report occasioned no little alarm; although the correctness of it was flatly denied by llobamoek, a Pokanolfot Indian resident a.l Plymouth, who recommended that a messenger should be sent secretlv to Sowams, for the purpose of ascertaining the truth. This Avas done, and t' luessenger, finding every thing in its usually fjuict state, in- formed Massasoit of the reports circulated against him. He was * Which, it may be here observed, was quite considerable. Squanto was ambitious and mcddiesoine, thoiii.;h not malicious — well-disposed and serviceable to the Eiiirlisli, but a little too anxious to have credit for that factainony liis countrymen, lie amused liimsclt' with telling them that tlie wliites kept the plague barrelled up in their cellars, tliat they intended war upon various tribes, &c., lor the sake oi being emi)loycd, sometimes hired, to act as mediator; and ot' course he always succeeded in settling the dil- liculty. Hquanto died in INovcmber, lGr]:2, on an expedition litted out by Governor 13r,ult'ord for obtaining corn am(mg the Indians, His last re- quest was, that the governor would pray for him that he might go to the Englishman's God m heaven. He becineathed his little property to his Englisli friends. So perished the last aboriginal of the Plymouth soil. He sometimes played" Jack upon both sides," as Hubbard says, but his death was justly considered a public loss. IXDIAN BIOCRAl'UY.— aiASSABOlT. 8& litted out bv excess vely incensed agmnst S,iuanto, but sent his thanks to tlio gover-- Tl li . r IT/"'"" ""^ *"' ^''^"^'^y' ^^■^''^'' ^'« understood him to Tetain • nnd drect^d the .nessonger to assur. hi.n, that ho should instantly a .' pnse U.U ol any conspu-u<^ wh.ch n.i,du at any future time take plL'' Ihat tho decl:u-ation. ot Massa.oit, upon this occasion, were H r i Vo n being mere wor, s of compulsion or of courtesy, is abuidantly rm^d by ns conduct dunng the next season, Km. Early in the s„ h of token of the .iendship of thec:,'n^r'';^i:^;!^2^^^^^^^ cly signified his wish to tasfe of these, anddie^wcJe rl^r^^n'^n^^^i!;:^^^ S"';^' '" ^''"'•"^- , «^ ''-- '-rba- uiuler ti.eir I -ands " for t !,/ . ppv r. ,' I ? 'l'','^'"'' ^''-^"Pl^ commonly dye but liowlc, and roar and hollo v^v^l-i?*"" "" '^'^^^ " administer nothing, of the people abo u t£ w o II iovn Wl'l'L''"'^ l-egm.the song to the reft &r thcin."L^e, to ZlncHan tt^^^l!}''^^^,!^':'}^^ ^'^y^' to the gods 40 BVRNTS IT? IWniAjW HISTORY. ,1 I {rivon liim nccordingly, to fho great d«;li conspiracy itsc^lf was occasioned by the no- torious and outrageous profligacy of the banditti, of "Master Weston," at Weymouth. The leading particulars in the residue of Massasoit's life may soon Ik' detailed. In I6ii2, Ik; was assaulted at Sowarns, by a party of Narragansctts, i.m\ obliged to take refug*; in an Englisli bouse. His situation was soon ascertained at i'lymouth; and an armed force being promptly despatched to his succor, under his old friend Standish, the; Narragansctts retired. About the year 1639, he probably associated his eldest sou, iMoanam or Wamsutta, with him in the government; for they came together into open court at Plymouth, it is said, on the 28th of September of that year, and desired that the ancient treaty of 1621 miaht remain inviolable. Thevalso entered into some new en- casements, chiefly going to secure to the Colony a pre-emptive claim to the Pokanoket lands. " And the whole court," add the records, " in the name of the whole government for each town respectively, did then likewise ratify and confirm the aforesaid ancient league and confederacy." From this time, the names of tlic father and son are sometimes found united, and sometimes not so, in instruments by which land was conveyed to the English. In 1649, the former sold the territory of Bridgewater in his own name. The precise date of Massasoit's death is unknown. In 1653, his name appears in a deed by which he conveyed part of the territory of Swansey to English granto>es. Hubbard supposes that he died about three years subsequent to this; but as late as 1661, he is noticed in * The date of this Indian's death is not known. He is said to have once been a war-captain among the MassachuscUs tribes. Hubbard describes him as a " proper lusty youug man, and of good account among the In- dians of those parts for his valor." He v/as useful, hke Squanto, without being troublesome. . W l round him. , and they •rcco' -red tfood f lend him somo i was done 1 and i\\)\)e- ^liifhtod nt- 1 the heart. Mobaniock ;s, rc'c<'iitiy «!tts tribcN, I so rc'com- :)f thn plot, the intclii- i(l(l*'d hero, ndish, and l)y the no- r "Weston," f may soon a pai'ty of [)iise. His force being [in(Hsh, the associated )vernment ; aid, on the it treaty of ne new en- ptive claim le records, spcctively, league and sometimes v'hich land 10 territory 1653, his :erritory of died about noticed in have once d describes ing the In- to, without »t IKDIAlf BroOHAPHY.— MASSAtOIT. |f .nee, w«. „„do „^.he Foka„„te;'„&;S,t7pet«rh:j: fro™ ,he ..,., or,av4LC;; 1 1 ^T'e' ^n "tyTT outward emblem than „ b„rtar<„„ ornament of borT' h 1,?L' observe,!, too, „, to them, that the anlhority wWeh ,'hey eSJS upon h,m, or rather upon hi, a„ee«„r,, was iheir"^ 3, a"d,^ liable ,1 any moment to te retraeted, wholly „r m part eilher h„Th! general voieo or by the deleetion or violenee olTnd^iS, Vh! mtrmsic di^nily and onergv of his ehnmeler •,]„„„ .tr '"' have sustained the domini™ of ,1 e saeh™ lil^l^l "J-Tj- """■ tz "'' :T' """'"■' '""-""on'rorSSn ""an"; zp'^^:::; him and the meanest of the Wammnnaf,. 'ru ^ '^If^^' between thrar mere multit„de,_lhese shrewd heinfiZ^^ '^™''? ^^ well as Massasoit h mself did Z, ,b^ '? " . hnve pereaved, a> fearful as they were Se ^d (iw Im'e o?',t "T "^'"^"'•'ly Corhium,, for%xample-we;:f„olriot:rhltre ;S^ 1'"*^ corlam supposed reasons lor bcin.r ,„ Vet S„?' '""'. P«'*'='P' hnd , .ions savagi extricated himself from h" onTy o « a "o?",'!!,!''' T^^ and tVlttrLTnd'tr' a^p^t Z'^T'^'''"' ^''-^ i»ad bec>„ the father or the h.n?hnrTca"l \ ' P'"*'''^'^ ^^''^"^ i„r I ca.Ji. Aiiu meagnj an is the 4* 'i ' ll i Mi 49 KVHNTC IN INDIAN HltTOlir. justice which history docs the Kuchcni, it Htill furnislies sotiui evidence, uot to 1)0 n)iMtai«!ii, that ho had won thi.i rotrurd from th(tn) by his itilidiU'Hs. Thtutj \H a |)assiijj;«! of atlec.ting .simplicity in Winhlow's Uulution, K^inft to uhow that ho did not lor^t;t tlu-ir niinuttist intomsts, «!Von in his own ahnoMt unconscious hclplossncsH. "That inorninu;," it i8 said, "ho caused uk) to s|)cnd in ^oin^ from one to another among Ihoso that w«!rt! nick in tho town (Sownnis,) roqucstinji; mo to treat them as I hiul done him, and to ;^iv"ists, with iIk; view of jiuidin*;, j)ilotintr, inter- pretiu'^ for them, and teacliinrs, "to procure truck [in furs) lor the l')iialousy which Massasoit can b<^ said ever to liave entertain(>d ol" th(! I'lnylish. Ni>r do we iind any ijvidenee that he re|H'nled of his liberality, or cousid'iTd it the incau- tious extravauance of a moment of llattered i-omplaisancc. VVo do lind, however, that he invariably watched over the inten^st of tho jfrantoos with more strictness than he would probably have; watched over his own. He laid claim, in one instaiur, to a tract for which Mr. Williams had negotiated with the Narrai:ans»>lts, — ihat ji,entleman IxMUo- ignorant, jHU-haps, t)f an existing controversy between the two tribt». "It is mine," said the sachem, "it is mine, and thei'cfiorc e. and, upon his lcuvin« hin., otliu^d to c Ibct hi home -u pcdcstrnn .,ourn,.y of two days. Ih, l.a.i ju,t d,"i;,3 one of lus Wampanoags to Plymouth, with u.structioni to inS tSo fnends of VVuislow that A. was .lead, an.l to persuade tl " this melancholy lact, l.y s,K,c,(yi,,^ such particulars as their owi. . e.uitv .nigh suo«est All ll.is was .lone accrdinoly; and thcMidi r, Zl^ sionod, as un^ht l,o c.xpcded, a very unpleasant c^xc^ ^n KS" out the colony In the midst of it, however, on .he nc-x day rhL suehen. entered the village, attended by VVir,.i'ovv, and w h mo e'thm u. usual complacency m his honest and c-heerful countenance e was usk<.l why such a report had I,.m. ..in-ulated the day ' u-eVious .hat Wu.snow n.,.,ht Ik, the nu.re w,.|con.e," answcJl e, .„nd hat you mi.ht be llu.- more happy ,_it i. mv custo.,,." |J<> had come thus far to enjoy the surprise personally; and lu- relurned houtw rd more .ratihed ,y u, wilhout .lo.d.t, than he would have IVX ie most lorfunate loray amojii/ the Narm-ansefts. ' • It IS mtanated by some writers, rather morc! iVenuenflv th-in i. either just or o.en.,ous, that (he sac-henn's fear of the tJiSt tmed ay at the foun.laf.on of his friendship, [t miulu have lea « he apparent truth, consider.,, all that is knmvn of Mas as U to say, that Ins mte.est happened to coincide with his inclinat'^ M II events, , was m the power of any other of the sachems or kint throughout tlH^coimtry to place and si-slain th-niselves i mo . iho ^ lootm, with the c-olo„is,s, Ld they been flnlm ^'^h w h .^ .^ood feehn,^ or good sense. On the contr u-y, the M as a d Ltl u^rn pl.>ttmg and threaleuiug oa one hand, as we have see - ot ' W^^^^^^^^ provocalion .t mu.,t be allowed, -while the Nan < ^.sctf sSem .il'on the other, had sent in compliments, as v^v\y'^^:^^ shape 01 a bundle of arrow, ued up wi,h a rattlesnalavrsk n. ' '^^ Nor should we forget the wretched teeblencss of the colony at the [>enod of the.r hrst acc,uaintauce wilh Massasoit. Indeed teins^int measun. winch he took for their n.lief and ,,rotection I 'i mor^like the promptaigs of compassion than of either hope or fear Tmonfh previous to h.s appearance among thun, they were mCd tr 2k a p.tiable condition by sic kuc-ss, that only si f or s U o^ ,h,^ uumher were able to do business in tl... oik.,?, -on [ ^ '' Spuiii he was willing to have peace with them." c«n^eivc but thai But the motives of the saehem are still iWther manifested by the- 44 ■VBNTI ITf INDIAN RfrrORT. Ill 1ii ill I; ii wnse of his own dignity, which, ppacenhlo as he generally wma, h* uhowofi promptly iip> ards." On liuther in(]uiry, he ascertained that tSquanto was taking even more liberties with his repulatioii lluin lu^ had Invn aware of. He went forthwith to IMy mouth, and made his ap|K>al personally to the governor. The latter pacilicd him as well as hv, could, and he returned homr;. Hut a very short time; elapsed k'lbre a messaga came from him, entreatiiifr \hv. governor to consent to the death ol" the rene. gade who still abused hiiu. 'J'he governor confi'ssed, in reply, that Squanto "tleservcd death, but desind that he might bo spared on account of his indispensable services. Massasoit was not yet satis- fied. The former messenger was again sent, "with divers others," says Winslow in bis Uelution, '■'■ demanding him (»Squiinto) as being one of Massasoit's subjects, whom, by our first articles of peace, we could not retain; yet because lie; would not willingly do it (insist upon his rights) without the governor's approbation, he ollered him many beaver-skins lor his consent thereto." ♦The deputation had brought these skins accordingly, as also the' sachem's own knili; for the exe- cution of the criminal. S(|U(mto now surrendered himself to tho governor, as an Indian always resigns himself to his fate upon similar occasions ; but the governor still- contrived a pretext for sparing him. Tlic deputies were "nmd with rage and impatient of delay," as may be supposed, and departed in great heat. The conduct of the sachem in this case was manifestly more corrcct tlian that of his ally. He understood as well as the governor did the spirit of the articles in the treaty, which provided that an offender upon either side should be given up to pu!iishment upon demand ; and hf was careful to make that demand personally, explicitly and i-espect- fully. The governor, on the other hand, as well as the cul|)rit him- self, acknf)wledged the justice of it, but manoeuvred to avoid compli- ance. The true reason is no doubt given by Winslow. It is also given in the language of John Smith. "With much adoe," says the honest ca{)tain, "we appeased the angry king and the rest of the saluagcs, and freely forgaue Tusquantum, because he speaking our language, we could not be well without him." The king was angry, then, as he well might be; and the governor took the trouble he was both bound and interested to take to appease him. It is not to be wondered at, perhaps, that the particulars of this transaction are so little dwelt upon by the writers of that period. Winslow barely states, — speaking, in another connection, of the Indians being evidently Ily MftM, hr 10 intbrmtti itR that ho ry as much whifh does [lis conduct ists against was to be K" <^(tvornor it he would h business quanto was Ik-ou await; |)(>rsonally uld, and he sHat;« canKi nl'the rrnf. reply, tliat spared on >t yet sati»- Ts others," )) as being f peace, we ^insist upon him many ad brought for the exe- iself to tho pon similar laring him. s" us may lore corivct nor did the lender upon id ; and h*- 11 d respeot- ■ulprit him- oid compli- it is also ," says the rest of the caking our was angry, I bio he was not to be ;tion are so low barely ig evidently INDIAN BIOr.HArilY. MA88.\IOIT. aware of tlu; weakness of the colony,— I hut, what w 45 , ,, , -' — ^ .? > «ii>.i, TTjiui nixTi worse, "now also Massasoit H.-«;n.cd to Irr.wn u,„,n us, and neither came nor seat u us as l.,nncrlv.' I h.s passage is no less s,gni(i<-ant than brief; ut not more so than a subs,..,u.-nt dry obscrvati.m n.s,H,ctiMg Squanto Such were the lilb and ehara.ler of Massasoit. It is t., 1h; re.rretted that so tew particulars are preserved of tho former, and that so little JUS u-e, conscq.u.ntly, ran In. done to fl... |„t.,.r. Ih.t so far as his Mils race. 1 hero ,.s no nobler instana, in all history of national h^^t ir. ''"V"''"'"'' '" " .W-'X''""'^ "•■'»'"•- mthe first instauco the ?, .'nt !^ " T''' •>' conduct generally alike creditable to J M.I ngs an.l shivwdiiess ol the colonists, tinally settled itself in th« n nd ol Massaso.t as innately as his aHlvtion Ibr his owii suCl "1 know now," said he to VVinslow, on his first r..,:overv from tt «-vere sickness we have nu.n.ion.d, "I /,««„• that the Emdish lov« luts— I love theiM,— I shall never Ibr-r,'! tlieiu." " But putting even the most iinnatunil construction upon tlu; profes. Xw^le'nr" "''^''^"""' -•''! "- »'-^''-l^ -.:^t be allowvd ^ « 1 m at least a consummate sagacity. U. ...rtainly suceee.k.l, durin-r ^11 Ins tune, not only in slii,.|di,ig his trilx-s fronrtlieir just or unjusl h^w^^b. ' r' "'^'"'"f '-'/-l'<-t to such a singular .i:.g:.X U^e w It, igs of no single author within our recollection lim.isl one word o his d.sparagem,.nt. Even Ib.bhard speaks of him with some- S^inrl' n""'"^"'''"" the obnoxiiis trait in his d^X Sr w ""^' '""''''-"■= "^' '' ^^''-y '•'•■'"■•u-kable," lie says, w n. V "^TT'n '"'^' '""^'> ^"'^^■'- '"" ''"'^'^f-d th^ J.:ndish w.i, never m the least degree well aflbcted to their irli.rj.n." "it is uaied, furthermore, that in his last treaty with the whiu. at Swan zey,_.rofernng to a sale of land which wo have mentioned -hL exerted himself to bind them solemnly "never to draw " ay ny of 1^ people from their okl pagan superstition and devilish idoLr^to the gavlpthepS^^^^^^ on account of his pertinacitj:, and he then Massasoit did not distinguish himself as a warrior; nor is he known to have been once engaged in aiiv open liostilitie , ^en wit^ tho imuueal and powerful tribes who envii-onid bis tc-rritor; Th s s another unique trait in his character; and considering L general 46 EVENTS IN INDIAN HISTORY. att.-ichmcnt of all Indians to a bolligcrant life, their almost exclusive dol(!i-oncc for warlike qtiaiiti(!s, tlu; iiiiinber and scattered location of tiie Pokanoket trihes, and especially the character of their ancient neigliix>rs, this very fact is alone sufficient to distinguish the genius of Massasoit. All the nntivc nations of New England but his were involved in dissensions and wars with each other and with the whites j and they all sliared sooner or later the fate which he avoided. The rest- less rini.deaders who plotted mischief tmong the Massachusetts were bumuuirily kjiocked upon the head by Miles Standish, while hundreds of the residue tletl, and mi-crably perished in their own swamps. The Pf!quots, — a nation who could muster three thousand bowmen imt a short time previous, — were nearly exterminated in 1637; and the savages of Maine, meanwhile, the Mohawks of New York, the Narragansetts and Mohegans, were iightingand reducing each other's sireiiglb, as if their only obj(>ct had Ixvii, by ultimately extirpating themselves, to prepare a way in tli(j wilderness for the new comers. ih 1^ wm CHAPTER II. PilEPAllATIOXS roil WAR B1:TU'1:;H\ I'llILlP ANJ) TIIK COLDNIES-IMMEDI- ATK Oi.rASION *»^4'j^-i^^*i*M'Sr'« :^::.. '■v;i Vi%^ fi£l s iSii"'''-' ■ . " -'^4 wivAft ij L'i V " ■ ' ■'•'■■ :-:'v It \. /-^a'^^ •iw^ "^^ p,,^i. \H i'JHJLIPaliasME TACOMETofPokH.i mm:"''^^^^?i^"^'^mi ^ACOMETofPokHnokei I INDIAN BIOGEAPIIY. PHILIP. 47 some days after I came from Mount Hope, I, with several others, saw oiie of Captain Willot's rangers, coming on i^ost on horseback, who told us, that Kmg Phdip was marched up the neck with about tiira- score men: and Zacary E(kly, ori his report, went to see if he could hnd them,- and he lound tlicni towards the uppiu- part of tJie neck, in several companies. One Cal-:!. Eddy further saith, lliat lie saw many there in arms; and I was iufbrmed by John Padduck, tliat he saw- two several guns loaded with bullets or slugs. And I iUrther testify, that those Indians that I saw come towards Mount Hope, as albre- said, came belter armed than I usually have seen them. Furthe- siuth not." . ,^31%^°'^^"°'^^*'^ mustered at Mount Hope, early in the sprino' of 16 /o, from all quarters, and the wIhjIc country was ni u' sure, he shoi,!^ enter the battle-field unprepared for what he well knew must be the last, as it was the first, great contegt between ihe INDIAN BIOOHAPHY PHIUP. ^g was bem upon the business beloHir Dav „„r '„f'L"^°'"°,''' was there rest for his iintbs or sleep foJhiseve? H * ' "™™'5' have been feeble enou.,h, had hisnVan. „„7 , ' "^"":<^^ mm 10 his utmost wish; but he »ird^' Z'J f ™''»'"'«*'l. suceeeded heart for the mort'al sLggll The Xn^f ' r"' "'"l " P™"* was about six hundi^i warriors readv ,„H f.""" '1°™"'™ »ince, for the war-cry. The whoS; Sk ",'? """'.'^'«ly. long ragansetts, was already in^^.TJZ ul "J^^'^'^' "■,'= ««'■ with the Nipmucks and thf Trib died of diseases incurred in this manner. "I have eaten horec,^^ said one of tliese r.us(u-ablo wretches, "but now horse is eating me. Another informed Church, on one fK-casion, that about three hundred Indians had gone a long way to Swan/ey in the heat ol the war, for the purpose of eating clams, and that Philip was soon to follow them. At another time, the valiant captain himselt captured a arge party. Findin- it convenient to attack a second directly al^er, he bade he livst wait for him, and join him at a certain rende/.vous. }i^^ ^'^V after the skirmish "they came to him as they were orden^d, and ho drove thein all together, that very night, into Brulgewaler 2>ot/m/, and set his Saconet .soldiers to guard them. "Being well t«'ated with victuals and drink," he adds, with great simplicity, "thyy had a merry night, and the prisoners laughed as loud as the soldiers; not beinfso'treated for a long time before." The mere physical sutllnings of Philip, meanwhile, arc almost incredible. It is by his hair-breudth escapes, indeed, that he is chicHy visible during the war. Occasionally the English come close upon him; he starts up, like the roused lion, plunges int.) the river or leaps the precipice; and nothing more is seen of him for months. Only a few weeks after the war commenced, he was surnnrnded m the great Pocasset swamp, and obliged to escape from his vigilant enemies by raftinn them, and they fled m every direction, half-awakened, and rrv- "igout, "Moliawk.s! iVIohawks'" » u, unu cry th^^Z^'V^'V '^^T:^'^ ^''""f'^ clmractor than by observing, of h^N U' ''''^' "V^^l' '"^''^ ^'' ^"^ ^""^^^^'"-^ 'he remnanf; tie rist S^'^^^^ N.pn.ucks among the Wachuset hills, on bury. ' m a wih T""' !'"' 'h' '^''" '™''^^ " *^'^^^^^"^ »P«" «"''• S;is»«tions in those parts." nndnr h? ' . ^-^'l' ''•''" '^''"ing parties to waylay Church, commg, said one ol them who was taken captive, "what thev had done o the English at Brookiield [burning the town.l ^n ho pre sented and gave to three .sagamores-nanu>ly, John, alias Ancou^^^^^^^^ wampum. ^ Even so late as the month before the sachem's death a negro who h.d fought under him, inibrmed the EnXl o? hi^' if nolo '"/I Tl; /" ^T'^' ^"'' ^°'-«^ ^■"^^'«' he would not think of peace; and he kdled with Ins own hand, upon the spot, the only Indian who ever dared to propose it. It was Ihe brother of tins man i)y whom he was himself soon after slain These an, clear proofs, then, that Philip possessed a couraae as noble as his intellect. Nor is there any doubt that history would have furnished a bng list of his personal exploits, but that hi situa- f.on compelled h.m to disguise as well as conceal himself. If" any «„nZ'"' 'f"S»agc of Churcli. The same might be as properly aDoIie,! we or- lhl.f V.J lS""''"r5" " "'"»'■>■ "f Ma..aohusetls. Mather santhit ■VBIVTa IN INDIAN HI8T0RT. thing but his face had betm known, there was nothinp; to prerenf Church from shooting him, as wo linvo seen. And universally influ- ential as ho was, — the master-spirit every where guiding,, encourag- ing, soothing, and i ;w'irding,— it is a fact worthy of mention, that IVom tlM3 time of his hrst flight Irom Pocassct until a fow weeks before his death, no Englishman could say that he had either seen his coun- tenance or hoard his voice. Hence Church descn-ilxw him as being always foremost in the flight. The price put upon hin head, the fearful power which pursued him, the circumstance! th»t some of his own acquaintance wore against him, and <'s|K!cially fhe vital import- ance of life to his cause, all made it iudis|K'nsabie for him to adopt '^very stratagem of f lie wary and cunning wurfan; of his race. We hav(; said something of Philip's idoxis of his own sovereign dip nity. Hence the fate of Sassainon, nnd of the savage who proposetl peace. There is a well settled tradition, that in ltJ65 he wont over to the island of Nantucket, with the view of killing an Indian called .John Gibbs. He landed on the west I'ud, intending to travel along the shore, undiscoveral, under the bank, to that part of the island where Gibbs resided. By some lucky accident, the hitter received a hint of his approach, made l»is (.'scape to the English settlement, and induced one Mr. Macy to conceal him. His crime consisted in speak- ing the name of some deceased relative of Philip (his brother, perhai)s), contrary to Indian etiquette in such cases provided. The English had a parley with the sachem, and all the money they wereabUt to colleci was barely sufiicient to satisfy hin\ lor the life ol' the culprit. It was not a mere personal insult, but a violation of the reverence due from a subject to a king. It appears that when he visited Boston, belbre the war, he suc- ceeded in persuading the government, — as, no doubt, was tlie truth of the case, — that notwithstanding the old league of his father, renewed by himself, or rather by force of it, he was still independent of Ply- mouth. " These successive engagements worc^ agreements of amity, and not of subjection any further, as he apprehended." He then de- sired to see a copy of the treaty, and requested that one might be pro- cured for him. He knew, he added, that the praying Indians had submitted to the English; but the Pokanokets had done no such thing, and they were not subject. The, letter of the Massachusetts to the Plymouth Goverinnent, written just after this interview with the sa- chem, is well worthy of notice. " We do not understand," say the former, " how far he hath subjected himself to you; but the treatment you have given him does not render him such a subject, as that, if there be not present answering to summons, there should presently be a proceeding to hostilities." Philip had himself the same notion of a Plymouth summons; and yet either policy <>r good feeling induced him to visit the Plymouth Governor, in March 1675, for the purpose of quieting the suspicions of the Colony : nothing was discotered against him, and he returned home. He maintained privately the suuk; frank but proud inde- pendence. He was opposed to Christianity as much as his father was. INOIAN OlOOJIAPIiy.-^PHIUP. 53 •nd would make no concewiona upon that point Pos^ihlv »h» ^ membranco of Sas^amon mioht have ranklf Hm ' k; . ^ . "** upon the venerable EUoi on.:.^aS''lo:^J^:,'Z'V^ one ot his buttons betweou his fln-'eiN nn,iu.\.\\\ .' ''***'* for thego,,el than for thu^ b tt^T-Krlt. '"„'". .r' "' "T however, may be inlbrrod irom Gookin's statement "V"''\''''i him apeak very .rood words ur.Miincth 1 " ''^''^ '^«'»'"<^ are extant, bjt nuno of ihom are b> ievori t^h.l P'>«tra ts ol him thick with bead., «in pleasant w Id wo^lln 5 u' ''"'i' ^'''^"'' ««' same;" his accoutr^.^^r/ts ^^^1:? , ^^^^^^ a broad belt o^' the zey, (Mas..,) is understood to bo still in nji" !"''^ '" ' ^''^"• royalties which were oiven up bv aLvv.h nTT^''* '^'"^ "'^ ^'^^ ture by Church.* There we e two hnT 'r >^'' /""" "' '^'^ ««P- cloth blanket, and thrcSlHnd he .T?..''' ^^""'"i P^'^^^'^ ^ red- One was nine inches wide and 0!^^?^ ''''■''"-''' ^"'^'"P'^'" ^e'^^- meetin. her a,.un ho em,e."od ho toT.^ '''' """"^ ^"^^'^«- ^^ child, and for^^this he pail her a s! ilt H "T ^'T""' ^^' ^'^ trouble ofvisitiu. hor L the Duroo'e of ^' "^^^^''^^^rd^ took the nighi sh. .slK)uld^e he own mi^lv's"' X'? ^"-^ '^''' " '" ^ ^«'•'■ i. allowed, shows his ^hrewdr r.^JJ^^^-^;^-— ^HS "'as nut a very bollibard states thit ho of him ,vo dorivS from U.e p c Ss e accojAt'o; ?''''' f ''T '« ^"^^^ who headed an expedition , or the ^x )r.^s3 mr^^^^ l"s 'apturc by Church, fortune, and o.vnn onfow..;„„,. , ■ . express purpose. Anawon met his mis- fortune, and even enter med ifs collm^LV:'"'*''"'- ^T'"'' "^^^ '"« '" i ' ..on, and (Jhurcl. rcciprocSc his "So ies '"h,;';''", "''^ °''- '^^' °««=^- warrior, with many others of hl« Tih^ ' °"' ^" '" vain— the old - uth/Tothefrave e^r-^^^T;, Ao,\oP,.r'; =^^^" b^^f'^^^^ed at Ply. t corner of Rehoboth, .iL^' ^?.l^ ^rj/i'l"^'^' * '''""S!' the south. warr mont east corner of RehoboVh;V^';;:x;,:;;';7.:T uTl'i^S''' *i"'°"°I' *'"^ ««"th. enormous pile, from twen y-fivcTti.ir v fept f.?^*^'* °"' ^° 't'i" '^'^y-^n •wamp oraoma thousand acres ^ ^''' °° ^ *°''' of island ia a M ■VBNTa IW INOIAN IIISTOUT. 1:1 iiil .1; fair doaliug. It was Iiuliun stratu^om in war-tiini, ho\yuvor; nml iha halfnilml Huchum was ut tliis very liiiic living upon giMund-nuld, ucurns and lily-roota, " Philip, siiuillini; tlu; iKisiutMs, [licr mnsom.J cullwi mo to him, und askod ni ;.• what I would ^;ivo him to l(!ll n«! some j^ood noW8, und to spoak ii uooil word lite nu\ th;it 1 lui^ht .nccd, und the youni; warriors were up, mi the point of killinj^' him, I'hilip intcnbred and jinivented it, sayiii,:t, thai " his father had charged iiim to kIdw kindness to iMr. Hrown.' Aeeordinulv, it itt rocordod in llidjhurd, that a liltliHtefore his death, llii; old sachem had visited Mr. Brv)wn, wli;) lived not I'ar Wnm Montaup, and earnestly desired that the Ijve and aujity hv had reativcd niiivht Ik; contiuui'd tJ) tho children. It was prohahly this eircuinstanee, which induced Urown Ijimielf to cn;^ai>;e in such a hawirdous juterprise, allor an iatervul, probably, of sonn; twenty years. Nor should we pass over \\v) kindness of Philip to tiic; Leonard tamily, who residod near Fowliu;.' i'ond, in what is now Uaynham. Philip, who wintered at iMontuup, — tor the convenience of (ishing, per- haps, — was accustomed to spend the sumiii'r at a huntinii-house, by this pond.* There ho l)ccam'j aiupiaiiited with the Leonards, traded witli them, and had his arms ixjpaired by them frequentlv. (Ju the breaking out of t!ie war, ho gav(^ strict orders that those men should never be hurt, as they never were ; and, indticd, the whole town of Taunton, as it then was, remained almost entirely unn»olestcd throughout the war, and amid all the ravlig(!s and massacres which daily took place upon its very borders. How much of |)rovocation and humiliation he was himself endiM-inu; meanwhile!, we have already soen. All his relations were killed or ca[)tured, and a price set upon Ilia own life. It ia a matter of mc'ancholy interest to know that the sacliem, wrelchsd and hopeless as ho had becorir; in his last days, was still surrounded by a band of his faithiid and atli.'clionate toflowers. At the very moment of his fatal sin-prisc by i\^^ Kn<.lish, he is said to have been telling them of his gloarny dreams,! ^"^ advising them to * A for^e is still in operation upon the Kilo of the one iierc mentioned. tThc violent prejuilicc existing against Pliilip, unmitigatuil even by his brings and death, appears singularly in a parenthetical surmise of Hub- bard, "whether the devil appeared to him lliat night m a dream, forebod- ing his tragical end, ii matters not." So Mather says lie was hung up like Ahag, after being shot through his "venomous and murderous heart." Church, generally an honorable and humane man, speaks of his fallen fw in torms which we regard bis reputation too much to repeat. IWDIAW RlOOBAVnV.—fulUr. MM tho Indian who was stationod t, w« c u flu ' ^T '"^^ "'^• ;tl. wholo anny ^^:^i^:^::^^^\^ ^''>"-" says that tho honest captain suHin-od hia „ro dtaw'fo , •''" '■'^"■^'"'-''' """ domed th. rites of bur.al to . L k ^u t C Tl7, ."."^ '" •'''^' ''^ on the contrary, u„d his head carrie I f? p7' \ '"" '"'" '/""'•'^n^ci, iscarelul to toll'us, it urriv 1 on , ^ v h "'"1 ' ''''''' "' ^"'^«'- wore keeping a solenn. tL ll^i .r'-^^tyi "" '^'V^'""-^'' the«, soured by the illiberalitv of ih,. ?u...' conqn.Tor'H temper was march he received t^^^^^i:^^"! ''''"'^ ''""-"• I'or this shillings a head (or the k le ?K T' '''«'-'"'^''" ^^'^^ thirty at the .a.ne price, an.l ^^^^^^^^7:^:^1'''^^^ h'-^ we:^ c^)urage.neut." The saehe.n'- i . ^^ '^^^^"''' '""' P'>'>r en. hlH hands. To finish "ew-tS V"' '''''^'''^''^ ^''^h ""« of royalties were soon alh "i; ttm It' r""'''i' f '"^ '^•''"-P"' the lock of the gunwhicirwasZaM i ''.s chief captains; and m his wiiTwain, are still tol '"'"' ^'^h a *amHi-sh (bund Ilistoricar^Socie y of Mlslchu c ttT" m"'!^' '^'" ""^^^"'''^''^ "^^ 'he subject of a dispute lKree,r ^1.., ^ ';;'f'' ^'.^'^^ '^'^•""'« ^he S - --^ awarded lo t ^^ b^^ljl^ ^f ,&:J -;;; wf rpl, - ^^^;;: J|y --^^ years of a,. ^^Xf:h-^^:;;irr^^^^^^^ scruples. The Plymouth con-tw-^^' """ '"''"" ^'''''""^ ^o^'c occasion, as to coniluduporlvln. to thT'' ^""f^'^"'^'^ "''"" ^'''^ for advice. Mr. Cotton wn^ J^^^!"? '" l*^^ clergymen of the colony rious. traitor, -be^lt;^;: Sresl S^l^t^^'^T ""^ T'' principal loaders and actors in such horW:i vM ^ ' .""^ ''^^^ hoen m the guilt of their [KUTntss anTmi ,/''''"'''',T-'S''' ^" '"^"'^^d urse he recommended was'ostponS 'e" Sfh^' '""" ^'^^ ^'^•'' mortifymg one we have mentioned 'gnominious and ^hcSnS: by t^bin;s;^s^rf^"^''^ ^-^ -p- or tmeivilised enemy more oenenllv if* '^ "'"^ •^''^^ "' ^'^^"^^'^ .»k oir .ho ,a„ fro. ,be e,po.od .k';irj£i'sar.-raff .•™ M KVBNTS IN INDIAN UI8T0BY. favored instead of opposing him, it is fortunately impossible for us to estimate. It is conlessed, however, thai had even the Narragansetts joined him during the first summer of the war, — as nothmg but the abrupt commencement of it prevented them from doing, — the whole country, frotn the Piscataqua to the Sound, must have been over- swept and desolated. But as it was, Philip did and endured enough to immortalise him as a warrior, a statesman, and we may add, as a high-minded and noble patriot. Whatever might be the prejudice against him in the days of terror produced by his prowess, there are both the magnanimity and the calmness in these times to do him the justice he deserves. He fought and fell, miserably indeed, but glo- riously, — the avenger of his own household, the worshipper of his own gods, the guardian of his own honor, a martyr for the soil which was his birth-place, and for the proud liberty which was his birth- right. CHAPTER III. THE NARRAGANSETT TRIBE-TERRITORY AND POWER -CHIEF SACHEMS AT THE UATK OF THE ENGLISH SETTLEMENTS L\ NEW ENGLAND. Next to the Pokanoket confederacy, none has a stronger claim on the early notice of the historian than the Narragansett; a nation com- posed of various small triL.'s, inhabiting a large part of the territory which afterwards formed the colony of Uhodo-Island. Their dominion extended also over the islands in the bay of their own name; and the sagamores of a part of Long-Island, Block-Island, Cawcsit, and Nian- tick were either their tributaries or subject to them in some other way. They had once been able to raise more than four thousand warriors: ond so late as Philip's time, wo have scon they could muster two thousand, one hulf of whom weic provided with English arms, and were skilful in the use of them. From timj immcmjrial they had waged war with both the Pokanokets on the north and the Pequots on the west. It might be expected that the rulers of such a confederacy, thus flituated, should bo mon of talent and energy; and this expectation will not be disappointed. Throughout the liistory of the New Eng- land Indians, as we find no people m )re resolute in declaring what they believed to be their right-i, or more formidable in dolending Ihcm, so we find no sachems more ready and able than theirs on atl occasions to sustain the high spirit of their subjects. There is an unnecessary confusion in the in:bimution conveyed by some of our best annalists, respecting the i)articular porsonaiic who governed the Narragansetts at the date of the first interc-ourse between ihem and the English. Governor Hutchinson, for example, speaks iu one case of Canonicus as being their chief sachem. In another alluding to the death of Miantonomo, while the former was yet living, INDIAN BIOGHAPHY. CAKONICUS. 57 he Observes that although they had lost thfeir chief sachem, yet thev had divers other stout ones, as Canonicus, Pessacus, and oThers ^ The ambiguity has arisen from the circumstance that nhL. . Canonicus exercised the chief authority of the coun ly when th S' lish hrst arrived, he soon after became associated intZ. "' with Miantonomo, his nephew What we^th! . "«^^'^""i«nf of the royal co-p-vrtnershin^; ^vh^llll ^ P^^' '^"'^^- conditions now be dLrmin'^d. SNvrite f.u7pose thT?,"^ '^' ^^"""^ belonged to the vounanr of tho fw. '^^ w. ^\^ ^'''' '^^^ authority capadty of regent? but con derr'th^f 't' '^' '^!^'' '^^^^^ '" ^^e during the whole tel-m of Z oin L,': ^ twTr" "^"^"""' probable that Canonicus, find n-. 1 iZlf fa a^H;. /•^'^"'"^ ^°"^ well as encumbered with the clmr.enf.ni/f'^ !" ^'"'"^^ ^'^ period of the first En4h sc^tl3nt/ ^r"^ w "^ *''" above cited, he reC ^^r^^l^^T''"''' l'^ '"^ I^^-^^^'-^Se scripts, which furnished ,e o S oVft i$r ^'om authentic manu- upon the subject. I'bo ol L71 •?, , Narrugansetts themselves 1.^. first anS tha H.^^' ^i^ . t S^ " ^^t™/'- ^^"^■ tassack, incomparably slc^voa^J^^ ^'"^^^ ^^'^'^h" dominion and s •.)<. Tl.; .Li n ^- 1 ^^ '" "'^ '^^holc country in sons; and of these r-mnn;..,,., .. i ^^M'oc^'v. I hey had four came," was the dde'; ^' "''" ""''' •^^'^^^'^^"^ -'^^"^ ^1- J^ngH-sh letters of I!o..er-Wilii,u„ * " '„ >»'"•"" '""^'J-'ariy by tl„, other .ae„rX„*i:Zi-rt,l;™--s::.]i;isi mon^^n X'^'' °^ ''"^ ^^>.t° the Indian Lancrua^cs savs ■ " Tl • mont in the government s remarkable 'rCiV^V ^''e'ragroe- offended at what the young sac S doth • n».,l fh '*^ '''''''^'" ^'■'" ""^ bo do what he conceives will disJEe his uncle!'- ^''''''S ^■'Xch.cm will not mmmfJ'^ mtimm m . mm ' ». ' ^m ^--w-i 98 KVENTS IN INOIAN HISTORY. ■4 '4 Upon this Mr. Willinnis, utterly forlorn, crossed the rivor, and threw hiniselfon tlio mercy of Canonicns. The savage chieftain — to his eternal praise be it recorded — received him with a hosi)itality worthy of an em|)eror. At first, indeed, he was suspicions of his visiter's motives, and he was none the more pre- possessed in his favor, from his suhjcets havinu; recently .suffered ex- oessiv(>ly from a ionni(liif)le epidemic, which he supposed to have heen introduced by the Ennlish. "At my first coming amonif them," Mr. \Villiams writes, "Canounicus* (morosus ae(]U(^ ae barharus senex) was very sour, and accused tlu; i'ln<,dish and myself of s(>nd- inii; the plague amonj^ them, and threatenin<>; to kill hun especially." Soon afh-rwards, however, he not r)nly ])ermitted tlu! vefusree, and the poor wanderers who had iJilloweit him Irom Salem, to have a restinu the nioulhs of hiwlucket ami Moshasuck rivers, tjiat they mii!;lit sit down in p<'aee upon it, and enjoy it forever." Mr. Williams divided this land equally amon scMlIeiuent of Rhode Island commenced at I'aluxet a short time; athn-wards, C'anoiiicus conv(!ying to VVilliaiTis nearly th(! whole of what is now Providence at one time. The iiiiidness of the Narraijausett rul(>rs Is the more creditable to tiieir leeliuifjj, inasmuch as tlu! lornuT Halations between them and the Knirlish colonies had been far enou<);h irom friendly. Early in Hi22, their threats of luistility were so open, that the I'^niilish were n^ceivinji, constant iutelli di(i come, be should find tfie English ready lor him. This resolute message lia parties, had not the Narragansetts hastily retreated, on account of" a nnnor that the Pequots were invading their own terri- tory. Four year.s afterwards, when the last named nation formed the design of completely extirpating the English from New England, they * There are a number of other modifications of this name in use. INDIAN BIOGRAPHY CANONICUS. 59 applied to their old enemies, Canonici.s and Miantonomo, to conclude a peace, and to engage them, with as many other tribe; as no"s ble in a common cause against the colonists po.^siDle, The sachems are said to have wavered on that occasion between ihegradication of present revenge upon the l>oq„ots, and he m^^ct of an ultnnate trmmph over the English power by unitit vi 1 £ I hen- friendsh.,. for Roger Williams, and' the influence he wa s cons^' quently enabled to exercise, probablv )in-ned the sr-Ho ''^r;'^''''^ ^°"■''^■ infl.r..d him of the l.^uot'^.h^atiJIn/r ll^lhat n^7Z nevv. unrnedKitely to Governor VVinthrop at Boston, and Snic" by the same messenger, sent word of 'ocent depredations vlch he had just understood to have l,e,>n committal by the iC otf-^ S^ b«,ok. The gwc.-nor, probably ,b||owing the u.gest on of S' W 1 hams, sent for M.antor.omo to do hin> thC honor ol^ v "t two of- r son 7?^^™^ 1«^^«' -«-"l'-d by iwo 01 tne sons ot Lanonicus, another s-u-tiom ir.^i „i ♦ . / sanops, ^r mde adults). As 1.; J^^.::^ :^^:^,^Z day previous, the governor sc..t a corps of musketeers tlTettrr at M^ Wi^.V" '^T'^T'^ him into town about noon. Z thi Lc Mr. VVinihrop had called together n.ost of the magistrates and m nTs ters of Boston, but ,t being now dinner time cerc'mnnv 1?! were both postponed. Thc^sachems .linedT; hSvLTn u 7"^^^ room wnh the governor, while (he sanops were amply prol"^^^^^^^ un nm. n theadernoon JUiantonomo made his nlZloflZ^ governor, accorduig to their send a present to confirm tl . m. The j-uvurnor, a< own custom, asked time to consider this nronosal \t fhn i conference, which took place the next r^orn ^71 ; fi^ '?'""'^ were agreed upon, and subscribed by th "CSn orf he'^ T'T and the marks of the sachems on the^X.^ ''"' ^""'^' 1. A firm peace iK^iween the Massachusetts colony and the other StSr^'^' ^''"' ^'^''' ^"^^^'"^'^ ^"' ^^"'* -^^^^ '- '- (with tion wi:^ theX:^ ^^ "^'^ ^^^^^ ''^'^ ^'^ ^^^-^« -thout consulta- 3. Not to harbor the Pcquots. 4. To put to death or deliver over murderers, and to return fnm tive servants. loiurn lugi- r,. The English to notify them when they marched imin^f th^ Pcquots-, and they to send gruides. rnarcned against the 6. Free trade between the two nations witlM^T''^^^''"'^"'''''^ ^^^ ^"^^"«h settlements durin- the war wit^h, the Pcquots, without some Englishman or known India^ tcoZ The treaty was to continue to the posterity of both nations On ts conclusion, he parties dine.l together as before. They tf^n took formal leave of each other, and the sachems were escorted out of town and dismissed with a volley of musketry. The n^sent pro mised by Miantonomo appears to have bc"cn Lt in carlyTn 163?" 60 BVBNT8 IN INDIAN UI8T0BY. :lt| when u doputatiou of twoiUy-aix Narrugansetts came to Boston with forty flithoiii of'wuinpuui and a Pcquot's hand. The governor gave each ol" the lour sucliciiis in tlio company "a coat oflburteen shillings |)rico, and dcilluTcd to ri'tiirn Jiis prestuit till ailcr, ac^cording to their inunncr." It is well known how fully tht; Narragansetts discharged their cnoagcnients in tlu; expedition which took place; about this time against the ['ciniots. They also liu-nished, through Mr. Williams, not a little uselul information resp(!cting the common enemy, by which tilt! expedition was guided at the outset, and offered the use ol' the harbors of tlu; Narragansett coast for llu! English vessels. The joint invasion of the allies took place in May. The English forces, taking the Narragansett country in their way, acquainted Ca- nonicus and Miantononio with their arrival and plan of campaign. The latter met tluun the nuxt day with about two hundred of his chief counsellors and warriors. Mason made a Ibrmal nMuicst for per- missiofi to pass through his territories, on his way to the Pequot forts. Miantonomo, atler a solemn consultation, replied, that he highly approvt'd of tht; expedition, and would send men, especially as tlie English ibrce appeared to him tpiite loo insignificant to meet the I'e(piots, who wiu-e gr(;at warriors. About live hundnid v/arriors accordingly marched against the; enemy uiuk'r the command of Mason, and some of them did activt; service. The chief sachems took no part, piM'sonally, in the campaign. In Si>|)tember, Ki.'W, the IVcjuois being completely conquered, IJncas, the chief sachem of the Mohegans, (who had assisted in the war,) and Miantonomo, were invitinl to meet the Connecticut magistratt!s at 1 lart- Ibrd, to agree upon a division of ca|)tives. Th(;s(! were two hundred in numbt'r, besides women and children. Eighty of them were allotted to the Narragansett sachein; twenty to a neighboring chief, Ninigret; and the other onv hundred to Uncas. The Piiquots were to i)ay an annual tribute of wam[)um at Hartford. It was also covenanted that there should be a ]>erpetual peace betwiHui Miantonomo and Uncas ; tliat all past injuries should be buried; that if any should bo committed in future, complaints should be submitted amicably to the arbitration of the English, both parties being bound to abi(k> by their decision on pain ot incurring their hostility. No open enemies of the English weix) to be harbored, and all individual criminals were to be givcui »)ver to justice. The terms of this treaty did not long remain inviolate. Whatever were the motiv(>s of Miantonomo, and whatever his justification, h^vvards a hostile „„ic,n of nllT 21 ^'" T'''*'^^' «"'J e«poeially and the M,,,p^ssion of hi . h oiho'""'' '"^ t^e doath ofuncas considered hereafhT. ^"'''' ^'^"^'^ of hostility will 1^ <'W;g«d to k(x.,, o,,,,,, ,,„| „,,.^ ;,, ^^:^ ^^f thought, thomsolvet ""'I f- P'-nteet their inh.-.hita,.f,s 1> om toin tS^ '' 'T'' ^" '^""'•i««. I'l^^o to another in the s.-une nei ' bo ;,'^ " ''^'"' "'"' ^■^'^ '''•on' one Meanwhile Miuntononm i. said t hi • , « ('iicus, to kill Jiini. ,The ,.T ''■7' '"red a Per,..,„t, .snbjeet M i«43. He shot Uneas th -oIh r-lnf' "7?""I'^ '" ^^^^ «P-g ^ ^ansetts, re[,orfin ""''-rY ^""^ '^'s own arm Miantonomo «oon after goin^ , tt > "c ''^^' '''""^'■"^- '""'• «"t the o-evcrnor and ninoisTrattN n «»"iP"ny with thc> r-./lKrec ^^;^t the latter was gmkv of ^^0^ r^"^ 'T'^? clear evid,^^ /hey proposed .sondir^rr hhn to [Inca. I '^'*' ^'^ ^^"■'' '■J''^re nngirt l/ f SV • !' ''""'''f ^' '"'^ -'^J'''<"'onomo ""^•n to undenstaiKl, It is ^ulT ^f,, ' '"''T '"^'^ '""'^'■^'^'f' --'"'i ffavo 'ook occasion to ox^ulj^te 1,^; ^^^';;;^' --' ';-' to Uncas. ^j^ >"'cod then, so conmletelv th- 1 h « ' '" '^"^ •^'^'"■'•' "i"'! coii- ^.i^on^c. he killed'the k.;;;;; t^h^^ ^llf^-i- T.o da^ '*''i""t with his oM'n hand. About the swune timo nn r«vo.^i f i i V '•'"*'*• -roun,stances which slr^d^ indSt^'r '" ""^'^7 "^'''-^-n, under -n a sachen> on the Con^'ti^ t^^;^^" i;;^'?'^ -nthnr^Ulp. Sequas. ho Mohegan trite, and waylaid Unrsbi; If / i'"""'"^' ^'"^'■'•^" «'■ ^•bo nver, and shot several arrows at 1 im 1 n ^^ ''^'^ "'""^ <^«^v-n i,™-nor and court of the colonv th ^* /^"^"'^'^ ««'"Pl<-^i'K'd to the f^r, '-t without succe^rl'RJt;;;^ ^'7^ T" ^"-"'^^j'' ol Spquassen's Indians, to be i Jn m^ ^ ^ "'^"'^ to accept of one .Wed n,a„.. hut Sc^quasU w'-ridTo t ' co;"t''?rt"' ''' ^'^ "^"- cession of any kind Ho in.; f 1 ^,?",^^P' ^^ subnnss on or con challenge, Jd u^iJtC'l^-tT^T U"— ^Ptoc^^^ with the loss ofmanyof-hi.s w^wWl bui^Tir^^^^ "^^'^ '^^^^'^ted, As tho conquered sacJiem w^r non 1 e T"^ '"' '^^" '^'H«d. "Pon intimate terms with him il If ^ ''' '^"^ '^ Miantonomo, and rrom his instigation, and S^i ^^^f ^,^ ''^^^^^^^^ ^'^'^^ ^- -"^ necessity. He even c^x.,ressed oLnivhf r ' '"^^^'^tance i„ ease of iqnomo. ' "'''^ ''P^"'^ his reliance on ihj aid of Mian - the next ohj.^to "XlhttlLTMl^.t""-^^ ^^'^ '^ ftp 1^^* 02 EVKIfTS IN INDIAN IIISTOHy. oflbct, and that implied tho least possible notice. He raised an army of between five hundred and one thousand men, and marched toward» the Mohegan territory. The spies of Lincas diseovered their approach, and gave'liim intelligence, 'i'hc enemy was alif ady near, and Uncas was unprepared; but he hastily rallied lour or five hundred of his men, and telling them that the entnny must by no means be suffered to surprise them in their villages, marched out to meet him forthwith. At the distance of three or lour miles the two armies encountered^ «ich other upon a large plain. Meanwhile Uncas, wlio found himself obliged to rely more upon stratagem than strength, had acquainted his warriors on the marchiwith a 'plan which he now proceeded to put in execution. He desired a parley, and the two armies liulted in the lace of each other. Then ailvancing in the front of his men, he addressed Mian- tonomo: "You have a numi)er of stout men with you, and so have I witli inc. It is a great \)ity that such brave wurriois siiould be killed in a private quarrel between us only. Come on, then, like a man, ap; you profess to be, and let us tight it out. if you kill me, my men shall 'be yours ; if 1 kill you, your men shall be mine." Miantonorno saw his advantage too clearly "to accept such a proposal. " My war- riors," said he, "have come a long way to light, and they shall fight."^ The reply was anticijialed, and it was scarcely uttered wluri Uncas fell to tho uround. His men discharged over him a shower ofurrowst upon the Narraganselts, and tlu'u lollowing up the sur[)rise without a moment's interval, nishc^l upcn ihem furiously with u hide-ous j'ell, and soon put them to flight. The pursuit was sustaiiuul with a ferocious eagerness. The enemy were cliased down rocks and precipices, like fh(! doe flying from the huntsman. About thirty were slain, and a much greaU.T numlKT wounded. Miantoiiomo was exceedingly pressed. Some of the bravest men of Uncas at length came up with him, but not daring actually to skirmish with him, or prcl'erriug to leave that honor lo their leader, they contrived to impede his liight by twitching him back, and then passed him. Uncas now came up, nnd rushing forvv^ard like a lion ;Trcedy of his prey, he seized him by the shoulder. The Narragan- !^tt saw his fate w'as decided. I 'ncas was a man of immense strength. and his warriors were thick around him. fie stopped, sat down sullenly, and spake not a word. Uncas gave the Indian wht)op, and called up a party of his men, who gathered about the royal captive and ga/.ed at him. He still continued moody and speechless. Somo. of his sachems were slain before his eyes, but he moved not a muscle. "Why do you not speak!" inquiied Uncas, at length; "had you taken"nie, 1 should have besought you for my life." Hut the Narra- canse't was too proud to ask such a boon of his ersomy, and es[)ecially of his rival. Uncas, however, spared his lile for the present, and returned in great triumph to Mohegan, leading along with him tlw d|)lendid living evider\io of his victory. Tho notorious Sanuul Gorton having purchased lands of Mianlo- Tiomo under tho juvLsdiction of Plymouth and Massachusetts, and INOIAX BIOCRAPIIY.—MiANTONOMO. Qg «xi>ecting to be vin.]i>atod bv liim in hi . i • and aga n.t other Indian trilJ ?•""', "^-""'^^ ''""^^ ^l""'^"" to give uo his p^son i-^ U h^^' ^ ""I'^'^'^^.^^'y «™t word to Uncus colonies if h^ 'S^^Sr^^^"^''^ ^^c vengeance ofthc l)i".se!r or a sa/er c.Hirsc f o rWol h" •"' ''"'^^^'^ bethoughr. a.ked advice of the ,0" n^ortd ^^1^;;;^"^ '' ^" "-^'""'' -^^ war between tt.e Narragansett^an 1 FnXh' tld ''' ^''"r "'^ '^P^" unwilling to interli-re in the cut , ll ?" "' '^"'''"'•""■■^ ^oiv oi-tho whole atiair to tlu>l^n ;i;;^J^;:^j:«"-^';d 'J -^-- next meet n 1 -i \l ™ Colonies at the r »''-• with llncas,^ t now n, 't' "TT"' 7''^' the iinglish '}'"i>- c-ustody. (JnvnsclenL; •■ J-''^"''^'' '"' bo connnitted to <- Laving L k!;;;^" ^/"i^i:!::;'""^ '"-^ ^^^ ^^--^^-d. ^^^'^ i^-tod rh.:nr'in tiS'^:^i:i;Hr:r n:;;''"''"' 'r r'^i' ''^^^"'- ^-« '-<' i>^^^- tierototbre alluded to -uid l.v n.; ' , ' '"™"^ ""^^ measures oiurdered the 1 Vo uVn utinTifh r "''•^'•\^'^- ^-^ '• tl.at he had inm up to justice iftn V . T '"'" ^'""'^' '»'^f^'=^d of givin- ikras toenoa.4; t" ad on o Ai;; i ^"'l^" '''"^ •"^^•^"^«'' ^^«"^' «^ )ourne^' of the En;', Jn. ^^''^'^''^'\''^'> ^^^re now within a day's -^^^:^-^^^^^^^^^ ^'- ^^— no. -isi ;": Inui;^^::;:^.'^'!?;^^'-^' and con.id<.red," „av the con,- -fewlnle MyalltliZrhv^ nTZ'ei;,f:f /'^^^ Vncas'cannot l^ open force l,is liie will 'mL^ ''^"'^-^^y ^^^f-^'f-t treachery or •riay justly putf su^h a P. I e .^i 7^' '^^'^'"^"'•^ ^^^-' ^ '»i"'^^' J'^' l'i.s owne n isdi"' "' in the rua nier of h \h t \ Int^^' ''^'^ '""^ ^^^'^''^'"- ^^at trarv to the Pmc ice c nt In i '^ "»°deracon be shewed; con- and'Vncas hm n' Ither' '' "T^^! ^^'^'^ ^O'-^nrcs and cruelty; "ud in this cX< t e ^^^d^tr; r^'-Jj''^-^ ^- the English others shall unju.tly^. s^ult V^'l^ ^'""-"« or 'Tiquost, t],e El ..lish prom e to ; ; r ^ ^•^«^"^«»' vpon notice and •nay, auaiust such n^Hl;:''' '"'^ ^"""'"^"'^ '"'"' "« ''"••• "-^^ they of the sentence pSp/h'^V"''^ «"^^ •"'«»-"i«"^ into the n.-arc>s^n^' o • 1. ^'V'^^?-'''"' ^^« ^^«« then to take him pany them, "a d^e t ?n of f'"^ ^^''""'^ ^"^»« ^^'^''^ to accom- that' the EnoH h medd le not'lvTh ^u T T"" ^"" --^tisfaccon, and n..r.n- J ^"n"'^" mcauie not with the head or bodv of -.11 » tk ^'he very spot wh^ni^lti^^h" '--h^d off with hTto . i i. u„ capture huu Happened. At the instant they f .cj 9i BVBnXS m IRDIAir IIIITOKT. arrived on the ground, a Mohegan who marcljcd behind Miantonomo split his head with a hatchet, kilhng him at a single stroke, so that he was probably unacquainted with the mode of his execution. Tradition saya that Uncas cut otit a piec(3 of his shoulder, and ate it in savage triumph. " He said it was. the sweetest meat lie over eat — it made his heart strong." The royal victim was buried, by the conqueror's order, at the place of his d(;atlv, and a great iteap or i)illar was erected over his grave. The field of battle, situated in the eastern part of the town of iVorvvich, is called the Sachem's Plain to this day. t CHAPTER iV. THE VKULOT TKIBJi^THKLR FIRST CHIEF S.VCIt£>J KNOWN TO THE ENGLISH, PEKOATII. TuE Pcquots, or Pequods, iiiliabitcd that part of the southern coast of New England which is now comprehend(;d witbin the; limits of Con- necticut. They are said to liave bc^on originally an inland tribe, and to have gained possession, by men; force of arms, of the fine territory which they occupied at tiio date of their first acquahitanco with the English. They w^.re in the meridian of their glory and power about tiirty years previous to that period, and were then the most conside- rable tribe in New England, mustering as many as four thousand IjownuMi. Their principal settlements were now about New London and Groton; the former of which was their chief harbor, and called by their own name. Tlu; Nii)muck Indians, on their north, were stiU tributary to them. So also were a part of the Long Islandei-s, and most of the Indians on the Conm^cticut rivei'. The Narragansetts alone of the neighboring l^ihes had been able to oppose them with suc- cess, and against that nation tliey wagetl an implacable and almost perpetual war. The iii-st great sachem of th(! Pec[uots known to the English wa« Pokoath, from whom they pr oably derived the national name. Ho appears to have been a gix>at warrior. He was going on conquering and to conf|uer, when the earliest settlements of the English were made \i\K>n the Massachusetts coast. Tribe after tribe retreated before him as he advanced, till his terrible myrmidons were at length in a situa- tion to Uicatfi themselves at their ease on the best soil, and beneath the most gonial skies of New England. As e.'irly as 1631, Waghinacut, a sachem of one of the expelled or subjected tribes just mentioned, travelled across the wilderness to Bos- ton ; and attended by a Massachusetts Sagamore, and ono Jack Straw (an Indian who had formerly lived with Sir Walter Raleigh in Eng- land,) made application for the alliance or assistance of the Massachu- setts govenmient against Pekoath. He gave a glowing description of his native land; and promised, if some of the English would go there and settle, that he would supply them with corn, and pay them eighty r BlOORArilY.— SASaACUS. e.j a cast two men might Ik; iH^nnittod to accompcany liim, with the view oe.xamm.ng the country. Ho showed .rreit aWietv o cfS th.^ Ihe successor of Pckoatli, and the last as well -i^ th,. iW , sachom of hi.s tnb.. known personally to the wSs was S I" ^'"^ but ,; -I.^V'"" "'/'"'■ ^"^"■"'^^'' ^.specially, as not only strun'e u ne.e mtruc eiy, without right or pretence ol" rioht to the coumr .^ o had nevertheless token the liber' y t<. n.ake settleu.cnts and bui d V n to ix.oie the Indian kmos whom tluy had .subjected to their -i'ner lands and authority, l/nder thc.e circumstances it is ^ ua ter o, wonder, that the whites had scarcely loc^^S hi h^" ^ytlH" the b.>unds ol-Coniiecticut, M-h.n "that grLt, sr ntd a d v ur ;tndSSi;;;jSt5-^ '' -^''- -^'^•-^^- ^:'^-- And yet— setting aside the gencu'a! ofience committed, or at lea.-f ■T^xr ;"f "''^'•'^ 'r ^" """'^"^^^' ^" ^h« -<^^ "f makL ' seS; .oni. u.thout leaNc-it do<.-s not dearly appear whether the hrst , ar ■• 'uiar provocation u/is given on the one side or the othe, t7; ' T 'nlm^;!;;^'^-^"""''^^-"'' T'' ^^^^^^^^on a ^^ .rem Mune to irginia, put into the mouth ol'the Connecticut riv(>r and was there murdered by the nati^■es, with all his crew. Tl'rec of them v.iio went ashore to kill Ibwl, were first surprised and deltchod ^' •sachen., with some of his men, then camr- aboard, and s'aM with Pnn tain .Stone m his cabin until the latter lell asleen Ttu i! . P' 60 KVKMT9 IX INDIAN JIISTORy. I> I room, the Tn«lian» took such guns n« they inund chnrfrpd, and (ell «pn« them. At this moment, all the powder on hoard tho vessc , in thc- hurry of xiidden idurm, was accidentally expifnled. Tho deck was i)lown up; hut most of the Indians (wcnpinj^, rtturned, comjjleted the massacre, and hurnod the wn!ck. Such was the English account of the proceeding. The I'equots had a differerrt storj' ro tell. In ()ctoIjside» a large fpiantity of wampum. He brought also a small present. Tho governor receivtMl it, and returned a inoost be uTl ^?T'''"' "^^'•^"••Ii"g to old to.grutily the Kughsh in O' • '^^^i, !'";;-^ ^^-f 've. ,.it^r^^^^^ uatted to return hon.e unmolested ^ "-"''""'^ ''■^■'^' P^"'"- of the Nvampun, just sent » Sh. P ^Ti I" «""'^'>' P"'P'>rlioa ulfer them any fi.in. as fthemselv vT ^'^"^^ di«l.onou.i.ble to it tk^n, and Leed c,id o^l^r'^t^^^^^Z r!^^' ''' ''^''' ^- ciered by a party oC Hlork-tJi ' , ' i '^ '" ^'T''''''''^'^ ^^as mur- t'. have takin r^,u,e am..,, ^ IW \.Xl "' ^^''"" '^'■" ^'^ by thetn. Oil the strenc^h o)' this ?, t ' T ' ''"^^ ^''-'" P^-o^cted vernor ol" Massachusetts-Mr O dh^' , ,""'^ 'h's supposition, the Go- despatche.1 a ibrce of ninJ n^n „ r'^ ^ J^o'-el>CHter resident- sioned (as Mr. VVi„thrcrtd s ZV^tf'f ?'T .^'"''^■"^"' ^^°"""i«- hhuuiXt to spare the vom ■„ , 1 I T '"'^ \'''' '"^'" "'' ^^^ck- and take possession of the s uu ^- >f' '•^•"';;"^' hrii.g then, awav, f'-iuots, "to denumd the mt i^'.. ^ " ' T -'''7 '™ ^" «'^' '« thc- lish, and one thuusaiul fiuh n of vmi 1 ''I '!' ^^''"'^ ^"^' °'her En.- of their . hildnu as hosta^s whk 1 i' H 1 ""fr'^' ^^^■•' '''"'^ «0"'<^- to obtain U by lorce." ° '^ ^''^'>' '^''""'^ ^'c'' -, tliey were The proceedings which < nsued iinon fW> ..h orders ought not to be overlooked ivn«!'f/'' ''•''^^■"f" the«. sailed to Pequot harbor. He.v ax7lncH-m ^^'"'■'"^■'^''■""'' 'he English and demandki who they wcir and w h ""'. ^ '^'^'" '" « ««"'-• try of the Pequots. E.Kt'renHed h .'■' ^^■""''' have in the cour.- of Massachusetts, to speak wiht it ' ?"'' ^'•^"' ""-' ^^^^ernor -wering that Saskcu nt . ,e to ?T ?^^'\"^ '^^^'' ^"^i^'" ^^^■ co„nnunic..,e E.idecott's messa o t ano ^^ "Z^' ^" ''''' '^'''''''^^ ^^ a.e shore, and the En-d^rmfanvbo "'.''?"' ^^" '"''""'^'^^ ^> -enger came back, and Tl^ nZ k ' T'^" 'I ^^"'^'^'='- '^he n.e,- Several hours passed in^^:^^^^^^ou. the English, -patient, announced his commi.ion t^S^^rJ Slli^S I ei KVEWT9 I?i IXDIAN IIUTonV. ^^1 hini, and at the same time sent word to the sachem, that unless he would come to him or satisfy his demands, he should try forcible nuMXHuros. Tlii; muasenj^er, who hud been several times nmning to imd fro bt^tvveen the parties, said that the sachem would come forward if the Eiiiflish would lay down their arms, the Indians also leaving their bows and arrows at ;i distance. Endecott was incensed by the proposal, considcrinir it a pretext for jzaining time. He ihereforc hade the P(>quots beturued in their V(;ssels; and the next day they went ashore on the w(;.st side of the riviT, and burnt all their wigwams -md spoiled their cancKis in that quarter; and so set sail and enme to the iNarrag:ins(!tt country. There they landed their men, and "on t!ie l-llli ol"7ber they came all safi; to Boston, which was a marvcllf)us Provideinv of (iod, that not a hair loll from the liead ot" any of them, nor any sick nor teebhi person among' them." The secjuel of the crugcdy must be gathered from other authorities. A detachment of Endecott's party was api)ointed to reinlc)rce the I'>ng- lish garrison at Saybrook. Lying wind-bound (jff I'cquot harlKtr, after his departure, a part of tliesc men went on shore to plunder thu Pecjuots, and bring olf their corn. Their ravages were interrupted by an attack from thesf; Indians. The skirmish lusted till near evening, and then both parties retired, the English with one man wounded, and the Pequots with a loss unknown. \V'e liave given the particulars ol' this transaction, (according to the English version of course,) b<;caus(i it tlu-ows li'.dit upon t!ie suJwepient relationii between Sassacus and thf hln^lish. Whatever was the disposition of the Pequots previous to this date, there is no <|U(!slion about them ever aff(M-wards. They determined to <'Xtirpate the whiles I'rom tlielimi'.s ot'Ct/nuecticut; and to that great object .Sassacus now devoted the wliolc (brce of his dominions and tlu; entire eneri';ies of his soul. The forts and nottlemfnils W(;re assaiilteti in every direction. In October, tiv(; of the .Suybrook garrition were surprised, as they were carrying home their hay. A week afterwards, iho master of a small English vessc^l was taken and tortured; andsevw- nil others within the same month. The garrison just mentioned vvc>re ao pressed before winter, (lOJ^G — 7,) that they were obliged to keep almost wholly within reach of their guns. Their out-houses were mzed, and their stacks t)f hay burned; and so many of the cattle as were not killed, oflcn eaine in at night with the arrows of the enemy sticking in them. In March, tbey kilkKl lour oi the garrison, and ai liie saine time surround ng the fort ou all sides, challenged the Eng- INDIAN BIOOBAPIIV.— S.iWACCa. fp liah to come out and fight, mocked them with the gm«n. nnd nravcm safety. Ihe roud.s and fields w.^re every when; Ijosot Tl, . iLT could neither hunt, iish, nor cultivate the land or 'ra;,.| ^ "L " abroad ut at the peril oHTe A eonstant wLirw" k. ."Li ,' ra^I day 1 eople went arme.l to their daily labors, and to pub ic worshin aJid the church was guarded durin.r divin(> servir- ,. fC ii ^ ' o.p,xl,>,o„ of Ma.o„,„rc ,s upon the iorck around, the /lashing and roar of arms, the shrieks and yellings of men, women and children within, and the .shouts of the allies without, exhibited one of the most nwtid scenes which the pens of the i-arly historian:; have described. Seventy wigwams w(>re burnt, and live or six hundiod Pequots killed. l'ar( lit and uhild alik(>, the .sanup and squaw, the; gray-haired man and the babe, were buried in one promiscuous ruin. It had been Mason's iiitenticjn to fall upon both the principal forts of the enemy at once, and finding it impossible, he says, "we were much grieved, chiefly becaus(> the greatest and bloodiest sachem there resided, whose name! was Sassacu's." Tlie execution of this design would hav(! .saved liim much subsequent loss and labor. That great warrior was so little discoura<;(>d by the horrible liavoc already made among his subjects, that immediately on receiving the intelligence he despatched, perhaps led on in person, a reinforcement of three hun- dred warriors, who pursued the English very closely for a distance; of six miles on their march towards Pequot harlxjr. But the reception which this body met with from the English drove them to des()eration. Tht; whole nnnaining lorce o\' th(^ naf ic.n n^paired to th(! strong-hold of Sassacus, and vented all their complaints and grievances upon his head. In their fury they even threatened to destroy him and his fiunily; and perhaps nothing but the enti-eatie.i of his chief eoun.sellors, who slill adhered to him in iiis mislbrtniuvs, prevented his being massacred by his own subjei;ts in his own fort. A large number deserted him as it was, and took refuge among tlve * The autiior of New Etijrhrail'.s First Fruits calls this man a fatuoas captain, a proper inaii of p' "•' ^'Shty of his best men7rcti;iiWl"towa"-drthe To kill or capture him was now the main object of the war- and he Pecjuots were pm-sucd westward, two captured sacheu,.s havin'o- ^•;^e"sxl;" ' Tr'"" ^' ^"''"^ '^r '-"^"^^^ - ^'- -^'^- r«,.H ? T ^ '"' ''"""'-^ ''''■'''' '"'^ '"■'^' overtaken, and a 'nvat battle c.ok place m a swamp in Fairtield, where nearly wo h mulm I'equots were taUe.i prisoners, k.sides killed and wounded. S^ven hundred, ,t was cou.puted, had now been destroyed in th;f;ourse'" huhans, and happy were they that could brin.- in their heads to th hn.y^ish-of which there came almost daily to Windsor o Ha ,fi"rl'' NWnuhrop writes late m the summer of lOJi?,-" The Indk s U L al'htttthiron''''',""' "^'"'^"'^ '" ^"" ''>■ ""' h^"ds of the English, uJiough th teon ,n us w.ir-captams had already been slain, and he Has hanselldnvenirom swan.p to swamp, by riicdn and cky IhI attnckmo- a n;irrorwhnm i-von t,; . \t uia^i. iii.i.cssaiv loi ,^ I ^waIIUl wnom even tns iMarragaiisett enemk's h-ul rlr. »cnij.xi .« ^.„ii „,», „,„,,.. „ ,„„ ,„,„ i„ „,„ ji„,,,^ _,„_, ™- h..;i ;i- The sn,-honi uus at last oljli,;,,! to abandon Ills countrv -I'.,!-!,,, u S» »■,,. panaker. w„h l,i„, .„■ „,, ,,„„,„ „,.,,,.„j,,^ (Lo 'Vl^ 1 1 ;;™^;;;i;';j-;i:;:'i, ■,;':.;^;™ »;s':;:,^^-^ T™...bt,„, „„„ . .,. dK|.ns,.y would "show light," and then burnt their towns and boats, not a hair of Iheir own heads being meanwhile injured, and Sassacus himself being still absent. With such inducement the chieftain began a war of extermination, and then indeed it Ix'came necessary that one of the two nations at issue should he comi)lett!ly disabled. " No civilised retider entertains a doubt as to the R\sult which, uikIih- such an alternative, Avas most to 1)0 desired. But he may nevertheless have his opinioji respecting the moral propriety, as well as the state jmlit.-v, of Ihe measures wdiich brought on that horrible necessity. Let 'the whok; truth, then, be exppsed. If it shall b(^ lountl (as we believe it must be;) that under the influ(!nce of strong and sincere though liital excitement, a rash- ness of the civilised jjarty was the ultimate cause of the ruin of the savage, let that hijusfice be acknowledged, though it should be with shame and tears. Let it be atoned lor, as liir as it may be, in tlje only way now possible, by the candid judgment of posterity and his- tory upon the merits and the mislijrtunes of both. CHAPTER V. THE INDIAN TRIBES OF VIRKFNU AT THK DATK OP THE J\MPVrr,vcK SETTLEMENT-TIIK rovVHATAN (;0\J.'EI) RACV-RECEPTION otomac, coniprohondo,! ah<,ut .S,(J()() ,s,maro miles sS.V ns .n h,s history that, within sixty nnlos of fa.no n ^^ '. ) 'lHllv<^s, ot'whoni 1,500 w(,.ro warro.N Mr LiV ?' '*'''^ ;;; ';■; i»"i«.rti™;. i«w,.,,, .„„„,. e,,iaa,„; 'i !" ;r,™ ',?? "•uiil.l ,jfvf :m .ulirn iicimlaliun „r-.(ll)() ,„.,„.,. , ,,,.,..7. "'• i3^..ia,.eai:Lj;tl;;i;;;;t;;t,l^,;'»,t?'.t'sr;!;r -.1 .o.„. h„„.,„d d with the most delicious fish and fowl. In his Potomac expedition, >'mitli met with "that aboundanee o!' fish, lying so tliicke with their heads above the water, as for want of nets (out barge driving amongst them) we attempted to catch them with a irying-pan." And though the captain naturally onough concluded, after soirui trials, that this was a poor instrinnent for bis purpose, h(; persists in adding, that "neither better fish, more plentie, nor more varictie for smnll iisb, bad any of vs euer scene in any place so swim- ming in the water — l)ut they were not to be cruight with frying-pans." He found the stingrays in such abundance among th(! reeds at the mouth of the Rap]iahannoc, that he amused himself bv nailing them to the ground with his sword: "and thus," ho observes, "wf? tooke more in owne houre than we could eate in a day." Vast (juantities of corn, ton, yearly rewarded even the simple agri- culture of th(; Indians, bcstowcnl as it was upon the oest portions of a generous soil, "(jreat licapcs" of it were seen at Kekouo-htan, "and then they brought him viniisfni, turkies, wild ihwl(\ broad,, and what els(^ they had." In uduc of bis ci)])Iivitif's, or bis visits rctnono' the natives, did the captain ever sufKn- from want of food, ;uid be often brought (iff his l>oat and his men ladf^n with plenty. The Ninisamonds gave him 400 baskots-l'ull at oiu' time. The Chicknhominies, though they complained extremely of their (jwn wauls, yet "fraujjhted" him with a hundred bushels. Tbc woods iiu'nisb('d another inexhaustible supply both of fruits and game; so that, on (he whole, i*^ is very easy to believe that a considerably greater population than Mr. Jefferson's estimate supposes might have su})sisted, without much difficulty, on the soil they are known to have occupied. "And now the wifiter (of 1607-H) approaching," we are infe-rrned in another passage, "the rivers became so covi.-red with swans, geese, duckes and cranes, that w(! daily feasted with good bread, Virginia pease, putchamins, ■' and * A species of indigenous plum, which is elsewhere described ns grow- ing to a considerable height, wit!) fruit like u medlar, first green, then arc so rtwim- INDIAX KIOGRAPHY I'OWHATAN. 75 pumpions, (i.sl,, ll.wle, and diverse sorts of wild beasts so Ct « di-stuncc orahout tw, £vs"i n-n t^" f ['' ff »f« nver, and at the " outh. 'ri„. nrin • r .L ? - '''' ^'"^I'sh settlement at Us ^"n-" ->ni,e flu y X ^It ^^ ^^^^P'^'or a. the old historians style rcsidino. Hit! Jo S^,.:^'''";^'*^"';^'^^ °"'f "^y ^hc firs, eolonists "lunbeP by bii'tb ' '' '"''^''^"^ ^"^ ^^^'^^'^ l>««n one of th^^ir ^"^^t of iw ;, by ;En;erv"^ ^^^^^''-;f--o'- ii^^ i^ tl»e town so c.dk'd whi }, w ' I'^J •"''"'■''""-" ^'^^«'S"ated, fron, iu^reditarydonn ct T Jtowr^.1r T^ '"'^ r"^''^^'"''^ ^''' ^i^ 0.1 a hill/ It consisted of twel'e u f r"^ '"' ^-^''"''''''^ '^'^^^ islets in the river, not l' n^^^ hi Iront of whieh were three Muyo's plantation, u d a 1 U b£t tie' ^ T' i)^" '"^" ^^"^^' stands. Jt was consi.i; v L h r '^'fV' '"^'^ i^'chmond now pleusantest place in it wl .1^ '''" ^"S''sh both the strongest and Nonsuch, itU .s about t"""^^^ ^f was consequently nan.ed when it v.. purchLeJ^of ;;::^ ^:^^; tS'T^; "/^^'^^^^^ pleasant," says the emt-iin in u; i • 1 ^ '^"'it'»- " Ine place is very ibout it ia-e .iuniy c^lSlekls " ''' "'^' "'"^' ^^""^"^ ^^ "^^"^-' ^'"i powhat^r af i^.t^ XJirr ^^'''^" ^^ ^"'-- ^-^ -th •Smith had prompte ' J n c ."'°"' ""^' ^^'"^'^'''"-^ ^P'^'i^ «'' the Virginii coa t, an^ Uo U^t^^Vr'''^' ^^"^ ^"^^^^^ ^^"ng 'nonths"a/ter the JetUen n on °* '''" """"'^'y- ^^'^'^i" ^^ ^w covered the Chicka n i and r "1' ?"""^' "'^'^^" '"^""^^ '"^ ^is- ftom tlienl at a tin 1 ti ' It " yellow, and red when ripe. « If it be nnt r.v^, -^ i j awry with much torir.ont. If ripe U is dlK„« ''"'' ^'■'^. ^ "'^"'^ m^uth »ipe, It IS delicious as an apricot.' 76 EVENTS IN INDIAN HI8TORV. I (ir little, instead of applauding him for having done so much; and som€< even of the council undertook to say, that he ought to have followed up the Chickahominy river to its source. Smith was not a man to submit tamely to reproach. He set off* agnin, therefore, in the winter of 1607-8, taking with him a crew sufficient to manage a barge and a smaller boat jjroper lor the navi- gation of the upper streams, lie ascended the Chickahominy with tiie barge, as far as it could b(i forced up, by dint of great labor in cutting away trees and clearing u [)assage. Then leaving it in a broad bay or cove, out of reacli of the sava Smith himsoU" went out some distance to kill game with his musket iitr a supper.) The unfortimatr; wretches were shot full of arrows and despatched. The savages then pressed on after Smith, and at last overtook him. Finding himself beset by the multitude, he coolly bound to his arm, with his garters, the young Indian who had attended him as a guide, lor a buckler, (what had becomi^, of the other does not appear,) and received th(; enemy's ons(>t so briskly with his lire-nnny, that he soon laid three of tlunn dead on the spot, and wounded and galled many others so efiectually, that none appeared anxious to approach him. H'^ was himself wounded slightly in the thigh, and had many arrows sticking in his clothes, but he still kei)t the enemy at bay. His next movement was to endeavor to sheer olF to his boat; but taking more notice of his foe than his path as \iO. went, he suddenly sliitjied up to his middle in an oozy creek. Hampered as he was in this awkward position, not an Indian dared venture near him, until, finding himself almost dead with cold, he threw away his arms and surrendered. Then drawing him out, they carriefl him to the fire where his men had been slain, care- fully chafed his benumbed limbs, and finally restored him to the use of them. The incidents of the ensuing scene are a striking illustration both of the sagacity of the priooner and the simplicity of his captors. He called for their chief— through the intervention of his Indian guide, INDIAN BIOGRAPHY.— OPECHANCANOUGH. 77 we suppose— and Opcchancanou-'h came fnrwnrrl *j«,;»k muiidness of tin earth thr. «l.;no fK.> u • . ^"** ^^' '"^ .1.0 vvhi,o^„„,i„„„,, ..s^izrwiti. atr^r""""'-^ '""■"'"*= -" """V swamp, .nd nu.ch froquemod by t at sa ^^ hf.^^ '1'^"' account oftho abmulanco of oanir- it alfSv 'L , .• "'^ "" sionwas a proper I„di,n ,.,7. '"'' '' ''y""^^'^'- Ihc order of proces- ^•cntro l.ul tlVo 1 • *-^l'f''t''iai'canoupli, march i no- in the '••''ntjniiod this o.vcrciso and thon ,nl \ ' '^" ' '^ ^^""'' '"™' '^'^J' notos andsc^.;'.C:!" •;,:"; "''^'^"^"'^ 3^^'""Sout such hellish ol arrows, anda h: / Sc^" H S'S"'"' ""^? "" '"^ ^"-- vas conducted to a -pcurc, and pauUing gariaenS!" liScrly "3,^'^^^;^- ^'^'^- -«•! I: (i! «. •«) 78 EVENTS IN INDIAN HISTORY. long matted wigwam, where thirty or forty tall, stout savages remained about him as n guard. Ere long, more bread and venison was brought him than would have served twenty men. " I thinke," says the cap- tain himself, "my stomach at that time was not v. |iarficular sjiot in the woods near Jamestown. The messengers started oti", we are told, in as severe wcftthor as coidd Ik^ of frost and snow, and arrived at Jamestown. There, seeing men sally out from the town to meet them, as Smith had told them M'ould be the case, they were frightened and ran ot^". But the note was k^ft behind, and so coming again in the overling, they found the articles at the appointed place, and then (i'i * A fine ilhislratiori of that principle of grntitndc niiicli is ns pm- verbially charucteri.-tic of the liitlians 'as tlicir reveiii^c, and for smii- iar reasons. No favor is wasted niK)n tiietn, and no injury or insiih. is forgiven. Tlic anecdote followii)g this in the text !•> an instance iu point. INDIAN BIOOBAPHY.—ofKCIIANCANOUGir. 79 TrtylZZVr "^' '"^^ "^ '° ^^'^^'^ ^-P^^- - ^hree days All thouglits of an attack upon tho colony being now cxtinc.uishP.1 m the astoni.shnicnt and terror excited by the Ibats ofSmiH, Ir^ ceeded to lead hi.n about the country m show m^ uTu ! u'^^l they carried hi.n to the tribe livin-r on the Wh^nl . ' '' ^l^l U.e Pamunkey river; then to iIk, M^mall^ ^^SkM Nantaughtacunds on tho Kappahaanoc, an, the N ni ' .Tp T' ''"" nver. iiavuig co.npleted this route, they conduc f 1 i T''"? .several other ..ation.s, to Opechancanough's^.n^ ml t ,fio It =^' key, where, with frightful howlin-s ami nr nv .^ , """"" th.y "conjured" hinfthnv davsm o e,- ^ ^ V ='' ^^''^'^onies, 1-n, whether he inten ciidl£; ' , o'S vHE'"' "' ^'7 ^"''' of these proceedings, which took pL ^ L./op^ ^^ n^^ '" ^™'^^ .pecfou, ,rom the exercises tor onJ day by the c^ ive dZ f ' '"• glell withoyleran nnny snah's n'T''"1 "T ''''^' ^'-■-^^'^ rnin- nK>ose,and all\heh-taXftyedt^^^^^^ wese Is sk nines stufled with oi- his head in a tas^[ .^^^ t It'u .rta"";;"'^ "" '" """^^« 1-thers the skinnes h^.ging round ^ t s t ' S^ ^Jf f •ars, and n, a mnnner covered his flice-wifh ? Ir III . T'" rattle i]i his hand." This mMNon..,., , ^i 1' llish voyce and a H great variety ofoesmt '^^ '^ \ •""™"'^^^V"' '""'^^'^^'"^^ ^^^^'^ concluded whh dr^^willg'^^iS^;^- Sr;-- ih:: i'^^'^^^^ ^1 -1 patches, apparently in il^iSti:!;' oi' E iJ^ 'Xkl^^'l-r''^' ••^ngthall sl^ated.h n^^";'^; f ; ;::''^« "t^"» ^!'-'^ ^^ees/ At lunid or the first n:uuc' n'n"^'^^^; ' v '"■'"'"^''•'/''^•''^ «» the right priest, and ringleader) an r;/t£Ht"'''Tl"'' '' ''" '^'' •^'"^^' menced, accompanied with a vio ", us V ,1 e .;'- '"''" ^'"' ^"•"• '!- chief p.„.t^aid down iiv'tCL;:^. 1 / z^^;:;; !;i;'-;^^-J» Htrauiing l„s nrn.s and hands ^:o that h.^KMsi ir 1 A.??J '''\ < ''ifon, swelled. M Ihe conclusion, all 'm. a ' Z ^^ ^'f"'^ •"' T^^ tl-ne grains n.ore, and renewed the ioi^f '^T I t S^^;;^;,;;;;^, '^7" was twice encircled. Other ceremonies of thtL \ ' '''"^ ^^'''^ and last of all was hrou^du n : "' "'^^^ tl^lx.t_ provisions , hoy '^i;;'';,:^' mSe'^^^^^^ to smnifv tlK^ir couutrv the r-in-ln . .• '. '™"" ^^■■"^•'^ «■'"' >4i:;™t":;f«:r;;;.^;;:i-;;,;;r;;;i:?"^ "■■-«'■'>.. >.o. fin KNTN IN I INDIAN IIIHTOUr, wuiilil lt«< ii('(|iiMiiil<'|>itrlii|ifiii, aa. oltx'i' lii'iitlior <>r I'ltwhiiliiii — 1)1' uhiMii wi< liiivi' lirro lite (irnt rri< itioti — iiivili'tl him l< IiIm Ihuimi', tiiiil liniili'il liim Miiin|ihi>iUHlv but no liiiliiiri, nil ilim or liny iilluM' iM-i'iiHioii, wnnM I'lc willi i m. Tlx- iVii^nH'tilN wnrtt |Mit ii|i ill IiiinKoIm; iiiitl ii|i'iii \m i turn in < >|M'c-|iiiiir imighv v\ij);\viun, tin- miu'Iii'Iii'm \\i\<'s ami lin'ir cliiMrcn (Inckitl .iIhui! Iiiin lor llii'ir iioi'luiiiN, ** tilt II iliiit liy nmlniii, In Ih' iiii'iiy \\ • •li Ti «K- llll'lltM. \l IiimI IIh'V r.'irni'il limi In W rntwncniiUM'n, wlicii" wii I'nwhlltilli lllliiMi'ir. 'TfiiM iiHiiii'liri' nl" lii'i Illy nil tlin linrlli nidu of ^ ni'k rivur, III ( ilnNliM" cniilily, iii'iirly n|)|)nsi(i« t|in innlilli nl' ( ir('(>n'n ••it'i'k, lUui itlinill twriltv-livi- imliM lidnw lln' iiimilli nl" llic iiv> i . || wom jit tlUN llllii' iiiw liivni'ili' viliit"!', lliniiy,l» fillt rwMiils iinl . i.vctiii;'; lln' lli'iir niMii.lilinrlinnil nf tlii< JMi^lisli, hi* I'lMiiiil In ( h'M|iiiki'H. rovvluiliui, wliii'li f'MVi' liiiii III! iiMiiH', vMis Mnlil In llii< l'',nj',liMh in 1000. ( »ii Ins iirnvfil iii llm vill.i,":<'. Hiiiilli was ilrtiiiiicd iiiilil ilii> i>ni|ii*rnr (u,s \M< nIiiiII <-all liiiii, lio' iniiMiiiriiri',) ami IiIh Iniin cuil)! |in'|)iir<- iht'iiiNrlvt'M |m I'cHTivi' iIh'IT iliii^tiiniiH ciiiilivi' III |)rn|)»i Hfafc; anx>, with a maiKcd cniiiitt'iiam'c, and an air nl' liMiii>liliiifss snlK-rcd dnwn iiitn \\vn\ upon a sral si>n ily fiy a lili> nl' sisly vraiM was waled U'liirc ii Cm", lolliin". likr a linlstrad, and clttllii'd in an aiiinic i'oIm- ni" l{aix>\\\s nl' wniiicii mi llie rear and Iwn rn\v^i nl' men m Imiil. All had iheii- head* and sliniilders painted red. Man\ liad the iir di'i'I»ed with flic while dnWn nl' hirds. Snm wnn' a o.re.il eham t»r wiule |>e,h , nl'out lluir nee VNa-^ Milhnul ernainent nl'snnK- Kind. hill no (>n S.HMi alter Siniih s entrain- a llmale nl' rank, said In he ||ie (|iieen nl' \|>|»aniallii<'k, wa ; (hr>-eled In liriii": iiiin Mater In \\a^h Ins hands; and aiinlhev iMnni'Jt' !' iMUieh nl' leathers, to answer liie |'nr|inse nl' a towel. I lav in;.', then tiasted hau (^as Ik- a»'knn\vled",es) in iIk- he.sl Iviilvirnns manner th<'\ ennld. a lnii> am 'tueinii e\>nsnilatinii was held In detennaie his tiile ■11 le tieeisinn was aranisl luin 'I'l lectUl- elave n-siuned llu'ir sdeiil rr.ivity; two ''.reat slniies wen> lu'eiinjit m Iv'Mn^ rnwliatan. and Smith was drajn.i'il heli'i-e them, and liis head laid in>v>n them, as a |Mn-|'aratien I'nr heatim'; »nit his hraiiis with I'hihs. Tl'e ('at.il woapeiii weit' aii'< ady raised, and lliesaxay.i' mnllilndo stinul sil<>ntl\ aw;»iiin;v Jhe )nisoner"s last moment. Ihit Smith was not destined thns to |»rs steed re;;dv lor llie si;rnal nl di\ith. lie vlll It down. A v;innt;vi;i ol" lu'eeoa, porhups. INDIA , UUHiHAVttV. J'OWIM CW. ^1 |>Ut (ir-Mis rihoiit S/iiitli, mill Im.l ||,.r licml would IMTLsh Willi lillil or WHNIlt Ifll^lji iri.illr.l. '11,, ,1 •MT liJM, (icchiriiiii' Hhn "III. 'VUc liciirt .il' the Mtr-t l''«!r(!«) wuM ntvcrscd; mid tj,,,. (iriNuiicr )!' iiKikiii'' wan Npnnd |..r ll... ,„ir,,u,s,— ... i|„. ,.H,|...r„r ..x|,|,„i,„d it_^ '"',";"•'•' I'" l">iH, li; ,„id |„.|l,s and |«.mh li.r l.i.s d.uiuhln-.* I IIS was .i|.|M,r..Mlly n i,k,iv |),-(,fM (or (■ni,r,.u|i„;, ,|„. ,., notions :";:'' '"" ""'"^ -•"'V ..!• I. , „Mi„. us n warrio;". and I . " vrntui: miy jn.luM.y on i|„ |K,rl ol' Ins ...nnH-llMrs. An.l sid.s,.,, „.,.. ;•"•""* 7"'' '"";' "; "',., ,.o„..i.Hi..n. II.. d..ai. :."::,' . . . Nil... Iim.., a l.ornlil.. ..ois,, was l..ard InLi Ixlmid a'wa , l.maslir .Manure Will, soinr luu |,,Midr..d li.lluurrs as iMUrl, |,,.,,n,n lid -..s,,.,s,.das|,n.isH,;..ai..,. a.andl..ldNanlli,|.an.owli;;"^ "Is: 'Muid ,..vs..„ily ll.. sli.Mil.l ,,. ,„ .la,M,.s„.w,i to s-.id lim. J .. K-iiHai, .,,.,,,,,,,,, ,i,, ,,,,,.,, ,,,^ ••' < '" ;al,..WN,..k, and /.aw.-r ..sLvu. |,i,„ as his .,wn s.m." ||,. was "•■'•-nli.'.lv ..■nl ..li; w„l, ,w..|v.. .nid-.s, ,.. .lan...s,..wM. Tl. ,a Iv ;. .;;• ,""' ^7"-"" ^^"'r l"""l-"""lyn:..r(a,M...lwliil.. tlu.v ■•^.i.l. luo d..|i,i...Mlv..n„s and i„il|.sl,,n.. vv,.,,. sl,„wn ll„.ni wil[, '"'"; '':-,"•'" ^"""•^^'"" '"■•' l'"nvv,..;.M,..nl...l .lH-,ns,.| .s t a "n..,y ..I l.^|,„.r (..-....nls. Tl„.y u,.,v ,.x..,.ss,v,.|v iVi-di^.d Z 'l-liaiw o, ,1... ..,.|v....,ns. S I, u ,„. |„al ,.,.|,„.: ,, • s J "^.^ Nonal Mi..l,v,.s „, .„.vv, |,,,.| |,.„d..,| ,|,„,„ will. .st.'n,.s, an.l .11'.. | i | .J I>iiriiii!; Ilif saiiii. umicr, SiimiIi visiii.d l',,u li.,!,,., ;.. yT^'"" -'"'^ -'-•••-;;:,;,•,'::;"; V ,.;;:7:t:; ' livady s,.„l many ,Mvs,.nls to (|„. ,.,„,„.,...,. A((..,„l.-.l I v .' .1 ' | • '^•.yoMi...,vm..,^,|...ysail..,las,a,■;L^V^.,.,..:; ?^;\ ll! is: v.iv.i.r.. 'ri. < i».n.sn jiini ;■' ^i'.-" I-,' :--i;:f ;i,i„lJ":,' K3 rt,^'K: 'nil. will, Its bnlhai.t .'.nliroid.M-v ol' sju-lls -....l I., ,1 7'.- ^ ' • A ao>cri,..io„ „f ,|,i. ,cc„e i. sivon in ,he fr„a,i,piacc of .l,i, book. "fc. "^^ ..: ^>. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) /f/ {■^ f/. fA 1.0 11.25 1^12^ 12.5 |5o ■"^" iniiHii Ki 1^ 12.2 ^ m I.I f "^ i^ jL4 11.6 PfinfnorQnViir Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 ;« fV iV "^^ c^ \ % "0- ,.^ % "Q" .,x^ ^ r^ o fA 82 EVENTS IN INDIAN HISTORY. m tell." At his head and feet were two comely young women as before • and along the sides of the house sat twenty other females, each with her head and shoulders painted red, and a groat chain of white beads ubout her neck. " Before these sat his chielest men in like order in his arbor-like house, and more than fortie platters of fine bread stood as a guard in two pyles on each side the door. Foure or fiue hundred people made a guard behimlo them for our passage; and Proclamation was made, none vpon paine of death to presume to doe vs any wrona or discourtosie. With many pretty discourses to renew their old ac"- quamtance, this great king and our captaine spent the time, till the ebbe left our bargt; aground. Thtni renewing their feest with feates, dauncing and singing, and such like mirth, we quartered that ni^ht with Powhatan." ° The next day, Newport, who had thought better of his lears, came ashore, and wan welcomed in the stunc hospitable style. An J'wijdish boy, named Savage, -.-ns given to Powhatan at his request; and he returned the favor by presenting Newport with an Indian named No- montaok, a trusty and shrewd servant of his own. One motive for this arrangement was probably the desire of gainuig information re- spectmg the English colony. During the three or four days more whicli were passed in feasting, dancing and trading, the old sachem manitested so much dignity and so much discretion, as to create a high admiration of his talents in the minds of his guests. In one in- stance, he came near oflending them by the exercise of his shrewdness, although that may be fairly considered tiieir fault rather than his. Newport, it seems, had brought with him a variety of articles for a barter commerce— such as he supposed would command a high i)rice m corn. And accordingly the Powhatans, generally of the lower class, traded eagerly with him and his men. These, liowever, were not pro- fitable customers; they dealt upon a small scale; they had not much corn to spare. It was fin ol)ject therefore to drivt; a trade with the emperor himself But this he affected to decline and despise. « Cap- tain Newport," said he, " it is not agreeable to my greatness to truck m this peddling manner for trifles, I am a great VVerowance,* and I esteem you the same. Therefore lay me down all your commodities together; what I like I will take, anil in return you shall have what i conceive to be a fair value." This proposal was interpreted to New- port by Smith, who informed him at the same time of the hazard he must incur in accepting it. But Newport was a vain man, and confi- dently expected cither to dazzle the emperor with his ostentation, or overcome him with his bounty, so as to gain any request he might make. The event unluckily proved otherwise.' Powhatan, after coolly selecting such of Newport's goods as he liked best, valued his own corn at such a rate, that Smith says it might as well have been I)urchased in old Spain; they reoeived^carcely four bushels where they had counted upon twenty hogsheads. * A Powhatan term of general signification, answering to the INorthern bachem, tlie Basheba of Maine, and the Eaglish Chief. pl^' mmm 3 the INorthem INDIAN BfOGRAPHY.—roWHATAN." ' 93 It was now Smith's turn to try his skill- nnr) h^ i i.- ment, jnore wisely than his coj^^^^^^^^^^^ p ror, but upon his simnli'-itv Ho tZ.]. 7 • ^'^^'^^'^y O' the em- as it were aLidentall^m ^confrivS? bv Xn"""' "^P '^".^ ^^^^aws, in the hVht, to show{LJr^ertiv\^nf.^^^ ^ ^^f /ore Powhatan fixed his ob.sorvina eve unon 1 .trin„?r. m • "° ^^• beads. Presently he became imrfort^LteTobt Kel 't uTs ''^^ was very unwillmg to part wifh'these precious Terns Mhev,."''^ he observed, composed of a most rare substance oTtL 2. ^''f ?' skies, and fit to be worn only bv the or^aw i , ^°'^^ "^ the savage grew more and ZVZr^"t!ZTL^uf ^" ^^^ T'^' '^^^^ a bargain was struck to tho nn i?w \ I ■ •'^''''^''' ^^ ^^at finally pound or two of bln*^ bnifl^ a • 1 "'""'*-y ousnels ot corn lor a after effected ^n!1:i^J^:.no:.T:^:S'"'''" T ""'"^^'^^^'^^ with a quantity of his invaSe tw.l ^ ^^ "'' ''^' ^"^^^^ed price; and th.s tho b .^d g^ w L^ sue 7o'/- "T ""'^'-^ '^'- ''"^' dians far and near, tha none bu tho "' ™^^'«" «'™"g the In- -osa„, hildren,dar:dtoTe Itj^S^T'""' ^'^^'^ penal symbols of enormous value ° "^ '"'y '^'^'"^ ""• lie should domineer o -er tl o le^ fort nnt! f ' ''«/o'«ni«ts, while liked, on the other. Vl'h 'n Newnor t ft T^ ^"d.an tribes, as ho he sent him twenty fine t rJe s S J''^ '^^ ™""^''y ^^' ^^-^"S'^nd^ as many swords, Ihich t Ir t apnHn 1 ^ ' ''^ '" '"'"^"^ ^^^ ^^^or of furnish him. H^ sSn.t |v n^ TV''' '"'^™«iderate enough to and when the l^er'^^ ^'^^ '^^ ^^^"^V^^^^nt to Smith,- offended, and is said To hn r 1- n '" P^V^ent, he was highly Ihey CO dd iet Sem hv "''' ^"' ''"^^^''^ ^^^ f-'''^'^ them wherever checked tllfro let in l^s .;: :f " "' '^ ^°'-^«- «"^ Smitir^oon finding t],at gLi f cles atrc^o cT i7,^'T^' ''^"' ^«^^'^''^^-' to excuse himself for the ini ry Z: » " ^ «^almntas with presents riors," and to desire lane who V^^'^'V^^''' ^''^'^'''^^'''y ^^«- for this time on their o.oodlJnTnm<^H ''''''^■'r "^'^ht be liberated and granted the rc^J^irl^^^^^^t^Z^^^^f^^r^^ Ihe council were offended at ^v\L iu^ ■, , ^* Pocahontas." mission for himself Rv thi; i ^^^ I ^°'""y' ^"f' ^^ new com- <"xpedition, for lold, al / tit? S^T rofllf "'^'^ ^^" ^-^-P'-"" and a barge was brouo-ht out fr()m Shnd t fii ''•"""'"'" ^"""^^T ^ over the ihUs, and thence eon cv t^S "" ^''''^'''' *" '^^ ^'^"'^^ 84 EVENTS IN INDIAN HISTORY. even accused of jealousy fowards Newport ; and the latter defeated all his opposition, as he thought, by undertaking to procwre a bark-load of corn from Powhatan, on his proposed route to the South Sea, at Werowoconnoco. He required, however, that one hundred and twenty men should go with him ; he put no confidence in the friendship of the emperor or his subjects. Smith now came forward, and volunteered to carry the necessary messages to Powhatan himself, and to invite him to visit Jamestown, for the purpose of receiving the presents brought over for him by Newport. Among these, it appears, were a splendid basin and ewer, a bed, bedstead, clothes, and various other costly novelties; the only effect of which would be, us Smith alleged, to cause the emperor to over-rate the importance of his own favor, and to sell for gold and sil- ver alone what he had heretofore sold readily for copper and blue beads. Another of the presents was a royal crown, sent out by his Britannic Majesty, King James I., probably under the expectation of wheedling Powhatan into submission to his own authority, and at all events with orders to consecrate the "divine right" of his royal ally in Virginia by the ceremonies of a solemn coronation. Smith took with him four companions only, and went across the woods, by land, about twelve miles, to Werowocomoco. Powhatan was then absent, at the distance of twenty or thirty miles. Pocahon- tas immediately sent ibr him, and meanwhile she and her women en- tertained their visiter m a style too remarkable to be passed by with- out notice, A fire was made in a [)]ain of)en field, and Smith was seated before it on a mat, with his men about him. Suddenly such a hideous noise was heard in the woods near by, that the strangers be- took themselves hastily to their arms, and even seized upon two or three old Indians who were standing near, under the apprehension that Powhatan with all his forces was come upon them by surprise. But Pocahontas soon made her appearance ; and a little explanation convinced the captain that, however she might succeed or fail, her only intention was to gratify and honor him. He mingled fearlessly therefore with the Indian men, women and children, already assembled as spectators, and the ceremonies went on. "Then presently they were presented with this anticke, Thirtie young women came naked out of the woods, only covered behind and before with a few greenc leaves ; their bodies all paynted, some of one colour, and some of another, but all dift'cring. Their leader had a fayre payre of Buck's homes on her head, and an otter's skinne at her girdle, another at her arme, a quiuer of arrows at her backe, a bow and arrowes in her hand. The nrxt had in her hand a sword, another a club, another a pot-sticke, all horned alike; the rest euery one with their severall devices. Thest fiends, with most hellish shouts, and cryes, rushing from among the trees, caste themselves in a ring about the fire, singing and dauncing with the most excellent ill varietie, oft falling into their infernall passions, and solemnly again to sing and daunce. Having spent neer an hour in this mascarado, as they entred, in like manner they departed." INDIAN BI06HAPHV POWHATaN. 95 *♦ Having reaccommodated themselves, they solemnly invited him to their lodg.ngs, where he was no sooner ^vmTZloZtut2 these nyniphs more tormented him than euer, with crowlrpressi^ and hangm^r about him, most tediously crying, W^u not mo? Loue you not me? This salutation ended,' the Teastwas^et TonsTt mg of all the salvage dainties they could deuise; some aTen^ otherl Powhatan arrived on the followincr dav nnd Rnuih ,i„r j . • message, desirii.g him to visit - his lUther^'' Newnn f .. t"".^ ^'' for the purpose oT receiving the nt ly an 'ved pr sS andTn ''"' corting a campaign m con"mon against he Monrcans Tht T.'?" 3de;sr "ii?^i~r ''\ ^^=^^ ^^^ w.-tl. „..« / " 7'^"^ ^"ig hiis sent mo presents." said hr. uTon .eneral and' TV^' ^™""^'' ^^^^^'^ «°^^« ^-'"'her discour^ Etef H complimentary sub ects. Smith returned with hj aiiswer. His servant, Namontack, who had been to England w^h Newport, was given back to him upon this occasion. ^ ^' Ihe presents were sent round to Werowocomoco, by water- inJ he two captains went by land, with a guard of My ri 'fhe' par t OS here agreed upon the next clay fo? the coronation; and at Et" Irhll f ^,'"'^ °'^'^' ^I'P^^'^^ P"^ «" tJ^« «"^P"-or, though S much ado, and only m consequence of Namontack's earnest assurance « at hey would not injure him. As for kneeling to receive the crowr ^hu.h was requested of him, he entirely exhausfed the pitience TflS visiters by his resistance. They gained their point in the end by stra tagem. One leaned hard upon his shoulders, so as to causrWrn to" s OOP a ittle and three more stood ready to fix the royal "ewiaw ori his head; whereupon, at the discharge ol' a pistol, the guo^-d S nre pared with such a volley of musketry as a salute, th^t the empeiw itTtill'r"''-^'' '' ^'t^ 'T'"^ "P' ^^ S-^^h'says, in a horSe teai, till he .aw all was well. Soon recovering J^ls composure ho generously gave his old shoes and mantle to Newport Tacknow l^igment of his courtesy. But perceiving that the main ob^ of Zt' gentleman was to discover the Monacans: he labored to diver h s re solution and absolutely refused to lend any of his own mere^eptil" Namontack. Every thing was suid and done civilly, hTever ; S 99 BVBITTB IN INniAN HISTORY. before leaving, Newport was presented with a heap of corn-ears vo . the amount of seven or eight bushels, in farther return for his polite- ness and his presents. For some time after thip, little was heard of Powhatan except occa- sionally through the medium of some of his tribes, who are said to have refused trading with the English in consequence of his orders to that effect. He had become jealous of them, it would seem; and Smith, on the other hand, reciprocated so much of his ill humor, that he at one time thought of falling upon him by surprise, and taking away all his stores. But appearances were still kept up on both sides; and in December, (1608) the emperor invited the captain to visit him — he wanted his assistance in building a house, and if he would bring with him a grindstone, fifty swords, a few muskets, a cock and a hen, with a quantity of beads and copper, he might depend upon getting a ship load of corn. Smith, always ready for an adventure, accepted the invitation, and set off with a pinnace and two barges, manned by forty-six volunteers. The expedition was considered so hazardous that many excused themselves from going, after having engaged to do so; though all knew that if any thing was to be had, Smith was not the man to return disappointed. Commencing this voyage on the 29th of the month, with victualling for three or four days, he lodged the first night at Warrasqueake. The chief sachem at this place, being friendly, did all in his power to dissuade the captain from pursuing his journey. " Powhatan will use you kindly," said he, " but he has ?cnt for you only to cut your throat. Trust him not, and give him no opportunity to seize upon your arms." The next night and several more were passed at Kekoughtan, where the English were detained by a severe storm, but found merry cheer and good fires. The colonists who were in the habit of travelling with Smith hrd learned hardihood. " They were not curious in any weather, (he informs us,) to lye three or foure nights together vnder the trees." They liked hunthig too as thoy marched, and here was a fine opportunity; "an hundred fortie-eight foules, the President, Anthony Bagnall, and Serieant Pising did kill in th.ee shoots." It was the 12th of January when they reached Werowocomoco. They went ashore, quartered without much ceremony at the first house they found, and sent to Powhatan for a supr of provisions. They were promptly furnished with plenty of bread, . enison and tur- keys. Their liberal host feasted them again the next day; but not without inquiring, at the close of the entertainment, when they pro- posed to go home, insinuating that the pleasure of their company was "rvhoUy unexpected, and that he and his people had very little corn — though for forty swords he thought forty baskets might be collected. In reply. Smith asked if he had forgotten his own invitation thus sud- denly ; and then produced the messengers who had carried it, and who happened to be near at hand. The emperor affected to regard the affair as a mere joke, and laughed heartily. Smith then proposed trade; but Powhatan would take nothing but guns and swords, and valued a basket of corn higher than a basket of copper. The captain «-| ^iMi ^^m INDIAN BIOGRAPHY.— POWHATAN. Q? ^ceable expedients for relieving his own wants and the need of the Powhatan listeiied to this declaration with cool gravity and renlied doubts as to your ohirvt In ih7 ■ •/ t ^'^P^^'" ^"I'th, I have some conquer moreTano ad ITat" a, T 'f^^^'^'^/hat you wish to •nusl be afraid to come i^ Vm. w' h Lircon^" """ "^ ^^''J^'^ anned and with such a rotin 1 ^ ' '"'' '''"° ^"^ >'°" 8° Here they are needle We l""' .,,^/ "r^" ^^^ ^^''^P^"^' ^hcn. the sameTr my s ^ee;so^^s Now ir '^"''''^ ^'1^ T^'' ^"^ ^ ^^^^^ all hands make^me uSsv ^Zl "'''"'"'" ^^'''^' '""^'^ "^^ °" Sml^wrc"rcSaSiotr„r"""''-.."'' T- -sain flocked abcm lie himself sen S , V 71" '."""S *''''^'' ''»<' happened; and EVENTS IN INDIAN HISTORY. aboard tho boat ; and the Indians even offered their services to guard the arms of the Enfrlislj, while they were talking care of the provisions. This favor was declined ; but as the English were still under the ne- cessity of wailing for the tide of tho next morning, no pains were spared to entertain them with feasts and sports meanwhile. Smith supposes that the sachem was^U this time preparing his forces for surprising them at supper. IW probably conjectured right ; and but for Pocahontas there is reason to believe that this game would actually Jiave succeeded. The kind-hearted princess came to Smith's quarters in the woods, alone and in tho evening, and earnestly advised him by all means to leave her father's territories as soon as possible. The latter was collecting all his power, she said, to make an assault upon him, unless those who were sent with his supper should themselves succeed in despatching him. In less than an hour afterwards came eight or ten lusty fellows, with great platters of venison and other victuals, who were importu- nate that the English should extinguish their matches, the smoke of wliich they affijcted to think very disagreeable. Tlie captain, without noticing this circumstance, made them taste every dish, and then sent sonic of them back to tell Powhatan that tlu; English were ready t(; see him ; as for themselves, he understood their villany, but they should go free. Other messengers came in soon after, at intervals, to learn how matters went on. The night was spent without sleep on either side. Each party watched the movements of the other with vigilant yes, while both were subtile and civil enough still to affect friendship. At high water Smith went olFwith his company, leaving with the em- jjcror, at his own request, an Englishman to kill game for him, and two or three of the Germans to assist him in building a house. But the game was not yet over. He had no sooner set sail for Pamunkey, than the emperor despatched a deputation across the woods to Jamestown, to take advantage of his absence for buying up a quantity of ammunition and arms. On arriving, these messengers told Captain Winne, the temporary commander of the colony, "that their comming was for some extraordinary tooles and shift of appa- rell ; by which colorable excuse they obtained sixe or seven more (of the colonists) to their confedcracie, such expert theeues, that presently iiirnished them with a great many swords, pike-heads, peeces, shot, powder and such like." Indians enough were at hand to carry away the articles as soon as obtained ; and the next day the deputation returned home unsuspected, after making an agreement for the ser- vices of such traitorous vagabonds as were willing to desert from the colony. One or two of those who had deserted already had provided Powhatan with as many as three hundred hatchets, fifty swords, eight "pieces," and eight pikes. Meanwhile Smith had arrived at Pamunkey, and here Opechan- canough was entertaining him with all manner of feasting and mirth. On the day agreed upon between the parties for commencing trade, the captain, with fifteen of his men, went up a quarter of a mile from the river to the sachem's house, the appointed rendezvous. He INDIAN BIOCHAPHY.—POWHATAN. gg h^^fj"? person there, excepting a lamo man and a boy. The other houses m the village were entirely abandoned. Presently, however came tne sachem, followed by many of his subjects, weH . rmed S ^Tuf^ i •• "'S ""'"^ V^ovoked, and remonstrated as ho Jmd dor»o vith Powhatan Upon this, the «ichcm sold what prov 2>n was S hand and promised to give better satisfaction the nex^daT ihen, accordingly, Smith made his ai)pearancc nrmin h. r , four or five men at the house with great LLl'trbuSier witj^nv thing m thorn docs not appear. Opechancanough h nsc.l'ri 1^ soon allcr, and commenced a cheerlul convcr^-ifiV.,, !>«i • cularly upon the pains he had taken kec^Tstomise Tf ^'T .0. tl.n se.n ^uf d t^^^^^ with chancanough enjoyed their up-;" But Sn.iH '"^ P^^'-'^-'vc that Ope- niont. " My worthy counlrvmnn » * • 1 . / '' '^^^ """'^ "* *''« ^^'«- '' Had I no more t^S ! ;^ 'n^ ^^il^!" ^^ his tn.mbling cumrude., .should bo willina to mcft tw l J. ' ^^'^"/^«'« these enemies, 1 But what cour.s°slirb: uS^ I TeXin'^r tf^'' ^^'^^ "'^•• the kmg, we shall have more tlum 1 h-fnd n7 ^*^''"' ^^.^ ««'^« defend ourselves. If we kill thom I ^° '''"'^P ^"" ^nd their provisions. As foi- tl eir tv- tiS .."'T' '''^^■"" ^'^'' ^""' «i" hension. You know I aveTo.v ^,' '' '''" ^""'^ ^'^"^■l^'^' «'" ^PPre- of them alone. Whte a " s v^ "^ T'^"^ '^ ''' '''«''^' ^'»"^'r«d If you dare stand but'to'fi:";^^^^;:'^^ ^"'"i ^'"t^^'' enough for them. But at all cvems I ?. f- ^.T ^"^ ""'''"' ^''" '^' like sheep. Firot, however IrMn ■ ^''^ ''''^ '"^"' ^"'^ ""^ ^lie and so .vl shall have^::^^^!!^ t KT^ ^^ -"'^^ons to them, ting of no argument, the ro.nnnn,. 1 i ,* . "" o^t;asion admit- -condhiinin whate:;;tS;;;i:;:2irl::^f ^^--'-s promptly to )ne, but I fear you no A ' t iS ^^" "'" P'""^"^' ^« '«"'*d''^'- much harm. Now, thercf^ro ' I " ^""' "'^" "°'' '"'"« '^'^^^^ ^^one mine-my body shal be a^n ll 'i ^""'" "'''''r''' ^°" «^'^ ^'^''^ ^«-- a fit plac Jfor a^ combat nnd tl t . '' ^""^'^--fJ^^ ^^'-"^ in the river is oi- all. If you Ime noVnon n '''TT' "^ ''' ''''' ^'>^'" '^ "^^"^^ter con. and against thit I ^HUtSllfv E^:; ^^ ^^^^ ^^'^ ^^• 'lohim the hLr to a™^^^ ^^^Sgod that the captain would ofTering,) which wa read? for Ih'H.rj"" '',('!{ "f^ '' l^^^^^ object of this su-n-cstion wn. . ,ml ? . "°' ""^ ^'^^ ''0"^«' The or fifty Indians-c^^ at : thf ^^.tToT '' '" 'f ''^"I -^'^^ '^''^ ^-," us Smith calls it, at ti^ ^oo:f:i^^^^,;:::^i::z no EVBNTa IX INDIAN HISTORr. by about two hundred innn, nnd thirty more were stationed behind a largo tree which lay lenfjthwiso athwart the passagr-way, with their arrows ready notclied. It was now Smith'.H turn to make a niov(!nw!nt. He seized the saclieuj in tho inuist of his Mlinue, l)y his long locks, j)rc9cnting a pistol i-eady-cockcd at his bosom ; and in thiji position letl him out trcnil)linu; with tcMTor, anif>iig the multitude who surroimded thr ye an; to kill me. My own long-sutl(M'ing is the caiise of your insolence. Now shoot hut one arrow to slictl oik^ drop of blood ii)r one of thest; men, or steal hut the least of tli(\se beads, and ye shall not hear the last of mo so long as a Pamunkey remains alive who will not deny tlu! Uiune. I am not now in tli(! mire of a swamp, ye perceive. Shoot then, if ye dare. Hut at all hazards ye shall load my boat with your corn, or 1 will load her with your carcasses. Still, unless you give mo the (irst occasion, w(> may hr. friends, and your king may go free. I have no wish to harm him or you." This speech had its (>lKH:t. The savages laid aside their arms, and !)rought in theiricommoditi(?s for trade in such abundance, that the I'jnglish at length became absolutely vv(\ary of receiving them. Once indeed, in the coursci ol'the day, some l()riy or lilly stout (Iillowa made a violent rush into the house when Smith waa asletsp, and some two hundred more tblloweil close after th(>m; but by Smith's usual activity they wen; soon driven back, and then the sacbem sent some of his ancients, or counsellors, to excuse the intrusion. Tho rest of tho day ])assed in harmony, and towards night the captain began his nUurn voyage down the riven*, leaving the sachem at libcsrty. Various at- tempts were made to suri)rise him on the route, and he was at one time near being poisoned to death in liis food. On the other hand, Smith was determined not to go home without his revenge upon I'ow- liatan. i le returned by way of VVerowocomoco for him ; but he tbund, when he reached tlint village, that the traitorous Germans had caused the einperor to abandon his new house, and carry otl" all his family and provision. Those of tho Powhatans who remained, treated the English so indifrorently, that tho latter had much ado to escape with their lives. They finally reached Jamestown after an absence of six weeks, with a cargo of lour hundred and seventy-nine bushels of corn and two hundred pounds of deer-suet, that entire amount' having Ikcu purchased for twenty-live pounds of copper and fifty pounds of iron and beads. m •mrnimmm mmmmfim INDIAN OIOORAPHY. — POWHATAN. 01 a niov(!nw!nt. CHAPTER VI. ' each cithor u,.ou i^\ l^J,:":^'"''^^^^^^^^ "'!'' '-''^J with to i.ni.ris the ,sav,i.^, si , ir V :7 '"'•^'""'''-'."'cuJciits which went orthe.r. was disci uu "e to , . I ? .'•' r"' ^M-preheud.-d. Ono -us in.prisone;r V h7^ .S ^:;r ' ^ ''' f^'^^ "'"' ""^ «^'-'- 1.0 successful in his sc evening, the n.an who had been «H)al. Those who ,-nrn,"' I "^ " uuiiKTeU With thO Smok ;>tiu.n.o!:r?^:l:;^[r;:.:;e;ni^^ -t,. '"ttc^r aoonies that the Presicl^rU /« >; m" ! :^"^' r^''^^^"'?'' "'*« «"<^h ''ittc^r aoonies that 1 p;3 u S „iU !' "'•' r'^" ^Tl'' "'**^ ^•-'' i.e would steale no luore he w d S^^^ '1 "^'t nm told hin, that if '-t he little thouglU he ^oldTh^^:^ ^t^^^^^^^ with aqua vita and vin-.-oar it nleasrvl i'n l . . '.''•"'° °"'' ^'^^^ life, hut so driuike and .un^ d te ,1,^ ho ^^^^^^ ''»" "guine to as nn.ch toruK.nted and '! eu^d 1 c ot n^^^^^^ '^'' ^^'^'"^^ Of this nniladie, vpon nrC niso of t ho ' T, f """ ^° '^"^ ^""^ ^««d. promised to recover hi, Zun f?'-'* l>«l>aviour, tlie President -sloe,., who in ^\^J^t:^::Z^ ^^^^ '^y^' ^V tiiro to lo'.;t senses, and then bein.?drel ed of hi'? ^ recovered his per- "f copper tfiven then, thov wnnt '".'■"'"^'' '''"'^ ^•'^c'» a piece aprXnong allThe'sXTrr^^^^^^^^ 'S'^^-\'^'™ make a man alive that was dead » ' ^ "" ^""'^'^ ^^"^"^ things, obtaLd posse ion of iV;^2Z. ^"«^^'^^«^•"^l -'-« other as Smith calls it of an armour Th^° ^""-Powcler and the backe, to Werowocomo^o, determined to dlnr°T"' ^''''^"' °" ^'^ ^^turn wondering countrymen? amf at tt '? '^'''''' P''"'°"« P"^«« '^ hi« traordina^y skill in the maLlemen tof't o"' '^T^^' ^^' ^''^ -'^' dryingthepowderuponthe aCur as^T'l ^^' '^u"'"^"^« ^^S'-^" i 1 »3 EVENTS IN INDIAN III8T0BY. place, which blew up the proprietor, together with one or two of tlje 8[)cctutors who were peeping over his ahouldors. Several others were badly scorched, and all horribly frightened; and for sotne time after powder fell into a general disuse with the savages, much to the bcnefrt of the English. These and oth(!r similar accidents, we are told, so affriirhted Pow- hatan arid his people, that they (rame in from every (piarter with prof- fers of p(!aco. (Several stolen articles were returned, the; loss of whieh had never Ixiforc bf:on discovered; and whenever an Indian was con- victed of theft, wherever hn might be found, ho was prom|)tly sent in to Jamestown for his punishment. Not long afh'rwards we find that " so affraid(; was al those kings and th(5 Ixitter sort of \hv. ])eople to displease vs (tlio colonists), that some of the baser sort that we haue extreainely liiii't and punished for their vilianies, would bin! vs wo should not tell it to their kings or countrymen, who would also punish them, and yet refiirne them to lames-Toune to content the I'resident, for a testimony of their loues." Still, the prowess and fhe name of Smith himself were the best preservatives of peace; and he had scarcely left the country lor Eng- lanil when matters relapsed into their worst slate. About thirty oi' the English were cut off by Powhatan's men at one time; and of n population of six hundred left in the colony at Smith's departure, there remained at the end of six months only sixty men, women and chil- dren. These were subsisted chiefly upon roots, herbs, acorns', wal- nuts, berries, and nov,- and then a little iish. The skins of horses, and even consideral?le quantities of starch, were used for (J)O(l. Others went so liir as to disinter and devour the body of an Indian who had been slain and buried. One man killed his wife, " powdered her," and had eaten a part uf her belore it was known. The poor wretch was hanged for his horrible deed of despair. Peace was finally cftlicted with Powhatan through tlie intervention, or rather by the; mere medium of Pocahontas, in the following man- ner. Early in 1618,* two ships arrived at .famestown with supplies for t\v) colony. These being insulHcient, Captain Argnll, wlio com- manded one of them, was sent up the I'otoniac river to trade with the natives for corn. Here Argall formed a particular accjuaintance with Japazaws, the chief sachem of the Potomacs or Patawomekcs, and always a staunch friend of the English. He infonned the captain, among other things, that Pocahontas was at this time in his territories, and not llir distant, keeping herself in seclusion, and known only to a fcw trusty friends. What were the reasons wluch induced her thus to forsake Jicrfether's dominions for a foreigner's, docs not appear. Stith supposes it was to withdraw herself from being a witness of the frequent butcheries of the English, whose folly and rashness, after Smith's departure, put it out of her power to save them. And very * This date is mentioned by all the Virginiari historians; but Prince, in his Annals, says that tlie voyage took place a year afterwards. Belknap (Am. Biog.) is of the same opinion. ■H HTDIAN BfOOHAPHT.— POWirVTAN. 0g ho„on.l,l. nllmpte' ' "^ *"'" "-■l"'"'"'' ""'I '" »«»>eh highly Plished by the measure, l^ut^^^S ^T:^'Ull^,rr^ pledge that Pocahontas should not l,o lu rm.dw I '''*"'? ' were sufficient to ovorcomo his scrunl, « T '""'''''"'■"'""'>' end Japazaw.s, who had hin.soir seen manv of hn P • , ^" '''?' with Japazaws, but really ^aj^?. Z ' , ?' "=°""^^"'nf! Il«n- relent, was unwilling to be known hv ,!,„ ■ ' ^P" l'"''''"P>' '" -mod in the plot alaL. h'^E, /. '""wtrr,,, , ^1,1" ™ T" presence, that she must trn with i.;^ ♦ Vu f ° '^ "^'^' '" ^''^ Face between her Ser^and hi P v^u '°u""-^' ""'' ^«"^Poi.nd u bitterness of her sou as forin^nl ''^ '"^'^^'^ '" t^'^ howled with inconibira'^S iSn Sat a S^S^n' ^'^^^.^ '"^'^'^ cess recovered her composure on findin.. hersef treated w^th J , ''""• and while she turned her face towards thoTn^r k , ^ '^'"^ness ; had not seen since Smith ^denarTureVwTth^l"'''^ {''^''^ «he fulness at the prospect of ^{^^^'^.'''"'^'^'"Scven like ^hecr- pliant spouse, wZth ir coZ? fi fiL ">rf ^ ^"'"''^" ^"'^ ^is iKick to their own wi 'wa J^ ^"'^ ^'^^ *«>^«' ^'""dgcd merrily aespLteTlfpoltin'lttT^^^^^^^ t.^^"^ ^^^ --'^-telv s^tstd~£? ... as mi,^ have ^nima^I;^-;^ ^ S^^^Z^ u 94 EVENTS IN INDIAN HISTORY. Smith was no longer in Ihe colony,) and this perhapB was the reason why, much as the unwolcome news of his daughter's captivity is said to have troubled him, he sent no answ^n- to tho message for the space of three months. Then, av tlie further persuasion of the council of Jamestown, he liberated and sent in '^oven of his EngUsh prisoners, ,vith three rusty unserviceable muskets, an axe, a saw, and one canoe laden with corn. They were instructed to say, that if Pocahontas should be given up, he would make satisfaction for all the injuriefe he had done, ''conclude a perpetual peace, and send in a bonus of five hundred bushels of corn. To this the council replied that his daugh- ter, thoutih they would use her well, could not be restored to him until all The English arms and captives in his possession should be delivered back to^'the owncrc. They did not telieve, what he or some of his men had asserted, that these arms had been lost, or that the whites who ren.aincd with him were free volunteers in his service. This ungracious message was no more conciliating than the former; nor was any thing more seen or heard of the emperor until the spring of 1614, when a party of one hundred and fifty colonists, well armed, went up his own river Werowocomoco, taking Pocahontas with them. The Powhatans received them with scornful bravadoes, proudly de- manding the purpose of this new invasion. The English answered that they had brought the emperor's daughter, and that they expected the proper ransom for her, either peaceably or by force. The Pow- iiatans rejoined, that if they came to fight they were welcome, and should be treated as Caprain RatclifFe* had been. Upon thit; the English said they would have a more civil ansv/er at least, and forth- with commenced makingrai'^ly for the shore in their small boats, the Indians having about the same time begun to let fiy their arrows among them. They effected a landing, and burned and destroyed ev-cry^thing thev could find. The next day they sailed farther up the rivei-, and nieeting with a fresh party of Powliatans, after some alter- cation and explanation, a truce was concluded, and messengers were ])romised to be sent ufi* for the emperor. This was probably a mere feint. It was also stated, that the English captives or deserters had run off", for fear of being hanged by their countrymen. As for the swords and pieces, they were to be brought in the next day ; but nothing was seen of :hem, and the Engiish proceeded till they came to a residence of l^whatan Ccalled Mtvtchot), where were collected about four aundred of his warriors, well armed. These men cha' ■ Icnsed the English to land, o.nd when tboy did so, walked boldly up and down among them, demanded a conference with their -aptain, and said that unless time should be allowed them to send anrl receive directions from Powhatan, they would fight tor their own as well as they were able. Other bravadoes passed between the parties, but a truce was finally agreed upon until noon of the next day. Mean- while, two of the brothers of Pocahontas, of whom this is the first * Massacred with the thirty colonists mentioned previously in this chapter. He wzs otherwise caLed Sicklemore. !se men cha' ■ viously in this INDIAN BIOGRAPHY.— POWHATAN. g^ been a„ a,5em altactotHrior ™ 7h°"'l '"Tl''*-"' '"" "or, pleased Powhatan so much Th« witKfn T °^ "H^ "°"«- -S'l he sent in one of his Ta, ^WiU T-,''"^' ''''^'' K"'*', wit. two of his sons, to sc^L 'rL i"r'^ manner of tlie marriaoo nnrf in i„- u authority just cited) the -iuested fo.thecon™^tir'hlof r^^ ep'^S'^ took place about the lirst of Anri I nn.i f '^f P""cs. The ceremony "f the emperor, which 1 Lpei^d ' .Tms Th ^""^ '"f""^'' '^' ^eath were uniformly preserve/Sfhims Kd wl^ ^'l^ ^•^''^^-- There are too mnnv rr,n^-,r... 1 1 "'^^ subjects. celebrated chietir^^W t"o Tanv ro^^'^T '" '''' ^'^^^^'^ ^^ ^^^i* to be passed over with a mor ^L ^^oS^^^^ ^Slf " ^^« ^h^-^-' other comment, it m.-.v be nronnv tn L "' P^^^'o^s to any him. which belono- mther tST .. ''T '=^''^"" ^^«*« respecting class. In the cas"^ .^ftl g^a ".enTwel?: %''^' ^^aracListi? who are not great, there is a Zodch.^np} ' ""^ ""^"^ "^^^^ '««« gathered, whfch nay be LLSLf w 1,T K™^''""-^^"^''^"^ ^o b- Powhatan was both a -rea and n L - "^^ '^"'''''^ iniportam. the rude circumstances^^SL whfch ho n,^"". k""^ '/ '^^"^e, and made himcolf the other, sSd onlv Inr^'' himself the one, and object of popular admi;atit":iro'?p2:;^^ «^=-^'^^ - talfr^S^^p^i^^^^^^tiJlf ~^^ - a gray, his 'beard thin a^tlmi of the In^ """^T' ^'' ^''^^ ^'^ghtly very able and hardy U^t ^fdr ^uy^^^^^^^^^^^ -^ ^^ofa be about sixty years of aoo when tho fL . i. V . ^ ^"^ appeared to he was probably about seventy at it f^'f '^'^Jj^^t saw him, in 1607, little wiih public affi-i; cUir^^ h L . ' von ^" '^''"^'''^ ^^'^^^^^ ^ut t emchiefiy toOpechancanoVra tisSo^r^^ "">' '' three orlur^'S f iSiS^ " VV^ ^ ^^^^ ^^ ^^^ - ™y as for Oropakes, iith thr. view ofTeoni.rT"'"'^'^"'^^ ''^' abandoned the colonists. The lutl^r I.ec.me '^ L ? ^^'''''^'^^" ^''^^^"^'^ fro"> distance of a mile froi he vTl la^c £ T f T^"' ^^^ere, at the deposited his royalties ^^^^'^i^^^s^^^ ^iSj^ 96 EVENTS IN INDIAN HISTORY*, paint, bows and arrows, targets and clubs. Some of these thmgB were reserved for the time of his burial, others were the resources of war. The house ilsell' was more than one hundred feet in length- one historian says fifty or sixty yards— an! as it seems to have been frequented only bv the Indian i)riests, probably a sacred character attached to it in the minds (jf the multitude, which was one ot the nuians of its security. Four rudely-graven images of wood were stationed at the four corners, one representing a dragon, the second a l)ear, the third a panther, and the iburtli a gigantic man,— all made evil-favoredly, as we are told, but according to the best workmanship of the natives. The state which Powhatan adopted as emperor appears m some decree from the preceding details of his history. He is said to have kept about his person from forty to filly of the tallest men in his_ do- minions; which might be the case in war, and upon occasions of pa- rade and ceremony, more regularly than in peaceable and ordinary times. Every night, four sentinels were stationed at the four corners of his dwell-ng; and at each half hour one of the body-guard made a signal to the four sentinels. Want of vigilance on their part was punished with the most exemplary strictness. \ccording to the universal custom of the North American natives, he kept as many wives as he thought proper; and is represented to have taken no little pleasure in their society. When the English saw him at home, reclining on his couch or platform, there was always one sittin<^ at his head, and another at his leet; and when he sat, two of tliem sweated themselves on either side of him. At his meals, one of them brought him water in a wooden platter to wash his hands, before and after eating; and another attended with a bunch of feathers lor a towel. Some were the daughters, and had been the wives o( distinguished rivals and enemies, conquered in battle. When he be- (;ame*^weary of them, he transferred them as presents to his favorite warriors. i ..u A «^eneral proof of the talents of Powhatan may be found la the station which he held, as well as the reputation he enjoyed far and wide among his countrvmon. The Indian tribes are democracies. lie who rules over thein must acfiuirc and sustain his influence by his absolute intellect and energy. Friends and family may assist, occa- sionally, in procuring rank; but they will not secure the permanent ijossessnon of it. Generally, therefore, the head sachem may be looked upon as comparatively a model of those qualities which Ins country- men esteem suitable to that dignity. He must not only be a warrior, bruve, hardy, patient, and indcOitigable; but he must show talents for controlling the fortunes and commanding the respect of the commu- nity which he governs. • „ • u u- But in this case there is better evidence; and especially in the ulti- mate extent of Powhatan's government as compared with his heredi. tary dominions. These included but six tribes of the thirty which were finally subject to, him, and all which must have become attached to Ilia rule, in consequence of the character maintained and the INDIAN EIOGHAPHF.— POWHATAN. 97 hundred warrio.s, ^1^^^^::^:^^^^^':' -''?' ^^^^^ -so desirous of this cLngei^i„ot£ wo df of ""''''' • '^^^"^^ '^^''^ IV. They were not to en cr fl.o'r , f °' T'^ '''^'''' ^"«»iv. they were new En^li ] L'n A 'if ^ ^^'ttlemcnts, but sond word confounding then, with L"iii tdi^'T'" ^™"""'' '-'"'^ ^^ l>'--ent ^wJ b^l!^::;;;^^-^j^^^ho ^-f^i-ing of harvest, was to pay of hatchets. '"*'"'"' '"^"^'^'"S- "' «^f"n, the sanu.> nunlber VI. The eight cliicf nion were to ^on .,n .1 • of being punished tiiomselve itir sal ' ^'f^]^-^-< on Ibrieij, copper chain, the picture of l^in. J a ne''' i, T " ^" " '•''^'' ^'"^^^ ^^ counted his iiobleu,r-n. " ' ''''^ ^^"^ h'^"'^'' »* ^t'ing uc- This treaty was conckided with a "ennnl . . •■ ^ ncclamatiou;andtheuoi'eoftbo ,]^ '' '^'*-"'' '"""'feted bv himself first to those of i s ow - e Z l^^'T ' ''""'^•''' '•^^^'^-■^-'^• the wonK,>n and children, a nXut'o f when, w" ^'""-' ''^"'^ '«-^^'>' ''^ them to understand how stric'tlv 1 o .on V '' ^'"''''"^- ^^'' ^^'^^ve how s.fc they should then b^ ^,n b SS W '111 '^^^ '^^-f^J:^-! Powhatan or any enemi.Mvhatso.Mjer S h' t ', ''"? ^^''' ^^""'^ of arms to resist then>. The n urn" o f L n ' ' •""- ^"'•"'■^''•''' ^^''1, is not inserted in the articl""' j^Lv- S"^; " "'' "^ Z^'^^^'--'' hazard, ,nv3bably.of its conun^Mo hi; :JV!-::;':„'^l'l'{f.^^^^ ^'^ he a hazard,probably of itscc; n:;,^ ^;^^f^ ?r;''T^^^ ' ^ just concluded an*an,icable t,x.a1y :£'], ) ; t ^f '^'^'^ himself "was ralher for leare PowhaUm and no '' ''^'^,^« «"'• historiai,, would bring them again to hS^tlcl 1^ 1:^^^ "'^' ''^'''^'^ 00 J^SrSi:^:;^^^^ -ween the se. -n. The .W 4ss -p^^^Tt^^ZEfSl-dttt ^ * Authorities referred to in Smith's History, Vol. II. ."■P*'!^^-"'''*;."^'"'' 06 KVKNT8 IN IHDIAK HHTORT. the mountaineers. In the language of Stith, the Monacans and the Mannahoacka formed a confederacy against the power and tyranny of Powhatan. Another writer says, that he also fought agamst the fa- mous Massawomekes; a powerful and populous nation, thought to be situated upon a great salt-water, « which by all probability is either some part of Canada, some great lake, or some inlet of some sea that falleth into the South Sea." This is not a very definite description, even for Smith to give; but the Massawomekes are generally under- stood to have been no other, we believe, than the celebrated Five Na- tions of New York. At all events, they were exceedingly troublesome to the northernmost tribes of P9whatan— which might be a principal reason why they submitted the more willingly to him. And thus, while the greater part of his own empire was a conquered one, he was environed V foreign enemies in every direction, including the civilised colony on the sea coast. As to his particular system of war and conquest, we are not mi- nutely informed. Like Indian warfare in other sections and times, it is said to have consisted, in a great degree, of stratagem andsurprisal rather than force. In 1608, a rebellion, which arose among the Pay- untatanks, was suppressed in the following manner. They being near neighbors, a number of his own tribe was sent into their villages, who under some disguise or false pretence obtained lodgings over night. The several houses were meanwhile beset with ambuscades ; and at an appointed signal, the two parties, within and without, commenced an attack at the same moment. Twenty-four Payuntatanks were slain, and their scalps carried to Powhatan, who kept them some time suspended on a line between two trees, as a trophy. The women and children, as also the werowance or sachem, were made prisoners, and afterwards slaves or servants. Powhatan's warriors were regularly and thoroughly disciplined. At one of his first interviews with the English, a martial parade formed part of the entertainment. Two or three hundred Indians havin^'i"er of wonder. No Indian had ever before seen any thmg which resembled, in form or effect, the fire-arms IJ^Z r^' '"'"'''• ^"^' ^"'"" ^""'^' therefore, their fear was tTpZ^'f "^ superstition, against which no couracre couid prevail •l«.dy. They proved traitor, to the colony, and wSn ^ wJl^ EVENTS IN lADIAN IIISTORT. tliom diligently engaged in arming and instructing the savages. One of thorn subsequently stated, that the emperor kept them at work for him in duresse. He himaelf sent answer to Smith's demand for them, that they were at liberty to go if they chose — but as for carrying them lifly miles on his back, he was not able. The adroitness with which he obtained arms at Jamestown, during Smith's absence, has already Ix'en the subject of comment. The implicit obedience which he exacted of his oWn subjects, not- withstanding the apparently precaricnis tenure by which he held his command, is a striking indication of the extent of his mere pergonal influence. " When he listeth," says an old writer, " his will is a law, and must be olx^'yed: not onely as a King, but as lialfe a God, they esteemc Iiiin. AV'hat he comniandeth they dare not disobey in the least thing. At his fecle they present whatsoever he commsuidcth, and at the least froune of his browe, their greatest spirits will tremble A\ith feai'e." This subordination was sustained by measures which, fi>r severity and courage, would do no discredit to the most absolute despot of the Eastern world. On one occasion, certain offenders were burned to death in the midst of an immense heap of glowing coals, collected from many (ires made for the purpose. A more merciful punisIuTKMit was by braining the criminal with a club, as Smith was to hav(^ iKX'n sacrificed. The most horrible was fastening the poor V retch to a tree, breaking his joints one by one, and then whittling down his body with reeds and shells. Thrashing with cudgels was no trifle. Smith says he saw a man subjected to this discipline under the hands of two of his practised countrymen, till he fell prostrate and senseless; out lie uttered no cry or con;plaint. The extraordinary native shrewdness of Powhatan was abundantly manifested in the amusing advantages he obtained over Newport; his long and artful conversations Avitli Smith, some of them sustained i.nder the most embarrassing circumstances, merely m procure time; tlie promptness with which he rejected and defeated the proposal to make common cause against the Monacans — a bait, as he expressed it, too foolish to be taken; and, in fine, upon every occasion when the English undertook to negotiate or to argue with him. He availei ni- c ueilic. He adc.s, that Ins proceodinos—Jiis conclusions ic his own language-had inspi.v,! th. nntives wkh such "ear Z" L ^ very name was a tcrro.-. No wonder that he sometimes 1 1 tat and war twice m a day. No won.k'r !hat scarceiv n ^vZl\l^^ u.ed to tiade, the president, "perceiving (supposing) it was Powhn ans pohey to starve hini," landed his con .any fbrtinvit C^d^ uch a .how of anger and ammunition that the poor savages pres^tlv brought m all their provisions. "^ presently So we are summarily informed in Mr. Ilamer's relation, that about 9* 102 BVE5T8 IN INDIAN HISTORY. Chriatmas (1611), " in regard of the injurie done vs by them of Apa- inatuk, Sir Thomas Dale, without the losse of any except some few salvages," took possession of the territory and provision of the tribe, made a settlement upon the former without ceremony, and called it New Bermudas! One more illustration must suffice. It is a passage of Smith's history relating to a detachment of vagabonds, under the command of one West, who left Jamestown, and located themselves not far from Powhatan's residence at the falls of the river. " But the worst was, that the poore salvages that daily brought in their contri- butions to the president, that disorderly company so tormented these poore soulcs, by steeling their corne, robbing their gardens, lieating them, breaking their houses, and keeping some prisoners, that they daily complained to Captaine Smith he had brought them for protec- tors worse enemies than the Monacans themselves, which though till then for his love they had endured; they desired pardon if hereafter- they defended themselves — since he would not correct them us they had long expected he would." A most reasonable determination, civilly and candidly expressed. But, whatever may be said of the motives or method of the warfare of Powhatan, it must bo acknowledged that his character appears lo no disadvantage in peace. We cannot but admire the Roman dignity with which he rejcctcxl all offers of compromise, so long as the Eng- lish seemed disposed to take advantage of their own wrong in the violent seizure of Pocahontas. They knew that this was his favorite child, and they presumed on the strength of his attachment. But, much as her' situation troubled him, he would not sacrifice his honor so far as to negotiate for her restoration on derogatory terms. Ht was afflicted, but he was still more incensed. WJaen, however, Ik; ascertained, by sending his sons to visit her, that she was well treated, and in good health, (though, we are somewhere told, " they had heard to the contrarie,") he began to think better of the otfcrs of peace. Then came Rolfe " to acquaint him with the business," and kindly he was entertained, though not admitted to the presence of Powhatan. The young gertleman explained himself, however, to the emperor's brother; and the latt' r promised to intercede fiir him, as did also tli* two sons. Their explanations proved successful. The emperor was not only convinced that his daughter was entertained civilly by the English, but he was pleased with the honorable intentions, and touched by the passionate and tender afKiction of Rolfe. No sooner, therefore, did the time appointed for the marriage come to his knowledge — and no doubt Rolfe had already had the politic courtesy to apply for his consent — than he despatched three members of his own family to con- firm the ceremony. " And ever since," adds the historian, " we have had friendly trade and commerce, as well with Powhatan himselfe, as all his subjects;" — so jealous were he and they of injustice, and so susceptible were they, at the same time, of mild and magnanimous impressions. We find characteristic anecdotes, to the same effl'ct, in the curious account Mr. Hamer has left ou record, of a visit which he paid the INDIAK BWOnAMir.^POWHATAK. j^^g tan's own residence wheTe waf „ ' ?''f ^"^ '"^''^ ^^ Po^^ha- the health of Sir ThomL' Dalf it Zr ""r^'^'^'y inquired arte? own daughter and hex hLbatd- wilhlLlTn r^'^'"*' '""^ ^'^^^ °f ^« two liked each other. HaSCv r||^'thrSirff "^''"^^^^ iectly well; and as for Pocahontas IZ T ^°"''''' "'^» P^r- never would return to her iS court I «%^T^«"'«d, that she hatan laughed heartily at tWs renlv 2 ^'"" n '^^^^^"Id. Pow- cular cause of Mr. hLcp's prS'vi"? n" f'' '''^'^ "^« P'^r'i" vate he ordered his attendan s to leave th- ^ ° '"''^ '' ^"' P"" two females-said to have been Snn ^"'"'"' \^^«P^'«g only the him, and then bade Mr. Hamernroctp^^";^?'-^^^ '^'^^y^ «^t by The latter becrn,, ulu. Proceed with his message. ^ presents ibm'srVlirffi th' l!^ ^^^^ ^.^f. »--er of sundry 'nuch to the omperor'Sslaction H T'" 1'''^"''"^ accordingly, hearing of the fime ol^ le ^ u. .'Z's In ^'^^^^^f ^''J' ^hat Sir Thor^as of obtaining her hand in man^ a 'e 11?"=' '".=''J"'' ^"^ ^''^'^^^ a finer bond of union betvvcc. hftwo n TT'^ '^"'" '^^^''^' "«' ^ and besides her sister iChonHs w.?.?^ 'r'^? '"'^ ^ connection; at Jamestown. Ho hom^d tlu t Powhat^ /f '^ f "-"'""^ ^« «^« he; ^0 much, as to suffer h T to v^ i T . 1 . f ^l^'"? °^"g« himself Powhatan more than once iu n v ^ ''^'" ^^ ^^^"'^ ^^^urn. of this message. But he conS'.l r^'V^'^^^^^P^'^S '^^ delivery gravity, to the effect hat jrivt^^rflif"^ ''^!''''^ '^'^'^ S^ea^ of love and peace, which he certainlv h^ M ^t ''''f '^'"^'^ ««'"t^tion M; that 'he reWivx^d w't h i any ^^ks th^ ^° '°"° '-^^ ^^ pledges thereof; but that -is f;V. r . "^^ presents sent him as ibw dav-s before, to a e't ,",' '' '''"^•^•'■' ^' '^^'^ ^^^^ her, ol" days' journey, fbr tln-ee bu hH ?T' ^'"'"^ ^^ *'^^" d'«^«n«« of thre^ t-k tie libeJ - to " , t^p^le^or?"'' ^^"^"^'^^•) ^al" rocall his daughter, -'if he wulH pel^.'^^f ^ -ightnodoubt years of age-and that in such a c2 bo ?^ n ''''' '^^' °"'y ^^^^'ve the president three times the worth of ^Ln '^ f^'<=o've for her from and hatchets. "' "* "^'^ Roanoke, in beads, copper hiJ^Sc^ltcfCSlUl^Ii'Urd-i/'^^ i^^'r^ his daughter as or all. He could not ivo wi 1 ' Sn"' t" ^'"=!^^^^ '" ^^^r most •mpossible if shewentanui.rt "eolS? t\'f!^''' ^""'^ be •jo account to put himself in The r no vTn: ^' '^u'' '"^"'^^^ "P<>n lore desired Mr. Hamer toVil ^ ' ' ^"^ '''"'^ ^^em. He theVe^ the president in hi "2. o 7'ZZV^'V^'' ^"^'J^^*' ^"t to tell the president's fneiuls in Ibnn I, . ''f^^ no other assurance of Hellad himself, on h tl H V':! ;^^^^^^^ already pledged ;^erxiirsr:.£n^^^^ --nie he Should c-d^;^.^^^^^^^^^ 104 BVKNT8 IN INDIAN HI8T0KT. Wo children at once. 2, Though he gaye no pledge, the president ought not to distrust him or his people. There had been already lives enouwh lust on both sides, and by his fault there should never bo any more. Iisent, are all easily to Im; pcrc.uved in this instance, and are well worthy to he regarded among other evidences ol his temper and genius. His self-command and Ids chivalrous courtesy on every former th sides," ho presented the disappointed captain with seven or eight bushels of corn, and wished him a pleasant journey to Jamestown. He would not •sul er so brave a man as Smith to be evei. beheaded, without iiavin- tirs^t ordered tw., of Ins queens to s(n-ve him with water and a bunch of fc«athers, and then toasted him in what the victim himself cc sidered Jns best barbarous manner. It is very evident tliere was neither fear nor hypocrisy in any of these; cases. xNoneof tin; noble traits we have," mentioned lose any of their charm rom being connected, as tliev are, with the utmost simplicity of bar. barism Ihe reader of these times, therefore, may be allowed to ^inile .It the pertinacity with which this mighty warrior and renowned .nonarch insisted upon Parker's being ransomed in fish-hooks, an Uie solemn gmvity with which he divested himself of his mantl^ and old s^oes for the gratification and reward of Newport. The presents sent to , him by Sir Thomas Dale were two pieces of' copper, five St o white and blue beads, five wooden combs, ten fiih-h^oks, aK ClC., u^l r*'*° "r''""" ^^'"^ I*'''"^''^^ "^'^ grindstone, whenever he should send lor ,t-clearly a much better bar|ain for his daughter, had he wished to dispose of her, than the two bushels of Roanoke ihe wcrowances and queens of conquered nations waited upon him at hjs weals, as humbly as certain kings of the middle ages are said wmm ■a ino ■VINT! IN INDIAN HISTOBT. to have waited upon the Pope; but, unlike his holiness, Powhalan could make his own robes, shoes, bows, arrows, and pots, besides planting his corn for cxorcisi:-jC!ENDANT8. The family of Powhatan was numerous and influential. Two sons and two daughters have already been mentioned. There were also ihree brothers younger than himself, and upon them successively, * 8m»i^'« account of the Natural Inhabitants of Virginia. INDIAN BIOOBAPHT. POWHATAN. 107 IS, Powhalan according to their several age., custom seems to have required that the government should devolve after his own death, the eldert Opitcu.pan,* accordingly 8ucceede indeed if Smith, with all his passionate chivalry, had been insensiide of these repeated kindnesses. Even Powhatan ha'l too good an opiiiiou of him to suppose so, for he had the sagacitv to rely upon his gratitude for political purposes. When some of the emperor's subjects were taken prisoners by Smith, (althougn ])eace was nominal l\ existing,) and forced to confess that Powhatan had f m|)loyed them to work mischief against the colony. the latter "sent messengers, and his dearest daughter Pocahontas," with presents, to make ajiologies ibr the past and promises for the future. Smith, on the otlior liaud, (who understood as well as any one the part of a gentleman,) alter giving iIk; prisoners such correc- tion as he deemed necx^ssary, treated them well I'ov a day or two, and then deli\ered them to Pocahontas, "for whoso sak(! only \\v, fayned to haue sau<'d tlK>ir Hues, and gaue tlii'm liberhe." The emptn'or was paid for this ingtmuity in his own coin, when the colonists, in 1G13, took the princess h(M-self captive, relying on the well-known strength of his attachment to her as the surest means of procuring j)eace. Her subsequent history may be soon told. Rolie had become ardently enamoured of her beauty, and he used the fortunate occasion * He was destined, however, to die at last by the hands of the savages in: IG'23. ^1 ^hontas, who mcealed him, ) who pursued IS, and much igth ho Ibund for England, as massacred ! wuH rescuwl an, who sub- knowlcdg'j of [•n •'■ with the rotor. Smitli incess lor his I he quartered tas, his dcar- h tlie irksome •nt vs by and lid alter come with our own luld line, she ;lighted in he her ch(;el\es, iiataii should (!rscir as she to tenderness i)is passionate esses. Even o, for ho had oses. When s by Smith, » confess that t the colony. Pocahontas," mises for the n well as any sucli correc- r or two, and ily h(! fayned emptn'or was sts, in 1G13, own strength g ])eace. had become natc occasion )f the savages :if h ir»r INDIAN BlOGKAWiy.—pocAHONTAS. Stay in the colony, perhaps I0» informotion of Jier sentiniont« ..,>.! Vi '^"n 'u^mt. Rolfo gamed f'i-s suit with a spirit "of 'he T """ *i".^'f'5'^"»"l ^o Prosecute parties married.' in J,uL of ''''"''' '^ '"^'^ "^^^^ The ;-mc, quite an ^^^^ CZ^y^ZZ::V^J'^" ^^'^? lf«-"")iuhthav,,>thou fe' ed .1 ' ""',-^ "■'" ^" '•"collected! 't- cfli^prin, ..f ,1,0 ir !" ";, 'rr 'n"''' '" ■ W l"'"'''l^'^^' '^^^ --■in^, and IValumtautel!^ ':;:;:: /f 'f' ^""T ''"'^ >"- '^"'"J- •■•"•I captain wr.s at hi ^^n I V f 1""^'"? l«^havioured. -- of lealing that co „ v o Z '"S ""v '''^^^-'' ^^f'°" ^'"^ Lis depar(ur,r for the puruosc oCu^n ^''"fi'""^'' ^''' ^^'«ved i-^-'-onn,rodu<.in.tl^i^:cJ 'X-ur '"'f''" '^"^""^ '" '^'^ i.e draughted with his own I "nd ^ ^ T'il '""" •'''^''' ^^^"^'^ |o have had ru, little in/luence e r I "is w lTu^"7: ''^ ^"^^'^^'^^^ Iwth as a curiosity of stvle •nwl t , i ^^''''.^vorth transcribing, It rea.ls (lius: ' ' ' ' ''" '' ''"^"'"^»t of authentic- history. ^^_;;;io the n.ost high and verU.ous princess, Queen Anne of G.at " iMost admired Queene o^^iZJr:! m U.'li''V e-I ''"^ ;""' ^"""^™' '-^^' - ofl all honest vertues, n u T ;„i^l "Jlf l'^'^-'" ^!'f ^"X Poyson ^ny meanes to be tl,;nknd So h if ''"' ''""^ '^^ ^''«^''d omit "That some ten yccres afrne bnlnrr ;.. A^^. • • , , i.y the power of vLhaU^nf^l^'^Si^ l^"'^ -^ taken prisoner iinM saluagc exceedino- o,'cat eou t^So 1 ° ' ^^'^^^'^'^'^ ^^'om this Nantaguans" the n.ost man lies .o m ies; S!Tf^- ^T '^'^ ««""« no pVBNTS IN INDIAN HISTORY. much cause to respect her; I being the first Christian this proud king and his <^rim attendants euor saw, and thus inthralled in their bar- barous power, I cannot say I felt the least occasion of want that was in the power of those my mortal foes to preuent, notwithstandmg al their threats. » After some sixe weeks fatting among these salvag-e courtiers, al the minute of my execution, she liazarded the; boating out of her own braines to save mine, but nf)t only that, but no prcjvailed with her father that 1 was safely conducted to lames-town, whore I found about eiglil and tliirtie miserable pooiv and sick crcaruirs, to keep possfssi.m^ oFa\ those larire territories of Virginia; such was the weakuosse oi this poore commonwealth, as had the salvages not fed us, we dircctly had starued. " And this relicfi^ niost gracious (]ue(!uc, was commonly brougtif vs by this Lady Pocahontas. x\(jtwithstan(ling al these passages, when inconstant fortune turned our p(;ace to warro, this tend(;r vu-gm would still not spare to dare to visit us, and by hex our jarres have iK'cn oil appeased, and oui- wants still supplyed. Were it the policu? of her father thus to iuiploy lu^r, or the ordmanco ol (lod thus to make her his instrument, or Jicr cxtraordinaru! alli-clion to oiu- nation, 1 know not. But of this I am s!nv>, wlum her father, with the utmost of his policie and power, sou^lit to sm-\u-Ur me, hailing but eighteen^ with me, the dark niuht could not aflVi-iit h n- from coiuiuing tnrough the irksome woods, and with waten-.l ei<-s gave me mliliigence, vvith her best aduice to escape his fuvie, whicli had he<' kiiowri(>, he had surely slaine her. ,.-,,. , , " lames-toune, with her wild traiue, slie as (recly fiTr|uonted as h(>r liifher's habitation, and during th;.' tliuo of two or three y™s, bh(- next, under (Jlod, was still the iristrimKUit to prescMTe this col )nie Irom death, famine, and utter conft-Vion, wlueli if in those; tiuK-s bad one- l)een dissolued, Virginia might liaue line as it was at our In^t arnvall to this dav. . i t • i i " Kiur(^' then, this i)usiness(! liauing he'ue tiiriUHJ and varied l)y ,„any accidents from that I !e!t it al, it is most cerlaiiu-, aiter a long and iroubkisome warn; aller my departure, betuixl her lather an;lish, nr had a childe in marriaiie bv an F-ii-iisbmim. A malter surely, it- my meaning Imh; ti'uly consiiiercd and well viHicfstuad, wortliy a. itrince's understanding. . . "Thus, most m-aeious ladv, 1 have; ivljited to your maiestie what at your best' k>asurc our anpr.Mied histoi-ics will account you at large, and done in the tiuu; of your maiestie's life; and howcuer this might bsent(;d you from a mon; worthy pen, it cannot from a more h-)nest ht;art. As yet I ncuer begged any thing of the state, or any. ' INDIAN BIOGRAPHY POCAHONTAS. nnd it is itiv wanf of I'ililin niu\ her oxccotlinrr dc 111 noancs u,hI antl.onn-, l.cr birth, vertwo, want and si.n ,S do h nake moc thus hold hn.uhly to lK^so,.ch v,.ur nmic ,i 'C ako th « '^»o>vlcd.^. ,./• ho., thnuoh it hoc from ono so nn';o^hv^^to t tt report,, a. an- so|,i, ,,, ,,,,,,,d,, ,,,,,, ^,,, hoin^S^io L c ^r t to attorjd v-o,.r ina„..stie. Th<. most and least 1 can doe is to foil you this, Ikmmusc noil,, so ol) huth tried it as rnvnlf 1 i .u , i-in^oi-so great a spirit, however her ^.u,!:!.'"^""' '^"^ ^^e rather "If shot! should not b(! well rocf-iiied seein.r tl,;« ]-;» i liie hnal interview bc'twcen th«. irall.-mt and ocnorous writer nC tw memorial, and the princess who ^vas the subjcrt of is .n I« .» a,u .seemecl lo l« l,.„ n,,,,.), .li^.mposal !(„■ c„ iJorsiZn .™ ;: ;,i- ih ''i;::r t;i;'> ""-'"i '-" ■" '""Wi-do oSSng ""•■K'lis, not the kvist ol which was a jiist indimiation on account nf a|.t,^and her oun swcotnoss of disposition, soon renewed he.' Jllual In the course of her remarks she called Smith her flafhor That ■ PP tion, as bestou^d by a king's dau,ht..r, was too m ch for U^ h^s, and J,e the l.ko ,o you. You called him father, teirlg in t'Ll I! 112 EVENTS IN INDIAN HISTORY. a stranger, and by the same reason so must I doc you." Smith still (expressed himself unworthy of that distinction, and she went on: — " Were yo>i not afraid to come into my father's countrie, and caused fear in him and all his people but mee, and fear you I should hero call you father? I tell you then I will; and you must call me childc, and then I will bee fcjreuer and cuer your countrywoman." Sh(; assured Smith that sIk; had l)oen made to believe he was dead, and that Powhatan himself had shared in that delusion. To ascertain the liict, however, to a certainty, that crafty barbarian had directed an Indian who attended her to England to mak(! special intiiiiries. This was Tc^mocomo, one of ihe emperor's chief counsellors, and I he bus- band of his daughter Matachanna, perhaps the same who had been dcmnml(\l in marriage by Sir Thomas J)alo in 1014. It is the last and saddest oflico of history to record the death of this mcomparable woman, in about the two-and-twentieth year of her age. This event took place ;U Gravesond, where she was preparing to em- bark (I»r Virginia with her husband and the child m.'ntioned in'Smith's memorial. They were to have gone out with Captain Argall, who sailed early in 1G17, and the treasurer and council of the colony hatt made suitable accommodations for them on board the admiral-ship. But, in the language of Smith, it pleased God to take this young lady to liis mercy. Ilu adds, that she made not more sorrow for her unexpected death, tlian joy to the beholders to hear and see her make ,so religious and godly an end. Stith also records thV she died as she had long livofl, a most sincere and pious Christian. The exprcs- sion of a later historian is, that her death was a happy mixture of Indian fortitude and Christ ian submission, atfecting all those who saw iier by the lively and edifying picture of piety and virtue which marked her latter moments.* The same philosophic writer, in his general observations upon the character of Pocahontas, has justly remarked that, considering all concurrent circnmstanc(^s, it is not surpassed by any in the whole range of history; and that for those (pialities more especially which do honor to our nature — a humane and feeling heart, an ardor and unshaken constancy in her attachments — she stands almost without a riv'il. She gave evidence, indeed, of possessing in a high degree every attribute of mind and heart which should be and has been the orna- mcnt and prid(! of civilised woman in all countries raid times. Her unwearied kimhus^ to the Knglish was entirely disinterested; she knew that it must be so when she encountered danger and weariness and every kind of opposition and didiculty, to bestow it seasonably on the objeels of her noble benevolence. It was delicate, too, in the mode of bestowmont. No fa'or was expected in return for it, and yet no sense oC obligfition was permittcMl to mar the pleasure which it gave. She asked nothing of Smith in recompense for whatever she had done, but the boon of being looked upon as his child. Of her character as a princess, evidence enough has already been furnished. Her * Bark's Virginia, Vol. I. INDIAN BIOGKAPHY POCAHONTAS. 113 S'U'l'S^J I." indopcndonc,, and .ho dau„>lo«, courage will .f. .„»,«„," ."'•;:i*.r,:.;;r : 'r;,^'^™ ^t n'""^ improbubC," s.'iv.s Biirk «tl..if ^.., ; i Z'-'"'''"^'^- " It is not even L .,• , ,. y^ jJuiK "Uiac cons donnir ovorv thmif >,.i. *• herself ;,n< Sni tli ns a mnm Hr-ti^., fi " ' . " rclatuig to Viruniia. As that -^t iiflfum, ,vn ""^'."""1 to leniove him to Sir Walter RaleHrt,rui I 'of k/u' '" '';M"-'^^«^^'ing« '^^inst -nele, Henry rS, oll^'Z^' ut^t art^/vea""'^ °^" ''^ ciiiiiiciira; a.id roi-timo in Virninn .„'„'".","""=' y™'" " man of or i«..d which hod k*/n;,odS ";;,"'"'■; r° t",*!"'"'" •"■« onlv .l„„,,h,.,,, who was .San-ied l T 1- '„ [■:,f,:;"'''„'-°, '^" f R«nd,.r„h, coi'.'Si; S,-„^"'i ";'(?;-; ™-^^,:",!,:"'- «w»f ncjoe, and Mr. James Mnrr-iv Ti,; """^"V^^'^y'. ^'i- -Thomas Eld- and he shows ^^lZ^S\.i^^^!S::^tS^,S ^^'-" ^"-^ ?ith, jn,;erial liunily of Virginia, vvhic^M Z^iW ^ "^T l"' '^ '^'' had bianc.l.ed out into a very nuinc-roMs nrooenv . ^ '' ^T''"' 1747. The r[on. John Randolph ^nZmk^^-^T'' "^Vf^^ ""' a hneal descendant of the prineL in JS deg;': ""'' ""^' will (xtr.rf a pnrt oflhn („urlh canio^",. so "ntiv, of ' P"'^'^' ^"^ hoi.tas snvini. (;.p„i„ Snath Iron, a vide ' | 't l.v Vl'''^'''"^ °'^^^^^ beside hun arul pntti.i;r h,:r aan aroun I [^ hnn i ' ''^ *":»«' '"g hcrseh' by l.r IO.US to spare ^.ai; ,t ,. a'SSltdXiSl^ifti^:^!*'^'' T lionf.r|. many lionorcd brave Sir John _l'or his spirit bold aiui lijof,, The solemn eoiineil iion- deride Jl;at brave Sir Joli,, „|„^t ,|jp_ f or tins alone, they deemed, would serve Jo ai)pease f^-eat Ok- >•, wrath ; Andsaiely to the. rio:.,.rc!rs realm JjequuTd the strange ehief's death. N) great ;i foe and terrible rtieH- triiics bad never known- J [ence 'twas .leerecd, that in his fall threat Powhatan nlotie Was worthy to indict the blow ihis mighty ehief to slay; 10* 4 ! tf 114 EVENTS IN INDIAN HISTORY. And all demanded that the deed lie done without delay. The monarch sitteth on his throne, In hia dignity arrayed ; Mysterious power is in his eye, That malieth man afraid ; The women of his court stand up With, awe behind tlie tlirone, But his daughters in their beauty sit On cither hand alone ; While all around the spacious hall Long rows of warriors stand, With nodding war-plume on each head, And each with wcapou in his hand: And scalps and trophies lino the walls, That fifty wars supplied, And richest robes and shining belts Appear on every side. And ail is placed in fit array To take the captive's eye, When he should come within the hall To be condetnned and die, — For 'twas not meet to take the life Of so great and strange a man, Till he had seen tlie greatness too Of great King Powhatan. Now through tlie festal crowds abroad Heralds aloud make known That soon the great Sir Jolm must die, Before the monarch's tlirone. Hushed is the song and ceased the dance. And darkening tiirongs draw near, In awful silence round the hall. And bend a listening car To catcii the lloating sounds tliat come. Perchance the fatal blow. Perchance the dcuth-song of Sir .lolm, Or his dying slirieic of wo. A private dour to that great hall Is opened slow and wide, And a guard of forty men march in With looks of lofty jiride; For in tlieir midst (hat captive walks With tightly pinion'd ;\rm, Whose very irame had power to shake The boldest witli alarm. The captive's step is firm and free. His bearing grave and liigh, And calm and (piiet dignity Is beaming from his eye. One universal slioiit arose When first Sir .John a|)pcarcd.' And all the gathering throng without In answer loudly chcer'd. And then tlie monarch wav'd his hand, And all was still again; And round tlie hall the prisoner march'd. Led by the uurrior train; And thrice they went the circuit round, That all might see the face INDIAN BIOGRAPHY POCAHONTAS. That bore such pale and spirit marks Of a strange and mighty race. In the centre of the hall is placed A square and massive stone, And beds of twigs and forest leaves . Aie thickly round itstmwn; And there a heavy war-cluh stands, With knots all covered o'er; It bears the marks of many wars Hard, smooth, and stain'd with jrorc FoTHJt^ '"""arch's favorite cFub, " * or times ot peril kept, Twas near him when upon the throne Ami near him when ho slept """"^' No other hands had ever dared ihat ponderous club (o wield And never could a foe escape' When tha club swept the /ield. Now slowly to (his fatal spot They lead Sir John with, 'arc, Ancla\ him prostrate there; And loo,, and listen cagerlv I"!" "",' l"«i-oanorweep; But he lays his head down tranouiUv As a child (hat goes to sleep. ' ^' Ihc monarch, with a stately step DescendethrromthethrouJ, ^' And all give back before the light I lom his fiery eye that shone. He raiseth that huge war-club hi..h, The warriors hold their breath, ° ' And look to see that miahiy arm Hurl down the blow ot death - A sudden shruk bursts through the air A wild and piercino- crv ' And swift as light a form is seen Across the hall to % The startled monarch Slavs his hand I'ornow, beneath his blow ' He sees his lovely Mctoka' liy the cajitive kiieelin..- |,nv. Her gentle arm is round his head, Her (cariul eyes upturn'd, And tliere the pure and hallow'd Ol angel mercy hurii'd. Comi)assion lit its nentle fires in tlie breast of Poivliatan- 115 •! 1:1 ight The warrior to the father'vields, ihe monarch to the man. " felowly his war-chib sinks to earth, And slowlvlrom liis eye Kcccdes the tierce, viadiclive lire i bat biirn'd befen; so hi..]. His nerves relax, he looks around tJpon h-s warrior men, 1 crchance their unsubdued revenge ills soul might tire a"-;iiii— " ir.'l " u'l ^'"^' ""fl ''^'^»^^'^'^ spreads, And all have lelt its power, Ami Hearts are louch'd and passions hush'd i or mercy ruled the hour. ' 110 EVENTS IN INDIAN HISTORY. The moniirch gently raised liis child, And bruslied her tears ;iway; And called I'aitiiinkey to hi^i side, And bade without delay To Iree the captive I'rom his bonds, And show liitn honors dnc, And lead hitn lo the Icslivc hall Their banquet to renew. Tlie (lay is past, and past tlic nif^lit, And now again the inorninif iiijlit, Willi golden |)iniotis all umurl'd, ('om(>s lorlh to wak(; a slue|)ing world; And l)i'a\ e Sir John, with {'outsteps free, And a trusty guard ot' warriors three, 'I'iirough the dee[) woods is on his way To greet his friends at I'aspahcy. CHAPTER VIII. SEaUKfi OF TIIK IIISTORV Ol' ()l'F,('Il.\NC.\\OlJ(iH-Tfli: fJfli; AT MASSACRK Of luJJ-MASrfACItl'; OF ItUI-LAI'TI'llUOFOlMOCHANCAXOlIUU HY TIIK K.VtiLISII -Ills ItHVTII ANIJ Cll VKAO'TKK. Captain Argall broi.i<>;ht out from Enj^land, among othnr things, a variety of presents f )r Opefhfuicanoiigh, who seems now to h;ive !K>en, notwithstanding that I'owhatan was still hving, the chief ohjeet of the colony's appreiiension and regard. He lamented, as the Indians did universally, the nntimely fate of their favorit(> princess; l)ut Ik; also expressed himself satisfied with tlu; care which had heeii taken of her son. Argall sent messengers to him immediately on his arrival af Jamestown; and the chielhiin paid him a visit, .'uid receivcul his pre- sents. Tomocoino, who returned witii Argall, had conceived a dislike for Sir Thomas Dale, and he railed violently against him in particular, as he did against \h(\ I*]nglish in general; but ()pechancaii()iigh either was or atli'cled to 1)(> convinced that his anger and his accusations were eipially groundless. On the d(>atli of i'owhatan, in l(iI8, both himself and his royal brother Opitcliipan renewed the; ancient league of the emperor with the Mnglish; under the protection of which, we are told, every man peaccal)ly I'ollowed his building and planting, without any n-markable accidents or interruption. A trail -.action, which occurred in 101(», (urnishes the best cimiment we can uive upon the character oi'()[)(n"hnni'anougli. It app(\-irs, that President Yeardlv at that time undertook to relieve the necessities of the; coloiiv i)V collecting tribute of the Chickahominies. J5ut, l!)r some reason or other, that warlike peopl(> lel'used lo [lay it; and eviMi sent him an answer to his demand, which lie construed hito an alfront. lie therefore called ui)oii them, soon r.ller, with a company of one hundred soldiers, well armed. Some tlireateiiingand bravado ensued on both sidi's, and a regular battk; was the speedy consequence. The Indians were defeated, and as Yeardly was returning to Jamestown with h lis INDIAN niOGRAPIIY.— OPECHANCANOUOn. U7 a-n;tm.nt vit) iJ. : r v^ J^^ n.m and artfl,Ily offocted nn sicforod th..y dm-vMy proclaiuuxl l.i.n ki . o'l U, , n.^T'""; a.ultliuswas subccto.l to Jiini, with llioir mv,, v ^^'"' '^"'""mny,- and rosolutopeoplo, who had 'suci^ ;::;,;;' TT"'' '^ '"■^^^^' tin; I.o^w;,• ..royory savage ar>d civilised Z ' ' """^ ^""•'*' IJio JMi^lish historians ircnorallv /.<.■,•,.,. ';., . .Suohiiiavhavohoonthonso L "": ^"7''^'' ''•'"" hrst (o last. to hi. n.son an.i::;.:!:i.^r:.; ;.':i;''i si:"" tI" 7'"^^'^^^" oi many oftho colonists was but too woU calc t u t :"'';"'f' '■■ intentions on tlio part of tlio crnvr rn.r ♦ i * "''^''"'^ "'^' I'^'-^t ."i.i.t ix. thoi.. thoi;v :; iS o ;;; ;i!"^'^;r t""^ ^^^^ -i"^^ inucoino niiirht Jiavo its ctioct to .,7 • ,7^ '"'•'^'•""fnt of-lV,- his countrvl^cn. TJio .^^'^ oMn^ '"'""■'i'"^ ":"""- "'" '""^'^ '^' person oi'K.cal.ontas wE^^c^o ? S'l W , '? ''T' '" ^f- was too shrowd a man not to^porcoivc 1 ^ -l ' ' ''"?""''"'^"^'' which was daily showinc- its(.in„ hZ .' '''•■'"'""M' !lispn,|K,rtion the Indians of Vir.ri,^^,„ ,,',;' '^f ''"^^^V' '^' ^'"^''^J' ^^"^ .u.indicati..orfh:t.:::!^^^^^^^^^^ fcctedin the submission of trCMici" ', '''''■'' ''''"'" ''« ^'■■ tl.at ].c himself i„stio.rt, It 0.1 bt'r/i'r- ^I '^ ""^ '■"'''^•^•'^• whereby thev d.^w u]x tll^ "g J"^f '"'^^^' ^'^' ^T^'T '"-^'^na. the colony, which incL^Ti^t^ I il:::Z:Z^"^^ '"" It ao-crravated th(>ir hostilitv to tl.o iV • . \, ficni as much as they cominit.ed sovonl Ih-to r^'"^'' ^^" ^'"^' ^^'^'^ "^ 1618, nii«o^ to send in the head; oC Lo o^nSMh v!n' ''''''''T''' P^'- ■ ^- ■-uestionod.whetbnv\.f^!''^!:'^"^7"^ never done, and tOr.ui; •' lirm.; Still; r. iucstiono.1, whether ho w^^n; 7 '''''^'' ''•'"^'' '»"^l and comrivor ;;? the :i;io f, ^ ^S '^H •"'"T ,^'^ or evi.w s^sit^;r l;;! al;:Sf :r:ff— r^'^^^-^ Jn compete V ouiotino- th,. ^„.,.- ■ :• , '^'-'^^"^'Jj ^^s wo. have seen, docd,v4finJ3to:^ed n^ r;:do/Mrtr^^, ^ ^^'^' ^"' ^ chancanough will not como -^t "!« Vi '""^^' ^'^''^^ ""^^^ ^Pt". promises."" But th s liS ?„!; .'j ''"'? ,\'' ''''^'''' '"« ^«™W arrival of Sir k n2 WT^^^^^^ «way, on the That gentleman imSa^^, ti^l^^'L?) "^T""^ ' '" ^^^l. Opitchipan, who both express^ 1 V, nf f • " '''''''''''"'''^"^"gf' «^ 118 KVKNTS 1\ INDIAN HIHTOUY. I, IS tlir colony. TIk^ ((>nucr also declared liim>«'ir pleased willi thn idon oftlje I'lnulisli iidiahitiii^' tlu; coimtry. lie |)ro|tosed, by way oCamal- irmnaliii'i the two niitiniis, l|i;il some ofllie wliite liimilies should seltle aiiioiiiT his |»eo|)le, while some of his should settle at .lamestowii. A lormer promise was coiitiniied, ol'seiidiiiu; a ;uiiid(! with the I'.nnlish to eertaiu mines represented lo he silmiled aitove the lalls. Nay, so far was the decei)tion carried, that "Mr. Thorpe (the chief messenu;er) thonght he |)erceive(l more motions of relJL'ion in ( )|)echancanonnh than could easily he imaviiied in so ^nvat iifU'trance anil hliiidm;ss, ll<> acknowledi^ed his own reliLiioii not to he the rijrht way, and de- sired to he instructed in the Christian tiiilh. lie conil'ssed that (lod loved the l')n;^lisli heller than them; and hethouiiht the cause of (rod's anger was their custom of conjurin^f lli' ■ children, and makini; them black hoys."' It must have iH'en ahoul this lime that ( )pei'l;imcanoui>;li took the irouhle to send some of his men to a siichem on the easlern siiore, for a ipiaiitilv ol' poison, |)eculi;ir to thai re^'ion, and which he wished t(» use in his opt>rations !ii.>;ainst the I'wiinJish. This may have heen the true object ot'lhe i-mbassv; and it may also have been but a cover for Hoimdin^ the disposition ol" the eastern tribes towards the colony. Accordinglv, it is recorded in the " Observations of Master lolm I'ory, secrelari<' ol" \'iri;iiii;t, in his '{'ravels,"' that Niuuenacus, the sachem of Pawliixeiil, made ail applic,i'ir the i)rivi. lege of tradiiiij; w ith iliem. The re(|uesl was so liir attended to, that * Allusion scetns to lie m;i(ln licrc (o n custom wlii(;li is sanicicntly sia- guhir Id i1c.sci'v»> some tlesciiplion, Sniilli c;ills it a yearly sucrilicc ol" cliihlrcn. A (•ereniony nl' liic Uiiiil wbicli \\ ;ts pia-fornunl nc;u' .laiacstowa may l)i'st heili'scrilird in liis own words. •' I"!!'!!'!'!!!' of \\\c iiropcrcsl yoiuij; iioycs, lielwccDc Icn -.iiid lirteriie ycurs of ;ij:e, lliey p;iyiiled wliilc. 1 laning l)roiiM;lil tlicin t'orlii, (lie people spciil (lie roreiiooiie in daimciii;: and sini^iiii; about lliein willi i-atllcs. In llic arii-riioonc Ibey put tliose clolilren to the roote of a tree. Uy llii>m all lli(> men stood in a i:;iiar(l, each liaiiin;^ a bas- tinado in his liaiid, maile of reeds hoiiiu! toj^etber. 'I'liis made a lane bc- tW(>one thorn all aloui.', liiroii^jli wiiicb there wj-re a|)pi)intcd I'me younij men to t'etcti those childivii. So every one of the fnie went tliroiiij;li the jjuard to lelcli a cliilde, e;;cli after olher by lurues, (lie i,'uar(l liercely heatiii!,' thoui with tlu'ir basliuadoes. and they palienlly endiiriaij; and receiningall, (lofeiidiiiix llie cliildreu willi tlieir naked Ixniii^s from the vniaiircifnl t)i()wos. that ]iay tliem soiimlly, tho' tlie children escape. All tiiis wiiile, the wo- inea weepe and cry out very passioivately. pronidiiiif mats, skiaiu's, mossr and dry wood, as llijnas filling liieir child rea's t"unerals. Ai'ter tiie children wci'o Ihns passed (he j,Miard, the^jnai'd tore downe Iho trees, hraiadies and boughs, with sm-b vioieiice ihat th(\v rent the iiody, and made wreaths for their heads, ov hinleeked their liayre willi the leaiies. What els was doao with the ciiildren was not scene, but tiiey were all cast on a beapo in a valley as dead, where they made a great feast for all tiie company. The werouance iieiiii;- demaiiiied the meaniiifiof tlie sacrilice, answered, that the cliildren were not all dead, but tliat the ()/>■('<• or Diviil did sncke the f bloode from their left breast, wiio chanced to be his by lot, till they wore dead: but tiie rest were kept in the wildernesse by the yonnjr men till nine months wi re expired, during which time tiiey must not ('onvorsc with any, and of tliese wore made their I'riests and Coninrers." i\laster Pory says. in bis Observations, that the Accoinacks were a civil and tractable peo- ple: ''r.or doe tbcy vsc that dcuillisb custoine in making Black 13oyes." INDIAN niOOHArilY.— OJ'ECIIANCANOUGH. Iho Knglish promised to visit In'ni will that their eoiiii "free with tlie liiili on by fh<; aid ..r one 'I'jiunin.s Sav..- limn whom Smith had le() win, IN.wlmfjm/ 'lin six weeks. Now it ins at this period was inostl Vf » proMMse, i.nd it was tJien ascertained that '■""•'"••",uh had employed one of his Ind '11 eusterne shore." Tlic fp i»' i"-"tenee w„.s, - iHraus.. h.^ l.r.Hiuht the tra.ic.'l lifiiis to kill Sava-1 was sejeeto'd IWr tho '""'■''I'l'' 111 \ irrinian history—" IO!l. T upon to e;isin-e the simulti were drav.ii to^etlicr, of massacre, with a clerilv and le \ariotis triliesenoancd Jn (| 'ne l.y one th.-y iMIov.l each ,.t| Known silence, Ireadin Jiistinu' the loni': t'Ta Iiallcd at shoil distances as nearly as jiossihle I'T in prolWimd '" < 'I'll other's steps, and ad- ss and hranch(-s which they displaced. 'J^| iil> e stillness lor the siirnal i'"iii the settlements, and lev Th all i( k. waited in dealil- was to ilVetl l)V their li siinie niormiiL;- (Iir \isiti(i"- th iiiimlien oW■-^ 'le (llllereill lor 'itnation, and at || '<• pnrp<.:e of as.'erlainiiu.: Ilieir sfren-rth and same time preveiitiiio- ;ni\- su avayes, wji,) had chosen the |'i;iii'a!ions, in coiisick'rahio Jirecise '•'I d.-si-n. This, it slioiild he ohservci I'ltiial a practic(> with the lii.lians, t Dici , iiad recendv !((>(•( on of the i>-enc. •savau'es were well ki sliowii no ( li.-. •own to he in 1 >ine too ha- lo |)osiiion lor one supplied Ihem liciieraliv wllh wl >, to ( \ei!e suspicion ,,f itself. 'J['| '".;'"'>n lor a war, and had 'ii;jusli, tliereloie, wliik' they 'I'Ik' J 111' ihat a lecled to pre|)are ihemselves | lalever tliey asked li) -W( .iwcii; stra''< 'I'd or a liiciocl. or {k'leiice I'l I', upon lair terms, .\1 k was rai ■civ to est ol tlui: Ini'r mamier, i pl;m}a!i(iiis were seated in ley were so secure, 'ii''f with in a private ■, as a wa'er-iMMMle a scattered a. id myifjd Ihem; and indeed it was ociuTallv tiiouoht, ll -'(■ i'|' (la 1 1 r from The hour heino- come, the .sava-es, knowinrr (..vrictly in what snnf eve,y hnuhshmau was to !,e Ibund, ro.e upoiT then, ^t" ^i: S If ^i^id 120 BVENT8 IN INDIAN HISTORY. work ol' (Inath was comrnoticed, tiiid they spared nuithor sex nor ogc, mail, WDiuuii iinr child. Soitic ciikTtjd th(! Iidusch under the color of trade. Otlicrs dn;w the owners abroad u|)un various pretences; while tho rest liill su(ld(!iily on such us were occuj)ied in their sevcTal lalntrs. So qui(tl< was the execulli»n, that liiw perceived tlu! weapon or [)[ow whi<'ii des|)al.clie.l them. Ami thus, in one iiour and almost at the stinu^ instant, lell three hiiiidred and iorty-sevini tnc'n, women and children; most of them hy their own arms, and all (as Slitli o!>serves) hy th(^ li.irids of a nakecl and timid |ii;ople, who diu'st not stand the pre.sentin;j; of a stall' in the manii(>r of a lireliK-k, in tlu; hands of a woman. Those wh:> had sulliiienl wariiiiii^ fo mal\(! resisfaiK^e saved their lives. Nathaniel Causie, an old soldier ol' ('aptain Smith's, tiitiUj^h eriitillv w>)iiiuleil, e|c tve 1 (liAvii ono of his assailants with an u\e; upon which 'he wh ile parly wim had siiriMunded him lleil, and he escaped, .'vl hiitiiher plai-e, two men held possessii>n ot'a huuse against sixty liuliaii-*. At Warmsquf-'ake, a Mr. llaldsvin, whose wife was sn Iindly wiMuided that she; lay for dead, hy repeatfully discharging his muslcet d:'itvi' nd" thi! (Uiemy, and saveil Imih her and himsi'll". Ualpli I Ilia a", liv historian, di.'I'nid'.'d himself in his house, successfully, with sjjades, axes and brii/hhals. One small lamily, liviiiji; near i\I:u'tin's I [undred, v.hei'i: as many as sevenry-llu'ee of the I'iU'ilish were slain, not oiiiv escaped the massacre, hul never heard aiiy lliinu; of it until two or thr.H! davs afferv.ard;. .iaiiiestoun and some of the neii^hiior- iwj, places W(n'e saved hy the disclosure of a ('hris'ian Indian named ( 'hanct, who was coiilideatially informed of the desii;u hy his hrtithor, on the nuirninu of the 'I'ld, .Such was the evideii 'c uhirdi ()pechane;moui;h '^nw of his deep- rooted hatred ol' the I'lni^lish. And yet, such was his pndlaind r|is- simulaiioM, Ui.;t so late as tlu^ mi;I(ll(! ol" .M;u'cli, he li-ciited a messenifer s' nt to him from the president with ih;' utmost civility, assuring him lie heid 1h" peac!> so firm, that tht? sky would lUll sooner than it .shotiid ho violated on his part. Mr. Thorpe, an excellent man, who had t!iken a peculiar iiUen;.-.t in Chrislianisinu; thv; Indians, supposed that he had gained the especial favor of ( )pochanc.anough hy huilding him a very neat house after tht^ liU'ilish IJishion; in which he took such (ileasnrc, as to lock and unlock his door a hundn^d times a day. He seem* (I also to he p!cas"(l with the discourse and company of Mr. Thorpe, and expressed a desi n; to recpiite some of his kindm^ss. Never, theless, tho hody of this uniijrtunato man was found anii)ng the slain. Only two days helijro the massacre, the Indians guiik-d a j)arty of tho Cnnlish through t!ie woods, and sent hom<3 one who had lived among them 'iO learn th('ir language. On the very morning of the iiital day, as also the <>vening lieii»re, they came, as at other times, unarmed into th<^ houses of the Knglish, with doer, turkeys, fish, I'ruits and other things to si'H; and in soiik; places sat down fo hrcakfast with the same persons whom they rose up to tomahawk. The particular occasion — as the historians consider it — of the con- spiracy, is too characteristic to be omitted. Tliero was a noted Indian, IKDIAJf BIOGRAPHY.— OPECIIANCAWOUOIT. Igg named Ncmnttanow. who wn« «//«„♦ . /• • able h«mor, tc drc^ hhir im wi hT Ir '""''^ ""^ ''^'"^ "naccount. h, ia,„. S„,i„o„ w Uw Tf 2 J <^'"""'""1'"» l"r >hc „,,o „f ,ho «ur„„.o ' f m::li;l,; :;i; ; ; ':7;;% ;:■■;" ''""''foy. .,„ ,.,, youns ,nc,,, servants „f M„,.„a, , all, ,",' ' i .v T ""'^' '"',' """" / 1 '"o'^ "' IH,.UU, lie K'( nested Jus CantoiN to vtnn I„ 1 • I rnoments ],e most earnestly lisoti-rht of tltim tsv I r '.^"'^ never to make it known Ulat l.(. u"! l i i f,""'' ^'''''''■'' ^'^^^ to bury him amon. tlTo J.S ' t .a e cow^;.? f""*-^ ■' f'"' •^r"'"^' ment of bis mortaHtv n.i< irt S . viiowlcdge and monu. coan.3.,.0,.. tt;;:.;^t:t'™,;;:;^:: , r;;,.:!s ^''"' ■"• '■'- =Ti5S SrPf "?~i- in hi^ ,l,.r.i..r f !• ' " ' '"" **""''^' ^"iiG was unusually loud in Ills declarations of re.sentm.'ut and his threats of rovcnon 7 hemlSrw""'""?'/'^^'"^"^^''^''- About thl;-.S:Ka5: them liberty, by negotiation, to scat themselves any where on the shS (i 1^2 EVKIfTS IN INDIAN HISTORY. of the rivers, within his dominions, where the natives had no villages. The treaty he had ah-eadv made for the discovery of mines, as well as for mutual friendship and defence, was at his request engraven on a brass plate, and fastened to one of the largest oaks growmg upon his territories, that it might be had always in remembrance. For several years after the massacre, a war was waged between the colonists and thr savages, so inveterate and ferocious as to trans- mit a mutual abhorrence and prejudice to the posterity of both, ihe former obtained at this period the name of the Long-Knives, by which they were distinguished to a very lute day, in the hieroglyphic Ian- guagc of the natives. Every precaution and preparation was taken, and made upon both sides, in view of a desperate conflict. Orders were issued by the government, from time to time, directing a general vigilance and caution against the enemy who now engrossed all thought; and especially prohibiting the waste of arms and ammunition. The remnants of the settlements were drawn together into a narrower com- pass. Of eighty plantations, all wore abandoned but six, which lay contiguous at the lower pan of James river; and three or four others, of which the owners or overseers, refusing to obey public orders, intrenched tlicir.jelves, and mounted cannon lor their own separate defence. ,r. • • i u A considerable space of territory between the Virginians and the savaae tribes was wasted with lire, i;)r the sole purpose of laying bare the sTealthy approaches of the enemy, who, under cover of the long grass and underwood, and the gigantic shield of the oak and cypress, had heretofore been a!)lc to advance unpevceived,and rise up in attack almost from under the very ieet of the English. But even a boundary of fire could not always restrain the fury, nor elude the skill of the Indians. Wisely content with short and sudden incursions, tor plun- der and revenge rather than conquest, they Irequently succeeded in carrying off the corn and cattle ol" the colonists, and sometimes their persons^'into cantivity. They were themselves, on the other hand, hunted like beasts of prey. No prisoners were made; no quarter was given. From the time of the massacre, Opechancanough seems no longer to have taken the least trouble to conceal his hostility. He returned a haughty answer to the first demand made upon him for the redemp- tion of the English captives; and trampled under foot the picture of the English monarch, which was sent to him as a compliment. Late in 10-22, when Captain Croshaw was trading on the Potomac, with the only tribe which was now willing to carry on commerce, he had scarcely landed from his vessel, when a messenger arrived from Ope- chancanough to Japazaws, (king of the I'atawoinekes,) bearing two baskets of beads as a royal present, and soliciting the king to murfr>,i. i T • a. the corn which the latter we., indui^l';;; , ti^Kili^^ grow npe, the English fell upon then, in all diictio^s ^a ^ ^ iSur oi an nppomted day, kille.l many, anechancanough hu'nself wis" p" fto fc ^Jor agamst huTi, says the h.stonan, '' was this stratagem chiefly Such language furnishes evidence enouoh of the aonrehension which his movements and reputation had excif,.d ,t ,f ' '"'"^'°" substantial reasons for the espe^w ich 1 till ,n ' ' fT' ''T o^Zi '^ ] u ' '" ''^'"''' ^'"^ '"''^'» ^'»^'y "f the sava-os numfxired succeeded m driving .he enemy from the fu.ld, thev were unab cTo l^nglish, during an inveterate war of three vo-.in hnr] n^f i • ! .nte ov™ ,Vo,„ ,1,. n.i,,|,b„,,,„„,, „(■' , r, '.cHk™ ""il^^t^ m., moro rt,»c„umgi„g, 0,,cdm„cai,o„„l, wn,, „,„ o to feivolt Four years afterwards, the same tribes made an irruption so furious aaid alarming that every twentieih man was despatched under Z ajmrnand ol the governor, to parley with the.n-a ternt H c e o ds in he course „ ""^.^P^^hancanough was still implacable; and When, Ml me course ot lbS2, a peace was at last formally concluded so liftlA dependence was p aced on that circumstance, that LeTwh le the c^^' missioners on both sides were adjusting the preliminaries, a procla.^a: 124 EVENTS IN INDIAN HISTORY. u tiort was issued, forbidding the colonists either to parley or trade with the Indians, "This truce or treaty was understood to be on both gides a tempo- rary expedient; but the chielbin was the first to take advantage of it. During nine years he remained quietly making his i)reparations for the conflict which his sagacity told him must some day or other be renewed. The hour at length arrived. The colony was involved in dissensions. Insuri'cctions liad taken place'. The govei'nor was unpop- ular, and the peo[)le wore unprepared and headless. Opechancanough lost not a moment in concerting measures lor elfecting at a single blow the bloody, but in his bosom noljle design, which had already engrossed the solicitude and labor of so large a part of his liii;. He was iiuw advanced in years, but his orders were conveyed with electric rapidity to the remotest tribes of the great confederacy asso- ciated under his influence. With the five nearest his own location, and most com])lctcly under his control, he resolved to make the prin- dpal onset in person. The more distant stations were assigned to flie leading chiefs of the several nations; and thus the system of a war that raged from the mouth of the Chesapeake to the heads of all the great rivers, which flow into it, was so simple as to render confusion impossible. The whole !"oivc was let loose upon the entire line of the English setllements at nearly the same instant of time. Five hundred |)crsons perished in the massacn;. Many others were carried into captivity. The habitations, corn, household ui(;nsils, instruments of farming, every tiling essential to comfjrt, and almost every thing no- ciwsary to life, was consumed by fire. But lor circumstances in the situation of the settlements, over which Opechancanough had no con- trol, and which he could not guard agauist, the fate of Virginia had been decided by this single blow. As it was, every other labor and thought were susjiended in the terrors of an Indian ^\•ar. The loom was abandoned. The plough was lefl, in its furrow. All who were able to Ix^ar iirins were embodied .OS a militia for the defence of the colony; and a chosen body, com- prising every twenlioth man, marched into the enemy's country under (.Toveriior Berkeley's personal command. The operations of the war, which raged thenccibrtli without any intermissicjn until the death of Opechancanough — and that alone was expected to end it — are detailed by no historian. The early Virginian records which remain in manu- script are altogether silent respecting this period, and the meagre rela- tion of Beverley is the only chronicle which has survived the ravages of time. This circumstance of itself sufliciently indicates the confusion and dismay of the era. Opechancanough, whose last scene now ra|)idly approaches, had bo- come so decrepid by age, as to be unable to walk, though his spirit, rising above the ruins of his body, directed, from the litter upon which his Indians carried him, the onset and the retreat of his warriors. The wreck of his constitution was at length completed by the extreme fatigues encountered in this difficult and laborious service. His flesh because macerated ; his sinews lost their elasticity ; and his eyelids INDIAN BIOOHAPHy.— OPECHAJfCANOUGH. 125 were SO heavy that he could not see, unless they were lifted up by his ?v R^rkp/r'^'^L'- ^" '^' ^°''''''" ^"^^''^" he was closely puTsueS taken. He entered Jamestown for the first time in his life as the nKMt conspicuous figure in the conqueror's triumph. ' To the honor of the English, they treated their distinguished captive whh the tenderness which his infirmities demanded, and The X^^ which his appearance and talents inspired. They saw the object of^hdr terror bending under the load of yeirs, and sCered by the hlrdshrps of war; and they generously resolved to bury the remembrance of thdr injunes m his present melancholy reverse of fortune. His own ^ EnherT TT,'"^ '7^'""'' ='«^>^' ^"^ ^^e principles oflri ness. He believed that tortures were preparing for him: but instead of any consequent reduction in his haughtinessf his lang^a'e and de. meaner bespoke the most absolute defiance and contempt. ° But generally he shrouded himself in reserve; and as if desirous of showing his enemies that there was nothing in their presence even to rouse his curiosity, and much less to excite his apprehensions, he but rarely permitted his eyelids to be lifted up. He continued n this sta?e several days, attended by his affectionate Indian serval, who tad begged permission to wait upon him. But his long life of near an K t r'' was drawing to its close. He was basely shot through the back by one of the soldiers appointed to guard him, from no other provocation than the recollection of his ancient hostilit;. 10 the last moment his courage remained unbroken. The nearer death approached, the more care he seemed to use in concealing his dejection, and preserving the dignity and serenity of his aspect. Only a Cew minutes before he expirc-d, he heard an Unusual bustle in tZ rcH^m where he was confined. Having ordered his attendants to raise his eyelids, he discovered a number of persons crowding round him I' rr F.'t'?'^^,^^ gratifying an unseasonable curiosity. The dvine chief felt the indignity, but disdaining to notice the mtruders, he raised himself as well as he could, and with a voice and air of authority demanded that the governor should be immediately brought in. When the latter made his appearance, the chieftain scornfully told him, that "kad It been his fortune to have taken Sir William Berkeley prisoner he should not have exposed him as a show to his people." buch was the death of Opechancanough. His character is too well explained by Ins life to require any additional comment. His own countrymen were more extensively and more completely under his influ.moo than th<>y harl been under that of Powhatan himself. This js the more remarkable, from the fact that Opitchipan, whose acre and family at least entitled him to some deference, retained the nominal u.l^p'^7*'; some historians; but as he is understood to have bcenyounser 11* M BB^^HBt [ ^■Mr. ^M.M. t. i ''^1 H 1 ui ■ ^ m 1 11 lae BVBMT8 IN INDIAN HI8T0BY. Authority of emperor so long as he lived. Beverley says, that Opechan. canough was not esteemed by the Indians to be in any way related to Powhatan; and that they re[)resentcd liim as the prince of a foreign nation residing at a great distance somewhere in the Southwest. Ho might be an emigrant or au exile from the empire of Mexico, or from some of the tribes between that region and Virginia. The same his- torian describes him as a man of large stature, noble presence and extraordinary parts, ^tith calls hiui u politic and haught; prince. Burk entitles him the Winnibal of Virginia. He was perhaps the most inveterate and troublesome enemy which any of the American colonies have ever met with among his race. The general causes which made him so, independently of his inherent talents and principles, are to be looked for in the situation of the tribes under his command, and especially in the relations existing between them and the colonists. Pic saw that either the white or red man must sooner or later establish an exclusive superiority; and ho very reasonably decided upon doing all in his power to determine the issue in favor of his country and himself. But more particular provocations were not wanting. Even after the peace of 1630, great as the anxiety was for its preservation, " the subtle Indians," says Beverley, " re- sented the encroachments on them by Hervey's grants." A laf- his- torian expresses himself in warmer terms. It was not enoui ,i, he writes, that they had abandoned to their invaders the delightful regions on the sea-shore where their fathers had been placed by the bounty of Heaven — where their davs had rolled on in an enchanting round of innocence and gaiety — here tluy had possessed abundance without labor, and independence without government. The little that remained to them was attempted to bo wrested from them by the insatiable ava- rice and rapacity of their enemies. CHAPTER IX. [The following brief biographical sketch of Captain John Smith is quoted in Burk's Virginia, us from "a late American biographer," probably Belknap.] He was born at Willougliliv, in Lincolnshire, England, in the year one thousand five huudn^d and seventy-nine. From the first dawn of reason he discovered a roving and romantic genius, and delighted in extravagant and daring actions ammig his i.(chooI-fcllows. When about thirtecMi years of age, he sold his books and satchel, and his puerile trinkets, to raise money, with a view to convey himself privately to sea; init th(> death ol' his fatlier put a stoj) for the present to this attempt, and threw him into the hands of guardians, who en- deavored to check the ardor of his genius, by confining him to a compting-house. Being put apprentice to a niprchant at Lynn, at the age of lifteen, he at lli'st conceived ho])es that his master would sent! him to sea in his service; but this hope failing, he quitted his master, CAPTAIN JOHN SMITH. at Opechan. y related to if a foreign hwest. Ho ico, or from ic same his- resence and jht; prince. lemy which g his race, his inherent of the tribes ing between )r red man and he very ae the issue )rovocations 1 the anxiety erley, " re- A lat' his- onoui ,1, he itfui regions le bounty of ig round of mco without lat remained latiablc ava- 127 ihn Smith is )iographer," and, in the 3m the first genius, and lool-fcllows. satchel, and ivey himself ■ the present ns, who en- g him to a jynn, at the would sciiti his master, a science pecuUar-ly agreeable to his ardent and aetiv^enf^^^ ing with a Scots eentlemnn ■^hr.^t.A u "i^uvc genius. Meet- Sc^'otland, with thtZZLfCt t '''? '^''"'""'^^''^ ^" P^^« '"^^ James. But being bSltLovn!. ^^^^^^^ ^« King town, and findin^f mo compLv^iZ'^^^^ '^^ ?l"'"^^ '"^ ^^' "'^^^^^ booth in the wood, anZCk^ielft'i ' T'f ^'f 'T> ^^^ ^^^^^ ^ and tactics, diverting hin'S' t^int^^I w h^^lr K^ ^ retreat to Tattersal ' " ^''^' '""^ ^^"'" ^'^ ^y^^^n first stage was Flanders, where, meeting witi, -. pl, t =1' ^^ tended to be heir to a noble famdv L . . f^"'^" "^^^ P^' prevailed upon Smith toT^wST fern S Snc?' T' 5"?''^"^^' they arrived at St. Valory,"in P cardv a^ ] v H,o ^ ^"''^ "'^^^ sJiipmaster, the Frenchinen we rcarried ast IT h'""'" f'^ the Karl „ri.|„_vc,., svl,,,^;,,.! l««fl ™ l/, "n 'f, „^" r"''!'';'''"'*' Bayonne, and from thence crossed over tn \C, -u ■■ ^^ ^° observing- every tliin-r in his waTw L b I^. ^^"'''f'''' ^'«'^'"g ^^'^ or na^al' architectuii: ^ '^'>' '"''''"'^^ ^"^ "'"i^'-y on Xnv.mi: .1^ , """^ ^^ '-' ^'''^'''' '"t° the iiarbor of 'i'oa- ion, allcnvauis obliged by a contrary wind to anchor under the iiu le 138 KVKNTS IN INDIAK HIBTOBY. I island of St. Mary, off Nice, in Savoy. The bigotry of the pilgrims made them ascribe their ill-fortune to the presence of a heretic on board. They devoutly cursed Smith and his queen, Elizabeth, and in a fit of pious rage threw him into the sea. He swam to the island, and the next day was taken on board a ship of St. Malo, which had also put in there for shelter. The master of the ship, who was well known to his noble friend the Earl of Ployer, entertained him kindly, and carried him to Alexandria in Egypt; from thence he coasted the Levant, and on his return had the high satisfaction of an engage- ment with a Venetian ship, which they took and rifled of her rich cargo. SiTiith was set on shore at Antibes, with a box of one thousand chequins, (about two thousand doll3-«V by the hel;j of which he made the tour of Italy, crossed the Adr . . i travelled into Stiria, to the seat of Ferdinand, Archduke of Av^^ Here he met with an Eng- lish and Irish Jesuit, who introduced .xni to Lord Ebcrspaught, Baron Kisel, and other officers of distinction ; and here he found full scope for his genius,— for the emperor being then at war with the Turks, he entered into his army as a volunteer. He communicated to Eberspaught a method of conversing at a dis- tance by signals made with torches, which, being alternately shown and hidden a certain number of times, designated every letter of the alphabet. . He had soon after an opportunity of making the expenment. Eber- spaught, being besieged by the Turks in the strong town of Olimpack, was cut off from all intelligence and hope of succor from his friends. Smith proposed his method of communication to Baron Kisel, who approved it, and allowed him to put it in practice. He was conveyed by a guard to a hill within view of the town, and sufficiently remote from The Turkish camp. At the display of the signal, Eberspaught knew and answered it, and Smith conveyed to him this intelligence : "Thursday night I will charge on the east; at the alarm, gaily thou." The answer was, " I will." Just before this attack, by Smith's advice, a great number of false fires were made in another quarter, which divided the attention of the enemy, and gave advantage to the a- -lilants, who, being assisted by a sally from the town, killed many of the Turks, drove others into the river, and threw succors into the place, which obliged the enemy next day to raise the siege. This well-conducted exploit produced to our young adventurer the command of a company, consisting of two hundred and fifty horsemen, in the regiment of Count Meldrich, a nobleman of Transylvania. The regiment in\vnich he served being engaged in several hazard- ous enterprises, Smith was foremost in all dangers, and distinguished himself by his intvcnuity and by his valor, and when Meldrich left thu imperial army and passed into die service of his native prince, Smith followed him. At the sirirc of Regal, the Ottomans derided the slow approaches of the Transylvanian army, and sent a challenge, purporting that the CAPTAIN JOHN SMITH. 120 I«ga„ .1,0 o„cou„,o,, „M i,. a .ho,, Stli., 'h^, ^fjo Zv '"■' 'r "'"■'"mpl, .0 hi, general, Ihe Lord Movze,,. "^ i 1,0 dcall, o( 11,0 chief so irritated his fi-iend Crual.po ti,„ !,„ . a parlieular ehalleago to tho c„,u,uer„,., who, nS°' hi n „ 'UiTho sa,, o cere,™„,„, „|ler a smart eombal, loolt oU' his hSid L '" .0 his head in eie .heir third el.aintwo'nld'Sel;:"" ^ ^'''^'^ was conducted to tl.o pavilion o ".J^cr J vhrZTr""''' liin, njvsontcd Mm ^^■^,1\l „ I • 1 ^.^'^y'-h wno, alter embracmo; Turl!!,"-!,,',! T ','" '^'■'"".y,'™"!"" '■"■"»■ was defeated hy a body of «n,ot riLii";:::: ''^le ''a^':f^,!z: "4 ~'^" ''-f • fashion of that day, had cnlem ,to ,i ! • " ' ''e' '■""■''' "'" .0 drive the Turl„'„i,t o,' "vii"!',','.''^ ■^""" "■"'» " -''S'"- -"l hahttcrrelTZt'o ^f^lo^'^ Tl' '"^ T'= "'° *""• '''^ zanda n? Vn ' I " ^^'^ ^^^ P'-^''^''»t to l,is mistress, Tracmbig. m so pleasmg a manner as to gain her affections. The connition asMtw EVENTS IN INDIAN HISTORY. proved so tender, that 40 secure him for herself, and to prcvent his Ixiing ill-used, she sent him to her brother, the bashaw of Nalbraitz, in the country of the Cambrian Tartars on the borders of the sea of Azoph. Her pretence was, that he should ihere learn the manners and language, as well as religion of the Tartars. By the terms in which she wrote to her brother, ho suspected her d&sign, and resolved to disappoint her. Within an hour after Smith's arrival he was stripped, his licad and beard were shaven, an iron collar was put about his neck, he was clothed with a coat of hair-cloth, and driven to labor among the Christian slaves. He had now no hope of redemption, but from the love of his mis- tress, who was at a great distance, and not likely to be informed of his misfortunes. The hopeless condition of his fellow slaves could not aJk'viatc liis despondency. In the depth of his distress an opportunity presented for an escape, which to a person of a loss courageous and adventurous spirit woukl have been an aggravation of misery. He was employed in threshing at a grange in a large field, about a league from the house of his ty- rant, whoin his daily visits treated him with abusive language, accom- panied \vith blows and kicks. This was more than Smith could bear; wherefore watching an o|)portunity, when no other person was present, ho levelled a stroke at him with his threshing instrument, which despatched him. Then hiding his body in the straw, and shutting the door, he filled a bag with grain, mounted the bashaw's horse, and betaking himself to the desert, wandered for two or three days ignorant of the way, and so fortiuiate as not to meet with a single person who might give information of his flight. At length he came to a post erected in a cross road, by the marks oil which he found his way to Muscovy, and in sixteen days he arrived at Exapolis, on the river Don, where was a Russian garrison, tJie commander of which, understanding that he was a Christian, received him courteously, took olf his iron collar, and gave him letters to the other governors in that region. Thus he travelled through part of Russia and Poland, till he got back to his friends in Transylvrmia, receiving presents in his way from many persons of distinction, among whom he particularly mentions a charitable lady, Callamata, being always proud of his connection with that sex, and fond of acknowledging their favors. At Leipsic he met with his colonel, Count Meldrich, and Sigismund, prince of Transyl- vania, who gave him one thousand five hundred ducats to repair his losses. With this money he was enabled to travel through Germany, France, and Spain, and having visited the kingdom of Morocco, he returned by sea to England, having in his passage enjoyed the plea- sure of another naval engagement. At his arrival in his native country, he had a thousand ducats in his purse, which, with the interest he had remaining in England, he devoted to seek adventures and make discoveries in North America. [itching an ed a stroke INDIAN BIOGRAPHY.— THE FIVE NATIONS. 181 Reader, if thou hast perused the preceding sketch of the hfe of Captain Smuh, pause one moment and reflecT that all that is t^ recorded he performed passed thro-.gh, and suffered, before he ca^ to the wild she es of the new world. And that here he entered ur^ a new field of enterprise, and of suffering, and of daring not Tss remarkable than the scenes which had already given such wonderM mtercs to his eventful life. Follow him to the' Wlderness of vSa and witness the tods and struggles he went through to plant the S European settlement in these States. Behold him" he g .aid an sS of the httle colony, in repeated instances and in various^ways nrotec mg It by his single arm from utter dcstrbction. When the cobnv was smking under famine, the energy and activity of Smith always b"S them food; when besot by the subtle and ferocious tribes around them the courage and skill of Smith never failed to proveTsarand s2' aent shie d for their protection. When traitorralng ten sout; to rob and abandon the colony, they were detected by L ,^ etS and punished by his power. It mattered not what nominal rank Ee held in the colony, whether vested with office or fiUin? only the humble post ofa private individual, it was to him that ahveswere turned in times of difficulty and danger, and it was his name alone that struck terror to the hearts of the hostile sava-^es • tholn!!n/Jr" "^'^ '" ""'' "P"" '^°^^' he peribrms a voyage of a thousand miles surveying the shores of the great Chesapeake Pav sis 7the7 "^ "'''? ^"'"^"-^ ^'''^^'^^' ^'^h thousandi'S'tlKM Jd sons of the forest ready to meet him at every turn. When in the ale7 V lU r'"'".' ^hf Opechancanougl Jfive hundred a o^ Se him a„d'^,M '"''', ^'^f'^ ^im with a determination to seize him and put lum to death, who but Captain John Smith would have extricated himself from his perilous situalion? Nothim' daZted he seized the giant chieflain by the hair of his head with one hand held a pistol to his breast with the other, and led him out tmS among his people, and made them throw down their arms ^ in short, for romantic adventure, " hair-breadth escanes '' thr. Th ^eiir hrhiT' ""fir' ""r-^^ ^^in,,ly^2r^ nnln . ' n ^ '^''/y ""^ ^he world may be challenged to produce a parallel to Captam John Smith, the founder of Virginia. CHAPTER X. SUMMARY ACCOUNT OP THE FIVK N \TIO\S OACA CHUJF. GAUAiV':nT.A_^iTTU'i'r>i ' TO THE TIME Of ^Awi^??"'''^^ O^ THE ONAN- -^■^'»^^' °»"^s^i;ifc;i!?s5S£ sii'mE^sI^ c^is, Having concluded our notices of the most eminent Indians of New ^ngland, it now becomes proper, ibllowing merely the prorrress of history, to turn our attention to another section of country, a°nd to a 133 EVENTS IN INDIAN HISTORV. period of time which has not yet furnished us any considerable share of its abundant material. We refer to the Middle States, and particu- larly to n large portion of (he States of Now York, which, with other neighboring territory, was formerly occupied by that famous confede- racy commonly called, by the English, the Five Nations. Owing to circumstances not necessary here to hi detailed, those tribes — and, as an almost necessary consequence, all the distinguished individuals they produced — cam(! forward in their intercourse with the foreign colonies around them, to till the prominent station lx;fore fdled by the Indians of New England, much us th(,> latter had, in their turn, succeeded the reti man of the south. The Five Nations were the Mohawks, the Oneidas, the Cayugas, the Onondagas and the Scnecas. The Virginian Indians gave them the name of Massawomekes; the Dutch called tlictrn Maquas, or Ma- kakuasc; and the French, Iroquois. Their appellation at home was the Mingoes, and sometimes the Aganuschion, or Unitcid People. When the French settled in Canada, in 1003, they found the Iro- quois living where Montreal now stands. They were at war with the Adirondacks — a powerful tribe residing three hundred miles above Trois Rivieres — in consequence of the latter having treacherously murdered some of their young men. I'rcvious to this date, their habits had btien more agricultural than warlike; but they soon per- ceived the necessity of adopting a different system. The Adirondacks drove them from their own country, and they retreated to the borders of the lakes, where they have ever since lived. This misfortune it was — ostensibly at least a misfortune — which gave the earliest im- pulse to the subsequent glorious career of these Romans of the West. Fortunately for them, their sachems were men of a genius and spirit which adversity served only to stimulate and renew. They, fmding their countrymen discouraged by the discomfiture sutTcrcd on the banks of the St. Lawrence, inducted them to turn their arms against a less formidable nation, called the Satauas, then dwelling with themselves near the lakes. That jjoople they subdueu, and expelled from their territory. Encouraged by success, and strengthened by discipline, they next ventured to defend themselves against the inroads of their old conquerors on the north; and at length the Adirondacks were even •driven back, in their turn, as iar as the neighborhood of what is now Quebec. But a new emergency arose. The French made common cause? with the nation just named against their enemies, and brought to the •contest the important aids of civilised science and art. The Five Nations had now to set wisdom and wariness, as well as courage and discipline, against an alliance so powerful. Their captains came for- ward again, and taught them the policy of fighting in small parties, and of making amends for inferior force, by surprisal and stratagem. The result was that the Adirondacks were nearly exterminated, while the Iroquois, proudly exalting themselves on their overthrow, grew rapidly to be the leading tribe of the whole north, and finally of the wbole continent. •«I.c-cially on their rLuu. ' .'^, , ''"'"" ''•■"•^"'•^' ""'' <>'' rHvino' ''alaiHv ol-flic. u^-.r. ' "'''^'^' ^" ''"^^' ^^'•'l "igl» tunu..l tf^, One ortlui niinilicr WHS l'i\l.-nr,.f ;,. 1 ■ i^m.icl .scvcn.llv will, two ' '' ^'"T" '""•^''•'■'■S wInVh tf„.y ™,... wliirh lay ready loado.l, ,.n;,i ,|k ,li!'i?['"'?' ''''I':'""''' ^vith th.> ^^•'"•c torn usMud-r, .nd the W ' ] '"' ''^ "'^' ^'''"l""'-- 'nuny of then, on the l,o,ds ,i ' '■".""•"'•■^•' '•'ftor knoelcin.. as i<«'l their revenue, v h Kl w' t\. ^ n'"''' 'T"'^^'^'' "'" '^'^--^-<^'^^ ^ ^.Inv in the n,o^ ^ruel tom,res """''""'''^ ''""^' ''^ '"'^"-^ tl^.n liii.-; exploit, creditable as it mi..|,f iw. , .1 tli^'ir cnnnt,-VH.>n, served .Jh- o 2 h" "' '^*'^'"'^ '" 'f'" "V'^' of -1-1. still rag..l in U.e h^.^^t" "H ; '" ^r;'"' '•^^^•^"''- '^ ''''-' '■^'- "'^"'o hax.urdons than th'. lornier • '■,,.! ., ' 'i''''' ''""■'•pn'se was :7u,npn.sfK.ct,that not u si He v;rri^ w '1!";'' 'T' ^"' ^"'''•'^'i, 'I" s.'t oiit alone, ihen^fore fl r 7l.. "' '''''" '"^» '-"mpany. rJu. snow was he.innh m n !| Zcf '"T"'' "" ^'" ^''^''''^ "•^-" <"u,tion of puttincr the hinder mn. r\ '^'^'l'*"^' ^'^ f"ok ;.e n«.. 'n.is K-otsteps si;r,nld ] «n Wk 'ol ^'^Tl^'r ''""'"'" ^ ^^^^^ unght l,e supposed he w; s , „ , Co T ''' '"' ^"'y'''"" ''"^n-, it -;s^hSrTn;ir"-;;;;;ti'';ir -r^ fiv. Nation, i. ... '■-'-were iast asleeprrllLXd t^. ^S:' l^.-;;"" f'"^ '^^- "'■ -ilp.^ lo Ins Inrkin"-.,,lae<'. 'J^h,. J ^;';'>'lv, and c-,rn..d the '!-> "'"rderer, Lut in^^•ain. 1 c c- nc^' 7' *^^' ^'^^'f''^" '^""'^-^'^ «"• «Tc.-it..d i,is deed of I.Iood The S '^-!-'■"^^ "' fm.lniohf, ,,,[ "•very house, and IWcaref wm ^'i' ^ /"^'^f, -'i wateh was kopt in -'''''-,y.ken,to.r,^ho:n;:';;-.,^:;Jr^';^^^ 134 EVEXTS 15 INDIAX III9T0RV, and then stole warily from house to house, until ho at last discovcrocJ an Indian ncddinj,' ut his post. This xnnn lu; despatched at a blow, but that blow alarmed the neia(h biin from time to time, and then suddenly darted away from lluuu, hoping- in this manner to d tt> be e.\ten(l(;d beyond all precedent in the history of the Indian tribes. They exterminatwl the Fries or Frit^as, once 'living on the south side of the lake of tlicir own name. They ne;irly destroyed the' powerful Andt-rstez, and tlw^ Chouanons or Showanoiis. They drove buck the Ilurons and Ottft- was amon^ tlu; Sioux of the Upper Mississippi, where they separatcti themselver into bunds, "])roclaiinin<2;, wherever they went, the ten-or of tlu; Irocpiois." The Illinois on the west also were subdued, with iht; Miamies and the Shawanese. The Niperccneans of the St. Lawrence rted to Hudson's Bav, to avoid their fury. " The larders of the Ou- taoTiis," says an historian, •' which were long thickly p(;opled, became almost d(>serte(l." Tlu; Mohawk was a name of terror to the farthest tribt;s of New-Fngland; and though but one of that formidable people should appeal for^i moment on the bills of the Connecticut or Massa- chusetts, tlu! villages below would be in an uproar of confusion and fear. Finally they conquered tlie tribe of Virginia, west of the Alkv crhanics; and warred against the Catawbas, Cherokccs, and most of the nations of the South. . The result of this series of conquests was, that the Five Nations finally became entitled, or at least laid claim, to all the territory not soM to the English, from the mouth of Surel Uivcr, on the south suU; of lakes Erie and Ontario, on both sides of the Ohio, until it falls inti) the Mississippi; and on the north side of these lakes, the whole tra^k between the Outawas river and lake Huron. The historian, Douglas, estimates their territory at about 1200 miles in length, from north H< .soTilh, and from 700 to 800 miles in breadth. The most moderate account of their population we have seen was pub- lished by an Agent of Virginia, who held a conference at Albany with their chiefs, in°1677. The warriors were tlicn numbered as follows: Mohawks, ^^^ Oncidas, ^"^ Onondagas, ^50 Cayugas, ^y^ Senecas, - ^^^^ Total, 2150 INOIAX nionR.vniV.-THK nVK NATIONS. ,95 Onci.las, . . . " . * - - - :J"0 Uiioi.dii.ras. - 1''" • <'ilVll(r,1S, . . * ' " - - :i ,'iil(J,.,l o/iM 'I',, , <- - i" 171., :,' .; ; V .u'r^;.' v:;r''"'^'' """•^•'^"^ •sixth inciulHT of tlK> (Vmi;.,l,.r ' • i r ^^ f'-ns, fc constitute u .a^.1 iurl.o contest l^a .u:T.L.^^u:^t, """"'"^ '^'•'-">- - "-"•'1 inviolate i Zm| " V';;!. " "T'""""''';i '^^^^^^"^^ '^• «n.l u,ael,i,.,.,tious of Z)^^';^ , ' ' ' 'i' I """ "" '■"^•^•'••^'^'"- ^J.e Fi^". ^C o'mi rnT"''; Hvailed themselves oCa peace uith the Governor of Canalc , i""!- , '^' '''"^'^''' ^^^- ^« '<-^ l^''^^^, who were !uk v^ to te '"1,"* t'"^«c injuries to the English Meanwhile he t^ v oomns S" a"^';- "T" ?r"-^'"T 'ji'""" ^^l"- nito friendship Ho or V 2 ' '^"'^"t*-^"'".^' the Five Nation, '•".1 coUecte,! t Cad- • , -o^ 1?:^'' r"" '''" '''^'"'■^ '" '^^ '•^P'lire^l, *mtum of the soiUt thi? uio V "/"""•'^ "'-('nnada. li.t the ^J>o heat of s.nii ,e occ- t no^ ^''^ ''" ''''^/ ''"'•'^'"^"^^ -^'"^ ^^•^•'^'<« i" ai-rnv, and he S u .' ^'''""1' '""^ ^'"l^vrrassment in hi, thin.; unless uISl>>rS; ^'l^f'^ '^'''^'^^^ ^''' ^"^'-''"^ -X -me of the Five Nation^'^Jin;!^ "o it^^^lll^-^^^' ^'^-'^-' ^ ^>ia:c::::;::;r:se;f to^S^^^^^^ A^-y. 00^ i;ro.nised him they would no ^n a the ft; Rm/"' ^"""^^ Jiirce tribes wouh not even l.no. h "• ^"^ """^ remaining presence of the pi ^'^,\ T 7"''^' '' ''''' ^'^^"^' ^^^^P^ i^ invitation fron. the ^^.i c W ' "^""' '''^? ^'"'^ '^'"^'^y ''•"""^'^'f '^^ J-ge.* . Hi>ouM we nS .^ :" r^":;; l'^" '" ^'--'il' ^^ ^-'1- "1 answer to the Eu-dish ^ w ,. . *'"' '-^V^'-^^ty," said they «^v? fertainU^ If we do not wcT so far, and so near t<. wc do not, we shall desen'e no lavor. You say * Oa LaKe Ontario, and called by the French La-Fa.nine. iH JiSi^ 13« KVENTS IN IXDIAN IIISTOKY. we are siihjocts to tin; Kiiiix of JCnglaiid and Ihe l)uk(! of York. W-c siiy W(! fire l)r('tluvii, Jiiul t.'ikt; cure ofoiu'sclvcs."* Till' event jiistilied this iiidc|)enden(:o. The most distini!;iiislied of the confederate ehi(!ilains was (laranpda, the pride of the Onoiidau;!! trilw. lie was now advaneed in years, but had lost nothinii; of his (a|or^!;irs. Takint; thirty warriors with him, he went witli ha Maine, the Freneh l)(>pnty, to nu-et the Canaihan (lovernor at Kaihohaf^t^ At the end of two days aller reaehin;:,' that place, a coinicil was held. The 1'' reach ollicers lormed a semi-circle on one side, whifdi tin-' In- dians com])lete(l on tlio other; Jind the (loveruor then adilressed him- self to (iaran!j,nhi. "Th(> Kinu:, my master," hr hei.';an, " iM'intj iid'ormcd that the Five Nations had oiU'ii inlrinucd the jieaee, has onkavd me to come liilhcr with a j^uard, and to send Olmnesse (\j;\ Maine) to tlu^ ( Jnondairas, to hrinn- tiie chief sachem to my camp. lie then went on to recpntT; (iaranmila — as a c^>ndilion |)rcce(K'nt to the treaty wWwh miiilit l)o granted him — to promise, in the name ol" the h'ive Mat ions, tiiat entiiv rei)aration shonld he i>ivcn the h'reiich for the jiast, and entire security lor the liilm-e. In cas<' of reliisal, they wen; threatened with war. Af;ain, they were chari^-ed with viok'nce conunilted upon the French traders, and upon Jnditai nations under French protection; and with having introduced the J-'ntiiish to trade in th(^ n(>iii;hhorho(id of ll«.> lakes. This also was cause of war. Finally, said the (iovernor, with no very scrupulous regard to truth, upon one point at least, "1 sliall hi! extremely \v that the (.!oV(>rnor''s insolence pro- C(Htled in fact I'rom liis impolence; bravado w.is his last resort. Durinfr the speech, however, he manilesled no emotion of any kind, but kepi his (^ves comjiosedlv tixeil on the end of his own pipe. ]}ut the mo- ment the (lovernitr had ceased, he rose up, walked live or six times about the council-circl(\ and then returned to his |)lace, wlua'c he spoke standing, whil(> l^a Han-e remained in his eibow -chair. '■'■ Youondio!"' ho bcoan — addressinuthe (lovernor by the title always believed, when you left C)uebec, that the sun had burnt up all the lorests which render our country inac- * Coklcu's History of the Five ISivtious. rNDlAN BlOORArilY THE FIVE NATIONS. 187 iy^^ibh to Ih,, Frencl,. or that tl.o lakes had so far overfloM-n the b-inl". U) .^rct out ol Ukmii. Yos, siirclv vou innst have drcaniil so -nul iZ <^.-io,sUy ot seoin. so groat a wonder has b^H.^l" vou , hi' Now yo.i a.., .MuleccvcHl. 1 and the warriors k'^r presc^,^ an ^onu^^ 3s alv V rV" «7-as, Cayngas, Onoadagl^s, Oneida: u M^ ; " ^;s '.'■(,> J ,:t ahve. I thank you, in (iu.ir name, fJ.r hrin-incx hack . t 0,,. oonrmy the cahu.et, win-h your predecessor recdSl S^n ''■iHd> I was i.appy i;,r you that you left under -n'ouiid h-H '". denng hateh.1, so olt<.n dyed in the hlood of the Frene].. ' ' Hour lonond,o!-J do not sleep. ] have my eyes ,m on Tiie :;• •: :!;;; in^^sitiMiZ' iS;:;::;:' T^r^^^'h ^'^'^ ^^ w..,v« «l,r,; I I ^ """•^' ^\"" •^P<''tl^'^ :is It he were dreamniir. J It- Unt / .'f l' <""'"";^"'u says that ho sees tiie eontrary; ^e-mnoHheT^ :.''''' '."' ""I '"-'' '^ -''^-^-^ ''^^^ not weakei.^ aic ain>, ol he Im.^hoJu I se(; Vonondm raviu'- in a eaiun of siek -n, whose l.vos the Cirea, Spirit has saved l.y inilieting Zs::^.;::^ ;-Jlear, Yonondio!~(),„- uonien woidd have tak<>n their rluhs our < uldrenandohlmon had .arnVd their bows and arrows hilo t Ikn Imvo'sllM !;/"" """"'^"" ™"" ^" <^'"- --"-• ^^ - ^loni, and ^ "Hear, Von<.n.lio!_\Ve plundrred none of the French, but those earned guns, pou<|..r and balls to the IViuhtwies ai, 1 Hd • a^ ;-ks because those arms might have cost u,s our lives, llei' n'^ U' c. ^tlc.., lc,.t the druidce.i Indians shoul.l knock them on fk" '•-Hi Our warriors have not beaver ..nough to pav ibr all ih,^ rms 1?,;;"; "'"'"'^^''' "''' """ ^'^'^ "oratVailof thewJ Tn " fKiJi jjreserves my words. •' Wo carried i he l';ngli.sh info our lakes, to trad<> th.'re with tl... !^'avva..isand (iuatoghies, as the AdirondaAs bro ght e I^a^i^ht ;ur castles, to carry on a trade, which tho Fiudish sav is thc'^ ^ >nv, boni tree. We neither dopcnd ou Yonondio nor' Corleai^ ' We ■i.ay gj. w K,v we please, and car.y witJi us whom we please, and buv ■tn, sell what we ploase. If your allies- k vour skives, n^ E^S ;S.;:r;;;y tir '^ '''-''' -^ '''-' ^"^" ^-^ i-'>^- ^^'- ^^ -We knock the Tuightwies and C'hictauhieks on the head, becauso :^,t V 'n ? "'i "•<■- f l--^S-hiu iti} . .1 h<.y have Jumted beaver on our lands. They have acted in\c,— thev kdl.Ml boll, male an.l li-mal.'. They brouoht the Satan.^ '"to their country, to take part with them, after H.ev had c^te^ ' •designs against us. A\-e have done less than either the EnglS; or * The n;iiiic they ga\ c the (.'o\'prr)ors ol" JVcw "iork. 138 EVENT3 IN INDIAN HISTORY. French, that have usurped tlio lands, of so many Indian nations, and chascMl ihcm from fliuir (iwn couutry. Tiiis l)i;ll i)rcsorvn.s my words. " Hear, Voiujudio! — What I say is tiu.; voict; of all tho Five Nations. Hoar what tiiey answer. ^ ()|k u your ears to what thoy speak. 'V\h) Sonecas, Cayunas, ()ni)ud;igas, Oiieidas and Mohawks say, liiat wiicn they hurii'd tht; iiatchet at C'adarnelaii, in liie [treseiice of your jjrcdo- (X\-wor, in the middle of tiie fort, tiiey [ilanled the tree of peace; in tlie same jjlaee, ^to i)e tiiero earefullv j)r(!served; that in the place of a retreat for soldiers, that fort niinht he a nMidezvous l()r mcrelumts; that in place; of arms and ammuifilion of war, heavers and merehaudi/X! shiMild only enter there. '' lh\'ir, Vonondiol — Take care for the fiilinx! that so great a lumi- bor of soldiers as appear there do not choke llu; tree of [leacc; planted in so small a liirl. It v>ill lie a great loss, il", after it had so easily taken root, you should slop its growth, and prevent its covering your (Hrtuitry and ours with its Itrauehes. 1 assure you, in the name of the Five Nations, that our warriors shall dance to the calumet of peace; under its leaves. They sliall remain (|uiet on their mats, and shall never elig up the halclni, till their brother \ ouondio, or tlorlear, shall either joii\tly or separately eiideaMU" to attack the country, whicli the Great Spirit has given to our ancestors. This belt preserves my words, ;uid this other the authority which the I'ive Nations have the orator paus^^d f u' a moment, and then addressed himscdf to I\ionsie\n' La .Maine who stood near him, acting as intta-preler, "Take courage^ ()hgues- pracli.-cd by the (loven'uor, it may cea'taiuly be regarded as rni e'viiie'Ue'e; eu' astoni-^hing sagacitv., spirit, and seli-pe-^se-iou. Ils proud eMurtesy, so dillere'Ut iVeim tiu.' Frejiichmaifs lKii>;ereiis ] arado of idie threat^;, e)nly adds to the yiin;.; of its sarcasm, as the; iniaL^eny give^^ we iglit to th:; ariyameut. An illustrious statesman and schejlar has jiiaced it in the same rank widi llio ccichralcd speee'ii of L(ig;m..* Dul tlie fame of (laranguhi mv.^:, * l)i.'-cour.ic oi" Governor CliiUoa. INDIAN mOGH.VPaV.-T„K KIVK KATIONS. 139 vmukcs no mention of at all events, rest upon this eflo.-t, Cor l.Jsto him .siih,sc(]iient to the council ,.f k' i i -« ^ AiK.ut three years anetiL^, l^aihohage. ^«l.e.l luu.el/ as n.uei/ «s L^SS"; T^r ^7 .'"^^-^'^^^ ^^-tin- diHerent manner. Thi.s was A(lar o H X V '*' '""-'' '" ^ very |i tr.h.. .eueraily /bui„l an.on. t " h '^ o''''?" "' ^'"' ^Jinondadiei^ -..to the Five natioi.s aMcniK:^!^ ^^'^r'' i"'^''--«^^"Hlop,.usccl i''Hl ••oiisecii.ently treatcMl thoio with (iuor P 7 ;"•?' ^^"vernment araansfamrs, fhey had laterally sh?w '-, ,' ' ""';y'"'«l''""ling these wilh fhe Enoii„h__,i,„i espcx-iallv ,n . "^^ ^''«l")siliou to trade ^.1-1 by tJu. Five Natio^ J f '^ ^^ V"'^"' ^^'^-^ ''- l^ttel^ :>< f aiiada. That a/li.ir, as A lu- .1 , '''"i"'" "" '''« ^i'«""iors' i-'Hs to their ancient ally, th. 'v ''rf'T'''^*;''' ""^''^ ^''^'H' ohnox- some not,"' .' explc.it, to n'd .. 1. r ,' ''" , "■'''''""^ ^'^'^^Ived, hy i'"(i c.; this purpos,. 1 , . ' '• .'•"•^'•'- "' I'is nation. ' ^ I^-ioi-a hundLllnn.; h o 1;!^; .Uur ^''^'"'-'-'<-c, at th<. l^assadors in eight or t.a , avt' ■ Ih n^T^'fr" ''''' ^''""^ ^'«'^'- a^^: t"n. iKune, without atton^p:',;,';^'^::;.^. /f'^^I-iml hin, to i^. a 'l''^^'gii. ' « "^ ^^""- ^^''"-'J' ""gilt obstruct so c-ocxl But Adario had another projec^t in view 'n mtion convmced him or thlMhnoeM ;,"',/ rf;"'"'"''^''*'« '"^'•- '"" '"'^v arranoeuienf, n,i„],t |," 1. • ■ V '^'''^- '"'^ "^^'^ nation, in '«iveo theolHeer, but not o re un 'i , . r'"'' "^ '"'"'^' '»« ^««k v^l"H,ilu> lro.p,ois„H,stnecess-rilv ?' , ^^"''^^'"'K 'JuM-oule by '^'^/■on.pauy, la one of Zm^'^'f^ ^'^ ':^>: ^^'''^ '-' ".en,, with I'U'-ntly waited four or hvJ y. U; f l?^'? ^'^"•- "^^« ^-^ had i;«'-;'-'' ?^'=an!,.d by lla-ty yoim;' J H . 'n'"'"" "^'"'^' "'^''- ^^P" "i^"" '-y 'Ik. amluiseade, and all wh " ".';T' ^^'^•••''' .siuldenlv m 'av'"^- been h.lonued oi" ,he ' ■ ,, , ''• 17 ''''^'">' *"''' ''"■'"' ^ I at, J"^ 1'^"' «^-^^ured ,his pass w ,h ' j ! ' ''' ' "'•' ^'"^•^'••"•"- '"" -'am, da "V |lK'n.. _ ^ '' "" ■'"""■^^ ^•'••'■'aui prospec-t oi" intercept- «>n^l'K'(TSlLn- I'lnaf,;^^^ at the (iuvernor's ^'' ''^"•l='7 "'0 whole objoet o ,h< , t"'"'^ "'"' «"^'' '^•-!"'n, as ^'l'l'''''<^'!tly amaze,! an.i euraoe I ,' ' ■^'''■'™ ^^as, in his turn, 7'<-, i;,.. having, as he saiilmJ. .'"",' "■V'-" '''"" "'« ^oy: -''I'Oininable treachery Tlie I ' "',V' '"'"' f" <-oumiit his '--''<' fo them, .(•!;, „1'' ;;j;;;;:r^'^''^="'*^'^"y <- -i).- prisoned y<-"i.onK^agaiu,tl.u;h,r.:t :;;''' 'T '^;'"'^^- f -'^'l '^«^r l.as made n.. counnit so b ek ■ , t ''' ^ ^"? ^ '•'^"^•^' <-ver. «isy alter it,(iii ,|,, Fiv(> \,(v i 'n . """' '"■''^ ' ■^''''11 'iover Ij,. '-q-iies luraished wi/h .^ : i;;!^'! f^ 'ad lidl . ve„,e." ' .^^ -^'i'"'^' ^^ declarations, refurncrl to. 140 EVENTS IN INDIAN UISIORV. their own country, after having assured him that he and his nation might make their peace when they pleased. This niastcr-stroke of policy was seconded by an incident which occurred soon afterwards, and which the same cunning and vigilant spirit profited by to promote his design. In the surprisal of the depu- ties, Adario had lost one man, and had filled his place with a Satana prisoner, who had been before adojif'^-d into the Five Nations. This man he sooii afterwards delivered i. he French at Michilimackinac, probably at their request; and they, for the purpose of keei)ing up the enmity between the Dinondadies and Five Nations, ordered him to be sJiot. Adario called one of the latter people, who had long been a prisoner, to he an eye-witness of his countryman's death. He then Ixide liiin make his escape to his own country, and there to give an account of the ferocious l)arbarity from which he had been unable to save a captive belonging to himself. The Five Nations had already been upon the brink of war, in con- sctjuencc of the representations of the deputies. Their rage was now l)evend all bounds. The Governor, having obtained some informa- tion of the state of things, sent messengers to disavow and expose tk; conduct of Adario; but they would listen to no messages; their souls tliirsted for revenge. The war was undertaken immediately, and never was one more disastrous to Canada. Twelve hundred of the Iroquois invaded the province, while the French were still uncertain whether hostilities would commence. In July, 1088, they landed at La Chine, on the south side ol" the island of Montreal; and, keeping the Governor himself, whh his troops, confined within *he walls of the town, they sacked all the plantations, and indiscriminately mas- sacred men, women and children. More than one thousand of tlv2 French were killed, and many were carried olF captive, who afterwards sliared the same fate. The Indian army lost but three men during the whole expedition. The most distinguished of the Iroquois warriors, about this time, was one whom the English called lilack-Kettle. Coldcn speaks of liim as a " famous hero;" but lew of his exploits have come down to these times. It is only known that he commanded large pai'tics of his countrymen, who were exceedingly troublesome to the French. In 1091, he made an irruption into the country round Montreal, at tlie head of several hundred men. He f)verran Canada, (say the French aiinalist^;,) as a tori'ent does the low lands, when it overflows it.s banks, and there is no withstanding it. The troops at the stations itx-eived orders to stand upon the deli^nsive; and it was not until the enemy were returnhig home victorious, after having desolated all Ca- nadti, that a force of four hundred soldiers -was mustered to pursue them. Black-Kettle is said to have had but half that numlx'r with him at this juncture, but he gave battle, and fought desperately. After loKJig twenty ukmi slain, with some prisoners, ho bn^ke through the French ranks and inarched oil', leaving a considerable number of the f'nernv wounded and killed. d his nation 1 INDIAN- BIOGKAPIIV—TirK FIVK IVATIONS. HI CHAPTER XI. THE riVi: NATro\S CONTrNrm nr^.n,-. Uk'so departments, k t ho i .n , ' ' '\'"'-' '" "•'"""^"••^' "^ «'! a-l uilll other tr be t v^J" '^^ "" ^" ''!'^"^ --•{> other ^•q>^>taiion and pouxn- uttaS to ho in- ^^^ ^^'''^''^ their gave tlieni p.c.fhar indu «s p^;^^^'!: '^^ ^'^'^^r. abroad, success. Amon>g tl)e li.dians of ali the : l;^.t eloquence ^as ^c^Z^^.:!^]'^;:^:;^^::^^ ---'f^ virtu., daily requ red in consuh'.tff.n^ -,( i ' , " ^^^ services were TIk: n,u;K-il.ronm wa Sue ,;: , T'^i ^"'""^'""--^tions abroa.1. house of tlie Greel I O d ^n ''' ^^T''^" ^^^'""^ ^"»'» ^'^^■i^''^t«. ibr discipline anr'SincSClfthe^oC ^^ ^^^'^^T^- one -nos, and to receive the leLons of wis £;; " '° "'"'^"^ ^^" J'^''-'"^ aimhse with mu^h in-ecisio nl"^^^ ^^ cannot be expected of us to fct, undisguised upSd b,r'" ,?'"•"'''' '^ ^'''''"''^^y I'"'"^'^^^ touclies of lumior, natW' oi' e / '' f ""'"^"^' ^^'^'^ ^'^^''''^P'"^^ l>naciple. --acco2.n:nrn:"^;:^tth ''''"•'" ?^' ^"^^■^^"^'' racdiar- sions, on account of tlie central position oc-cupied by that tribe in r(?gard to thr; otlier four.* The English authorities at Albany wen^ formally invited to attend, but tiiey contented themselves with sending tJieir public interpreter to fake note of what passed, together with three Indians instructed in their name to dissuade the Five Nations from «(ntt;rtaining thoughts of peac(>, or even consenting to a cessation of arms. The council opened on the 22(] of the month, eighty sachems l)eing pmscnt. In the first place; .Sack'kanatie, an Onondaga, rising in his place, addressed liimself to one of the English messengers from Albany, lie inlormed him that lour deputies were present from the Canadian governor, viz: three Indians who had lormerly been carriwl l>risoners to Franco, and a sachem of the Praying Indians in the French inten-st wlio lived near Montreal; and that (lovernor Frontt*- uac had notified them of his a|)pointment, and of his having brought over with him from France Tawerahet and twelve other Indians Ibr- merly carried prisoners to that country. Then taking in his hand tJic wampum-beltf sent by the count, and holding it by the middle, he added : "What I have said relates only to one half of the belt. The other luUf is to let us know that he intends to kindle his fires again at Oadaraqui next spring. He ihercibre invites his children, and tk^ Onondaga Captain, Dccanesora, in i)articular, to treat lliere with him about the old chain." Adarahta was chief sachem of the Praying Indians, a community principally made u|) of members of several tribt;s, including the Fiw Nations, who had been induced by the Frencli to settle themselves n\m\ their territory, and were serviceable to them in various capaci- ties. " I advise you," said Adar;dita, holding three belts in his hand, •'to m(>et the Covernor of Canada as he d(;sires. Agree to this if yoa would live." He then gave a belt of wainpum. "Tawerahet,"' ho proceeded, "sends you this other belt to inlbrm you of tlic miseries which he and the rest of his countrymen have sutfered in captivitv, mid to advise you to hearken to Yonondio if you desire to live. This tJiird belt is Irom Thurensera, Ohguesse, and Erie!,:}: who say by it to their brethren, 'We have interceded for you with your order, and * It is impossible to say how much influence this circumstance might have on the ambition of the Ononda j;a orators. It will be obscr^ ' that the tribe enjoyed ratlier more than its equal share of rhetorical dis.aiction. t The practice of confirming stipulations and making proposals by belts, 80 commonly adopted among the Indians, cannot be understood in any way better than by observing the various instances mentioned in the text. I Indian names, meaning Day-dawn, Partridge, and Kose, given to Frenchmen well known to the Five Nations, "^he policy of sending such messages is sutlicicnlly obvious. INDIAN BIOOHAI.„V.-T„E TIVE NATIONS. 143 tiiercl()re advise you to moot liJm n* n i Ix. well for you.'' ' ^""' ^^ Ca.laraqui m the spring.' It will A Mohawk chief, one of those instructed bv tho A l> to represent their wishes at the counHI n. ^ i ^""^^ '"''fe''"^''^^^ they had given him. Ho had tron^ vo 1 '^''^'V'^ ^^^ '"^«««g^ interpreter^ who had the same mn '' '■^- ''"'■^' ^""^ ^^"r''- '^'he ho sZ-oKe and found i!!^:::^:?:;^^^^^^ '^"^^^^^^ ^'- -'-ii^- paS:^;:^^;:.:;^'::??^:^' ^^:;i 'r^^i - ^^ve the counci, . Ix'tween Jiis own tribe an soL wl ) ^^^ '''^ '"""^^'- P'-^'^-'o^is, Canah.-df of seven other tribes and ewi. A^ ^^u'' ^^'^' ''^'^''^J "" the Lis own conlbderacy to rati vtt nil " T' ^T "'^''"^-'^ ^^ m -i^'es p.. J Sene«.. .h/;a.r^;^r^i::,r '^^ '''''-' -^oonC'-deliveringupat n-::^rL^:;^tiSJr-5?^^ I'v this third belt '^"''' ^onondio put into our huiKk. »clious,"-givi„g tt n,u,,h lx..|t "■ '"""''' •='™» '''■°'" l'« ^^m::Z^l7^'7 'Y -tor of hc„vo„, „oi.,,„ „,■ 10 " VVn . ni f • "^ '^ "^ ^^ confirm the promise Ciovernor of New Yo^J^Zd ^^iTr^T I'' ''1^ ^'"^■'^••^^•' ('^^^ made." '^ ^^^ "'^ P'^^« ^^'»ere the wampum is avon to ,|K. Albany mc.,cn<»CM nl HW '^ "'"" '"'" "'•'^ °l»' 144 EVEIVTa IN INDIAN IIISTOKV. ^U the general covenant. This was handed round among the sachems, jind then laid aside to be preserved. At the end of these ceremonies, Sadekanatie rose again. "Brothers," he said, "we must stick to our hrothcn* (iuider, and regard Yonondin as our enemy; he is a cheat." By (Iuider he meant Peter, referring to Peter Schuyler, Mayor of Albany, a gentlcmiin much esteemed by Ihu live tribes, but whose name, liaving no labials in their language;, they were unable to pronounce. After some further proceedings the English interpreter was desired to deliver his message from Albany. He told them that a new gover- nor had arrived in the province, with a largo number of fresh troops; that England was at war with Frnnee, and that the peoplf' of New England were litting out an expedition against Canada, lie advisc been Sadekanatie. The dilil'rent passaged were addressed respectively to the deputies of the parties mferred to. "Brothers! (Jur fire burns at Alltany. We will not send Decane- sm-a to Cadara(]ui. We adhere to our old chain with Corlcar. A\"e will prosecute the war \\ith Yonondio. We will iijUow your advici' in drawing oiF our men from Cadaraqui. Brothers ! We are glad to hear the news yon tell us, but tell us no lies ! " Brother Kinshon ! \Va hear you design to send soldiere to tlie (jostward against the Indians there.* But wo advise you, now no many arc united against the French, to f dl iuniiediately on them. Strike at the root, — when the trunk shall Ixj cut down the branches will faJl of course. " Cork VI r and Kinshon, — Courage! Cotu'age! In the spring te Qncbec! Take that place, — you will h;ive your fix't on the necks ol' the French and all their friends in America." Another consultation terminated in the adoption of the following' answer to be sent to the Canadians. 1. "Yonondio! You have noliiicd your return to us, and that you have brought back thirteen (jf our people who were carried tu France. We arc glad {>[' it. You desire us to meet you at Cadaraiiui next spring, to treat of the old chain. But, Yonondio, how can we tj'ust you who have acted deceitfully so olien? Witness what Mas done at Cadaraqui, the usage our messengers met with at Uttawas. and what was done to the Senecas at the same place." Here a Ix'll was civen, indicatinu' a willinyncss still to treat. 2. "Thurensera, Oghuessc and Ertel ! Have you observed friend- ship with us? If you have not, how came you to advise us to renew friendship with Yonondio?" A belt also was attached to this answer. * Nevr Hampshire and Mnine tribes, at irar with Ui stiymg "wo will not ••locut..n that would have plea aUnnnvZ^^ ^"\ "''^ ^'•^^^'^^^*' '••'II. and his person well nile a d bi^ l^ ' -'''^•" "" ^^'^''^ ;^.•esemb^ance to the busts of C^e J t L"T' "? '^"'f ^" ^"'•^•^^ '-^'""o If case, as in many others tin Lr t f?'' '^ '"^ ''•^g'-^'^^J ^" '-'-luonce are preserVed to the o in '"'^ i'°'^' """^^^'^"•^- "^ his i>ably do him verv imperfect sL S f\ "' ^""'^ I^^^^'-ved pro- f'dicate the sagacity ' o cou • teT; ^l f '^''"]' ^'''''''''•^ ^' ^^^t h.Sh,mjnded sense o'f 'hlr,TlSf ' ^11,'^^'^' 7""^"' '''' ''' u-s ra as an.ong those of Q^dnt 1 im., we^n |o'"" ^^'^ ^'?'^"'^- Jn t^tntS^^dS^r 7-« °^^ -"• — -lat.ou. =^-on^eratesandth;pCS::i::SS-^^^^ iJ'!*'Jli^ 146 EVENTS IN INDIAN IIISTORr. natc sufTcring and injury, until both were heartily weary of the war,— certain artful proposals, artfully set forth by Jesuit messengers, wt-re at length so well received by all the confederates excepting the Mo- hawks, that a council was summoned at Onondaga to act upon them. The Eiiglish were civilly invited to attend, anc. although both they and the Mohawks neglected to do so, no measures were adopted in council except with the understanding that they should not be final without being first submitted to the examination of both these parties. With this view several sachems were sent to Albany, and of these Decanesora was the principal and the speaker. The account which ho gave to Major Schuyle and the Albany magistrates, of the negotia- tion now pending, includu'g its origin, is a fine specimen, as Mr. Colden observes, of his ar, not only in smoothing over an afEiir undertaken against the English interest and advice, but also in intro- ducing and enforcing his own /iews of the sovereign dignity of the Five Nations. " Brother Cayenguirago,"* he began, "wo are come to acquaint you that our children, the Oneidas, having of themselves sent a mes- senger to Canada, he has brought back with him a belt of peace from the governor. " As soon as Tariha (the messenger) arrived at Canada, he was asked wlicrc the six hundred men were that were to attack Canada, as they had been informed by Cariokese, a Mohawk deserter. Ho assured them there was no such design. " He was carried to Quebec, v/here he delivered his belt, with the following proposition: 'Yonondio, if you would have j)cace, go to Albany and ask it there, for the Five Nations will do nothing without Cayenguirago.' The Governor of Canada was angry at this, and said he had nothing to do with the Governor of New York ; he would treat only with the Five Nations; the peace between the Christians must be made on the other side tlie great lake. He added, he was sorry to see the Five Nations so far degenerated as to take a sixth nation into their chain to rule over them. ' If you had desired me to come and treat in any of your castles, I would have done it; but to tell me I must go to Albany, is to desire of me what I can by no means do. You have done very ill to suffer the people of New York t(. govern you so far that you dare do nothing without their consent, i advise you to send two of each nation to me, and let Decanesora bc' one of them. I have orders from the king my master to grant you peace, if you come in your proper persons to ask it.' The Governor of Canada afterwards said, " ' Children of the Five Nations, I have compassion for your little children, therefore come speedily and speak of peace to me, otherwise: I'll stop my ears fur the future: by all means let Decanesora come, for if the Mohawks come alone I will not hear them, — some of alj the * An Indian appellation signifying a swift arrow, given to Governor Fletcher ui consequence of the prompt succor he had once rendered the Five Nations in an emergency occasioned by a French invasion. Schuyler IS addressed as representing the governor. INDIAN niOORAP„V.~THE FIVE XATIONS. 147 JD. Schuyler Five Nations must come. Now Tnrihn ,«♦ i Five Nations that I will wait for th,.' '''"'", 'T^' «"'! toll the the bark can be parted from tho r S 7'7^' ^'"i'^^i,'-^^-^ "^"d- and spring, and I ijave a gon^o.n^ o eominrrf ^''' ^'"''^"^'^ '" "^" given orders to raise soldie " if vou T.n.- '■ '" ''^'^'" ^ '^^^« then what will becon. of vou^ 1 'rulv '"'"' '^''''^^ '""^^' ""'' Nations so debauched and 'ZeivedrvS^.^'"^ ^^ see fho Five .3on,e to New York, and bv (iui ler %^;-^""P'f«^"' ^^ho i, |,t,,|v Five Nations used to con^c 1^ h me Z' J- ^V• '''«'''''«" «'-'l>c. Vork has so deluded von tluit vorho^rk.'M n " V''""'"'' '^'^ ^^«^v cure of what will fMlow ifv^u ho lr^^n T'' ''"' '^''" ' '^"' ^'-^'^o Here the orator loo!^ l^^t^Z^^I^T '"V'""';," ■imputation to wh; ,h he belong d\ld be i V :'•; '^'r''">'' ^'^^y ^^^^ other matters .,i' the smne kind To- " ' "' '""-' ''''"' «^"if' lutions. agreed upon ^thr L^ ^l^'r^lr ^'';;,^'|?--^ -"-. Canada. Thcv were nrnl,il>i,r i- ^"^ <'Ovcrnor()| having been calle 1 Ld ttc L ftrT^ ^"'"1'"^'^''^"' ^''^ ^onneil '»^'"a|cd by himself transaction m a great measure wii^i^rSirL e:m^r^^:^^;r;;;;:i:%-^^^ -r "^- -'- lH.ng over the iire is the reason o>i'' n'n'''' ''^'^ ^'''' '^^^^'^^ "ever be hung up agaiu-'by this second boll^ "''''' ^'^^" ^' '"^>- ^England. AVhan^ :^^ , ^';^ f -^ ^'"^ and Q.ec^i li-om the Great Spirit. You siv fh.^ vn •?.'?' " ''-^^ "'■'^pi''^fioi' with our brethren ira;vel"rS. '"j ufl nm ,^" "1^"^^ '' ''^' niseparuble. Wo can have^no pea'ce ith vo > 1 '''''' '^'''' ''' ""'^ uar with them "—which added 1 Won ^ • ^ '""S" »^ y^" ^^''c at flio third belt. ' ' l^^canesora, ,s to bo confirmed by The noble fidelity to cnn-an-ement^ bm-o cT.f r »i cipi.s was for from l,einc.lte ;;, ' f ^i,/'"' f."'^'> ^-^'^ ^ ^'-^-^red prin- and this Schuyler hh),seTfnd, ''?!'. "'"'/' "'"'^ ■'"^"^^'«»' 'Icputationlert Albany «PPO'-f^""ty of testing before the Fi^Na5i^:;'Sr^S::ftrf'-^"' ^'^^ resolutions of t,. ^'oasult, the^ibre. what ft ' ." dTJ" n-'it\T ""^ '^^■'■-•^. >-• •'rcthren to go to our castle to Z.T r / ^"^ necessary for the ilere he laid down a ai-^e bol f "' ^"' '^"■' '^^' "«^ unwilli„.." of wampum. U^^ si^Id t' -un^f l'°7 ^''''?' '^"'' "^^'^" ^^*h^- -'ti' the French, and proposrS tl tl^ tmt 0^^'!' n "' ^"''^'>' in particular, should viU him aoai a the o.fn?' ""^ ^'^^^^^"^^ora rc.K.indor was, after consultal on fh\tVi.rd ?^ ^'r^.^^Jy d'\vs, the •IS for mvself snid thn nU ' r ^ "^''^"'^ ^''^it him. « But nyseit, said the old sachem, « f cannot dispose of myself with- 148 BVENTS Ii\ INDIAN niRTORV. out their directions. If they order mo, I .shiill willingly return. Wo did not cx{)cct to hear such jwsitivj' prohibition of k(;o])ing any cor- respondence with the French. !f any mischief happen within the Movcnty days, let us not blari»e on(! another. Consider again what is most lor the public good, and let it Ix; s))oken belbro we part." This was confirmed with a Iarf;(( belt of Iburteen deep. Major Schuyler afterwards asked, a secdiid tinii;, whether they would wholly su.- did not end hiM'e. On the 0th day Schuyler called the deputation t(iti(>ther li)r the purpose of making a ncnv and vigorous oflbrf. How much influence his assertions or argument alone n)i. then proceeded to retpiest that an English messenger »night Ik; pcr- liiitted to accompany on(> to be sent by himself to the Praving Indians iii (Jan'acla. The objects were, lirst, to init)rni those Indians of wliiil he had ascertained to bt; the; true charactcu- of the Jesuit who had been anong the Five; Nations; secondly, to notify them of th(; meeting appointed at Albmiy, and (»!' the eonse(|uent inability of the deputies to visit them at the same time, as had been pn)])osed; and thirdly, to agree upon a continued cess;itinn ol'arms until they might bt; ai)l*; to visit them. Decanesora further desired, that if iSchuyler should noi send a messeni;cr, he would at all events jiut these propositions in writing, as a token of his assent to them. A tier all, events took place, owing in n i;)llnwing spec.ch of Sadekauatie. He, with his fellow deputies, visited (Jov(^rn()r Fletcher at Albany, in May, 1694, and in the course of the conlerence which ensu>.,t, delivered his sentiments in the following manly and lijrciblo style:- — '•Bmthor Cayenguirago ! Some of our sachems agreed last winter that we should keep no correspondence with the French. We con- fess we have broken that promise. Wc have recinved a messenger from Canada. Wo have sent our deputies to Canada in rcturn, (Decancsora l)eing one.) The belt is not yet arrived by which w(,' are to acknowledge our fault in the matter. The reason of our doing it is truly this, — we are afraid of the enemy. " \V^hen a messenger came last year from Canada to Onondaga, f INDIAN mOGRAPHV.— TUB FIVE NATIONS. • 149 our brother Cayong.urago .liscluir^jcd our incctu.g in -cneral council at Onondaga to consult oa that n.cssage, and ord*'ercd''u.s to hokl ou general counal here at Albany on that atla.r. The nrivilege o 'm^t iug n. genera councd when vv.. please is a privilege we alwaysT^e enjoyed; no lor.ner g,,vernor of the nan.e ofCorlear e v.' obstructed us pnv.lege. We planted a tree of peace in this place with them Jts roots and branches exten.l as Ihr as Virginia and New EnS and we have reposed with pleasure under its sha.le. Brothc^le us keep to that hrst tree, and let us be unitr-d and unanin ous sLch IS;;:::; t;zTr''''' ''-' '^^ ^' ^" — -« -^ --' •' We acknowledge I say, our sending agents to Canada P.r peace We wore encouraged u. doing this by the knowledge we hav^e ofthe < .uvornor of Cuja.la. Me is an old uuu., and was tn.erly Governor ;>( tlmt place. He was always e.steeiuc.d a wise, peaceable^nmn Tnd here , re we trust our UK-ssuge will have a good ssue. We ?W mt ,. Uanussthat you sent to the Dewagunhas, nor that Ann utwa .^.■ut to the hatanas both of . hen, our enenii.,.s; ami ibr the ™ ::r;:r rii'i^^irirr" '■"«'■' ""■ •" '«• "■»'"--' --^ -■■ ''VVe,(Jnoi,dagas,Mck,,,.wl,.dge ourselves to have been the ehief " b|,lts. [t IS true we an- n...v uiuI.t inuch nuoasinr-ss in havin<' sted so ,uany sache.ns u. the Frou.-I. hands, beino- ahnos halt the I'Mgn. the Ivvnrh had agauisl our country and yoiu's by the irrcat "■'u .ke prepnmdons they wr,re n.aking in Canada " ^ ^ lie concluded with specilying the instructions their deputies had mvcjl an, preseiUed a ],e|t in conlir.nation of all 1 e' ad saTd • -ionel Metcher replied, that he would not discuss any othH^^lbpct t,l he was satisfied what reason there was lor chnn-in lim wS a mg lorbKlden the council, and n.adc peace with the°IndianTrites coidui,d3 ralun-, ..we are conlnk-nt. Cayenguirago will not admit then into M'liiglv giant. When our enc-rnios are iiunihled and be.r peace whv ; '-1^ they not have it.' Le, then, come and live with i it wm '-;;..uthen our ouunlry.:'^ Ho thvn proceede>enroth(n' Caycnguirago ! ^peak from your heart. Are you re- solved to prosecutf." the war vigorously against the French, aiid are your neighbors of Virginia, Marylj'.nd, Pennsylvania, Connecticut, and New England resolved to assist us.' if it be so, notwithstand- ing any treaty hitherto entered into, wc will prosecute the war as hotly as ever. But if our neighbors will not assist, we must make peace, and wv submit it to your consideration, by giving this great l)elt fifteen deep. "Brother Cayenguirago ! I have truly told you the reasons which liave induced us to otier peace to the French ; we shall likewise, from the bottom of our hearts, inform you of the design wc have in this treaty. When the Governor ol' Canada shall havi' accepted the nine belts, of which 1 have just noAV told you, then wc shall have some- ihing more to say by two large belts, which lic-iitill hid in our bosoms. We shall lay down the first one and say, 'we have a brother Cayen- guirago, wiih whose people we have been united in one chain from the beginning. They must be included in this treaty; we cannot see them involved in bloody vvar while we sit in easy peace.' If the Governor of ('anada answin* that he has made a separate peace with us, and that he cannot make any peace with Cayenguirago because the war is from over the great lake, then we shall lay down the second great broad belt, and tell the Governor of Caiuida, 'if you will not include Cayenguirago's people, tho treaty will become thereby void INDIAN DIOORAPnV.— rriE riVE NATIONS. JS, ielfe him!" "''" """ '""^'^^•' »"^ '' '- P-.,is.s, wo uil, absolutely falls above Momroal. Tt^^^tlolSolItT' """ ""■' of tho Jesuits, to Quebec Tl,„„ ^.,7.1, ■ '^°"™*"' ''Y ll>e superior of Canada with gretttLu];' ^n*-; VXl^'^'Xlll^'T r™"" and officers ol distinction nnrl rV ■.„,/ f^^^^^f 7;*' that shrewdly accom- nblo than us.,airby t e\id ff ?' .' Tf himself still ..,ore person- you oceasio,,,,! ,h„ „ ".'j/ST;," '',"■» '""<;• S'ill, though Montreal sjenljeinan > I n, him , . , '""•« »l Ogbuessc (tho Onon,,a,ar ,r 1 j;iL„^:', t siXt l^in.':''-'""^^ H.O.C orCal,„a,rar(hiXr„l'™te >■■?:?!, '"''"'"'' =""' "'■'*' "' :iianner.,. ThcTofbro make V n , ' r" "'"■ ■=""'»"« ""canesora. nobly and fcarkvssly true to every eagageinent as to his own honor, promptly declared that he never would agice to u peace for the con- liHleratos, except on condition of u truce for the English. "All tli.> country," said he, "will look upon me as a traitor; I can treat witii you no longer." And undoubtedly, anxious as he was to effect the object of his embassy, h(! would have returned home disappointed, had not the governor, alter a discussion of three days, finally yic^lded, by agreeing to undertak<^ no enterprise against New York (luring tin- summer! Another difficulty arose upon the governor's insisting on having hostag(!s left with hiin, which the sachem would not consent to. The matter was adjusted by the voluntary proposal of two Indians in his company to remain. After the return of the (kiputation to the country of the Five Na- tions, a conference was held at Albany between a u^w disputation on iheir part, and the Governor of New York. The latter, well knowing liow much the neighboring colonies were interested in the result of tlic French negotiation, invited several of them to send representatives, which the^^accordingly did. Among those present weiv the Governor of New Jersey, and five commissioners from Massachusetts and Cnn- neeticut. On the other hand, Decanesora nnd Sadekanalie both at- n^nded in the name of the Five Nation?'. The former gave an ex;ut account of every thing which passed at Quebec. The latter,— wlm sterns rather to have coveted opportunities of declaring the fVei -: sentiments in the freest manner, which liis follengue ind(^ed never declined, — opened the conference with a long speech upon the liistoi'} of the English and Indian intercourse: how the league had begun and had been enlarged and strengthened ; and finally — what was th( * ColdcD. M-^^r:^0l^^r 'mKKilt^' 'vi-j chief aim of Y their arms intc the common ei the orator was stated it. "O our own are sti sit still and sm fallen on them, " This chair fast as Caycn would all hear soon bo destro; Do but your thunder itseli'c Thus closely of the Five Na their allies, anr themselves as t their cognizant sonal, were biv emissary plied and they talkec with the same ii perluijts, chuck savage simplic honesty was at the event j)rove Decanesora ( suggestion of fr; " Wc know tha power to alter o all the misundei we likewise wis do.'''' This wa; generally, were Nothiiia: dauntci \ ACi'orivT op Tin KN<;LISil, I'0\ Having arrive work, at the cor turn our attentic ticed, but which events, and to L INDIAN BIOGRAPHY. THK FIVE NATIONS. 153 chief aim of his argument— how other colonies, as he said, had thrust their arms mto the chain,' but had given little or no assistance aaainst the common enemy. There was some cause for this complain", and the orator was resolved that he would not te misunderstood when he stated It. "Our brother Cayenguirago's arms," he continued, « and our own are stitT, and tired with holding fast the chain. Our neicrhbors sit still and smoke at their ease. The fat is melted from our flesh, and fallen on them. They grow fat whil.; wo grow lean." " This chain made us the enemy of the French. If all had held as fast as Laycnguirago, it would have been a terror to them. If wo would al heartily join, and take the hatchet in hand, our enemy would soon be destroyed. We should fore'ver after live in peace and ease. Uo but your parts, (probably addressing the commissioners,) and thunder itseli cannot break the chain." Thus closely did the orators, who were in other words the statesmen ot the tive Nations, investigate the conduct alike of their enemies and their allies, and thus freely and fearlessly did thevin all cases express themselves as they felt. Characters of ever v description came under their cognizance. Manoeuvres and machinations, political and per- sonal, were brought to bear upon them on all sides. The French omissary plied them at one turn, and the English pedlar at the next • and they talked and traded with either or both, as the case micrht be, vvith the same indolent, imperturbable gravity. Each party wenfaway, perliaps, chuckling over the ease with which he had imposed upon savage simplicity, and flattering himself that their opinion of his honesty was at least adequate to his opinion of his shrewdness. But the event proved otherwise. Decanesora once said to Major Schuyler, in reply to the latter's suggestion of fraud on the part of a Jesuit messenger of the French,— " We know that the priest favors his own nation. But it is not in his power to alter our atTection to our brethren. We wish you would bury all the misunderstandings you have conceived on his account,— am/ xce likewise wish you gave less credit to the rum-caurikks than you do. Ihis was a palpable hit, truly, and a deserved one. And thus, generally were the barbarian orators, after all, upon the safe side. :^othlllg daunted their spirit ; nothing deceived their satracitv. CHAPTER XII. hN(.LISll, ro\lIAC-HE SAVKS UETItOIT PIIOM AN ARMY OF INDIANS Having arrived regularly, according to the order observed in this work, at the commencement of the eighteenth century, we shall now turn our attention to a section of the continent hitherto mostly unno- ticed, but which at that period tegan to be the theatre of important events, and to be illustrated by at least one character comparable to ! li 1 1; .1 \ WlJtd Tlie meciing of POJVTIAC and his embasav with I v *^ A-Dk .V''^?isfVi*bi»«K?*,- . ,... ■ aSSSSJv* Jli;iilliii'. 'y 'A'^'- w^iii s»a| ^"^rf « % J **4"J ■;/•" m 'wmFlf d Jiia embasay . ^viih IV! »*{»»«• Pvogers a.i»il Jtiis troopH. 154 EVENTS IN INDIAN HISTORY. any in the whole compass of Indian annals. We refer to the vicinity of the Northern Lakes, to the numerous and powerful tribes resident in that region, and particularly tc Pontiac. It has been stated by respectable authority, that this celebrated individual was a member of the tribe of Sacs, or Saukies ; but there appears to us no sufficient reason for disputing the almost universal opinion which makes him an Ottawa. That tribe, when the commerce of the early French colonists of Canada first began to extend itself to the Upper Lakes, was foimd in their vicinity, in connection with two others, the Chipi'ewas and the I'ottawatamies. All three arc supposed to have been originally a scion of the Algonquin stock, — that being the general name of the nation, which, in Chamijlain's time, was set- tled along the north Ijanks of the St. Lawrence, between Quebec 'mkI Lake St. Peters. According to their own traditions, preserved to tliis dn\ , the three tribes, (as they afterwards became,) in their flight or emigration, went together from the East, as far as Lake Huron. A se[)uration atlerwards took place, the result of which was, that the Ottawas, being most inclined to agriculture, remained near what has since been Micliilimackinac, while their companions preferred venturing to still more distant regions of the' North and West. Detroit was founded by the French in July, 1701, and from that time the Ottawas began to give frequent manifestations of a spirit which iinally made them, respectively, an ally or an enemy of the first importance to the ditferent civilised parties with whom they held in- tercourse. Only three years after the French settled in their vicinity, several of their chiefs were induced to visit the English at Albany. TIk; almost inevitable consequence of the interview was, that they returned home with a firm persuasion that the French intended tn sul)du(! them. Tlicy attempted to fire the town, therefore, in one instance; and about the same time, a war-party, on their return from a successful expedition against the Iroquois- — whom they were bold enough to attack in their own country- — paraded in front of the De- troit Ibrtress, and offered battle. After some hard fighting, they were defeated and driven off. But the French have always effected more among the Indians in peace than in war, and thus it was with the Ottawas , for, from the date of the skirmish just mentioned, they were almost uniformly among the best friends and even protectors of the colony. " When the French arrived at these falls," said a Chippewa chief at a council held but a few years since, " they came and kissed us. They called us children, and we found them fathers. Wc ;ved like bretlu'en in the same lodge," &c.* Such was the impression made also upon the Ottawas ; and we accordingly find them, in conjunction with the Chippewas, aiding the French on all occasions, until the latter surrendered the jurisdiction of the Canadas to the English. Several hundred of their warriors dis- tinguished themselves at the disastrous defeat of Braddock. 'i * See a Discourse delivered before the Michigan Historical Society, in 1830, by Mr. Schoolcraft. * INDIAN BieORAPHY.— PONTIAC. jgj mostly Ottawns, who oaliontlv dofendml thi. .^li J f lY ■ '"''"'"s. •he ,b„nid„bie m.ack ?f „ nu^C,S„™t rCt^lS^n"',' a far more .mportant trial, both of his iirincinlos and hT= S .' ^"' >.l to come, in the traiislcr of power from iS vU„ . i H"' "' whieh took place a. the torni°S oHh ' ^Ta ISS"' , .r»,„ which=over ^LLJdt.o £ ^ on ^ S' d;;L^.l^-' from Montre°.l to & oLhrwas 2t wT"'"^'"^"^ ^'^"°"'^ consisting of some of hTs own IZT J '^^ ^'"^"^^y ^^om Pontiac, fii^ctSad^htS™^^^^^ had dared to venture upon it without his permission Z' ^ ^"^ atlLSSra'r-*^^^ "ght. He said he had no design aoains the fnln 7 °' t'^'^"* Enali.h TTo "i<^"a^ lip and commerce between them and tho Sed :^rnrSS ofrerirhero/r. ;™'^%tl""^ string oF wampum This wVifn f ?f * ' ^"^ ^'"^'^ ^™<^' ''^ '^^"al/. -I .n« aot Z^h fault's;:,; t'^r'."" "^ ™°'' "^ '° -^• .i.o« Li''St?'^s,Xd",^ ,ret,^':rt"'d-™' '-^ r-' y louieci, It so, hi6 vvainors should brnig it for him. The reply dUion! athiTsaSetn ''''• '^^ '^^"^ ^ " ''^^^^^" ^^' the same expe- 166 BVINTS IN INDIAN HISTORY. I was discreet ns the offer was generous, — that whatever provisions might be brought in, should be well paid for. Probably they were; but the English were at all events supplied, the next morning, with several bags of parched corn and other necessaries. Pontiac liiinsclf, at the second meeting, offered the pipe of peace, and ho ;ind the English officer smoked it by turns. He declared that har hiin so long as he remained at J3etroit; iuul Rogers acknowledges that he was once fit least "the means of preserving the detachment" from the fury of a b(j(ly of In- dians, who had assembled with sinister purposes at the mouth of the Strait. This incident leads us to remark, that almost all the tribes on the Northern waters who had associated and traded with the French during the term of their jurisdiction, — and but lew of thorn there \\( re who had not, — sincerely lamented the change which had occurred in public affairs. They werc very generally prejudiced against the new-comers, as they were attached to the old residents. Perhaps the latter, indi- vidually, if not otherwise, fomented the spirit of discontent. But, how- ever this might be, there were reasons etiough in the ancient rolatJt)ns maintained betweoii the French and the Indians, independently ol' ar- gument or comment, why such a spirit sliould manifest itself under the circumstances we have m<>ntioned. The fact itself is indisputable. It is proved by facts, subsequent and consequent. It is also proved by many respectable authorities, only one of which will be here referred to, for the sake of illustration. Mr. Henry, the well known author of " Travels and Adventures in Canada and the Indian Territories, between the years 1700 and 1766," speaks of an affair in point, which happened at the littk' island of La Cloche,* in Lake Huron, on his voyage, in tlie spring of 1701, from Montreal to Michilimackinac. Ho found a larue villaue of Indians at this place, who treated him in tlu; kindest manner, until "discovering that he was an Englishman," they told his men that the Michilimacki- nac Indians would certainly kill him, and that they might therefore I oniiac were t ii * So named by the French, from a rock on the island , which, being struck, rings hke a bell. INDIAN nioGHAPnT — r()NTr.v<'. 15- ■\sm;ll MMticipnle tfuir own sJi-im r.r tu -n 110 resistance. 1 1,- ..bsorvcs, .•dlcrw n. tl ?. ''""'"'"^ ^*^ '""'<« was j^oi.,..' .\,ui„,-uti;, Li ;\^f;;/r 1- '''''■"''■''" ^^''^^^''« -iy;..w;NjM.i.,,Uo;;:;i;:;;;'^ i..«;rin>::';!l;;:;i;^j';;::;;-;^^^^ i'o«o.i to have niio.iu..;;i;i;i:;i/ :■.;;- ;-i-|-^y »«>.,.. !'■'>"! "fliis own fribo visit, ?. ' -^^"';^^'^vanu, wi.o, wifh a - tliey an. will, ,ho Jii^hl^t i^r ' ^^l^^'^T"' !^'''^ ""'"' Wcncl,.! .^s suspect Lis identity ;v^i:t;i.t^;;aw Sin' l';: 'S^'' T^' ""^'^« I'onti^c woro known onlv l' ,], ■, ^ '''^ '"S^"^''"'' -'^ "lan as r-""-' -ith a largo nurl^ .r^J^^'^^ "'; ^1'--^ -'-n l.o 'ajiuuagfs. ""^'^''^P^'»'^"ig «s many .liiKjrcnt Ik'iin' (Ic-Sffibes his horo as a i.Tson of romarl-,).!,. "'■""-■'""no- statiiro, an.l with i sin- ,, uirfin. . '''^''■''■'■'"'^'' "^ ""''•'•1 IIk- room when- tho travollor ,?" 1 " ^"""tonanc.-. f h, 'nHsvisit,|ollovv-orlln's it io, I ''^'''^ .nost formal an.l im,iin^'^. h o " ;\; ^1^;'"' '"'i""''' '" ^I^ -""N 'n'-Mowhile, looidn! S^f n ''"^ ""'?' '''j^^^' ^'i"^^'^- 'ri.islK-ad.hnatnan,aCWh-n [f" J "''•'' ir^ English woiv bravo mon u; al i^. oj- ^ ^'^'^^T'' ^'''^' "^'- •-."o thus lJ.ar!ossly amon. ^lu r^cm! nk s ' ' ' ""!'" ''"'>' ^''"■^'' *" ■■"s.Kxl i;,r soino tim;, until U,o [n.li-m .■ • f 'T''" f"^^''^^'' ""^ ••ll"uiM. harnnouc: ' ° '" '"' '"'""'' "'"^l ^onunonced the .^^__,":ngii.hman1-ft i. to you that I speak, and I demand . onr attcn- ■i^his pn.,r.ise wc: have' kl^i ' '" '''"""' ^'^"^'^^"^ '^ ^ ^'^^ c-hildren. vJ^^S'h!:^;;;': :Si:^7'' "if -;-^^> ^^-^ our father, ours. " Mlow tiut his enemies are ^iken advantaged- him f^nd ,osl ^ '^ '"' '^''P' >'o^' ^"^^'^ ^ ^ o "I mm, and pobscssed yourselves of Canada. But rvEjTTs tn iNniA5 msTonr. his nap is nlinost at nn l-ikJ. I Hiiok I lioiir liiin already Hlirriitu-, nod iuquiria^ lor his ciiildrcii, lli*- liulimis;— and, wlicn IumIocs uwakc, what must hccoiiu; of you? 1I<; will destroy you utterly ! ^ " Eiiglisliiniiu ! Althou;^li you havt; conv us in these broad lakes, and upon these niouiitaius. » Enjilishnian ! Our Father, tlie Kinj,' of France, eniploy(>d our Voun F^nglishman hi? hand, his com[)anions followed his example, t!ie pipe went round in due order, and, after being politely entertained, all (piielly departed. If this was not the Ottowa liimself, lie was certainly a kindred spirit; and if the former exercised authority over many such characters, as lie probably did, it is not difficult to accoi.mt for the confidence whifb dictated the desitjn, or for the measure of success which att<'nd(nl th( prosecutionof oneof the mightiest projects ever conceived in the brain uf an American savage. This project was a combination of all the tribes on and about the northern waters, perhaps partially with an ultimate view to the resto- ration of the French government, but directly and distinctly to tin complete extirpation of tlic English. It has been observed by a writer who has done signal justice to the genius of Pontiac, "that we are nowhere told the causes of disaffection which separated him from the Kritisii interest."* There is an allusioR * Discourse of Governor Cass. IXDIAN niOOH.VPIIV. — POXTIAi . 150 iicr(« In til- iiitl.rnmtinn riimislicd l>v Uoirm-s, wh., ii„|rc coiitfiit to vr\>;n in liii, im<\ was )<• \v!iM alilo, in !iis luimtry in siilionlinatioii to tlip Kin'„' of (ircat liriti willing;' to [)ay liitti micli aiinuni acldiowlcd-nicnf ms 1 liirs. and to call him |li:^llllr|,^y* IJiit, without in tli- |,.,,sf (jispam'^'in 111" liolli SI \ 1 1 l"I{ i)'.rcrM, wcarc nirlini'd todisniitc t| iro|inofy of what we sn|)|iosi> to havf> hccn mtliir his own inli'ivnci' than the ("•liicll arafioii. \ disrcLfiird tn (he niceties oj am s hnth siKvikciMiiid lif-a •xprcssinn, on the part of f'M', was no MiiconnnMii thnii^at niffi-vit ifws o fth iuid, onn. party hciny- always .'anvr, .and hoih lirrpioMtlv i'^iioranf. iioii'.'h, had thoy wen tolciahic means orcommimicatin',' to-'Cfhcr in aimdayo at all. " "^ 'l"h(^ context foiilinns th IS opinion. It ipperirs ^ill^•|||a|•, nt first ulaiifo, that I'ontiac should propose eallin.^ tlie British K^iiin- his vnrh. \ii appellation, indeed, as the Ireipiois orators told the ' lOnnlish at All laiiv, "simiilicl iiofliiii. in ilseii, and vet, as relerriim' to the ter ni mils ireiierally to onliiie meant to [■"ather, applied hy Minavnvfina and thi; iiorlliern hid.. his Christian .Majesty, it did si HriVish kiri^ than to the l-'reiicji. N( all(>.:iaiiee was aekiiowlcKliivd to either. .\,s IVI Indians jiad no /<>//// r/'amoiiii- the \\hitr< nu >f what If w;is worlli- iiiit iIk illU.'' ol inavavana .said, "the n" — passing! 'lift courtesy ''ranee.' (II il not prevent them iVom cwnin''- and riiat, however, clainimi^f tlieir own woods and 'ii"!iiilaiiis. it did not eiiiltle- the h'rencli kinu" to command the sor- vices I ns^ead of "employing" the assistance oftl leir vomiif nuMi. (jlK I ""' I'lind them to the liict, that although the hlnglish had red the French, thev liad not matter .still more clear in vrir^n] to what If con- coiKpiered f/iciii.-f It makes the Ponti; to his own statement, tint chiellain "a.ssiir(>d I Avas tli<' understanding of ic, and what ought to liave he-n that of Rooers, that accoruinji lint iim (on the same occa- loa wlii-n tJK! language last reil-nrd to is said to have been uttered,) that he wa.s inclined to livo peaceably with tlie JMiglish while they used him as lie deserved, and to enci try, hilt intimated that if thev treated I )iirage their .settling in his coun- lini with negleet, he should shut up liie way, and excliuk! them from it." In short, concludes the samt! wriler, "his whole eonversation sulileienflv indicated that h iVom coiisidciMng himself a con he treated Avith the n-spect and hr.iior due to a 1 who eame into his countr\ or treated with hiiu.+ On tl e was far i|U(M'ed prince, and that he expected to ng or emjieror by all le whole we iiave seen no evidence, and we know of no rea.soii lor presuming, that he was i-ver anv flirflK'r attached to "the Itntish mteriNt, or rallier anv o ilier wise aflected towards the idea b'coniuiMattatdsed, than is indicated bv the vorv indep(>ndent declara- nnn ma(l!> as above stated. In regard to tl did ](. ome atta(die(l to the .British inttnvst. le (luestion wliv Ik; never -taki '•(•ct repre.seiitati on o fth ng that for the cor- lact, — historv is silent, a;' iinlortnnntcly it m '>' RogenV Account, p. •2-\-2. Loudon cdiliou. t >pecc!i of Minavavana. 1 Eogers' Account, p. 242, Iv I I t 160 EVENTS IN INDIAN HISTORY, is in rc£fard to most of the remarkable occurrences on the frontier!? which accompanied and followed his entcr|)risc. 'Die conjectures of any one man, who has intelligently investigated and reflected upon such history as there is, may be worth as much as those of any other. !t seems to he probable, however, that although hostilities might have been jjrcvented by a system of good management on the part of the English, (in which their predecessors could liave given them a lesson,} they did not arise from any particular acts of aggression, Pontiac reasoned as well as felt. He reasoned as Philip had done l)efore liim, and as Tecum.seh will bo found to have done since. He had begun to apprehend danger from this new government and people: dancer to his own dominions and to the Indian interest at large; dan- ger from their superiority in arms, their ambition, tiieir eagerness in jjosscssing themselves of every military position on the northern waters; and wo may add, also, their want of that ostensible cordiality lowards the Indians personally, to which the latter had been so much accustomed aiid attached in the golden days of the French, and which they arc apt to regard as a necessary indication of good faith as of good will. In the language of the Chippewa orator, the French had lived in the same lodge with them. They had sent them missionaries, and invited them to councils, and made them presents, and talked and traded with them, and manifested an interest in their affairs, — always suspected by the Indians less, and yet always eflccting their own purposes better than any other people. The English, on the other hand, if they committed no aggressions, — (the expedition of Rogers was perhaps considered one, but that Pontiae ibrgave,) — yet maniiestcd but a slight disposition for national courtesy or for individual intercourse, or for a beneficial commerce of any de- scription. In other words, they "neglected," to use Pontiac's phrase, all those circumstances which niadc the neighborliood of the French agreeable, and which might have made their own at least tolerable. The conduct of the latter never gave rise to suspicion. Theirs never gave rest to it. Thus, w(5 suppose, the case might present itself to the mind of the Ottawa chieftain. And while nuch was the apparent disposition, or indifference to any disposition in particular, of the English towards the Indians, and sucii the consequent liability, if not the reasonable }n-ospect on the part of the latter if the former should occupy Canada, Pontiac was not likely to forget that they had conquered the French. He saw, loo, that they were rapidly and lirnily establishing their new dominion by movements which, at all events, did not purport to pro- mote the interest of the Indians. And he knew, no doubt, — certainly lie soon ascertained, — thnt whereas thcj French of Canada and the .'olonies of New England, by their action upon each other, had loft rhe third party in a gi-od measure disengaged, — the new comers were themselves from C>l(.i England, if not New, — speaking the same lan- guage (and that a strange one to the natives), subject to the same government, and ready at all times to be very conveniently supplied md supported, to an indefiuifc extent, by those powerful southcni INDIAN BIoaRAPHY.— POXTIAC. igj more speculation. Af Itt^^s w^ ^h < • T "'"^^ '^^' *'^« ^^^^i^^^^ "^ Hk'N- had also do„. inJMsticc to hi ; e l' t^T ' ^""'"''''^ '''"^ ^^at 'i-oatod lH,n with m-glict/' A„T ' If ^^"V ?'''^1 «'''^<'^i" "they i.ad '>! "••iisidcrntioru '"caas, wili bo our next subjects CHAPTER MIL VO\TI.\r-.s I'LAV or r\MP\rrv nrw ,. .1 courage and energv of'thc ^Jh^s or "' n '"-' ^'"'"^' ^^^ "'^"" '»^ ^Yuitomporaaeous attack upon ail the F , i !'" '''^■'' '' •'"''^'^" '^'i'' .^/a^nK>e, ami the Saudusl-yln n f ^i '''''''"r '^'-"-"'f' 'f'^^ ■">-''s at thes,^ place, uere s! i] ' J ' "' -^^"-^^ ""^o /I.rti/ica- -ilitary cstahlishments. « H ' !, ? j]; 7' ^^'--'-'l 'lq>ots than '"'1'!^; a.ul the p..sitio,H ;V C c I ' • "''"» ^''^"y ^^-'"'-o strong. '"un.calion to the world of ui-h a I te ^T """"'"^'^ "** ^«'"- -ost. It was n.auifest to I\.n a 1^£ '" '" '"""" '^^"•^'' ^"'^ .n'aphv of this vast tract of rnZl , ', '''' ""'^^ ^^^"*' ^^o. geo- :h,.s.uosts~savin.„ot^n:. f L'it'.P'''^'"'' "'" ^'^'^ 'Instruction of "'•■'t 'vcrv Englisfi hanne w IH, , '""''' '^'^ «"»ultancou,s, /o 'nil-s should iK;pm; ^^'S^^^ of thousands of i- "-able to exchange Jl^"-1ZJZn ' ^^'' F'"'''''' ^^-""i'' ^'t one Indian de.aelun(>nt n{ d I'r • ' ?r f "''\''" ''■^"^'' ^''^' '^-^'''''-e :>'-t-nly son,e n.ight cm' ' > d M^ i ""r^^ '""^''^'■- t^-J' l.'if t mi :t ill i 162 EVE^TS IN INDIAN HISTORY, well tliat friends and allies to his cause were as necessary to obtain success. Some preliminary principles must b(; set lijrth, to show what his cause was; and however plausible it might ap])ear in theory, exer- tions must also be made to give assurance ot'its leasibility in practice. A belligerant combination of some kind must be formed in the outset, and the more extensive the bett(M\ Pontiac commenced operations with his own tribe, the Ottawa? I)eing, Yor several reasons, peculiarly under his control, at the same time" that their influence over other tribes was hardly inferior to his own influence over themselves. Sonjc of these tribes had fought with them against the English not many years before, and the connection between them was so apparent in the lime of jVhijor Rogers, that he considered thrm as "Ibnncd iul(j a sort of empire." lie expressly states, also, that the emjieror, as he suppcjsed I'ontiac then to be, was '•elected from the eldest tribe, which is the Ottawas, some of whom inhabit near our Ibrt at IJetroit, but are mostly further westward, towards the Mississippi. ' He niight well add, that Pontiac "had the !ar"-est empire and greatest authorhy of any Indian chief ihat has appeared on the continent since our ac(puiiiitance with it." The truth probably was, that the tribes here described as conlederates were most of them' related to each other by descent, mow or less remotely. Some were intimately associated. All would be rather disposed to act to- gether in any great project, as they had already done, (and as most of them have since, during the American Revolution and during thif last war with Oreat Britain.) Still, such was and is the natu't; of Indian governmei'', that it was necessary for Pontiac to obtain the separate concurrem and contiiicnce ol'each. To gain over the Otia- wasMirst was not to ^.Lrengtheu his authority, indeed, but it was adding much to his inlluence. The Ottawas, then, were called together, and tb.e plan was disclosed, explained and enfAed, with all tlie eloquence and cunning which Pontiac could briufplo his task. lie appealed to the (ears, the hopes, the ambition, thecupidity of his hearcn's — their regard for theeomnma interest ol" the race, their hatred of the I'higlish, and their gratitiid; and love for the P' rendu We arc told by a modern historian, ihiit some of the Ottawas had been disgraced by blows.* Such a suggestion, whether well founded or not, might probably be made, and would ot' course have its effect. So would the display of a b(;lt, which the chieftain exhibited, and which h<' professed to have received from flic Kino- of P'rance, urging him to drive the Rritish from th(j country, aiul to open the paths fin- the return of the I'reneh. These topics having been skilfully managed, and the Ottawas warmly enrraged in the cause, a grand council of the neighboring tribes wai; convened at the river Aux Ecorces. Here Pontiac again exerted his- talents with difitingifished eflect. With a profound knowledge of tlic Indian character, and especially aware of the great power of supersti- tion ^lpon tlieir minds, he related, among oth(H- things, a dream, in which * Discourse of Goycruor Cass. INDIAN BIOGRAI'Iiy.— .poNTIAC. 163 ho Great fep.n (the- orator said) had sccrctlv disclosed to a lMa^varr Indian tl.3 conduct he expected his red children to pursue, m^ uistruc .oas had been graciously given, suitable to the e.xistin. c s ' m then- lor tunes, and remarkably coincident, it will be observal wkh the pruic.ples and projects of the ehieilain himself. They s ''re to the use ..1 ull Ln.hsh manufactures, and to resu.ne their bows an arrows, and the skms of the animals for clothino-. it is needo. eulog.se the sagacity which dictate.l both these pmposals: "and X ^ he orator concluded, "Why, said the Great Spiri indi^niantly to Uk> Delaware,-do you sutTer these dogs h» red dothing tl, 2, C. country, and ta e the land I have given you ? Drivc?hen> irom U^ Urne thenil-Wheu you are in distress I wiil help vo,,!"* It is not chllicult to imagine the eliect which this artlbl appeal to prc^ud.ce and passion might have on the inOanunable temperament of h "uiltitude ol creduous and <.xcited savages. Tlu, name of^'onia^ Mb e to la 1. A plan of campaign was concerted on the spot, and 1 elt« am the 1 ott^uvatamies were among the niost active. The tw E^S these liad seiit six hundred warriors in one body to the de ( c of lort I )u (iuesne. The Ottawas of D'Arb.v Cro.die -lone „ , < two huudn.d and fi^y lighting men. The ^liaililirwe;.: c::^..™^f '^ jen. he ^;cs, the Ottaganiies (or Foxes,) the Menominiej; the Wv.m' dots, the Mississages, tin- .Sluuvanees ; and, what was still nvn-o dZ pu.-pose a brge nu^nher ol- the Pennsylvania and Ohio Dcawaiv^ «.ul the !Six Aations of New York. The alliance of tii.Mw h [ nan^ed part,es-in itself the result of a master-piece of n^ Hc^lw-^ uoo^ssarv to complete that vast system of attack \vhielu.nM,e.^S ■ill ^ 13n.sh positions from Niagara to Grer., Bay and th, P,^" m^' ll>e p'lan was -at length thoroughly matured. The wot-:.- o f e' •" pt^ion commenced on ..r about the same day,Jrom north to sou I "la^I J ^n e..t to west. Nine of the British ibi.^ were captured. Some of d. garnsous w^wo completely surprised, and massacred on 11^,^! a le Hi-hvidual., m other cases, escaped. The olllcc r who com „a j n^ I ro.qu isle delended himself two days, during which time the savag-s are said to have fired his block-house abon? fitly times but o sol lers extinguished the /lames as ofh... It was the^ mderm ,S^ an a , ra a was lai.l lor an explosion, w!ien a capitulation w , "^ j nn agreed upon, ua,k«r which a part of the garrison was carri< I ca, l^^v to .he no, hu-esl. The ofiieer was allerwards given up at Detn A great number ol English traders Mere taken, on heir u^ y Vom all quarters ol the country, to the dilferent forts ; and their .iods" »^cll as those ol the residents at such places, and the .tores "u 'the 11 * Discourse of Governor Cass. t Ibid. Mki 164 EVENTS IN INDIAN HISTORV. , I I depots themselves, of course became prize to the conquerors. Pitts- burg, witli tlio smaller forts, Ligonicr, Bedford, and others in that n(;i!j;hborbood, wore closely beset, but successfully defended, until the nrrival of largo reinforcements. The savages made amends for thesf; lailurcs by a series of the most horriI)le devastations in detail, particu- larly in New York, iV-nnsylvania, and even in iN'ortliorn V'irginia, which have ever been committed upon !he continent. In case of most, if not all of the nine surprisals iirst mentioned, quite as much was etfected by stratagem as by force, juid that appa- rently by a preconcerted system which indicates the liir-s(H;ing su[)er- intendcnce of I'ontiac himself. Generally, the commanders were secured in the iirst instance, by parties admitted within the forts under the j)retence of businciss or friendship. Vt iMaumeo, or the Mianiies. (as the station among that tribe was commonly fL-signated,) the olllcer was h(!travcd i)y a s(|uaw, who by piteous ('ntreaties persuaded him to gn out with lK;r some two hundred yards, to the succor, as she said, of a wound(H.l man who was dying; the Indians waylaid and shot him. A more subtle policy was adopted at iNIichilimackinac, and surer means were taken to etJect it. That fort, standing on the south side of the strait, between Lakes Huron and Michigan, was one of the most important positions on the frontier, it was the j)lace of deposit, and the point of departure, between the upper and lower countries; the traders always assembling there, on their voyages to and from Mon- treal. Connected with it, was nn area of two acres, enclosed with c;(!dar-wood pickets, and r tending on one side so near to the water's odi{o, that a western wind always ilrovt; the waves against the foot ol' the stockade. There were about thirty houses within the limits, inha- bited bv about the same number of fiunilies. The only ordnance on the bastions wcu'o t\V(j small brass pieces. The garrison numbered IxJtween ninety and one hundred. The ca|)tur(^ of this indispensable station was entrusted to the (yjiip- jxiwas, assisted by the Sacs, and thos(> two triiies in coneert adopted the following plan. The king's birlii-day having arriv(>d, a game of ba'i'uatiwav was proposed by the Indians. This is played with a bat and ball; the former being about four iijet long, curved, and tenninatinL; in a sort of racket. Two posts are placed in the ground, at the distance of hall' a mile or a mile from each other. J'iach party has its post, and the game consists in throwing up to the adversary's post the ball which at the beginn.ing is olaced in the middle of the course. The policy of this expedient i'or surprising the garrison will clearly appear, when it is understood, that ihc; game is necessarily atlendcd with much violence and noise; that, in tlic ardor of contest the ball, if it cannot be thrown to the goal d(>sired, is struck in any direction by which it can be divc-rted from that desired by the adversary; that, at STich a moment, nothing could be less likely to excite premature alarm among the spectators of the amusement, than that the ball should be. tossed ov(!r the pickets of the fort; or that having fallen there, it should hi instantly followed by all engaged in the gaujo, — struggling ami sshouting, in the unrestrained pursuit of a rude athletic exercise. I I 1 i *' Such was of success, tl garrison and purpose of wi wager. Not consequently, llie English i of this liorrid be wholly oni The maf(di i liuwever, did til his Montrei ile|)arture. I] \vlien h(! sudd( •oil fusion. Ci within the fort they ibund; ar his particular i lie had, m swan-shot. 'I expecting to he he saw several between the kn scalped them ^\ swing any resi of course, that hundred Indiar several of the scene of blood- he conceived a He immedia .separation bctv neigh Lior, Mons precipitately, an tefiro them. I he W(juld ])ut hi should be over- general massaci spoke, and then and intimating t 'li'c . re/if enus? Menr\ \vms i \voman,* a slave guided jiini to i ■elling him that himself. Ho j,,^ * Said to bclonn gerienilly called 1 INDIAN mOGRAVUY.—VoyTIAC. 165 garrison a^d.setUc^^^'lilllriX^Sliiy S S ,r;?*,^.;:;:;f Z'^' ^ cu.^oquontly, po^ s^ «? ll f w"7 ■''''' '''^"^'^ "'' '^"^'h sides, am! uf this^iorrid transaeS, ni ho 1 bv S n-? "^'''"^ ^'" ""1^'^"' be wholly omitted ^^""'^*ica by llemy, arc too interesting to confusion. Goin.. instantiv h is i ?'^ ''' "^'"'^^^ ^'""'^••«' his [.articular acquaintances struggles of some of »fc»urso (hat no cfta „r i, ' i„'l m «'";""»> •■""' *"''••''■. "4l.",-, Afonilu". t„ll;t " fc :JS'''I "f "'"lof l.i» "OX, iilipfiiiii- spslllisili "Hide Ini r, n . 1 ^'"p':^^^; ^^cckoned to him to ibllow her. She lie jojiully ohoy.- „,r directions; and she, having followed -no doubt the same now p 166 EVENTS IN INDIAN HISTORY. ■7, '-. I hiiM up fo flio n;un*(>t-ilooi', locked it after yiiiii, ;in(l with ifvoiit prosonre oj' uiiiiil liioic away tin; key. Scrircely yet hil'^ed in this slieiter, such as ir was, Henry felt an eajier anxiety Id kiiMW what was passing without. His desire was nion- than satisfied hy his finding; an apertiu'e in the loosc! hoard walls of the house, whieh ali;)rdfd liiiu a full view of the jM'ea of the fort. Here h;; beheld witli Imnor, in shajies Xho foulest and most terrible, the ll roeioiis triumphs olt^ie savaires. The dead wore scalped and mangled; tlie dyinii; wei'fMvrithin'.!; and shriekiu'i under the luisatiated knife and the reeldng tomahawk; and from the hndies f)f some, ripped open, their butchers were drinkinp; the hlon:' scooped up in the hollow of joined hands, and quailed amid shouts of rnfio and vietorv. In a few minutes, whi dark color ol" his clothes, and the want oi' light in a room which had no window, he still remained unseen. The Indians took several turns a!>out the room — entert.aining M. Langlade all the while with a minute iiccoiuit of the proec-edings ol'the day — and at last returned down stairs. Such is the travrdler's account of the fall of ^lichilimackinac. The fate of Detroit remains to be told, a more important position than even Michilimaekinac. An inimonse quaaitily ol' valuable goods, — one ac- couht says, to the amounr of five hundred thousand pounds, — was kiKiwn to be there stered. \\'liat was of more moment, its caplure would releast; th(> Fn'ucdi inhabitants of the strait from their temp. -rary allegiance to the English, and would consequently unite the hitherto INDIAN BIOGHAPHY. — I'ONTIAC. 167 The town is supposed at this pcn-ioci to ],avc boon cnrloso.l by -i «n.Io rowof p.ckct.s fi^rmino- „,,,rly Ibur sidos of .. «o! thm hoing block-hoiiscs at the corners and over lh<' "nfo. n ' intervened between the houses and the ^A^t, wS r; ^^^ X^ of arms and encn-cled the village. The fort iHcations did rot Vi^enl to tl,,. river, b,.t a gate opened in the direction of the st can .nd no lar rem it where at the date in question, two armed ve "V (brt ' naely lor the inlial.tants, happened to lie at anchor. The o dnana" inlr^air^'i::^ ::^,r;;^-=t- ^^^ tm-ee^ponnd^: °:3z^ ln;;u..ed and thirty inSlmg^oE^^^^^ in tiK lui-tiade. 1 he inadequate proportion of this fbrce even Fo'Th size of the place, may be inlcrred ft-om the Ihct th-.t tb. , , accordingly were provided with rifie.s, sawed o,r so short a^ to he concealed under their blankets. At a criven si-m-i, M ? u |hc r^esentation of a wa.npum-be.t in ^ :;;iS;;rm^ 'b^Ci^: (0 the commandant, durnf the con femnr-o ti>,. % ,v ^omiai. to n.ssacro all /he officei^/lln.f^tl :^;-^^,;;"^^ much larger body ofwarriors, wlio should he wairin.^ ithout br he a^mpletion ol the slaughter and the destruction of the fort ' fortunately, Major Gladwyn obtained a knowled.re of the scheme before nn opportunity occum-d lor its execution. ()ne of he IWh residents ,n the vicinitv, returning home on the mo nil >c'fl i -t mentK^ed, is said to have n.e? Pontiac anlf ^is ^^^"^ , t dV Bridge rius place, which still retains its nan-e i between nnno'l two miles from the village. The last wairio •- rt M '' prhcular friend of the white mai t ^^^ hi Ida hel ';,i^'"" ^ hcantly exhibited the shortened rifle heneaS Whc^K ; ^l^^' was communicated to Major C^ladwyn, cannot be determined tionTue rrP?> '"' "r'"""' '' «"l^«tantially confirmed br tradi- t ic scc.ct. fene had been employed by the commandant to make him •pair of moccasins out of edk-skin ; and having, completed t^em s b^ ' rcHight them into the fort, on the evening of the day Xi IV iitc nmde his appearnncc, and his application for a council The ,^n was pleased with them, directod her to convert the eSL of he^''b mto articles of the same description, and Iiavinrm^d^a .ctro^^^^^^ i.ayment, dismissed her. She went to the outer Tkor! bu there X U in 168 EVENTS IN INDIAN HISTORY. M r if ■ y stoppal, and for sonic time loitered about as if her errand was still nnperf'onned. A servant asked her what «he wanted, hut she made no answer. The major him.sell'c.bserved iier, and ordered her to Ik; called in, when, nllcr some hesitation, she rc[)lied to his intiuirics, that us he had always treated her kindly, she did not like to take away the elk- skin, which he valued so hij^hly ; — she could never bring it back. The ull but one immechat if m^.^^^^^^^^^ -'- nienced.* ^ '"issacicu. Ihus was the war com- version, whlC, a, ,„e a,r„i: t^^tTSiaTl^^-rT '" 'ifr ' . IHend in Now Yovk" ^ . J ^TlTo' ° T"' "'^'"■""' '^ llic most respectable naoers „f tl,.,, *^ J, 1^6- . It may ix sccii i„ ,acsti„,mblylmho He ' As to ma^l? ' ?"' "^ 'f '"'•■"' '" ^ ""• so^e of the yoa„g warriors «'l r. h^v f! ^ U^^'rat'll,',''^ appearance of the garrison haviiK- si.rnris(>d h7m H i '^ ? ^^'"• he did not suppose^tiuy wore wilTinTto b^e Zl ^ ''''"'' '!'''' must have done in thai case; if tlu^v^vere I- Inf t 1 1 "•'"' f ''' ^ opportunity, whether the ga^isonl^lin. ^^ Ir^ ?;^;;^" f H were satished with this DroDositi.wi u;.. „ «Ji not. All liold a conference with the major -infl tn vi-;.. ,, ^ "" suspicion „o would bring all l.irild' .iJS^ von J' mc:T t^ 'o^i;- f ,"' the hand in a friendly manner." " ' " """ '*>' This certainly looks much like a "enuine Indian irtifir,. Ti dfh \ n '"^ a'^'^o/o ni^^^aiiip- J- 'iG next mornum, CMondav Mi<. * Discourse of Governor Cass. t The immediate predecessor of Gladwyn in the command of the post. it 170 BVENT8 IN IND' VN 'II8TOHY English woman to whom Major (iladwyn had piven a small plantation, nUmt a milt! from the fort,) and imirdorctl and sculped hor and her two sons; from thence th<'V went to Ho- Island, alKuit a leiiguo up tlie river from the fort, aiil'lhere niiirdcriHl .hiines l-'isher and his wii( aLsi> four wliUcrs whnwvn-. with tlicui,and carried ofFhis children and servant-maid prisoners; the same evenings heiiij,' the 9th, ii. . an ac- connt, hv a Frenchman, of the defi>at of Sir UolK-rt Davrs and ('apt. Ilolxirtson." Th. s(Mpir'l of tlu; war, and of the history ot Pontine, will form the siihject of our next eliapt('r. (!|1APTKU XIV. Mivrr OP DITUOIT MAINT.MNI'J) UV l'()N'l'IA("-AI)VANTAf;KS OAINKD BY Till* 1NI)I\N \iniV \KIUVAI,()KSII(r()ll TO Till'- KN(;I,1SII- IIATTM', 01' IUO() .Y milMJ IH)NT A • AT l-KNtiTIl KAISI'.S TIIK SIWiK-TlIK INDIANS MAKh' l-KAt'll-IllS AU'H^^^ AS rillKin'AIN-lllH TAI.KNTB AS AN OKA- TOR-IIIS TRADITIONARY FAME. We have now to furnish the details I" one of the most singulur transactions which has ever distinj^uished the multifarious warfare ol the red men with the whites— the protracted siejre of a fortified civilised .rarrison by an army of sava^r,>s. We shall still avail ourselves ot The diary ciontained in the letters already cited, and of other informa- tion from the same source. , , . ,. "The lOlh, in the morllill^ (Tuesday), they attacked the lort very resolutelv. 'I'here continued a very hot fm; on both sides until the evenin fort hv ai)proiiching the summit oi the low ridge which overlooked the pickets, and there at intervals they con- tinued their fire. ,. , , , r Little damage was done in this way, nor did the Indians at any time undcrtake°a close assault. The coinmaiidant, however, ignorant of their style of wariiire, api)rehendod that movement, and lie believed that in this case— their numbers being now, according to some esti- mates, six or seven hundred, and according to others about twice as inanv— the situation of the garrison would be hopeless. Besides, he had but three weeks' provision in the fort, "at a j)ound of bread and two ounces of pork a man per day." Under these circumstances he immediately commenced prei)arations for an embarkation on boan, the two vessels which still lay in the stream, with the mtention ol retreating to Niagara. , ,, ^ , • , . i. He was dissuaded from this course by the French residents, who positively assured him that the enemy would never think of taking the fort by svorm. A truce or treaty was then suggested. Some of the Fnnch, (wi l-dligeriiiU ttter, it is )K)sing flin; llW CIll.H tit- in. 'i'hat 111 ly fhe c day, ihf 111 both were at Whether .■|pp<'iir. TJ) fairly charge • hiring the ,si( liiit W(; havf were, howev nilly s:ipp()s( tage i)V(!r the to tilt; efiect, tlieir arms, as the cannon, i and h(! cscoi pi'oiiipfly iiiu( liim there to ( wiiiilil thert;lc Sl(l<«," Mostilitiea fill! part of IV) garrison, olfic ramparts ever ■■111(1 wounded 'I'hrc^f! weeli May, the En: sil|'pnsr'J to c troops from N till.' Ifuron Ch] mi)incnt, at let the death-cry c was at onci! ki had stationed batteaux, mam ■stores, landed iiients, and fel men, escaped eai)tiired, and shore, escorted in each boat, i settlement. The prisonei batteaux arrive INDIAN moCRAniV. PONTIAC. 171 anv I- lign.a.U p,ui,cs,) mentioned tl.,M-ircurmtnnc. to Pu„t,uc, and tu itter, . IS said, soon ador sent in (iv,MM.^s,s.....rcTs (, , ,1 o fj ,, '" '■ ,,, /^^-fio rcqu.NNd (l.af iVli,,)r(\„M,,|„.|| „.i.rl,t be on., of .y the nomnmn,!, of Major (ilulwyn, in tl.r a(li,noo„ .( V K dass dirUth. Cmnpl^H took Lp .t4int AfrDuuKull with lu.n „»' both wore ntfc-nded by |,v.. or six ofth. Fmu-lu ' Whc,l..r ,b<_ latu-r had , li,at,.,l a tmu-hery ..r not, doos no, were, however, d, :„..., by th. Indiuirs; and I\.n,ia,- w '? is tn • .•an> ^,,>,|s..d to have conceived this scheme li.r obtai^in^ , ^S.: < g. ove. the oarnson, now sent in tenns oreapitulatinn. These, were the ertoct, that the troops should i.n.nodiately surrender, "av(Wu ;;a- anus, as the.r fathers, the French, ha.l been obli.. to dSe e ca^ no., n.agaz.nes, and n.er,.i,ants' goods, and the two vessel^ .md b oscorh.d ,n batteaiix b, .Jians to Nia-ara." The nrdor l'n..n,.tly n.ade answer, that Was couunandin^ .dl ee J,ad no ^ Imn K|rotodehveru,.the fori to Indians or any bodvX o ml e 2^ ther..,orc delend U so long as a single nU could s^Jal ills Ihrco weeks alter the connncncement of the sie-re, on ih.. :JUth of 0,. ,s fiom Niagara, was coming round "d,,, p„int,'' at a place called ;. r"t k"'M- ^''r^----'''-'-^» ^"'i- bastion^';:^!^^ "m . nt at least, iiopo shone upon evrrv eountenane,; Rut i.resentlv ^;n nc^^ '' '" ''^;!r"^ ^^"^ '""^'•''' '•-' ^'^^ '^^^^ of ti^li; h^nt a a nee known. 1 heir approach having been ascertained, Pontiac •a stationed a body of warriors at Point P,.lf.e. Tw.m. v s. n 11 ^oaux, irianned by a considerabk. number of troops, .uid 1 "ien wi ^n.s, landed there in the evening. The Indians witched their move '>i«nts, and (ell upon them about dav-light. One ollicer with thirty- S.:rd TT "^t"'^ ^^'t' the others wenl'dlhc^'kllk^^^ captiued, and the line of barges ascended the river near the onuosite 'ittbmem "'"'" '''" ^'''"■""'' ^"^'^ "'■ ^h« 'vhole French The prisoners were compelled to navigate the boats. As the first batteaux arrived opposite to the town, four British soldiers determiS ■ aiKMr-l ]> "i if IHI imi ^HH P^ ,m0 IMAGE EVALUATION TEfJ TARGET (MT-3) /y 1 1.0 I.I ■ 50 ""^ 2.5 IM 1.8 1.25 1.4 1.6 ^ 6" — ► Hiotographic Sciences Corporation A A N> ^n:^ - ^ '^'^^. " ^ 23 WEST MAIK STREET WEBSTER, NY. 14S80 (716) 872-4503 ^ ,.^ ,UThti'r unlr ""T ^ ^'"? '"" "'""' "='8%. lo* 174 EVENTS IN INDIAN HISTORY. I t I n This " leader" was, dcoording to some accounts, an Ottawa chief; according to others, the son of a chief. At all events he was a popular if not an important man, and his death was severely revenged by one of his relatives, in the massacre of Captain Campbell. That gentle- man had been detained a {)risoncr ever since the proposal of a capitu- lation, together with his friend McDougall. The latter escaped a day or two before the skirmish, but his unfortunate comrade was toma- hawked by the infuriated savage. One account says, " they boiled his heart and ate it, and made a pouch of the skin of his arms!" The brutal assassin fled to Saginaw, apprehensive of the vengeance of Pontiac, and it is but justice to the memory of that chieftain to say, that he was indignant at the atrocious act, and used every possible exertion to apprehend the murderer. The reinforcement meniioned above as expected, arrived on the 26th of July. It was a dclachment of three hundred regular troops. Arrangements were made the same evenin"; for an attack on the Indian camp. But by some unknown means Pontiac obtained information of the design, and he not only rem<^ved the women and children from his camp, but seasonably stationed two strong parties in ambuscades, where they were protected by pickets and cord-wood, and concealed by the high grass. Three hundred men left; the fort about an hour before day, and marched rapidly up the bank. They were suffered to reach the bridge over Bloody-Run, and to proceed about half way across it, before the slightest movement indicated that the enemy was aware of their approach. Suddenly a i^olume of musketry was poured in upon the troops; the commnnder fell at the iirst discharge, and they were thrown into instant confusion. A retreat was with some diffi- culty effected by driving the Indians from all their positions at the bayonet's point, but the English lost seventy men killed, and forty wounded. This was the last important event attending the prosecution of the siege. A modern author observes, that Pontiac relaxed in his efforts, that the Indians soon began to depart for their wintering grounds, and tliat the various bands, as they arrived in the spring, professed their desire for peace. Such seems to have been the case at a much earlier date; for we find it stated under date of the 18th of August, (1763,) that " the Hurons, who begin to be wearied of tfie war," had brought in and given up eight prisoners. The writer adds, that "the Hurons and Pouteouatamies, who were partly forced into the war by the menaces of the Oltawas, begin to withdraw." Pontiac had been so confident of success as to have made some arrangements, it is said, for dividing the conquered territory with the French; and several Indians planted fields of corn. But his warriors grew weary of the siege, and his army was at this time reduced to about five hundred. Where or how he passed the winter, we are not told. But his move- ments were still watched witli anxiety, and the garrison at Detroit, especially, seem not to have thought themselves safe from his opera- tions, from day to day, " We have lately been very busy," says a respectable writer, under date of December 3, 1763, "in providing )usy," says a INDIAN BIOGRAPHY.— PONTIAC. 175 abundance of wheat, flour rnHinn nm^ ^^a n in which we have sol7lucceM7Z\rt^'- ^T '^' ^°""*^y' starved out." It further annearr th«t H ? u ^ "^ ^^''S^^ of being "about twelve days ago, several scaTDin!nrLr'.rn^'^ *'^'^ ^^at came to the settleLnf, &c We ni?^^^^^^^ an alarm every night " ^ "'^ *''°*^^^' f'xpecting .or a co.bi„a.io„ ,i,er and lower towny, and by to-morrow night shall be in a good posture of defence. Every morning, an hour before day, the whole garrison are at their alarm posts. Ten days ago, they killed one Patrick Dunn, and a man of Major Smallman's; also two other men. Capt..Callcndcr's people are all killed, and the goods taken. There is no account of Mr, VVelch, «S.',c. Mr. Crawford is made prisoner, and his people all murdered. C)u r small posts, I am afraid, are gone." * * * * * * * " Fort Bedford, June 8th. "On Tuesday, one Smith was attacked, and by an Indian without arms, at Beaver crock, who endeavored to put him under water ; but Smith proving too strong for him, put the Indian under water, and brought off a piece of his ear, and left him." :»: * # ■ "Albany, June 16th. "You must have heard of the many murders committed on the Eng- lish, by different tribes of Indians, at different places, which makes many fear the rupture is or will become general among the southern tribes. We have accounts, &c. * * Lieut. Cuyler, with a party INDIAN BIOORAPIIV PONTIAC. 179 of Green's ransers, c<4sisting of ninety-seven men set ont frr Nmgara. vvUh provisions for Detroit, o/the evonTn. ofThe 4^1 S went on shore to encamp, within fifty miles of I)S CuvlerL his servant to gather screens nnd ih,. i,wi k • ^*''™"' '-'Uyler sent wa. sen, for hta, wlS 'hTm calS Ho^rr '°"?' V"^ .,D . " Philadelphia, June 23d. "By an express just now from Fort Pitt, we learn thnf thn lr,A' are contmually about that place; that out of one hun^-ed a^d twe'v traders but two or three cscaned &c * * Tf ,. '""-" """twenty it is a general insurrection arngtll'the Indians.'' "'""' "^ '"''^ „r . -u. T , , "Winchester, (Va.) June 22d. "Last n.ght I reached this place. I have been at Fort Cumberland .several d.ys, but the Indians having killed nine people tho«Se me think it prudent to remove from those parts, from which I suo^ose near five hundred families have run awav within thil Z^t suppose most melancholy sight to see such nurX" orpt^^pfo whXd abandoned their settlement in such consternation and hurry thaUlev had scarcely any thing with them but their children." i^' # ^ ,, r- • , "Carlisle, July 3d. ' Ligonier was attacked on the 23d, by the sava^^es for n Ant n. i night but they w.re beat off; this we' hid iVo S Li'dt. W^e kiUed tl nl?' -T^- V-- 1 ^-' ^^\^^^ l-ted hLeira'lS # " I returned home last night. * * Philadelphia, July 27th. There has been a good deal said in he papers, but not more than is stS; true. ThiJSuth and Carlisle are now become our frontiers, none living at tE Infa tions but such as have their houses stockaded. Upwind of two hundred women and children are now livin- in Fort Loudoun l ? late rtr'v" ^"^ '""'^^'^^ '''' '^'^'^' I --tttertoTcoVr rl?R Virginia regiment, to Col. A., wherein he menHons that' Great-Briar and Jackson's River are depopulated-^upwards of tW n breadth and three hundred in length, not one family is to be found m their plantations, by which means there are near twenty thousand X If ^'T'' '^ -^ t '^^''^"^^°"^- The seven hundeYmen voted by the assembly recruit but very slowly, &c." * * """"^"^^^^^ «T » , . ^„ " Goshen, N. Y., August 5th. L,ast week the followmg accident happened in this place Sever«I uiey met wth a dock of partridges, at which four guns were dis- 180 BVBWTB IN INDIAN HISTORV. charged, three of them pretty quick uftor cnch other. This being an uncommon accident in the place, was mistaken by some of the inha- bitants of the Wall-itill for tirini; of Indians. Immediately alarm-guns were fired and spread over the whole place, which produced an amaz- in" panic and confusion among the peo|)Us near live hun tnhrs seems lo oniL siogo, a Mr. ICl^S '' ^ ^'^T nl ^"""— ^"^ of the garrison nlhTwunls .n 1 v n K ' •'''''"'"«'^«- ^>"'' lWmihi^n,liu,nnast(.r/u r, "^ ' Tmchman ,o redeem him lor HuU purpose. Tho lari. wt ( r f ? T""" ' ^'"••''' "'' «"«d« nuth.ng escapn' 'V'!^'" ''" should l).M.I,serv,,l that fl.e In I n ,- <''"'''";'»« good (i.ifh, it war arc univc.^sully di^rem T" ''"•"•r "''" "'" '"•""^'^ '" can we expect to 1 , w l T ' '^ "lost eivdis..d nations. Nor jnstiiy his d..tenlion, tl.n o^ " ^tv" ' "^.^ "'^^^ ^'"."P. whic-h would It appears, howevo, A^nn e 2 vf t ^ 'h^;;';;"^':' " ''' f"""^- answer lile f.r lile h"; ll^ l^^l^ r^ll^'s^i;; iS;; til^lll^T^'^^^ -"'' n.asons iudwK> llJas ,^'^^ /^ capitulation, or /br other n^itolv did. ThelamcMvrit^r wl n ;' "!■'"'';'' '" '■"•^"" ••»'* '^ ""''"•'"- lus u-ord Ibr tt <^p a n' ^'fi v f "l ^^^"'" ^°'^"'"'y 1''^^'^-^' naw, app.ehet.iv;K;^^L ^^ ^ '^;^f-^ «^^ ^« *■ to a|.preli(3nd the murderer wl n u- > . . 'T''' ''''''''y ''•^^"''''"" temcJity with his lilb'' ''' "° '^''"'^^ ^'"^« P^i'' ^O'' ^^s the hands of^ fS r ' l^^^Sl^'"^^ 'it" "' ''''^"^'^ '^ 't; t must be noisonrd ^n.Vl fi ^°"f ""^^^ advised him not to taste Ik cannot lakf n,y lifc,-l have saved his "' ' f^''"'' SlSf Sr^men '" r '-T'^l^'^ ^^^^ ^ ^^^^ «^- «^-v^^ "Pon the F 41 c^mmt;d nt T"Tt'"' J'- '^".^-^'^^^i^"' «nd called iuicii commandant to deliver lus visiters into his hands. 16 * Governor Cass. mmmmim 182 BVBIfTS IN INDIAN niSTORr. The ofFicor nttoniptcd to puriry him, in vain. "You," (ific French,) hiii«l ho, "won; thi;aiii." ,()n tin; arrival of nuotlier Indian chief, with u wliitj woman for a wile, who did all in their [lower to exasperate the savages, they Hcizcd upon the English again. "Hut Tondiac ordered them to give the men hack," and the uvAvr was agam obeyed. Fra/.er wished to stay longer, and I'ontiae promised to protect him. He however advised him, considering the disposition of the Indians, to leave the country, and he accordingly went down the river in a batteau, and at lenglh'made his way to New Orleans. "He siiys, I'ondiac is a clever t'ellow, and had it not been lor Ifun he should n(!ver have got away alive.'" Of the oratorv of the Ottawii chieftain tlier;j remain but litw ami scanty memoriaf Like Philip, lu^ has derived his distinction more from actions than words, and that (as also in I'hilip's case) vtithoul the aid of any very signal renown as a meie warrior. The only speech of !iis wo have met with, was made on the occasion of a con- ference with the French at Detroit, held upon the 2ad of May, 1763, in the hope of inducing them to join him in the reduction of the Ibrt. The style of delivery cannot now be ascertained, but the rciisoning ii, close and ingenious. "Mv brothers!" ho said, "I have no doubt but this war is vcrv troublesome to you, and that my warriors, who are continually pass- ing and repassing thro\igh your settlements, fre(|uently kill your cattle and injure your property. 1 am sorry for it, and liope you do not think i am pleased with this conduct of my young men. And as a |>roof of my friendship, recoll(x;t the war you had seventeen years ago, (174()",) and the part I took in it. The n avoMlod ur-n.n- you upon this subject, in th,. hope that if vou •;nii d not aid, y..n woidd not injiu'o ns. | did not wish to ask yon to Jiuhr with us auMuist tho |<:u;..lish, and 1 di.l not boliovo you would f'^ pari u.lh thnn. Vou will say you an,- not with thoni: I know 1 ; hut your conduct anionuts to the saino thin- Vou will tell f hnni a! wo do and say. You rarry our connHLs and , lans to then. Now tuk. vour .-houT.. ou must bo onfin-ly Fronrh, liko oursdvr.s, or -ntiroly h,n,l,sh. IC you arc Fr.nch, takn this bolt li.r yonrselve TIr. nKU) who had tho ability and tI,o intropiditv lo express him. sHi n, fins mannor, hardly ,v dod either the irnuWof rhetoric or tho l'''w»rs rd he warrior tr. enloree that n.i,i,dity~ii,H„eneo which, anmn-^ •■ ny priople, and under all circumstances, is atlaclu 1, as closely as s ladow to sul>sfance, to tho energies of a mighty mind. Those ener- ^..•s he exerted, and that mfhu-ncc he possess..!, probably, beyo;„| all p.vm..nt m t ho lus.ovy of l.is raee. ll.nro it is that hi.s n.c^nory is .> .1 .■herished a.non..- the trd,es of the n<.rth. History itself, instead "t a.i.hnt, to his character m ti,eir eyes, has ordv reduced him to his me proportions m our own. Tradition still looks upon hi.n as it looked uj)on the Hercules of the; Greeks. uncil, he con- CHAl^TER XV. OTII]:it-ANK(;i)UTKS J-J-^'^i^lf l>i' U.VJ., AND CAl'TAIN FIl'K OF TIIK The most lonnidahle antagonists th(> Five Nations ever had to con- tend with were the Delawares, as tlie English have named tkm ^oin Lord ,le la War ) but generally styled by their iX n^;h: .r S'c TT ':;-*^''^ '^'"'-y ""^^ ^^'« ^'^'^^ ^^'^'io»- l^«th cmi- Tr T Tf *''^^l'''^;^'«^'PI"' ^'"'J- '^y oniting their forces, .Irove UU '^'fT\^T '^"'"'^'"^ ''''"^'''^' '•'■ ^'>« '^"•"'trv on this side. h T'h '/'"'' ^'r'"'""^ divided th..nselves into thr.;. tribes, called the Turtle the Turkey, and the Wolf, or Mousey. Their settlcm^^nts Svtcr ^'^ ""'-^^ '^^'^ ^^^^^•^'"^«' -'^ their descendant: ?wally became so numerous, that nearly forty tribes honored them 184 EVKNTS IN liVDIArV HISTORV. i with tlio title of Grand rather, which some of them continue to appfy to the present day. The; ])(da\v;ires wore the princi()al inhabitai\ts of Piuinsylvanij* when William Penn comuH'Uced his labors in that region, and the memory of iMiquon, llieir elder brother, as they called him, is still cherisiied in tlio legends of all that remains of tlie nation. That rem- nant exists ciiiony on the western banks of the Mississippi, to which ancient .itartiiig-i)laco they have been gradualiy api)roxiiiiatiug, stage- by sta.ge, vA'cv since the arrival of the E',n'opeans on the coast. Their princi|)al intermediate settlements have been in Ohio, on the banks of the Muskingum, and other small rivers, whither a great number of the tribe removed about the year 17'iO. Iho Delawarcs have never been without their great men, though unfortunjitely many of them lia\ - lived at such jierlods and such places as to make it in:possible l()r history to do them justice. It is only within about a century last past, during which they have been rapidly declining in power and diminishing in numbers, that a series of extraordinary events, impelling them into close contact with the . whites, as well as with olh^r fntlians, has had tlic effect of bringing forward their extraordinary men. Among the ancient Delaware worthies, whose careen- is too imper- fectly known to us to be tlio subject of distinct sketches, wc shall mention only the name of the illustricus Taineneiiil. This individual .stands foremost in the list of all the great men of his nation in any age. lie was a mighty warrior, an accomplished statesman, and a pure and high-minded patriot. In private lill; ho was still more dis- tinguislied for his virtues than in public for his talents. His country- m(U. could only account lor tlio perlecii(jns they ascribed to hini, by supposing hini to be iavored with the special communications of the Great Spirit. Ages have c!la])sed since his death, but his memory was so fresh among the D(;lawarcs of tlic last century, that when Colonel Morgan, of New Jcrsc}', was sent as an agent among theai by Congress during the llevolutio)i, they conlerred on him the title of Tamcnend, as the greatest mark of r(;spect they could show ibr the mannei-s and character of that gentleman, and ho was known by his Indian appellation c^ver aflerwarcis. About this time the old chieftain had so many ndmirei-s among tin whites also, that they made him a siunt, inserted his name in calen- dars, and celebrated "his festival on t!te first of May yearly. On that day a numerous society of his votaries walked in procession through the streets of Philadelphia, their hats dworated with bucks' tails, and j)roceedcd ..> a sylvan nmdezvous out of town, which they called the- Wigwam, where, after a lejng talk or spee:'ch had Ix/en tlelivered, aiitt the calumet e)i' frienelshi[) passed around, the remaineler of the day wa^ spent in high festivity. A dinner was pifpanvl, and Indian dances perfornicxl on the green. The; custon; <;eased a few years after the conclusion of peaci;, and though ejther "Tammany" associations have since existed, they retain little of the me)cle!l they were formed upon but the name. ' » • .« i iXDi.iN moGnApny.—AvniTE.EVEs. 185 The commencement of the revolutionary .var was amon-- the TM. wares, as amoned. Not only, however, did they fail to overawe W lute Eyes, politTcallv or jiersonally, but they could not prevent him Iroiii ])ublicly advocating the principles he avowed. So angry were tlic} INDIAN HIOGRAPHV. — WIIITE-EYES. 187 at a spocch he addressed to the inecting at Pittsburir, tlir.t they under- took to check hi.n by hinting, in i,n insolent and sullen manner, that It dl became Jinn to express himself thus indcpcndentlv, who.r; tribe were but women, and had been made sucli by the Five I'Jations— alluding to an old reproach whicli had oRen before tliis been used to humiliate (lie Delavvarcs. Frequently it had that ellect. But Wliiic-Eyes was not of a temper to brook an msult, under any circumstances. With an air of the most iiaughty disdam, he sat patiently until tlie Senccas liad done, and then rose and replied : "I Jvnow," said lie gravely, "I know well, that you consider us a -•onquered nation, as women, as vour inferiors. You liave, say you shortened our legs, and put petticoats on us! You say you have "iven us a hoe and a corn-pounder, anu ,-"''"«; out, s V nanuig our horses across th<. Muskin^un, rive.' and tal no ..rcuit through the woods, in order to avoid the enca unmet oflhe war-party whud. was close to our path. Arriving hy , en o'clock ti the lorenoott wilhm sight of the town, a lew vc.ils wer. ^ive , hv pcu-scm who had discovered us, i.Uended to no,i^• the inhaC^u s f^K a .iH e nuut was co.uaig, and which intmediately drew the wh e bo - 01 adums into the streets ; bt.t although I saluted , hen. in pass m t .e not a single person returned ,he co.nplhnent, uh.cd., as my cot^ lu C o served, was no good omen. Even Captain VVl it,>Eyes m d h ■ other chiefs wh<. ha. always befriended „,e, now stepped Imk when cached out my ha.id to then,, which st.'ange co.iduc ,'how,. e d no .may rne, as ol«erve,l atnong the cro^n| some m^.t w<.l 1 no ™ t no as sp es o Capta.n Pipe's, uatching the actions of tliesc , eac due s, wherefore 1 was satisf.e.l that the act of rell.sinc. me tl hand ad hoen d<.ne Irom policy, and not fro.n any ill will towarcls my 1^' so nances ol many ol them, in seeing me am.^ng them at so critical •. .1 iiiclure, when they, hut a lew days befin-e, ]md be... ol b hose aeserters, that nothing short of their total dest'ructi.m ad leen resolve, i|.on by the 'long knives' (the Virginians, or new A , e.'i •■. k h . let as no one would reaci; out Iti^ hand 'to me I i " ;^ 2' ^^ auso when Captain White-Eyes, bol.lly stepping for va d "died' hut by what had been told th.mi hy th.'se men, ( M'lu. 'and n v^ { hey no longer had a single friend anu.ng the imeric^an I^^^^^^ 10 tiicm lio.n that side, as an enemy, \\-ho only came to them to eceive them, and put them off their guL-.I, lo.- the pumose of 'i i." hoeneiy an opportunity of taking them b; surprise.' TS,cdr? £1 W '^ilTr" !"" '"■'■"• ''^'''""' (c<>"li'"ied Captain \ hiti -Wu.ng him of this, he, m a stnjng tone, aske.l in.^- ^ Uv the w:s;:;i;rT;;;:c?!' r h ''^^^ "^ '"'' ^"^''^" ^'-"^ " ^« ^^^ vasnington killed.' Is then; n.) more a Congress, and liave ti.-. kS te'^f 'T f ^'"' '""' ^=''^^"" ^'- ---•'^ /^ Eno nd t o scsMon ot the English; an.l are the i■^^v thousand Americans who ''^^^o escaped them now embodying themselves on this si,-e of tho 190 EVE?fTS IN INDIAN HISTORY. nionntains, for the puriwso of killlntf all the Indians in this country, oven our women and r-hildren ? Now do not deceive us, but speak the trufli' (added lie) ; ' is this all true what I have said to you !' I deebuvil before the whole assembly, that not one word of what he had just now told me was true, and holdiu^ oui to him, as I had done before, the friendly speeelies s(Mit by uk; ll>r them, which Ik; however as yet refused to accept, I thou^iht l)y the countenanoes of most of the by- standers, that I could perceiv(? that the moment bid lair for their listenint;- at least to the contents of those speeches, and accidentally catching the eve of tin; drummer, I called to him to beat the drum for the asscmblvto meet, for the purpos(> of hearing what their American brethren had to sav to them. A general smik- having taken place, White-Eyes thought the favorable 'moment arrived to put the question, and having addressed the assembly in these words: 'Shall we, my friends and relatives, listen once more to those; who call us tkir brethren!' Which (piesticm being loudly and as vith one voice an- swered in the afTirmative, the drum was heat, and the whole bodv quickly repairing to the spacious coimcil-house, the speeches, all of whieirwerc of the most pacific nature, \vere read and int(!rpreted \u them, when Captain White-Eyes rose, and in an elaborate address tii the assembly, took particular notice of the good disposition of the American people towards the Indians, observing, that they had never as vet called on them to fight the English, knowing that wars were destructive to nations, and they had from the beginning of the war to the present time always advised them (the Indians) to remain quiet, and not take up the hatchet against either side. A newspaper, con- taining the capitulation of General Burgoyne's army, being. found enclos^^d in the packet, Captain White-Eyes once more rose up, and holding this paper unfolded, with both his hands, so that all could have a view of it, said, ' See, my friends and relatives, this document oontaincth great events, not the song of a bird, but the truth!'— then stepi)in-^-"S --of the town, diavn up for the purpose: then raising a melancholy sonlf, 1 resolved to go to my grandfather, and see if any thing wa^ the matter with him. I accordingly went steerin-^ a course in the direction I hrul observed the cloud to be. I arrived"nt my grandfather's, whom I lound (piitc disconsolate, hanging his head and the tears running down his cIk eks ! Casting my eyos around in the hopes of discovering the cause of his gnei, 1 ol)seryc(l yonder a dwelling closed up, and from ^^•hich no smoke-appeared to ascend ! Looking in another direction, 1 discovered an elevated spot of fresh earth,t on which nothing was seen growing ; and here 1 loiincl the cause of mv arindfather's grief. No Avonder he is so grieved. No wonder he is Weeping and sobbing, with his eyes cast towards the oround ! Even I cannot help weeping with my grandfather, secnifi fn what a situation he is ! I cannot i)roceed for griel !" Here, after havini? seated himself for about twenty minutes, a^ fhoufrh deeply alllicted, he again arose, and receiving from the prin- ciparchief, who was seated by his side, a large string of wampum. said: "Grandfather! Lift up your head and hear what your grand- children have to say to you! These having discovered the cause of your "rief, it shall be done away! See, grandfather! 1 level the oround on vender spot of yellow earth, and put leaves and brush Thereon to make it invisible ! 1 also sow seeds on that spot, so that both Trass and trees may grow thereon !" Here handing the string to the Delaware chiefs in succession, and taking up another, he continued: "Grandfather! The seed which 1 had sown has already taken root: nay, the orass has already covered the ground, nnd the trec's arc orowincT '"" Handing this string likewise to the Delaware chief, ano fakin.r up a third string of wampum, he added: "Now, my grand- fatlK'i" the cau.,c of your grief being removed, let me dry up your tears ' I wipe them irom your eves ! 1 place; your body, which, b\ the wei'dit of grief and a heavy heart, is leaning to one side, in it.- nroper Josture! Your eyes shall be henceforth clear, and your ears open as formerly ! The wovic is now finished !" Handing this string likewise to the Delaware chief, he now stepped forward to where the chief and his councillors were seated, and having first shaken hand* * Meanip-g no person occupying the house. f The grave. INDIAN BIOGRAPHY. — WHITB-KYKS. 198 with these he next did th-^ same with all pre. nt, the whole cmbassv rollow,ng h.s example. This being June, and all ajrain seS as before, the Delaware chief, Geielemend,* replied : ^ " Grandchildren !-You did not come hire in vain! You have performed a good work, in which the Great Spirit assiZ v3 Your grandfather makes you welcome with him " ^ Ihe meeting, having continued nearly three liours, then broke ud On he day followmg, the chiefs of both nations entered on business relat.ng to their national concerns, and finally made a mutual covenan toMhe continued maintenance of the party 'an.l princijlJes 0?^"- It is^honorable to the American Congress, that after the decease of their best fnend among the Indians,^he; took measures f^rthe .namtenance and education of his son. Ch. the journals of tluUbodv under da e of Jtme 20th, 1785, is the following passage: ^ ' and lequested to continue the care and direction of George White- S^m m 7^'' ""^ ^'^^^ ^'^^ '^^^^ ^'" ^'•--••y '-'-' 0'^- forte sr;:: in t^ifrTs;::"""""^ '^ ''''' '"^^ ^-^^^"'- ^^^ ^--^ cl^i:":^ the'^s.'"' ''''' "^^^'^ ^" '"^^'■^^''"^ '"^---^ "'■ CHAPTER XVI. SIONARIES, BUT FAILS TO rROVliTIIKM *^"'^K«''-'' AGAINST THE MIS- The fact that Captain Pipe and his associates began to train the ascendancy m the Delaware nation immediately on the deatli of his grea antagonist, and that they aflerwards supported it with almost uninterrupted success, is alone sufficient to indicate the influence and ciiaracter of White-Eyes. Indeed, Pipe himself paid to his memorv the compliment of^ declaring, with a solemn air,that "the Great Spirit had probably put him out of the way, that the nation might be saved." that sagacious personage was well aware that neither Kill-Buck, nor Hig-Cat, nor Glickkican,t nor even all together, would adequatelv occupy the station of the deceased chieftain. aacquatel> * Commonly called Kill-Buck. •mk"nTm?H f*"^ °^ ^ gun-barrel," and afterwards baptised by the Moravians ploni^l vf^^^- !He was chief councillor and speaker of he old sache?n a man of i"'"'^'^""^';!^'^ Delavvares at Kaskaskunk, ( n €^"0,) and wa,' m ih f ,4. 1 S^^^H i H i BB i ; R^^^^l I ■ i m B HI 104 JIVENT8 IN INUIAN HIBTORT. White-Eyc8 was distinguished as much for his milder virtues rh for his courage and energy ; and uh to his friendly disposition towards the Americans, particularly, on which sonio imputations were industri- ously thrown by his em^mics, wc could drsiro no better evidence of its sincerity than are still extant, in that curious document, the Journal of Frederick Post,* who, as early as nftH, was sent amonp; the Ohio Delawares by the ^'ov rrior of one of the States, for the purpose of inducing them to rcriouru^c the French alliance, is rccordt^d the "speech" which Post carried back, and the closing parajj;raph8 of which were as follows : — »' Hrethrrri, when you Imvo settled this \)vnc(^ and frituidship, and fmishcd it well, and you send the oreut jieace-lKilt to me, I will send it to all the nations of my .-olor ; they will all join it, and we will hold it fast. " Urethren,when all the nations join to this frirnd.ship, then the day will begin to shine clear over us. Wluni we hear once more of you, and wo'join together, then \]w day will be slill, and no wind or storm will con\e over us, to disturb us. " Now, brethren, you know our hearts, tind what we liav(! to say; he strong, if you do wliaf we Unvr. now told you, and in this peace all the nations agree to join. Now, brethren, let the kmg of England know what our mind is as soon as you possibly can." Among tb(! subscribers to this speech ap[)ears th(! name of VVhitr- Eyes, umler the form of (he Indian term Cocliuuacawkeghton ; nor have we met with any proof that he ever from that time wavered for a moment in his attaehmeiit to the American interest, as opposed first to the French, and aik>rwards to the Enjilish. Post, himself, in 1762, was permitted to build a house on the banks of the Muskingum, where he had a lot of land given him, about a mile distnnt irom the village of White-Eyes; and so, when lleckewekkT (Irst visited that country, during the same season, he informs us that "the war chief, Koguc- thagechtan," kindly entertained nnd supplied biiii and his party. About the beginning of the revolutionary wur, when some of tlv his hut. He sfiw some of thoin berorc long from a wirulow, and instantly stepped out, and called tothcni. " Friends!" said he, " byyour nv.moMivrcs 1 conclude you are come for me. If so, why do yon I.csitijte ;-()bey your ordeis; 1 am ready to submit. Yon seem to fear old tTlieUkiean. Ah! there was a time when I would have scorned to submit to such cowardly slaves. But I am no more Gliekkican, I am Isaac, a believer m tlie trm God, and for his sake 1 will suffer any thinner, even death." Seeiii^r ihcm still hesitate, he stepped up to them with his hands placed upon his hack. "There!" he continued, "you would tie me if you dared— tie me then, ami take me with you— I am ready." They now mustered courage to do as iir directed. Soon after, Gliekkican was murdered, with a lar^e number of his Christian countrymen, by a banditti of American rulTians who suspected or pretended to suspect them, of hostile designs. Prohnhly the result nr.i:^ brought about by the macliinations of his Indian enemies. * In Proud's History of Pennsylvania. INDIAN BIOOBAPHir. — WII1TE-EYE». 195 Indmi..s we«i much exasperated by murders and trespns«es which c-ertam cvhsed ruH.ans committed on the frontiers, an^)hio trader was met and massaered in the w.mkJs bv a party of Seneras who mvang m the.r rage cut up the body and-g,,r,Iished the busS 12 he remams, raised thesealp.yell and n.arehedotrin triun.ph Wh^te ^J;arch I' th "i "l"'"'/,^' ""^ ''"""■'^ ""' >"'"' i-'«»tly eonunen I ; scaich (oi he body, the remnants of which he collected and buried I he party returne. on the ibliowing day, and observing wh t ad been done privately op,3ncd the grave, and scattered Un-. cc^ tents ...ore. wtdeiy than before. But White-Llves was this tin.eTtt watch for them. He repaired to the spot a-gain the n.onu.-nt they ' it, succeeded m findmg eve.-y part of th.^niaiiglod bodv, and^the ca eful y interred it m a grave dug with his ownluud.s, where it a" at length sufiei-tjd to i-epose uninol(>sted. It was aboijt the same time when this afli.ir liappencd, that the chieftain savecl the li(h of one Duriea.i, an AuiCiieari pLecMic cl-e uho„. he had undertaken to escort through a seetiLn of tlie wilcC I A ',urnev, he immediatel v caiii,,. to see him, accoinpaiiied by another chief, na.iKjd A\'in.rcinund * and by several oi' liis young men. '"o^'.'U'iu, o Po!r'''J'H '''"^' '"' -,°^^ '■'-'^'•'1 tl'^' ...i^^-sionary should have as an escort. And moreover he must needs go himself: *'lIo could not .^«er me to go," says that gentle.nan, "while the Sandusky warriors .rsid'!^"''"Vn,T'r'i;'''n'^' '"''^r''' I'''«P<''" '•«^"^-t and l.imself at my Side. And it should be observed, thai besides the Sandusky .nages, h^ i;e were sevei-al other tribes who had ali-eady engaged on vhnl^' r ;. 'a'' ""^ '''f ''•'■""^'"•" ^'•'■'^'h and desolation along tlu. whole of the American fi-oiit.er. The party sot out together, and reached their destination in salety. An ahum occurred only on one occasion, when the scouts discovered a suspicious track, and report itn^'?') w"''^'"''^',.^^'^''"'^^'^'^^' ^h^ ^^«« "dins before \is nend, while ;^y .nge.m.nd brought up the rear, turned about and askey loiro. Hut (lod broiij^ht their rounsel to nought, he adds, "and a|)p(iint(Ml lor this purpose the tii-st captoiu ttmonf; the Delawarcs, railed White-Eyes," who kept the ehiels and eouneTl in awe, and woiiM not suIUt them to injure the uussiouaries. Finding his efforts still unavailing, he ct length went so far is to separate himsc If wholly iVom his o|)|)o!ients, resolved to renounce- power, eountry and kindred, ii^)r the wake ofthesf; just and benevok'nt nien, whom he could not U-ar to see perseented. His firmness met with a deserved siiefcss. b'-ven th<' old ehief ^f('tawatwe(>s, who bad o|)pos<'d him most lierecly, aeknowU'dged the iujustir(! wbirb had been dono him, a. id not only ehanged his views ill" rocvard to the Christians, h'lt j ul>lisb(Ml his reeaiifntioii in presence (tf the whole eouiieil. NVbite.b'.yfs then again came forward, iiiui reiH'ated a proposal lor a iialional ivgulation to h'. made, whereby th( ('hristians should b(( Hvially i)ut under the Delaware protection, which bad (iirmerlv been rejected. It was promptly agreed to, and tin- iict was passed". The old ehielbiin expressed great joy on thai occasion: — " I am an old man," said he, "and know iinf bow long I may live. 1 fhcrelore rejoice that I have been ai)le to make this act. Oui- children and graiidciiildren will reap the beiielit of it, and now I am ready to die wbeiuntn" (Jod pleases. "| LoskiJ^I states, (bat Wbite-lOyes was in bis own heart c.(.nvinced nf tlie truth of th(! gosp(>l; that this was evident in all bis speeches in JMjhalf of the Christians, during which ho was frecpienily so moved that tears prevented bis words ; and that be likewise declared with c.ontidence, that no prosperity would attend tlu; Indian afDiirs, unless they received and believed the saving gospel sent tbeni from God by means of the Brethren. Not long beiore bis death b(^ took publii' occasion t(^ repeat the last will and l(,'stament of Netawatwees,— "That tb(! J)elawares should hear the word of (iod." He held tho l?ible and some spelling-books in bis band, and addressed the council in a strain of the most animated and moving eloquence. " My friends," bo concluded, " you have now heard the dying wish of our departed chief I will tlu'i-efore gat ben- togefjier my young men and their children — I will kn(?el down before that Great Spirit who crentnl tbiMii and me — I will pray unto him, that be may have inerey upon us, and reveal his will unto us. 7\nd as we cannot declare- it to those wlio are ; et unborn, we will pray unto the liord our C4od to make il kr.ovo ! ' our childi • and our children's children." * History of the Missions of the United Brethren, Lc. liOiidon, 1794. f He died at Pittsburg in t77G, much iiiinciited by the Deiuwares anu many neighboring nations. "This wise man," s;'.ys Loskiei, "spared w pains to conciliate the ntfection of all his neighbors. He sent frequunl embassies to his grandchildren, admonishing lliein to keep peace, inil proved in truth a wise grandfather to them." Being the senior chief of the nation, his opinion was of great weight, and he declared himselt warmly in favor of the Christians, and first invited them to settle on the Muskin- gum. His grandson, nephew, and son and family also joined them. INDIAN HIOOUAPHV. — WHITI-BYU. 191 Still, WhHcLyw re«ardod ChriHtinnity more as a civil tlian a r«!i. mou. HyH cm. II. wu« a .nun of eniarfrcd ,.olitic«l viewB, and m7eL a pa no than a ntnlemuuu The o.ul. h« /urucd at were Var uolZ coun ry 8 than h..s own. He <,b.served the nuiK^riority of the wW^ m«n to the r,Hl, and nearer home, the prosperity and hanninels oT the 'hrLstKU. Dolawares, mul he convinced hinlself'thoroughly eithe t ue eau«.s ol both. He therefore earneBtly de«ired that 4 whole nat on m.jl.t bo cmhse^l to which result he considered Christianity, ZZ had ««n . taught by the good Moravians, the best p,ssible pro notive as undoubtedly it was. M"'"onvt, Hut in this noWe solicitude li.r his countrymen, he K.root himself Henco even Lask.el on mentioning his de(...aso, stmes, with an alrr^ I reluctant honesty, that ^. Captain White-Eyes, who had .o oluTnl ns d other Indmns with great earnestness to believe in the gospelof Jesus Chnst, but had always postponed joining the U-lievers h msel oa account ot ben.g yet entangled in politicaf concerns, was unlx fHxtedly called nUo eternity;" adding, allectionately, that the ul"dTa,. congregation to whom h(, had n.ndered verv essential services was much afleoted at the news of his death, and 'could not but ho J tha (.od our .Saviour had received his soul in mercy." Mr. Heckewelde jums up the matttM- by saying,-MIis ideas were. «hat unless £' Indians changed the.r mode of living, they would in time come to nothing; and to encourage; them towards such a change, he told then. . take the example of the Christian In.lians, who by heir ind. str liud every thing thoy could wish for." In a word, there was nil philanthropy and inore philosophy in the religion of White-Eyes than here was piety. Hence his eloquence, his energy, his stroma atfec ion for the missionaries, and his sacrifices and services ibr them and (or his countrynK3,5. He was a good man, we believe, by the force ol native consc.erjce, as he was a great man by the (brce of native sense; and though to have learned Christianity, "in addition to lovino somo ol those who professed it, might have made him both better and jreater than he was, we cannot but ho,,e., as it is, with the Christian Ue awares "that (4od our Saviour has received his soul in mercy " • 1 would give us very sincere pleasure to Ui able to say as inuch lo. the paganism ol Captain Pipe, who, on the contrary, was opposed to the religu^n of the whites as inveterately as any of the x\ew England sons "f.'rJ T'''''''T\' ''^"'"'■>'' ""'^ 'M>paVently for similar^rea- ; A^ ^J,^,"'^'"^*^"!" "' 'hf^ country were generally set a"ainst us " wrote Mr. Elliot m 1650, u^nd counter-woi-k the. Lord by keepTng oil tl„,nr men from praying to God as much as they can; and the reason of U is this: they plainly see that religion will make a -Ja rhan.ro among them, and cut thein off from their former tyranny ■ ^yc. 1 ,pe, too, with all his talent, was obnoxious to some very nlaiii •strictures regarding his own morality, and of course had no theoreti- ( al partiality for lectures on that subject.* He was inimical to White- ^^::^^:k&S^^£^^r' -We wereobUged to wait for P.po's 17' ( lOB JBVENT8 Ijr IITDIAJf HT8T0HY. I Byes, especially, liei^ause the latter supported the cause of reform, and rather than stand second to him, and at the same time surrender his own bad habits, he determined at all hazards to array a party in opposition. It was l)oth a jx;rsonal and a political movement, the objects being self-defence in the first place, and, in the second, distinc- tion. Such being the character of the scheme, it must still be admitted that he exhibited great energy and great ingenuity in promoting it. Some of his manaiuvrca have teen noticed; and aller his rival's de- '«ase, his own declarations, particularly, wore much more frequent .md f(!arless, and therefore more cflcctual than they had been before. ■'Thus," says Hockewclder, "when a young man of his tribe, who had received his education in Virginia under the influence of Dr. Walker, on his return into the Indian country in 1779, spread un- favorable reports of the Virginian people, representing them as exceed- ing the Indians in vicious acts — their Ix-ating the negroes so unmerci- iiilly, &.C., Pipe would mockingly enumerate such vicious and cruel .icts as the bcnelits of civilization." He could at the same time, with truth, set (brth the poverty of the United States, in not having even a i)lanket, a shirt, or any other article of Indian clothing, to give them in exchange for their peltry; whereas, (said he) were it not for the iinglish, w(. should have to sutler, and perhaps many oi'uu perish for want. Pipe and thi^ Monseys, we an; told elsewhere, were those who were most dreaded, and the ctlect f)f his o|)erations was such, but one year after the decease of White-biVcs, in the midst ol' his triumphs, that in 1781 the peace chiefs had for their own salety to withdraw themselves from their own nations, and take refuge at Pittsburg. in regard to the [wrsonal habits of Pipe, it may te doing hiin, a? well as several other Indians of distinction, no more than justice, to allude in extenuation to tiie well known nature of the temptations to which they have sometimes be^n exposed, and es])ecially on the irontiers during war, and the excitement of fui attesnpt by one civilised narty to engage their services against another. The peculiar physical .■ircumstances which, together with the character of their education, go to diminish their power of self-control, n(>ed not Ik> enlargc^i nn,- It is sullicienl to say, that it would te a task more easy than gratify- ing to prov(; that their niisl()rtmi(> in this particular has only thllowrd ■iiior tlu^ tbult of their civilised neighbors. "WIki are you. my fii^jnd?" said a gentleman in Pipe'.s timt^ to an Indian at Pittsburg, wln> was not so much intoxicated as no* to Ik; ashamed of his situa- tion. 'My name is Black-Fish," he n-piied ; -'at home I am a clcvur i.Mlow, — h"^', I am a hog."* ♦ Mr. HcckowclJer's anecilote ot* the indi'in vvl.o catiie into IJotliiilicm (Poiin.) to dispose of his jjcltry, tliron-s light on a proat source of the evil not alliuied to in tiie t(^xt, iind tho ctfects of which ;iinong the wisturn tribes to this dny are l)eyoiid culculnticn. " WclI,Thoiniis," said a trader to him, " 1 believe you liavo turtied Moravian." •'Moravian!" answert'*! ihe Indian, '•what makes you think bo.-"' "Because," replied the other, •'you used to coaie Ut U9 to aell your 8kin« and peltry, and now ycu trade INDIAN BIGORAPHY.— CAPTAIN PIPB. I99 But we are not under the disag«)eable necessity of apolo^nsina for «very th.ng we relate of Captain Pipe. He gave manTeScIs of a na uml honor and humanity, even amid tho^loodiest^sS^S oTthe revolution and contrary to the dictation of those who wereTualified y every th.ng but fcel.ngs, to understand his duty better thLhh^seTf Under strong exctemont ho attached himself to {he British intertt nn< towards the close of the war scalpin-.partios went out f^^?' .lfen..nt He was also prejudiced IgahL t Sl'an STian ' and molested them much. But none of these thin-^s were done in Si.' cooler moments; and what is more creditable to hm there "s ^cj,d reason to behove that he repented of all. The eviden^o? thisTet appears .n a f.-ansact,on which took place at Detroit in Novemter 1781, with the particulars of which, as furnished by Lodderrnd others, we shall conclude this narrative. J^osKiei and On the occasion referred to, a grand Indian council was convened at Detroit at which were present large numbers of various tXs mclnding Cap.a.n Pipe's Wolf warriors, who had just Sned from' a scalping expedition. Four of the Moravian mis ionarfes w^ dso t liere, having been summoned to attend, at the suggestion of PiS and others or the purpose of deciding upon seveml charges aCd aganis them. The hall was filled with the concourse, thetribeslSiia .epuratc y seated al around it, on the right and left hknd of the eonf mandant, while the i.)ela^vares, with Pipe and his counciUors at Z hoad, were directly in front. A war-chief c.f each of the two d^i ion "I hidians held a stick in his hand, of three or four feet rien X strung with scalps which th.y had taken in their las forly on^he Ani(;rican frontier. ^ '"^ The council was open(Hl hy the commandant's signifying to Captain I .JK. hat he might make his report, when the Imter^rose from his --•at, holding a stick in his lefl hand : ••l*'af!or!"he began; and here he paused, turned round to the ence w,h a most sarcastic look, and then proceeded in a Yowr tone, .xs addressing fhern,_.< I have said (iithe , thoiK-h inde^ I do no now why I should call him so-l have nev'er known any fa her hii he I'rench-I haveconsulered the Knuli.honlv as brothers B ,• as t. name is imposed upon us, I shall make use'of it ail^ say, J ather -fixing his ,. yes again on the commandant-" some time a^o you put a war-hatclun info my hands, sayino, "take thi. weaZ m ry ,t on the heads of my enemies, the j/ong-'knives! nd ""^e K;i,)u afterwards if It was sharp and good." iHftm away to the Moravians." b'oV rcjoiniul tiie Indian, "now I unrler- •ttiil vnnHM.n or, 1 . ' '*-.|u'"i'o iiie Indian, "now I unrler- n I vou well, and I know what you mean to say. Now hc'u mo Spp. '"V i)Htrv 1 rail to , n ' V' -n ''? J ''""""^ ^" >'""'' P'^ce witk ■irunkcn dog, and kick me out of the room." ' "" ' ^ " °^" ''^'- * 200 BTEim IN INDIAN HI8TOBT. " Father ! At the time when you gave me this weapon, I had neither cause nor wish to go to war against a foe who had done me no injury. But you say you are my father, and call me your child, and in obedience to' you I received the hatchet. I lared. I took some live flesh,§ which, while I was bringing to you, I spied one of your large canoes, on which I [)ut it ior you. In a few days you will receive this flesh, and find that the skin is the same color with your own. * Meaning his tribe. + Meaning his nation. i Meaning women and children. ? Fmoiiera. XNDIAN BIOGHAPHT. CAPTAIN PIPE. 201 " Father ! I hope you will not destroy what I have saved. You, rfn war tyT'"'''-''^ '-''^^^^^"g '^'^' ^hich would perish with us from want. he warrior is poor,and his cabin is always empty; but your house, iaflicr, is always full." "'F"-^' ""t Dunng the delivery of this harangue, which is said to have produced a great effect on all present, and especially on those who understood the language m winch it was spoken, the orator two or tKJee times advanced so far towards the commandant, in the heat of his excitem^t hat one of the oiicers present thought proper to interfere and reques him to move back. The other war-chiefs now made their spee^he and then the commandant (an honorable and humane man, notwith.' Stan ling he orator's strictures on his father) called upon him to substantiate his charges against the missionaries. Pipe, who was stiU sending, was unwilling to make the attempt, but iL^t embanassed He began o shirt and shurtle, (says Loskiel, and bending towards his councillors, asked them what he should say. They all hun.. the r heads and were silent. Suddenly, recollecting himself and risin. up he addressed the commandant. ^^ I said before that some such thin .' might have happened, but now I will tell you the plain truth. The miyionanes are innocent. What they have done, they were compelled to do, (alluding to their having interpreted letters which the DelSo .hiet receiv(^d Irom Pittsburg, &c). We were to blame_we forced them to 1 , when they refused." Arter some farther conversation the commandant declared the missionaries to be acquitted of all the accu^ sations brought against them. Pipe expressod~~liis satisfaction at the result, and on returning from the coiincl-house, he asked some of the Delaware chieftains who wer^ pi^sent how they hked what he said. He observed, that he knew J was true and added : M never wished your teachers any harm knowing that they ove the T^dians ; but I hnve all along beenLposS :'"yH"l nnportuned to do what I did by tho^e who do not love them' a Id now when these were to speak, they hung their heads, leaving me to extricate myself, after telling our liither things they had dictated n persuaded me to tell him." This declaration has^decidedly the air of m or and truth ; and the captain's subsequent conduct was much more howe ei .distinguish h.mselt particularly arter tl,e close of the war, and we he T "' ";'7'' '^r ""' ^"""' ^''^^>'" -"• '^"°-l«dge, although ?W. ■ ?"" '' ','''""' "'"' ^'' ^'^^^ ''^''"S' «»d able to vis t the city •» Washington, as late as 1817. " "- y 202 KVBNTS IN INDIAN HI8T0BV. xNARRATIVES, CAPTIVITIES & ANECDOTES, ILLUSTRATIVE OF MANNERS AND CUSTOMS. [The following extract* are taken from Drake's History of the Norlh American Ihdiatu. CHAPTER 1. DESTRUCTION OF SCHENECTADY.* This was an event of great distress to the whole country, at the time it happened, and we are able to give some new facts in relation to it from a manuscript, which, we believe, has never before been published. These facts are contained in a letter from Governor Bradstreet, of Massachusetts, to Governor Hinckley, of Plymouth, dated about a month ailcr the affair. They are as follow : — " The' yon cannot but have heard of the horrid massacre committed by tht- K \ch and Indians at Senectada, a fortified and v/e!l compacted town iiO miles above Albany, (which we had an account of by an express,) yet we think we have not discharged our duty till you hear of it from us. 'Twas upon the eighth of February, (l(i69-90) at midnight, when those poor insecure wretches were surprised by the enemy. Their gates were open, no watch kept, and hardly any order observed in giving and obeying commands. Sixty of them were butchered in the place; of whom Lieut. Talmage and four more were of Capt. Bull's company, besides five of said company carried captive. By this action the French have given us to understand what we may expect from them as to the frontier towns and sea-ports of New England. We are not so well acquainted what number of convenient havens you have in your colony, besides those of Plymouth and Bristol. We hope your pru- dence and vigilance will lead you to take such measures as to prevent the landing of the enemy at either of those or any such like place."t We now proceed to give such other facts as can be gathered from the numerous printed accounts. It appears that the government of Canada had planned several expeditions, previous to the sefng out of this, against various important points of the Erjglish frontier, — as much to gain the warriors of the Five Nations to their interest, as to distress the English. Governor Do Nonville had sent over several chief sachems of the Iroquois to France, where, fis usual upon such embas- * This was the German name of a pine barren, such as stretches itself between Albany and Schenectady, over which is uov/ a railroad. t French ships, with land forces and munitions, had; but a short time before, hovered upon the coast. DE8TBCCXI0N OF SCHENECTADY. 203 sift', great pains were taken to cause them to entertain (he highest opinions of the glory and greatness of the French nation. Amona tliem was Taweraiame tune, the enemy divided themselves into parties of six or seven men each. Although the town was impaled, no one ihouuht it neces- sary to close the gates, even at night, jjresuming the severity of the reason was a sulficient s.ecurity; hence the first news of the approach of the enemy was at every door offjvtiry house, which doors were broken as goon as the profound slumbers of those thev were intended to Lntard. iiijm^m. 204 ■VBNTS IN INDIAN HISTORY. The Mtne inhuman barbarities now followed, that were afterwards perpetrated upon the wretched inhabitants of Montreal. "No tongue," said Colonel Schuyler, "can express the cruelties that were commit- ted." Sixty-three houses, and the church, were immediately in a blaze. Enciente women, in their expiring agonies, saw their infants cast into the flames, being first delivered by the knife of the midnight assassin ! Sixty -three persons were put to death, and twenty-seven were carried into captivity. A few persons fled towards Albany, with no other covering but their night-clothes — the horror of whose condition was greatly en- hanced by a great fall of snow — twenty-five of whom lost their limbs from the severity of the frost. With these poor lugitives came the intelligence to Albany, and that place was in dismal confusion, having, as usual upon such occasions, supposed the enemy to have been seven times more numerous than they really were. About noon, the next day, the enemy set off from Schenectady, taking all the plunder they could carry with them, among which were forty of the best horses. The rest, with all the cattle and other domestic animals, lay slaugh- tered in the streets. One of the most considerable men of Schenectady, at this time, was Captain Alexander Glen. He lived on the opposite side of the river, and was suffered to escape, because he had delivered man) French prisoners from torture and slavery, who had been taken by the Indians in the former wars. They had passed his house in the night, and, during the massacre, he had taken the alarm, and in the morning he was found ready to defend himself. Before leaving the village, a French officer summoned him to a council, and he had the great satisfliction of having all his captured friends and relatives delivered to him; and the enemy departed, keeping good their promise that no injury should be done him. The great Mohawk castle was about seventeen miles from Schenec- tady, and they did not hear of the massacre until two days afier, owing to the state of travelling. On receiving the news, they imme- diately joined a party of men from Albany, and pursued the enemy. After a tedious pursuit, they fell upon their rear, killed and took twenty-five of them, and did them some other damage. Several chief sachems soon assembled at Albany, to condole with the people, and animate them against leaving the place, which, it seems, they were about to do. From a speech of one of the chiefs on this occasion, the following extract is preserved : — "Brethren, we do not think that what the French have done can be called a victory; it is only a further proof of (heir cruel deceit. The Governor of Canada sent to Onondaga, and talks to us of peace with our whole house; but war was in his heart, as you now see by woful experience. He did the same formerly at Cadaraqui, and in the Senecas' country. This is the third time he has acted so deceitfully. He has broken open our house at both ends ; formerly in the Senecas' country, and now here. We hope to be revenged on them." Accordingly, when messengers came to renew and conclude the iiHc, that Ik; m :i)i'ce, fui aftnck DKSTRUCTION OF SCIIKNECTADV, 205 treaty which had boon beo-im hv T'lun.-.i.^f i ,• were soizod and handed ,C ^ U^K; sh 1'^ '"'T'^";"'' '^'^ scout., and harassed tho French in tery 5 ' Hon ^"^ '^'^ ''''' ''' .Wo will now proceed to draw frr-n f'l.-.l * ' aflliir, which is viyn.in.,te a itU ' , ""''''"•^. "^^•'^"'" '^i' this a.ui Indians. Notwit Sdin^ fl ^ T "'^^"l'"rat,onsof tho French of the sackin. ol' Su^ ' ' = t^ ! ^l';''''"'"''.''"'!'' '^^-'^'^'^t history .i^n tho.se^es tho Ir^^Llotj^.a n 1^ heL^ tlu "r r^ad^ " '''^ '"«•' 'I'^'t 1'- im.'l t a^ e ^k: In"" T'/T""''^'' ^'^ ^lichilir.w^cki. time thov would toT^-ci',r'.'''V"'"^^ "' ^^ ^''"^^ prepared at the same n.;;;^'^ I rS^n^o--' o'n- 'r '" "';; '^'^^'•- ^^^^ ii'.' took HK^asures also to raise iroe^"f,/'''^''''^'''*'^l'»«^ '''"^ thm-dilloront routes theconntryorn^^V;ry^!;;r^^^ M iIk Hto comniaiKlors. Mir,- ,l,oV 1 ., ',""'■'•■""' ""'i - '•«>""' ■■'.■iKKrl.-uly: iirre A -UIM -.v . f 1 , ^ ^' ""'' ""= olhor to il 306 EVENTS IN INDIAN HISTORY. of them; and in the dose added, that they conld not doubt of the assistance; of Heaven against the enemies ofC.o.l, m a enuse so just. ' Hardly had they tak.'U up their line of nuurh, wiien they nu^t lorty Indian won>en, who ^av(,■ then, all the necessary information lor ai- nroachns the place 'in safety. A Canadian nmued (.igu.ere was detacheciinunediately with nine Indians upen^hscovery, wlio acciuitled himself to the .-ntire satisfaction of his olhcers. He n.'connoitred Schenectady at his leisure, and then re.jouied his c.mirades. It hnd been deterniinrd by the pi-.rty to put oil the attack one iia> longer; but on the iirrivid of the scout under (Jiguierc,it was resolved to iTroce(xl without delay. , ,. , i SclLMiectadv was then in form like that ol a long s(inare, and entered by two gati^s, one at ea.d. md. One op.-n(vl towards Albany, the other upon the grent road l.>ading into th.; back country, and which was now possess.^tl bv the French and Indians. .Alanlet and bt. Heienechnr.rod at the "second gale, which the Indian women be[on« mention.Ml had assured them was always open, and they found it so. D'lbcrviUe ;nid llepenti-nv passed to the lre the .,nly resistance o any account was made. Tlu; gate of it was soon iorccd, and a I ol the En.dish fell bv the sword, and the garrison was burned. Mon igni was wounded, in forcing a house;, in his arm and b.idy, by two blow. of a halberd, which put him hors du combat; but ;-,t. Helene having come to his assistance^, the house was taken, and tin; wounds ol Montigni revenged by the d(-ath of all \\lio had shut themselves up in it. 1 -11 • Nothing was now to be seen br.l massacre and i)illage m mciy place \t the end of about twc iiours, the chiefs, Ix'lieving it due \u their 'safety, nosted bodie- -'' miards at all the avenues, to prevent surprise, and the xv.t of ,-. ' ^■p.cnt In refreshing themselves. Mantet had given orders luustcr of the place should k snared, whom he had iiifnuled -u prisoner; but he was found among the promiscuous dead, ai one knew wh(;n he was killed, and afl his papers were burned. , „ *v, i ,r After the place was destroyed, the chiefs ordered all the casks ol intoxicating liquors to be staved, to prevent their men from getting drunk, they next set all tlie houses on fire, excerpting that ol a widow. into which Montigni had been carried, and another belonging to Maj.H- Coudre: they were in number about lbrty,all w^ell built and iurinslunl: no booty but that which could be easily transported was saved. 1 1k| lives of about sixty persons were spareel ; chiefly womem,duIelren, and old men, who had escaped the fury of the onset and thirty ndians who happened to be then in the place. Ihc ives of the Indians were spared, that they might carry the news ol what had happened to Ml'RDRR OF MISS M'CREA. 20; tlieir countrymon, whom thoy w(r(> rptiucslcd to iiiforin, thnt it was not against thorn that thoy intond jd any harm, hut to th.; Jmi^HsIi only, whom fh<>y had now dcspoilod of property to the amount of four hundred tliousand |)ounds. Thoy wen; too near Alhany to remain hnifi, among the ruins, and they decamped ahout noon. Tlie i)lunder— Montiyni, whom it was necessary to carry — Uk; i)risorjers, whcj were to (he numlxn- of Ibrty, and the want of pnn'isions, witli wiiich tiiev had in tiieir hurry iiei,'I(rted to provide; themselves, re-tarded mueir their retreat. Many- would liave even died oi" famine, liad they not hud filly liorses, of which there reniained hut six wlieu ihey ai rived at Monlreal, (i|)(m th<' 'JTth of March fullowiuy. * Tiieir waiit ol' [irovisions ohiigr-d thetn to separate, and ill ;m attack which was made upon one party, thre<' hidiaiis and six FreiKdinuMi were lulK'd (jr taken ; an attacif, which, lor want of proper caution, cost the army mon; lives than the capture ol' .Schenectady; in which they lost hut'two men, a Frenchman and ail hidian. (HIAPTER II. MUKDER OP MISS M'CREA-lIKUOIglM OF MUS. MKRRIF. Murdvr of Miss Jam: McCrai. This young lady " was thr; se<-ond daughter of James McCnJu. iiMiiistcr of Lamington, New Jersey, wlio died helbro the revolution. After his death, she resided with her brother, Colonel John McCrea. of Albany, who removed in 177;J to the Jieighborhood of Fort Ed- ward. His house was in what is now Northumberland, on the west .side of the Ihidson, three miles north of l\Iiller Falls. In July or August, 1777, being on a visit to the family of Mrs. IMcNeil, near Fort Fdward, at the close of tlio week, she was aslced to remain until Moiuiiiy. On Siindny morning, when the Indians caiiK! to the house, she (■oiicc^aled hersell" in the cellar, but' they dragged her out by the hair, and placing heron a horse, proceeded on the road towards Sandy Hill. Thoy soon met another partv of Indians, returninn- irom Argyle, where they Iiad killcMl the lliniily of I\!r. Bains; these hidiaiis disapjiroved tlie purpose of taking the'captive to the British <.'ami), and one of them struck her with a tomakawk, and tore off her scalp. This is the account given by her nepliew. Tlio account of Mrs. McNeil is, that her lover, anxious ibr lier salety, employed two Indians, with the promise of a band of rum, to bring her to him; and that, in consequence of their dis[)ute lijr the riuht of conducting lier, 0111; of th(!m murdered her. (ien. Cbites, in liis letter to Gem * Tiicre is no doubt but that they were obliged to subsist chicn their horses y upon yo8 EVENTS IN INDIAN IIISTOIIY. Bur»;o\n(> of 2d SopUunlicr, says, 'slio vvus tiix'sttcd to receive lui proinisi'd lnishaiul.' '• (Icr l)n)tlicr. on licariiiii; of Ikt liitc, sent his friniily tlic next day ti. All)aiiv, and, rc|)ui ri n-j- to the Aiiifi'icaii canii), buried his sister, wit)] one Li(Mitcnaiil Van N'echteii, three miles south ol'JM)rt I'.dward. She was twenty-llu'ee years old, ot" an amiable and virluous (diaraetcr, and hiuidv esteemed by all her aecinaintanee. It is said, atui was Ix'licved, that she was engaj^ed in marriage to ('ajilain David Jones, of tJKi 15ritisii army, a loytdist, who survived her only a liw years, and died, as was suj)iiosed, of <.'riel" for her loss. Her nephew, Col. James MeCrea, livcil at Saratoga in 1M^;J."* Und(^r the iiam<' ol" TiUcinda, |{arIow has dwelt upf)n this murder in u strain that may be imitated, but not surpassed. We select Iron, liim as follows : " One deed sliail toll what fiUTu; great Albion draws Froiri these auxiliars in lier l)arl)'rous caune, — l.aciiulu's late. Tlie tale, yc nations licar; Eternal ages trace it willi a tear." The poet then )nakes Lueinda, diu'ing a battle, wander from hii home to wateh her iov(.'r, whom he ealls Heartly. She distinguishes him in the conlliet, and, when his scpiadron is routed by the Ameri- (;ans, sh(^ proeeeds to the eontested ground, Ismeying she had seei; him fall at a certain point. But " IT\i,xUAy cuUn. 1 hoy hroko one part of tho door, and one of the... .rowdcd pa,-t y th.-o„oh. The horni. ...nMu.-, in 'u.o ...i st of " '■ '^1 '>'"^v to the savage, and he laliin. hoadlo..n. into th - houi he ' liH-s supposino. thoy had gained their ond, ,.,shed an(.-i until ir, lost retreated wh.eh gave opportunity again to seeure the door l.o.,con,pan> hit their expectations were soon dashed hy frndin- lK'dooraga.na tacked, which the hold .nother endeavored one no^ U> seeure w.th he assistance of the young won.an. Their 1 bars now ;a..,e o.. the.n dJ10 KVENT8 ly INDIAN IIWTOKT. CIIAI'TF.R III. WELSH OR vviriTi: Indians. ^^^'nrrnttrc of Captain Isaac Stuart, of the Provincial Camlry of South Carolina, talrn frovi kin own mouth, by I. C, Ksq., March, I7w:i. ■" I was taken |)risniipr, nluuit filly iiiilos to the wpstward of Fort I'ilt, al)uiit ("iglitc'cii years airn, by tlie Indians, and carried to thi W'ahusli, wilirotlier wiiite men. Tlioy worn exec.iled with cireiini- stances of Imrrid I)arl)arity, hut it was my uood fortune !o call l()rtli the sympathy of .'i yood wouuw of the village, who was permitted to redeem me from those who h(!Ul me prisoner, hy j^iving- them a hors. as a ransom. A(ler remaiiiin;L!; two years in h(iiKia;L..e, a Spaniard cami^ to the nation, liaviii^' hfcn sent from Ah'xieo on discoveries, lie made application to tlie chiefs of I li<- Indians for hiriny-ine, and an- oth<'r while man who was in a Hke situation, a native of \V ales, ami named John Davey, which was eomprieil with. V. C took our departun and traveUed to the westward, crossing the Mississippi near lied Rivor, u\) which we trav(>lled upwards of seven liiiU(h'cd miles. Hero we c-ime to a nation oi' Indians lemarkahly \\hile, and whose liair wu- of a reddish color, at least mostly so. 'They lived en a sinall river \\hi<'h emptied itself into Red River, whidi they called the River Post; and in the morning, the day alhr our arrival, the Welshman hilbrind mi! that he was deiermiiied to remain with the nation of Indians, giviiip as a reason that he understood tlieir language, it 1j( ing very little diiR-rent from the Welsh. Aly curiosity was excited very iiiuch by this information, and I went with my companion to the chief men of thi- town, who in!i>rm(Nl Iiini, in a language that I had no knowledjn of, and wliich had no allinity witli that of any other Judiaii tongm tluit F ever heard, that the; 'foreliithers of this nation came from u foreign country, and landed on the east sidi' of the Pd!ssissi[)pi (ilc- scril)in? particularly the country now called West Florida), and that. on the Spaniards taking possession of tlie country, they lied to their then abode; and, as a proof of what tiiey advanced, they brought oui rolls of parchment wrote: with blue ink, at least it had a bluish casl. Tlie characters I did not understand, and tlie Welshiuan being un- acquainted with letters of any language, 1 was not able to know wlial the meaning of the writing was. They were a bold, hardy, intrepid iKJople, very warlike, and their women were beautiful compared with other Indians." There seem to have been a good many accounts concerning thn White Indians in circulation about the above period, and the next wo shall notice is found in Mr. Charles Realty's journal, the substance of wliigh is as follows: At the foot of the Alleghany Mountains, in Pennsylvania, Mr. Reatty stopped at the house of a Mr. John Miller, where he "inet witti one Benjamin Sutton, who had been taken captive by the [ndiauj. WBLail OK WHITE INDIANA yij ,0 a„ hul,a„ „.w„, „ v..y ...si.irNo'l rfi S 0°,:™' whoso iiiliabilui.ls «',.|o of dillori'i.t ,■.,„ xioii, „?., , ' .l...»o of .1,0 olhor I„Ji„„H, „,„| „,,„ „ 2 w ; „"' '"""? "r now l,.o;,,, ,„o wo»t .,ido „r .,,„ A,,„„„',,, „,,•, IJ^^^ wa, onco aUondi,,!, „„ o,„l,„«y ^Tl T , .'ril. ,' t:'')!];: of the iVli.ssissii.ni, wi.Tf the iii,i.'ilnc,..f . , i .," ^'" """ ^^^*' ■'''uo ■old, lo,- lu, ,i,d' '„:„ o„do,.,,uu '" ,r;^ " * ,• """ '■" ™» whoio „o i,-,;,»o„ .oTl:,".;:'! :' ni; :ir;„,rd u';Ti''*ir was sure tlidv tulkctl Wflsh ioi- 1,,. I..„l l f" '^'^i' " •■Isli. Ih, ,.eopie, and 4ow so.no wonJlJ^u"!."' '"'^""''"' "'"' '''^'«»' To tlie above I\Ir. Hwittv adds- "I I...... i • ,• years ago. a cler,y.nan i^M K... H " , 'l^ v|" " r' "T^."'"^ lived some tini, tl.e-ro, wn.t ln,„. tl,,.. ■ s ,.l r ' . '''^'"° uccordi.u?lv set out bv land ac-co.Z , I l • . V iruami, and I" travelbn, through nXck\S:t 11^1^7 "T^' very tiiinlv inhabited, he fbll i. vvilh ■ , .L ' ' ^''""''.^^'''« '^^en to attack -tlu. inhal>it;uus o ' ^ l^ ' " n^^' ^;''"^"'''7^^« g""'S '"a". ^UKl finding he uas goin. u^V r Mui^Tv f l"!"^ "'^ "'^''^y- his companions as bclunT.ii,.°to tl-u l'. / ''?' "^T" '"'" ''^"'^ IH'isoneri, and told then/ h>ntd ' Th ct:''' ""'• ^''''" ^" lion Ibr another uorld, uvnt I pray^ nd bein^^^Tl ' '" ''''^'''''!; "1 tl.o VV,-lsh lanoua,e. One ir nKj ^ f .bo "i * '^''""^'"' P''«y^'d priced to hear him pn.v in tLh- o^n h u ' If '' 7-' T'^' ''"^' .> ..i.n, and hadinl he could'^X^^^'-'^,^^;;; ^ .1 ^^r^ death reversed, ami his lile was saved 'I'l,.., f ^ i '' '^^"^'^ «' VVeUh, thou d> th . d deet V- s in .^''"'^""''^'^ '""="^^^0 was ibund to be a Bil>k, but vS. tli^y c^> r ^^ Z " 'T'^' T''"'' ^" ingand explainin^r it, Hd, ,v S r • ' '^"f' «» '^'^ I'ead- AUer son,c\i.ne tlL nlin!^ ^1' 1';;::;J:: :;:''^ ' ''^'^''^^-f ' own conn, ry, and promised t.! relun^ !. ^i t:^C i h Xr" ^ f" inends, who would instruct them iii Christi m i , °' '"" h. return to England he died, whi:h ^^l^^Z ,. h" S- ^ ^^"^^ ^1 lH:ZC;;!nr,;i^JZ^;r '^-.ghf ended at .hich the Welsh nait l.av^'e^J^: 1^ ,n " w-'ln" KT' F.nt.s was discovered, o. that any wntu!^^::;^^ tt^lb^f^- mi: I ll^HRffifl Hpi ill 9jl ip"' ' f ' f iffi «l ill hI 212 EVKNTS IN INDIAN HISTORY. !.■; books as wc now have thorn. It shouM be here noted that Mr. Bcatty travelled in the autumn of 1766. Major Rogers, in his "Concise Account of North America," puh- lishod in 1765, nolicos the White; Indians, but the geography of their country ho leaves any when; on the v/v.st of the Mississippi; probably never having visited them himself, although Iw. tells us he had travelled very extensively in thc^ int(;rior. "This fruilfid country," he says. "is at present inhabited by a nation (jf Indians, called by the others the White Indians, on account of their complexion, they beting much the I'airest Indians on the continent. They have, however, Indian eyes, and a certain guilty .lewish cast with them. This nation is very numerous, being able to raise between 20 and ;30,0()() fighting men. Thev have no weapons but bows and arrows, tomahawks, and a kind of vvoodeu pikes, l()r which reason they oflen sutler greatly from tlu eastern Indian.,, who have the use of fire-arms, and frcxpiently visii the White Indians on tli(! banks of the easterly branch, (ol' Muddy River.') and kill or ca))tivate them in great nundx-rs. Such as (all alive into tlu'ir hands they generally scdl for slaves. These Indians live in large towns, and have commodious hou.ses; they raise corn, tame tb(> wild cows, and use both their milk and flesh; tlujy keep great nund)ers of dogs, and an; very dexterous in hunting; they have little or no commerce with any nation that wo at present are acquainted with." In the account of Kentucky, written! in 1784, by an excellent writer, Mr. .Tolrn Filson, wv liyd as follows: — After noticing the voy^age ol Madoc, who, with bis ten .•^liips with emigrants, sailed west about 1170, and wlio wen;, according to the Welsh historians, nciver heard of afler, he proceeds, "This account has at s(!veral times drawn the attention of the world; but as no vestiges of them had then been found, it was concluded, perhfijis- too rashly, to be a l'al)l(^ or at least that nc remains of the colony existed. Of late years, however, the; western settk'rs have; re'e'edve-d f|-e(|uent ae-conufs of a nation, inhabiting at :i (rre;at distane'e> upfhe^ i\liss(nn'i, in manners and a|ipearance resemblini: thcMitber Indians, but speaking Welsh, and re'taining sejme; ceremonies of the Christian worship; and at len!Uh this is univeM'sally believe'd there to be a fact. Capt. Abraliam (,'bnplain, of Kentucky, a gentlf- man whose veracity may be entirely ele-peiided upon, assured thn author that in the late; war, (revolution,) beingwitli his company in garrison at Kaskaskia, some Indians came there, and, sjje'akiug the Welsh eiialect, were; j)e-rlLctly uneiersfoeid and conver.seel with by two Welshmen in his company, and that the-y informed them of the; situa- tion of their nation, as me'ulione'd above." Henry Ki'r, who travelled junong the tliirtcen tribes of Inelians in 1810, &i('., names one near a great mountain which he; calls Mnace- dcus. lie said Dr. Sibley had fold him, when at Natchitexdies, tliul a nmnber of travellers had assiu'ed him that tlie;re was a strong simi- larity between the Indian language and many words of the Welsh. Mr= Ker fitund notbimi aniony; any of the Indians to indicate a Welsh origin until he arrived among the Mnae-edeus. Here he found many JOSKI'II BHANT. 213 nistoins wliicli wore Wcl«I. r>>. ■'I .iid not unde'u d t'AVcIir ''-'^'T"'!^^^ ""' '^ '^^'^^ "-y '-1 "pnnt.d i:^d.ru:.Str ^iSr;;:"^^'''^'^'''- grmt care, they Imvincr ;, ti-HlitlT,, ?'.i ' piT'sorvcid with ll...'n: hull h,-,.n v,.r? 1 '. , ^ '" '","'""'>■ '"•""^■'' ^^ a time\vhci. ti"-»n lif^Lt on 'iH^^^^hi. ;.,;;'" ''" f'''"'^' ""^"^'^'"t '•> '^v. Indians flost th u 'll '" !">• ■^"''-n"-'". 'lisputo.s with th. „,,.,.,„_.,,_„ '"' •'"•' <^ll iu) eiKl,.avor.s t., ,.btain mow w.-rc in- think It iiiav he nivttv vifi^u, ■ > li , • " ""' ^^''u'o, we Welsh aboJ tt Sn^'S heti^r' 'T '"^'^"^^ "'" '^ '-^ ^'■ authority as that ^^h\:^Zs\J!^2^\^"7u"\ T '^" ^" ^^"'^ the sea-serpent. adduced to estabhsli the existence ol' i^H i :^i CHAPTEJi IV. BATTLE or ORiSKAiVA-lJESTUUCTIO^ OV WYOMING t^nglish education uf '^ Moofs e ar " ;d. !^ "77h ' "'^ J^"' ^i.- Willi,,;: tL!^;i; t;:" '':"^; '™'',."«"'"»' .•''" <»""'■■>•. <:.-„,! ^as ayenl ol" Indian alii urs, and had yreath 214 EVENTS IN INDIAN HISTORY. ingratiated himself into the esteem of the Six Nations. He lived at tlie place since named from him, upon the north bank of the Mohawk, uhoiit forty miles from Albany. Here he had an elegant scat, and would often entertain several hundreds of his red friends, and siiaro all in common with tlwm. Thi'y so much respected him, that, not- withstanding :lK'y had the (Idl liberty of his house, yet they would take nothing tiiat did not belong to them. The better to rivet their (!stecm, he would, at certain seasons, accommodate himself to their mode of dress, and, being a widower, took as a kind oi' companion a sister of liranl, b}' the nauK! of Molley. Ho had received honors and emoluments from the Ih'itish government, and the Indians received also, tiu'ough his agency, (n'cry thing which, in their oi)inion, con- duced to tliidr ha|)])incss, J [encc it is not strange that thoy should hold in the ureatcst reverence the name of their " yreat father,"' tJK king, and think the lew rebels who opposed his authority, when tli( revolution began, most ungratefully kicked, and unworthy all mercy. Sir William died in 1774, about a year before the battle of BunkcrV Hill. The Butlers, .lohn and Waller, whose names arc associated with the recollecticni of t\\v. horrid barbarities upon Cherry-valley and Wyoming, lived at Caughnewaga, fbiu* miles southeasterly from the village of Johnson, and ui)on the same side of the Mohawk. In 177-"), in a letter to the Oneidas, our chief subscribes himself "secretary to Guy Johnson." This was early in the summer of that year, and henc inhabitants, and told them that they stood in necdol provisions, and if they did not give them some, they should ta! it by force; a refusal, therefore, would have been worse thai tisclesis. BRANT BATTLE OP ORISKANA. ai5 Brant fi.r her observed, '< that their agreement ^vith the kinc. was strong, and that they were not such villafns as to break their ^v°.mnt with Inm. ,eneral Herkimer n.arehed up to Unadilla, n J^dy wiS three hundred and e.ghty men, where he found Brant with om kmdTc and lurty of h,s warnors. Hero he had an interview wi.h in i which he hold the followmo. language:-^^ TJ,at the Indians ^ " "' ;-'•'-;• -;ll> he kmg, as their Jalhers and grand fi,tl,er.s ha bee Ihat the kmg's belts were yet lodo-cd with tluMH -nwl fh,.. "' '"^"- .alsify their pledge. '1 hat I^enerd 1/;! -^llllat t 1^ piS he ]i.s o,j people aganist their king. That the Boston people w^j^^f lutcla, the k.ng would humble them. That Mr. Schuvler. o ' e n tu or what you please to call him, was very smart on the I, Ihn'J'^t n -rcaly at German Fiatts ; but was not, at the san>e , v ' ^ lb ^ '!!!" '^^J^!!'!'^!^:^;:^:'^'^*^' ';''^^'^!''^-. '^^^-^ ^he Indians lKuri!n.maJ[; ..Kule war on the Mhi,o per-plo aH united ; and nou^^tji^: ^^m divided the Indians were not fr <>■ btened " (V,l,,..ni rv i "*-"- "'^'"cu, Mcrkirner siid if w-,,. . . i V . Lox, who aecon)panied iciknnei, said, it war was ins determination, the matter was ended t-rant t len spoke to his wari-iors, and they shouted, and ran to he r place 0^ encampment, seized ll.ir arms, fi,cd soveml .unj^" n W -ivuig the war-whoop, returned in Avarlike a rrav ( Jenernl uZl |hon told Brant ]. did not come to fight, and tL erf ^ Sli: is men to be cpud. Perhaps, as a worthy author observed men , ti.nsaetK,n m Hnlip's war, it is better to omit the cause of t^ SiJ «t Ifcrkimer, than too crUically to inquire into it. His n m va K outi.undjcre.1 the Indians, and bis authority Mas ample- bin Z iivcs were no doubt pure, and bis oonrage^nus^r ^^ t^i'm ucst.on, as wdl appear iVom what is to bo velat<,.,i. To put 1 o Is layorable construction upon liis neglecting to break down Uie po^ 1 brant, is to suppose that be was impressed witli the belie tlmTk ndians would not join with the JOnglisb in committing bos il S • 7f ihis were ,bo case, ho too late discovered the error of Ws judll nn AlK.r he general bad sead that he did not come toii«ht Brant with VOL. A te npest, which came up sialdeulv, separated the mriipt and each reUred peaceably. This is said to^li tl k't U l5 ^ dirocZ'ni'r'' "";"S"i"^''"'' y<^-'r, (1777,) Brant was under the lir ction ol General .St. Leger, who detached him with a considerable ody of warriors lor thoinvestment of Fort Htanwix. ( V;E S ' as commander.m-ch.ef, with a band of tories. The in abTt .ntsin he valley of the Mohawk determined to march for tleS. rfoi' C ^n Ganesvoort, who commanded the fort, wldch they did in /„-^ ments, wiM. General fierkimer at their hej A. i iZ; wi b nV Jtf " S^^mt^h 'r ^'r^^'"-'^^-^- theg^ei^i'^di^iitr :; r S; y 'T'"''^ ^''"^'1'.*^ cowardice, which, most unwarrnnt- «bl,, had mure innuence upon his mind than the safety of his army. llil Vft .^iP 216 EVENTS IN INDIAN IIISTOHV. A catastro})lK ensued, which, though not so momentous in that dav. as was that of'Lothrop in 167(5, nor so complete a victory on the part of the Indians, yet it was a .severe fiaht, in wliich two liundrcfi Americans were slain. The i)lace of attaclv was selected hy Brant or Butler, and was a ravine of a broad bottom, nearly iin{)assa"blc, except a rough track covered with logs of from twelve to iDleen (e(;t in length, laid tran; /ersely, ■ which extended acnjss it. (leiieral Herkimer'ar- rived at vnis place about two hours before mid-day, August 6th. Ih might reasonably have expected an amjjush, but his first intimations of the vicinity of in f uemy wen? the terrifying yells of liie Indians. and the still mon; lasting impressions of their" rifles. The advanced guard were all cut oil". Such as .survived the fir.st fire were iiewn down with the tcmahawk. The fatal causeway was .semicircular, and IJrant and his forces occupied the surrounding heights. These an the principal events in the battle of Oriskana. A surgeon. Dr. Mosc- Younglove, was taken prisoner in this battle, and after his return Irom oaplivily, he wrote a poem upon the affair, from whiclnve extract th( Ibllowing: — ■ t " The imc nrul place of onr luiliappy fight, 'I'o \ ou at lari^o were needless to recite: VVIicti in the wood imr iicrcc inhuinan foes, , 'With piercing Vidi iVoiu circling arnbush rose. A sudden volley rends the vaniicd sky; Tlic'ir painted in)di(!s hideons to the eye — Tfiey rii di Hke heliisii I'uries (jn (jiir hands, Their slaughter weapons hrandish'd in their liands.'' Running down from every direciion, they prevented the two re"!- rnents from forming a junction, one ol" them not having entenxl th' causeway; and a part of the assailants li'll upon tho.se without, aii:; iic remainder upon those within it. The; former iiired wor.se thai! the latter, for in such c.-ises a flight has almost always been a disnia; deleat. it was now the case. 'J'he other regiment, hemmed in u. they were, saw, in a nioment, that To fight, or not to fight, was death. They therelbrc, back to back, forming a front in every direction, fought like men in despair. This, Dr. Younglove thus forciblv depicts : — " Now, hand to hand, the contest is for life. With bay 'net, toni'hawk, sword, and scalping knife: Now more remote the work of (li;ath we ply. And thick as hail tlie show'ring bullets fly; Full many a hardy warrior sinks supine; Yolls, shrieks, groans, shouts and thund'riiig volleys join: The dismal din the ringing forest fills, The sounding echo roars along the hills." * All who have travelled, even within a fcwyeavs,in this part of the State of New York, cannot but well remember the " Corduroy" roads. Such wa« the road o?er the memorablu ravi' •lUC. 217 BRANT BATTIE OP ORISKANA. ^ The poet thus presents to our view the attacking parties :~ " Wiu° '^eP.art'nents were the assailing foes • WJd savage natives lead the first of tfose ' Their almost naked frames, of various dve's • Oni""^'. "^..^''^^'^ ^"*^ red'surround heir eves • Onone side they present a shaven headf The naked half of the Vermillion red ; In spots the party-color'd face they drew Beyond description horrible to vieJ; ' Their ebon locks in braid, with paint o'ersoread- ThPir I'.'i^^ '"''' depending from the headf ' Iheir gaudry my descriptive power exceeds In pxumes of feathers, g/itfrin^g plates and b^ads." He thus speaks of the tories :— " These for the first attack their force unite And most sustain the fury of the fight;' Their rule of warfare, devastation, dire By undistinguish'd plunder, death 'and fi're • NSenSerTnSn? '""^ ^'^^*' ^'^^> ^-^ar-is rage, i>or lender infant spare, nor rev'rend sage." And Butler is noticed as follows : " wtL"'^™ "" *'°''l^'^ monster bore command Whose mauspicicus birth disgrac'd our land • By malice urg'd to ev'ry barb^'rous art • ' Of cruel temper, but of coward heart •' ln2 SnrS:/;^f^;!!'ti? ^hjs^rlorn condition, that the .nder Majc;^- Watson, the7woutha:;^ b^L^eSy^ed ':. ^ t i ' reinforcement is thus characterised by the surgeom-!^^ ^ '"' " wrf ^^^""'^ T^^ ^ renegado crew, SVv"? ^^.^/^T \^' Christian nations do, A i&- ""^l^^ who bore the first command- A bold invader of his native land." The sight of this reinforcement greatly increased thp r«„, <• ». Amoncans. It was composed of the very meTwho hid left rh./ ''^! the country at the commencement of^thTwIr and w*p h f'^ abhorrence for their loyalty to the kin- Thp S t ^^^ •'" vigor, and the reinforc'emL fough?;,so wh '^^^^^^^^^ thirty oftheir number were killed: Maio^ wlon thS S ^^°"' woun ed and taken prisoner, but lefl upl th7b:^;Xr^^''' ''''^ In the meantmie, General Herkimer nad ^ot forward to tbo Tn... express, which informed Colonel Ganesvoo'rt o? Ws sifuatbn n" ful''n:;StughTSietoth^^^^^^ a plot of the whites on bX sides to Lit fhlm ''"."lu^V*?*' ^'^^"g^^t 't was '"'ght cut them off. '^ ^''^ '^"^ '"^^ ^^^t situationtthat they F ^um .n-ii; ImM-.^ mmf^M^: 218 ■VENTS IN INDIAN HISTORY. General Herkimer died of a wound which he received in this fiwht. Near its commencement, he was severely wounded in the leg, and his horse was killed. He directed his saddle to be placed upon a little knoll, and ]^sting himself upon it, continued to issue his orders. On l)eing advised to remove to a place of greater safety, he said, " No — 1 will face the enemy;" and, adds the historian of Tryon county, "in this situation, and in the heat of the battle, he very deliberately took from his pocket his tinder-box, and lit his pipe, which he smoked with ;Treat composure." The Indians, as well as the Americans, suffered dreadfully in this tight. And our poet writes, " Such was the bloody fight— and such the foe — Our smaller force return'd them blow for blow; By turns successfully their force defy'd, And conquest wav'ring seem'd from side to side." Brant's loss being about one hundred men ; we are inclined to think the loss of the Indians exaggerated in these lines : — "Not half the savages return'd from fight; They to their native wilds had sped tneir flight." The Senecas alone lost thirty, and the tories about one hundred. The regiment which fled suffered severely, but would have suffered still more, had not their pursuers been apprised of the desperate case of their fellows engaged in the ravine, which caused them to abandon the pursuit. The commanding officer. Colonel Cox, was killed, and the command devolved upon Lieutenant Colonel Campbell and Major (/lyde, who conducted the retreat. The scene in the night following the battle is thus strikingly pre- sented by Dr. Younglove, the eye-witness : — " Those that remained a long encampment made, And rising fires illumin'd all the shade : In vengeance for their num'rous brothers slain, Epr torture sundry prisoners they retain; And three fell monsters, horrible to view, A fellow pris'ncr from the sentries drew ; The guards before received their chief's command, To not withhold him from the slaught'ring band; But now the sufferer's fate they sympathise, And for him supplicate with earnest cries. I saw the general slowly passing by; The sergeant on his knees, with tearful eyo, Implor'd the guards might wrest him from their hands, Since now the troops could awe their lessen'd bands. With lifted cane the gen'ral thus replies, While indignation sparkles from his e^es: — 'Go! sirrah! mind your orders giv'n before ! And for infernal rebels plead no more!' For help the wretched victim vainly cries, With supplicating voice and ardent eyes ; With horror chill'd, I turn away my face. While instantly they bear him from the place. Dread scene! — with anguish stung I inly groan. To think the next hard lot may be my own," BRANT— DB8TRUCTI0N OF CHBRKV-VALttV. 219 Tiie poet next describes his dream in whir-!, Ur. >. ■ > i>attle.ground; and then thus ope^:]::^:;^^^^^::^''''' ''' ""• "When savages, for horrid sport prei.iir'd Demand another pris'nar from t ,o iuard Sfei^Tcatil'^""-'' '^^r*^^'^''' -'t^' "portal fn.Uu ueside the guard they sat them on the ground And v.eWd, vv.th piercing eyes, th.prifoners round." "At length, one rising seized me bv the hand • JJ^ar in the gloomy bosom of Hie wood ; «fay. Brant intonJcJ toT w l,^ ' " '""""^ "''•'^'"•''"My h.- I.<«J lor tho purpose. I, h,u,|» -J u' •, i,n",'i"" T" "" '"■«''''"'■■ folio'winc. n"ht bu o 'tl.ilr' ' 1'=" ^^''^^'^^'^^J'-tlK- attack th.. . a .'-''"'-"•"" ^'•'s■ Sre thp wT 1 .r^ ''? acquainted witii Lieutenant Wormwood th ttk'i-rtot'r^'t '-''"T'i ^^'-^■^^ ^^ '^i^ fi^te,pretendm' in June, the same sunime'" ^vnt n-^ma -.r , a ■ "is ... — ii.i.it.., ..r,.nt came upon bpnngneid, which he "*•■*■ 2i0 SVKKTS IN INDIAN HISTORY. burned, and carried of}' a nurnter of prisoners. The women and children were not maltreated, but were IvAt in one house unmolesfod. About this tiiTK!, <^i-( ;i\. pains were taken to eize the wary chief, but tlKM'O was no C!aplaiii (Hiurch, or, unlike I'Ldip of Pokanoket, Branl had the remote niitions to fly to without fear of beini,' killed by them. < 'aptain M'Kean hunted him for some time;, and, not being able to find him, wrote an insidiiii^- letlc.r Gn- him, and left it in an Indian path. Anionir oth(T thinps he r-hallenged him to siiij^le combat, or to meet jiim with an ((lual number of men; and "that if he would cirne ti> Cherry-valley, and liave a fair fight, they would ciianm; him from n I'rant into fi Goos." 'J'liis letter, it is su[)posed. Brant recei\-ed. from ;in intimation confaiued in one which he wrote about the same time to it tory. 'J'o this man (rarcifer Carr ,of Edmeston,) he writes from Tuna- ■1i!la,"(l'na(lilla) under date of July Oth, 1778, — ".Sir: I understand by the Indians that was at your house last week, that one Smith lives neii' with you, has little more corn to spare. 1 should be much oblig(xi to voti, if you would be so kind as to try to get as much corn as Smith i-nn spared; he has sent me five skijiples already, of which I am much lili in the library of Harvard college, 'i'lu; next e\ent of importance in which Prant was engagiul, ^^^il^! the destruction of Wyoming, one of the most heart-rending records ■n the annals of the revolulionary war. In that horrid affair, aboiil :)iree hundred settlers were killed or carried into v-aptivity, from tht greater part of whom no intelligence was ever obtained. It was known early in the spring of 1778, that a large Icu'ce wa?; i-ol!(3cting at Niagara for tlu! object of laving wastes the frontiers of i'ennsylvania, Virginia and INcav York; and even as early as Februa- ry, General Schuyler wrote to(^)ngress to inform them that such wa.s Ids belief. In March he wrote again lO Congress, saying, "A nuniter of Mohawks, and many of the Onondagoes, Cayugas, and Senccas, will commence hostilities against us as soon as thev can ; it would he prudent, therefore, early to take measures to carry the war into their country; it would require no greater body of troops to destroy their Towns than to protect the frontier iidiabitanfs." I3ut Congress had more than their hands full in other directions, and nothing was done, jn the beginning of July, the tory and Indian force, amounting to- gt>ihor to about sixteen hundred men, were discovered in possession of Fort Wintormoot, a short distance from the village of Wyomitii;. BSAlfT. DESTRUCTION OP WYOMING. Jf] Here wa^ also a fort, at which wore collected near four hundred men for the defence ot the country, who were under the immedinTe com" mand of Colonel Zebulon Butler. On the 3d of July, a counciUf war was held upon the propriety of marching out and^attack n^ the toryand hidmn ar.ny, and .t was finally agreed that theenemy sho dd be sought. Accorrlmg y the Americans marched out upon thl ex^ dition the same ,lay Having sent forward spies, they 'had not pK ceedod fi,r, whcij they were discovered by two Indians, who were doubtless u,x.n the same b.Ksiness. The scouts fired each upon the' other, and then hastened to their respective head-quarters.^ Both parties were .min.-du.tely in motion, and joined batt e near a thick swamp. 1 he tnchaus and tories, being the more numerous, outranked he Amencans, and Brant, at the head of his furious ^/arri;rs, iss"S Irom the swamp, turned their led flank, and creating thereby ; coS ..on wh.ch greatly favored his kind of warfare, and enable^him o make dreadful havoc among fhem. The Americans were in two lin^s, and it was the line commanded by Colonel Denn.son that Brant successfully encountered. Butler a he same t.m.e, was gam.ng some advantage over the other line under .s cousin /ebulon, which, added to the mging disaster in the ert )ocame unmed.ately a flight. Colcnel Dennlson's order to fall back by which ho ..esioned to make an advantageous evolution, wL dis-' torted, by the teniticd troops, into un order ibr flight; atul ^iTwasTn a few moments losf . And from Judge Marshall w° add as follows -^ "The troops fled towards the river, which thoy endeavored :o pass in order to enter Fort VVilkesbarre, (in the village of that nal; on the opposie side ol the Susquehanna).' The enemy pursued 'with the uryof devds;'andof the four hundred who had marched out on this unfortunate ptrley, only about twei.ty escaped," amon^ whom were the commanding oflicers. aujuii^ wnom The fort at Wyoming was now closely besiemi, and sceino- no .hance of escape Colonel Butler proposed a parley with SfHend and namesake, wh ch was assented to. The place of mee in. was I 'V fr "^ ''^ ^T'''^'' ^''""''^"^ treachery. to che place appointed- but when they arnyed there, they found nobody with whom toVuley! i command.^- of the torios has been branded with gross infamy or this piece of treac-hery with his kinsman ; for he feigned fear S the lag of ruce. The unwary Americans wnre, by his treacherous stratagemjedinto^ i„ „ea.ly the sa,;e'manneras we^e I l^chinsoM and Wheeler at Wickabaug Pond, in Philip's war. The^ «ore m a moment nearly surrounded by Brant's warriors, and the work of death raged in all its fury.* The tories "were not a w^k (•hJm7^^'^•""^i'' '"co»g':»ity in relation to the affairs of Wv^minir !rmv?^n^ '''ll'".^^'^ 'V^'^' '^^t ^'•ant commanded the rijjlit wini 0711?; St^S• KrhJl'^.^^^'^"'^^ by the forces that 'marched out'Jo during Ss'e'^ffa'f„ ^ ^ ^*''" ''^"'"^ ^"^^^ ^"'"^ **» «''«" ^t Wyoming 19* ^wKm ' iff ; ' B 1 1 222 ■VENTS IN INDIAN III8TORY. Pi ': behind tlie very (^hiefest" of them in ihin l)loo«ly dny. A remnant only roguinod the Ibrt, out of Htivernl hnndn-ds tlmt went forth. Thoy wero now more closely boHieged thnn Iwifore; and the mons to insult rhc vamjuiHlied, a (l(;mand was Kd of tho liesiegers, the " infamous l^itli-r" replied in thes(! two words, — "the hate.hot." This was the only truth we hcai of his utterinj^. It was ih»! hutehet, indeed — a few only lied to the surroundinji wildernesn, fhero to meet a nn)re lingerini; death by famine. Th(!se were ehietiy women aild children. Thus passed the fourth ol' .Inly, 177H, in the before Hourishinj; iclilcment of Wyoming, on the eastern branidi of the Susquehanna. Marlow knew well, in his early day, who was foitncr to hv branded with infamy for the acts ol' tliis m(;monil)le tragedy, lie says, — " His Hiivai^c^ lionics IIjo nuinioroiis .lolinson loads, FiloH through ttie wooiIh and trc;iils tlie tanylcd weeds. Shuns open c()iiil);it, toiiclics wlu're Id run, >SUiilk, coucli the uiiiImihIi, nini the liiuiler's gun, Whirl liic sly toiiiiihawk, liic u;ir-whoo|» siiii;, Divide the spoils, and pack the scalps tnoy bring." Cohimbind, vi. 3Hf), &r. Hiivmg now ^ot full ptissession of Wyoming, and, olxserves I)r, Diacher, "aller selecting a lew prison(>rs, the remainder of the people, ijcludinfr women and children, were enclosed in the houses and bar- racks, which w(>re innniidiately set on lire, and the whole (Consumed 'ogether. Another fort was near at hand, in whi<'h wen; seventy continental Koldi(>rs ; on surr<'U(lcrin a man, butchered in a barbarous manner; when the remainder of ♦he men, woni(>n and childr<-n were shut up in tlu; houses, and tin; lemons ol' hell olutted thi'ir venp-anee in l«di()irs, by cutting out their tongues, &c., and leaviiii; them alive. Well does Campbell make his Oneida chief to say,(wlii '•ome«s as a friend to warn the settlement of th(> a|)proach of the com- i»ined army of lories ajid Indians,) ••' Hut tiiis is not a time.' — lie started ii[), And SMUJte liis breast with woc- hoped t(. wash his hands in his heart's blood. The monster, with his own hands, murdered his father mother, brothers and sisters, stripped otF their scalps, and cut off his father s head !" it was upon such scenes as these, that the inind of the poet just cited had dwelt, which caused him to wield the pen of denunciation with such (>tii!c.l upon the memory of Riant. That Kutler was the far .rreater Hiivao-e, none can disj)ute, and Mr. Campbell has Ioncd his too great severity upon the (diaratrter of ffu; former. We should explain here, that a son of Colonel Hiant, a chief Mohawk, of the na:ne of Ahyonwaee, there were three other towns, which were all destroyed, as well as Wyoimng. Thfse towns were settled by emigrimts from Clonnecticut, and, when destn^yed, contained more than one thousand families, and had furnished the continental army with more than one thousand nien, who wenj generally the vountf and nctive part of the population. The opposite sides which (he inhabit- fiiits took in the great revolutionary question, created the most violent runcor in the bosoms of fj«th partiiw, and hence the barbarities which ensued. In November following, Cherry-valley met witli a fate similar to Wyoming. At this time, Hrnnt was returning to wintor-quarters, ^vllon ho was met by a torv captain, and persuad(^(l to enaaa(>in one wpedition more. This was Walter Butler, son of John, the hero of ^ yommg. He went to Canada with Guy Johnson, in 1775^ as- has oeon mentioned ; and now some circumstances brought him among 334 ■VBNT8 IN INDIAN HIBTORV. tho frontier settlemeutH of New York. Whut hiH object wa«, we are not informed ; but it wu.s, «l«)ubtit-N», tbat of a spy. However, he was tak(!n up on Hiispicion, at least, and confitied in jail at Albany; falling sick, he was romovod to a private dwelling, from wh<'ncc he soon found means to o.s<;upe. Joiuiiii,' liis liitber at Niaj^ara, ho succeeded in detaching a part of his rc^iniriit upon an iiieursion. Meelinj^ with Brant, us was just nu'ntioned, they niturncd to tlie frontier. It is said that Hrant was at first ilis|»leased with the project, understandinjf that Captain Walter hail iteen put in otlicci over him by his old {general, Walter's fatlu'r, but stifled his rescmtment. Their whole force was 8(!ven himdred men, live hundred of whom were the warriors of Branl. Coloncil lehahod A Idea, of iMassachusetts, was in cornniund at Cherry-valloy, and to his iriis«T;uided judii;ment is t») Ik; attributed the disast«!r whiih ensued. Hut, like Waldnm of (Jotdieeho, he was doomed to escape the disgrace. He was early ap|)rised of the march of Brant, and when ur«i;e(l to receive th hands of Brant were obliji;eil to give the most exact intellif^encc conccrninjj; the oarrison. On the nujrning of ihc 11th, favored by a thick and hazy atiriosjihere, they approached the fort. Colonels Alden and Staeia (piartercd at tlu; house of a iVir. Wells. A Mr. Hanible was fired upon as he was coniin«;f from h's house to the fort, by a scout, which oave the firf^t notice ol' the enemy. He escaped, and gave the alarm to Coloiu^ Alden, who, strange as it may appear, was still incredulous, and said that it was nothing more than some strugglini; Indians, Tlu> last space of lime was thus lost! — and, in less than half an hour, all parts of tho place were invested at once. Such ol' the soldiers as were collected being immediatf*ly all killed or taken, the poor inhabiumfs fell an easy prey. Colonel Alden was among the first victims. Like Chopart, in the massacre at Natchez, he fled from his house, and was pursued by an Iniliaii with his hatchet, at whom the colonel endeavored several times to discharge his pistol; but it missing tire, and losing time in litcing about lor this purpose, the Tndian was sulliciently near to throw his tomahawk with deadly cflect. He did so. (,'olonel Alden l);ll upon his face, and his scalp was in a moment borne olf in triumph. "A tory boasted that ho killed Mr. Wells while at prayer." His daughter, a young lady ol' gi-eat amiablcness, fled from the house to a pile of wood (or shelter; but an Indian pursued her, who, com.ing near, composedly wiped his long knife, already bloody, upon his leggins, then returning it to his belt, seized her by the arm, and with n blow of his tomahawk, ended her existence. She could speak some Indian, and begged her murderer BRANT. — DHPBATRD BY COLONEL WILLKT. 3!2A to spare lier lifti, nnd n tory intorceded, who Htood iirar, urging that Hho w«.s nis sister; hut ho would hear to neithor. Other tran.su<;tion8 in this uflhir, of still grcati-r horror, we must puHs in silence. B(.'fwe«!n thirty nnd forty priaoner.-! wore carried off; but the fort, mntninin^' about two hundred soldiers, was no» taken, althouidi sovpral trials wore nuul(! uj)on it. Brant was the only jHirson engair(^d in 'his tratjedy of whom we hf-nr any acts of cleniency; one ol' which was the preservation of a ()()or woman and her rhildreii, who, but for him, would have met the tomrihawlv. Me in(|uir(!d for Captain M'Kean, (who wrote him the iijtter bei:)re mcntioruid,) sayin^r he had now come to accept his ehal- Ir.wjrc. Beinir ansu(;red tliut "Captain M'Kean would not turn hi.s Imck upon an enemy," he replied, " I luiow it. He is a brave man, md I would have uiven more to have taluni him than any othtT man II) (■li(!rry-valley ; but I would not have; hurt a hair oi'his lieud." Brant had seen and heard so much of what is called civilised war- laro, that he was al'raid of tin? traduction of his character, and always >nu\ that, in his councils, he had tried to )nal«; his warriors humane; nnd to his .louor it is said, (but in proportion as his character is raised, that of the wiiile man must sink,) that where he had the chief com- MiaiKJ, few barl)ariti('s were comuiitti^d. The niulit before Mraiit and JiutNir lell upon (Jherry-vallt'y, some of the tories who had friends there requested lib(!rty (o go in secretly and advise tluMn lo retire. Butler. th^)Uoh some (jf his own friends wereamouu the inhabitants, refiis'-d, suyinL', "that there wen; so many liiiailics cimnected, that the onewotdd iniorm the others, and all would escape. He thus sacrificed his friends, for the; sake of punishing his ciiomies." This, whether r(;portcd by Brant to magniiy his'^own humanity, by a contrast with the depravity of his associate, is not known, but it may have bc!en the fact. But this midnight assassin did not escape his retribution; lie was killed by an Oneida Indian on ;U)th October, 1781, under the follow- ir.i,' circumstances: — Colonel VVillet having been ordered with about tour hundred men to mak(> an expedition into the country ol' the Mo- hawks, lie surprised a party of six hundred tories and one bundled and thirty Indians at .Johnston, and drove tlicm into the woods, and neveroly distressed them by cutting off fheir retreat to their boats. About this time Colonel VVillet was joined by sixty Oneida Indians, and ho shortly alien- (;ame up with a party which lormcd the rear of the British and Indians, and killed and took prisoners the most of them. Walter Butler was among the vanquished, and being wounded by one of Wil let's Indians, cried for quarter; upon which the Indian screamed out with a dreadful voice, "Sherry Valley I" at the same time cleaving his head with his tomahawk. Whether the following interesting affair belongs to Walter or John Butler, or whether it happened at Wyoming or at Cherry-valley, it equally affects the character of Brant. It is said that Butler^i on entering a house, ordered a woman and child to be killed, whom they found in a bed; but Brant said, "What! kill a woman atid child'! 226 KVENT8 IN INDIAN HISTORY. No ! that child is not an enemy to the king, nor a friend to the con- gress. Long before he will be big enough to do any mischief the dispute will be settled." The depredations of the Indians and tories at Wyoming and o^er places in that region, caused General Washington to order General Sullivan with two thousand live hundred men into the Indian country. Considerable delay was experienced, and the forces were not concen- trated at Wyoming until a year after it was destroyed. On 22d July, a company of Pennsylvania militia, who had marched from this place to Lackawaxcn to protect the settlers there, were attacked by one liundred and forty, and forty or fifty of them were killed or made prisoners. It is said that this summer, (1779,) 160,000 bushels of their com was destroyed. As soon ns it was known that Sullivan was advancing into the country, Brant and Butler, with six hundred Indians, ami Johnson, with two hundred tories, took a position on his route to cut him off. Sullivan came upon them, August 29th, at a place called Newtown, on Tioga river, where they had entrenched themselveti. and immediately attacked them. The battle lasted about two hours, when, by a successful movement of General Poor, at the head of his New Ilamjjshire regiment, Brant's warriors were thrown into confu- sion, and the whole were put to flight. Few were killed, and the} made no other stand against the Americans during the expedition. The historian adds, "They utterly destroyed forty villages, and left no single trace of vegetation upon the surface of the ground." All their cattle were cither killed or brought off, many of which they had before taken from the Americans. "None of the bounties of nature, none of the products of human industry, escaped the fury of the Ame- ricans." Upon this business the same author writes, that "the officers charged with the execution of these devastations were themselves ashamed of them; some even ventured to remonstrate that they were not accustonied to exercise the vocation of banditti." General Poor, doubtless, was the eilicient man in this expedition, but the ostentation of Sullivan gained him the honor! of it. Thus were the Five Nations chastised for acting as they had been yea, by the Americans themselves. The following summer, (2;^d July, sixty of his warriors and twenty-seven white men, came suddenly upon Minisink, in Orange county. New York, where they killed sun- dry of the inhabitants and made others captives. They burnt ten houses, twelve barns, a garrison, and two mills, and then commenced their retreat. The militia from Goshen and places adjacent, to the number of one hundred and fbrty-nine, collected, pursued, and came up with them, when a most bloody battle was fought. The Indians were finally victorious, and thirty only out of the one hundred and ibrty-nino whites escaped. Some were carried into captivity, and the rest were killed. Not being sufficiently cautious, they fell into an ambush, and so fought at great disadvantage. In 1821, a county meeting was held, by which it was voted thfti taught by die white people; 1779,) Colonel Brant, with BHANT.—DESTRUCTION OP MINISINK. 327 four persons, which were wirh ZJtr ' ,■ '°''°'' '*""^ "f fo«y- In'the spring of nTore^m r;,S^;£Xir^^^ of his warriors and a iew toriP« Ho * narpcrsneid with a company killed several others. On 2d Aumi.^ fn ^ • "'"?'" Prisoners, and harrie with about four hundred S w S' kilJf "f" ^'^"^J^" took about fifty.five Drisonor*, rhlT. '^'^'^"^'■^'/ "ed sixteen people, and drove away at Tsam; tif ^rT?,:'"^'u'^''^^^"' ^''^^ ^iUed horses, burnt fiftythreehouTes and n '^''' ^"""^''^ ^^"^^ «nd a new 'and elegant churchra ^rlfrn' land^ '"'' '^''•^'^ °"^-^«"^««' Doubtless there were manf n/h^ ' n '"^ g^'-'-'«0"s. was engaged perronallv ^wehavp^r^i" TT "^ ^^^'^^^ B'-^«t than we intended. ^' ^ '"''"" ^''""^^ ^^^<^^^ l«»g«r upon them ca^ iSn: Iir^^;^;^ ;^---^ ^Jat^e North Wi. 19th April, 1783._TheLn of the sfvS r '"^^^'y-'r^-^'^g^r^' nature, as have likewise all o/h-T'i """' ^^''^ ^" ^^^^^'^^ by which I have seen. So ndians i^^^^^^^^^ "''^'"r f ^°^'^ America chin and upper lip to grotv "aTatjof ^ It^kTlr "^f razors m the same manner n« Pn-^r.^ [ ™awk3 shave with out the hairs of the bca d bv fZ7'T'' ''"' '^' ^^"^'^^^y P'^^k apFar; and as they con W fhL pr cS a^H tt" .'' ^'^ ''^^^'^ ^° to have no beards, or at most on v'i r . . ^^'"^ ^'''^'' **^^y '-^PP^ar have neglected to phLic oT," Til u ''''"^'''"^ ^^''^' ^hich they Indians were to sh we they ii n°'''T' «^«P'"i°»' that if thJ thick as the Europeans • an J tZri n ^''''", ^^''^^ ^'^^g^^^er so actually very Httle' beard ^ '''" Z^ZZ'^T '^'' '^'^'^ ""^^ '^^- A daughter of Colonel Brant mari^ed a F,on T"^'"''''?''^*'^-" 1789, was killed by a party of fnZ i V^^^^man, who in June, the Wabash river He wn« i ^^ile peaceably travelling up whoui were k^d and thrrwou„S:r^W^"'^.''r t''^^ ^^^ ^' up to them and discovered the "onl l.wof R M''' ^""''^ ^^^^^^ dra^iig the arrows from the :::::ZZ^l^^^ ^^^^^ - .hl^t^mSlE^^ -to^^^^ ~^^ - boundarTline between {hXt^.f^r^^^^^^ i^T ^-- ^he not been satisfactorily established whth *''^,/"^'^" "^tions had trouble. A aentleman in pi^ ' ? '''''' ^^'^ ^^"^'^ ^^ "i«ch New York, uS Z o?2dTutst T^^^ «^ •« thus mentioned: "Capt Joseph BmJ.'(>r'" ^^'°""' ^'^""^ ^ome time the councik nf tK? ' . rl ''^^'' having attended for offa few dfvs4otrOu-- ^^^ ^/^^'^^^ ^^ the Miami river, set ' "go .orauc«c;c, attended with several of the chieA ► JPSH liij n Mh! Illl II p in 228 KVENTS IN INDIAN HISTORY. from that quarter; as they avowedly go to ask Lord Dorchester s advice, and as we well know his and government s strong desire for peace, we would gladly hope that it may be the means of brmging on an accommodation." .• j • .. In 1792, his arrival in Philadelphia is thus publicly noticed in the Gazette of that city :-» Captain Joseph Brunt, the principal warrior chief of the Six Nations, arrived in this city on Wednesday evening last, (June 20th.) It is said his errand is a visit to a number oi his acquaintances residing here, and to pay his respects to the President of the United States." He left there about the beginning of July upon another peace excursion among the western tribes, which still remained hostile. . , t i- * • When General Wayne was marchiP" mto the Indian country, in 1793 many of the tribes were alarm,', having heard that his army consisted of ei^ht thousand men. Learning, also, that .commissioners accompanied t^he army, authorised to treat of peace and wis iing to know the strength of the Americans, thirty chiels of different tribes were despatched upon this important business. Colonel Brant was one of these thirty Indian ambassadors. If the Americans would make the Ohio the boundary, they wished peace. The who e cause of General Wayne's war appears to have been about the lands lying west of the Ohio and Alleghany rivers. We have no doubt Brant secretly, if not openly, advocated the establishment of this boundary; yes, and wc must acknowledge that if he did, it was from the best ol reasons. We know that Tecumseh labored incessantly for this boundary. Rightly did they conceive of the mighty wave of popula- tion roUina westward, southward and northward, i ruly, they must have been°blind not to have seen that it was about to engull them forever ' When they had met the commissioners, and iound them inflexible in their determination. Brant, with most of the chiefs of the Six Nations, gave up the point as hopeless, preferring pcace, on any terms, to war. But the Wyandots, Delawares, Shawanecs and Miamies would not agree to it. , .i r , Mention will be found, in the account of Farmers-brother, of a great council held by the chiefs of most of the western nations at Niagara, in April 1793. In this council it was agreed that peace should be maintained; and "they unanimously agreed to meet the Americans in a "rand council, to be holdcn the June following, upon the south side of Lake Erie; and for the purpose of making the peace more permanent and extensive, they have appointed Brant, who is now their kin«T of kings, to go mv\ convene all those tribes who live to the northwest of Lake Ontario. He accordingly, the day after set out for that purpose." The Indians did not assemble until July, from the difficulty of their journeys and other causes, which is generally he case with meetings of this kind. The council was held at Sandusky, and Colonel Brant set out from Niagara for that place in May. Belorc leaving, he had frequent conversations with a gentleman ot respeca. bility,to whom he gave it as his opinion, that no peace could take place until the Ohio and Muskingum should make the boundary BRANT.— CONTENDS FOR THE OHIO BOUNDAHV. 229 iHJlween the Americans and tlio red men. tJo stili expressed -ood iee uigs towards tlie Lulled States, and hoped that tliey would .see it to be their interest to agree to lliat boundarv, as he hrinly behoved «ar would ensue should they rellise. He even said, that, in case thcv ivould not consent to inak.; these rivers the houndarv, he should take part against them. It was not agreed to; luit wo do' nut hear that the old cliiel was actually engaged in the liostilities that followed llow naich the English ol" Canada iuniunccd the measures of the fn.iians,itisdillieulttode!ernuiie; hut n;en like Ponliac, Brant and Iccuniseh could easily sec; ti.rougli such duplicity as was practised )y a k'.w impnncipled speculators, as M'Kee, Clirtv and !■ lliot. Thev had, douhlloss, conceivrd that if the Ohio and Muskingum were made the boundary, it would he an easy matter for them to possess tliem- .sclv(;s ol th..> eountrv from iheiicc to the lakes, and thus ( nlaroo the .■xtcmt of Canada. I hey knew well Ihat ii' the Indians posscssc^i this tract oi country, it would be no dillicult matter to purchase it from tlien. by means of a few trifling articles, comparalively of no consid- craliun, and that worst of calamities, ardent spirits! In this ihev were disap[)ointed, and, with the battle of Prc^squ'lsle, rcsi-ncd their hopes, at k'ust Jor a season. Tliey urin d upon llie Indians what thev must liav(! becMi well a^-.sured of— tl;cir destruction ! Much has been said and written of the cold-blooded atrocities of brunt, but which, m or,r opinion, will he. much lessened on bcin^r able to coim^ prc^tty near ihe truth of his history. I-A.-ry successful warrior, at least in his day, is den stories circulating about Colonel Brant, while the abairs ol Wy.jmlng and Cherry-vallev were fresh in the- rccollcc- tionsol all, we extract ihnn WvUW travels the (iillowing: "With a considerable body of his troops he joined thc^forecs under the cou.miuid oi .Sir .h,hn Johnston." "A skirmish took place with a bodyol American tronps; the acliuii was warm, and Brant was shot by a musket ball hi his heel; but the Americans, in the end, were deleated, ami an olilcer with about sixty men were taken prisoner^, ihe olhcer, ail(;r having deli\ered uji liis sword, had entered info conversation with Colonel ,h)hnston, wiio commanded the British troops, and they were talking together in (he most friendly manner when Brant having stolen slily behind Hum, laid the American officer lileiess on the ground with a blow of his tomahawk. 'J'lic indignation i<«/n, according to the Indian manner, but at this time being present at th(j wedding of a Miss Moore, at Niagara, (one of the captives taken from Cherry-valley,) insisted on being married hiniself; and thus his consort's name was no longer Miss Cmghan, but Mrs. Brant. The cerc.'inony was lieriormed by his companion-in- arms, Colonel John Butler, who, although he had left his country, yet carried so much of his magistrate's commission with him, as to solemnise marriages according to law. Kino- George conferred on his famous ally a valuable tract of land situated upoiillu; west shore of Lake Ontario, Vviu -re he finally settled and lived after the English ia^hion. Tlis wile;, however, would never conform to this mode'of life, but would adhere to the custom of thu Indians; and on the death of her husband, which happened November 24th, 1807, she repaired to Grand river, there to spend her days in a wigwam, with some of her children, while she left behind others in a commodious dwelling. A son, of whom we have spoken, with a sister, lately occupied this mansionof their liither, and constituted an amiable and hospitable family. This son, whose name is John, is a man ol' note, and is the same wIkj was in England in 1822, as lias been mentiont.'d; and the sam;;, we conclud(\ who has been returned a member of the colonial assembly of Upper Canada.^ I lis pla(;e of residence; was in the coiuity of Mnldiman, in Ih'antford, so called, probably, in honor of the old chief. Several other places are men- tioned as having been tlK> residence of Brant — Unaditla, or Anaquaqua. (which is aboiJt thirty-six miles soulliW(;st from the present site of Cooperstown,) and Niagara, lie resided at these places before the Mohawks removed to Canada, which was soon after the war of the revolution was ended. They made their principal residence upon Grand river, which falls into Lake Erie on the north side, about sixty jnilcs from the town of Newark, or Niagara. At one time, he had no less than thirty or forty negroes, who took cani of his horses and lands. « These poor creatures," says Mr. Weld, "are kept in the greatest subjection, and they dare not attempt to make their escape. for he has assured them, that if they did so, he would follow them himself, though it were to the confines of Georgia, and would torna- kavrk them wherever ho met them. They knew his disposition too BKANT. — HIS DEATH. well not to think that h woiilfl strictly adhere to hi s word. 231 ., , ^..... on 11.1,1 V iiuiiure lo nis Word " 'VUn same uuthor says that JJrant received (Wnts, which, t Je i,er with h.s hal/.pay as capta.r,, amounle '^' I niiadclphia, and i)av hs resneets to ho 1 r sKlent oi the United States," (General Wasllin-non ^^ch h d States, in company with the Indians of tho west, lie is equally respected by the Americans, who c.\tol so much his charact(^r, that I regret much not to have seen him." Tho great respect in which Brant was held in England m\\ be very apparent from a perusal of tho following letter, dated December 12th, 1785 : " IMonday last, ColoncH .Toseph Hrant, the celebrated king of tho Mohawks, aVived in tliis city, (Salisbury,) from America, and after dining with (Jolonel de Peister, at the head-(|uarters here, pro- ceeded immediately on his journey to London. This extraordinary personage is said to have presided at the lat(i grand congress ol" Confcdcrato chiefs of the Indian nation in America, and to be by them appointed to the conduct and chi(^f command in the war which they now meditate against the Unit(;d States- of America. He took his departure for England immediately as that assembly broke up: and it is conjectured that his embassy to the British court is of greaf importance. This country owes much to the services of Colonel Brant durir ,- the late war in America. He was educated at Philadel- phia, (at the Moor's charity school in Lebanon, Connecticut,) is a very shrewd, intelligent ])ersou, possesses great courage and abilities as a warrior, and is inviolably attacherl to the lOnglish nation." It has been denied that IJrant was in any way engaged in tlif^ massacres at Wyoming, but it seems liardly possible that so many should have Ix'cn ileceived at ihat time; and, moreover, we do no! find that it was denied until almost every one of that age had left the stage of action. Those who deny that he was at Wyoming should at least prove an alibi, or they cannot expect to be believed. Brant was said to have been sixty-five years old at his ddath. A daughter of his married William.!. Ker, Esq., of Niagara, and he had several other children besides those we have mentioned. The son who visited England in 18'22, iuid another named .lacob, entcreci Moor's school, at Hanover, N. IT., in 1801, under the the care of Dr. Wheelock. 'Phc former son, .fohn, died in tl>e winter of 1831. CHAPTER V. TFCIJMSEII-HIS GKEAT EXGllTlOra TO I'REVENT THE WIIITKS FROM OVEI! BUNNINU HIS COtN'J'KV-IJATri.E OF Tll'rECANUE-liATTLC OF Till THAIVIES, AND DEATH OF TECUMSEIl. Tocumseh, by birth a Shawanee, and brigadier-general in the army of Great Britain in tho war of 18l:i, was born about 1770, and, likt- '■^m rant is an TKCUMSEII. 233 h^c^"" J'K!Si.::rSr^:,'"« ^^^-»P--^' -- always to character; and it h t^ to^Z^T""' ^f';-r^«' trait i^ his receive.,! the red sa.1, and oX ^ s o;-'';;""' '"' '^'■"'^'' '""^•^' ^"^ of i,nilutiu<. tJK. whites b,ro,nf f ""' '''■"-''"^'^ '"-■ ''''^ ^ond .neans of in.,>ir;4S\,,'tSft! ':;'''' """ ''''t^^'^^' ^^ « Ibr ].iiasel|-u hich was so ,':'."', '?''"'^^ '""' ^''■"^■™tion heh.d undertak... '■^''"'^ "^ ^'"^ ^^'^"•'^ of expulsion which branch of Hacker's Cm^ i j ^ ! ' ^^^;™^^^ -:"gagod was upon a warriors, he can.e uix^tlle ,, J^' ' 'f' .^^h a small band of a 10^, -tinghi^ii'i^;;; ;S;:-^ !;?-^' -f y. upon poller. 1\) make; sure work" i'le t* n)k (I lihiTate aim with his riilo, but i'is ini;,ht. and l^cun,:'d Sr ed 1 1 ^ '^"' 'r^' T^ '""'' ^^'^'' "" accurate kuowled^c of the < .; j' u-/''""^ "'■ "''^^-"''^^.^^ ^f' «" Meanwhile IHs nl en uc^ed' d n ' ^^ '^-^'^'"^V!'"'^^ -'"^'"^i^ ^^^ape. who,n thev barl.u"u ^m ;! ","''?;:r^1^'" '"""^' «^'-<^ «^ goner and two of her Id 11 er iv- ^^'"^^^'V^'T ^''^'^ ^^''- ^^S' Ion. time with the Indiia'r '' "^ '^'' "^'''^''^" ren>ained1x andS,^r •;^;:^tj::;-fS--/7^ -^^^ hlmself noted ville, in 1795. He was b oU r 'T'^T'^ *>>' '^'^ ti^eafy of Green- by the name of t e '^nh t and s en. TT "^^°^^"' "^"'^ '^"-^« just in .season to pre .• J is ,; .T ' u ^/-^^^'^J^'^^^^ ^^ ^''^ views own ibllowers. H s nrincio It ^r T''"" '^"'''^I^"^^ '-^'^^^S ^^is flucnce of the TippecSnx h' h' V^^ rendezvou.s was near the con- tbo latter. Tiiis tn'r f r , "^'' "''"" '^"^ ""^^h bank of pos-sed by].;r^;si;'t rp:i,:rinTS,8''i^' '"^ v^' ^-^ of about one thousand youno- v- • ' , . /^^^' ^"t^^-^ '^"«tley band Delaware., Wvandots Pm^^'^ 1, "" ''T"- ^^^^ Shawanese, their country, but ^vc re noTnown/r "^V"^ '" ^'^'^ *"^"'«'«» "^i^' their chiel.s';ere n t to .S' f 1?"""''/^ ''f'' ''' ^''"^' '"^^"J' o^' -rnonstrating a.^ains t i i t "iCtr''^''' "^.^""^'- ^«^ Pi'0[)hot, however in -i si o.^f I mal-administration of the «otLi;wvbou V;a;ht lo "'"'""r ' i:^^"'^^^' hi^ "'^bers, 'Ired, and these i.^ he .^ t " ^T"'^ ''^.^'' ^^^^^"^ '''^^« J^""' had l^en such as t( b no f: i 'T "' ''-^'^'tence. Tlieir habits ^ionsllu-nislJbnc^S C^-;r r' '"'' ^"^ ^"^^^^ p^«-'- 'ioubtless hav(> ensued vi '^"'^,) '"^^^"nncs, starvation would '">- amon, thci^^a^d th ou-^h inXdl^rt "f '' 'l 'T'' chiol, vet it was knov/n thot i • i '^^"^^■^'^^^'^r o( a .subordinate uithough in the narnTf ^MV pi ri i:'"^•*''"° •'^"™^^^^' "nmense to cn.ra^e every L. , In * ' "'^^-^^«'«ns now became c =0 everj tribe upon the continent in a confederacy, a 1 S B ' 1 iflf 234 KVEATS IPr INUIAR UI9T0RT. i- with the open aud avowed object of anesting the progress ©f tht- whites. Agreeably to the direction of frovernment, GoveriK)r Harrison pur- chased t)f the Dehiwaves, Mifiriiifs, Jind I'otlJiwiUornies, lar^rc tract of country on bot}i siil(!s ol' tlie Wubash, and extciuitng u\) .he riv(:r aixty niitfrs above Vincoiuiics. Tliis wtis in IHOi), about a ycair after the Prophet settled willi his colony upon tin; VN'ubasb, as before stated. Teeumseh was absent at this time, and his brollier, the ProjilK-t, was not considered as having any claim to the eomitry, being there with- out the consent of the Miainies. Tecuniseh did not view it in this light, and at his return was cxceediiigly vexc-d with those chiefs who had made the conveyance, many oi'wlioni, it is asserted, helhrealeiied with death. Tecumseh's displeasure and dissatislacli()n reached Go- vernor Harrison, who despatched a messenger to him to state, "that any claims Ik; might have to the lantls which had been ceded wen- not aflected by the treaty: tliat he might come to Vincennes and exhibit his pretensions, and if they wen; fosind to be solid, that the land would eitlier be given iij), or an ample compensation made for it." This, it must be confl-ssed, >sas not in a strain calculated to soothe a mighty mind when once justly irritated, as was that of Te- cuniseh. However, vipon the l:;2lh of August, 1810, (a day which can- not fail to remind the reader of the iatc of his great archetype, Philip. of Pokanoket,) he met the governor in council at Vincennes, with many of his warriors, at which time he sj)oke to him as follows: "It is true I am a Shawance. JMy ibrelathers were warriors. Their son is a warrior. From them 1 only take my existence; from my tribe 1 take notliing. I am the maker of my own fortune; and oh! that I could mak(, that of my red people, and of my country, as. great as the conccjitions of my mind, when 1 tiiink of the Spirit that rules the universe. I would not then come to Clovernor Harrison to ask him to tear the treaty, and to obliterate l)>e landmark; but I would say to him. Sir, you have liberty to return to your own country. The being within, communing with {)ast ages, tells me that once, nor until lately, there wrs no white man on this continent. That it then al) belonged to red n)en, children of tht; same parents, placed on it by the Great Spirit that made tliem, to keep it, to traverse it, to enjoy its productions, and to fdl it with the same race. Once a happy race, since made miserable by the; white p(;ople, who are never contented, but always encroaching. The way, and the only way, to check and to stop this evil is, for all tiie red irH-n to unite in claiming a commoii and equal right in the land, as it was at first, and should be yet; for it never was divided, but belongs to all, ibr t)»e use of each. That no part lias a right to sell, even to each other, much less to strangers,— those who want all, and will not do with less. The white people have- no right to take the land irom the Indians; because they had it first, ii is theirs. They may sell, but all must join. Any sale not made by all is not valid. The late sale is bad. It was made by a part only. Part do not know how to sell. It requires all to make a bar- TECUMSKII. 335 Samforull. All red men have equal rights to (he unoccupird Innd Iho n.rht of occu,,..u.r.y is as .ood in oiurplaco as in anZ Thon': .^;. umt he two ocrt.pat.ons in the same phlce. The ffr"t excimle a I others. It IS not so ni huntin- or travclli ..r Ihr thr. H.V "^-^"^^""''^^ '^' will serve niuny, as they .naWI.Ho:" ^^ ' ^^^ h^uLr""'' H statH.uary and that is oeJnpaney. It hei;:i;:^ o ^^ ^^^^'Z down on Ins blanket or skins whi.h he has thrown noon t e onnd and till he leaves it no other lias a rinht." ' ^'onncl, liow near this is to the ori,unnal i;- nnknown to us, hnt it annears too much Ameneanised to eorresp<,nd with our notions ol'lVeu S noverfh((less it may ii ve thf true inr.-n;>.,r o • ""' '^' ■^^^•^""^en, .H.,ht to he added:.;].Lh'wer nl ii t , '^ilZr^n,^; -r"' uve extracted the above, whieh was, . that t. A c r.: 'Ss^: oin from the sea-eoasts, and that they would shortly push U.em int ^e hdsc had no right to come from a drstfnt ..nntry and corjtrol the iMiamies m the disposal of their own prot er ty"' rho governor then took his seat, and the interpreter proceeded to e; P ain to recumseh what he had said, who, when he had nearly fin.hed" uddenly interrupted him, and exclaimed, "It is all falser' at^teS 'mie giving to his ^varriors a signal, they seized their war-clubs and J-ang upon their feet from the green g'rass on which tffey Id 'blf Jtling. 1 he governor now thought himself in imminent danc^er am reeing nmsel from his ann-ehair, drew his sword, and pr"trcrto iofcnd himse I. He was attended by some officers of l"is o^nmen dm,,,, , .^,„^^. ^^,,^,^.^.^^^,^ ,j^^^^^ ^j^^ Indians, but airun u med : a el u: "tc' ''""h"' -'-d upon some weapon, such as tones ai.a clubs, lecumsch continued to make gestures and sneak with great emotion, and a guard of t^velve armed men sta?4ied t- the S36 EVENTS IN INDIAN lUSTOUV. govpi'nnr in the rear wore ordered up. l-'or >• fi'w minutes it wus «;xpe(;ii(i blood would Imj .-ilied. Major (J. U. J"'luyd(', who slood iK.'ur th(! {fovcuiior, drew his (hrk, and VVinnc'iiiuek cocked iiis pi.stol, m hicli lie had ready primed; lie said Tectunsch had ihrcatencd his lit!; Iljr haviiiL!,- sij^ucd iIk; Iri'aty and sale of the disputid laud. A Mr. W iuas, the Methodist minister, run to the quest in other respects, he would join theLn-lish. When the governor told hinnlvro was no probability that the president would comply, he said, " Well, as the areat chief IS to determine the matter, 1 hope the Orcat Spirit wilfput sense enough into his head to mduc<> him to direct you to give up Ihis land. It IS true, he is so (ar off he will not I.e ii,jur(>d by the war. He may mt sfi I in his town and drink his wine, whilst v n and I will have to fight it out. Me had said before, when asked .' it were his det.^rmi- nation to make war unless his terms were complied with, "It is mv determination; nor will I give rest to my feet until I have united Jl the red men in tho like resolution." Thus is exhibited the determined character of Tecumseh, in which noQiipiicity appears, and whose resentment might have been expected, when questioned, again and again, upon th- same subject. Most reli- giouslydid ho prosecute this plan; and could his extraordinary and wonderful exertions be known, no fiction, it is beli..ved, could scarcely surpass the realty The tribes to the west of the Mississippi, and those about Lakes Superior and IIur,.n, were visited and revisited by him previous to the year 1811. He had raised in these tribes the high expectation that they should be able to drive the Americans to the east of the Ohio The famous Mluo-Jackot was as sanguine as lecumseh, and was his abettor in uniting distant tribes. The lollow-ing characteristic circumstance occurred at one of the meetings at Vinrennes. After Tecumseh had made a speech to Uvernor Harrison, and was about to seat himself in a chair, he observed that none- had been plated for him. One was immediately ordered by the governor, and, as the interpreter handed it to him, lie said, » Your father requests you to take a chair." " My father '" says lecumseh, with great indi-nity of expression; "the sun is mv liither, and the earth is my moth<-r, and on her bosom I will repose;" and anmndiatey seated himself, in the liulian manner, upon the ground. 1 he fight at Tippecanoe followed soon after. This allair took place m 1:-^ night of November 6, 181 1 . in which sixfy-two Americans were lul led ,-md one hundred and twd J)etroit, and marched his ma- jesty's army up tlie river TlianKw, accompanied by (Jeneral Tec-uni- seh, with aboi't iifleen hundred warriors. Harrison overtook thcni near the Moravian town, Oct. .5, 181;^, and, after a bloody batdo with the Indians, routed and look prisoners nciarly the whoi<-' Urilish army, Proctor savino,' himself only by (li^ht. After withstanding almost the whole l'oVc(! of the Americans l()r some time, Teciun.seh received a severe wound in the arm, but continued to liidit with des- peration, until a shot in the head from an unknown hand laid liiin pi>,otrate in the thickest of the iist was hnld ovor his hndv; and alfhonlX t wn K^^^^^^^^^^ tobp hn, yot (., fho ihrt flw.f tl.c .•..loiu-l killed |,i„. .li r . Jn i :■-.. il.rn. n„t no -- ■'■-""-^ -<' ''^^ s:' Maldon, sitiiatfd at th(« junction of Dotroit rjvor with I -.ko P • movoment that way, Colonol M'Ar.hur 'anic vonnca beinc: cat ofl' by a party of Indians lod hv Tofumsol, Ahlli r F } ^^ efetin, which, cloven of tho cnon.y wore killcr/ot it o 1 S .n i" "I,t; '?* |*ii:r-pi A oratory, that enable never aftc>rv,ards indubred " It wassaid not to be from good will to tl'u; Americans, that he would pernnt Ins wa mors to exercise any cruelty upon them, when fal'n into ih,),r power, but from principle alone. When DeJro t was taken by ho British aiu Indian., Tecinn :eh was in the action at eht^J of e la ter. Alter the surrender. General Brock requested bun not oaHo. his Indians to ,11-treat the prisoners; to which he repli^ "No! I despise them loo much to meddle with them '» Wof the English have said that there were few ofliccrs in the U. States service so able to command in the field as Tecumseh. This 242 EVENTS IN INDIAIH HISTORy. it will not behoove us to question ; but it would better have become such speechmakers, if they had added, " in his peculiar mode of warfare." That he was a more wily chief than Mishikinakwa, may be doubted ; that either had natural abilities inferior to those of General Wayne, or General Brock, we sec no reason to believe. But this is no argu- ment that they could practise European warfare as well as those generals. It is obvious, from his intercourse with the whites, that Tecumsch must have been better skilled in their military tactics than most, if not all, of his countrymen, whether predecessors or contem- poraries. A military man,* as we apprehend, says, " He (Tecumseh) was an excellent judge of position, and not only knew, but could point out the localities of the whole country through which he hud passed." " His facility of communicating the information he had acquired, was thus displayed before a concourse of spectators. Previous to General Brock's crossing over to Detroit, he asked Tecumseh what sort of a country he should have to pass through in case of his proceeding farther. Tecumseh, taking a roll of elm-bark, and extending it on the ground by means of ibur stones, drew forth his scalping-knife, and with the point presently etched upon the bark a plan of the country, its hills, woods, rivers, morasses, and roads ; a plan which, if not as neat, was, !br the purpose required, fully as intelligible as if Vrrowsmith hinisell' had jjrepared it. Pleased with this unexpected talent in Tecumseh, also with his having, by his characteristic bold- ness, induced the Indians, not of his immediate party, iO cross the Detroit, prior to the embarkation of the regulars and militia, General Brock, as soon as the business was over, publicly took off his sash, and placed it round the body of the chief. Tecumseh received, the honor with evident gratification, but was, the next day, seen without his sash. General Brock, fearing something had displeased the Indian, sent his intcrpreti-r lor an explanation. The latter soon returned with an ac(;our)t that Tecumseh, not wishing to wear such a mark of distinction, when an older, and, as he said, abler warrior than himself was jn-esent, had transferred the sash to the Wyandot I'-hief, Bound-head."'' The place of this renowned warrior's birth was upon the banks of the Scioto river, near what is now Chillicothe. His father's name was Pukeesheno, which means, 1 light from flying. He was killed in the battle of Kanhawa, in 1774. Mis moth(!r's name was Meetheetashc, which signiiies, a turtle laying her eggs in the sand. She died among the Cherokees. She had, at one birth, three sons : — Ellskwatawa, which signifies, a door opened, was called the Prophet ; Tecuni.seh, which is a tiger crouching for his prey; and Kumskaka, a tiger that Hies in the air. We will here present the reader with a specimen of the Shawana; language, in the Lord's prayer: — Goe-thin-a, spim-i-key yea-taw-yan-oe, o-w™' •**'«. "council was held at BuBiilo, in tjie Stale of New . nor6 at length, and correctly; as some omissions and errors 344 BVKNT8 m INDIAN HISTORY. ■«■" : wnre contained in it as published at the time. It may be taken na genuine, at least as nearly so as the Indian language can be translated, in which it was delivered, lor Red-Jacket would not speak in English, although he understood it. The missionary first made a speech to the Indians, in which he explained the object for which he had called them together; namely, to inform them that he was sent by the missionary so(-ic(y of Boston to instruct them " how to worship the Great Spirit," and not to get away their lands and money; that there was but one rolijiion, and unless they embraced it they could not be happy; that tlK-y had lived in darkness and great errors all their lives"; he wished" that, if they had any objections to his religion, they would state them; th:it he had visited some smaller tribes, who waited their decision before they would eoiisent to reroive liim, as they were their "older brothers." After the missionary had done spc'iiking, the Indians conferred together about two hour--, by themselvc;s, v.'ben they ^av.i an answer by Red-Jacket, which ibllows : — '"Friend and brothei', il was the will of the Great Si)irit that wc should meet to;j:e:her this day. llo 'orders ali things, and he has given us a fine day f )r our council. I h; has taken his garment from ixifore the sniu anil ciUbod it to shine with brightness upon us; our eyes are opentd, thai wc see ckarly; our ears are unstopped, that we have lx?en able to hear distinctly the words that you have spoken; for all tiiese liu-ors v.e thank tlic Gs'cnt Sjiiril, and him oidy. "Brotlier, this council lire was kindled by you; il was at your request that we came together at this time; we have listened with attention to what you have suid; you have recpiested us to speak our mind.-s freely ; this" gives us great joy, for we now consider that we stand upright l)efore yov, and can speak what we think ; all have hoard your voice, and" all s,)eak to you as one man; our minds arc agreed. "Brother, you :?iiv you want an answer to your talk helbre yon l«3uvc this rtlu'rc. \\ is ri^-ht you shoidd have one, as you are a great distanc(^ from h'lme, and we do not wish to dcl;\in you; but we will first look jjack a little, and tell you what our fathers have Sold us, and what we liave heard from the while people. "Brother, listen to what W(^ say. 'i'here was a time when our forefathers owned this gre;il, island.* Their seats extended from the rising to the setting sun. Tin; Greiit Spirit had made it for the use of Indians. IIo liad created the bidliilo, the deer, and other animals for food. He made the bear and the beaver, and their skins served us for clothing. Ho had scattered them over the country, and taught us how to take thcnn. He had caused the earlh to produce corn for bread. Ali this he had done for his red children because he loved them. If we had any disputes about hunting-grounds they were generally settled without the shedding of much blood : but an evil day came among us ; your forefathers crossed the great waters, and landed « A genera! opinion among all the Indians^that this country waa an island. HED-JACKET SPEECH TO A MISSIONARY. 246 on this island. Their numbers were small ; they found friends and not enem.es • they told us they had fled from tL r own cTunt y for fear of wicked men, and eome here to 'enjoy their religion Thev asked for a small seat ; we took pity on them, granted the!" reouest and they sat down amongst us; wegave ther^^corn and mea '-^thev gave us pmson* m return. The whUe people had now found our country, tidmgs were eanied back, and more came amongst us vet we d,d not fear them,-we took them to be iriends; they caled^us brothers ; we believed them, and gave them a larger Jeat. ^ Iuena"h their numbers had greatly increased ; they wanted more land thev wanted oljt country. Our eyes were opened, and our minds b^camJ uneasy. Wars took place ; Indians were hired to fio ht against 2^ and many of our people were destroyed. Thev also bC^ht st on.; '" Brothr'our" ' r" ^'""= ^"? P''""-^"'' ^"^» h- «1-" ^h-stnds! . Biother, our seats were once large, and yours were very small • you have now become a great people, and w'e have scarcel/a place left to spread our blankets,- you have got our country, but are^ no satisfied; you want to force your religion upon us. ' "Brother, continue to listen. You say that vou are sent to instruct us how to worship the Great Spirit agreeably to his m nd and if we do not take hold of the religion winch you' white peo^; telh :e shall be unhappy hereafter; you say vou are ri<.ht, and we are lort how do we kiuw this to be true? k understand tharyJur Telilio n' s written in a book; if u was intended for us as well as /ou, whyl^^ no the Great Spirit given it to us, and not only to us, but why dMhe not give to our forefathers the knowledge of that book with the mean' ot understanding it rightly? We only^know what you tell usTbout Grea%"niS'. T^}^^^ "^'u!' ^"' T ^'"^ '"^ ^^^'^^ip and serve the breat Spiut, if there is but one religion, why do you white neoole differ^so much about It; why not all ^i-ee, as'you'andltaTtt " Brother, we do not understand these things ; we are told that your mSrto'r VT'T'^^'"^', ""^^^« b-" handed down horn ather to son. We also have a religion which was given to our torefathers, and has been handed down to us, their chifdren We worship that way. It teacheth us to be tliankllil for all the favors we ™; to love each other, and to be united; we never qua^Ubout ''Brother, the Great Spirit has made us all, but he has made a great difference between his white and red children; he has cj^en us a neront complexion, and different customs; to yoi he has giten the b ;. Sin .r ,'' »«S«P«"«^«»'-«yes; we know these Things to he true. Smcc he has made so great a ditibrence between us in r '- r th.ngs, why may we not conclude that he has given us a iSfemU * Spirituous liquor is alluded So. it is supposed. 21- WWII 2t0 KVENTS IN INDIAN HISTORY. religion according to our understanding ;. the Great Spirit does right; he knows what is best for his children; we are satisfied. " Brother, we do not wish to destroy your reHgion, or take it from you ; we only want to enjoy our own. " Brother, you say you have not come to get our lands or our money, but to enlighten our minds. I will now tell you that I have been at your meetings, and saw you collecting money from the mcet- ing. I cannot toll what this money was intended for, but suppose it was for your minister; and if we should conform to your way of thinking, pciiiaps you may want some iVoin us. " Brother, we ar(> told that you have be(m preaching to white people in this place; these pef)ple are our neiuhhors; we arc acquainted with them; we will wait a little while and see what effect your preaching has upon them, (f wo iind it does tliein good, makes them honest, and less disposed to <"li('nt Indians, w(; will then consider again what you liave said. " Brother, you have now heard our answer to your talk, and this is all we have to say at present. As we are going to part, we will come and iJike you by the hand, and hope the Great Spiri* will pro- tect you o!i vour iournev, and return vou safe to vour iri(,'n Is." The chiefs and others then drew near the missionary to lake him by the hand ; but he would not receive them, and hastily rising from his seat, said, "that tliere was no I'ellowship between the reHgion of God and the works of the Devil, and, therefore, could not join hands with them." Upon this being interpreted to them, "they smiled, ami retired in a peaceable manner." The Indians cannot well conceive how they have any participation in the guilt of the crucifixion, inasmuch as they do not helicve them- selves of the same origin as the whites, and there being no dispute but that thev committed this act. Red-Jacket once said to a cicrsvuian who was importuning him on this subject, " Brother, if you while men murdered the Son of the Great Spirit. wo Indians had nothing to do with it, and it is none of our affair. If he had come among us, we would not have killed him; we would have treated him well. You must make amends fbr that crime your- selves."* Red-Jacket took part with the Americans in the war of 181i2, but was not distinguished for that prodigality of lite which marked the character of Tecumseh, and rminy others, but on all occasions was •tx)l and collected. He had become attached to Colonel Snellinj;' during the war, and when he heard that that officer was ordered to a di.stant station, he went to take his farewell of him. At that interview he said, " Brother, I hear yon are going to a place called Governor's Island. * "This occurred in a conversation between Red-J?tcket nnd the Rev. Mi^ Brackt'tu-idire; Tomniy-.Jcmmy, .Jack-Horry, and myself were pre- sent. I heard the remark, and will vouch lor it."— W. J.Snclling. ^t^J' ■•^mH»imm RED-JACKET. 347 1 hope you will be •|„ ;w 1 I -u S^v^,'"""'" yourself. I understand that you white people thmk children a blessing. I hope you may have a thournd And, above all, hope, wherever you go, you nmyLver fiL wSey more than two shillings a quart." wuisKey Grand Island, in Niagara rivr>r, just above the famous Niagara alls IS owned by the Seneeas. When it was rumored that the KS ad taken possession of ,t „. their las, war wi,h the Americans, Red- Jacket^ass,.,nbled h.s people to cor.su't with Mr. (iranger, their L^cnt A or havmg stated to him the in.brn.arion, the old chief m.deth* followmg profound speech: " Brorher you have told us that we bnd nothing to do with the war that has taken place between you and the British. But we find The bv the B ntish and then Indian /nen,!.. It is necessary now for us to ake up he tisiness, defend our property, and drive L enem; torn J. I v<" sit still upon our seats, and take no means of redress the British (according to the customs of you white people) will hold tbv conquest. And shoukl you conque,- rhe Canadas yiu 11 cla m t upon he same principles, as_ (though) conquered from the Br tTsl \Vo thereiore request permission to .,o with our warriors, and S off those bad people, and tnko possessi-n, of our lands." Whc^upon such of the henecas as had an inctina'lon were permitted to Z Ac Americnn aim v. ' •' "^ In one action Red-Jacket acted ,, .vnspicuous part, and is most honorably mentioned by the commanding general.' The action "ook place near iMTt ( eorge o. the 17th of August, 18i:3, betvveen about throe hundred volunteers ,-md India,,., supported by two hundred regu ars. hese surprised iIk- Brin-.h and' Indian camp at dayM^ killed seventy-five and l.^ol: sixter-n pr--.oners. The success of the oxpedmnnwas aln ost eniir-ly owing'to a stratagem oft endLns who whcrj they h.d formed their plan ofaUack, decoyed their brethren on he British sale u,,o an ambnsb, by giving a war-vvhoop whid, they mistook lor that of the r iViends. (ienenr Bnv.l «•], . '""^" ^"e> here.savs. "The nri,..;,..! ....;',..., J '^ ' »">'•'. ^v ho commanded , , / V •;"- ^..['uuu ^.)Hi. t-niei oi unonca"a, who wns wounded. Tn a counni ^.l■,icb w.. held with them yesterday the v oveiKU. ed not to sc.lp or murdr.-; ai.d I nm happy U, sa tTa't hey cios iipoi, tlie ill be happy and eon- tented among ourselves. We now cry to the governor lor helj), and hope that he will attend to our complaints, and speedily give u» redress. Red-Jacket." *' This letter was dictated by Red-Jacket ind interpreted by Henry RED-JACKET. Obeal,* in the Ml son, Marcus, Big-firo, Cupfaii-jSy." ^^ ''^' •'•'"'"^y-J^hn- riie success this petition mci will, it ; .satislhctory to hi.n, il. rcs.nlc " « k ' i. 1,^^'^' "'"• '"" «"^' .a.guil.i;r^j^^^:^S;i;r;4^.«t;^^ck.t's tm. «,, in^o a circuM.slancrs attended his ilh. /X^hvu^n-^T'']'''^ ^"'"e that he was bewitched. Thowo.na 1 1 n "f .''•"'"'J'^ ^ bc-lieve Hs the witch, and by the- liw o. ^ ,^",-nded hu„ was (ix• ^^"tti",:;- her tliroat. mto prisun.f Some nrX ' V '','' ^'l'" •l«"""y> '^"•i 'I'rcnv him ^wofedini;o.n.n^,:;^:id;t: To ::::;: n;;'H"^ '"' ^^^^^-^^^^^ that the court had any jurisdiction oJn. f i V'"' P'"'«'»"«'- df^nied through three termsf C .!;^::" '^Sv"^ "'T'^ ^^^""'^^ Hnd the other witnesses testiiie'c hat the u '' '''''^' '^"'-f^^^'^ot that she had been tried S > n f n T "''" ^^^' '" ^^'^^^'' '^"^ thoir laws, whicln,ad Len ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ '''':^^''^'.' '" P^"-«"'»'«--« of ^lore the English ca.^ nto h '^^,!^"'Vr '---rial-long Was v.as mueh ridicc.l.nl i;yZV)f the %''•'''''"' "^''^'^ Rod-Jackct thus uptly alludes i/Tnno ^''.^^V'"-'''^^"'' '« ^•'"■'^'' ri„ stand :_ ' * "^ "^'^'^^ ^' "'h'^'' ''^^ '"ade while upon two centuries acro7 Your v^ne '^"T T TJ"'<^"'^Iv inculcated ^he pu,,t, your j.c£ ^.a;'^.!; I^n^rif ■^.^tt^'T^' ^^"'" '■"urts of justice have sanctioned it with the L. l 7','^'' >'"^'' you would now punish our unfb iu. are I rotLr n' ''' '"^' '^"^ superstitions of his fatlu-rs ' Go tr sl r f '^'"'«»'^'"''« to the your government, and you wil Ld t n 11 d ^"^ 'S'*^'^ '''''''^' ^^ ^riine which has called^lI.rtlTtk s" nte n^^c^,^^^^^^ "T""'"'^- ^"'' ^'"^^ ^^^^ «'o.rmn,and drawn down he arm of" v? n ^^'"'''^'""^^'O" '^i-n this '"«vo . .r brothers don. more th t "^'"f «»"; "l"'" L^r. What 'lone' md what cri, I>T l '"''-''' ''^ y""*" I'^op'^' l»ave -mmo > wrv tn' laws ot' his' ""'! '''""' "^[^ '^^^ '^■^' '^"^'"^^ i" a '-J?" Belbr;! dZU was -Zhe^'t:"' ''' .'"."-^i-- of his '- was asked if he belie.: rib"ni;£";,;ir''"^V" '''' --' "le existence of God. VVirh n Z '''''y\ '"'^ punishments, and -^^^rrogator, and with no I tlln ^r" '^'^ '"'" '^'^ '«^^'' ^^ ^is " Vesl^nuch rnore t'rt o wl e'^S'-t^'P'f ""'/'^ ^^=P''-' = --" Upon the appearancr^r'Slr;:^^^:!-: * J'on ot Corn-planter, or Corn-plant. i -rhi;;;rought"ro"Bs:/'Vh.;'"^^ ^^^'^■'^ -^^ -- - the spot and the blood was^et upon his hamls. '""' ""' "^^^ '^^>'^'"'«'' ^'^e murler,' • I ;ii BVENTU IN INDIAN IIWTORV. n one observes: "Tliere is not, perhaps, in nixturn, a more oxprossivc eye than that of Ked-Jftokct ; whoa liieii hy in(Hj;niiti(in or revenge, it is terrible; and when he cIjool^cs to display his mirivulled talent for irony, his keen sarcastic glance is irresistible." When Lalayctte, in lfS:J5, was at Mutliilo, ainon;r the persons of distinction who cnlled upt)n him, was llcd-.lackct. (Jl' the old ijiior, M. Levasseur observes: This extraordinary man, «lth()Ut!,h much worn down by tiino and intemperance, preserves y;, in a snrprisiiii; degree, the exercise oC all his (iiculties. Ih; had (^vcr remembered Laliiyette, since 17H4, at which time he, with others, met a great council of all the Indian n;iti(nis at Fort Srhiiylfi'. \vlicn the interest of all those naticn.-i, friends and enemies, was re^'ulated with the U. States. lie asked tlu; general if he recollected that meeting. l|f replied that he had i5ot fori^otlen that great event, and asked Red- Jacket if he knew what had become of the; ymniir chief, who, in that council, opposed with such (jloqiicnct! the " burying ol' the tomahawk." Ivcd-Jacket replied, "lie is helore yon." His sihocIi was a master- piece, and every warrior who heard him was carried away with his eloquence. He urged a conlinuation of the war against the Ameri- cans, having joined against them in tin- revohilion. The general observed to him that time had m;uh changed thcni sinc(; that meeting, *'Ah!" said Ued-.hicket, "timj lias not been so severe upon you as i: has upon me. It has led to you a fresh countenance, and hair to cover your head; while to mc, behold !"' and tak.ng a handkerchioi" from his head, with an air of injch leeling, show.d iiis heati, which was almost entirely bald. At this interview, was fully confirmed what we havi; b'-fore stated. Levasseur ctmlinucs: lled-jackel obstinaiely reluyes to speak any language but that of his own country, nnd afFccts a great dislike fd all others ; althouah it is easy to discern that he perli'ctly under.stands the English; and reiused, nov n'lheless, to reply to the general before his interpreter had translated his questions into the fcleneca languaifo. The "enoral spoke a few word-; in Indiiiii, which he liad learned iii his youth, at which Ued-Jacket was highly pU;ased, and which aii^;- mented much his high o[)inion oi" Lafayette. The author of the following pa-. , age is unknown to us; bus pre- suming it to be amhcntic, we quote; it. "More thaii thirty years have rolled away since a treaty was held on the beauiiful acclivity thai overlooks the Canandaigua lak(\ The wihK- ;si,'s of the scene will never forget the powers of iuitiv(! oratory. Two days had [laHsnl away in negotiation with the Inilian.'. fir a cession of their lands, The contract was supposed to b;^ nearly com[)leted, whfu Red-lackot arose. With the grace and dignily of a Iloinan .senator, he drew his blanket around him, and, wi:h a [.: n'cing- eye, surveyed the multitude. All was hushed. Noihing infer:;03.;d to break the silence, save the gentle rustling of the tree 1f.[is undei ,]ioj;e shade they wen; gntlioit'd. After a long and solemn, but not unaieanhig pause, hf.; commcnood his speech "in a low voice and sententious stylo. Rising gradually with his subject, he depicted the primitive simplicity and liappiness ci' RI3D.JACKF,T. his nnlinn, nnd tho 253 was soon roused to vc.,,..;, k' o m ' ' •;'";"''' '''"' '^^^'y ""'''''"r s.bsidr.1, the white .nen U C i; , ' ''" ri '''' '^"'' ^^"^''"^''^ ''"^' "'■""''"''••" ^'H'l.lrv, s,.rr...u,rd V .^ '"■>■ wr-re ,n thr- hnart nxcitod to i..di.ruHio„ |.v L ' ' n ' ^ ' r'^T ''^ "'":': 'lli"r-«. and nnd terri/lcd, (hevhifcwnr,, r a I. '.-^ "'"''''-" "''''''• ^I'l'"""'^ "'•'"""' ""''n. A i.od (Von. t ■, H I, r ' T "?'''' "1'^^" "«' ''"rdes tion. At this porterl u^ , oi ,, . r^.n''^'' , " '"' "'''' "'' ^'''«'r"^- '-"J-^ "'" Hncueuce of' I ..'';; 7'';^'-,^-^ cheer, «>„,: .'.ssomi.lc.1. with th.^ ai^/ of oth. d ' .', ; '"T "" 7'"""- '"■'"' '•^■ lury of his nation to u ,no • I ''''' ''P ''''''' '"<«l'-r.-i"il the then.. SulVu-r it to ,av ( <' , ; 'r*'''' "V', ^ ''"^'•^^'■"" "^'''o^^ distrid, at this dav, o;^^u s,n I Iw ' T''"'"'"'' ''"'' "'^' ''■''^'^'^ , so do we also; and we wish it could be extended to"^ the most distant part of this great country We agreed in council, tbi:- morning, that the sentiments I havf- ex- pressed should be eommuiiiealed to you, beliirc the delegates (if the Five Nations, anil to tell you that your cordial welcome to this city. and tho good sentiments coi.'tained in your address, have made a dcq. impre;-5sion on (uir hearts, have given us great joy, and from the hear! I tell vou so. This is all I ba\e to say." When Red-Jacket had finished, inioiher chief, called AgAvclondoiii;. was, (and sometimes Cood-Peter,-}) addressed the assembly. His speech is much in the style of Red-.lac!.:el's, and was chiefly a repeti- tion, in othei* words, of it. It was short, and contained this passage: "What is there more desirable then that wi', who live within hearing! of each other, should unite for the common good '. This is my wish. It is the wish of my nation, although I am sorry I can't say so of every individual in it; l()r there arc diflcrences of opinion among us, as well as among our white brethren." Since wc have here introduced Dominie-Peter, we will so far digros? as to relate what follows concerning him. He was one of those whe took part against the v^niericans in the revolutionary war, and when hostiliticH commenced, he retired and joint d the remote tribes towanh Canada. Colonel .lohr. Harper, (one (d' llie family from whom Hur- persfield, New York, takes its name,) was stationed at the Ibrt ;;: Schorrie, in the State of New York. Early in tho spring ol' 1777. in th(5 season ol' making mapk; sugar, when all were on the look-on: to avoid surprise by the Indians, Colonel Harper left the garrison am! proceeded through the woods to Harpersiield, tlumcc by an Indian l)atl) to Cherry-valley. In his way, iv., he was turning the point of a hill, he saw a company of Indians, who at the same time saw hini. He dared not attempt flight, as Jie could expect no other than to lo shot down in such attempt. He therefore determined to advance and * A fine picture representing Penn's trcatv with the Indians. + And often Dominic-Pcter. 2 Coll. N. Y- Hist. Soc. 74. DOMINIE-PETER. 255 meet them without discovf>rin(r fm.. n ^■ ■ • 11 I "•• ^'5>^uvLnng tear. Loncca inw his rofr mpnKlc ., . well as he could with his "roat.r-n-.f J.o i... f ° V '^"'"f "''^'s as i.r.tl. ,.,...?" Ti •■'-I'-uiuon. AiKi wlui'h Wiiv are vou jonnrl miluslci-'s iiiiinc «„,, .li,lm,si,.ii,. I,,.,,,,. ,|,,. „,„„.;■' .?, " ' :>ia iiin, "At llio ,„„u,l, orsdic-iiovu'. C,-,,.|-'' ?i ' 1 '■ '?■' •m.. W i,.u hey armed at i.:vaa-s i^mco, upok the Ch Sft H^ o -no into thc= niiolloorhoi -^ :td w'^;''",r' "'""^ 'iiiq-oi- and his eoinpanions ea.di r.vi)rsil,.., tots iv./;;;;- 5:^ vi r ;,;^': i;:!;^?: ^aiTil. ■ ■* '"!'""' ''"I''"" "" 'J""'" many livos wo,-,. unuuison o( his was chosen ehiefofthe 8en<^a^ ' '^' ^' -«««♦*- 25R EVENTS IN INDIAN HISTOKY. V»4i| In 179i!, Farmcrs-Brotlicr was in Philiuhjlpliia, and was amoiiu those who attended the burial ol" Mr. i'eter .laqiiotte, and is thus noticed in tlie Pennsylvania Ciazetle ol' :28th March, ol" thai year: "On Monday last, tiie eliiels and warriors of the Five Nations assembled at tlu; state-jionse, and wen; welcomed lo ihe city ofPliila- (leliihia in an addrc'ss delivered Ijv the liovernor. Three ofthe chicl's made a general ackno\\'led;ini( iit'lbr llie cordial reception which they had experienced, but jiostponed their Ibrmal answer ant il another opporlunily. The room in which ihey assembled was nunitioned as tlie ancient council-chaUiiie,', in which tlunr ane<'stors and ours had oiten met t(j hridil-'U the chain of iriendshi[»; and this circumstance. toi>eth(ir with the presence of a a real part oi' the; beauty of the city. had an evident (Mli'ct upon ^h^ ii-^elin^s oi' the Indians, and seemed particularly to embarra.ss the elocution 'oi' llu- i'armers-BrotlRT." This last clause do(>s not correspond with our i(k'as of the great chief. ThroUii,h his whole hie, Farmers- 15 rot her seems to liave been ;, peace-maker. In rhe sprin-- of ihe next year, ihere was a ^reai coancil lield a! Niaiinra, consistin;; ni' tl;e chiels of a great nuinv nations, dwelhng upon the shores of die western lakes. At this lime. many long and laborious speeclie.-; \\\-n- made, some i!>r and other.- against ihe con(hict of ihe United .States. ["aruiers-Drothev slioiic conspicuous at this time, ilis speech w;is nearly three Jiours long. and tiie final determination ol'lhe c()iincii v\as pe;tce. We know of um .speeches being j)reserved at this time, hut if tlien^ could have been, doubtless much true history might have been collected fn^m them. lie seems not only to have hcen csteemcxl by the Americans, but uisu by the English. " Of Peter .laquctte, whom we liavc several times iiicitlentally men- tioned, we will !iive some account, before proceeding with Monayawiis. He was one of the principal sachems oi'tiio Oneidas. This chief died in Philadelphia, March lOih, 17tJ2. Ih; had been taken to Fi'aiio hy General Jialiiyette, at tlu; close of the revolutionary war, where Ik received an education. i\Ir. Jacjuette, having died on Monday, \\h> interred on the l()llowing ^Vednc^sday. " His luntn-al was attendnl from Oder's Jiotel to the Presbyterian be.rying-ground in Mulberry strc(!t. The corjise was |)receded b;,- a detachment of the light inlantrv of the city, with arms reversed, driiins muliled, music playing v solemn dirue. The corpse was lidlowed by six of ihci chiefs tis mourners, succeeded by all the warrioi-s: ihe reveri'ud clergy of ;di denominations; secn^tary (.1' w'tw, and ihe genlleuien of the war department; ofiicers of th(! li'deral army, and of the militia; and a number of citizens." One of the mo-,t celebrated speeches of Farmers-Mrother M'as de- livered in a council at (icnesee rivi'r, in IVDS, and, after being inter- preted, was signed by the chiefs ])resenf, and sent to the Legislatiiir of New York.' 1 1 follows:— " lirothers, as you ai., once nion; assembled in council for ftn purpose of doing iionor to youi'selves and justice to your country. we, your brothers, the sachems, chiefs and warriors of the Seneca FARMKRS.imOTnER.-HIS ACCOrNT OF THE MOIXDS. 257 nation, request vou to open voiir ffir« n.i.l ,r:„„ , .* .• and wishcL-Yoi. will rocolC tlw ^ i f "''"''''" ^" "^^' ^'^'^'^ rtrlmnd which te I S ,ir n"!''"';''""'';''!.' *? =" ™Si"S lull— il u« whirlwind was so rliroctcHl l.v ii„. Gro-it Sni,- 1 . ^ IIS many years. At Iciiofli tN,. r>.,> f c • •. , ^"^y uvea with -lurncl, and have W ^^^em ta ,'° 3 ' ii:," ■'■'""•-Tl-y have iiif(.rr.iv.frM'« w > rn p i -^T ^ "^^" sGrviceah (• to lis as to give them a so^of t^ ^;e' S^^l^-^ii T •""" "'"1^^ outlets of Lake Erie, about three nilolHov Si " f T '•''' mng at the mouth of u c.-eek known hv t e . ,. r ^ '' ^'^"'■ cs creek, ruuning one mile from Z WVe N^a^",fSf "'""?'" ihenro northerly us the river r,m« f»-^ i ,, '^'S^'^^ "P «'^'« creek, to tlK. nv,,.r, thcLt'u the live , ^ ' """'" westerly one mile A gentleman,! who visited Buffalo in 1810, observer thnt Pn.. ^: iU 22* ■1 Md.! R'Ki :i58' EVENT3 IN IXDIAW JlUTOUt. incui-sion.s of the French, and that tho iniplnnents (laind in tl'ienTworr' lakcn iVoni them; n "n-caf iH'iii\- of !^' roach havinu; In'on overthrown and mostly cut ofl', iho Jndians hcjcnmo j)o.sHc,ssed ol" their accoutrements, wliicli, beiii'j; of no ust; to tliein. wore hiiricd with their owners. 1 le was a j;reat warrior, and altiioiijdi "eiiihty snows in years" when the war of IHl^i ho^an, ye! he enwged in it, and lought with the Anii'i'icans. 1 le did not live till its dose, but died at >Seni>c;i village, just aller the battle ol" Bridgewater, and was interred Mith military honors by the filth regiment of (^nitc-l .Stales Infantry, [fc usually woi-e n medal ])reseiiled hiin by (lonend A\'as!iington. In ihc revolution, he Ibught suecessliilly against the Amei'icans. Perhaps there never .''owed from the lips of man a rnon; fiublinie )netapli()r than that made use of by this chief, in the speech givqn above, when alluding to th(> revolutionary contest. It is \\orth repeating: "The (jreat Spirit spoke to the whirlwind, and it \\ as still."' This celebrated <'hief was engaged in the cause of the French, m the old French war, as it is teiiiied, and he once pointed out the spot to a traveller, wliere, at the hca(i of a band oi" his warriors, he am- bushed a guard that acconii)anied the hlngiish tenuis, employed' between the Falls of Niagara and Fort ?S'iagava, which had their reccntlv surrendered to the i^nglish under Sir William Johnson*. TIk place of the ambush is now called the Devil's I lo!e, and is a ven noted i)lace to in((uisitive visiters (.[' that romantic region, as it is hm three and a lialf miles below the gvea.t Falls, and upon the Americmt shore. It is said of this p/lace, that *' the mind can scarcely conceive of a more dismal-looking den, A large ravine, made by the lidlini' in of the ])erpeiidicular i)ank, darkened by the spreading branches of the birch and cedar, which h;id taken root Ik'Iow, and the low mur- muring of the rapids ii> the cliasm, added to the solemn tli'uidoror the cataract itsell", coulribule to render the scene truly tiwful. TIk English parfv were not aware of the dreailful liite that avaitod them Unconscious of danger, the dr;\'M's W(>re 'jjuly whist ling to (heir dull ox-teums. Farmers-Brother and his band, on their aniva' at this spot, rushed from the thick( t ^\lli<■h had concealed them, and com- menced a horrid biifch(M'y." So unexpected was the attack, that n!i presence of mind ilirsoolc the Fngiish, and they made little or no resistance. The guard, the teamsters, the oxen, and the wagons were y)recipitate(l do^\■n into the gulf. But two of the men escaped ; a Mr. Sjedman, who lived at;Sclosser, above the falls, who, being mounted on a fleet /hotse, eiloc'ted his C'capc; and one of the soldiers, whe was caught on the ]irojecting root of a cedar, whitdi sustained him until th(; Indians had left the place. He snoir after got to Fort Psia- ifara, and there gav(! an accomit of what had-'Hapjiened. The sni!il! rivulet that runs into the Niagara through tlje 'I Icvil's f iole, was, it is 9aid, colored with the blood of the slain on that Uuisirtunate day, and 1)1 now hears the name of Bloody-llun. Farmers-Brother fought against the Americ;Ui-i ir' die revolntion. and was no inconsiderable foe; but his acts were -a-ol.'ably mostly in eouncil, as we hear of no important achievenieiits by him in the field PAn.uKns.nrtoTnRH. 250 " To the Honorabic VVrr,T.i.vM Ersrrs, Si'cretary at War. "The .sachnms and chioC «cuTiors of the Senocn nation of Indian, nndcrsfanding you aro tho person appoh^ted bv the .r^ tS of ym.r nation to n.ana,,e and coiuU.et the afTuirs^f tl^c^Ic^erS n. i^^^^^ of huHans uuh ^v horn you are at peace and on tc.™ of nlnu T "Hrother we do not think it best to nndtiplv words- we will .relore dl you wluu our eon,,h,int is. n,.otl[er, U,^u. wha e , oo,K^ ours since, we hdd u trc aty at Big-tree, near the Gene^ ! ;i -niteJ St^'^! ^' r '" '"' '^y our .real father, the PresiS S' ' lu ed btates. II,, .sent an agent, Col. Wadsworth, to attend this I'cd children, and would take care of our moiu- .,,,,1 i \ ■:'"• "' (r waters run Our .noncy has lunvtofbre b^^nof^ ^t ^^^iSI'," ' !ias helped us to support our ohi people, and our wonu ,nd c il" ';en? but we are told the field wlJere^xK mone^^^s an^ti omo ba^;ren. Brother, wc= do not understand ^our v^ f^do n^ !'iiM"o.s«. Has tlnng ,s very heavvon our niinds; \Vc UK'^n to hnU "Ih :;; "^Hrr'"''" ""t' ^'''^ V the hand; 1^^^ '■'•^ icu \ \\o hope you M'lll reniovi; it. We have heard of thr. F?- '■'""'"'y'i our brothers tpwards the .ettin-r sun N V ' e so rv r o 1,;;:;';:;;^'" '"^^ '"" '''"•, ^^'^ '^^-^-^^ ^^ '- '^-' o a^.^ ; 'rtive nils talk to vour i,, ,.,. ■ ■ •" «ill speuk oar minds. "e knows our situations, and if ti'-.t '■i'*\ ^ 260 KVHNT8 IN INDIAN HISTORY. (Subscribed with the marks of) b'armers-Brother, (Honoyawus,) Little Billy, (Gishkaka,) Youtifr King, (Koyirid fnjm an Indian war. Settlers were intruding themselves upon their country, and all experience has shown that whenever the whites have gone among them, trouble was sure to follow. Every movement of tlie Indians was looked upon with jea- lousy by them at this period. Half-Town was the "white man's friend," and conmiunicated to the garrisons in his country every suspicious movement of tribes of whom doubts were entertained. It is evident that hostile bands, for a long time, hovered about the post at V< nango, and, but for the vigilancr of Half-Town, and oth(n- friendly chiefs, it would have been cut off. In April this year, (1791,) Corn- Plant and Half-Town had upwards of one hundrcid warriors in and about the garrison, and kept runners out continually, " being deter- mined to protect it at all events." Their s])ies madc^ frequent disco- veries of war-parties. On the 12th of August, 1791, Half-Town anJ N(nv-Arrow gave information at Fort Franklin, tiiat a sloop full of Indians had been seen on Lake Erie, sailing for Presqu'Isle; and their object was supposed to be Fort Fraiddin ; but the conjecture proved groundless. The Indian name of Half-Town was Achiout. We hear of him at Fort Harmer, in 1789, where, with twenty-three others, he executed a treaty with the United States, The commissioners on the part of the latter were General Arthur St. Clair, Oliver Wolcut, Richard Butler and Arthur Lee. Among the signers on the part of the Senocas were also Big-Tree, or Kiandogewa, Corn-Planter, or Gyim- twaia, besides several others whose names arc familiar in history. Big-Tree was often called Great-Tree, which, in the language of the * " In lieu of the dividend on the bank shares, held by the President of the U. States, in trust for the Seneca nation, in the bank of the V. States.' CORN.PLAIVTBR HKAUDOCK's DfiFKAT. a6i i-ivo Nations, was Nihoroatagovva, which also was thr- na.iir. of thr OixM.la ivmnn. Big-Treo was with U,-noral VVasIuni.ton durin- Uir su.,.m<,T ol Y /S hat nUum.d to th..- Indiru. nations in tho autmnn. Ih i.mcoodod to th,« ^nn(.:as, and ,,...1 his oloqu.nro tocHssua.l. Ihnn iro.n iii-iitniir „„dc;r Brant ai-iiinst fho Amoricans. The Oncidas wmv tncndlvat this tun.., and Bi^.Tivo was roroivd .•unon<.' th^'in with hospitahly, in his way upon this niissi,,,,. I liivin- stai.flon.r.n- than was ox|KH;t.,.d amouir tho «cnccas, lh<. Oncidas sont a messim.rc, „, know tho roason. do rolun...! aiHsver that ^y\u•n h(- arrived anion- his nation, ho lound thoin all in arms, and their villa-os, Kanadasoaoo and Jennessoe, crowded with warriors from remote trihes ; that thev at lirst seeined incline.! (,. juvirken to his widies.bnt soon learnin-' bv ;i spy that ih.,. Anra-icaiis were about to invade their country, all 'flew ..J arms,^^and Big-lree put himself at their hca.l, " .l,.tern.in.., and doubtless re'lurncl so„n alicr" C.n.-Planler was a warri.,r at Braddock's defeat, but whether a chief I .lo uotj.'arn ; we will, h.nvever, aceordinn- to our desion, cdve an ac roiint ol that signal disaster, in this coiuL^ction. The Freud, havinrv establish. Ml .h,.ms.dves upon the Ohio, within the territory claimed by the i^-uglish, an. ])uiit a li.rt upon it, as low down as the cnnfiu.,.nceof^hat river with th.. Mon..ngahela, the laN.rr were avin.r the rest to o low under Colonel Dunbar. Throuuh n.'arly the wholr. (^mrs.. ol Ills m^mdi, he was wat.-hed by soi.-s iVoin F..rt Durpiesno, , the name of the 1^ , ■end, i.^rt on th.H )hio,)aud the earli.st intellioence .|1 Ins movements was carried then, by In.lian runners with the uTmosi despatch. When it was tol.l amoiin- ,be lu.lians that the army was marching upon them in solid columns, thev laughe.i with sumriso, an. said one to another, "We'll shoi.t 'em 'down, all one piat(;d Bradd..cks army; tlu; Indians piaun.xl and .executed the oDoruiions cine'!.,- th.nnselv..s, an.l ih.ir whole Ibrce is said not to nave ri\(M- the army were formed in thrcr divisions, which was the order uf march. A plain, or kind «if prairie which the army iiad to cross, extended from the river ;ibout half a mih;, and thenits route lay over an ascending ground, of very geatk asc(nit, covered with trees and high prairie grass. At the comuHaico incnt ol" this elevation, began a ravine, which, as it extended n\) tin risiuL!,- nroinid, formed a ligure resembling nearly that of a horse-shoe, and about one jmndrcd and til'ty yards in extent. Into this inclosurc two divisions of th(i army had passed when tlio attack l)egan. Notwitiisljuiding VVashinuton had urged upon the general the pro- priety of k(!eping out scouiing- jiarties to avoid surprise, yet he would take no advice, and it is said, that on one occasion, he boisteroush replied, " that it was high times ibr a young buckskin to teach n British general iiow to light!" Such was his contempt for scoutin::- })artics,"that he accepted with cold indiilerence thr; services of l!cor in wliich so jrmil u iMoporti-^n of offirors fril. TluTo were rijility-six en;' ^y^'d in it, iin.l siMy-tlircr: won; k.lN ntiil woiiiidcd, of wlmm \m ciity-s x were hilled. I!csid(s those alicady imrricd, there were imoiii!,- ihe wnunded ( (.ioiiel Hurteii. Sir Johli St. Clair, lui; , ' 1 Orim , and Mujor vS|iarl<^ Oflh'- private Mpldi<'rs there were killed and wounded seven hnndreil and lijurteen, half of whom were killed, or l! II int.. iIk; hand i" the Indian.s and snfli'red a cruel death aHerwanls. Mr. John l"ield,lh eountry of the Six Nations, wo called yon tlie town destrover; to this day, when your name is heard, our women k^ok helii'id llicni and turn pale, and our children clinj; close to the neeks of their mothers." "When our chiefs returned from Fort Stanwix, and laid liefore our council what hail heeii done there-, our nation was surjirised to hear how fireat a country you had compelled them to yive up to you, without your payinj; to us any thing lor it. livery one said, tliu: your hearts were yet swelled with resentment agiiinst us for wliat liati Iwppened during the wtir, hut that one day you would consider it with more kindness. W'c iisked each other, What have; wc done to deserve such scvciv ehastisemeut? " Futlier: when you kindled your thirteen fires separately, the wise men assemhk'xl at tJiem told us that you wen- all hrothers, the e.hildnm of one oroat father, who regank.'d the red jieople as his childnui, 'ilicy called us hrothers, and invited us to his protection. They told us that he resided heyond the great water, w'.ku'o the sun first rises; and liiat he was a king whose power no people could resist, and that his good- ness was as hriiiht as the sun. What they said went lo our hearts. We accepted the invitation, and ])romised to olx-y him. What the Seneca nation promises, they fiuthi'uHy iierlbrm. When you refused obedience to tlr;f king, he eonmianded us to assist his lioloved men in making you sober, 'in olniving him, we did no more than yourselves had led us to premise." "VVe were deceived, but your people teach- ing us to confide in that king, had helped to Jeccive us, and wc now appeal to your breast. Is all the blame ours? "Father: when wc saw that wc had been deceived, and heard the invitation which you gave us to draw near to the fire you had kindled, coil and talk with y told U.S you coil j{ruut country a as if oil I want ( lolt your power tlicrellire gave i nation, i)ul yoii ilthoiigh our sii wo ask \oii to your cnniniissioi Tliey also rei iiiissioiiers, that uliat was lelt li And that no soi t'oniniissioners I was included wil they did not wis part. Ihit the ci liir ii was alread li)llovving the rev the Indians lor ji abk; to contend, a person to lot o liini iJir (he purp( instead of a poi rlaiiningall tiiiir iiif,' that he had ji •J(),()l»(l dollars t, now deinaiided lli ivar. Knowing i the advice of u \ who, as it proved "I" the land |i)r h ply. "Astonishe "with hearts uclii wen; thus compe (V'linsylvauia, an ;uKi east of u souf sylvania." F»ji- t "i«I l.Ol'i) dollars ilollurs, and sojiio :hat was all ho v add. 'Father; you "losing it you coi '•rush us? 'if you tteconieyourciiild "0 do. In this cas *Hit of his pain. J ^%I «;oR\.if,ANT.— III8 m-KBiii To wA8hin(;ton. aeO an.l talk with >ou coiicoruiiiy ,,ca..,., wc uuulr hmtv. UmnnU i( Y,,,, K'rcut ...,.uu:y US ih., ,,ruT of (|,at pea,,, wl.i.-l, you lia.l oHf-ml to us ;i;" - vvaa, o, .st.vn,,h l.a.l .Ictroy..! our ri,is. <' ,n ■ f |S ■If v.mr,.,.w,.r, ami w.nM.na!,!,, to ..onUn.l u^ain.t you. an.i t -y .ltluH.,h our surnirth ..s no, iu..n.as. .1, .., your powor l.c^.u o lo " wo ask you to .•on.s..l,.r ,.al,Mly,--VVc.ro .1., tonus dictuto.1 to u 'y' your ••ouiuussioucr.s ria,sonal)|c ami just " ^ They also rcu.iud tin, pr.si.l.-ni ..f f|„! solon.i. prou.iso of tho com- in,s.on..rs . hat ,|.,.y .houl.1 I. ..-uro,! in th. p,.i.,.ah!c. po s .sio " f ^;l"|t was iHt to thou, a. 1 thou a J<, H)ooh ,1, is prouns,' hin.l yo , I'' .Vn.1 that uo so,au-r wus ilio tn.ity of Fort .Stauwix cou.;lu,l..,l, thau .■o,n,n.s.s.on,.rs irou. I>,.uusy!vauia rn,ur to purchaso of tho, v ms ■...■u.l.-.l wil MU tho luios ol-ihrir Slalr. Th-so ,h,.y iulorn 1 • . u.y d,. uu vvsh to soil, hut hoiu, lurthor ur,c.l, ..iout^.d ti; sHU i;'"'; •«'" I"' 'joMwuissiouors said that -thoy must havo tho who!,. " n-n was ainady .-odcd t<. thou, hy tho Kino of KnyUuul at l|,., p.ace ollowm. tho r.voh.t,on; hu. .,il|, as ,h,:,r ana.to.;: ha.l alway S to iad.ans lor laud, thoy w.-ro uillin. to pay th.Mu li.r it. H.^.-'not ^''^''-' '" <'<;'"<;"'l' 'I'- '■•i'"l was sold. Soon altor this ihoy c.upovu-r U |t person to lot out u part of (h.-ir lan.l, who sni.l (Jou-rL I a.l sou Inn. lor tho purpos.,., huL who, it soon.s, irauclulondy pVo.Muvd a dZ '■«! ol a /.,„vr to loas., ,:„■ ,h.... „o,.„ ,.u.h, 'an,.thor k o '■'"""'"f "";'","• '-"•'"•>• '-tl.wanl ofih,. liuo olTo.u.svlvani,. , say" -(),()l(l dollars t„ hun and •:(),.M)() u.oro lo tho li.dt,.! States. No 7 ''7."""'V'' "';^ I;""'' •••"•''. "-' '"-'"li- n^ruso,l, ihroatonod inunrdiato .u. Knownimhon- w..ak siluaiion, thoy hold a coum-il, and took ilmadvi,;,- ol awlul,- man, wl,n,n tli<,.y look t,. ho thoir Iriond, InU wh.>, as ,t provn , had ploUod w.th tho other, and was to roc.ivo o e dK' .m, lor lus agonoy. j . thoroforo told tho.n they n.ust oonw pl\. 'Ast.m.sh.d at what wo hoard Iron, ovory quarto/," thoy say, • with hearts uclnno. w.th ...aupassion lbr our wo.nou and c-hildn.,, wo m:w thus ooiupol od to -,v,: Up all our r:o,u.try north of the lino of S'!? '7 "' "; r' ;•' "" '^''''''^ '•'^^'■' ^-l^ '^^ ^^e gm.t Ibrks, X. ni " V'' . r '''■■''"• ,"•' '•""'" '^•'' '^"''^ ^" 'f'^" I''^'-' "'' '''-nn' 1 .0(>.) , ullars a yoar lorov,.,-. Instc-ad of that, ho paid th..rn 2,ooJ : ! :.: ""; T'"" ^'"/^'•''^^''" ^\"«''''<' •'^^O '1-1'ars more, lusisling that aiat was all ho owed thco, whicd, ho allovved to he yearly. They "Father: you have said that we were in your hand, and that by m.s i 'u "i'lt '" '" ,""''''""• '^'^ y"" determined to ml, ub? If you ans tell us so, that those of our nation who have ol" f:;^'^^"''^'--' ->V'7^ '^'^'"'"'""'^ ''' '^'^^ -' '-y know what do. in tins case, oiie chid has said he would ask you to put him 'Hit of his pam. Another, who will not think of dying by the hand of IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) A <- 5°^. % /a 1.0 I.I .25 ^1^ 1^ 1^ 12.2 2.0 U 11.6 6" - %/' A 7^ cf^ Photographic Sciences Corporation #^ \ ^ "% s h ^Z^"^ ^V.^ ?3 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. '4580 (716) 8/!2-4i03 ^ <^ s -^ <^ iV BVENT8 IN INDIAN HISTORY. his father or his brother, says he will retire to (he Chataughque, eat of the fatal root, and sleep with his fathers in peace. '< All the land we have been speaking of belonged to the Six Na- tions. No part of it ever belonged to the King of England, and he could not give it to you. » Hear us once more. At Fort Stanwix we agreed to deliver up those of our people who should do you any wrong, and that you might try them and punish them according to your law. We delivered up two men accordingly. But instead of trying them according to your law, the lowest of your people took them from your magistrate, and put them immediately to death. It is just to punish the murderer with death, but the Senecas will not deliver up their people to men who disregard the treaties of their own nation." There were many other grievances enumerated, and all in a. strain which, we should think, would have drawn forth immediate relief. In his answer. President Washington said all, perhaps, which could be said in his situation, and his good feelings are manifest throughout; still then; is something like evasion in answering some of their griev- ances, and an omission of notice to others. His answer, nevertheless, gave them much encouragement. He assured them that the lands obtained from them by fraud was not sanctioned by the government, and that the whole transaction was declared null and void; and that the persons who murdered their people should be dealt with as though they had murdered white men, and that all possible means would be used for their apprc'hension, and rewards should continue to be offered to cflect it. But we have not learned that they were ever appre- hendtni. The land conveyed by treaty, the president informed them, ho had no authority to concern with, as that act was before his ad- ministration. The above speech, although appearing to be a joint production, is believed to have been dictated by Corn-Planter. It however was no doubt the sentiments of the whole nation, as well as those of himself, Half-Town, and Big-Tree. Of this last named chief we will here speak as follows: — In 1791, an act passed the legislature of Pennsyl- vania, "to empower the governor to grant a patent to Big-Tree, a Seneca chief, for a certain island in the Alleghany river." He lamented the disaster of St. Clair's army, and was heard to say after- wards that he would have two scalps for General Butler's, who fell and was scalped in that fight. John Deckard. another Seneca chief, repeated the same words. Being on a mission to Philadelphia in April, 1792, he was taken sick at his lodgin<;;s, and died after aboiii twenty hours' illness. Three days after, being Sunday, the 2'2d, he was buried with all requisite attention. The rivcT Big-Tree was pro- bably named from the circumstance of this chief having lived upon ii, His name still exists among some of his descendants, or others of his tribe, as we have seen it subscribed to several instruments within a few years. To return to Corn-Planter. His Indian name, as we have before noted, v/as Gyantwaia, and most of our knowledge ooucerning him is derived from himself^ and jefbre his ad- I.S contained in a lettpi- «r.nt r l • and, although written bj anrtert'ItlV'' S^'^^"-^ o^' ^-"-Vlvanm ; 18J2 and IS as follows; Alleghany nvor, yd mo. 2d P ay with the Indian bovs in tS^'„ -i^hf ", '" n' "^'"^ ^'tentioxS :>' "•>• fn being a diffbrent clr V=m^u^^^^ ^V^^ ^"^^X ^ook no" inquired of r„y ,no,hor the cause ■ 'T, fl ''"^ 'l'^'^^ ^^^out it | ;' residenter in Albany. 1 s'l^.tnn '''?''' ^ '^''' '">' ^'^t'-r wa grew up to be a young niun ' 'd "7 ^T'^' ""^ "'" ''^ 'mrk dish ottle or ,uu^ j ,f,,„ I°k^^, I^ ^"^^ '- ^-i«^ ^-1 i had i hin>, and luund he wa« a white nan 7J'^''[ ''\''^' ''''"' ^^^^'t to so. "0 gave me victuals whil/t , as uT ?''"''" "^" ^"^'''"'^'^ J''^^^^^- I'cJurn home, he ' ?■' '"'''^'^' ''"o^^'" fo rne that ] ^" America. The cause of Ind" , '^"^ T '^'' -'-''"tionary wa '-e, was that many of tl em tl^ ^7^ ^V '"^^ «^"' ^ '^- i'etting iiito.Ku.atod. Gre-jt K,.; "^ Practice of drinkin- •„>,! ;'- conflict against theXn rS^"' l'?"^^'^^ "1 '^ -l-^^ -ith h;^!^ ^"1"«''- i mvscirvas 011,1;' - •'"'"'"'■^'''' ^'"' '"^lians land™, d "f-gtodowiththeclllSv^f^vS''! ''''' -""-> - ; h!^^ i licive now mfbrined you hovV if 1 ... H''''''''" f'"^" f^o parties P-f -|'-'--o!ution,^udS^,^,J ';;:7;^ ^''^'^ ^^c /ndiansU: n-y then said that it had or ^tued 2T'^ '"'7 '^ ^^° "-hL". ''^'t had been imposed upon tS h ti 1?°"'!' "^^ ^^^ ^eavv taxi ;: f-n Tor fifty%.ars'^n r a l'>, ::^^^ idd grown weary thereof in,! r '"^'"' ^^^^t the Amerimn* ^'"g. There had likent ^ diffi ^'i;'^ /°, f^'^^"' ^^'''^^^ afTron ted ie -hich they wished me not to ue " % f 'T f ^'^ ^''°"^ -"^ « t ^ hat many people had lost heHve ' t} ^^^'^ «^ ^'- cauS 2 ;r"° '^'""'^^' ^''« ^^'^'- commenced and H ^''"'^ government roar „, our country. General P.. n u' ^ ''^^ ^^annons be.ran to Fort Stanwix. that by the late w-^r n ^J" ^°'-^ '"^' ^' ^^e counc It objects: they had established ttni^el^' "^'"''T'"^ ^'^^^ g«"'ed wi ^-----landto;!v?-X--P^^ IP wmm mmm 268 EVENTS IN INDIAN HISTORY. Great Britain, run through the lakes. I then spoke, and said that J wanted some land for the Indians to live on, and General Putnam said that it should be granted, and I should have land in the State ol New York for the Indians, (iencrnl Putnam then encouraged me to use my endeavors to paeiiy the Indians genr-rally, and, as' he con- sidered it an arduous task to perform, wisjied to know what I wanted for pay therefo)-. I replied to him, that I would use my endeavors to do as lie had reir endeavors to destroy all the wolves, \vhich was not spoken about in the council at Fort Stanwix b\ General Putnam, but has oriidnaled lately. " It has been broken again, which is of recent origin. White peoplo wish to get credit from Indians, and do not pay them honestly according to their agreement. In another respect it has also been broken bv white people wlio reside neav my dwelling; l!)r when 1 plant melons and vines in my field, iliey take them as their own. It has been broken again by white people using their endeavors to obtain our pine- tr(;cs iVom us. We liave \cry feu- pine-trees on our land, in the State of New York, and white peopl(> and Indians often get into dispuU respecting them. There is also a great (pinntitv of whiskey broualii near our reservation by white iicoi)le, and the Indians obtain it and l)ecome drunken. Another circumstance has taken place which is very trying to me, and I wish the interference of the governor. "The white pt^ople, who live at Warren, called upon me, sometime ago, to pay taxes ibr my land ; which I objected to, as I had never been eall(Ml upon for that pur[)ose before; and having refiised to pav. the white people became irritated, called upon me frequently, and at length bn/,^glit four guns with them and seized our cattle. I still refiised to pay, and was not willing to let the cattle go. vVller a time of dispute, they returned home, and I understood the militia was ordered out to enforce th:; collection of the tax. I went to Warren, and, to avert the im])onding difficulty, was obliged to give my note for the tax, the amount of which was forty-three dollars and seventy-nine cents. It is my desire that the governor will exempt me from paying taxes for my land to white people; and also cause that the money I am now obliged to pay, may be refunded to me, as I am very poor. The CORN-PLA^T. 869 the particulars of our'^s Siln all t 7' 'K ^ -"^^^ ^"^^^"^ ^'"^ «^ white people in what manner' ^ ^^'^ ^"'honsed to instruct the Indians "^' '^ ^^^^^'^^ themselves towards the pasture. ^^^^ "^^ ='rown big enough for .br Ihc vox.lio„ aL dama J °''' '"" " '''"'"""o.ion granW Imn, a„ :^:^:^^sri::;£,e;^t™ET^^-"- ^'f>oa the hills ho givas thanks ^r hi nrn 'T ^PP^^'"^' «g^'« 'V her.,, ..at wire.. ^'L^'^;:T^tt;!ZX i'.fo 'iiJ •J70 EVJBNT« IN INPIAN HISTORY. suatain, it is God only that can prcsen-o him. Ko loves peace, and all ho had in store he has irivon to those who have been robbed by your people, lest th(>y should jjlundcr the innocent to repay them- selves. The whole season, which others have employed in providinj/ tor their faniiliey, he has spent in endeavors to preserve peace; and this moment his wife and children arc lying on the ground, and in want of food." In President Washington's answer, we are gratified by his particu- lar notice of ihis chief, lie says, "The merits of the Corn-Plant, and his friendship for the United States, are well known to me, and shall not l)c Ibrjiotten ; and, as a mark of esteem of the United States, I have directed the secretary of war to make him a j)resent of l.vc hHndred and tiftv dollars, either in money or goods, as the Corn-Plant shall like l)est." ' There was, in 17RJ), a treaty held at Marietta, between the Indians and Americans, which terminated "to the entire satisfiiction of all concerned. On this occa^sion, an elegant entertaimiicnt was provided. The Indian chiefs behaved with the greatest decorum throughout tho day. After dinner, we were served with good wine, and Corn-Planter, OHO of the first chiefs of th(; Five Nations, and a very great warrior, took up his glass and said, ' I thank the Great Spirit for this oppor- tunity of smoking the pipe ol' I'riendship and love. May we plant our own vines — in the iiithers of our t)Wn children — and maintain the^n.'" In 17i)(>,an act passed the Legislature of Pennsylvania, for "grant- ing eight hundred dollars to Corn-I'lanter, Half-Town and Big-Treo, in trust for the Seneca nation, and other purposes therein mentioned." In February, 1791, Corn-Plant was in Philadelphia, and was employci! in an extremely hazardous exjiedificn to undertake the ))acification of the western tribes, that had already shown themselves hostile. Thr mission tfrminat(^d unliivorably, Irom insurrnDuntable difficultic?. There were many, at this timt^ as in all Indian wars, who entertained doubts of th(! fidelity of such Indians a-, pretended friendship. Corn- Plant did not escai)e suspicion ; but, as his afler-conduct showed, ii was entirely without foundation. In the midst of these imputati(ii',.s. .1 ietttir written at I'ort Franklin says, '^ I -lavc only to observe thtit tlio Corn-Plant has been here, and, in my - tiicn, he is as friendly nanv of our own people. He has advised me 10 take care; ' for,' said lie, ' you wili soon have a cl;ance to Id the world know whether you arc M soldier or not.' When he; went off, he ordered two cliiel's and lei; •warriors to remain here, and scor.t about the garrison, and let m know if the bad Jndians should either advance against me, or any ol :the frontiers ol" the United States. He thinks the i)eopl(> at Pittsburg should keep out sjiios towards the salt licks, for lie says, by and by, he thinks, the bad Indians will comci from that M-ay." In 1772, the following advertisement appeared, signed by C'Orn- Plant: "My people having been charged with committing depredations vithout foundation, and pledge myself 1 1 CORN-PLANT.— NATION OP CIVILIZATION. 271 fir iho's'lnolf ' '^'"' -I'^y '""y '''' f^^^^^'^'y ^'^^'^ f-rom any danger from tho Senoca.s residing on tho, Allo^hany waters, and thaT mv people Imve been and still .-tre fnY-ndly to the U States " ^ About the tnne Corn-Plant Inrt his l.ation tc, proceld on his mission to .e hostile tr.bos as three of his people weri travellin" hrroh a sou cment upon the (l.-rjcsce, they stop K:d at a house to I'h Their ppes. Ihere happened to be several men within, one of vvhori as tho foremost |nd.an stooped down to li.ht his pipe, killed 1^13' an axe One of the others was badly wounded witi; the same v~ while eseaping from the house-. 7'hcy were not pursuT andT,! other, a boy, eseaped .u.hurt. (The poo'r wourul "d man. wtrneaHv rol eVe n ' ^J^'^^'p ^""?'''>'.^'^':>'' '^en president of Alleghany hi time A^n P ; ^''"'ry'^''^"'"' ^''^it^d the Seneca natioiK At his tmie, Co.n.Plant lived seven miles below the junction of the (.onuewango with the Alh-ghany, upon the b.nks of the la tte on a ,eceof first. --ate bottom land, a lit'tle within the limits of P^na"' mtiauitants lie lh(;n owned thirtren hundred acres of land six hundred of whieh comprehended his town. Mf was Jat^fuf n 7^'^uT ^■''••^'^^-'"/h^p— t agricu!tu.:n.ji;^';^'t^ ealil "vv . ;;,';j'-""^/-^l-^'"'--^ -^ buckwheat, com and oats. ^e also saw a rKunber of oxen, cows uiid horses; and manv Iocs signed for the savv-inill and the Pittsburg market.'' CornVlan j. for .ome time, b, en very much in favor of the Christian reli- on . nd ha. ed with joy s,;H, as professed it. When he was am ri ed^of' irr Aldon's arrival, he hastened to welcome him toTis vXe and Ha.t upon hun. And iiotuithstanding his high stutio^ a a c£ »';mng .nany men und n- his command, he chose mher iri he « patnarchal style," to serve his visiters him^l t Uie dc^ rook o^e of their horses, and went into the field, cut a.'id b;ought o"ts The Western Missionary Society had, in 1815, at Oorn-PIant'. ,!rri'''r .'.rr:!..''" rryf"><- 'fc unua s,a,« „f,w„ fi!Iy dollars, bcai-' his proportion of nine thousand liuiidrcd an( (ic)Ilir^ ,i;„-i 1 "•' •"■;""'"' '^^-^^^•■^ ■"« I'roporiion ol nine Uo..Kuk-ke-wa-aa-kon-nc-di-yu, commonly called the Prophet, was mm 272 BVBVTS ITf INDIAN HISTOBY. brother to Corn-Plant, and resided in his village. He was of little note, and died previous to 1816, Corn-Plant, wc believe, was, when living, like all other unenlightened ptiople, very superstitious. Not long since, he said the Good Spirit hud told him not to have any thing to do with the whites, or even to preserve any mementos or relics they had from time to time given him ; whereupon, n'nong other things, he burnt up his belt and broke his elegant sword. He often mentions his having been at Braddock's dcleat. Henry 0[)eal, his son, he sent to be educated among the whites. He b(!cume a drunkard on returning to his home, and is now discarded by his lather. Corn-Plant has other sons ; but he says no mure of them shiill bo educated among the whites, for he says, " It entirely spoil Indian." And although he countenances Chrislianity, he does nut do it, it is thought, from a belief of it, but probably from the same motives as too many whites do. The following story, M. Bayard says, was told him by Corn- Planter. We have ollen heard a similar one, and as often a new origin ; but never before that it originated with William Penn. How- ever, as our author observes, as we have more respect for truth than great names, wc will relate it. Penn proposed to the Indians to sell him as much land as he could encompass with the hide of a bullock. They, supposing ho meant only what ground would be covered by it, when it was spread out, and looking upon what was offered as a good price, consented to the proposition. Penn, like Didon, cut the skin into a line of immense length, to the astonishment of the vender*, who, in silent indignation, religiously observed their contract. Tlw quantity of land encompassed by the line is nut mentioned; but, more or less, the Indians hutl passed their wcjrd, and they scorned to break it, even though they would have been justilied by tlie discovery of the fraud. Wc. do nut vouch for the trulh of this matter, nor do we believe William Penn ever practised a trick of the kind. No doubt some person did ; and perhaps Corn-Planter had been told that it wa^s Penn. We have now to record the death of the venerable Corn-Plant. He died iit his residence ou the Seneca reservation, on the 7th of March last, 188(5, aged upwards of one hundred years. Teaslaegcc, or Charles Corn-Planter, was a party of the treaty d' Moscow, \. Y., in 1823. He was probably a son of Koeentwalil;, Gvantwaia. CAPTAIN PIPE. 278 CHAPTER VII. CIDKNTri IN THAT AITAl {-VNIVI I V^•s"^M■,M^•, f .- .','^'«'*^ ARMY-IIV- I'il^c, or Captain Pipe-,* us l,c is usually called, from his havinc^ boon a DiosU.onsp.c.,o,,s war-rapfai., among the Dnlawaros, dur n? ho pcT.od of the revolution, in particular, wa° chief of the W If t b" Fhs character is a very pro.nincnt >nc, in the n,oniorabln ro Wc among the frontier settlements, at the breaking out of t le war Situated as were the Dciauares befuven the E„,.Iish of Canada and tho Anriencans, it was hardly to be expected but'^tha they lou d be rawn into that war. They could not well wci^h it^ erits or «d to know a winch of the settlements they might hold a council with them. * For a description of this chief, see Chapter XVI. of Indian Biography. 1 1 1 1 f J " i J 1 1 II 374 BVSNT8 IN INDIAN HISTORY. Onadenhuetten being fixed upon^all assembled there upon the 11th of August. Meanwhile, the numlx^-rs oC Pipe's i-xpcdition liad increased from one hundnul and forty to three hundred, and about ten days afU'r, Half-King made a s|)ecch to the believing Indians and their teachers. One circumstance, illustrative of savage superstition, we will notice here. When Pijxi's warriors were about to force the brethren to leave their dwellings, it was almost unanimously concluded at one time by the chiefs that the white brethren should be put to death. They, however, woidd not adventure upon such a deed without tht; advict- of one of their common warriors, who was considered a great sorcerer. His answer was, "ho could not understand what e;.d it would answer to kill them." Upon this the chiefs held a council, in which it wa.s resolved to kill not only the white brethren and their wives, but the Indian assistants also. When they uvmIv. this resolution known to the .sorcerer, he said to them, "TIkui you have resolvf:d to kill my friends, for most of their chief people are my friends; but this 1 tell you, thai if you hurt any one of them, I know what I will do!" This threat deterred them ; thus were the missionaries as well as many others saved. Blood having now begun to flow, barbarities folUtwed in quick siio- ej.\ssion. Early in the spring of 1781,* Colonel Broadhead arrived near the Moravian town of Sideni, and notified the inhabitants that he was on an expedition against the hostile Indians, and gave them that timely notice that they i-.l^jht collect their people, if any were abroad, that they might not bo token fi)r enemies. " However," says Mr. lleckewelder, "whilst the colonel was assuring me that our Indian.s had nothing to fear, an officer came with great speed from one quarter of the camp, and report(;d that a particular division of the militia "were pre[)aring to brc;ak off for the purpose of destroying the Mora- vian settlements up the river, and he feared they could not be re- strained from so doing." They were, however, by the exertions of the communder-in-chief, aided by Colonel Shepherd, of Wheelinj.'. partially prevented from their murderous design. Thus those Christian Indiajis were situated precisely like many of those of New England in Philip's war. But we have no instance to record of the latter, equal in extent for diabolical atrocity, to that of the massacre of Gna- denhucttcn, elsewhere mentioned. Meanwhile Colonel Broadhead proceeded to Coshocton, a hostile settlement near the forks of the Muskingum, and with such secrecy did he proceed that not a person escaped. How many fell into tin- hands of the army is not mentioned, but not long after, sixteen war- riors were put to death with shocking manifestations of depravity. There accompanied Col. Broadhead's army a Delaware chief named Pekillon.f Sixteen of the captive warriors were designated by him * Doddridge, Notes, 291, says this "campaign" was in the sumnierot 1780. f Tlie same who, afterwards, as I conclude, was a party to Wayne's treaty. MASBACRB OF INDIAN PRISONERS. ^75 'TS''%T "'''""•■^^^«' «"J they were forthwith tomahawked and maS: ^'^' """'" ''''^"''^* ''"''^"""' '•^ ^he decree of a court- Some extenuation had been urged f..r this revoltin.Mrnnsaction and that alone in wh.ch, p.rhap.s, the n.iad can find any rrlid' R. short tune botore Broadhead's expedition, a large fiL toe cd I'd by the whites an army, collected, and set out^ibr the do trmCr of northwestern V.rginm. This army was divided into two art^ a,"d thcr expecta .ons were wrought up to a very high d.crcc, wh.ch when suddenly blasted, werechangcd into rage and fury. HavTnri' thnr march taken a large nu.ubor of captives, they ^retrealdfo" p ace o( safety, and there tied them to trees and put fhemTo kath in heir barbarous manner. This massacre was, i owcver, con ined her male prisoners. Fathers, in presence of their fami ieTwe^ lo lorth to execution, am,d tears and lamentn.ir.ns, which no cCaTurTbu m unated man could withstand. This barbarity was the more a^ra vat,ng vvhen it w^s contemplated that those who fell into thdr halid; a made no resistance I Nothing, therefbro, like just retribut on wa. ;Lt?ru-ir ^" ^"-'"^ "' ''-'- -''^'«' ^^i- vengeane^r whth'thr A '^ '*•'"= ''T' ^"" '^'■'^'"y''^ '■" the Indian country throucrh hich the Americans had passed, they returned to Pittsburcr! Befm-e leaving Coshocton, a shocking circumstance occurred, which alone was sufhcient to have tarnished the most brilliant exploits Tn[ndian came to the side of the river over against the encampment, ^nd caTled to the sentinels, who asked him what he wanted. L an -^ered tha ™I lesi m^ T " ''"' "^•'?"'' ('';^ "'"^' 'y ^^'-^ Indians dm! monlydesgnato he commander-in-chief). Colonel Broadhead an- ineri, said tiie colonel, send over some of vour chiefs The Fn^tinr. .nterrogatively said, ^; May be you kilH" 'n!:, said u/e colonel " shall come and go in safety. Hereupon a chief of most cleLam 3"thrcb>r"^ ^° the encampment, 'and-[ hesitate to ^latd- vhiethe chief was conversing with the colonel, a monster, of the 'il'""^? "fV'"^ ;'''i^ " '""^h^"'^'' -hich 1.; had conc^ ed in i n 1: w'; ^^^^r^ "''^ '' ■'^'""'•^^ ■^^^^^'^^•' '^^he name of th^^ Rrn r l^^^ ^''- ^''^ ^'■'^>' ^««" ^^^^^'" 't-^ «''t'-«*t, and Colonel Rroadhcad kiving put his prisoners, (about twenty in numbed ) into ept" ?ew': ""'"'^' i^'^y ;;"-«^-ti:ly began to fnassacr^Lii aH S JT'" ''"^ '^^''^'■^" -^'•^ '^■'"^^- These were taken to P one"^' ^^A? T"'' ''""^Tf^ '"'• '-'" ^'^"^^ ""-^-'- «^ "I'ite rrnlv V)' PTT ''^''^ "^'S'^^ h*^^ ^'^'^ ^«"«l"ded was unhappily suspended, and the war afterwards might well have been •^x^K^cted to exhibit scenes no less bloody than before, l-rnni;. ' ''''"!.'^ Pachgantschihilas, distinguished himself upon the ontos, immediately upon the retreat of Colonel BroadheadWrmy! uleouenUv\f I"' ^"'' ^"' ^^ -^-^gn-i-ity and address. And n? runtd ^?r' r' '"u '" ."'""y '''''''''' between his nation and the United States, from that of General Wayne at Greenville to 976 ■VBNTa IN INUIAN HISTORY. that of St. Mary's in 1H18: il", indtrd, I'otclnnaniilas, nokoiig(ilM!lus, and Hcvcml otlicr viiriiitions, stiuid lor IIk; siiim? person. His name, according to I Iecir. I le had upon liLs under lip .-ind chin tatt(K)C(l the figure of a water li/ard, on which accdiiut Ik; was ol'len called Tweegachscha.su. llokdUf^ahelas was head warrior of all the Delu- wares who lived on the Miami and White rivers. Petchenanalas, at the head of eighty warriors, appeared suddenly at Gnadenhuetten, surrfiunding it belitre day, allowing no one a chance for escape. Not knowing his olijcet, the people were tilled with terror. But he soon dispelled their tears, by ttilling tliem that he came to take the chief Gelelemend, and n few other head men, whom he would have, either dead or alivi;. As it happened, not one of those he sought oiler was then; at the time, i laving satisfied himself uf this iaet, the chief demanded that de[)utie3 from the three Christian towns should meet to h(;ar what h(; had to say to them, ^\'hen the deputies and others had met, hi; spoke to thi'in as lidlows: — " Friends and kinsmen, listen to what I say to you. You see a great and jjowerful nation divided. Yon seethe fa'lieriig. ing against the son, and the son against the fatlnT. — 'l"he tiitlier has called on hiu Indian (diiUhxai to assist him in punishing hischildren, the Americans, who havn become refractory, l took time to consider what i should do; whether or not f should receive the hatchet of my father, to assist him. At fu'st I looked upon it as a liimiiy (piarrel, in which I wasnot interested. At length it appeiu'ed to hk;, that the father was in tlit; right, and his children deserved to be ])unislied a little. — That this must be the case, I concluded Irom the many cruel acts his olispring had committed, from time to time, on his Indian children — in en- croaching on their lands, stealing their property — shooting at and murdering, without cause, men, women, and cliildren : — yes, even inurdt;ring those, who at all times had been friendly to them, and were idaced for protection under the roof of tlK'ir father's Jiouse;* the fatlier nmself standing sentry at the door, at the time! — Friends and rela^ tives, often has the fath('r been obliged to settle and make amends for the wrongs Juid mischiefs done us, by his rei'niciory children; yet these do not grow better. No! they remain the same, and will con* tinue to be so, tis long as we have any land left us ! Look back at the murders conmiitted by the Long-Knives on many of our relations, who lived peaceable neighbors to them on the Ohio! Did they not kill them without the least provocation? — Arc they, do you think, better now, than they were then? No! indeed not; and many days are not elapsed, since you had a number of these very men near your doors, who panted to kill you, but fortunately were prevented from so * Alluding to the murder of the Concstpga Indians, whicli was as atrocious as that at GuadeubuetteD,and of which wc shall in due couv se give a rclatioD/ BOKONGAHEIAA, 'J77 but s,,iI<"'<1; ""- ;, <';"Vl-y fuui 'just .s..ap...l C^ j ^^ "^ 1^ JC '' "'^"'' (>unlry on tl.o Miami, uhrn. (Ih-v wouI I I^ . ' ''"'"'j' «•' '" 'i'o Tl..' ( -hashan Indians n >li J " ha^'i' t v til ^' '"" "• ''""^"^• Anuricans, tht=y thought t|, .- n rd nnf ? ^^ ^ •"'''"' '"•'^"■'■^' "«^ ihcir irionds at var wdu ll 'u- , ^^r'"? "''"" ^''^"•' ^^'^t .f ihoir «,.ttlnnont upoi. 1 'at t <• I '"' ""-•'' ''""'^' "«' '""k. .heir antagonists 'tl si. :'vav: ^u' i;^';!'^ ""'''^ ' '"'''^' '"^^ without ,..at detnn.cnt: .nd'^Li- t\ 1^ J^^. 1,;;^ ':•'"-' !hcy could not con.scnt to ir,,. ^^ **- ""'" «»'ii»t«'d, rarhgantwliihilas consultod in tlio moan tin... u ,fl, l ' i • ,• mid unsvvorfd v.tv /eclin..iv to what tin '. ,'''1 ^■'''''* '"'-"' nb...Tvcd tlmt 1,0 was «or v Urxt The v t M^ f.''"''"' ^""' '^"'•'' ' '" ^"t that he had no i.::;;Crt^t ^^ r;-)' SV""'''"-; that those might ht porinittod to 'to whos « r"^ "■•lucstrd This was readily assent 'd to a rl h. '•^^''r Py"'"l't'Hl then, to it. warriors departed. M ^ak^ Zv ^l "''"'' f ''"'^*' ^'»'' ""*^ "'« -'inducted fhen,se|vc.s n;de ,i 'V'''"!' -^'"-V' ^^'"■'•e they ^■ohihiias had predieted, and the event iusU ic1 .,.,..• V^'^^'"- ".-acrc at (Jnadenhuottcn will v^ l^l^^^^J^a^-;;^':;- \ ^^^'^ '■''^n,.t and in.Jignation. •uiitmb. led u ah tiie dec^x^st .^.i!^o:i;Ke'Su?/^i;!;^^ I'^'^henanalas . bnt the pn.win.. Ii"ving amv(;d near tho. Indian Kjwn of A, r\T u ^' ^^"^y .,; « 27P BVENTS IN INDIAN HISTORY. ri^'^ I able to save himself. He was at first conducted to Au Glaize., and soon after to " Bokongahelas. king of the Delawares, by his captors." The chief told those that committed the murder, he was very sorry they had killed the men. That instead of so doing, ihcy should have brought them to the Indian towns ; and, if what they had to say had not been liked, ii wojld have been time enough to have killed them then. Nothing, he said, could justify them for putting them to death, as there was no chance for them to escape. The truth was, they killed them to plunder their effects. Bokongahelas took Mr. Smally into his cabin, and showe''. him great kindness ; told him to stay there until he could go safely to his former Indian friends. (He having been adopted into an Indian family, in place of one who had been killed, in his former captivity,) While here with Bokongahelas, which was near a month, Mr. Smally said the chief would noi permit him to go abroad alone, for fear, ho &aid, that the young Indians would kill him. From another source we learn the names of several of I he mur- dered. "A letter from Paris (in the new French settlement ) (laid July 17*h, states, that intelligence had been received at Fort .leffcrson. of the death of Major Trueman, Mr. Freeman, Debachi and Jarrat, That this information was brought by two prisoners, who were labor- in;isoners some distance from the fort, they divided them — four were given to t ! ^ Chippewas, and four to the Shawanese — that the Shawanese burnt the four unfortunately assigned to them — that tlu Chippewas took t.ieirs liome, to the intent of making laborers of them— that the Indians are determined for war, and will not treat, but ivi'! kill every white person that attempts to go to then), either Avith or without a flag — that their present plan is to cut oft" the escorts of provisions destined to the ouiposts, and by that means oblige the troops stationed there to surrender ; and that for this purpose they kpt two spies ._'onstantly out." It is said that the conduct of the British, at the battle of Presqu'lsle. forever '".'laaged the mind of this chief, as it did tllat of many others in reo^ard tc theni. Bokongahelas said he would henceforth trust them no more. The fort at Maumee was critically situated, out by itr, own imprudence. The, officers of it had told the Indians that if the batt'e turned against them, they should Lave protectica in the fort. Im- mediately after. General Wayne informed thorn, that if they did protect the Indians in that event, he would treat ttiem as thougti found in arms against him ; therefore, thinking their own safety of more consequence than keeping their faith with the Indians, they barred the gates, and were idle spectators of those they had basely betrayed, ciii down iii great numbers by the swords of the horsemen, under their very ramparts ! U would seem, from a passage in the Memoirs of General Harrison, OELELEMEND. 279 that Bokongahelas died soon "aAer the treaty of 1804;" that if ho had been alive, Mr. Dawson thinks, when Tecumseh and the Prophet enlisted so many nations against the Americans, he would not have suliered their plans to have been matured. The sauui author relates an incident of peculiar interest, concerning our subject, which is as k'lows:— After the fight with Wayne's army before mentioned, Bokongahelas collected the remnant of his band, and embarked with thoin :n canoes, and passed up the river, to send a flag of truce to Fort V\ ayne. When the chief arrived against the British fbrt, he was requested to land, which he did. When he approached tlie sentinel, he demanded, " What have you to say to me/" He was answen-d ?hat the commandant desired to speak wilh him. "Tlien he may come here," was ♦h*; reply. The sentry then said the officer would 'lot do that, and tha^ he would not be allowed to pass the fort, if he did not comply with its rules. "What shall prevent me?" said th(> iiitivpid duet. Pointing to the cannon of the fort, the sentry said, "} ' . ^'^^ ^"'"^'^ ''^'P'l^d indignantly, "1 fear not your cannon: alter suffering the Amc^ricans to defile your spring, without darincr to hrc_on them, you cannot expect to frighten Bokongahelas." He re- 'inbarked, and i)ass(;d the fbrt without molestation. By "defiling :hcir spring," lie meant an ironical reproach to the British garrison ■or their treacbnry to the Indians, which has been mentioned. It IS SciRUhat Bokongahelas was present at Fort M'Intosh, at the ireaty of 1785; but as his name is not among the signers, we suppose he was opposed to it. General George R. Clark, Arthur Lee, and liicliard Butler, were the American commissioners ; the former had ftceii a successful warrior against the Indians, which gained him the respect of Bokongahelas ; and when he had an opportunity, he passed the others without noticing tliem, bvt went and took General Uark by the hand and said, '•! thank the Great Spirit for havinc^ this 'utir.«^e of ineosures carried on by his predecessor, but in spite of all tie could do. Captain Pipe succeeded in defeating liis designs. Such was the power of Pipe, that Gclelcniend and his party were forced tlirough fear to abandon their council-house at Goshockino, and retire under the protection of the Americans near Pittsburg. ' Here they jiuppascd themselves safe, but they were soon disappointed ; "for while tlie friendly chiefs, together with a number of their people, were peaceably living together on an island just below the town of Pitts- ourg, th^y were suddenly surprised and attacked by the murdering party which had returned from killing n.oar a hundred of the Christian 280 EVKN'TS 1, INDIAN IHSTOR^. Indians, and partly killed and partly put to flight; from whence this chief (Kill-Buck) saved his life only by taking to the river and swim- ming across to the point, or town, (of" Pittsburg) leaving all his pro- perty behind ; among which was the bag containing all the wampum speeches and written documenis ol" William Pcnn and his successor^; ibr a great number of years, which had for so long a time been carefully preserved by them, but now had fallen into the liands of a murdering band of wliito savages, who killed at the same time the promising young Delaware chief abtnij mentioned." The many services he rendered to Pennsylvania were known and appreciated": which services, h(j\\over, being obnoxious to the enemy, drew their hatred uj)on liim, so mucli sd, that tlmy ordered any that" should meet with him to shoot him dead, lie therefore n^mained concealed some ;ime after the peace with the Indians, with his iimiily, at Pittsburu. Mo finally joinrd the Christian Indians and lived under their protcc- ti()n ; never venturing Hir from hom^s lest the Munseys should meet with and kill him. He was baptised by the name of VVilliam Henry, a name he IuhI been k-ng known und^M-, and whicdi was that ofa distinguished member of Congress, conli'ired by liimself. Kill-Buck died in the failli in .lunuary, 1811, aged about eighty. At the time these pi-aceabk;; Indians were miu'derously driven from their island, as just noticed, Big-Cat narrowly escaped the slaughter, ile retired to the MiaiTii country, where he afterwards died. Me h.i(; l)iX'ti.an able counsellor, and afterwards a chief ol*' the Turtle tribe. The name of Captain Pipe is unfortunately associated with the hi.-- tory oi" the lamenteen many years a successful commander against theai. Ho loll into the hands of' the Indians not iiir Irom I'pper Sanduskv, iii the latter end of M-as. 1762. At this time he was arrived there at the head uf a l)and of about five hundred volunteers, who were attacked ;iud put to flight without having acquitfcMl themselves like .soldiers in any di\L;ree. except indeed some individual instances. At icast a hundred wove kilkd and taken, and of the latter but two are said ever tn luive esce.pfd. Captain Pipe, if not the j)rincipnl, was probably one of the ehiol leaders of the Indians at this lime. When the rout of the army began, instead of retreating in a body, tliey lied in small jiarties, and thus .'ell an easy prey into the hands of tlielr pursuers. Colonel Crawford iK'came se])arated from the main body of his soldiers by his oxtrenii' an>;i(>ty for his .son and two or thrcH* other relatir travelling nearly two days, they Avere, with several others, surprised by a party of Delawares, and conducted to the old Wyandot town. Here Captaui Pipe, with his own hands. [)aintcd Crawllird and Kniglit black in every part of" their bodies. A place called the new Wyandot town was not far off. To this pku'c k ^'- .-..c-^-jaJd^i^..^^ COI>. CBAWFORD BURNT AT THE STAKE. 281 they were now ordered, and Pipe told Crawford that when he arrived there his head should be shaved, of which, it seems, he did not under- stand the import. These miserable men were accompanied by Pipe and another noted Delaware chief, named Wingenim. Several other captives had been sent Ibrvvard, and in the way, as Kni<.ht and Craw- iord passed along, they saw ibur of the mangled bodies of their iriends lying upon the ground, dead and scalped. Nine others had been picked up at the sauu; time the two just named were, and four of these were those murdered in the way. the other five met a like liile from the hands oi the Indian squaws and boys at the destined villa-re Mere Crawford and Knight saw Simon Girty, of whom no human beincr since, we apprehend, has spoken or written without indiii his lace, and with a groan expired. Dr. Knight was reserved for the same fate, and was present, and obliged to hear the agonising ejaculations of liis friend, and at last to see him ex[)ire, without being able; to render him even the assistance ot a consoling word ! Indeed, the thoughts of his own condition, and the end '..lat awaited huii, w(!re as much, nay more, peihaps, than a ratioii.-d m.iui could bear. There seemed no possibility of a dehver- uuco, but It came in an unexpected hour. He was to' be sent to the Sliawanee town, and ibr this purpose was intnistc^d to a younshen he arrived at Fort M'Intosh. At the place ;o which lie was destined bv the Indians, Colonel Craw' lord's son, soi;. in-law, and several others, were put to death about the saiiK' time. Wingenund, VVinganoond, or Wi?..gaynoond, had an interview with- Colonel Crawfor;! immcxliately before his execution, and as the sub- stance of what I'assed between the victim and the cldef has been pre- served, it shall here be given, not merely for the history which it eontaiii;^, but as it strikingly brings to view the manner in' which an Indian exercises Ids viev/s of jusiic;; in an extraordinary case. Tins chiet had hwu known to Crawford som;; time before, and had boon oil terms of true friendship wi!h him, and kindiv (Mitertained by liim at his own hou-sc;: and such acts ol" kindness all red men remem- ber with gra'iiuJe, Wing, riuud does nut appear to have been present whc'u the In-st preparations were made for burning the |)risoner, but resided not far from the fatal spot, and had retired to his cabin that he might not see the » ntenco of his nation executed upon one calling himself his friend; but Crawford requested that he might be sent for, fheoring his almost rayless mind with tl>e faint hope" hat he would 24* 382 EVBUTa IN IIIDIA5 HISTORY. interpose and save him. Accordingly, Wingenund soon appeared in the presence of the bound and naked white man. He was asked bv Crawford if he knew him, and said he believed he did, and asked, "Are you not Colonel Crawford?" " I am," said the colonel. The chief discovered much agitation and embarrassment, and ejaculated, " So ! — Yes ! — indeed !" " Do you not recollect the friendship thai always existed between us, and that wc were always glad to see each other?" said Crawford. "Yes," said the chief, "1 remember all this, and that we have ollen drank together, and that you have been kind to me." "Then I hope," added Crawford, "the same friendship still continues." " Tt would, of course," said Wingeiuuid, "were you where you ought to be, and not here," " And why not here?" said the colonel ; " I hope you would not desert a friend in time of need. Now is the time for you to exert yourself in my behalf, as I should do for you wore you in my place." "Colonel Crawford," replied Wingenund, "you have placed yourself in a situation which puts it out of my power and that of others of your friends to do any thinj; for you." " How so. Captain Wingenund ?" said the colonel. Ht added, " By joining yourself to that execrable man, Williamson, and his party, — the man who but th<^ other day murdered such a number of the Moravian Indians, knowing them to be friends ; knowing that he ran no risk in murdering a people who would not tight, and whose only business was nrayiiig." "But I assure you, Wingenund," saii; Crawford, "that had I been with him at the time, this would not ha\e happened. Not I alone, but all your friends^ and all good men, wherever they are, reprobati; acts of this kind." "That may be,'' said Wingenund, " yet these friends, these good men, did not proveni him from going out again to kill the remainder of these inoflensive vei ibolish Moravian Indians! I say foolish, because they believed the wlates in [)reference to us. We had often told them that they would be one day so treated by those people who called themselves theii Iriends ! We told them that there was no iiiitli to be placed in what the white men said ; that their fair promises were only intended ti alhre us, that they might the more easily kill us, as tlii7 havf detv many Indians belbre they killed these Moravians." "I am sorry to hear you .speak thus," said ("rawford ; "as to Wi!li;imson's gf>ing oe! aiijain, when it was known that he was dcttirmined on it, 1 went vu: with him to prevent him from committing fresh murders." "This," said Wingenund, " the Indians would not believe, were even I to f'i thctn so." Crawford the^n asked, "And why would they not k'licv' it?" "Bccau.se," replied Wingenund, "it would have l)een out ci' yrur power to ju'event liis doing w hat he pleased." " Out of m\ power?" exclaimed the colonel; and asked, "Have; any Moravinn Indians been killed or hurt since we came out?" " None," answcreti the chief; " but you went first to their town, and finding it empt\ and deserted, you turned on the path towards us. If you had been in search of warriors only, you would not Imve gone thither. Oui spies watched you closely. They saw you while you were embody- iiur yourselves on the other s*dR of the Ohif>= Fliev saw vou cros> COL. CRAWFORD BFIINT AT THK 3TAK*. 2S9 n Tr I '"""^ r''^'^ y°" encamped at night-they saw yon turn off from the path to the deserted Moravian town-lhev knew you were gomg out of your way-your «t<.ps were constantly watchel and you were suffered qmetly to proceed until you reached the spo where you were attacked." ^ Crawford, doubtless, with this sentence, ended his last ravs of hope. He asked, with iamt emoiicn, "What do they intend to dowith me^» when W.ngenund Irankly replied, "I tell you with "ricf. As Wil- Immsori, with his whole co^vardly host, ran off in the ni-^ht at the whisthng of our warriors' balls, lx^i„g satisfied that now l';;^ had no Moravians to deal w.th, but nu-n who could fioht, and with such he M not wish to have any thing to do,-l say, as- he escaped, and thev have taken you, they will take reveni,re on yo,, in his ..ead." " An^ !s there no possibility of preventing this?" ^aid Crawford; "can vou devise no way to get nie off? You shall, my friend, be vvdl rewarded tlZ7^f "'^'7,'mental in saving my life." " Had Williamson been taken with you," answered the chief, "1 and some friends, by making use of what you have told mo, might perhaps have succeeded i,^ saving you, but as the matter now stands, no man would dare to interfere in your behalf. The King of England himself, were he o come to this spot with all his wealth and treasure, could not eflect this purpose. 1 he blood of the innocent Moravians, more than half . them women and children, cruelly and wantonly murdered, calls aloud for revenge. The relatives of the slain, who are among us, c t ou and stand ready for revenge. The- nation to which they belon-^ed will have revenge. The Shawanese, our grandchildren, have a.ked lor your fellow-pr.soner; on him they will take revenoe. Alfthe i.atiuns connected with us cry out, revenge! reven.re I ^The Mori' vians whom you went to destroy, having fled, instead of avcncnno- heir bre'hren, the ofience is become national, and the nation itself is l^oiind to take reveng,. !" - My fate, then, is fixed," said the wn-tched man, "and 1 must prepare to meet death in its worst fi^rm." "Yes colonel, said the chief; " I am sorry for it, but cannot do any thin<^ lor you. Had you attended to the Indim principle, that as good and ov. cannot dwell together in the same heart, so a good man ou.} not o go mto evil company, you would not be in this lamentable •situation. You see now when it is t<.o late, aHer Williamson has ..■M-rted you, what a bad man he must be! Nothing now remains or you but to meet your fiite like a bra^■e man. Farewell, Colonel < rnwlord ' they are coming. I will retire to a solitary spot " Accordingly, a liost ot' executioners W(-re immediJtely mnm him and he died by their cruel hands, as we have already written It is said that \Vingenund shed tears at parting with his friend, aiid that rver auer when the circumstance was mentioned, ho seemed very w'lisitjiy affected. ' ■' Cokmel Crawford's sen was compeik^J to witness this cruel death <■( his father, and suffered t'.e .-.am- fate immediately after Ihe expedition of Colo.. . Crawford was not so laudably under- 'aKcs! as many others, in a$ ii^r as it was directed against the iH 1 iy^wBilH 1 P iff p^HfH 1 r'H 1 i t^ £■ ■i 11 8; 984 BVUMTfl IN INDIAN HISTORY. Moravian towns upon the Muskingum, wlicre nmny who composed i( were detcniiiiicd lliat the C'hristian IndiaiiH, whicli they there expected to llnd, ihinild glut their vengeance by their blood, an those at Gnaden- huettea hud oii the rivers, aad had but a short time before destroyed a settlement at a place calkd Kennedy's Bottom., in Kentucky. It was belbre sunrise on ihe 3Uth of March, that the two white nun Ixifore mentioned iiailed the boat, which was safely out of the reach «f fire-arms, having discovered the smoke to be upon the northwest shore, and tiierelijre they kej)t upon (he southwest. These white men. the more eflet^tually to decoy the bijat's crew, said they had beeri taken prisoners by the Indians at Kennedy's Bottom, and had jiisi escaped IVom iliem, and unless they would take them on board, they must pcM'ish from hunger and cold. The truth was, one or l)oth (ii them were abandoned wre'ches, who hud leagued with a Land al' depredators under Chikatommo, and thus were the means of destroy- ing many innocent lives in the most atrocious manner. WIku hailed by them, as we have just said, some in the boat were for listening to them, iuul some against it. In the mean time, the boat floated fast down the current, and lefl those on sliore considerably in the rear, although they exerted themselves to Ivcep abreast of the boat. Those who' were against taking them on boanl had their objections weii grounded ; ii'r \\hen these men were askeil the occasit)n of th'e smoke upon their side of the river, tlicy denied that tliere had been any, or ."^aid they kntw of no such thing; nnd tiiis was urged as a sufliciem reason why they should reject tlie otlK.'r part of their story. Still, as the boat glided down, those on board debated tlie subject, and a; length concluded, that if tlvre were Indians wliere thev fu'st saw the men, tliey must then be tar up the river, as it was thought impossiblt that they could have got through tlie woods so fast as tliey had floated down; and one of the company, a i\lr. Flinn, whose kindness of heart Itrought u}K)n them this calamity, proposed hazarding his own person NARRATIVE OF CHARLES JOHNSTON. 285 on shore, without in the least endangering the rest. His plan was as follows: that whereas they must now bo out of the reach of the Indians, they should haul in, and barelv touch upon the shore, and he would jump out, and the boat should at the same time haul off, so that, if the Indians should be comintr, the boat would have time to o-et otrsalb, and as to himself, he could well outrun them, and would "et on board the boat again at a certain point below. And thus was the iiumane plan laid oi" relieving supposed distress, the sad recompense of which v/c no.v proceed to reiule. One circumstance had not been taken into account by this devoted L'ompuny. The current being rapid, it took them much longer than they luid anticipated to gain the shore, and this ga\e some of The most swiil-looted of Chikatommo's party time to arrive at the point at the same time with ihom. Having arrived close to the shore, Mr. Flinn liad but barely ck-ared hims<;lf from the boat, when a large number of Indians, painted in the most frightful manner, came rushing upon them. Some of the boat's crew s(>ized their guns, and dctermfned to resist, while the others used every means to get their boat from the shore; but every thing seemed to conspire against them. Their boat iKcame entangled in the branches of a large tree, and the whole body ol Indians having arrived, being iifly-four in num!)er, cave a horrible veil, and poured ifi their whole lire upon the boat. From the pro- :ection allbrded by the side of the boat, one onlv was killed, Dollv Fleming, and Mr. Skyles wounded. All resistance was vain, and the jlhcrs lay down upon the botti.un of the boat, to prevent beincr imme- Jiatcly killed. The Indians kc-pi up their fire until all the" horses were shot down, which added much to the horror of the situation of those upon the bottom of the boat, as thev were in oreat dan-rer of t»ing trampled to death by them bell)re they fell, and aflerwards°from •heir strivings. When this was iinished the firing ceased, and Mr. May stood up and held up a white cap in token of"^ surrender, but ho ;ell uia moment after, with a ball shot through his head. Several ;)i"thc Indians now swam to the boat, and were helped into it by those vvilliin. Having now got possession of it, they seemed well pleased, ■uid oflcred no lurther violence. All things were now taken on shore, ami an immense fire kindled ; the di'ad were scalped and thrown into the river, and the captives 'divested of most of their clothes. As several Indians were gathered around Mr. Johnston when he was stripped, one, observing that h(> liad on a kind of rod vest, approached and said to him in English, "Oh! you cappatin'.'" He said "No." Then the Indian -pointed to his own breast, and said, "Me cappatin— all dese my sogers."' This was Chikatommo. An Indian, named lorn Lewis, discovered much humanitv to Mr. Johnston, in that he '•overcd him with his own blanket afler he had lost his clothes. Belll^^ all stationed about the fin>, Chikiitomino was at one end ot It, (:: being about fifty teet in length,) who, rising up, made a speech to the multitude. An old Shawanee chief, whose name is not '"entioiied, made the first speech, at the end of which Chikatommo conducted Johnston to another Shawanee chief, whose name was 1 1 ? ■ - J •! ■ ' , I]' < „ 1 1^- 1 j 1 1, r ■■^:i "it ■' 286 EVENTS IN INDIAN HISTORY. iMcs-shaw-a, to whom he was given or assigned, and informed that he was his friend. At the end of Chikatommo's speech, another pri- soner was disposed of. Tlie same ceremony was repe-ated with the third and last. Johnston, Skyles, and Flinn went to the Shawaneye, and Peggy Fleming to the Cherokees. This band of robbers appears to have be<^n made up of adventurers from the tribes just mentioned, with the addition of a few Delawares. The latter had none of the prisoners, as they did not wish to be known in the business, thinkinc it might involve th(^ir nation in a war with the United States. The two white men who had decoyed the boat into the Indians' hands were still with them, and the next day all the captives wen> orderfid to take a position upon the edge of the river, to decoy the first that shoidd be passing. A boat soon appeared, and, repugnant as such an employment was to the feelings of these captives, yet thev were obliged thus to do, or sufler a horrible death. Divine and Tho- mas were the names of the two whites so ollen mentioned: the former was the voluntary agent, and, as I\Ir. Johnston expresses it, the ono who "alone had devised and carried into effect their destruction;" and, " ingenious in wicked stratagems, seemed to be perfectly gratified to aid the savages in their views, and to feel no scruples in suggestinir moans for their accomplishm(!nt. He fabricated a tale, that we were passengers down the Ohio, whose boat had suffered so great an injurv that we were unable to proceed until it was repaired ; but that for want of an axe, it was impossible for us to do the necessary work. These unsuspecting canoe-men turned towards us ; but the ciu'reni bore them down so far hdow us, as to preclude all chance of my putting them on th(?ir guard. (Mr. Johnston having intended by sonic sign to have given them warning of what awaited them.) The Indians, as they had acted in our ease, ran down the river at such a distance- from it, and under cover of the woods, that they were not discovered until the canoe was clo.sc to the shore, when they fired into it, and shot every one on board. As they tumbled into the water, their little bark was overset. Two, who were not yet dead, kept themselves afloat, but were so severely wounded that they could not swin\ off. The Infl ins leaped into the river, and after dragging them to the shore, despatched them with the tomahawk. The bodies of the four who were killed were also brought to land, and the whole six were -scalped. All were then thrown into the river. Nothing I could then learn, or which has since come to my knowledge, has enabled me to imdersland who these unfortunate suflerers were." After various successes and encounters upon the river, Chikatomnio left it, and met a number of his company at an encampn^ent about five miles from it. Here he left the rest, taking with him a select number and some of the Cherokees, with Miss Fleming ; and the conijiany with whom .lolmston remained did not join him again for many days. After much delay and interesting incident, they reached the Indian town of Upper Sandusky. Here they squandered all their rich booty for whiskey, and, as usual, rioted in drunkenness for several days, f'hikatommo at this time showed himself very savage to the prisoners, KINO-CHANB.— RESCVES A CAPTIVE. 2S7 and had he not been prevented by the humane and benevolent Mes- shawa would have killed some of them. The unfortunate Skyles had Te! 2tef "''"'''"' ^"'^ «"^"^ '" «" unknown directions Ss A French trader at Sandusky, a Mr. Duchouquot, had used cndea- voj^toransom Johnston; but his master for sle time would hea; nothing of It. At length, having dissipated all his boofv, and a haS to return home in suchja .^ate, he concluded to soil Johnston for ^he mo t he could get; and accordingly six hundred silver broaches were paid him equal in value to one hundred dollars, the amoun a "eed upon. Ch katommo and his party then took up their march for Detroit. Not long after this, Mr. Johnston returnc'd home by wSy o f t a place. Before he left Sandusky, he was informed of thJbSni of the. fatedFlinn: he suffered at the stake at the Miami villae^' and was eaten by kis torturers. The Indian, who brought the news to Sandusky, said that he himself had fen.ted upon him Kmg.Crane, a Wyandot chief, appears conspicuous in this narra tje, and Illustrates a valuable trait of character in Indian 1 it When Mr. Duchouquet and Johnston had arrived at Lower Sanduskv in heir way to Detroit, the town was filled with alarm, and thoys^o^ learned the occasion to be from the arrival of some CherokSnIhe ne>ghborhood, with a fomale captive. The traders in the place im! mediately went to their camp, where they found Peggy Flemina, vZ sometime before had been separated from Johnsfof and the'oher captives. Among those who went to see her, was a white man bv the name of Whilaker, who, having been carried into captivity in hi^ youth had grown up in all the Indian habits, and being a man of considerable physical powers and enterprise, had beconie a chief among the Wyandots. He had been tlpon'the frontier with e Indians upon trading expeditions, and had lodged at times in Pittsbui" n L '''L°[-^''' ^l'"""S'« father. She' immediately knew linT nd besought him, m the most affecting manner, to deliver her S bondage. He went immediately to King-Crane, and told him hL^ he woman with the Cherokees was his sister, and urged him to use means for her relief. King-Crane went without loss of ti^i and urged the Cherokees to restore her to her brother. They vm'e en- raged at the request, and there was danger of their murdering her h ?" ^^' ''S'" ^'""^ '''^"^- "^ "«^t tried to purchase'her • bm his benevolent offers were indignantly refused, and their ra^e was still increased. Resolved to rescue her nut of their hands, Kin%! Cnine repaired to their camp early the next morning, acconpS w 1 icnght or ten young warriors. They found the Cherokees asleep; but he cap ive-^it IS shocking to humanity to relate-^was without the east at. re I extended and lashed to thek.ke! ready to be bun 5- her bdy pamted all over with black. King-Crane silently cut the hongs with which she was bound, then awakened the mmderers broaches, (vvhich are current money among them,) and departed. She was soon afler sent forward for her home: disguised in the ultae of a iH -■■M 'IflflHKIHlli^ j m ^^■^■B^m ^^k' ffl ! ilj w^k^bI i i ' WBKm^WBmai 1 ' JMimiiiBKS ' w 1 ^Hp^wi ^^^^kM^HH m i ■ ^^^^■^^^Bi m i,iW.I^Bi ^ IflHIP 'ifi9 EVENTS IN INDIAN HISTORY. squaw. The Chorokcca prowled nboul seeking vengeance upon some white person for a Ihw days, a.;d tli<'n disappeared. The reader may wish to know what becaincof Skylcs : — he was taken to a place u[)()n IIk; Miami river, when; he was ddomed to bo, burnt, but niadt; liis escape liic night previous to. the day on which he was to have suilered. Alter enihjring the most painlul f'atitcucs and hunger, from wandering alone in the wilderness, h(; met with soino traders who conveyed iiiin to Detroit, uud Iroin thence home to Virginia. The secpiel of the lile of the old hard-hearted Cliikatommo is as Ibliows: For lour years succeeding th.e events aliov(Mi'lated, he Ibl- lowed his depredating career, and was concerned in opposing tlie war parties of Americans until the time of (jeneral VVaync^'s famous expedition. As that vet(;ran was advancing info th(! western region, Cliikatommo met an advance |iarty of his army at the head of u band of his desperate; warriors, who were sent l()rwnrd as the Indian forlorn hojje. A sharp skirmish followed, and (,'liilcaUjirimo was slain. This was the action near Fort Defiance, King-Crane was also in arms to oppose (Jeneral Wayne; but in the last war against England, he fought for the; Americans, and is su|)posed to have died three or four years after its close. J le was (jiie of ihe signers of Wayne's famous treaty at Fort (Jrecnville, and several others. VVe now pass to a chief by far more prominent in Indian history than many who have received much greater uolicf; from hislerians. This was Mishikinakwa, ^a name by no means settled in orthography,) which, interpreted, is said to mean the Litlle-Tujtle. To the dilferent treaties tearing his name, we will find these spellings: Meshekua- noghquoh, (jreenville, August ^rd, 1785; Meshekunnoghquoh, Fort Wayne, June 7th, 180t}; Mashekanahquah, Vincenntis, August 2lst, 1805; Meshek(;noghqua, Fort Wayne, Sept. 3 .IHI 1 1; SBKIIH ^^nHi Mil Ml '8 -^ 'h Ih 9v' ■ ,'i?ninst tlip I (xcccilcd in t irifi'lli!i<'iif fn |inrficnliir iii. of till' llllli.'tl |('n|»|i' ol' tlio fill' liiiliniis M liy iIm' llritisli with iii.iny t till TIlC west"!' :li('iii and (Icf; ■iK'li a luadcr ; 'hi' Aiii('ri('Mii> ■■;i|ii(l siiffcssii vvliii'li raiisfd n'f'oiniiiPiidiijy lit'clviiiij; tli().s( raised and |)iit "f tin- iiorilnvf "i" .March, 17!) 'iicky, with all w;is iiiiicli tiiiK niiflcr, with th( Tlitn.' Mere va r- unncci'ssa rv Colonel Ihir about tlir^ did (1 tlic t.'oiiiitry o!' lorty miles larti tliccml of Oci, strniio', niiliti;i i; "ill ap])(^f!f by 1 'liemselves, Init (loiienil ,st. ( Jeircrsoii, wiieii liicnrcd ri rctroi f -I..- '^nyrnmunt sh...il.l r.„Miiv rhrir r,:,„l,„.t " ' :.j:'a:i:i::;;;;;;:::;;;r.;;-7;;::'l^,;:::!:!f^^ he A.nrri,-Mns ,.. H,... mv,, „.n„s. ( „„ nu.nl.r Ii4l..w,l n.m "r .^ .qm siurrsMon, Mttrruh hv .11 ,1,,. Unnnrs p.cuiK.r (u ,h,.i, Zu •l.:'''l<".^ l-ns,. n, .nnncs; ...n,! Uv„ U.ousn.ul ,„..., wnv innu liul "> lanh 1, 1, ,n(l prom.,!..] to Fort Wasl.i,,,,., , hy uav . fKn |;.s m.H. l,mo lo.t u. ..,.in^ tl,o troops o.nl.n.lio.l at this plan, ( ^ .tier, With f!io msHhio, not arnvh.o. „nlil th.. .ni.l.ll,. of S.ptJ.uhor' ihm. wcM-o vanous n.v,uns,a.K...s to a.v.„„„ lor ,ho .lolavs, wh o i .s umieccssary to nmuiit hero.. •• ' " '^ Colonel Dark., procooilcd i.n.nrdiatclv on his arrival, uhirli wis abotutho..n.lo August, and huilt Fort' Ihnnilton, ..n thn i J n 1^ H' .oan.ry o, L„tl<..T„wl., a.Kl soon alh.- Fort .lotli.rson u s ui f lorty n,>I..s Ir.rthcr onnard. Thos... two Ibrts h.in.^ I.ft .nann r^l ,' '^■^■•"' •• .O-'."!.-' II.0 anuy advanccl, hein. ahou 'o tl mim d 2"!^, nnhna HH-ludod, whos,. nun.bors woro ".ot in .n^M^t illappar by iho nasorabk. niannor in wind, they not o. ly • i.'sod 'hemselvos, Init the loonlar soldiers al ^o. "ly coniuscd Goneral , St. Clair advanced b.it ah.)ut six miles in front oi' Fort eircrson, uhen sixty of his mili.ia, fro.u pretended .lisaire-"i^, con 'Nonml a retreat; and it was discovered that iho ,.vil ha Is, road •■onsidon.bly a.no.ig ,l,o rest of the annv. JJei,., Ic^arf, I th e y w o , I sc^o upn the eon..y ol' pn..isions, tlie genend oi.ie.S'^r ' lij m ...ndv t,. pui'sne them with ],is regiment, and forec then, to refnrn hcai-iTiy now eons.sted of bnt fourKrn huiidred efieetive n,e rd |s y^^ the nnn.hc.r attacked by Little-Turtle aiid J.is uui^ric^^ Wl^en I'liles li-om the Miami villafrcs. ''mors, liitccn C\;lu,K.l lU.tler eomiiianck..! the right wing, and Colonel Darke tho ;^ Ihennlitia were posted a rjuarter of a inile in advance and vere onea.nped in two lines. They had not finished secnH ' thdr ggage when they were attack.Ml m tlieir camp. ^ .^S'i, ^' "on to^ave marched immediately to the destruction of the m'^I I ;iji : i "t^d ^^^tl^p^> / IS^ *^> Swo^im^trj- Z, %ih. Phi ST.CLAili's DUf '•v^'^" Svni.i^trj. Zi xih. Phil T.CLAiii's DEFJBAl •T» 200 EVENTS IN INDIAN IIISTOHV. 14 villiijifes. or tliis their movcinonts ajiprisod the Indians, who acted with grout wisdom and firuinoss. They fell upon 'he militia beiore sunrise, Nov. 4111, who at onec (led into the main canip, in the must disorderly and tumultuous manm.'r: many of them, liaving thrown away their guns, wen; j)ursucd and slaughtered. At the n)ain earnp tlio light was sustained some time, by tlu; great exertions of th(! o||l. ecrs, hut with great inequality; the Indians under liittle-Turtle amounting to about fifteen hundred warriors. Cohiuels Darke and l^utler, and Major ("lark, made several successful charges, whii'h enabled them to save some of their ninnbers by checking the eneuiv while lligbt was more pi'aclicable. "Oi'tln Am(;ricans, live hundred and nincty-tlirec were killed and missinu, beside thirty-eight ollicers ; and two hundred and forty-twn •soldiius and twenty-one; otlicers wvvv. woiuidcd, many oi' whom died. Colonel Cutler was amniig the slain. Tlu! account (jf his ihll is shocking, lie was severely wounded and left on the ground. 'I'hc well kiKAvn and inliunous iSimou dirty camc! up to him, ;md observed liim writhing under se\ere pain from his wounds, dirty knew ami spoke to him. Kuowiuii that he could unt live, the colonel begged of (Jirty to put an end to bis misery. This he reliised to do, but turned to an Indian, whoni hv told that the otlicer was the; eouimauder id'tlic army; u|ion which he drove his tomahawk into his bead. A nunilK r of otluTs then came around, and after taking olf bis seal]), they took out his iieart, and cut if into as many pieces as then.; were tribes in the action, and divided it iunuug tlu^m. All manner of brutal ads were connuitted on the bodies of the slain. It need not Ik; mentioned for tlu; information of the obs(M'ver of Indian afliurs, that land was the main cause; oi'this as well as most other wars b(;tween the Indians and whiles; and hence it was very easy to account litr the Indians lillinL' the mouths of the slain with earth after this battle. It was actuallv the case, as reported by those who shortly aller visited the scer.e oi' action and buried tlie dead. dcucral iSt. Clair was calkd to an account for the disastrous issue of this campaign, and was honorably acepiitted. He published ;i narrative in vindiciilion oi' bis conduct, which, at tliis day, li'w \vili ihink it recpiired. What he says of his retreat we will give in his own words. "'The retreat was, you may l;e sure, a precipitate; one: it was in iact a flight. Tliecamp anel the artille-ry were; abanelnned: ])ut that was uuavoielable, i'ov not a. horse was le'ft alive to have eirawii it oiT, had it eitlu-rwise bcjen jirae'tie'able. But tlie most disgraced'ul |i;ii". of the busine'ss is, that the' greate'st part of the men threw away tlicir arms and ae-coutrements, even alieT the pursuit, which cetntiiuie'd about lour mile's, hael ceased. I found the road strewed with them leir many miles, but was not able; to remedy il ; lor, having had all my horses killed, and being mounteel upon one that could not be prickeel ont eif a walk, I could not got forward myself, and the orders I sent forward, enfher to halt the front, or prevent the men from parting with their arms, wcva unattended] to." The remnant of the army arrived at Fort Jetrcrsou the same day, :^~^r' just lipfore sunsnl, tlif iiiil''^ 'listarif. Vnmrm] 'Nr. ( 'iViir'.liil ST. Clair's dkfeat. [)l!ic.« from which thfv /led hoi I'liiild lio II (!X pD.SCi ncfioii oifrht hiillffs shof () hiMiscIC to '■vcrv (1 ovcrv(hi(ur(h,it ji hrav 291 fig (wptitv-niiif ■o yorionil wirivror,|.s.(ii,| ih(; Iruliaim d' H'oiiL-li his (dothcs. Ill no at "igf-r, havinir diiriri"- the isrovcir irrcafci- fack rf'latfd in ^ii'i:;>::.:r;:;;^;^.;:;::i:r':';!j;;;;':^ pi'<'''^ ^>l arldln-v /Ml inlo tin.;,." i ■""''>• "Nix or r^irrht l-ors.s,all.h.ha.V,.aJ a „,,'"" f' ^^""'. "'""" *-'"• hundn.! »'lii'l'fl.c retreat of he a n h '"wc od' w "' "','''". "^ ^^^ •'''•^"^^tion '-■y, ' ^^'^^'o-Tume ..en -n- little doubt o T ,t s n sn ""?; '''^^>'"^' ^'^"^ '« '^i- -I inHinod t h ;' ;;,,;-;:;;; ::;■;:-' v:^^y- ^v''-^^^"'- • 'I'lf 11(1 lis. iho Anif'ricans ^^■-■■i"™."u;;:i:ii,;^:;^r ;:::)-,. ;'",;^l;;,7'i -I.-- .i.y an. :^'»:::::;i,:;;:::,;;;;;,:'t:''ir7"M:"'' ''"'^^>-^ Vork, 1818.) ^' ' "^" •'^'^' ^^^^- ^^f"er. Mon. Mag., ii., 4G9, (New 1^1 rl -1 = 292 K:^ ^^^^^^1' ^^^^flVI no yMRf KVENTS IN INDIAN HISTORY. Notliing wounds flic fceliiiirs of a warrior like tho reproach of cowardice; I)iit Little-Turtle stifled his resentment, did his duly in the battle, and its issin; proved him a truer prophet than his accuser bcli(;vc(l. His rcssidcnce was upon Eel river, about twenty miles from Fort Wayne, where oiu- ^overnm'jnt ])uilt him a house, and lia-nishcd him with means of livinn-, mueh to llic envy of his countrymen. Therefore, what had been bestowed upon him' to indiicf! others to a like mode of life by their own e.\(Mlioiis, proved not only prejudicial to the cause, Init eniieudeivd hiitred aaainst him in ilie"iiiiu(is of all the Indians. ]Je was not .-i clii(;f bv bii'lh, but was laiscd lo fha. stan(lin;,r l)y },is superior talents. This was the cause oi" so much jealousy and envy af ibis time, as ;dso a neohct of his counsel here- tofore. 'riie same author from whom we i^ot the liicis in the pre. cedinif ]Kirt of this parau-raph, says, •• ^h'sliecunnafpia, or the Little- Turtle, was the son of a .Miniui chief, by a Mohecan woman. As the Indian ma.xim with rejiiard to descents is precisely ihal oi" liu; civil law in reialion to slaves, that the condition of tht lljrwardinif what wa^ promised ;) thereibre tliey called him lien. Wabang, which siguilieii General To-Morrow. When *he philosopher and tiimous traveller Volnev was in Ame- rica, in the winter of IT'JT, Littki-Turtle canu- to Phi liuleljihia, where he thc^i was. A'olney sought inanediato accpiaintaiice with the cele- brated chief, for highly valuable p..r|)oses, which in some mcasiuv he ellected. He made a vocabulary of his language, which heprinteit in the appendix to his Travels. A copy in mruniscript, more extensiv( than the jannted one, is said to be in the library of the Philosophical iSociety of Pennsylvania. |g Jiaj:M"^osed coaiu.nnc^atio between 'W^^^ n.^'^^^'P- '^'''''"^ ^'^ L.ttle/r.ulle replied, u VVhv sloud Tot r P '^ '""'"'• '^^'^ '^^^ ^'^ Jiave come fh,in Amo ca A J H '''" ^^"•"^'•«' ^vho resemble 'mry.' Or why shoub o not'botb I '" '?' ''f""' '"^ ^'^^ ^°'^- '•"^-nt'-v?" Itisalac tnltb n '':^^^ '^^«» '^^ni in our own -,uiValent to ourt^nt£.v"nr '"'""''" ^ """^^^^'^'^ or natural to it. '«'".^'«-^, tJiat is, one sprung from the soil, ".il-lolphia^hanup h:'t.isS-rVf T? ^""^^''^^^'^ "' all tilings together, vou h ive Z tl ''''''''' ^'' ^'^'d' " 'J^^'-^'^ing 'leaf and dumb. V do f - ^^''^ ^^" '^^^ ''^■''■'- "« .' '^ut liero I am "or make nwi.f 1^^" wtjZ^^!^^' T' ''''''' '^^-' •■very person in his shonem.,lovP i 7" ? -''' ^''° '^''^-^f«' ^ see anothJr hats, a thirJ^rSo r^^ii^e 'or"^''''l"^= """^ '^^^'^^^ ^hoes, say to mvseli; Which of aul-o '' ""' '^'''' '^^ ^''^ '^^^or. 1 can make a bow or an .I^ o ^Stch' iSlf Hir'^' ''' ' f ^ ^"^- ^ '^"t none of these is of any h. he o '1^ ^^^'''.' ^^"^^ -"^ '° ^^''^^'^ «ould require a lon-r tin o^' "mU '''^^''" ^^'''^^^ ^'^ Jo»« here a piece ot' lurniture nsS" to w aoE '""," ""'" " ^ ^''^^'^ bo useless to rnvself." "[ mis return m' "'''''' ''^ '^''' ^^'hi^cs. and Af.i " • '^'- '^^I'J"^ to my own rnmifi-\' " "war-worn soldier'^rnd Itl .'e ' J^ f- '''^:" °' ^"^"'^^e old of pistols, and an elehia. A native of the Emerald Isle was silting for liis at the same time, whi prided himself upon his ability at joking. Little-Turlle was not back- ward in the same business, and they passed several meetings ver} pleasantly. One morning- Little-Turtle did not take much notice oi his friend, and seemed rather sedate, which was construed by the Hibernian into an acknowledgment of victory on the part of the chiel'. in their joking game, and accordintjly began to intimate as much. When Little-Turtle understood him, he said to the interpreter, "Ik' mistakes; I was just thiidcing of proposing to this man, to ]Kiint ur- both on one board, and there 1 would stand face to (tice with him, aiu! blackguard him to all eternity." Among the chiefs associated in command, in the wars of which wc have been s[K!aking with the famous Mishikinakwa, was another oi nearly equal note, familiarly called Blue-Jacket by the whites. l»ut hy his own nation, Weyapiersenwaw. He was the most distinguished * Those of this tribe in the vicinity of Lake Ontario arc of a much darker complexion than the other Indians of the west. Wayne's victor v at MrAMf. 395 M ^t Shawanesc, and we hear of him at Fort Industry, on the M.am. of the lake, as late as 1 805. By some particular arrangement! iUc chief command seems to have devolved on him of opposim. Gen Wayne. He was moi^ bloody than Mishikinakwa, and pos°sessed less discnmuiation and .|„dg,nrnt. lie was amonc. the last of the clucts who came in to treat witii General Waynl.. The Shawa- nose held out as lon.K as they could, and came in very slowly On the .>4thof June a hoy, who h:ul been a captive amonn- them, (havin" l.cen lat.^ly retaken, confidently asserted that the Sh ■.wane,; J would not niake peace. But one month after, 2U ol" July, TJlueJackc made his appparanee, an.l it was duly noticnl l>y a i^o.itleman at the ,irnc, who l<(.pt ,-i journal of important matters at Greenville. Ho then adds, "deputations from all tin, hostilo tribes north of the Ohio are, eonsfqucnlly, now at this ])lafe." We Imd this notice of IJlue-Jacket in Auirusr, 1792. " By a '^en tleman immediately from Mont r.il, we learn that about four weeks since th- famous Indian partisan, known by the name of Captain BlueJack..t, u-as at Detroit, with about two" thousand men, waif " for he Americans to come out into the woods: it is believed at Mon' aeul, tin in ease the Americans did not ;ain to brinif tlusin to an acconiinodation, and iVoMi tlie answers whicii 1ji> re(;eived I'njni thein, it was some time revolved in his mind, wlicthcr tliey were for peace or war ; m artful was tiu! manner in wliicli tiicir rrplics were formed. At lonifth, being fully satislied, he marchod down llio Maumue, and arrived at the rajjids, August IHth, two days bcibr(! the battle. His army consisted of upwards Of throi- thousand mi'n,t\V(j ihousimd of whom were r(\nru. lars. Fort Deposit was erectoil at this place, Ibr IIk; security of their supplies. They now set out to meet the enemy, who had chosen his position upon the biudc of the riv(!r, with much judgment. They luiil a breastwork of iidlen trcn-s in front, and thi; iiigh rocky shore of the river gave th(;m much security, as also did the tliick wood of Presqu'- Isle. Their Ibrce was divided, and disposed at supporting distances lor about two miles. When the Americans arrived at proper distance, a body was sent out to begin the attack, " with orders to rouse the enemy from their covert with the bayonet ; and wh(;n up, to deliver a close tire upon their backs, and press ihum so hard as not to give them time to rehjad." This order was so wc-U executt.'d, and the battle at the point of attack so sjiort, that only nine hundred Americans participated in it. But they piwsued the Indians with great slaughter through the woods t(j Fort Mumncc, where the (;aruage ended. The Indians were so unexpectedly driven iVoni their strong hold, that their numbers only increased thinr distress and confusion; and the cavalry made horrible havoc among thcnn with Iheir len until th(!y had discharged u|)oii them. They maintained their coverts but a short time, being forced in every direction by the bayonet. But until that was elFectcd, tho Americans fell fast, and v.e only wonder that men could be foi . thus to advance in the lace oi" certain death. This horrid catastrophe in our Indian annals is chargeable to cer> lain wliite men, or at least mainly so; ibr some days before the battle, General Wayne sent a (lag of truce to them, and desired them to come and treat with him. The letter which lie sent was taken to Colonel M'Kce, who, it appe;irs, was their ill-adviser, and he, by putting a false construction u|)on it, incrcjised the rage of the Indians. he then intbrmcd tliem that they must ibrthwith fight the American army. Some of the chiefs, learning the truth of the letter, were Ibr peace; but it was too late. Little-Turtlc! was known to have been in favor of making jieace, and seemed well aware of the abilities of the American general; but such was the influence of traders (uriong them, that no arguments could prevail. Thus, instances without number fcii DESTIIUCTIOI DK8TRUCTI0N OF DEKRFJKLD. 997 mi(,'hf bo ndducod, where lliese pen (•oii(id«;iice in deceiviiiti; wljitf; men [)le Jmvc been destroyed by placing The ni^ht before the battle, the ehiel some proposed attackiny the arn s assembled in council, and <:il WHS obj(!eted to bv otJK.'rs : I ly in Its encampment, Init the propo- l'resi|ii"lsle j)rovailed. Ill this battle nil tlic <•! ; Ihially th(! proposition of liirhtin"' at IH' ol' tht! Wvaiidof.- ] liberality to these tribes, on their reliii(|nishin...- to it what th. v could not withhold, and as a li'ratuity ,r timc-s the plan was laid early in 17*):J, in ( 'aua.la, fl.r laying waste the \^ hole Jj-ugiish irontier, but like Ibriner and later plans, laid in that rcion, tills but partially succ.x'tlcd. Though the (sastern settlements from fiasco to Wells were destroyed, anil one hundred and thirty people tl,! i^,'!?/^'""?" °/*'?'' VT'l^y '^'^'■'' ^''^ '=^'"'' ^^ woreotrerccl to tbe.n before tiie battle, which should be mentioned, as adding materially to our d about in ihtlerent houses, and, entirely li)rifeltini!; their duty as suldiers, were sur[)rised with tho n.'st ot' the town. 'I'Ik! snow was deep, which tjavo th(> eneniv an easy entrance (H-er fJK! pi(dd faces, and hideous acclamations. I reached up my hands to the bed-tester, for my pistol, uttering a short petition to God, expectmg a present i)assagc through tho valley of the shadow of deatli." "Taking down my pistol, 1 cocked it, and ])ut it to the breast of tlie tirst Indian wiio came uj); but my pistol missing fire, I was seized by three Indians who disarmed me, and bound me naked, as I was, in my shirt, and so [ stood for near tlie space of an hour." Meanwhile the work of destruction and jiillage was carried on with great fury. One of the three who captured "Siv. Williams was a cap- tain, against whom, says our cajjtivc', " the judgment of God did not long slumber; for by sun-rising he received a" mortal shot from mv next neighbor's house." This, though not a gJirrison, and eontaiiiin'ii- hut seven men, withstood the edbrts'of the three hundred French and Indians which iiuw beset them. That house; remains to this dav, bearing upon its front door the marks of the hatchet. Ailer about two hours the enemy tot)k up their inarch from tlv town, liaving pkuuk'red and burnt it, and put fi)rty-seven persons to death, including those killed in making deli'nce. Mrs. Williams having lately lain in, was feeble, which, without the scene now acting before her, rendered her case hopeless ; but to this was added the most shocking murders in her presence — two of her (diildren wen; taken to the door and killed, also a black woman belonging to the family. "About sun an hour high," continues the n^deemed captive, "wc were all carried out of the house lijr a march, and saw many of the houses of my neighbors in flames, perceiving the whole fort, one house excepted, to be taken!" " We were carried over the river, to the foot of tho mountain, about a mile from iny house, where we ' n DM8TRUCTI0N OP DKKKPIELO. 890 found a proat niimhor oC rhild our ("hristian i)f'ij;lilH)rs, mr rcn, to \hr iuiinlx;r of om; liiiiKlrrd ; iiincttvu of wl Htlcrward inurdcsrcd by th(« way, and two starvr.l t„ dcatl in a fiiiic of irn-at scarcilv, or | \\ lien \\(! shot's, a nd 'I'l i<; army had |r!|t iIk ir packs at tliis |)l n, wonioii, and loni woro 1 near Coos, annuo, tlu; savafjcH nndcrwont there. away our t'ln- joiirni-y." :i<'<', and whil*? thoy wor* canii; to tlic lliot of oiir iiioiintain, tlicy toolt fliivc us linlian shoos, to prcpan- iis lor . 1 |--"-'"ini«v« i*iiii«: liny TV 111 -•ttni- roadv to .locam|., th>! |i;xv Miin|i.,h that had oscanod at tht- town, and a low iron, llatfiold, uho had Urm n..tifiod of tlio ihto of n-nioldl.yonoor two, who liad osca|;o was tho SUCOOS.S of the l-lnulish in iho hoMinniiif.- of tlio li-ht that liarin-.' a doloat, U.M.villo ha.l ordorod tho oaptivos to ho put Fo doath- but, lortuiiatoly, Iho hoaror of liio ihlal mossago was killod hy the tlnvo hundrod mil.'s of a trackless wilderness was now to ho lrnv(..rso.i, and thai t..o at a soasm, of all oth.M's tho most to bo . n'udod ; hou-hs ol troos lormo.l iho |„,|.s oi: cnciaitc women and littl.' cl.ildren lor lorty days, which was tho time taken lor tho iour- iM'V. lh(! lirst day's jounioy was i)iit alx.ut lour miles, and al- llinu-rli one. child was killo,!, i„ .r,.n.'ra[ tho childron wore treated well ^■ Itrohahly, the historians say, that hv delivering them at Canada the Indians would nroive a valurd.Io ransom Ibr thom. Mr. \\'iiha,|,„ pnu'cods: "(Jod ii.ade th(! lioathenso l,j pity our chihiron, that tiuHKd, iheyliad several wounded persons of their own to carry ur.on their sliuiildors, h.r thirly miles l.eC.re fhovcamo to tlio river, (the Connee- linit thmy mil..s above U.^rliold,) yet lluy carried our children, in- capable ol Iravellin..-, m tlioir arms, and upon their shoiihk'rs/' At the hrsl encampment some of th(! Indians ijot drunk with lieuor tlioy lound at J)eerli(;ld, and in their raue killed Air. Williams's ne othcT '■aptives thatil any more attrmpted to escape, the rest should bo put to (calh. In the second day's march occurred tho doiith of Mrs Williams, the alllx-ting account of which we will uive nearly in the ani^uaoe oi her husband. At the upper part of J)eorliekl meadow it iccamo necessary to cross C.n en river. The Indian that captured Mr. Williams was unwilliinr that ho should speak to tho olher cap- tives; hut on tiio murnin- of tho second (l;iv. that Indian captain hein.r appointed to command in the roar, Ik; had .■mother master put over iim, who not only allowed him lo sp.'ak to others, hut to walk with Ills wile and assist her aloiio-. This was their last moetin.r, and she- very calmly told lum that her strength was lailing fast, and that he would soon lose her. She spoke no discouraging words, or complained ol the hardness ol lier Ibrtune. The company soon came to a halt 111 i^ < i: t ' u ;jfl() KVKNT8 IN INDIAN IIIBTOKYt nnd Mr. VVillianiH'.sold inustcn- resumed his fonncr fltation, and ordored liiiii into the van, nnd his wile wtis (tbiij^ed to fmvel unaided. They hint now nrrived iit (Irecn river, as \\v have related. This 'hcv passed by wadintj, uilhiiu;jli the current was very ra|)id, (uhieli \ni,s the cause, no doubt, ol" its not heinu; iVo/en over,) and about t\V(» lict in depth. Aller passin}^ lliis river, they had to ascend ii steep nioiiii. tain. " iNo sooner," says Mr. Williams, '• had I overcome the dilliculty ol' tliat ascent, but I was perniilird to sit down anil Im. an- burtheiied ot' my jiack. I ^at pilvino; tiiose wlio were behind, ami entreated my master to let me j;o down and lidp my wile, but he refused. I asked each prisoner as they juissed l.y me atler lier, and heard, that |ias^in^ Ihrou^h the said riser, slie lell down and wiis phmmed ail over in the wafer; alter whicli she tnivetled not liir, tiir at tlie liiot of tliai luoiintain the cruel and bloiid-lhirsty savame who took her slew her witii liis liatchet at one stroke." The historiniis have led us iio record ol' the character of this lady, but i'roru the accoiuit lell lis l)y her husband, she was u most .amiable ciimpanien, Hlie was the oidy daii; inciciitc, and walkinu ui)on the ice in the river, often lell down upon it, probably with a burthen upon her, whifh caused premattuc labor the llillowing night, lieing now unlitted liir the journey, lier master deliberately told lier she must be put to death. With ureat com|)osure shi; got liberty oi" him to go and take lejivc! of iier minister. She told him she was not afraid of death, and after some consoling conversation, she returned and was executed ! 'I'liis was March IH. At til" mouth of a river since known as Williams's river, upon a Sundfiy, the captives were permitted to assemble around their minister, and lie preached a sermon t(j them from Lam. i. 18. At the mouth of White river Rouvilledivitk'd his Ibrce into several parties, and they took diflercnt routes to the St. Lawrence. In a few instances the cajjtives were purchased of the Indians, by the French, and the others were at the ditlerent lodges of the Indians. During his captivity, Mr. Williams visited various places on the St. LIFE OP LOOAK, 801 Uwicnro. At Mantrral ho was humunHv troatr.,1 bv (Jovernnr l'""yed to l\nsUm. A considerable number reu.aine.l i„ (t mula and never returnrd, M.non- whom was J.;unice Willianw auKhtero, th,.n,m.ster Si... becan.e a Urn. Catholic, .narrie.l an lydutn, by whom sh- had several childreii, and spent her days i.. w.^wam M... v.sited l).vr(ie|,| with her India,. Lsband, d.-eLd i lii'lian style, an.l was kn.diy nr-nved hv her friends. All atten,,." toregum her wore melleetnal. li.v, Mlea/.er Willi,.„ns, late a „. s. ..unary to the ( ..-.en Jluy Indians, is a d,.srvndant. I lo was educated by tli(( Iriends ol missions in New Eno|„iid. I'' 'I''; History ofCanada by Cht.rlevoix, the incursioi.s nndertak.'n y ic^ I'rench an. Indians are o,,,„,,,||v. „.i„Ht..|y reco.'ded ; but this ajanst IJ.-.-rhe Id he has miaeeountably summed up in a .lo/.e« lines ol his work. 'J'he lollowi.iy is the whole passanc: '" ".'>- •■"^1 "'■ 'a.tumn, 1703, the Enj^lish, despairing of securin. ii|- ln,hans,made several .■x.-uisions into their <-onnl,rv,a\ul massacred a 1 such as they c...dd surprise. I ,„„, this, th.; chiefs demanded'aid -I A -de Vau.hvuil, and he- sent then, during the winter two hnndred and hlty nien, under the c«.mmand of the Sieiir I lei-|el de llouvill,. a re ...ned lieutenant, who took ^1.,. place of his alrea.lv ren.,wne.l lather, whose ao,; ami inlirmities p,-evented his uiulertakii...' such .rreat expcxhtions. Four oiIi.ts of his children ae.-ompanie.l IJouvdle. who m their torn- surprised ih.- I':nglish, kill.-.l many of them, and rnu.lo o,ie hun.Ired and l.,rty of them prisonoivs. The Fnjnch lost but thrc(i sold.ei-s, and sonie sava-^es, but RouviHe was himself wounded I 'M CHAPTER IX. NARRATIVH OF THK MPK ov lo.J.AV A M1V(.0 cnil-'P r1tl>nnicli of l,i>wiN in ail o|i|ioNiU' ilinclioii. I Ic wtts (Iumi In pi'iK d down llic < )lii((, ntid (hnn II iiiiuiinii with tIc'iKM'.'d Lewis mI I'oiiil I'lciiHiint, iVorii wlicrire i1h'\ mim'i' Io marclt accoKliii!!; to rirciiiiislimcrH. ( )ii lIu- I I ill ol'Sf'iilniilM'i', lln- liirccs under leveii Iniudi'ed men, eeniineiiced iheir iniireli iVniii ( 'iiin|> I <'iii(ii) lo I'eiiil IMens.iiil en the (Jre.'il Kiinhdwa, disldiil one hmirh-ed atid :i|\lv miles. Tlie eoniili'V helween \»aN a liaekless wilderness. 'Tlic army was piloled hy Caiilain iMallhew AihueKle, hy llie iiefircsl praetirnbie ;diil(> 'I'l le lia'i<.'i i;i,e was all liaiiM|'oi'leil on [laek-lioisi'i and Iheir mareh look iin nineleen day llaviiiv; arnved lliei e uiioll lie av av ol' llie month, an encnniii- inenl was eommeneed oil the lirst of ( )elolM'r. Ilere(!eiieral Lewis wailed with aiixielv Io liet'some lidinus of Ihinniore, for einlil or nine dav: Al ihe end of Ihis lime, no |iros| leel ol a jimetion a|>|ienniiif. news was hroi I'dit into ( ;mi|i on llie moriii'i'.!, of llie lOlli of Ocloher, li\ on(< of two persons who had eseaped ihe rill(>s oj" a f.';i' reconnoitre the enemy, while he pul the rest in a poslur |o .Slipper t tliem. lies(> mareiieii >\ ilhoiil lime aiK alioiil "iMir himdn-d \ards iVom eanip mi't the Indians inliMit upon Ihe same ol)|eet. Their mee'ine was soiiu'w here hetwceii sun's rising and siiii an lunn* hi',',lK and the liuht m a moment he",an. The \ ir-'iiiiaiis, lik. \\\cw oppoiieiils. eoMM'ed themselves w itli ire<'s or w halever else elliacd, hilt t^ le a;ier were more Ihaii a maleli lor them, and ptil hem Io lli!.dii with iireal slanuliter. oioiiel 1 ,(-w IS was in lull miilorm.and heiiiM. ironi lhi> iialnrt" ol hb dlilK tallv exposed at ever\ point, soon le Itinr- wouiiiteil here was iic^ result lor w liieli the eommaiuler-m- ehief was iiol ]n'epan"d : iJir at ihis erilieal inomeal he had orderiil nji Colonel h'ield with his retiimeiit, w hiidi. eoniiiin; with urtvil rese- iiition and tirmiiess into aetion, saved lht> Uvo relrt-alini!,- reivimeiits, and ( •ireeluallv heeked the impetuosity ol the India lis, whiK in their •urn. were A\iicd Io retreat behind a roimli hr'-astwork, which ll nati aivcn llii" iM'ecauiion lO CO lis! rue! I'rom htes and hrusli for ihf oeeasioii. Tlio point of land on which the hntlle was (ouuhl was narrow, and the Indians' hreaslwovk i^xtendiMl iVoni river to river: their planet attack was ihe Ix'st thalctnild heeonooivod; lor in lh<' event of victorv ' -^l^^^JIMSHt^i.. ■AT^M or Poiirr PLaxsAifT. aoft the (ronduciicr of f|i(; (wo riv(?rH. -^ N.-v..r was ^r,,„|,„| „,„i,„„i„;,l with ,n,.n, ..bHtirmry; (or it wa« «l..wly, «n,l with no ,.n.,.i,„„.„.y, ,|„u ih. In.lim.s ri^t rodto thdJ hat u,ui<,r H,.rn,r., was n..arly al ,h. sa.n. rno.n.nt .lilnduT 'S hnroK. .>1,„,. ,,,s, r.u..iv..,l .w,. Lalln .hn.u„h his lod w ist S -"nn,.cl ty <-.x,.n-,,.s.. his .o,n.„a,ul w.th th. ^.^ntc.Ht Jnos ' and |.r...Mn. of Mm.,1. I ,.s voi... was .H.„t,n,mlly bvinl, » l)o„'t "n ."<-l. "f '.'n,.n>.|. Adva..,-,., ...tdar.k th. on.rny, and .r. Ik^ wo™ '«•'" ;;■" I"- nv,.r.' H,„ his nu-n won, «bo,.t In llnoatnanko Ct .0 ^K y .ha. hml „.s. , uito their roar. As the jrood fortune of the Vir Jjimans turned, the bank of the rivor favonui this project, and forthwih ihnv c<,n)pan.(«s wer(> detached upon the enterprise, under the three can tarns, Isaac Shelby, (aflerwards n.nowned n'the ;cvolution, anTsS .n the war w.th (Janada,) Geor^., Matthews, and .lohn Stewart 'S oo.n,wn.es got unob«erv(.l to their place of destination upon Crooked ^-nx-k, which runs ,nt<» th(. Kanhawa. Krom the hi^h weeds unon . obanks of this little strean, they rushed upon the bS of £ Indians wth such fury, as to drive then frim their works with precipitation. The day was now decided. The Indians, thus belt rom a quarter they did not expect, were ready to conclude that a e^^. orccncnt had arrived. It was about sunset when they fled ac'Ls Mno, and nmnodiately took up their march for the towns on tie 26* 806 KVKNTS IN INDIAN HUTOSY. The chief of the men raised for this service were, as Burk expresses himsell", " prime riflemon," and the " nmst expert woodsmen in Vir- ginia." They were principally from the counties of Augusta, Bote- tourt, Bedlbid, and Fincastic, and from iho enraged settlers who had tied from their frontier settlements to escape the vengeance of the injured Indians. For reasons which were not pcrlectly understood at that time, Lord Dumnore divided the arm into two parts, as already stated. The part which Dunmore soon after took in iho revolutionary events, discovered iho real cause of his preposterous proceedings, liis pretence of falling upon the; backs of the Indians, and co-operating with General Lewis, was soon dt^tected as such; tor it IS needed only to be known thai he was moving no less than seventy- ij,ve miles iVoni him, and that, therefore, no co-operation could he had. The imputation, however, of the historian Burk, " that the division under Lewis was devoted to destruction, lor the purpose of breaking the spirits of the V'^irginians," to render his own influence and reputa- tion brighter and morc! elHcient, is unnatural, and without facts to warrant it. To our mind a worse policy to raise himself could not have been devised. There are two other far morf; reasonable con- elusions which might have been ollered: — The gv rnor, seeing the justness ol'tlie Indians' cause, might have adopted liie plan which was ibllowed to bring them to a peace with the least possible destruction of them. This woidd have been the course of a humane philosophy; or he migh have exercis(!d his abilities to gain ihcm to the British interest in case ol' a rupturt: between them and the cok>nies, which the heads ol" i^overntnent uius,! clearly h;iv(; by this time ibreseen would pretty soon ibilow. Another extraordinary nianceuvre of (governor Dunmore betrayed either a great want of experience, generalship, or a far more repixihensibh^ charge; l()r hv. had, belbre the battle ol" Point Pleasant, sent an express to (,'o ucl Lewis, with orders that h'' should join him near. the Shawance towns with all possible despatch. These instructions were leolu-d upon as singularly unaccountable, inasmuch as it was considered a thing almost impossible to b"? accom- plished, had there been an enemy to fear; ibr the distance was near eighty miles, and the route was through a country extremely diflinilt to be traversed, and, to use the words ot" Mr. Burk, "swarming witi: Indians." The express did not arrive at Point Pleasant until the evening all,er the battle; but that it had bf>(ni fought was unknown fe the governor, and could in no wise excus(! his sending such orders although the power of the Indians was now broken, Thedayaftf- the battle, ( lencral Lewis caused his dead to be buried, and entrcMichinents to be thrown up about his camp for the protection of his sick and wounded ; and th(! day following he took up his line of inarch in compliance with the orders of (Governor Dunmore. This march was attended with gi-eat privations, and almost insur- mountable didiculties. M di.stance wa.. f.-om the treaty ground to f.ogan's cabii, we are n..- told; but of such importrmce was IS name coris>de,-ed, that he was wai,.-d oix by a messeii-Jr fCl^d Dunmore, who ,-oquested his assent to the artick-s of th(3 t^^oatv. Lo^a had too much at heart the wrongs lately done him, to accede withou giving he m<.,ssenger to und^.-stand flilly the gro.in.ls i,pon w^c he acceded; he therofo.. in^ -.d lum mto ai, adjacent wood, wher^ Ly sat down ogether. H.r = h. related the events of butchc'v «S had deprived him of all h,s con.ectioiis; aiid here he prorK^unced tha memorable speech which follows; ' ' " I appeal to any white man to say if c^ver he entered Looan's ca«n hungry, and he ga;e bim not .neat; if ever he came cold and naked and he cloihod him not. ^^^"' dl m his cabin, an advocate to- peace. Such was my love for the ites tha my countrymen pointed as they pa.ssed, and said, ^Lo.an IS ttie f.iend of white men. ^"o'"' "I had even thought to have lived with you, but for the injuries of one man; ^donel (>esap, the la.t .pririg," iu cold blood, anTimro vokod, mui-dcrod all the relations of Logan; not eveii sparin" , w women and children. sparing my "Thci-o riins not a drop of my blood in the veins of any living reature. Tins c.!led on me for revenge. I have sought it ^ l^vf ■led many. 1 have fully glutted my vengeance. Fo'r my coui^^try f rejoice at the beams of peace. But do not harbor a thLht that mine is the joy of (ear. Logan never felt feai-. He will not tuln on h^ heel to save his life. Who is there to mourn for I^g^n r^No" ■ji fe »i It 4L 308 ■VEKTS IN INDIAN HIITOBY. When Mr. Jefferson published his " Notes on Virginia," the facts therein stated, implicating Cresap aa the murderer of Logan's family, were by Crcsap's friends called in question. Mr. Jefferson at first merely stated the facts as preliminary to, and the cause of, the "Speech of Logan," which he considered as generally known in Vir- ginia; hut the acrimony discovered by his enemies in their endeavors to gainsay his statement, led to an investigation of the whole transac- tion, and a piiiilication of the result was the immediate consequence, in a new edition of the '» Notes on Vi'ginia." There an; [lerliapa still some who doubt of the genuineness of Logan's speech, and cumstanc<'s laid be^' Journal for the yea peaching in the slights indeed wc must allow that there arc some cir- )r« L !>, Barton's Medical and Physical vhich look irreconcilable. Without im- -lee the character of Mr. Jetlerson, such facts are there comparea, and disagreements pointed out, as chanced to come in the way of the writer. It appears from the French traveller Robin, that, in the time of our revolution, a gentleman of Williams- burg gave him an Indian speech which bears great resemblance to the one said to he by Logan, but differing very essentially in date, and the person implicated in murdering the family of Logan. 'J'he work of Kobin is entitled " Now Travels in America.'' It is possible that some mistakes may have crept into it, or that Robin himself might have misunderstood the date, and even other parts of the affair; how- ever, the probability is rather strong that either the speech of Logan had been perverted for the purpose of clearing Cresap's character of the Ibul blot which entirely covered it, by wilfully charging it upon another, or that some old speech of his upon another occasion had been remodelled to suit the purpose ibr which it was used. Upon these questions we must leave the reader to decide. Robin has tho name of the chief Lonan. Some Frenchmen may write it thus, but I have before me those that do not, and more probably some Englisk pronounced it so, and so Robin heard it. The way he introduces the speech, if the introduction be fact, forever destroys the genuineness of the speech of Logan of 1774. It is thus: «' Sjieech of the sav: ■ Lonan, in a general assembly, as it was sent to the Governor ol Virginia, anno 1754." Now it is certain, if the speech which we will give below was de- liver d in the assembly of Virginia in the year 1754, it could not have been truly delivered, as we have given it, to Lord Dunmore in 1774. That the reader may judge for himself, that of 1754 follows: " Lonan will no longer oppose making the proposed peace with the white men. You are sensible lie never knew what fear is, — that he never turned his back in the day of battle. No one has more love for the white men than I have. The war we have had with them has been long and bloody on both sidt^s. Rivers of blood have run on all parts, and yet no good has resulted therefrom to any. 1 once more repeat it, — let us be at pence with these men. I will Ibrget our inju- ries ; the interest of my country demands it. 1 will forget, — but difficult indeed is the task! Yes, I will forget— that Major Rogers Logan's sprech questionbd. 900 cruelly nnd inhumanly murdered, in their canoes, my wife, my chil- dren, my father, my mother, and all my kindred.-This roused me t.) deeds ot vengeance ! I was cruel in despite of myself I will die content if my country is once more at peace; but when Lonan shall w- ?'"'''<.' ' "''''' "'" '^''''1' ■'^ ^^''^i' fo ^he memory of Lonan i" With a few incidents and r..(!,.rti.)ns, we will close our account of events coiine(;ted with the history of Cresap's war. On the evenini^r before the battle of Point Pleasant, Cornstock pro- posed to h.s warnors to make p,-a,v with General Lewis, and avoid a battle, but his advice was not accepted by the council. « Well " said he, "Since you have resolved to i]nht, you shall tight, although it is likely we shall have hard work to-inorrow; but if any man shalf flinch or run away irom the battle, I will kill him with mv own hand " And It IS said he made his word good by putting one to death who dis- covered cowanhce ,|,n-ing the f.ght, as has krn mentioned. Atler the Indians had retreated, Co-nstock called a council at the (Jjilicothe t,)wn f. consult on what was t.) be done. Here he reflcctcMl upon the rasliuoss that had been exercised in fightin- the whites at 1 o,nt Pleasant: and asked, "What shall we do now? The Luns-Kmves are coming upon us by two routes. Shall we turn out and light hem / ^^o answ.-r was made. He then inquired, "Shall wc ki 1 all our sfpiavvs and children, and then fight until we shall all '«' k'lly' oiuselves ?" As belbre, all were silent: In the midst of the .'ouiici -house a war-post had been eivcted ; will, his tomahawk in his hand, (.ornstock turned towanls it, and sticking it into the post, he .aid "NU..0 you are not inclined to fi.rbt, | will'go and make peace;" and he iorlhwith repaired to Dimmoro's eamp. Ill respect to the spe(vh of Logan, it would bo hiohly irratifyin» bnngmg about a bloody war, since w.^ll known by his name •ludgo nnes ot Frankfort, Kentucky, wrote to Mr. Jefferson, March nf,r ;.•','• "'■''' •'- "'"'"-''f' ^'^'^ '° Siv« him more particulars 01 that altair than p(M-haps any other person; that in 1774, while at ho house of Colonel Preston, in Fincastle county, Viroinia, there arr ved an express, calling upon him to order out the militia, "for the protection of the inhabitants residing low down on the north fork of 814) KVENTfl IN INDIAN HISTORY. Hcylston river. The express brounrht with him a war-club, and a note tied to it, which was lell ut the house ol' one Robertson, whose family wore cut oil' !)y the Indians, and rs were conducted by Big-Foot, a ronowncid chief of the \\ yandot tribe, who derived his name from the immense size of his leet. His hciulit considerably exceeded six |{'(!t, and his slreiijith was rcpresenicd as Ileirulcan. ile had also fi\e brothers, but little inli'rior to iiim.self in size and coura^'e, and as they generally went in ci^iipany, they were the t"rror of the whole country. Adam I'oe was ovfirjoyed at the idea of men. surinjf his strentith with lliat ui" so celebrated a chief, and urged the pursuit with u keenness which {|iiickly hrouohl him into the vicinity of the enemy. For tlic last li-w miles, the In.il had led them U[) the southern baidc of the Ohio, where ihe lliot-prints in the sand were deep and obvious; but when within a Ic'W bundled yards of tlie jjuint ut which the whites as well as the Indians were in the habit of cross- ing, it suddenly diverfi;ed from the stream, and stretched alon^^ a rocky '•idge, forminii; anobtus(! ani.de with ils foruu'r direction. Here Adam halted for a moment, and directed his brotli('r and the other young men to follow the trail wilh proper caution, while he himself still adhered to the .river path, wbicdi led tbrouj^h clusiers of willows directly to the point where he supposed the enemy to lie. Having examined tlu; priming of liis unn, he crept cauliou.ly through the bushes, until he had a view of the point of eiuharkalion. Here lay two canoes, em[)ty and apparently deserted. Being satisfied, however, that the Indians were close at hand, he rela.\ed notbiiig of his vigi- lance, and (]uickly gained a jutting dill", w Inch hung iinmediatet}' over the canoes. Hearing a l<»w murnuu' below, he peered cautiously over, and beheld the object of his cearch. Tlie gigantic Big-Foot lay below him in the shade of -a willow, and was talking in a low deep tone to another warrior, who seemed a mere pigmy by l.i.s side. Adam cautiously drew back and cock"d his gun. The mark .was fair — the distance did not exceed twenty leet, and his aim was unerring. Raising his rifle slowly and cautiously, he took a steady aim at Big- Foot's breast, and drew the trigger. His gun liashed. Both Indian's sprung to their feet with a deep iuterjection of surprise, and lijr a single second they all three stared upon each other. This inactivity, however, was soon over. Adam was too much hampered by the bushes to retreat, and setting his life upon a cast of the die, he sprung over the bush which had sheltered him, and summoning all his powers, leaped boldly down the precipice and alighted upon tlie breast of Big- Foot with a shock that bore him to the earth. At tlic moment of contact, Adam had also thrown his right arm around the neck of the smaller Indian, so that all three came to the earth together. At that moment a sharp tiring was heard among the bushes above, announcing that the other parties were engaged, but the fiio below were too busy to attend to any thing but themselves. Big-Foot was for an instant stunned by the violence of the shock, and Adam was enabled to keep them both down. But the exertion necessary for that purpose was so great, that he had no leisure to use his knife. Big-Foot quickly ADAM Poe. su recovered, and without nttcmptins f" ''iso, wrapprd his long urnis round vyium's body, and prcssod hini to his breast with tho cnishinf force of a boa constrictor! Adam, as wo liave alroadv roniarkod, was a powerful man, and had seldom oncountored his equal ; but never had ]u) yet jolt an embrace like that of Hi^r-Foot. lie instantly relaxed his hold of the small Indian, who sprumr to his leet. Hi.r.i''(Mit then ordered him to run ihr liis tomahawk, which lav within ten steps, and kill the white man while he held him in his anns. Adani, seein<' his danger, struggled manfully to (>.\tricate himself i'lom the (bids of the giant, but in vain. Tho lesser Indian ap[)roache(l with his uj.lilled tomahawk, but Adam watched him closely, and as he was about to strike, gave him a kick so sudden and violent, as to knock th(! toma- ha\Vk from his hand, and send him sfagg(!ring back into tho water. Big-Foot uttered an exclamation in a tone of deep contempt at the failure of his companion, fuid raising his voice to the hiuhest pitch, thundered out several words in the Indian tongue, which Adam (xadd not understand, but sup[)osed to be a direction lor a second attack. The lesser Indian now again a[)proached, caretiillv shunning Adam's heels, and making many motions with his tomahawk, in order to deceive him as to the; point where th(! blow would fall. This lasted several seconds, until a thundering exclamation from Big-Foot com- pelled his companion to strike. 'Such was Adam's dexterity and vigilance, however, that he managed to receive the tomahawk in a glancmg direction upon his lelt, wrist, wounding him deeply, but not disabling him. lie now made a sudden and desp(>rate efibrt to free himself from the arms of the giant, and succcodetl. Instantly snatch- inguparitlc, (for the Indian could not venture to shoot for fear of hurting his companion,) he shot the N-sser Indian through the body. But scarcely had he done so when Big-Foot arose, and [)iacing one hand upon his collar and tho other upon his hip, pitched him into the air as he himself would have pitched a child. Adam fell upon his back at the edge of tho water, but before his antagonist could spring upon him, he was .-igfu'n upon his feet, and si g with rage at the idea of being handled so easily, he attacked h.s gigantic antagonist with a fury which for a time compensated for inferiority in strength. It was now a fjiir fist fight between them, for in the hurry of "the struggle neither had leisure to draw their knives. Adam's superior activity and experience as a pugilist gave him great advantage. The Indian struck awkwardly, and finding himself rapidly dropping to the leeward, he closed with his antagonist, and again hurled him to the ground. They quickly rolled into the river, and the struggle con- tinued with unabated fury, each attempting to drown the other. The Indian being unused to such violent exertion, and having been much injured by the first shock in his stomach, was unable to exert the same powers which had given him such a decided superiority at first; and Adanf), seizing him by the scalp-lock, put his head under water, and held It there until the faint struggles of the Indian induced him to behove that he was drowned, when he relaxed his hold and attempted to draw his knife. Tho Indian, however, to use Adam's own oxpres- 27 »u EVINTS IN INDIAN niHTORY. sion, "had only bcftn possuming." lie instantly rofrainod his feet, and in his turn put his advcrHury under. In the Htruj^^io bulh were carried out into the (current b(!yond their deptli, and each was com. polled to relax his hold and .swim \h[- his lili.\ There was still enc loaded rille upon the shun;, and < aeh swam hard in order It) reach it; hut the Indian j)roved tho most expert swimtner, and Adam, seeinsi that ho. should be too late, turned and swam out info the stream, intciudih;^ to dive, and thus iVustrate his enemy's int(,'nfion. At this instant Andrew, having- heard that his brother was alone; in u struffglc with two Indians, and in great dan<^er, ran up hastily to llu; edt'e of the baidc above in order 'c assist him. Another whit(; man lijllowed him clos(ly, and seeing /.dam in the; river, coveri'd with blood, und swimming rapidly from the shore, mistook him liir an Indian and fired u[)on hitn, wounding him dangerously in iIk! shoulder. Adam turned, and seeing his brother, called loudly upon him to "shoot the big Indian up»jn the shore." Andrew's gun, h(jw(!ver, was empty, having just been discluirged. I'ortunately Hig-Foot had also seized the gun with ^vhich Adam had shot the ludiaii, so that both were upon equality. The contest now was which should load fu'st. Big-Fool poured in his powd(!r first, and drawing his ramrod out of its sheath in too great a hurry, threw it into the river, and while he ran to recover it, Andrew gained an advantage. Still the Indian was but a s(!cond too late, for his gun was at his shoulder when Andrew's ball entered his breast. The gun dropped from his hands, and he lell for- ward upon his face upon the very margin of the river. Andrew, now alarmed for his hrother, who was scarc(dy able to swim, threw down his gun and rush(;d into the river in ord(;r to bring him ashore. But Adam, rnore intent upon securing the scalp of Big-Foot as a trophy than upon his own salety, called loudly upon his brother to leave liini alone and scalp the big Indian, who was now endeavoring to roll himself into the water, from a romantic desire, [)eculiar to the Indian warrior, of pccuring his scal|) from the (UKMriy. Andrew, however, refused to obev, and insisted on saving the livinii before atlendiu" to the dead. Big-Foot, in the mean time, had succtjeded in reaching the deep water before he expired, and his body was borne oil" by the waves, without being stripped of the pride and ornament of an Indian warrior. Not a man of the Indians had esca[)ed. Five of Big-Foot's brothers. the flower of the Wyandot nation, had accompanied him in tho expe- dition, and all perished. It is said thai: the news threw the whole tribe into mourning. Their remarkable size, their courage, and their supe- rior intelligence, gave them immense influence, which, greatly to their credit, was generally exerted on tho side of humanity. Their powerful interposition had saved many prisoners from the stake, and given a milder character to the warfare of the Indians In that part of tho country. Adam Poo recovered of his wounds, and lived many years after his memorable conflict ; but never forgot the tremendous " hug'" which he sustained in the arms of Big-Foot. OAPTiviTT or jonw onrrz. 315 iii- CriAPTEK XI. MARRATIVK OF THE (-'AI'TIVITY OP JOHV ORTI/ A HPAVfAPn ivi.r, i»*. Kr,;;vK,v vhaks a i-rihonku among tiie inu.1\-h uG •] usl 'JHJ H i H rnii 1 fflHl ^KIBlli^Wi 1 Hi 316 KVKNTS IN INDIAN UlSTOEV. \\ sailed in a brigantine to Koarch after him, hoping some fortuitous cir- cumstance might have prolonged his existence upon the coast, and that he might ho found. Of this number was John Ortiz, the subject of this narrative. On their arrival there, they sought an opportunity to have an inlei'- viovv with the first Indians they should meet. Opportunity imme- diately otfered, and as soon as Indians wen; discovered, the Spaniards ad.vancccl towards them in their boats, while the Indians came down to the shore. These wily people prac^tised a stratagem upon this 'xxasion which to this day seems a mysterious one, and we have no meims of cx))laining it. Three or four Indians came near thf) shore, and, setting a stick in the ground, placed in a cleft in its toj) a l(;ttcr, and withdrawing a little distance, made signs to the h'paniards to come and take it. All the company, (;xcept John Ortiz and one nu^re, refused to go out for the letter, rightly judging it to be used only to ensnare them ; but Ortiz, presuming it was from Narvaez, and containing some account of himself, would not be; pcrsuatled from venturing on shore to bring it, although all the rest but the one who acc(MTi|)anied him strenuously argued against it. Now there was an Indian village very near this |)lace, and no sooner had Ortiz and his companion advanced to the place where the letter was displayed, than a multitude came running from it, and surrounding them, seized csagerly u[)on them. The mimber of the Indians was so great, that the Spaniards in the vessels did not dare to attempt to rescue them, and saw them carried forcibly away. In the first onset the )nan who accompanied (.)rliz was killed, lie having made resistance when he was seized. Not far from the place where they were made prisoners was .mother Indian town, or village, consisting of about eight or ten houses or wigwams. These houses were made of wood, and covered with |)alm-leavcs. At one end of this village there was a building which the captive called a tem[)le, but of what diuKinsions it was he makes no mention. Over the door of <'ntrance into this temple there was placed the figure of a bird, carved out in wo(jd, and it was •especially surprising that this bird had gilded (\ves. No allempt is made bv Ortiz even to conjectun; how oi l)y whom the art of gilding was practised, in this wild and distant region, nor docs he mention meeting with anv other spiM-imen t)f that art during his ca])tivity. At the opposite extremity of this village stood the house of the chief, or I'.azique, as he was often called, upon an eminence, raiscnl, as it was ;mple, belbre mentioned, to guard it against such as were not allowed to enter there; but especially to guard its beintr prodmed by wild beasts; lor as it was a place of sacrifices, wolves were its constant visiters. He had not long been in this oflice, when an event occurred, which threw him into great consternation. Human victims were brought in as sacrilices and' deposited here; and not long after Ortiz had been placed as sentinel, the body of a young Indian was brought and laid upon a kind of sarcophagus, which, from the multitudes that had from time to time been ollered there, was sur- rounded wiih blood and bones! a most rueful si^lit, as ever any eye beheld .'—here an arm (W\sli torn from its place, reeking with blood; another exhibifing but bone and sinews from the mangling jaws of wild beasts ! Such was the jilace he was ordered to guard^ ihrouo-h ad. \\\um lelt alone he renected That his escape li;oiii (ire was not so fortunate for him as he had hoped ; (or now, his naluraily siipcM-sUtious mind was haunted bv the presence of uirnimerable ghosN-, who stalked in everv place, and which he had (rom Ins youth i)ei:n taught to believe were eapab.k^ of doin" him all inamHT of injuries, even to tiie depriving of lile. ° There was no reflection in those reiiKjtc ages of the real situation of all the living, in respect to the great valley of death in which all ix!iiigs are born and nursed, and which no length of yc^ars is sufficient * to carry them through. Let us ibr a mouK>nt cast our ciyes around us. W here are we.' Not in the same t(!m|)le with Ortiz, but in one equally vast. We can see nolhing but death in every place. The very ground we walk u[)()n is composed of the decayed limbs of our own s[)(!eies, wilh those of a hiimlred others. A succession of ani- "lals hav(> been rising and falling for many thousand years in all parts of Ihe world. Th(-y have died all around us— in our very places. We do not di^stinctly behold Ihe hands, the feet, or the bonea ot thorn, because they have crumbled to dust beneath our feet. 2T And 1 m IjkM y i'' fl^B^M Ifi "MTJli 11 1 'i^ i' fl^H M fl hHJHHH ^1 H ynn Hi n M'^nH U^^K'^ aWf' ^^1 IH H 1 mi ^^^^1 n| 1 ■ ?jm|I H H 318 KVBNTS IN INDIAN IIISTORy. cannot the ghosts of these as well arise as of those slain yesterday? The affirmative cannot be denied. As we have said, Ortiz found himself snatched from one dreadful death, only, as he imagined, to be thrust into the jaws of another yet more terrible. Experience, however, soon proved to him, that the dead, at least those with whom he was forced to dwell, either could or would not send forth their spirits in any other shape than such phantoms as his own mind created, in dreams and reveries. We can Jiccustom ourselves to almost any thing, and it was not long before our captive contemplated the dead bodies with whirh he was sur- rounded, v/iHi about the same indiflcrence as he did the walls of the temple that encompassed them. How long alter Ortiz had been placed to guard the temple of sacrifices the following fearful midnight adventure happened, we have no means of stating with certainty, nor is it very material ; it is, however, according to his own account, as follows : A young Indian had been killed and his body placed in this temple. Late one night, Ortiz found it closely invested by wolves, which, in spite of all his efforts, entered the place, and carried away the body ol' the Indian. The fright and the darkness were so h(>avy upon Ortiz, that he knew not that the body was missing until morning. It appears, however, that he recovered himself, seized a heavy cudgel, wliicb he had pre- pared at hand, and commenced a general attack upon the beasts in the temple, and not only drove them out, but pursuoil them a good way from the place. In the; pursuit he came; up with one which he gave a mortal blow, although he did not know it at the time. Having returned from this hazardous adventure to the temple, he impatiently awaited the return ol" daylight. When the day dawned, great was his distress at the discovery of the loss of the body of the dead Indian. which was especially aggravated, because it was the son of a great chief. When the news of this aflair c;ime to tlio ears of lU'ita, lie at oucp resolved to have Orliz i>ut to death; liut hel'orf^ executing his purposr he sent out several Indians to pursue afhM' the wolves, to n^cover, if possible, the sacrifice. Contrary to all ex[)ectation, the body was found, and not far Ironi it the body of a huge wolf also. When IJcita learned these facts, he countermanded the order for his exe- cAition, Three long years w^as Ortiz doonu^tl to watidi this wretched temple of the dead. At the end of this time he was relieved only by the overthrow of the. power of Ueita. This was cflected by a war be- tween the two rival chieft, IJcita and Mocnso. The country over which Mocoso reigned was only two days' journey from that of tlcitn, anri separated from it by a large river or estuary, Mocoso came upon the village of Deila in the niglil with an army, and attacked his castle, and took it, and also the rest of liie town. llcita and his people fled from it with all speed, and the warriors of , Mocoso biu'nt it to tlie ground. IJcita had another village upon the CAPTIVITir or JOHN ORTIZ. 310 roast, not far from the former, to which he and his people fled, and were not pursued by their enemies. Soon ader he had established hiniself m his new residence, he resolved upon making- a sacrifice of Ortiz. Here again he was wonderfully preserved, by the same kind riend that had delivered him at the beginning of his captivtt"" S daughter of the chief, knowing her entreaties would avail nothin-r with her father, determined to aid liim to make an escape; accordinolv she had prepared the way lor his reception with her lather's enenw Mo- coso. bhe found means to pilot him secretly out of her fhlher's viHage, and accompanied him a league or so on his way, and then left him with (brect.ons how to pro(H3ed to the residence 'of Mocoso Having travelled all niMit as fast as he could, Ortiz Ihund himself next mormng upon the borders of the river which bounded the terri- tories of the two rival chiefs, fie was now thrown into great trouble lor he could not proceed liirther without discovery, two of Mocoso's inen being then hsh.ng in the river; and, although he came as a Ineiid, ye he had no way to make that known to^ them, not under- s landing their language, nor having means wherewith to discover his character by a sign At length he observed their arms, which they had left at a considerable distance from the place where they then were. 1 horeiore, as h.s only chance of succeeding in his entemiS .0 crep shly up and seized their arms to prevent fheir injurino\h«' When liey saw this they tied with all speed towards their' town Ortiz followed hem for some distance, tryiig by langua-^o as welUs y signs to make them understand that he oiily wished pmtec.ion with em, but Hi i„ vain, and he gave up the pursuit and waited quietly he result Jt was not long belore a large party came ruunin-lrmed towards h,m, and when they approached, hc^vas obliged to cover hnnselt holunc trees to avoid their arrows. Nevertheless his ch^ n being kn.od seemed cc..fain, and that v.ry speedily ; but it provi: dontuilly happened that there was nn Indian among those who now snvvounAvd bim, who understood the langua^re in wliK^h he spoke,3 thus he was again rescued from another p.^riloiis situation Having now surrendered himselfinto the bands of the Indians, four ■.1 heir number were (k-spatched to carry the tidinos to IMoeoso and earn his pleasure m regard to the disposition to^be ma.le of him hu instead ol sr;nding any word of dinx^tion, Mocoso went himself out to meet Ortiz. When he came to him, he exprcvssed -reat oy a ■ seeing lum, and made- every prolb.sien that he would treat him well, h'tiz, hou-ever had seen enough of Indians to warn him a^ainsr t imp icit confu enee m h,s pretensions; and what added in nosma •iogrce to h,s doubis about b,s future destiny, was this very <-.traord -mrycircuinstana;. lmnu.diafely„:lertbep^.eliminarycon:MV.f,,lations 1; T' ' !"''""''' ""^ '■"" ""■•■^y ''■'"» '""' '<> «^«l^ out another a ter; to winch he very readily assented. At the sametin.e Mocoso Kindness buf, that if ever an opportunity offered by which he could, return to ins own people, he would do all in his power to Lslst him i II m ilil i ir ^ 1 i i 1 1 11 i 1 It Si 1^ U 4wl V 1 1 mm i ii I: 820 EVENTS IN INDIAN HISTORY. V in it ; and, to keep his word inviolate, he swore to what he had promised, " afler the manner of the Indians." Nevertheless, our captive looked upon all this in no other lii'eter, and readily felt that difficulties were clusterin.r around in a niucli more formidable array. Hitherto, when thox' were at a loss lor a knowledge of the ctjuntry, all they had to do wa's to lie in wait and seize upon some Indian, and Orliz always could understand enough 01 the language to relieve them from all perplexity about their course; ^ut now they had no other interpreter but a young Indian of tutifachiqui, who understood a little Spanish; "yet "it required soine- ^,'mes a whole day for him to explain what Ortiz would have done in lour words. At other times he was so entirely misunderstood, that H ^^H 1 1 I Mi III i U f\ S:i2 EVENTS IN INDIAN III3T0RT. aflor Ihey harl followed his direction through a tedious march of a whole day, they would fuid tliemscl .es uhliyod to return ugaiji to the same place." Such was the value of Ortiz in the expedition of Soto, as that miserable man conceived; but had not Soto lallen in with him, how difTerent would have been the iafc of a multitude of men, Spaniards and Indians. Upon the wh')lo, it is h:ird to say whi"h was thf; predominant trait in the character of Soto and his ibllowers, avarice or cruelty. At one time, because their iniidos had led them out of the way, Mocoso, the successor of Soto, caused ihcm to be haniicd upon a tree and there left. Another, in the early part of the expedition, was saved from the fanr^s of doijs, by the inlcrference of Orli/, because he was the only Indian through whom Ortiz could ESTltUYt:U IN 'J'UIO VCAR IGTci; WRITTEN 1!V HERSELF. On the lOth of February, 167(5, came the Indians with great numbers* upon Lancasier : thcnr first coming was about sun-rising. Hearing the noise of some guns, we looked out; several houses were burning, and the smok(; ascending to heaven. I'here were live p(>rsons taken in one house; the; lather and mother, and a sucking child they knocked on the head; the other two llu^y took anj) carried away alive. There were two others, who, being out of their garrison upon somt; occasion, were set upon; one was knocked on the head, the other escaped. Another there was, who, running along, was shot and wounded, and loll down; he begged of them his life, promising them money, as they told me, but they would not hearken to him, but knocked him on the head, stripped him nakei' tnd split open his bowels. Another, seeing many ol' the Indians about his barn, ven- tured and went out, but was quickly shot down. There were thra> * Fifteen hundred was the number, according to the best authorities. They were the Warnpouoags, led '>y King Pliilip, accompanied by the Narragansetts, his allies, and also by the iNipmucks and Nashawas, whom his artful eloquence had persuaded to joia him. A. MRS. ROWLANDSON's CAPTIVITY. 838 Others belonging to the sam| garrison who were killed ; the Indian, getting up upon the roof gffhe barn, had advantage t. shoot down upon them over the.r Ibrtiticn.ion. Thus these murderous wrenches went on destroying and burning all helbre thorn * wretcnes At length they came and boset our liouse, and quickly it was the vous captiv ilv^ I shall particularly speak of the several removes we had up and down' in the wilderness. ' The First Remove.-Nim away wo must go with those barbarous crcaures, with our bodies wounded and bleeding, and our hearts no ess than •ur bodij^s. About a mile we went that night, up on u hill, within sight ol the town, whore we intouded to lod.r, Tlieiv was hard by a vacant house, des-rted by the English before, for lear of the Indians ; I asked them whether 1 might not lod-rc in the house "ll'i; V^^''""^ ^^'""^ answered, -What, will you love ICnglish- men still?" This was the dolefulest night that ever my eycs°saw. Oh the roaring, and singing, and dancing, and yelling of thos,- black creatures in the night, which made iho place a*liv.;ly resemblance of hell. And miserable was the waste that was there made of horses cattle sheep swme calves, lambs, roasting pigs, and fowls, (which hey had p undered m the town,) some roasting, sonu; Ivin-. and burning, and some boiling, to leed our merciless enemies; who' were joylul enough, though we were disconsolate. To add te the doleful- ness of the lormer day, and the dismalness of the present ni-Wit, mv thoughts ran upon my losses, and sad, bereav..'d condition. All wa« gone, my husband gone, (at least separated from me, he beino- in the bay; and to add to my grief, the Indians told ine they would kiU him as he came homeward,) my children gone, mv relations and mends gone,* our house and home, and all our comforts within door and without, a 1 was gone, (except my life,) and I knew not but the next moment that might go too. There remained nothing to me but one poor, wounded babe, and it seemed at present worse than death, that it was in such a pitiful condition, bespeaking compassion, and 1 had no refreshina ibr it, nor suitable things to revive it. Little do many think what is the savage. ness and brutishness of this barbarous enemy, those even that seem toproless more than others among them, when the English have fallen into their hands. Those seven that were killed at Lancaster the summer before upon a babbath day, and the one that was afterward killed upon a week-day were slam and mangled in a barbarous manner, by One-eyed John and Marlborough's praying Indians, which Captain Moselv broinrht to Boston, as the Indians told ms. ° The Secand Remove.— -Bui now (the next morning) I must tura nr*il^i^'' •'*'*" seventeen of Mr. Rowlandson's family were put to death 28 mMmCI n m iff- '1^1 \m 1 iff 1 ' u t ^^^1 1 1 'till ,^^H 1 ■ 990 BVK1»TS IN INDIAN niCTORY. ;?1 with them into thn vaat and 18 not my tongue or my back upon the town, and trnvR desolate wilderness, I know not whither. It or pen can express the sorrows of n v heart, and bitterness of my spirit, that I had at (his departure; but God was with me in a won- derful manner, carrying nu; along -ind bearing up my spirit, that it did not quite fail. ()ne"^r)f the Indians carried my poor wounded bate upon a horse: it went moaning aloiis-, «' / shall die, I ithall die'"' I went on foot af>er it with sorrow that cannot be expressed. At length 1 took it off the h irsf!, and carried it in my arms, till my strength failed and I fell down .vith if. Then they set me upon a horse with my wounded child in ny lap, and there ix-ing no furniture on the horse's back, as wc were gcing down a steep hill, we both fell over the horse's "head, at which they ;ike inhuman cnnituros laughed and rejoiced to see it. though I though? we should thfMc have ended our days, over- •come with so many difficulties. But the Lord renewed my strength still, and carried rne along, that I might see more of his power, yea, so much that I could never have thought of, had I not experienced it. After this it quickly began to snow, and when night came on they irtopt. And now down 1 must sit in the snow, by a little fire, and h few boughs behind me, with my sick child in my lap, and calling much for water, being now, through the wound, fallen into a violent fever; my own wound also growing so stiff, that 1 could scarce ail down or rise up, yet so it must be, that I must sit all this cold, winter night upon the cold snowy ground, with my sick child in my arms. looking that every hour would be the last of its life, and having no Christian friend near me, either to comfort or help me. Oh, I may Bee the wonderful power of God, that my spirit did not utterly sink under my affliction; still the Lord upheld me with his gracious and merciful spirit, and we were both alive to see the light of the next mornmg. The Third Remove. — The morning being come, they pre^iared to go on their way; one of the^ndians got upon a horse, and they sat me up behind him, witli my poor sick babe in my lap. A very wearisome and tedious day I had of it; what with my own woNnd, and my child being so exceeding sick, and in a lamentable condition with her wound, it may easily be judged what a poor, feebk; condition we were in, there being not the least crumb of refreshing that < ume within either of our mouths from Wednesday night to Saturday night, except only a little cold water. This .lay in the afternoon, about an hour by sun, we came to the place where ihey intended, viz: an Indian town called Wenimesset, (New Braintree) northward of Quabaug. (Brookfield.) When we were come, oh the number of Pagans, now merciless enemies, that there came about mt?, that I may say as David, Psal. 27 : 13, " / had fainted unlcxs I had believed,'" &c. The next day was the Sabbath." I then remembered how careless I had been of God's holy time; how many Sabbaths I had lost and misspent. and how evilly I had walked in God's sight ; which lay so close upon my spirit, that it was easy for me to see how righteous it was with God to sut off the thread of my life, and cast me out of his presenre MRS. ROWLANUSON's CAITIVITY. 327 forever. Y('t the Lord still showed mercy to me, and helped mc: and a« hewoundod mn with one hand, so ho healed me with the other 1 his duy there came to mo one R„bort Pepi^-r, u rr.;in hclonmn.r to Koxbury, who was taken at Captain Heor.s' li^rl.t, and had U«en now a convdorabie tin.o with the Indians, and up with thern almost as iar as Albany, to see King Philip, m he told me, and was now very ately eo.nc into these parts. Mearinfr, I ^ly, that I was in this nilian town, he ohfamed leave to eome and n(X! me. He told w hr Imnsell was wounded in the lejr ru Captain I^eers" (iul.f, and was not |ible some tnne (o ^o, but as they carried him. and i|,at he took oak leaves ind laid to his wound, and by the hlessin^r ol'CJod he was ahk to tr. el a^am. Then took 1 oak leaves and^laid to mv side, and with the blessing of dod it ,uired meals..; y(t befon- thi- .-ure was wrought, I may say as it is in Psal. ;}8: f,, H, -Mv wounds stink ;uid are eorrupt. I am troubled; I am \y>^^r,\ down ..reatlv: I ..„ mourning al the day l<,iig." I nat mueh alone wi,b „n' ,.oor woundcMl eluld m my lap, which moaned night and day, huviny nothing to revive th,| body or cheer the spirits of Ikt ; But instead <;f hat, one Indian would come and tell me one hour, '-Your master will knock your child on the head," and then a second, and then athird " ^ our master will quickl v knock your child on the head " This was the comlorl 1 had from them; miserabk; comforters ^u^m 'lieyall. I hus nine days I sat upon my kn<.?s, with my babe irr >i'\ lap, till my flesh was raw again. My child being even ready to 'lepart this sorrowlid world, th.-y bid me cnvvv it out to anohier •vigwam, 1 suppos..- because they would not be' troubled with such .^iiocfacles ; ^\ hither 1 went with a very heavy heart, and down 1 sat with the picture of death in my lap. About iwu hours in the ni.rht . my sweet babe like a lamb departed this life, on Feb, lb, KiTU it' being about six years and live months old. It was nine days from' the lirst wounding in this miserabl.; condition, without any reiVe.hiu'.r ot one nature or another except a littk; cold water. I cannot but take no,ic<,. how at another time I could not bear to be in a room where a ><.ad person was, but now the case is chann.-J ; i um.l and c .iild lie •knvn with my dead babe all the night. I 'have thought sine.^ of the wonderiul goo.lness of Uod to me, in preserving me so in the use of my reason and senses, in that distressed time, that 1 did not use wicked and violent means to end my own miserable lije In the morning when they understood that my child was dead, they sent me "oine to my master's wig^^am. 15y ,„y master in this wrilin.' must K> understood (inannopm, who was a sagamore, and married Kinif tKlips wiles sister; not that he first took mc, but I was sold to hiiS Jiy a Narragansett Indian, who took me when I lirst came out of the garrison. I went to take up my dead child in my arms to carry it with me, t)ut they bid me let it alone. There was" no n'sistin-s bui .-o I must and leave it. When I had been awhile at my master^s wigwam,, i took the first opportunity i could get to look after my dead child. fTnen 1 came I asked then* what they had done with it. They told) i Hits BV£NTtl IN I.tOIAN HISTORY. I , iiic it was on the hill.* Then flufy went and showed mr wlirrr it wus, w ht'i'o I saw the j^ronnd wus newly dij^i;ed, and wlwrm tbi-y tuld ine ihey hud buried it. There I lell that child in the wiidorni'Hs, and must commit it and myself also in this wilderness eonditiou to Hint who is nlxive all. (lud liavinj^ taken a«ay this dear child, I went to «ce my dauj^hter Mary, who was at tin; same Indian town, at a wiffwaia not very I'ar oil', tlioiiuli we had little liherty or opportunity to s(!e one another; sIk; was ahont ten years old, and taken from the door at first hy a prayin;^ Indian, and afterwards sold for a ^un. VV'iica I canu; in sij^ht sin- wcnild I'all a weepinu, at which they were pio- volicd, and would not let mo cdnie near her, hut hid .iie begone; which was a h<'arl-cuttintr word to me. I had onechild d<'ad, another in the wilderness, I knew not wh(!re ; the third they would not let ine (Hin)e nciir to. " I\h' (as he said) have ye bereaved of my •■hiklrcn; Joseph is not, and Simeon is not, and ye will take Benjamin also: all these things are against me." I could not sit still in this condi- tion, but kept walking from nne place to another; and as 1 was going along, my liftjrt was even overwiielmed with th(> thoughts of my con- dition, and that I should h'dve children, and a nalion that I knew not rilled over them. AVhereupon I earnestly entreated the Lord that he would consider my low (jstate, and show me a token t()r good, and if it wen.' his blessed will, some sign and hop»; of soino relief. And indeed quickly the LonI answered in some measure my poor pravfr; liir as I was going up and down mourning and lamenting my condition, my son (.loseph) came to me and askt'd me how 1 did. I had not seen him befin'c since the destrnction of the town; and I knew not wl'.ere he was, till I was inlbrmed by himself that Ik; was amijiig ft smaller i.'wrcel of jndi.'ins, whose place was about six miles oil'. V\'ith tears in his (>yes lie asl.cd urn whether his sister Sarah was dead, and told me he had seen his sister Mary, and prayed m(.' that 1 would not be !roubl( li in reference to himself. The occasion of his coming to s(>e me at this time was this: there was, as I said, ahniii six miles from us, a small plaiifatiiai of Indians, where it seems lie had been during his ca])iivity; and at this time there were some l^)rces of the Indians gathered out of our company, and some also from them, junongst whom was mv son's master, to go to assault iiiul burti Medlield. In this time of his master's absence his dame brought him to we me. 1 took this to be some gracious answer to my eanicst and unfeigned desire. The next dav the ' .dians returned iVom l\Ied- fi'ld; all the company — liir those that belonged to the other sniallcr company came through the town that we now were at ; but beliuv they came to us, oh the outrageous roaring and whooping that then' was! they began their din about a mile liel()re they came to us. By their noise and whooping they signilicd how many they had destroyed, which was at thai tim(^ twenty-three. Those that were with us at homo saw a^rain till * This bill, in the town of New Urainlroe, is now known as the burial place of IMrs, P()\rianiisun's child. Mil. ROWLANOHON'a tfAPTIVITT. 329 -vcrc gathered together as soon as they heard the whoopin';, and every tiino that the oth.ir went over their number, these at home gave a shout, that the very earth rang ajiain. And thus they continued till thoso that had bet^n upn th(> expedition were come up to the Pagamore's wigwam; and then, oh the hideous insulting and triumphing that there was over some lOnglishmon's senlps that they had tuktMi, as their manner is, and brought with them. I cannot "but take notice of the wonderfijl mercy of iJod to me in those alllictions, in sending me a Hiblc. One of the Indians that came from Medfield fight, aTid had brought some plunder, came to me, and asked me if I wt)uld have « Bible; he hiu\ got one in his bnsket. 1 was glad of if, and asked hiin. if he thought the Indians would let me read. Ih; answered yes. So I took the Bible, and in that melancdioly time it cafnu intomv mind to read first the twcnty-eighth chapter of Deuteronomy, which I did, and when I had read it my dark heart wrought on this manner: that thero was no mercy for me, tfiat the blessings were gone, and the curses came in their room, and that I had lost my opportunity. But the I>ord helped me still to go on reading, till I c;imr; to chap. 30— the first seven verses— where I finmd there was m(Mcy promised again, if we would return to him by repentance; and though we were scattered from one end of the earth to ifie other, yet the Lord would gathor us together, and turn all those curses upon our enemies. I do not desire to live to fon^et this scripture, and what comfort it was to me. Now the Indians began to talk of removing from this place, sonw one way and som:! another. There were now besides njysolf nine Knghsh captives in this place, all of them e.hildren except oiic woman. I got an o[>p(.rtiinity to go and take; my leave of them, they beujg to go one way and I another. I asked them whether they wore earnest with (}(k1 for d,;liveranc<'. 'I'hey told me they did as they were able, and It was some comfort to mo that the Lord stirred up" children to. look to him. 'J'he woman, viz: goodwife Joslin, told me she should never see me again, and that she could fnd in her heart to run away by any means, for we were near thirty miles from any Enyjish town,* •iiul slui very hijr with child, having but one week to reckon, and another child in her arms two years o!d ; and bad rivers thqrc were to go over, and we were fifeble with our poor and course entertainment. I hid my Bible with me. I pulled it out, and asked her whether she would read. \V.> openetl the Bible, and lighted on Psalm 27, in which I'saim we especially took notice of that verse: " Wait on the Lord, be of good coura.:(>, and he shall strengthen thine heart ; wait I sav on flie Lord." ' ^ The Fourth Remove. — And now moBt I part with the little com- pany I had. Here I parted with my daughter Mary, whom I never saw again till I saw her in I)orch<;ster, rerturned from captivity, and »Tbi» was true at thai time, as iirooiifield, (Quat.oaff,)-withm a fevr iiules of Wenuiu:8«(cf, was destroyed by the ladiani in August, 1675. The nearest town? were those on ('ontiecticut river. 28* 330 EVENTS IN INDIAN HI8T0RT. from four little cousins and neighbors, some of which [ never saw atlerward ; the Lord only knows the end of them. Among them also was that poor woman iKjfon! nipnlioncfl, who camo to a sad end. a.s some of the coniiiany told me in my travel. She having much jj,rior upon her spirits about her miserable condition, being so near her firrc slio would be olt(>n askinf; the Indians to let her go honin. They not being willing to that, and yet vexed with her importunity, gathered h groat company together about her, and stript her naked and set her in the midst of them; antl when they had sung and danced about her in their h(;llisb manner as long as they pleased, they knocked Inn- ciii the head, and the child in her arms with Imh: When they had done that, they made a lire and put them bn*h into it, and told the other children that were with tliem, that if they attempted to go home thcv would serve them in like manner. The children said she did not shn] one tear, but prayed all the while. Hut to turn to my own journey. We travelled about a half a day or a little more, and came to a deso- late {)!acn in the wilderness, where there w(>rc no wigwams or inha- bitants before. We came about th(^ middle of the alternoon to this place, cold, wet, and snowy, and liungry, and weary, and no refresh- ing li)r man, but the cold ground to sit en, and our poor Indian cheer. ' nearl-achiiig thouglits her(> I had about my poor children, who were seattend up ;!iid down ;imong iIk; wild beasts of the forest. Mv head was light and di/zy, eitluM- through hunger, or bad lodging, or trouble, or all touother; my knees teelilc, my body raw bv sillini' double night and day, that I . aiuiof 'xprcs-; to"^mnn the alHiction thai lay upon my spirit; but the Lord lu'lp'-d i, - at that time to express ii to himself. 1 op(!ned my i^ihle to read, and the Lord brought I'hat pnvious seri|)ture to me, — .'(>r. :)! : )(i, -'Thus saith the Lord^ refraif! thy voice! from weeping, and thine eyes licm tears, lor thy woik shali \xi rewarded, and they shall come again iVom the land of the enenn."' This was a sweei cordial to mr when 1 was ready to faint. Mai.v and many a time have I sat down and wept swc.'c'tly over this scriji- tint'. At this place we continued about ((>ur davs. The Fifth RnHorc. — The occasion, as I thought, of their reinoviiiL'- al tffis time, was the English army's being near and following theui. hr they went as if they jiad gone for their lives I't some considerably way; aiul then they made a stop, and cliose out some of their stoutesi men, and sent them hack to hold the Lnglish army in pla\ whilst ilir rest escaped ; and then, like .leliu, they mandied "on tin-iouslv, wiili their old and young; some carried Iheir old ilecrepit mothers, seme curried one, and st mo imolhei'. h'our ol" th' tn cari'ied a great Indian upon a bier: but going through a thick W(;od with him,' ihev \ve:v hindered, and eouid make no haste; whereuiKin they took him iqnn their backs, and carried him one al a time till we canie to Uaeqiiaa' riv T. Upon I'Viday, a little afKa' noon, we caniu to this river. VVIi(^ua>l the company was come up and gath(>red together, 1 thought to count the * Or Pay(|ir.^'f, now Miller's river, It aLptios into tlie ('oiis^ctic ut. Iwtwecii NoitlitieiiJ ami Mciitamic. MRS. rowlandson's captivitt. 331 number of them; but thoy were so many, and bein^ .omewhat in motion, U was beyond my skill. In this travel, because of my wound , I was somewhat (avorod i„ .ny load. I ca^ied only m7kniZe: work, and two quarts of pan.hod „>eal. B.ing very faint,7asked my mistress to g.ye me one spoonful of the moal,°but L. would not .7 me a taste. They quickly fell to cutting drt trees, to make raffs to carry them over the nvcr, and soon my^um came to ^o over R the advantage of some brush which they had laid uponihe aft tost on, I did not wet my foo,, while many of thcavsclve.s at tlu. o he end were mid-leg dcvp, .UrU cannot but be acknowledged as a fav^r of God to my weaken.Hl body, it being a very cold time I was no tefore acquamtcd with such kind of doings or dangers. -'When th" pt^ver the river that nigh;; but' i;;^!' [ije m^^S." ul^tlUlalh before all the company was got over. On th.^ ^Saturday hey S an old horse's leg which they had got, an,] so we dranlfof the b^S some hing, and vet it was ve.y hard to%et dow'n he filth;?rash but he third week, though I could think ^how formerly my stoS would turn against this or that, and 1 could starve aiul^ oefre n. Id eat such thmgs, yet they were pleasant and savory to my tai I was at this line kmttmg a pair of white cotton stociinC for mv 1. st^ss and I had not yet wrought upon the Sabbath day^. When the feabbath came they bid me go to work. I told them it was .Sabbath day, and desired them to let me rest, and told thenU wouk do as much more work lo-inorrow; to which thev answered metrev would break my foce. And here I cannot but take no ce of he strange providence of God in preserving the heathen Thev we many hundreds, old and yo.mg, some sicirand sonie "me- maiv haS i'apooses at the.r backs,- the greatest numhc.r at this tir e with J™e .-quaws; and yet they travelled wilh all thev had, bac. and bacn'r -d they got over this river aforesaid ; and on Mondav th.t soTS H gwams on fire, and away they went. On that very day^cSne the Lnghsh army alter them to this river, ,,n, by the side of whifh we took up our lodging that night. VVhen we came to the brow of the hill that looked toward the swamp, I thought we had been come to a great Indian town, though there were none bat our own company; the Indians were as thick as the trees; it scorned as if there had been a thousand hatchets going at once. If one looked before one there was nothing but Indians, and behind one nothing but hidians, and so on the other hand; and I myself in the midst, and no Christian soul near me, and yet how hath the Lord preserved me in safety ! Oh the experience that I have had of the goodness of God to me and mine! The' Seventh Remove.— Mier a restless and hungry night there, we had a wearisome time of it the next day. The swamp by which we lay was, as it were, a deep dungeon, and an exceeding high and steep hill before it. Befoio I got tolho top of the hill, I thought my heart and legs and all would have broken and failed me. What through faintness and soreness of body, it was a grievous day of travel to mcT As we wctit along, I saw a place where English cattle had been. This was a comfort to me, such as it was. Quickly after that we came to an Enijlish path, which so took me that I thought I could there have freely Tain down and died. That day, a little after noon, we came to Squabeag,* when; the Indiana quickly spread themselves over the deserted English fields, gleaning what they could find. Some picked up ears of wheat that were crickled down, some found ears of Indian orn, some found ground-nuts, and others sheaves of wheat that were frozen together in the shock, and went to threshing them out. Myself got two ears of Indian corn, and whilst I did but turn my back one of them was stole from me, which much troubled m\ There came an Indian to them at that time, with a basket of horso- liver. I asked him to give ine a piece. " What," says he, "can you eat horse-liver?" I told him I would try, if ho would give me a piece, which \w did, and I laid it on the coals to roast; but before it was half ready they got half of it aw;iy from me, so that I v.-as forced to take the "rest "and eat it as it was, with the blood about my mouth; and yet a savory bit it was to me, for to the hungry s'ud every bitter thing was' sweet, A solemn sight melhought it was, to see whole field's of wheat and Indian corn forsaken and spoiled, and the remain- der of them to he (i)od ior our merciless enemies. That night we had u mess of wheat for our supper. The Eighth Remove. — On the morrow morning m-c must go over (.'onneotJcut river, to meet with King Philip. Two canoes full they ♦ Or Squakeatf, now Northfield. MBS. ROWLANDSOn's CAPTIVITY. 333 had earned over ; the next turn myself was to go ; but as my foot was upon he canoe to step n), there was a sudden c^itcry among them, and I must step baek; and n^s.ead of goinj, over the river, I nmst .« four or five miles up he nver farther northward. Some of the fndians i^n one vvay, and some anotl,..-. The cause of this route was as I hought^ then- es]>ymg some J^lnglish scouts, who were theSc^s In l.Ls travel up the nvei', alK,ut noon the company made a stem ind satdown,son.eto eat and others to rest thcn\. 'as I s t^n't them, musn^g ..n Ih.ngs past, my son Jo.eph unexpectedly came°to nie. We asked of each other's welfl,re, bemoaning our dolefu coin . .on, an, the change that had c-on.o upon us. MV luad husband and father, and children and sisfers, mul friends and relations, and ho e and home and manv comforts of this liib; but now we miaht sav as « Tlu r"'l ^ ""' "'■'"■•' ';'""'"'''^ "■•""''' ^'"^ "'-^l^'^d shall 1 lotum. 11 e Lord gavo, and fhr Lord hath taken away: blessed be the name of the Lorcl."' I asked lun. whethc- he would e d it !..kl n e he earnestly d.suvd it. 1 gave him my Bible, and he liohted upon tha comlorlaMe scripUue, IValm 118; i7, lH,_u f .j^'ifnot < 0, but hvc, and declare the- works of the Lord. The Lo d ha hastened me s.,e, yet he hall, no- given n.c over to death." " Look here, n.o her," says lu, u .ij,, _,-<„. read this ?" And Ikmv I may take occasion to in-nr.on .„«■ principal ground of my setting forth these ■iiKs even as the l'>alm,st says, to declare tiu- works of the Lord •iujl his uonder.al power in carrying us aloiu;, prc'servii,.- us in the ^nlderness while under the enemy's hand, and n'tirning ofTis I salbty ml" uiNit ^": '" '"■'!;^'"^ '^ '">" '"" ^'' '"'"'^' <^omfbrtal,te ami suitable scriptures m mv distress But to return. We travelle.l on till nighl, and in the morning we '1 Y 'f 1^^' amazed at the numerous crew <,f Pagans that were ; I about me, I sitting alone m the midst. J observed they asked one loWes'^'n""' ""^^ '""?'""'' ""' '"■'""■"^' "^'-- ^'-- ^-- »nd ^ (Ik brst tniKs to my remembran..-, that f wept before them. imcs , v,d) to break yet <-ould not I she,] „ne tear in their sinht, bilt a her had been all this while i„ a ,nai/.,>, and like one astonished. i.:Zl:T "• '" '^"'"' ^^^' = l'-"J'y ">^^ -vers of BaLyb.; It A ,""; '■'''■*' '"' '"■'''' ^''"■" ^^'<^ '•c'n'ombered Zion."' f herJ n of them asked me why ] wept. 1 c-ouhl hardly tell what to say ; Uns.vei-ed tbey would ill me. ^ No^ said he, " none will h^; niort lie, and another gave me half a pint of p,.as, which was u h .no,.e than many bushels a, another ti.ne. Thin /went to see o„|,| ,sn,ok,^-a usual compliment now-a-.lays aniono- the saints i^ ^mners : but t as no w.-,y .uifed me ; (br though 1 had Ibrmeri; ^'Md tobacco, yet I had left it oyer since I was first taken. It .eoms Hl^^^^Hn9l^vffi I s 334 BVKNT8 IN INDIAN HISTORY. to be a bait Iho devil to make men lose their time. precious reniomber with shMuie liow Ibniiprly, when I had lul\en two or three pipes, 1 was j)re.s(.'ntly ready lor another, sucli a bev/itching thing it is; but I thank (lod, h(^ lias now given ine power over it. Surely there an; niiiny wiio may k; better employed than to sit sucking •• stinking tobacco-pipe. Now the Indians gathered their fi^rces to go against Northampton. Over ni^'ht one w(!nt al)out yelling and hooting to give notice o.*' the design. Whcrenpon they went to boiling oi" ground-nuts andparcliini; corn, as many as bad it, lor their provision; and in the morning awav they went. During my abt^de in this j)Iaeo, I'hilip spake to nie to make a shirt lijr bis boy, which I did; for which ho gave me a shilling. I olI,S , S IJ , 1 i.^ , 336 EVENTS IN INDIAN HISTORY. I savory to me that one would think was enougli to turn the stomach of a brute creature. One bitter cold day I could find no room to sit down before the fire. I went out, and could not tell what to do, but i wont into another wigwam, where they were also sitting round the fire; but the squaw laid a skin for me, and bid uiu sit down, and gav(; nic some ground- nuts, and bid me come again, and told nu; they would buy uie if they were able. And yet these were strangers to me that 1 never knew before. The Tenth Remove. — That day a small part of the company re- moved about tiiree quarters of a mile, intending to go farther the next day. When they came to the iilace tli(;y intended to lodge, and hud pitched their wigwams, being hungry, I went again back to the place we were before at, to get s(jmething to eat ; being encouraged by tho squaw's kindness, who bid me come again. Wlirn I was tliere, there came an Indian to look alter me; who when he liad lound me, ki(;k('(l me all along. I went home and ibund v(;nisou njasling that ni^ht, but they would not give me one bit of it. Sometimes I met with favor, and sometimes with nothing but frowns. The Eleventh Remove. — The next day in the morning, they took, their travel, intending a day's journey up the river : I took my load at my back, and quickly w(! came to wade over a river, and passed over tiresome and wearisome hills. One hill was so sleep, that 1 was fain to creep up on my knees, and to hold by the twigs and buslies to keep myself from lalling ba'.dvward. My head also was so light that I usually reeled as I went. But I hope all those wearisome steps that I have taken are but a forwarding of me to the lieavenly rest. " I know, O Lord, that thy judgments are right, and that thou in faithfulness hath afllicled me." — I'salm 111): 75. The Twelfth Remove. — It was upon a Sabbath-day morning that they prepared lor their travel. This morning I asked my master whether he would sell me to my husband ; he answeicu, nux; which did much rejoice my spirits. My mistress, l>efore we went, was gone to the burial of a papoose, and returning, she found me sitting and reading in my Bible. She snatched it hastily out of my hand and threw it out of doors. I ran out and caught it up, and j)ut it in my pocket, and never let her see it allei'wai'ds. Thou th(!y packi^d u|) their things to be gont;, and gave mo my load ; I complained it was too heavy, whereupon she gave me r; slop on tlie face and bid me be- gone. I lifted up my hea't to God, hoping that redemption was not far off; and the rather because llieir insolence gi(;w worse and worse. But thoughts of my going iiomeward, for ',o wc bent our course. much che^ercd my. spirit, and made my burden seem light, and aLnost nothing at all. But to my am izemmt and great perjik 'city,the scale was soon turned; for when we had i^ot a little way, on a sudden my mistress gave out she would go no further, but turn back again, and said 1 must go back again with her; and she c :!'(xi her sannup, and would hove him go back also, but he would iiot, but said he would go on, and come to us again in three days. My spirit was upon this^ I MRS. BOWLANDSON's CAPTIVITY. 887 confess, very impatient, and almost outrageous. I thought i could as well have died Ji.s went back. I cannot d.'clare the trouble that 1 v\!is ni about it; back again I must go. As soon as 1 had an oppor- tuiiity, I took my j{iblo to read, and that quieting scripture came to fiiy hand, I'sahu 40: 10,— » Me still, and know that 1 am (^od;" tvliicb sfille.l my spirit Ibr the present; but a sore time of trial 1 v;oiu;luded 1 had to go through; mv master being gone, who seemed to me the best iVien.l I h.ul ol'an Indian, both in cold and linnoer,and <|ijickly so It pnived. Jjown 1 sat, with my heart as Hill as it could iiold, and yet so hungry that I. could not sit neither. But going out •(.see what I could lind, and walking among (he trees, I Ibund six arurns and two clicsnuts, whicjji wcu'e'somo relreshment to me. To- ivards night [ gathered me some sticks ibr my own comlbrt, that I .night not lie cold; but when we came to lie down, they bid me "o out and lie somewhere else, (br they had companv, they said, come ia moiv ihau lli-ir own. I tnid them I could not'tell where to go; Ihiy bid me go iook ; J told them if I went to another wigwam thev wuuld be aiigiy and send me home again. Then one oCthe company (ii-cw his sword and lold me hi- would run me ihnuiuh if I did not <'"o jin-'sently. Then was I liiin to stoop to tliis rude lellow, and go out 111 the niglit I knew not whitluM-. Mine eyes hath seen that "ellow, .'tfterwards wjilking up and down in lloston", under tlie appearance of a friendly Indian, and s(!veral (itln-rs of the like cut. I went to one wigwam, and they told m(; they had no room. Tlu^n 1 went to aiiotli(;r, and they said the same. At last, an old Indian bid me come to him, and his squaw gave me some ground-nuts ; she gave me also something to lay under my head, and a good lire we iiad ; llirour from them than this, "thai it would be no matter if m head was olf too. The T/tin'rciith Remove. — Instead of going towards tlie bay, which was what I desired, I must go with tluMn live or six miles down the river, into a mighty thicket of brush ; v.here we abode almost a fortnight. Here one asked me td^nake a shirt ibr Iier papoose, for which she gave me a mess of broth, which was thickened with meal iriade of the Itark of a tree ; and to make it better she had put into it about a handful oi' jjcas, and a few roasted ground-nuts. 1 had not secniny son a |)retty while, and here was an "Indian of whom I made eiH|uiry after him, and askf;d him where he saw him. He answered irie, that such a time his master roasted him, and that himself did eat a piece of him as big as his two fingers, and that he was very good meat. Hut the Lord upheld my spirit under this discouragement ;''and 29 1 fi im 336 EVENTS IN INDIAN UI8TORV. ■i I considered their liorrihit; addictcdncss to lyin;,', iind that lh(;re is not one of thou that niakes \h> ka.st rdiiM-irnce of spc-ikino (he truth. Ih this place, (im; cold iiinht, us I lay l>y llie lire, I removed a slick which kept iIk- heat IVoiii nie; n scjiimw moved it (kmn u^fain, at which I looked iij), ami she ihrewaii Iwiiidlid of'ashes in my e\(>.s; I ihontiht I should have lieen (piih; blinded and never have M'cn more; linl, lyind pity upon me, have pity upon me, O ye my friends, lor the hand of the 1-iOrd lias touched me." And hvrr, 1 cjinnot hut rememlier how maii\ times, sillinj; in ihrir wiuwams, and nuisinji' on ihinos past, i shoui'd suddenly leap up and run otit, as if I had heen at home,' loroettini; wherc I was, and what my condilidii was: Imt when 1 was withoni, a"al saw nothinii; hut wilck'rness and woods, and a company of Larharoiis heathen, my miinl (piickly rctiiiiK d u, uu\ which made mo think of that spoken concerning Sampson, wlio said, "I will ^o out and shakr myself as at other times, hut he wist not that the l.uvd was dcpartcci from him." Ahout this tini(> 1 I)(\ii;\n to lliink that all my hopes of restoration wouhl come lo notlnnn-. 1 tiiou^lit of tlu; En neither; yet 1 can say in all my sorrows and alHictions, God did not leave nie to have any im[iatient \\ork toward himsoli; !is if his ways were um-in;hteous; hut 1 knew that iie laid upon me less than [ deserved. Allerward, before (his d(deliil lime ended with me, I was turning; lhc leaves oi" my IJible, and llir; Lord broufjht to me 9o»no scripture which did a little "revive me, as (hat, Isa. fio: H, "For my Ihouuiils are not your thoui>;hts, n'/tlier ai'c my ways vour ways, sailh the Jiord." And also tjiat,— Ps;d. 'M : o, '''(\immit thv ways unto the Lord, trust also in him, and he shall bring it lo pass.""' About this time, tlioy cam*,' yelpinic from ILadley,* having there lulled three Englishmen, and brought one eaptive'with them, viz: Thomas Reed. Thc^v all gathered about the poor man, ;iskiiig hirn many questions. I (k sired also to go and sec him; and when r"^'amc he was cryijig bitterly, supposing they would quickly kill him. Where- Uj)on I asked one of them whether they intended to kill him; he an- swered me they would not. He being a little cheered with that, I asked hun about the wellixre of my husband ; lie told me he saw hirn swch a time in the bay, and ho was well, but very melancholy. By * In the beginning of April, a number of the inhabitants of Hadiey. havmg ventured out some distance from the guard, for tlie purpose of tillage, were attacked by the Indians, and three of them killed. MRS. HOWLANDSON's CAmviTY. 389 which I r-ortiiinly uiidorstood, thoiiirh I stisponfrd it hofcrc, that what- s.)r!y(!r thn Indiiiiis fold „,(; r<-s|.(>(;ting him wm vanity and lies. Som jftllCMl old me he was d.;ad, and thoy liad killed h was inarncd at',airi, and liiat the ^ovoriior wished him t im; somo said ht; U)ld him thaf Ik that I was dead. So li w;is a liar Irom (lie Ixjiriiiniiur. o marry, and ind that all persuaded him ke w«;re these harharoiis eniaturcs to him who slKiiild have his choice As I was sitliiiLf once in ih e wi'iwam here lie child 111 liiM- arms, and ask ed re Miak(; a (lap lor it. I told her I woiilil not; then my misl no; (he iiiuid (oM uv) if I would iiic a( 1 1 ear a niece ol] it. I (old her I wf)iild t(!ur h icii: ^wilh ihat iny misfri'ss ri.ies up, and takes up a, stick big ^^ynrk at m(! wilh it; hut I. stept oiit^. "iioiiLi'h lo liav( Killed me anil lid sill! struck tiie slick iiilo l| le iii;il (il the wicwai n. was piilliiiL;' it oiil hilt whi e she ran tn the maid ai id iravi er al mv .'I lint sloriii Weill o\i' apron, and llearinu' that mv son was come to (hi:. ;iiid told him (hat his liitln'r was well, I u;is as miicli u-rieved |i»r his liit, place went to see inn. nil' It ill;; speech, i;)r I (hoim-ht I had eiioiiirli iipf)ii mv )iit very melancholy. lie told ler iis (i)r himseir. | wondered 111 liivse ilu;v hein I, to mak(! me miiidic spirit, ill re|('r(!nc(.' mv hiishand and everv one else. -4- sale amoii!.- tli-'ir iViends. I |e f,,|,| m,; nlso, (hat a while icier.', his misler, lonvther with .illi^r Indians, were ^..ino- to the Kiwks met with them, and n.iile till! rest turn hack a"-ain; ''reach lor pow.l.'r; hut hy tin; wav the Mol kill.'d fear of tli"ir cnuinaiiv, which i (lir which I inii>lit have It ni'ev.'d to 1)1' in I tl.'sir.' IhaL iiivse and he mavey.'r hlcss (ho L!)ril ; lor )ivu worse wiih him hud he hci'U s.)|il to the ['"reiicli, tl 'lis remiiiniiii with tli.' In.liaii- it lan I w.'uf f.) SCO an I'lun-iish y.)utli in tlii-; place, one John (iilhert, of .S])nii'j,!ii'ld. I 11)1111(1 uskcil him how he di.l eatiiiif so niiudi hlood. They wilh him an luiliaii jian m lyiir.^ without doors ii|)oii the i^r.mnd 111- to ivilk'll,) hiiiis.'lf had iiothiuu- .)!! 1)11 ■(1 '■iioiiffli lo melt ;i. hoiirt III me Ik; was vmy sick of a llux with hail turned him out of the wigwam, and p.'ipuose, almost deail, (whoso par.ails had bt."eii man This siuht was 111 a bitter cold day, without lire or clothes; the voiiii' Ins sliiri, and waistco;it. ml till' viiiilh roiiiii li! lere they |;iy (|ui Verilli!; ill IIk; cold, k.; a dog, th,; pap.)os.' stretched .Hit, with his eves. n.isc, and mouth full .)f .lirt, ami v.'t alive and < ■loliii to go and gel to some lire; 111' lold uie roaning. 1 advised le could not stand, hut I persiiu.leil him still, lest he should lie there and die; uud with' much ado no I h liim to a lire, and went mvs.^lf I tome. As soon its I was leill !in.' with ', his master's danghler camo after mo to know what I had the I 'iiiuiisliiuan; l.'C I pi •That 1 t( )ld her had U'ot llilii to I 111'.! ill such xVow had I iKicd to pray Paul's prayer,— -» Thess. :J: 2 I'm- 1 wo mav he delivered from lor satistactioii I went alonf with 1 imreasonabk; and wicked men. but before I got home lor, and brought lier to Jiim: again it was noised about that I w as runnintr away, and getting the English youth along with me; that as«uoa us I' I M 340 BVFNTa IN INDIAW HrsTORT. I camo in, they began to rant and dominoor, askinj,' me whorf; 1 had been, and what ! had h(rn <]r,\ni/, and sayinu thev would knock mo on Iht; head. 1 told thetn I had heen st'einir the J']nt,dish yonih, am] that I would not run away. They fold me 1 lied, and <;efrnijr up ,i hatch(;t, they came lo luc and said they would kiiock'nu; down if I stirred out a>er, and if I i^i out I must he knocked on tht liead Tills distre.sscd condition held that day, and half the next, and then the Lord rememhend me, whose mercies ar(> ^L^reat. Then carm an (ndian to me with a pair of Htockinti's which were too hig lor him. and he would havf; me ravi.d them out and knit them tit liir him. | showed niy^jelf willinj.', and itid him ask my niistn-ss if [ mioht <.•,, .along with him .a lift!" v n\. She said ye.s, l"mi_d)f ; and I was'^m/ii little refreshi'd v.; li that news, that I had my liberty isi^^ain. 'I'licn | went along with him, and he gave me some roasted gronnd-imts. which did again revive my leehle stomach. lleing got out of her sight, I had time and libe-rtv again to look into my Bi!)le, which was n'lV guide by day and my |»ii'iiw at night. Now that cornlbrtahle scri|(tiin' presented itselt"to me, — Isa. .ir); 7, "For;i .«mall moment have; I Ibrsaken thee, but wi!li c, and nifiin others. Then my son ciuiu- to s(!c nie, and I asked iiis master to y. him .sf^ay a while with mo, that I might comb his lioaii Jind took ovui liim, for he was almost overcome with lice. Mc told nuj when 1 hud done that he was very hungry, but 1 had nothing lo relieve; him, imt hid jiim g(j into the wigwams as he went along, and see if he could get anything among them: which he did, audit seems tarried a littk too long, (;)r his master was angry M'itli liim, and b'at him, and thci! sold him. Then ho camo running to t(;ll me he had a new master. and that ho had given him some ground-nuts already. Then I went along with him to his new master, who told me he loved him, and In .-should not want. So his master carried him awav, and f never saw him atlerwards till I ^ww him at Piscata«|ua, in I'orrsmoiill!. That night tlu-y bid me go out of the wigwam again; my mistresriV papoi)stj was sick, and it died that night, and there was one hcnetit in it, thai there was more room. [ went to a wigwam, and ihev bid mr come in, ntul gave me a skin to lie npnn, find a mr'ss of venison iiiiu ground-nuts, which was a choice dish amou' them. On the rnornm they buried the papoose; and afterward, bnih morning and evenini;, there came a company to mourn ;nid howl with her; thouL'h 1 confess I could not much coiiilu'e with them. Many sorrowiid days I had in this place; often getting alone, '• Jiike a ciant^ ov a swallow, so did I chatter; I did mourn as a dove; mine eyes fail with looking upward. O Lord, I am oppressed, imdertake ihv me." — Isa. JH: 14. I could tell the Lord, as Ifezekiali, verse Ji, "Remember now, O Lord, i beseech thee, how I have walked before thee in truth.''' Now 1 had time t* examine all my ways. My conscience did not accuse me of •MRS. ROWLANDSon's rAPTIVITY. 341 .mrighteoMsnesstowanLs one or another; vet I .w how in mv walk with (.Tod I hud Ikhti ti ciirclpsH rrpiitn.-.. a. n 1 1 7 thco oiilv have I si„M,. ^'•'^' «u", and think how poopl... wer. .oi.,. ,0 t rh'uso of <.o.l to have thnr souls rr.r.vsh.d, .nd th.M, ho.n-'mul thei Sir also; but 1 was (l<'stitul<- of both, and iiiinhf smv -,« ti.. ' r , ■•','';:;"''' '-• ""o m ,;.n:'t,';;;-.',;;;,i£ ;'::;•;;;; :i;; '•ill, aii.l IK. ,„;iii -av(Miiit,. hi,,,.-— Luke lo- ifi i.- „. i ""- ""' .Uh...n.,.KaM.e.,,hav,.si......da,a^:;X Vo ..e I. I ,.,.>,„.„. KT how, oM (he „i,l,t, iHi.n. and ali^r th. Sab- "■ '. "l,,... M,y lauuly was about „„, ,,„,] ,.„|,„v,„,, and n. dbors .nt^.us,we eoud pray, and sin;., an.l ,v(n . h our bod e \^| U^ oood .. ..atures 01 ...d an, ,|,e„ have a <-on,li,r,ab|.. bed to li,' .w^ ; ' ' ' -usfad ol all th,s, I U:,l „„,,. ., ,;,„, ,,,.ii ^j.^ (ho holy Z ihon, like a swiiu', must he d„uu on i|„. „r,,.„Hi r ,..,„„' ^^ ' ' T nKmUK.s,a.,.ouMl.atlay.,poinnyspint;n.,/lli,!,r^^^^^^^^ ■..mlortablc sc-,.ipU,re w,.uld olteii con.e to luv n.ind-'' lA.r a Ual .u>ment have I iorsaken the., but with, ivat Oneirics will I ^X^ T/,r I^uirrnt/, ltnno,r.~^in^v naist we pack up and be.rono from ilus tluekel, bn.din. our eours. towards (ho baySowns;1 LyTn^ no lung to oat l.y ,h,. way this ,Iay we were taken. JSho ave n t ...a 1 pat ,. n, n,y p,,|at lb,, bones as well as the tl-sh an v.? f hon,l,t It very ,00,1. X\ I,,,, ni^ht como on mc sat dovu ' ,;^n ,1 t h.:v cpuekly .Of up a bark wi.uani, where I lay dry tl at^n^^' i onk,. out ... II.,. nionnny, an,! ...any of (b, u. ha.i kiii in he ^ia^ i :'i "..hi, I know by their reeking. Thus th |.,,d d,.rlt men'ilX -'^1' 'ne niai.y t.in.s, a..,l 1 lhre,l belter than m ...y of the, k (h . mora.ng they took the bloo.l of the deer and put it int 1 ' p,u .^ Mt tl . And y,.. ,|,ey were so mcv. n, .,tl„n- tl,in,s, (luit when I had etCcly er, and h:i,l put the dish I d.ppe.i tlK-'watcTwh i nfo tl p cttkM,M..er whieh I brought, they woi.ll say tl." ou ki "^k tl tiown, i„r they sn.d .t was a sluitish t.iek. " ""^ h^,f,irnl nf '""''' /^'"/^''r--^^ e went on our travel. I havino- cot a haidlulol oround-iiufs lor iny support that day, they -ave inc" mv ood, and I went on .:heerlu!ly, with the .bouuhtJ^f ,cJ.;o h^.^^^J^ mn, ,ny burll.en m3re upon my back than my spiritf \^^ aJJa(|> iiiip river .•iir.-un 1 h^t r1n„ r,r. u:„i_ _y .' , .. V'""^ ^'g 1 J ■•■ >'• my npiiii, vvo came river again that day, near which we alwde a (ew days. ■mm f'' i \ri f 1 1 1 '1 342 ■VHNTH IN INniAW IIWTORY.' Somotimcs one of thom would give tni; a pipe, anothrr a littlo tobacco, anntlicr ;i littlr «;ill, wliicli I would clianuc ll)r victuals. I riinnot hut think what a wollisli appetite persons have in a starving condition; tor many times, when they <;ave me tliat which was hot, \ was so greedy, that I should iiurn my mi>ntli, th.it it would trouble me mtuiv hours aOer, and yet I should aoajn. vVnd niler I was ihoroui^ldy huiiiiry, I was never ai^iiiu satistied; for thoii^'h i( sometimes (Ml out that 1 liad pot enoutdi, and did eat till I could rut no more, yet [ was as unsatistied us I was whin I lieuan. And now eould I see that scriplure verilieil, tlier(> hein^i; many s'-riptures tluit wo do not tako nolii'e ol' or iuidt;rstiuid till we are jilllieled, Mic, (); 11, — "Thou shalt eat and not he satislind.'" Now iiiii^ht I see inorr than ever hefon^ the miseriis that sin hrith hriiuj^ht n[)on us. iMnn\ times I should bo ready to run out nsiainst the henthen, hut that ;ieripture would (|ui(-t nie aL'.'iiu, Amos '•): (i, — "Shall there be evil in tlie eity, and tin; Lord hath not (lon(> it ?" The Lord help nm to make a right improvement oi'liis word, that I mitdit l< arn that "reat lesson. iVlie. (i : B, 0, — "lie hath showed thee, ( ) mnii, wliat is (>;ood ; ami vrhat liclh the Lord n<|iiire of tine, hut to do justly and lov(! mcicy. and wtilk lnmd)ly wilh thy (lod ' jli.'ar ye the rorl, and who hatli appointed it." The SU'tcrnlh Rcmon'. — We heuaii this rouose with wailing over liaqutmg river. The water \v;is up lo our knees, and the stream verv .swift, iuid so cold that I tlioti'.'ht it would Iiavi; cut me in sunder, ( was so weak and leeble that I reeled as 1 went alonjj;, and tli(ui»ht tlierc I must end my days at last, aller my heaving and geUinL' throuLdi so many dillieulties. The Indians slt)nd laui;hin;.'; to see me slaiifff rinu alonj:, but in my distress the J^ord oave nu! experience of tlie truth and L'oodness of that promise, fsa. 4:> : 'J, — "When thou passcth tlirough tlio water [ will be with lliee, and throuuh the rivers, thcv shall not overllow thee." Then 1 sat down to put on my stockings and shoes, with the Ifiars naming down my eyes, and mnny sorrowliii tljougliLs in my heart. IJut I got up to go along with them, liuickly there came to u^i an Inuian who iniormed them tlint [ must ^\o U- VVachuset to my master, liir there was a letter come frem the coiaicil to the sagamores about i-edeeming the captives, and that there would 1)0 another in liiurteen days, and that I. must bo there ready. My heart was so jieavy belore that I could scarce; speak or go in 'he pulli. and yet now so light tliat I could run. My strength seemed to como again, and to recruit my leeble knees and aching heart ; yet it pleased thciu to go l)ut one mile th;it night, and there we staid two days, hi that time camo a company of Indians to us, iK^ar thirty, all on horse- hack. My heart skipped within me, thinking they had been English- men, at the lirst sight of them; ti)r they were dressed in Liigllsh ajiparel, wilh hats, white neckcloths, and sashes about their waists. and ribbons upon their shoulders. !5ut when they came nrar tlicro was a vast diili:;rence between the lovely laces of Christians and thb ibul looks of those heathen, which much damped my spirits again. The Seventeenth Remove. — A comfortable remove it was to me. '4 MRS. ROWI,ANDaON's CAPTIVITr. 343 kcausc Of my hopos They jravc im my pu.-k.an.l ulonjr wo wont dioorfu ly Hut quickly my will proved .non- than n.v stron.th • hav.n,!,' htti,, „.• n„ rdroHhuvnt, my ..trcn.th fuil..!, au.l.my «niriu w..r.. ahnos. ,,u.K> ^.,,,0. Now may I say as Duvi.l, |>sal. 10!) • 22 •..),^4,--»i am poor an.l iic.ly, un.l „.y h.-art is wouu.lcl sviihiii me [ aiii iroM(. Uh' a shadow when it dcdin.ith. i am tossod uo nnddowM hk- th- lorust. My k„,.es ur. woak through IhstinV, ., ,] my f osh la,l..,h ol (aU.nss " At ni^ht wo nun. to au ludiauCl in.i ho Imliaiis sit d .wu hy a wi:j;wain disfoursin-, hut I was ahr»«st sprat and .-ould srarco sp.ak. I laid .1 -wu mv Joad at.d wont int., thr wiuwaiu, and thoro sat an Indian Inilin- oChorso.C.ot, tlu'V hnin-. wont to oat th- (|..sh lirst ; and wh-n tho ll-ot woro old an.l d.'iod, und tlioy had no-Inn- olso, thoy would rut oil' tho H'ot and ns.. th.'m' I |isk.,d him to ^,vo mo a liltio of his hn.ih, or wafer thoy woro hoilin.. It in. 1 1- too.< a dish an.l -rav.! im um spooniid oCsanSp, ami hid mo Uko as nm.h of tho hroth as I woul.l. Th-n I put son',' of tho l7ot wntor to tho Hamp, an.l drank it up, an.l my spirits can... uoain. He pivo tno als., a p,oco ol th., rn(i:>, or riddi.,.- of tho .mall -mts, and f Imii.'d It on tho coals; and now I may say with Jonathm. ''soc [ |.vay you, how mino oyos aro .«nligh' )lh soul and hjdy The E,i>-httrnih /emmv.— Wo took up our pa.dvs, and alon- wc wau; hut a woarisom. d;,y t ha.l ol" it. As we went alon-s I ''saw an iMi-hshman stripp(,.d nak(;d and lyin- dead upon tho .rromid but knew not who ho wa,s. Then wo con., t., another In.lian town, where ^vestaul all nrrht. _ In this town there were Un- Eiitrhsh children ■•Mp.ives, and oi,o ol them my own sist.n-'s. I went to see how she (lid, and she was well, eonsidorin;.- her captive cjndition. I would iKivo tarrici t„at ni^ht will, her, but th.^y that owned hor would not sutler It. I hen I w.a.t to another wi-^wam, where thr.y wore boilin- corn and beans, whi.-h was a lovely sight to see, hut.Jcoul.l not r^ct ^i taste there„l. 1 ho,, [ went into another wigwam, whore thcro mn: tw.) ol tho l-:u^lish ..■hil.lren. Th., srp.aw was boilin- horses' toet feho cut mo olf u little piece, an.l gavo one of the^En-rlish ':lnl.I>-eu a p.eee a so. I^nng ye,y huun;,y, I ha.l .p.ickly oaT up m!.|.,; but the cluld could not bite it, it was so t,>u,h an.l sinewy ami lay suckm-, g.mwinn;, and slabbia-in- of it in' the n,outh aiid I'^UKl; then I took ,t ol tho child, and cat it myself, an.l savory it was to my taste; that I may suy as Job, chap. fJ: 7,— "The thim-s that my sold rolusoth to touch are as ii,y sorrowful meat." Thus the bor.l nia.lo that pl.'asaut and refreshinjr which another tinn^ would have be<:ii an abomination. Then I went hr.ino to mv mistress's wigwam and thoy tol.l ,no [ disg,-ac«l ,r,y master by beg-rintr, and if l^lid so any nio,'o th( well, l)Ut iwntid of ;it tho sani'^ breath llu^v would sav tb.f r . ? , . ''''"' ''•^■'''" ,,«, not k,„,„,„,.Mvl„-,l „,i,|„ i;,||,„,. ,;„. „,„„-^„^, l„| ,„„„lr« ynt.n i tamo I saf, rjowii amoiif f lom as I wiy v,/,mf ♦ i ;:':.3'c.;:; ^t^"i"t •^'^-;-"^ ''''^-'^'^y-- :.. a great sfraiL I thought if 1 should spei of t a it iH would bo sl^htnl and hin.ler the matter; if if a .,;ar s m W "ot whore ,t would bo procured; yet at a venture f ^aid Ur ? v poim s yet dos.rod then, to take IcL ; but they would mt 1^ J i^;:..,^r;\r„:;,^'::,KL,:';;!:'::;,,:';;-^^^ ^- ,--' IhMv was a tamaie ni Samaria, and h.hold the^ besieged U "I' an asss head was sold Ihr ioursenre pieces of sL'r and tie ">'"■"' I'arf oi n kab of dove's dung tin- live nie,-,>s of si ; " ;:r t at m a i-'^^' ^"'r ';'■""?'"•''"'" ^'--i^i-t^lt •;';:; ,a.wii t'> cat that n a aniuie whieh it is not at anolh.M' timn. - \nrl now'' ^^ws he, "he wd eat horse with anv Indi.n of tlu-n, all " IV "T;. another praying Indian,* who, wh.n he ha.l done all tl ;mi:l^ i^ hv ho co,dd, ben-ayed his own Ihfl.r intcHhe English's Ss'^^iv Mt, tho ULdi, a. he rlesra-ved, he was afterwards hanged lor if. Ther; w another prayn,g Indian, when they went to Sialbury i-d,, w m wi ">'m,and h.s sr,uaw also with him, with her papoose at 1 wi;wa\v. 1 he nrumcr was as followeth. ' ° around hirin'T '^'' ^TY 'T^ '' ^'"^''■^'""' ^'"^ t'^- -o'»P-nv around him m a nng, who k-aeoled, striking upon the ground with * Peter Jethro. ir.|i e 1 1* i i i 1 pi M^l H 1 '-■^^H ^H M| PR' __^| a^^fl iM Ih ie home wilh as great a viciory; i(>r tlie\ said they killed two captains and almost an luuidred men. One Englishman dioy brought alive with them, and he said il was too true, |i»r they had made stul work at Sudbury; as indeed it proved, 'let they canii home without that rejoicing and trinm[)hiiig over their victory which they wore wonl to show at other times: but rather like (hgs, as lh<'\ say, whifdi havi' lost their ears. N et 1 could not pra-ceive thai i; v\a.- for their own loss ol' men; I hey said they lost not above liv<' or t,i.\; anti 1 missed none, except iu one wigwam. ' When they went they acted as if tlie devil had tidd them tlia.t they should gain the victory, and now they acted as if (he devil told tlieiti lliey should have a liill. Wliethcv it were so or no, 1 cannot tell, but so il [jriived : lor they quicklv JM'gan to fall, ami s(* held on that siman"r, till tin }■ came to utter ruin. They came home on a Sabbath day, and the pa-.vaw tim! kneeled u|ioh the deer-sk.in vmur Imnr', I may say without any abuse, as black as the (knil. When my master came home he came to iw and bid me make a siiiil I'or his papoose, (d'a i hdland-lac(-d |ii!lo\vlKrr. Alxiut that time theie came an Indian to me. and bid me come li- his wigwam at inght, and lie would give me some pork (Uid ground- nuts, which 1 did; and as I was eating, anoth(;r Indian said to m'\ " He seems to be your good friend, but he killed two I'higlishnien • ' Sudbury, and there lit; tin; clothes behiml you." 1 looked behind me. * Sudbury was attacked on the i]lst of April. MRS. ROWLANDSON's CAPTIVITY. 347 and there I saw bloody clothes, with bullet-holes in them • vet th. LiOrd sufForcd not th s wretch to fin mo nr,.. u * mem, yet the he many ,i„« .-ofehal e: Vivo „" ,i° Lrjiil'''^ u' "' """• refresh mv feeble caren.ss Ir I ,Z, Z I ' '' '"" "I™"' ,i,ey would „,w„y» give mo iLl:s:^'j^-;^z:z:^ ^i^' that .1 never s.-iw heihre Ann(lw>,. ., -^ '^" -^ ^^^'^-^'i^ngers H, a„„ „ ,:,„„ .„i;^i„;t:!:,i szn:: iwi,;;.';^,:^^']:': and 1 cannot hut remcmbor what a sweef nlnJ. f ' , , '^> '! ' .e capt,ves, which made ,no gricne and trenible. My ter heme not far from (his place, and hearincr that 1 wis he / i^ ° masler to let her co.ne and see rn^a . 1 he ' ' '""^ ^'^^ my hearl was ,so heavy .!„„ i, „„, ,,,,,„k, ,„ (...^ii^'""; ' '"^J"' Wnr ., J„m and Felor, w,,l, tho .l,ir,l Irtler li-om ,ho oounoil. Wh ;,, ley came near, I was abroad. Tlioy. nrosentlv ,-,llnd ,„, ■ W mo si. down and„o. stir. Then .lioy' S:S [ ; "r^"; :,■; t he m Jor'^'ltfu, '°T.f' 1 "■',""""• "'"' "*«' '^'■"' »h" n- iHL matter, 1 toid them f thoixj; ht thev had killpfl th» t?.,„i- u .«, (for, hoy had in :l,e moan ,imo loldC ,ha' a' tg^^&nt |5 ir.)rr w^, n !■: I ' ! ! iUM lUi 348 EVENTS IN INDIAN HISTORY. was come ;) they said no ; they shot over his horse, and under, and before liis liorse, and they puslied him this way and that way, at their pleasure, showing him what they could do. Tlien tliey i(;t him come to their wigwams. I begged ol'them to let me see the J'^nglishinan, but they would not; but \hvw was 1 fain to sit tluir pleasure. When they had lalk(.'d their lill wilh Iiini, tlicy sutlered iiu; to go to him. We asked each other of our welliire, and how my husband did, juid all my friends, lie told me they wei'e ail wi'li, and would be glad to se(j me. Among other ihiiigs which my husband sent me, there canKJ a pound of tobiicco, which I s )ld liir nine shillings in money; tor many of them, for want of toba- co, smoked heinloik and ground- ivy. It was a great mistake in a-,y wh.o thought ' sent lor tobacco. tor through the tavor of (lod lt:.it tlrsire was overcome. I now askrd them whether I should go home wilh Mr. Hoar. They answered no, one and another of them, and it being late, we lay down with that answer. In the morning Mr. lioar invited tiie sagamores todumer: but Vvhen \\e wen* to get it ready, we lliund they had stolen the greatest part ol' ilie provisions Mr. Hoar liad brought. And wt: may see the wonderful power of Clod, in that one passage, in that when there was >ucb a nundjer of them together, and so greedy of n little good find, and no l',ngli,-r.h there but Mr. Hoar and )nyself, tlm; there th<'v did not knock us on the; head and take; what we had; then being not only some provision, but also trading cloth, a part of the twcntv pour's agreed ui)on. ]5ut instead ol' doing us any mischief, they seemed to be ashamed of the iiiet, and said it was the matchit* [nd'ians that did it. Oh that we could believe that there was nothing- too hard lijr (iod. (led showed bis power over the heathen in this, as be (lid over flui bungi'v lions when Daniel was cast into the den. Mr. Hoar called tiiem belime to diimer. but they ate but little, they f^M'ing so busv in diessinti themselves and gylting ready li)r their dance ■ which was carried on by eight of them, fiur nun and liiur squaws, my master and mistress being two. He was dressed in bis Holland shirt, with ure'at stockings, bis garters hunu' round with shillings, aiid had "irdles of Wi.mpum upon his bead and shoulders. She had a kersey coat, eoveicd with girdles ol' wampum from the loins upward. Her arms [\<>n\ her (dbows to her hands were covered with bracelets: there were bandfuls of necklaces about her neck, and several sorts of jewels in her ears, ^^he bad line red stockings, and white shoes, her hair powdered, and her face jiainted red, that was always befori black. And all th'; dancers were; after the sanie manner. There were two others singing and knocking on a kettk' liir their music. They kept hopping uj) and down one after another, with a kettle of wat(3r in the midst, standing warm upon some embers, to drink of w lien they were dry. Thev held on till almost nii:ht, fia. 1 told them I could not tell. "■ It may be they will come in May," said they. Thus tlu^ did scofl'at us, as if the English would be a .ji;;ir,K,st how many towns they had -Icstj-oyed, and (hen scoir,u,d say th<.v had ikmr th.-u, a, -ood turn ,o send them to J,eave,i so soon. Again tl.ey would say tliis summer they would knock all the rogu.-s on the head, or .Irive^them hito th<- sua or make th.iin /ly (he n.untry ; thinking .sui'oh-, A..a..-.likc "The intterness ol death is passests iA' othcs to put up unto (Jod Ibv me. In m\ travels an Indian cam.- to ,ne, and told me if I wc^re willind in our minds, uv' thou^^ht we would ride eastward, to see iT we could hear any thing con. '^raing our children. As we were ridinw along between Ipswich and i, vley, we met with William Hubbard'l who told^us our son Joseph an iiy sister's son were come into Major VValdren's. 1 asked him lio-v . kntnv it. Me said the mnjor hin)seir told him so. So along wo went ill we came to Newbury; and their minister bf-in,' absent, they desire 1 my husband to preach the thanks* giving lor th. m; but he was not willing to stay there that ni^ht, but he would go over to Salisbury, to hc;.Marther,and come again in the morning, wh.ch lie did, and preui-hed there that day. At night, when h.; had done, or;e camo and told lii'Ti Miat his daughter was come into Providence. Here was mercy on lv)tii hnnds. Now w- were between them, the on« on the east, and tl.- other on the west. Our son being nearest, we went to him first, to i\)rtMnoutli, where we met with him» and with the major also; who told us he had done what he could, but could net redcen-i him under seven pounds, which the good people, thereabouts uxre Jeased to pay. Tl;e Lord reward the major, antj all the reyt, thoj ,h unknown to me, for their labor of love. My Pister's son was redeemed for four rjounds, which the oouncil -ave order for the ])aymeiit of. Having n^nv received one of our children, we hastened toward :he other. Coinir bnck throu"h Newbury, my husband i)j-eachcd there on the S:-bbath day, for whicli they rewarded him miinilbld. ^On .Alonday wo came to Charle.stown, where we heard that the (iwernor of Rhode Island had :senl over for ni lay down, having nothing over them but the heavens, nor under th-ui but the earth. Thus she travelled three days toge her, having nothing to eat or driak but water and 30* 1 f 1 1 JH^HJ >» 1 { ^^^^^B HHH fik i 1 ^^^^^^^m TV m I^^^^^^^H Ti ' i .!54 VENTS IN INDIAN UIBTOaT. green hirllcberrica. At last thoy cumc into Trovidcnoe, where she W113 kindly cntortainod hy scvrnil of flint town. The Indians of>pn jaid that I sUouM never have her under twenty jiounds, but now the Ijord hiith broiiglit licr in upon free cost, and ji-. 'n her > me th»" second time. The Lord make us a blesHing iudnd toeachoth«r. Thus hath tlic Lord brought me and mine out of the horrible pit, and hath set us in the midst of tender-hearted and eompassionuto Chris- tians. 'Tis the desire of my soul that we may walk worthy oi the morcies receivi-d and which we are receivin<];. Our family b(>ing now gathered tog(!thor, the iSonth ehureh in Hoston hired a house for us. 'I'hen we removi^d from Mr. Shepard's (those cordial friends) and went to Hoslon, wher(> we continued about thrw' quarters of a year. Still the Lord went I'long with us, and provided graciously for us. I thought it somcnvliat strange to set up house- Keeping with l)are walls, but, as SolonK^n says, "money answers ali tilings;" and this w(! had through the Ixnevolenee of Christian friends, some in (his town, and some in that, and others, and seme from I'aigland, that in a little time \ • might look and sec the house fur- nished with love. The liord hath Ikmmi exceeding good to u> i our low estate, in that when wv. had neither house nor home, noi >ther n(H::essaries, tlic Lord so moved the hearts of these and those towards us, that we wanted neither food nor raiment for ourselves or ours. Prov. 18: 21, "There is a friend that sticketh closer than n b'other." And how many such friends have we found, and now living amontr us ! And truly li.-.vo we f -und h'nn to be such a friend unto us in who«; house we lived, viz : James W'iiitcomb — a friend near hand and far off. I can reinemb<-'r the 'ifne when T used to slec^p euietly, without working in my thoughts, whole nights topether; but now it is other- wise with me. When all are ff»st about me, and no t \e open, but His who ever awaketh, my thoughts are upon things p;ist, upon the awful dispensations of the Lord towards us, upon his W(>nderful power and might in carrying of us through so many difficulties, in returning us in safety, and suffering none to liint us. I remember in the night season how the other day I was in the midst of thousands of (nernics, and nothing but death Ijefore me. If was then hard work to persuade mys<;lf tbal v.vcr I should 1)0 satisfied with !ir(-ad again. Ihit now we are fed with the finest of the wheat, and, as I may say, with "honev out of the rock." Inste:id of the "husks" we have "the " fat calf.*' The thoughts of these ;liings in the particulars of them, and of the love and goodness of God towards us, )nake it trueof me, what David said of himself, — Psal. (>; G, " I water my couch with my tears." the wonderful power of God that mine (yes have seen, affording matter enough for my thouglit.s to run in, that when others art- sleeping miric eyes are weeping. I hare seen the extrcn,(; vanity of this world. One hour I have been in health, and wealth, wanting nothing, but the next hour in sickness, and wounds, and death, having nothing bi't sorrow and afHiction. Before I knew what afliiction meant I was ready sometimes UTOCKWELt'a CAPTIVITY. 3^5 to vwsh for it. When 1 lived in prosperitv, having the comforta of hmword about me, my relations by mo, n'.ul my heart cheerful, and akm|. httic care for any tbin-r, and yet seein/mnny whom n " - terrocJ teforo myself under many trials and aflUctions, in IknL weakness, poverty, lo.sc«. crossed, and eares of the world sh3 be sometnnos j.alou.s le.t I should have my port..., in thin life. But now I see the Lord b, 1 his time to scour-e and chasten me. The , stonishment, l,|. -swrepm- rain that ieavclb no food," did the Lord prepare 40 I, .,.y portion. Affliction I wanted, and affliction I had, lull measure, pressed down and runnintr over. Yet I • • e when < .od calls persons to nev(M- so many dilheulties, yet he is able o carry J.r;m th-- noh, and make ib-m say they have been p/.iners thereby; and nojK) I ,n sny, 1,1 some measure, as Di. vid, " It is frood (or me that I have l.en alH.-ted." The Lord hn.h show'ed .no the vanityTf thl of lirt" H '^- L'"' ^'^r^''" '^' "vanities ofvanilies and vexation ot sp.rjt, that they are but u shadow, a blast, a bubble, and things of m, Conlinuanee. If trouble IVom smaller matter be-in to rise Tn me, I have somethin,.; at hand to check mvself witb and say, .'Why am roubled?" ft ^ , but the other day that if 1 bad the world I would have gwen it lor n.y free.lon., or to have lx=en a servant to a t hristian. I have learned to look l^yond present and smaller troubles, and to be quieted under them, as Moses said,-l':xod. 14: 13, "Stand >itjli and sue the salvation of the Lord." (•nAPrb:R mil AT DKKKFIKI.D, IIV >1 ASS ACaitVSKTI S BY \ ■ AKTV OP INI a^ hi the year 1077, .Sepfomber the lOth, between sunset and dark the Indians earn- upon us. I and another man beinjr tocrether we ran away at tl.e uulery the Indian, made, shouting and sdjootincr at soine othe.-s ol the llnglisb that we,-c hard by. We took a swamp that was at baud lor our rc.'uue; the enemy espvinir us so near them run alter us, and shot many guns at us; thive guns were diseharcred upon me, the enemy beincr wjthin three rods of nu', besides mmv otlier.s belore il.af. 15ein^- in this swamp, which was miry, I slumped in and fell down, wheiT,u[.on one of the enemy stepped to me, with his hatchet ifted up to knock mo on the hc^nd, supposing that I had been wounded, and so unfit for any other travel. I, as it happened, had a pistol by me, which, thounb .uiehar-cd, I pirsented to the Indian, who presently stepped back, and told me if I would yield I should have no hurt; be said, which was not ti^ue, that they had destroyed all flat- held, and that the wor,ds were full of Indians, whereupon I yielded myself, and falling into their hands, was by ihrge of them led awav inl' i^ 1 WK \-i^x- h mlamif Mmf?' 'Kl^ igh h IMAGE EVALUATEON TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I 1.25 136 |3^ ^ m m m 12.2 1.4 2.0 1.8 1.6 ''c^' c>:' 4 Photographic Sciences Corporation \ ^ O '^ ,v <^ O^ 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. I4S80 (716) 87!2-45C3 ?n? <> ^ \ o V <> 956 BVENT8 IN INDIAN UI8TOBY. unto the place whence first I began to make my flight. Here two otaer Indians came running to us, and the one lifting up the butt end of his gun to knock me on the head, the other with his hand put by the blow, and said I was his friend. I was now by my own house, which the Indians burnt the last year, and 1 was about to build it up again ; and there I had some hopes to escape from them. There was a horse just by, which they bid me take. I did so, but made no attempt to escape thereby, because the beast was slow and dull. Then was I in hopes they would send me to take my own horses, which they did ; but they were so frightened that I could not come near to them, and so loll still into the enemy's hands. The/ now took and bound me and led me away, and soon was 1 brought into the company of other captives, who were that day brought away from Hatfield, who were about a mile off; and l^ere methought was maiter of joy and sorrow both: joy to see company, and sorrow for our condition. Then were we pinioned and led away in the night over the moun- tains, in dark and hideous ways, about four miles further, before we took up our place for rest, which was in a dismal place of wood, on the east side of that mountain. We were'kept bound all that night. The Indians kept waking, and we had little mind to sleep in This night's travel. The Indians dispersed, and as they went made strange noises, as of wolves and owls, and other wild beasts, to the end that they might not lose one another, and if followed they might not be discovered by the English. About the break of day we marched again, and got ever that great river at Pecomptuck (Deerfield) river m^outh, and there rested about two hours. Here the Indians marked out upon trees the number of iheir captives and slain, as their manner is. Now was I again in great danger, a quarrel having arose about me, whose captive I was, for three took me. I thought I must be killed to end the controversy; so when they put it to me whose I was, I said three Indians took me; so they agreed to have all a share in me. I had now three masters, and he was my chief master who laid hands on me first; and ihu^ was 1 fallen into the hands of the worst of all the company, as Ash- palon, the Indian captain, told me; which captain was all along very kind to me, and a great comfort to the E'-nglish. In this place they gave us some victuals, which they had brought from the English. This morning also they sent ton men forth to the town (of Deerfield) to bring away what they could find. Some provision, some corn out of the meadow,, they brought to us ou horse.s, which they had there taken. From hence we went up about the falls, where we crossed that river again; and whilst I was going, 1 fell right down lame of my ohl wounds, which I had in the war; and whilst I was thinking I sliouM therefore be killed by the Indians, and what death I should die, my pain was suddenly gone, and I was much encouraged again. We had about eleven horses in that company, which the Indiatis used to con- vey burthens, and to carry women. It was afternoon when we now crossed that river. We travelled up it till night, and then took \i\t our lodgii en our ba They told That time manner of were stake stir noway slept as a and crosse Our provis Indiana we Then the I into many , At night, hf The next di our quarter miles above fear of the : built a lono- eluded to bu understood Plimpton an knew not wl thereunto; s could not sle with the dam wore all loos fire, and ma any of the E removed out i me, I put all were to be b evil wasprei together. H( said it should way. I told 1 whereupon on^ rose up in ang hubbub, and t1 humble mysell came to this pi with another Ii with this India hatchet, and h< and run away; that much to would provoke away. Whilst we w STocKWBtt'g oAPTivrrr. 357 They told me' their law w^thi TsLllTh.^ "'• '"^ T"^ "'8^^^- that time it was thought we shouTd t J . r'*" "T "'S^^^' ^""^ ^y manner of staking down was thus om- « ""l^'', '^"^^'^^ge. The were staked fast down ".rd a rZ'.T.' ^"f ^^S"' ^''"^^'^^^d out, stir noways. The ^^t ni^ht nf t«l T """t"' ^° '^^' ^« ««"W slept as comfortable a ett The Tef t dT' ^'"^ "'"^^ *'^^'^' ^ and crossed it, and at niohU«v in ^ lu ^ T ""^"^ "P *he river. Our provision was soon snen^nnH'l"?^'''T (^^'''hfield) meadows Indians went a-hundn" and the Fn"r T ^"^ '" ''^^^^ '"^^'^°^« ^^e Then the Indians move^d a "ain divfd^f'^S 'T '^""'"^ ""^ ^"^^ "«• into many companies th^^r.' Fn 1 T ''^T'"''^^' ^"'^ ^^e captives At night, havinrc^ssed the vo. ^ *" .'"'=''•' ""' ^°"°^ ^heir tracks. The ,Wt day we crossed' u on Snn 'iT '='f "' '^'^ P'«^^ ^PP^^nted. our quarters for a lonrtLlT^"^^'^'^^.'.'^"' '^"^ ^^ere we took up -iles above Squakfrc'S here K? th'"l '^l'"'* "^^ "'""^ ^^'^^' fearof theEnJlish, bSt' in,!::t%::ro\VtZT^ 1^" built a bno- w ffwam nnH hnS „ , /j ^wonawKs. Here they eluded to b^,rn1hree'of us and S ^l"V' ^5^>^^^" •^' ""^^ <^o^- understood afterwards I w^" n^ ,f ^^'^ '•" ^° *' ^^''^^ «"d, as I Plimpton ar..h:r:nd' L^^in W^,^^^, I'^^.h" r^TrTJ knew not wh ch wa<5 to lv> K-.-^f ' ^s *^iie me third. 1 hough I thereunto,, so IT rulTde'r 'd '^ IS^ZtlT Th^'^^Tl could not sleep for fear of next dayWork- thfZf' u^^ "'^'^^ ^ with the dance, lay down to sleepTLT Lt toS"''Tri>T? were all oose; then I went nm nn 1 1 V^ sounaly. The English fire, and made a n" isc orT nloso ^1^°''' '" '''"^' ^''^ "^^"^^^ the anyof the English wourda^air^etlrdllT'^'-n V'""^'^^ '^ n^moved out of the way all the uns and £h^ ^T ""^ f '^^'"g- ^ me, I put all things where theyCil alfn ^t' ^"' ""J ^'^'^ ^^'""^ were to be burnt our r^^lt2 IT ° V ^^^ "^'''' ^^-V' ^^en we evil was , prevented Tn thfs nhce T' 'k'^' ^P'^'^' ^'' "^' ^"^ ^^e together. Here I had TJl^7' "^^'^^^^^^^ ^'^ lay three weeks humble myself to mv mast . «n^ h^ ""' ^^°"' ""^- ^ ^«« ^«i^ ^ s:£t^iS---r-- --- ■ -- »ill> •h« India" w ;1 1 sM Tr,^"'"*?"" " ""'"=''• 1 W"» left WluU. we we.e here, Be„ja™„ S.ebbin,, „„(„, ^,^ ,„„^ ,„j,„„^ 358 EVENTS IN INDIAN H3ST011Y. to Wachuset Hills, made his escape from them, and when the news of his escape came we wore all presently called in and bound; one of the fndians, a captain among them, and always our great friend, met me commg in, and told me Stebbins was run away, and the Indians spake of burning us; some, of only burning and biting off our fingers, by and by. He said there would be a court, and all would speak their mmds, but ho would speak last, and would say, that the Indian who left Stebbins run away was only in fault, and so no hurt should be done us, and added, " fear not;" so it proved accordingly. Whil&t we hngered here about, provision grew scarce-; one bear's foot must serve five of us a whole day. We began to eat horse-fiesh, and eat up seven in all ; three were left alive, and not killed. After we had been here, some of the Indians had been down, and fallen upon Hadley, and were taken by the English, agreed with and let go again. They were to meet the English upon such a plain, there to make lurther terms. Ashpalon was much for it, but the Wachuset sachems, when they came, were much against it, and were for this : that we should meet the English, indeed, but there fall upon them and fioht them, and take them. Then Ashpalon spake to us English, not°to speak a word more to further that matter, for mischief would come of It. When those Indians came from Wachuset there came with them squaws and children, about four-score, who reported that the English had taken Uncas, and all his men, and sent them beyond seas. They were much enraged at this, and asked us if it were true; we said no. Then was Ashpalon angry, and said he would no more believe Englishmen. They examined us every one apart, and then they dealt worse with us for a season than before. Still provision was scarce. We came at length to a place called Squaw-Maug river; there we hoped for salmon, but we came too late. This°place I account to be above two hundred miles above Deerfield. We now parted into two companies; some went one way, and some went another way; and we went over a mighty mountain, it taking us eight days to go over it, and travelled very hard too, having every day either snow or rain. We noted that on this mountain°all the water run northward. Here also we wanted provision; but at length we met again on the other side of the mountain, viz: on the north side, at a river that runs into the lake; and we were then half a day's Journey off" the lake. We staid here a great while, to make canoes to go over the lake. Here I was frozen, and asain we were like to starve. All the Indians went a hunting, but could get nothing : divers davs they pawawed, and yet got nothing; then they desired the English to pray, and confessed they could do nothing. Th( y would have us pray, and see what the Englishman's God could do. I prayed, so did serjeant I Iimpton,in another place. The Indians reverently attended, morning and night. Next day they got bears ; then they would needs havens desire a blessing, and return thanks at meals ; after a while they grew weary of it, and the sachem did forbid us. When I was frozen, they were very cruel towards me, because I could not do as at other times. ■n mm STOOKWELt's OAITIVITY. 359 When w« camo to the lake we were again sadly put to it for provision VVe were fam to eat touchwood fried in bear's grease. At ?ast w^ found a company of raccoons, and then we made a feasf; and the manner was that we must eat all. I perceived there would be oo much for one time, so one Indian who sat next to „,o bid me shp away some to ium under his coat, and he ^vould hide it for ^MiS another time. This Indian, as soon as he had got my meat, stood up and made a speech to th. rest, and discovere^d me- so tha Uie Indians were very angry and cut ... another piece, and gave me raccoon grease to dnnk, which made me sick and vomit. I told !hem el'lThfl' ^'« ^^«r «ft«V'''^^j'"'y --'W give me none, but stS tell me had raccoon enough. So I sufTin-cd much, and being frozen was full of pum, and could sleep but little, yet must do my work' When they went upon the lake, ar,d as ihcy came to it, they^it on a moose and killed it, and staid there till they had eaten it all np After entering upon the lake, there arose a great stoi ■ and wp thought we should all be cast awny, but at last we got to an "and W i e anVa^oZ"' '' ^"""""^^- ''\ "^^^^^^ -'^ ^^at Beil amm' cLt them a^! Th'" T '""i'"^' """^ ^^'"^ "" ^'«™ ''^' '^^^^^ to cast them away. Ihis afterward ap,)eared to be true, though then I l>eheved them not. [Jpon this island we lay still several days and then set out agam but a storm anA us, so that we lay to and to upon certain islands about three weeks. We hod no provisS bS raccoons, so that the Indians themselves tho„,l.t they should te starved. They gave me nothing, so that I was sundry days ^khoS ny provision. We went on upou the lake, upon that^ isle, aC t ^ days journey. We had a little sled upon which we drew our load! Before noon, I tired, and just then the Indians met with some Frenchmen; then one of the Indians that took me came to me and mp T K k/'." ^ ''""''^'l "^' ''" ^'"y '"•^'•^; 'hen he said he must kiU me. I though he was about to do it, lor he pulled out his knife ad cut out my pockets, and wrapped thom about my face, helped me up and took my sled and went away, ^, ^ ■ • " • ' ' P' a walnut, which he had of the Fren me a pipe of tobacco. When my him, but at last I could not run, bu' were soon out of sight. I followed falls upon the ice. At last, I was so spent, I had n. . but I crept to a tree that lay aloiur, ■■. It was now night, and very sharp . that I must die here. Whilst i ». hallooed, and I answered him ; I , names, and told me if [ could m I told him he must then do so; ■ • snow, but could not rise ; then h Uk and went back and sent two Indi knock me on tlie head; the otiier :• , 'iig me a bit of biscuit, as big as lien, and told me he would "ive d was gone, I could run after "K a foot-pace. The Indians well as I could, and had many ■•(reugth enough to rise again, 'i.l got upon it, and there I Ity. ''Iit'r; 1 counted no oth'jr but .- ihiuking of :.eath, an Indian "ne to me, and called me bad '■ must knock me on the head. aw how I had wallowed in the •■'• liis coat and wrapt me in it, H .-led. One said he must t 'loy would carry me away m4 vas hero, which was three or four days, the French came to see me; and it Ik ,„g Christmas time, they brought cakes and other provisions with thorn and gave to me, so that I had no want. The Indians tried to cure me, but could not. Then I asked for the chn-urgeon, at which Olio of the Indians in anger struck me on the face with his hst A Fren'-hman being by, spoke to him, but I knew not what he said, and then went his way. By and by came the captain of the olace inio tho wigwam, with about twelve armed men ant asked where the Indian was that struck the Fnglishman. They took him and told him he should go to the bilboes, and then be hanged. I he Indians were much terrified at this, as appeared by their coun- ciiances and h-embling. I would have gone too, but the Frenchman bid me not fear; that the Indians durst not hurt mo. Wlien tlie Indian was gone, I had two masters still. I aslccd them to carry mo to that captain, that J might speak for the Indian. They answered " Vou are a fool. Do you think the; French are like the' En<.|ish to say one thing and do another >. They are men of their woixls."' I prevailed with them, however, to help" me thither, and I spoke to the captain by an interpreter, and told him I desired him to set the Indian .roe, and told him what he had done for me. He told me he was a rogue, and should be hanged. Then I spoke more privately, alleain" this reason, that because all the English captixes were not come in if' iio wore hanged, it might fare the worse with them. The captain said " that was to be considered." Then he set him at liberty upon this condition, that he should never strike me more, and every day bring me to his house to eat victuals. I perceived that the common people did not like what the Indians had done and did to the English When the Indian was set free, he came to me, and took me about the middle, and said I was his brother; that I had saved his life once and he had saved mine thrice. Then he called for brandy and made me drink, and had me away to the wigwams again. When I came there, the Indians came to me one by one, to shake hands with me, saying Wurregen Netop, (Friend, it is well,) and were very kind, thinkmg no other but that I had saved the Indian's life. 31 i 362 EVENTS llf INDIAN HISTORY. The next day he carried me to that captain's house, and set me down. They gave me my victuals and wine, and being left there a while by the Indians, I showed the captain my fingers, which when he and his wife saw they ran away from the sight, and bid me lap it up again, and sent for the chirurgeon ; who, when he came, said he could cure mo, and took it in hand, and dressed it. The Indians towards night came for me ; 1 told them 1 could not go with thorn. They were displeased, called me rogue, and went away. That night I was full of pain; the French feared I would die; five men did watch with me, and strove to keep me cheevly, for I was sometimes ready to faint. Oftentimes they gave me a little brandy. The next dav tho chirurgeon came again, and dressed me; and so he did all the while I was among the French. 1 came in at Christinas, and went thence May 2d. Being thus in the captain's house, I was kept there till Benjamin Waite came ; and now my Indian master, being in want of nioney, pawned me to the captain for Iburtecn beavers' skins, or the worth ot them, at such a day ; if he did not pay ho must lose his pawn, oi- else sell me for twenty-one beavers; but he could not get beaver, and so I was sold. By being thus sold, adds Dr. Mather, he was in God's good time set at liberty, and returned to his friends in New Entrland again. '^ CHAPTER XIV. OP TIIR CAPTIVITY AND SUFFF.RINOS OF MISS SARAH GEIIISH WHO IVAM TAKEN AT THE SACKING OF DOVER, IN THE YEAR 1089 B^Y THE INUUN^^^ AS COMMUNICATED TO THE REVEREND DR. COTTON MATHER BY T^^^^^ REVEREND JOHN IMKE, MINISTER OF DOVER. ^^^^'^'^ mAlHJ-.K, UY THE ^ Sarah Gerish, daughter of Captain John Gerish, of Quochecho or (Jocheco, was a very beautiful and ingenious damsel, about seven years of age, and happened to be lodging at the garrison oi" Major Waldron, her affectionate grandfather, -.vhen the Indians brought that horrible destruction upon it, on the night of the 27th of June" 1689. She was always very fearful of the Indians ; but fear may we think now have surprised her, when they fiercely bid her go into a certain chamber and call the pco])le out ! She obeyed, but finding onlv iv little child in bed in the room, she got into the bed with it,°and hid herself in trie clothes as well as she could. The fell savages quickly pulled her out, and made her dress for a march, but led°her awav with no more than one stocking ujion her, on a terrible march throuirh the thick woods, and a thousand other miseries, till they came to the Norway Planes.* From thence they made her go to the end ol Winnipioiogee lake, thence eastward, through horrid swamps, where sometimes they were obliged to scramble over hucje trees fallen bv * These planes are in the present town of Rochester, N. H. '^^"^mmmmm BAHAH OKRiSH'a CAPTIVITY. aea storm or age, for a vast way togetlier, and sometimes they must climb up long, steep, tiresome, and almost inaccessible tnoiuitfiius. Her first master was an Indian named Sebimdowit, a dull sort of Ihllow, and not such a devil as many of them were, but ho sold her to a fellow who was a more harsh and mad sort of a draj^on. He carried her uway to Canada. A long and sad journey now ensued, throujrh the midst of a hideous desert, in the depth of a dreadful winter; and who can enumerate the frights she endured Ix'fbre the end of her journey? Onco her master commanded her to loosen some of her u{)per garments, and stand against a tree while he charged his gun; whereat the poor child shrieked out, " He is going to kill me!" God knows what he was going to do; but the villain having charged his gun, he called her liom the tree and forbore doing Jier any du.nage. Upon another lipe her master ordered her to run niong the shore with some Indian girls, while Ik; paddled up the river in his canoe. As the girls were passing a precipice, a tawny wench violently pushed her^headlong into the river, but so it (ell out that in this very place of her fall the bushes from the shore hung over the water, so that she was enabled to get hold of them, and thus saved herself. The Indians asked her how she became so wet, but she did not dare to tell them, from lear of the resentment of her that hud so nearly deprived her of lile already. And hero it may bo remarked, that 'it is almost universally true, that young Indians, both male and female, arc as much to be dreaded by captives as those of maturer years, and in many cases much more so; for, unlike cultivated people, they have no restraints upon their mischievous and savage propensities, which they indulgf in cruelties surpassing any examples here related. 'I'hey oilen vie with each other in attempting excessive acts of torture. Once, being spent with travelling all day, and lying down wet and exhausted at night, she fell into so profound a' sleep that in the morning she waked not. Her barbarous caplors decamped from the plap(^ of their night's rest, leaving this little captive girl asleep and covered with a snow that in the night had fallen; but, at length awaking, what agonies may you imagine she was in, on lindfng herself left a prey for bears and wolves, and without any sustenance^ in a howling wilderness, many scores of leagues from any plantation ! In this dismal situation, however, she had fortitude sufficient to attempt to follow them. And here again, the snow which had been her covering upon the cold ground, to her great discomfort, was now her only hope, for she could just discern byit the track of the Indians ! How long it was before she overtook them is not told us, but she joined them mid continued her captivity. Now the young Indians began to terrify her by constantly reminding her that she was shortly to be roasted to death. One evening much iliel was prepared between two logs, which they told her was for her torture. A mighty fire being made, her master called her to him, and told her that she should be presently burnt alive. At first she stood amazed ; then burst into tears ; and then she hung about her tiger of 304 KVEfm Ilf INDIAN HiaTOKT. a master, begging of him, with an inexpressible anguish, to save her from the fire. Hereupon the monster so far relented as to tell her " that if she would be a good girl she should not be burnt." ' At last they arrived at Canada, and she was carried into the Lord Intendant's house, where many persons of quality took much noticp of her. It was a week after this that she remained in the Indian's hands before the price of her ransom could be agreed upon. But then the Indy intendanl sent her to the nunnery, where she was comfortably provided for ; and it w s the desi^n■, as was said, to have brought her up in the Romish relij^ion, and then to have married her unto the son of the Lord Intendant. She was kindly used there until Sir William Phips, lying before Quobtjc, did, upon exchange of prisoners, obtain her liberty. After sixteen months' captivity she was restored unto her friends,' who had the consolation of having this their desirable daughter auain wi.th them, returned as it were from the dead. But this dear child was not to cheer her parents' path for a long period ; for on arriving at her sixteenth year, July, 1697, death carried her off by a malianant lever. " CHAPTER XV. \AunATrvE or the remaukabi.e esc'"r of wjuow emzaheth iiFAnn nnv?J'\''i^'?<.^,L?;i!P DESTRUCTION OP MAJOR WALD^ON « GARRISON^' Mrs. Elizabeth Heard was a widow of good estate, a mother of many children, and a daughter of Mr. Hull,' a reverend minister for- merly living at Piscataqua, but at this time lived at Quochocho, the Indian name of Dover. Happening to bo at Portsmouth on the day iK'foro Quochecho was cut off, she returned thither in the night with one daughter and three sons, all masters of families. When they came near Quochecho, they were astonished with a prodigious noise of Indians, howling, shooting, shouting, and roaring, accordino- to their manner in making an assault. ° Their distress for their families carried them still further up the river, till they secretly and silently passed by some numbers of the ragmg savages. They landed about an hundred rods from Major Waldron's garrison, and running up the hill, thev saw many lights m the windows of the garrison, which they concluded the English within had set up for the direction of those who might seek a refuge there. Coming to the gate, they desired entrance.'^which not being readily granted, they called earnestly, bounced, knocked, and cried out to those within of their unkindness, that they would not open the gate to them in this extremity. No answer being yet made, they began to doubt whether all was well. One of the young men then climbing up the wall, saw a hor- rible tawny savage in the entry, with a gun in his hand. A grievous ELIZABJiTII UMAKu'li KaCAPB. consternation seized now upon them, nnd Mrs. Heard, sitting down without the gate, through despair and (aintness, was unable to stir any furtlier; but had stn;ngth only to charge her children to shift for themselves, which she did in broken accents, adding, also, that she must unavoidably th(!r(! (u\(i hor days. Her children, finding it impossible to carry her with them, with ht;avy hearls lorsook her. Immediately alter, however, she, teginninjj to recover from her fright, was able to fly, and hide herself in a bunch (.1 barberry bushes in the garden; and then hastening from thence, tecause the daylight advanced, she sheltered hersell", though seen bv two of the Indians, in a thicket of bushes about thirty rods from the house. She had not been long here belbre an Indian came towards her with a pistol in his hand. Th« Ihllow came up to her and stared her in the face, but said nothing to her, nor she to him. He went a little way back, and came again and stared upon her as before, bui said nothing; whereupon she asked him what he would have. He still said nothing, but went away to the house, whoopuig, and returned unto her no more. Being thus unaccountably preserved, she made several essays to l«ss the river, but found herself unable to do it, and finding all places oil that side of the river filled with blood, and fire, and hideous out- (;nos, she thereupon returned to her old bush, and there poured out her ardent prayers to (iod for liel|) in this distress. She continued in this bush until the garrison was burnt and the iTiemy had gone, and then she stole along by the river side until she <:ame to a boom, on which she passed over. Many sad effects of cruelty she saw loll by the Indians in her way. She soon afler safely arrived at Captain Gerish's garrison, where "she found a refuge from the storm. Here she also had (he satisfaction to understand that her i.wn garrison, though one of the first assaulted, had been bravely (lelendod, and successfully maintained against the adversary. This gentlewoman's garrison was on the most extreme frontier of fho province, and more, obnoxious than any other, and therefore more incapable of teing relieved. Nevertheless, by her presence and courage, it held out all the war, even for ten years together; and the ('crsons in it have enjoyed very eminent preservations. It would have t»een deserted, if .«he had accepted offers that were made her by her Incnds to abandon it, and retire to Portsmouth amon.o them, which would have been a damage to the town and land ; but by her encou- ragement this post was thus kept up, and she is vet (1702) living in much esteem among her neighbors. 31' nefi EVENTS irr INDIAN HISTORY. CnAI'TF<:R XV [. *','';i'iM.!'v..,'l''" 'I!*'.' '^i>vi;NTi'nr.H. htranci; I)i;i,ivkra\ and thankfulness to (iod, and in our ofKspring a (liie sense of thpendeiice on the virtues or honors of mv ancestors to recomi.Mnd mo to the liivorofdod or men; nevprtlie- less, because some think it is a resjx-ct due to the memory of mv parents, whose name I was obliged to mention in the lollowing story, and a satisliiction which their posterity might justly expect from mo] I shall give some account of him, thiuigh as brii'l'its possible. 'I'ht! (loiirishing State of New Mnulnnd, before the unha[)py cHstem wars, drew my liuher hither, whose lirst setllement was on Kennc- l)eck river, at a place called iVhrrymeeting bay, where he dwelt Irn some years; until, on the death oV my gramrpareiits, h(-, with his liimily, returned to Knglaiid to settle his atiairs. Tjiis done, he came over with the design to have relurnrd to his larni; hut on his an-iv;il at Boston, lh(> eastern Indians had hegiui their iiostililies. He there tore began a settlement on l.oug Island. The air of that place ndi so well agreeing with his constitution, and tlu; Indians haviiiu become peaceable, he atiain pro[)()sed to resettl(> his lands in Merrymeotini: bay; but tinding that i)la(;e deserted, and that plantations were uoiiii! on at Penunaquid, he purchased several tracts of land of the mh;i- hitants there. Upon iiis higlui(>ss the Duke ol" York resuming a claim to those parts, my tiither took out patents under that claim; and when Pemmaquid was set o\Y by the name of the County of (.'ornwall, in the province of N(>w York, he was commissioned chief justice of the same by Gov. Duncan (Di^niran.) He was a strict Sabbatarian, and met with considerable ditliculty in the discharge of his otfice, from the immoralities of a peojdc who "had long lived lawless. He laid out no CAKTIVITY OF JOHN 0YLE8. inmnsidrrablo income, whit-h ho had annually from England, on this plaro, and at last lost his iUV 'hero, m will be"horealh)r n.'lated. am not mwM.siblo of ' 3 truth of an assertion of Sir Kojier LKstmniro, that "Hooks and dish.;s havo this common fate,— no one ol either .;v..r ,.l,.«sed all tastes." And i am fully of his opinion in this, "It IS as little to Im; wished for us exiuicted, lor a universal applause is at Uvisf, two thirds of a s.-an.lal." To e^n.cludc, with Sir Kof,'erj » lh<)u;,'h I iiv'Ai'. ihis composilioi. principally Im my liunily yot, It any man has a mind t,, tul«> part with me, he has free leave and IS vvelcrne;" |,„t l,.t him carry this consideration alon« with' him, "that hv. IS u very uMmaim..Hy j/u.'st wh.. Ibrc(>s himself upon another man s table, and then «iuarrels with his dinner." (^iCAi'TKK I — Containinar //„. ornirrenres of the first year. On fho second day of Autmsf, liiHU, in the ..mriiiuir, luy h-amrcd liither, I nomas ( ryles, hsq., went with som(> laborers, my two elder brothers and mysell, to on,; of his Hums, which laid upon the livr about three milcsabove l-o,t Charles,* adjoining I'.-mma.p.id falls, there to «ather 111 his iMi^hsh harvest, and we labored socuiT-ly till noon. Alier we had dmed, our p.'opi,. went to tlu^ir labor, some in one fu^ld to their hnijlish hay, tli(> others to another li.'ld of Kn-lish corn. My liither the younnesf o|- my two brothers, and myself, tarried near the farm' house 111 which we had di.ie.l till about (me of the clock, at which time we li,>ard I Ik. report of several -.reat l-uus at the fort. Upon which my lather said k^ hoped it was a sijrnal of j^'ood news, and that the .^reat <'<.Mn.-il had sent back the soldiers to cover the inhabitants, (tbr on tvport .)t the revolution they had deserted.) Hut, to our .rreut sur- prise, about thirty or Ibrty hulians at that moment dischar.red a volley oLsliot at us from belimd a risiny yroimd near our barn. The yellimr '•I tlx' lmlians,t the whistlinjr „f their shot, and the voice of my lather whom I heard cry out, "What now! what now!" so terrified nic, (thouj^di lu. seemed to he handlin-r a irun,) that J endeavored to make my escape. My brother ran one way and 1 another, and look- ing over my shoulder, I saw a stout Ibllow, painted, pursuin hv nninintr iVom lh'> house whc.i vvc w.to lirst iittiwked. This hroihcr w.is ,il>out lourtcini yoi\fs o|" ay •. My ohh\st hrolhiM*, whiwe iimne wiis 'I'lioiu.is. wondcrliilly I'Hcijx d hy laud to tho llirhicaii. u |»oiii( ol" land ou ll'o ni>st side ol" the river, opposil" the fori, wliorr srv(>ral lishing vessels lay. He iijol om hoard one of them and sailod that uiij;ht. Alter douio- wiial miseiiiel' ihey could, ihey s:;'. down, and made us >uie tinii> we arose, aud ihe Indians ()ointed lor Us to Mt easlward. WC niareh a hall. Here they hmuo.hl miv liilher lo us. They made pro- po.sals tt> him. I»y old \lo\us, who 'old huu that those wore stranw Indians who shot him. aud (hal hi' was sorrv ior it. My lallicr n^pli(-d Ihal he was a dyiiuv niau, aud wauled no favor of them but lo pray wilh his ehildreu. This hv'\\][r ifranleii him, h(^ itwmnneinicd us to llu' prolei'iiou and hlessiui; of ( ieil \lmii;hly; (hen jrave us Win Ik'sI atlvire. ;,u(l l(tiiN his l.'ave for this 111!', hnjinn); in '.lod (hat wc should UK-el ill a lii'llt>r. He parled wilh a cheerlid voieo, out looked very pal<>. Ii\ r<\'Hou ot'liis i;r(>al loss oi' hiooil, whieh ni>w mished oul y)C his shoes. The Indians led him aside, — I heard Ihe hhm's ol' llir hatehet. but neither shriek nur jiroan! 1 allerwards heard th.i* ho had live or seven slmt-holes throuoh his waisteoat or jacket, and (hat he was oov(MV'd wilh some hoiuvhs. The ludians led ii:;, iheir eaplives. on the east side of the rivei', towanis die Cort, and when we came wilhiu a mile and n half o(" (he fori an madt^ a short stop, and then moved wit liin or near !he distaui'e el' thn-e tjuarlers ol' a mile iVom the foil, n)(o a thick swrmp. There I saw my modier and my lw're (ak<'n i'roiu Ihe (own. iVIv u.othor askni nic alwnt my liilher. i (old her he was killed. 1ml could suy no more lor grirr. vSJK' hurst mio tears, and th(> Indians moved mr a little (iirtlu'r olK and hound me with cords to a tree. The !n(lia;»s came to N'ew Harhor. and sent spies .sevcai days l*. ohserve how aiui where t!i(> peo))l" were einploved, (!V(',, who (oiiiid tiie men W(>re ;:en(a-allv a> wdrk at lUHiti, and le!) ahout Iheir houses only women oid ,'hildnm. '''h^relore ihe liiuians divided thenii^elvos everai parlies, some amhushiiiu llu- uav helween Ihe l(ir( and the houses, as likewise- hetwcen them aiai the distant (ields; and then a1armin;j; tlu- liirlhest otrCirst. tliey killed mul took the peo|)I(> as diov moved (tiwar^'s ihe (own and lort .at (h(-ir pleasure, tmd verv few escape(i io if. Mr. Tatt-shidl was taken .and killed, as he lay with his sloon near (he I^iohioan. On (he lirsi stir alumt tl'it tort, my younp-st hro(her was at phn noar it, and running-: in, was hy (/Sod's noodiiess thus preserved. (.'nptain Woems. with great courag'? and resolution, defended the CAPTIVITY or JOHN OYIBS. 369 weak old fort two days; when, being much wounded, and the best of hm mm killed, he beat for a parley, which eventuated in thcsf; con- (Jitions : 1 That they, the Indians, .should ^ive him Mr. I'ateshairs sloop. i i hat they .should not molest him in currying off the few people :•"?,,'"., u^'"r'"r/^'; ''f; ""'^ three captives that they had lakin. .. I hat the bnKl.Hh should carry off in their hands what they could Irom th(! fort. •' On tJKvse cH.nditionH, th.3 (ort was surrendered, and (Captain Weems went on ; and soon allc-r, thf; Indians .set on fire the fort and houses, whK^h made a terrd)Ie bla.st, and wa.s a melancholy sight to us poor captivfvs, who W(!re .sad spectators! A ler (In, Indians had ihns laid waste Peminaquid, they moved us '.. N.-w llarhor, about hvo inilrs easi of I'.'inmaoimJ, a cove much l>;"'|"<'"tec by hslu'rm(>n. At this pla.ie, th.-rc; wore before the war about twelve boK.ses. The.se the inbabilant.s "»N l"'f c-o„ld not .-uiswer her. That niubt we tarried at New llarl,rr and thi; next day went in their cunm-'s for Penob.s(;ot. About noon, the canoe m which my mother wa.s, and that in which I was 'liMM; si,l.. by side; whether accidentullv or by my mother's desire j' ss, he l..,rd knows wh.;re!'' Then bunstin- i„iu tears, the canoes ..urted. ' "' mubt lollowmg, the Indians with their captives lod-ed on an island. '^ \ lew ilays after, we urrited at Penobscot Ibrt, where I a.ruin saw my niotheT, my brother and sist(u-s, and many oilur captives." I think w." turned !ueels, and they must have had good luck to have caiu-h n4^ IZ-xnl no more ol tiiem till about evening, Ibr I think I slept^^ h^n hey .m. again, calling, "Chon! Chon!" bat John would no : tl em A ter they vvere gone, my master and his squaw came whore thev tod me to hide, but could not find me; and when I heard then lav w 1. some concern they believed the other Indians had w' Sd S^ the woods, and that I was lost, I came out, and they simed wS! pleased. 1 hey told me James ])ad had a bad day of it • that as soon as he was released he ran away into the woods, and they believed he was gone to the Mohawks. James soon returned, and 4e a min J V account of his sulFerings, and the Indians' f ioht e^nccmin' tl Mohawks passed over. Tiiey ollen had terrible airprehensionTol- the mcursions of those Indians. Thev arc also c-ilie 1 Af; nn ? ^^^f^iy, and biood-thirst;;j^;i;£:i ^rrz^ Ser a the vilf * 77^ '"^^ ''^''""' ^ S-'^at number gathered ogether at the village, and being a very droughty (thirstyf nconle tliey kept James and myself night and day fetcirin-^ter from a co Id pnng that ran out of a rocky hill about three quarters o a mTl^fJom fort In going thither we crossed a large interval coin-field and hen a descent to a lower interval, before we ascended the hll t^he spnng. James being almost dead, as well as I, with thi con fnual 376 EVENTS IN INDIAN HISTORY. fatigue, contrived to frighten the Indians. He told me of his plan, l)iit conjured mo to secrecy, yet said ho knew I could keep counsel. Tlie next dark niglit, James, going lor water, set liis kettle down on the descent to the lowest interval, and running back to the f trt, pudintr aud blowing, as though in the utmost surprise, told his master that he saw something near the spring that looked like Mohawks, (wiuck were only stumps.) His master, being a most courageous warrior, went with him to make discovery. Wiien they came to the brow of the hill, James pointed to the stumps, and withal touching his kettle with his too, gave it motion down the hill ; at every turn its bail clattered, which caused James and his master to see a Mohawk in every stump, and they lost no tim-j in "turning tail to," and he was the b(!st fellow who could run the lastest. This alarmed all the Indians in the village. Tiicy were about thirty or forty in number, and Ihcy i)ackod oil', bag and baggage, some up the river, and olhors down, and did not return under lift(;en days; aud then the boat of the weather being finally over, our hard service was abated lor this season. I never h ;ard thiit the Indians understood the occasion of their fright; but James and 1 had many a private laugh about it. But my most ifitimatc and dear companion was one John Evans, a young man taken from (iuochecho. We, as often as wo could, met together, and made known our grievances to each other, which seoinaci to ease our minds; but as soon as it was known by the Indians, we were strictly examined, apart, antl falsely accused of contriving to desert. We were; too far Irom tlie sea to have any thought of that, and linding our stories agreed, they did not punish us. An English captive girl about this time, who was taken by Medocawando, would often falsely accuse us of plotting to desert; but we made the truth so plainly appear, that she was checked and wo were released. PmI the third winter of my captivity, John Evans went into the country, and the Indians imposed a heavy burdeni on him, while ho was extremely weak from long fisting; aud as he was going otf the u])land over a place of ice, which was very hollow, he broke through, fell down, and cut his knee very mu h. Notwithstanding ho travelled for some time, but the wind and cold were so forcible that they soon overcame him, and he sat or fell down, and all the Indians passed by him. Some of them went back the next day after him, or his pack, and found him witii a dog in his arms, both irozen to death. Thus ail uf my fi>IIow- captivcs were dispersed and dead, but through infinite and umnorited goodness I was supported under and carried through all difficulties. Chapter III. — Of further difficulties and deliverances. One winter, as we were moving from place to place, our hunters killed some moose. One lying some miles from our wigwams, a young Indian and myself were ordered to letch part of it. We set out in the morning, when the weather was promising, but it proved a very cold, Qloudy day. It was late in the evening before we arrived at the place where the moose lay, so that we had no time to provide mate- rials for fire or shelter. At the same time came on a storm of snow, CAPTIVITY OP JOHN CYtBS. 377 very thick, which continuod until the novt morning \v a loll, and scyn.r dothas wore iillod with wat.r. However o^rvnth inormn:r wo took our loids of n...n^,. fi,..i. y^'^^^'e, early m the our wigwams. Wo I ad ot nvHi:^ 1 f^; 1 T ""' ""' '" ''''''''' ''' sl.o^v.shoos and .shoo-clcts to mv Ibo Tl, , r J i' ? T'''.'"-'' d«v without fire or >'""=li «™e as void lire before the blood bo^tloe It Lli"''LTj''"'\T .»r.K»i black, and swelled wl,h blo^tis," I v^e iJwe"S without a nail, and the ends of mv "reat toe hones hni Zl u ' aongas I sat upon the ground over the snow, rom one ti^ t not or, till I got some balsam. This I burned i'n a clam he H^U U ^^a a eonsis tence like salve, which I applied to my feet and anile and by the d.v.ne blessing, within a week I could oLaboi't upon S heels with mv staff. And through God's goodness we had prov^i^ t ic Indians made two httle hoops, something in the form of a snmv J )oo and sewing them to my C.cU I was able to follow UkI In S a k on my heels, from place to place, though sometimes liSf el burr '" V''*?.' ^''^"J' save me the mast acute pain ima^in! be but must walk or die. Yet within a year my feet were CliZ -^;|;| —ly perceive any part missing, or that they haj In a time of great scarcity of provisions, the Indians chased u lar^e 32* ° 378 EVKPTTS IN INDIAN IIIHTORY. 8 moose into the river, uiid killed him. They brought the llesh tu the village, urid raised it on u acuiluld in a larji;o wigvvum, in order to make n feast. 1 was vcrv odicious in supplying llicin with wood and water, which pkused tin lii su \v( 11, ihiit tiny now and then gave mo a piece of Hcsh iiall" boiled or rousted, which 1 ate will) eaptrness, and I doubt not without due tlianklulncss to tin; J)iviiie Hcuig who so extraordinarily ihd mo. At kupth flu; scallold bearing the moose meat broke, uud 1 [)eing nuder it, a large piece lell and l wash thenisolves, and asked me to go with them. 1 told them I could not swim, but they insisfcd, and so I went in. They ordered me to dive across the deepest [jIucc, and if I fell short of the other side they said they would help me. But, instead of diving across the narrowest part, 1 was crawling on the bottom into the deepest place. Tli(>v not seeing me risc,'\nd knowing whereabouts I was by the bubbliuL!: of the water, a young girl dived down, mid brought me up by the hair, otherwise 'l kd perished in the water. Though iIk; Ind'inns, bolh mule and female, go into the waKa- together, they have each of llioin such covering on, that not till; least indecency can be observed, and neither chastity nor modesty is violated. Whije at the Indian village, I had been culling wood and binding- it up with an Indian rope, in order to carry it to I'hc wiuwam; a stout^ ill-natured young fellow, about twenty years of age, threw me back- ward, sat on my breast, pulled out liis knile, and 'said he would kill me, for !io had never yet killed one of the English. I told him lie might go to war, and that would he more inuniy than to kill a poor , CAPTIVITY OF JOHN GYLES. Qjg him by ri.e hu.r, and tumWin r l.iin o'F m • li.M.L i i f"'"'' lists and knco will, siifl, -umWrJ ! m / u ' '''""^'-''J '"m with my not li. ,lH-n. like a . Wci-c if nat C.,. ti,„ ^ ),>i, n ivfil, starving rapun-s were siltin r ,„.:,, il," i;,.,. ;,■ ,i 'f m».t ol ,1,.,; wl,o «>v ll,ose straago liUians ! The ,,-rio.t B^Ti .1«0 KVKNTfl IN INDIAN IIISTORV. was It sort of plumio. A person sfntning in pcrlijct lirulth would I>|('f(l at iIk! mouth and nose, turn hluo in Hftots, and dio in two or thr«'<' hours. It wun vi-ry tfdious fn nio to rouiovo (Voni placn to phi<'(! this cold season. 'I'lio Indians applied red ochre to my sorffs, (which h.'id Ihm'ii occasioned l»y 'he allVay iK-fore mentioned,) wjiicji by (lod's Itlessini; ther, till th(>y had s|)eiit most of their skins in wine and hrandv, winch was hrouj^dit to the village hy a l''renchinan called Mousieiir Si^fcnioncour. CiiAi'TKH V. — (tf their famUidrifif with and fris^httf from thr f/<'Pt/, \'c. The Indians are very oDen surprised with the appearance of }|hosts and demons. Sometimes they are encouraged hy thodm'il, li)r they ii;o to him lor success in huntinij, iVe. I was once hinitini' witii Indians, who were not hrouuht over to the Uomish faith, aiul afler several days they proposcvl to in(]uire, accordiuif to tlioir oustom, what success tliey should have. They accordingly prepared many hot stones, and layinu; them in a hea|), made a small hut covered with skins and mats; then in a dark ninht two of the pawaws wont into this hot house with a lari;e vessel ol water, which at times thev pourrd on those hot rocks, which raised a thick steam, so that a third Indian was ohlii',ed to stand without, and till up a triat, to give jt vent when they w(>r(> almost sulfocatcd. There was no'v an old scpiaw who was kind to captives, and never joined with them in their pawawinj;. u> whom I manifested an (Nuaiest desire to sco their maiiat!;(anent. She ttdd me that if they kninv ol' my heini^ there they would kill me, ami that when she was a i^irl she had known younj:; persons to ho taken away hy a hairy man, and th(>ri'lore she would not advise mo to iro, lest the hairy man should carry me away. I told her I was not afraid of the hairy man. nor could he hurt nie it' she would nut discover me to the pawaws. At leiiL'th sIk^ promised me she would not, but charjied me to be carelul of myselt'. I went within three or tiuir feet of the hot house, for it was very dark, and h^ard strange noises and yellini.s, such as I never lu-ard lielore. At times the liuliiui who tended without would lil'l u]> the mat, and a steam Voild issue which looked likt> lire. I lay lljrM'e two or three horn's, f-.m fa\' none of their biiry men. or demmis. And when I linnu' i!; 'x Irir! I'wished tlieii" ceremony, I went to the wiL^wam. and told iho squaw wh;if had passed. She w;is i^lad 1 had eseaped without hurt, and never disco- vered what I ha. I done. Alter some lime iniir.iry was made of the pawaws what success we were lik(Hy to have in our huntiuir. Thoy loid t^ie" had via'v likely siiius of success, but no u-al ones as ut otfjei- iii es. A, fi-w days after we moved up the river, and had pretty ( )no ullci barkod, and that tht> WH shut at him, llio woods t( tiitch you lit our two wi^ the river, \ \vost on a hiii rock or mountan,. A hoy was huntin.ir with his how and arrow at '- loot ol a rorky mountain, when the -ulloua came diving throu-h lie air, umsped th.| hoy ,n her talons, and althou-rh he was ci-d.t or ■n years of aj^e, she soared al,.a and laid hin, in'dier nest, lbo"d lor iH'r yomiK. 1 he hoy lay still on his face, but obscrv.^d two of the young b.rds ,n the n.-st with him, having much fish and liesh to feed iipun. 111.! old O.K. seeing they would not eat the hoy, took him up ... hor claws and returne.1 him to the place from whence she took i.'ii. I have passcKl near the mountain in a canoe, and the Indians .a^e said, Ihere is the nest of the great bird that carried away the hoy. Indeed there seemed to be a great number of sticks ,,ut iloy saul, .' Iheix. ,s the bird, but he is now as a bov to a giant to what ho was m lor.ner days." The bird which we sa\v was a large and speckled one, like an eagle, though somewhat larger. When from llio m.)untiiin tops with iiitloon^ cry Ami clattornur ujngs, the hungry imrpies lly, J hey snatched * * * -J * * And whothur gods or birds obscene they were, Uur vows lor pardon and lor peace prelor. • Diu'den's Vmori,. I'i.e other notion is, that a young huHan in his hunting was belated, and losing his way, was on a sudden introduce.! to a' lar.re w.gwam Ijill ol . ried .xds, whieh proved to be a beaver's house, in hich he lived till the spring of the year, «hcn he was turned out of he house and being set upon a beaver's dam, went liome and related the atlair to his Inends at large. /...^f' r^^" ^^'~i '^^'^'^^'Pt'^on of several creatures commonly taken oy the Indians on St. John's river. I Of the Beavi k.— The beaver has a very tliick, strong neck ; lus lore teeth, wliicli are two m tlie upper and two in tho under jaw, 382 EVENTS IN INDIAN HISTORY. are concave and sliarp" like a carpenter's irouge. Their side teeth are like a sheep's, for they cliew the cud. Their legs are short, the claws soinothing longer than in other creatures. The nails on the toes of their hind iect are like an ape's, but joined together by a membrane as those of the water-fowl; their tails broad and flat like the broad onii of a padillo. Near their tails they hnve four bottles, two of which contain (jil, the others gum ; the necks of these meet in one common orilicc. The latter of these bottles contain the proper castorum, and not th(; testicles, as some have lixncied, for they arc distinct and separate from th(.m, in the males only : whereas tlic castorum and oil bottles arc common to male and li-male. With this oil and gum thev preen themselves, so that when they come out of the water it runs otf of them, as it does from a IbwI. Tli(;y have lour teats, which are on their breasts, so that they hug up their young and suckle thein, as women df) their intants. They have generally two, and sometimes ii;ur in a litter. 1 have seen seven or five in :hc matrix, but the Indians think it a strange thing to lind so many in a litter; and they assert that when it so happens the dam kills all but four. They are the ino.-t laborious creatures that 1 have met with. J hav(; known them to build dams across a river, thirty (u- iin'ty perches wide, with wood and mud, so as to How many acres of land." in the deepest part of a pond so raised, they build their houses, round, in the iiguro of an Indian wigwam, eight or ten li^et high, and six or eight in dianietci on the iloor, which is made descending to the water, the parts near the centre about four, and near the circumlerence between ton and tvycnty inches above the water. These Uoors are covered with strip, pings of wood, like shavings. On these they sleep with their tails in the water ; and if the fresliets rise, they have the advantage ofrisin;; on their Iloor to ihc! highest part. The")- leed on the leaves and bark of trees, and pond lily roots. In tlu; fall of the year they lay in their provision for the approaching winter ; cutting down trees great and small. With one end in their mouths they drag their branches near to their house, and sink many cords ol" "it. (They will cut [gnaw] down trees of a liithom in circumferi'uce.) Thciy'havi; doors U> uo down to the wood under the ice; and incase the freshets rise, break down and carry olf th(.'ir store of wood, they often starve. They havi.! a note for conversing, calling and warning each other when at work or leeding; and while tlu;y arc at labor they keep out a guard, who, upon the iirst approachof ancnemy, sostrikc>^s the water with his tail that he may be heard half a mi[(\ ' This so alarms the rest that they are all silent, quit their labor, and are to be seen no more for that time. If the male or lemale die, the survivor seeks a mato, and conducts him or her to their house, and carry on aflairs as above. n. Ol' TiiK VVoLVKUKXK. (Giilo Li/scus oH j.) Tlic wolvcrcno is a very tierce and mischievous creature, about the bigness of a middling dog ; having short legs, broad feet and very sharp claws, and in my opinion may be reckoned a species of cat. They will clirnb trees and wait for moose and other animals which feed below, and when opportunity presents, jump upon and strike their claws in t CAPTIVITV OF JOHN GYLES. ggg ^^^i:^^:i^l!s''',^r^ '' ^^^^ ^-^n-d the known many moio Sled h ! ' T '' ''"'''' '^''' '^'^'^'- ^ have behind seveml Ind ans wl n?* T" T"" ''''^^""'"S ^ ''"'^ way up r asked tl. LrZ ;au il hoS ?'™, ^ '"'^ ^ ^•^■"-^' ^^^^^ » -«"i"- track of a moose, a d W-. 1 r T'','- ^^''^ ^h"^"'^' "^« the moose had taken so 3 h, oT . '" l>>'PPoncd, ti.at alicr the containing sovcnil iioimds „r .i,„,ler k- „.,?''■ , "°''™ """'^ ■' ''M into ,1,0 fir.,,c,v,d,,d,';i w , ;,f^l- ,, .tr ■■'■'V'"!'''™'"*'' ihe >vi,-iva,n in all dilution, , li^ «"l%f rc-no, and sca,tcring "W. liis liaH,-, si,i.-s and tail a,-,- 1 ,1 a' T ?' °' "''' ''™""> n.a,nrc a,,,„™cl, Inm hl/lviV" a , V a 3'!;;*; 11'"!' 'V"'^ and when touched bv hi^ r.n,.n,.. i .''" '.' '"^^'^ '"to a globular fJirm, •I'v'' '-^^^>l::-^:^u:^l::;^'':z'"'T'°r >vi,l, g,Ta, face wi,l, ihci,- ,„ib, .„ , a,"^^'!!;?",-,,,'''"^'/''' "'"''■" .f tl.™ a„= certainly filL-d „„lV ,1 i , ickic, 1 1 '"..'"l^i' "'= °* 111", <|nill», as so,„e assert Ibev.lo is a v! ^ , '"'J' *°°' A,no,.i,;an l,e.lgel„s, nn.l I?, it;, a o tSn'heT'T'' "^° "fl>ro,,aaa,ino' their sneries is , , , ' 1 ' "' "•<'"■ ™nn I'l ;i86 EVENTS II? INDIAN HISTORY. days and a half, at the end of which time they became strangely dis- ordered with delirium, &c„ and when their imagination was clear, and they could recollect where they were, they found themselves returned one day's journey. How they came to be thus transported they could not conjecture, unless the genii of the place had conveyed thern. These White hills, at the head of Penobscot river, are, by the Indians, said to be much higher than those called Agiockochook, above Saco. But to return to an Indian least, of which you may request a bill of liire before you go. If you dislike it, stay at home. The ingredients an! fish, flesh, or Indian corn, and beans boiled together ; sometimes hasty pudding made of pounded corn, whenever and as ollen as these are plenty. An Indian boils four or five large kettles full, and .sends a messenger to each wigwam door, who exclaims, " Kuh menscoon- hah!''' — that is, "I come to conduct you to a feast." The man within demands whether ho must take a spoon or a knile in his dish, which he always cari'ies with him. They appoint two or three young men to mess it out, to each man his portion according to the rmmber of his family at home. This is done with the utmost exactness. When they have done eating, a young fellow stands without the door, and cries aloud, '■'■ Mensecominook,'' — "come and letch!" Immediately each squaw goes to her husband and takes what he has left, which she carries home and eats with her children. For neither married women, nor any youth under twenty, are allowed tu " i present ; but old widow squaws and ca()tive men may s't by the door. The Indian men continue in the wigwam ; some relating their warlila; exploits, others something comical, others narrating their hunting exploits. The seniors give maxims of prudence and grave counsel to the young men ; and though every one's speech be agreeable to the run of his own fancy, yet they confine themselves to rule, and but one speaks at a time. After every man has told his story, one rises up, sings a feast song, and others succeed alternately as the company sees tit. Necessity is the mother of invention. If an Indian loses his lire. he can presently take two sticks, one harden- than the other, (the drier rhe better,) and in the softest one make a hollow or socket, in which one end of the hardest stick being inserted, then holding the softest piece firm between his knees, whirls it round like a dril', and fire will kindle in a lew minutes. If they have lost or left their kettle, it is but jjutting their victuals ;nto a birch dish, leaving a vac-ancy in the middle, filling it with water, and putting in hot stones alternately ; they will thus thoroughly boil the toughest neck of beef. CiiAiTER VIII. — Of my three years' captivity with the French. When about six years of my dulelijl captivity 1: d passed, my second Indian master died, whose squaw and my first Indian master disputed whose slave I should be. Some malicious jiersons advised them to end the quarrel by putting a period to my life; but honest Father Simon, the priest of the river, told them it would be a heinous crime, and advised them to sell me to the French. There came annually CAPTIVITY OP JOHN GYLES. 3^7 !!;L?"/r. "l«n.of-war to supply the fort, wj.ich was on the rivr about h.rty four league, from the sea. The Indians Imvir ! adTice ofthe arrival of a man-of-war at the mouth of the river, they ahou thirty or forty m number, went on board; for the .rent emeu from France made a present to them everv year, and set fimh the ricT,^ and victories of the.r monarch, &e. At this time thev pLente the ndmns w.th a bag or two of flour, with some prunes,- I- in'red I ^. ir or s^^T^ u'^r'r "\'"' "'^ ^' ^-y blanket: wUh^^ cap, Imt, 01 shirt (for I had had no shirt for the six years excer.t the one had on at the time I was made prisoner,) vvns invitedTmo e great cabm, where many well-rigged gentlemen wer s t ina J wouM fam have had a fi.ll view o^.. ^I en^^avo^" o K.; "^^ behind the hangmos, for I was mu-h ashamr.l ; thinkin^r how f In Si rihetS'^^r' of ir^ living with people who ^JZ n^t c^untrv r ''^'f ''!''' '— '--ar, or to f inhabitants of ,1^ ZoL i nS h <• ""^ 'rV^''' ' •^'^™'^ ''^ ^''•'^^' i^ f- -)mea here to destroy a fi^w inhabitants, but to take the fort above us. I have shown kindness to the English cai)tives, as we were capaci- tated, and have bought two of the Indians, and sent them to Beaton; we have one now with us, and he shall go also when a convenient I ^vas taken, and on the Unh of W 16 J8, I arrived at Boston; so that f was absent ei>rht yea s en months, and seventeen days. In all which time, though I mu.'len u, came .o at niiiiit, i aM BVBNT8 IM INDIAN ItlHTORY. nxtroiuc (litViculti(?s, ycU [ huw much ol (iud's ^oodnuas. And may tho must pwort'ul and hciu^ficoiit Dciii}; accoiit of this |)ubli(; tustimony of it, and hioss my cxpcricncuH to uxcitt; others to contidu in iiia all- .NuUiuiunoy, through Ihe intiuilu inorits of Jchus Christ. CIIAITKR XVII. NARIIATIVI-M OF KXCKHHIVK DISTIIKMH OF IM'.UflONS TAKHN AT TIIK UE flTRtimoV or SALMON I'AM.H, IN 'I'llll s, , I'K OK VIHV M AMI'HIIIItP, ON THK TWKNTV SHVKNTU OK MAU(;il. liiliO, VVhi'ii tht! news of the dcstrut-tion ol" Si luMi(>ctady niachod New I'iUglund, it spnuid jL^rciat alarm over tin; whole country. 'I'he wise men j^avi- parlit^idar caution to all the frontier posts, urginjf thcin to kt^'p strict watch, and to make strong their fortifications; hut tlu: people in the cast did not their duty, and iSalmon I'alls, a line settle - men! upon a l)raiich of I'iscataqua river, loll into the hands of an infuriated and eruel enemy; the particulars wliiM'fiof an; at large set forth in the work entitled Tlie Hook of the Indians. But, as has heen observed, notwilhstanding these warnnigs, the (Kjople dreamed that whili^ the deep snow of the wintc-r coniinucd, they were safe enouifh, which proved as vain as a dr(>am of a dry sununer. Near thirty persons w(;ro slain, and more; tiian filly were led into what the reader will hy and hy call tin; worst ca[)tivity in the world. It would he a long story to tell what a particular share in this calamity fell to the lot of the family of on(! Clement Short. This honest man with his pious wife and three childrciu were killed, and six or seven oIIkms of their children W(!re maiki prisoners. Tlu! inost of these arrived safe at ('anaila, through a thousand hardships, and the njost of these were with more; than a thousand m(-ri;ies allerwardf. redeemed from Canada, and leturned unto their haiglisli friends again. But as we cannot take notice ol'all tho individuals, we will passjothe notice of those mentioned at tlu; connii(;ncement of this narrative. Among the prisoners was one liohert Rogers, with whom as the Indians journeyed tlusycame to a hill, where this man, (being through his corpulency called llohi.n I'ork) being under such an intolerable and unsupportable burden ol' Indian luggage, was not so able to travel as the rest; he th(M'ofore, walclung lor an opixn'tunify, made lii> e.sca})e. The wretches, missing bin), innnediately went in pursuh ot' ium, and it was not long beibri' they found bis btu'den cast in tbewa\. and the tracks oi' his feet going out. of tlu; way. This they iullowfuL and found him bid in a hollow tree. Tlu^y dragged him out, stripped him, beat aiul pricked him, jjusIkmI him forwartl with the ()oints ni their swords, until they got back to the bill from wbenci' In; liml esca|)ed. It teing almost night, tliey fasten(Ml him to a tree, with hid iiands behind him, then mack; tbiMnselves a suj)i)er, singing and dancing aroutid him, roaring, and uttering great and many signs ol I d,A MKiiETAiii.R oonttwia. .393 joy, but with joy littlo onou^rh to thn poor creature who foresaw what iill this ten(l(Hl to. Th(! Indimis next cut a imrcci of wooH, and brinf,nnn she would sit down up to her waist 111 the snow, for sev(;ral hours together, until it was (>xhausted and lulled to sleep. She tlius for several days preserved the life of her babe, until he saw cause to travel with his own cubs farther afield ; and then, lest he should b(! retarded in his travel, he violently snatched the babe out of its mother's arms, and before her face knocked out Its brains; and having stripped it of its ihw rags it had hitherto enjoyed, ordered the mother to go and wash them of the blood wherewith they were stained! Returning from this sad and melancholy task, she found the mOmt hanging by the neck in a forked bough of a tree. ^ho requested liberty to lay it in the earth, but the savage said, « It is better as it is, lor now the wild beasts cannot come at it;" (I am sure they had been at it ;) « and you may have the comfort of seeina It again, if ever you come that way." "^ The journey now before them was like to be verj*»lonr with (ire in his eyes, the devil in his heart, and his hatehcit in his hand, ready to bestow a mercy-stroke of death upon her. 'J'hen it was that this poor captive woman, in this extreme misery, jroi u|)on ho,n,.ntarily proM-ntT,. it a the Indian, protested he wou I shoot him down if he m, de the k"as noise And so away he ran with it unt. (iuo<:heeho. If my read' tL now inehned to smile, when he thinks how simply poor /.vx.ri,« Lied r.-.urmng to h.s mates hc.hind the hill, witholt either guS or prey «; any thing l.u strm^.s, to remind Inm ,,f his c.wn deserts, T im^s'ure mi.sadventu.e I he In.lians are singularly (excessive in the praet cc •'I sporun. at the m.slbrtunes of one another in any case th y a^^ outwitted, or have been guilty of eommitting any blundtT ^ Mary Plaisted was another of the unfortunate eaptives at that T;;r ^ri^^r^y -^ ''•«■ particulars of extreme uffi'dn^l are r-lu nd. hhe had beer, out of her lK,d of family siekness butlhrec .■oks when she was taken, and like others she was obliged to wade hrough swamps and snow, when at k-nglli she was relieved of the UP hen oi her mfant son by her cruel master, who, after dishing ou^ Its brams, threw it into a river ! > » ^i uubinng oui CHAPTER XVI IL GODS MERCV SURMOtJNTIN(; MANS CRIfFITV ptpmp. iP.T,r. ... ^ TIVITV AND HURI'KISINC; UKM VFIMNr op Tu ^yY.fJ.^r^^^^ TflE CAP JOHN HANSON. OF KN(LXm\ si/ Xt KKriM' A ' fv rv ' .nv^^^^ WIFKOP WHO WAS TAKEN OAI'TI ViO vViTII II^Vt ri Vi in, rv a « VKI^^^ 'JOWNSHIJ'. IIVTHE INDIANS IN NEW ENgVandI IN TiIe'yK ,7'^!)',^ MAID SEKyANT, Remarkable and many are the providences of God towards his p.op c for heir deliverance in a time of trouble, by which we may b-hold, as m lively characters, the truth of that sluying, " That he^s a (xod near at hand, and always ready to help and'ass Lt those that Icar him and put then- confidence in him." •"''« mai The sacred writings give us instances' of tbo truth hereof in days ol old, as in the cases of the Israelites, Job, David, Daniel, Paul, Sila, a many others Besides which, our modem histories have 'pS ful> abounded with instances of (Jod's fatherly care over his people m heir sharpest tr,als, deepest distresses, and sorest exercises" by' which we may know he ,s a God that changeth not, but is the same yesterday, to-day and forever. Among the many modern instances, I think I have not met with a more angular one of the mercy and preserving hand of God, than in tho case ol Elizabeth Hanson, wifb of John Hanson, of Knoxmarsh m Kccheachy, (Co.hecho) in Dover township, in New Englanrwho 'a .? unn " 79a''''' r'' "'■ l"-^"^y-««^«"'h day of the sixth month, utlkd June, 1724, and earned away (with four children and a servant) 396 EVENTS IN INDIAN HISTORY. by the Indians ; whicli relation, as it was taken iVom her own mouth, by a friend, is as follows : As soon as the Indians discovered IhemseivcH, (having, as wc afterwards understood, been sivuikinir in the fi(;lds soinc; days, watching their opporiiinily, when my dear husband, willi tiie rest of our men, were ^one out of thi: way,) two of them cimu> in upon us, and tin eleven more, all naked, with their guns and lomaliawks, and in great fury killed on(^ child immediat(!ly, as soon as they entered the; (lu(3r, thinking thereby to strike in us the greater terror, and to make us more learlid oi" them. All(!r which, in like fury, the c:iptain came up to me; but at my re(iuest he gave \nc cpiartcr. There were with m(! our servant and six of our children ; two of the little ones being at play about the orchard, and my yoimgest child, but liMirteen days old, whether in cnulle or arms, 1 now remember not. Being in this condition, I was very unfit lor the hardships I alter met with, which I shall endeavor briefly to relate. They went to rifling the house in a great hurry, (tearing, as 1 8upy)oso, a surprise from our people, it being late in th(> allcrnoon,) and packed v\, some linen, woollen, and what other things pleased them best, and when they had done what they would, they turned out of the house immediately ; and while they were at ihc door two of my younger children, one six, and the other four years old, came in sight, and being undtM* a great surprise, cried aloud, upon whicli one of the Indians, running to tluun, took them under the arms, and brought them to us. My maid prevailed with the biggest to be quiet and still; but the other couhl by no means bo prevailed with, but continued shrieking and crying very much, and the Indians, to ease theniscilves of the noise, and to prevent the danger of a discovery that miyht arise from it, immediately, before my face, knoci\cd his brains out. 1 bore this 5is well as I could, not daring to appear disturbed or tti show much uneasiness, lest they should do the same to the others; but should have been exceeding glad if they had ke[)t out of sight until we had gone from the house. Now having killed two of my children, they scalped them, (a practice common with these people, which is, wlieiu-vcr they kill any enemies, they cut the skin off from the crown of their heads, and carry it with them for a testimony and evidence that they have killed so many receiving sometimes a reward for every seal;),) and then put forward to leave the house in great haste, without dt)ing any other spoil than taking what they had packed together, with myself and little babe, fourteen days old, the boy six years, and two daughters, the one about fourteen and the other about sixte(;n years, with iny servant girl. It must 1)0 considered, that I having lain in but fourteen days, and being but very tend(;r and weakly, and removtul now out of a good room well accommodated with lire, bedding, and other things suiting a person in rriy condition, it made these hardships to me greater than if I had been in a strong and healthy frame ; yet, for all this, I must go or die. There was no resistance. MM CAPTIVITY OP ELIZABETH HANSON. 397 son" L. "n M w ,?"'''1 T '''", '^'^ ^°'^^^' ''^'^ ^"dian having hoTns V,?.' tL / .'"y ^^'-^'^V^'J throe chil,h-on that could go of wci! ciuy and was helped up with it, did, for ail that, carry niv babe for me ni Ins arms, which 1 took to be a favor from him ^TlL we went hrougi, several swamps and some broolcs, thev caTefuliy avofd SlrJr ^'^"^ '''''' '''^^ ' ^'^'^ '-^ '^y "-• footsteps weTukl We got that night, I suppose, not quite ten miles from our bouse in a direct line • then taking up their quarters, lighted a fire some "f them lying down, while others kept watch. Tbein. both w^rand lEst."' '^'"= "" ''" ^"''^ S'-ound in the open woods! t'^k Tul However, early in the morning, we must go just as the dav anneirefl travelhng very hard all that day through l^uidryrie'^.S swamps, they, as before, carefully avoiding all paths for the reason itin/r'""'^- M "'■^'^^' ^ "^^ '"^^'^ '^'' «"d tired ex eed n' " having the same lodging on the cold ground, in the open woods Thus, for twenty.six days, day by da> we travelled vc"y hard* sometimes a little by water, over lakes and ponds; and in this L nev we went up some high mountains, so steep Ihat [was fo ced o S upon my hands and knees; under which diiHculty, the Ind an mv favor of God that his heart was so tenderly inclined to assist me hough he had, as it is said, a very heavy burden of his ovvn nTv' IT. t"r™"'"r: /''f ""^ ''^y '''•^"'«'^' «" ^hat I had no h JS as wen as J could, taking him up in my arms a little at times, because sma! ; and when we came to very^bad places, he would end mo IS hand, or, coming behind, woul.l push me before him; in a I whiSi he showed some hunmmfy and ..vility, more than could have . e^^pccted : lor which privilege I was secretly thankful to God as the moving cause fhereol. ' ^"^ Next to this we had some very great runs of water and brooks to vado hrough, in which at times we met with much clifr.culty, wad n^ r.ir ' ^t /'"'''^"^ '^''y^S '"v boy on their shoulders. At Ac s de of one of these runs or rivers, the Indians would have my Idest daugliter, Sarah, to sing them a son EVENTS IN INDIAN HISTORY. dear children, separated from me, might be preserved from repining against God under our trials and afflictions on the one hand, and on the other we might have our dependence on Him, who rules the hearts of men, and can do what he pleases in the kingdoms of the earth, knowing that his care is over them who put their trust in him; but I found it very hard to keep my mind as I ought, in the resignation which is proper if .should be, under such atllictions and so j trials as at that time I suffered in being under various fears and aoubts con- cerning my children, that were separated 1V( ai me, which helped to add to and greatly increase my troubles. And here I may truly say, my affliclions are not to be set forth in words to (he extent of thcni.' We had not been long at home ere my master went a hunting, and was absent about a week, he ordering mo in liis absence to get in wood, gather nuts, &c. I was very diligent cutting the wood and putting it in order, not having very far to carry it. But when he returned, having got no prey, he was very much out of humor, and the disappointment was so great that he could not forbear revenging it on us poor captives. However, he allowed me a little boiled corn for myself and child, but with a very angry look threw a stick or corn- cob at me with such violence as did bespeak he grudged our dim. At this his sf'uaw and daughter broke out into a great crying. Th?s made me fear mischief was hatching against us. I immcdiat'ely went out of his jircsence into another v.-igwani ; upon which he came afler me, and in a great furv tore my blanket off my back, and took my little boy from me, and -truck him down as lie went along before iiim; but the poor child not being hurt, only frightened in the fall, started 11]) and ran away without crying. TJicn the Indian, my master, left me ; but his wife's mother came and sat down by me, and tcjjd me I must slec]) there that night. She then going from me a little time, can)e bacli: with a small skin to cover my feet w thai, informing me that my master infcnded now to IviU us, and I, being desirous to know the reason, expostulated, that in his absence I had been diligent to do as I was ordered by hiin. Thus as well as I could I made her sensible hov,- unreasf)nable lie was. Now, though she could not understand me, nor 1 her, but by signs, we reasoned as well as we could. She therefore made signs that I must die, advising me, by pointing up with her fingers, in her way, to pray to Cod, endeavoring by her signs and tears to instruct me in that which was most needful, viz: to prepare fir death, which now thrfiatened me. Th(> poor old squaw was so very kind and tender, that she would not leave me all the night, but laid herself down at mv feet, designing what she coidd to assuage her son-in-law's wrath, who liad conceiv(;d evil against me, chiefly, as I understood, because the want of victuals urgedhim to it. My rest was little ibis night, my poor babn sleeping sweetly l)y me, I dreaded the; tragical design of my iua,-;ler, looking every hour fir s coming to execute his bloody will upon us; but he being weary with hunting and travel in the woods, having toiled for nothing, wcrit to rest and forgot it. Next mrtrning he applied himself again to muting iti the woods, but I dreaded his returning enipty, and prayed u^. CAPTIVITV OF ELIZABETH HANSON. 401 secretly in my heart that he might catch some food to satisfy hi. hunger, and cool his ill humor. He had not been gone but a liuie tune, when he returned- with booty, having shot some wild ducks ; and novv he apfKJared ui a better temper, ordered the fowls to be dressed with speed; for these kind of people, when they have plenty, spend it as freely as they get it, using with gluttony and drunkenness, in two days time as much as with pruder.t management might serve a week Ihus do they live, for the most part, either in excess of gluttony and drunkenness, or t-nder great straits of want of necessaries. Howei'cr m this'plentilul tune, I ielt the comfort of it in part with the family- having a portion sent for me and my little ones, which was very acceptable. Now, I thinking the bitterness of death was over for tfiis time, my spirits were a little easier. Not long after this he got into the like ilUhumor again, threatenino- to take away my hie. But I always observeo whenever he was in such a temper, he wanted food, and was pinched with hunoer. But when he had success in hunting, to'takc either bears, bucks,°or fowls on which he could fill his belly, he was better humored, though he was naturally of a very hot and passionate temper, throwing sticks, stones or whatever lay ,„ his way, on every slight occasion. This made me in continual danger of my life; but God, whose providence is over all his works, so preserved me that I never received any damacre from liim, that was of any great consequence to me; for which°l ever desire to be thankful to my Maker. When flesh was scarce we had only the guts and garbage allowed to our part, and not being permitted to cleanse the guts any other wise than emptying the dung (out), without so much as washing them, as before noted; in that filthy pickle we must boil them and eat ihem, which was very unpleasant. But hunger made up that diffi. culty, so that this food, which was very often our lot, became pretty tolerable to a -harp appetite, which otheiwise could not have been dispensed with. Thus 1 considered, none know what they can undergo until they are tried; for what I had thought in my own family not fit food, wo ,ld here have been a dainty dish and sweet morsel. By this time, what with fatigue of spirits, hard labor, mean diet, and often want of natural rest, I was brou^nt so low that my milk was dried up, my ' ^.be very poor and weak, just skin and bones, for I could perceive all her joints from one end of the back to the other and how to get what would suit her weak appetite, I was at a loss,' on which one of the Indian squaws, pefceiving my uneasiness about my child, began some discourse with me, in which she advised me fo take the kernels of walnuts, clean them and beat them with a little water, which I did, and when I had so done, the water looked like milk; then she advised me to add to this water a little of the finest of Indian corn meal, and boil it a little together. I did so, and it became palatable, and was very nourishing to the babe, so that she began to thrive and look well, who was before more like to die than "ve. I found that with this kind of diet the Indians did often mum 34* 402 HVEirrs IN INDIAN HI9T0RT. their infants. This was no small comfort to me; but this comfort was s(x)n mixed with bitterness and trouble, which thus happened: my master taking iintire of my dear baljo's thriving condition, would often look upon her, and say when she was fnt enough she would bo killed, and he would eat her; and, pursuant to his pretence, at a ceriain time he made me fetch him a stick that he had prepared for a spit to roast the child upon, as he said, which, when I had done, he made me sit down by him and undri'ss the infant. When the child was naked he li^lt her arms, legs, and thighs, and told me she was not fat enough yet; i must dress her again until she was in better case. Now, though he thus acted, I could not persuade myself that he intended to do tis he pretended, '>■/ 'v co aggravate and afflict rne; neither ever could I think but ou? • 'ould be preserved from his Iwrbarous hands, by the overrulinf, i 'er of llim in whose providence 1 put my trust both day and night. A little time after this, my master fell sick, and in his sickness, as lie lay in his wigwam, he ordered his own son to beat my son; but the old s(|uaw, tlic Indian boy's grandmother, would not suffer him to do it; th(!n his father, being provoked, caught up a stick, very sharp at one end, and with givat violence threw it from him at tny son, and hit him on the breast, with which my child was very much bruised, and the pain, Milh the surprise, made him turn as pale as death; 1 eulrc'iiljng him not to cry, and the boy, though but six years old, bore it with wonderful patience, not so much as in the least complaining, so that the child's patience assuaged the barbarity of his heart; who, no doubt, would have carried his passion and resentment much higher had he cried, as always complaining did aggravate his passion, and his auger grew hotter upon it. Some little time after, on the; same day, he got upon his (i'ef, but far from being well. However, though he was sick, his wife and daughter let me know he intended to kill us, and I was under a tear, unless Providence now interposed, how it would end. I therefore put down my child, and going out of his presence, went to cut wood for the fire as I used to do, hoping that would in part allay his passion; but withal, ere I came to the wigwam again, I expected my child would I Julled in this mad lit, having no other way but U^ cast my care upon God, who had hith(;rto helped and cared ibr n)e and mine. Under this gre tt feud, the old squaw, my master's mother-in-law, left him; but my mistress and her daughter abode in the wigwam with my master, und when I came with my wood, the daughter cainc to me, whom 1 asked 'f her father had killed my child, and she made me a sign, no, with a countenance that seemed pleased it was so; for instead of his further venting his passion on me and my children, thf Lord in whom I trusted did seasonably interpose, and I took it as a merciful deliverance from him, and the Indian was under some sense.' of the same, as himself did confess to them about him afterwards. Thus it was: a little after he got upon his feet, the Lord struck him with great sickness, and a violent pain, as appeared by the com- CAPTiVITY OF BLIZABBTH HAWSON. ' 403 plaint he mtde in a doleful and hideous manner; which, when I understood, not having yet seen him, I went to another squaw tha was come to see my ma„or, which could both speak and undemand Lnghsh and m.purt^d of her if my mistress (for so 1 always caUed her, and hun nmster,) thought that master would die. ShTanswe ed yes, U was very hkoly ho would, boinji worse and worse. "iTen I told her he struck my boy a dreadful blow without any nrovocatk., at all and had threatened to kill us all in his fury and pa sion; npo wh.eh the squaw told me my master had confessed tie abrZ abuse he offered .ny child and that the n.ischief he had done was the cause why God allhcted hun with that sickness and pain, and he had pro! mi.«l never t., abuse us in such sort more; and alter this he soon recovered, but was not so passionate; nor do 1 remember he e^e after struck either me or my children, so as to hurt us, or with tha mischievous .nt,>„t as belbre he used to do. This 1 took as the Lordt r remove having as belore made several; but this was the lonc^est evrhe made, It beu,, two days' journey, and mostly upon ice! The firs! days journey the ,cc was bai-e, but the next day,\some snow fhllin' made it very troub esome, tedious, and dilHcult tmvelling; and I tool^ liott ^:T '" '" "•"'"^' ^^^^'"^' ^^^ '-''' «'■ "^y ^^«^« ^hat added not a little to mv uneasiness. An.l the last night when we came to encamp, It being- ui the night, 1 was ordered to fetch water; but Sno -at awhile on l|„. cold ground, I could neither go nor stand but° crawling on uiy hands and knees, a young Indian squaw came lo see oui people, beu.gol another family, in c°om passion took the kettlT Hiid knowing where to go which I did not, filtched the water for rne' I now saw the design of this journey. My master being, as I sun- |H)se, weary to keep us, was willing to make what he could of our mnsom; therc-lore he went further towards th,3 French, and left hi amily in tins place, where they had a great dance, sundry other luhans conung to our p-eople. This held some time, ^nd whife they «ore ,n it I got out of thiur way in a corner of the wig^^■am as well loll T ' T T'^ ''r '^'^ ^""'^ "^y "^^ '" th-''- ^'^'"cing, they would bow my head towards the ground, and frequently kick m; wkh grea fury as ,hey could bear, being sundry of them barefoot, TnS hers having Indian moccasins. This dance held some time, and riiev made, u. their manner, great rejoicings and noise t was not nil ny days ere my master returned from the French- Hit he was in such a humor when he came back, he would not suftei' me in his presence. Therefore 1 had a little shelter made wi^ some lx).iuhs they having digged through the snow to the around S hZl pretMecp. In this hole 1 and my poor children we^re ut'to i:^ he weather being very sharp, with hard frost, in the month called anuary, made it more tedious to me and my children. Our stay was not long in tins place before he took me to the French, in order^fra "hi %; Cl 1,11 404 KVBNTa IN INDIAN HiSTOSTi chapman, Wlien we cnnie among them 1 was exposed lor sale, and he asked for me eilieving the child to be a devil." The Frenchman told him, "No, the child is ordered for longer lile; and it has pleased (tod to preserve her to admiration." My master said no, she was a devil, and he believed she would not die, unless they took a hatchet and bent her brains out. 'J'hus ended their discourse, and I was, as aforesaid, with my babe, rnnsouKMl lor six hundred livres; my little boy, likewise!, at the same time, lor an additional sum of livres, was redeemed also. [ now having changed my landlord, my table and diet, as well as my lodging, the French were civil beyond what 1 could either desire or expect. But the next day alter 1 was redeemed, the Romish i)riest took my babe from me, and according to t!?ir custom, they baptized her, urging if she died before that she would hc: damned, like some of our modern pretended reformed priests, and they gave her a name as pleased them test, which was Mary Ann Frossways, telling me my child, if she now died, would be saved, being baptized; and my land- lord speaking to the priest that baptized her, said, "It would be well, now Frossways was baptized, for her to die, being now in a state to Ix; saved;" but the priest said, "No, the child having been so mira- culously preserved through so many hardships, she may be designed by Got! Icir some great work, and by her lile being still continued, may much more glorify God than if she should now die." A very sensible remark, and I wish it may prove true. i having been about five months amongst the Indians, in about one month after I got amongst the French, my dear husband, to my unspeakable comfort and joy, came to me, who was now himself concerned to redeem his children, two of our daughters being still captives, and only myself and two little ones redeemed; and, through great difficulty and trouble, he recovered the younger daughter. But the eldest we could by no means obtain from Iheir hands, for the squaw to whom she was given had a son whom she intended my daughter should in time be prevailed with to marry. The Indian* OAPTIVITY OF KLIZAHETir riANSON. 40S are vory civil towards thoir captive women, not ofFcrin^nnv inrivilitv 11- < iiiKl, an.l .ill t , „o pm-p-.s.,., wo were forced to rniiko homeward •avin. ,„„• daughter, to ,.,u- ..-eat .rief, behind us, ar nsH^^^ ".iiun.,and set .,rward over the lal. J-rom which it appears I had h,.,.. ihnn home, amongst the 1"' i.ms and hVeneh, ahout twelve months and six days " inJvi.W ;;i^ •'" r''";'' ''""' 'l'^ """^ ''"'Iverancci ',uu\ wonderad pievKicnu!. ol Cod nnto us, and over us, hath heen, arul I hone will .. vmam to ho, as a continued obligation on my n.ind, ev, • o ^ 1" i'.it l<'ar, love, an.l ol,ed,..nce to (;,Kl,,|,dy re.rardin-, hv his omn 10 M, .ss ol hie and -o.llmc.ss ol conversation, to the praise ol'him that Imth called me, who is (led blessed (or<;vu ^'-7^''''''7' -''--•-" '.appy as to obtain'whm Uity went about But my dear husband Ikuu- taken sick on the wav ^ ew worse and worse, as we were inlhrmed, and was sr .s bl^^: d not oet over it; tellin. n.y kinsn,an that if it was the ord's Altnvi; (C -''^'M-'-l^-S,'" about the half way between Albany and Canada, m my kuisnian's arrus, and is at rest, 1 hot.e in lK3 Lord : and thouoh my own chil.lren's loss is very c^eat^'t " cH..K>t butlns pun is much more; [ therefi.re deJr,rS pi at the Lord wdl enable me pati..ntly to subnat to his will i , ,1 ng.s he ,s pleased to sutler to be n.y lot while here, earr.es m l,lh tudy rich, and adds no sorrow with it; that as they crow in a. they may g.-ow m irn.c, a.id experien,-e the joy of Wivation ^^l.ich IS co.ne by Jesus (Jl.rist, our Lord and SaviouJ. Amen ' cilT:,fu'^r'''^ ''"'^^'"'^ '""'*' '^>' "■^"•'^°" ""^ ^^hich his labor was tW \\ - ""'■'" pn^secuted the tl.in.ir, and leil no stone unturned £ Ite "r"'^' '' T'^ ^'^Z^'^^''^^^'' ^-« P'-P^^'- ''^ the obtaining my was, dhd given to an old squaw, who intended to marry her in time m\ 406 KVENT8 IN INDIAN HISTORY. to her son, iisinp what persuasion she could to effect her end, some- times by lUir iiicniis, and .soni;'tiincs hy severe. In the mean time u Frt-ncliinaii interposed, and they by persuasions enticinij; my cliiid to iiiarry, in order to obtain her freedom, by reasdn that those (•aptiv(;s married l)y the; French are, by that marriage, made free among them, the Indians having then no pretence longer to keep them as captives ; she thereli)re was prevailed upon, for the reasons afore assigned, t<^ iriarry, and she was accordingly married to the said Frenchman. Thus, as well, and as near as 1 can from my memory, (not beiiii capable of keeping a journal,) 1 have given a short but a true account of some of the remarkable trials and wonderful deliverances which I never pur])osed to expose; but that 1 hope thereby the inerciliil kin(hu>ss and go(j(lness of (lod n)ay Ix; magnified, and the reader hereof |)rovoked \vith more care and i(>ar to serve him in righteousness and humility, and then my designed end and purpose will be answered. F. H. CHAPTER XIX. A NARUATIVi; OF Till; C Al'TIVITY Of NKIIIIMIAH HOW, WHO WAS TAKF.N l!V 'rilF, INDIANS AT 'llli; (IllKAT MKADOW FOKT AIKJVE FORT DUMiMlCK, WHERK UK WAS A\ IMIAHITANT, OL'TOUER IITII, ITIo. At the Great iVIeadow's fort, fourteen miles above Fort Dumnior, Octolx^r nth, 1745, where I was an inhabitant, I went out from the fort about fitly rods to cut wood ; and when I had done, 1 walked towarils the f()rt, but in iny way heard the crackling of fences behind me, and turning about, saw twelve or thirteen Indians, with red painted heads, running arter me ; on which I cried to God for help, and ran, and hallooed as I ran, to alarm the fort. But by the time I had run ten roils, the Indi;uis came up with me and took hold of me. At the same time the men at the fort shot at the Indians, and killed one on the spot, wounded another, who died fourteen days after h( got home, and likewise :shot a bullet through the i)owder-horn of oik tliat had hold of me. They then led me into the swamp and pinioned me. I then committed my case to God, and prayed that, since it was his will to deliver me into tlx; hands of those cruel men, I might find favor in their eyes; which request God in his infinite mercy was pleased to grant ; for they \vero generally kind to me wliilo I was with them. fSome of the Indians at that time took charge of me: others ran into the Held to kill cattle. They led me about half a mile, whore we staid in open sight of the fort, till the Indians wlu' were killing cattle came to us, laden with beef. Then they went n little further to a house, where they staid to cut the meat from the bones, and cut the helve otf of my axe, and stuck it into the ground, pointing the way we went. Then we travelled along the river side, and when we had got about CAPTIVITY OF NEHEMIAH HOW. 407 fhrpe miks esp.ed a canoe- comin- down on tho further sido of tho nvor, with Davd Uugg and Uohort Huknr, l^^lon^in. to o, r for I made as mud, no.so a.s I could, l,y hauum-rin-, ^c, that th.-v miah S.-.M.S b<.foro tho Indians saw th.m, and so «;! as k> o a WaJ . But the nd.ans saw ihr-.n, and shot across tho river tw.>ntv o hiL" guns at them by winch tho (irst.n,ontioncd .nan was kiilc^l, bu t^e other, Robert Hukor, pot ashore an.l esca,KMl. Then some of he huhans swam across the r.ver and brought .he canoe to us; |"avinL' str.p,x>d and sculped the dead m:u., an.i Uu., we w(>nt abou a mile lurther, vvIkm, wc came ,o another house, where wo stopped. VVh e hen. we heard men runnmi^ by the bank of the river, whom J knew obe Jonathan Thayer, San.uel Nnttin., and mv s^n Caleb How iMveof he -uhans ran to h.-ad then,. My heart ached for.hem and prayed o God to save then, fn.n ,he hands of.he enemy. 1 su ' ose hey l,.d under the bank of the rive.-, ibr the lndia..s were .one some time, l)ut came back without them, blessed be God VVe went about a mile furtht.r, where we lodired that ni^ht and roasted the ,j.eat they had ,..,. The next day wcrtraveired v uy kow y reason of the wounded Indian, which was a orcat li.vor i7o V II^'t ^hi^ri '"^^'Vl"^'"^^ ^""^''^^ FourO^inceCharlestown; N. II ) Ihc hud day we hkew.se t.-avelled slowly, and stopperl otlen rest, and get alouf? the wounded man. Wo lodged that' ni.ht by -he^^second small r.ver that runs into the great river" agair,st N^mter The fourth day morning the Indians held a piece of l,ark, and bid mo wr.te my nanie, and how ma..y days we had travelled; " h."'sa.'d hoy, "may he Lnghslni.en will con.e here." That was a ha,'d day me, as ,t was wet a..d we went ove.- prodigious nu.untains, so tS became weak and fa.nt ; lor I had not eate.i the value of one mea mm the time I wa^s taken, and that l,eing Ix^ef ain.ost raw, withou road or salt.* When I came li.'st to the loot of those hills, though t was impossible for mc to ascend them, without immediate help frSm (.od; therefore my constant recourse was to bi.n Ibr stren^ h, which he was grac.ously pleased to grant me, and for which I desire i^ praise Wc got that day a little before night to a place where they had a anting house, a kettle, some beer, some Indian corn, and salt^ Thev boiled a good mess of .t 1 drank of the broth, eat of the .neat and ;wn, and was wonderlully refreshed, so that I felt like another ,r.an I he next moi^.ng we got up early, and alter wc had eaten, n,y master ^aid to me, "You must walk quick to day, or I kill vou." I fold h m would go as fast as I could, and no faster, if he did kill me U vt ,; ""i^ 1 ..","' ""'^^ 'T '^' ^'"'^ '■'•'^"'1 ' h^d' took care of me. . trave led that day very hard, and over steep hills, but it bein, where was the captain's chamber. A chiiir was brought that I might sit by the fire and warm me. Soon after, the Indians that I belonged to, and others that were there, came into the <',hamber, among whom was one I knew, named Pealtomy. He came and spoke to me, and shook hands with mo, and 1 was gkid to see him. He went out, but soon returned and brought to me another Indian, named Amrusus, husband to her who was Euifice Williams, daughter of the late Rev. .lohn Williams, of Ueeriield ; he was glad to see me, and I to .see him. He asked lue about his wile's relations, and showed a great deal of respect to me. A while after this, the Indians sat in a ring in the chamber, and Pealtomy came to me, and told me 1 must go and sing and dunce belbre the Indians. I told him I could not. He told me over some Indian words, and bid me sing them. I told him I could not. With that the rest of the fort who could speak some Fnglish came to me, and bid me sing it in English, which was, "I don't know where 1 go," which I did, dancing round that ring three times. I then sat down by the fire. The priest caine to me and gave me a dram of rum, and afterwards the cnptain brought me part of a loaf of bread and a plate of butter, and asked me to eat, which I did heartily, for I Iiad not eaten any bread from the time I was taken till then. The French priest and all the c»tHcers showed me a great deal of respect. The captain gave me a pair of good buck-skin shoes, and the priest fixed them on my feet. We staid there that night, and I slept with the priest, captain, and the lieutenant. The lieutenant's name was CAPTIVITY OF IfBHIMIAH HOW. 409 I wuH well trea J y tk iSch ot^^'^' :'''^' ""? ^'"' ^^''•••"^"'' W.; turned thrvc fill . .V "* ''"''' victunLs and drirdi. .i.o,.;xt":,,ev u ' ;; ':;::;";:'^.,';'"''' vi"''^ -' i- ■- ■ iKin, hiusl „|-lh.',i wen- „,H ,. ''' J- '""I I'uvi,,;,. run, will, ii«it Willi,-,,,, n,i,„ uii' •!,'„, ■> , ''>" ""■'" ' '""■"' "•" if i. >va. .r,„. n,„"! Hi/,,:, fi',!': ' !z o';;,„"t::;;;r;:L T" wus suspected. ''"> '^"^■" """g hurt, if not kill m . 'k Vme 2 r *• T' "^''",^' ""'^ ^^■^'"'^' Indians hindered U.em that we in ,' TV' '""' ''■ ' ^''^^ '''^' hud a great dance that nioht, and hnn. .„, Duvi^ Ru.';s cn|„ nn J polo dancing ronnd it. Ailer they had dcno, the; lay down to leo ™sci,ior all:: ' Si; r^ '7, :''K„'"'r7',r''° "'" "^ two Frerifhrnr... i 'n , '^^ taken out of the canoe bv lid mn r'fn'l '^^';. ^«.^ house about ten rods off as fast as I o-u a run, the Indians /hnguig snow-balls at me. As soon as I ant to ho house, the In.lians stood round ,ne very thick and W n,n ^ and daiif'P ii.).;.-.!. t i- i -.i , . ■> '•"'^'^> "I'tJ oici me sin"' shout S lea o • T ^'f :/h^™' '" ^heir way; then they gave I took^nie under each arm, and ran so fast that the Indians couW ■'I * EVENTS IN INDIAN HISTOKY. not keep with us to hurt me. ^Vc ran about (brty rods to ancrther house, whcro a chair was brouglit A.f mo to sit down. The house was soon full of French and Indians, and oUkts surrounded it, and some were looking into the windows. A French gentleman came to mc, took me by thc°hand, and led me into a small room, whore none came in but such as he admitted. He gave me victuals and drinlc. Several French gentlemen and Indians ca^me in, and were civil to me. The Indians who came in could speak English, shook hands with mc, and called me brother. They told mo they A\erc all soldiers, and were going te New England, thev said they should go to my town, which was a great damp to my spirits, till I hcsird of their re1,u-n, where they bad been, and what they had done. A while after this, the Indians v,honi I belonged to came to me and told mc we must go. I went with them. After opting down the river about two miles, we came to the thickdst of the°town, where was a large fort, built with stone and lime, and very large and fine houses in it. Here was the general of the army I sp'okc of before. He asked me what news from London and Boston. I told him such stories as I thought convenient, and omitted the rest, and then went down to the canoes. Some of the Indians went and got a plenty of bread and beef, which they put info the canoes, and Then we went into a French house, where we had a good supper. There came in several French gentlemen to see me, who were civil. One of them gave me a erown,''sterling. We lodged there till about two hours beibre day, when we arose, and went down the river, I suppose we went a bundled miles that day, which brought us into a great river, called Quebec. We lodged that night in a French house, and were civillv treated. The next day we went down the river, and I was carried before the governor there, which was the Sabbath, and the sixteenth day aflcr my being taken. We staid there about three hours, and were well treated hv the French. The Indians were tticn ordered to carry me down to Quebec, which was ninety miles further. We went down the river about three nfiles that night,''lhen going on shore, lodged tlw remainder of the night. The next morning we set oil", and the second day, which was thnth from the "time I was tak(-n, we arrived at Ciucbec. The; land is inhabited on both sides of the river from tlie lalce to (iucbec. which is at least two hundred miles, especially below Chamblce, very thick, so that the houses are within sight of one another all the way. But to return: After we arrived at Ciuebec, I was carried up into u large chamber, which was full of Indians, who were civil to mc. Many of the French came in to sec me, and were -^Iso very kind. 1 staid there about two hours, when a French genueman, who could speak good En^rlish, came in and told mc I must go with him to tho governor, which I did ; and afler answering a great many questions, und being treated with as much bread and wine as I desired, I w.is sentAvith an officer to the guard-house, and led into a small room, where was an Englishman named William Stroud, a kinsman of the Hon. Judge Lynd, in New England. He belonged to South Carolina. CAI'TIVITV OF NBHEMIAH HOW. 4n and had been at Quebec six years. The governor kept him confined for fear he .should leave him and go to New England, and discover their strength. Mr. Stroud and I were kept in the guard-house one week, with a suffieicncy of food and drink. The French gentlemen kept coming in to see ino, and I was very civilly treated bv them. I had the better opportunity of discoursing with them, as Mr Stroud was a good interpreter. After this we were sent to prison, where I found one James Kin- lade, who was taken fourteen days before 1 was, at Sheepscot, at the eastward, in New England. 1 was much ])loased with his conversa- tion, esteeming him a man of true piety. Wc were kept in this prison eight days, with liberty to keep in the room with the i)rison-keeper VVe were daily visited by gentlemen and ladies, who showed crreat kindness in giving us money and other things, and their behaviour towards us was pleasant. Blessed bo (5od therefore, lor I desire to asciube all the lavors I have been the partaker of, ever since my cupavity, to (he abundnnt grace and goodness of a bountiful God, as the nrst cause. After this Mr. Kinladc and I were sent lo another prison, where wore twenty-two seamen belonging to several parts of our king's dominions; three of them captains of vessels, viz: James Southerland, oi Cape Cod; ^Hilliam Chipman, of Marblehead ; AVilliam Potc, of Usco Bay. This prison was a largo house, built with stone and lime, two Icet thick, and about one hundred and twenty feet lon-^ He had two large stoves in it, and wood enough, so that avc coufd keep ours(;Ives warm in the coldest weather. Wc had provision suliicient, viz: two pounds of good wheat bread, one pound of beef and peas answerable, to each man, ready dressed every day. ' When I had been there a lew days, the captives desired mc to lead thcni 111 carrying on morning and evcnino- d(n-otion, which I was wil ling to do. Wc had a Bible, psalm-book, and some other good books. Our constant i)racticc was to read a chapter in (he Bible, and sing part of a psalm, and to pray, niolit and morning. ^Vhen 1 was at the firs^ prison, Twa.s stripped of all my old and ousy clothes, and had other .•lothing given me from head to foot, and had many kindnesses shown me by those' that lived thereabouts; more especially by one Mr. Corby and his wife, who gave me money there, and brought me many good things at the other prison. But'lierc I was taken ill, as was also most of (he other prisoners, with a flux which hisfed near a moiKh, so that 1 was gro^\■n very weak. After that I was healthy, through divine goodness. Blessed be Crod for it. 1 was much concerned for my country, especially for tlie place 1 was taken from, by rcjison that I met an army going thither, as they told me. The :27(h day of November we had news come to the prison that this army had returned to Chamblee, and had taken upwards of a fiundred captives, which increased my concern ; for 1 expected our tort, and others thereabouts, were destroyed. This news put me upon earnest prayer to CJod that he would give me grace to submit to his will ; after which I was easy in my mind. vl ;' Hi!' •wani 41s EVENTS IN INDIAN HISTOET. About a fortnight after, a Dutchman was brought to prison, who was one of the captives the said army had taken. He told me they ■ had burnt Mr. Lydin's fort, and all the houses at that new township, killed Capt. Schuyler and five or six more, and' had brought fifty wliites and about sixty negroes to Montreal. I was sorry to hear of so much mischief done, but rejoiced they had not been upon our river, and the towns thereabouts, for which 1 gave thanks to God for his great goodness in preserving them, and particularly my iamily. When Christmas came, the governor sent us twenty-four livres. and the lord-intcndant came into the jM-ison and gave us twenty-four more, which was about two guineas. lie told us he hoped we should be sent home in a little time. He was a pleasant gentleman, and very kind to captives. Sometime after, Mr. Shearly, a gentleman of (piality, came to us, and gave to the three sea-captains twenty-four livres, and to me twelve, and the next day sent me a bottle of claret wine. About ten days after he; sent me twelve livres more ; in all night pounds, old tenor. January 20lli, 1740, eighteen captiv(>s wen; brought from Montreal to the prison at (Quebec, which is one bundrcd and eighty miles. February 22d, seven captives more, who were taken at Albany, were brought to the ]mson to us, viz: six men and one old woman seventy years old, who had been so infirm for seven years past that she had not been able to walk the sti-ects, yet performed this tedious journey with ease. March 15tb, one of the captives taken at Albany, after fourteen or fifteen days' sickness, died in the hospital at Quebec, — a man of a sober, pious conversation. His name was Lawrence Platfer, a German born. May 3d, three cnptives taken at No. Four, sixteen miles abovp where I Mas taken, viz: Ca])t. John Spafford, Isaac Parker, and Stephen Fansworth, were brought to prison to us. They informed mo my family Avas well, a fi.nv days before they were taken, which rejoiced me much. I was sorry lor the nfis!brtun<> of these my friends, but was glad of their company, and of their biding well used bv thosi who took them. May 14(li, two captives were brought into prison, Jacob Read and Fid ward C'loutman, taken at a new township called (iorhamtown, near (^JasGO Bay. They informed us that one man and lour children of one of them were killed, and his wife taken at the same time with them, and was in the hands of the Indians. May 16tli, two lads, James and Samuel Anderson, brothers, taken at Sheepscot, were brought to prison. On the 17th, Samuel Burbank and David Woodwell, who were taken at New Hopkinton, near Rumford, (Concord, N. H.) were brought to prison, and informed us there were taken with them two sons of the said Burbank, and the wife, two sons and a daughter of the said VVoodwell, whom they letl in the hands of the Indians. May 24th, Thomas Jones, of Ilolliston, who was a soldier at Coutoocook, was brought to prison, and told us that one Elisha Cook, CAmviTY OF NEHEMIAH HOW. 419 and a negro belonging to the Rev. Mr. Stevens, were killed when he was taken. June 1st, William Aikings, taken at Pleasant Point, near Fort George, was brought to prison. June 2d, Mr. Shearly brought several letters ot deacon Timothy Brown, of Lower Ashuelot, and money, and delivered them to me, which made me think he was killed or taken. A iew days after, Mr. Shearly told me he was taken I was glad to hoar he was alive. June Cth, Timothy Cummings, aged sixty, was brought to prison,' who informed us he was at work with five other men, about Ibrtv rods from the block-house, (4eorge's (fort,) when live Indians shot at them, but hurt none. The men ran a^ay, and left him and guns to tic Indy-y IJc told us that the ensign was killed as he stood on tJie top of the tort, and that the English killed five Indians at the same lime. June i:]th, Mv. Shearly brought to the captives some letters which were sent irom Albany, and among them one from Lieut. Cov Phips d the Massachusetts Ray, to the Governor of Ctmada, for the ex-' change ol prisoners, which gave us great hopes of a speedy release June 22(1, eight men were brought to prison, among whom were JJcacon Brown a ml Jiobert JVforse, who infbrmcd me that there were SIX or eight Indians killed, a little before they were taken, at Upper Ashuelot, and that they learnt, by the Indians who took them there were SIX move of the English killed at other places near Connecticut nvcr, and several more much wounded ; these last were supposed to be the wife and children of the aforesaid Burbank and VVoodwell July .5tli, wo sent a petition to the chief governor that we mi^ht be cxchunged, and the 7th, Mr. Shearly told us we should be exchancred lor other captives in a short time, which caused great joy amon.r°us Ihe same day, at night, John Berran, of Northfield, was brou^rht to' prison, who told us that an expedition against Canada was on foot which much rejoiced us. Ho also told us of the three fmhts in No' Four, and who were killed and taken, and of the mischief done in other places near Connecticut river; and that mv brother Daniel Hows son Dame! was taken with him, and was in'the hands of the Indians, who designed to keep him. July 2()th, John Jones, a seaman, was brought into prison, who told us he was going from Cape Breton to Newfoundland, with one bnglishman and lour Frenchmen, who had sworn alleoiance to King George, and in the passage they had killed the other Englishman but carried him to the bay of Arb, where there was an army of trunch and Indians, to whom they delivered him, and by them was sent to Quelx^c. "^ July 21st, John Richards, and a bov of nine or ten years of ao^ who belonged to Rochester, in New Hampshire;;, were brouoht^to prison. They told us there were four Englishmen killed when thev were taken. ^ August 15th, seven captives, who with eight more were taken at ^t. John s Island, were brought to prison- they told as that several 35* IM 414 BVBNT8 IN INDIAN HI6TOBT. were killed after quarters were given, among whom was James Owen, late of Brookfield, in New England. On the 16th, Thomas Jones, late of Sherburne, in New England, after seven or eight days' sick- ness, died. He gave good satisfaction as to his future state. On the ■25th wc had a squall of snow. September 12th, Robert Downii'^% who had been a soldier at Capr Breton, and was taken at St. Jolm , imd who was with the Indians twc montlis, und sufH-rcd great abuse from them, was brought to prison. On the 1.5th, twcnty-three ol' the captives taken at Hoosuck fort were brought to prison, among whom was the Rev. Mr. John Norton. They informed us that aftoi' fighting twenty-five hours, with eighi liundred French and Indians, they surrendered themselves, on capi'n- lation, prisoners of war; that Tbomas Nalton and Josiah Read wen killed when they were taken. The names of those now brought in are the Rev. Mr. Norton, John Hawks, John Smead, his wile auc six children, John Perry and his wile, Moses Scott, his wife and tw( children, Samuel Goodman, Jonathan Bridgman, Nathan Eames. Joseph Scott, Amos Pratt, Benjamin Sinconds, Samuel Lovet, Davi(i Warren, and Phinehas Furbusli. The two last of these informed me tliat my brother Daniel How's son was taken from the Indians, am: now lives with a French gtintlcinan at Montreal. There wore foiii captives more taken at Albany the last summer, who were broiijih: to prison the same day. On the 26th (Sept.) seventy-four men and two women, talcen a: sea, were brought to prison. October 1st, Jacob Shepard, of VVes). borough, taken at Hoosuck, was brought to prison. On the lie. Jonathan Batherick was brought in ; and on the 5th, seventeen otlic men, three of whom were taken with Mr. Norton and oUiers, viz: Nathaniel Hitchcock, John Aldrick, and Stephen Scott. Riclian Subs, who was taken at New Casco, says that one man was killed ;;; the same time. Also Pilce Gooden, talcen at Saco, Mas brought tr- prison. He says he had a brother killed at the same time. On th( 12th, twenly-ibur seamen were brought in, and on the 19th, six morr . On the 20th, Jacob Read died. ()n tlie 23d, Edward (.'loutman an(: Robert Dunbar broke prison and escaped lor New England. Tk 37th, a man was brought into prison, who said the Indians took live more (besides himself,) and brought ten scalps to Montreal. November 1st, John Read died. The; 9tli, John Davies, taken with with Mr. Norman, died. The 17th, Nathan Eames, ol" Marlborough. died. On the 19th, Mr. Adams, taken at Sheepscot, was brought to prison. He says that James Anderson's father was killed, and liis uncle taken at the same time. The; 20th, Leonard Lydle and the widow Sarah Briant were married in Canada, by the I'ev. Mr. Nortoti. On the 22d, the above said Anderson's uncle was brought to prison. Two days after, (24th) John Bradshaw died. He had not been wcl; for most of the time he had been a prisoner. It is a very melancholy time, with us. There are now thirty sick, and dcatlis afnong us daily. Died on the 28th, Jonathan Dunham, and on the 89th, died also Capi. Bailey of Amesbury. CAPTIVITY OP NBHEMIAH HOW. 4^5 December 1st, an Albany man died, and on tbe 0th Pike Gooden who, we have reason to believe, made a happy chan ' On the 7th' w le died on the Ibth, a pious woman. John Perry's wife ,y-,\ thl ^Jd. On the 26th, William Dayly, of P^ew York, die^l January H 1747, Jonathan IJai^han died. On tl o 12th Phinehn, Andrews, of Cape Ann, died. He was one of the twenty' camts who, the same n.ght, had been removed to anothe ,'^1^1^ thereby o get rid of the infection. Jacob Bailey Iroilerlcanf Mendon, in New Engllndrdi^d ' ' "" "^ ^^''^J°' ^°^^^' °^' March 18th, James Margra died, and on the 09,1 c■^x^i Tr>t,r, v . and Samuel Goodman; the 2eth, the wile of Join \s^;^ydie, ^and ^^^t^^^'^'T^^'f'f'^'^ «"^ ^'^' day John Saneld, C p:^ , ? ' P '" ^^^^%}^^-<^^n and one of his men, died. On .he 12th, Amos Pratt, of Shrewsbury, and on the 14tl Timothv Cummmgs,- the 17th John Dill, of Hull in ^... eJZ\ thelsSf Samu.l Venhon, of Plymouth, died. On the 2Gth,Up Jonathan on snccpscot luei. Ihe same day came n, also, three men who were 1 illcd, U pt. I rent bcmg one. They were all soldiers for the t^^^'^t: ^^"^"^^^<'!' J-P'^J>enox, andontl^2S; hmrL,7ti ,1 ., '•'' ''*'™' "'S''t "'^ P^'^on took fire, and was ;;S' Jir :: ^::Sh ''"^-^ '-''' ^^^^^^^^ --'^- ^^^^ -- ^-p^ ^^a^ May 7th, Sarah Lydlc, whose name was Briant when she was taken, and married while a captive, died; and on the 13th Mr Wd's son, Daniel died, and Christian Tether the 14 h T le'same clay died also Hezekiah Huntington, a hopeful youth, of a libra! education i c was a son of Colonel Huntington, of C;nneeticu?n ' thHv'endf -to nmt '''''' ^""^ '^' '''^ ^'^^'^'^^ ^^'^^ -- P- ""I ml llllZl ^ '""'f ''•';'' ''"'' ^'■"'^ ^^^••°^' ^'"«'-d' d^-^fed March i nil 1747, wherein he informs me my family were well which wn« joyful news to me. May 19th, Abraham Fort died LUiliM-il 416 EVENTS IN INDIAN HlSTOHy. CHAPTER XX. PARTICUr-AnS RKr,ATIN« TO THE CAPTIVITY OF JOHN FITCII, OP ASHDY, MASS., UKLATKO BV MK. KXOS JONES, OP ASHBUUNIIA.M. The town of Lunon1)urg, in Massnchiif5otts, was incorporated Au- gust 1, 1728, and received its name in compliment to George II., who, the preceding year, came to the. I'ritish Ihrone, and was styled Dukf; of Lunenburg, having in his (Jerman dominions a town of that name. On the 3rd of February, 1704, a part of Lunenburg was detached and incorporated as a distinct town by the name of Fitchburg, In 1767, a part of Fitchburg was disannexed, to aid in forming the town of Ashby. Mr. John Fitch lived on the frontiers of the county, in the tract now included in Ashby. Arter the commencement of the French and Indian war of 1715, Fitch proposed to the government to keep a aarrison, with the aid of three .soldiers, who were immediately de- spatched to him. Mr. Fitch was a gentleman of much enterprise, and had had consiilerablc dealings with the Indians in peltries, furs, &c., and was generally well known among them. Soon after the breaking out of the war, they determined to make him a prisoner; and in July, 174R-7, they came into the vicinity, to the number of about eighty. The inhabitants of the garrison were Fitch, his wife, five children, and the three soldiers. One of these last letl tl • garri- son early in tlu; morning of the disaster, on fuF|.ough, to visit a house at the distance of three or four miles. Another went out in quest of game. He liad not proceeded far when he discovered the Indians •crawlino; in the high grass between him and the garrison. He attempted to return, but was instantly shot down. (Jne soldier only remained with Fitch and his family, and they determined to defend themselves to the best of their power. Tiie soldier, whose name was Jenninos, tired several times, when an Indian shot him through the neck, and he IMl. Mrs. Fitch regularly loaded the guns for her husband, and they continued to defend themselves for some time; when the Indians informed them that if they would surrender they should have quarter, but if they refused they should perish in the flames of the garrison, Afler some consultation with his wife. Fitch concluded to surrender. The Indians then burned the garrison, and after committing various mischiefs in the neighborhood, they took the captive family to Canada. Immediately after the garrison was burnt, Perkins, the soldier on furlough, espied the smoke, and on ascending a hill in the vicinity he could .see the ruins. He immediately gave the alarm, and in the evening nearly an hundred had assembled in arms tor the pursuit of the enemy. It being dark, ho\ er, they concluded to wait till the following morning, and ere day l)roke they aet out. After proceeding a short distance in the track of the Indians, they saw a piece of paper tied to a limb of a tree, which, on examining, they found to be in the hand-writing of F'^ch, requesting them by no means to pursue him, as the Indians had assured himof safety if they were not pursued, but would destroy him if his friends should attempt CAPTIVITY OP MARV FOWLRB. 41f I he th.rd soldier, whose nan.e was I'crkins, e^c^pjj wMs Blodnet CHAPTER XXI. CAPTIVITY OF MARV FOVVI.KU, OF JIOIMCliVTON. Mary Fowler, formerly Mary Woodwoll, now livin. in Cnntorhnrv l:^'^i::-.v^;' vr jr' ^!/t;r ■ -' 't- ^^"^' ^^'"' ..f what is called Putney'rHill. ° ' '"' °" *'^' ^^'"^^^'-'y ^'^0 On the 2:.>d day of April, in the year 1740 whilo in fl,o other four were altcrwards exchan-Tod '» l)u, on. ihe The circurnslances relative to their beinir taken were as follow.- on persons, v,z: the eight above mentioned. Sam rel Bur nT^ 'heir captivity, Samuel Bui.nk lei t o^n ^ . ^'n^to^l"' latal consequences. However she sernrprl T i ^f ' ^^'^""^ '"^^ liofX..^ .u ii^^uLvi.1, .biic sccuied the lead V weanon nnrl l^etore they commenced their march threw it into fho woM r .1 418 EVENTS IN INDIAN UlSTORV. when a chief by the name of Pennos, wlio had previously received numerous kindnesses from her lather's family, instantly interfered, and kept him Irom his cruel design, taking her for his own captive, Arter having arrived at St. Francis, Pennos sold Mary to a squaw of another family, while J. Burbank continued in some remote part of the neighborhood under his own master. Mary's father and brothers, after they were exchanged, solicited a contribution for her redemption, which was at last obtained with great dilHculty for one hundred livres, through the stratagem of a French doctor, all previous efforts made by her father and brothers having failed. This tender parent, though reduced to poverty by the savages, and having no pecuniary assist- ance except what he received through the hand of charity from his distant friends, had frequently visited St. Francis in order to have an interview with his only daughter, and to compromise with her mis- tress, offering her a large sum for Mary's redemption, but all to no effect. She refused to let her go short of her weight in silver. Moreover, Mary had previously been told by her mistress that if she intimated a word to her father that she wanted to go home with him, she should never see his face again; therefore, when interrogated by him on this subject, she remained silent, through fear of Avorse treat- ment; yet she could not conceal her griel", fjr her internal agitation and distress of mind caiised the tears to flow profusely from her eyes. Her father, at length, worn out with grief and toil, retired to Montreal, where he contracted with a Frenchman as an agent to effect, if possible, the purchase of his daughter. This agent, after having attempted a compromise several times in vain, employed a French physician, who was in high reputation among the Indians, to assist him. The doctor, under a cloak of friendship, secretly advised Mary to feign herself sick, as the only alternative, and gave her medicine for the purpose. This doctor was soon called upon for medical aid, and although he appeared to exert the utmost of his skill, yet his patient continued to grow worse. After making several visits to no effect, he at length gave her over as being past recovery, advising her mis- tress, as a real friend, to sell her the first opjjortunity for what she could get, oven if it were but a small sum; otherwise, said he, she will die on your hands, and you must lose her. 'I'he squaw, alarmed at the doctor's ceremony, and the dangerous appearance of her cap- tive, immediately contracted with the French agent i'or one hundred livres; whereupon Mary soon began to amend, and was shortly after conveyed to Montresil, where she continued six months longer among the French, waiting for a passport. Thus, after having been compelled to three years' hard labor in planting and hoeing corn, chop[)ing and carrying wood, pounding samp, gathering cranberries and other wild fruit for the market, &c., this young woman was at length redeemed from the merciless hands and cruel servitude of the savages, who had not only wrested her from, her home, but also from the tender embraces of her parents, and from all social intercourse with her friends. Jonathan Burbank was redeemed about the same time, — became CAPTIVITY or MHS. MABELtA H'COY. 41» an officer, and wns afterwnrds killed by the Indians in the French war. 1 heso sons of the forest, supposing him to have been Uocrerg, their avowed enemy ru.i.pd upon him and slew him without cerc^! mony, after he had g.ven hn„ -If up as a prisoner of war. Afler S.X months' dofontion .-.mong the F.x.neh at Montreal, Mary was conveyed (mostly by water) to Albany by (he iJutch, who had proceeded to ( anada m order to redeem their black slaves, whom the Indians had previously taken and carried thither; IVom thence she was conducted to the place of her nativity, when, she continued about ivc years, and was married to one Jesse Corbett, by whom she had two sons. iM-om thence they moved to ITopkinton, in this State, to he place where Mary had been taken by the Indians. Corbett, her hiisband, was drowned m Almsbury river, (now Warner river ) in Ilopkinton, m the year 17.39, in attempting to swim across the river,- was earned down into the Contoocook, thence into the Merrimack, and was finally taken up in Dunstable, with his clothes tied fast to his head. Mary was afterwards marri(xl to a Jeremiah Fowler, by whom she had ive children. She is now living in Canterbury, in the enjoyment of good health and remarkable powers of mind, beincr in he n.nety.third yo-av of her age. The foregoing narrati;e wal written a few weeks since as she related it. CHAPTER XXII. ^r4 PT?v P^AS'^nX'."' CAPTIVITY OK MRS. IPAIiEIJ.A WeOY WHO WA'i TAKPTV The Indians were first attracted to the new settlements in the town of bpsoni, ^ IT., by discovering M'Coy at Suncook, now Pembroke. iDis, as nearly as can be ascertained, was in the year 1747 Reports wre spread of the depredations of the Indians in various pl'aces and M'Coy had heard that they had been seen lurkincr about the woods at Penacook, now Concord. He went as far as Pembroke; ascertained Uiat they were in the vicinity; was somewhere discovered by them and followed home. They told his wife, whom they afterwards made pnsoner, that they looked through cracks arouUd the house, and saw what they had for supper that night. They however did not discover tliernselves till the second day after. They probably wished to take a little time to learn the strength and i)reparation of the inhabitants, Ihe next day, Mrs. M'Coy, attended by their two dogs, went down to see It any of the other families had returned from the garrison ^he found rio one. On her return, as she was passing the brock-hoose! Wftich stood near the present site of the meeting-house, the dogs, which naa passed round it, came running back growling and very much excited. Iheir appearance induced her to make the beat of her way 430 EVENT8 IN INDIAN HISTORY. homo. The Indians aftorwardn told licr tlmt they then lay concealed tjjere, and saw the dogs, when they cumc round. ■ M'Coy, being now strongly suspieious that the Indians were actually in the town, d(.'t(Tinined to set otT the next day vith his fatnily for tin; garrison at Nottingliam. fiis family now coioistnd of hiniself, his wife, and son John. The younger children were still at the garriMin. They accordingly secured their house as well as they could, and all set oil" next morning; — M'Coy and his son with their guns, tin lugh without ammunition, having tired away what they brought with tlicru in hunting. As they were travellin,; a little distance east of the place where the meeting-house now stands. Mrs. M'(Joy fell a little in the rear of tli<. others. This circumstance gave the Indians a favorable opportunity for separating her ironi her husband and son. The Indians, three men and a boy, lay in ambush near the foot of Marden's hill, not fur from the junction of the mountain road with the main road. Here they sutl(!red M'Coy and his son to pass ; but, as his wife was passing them, they reached from the bushes, and took hold of her, charging her to make no noise, and covering her mouth with their hands, as she cried to her husband for assistance, llcr husband, hearing her cries, turned, and was about coming to her relief. But he no sooner began to advance, than the Indians, expecting probably that he would fire wpon them, began to raise their pieces, which she pushed one side, and motioned to her friends to make their escape, knowing that their guns were not loaded, and that they would doubtless be killed, if they approached. They accordingly ran into the woods and made tluii esca|)e to the garrison. This took place August 21, 1747. The Indians then collected together what booty they could obtain, which consisted of an iron trannnel, from Mr. George Wallace's, the apples of the only tree which bore in town, which was in the orchard now owned by Mr. David (^Irilhn, and some other trifling articles, and prepared to set oil" with their prisoner to Canada. Before they took their departure, they conveyed Mrs. M'Coy to u place near the Suncook river, where they left her in the care of the young Indiati, while the three men, whose names were aflc^rwardx ascertained to be Plausawa,* Sabatis, and Christi, went away, and were for some time absent. During their absence, Mrs. M'Coy thoughl of attempting to make her escape. She saw opportunities, when she thought she might despatch the young Indian with the trammel, which, with other things, was left with them, and thus perhaps avoid some strange and barbarous death, or a long and distressing captivity. Hut. on the other hand, she knew not at what distance the others were. li she attempted to kill her young keeper, she might fail. If sheetlected her purpose in this, she might be pursued and overtaken by a cruel and revengel'ul loo, and then some dreadful death would be her certain .pontion. On the whole, she thought best to endeavor to prepare lier imind to bear what might be no more than a period of savage captivity. * These were of the Arosaguntacook or St. Francis tribe. CAniVITy OF MRS. ISABKLLA M'COV. ^Jl Iho whole tirai! she was will, llicm. TIictv oarrjcl lirr f,, r •. ,; if sold her „, „ serv,u,l lo a Frond, ramiw/when o it ho do en ', hi and her Imsbaml bein^ a man of rather a ro„gh and violen tcmZ' in >^ ,"'"' ";:"-'■ »l"-"''l >'"e thought of°atte,n|,t,™ ,h .]^3ev imnie, we,o it not lor the sake of her children. ' '^ Mer the cajitiirc of Mr.,. M'Coy, the Indians frequenllv visited the S™ he""' '■"r?""",'' ""y ""•>■ ^« •feP'-»datio"s. The ™al« ■nage they ever did to the properly of the inhabitants was the spoS Ir V 1 r """ '" '?""• -^' "'" '™= -^rerred lo, there were b"f ■™ iLTndir • •■"" ;'""'• ?'!;!'"'''• " ^'" " •'""•'"•"PP^ehenl^' mn the Indians and tho inhabitants had ihereloro all led to the SrU *'";,"■"'"""• '"'."y I"" 'h'"- »-n to gra.e al o " he «.»ds ivilh a boll upon one of them. The Indians llund them shot The roroeily and .-raelly of ihe savages were doubtless verv m„eh bvTri^am Rl»l p P""'™'"''' '^eease in the eourse pursued nL!: *f ° ? '■ ^"'"S I'lmsolfacurioua marksman and an exnert .unler, traits of character in their view of the highest order he sS < I 433 15VENT8 IN INDIAN 1II8TORT. i ner.ured their respect ; and, by n course of kind treatment, he secured ■their friendship to such ti degree, thiit, though they had opportunities, they would not injure him even in titm; of war. The lirst h«! ever saw oi" lium was a .-onipany of them making towards his house, through thn opening from the top of Sanborn's hill, lie (led to the w<.()(ls, and there hiy concealed, till they had made a thorough search al)out his house and enclosuriis, and had gone otr. The next time his visiters came, he was constrained to iKH'orne more neciuainted with tliem, and to treat them with more attention. As he was iiusily eri'^ageil towards the c|os(! of tlie day in •completing a yard for his ecw, the declining sini suddenly threw along several enormous sliadows on the; groiuid hei'ore him. He had no soomu- turned to see the cause, than he ii>imd hiiris.'Ifin the company of a nundMn- of stalely Indians. iy would make him their big captain. They used ollen to call upon him, and his kindnesst to them they never (brgol even in time of war. i'lausawa had a peculiar manner of doubling bis lip, and producing a very slirili, piercing whistle, which might Ik; heard a ;>;reat distance. At a time when considerable danger was apprehended Irom the Indians, Blake went ofl' into the woods alone, though considered hazardous, to look for his cow, that was missing. As h(; was passing along by Sinclair's brook, an unfre(|uented plac(>, northerly from M'Coy's moun- tain, a very loud, sharp whistle, which be knew to be IMausawa's. sudd(;idy passed tln'ough his head, tike the repov of a pistol. The sudden alarm almost raised him from the ground; and, with a very light step, he soon reached hon»e without bis cow. In more peaceable times, Plausawa asked him if he did not remember the time, and laughed very much to think bow he ran at the iVight, and fold him the^reason for his whistling. "FowHg Imliuii;' said he, "/w/t up gun to shoot Englishman. Me knock it down, and whistle to start you off:' So lasting is their friendsbij), when treated well. At the close of the wars, the Indians built several wigwam's near the confluence of Wallace's brook with the great Suncook. On a little island in tbi» *« & r river, nea consideral time of pe near a cer ,..-***-■ I r Ki WfMi AN ACCOUl TRAVELS COIJNTV, THE YEA] la May, three hund to join Br Yohogania cheague, \v road-cutter Though violently in scssed of I tetwcen Ve one, and gc this cainpai summer 1 s We wen Alleghany some provii down the r< wagons wei again towar Vigoras. i made a blin naturally, w the road. ^ short distanc touch me; I Indians imn: hold on me ' of them ecu white men c Two of the§( rade; they tj about fifteen tain, without The next they had bro which was a youag grouf CAPTIVITV OF COLONEL SMITH. 423 CHAPTER XXIII. THE YEARS J75o, '50, •57,"'5i, a\t» "j CAUIVU'Y WITH THE INDIANS, IN 111 May 1755, the province of Pennsylvania affreed to send out hree hundred n,en, m o.'der to cut a wagon road IVom Fort Lo don to joni Braddock's road, near the Turkey Foot, or three To s of 1 ohogania. My brother-in-law, WiUiani Smith, Esq., of Conoco roSttJ"' ''^""''^' -nmissioner, to have the ove'rsight of these Though I M-as at that time only eighteen years of age, I had fallen violently m love with a young lady, whom^I apprehended was nos^ scssed of a large share of both teauty and vir ue but bein ' Cn between Venus and Mars, I concluded I must also leave myTelrfak one, and go out with this con^pany of road-cutters, to see the ev^ntTf this campaign ; but st.U expecting that some time in the course of thh^ summer I should again return to the arms of mv beloved We went on with the road witliout intcri'uption until near the Alleghany mountam, when I was sent back, in order to hurry nn some provu..on-wagons that were on the way after us. I proceeded down the road as far as tlie crossings of Juniata, where, f indino the wagons were commg on as Ihst as possible, I returned u, the 1-oad again towards the Alleghany mountin, in c;mpany ^ll Arno d ISeT"blin ]""n °r" "' "^''r^' ''^'^"^^ Bedfllrd, three Indians had made a blmd of bushes, stuck m the ground as though they crew the ro' f' t?" '^'^ ^""^'^'^^ ihen^seWes, about fifteen yard^stm the load. When we came opposite to them they fired upon us at this ^ultrS "^'t'''^' -y 'ellovv-traveller, y^t their llullet: cf:^ n^ touch me, but my horse making a violent start, threw me, and the luhans immediately ran up and took me prisoner. The one that l^d hold on me was a Canasatauga, the other two were Delawares. One of hem could speak English, and a.sked me if there were any more white men comnig after. I told them not any near that I knew of rade ,W M ^"'^•^"V'^^? ^^ '"'' "''"'^^ ^^e other scalped my com-* Son; f ft^ V ""^rf ^"^^ "' "" ^'""^-^ ^•••^^« through the woods for The next moniing they divided tho last of their provision which they had brought from Fort Du Quesne, and gave me an equal share wh ch was about two or three ounces of mouldy biscuit; his, and J youug ground-hog, about as large as a rabbil, roasted, and also fiTT V ! I jil •^">*«?*»*5^' il '.■:m ■i u^' ■m :;-,^-;--..it'!-j',.jW .?c :^^, :i^ 5?. '•y/^s fe :-'N\ h «4|W^ ■-* «»•, t?ifiij m ■ji r^ ^'**k/ '^^::^^ -;:•:'/&:■• ^cc.^-'-^ .^^sJ"' .»> ^ ^ ■I'^uMbiiiiiCi! m^^^M •:'mviTj;*.' -., .'.-' -tte'-'iW HiVTS UF I\JMA\ »flH TORY. 424 EVENTS IN INDIAN HISTORY. equally divided, was all the provision v/o had until we came to the Loyal Hannan, which was about fifty miles; and a great part of the way we came through exceedingly rocky laurel thickets, without any path. When we came to the west side of Laurel Hill, they gave the scalp halloo, as usual, which is a long yell or halloo for every scalp or prisoner th(!y have in possession; the last of these scalp halloos was followed with quick and sudden shrill shouts of joy and triumph. On their perfijrming this, wo were answered by the firing of a number of guns on the Loyal Hannan, one after another, (piickerthan one could count, by another party of Indians, who were encamped near when Ligoneer now stands. As we advanced near this party, they increased with repeated shouts of joy and triumph; but 1 did not share with them in tlunr excessive mirth. When we came to this camp, we found they had plenty of turkeys and other meat there, and though I never before eat venison without bread or salt, yet us I was hungry, it relished very well. There we lay that night, and the next morninu thi; whole of us marched on our way for Fort Du'Ciuesne. The night after we came tr, another camp of Indians, with nearly the same ceremony, attended with great noise and apparent joy among all except one. The next morning we continued our march, and in the afternoon wo came in full view of the ibrt, which stood on the point near where Fort Pitt now stands. We then made a halt on the bank of the Alleghany, and repeated the scalp halloo, which, was answered by the firing of all the firelocks in the hands of both hu'ins and I'rench who wore in and about the fort, in the aforesaid manner, which were followed by the continued shouts and yells (jf the ditlerent savage tribes who were then collected there. As I was at that time unacquainted with this mode of firing and yell- ing of the savages, I concluded that therd in the most hideous marmer, of various colors, though the principal color was vermilion, or a bright red, yet there was annexed to this black, brown, blue, &c. As they approached, they formed themselves into two long ranlcs, about two ov three rods apart. I was told by an Indian that could speak English that 1 must run betwixt these ranks, and that they would flog me all the way as I ran; and if I ran quick, it would be so much the better, as they would quit when I got to the end of the ranks. There appeared to be a general rejoicing around me, yet I could find nothing like joy in my breast; but I started to the race with all the resolution and vigoi' 1 was capable of exerting, and found that it was as I had been told, for I was flogged the whole way. When I had got near the end ol' the lines, I was struck with something that .a])j)eared to me to be a stick, or the handle of a tomahawk, which caused me to fall to the ground. On my recovering my senses, 1 endeavored to renew my race; but as I arose, some one cast sand in my eyes, which blinded me so that I could not see v.-here to run. They continued beating ine most intolerably, until I was at length insensible; but before I lost my CAPTIVITY OF COLONEL SMITH. 486 ZStlhr^'T^Trr.r''^'"" '^'"^ ^« ^^"'^^ the fatal blow, for I SI ' killing me, but apprehended they were to^ long The first thing I remember was my being in the fort amidst the Frendi and Indians, and u French doctor sfanding by me,Tho had howU-^Ttolir" M-r"' r'^"-."^"^^'^he int^rpLer'alked me iiou 1 did, I told him f felt much pain. The doctor then washed mv wounds and the bruised places of my body with French brandy 7s hi L! " S'm ^" ^'■''l^y.'"^-^' ^^«11. I a^kc^d ibr some inwardfy, bt the doctor told me, by the interpreter, that it did not suit my case When they lound 1 could speak, a number of Indians caL amund me and examined me, wuh threats of cruel death if I did not tell tSe u,th. The first questK)n they asked me was, how many men were doX" U^ '\f """, 'T"^ ^^«'" l^--ylvania to^ joTn Bmd! dock? I told them the truth, (hat there were three hundred The next question was, were they well armed? I told them they were all > ell armed, (meaning the arm of flesh,) for they had onlv about thirH guns among the whgle of them, which, if the Indians had known thev would certainly have gone and cut them off, therdbre.] could not in conscience let them know the deienceless situation of these rid - the doctor "■"'. '" ''"V" '.^'^ ''"'•^'^"'' ^^"^ ^'^'■^^'■""y ^««"ded by the doctors, and recovered quicker than what I expected borne time aller 1 was there, I was visited by the Delaware Indian ^me LS""'n' "'". r ''\ ^'f ^^^^"^S of- me, and could speak some English. 1 hough he spoke but bad English, yet 1 found hm. to be a man o( considerable understanding. I asked him if I had fn ^7 " '^'""^Y ""^^^'^"^ '^'' 1"^*^"^' ^^hich caused them to neat me so unmercifully. He said no; it was only an old custom the ndmns had and it was like how do you do; after that, he said, I wol be well used I asked him if 1 should be admitted to remain with the Irench. He said no; and told me that, as soon as I recovered, I Zlir^'Hl n^'^^Jhe Indians, but must be made an Indi n lyself I asked him what news irom Braddock's army. He said he Indians spied them every day, and he showed me," bv makin. marks on the ground with a stick, that Braddock's army was advanc°. ing in very close order, and that the Indians would surround them, take trees, and (as he expressed it) shoot vm down all one pigeon Shortly alter this, on the Oth day of July, 1755, in the mornin.., I heard a great stir in the fort. As I could then walk with a staff in iny hand, I went out of the door, whi.'h was just by the wall of the orl, and stooa upon the wall, and viewed the Indians in a huddle Oelore the gate, where were barrels of powder, bullets flints, &c. and cveiy one taking what suited. I saw the Indians also march off in rank enure ; likewise the French Canadians, and some regulars After viewing the Indians and French in different positions, 1 compuS hen, be about lour hundred, and wondered that they attempted o hono ih^%T iT"^"^"''' ''''? '° '"^"" ^ P^^ty- I ''^^ then in high hopes tha^ I would soon see them fly before the British troops, and that . Uneral Braddock would take the fort and rescue me 36* Hi i .; ti^ ri IF 1 JIM- " mf^fr 436 BVBNT8 Ilf INDIAN HISTOKY. 1 remained anxious to know the event of this day ; and, in the afternoon, I again observed a great noise and commotion in the fort, and though at that time I could not understand French, yet 1 found that it was the voice of joy and triumph, and feared that they had received what I called bad news. I had observed some of the old country soldiers speak Dutch ; as I spoke Dutch, I went to one of them, and asked him what was the news. He told me that a runner had just arrived, who said that Braddock would certainly be defeated ; that the Indians and French had surrounded him, and were concealed behind trees and in gullies, and kept a constant fire upon the English, and that they saw the English falling in heaps, and if thoy did not take the river, which was the only gap, and make their escape, there would not be one man left alive before sundown. Some time after this I heard a number of scalp halloos, and saw a company of Indians and French coming in. I observed they had a great many bloody scalps, grenadiers' caps, British canteens, bayonets, &c., with them. They brought the news that Braddock was defeated. After that anotlicr company came in, which appeared to" be about one hundred, and chiefly Indians, and it seemed to me that almost every one of this company was carrying scalps ; after this came another company with a number of wagon horses, and also a great many scalps. Those that were coming in, and those tliat had arrived, kept a constant firing of small arms, and also the g.' •'.' guns in the ibrt, which were accompanied with the most hideous shouts and yells from all quarters ; so that it appeared i,o me as if the infernal regions had broke loose. About sundown, I beheld a small party coming in with about a dozen prisoners, stripped naked, wirh their hands tied behind their backs, and their faces and part of their bodies blacked; these prisoners tliey burned to death on the bank of Allenhany river, opposite to the fort. I stood on the fort wall until I beheld them begin to burn one of these men; they had him tied to a stake, and kept touching him with fire-brands, red-hot irons, &c., and he screamed in a most doleful manner; the Indians, in the mean time, yelling like infernal spirits. As this scene appeared too shocking for me to behold, I retired to my lodgings both sore and sorry. When I came into my lodgings T saw Ilusscl's Seven Sermons, which they had brought from the field of battle, which a Frenchman made a present to me. From the best information I could receive, there were only seven Indians and four French killed m this battle, and five liundred British lay dead in the field, besides what were killed in the river on their retreat. The morning after the battle I saw Braddock's artillery brought into the fort; the same day I also saw several Indians in British officers' dress, with sash, half moon, laced hats, &c., which the British then wore. A few days after this the Indians demanded me, and I was obliged to go with them. I was not yet well able to marc!;, !)i!t they took nic m a canoe up the Alleghany river to an Indian to'wi, that was on the CAPTIVITY OP COLONEL SMITH. 487 north side of the river, about forty miles above Fort Du Quesne. Here LTrr . K "* u'TJ"^^'^ ^"^ ^^« '^^"^ '^^^"^ <« «« Indian town on the west branch of Muskingum, about twenty miles above the forks, which was called Tulhhas, inhabited by Delawares, Caughnewaga w«« ^K.i r M- ^^" r "" T"" ^*^'-^' '^"^ ^^'^^^'^•d towns The country va^ chie/ly black oak and white oak land, which app<3ared generally The day after my arrival at the aforesaid town, a number of Indians collected about me, and one of them began to pull the hair out of my head. Ho had some ashes on a piece of bark, in which he frequently dipped his fingers, in order to lake the firmer hold, and so he went on, as it he had been plucking a turkey, until he had all the hair clean out of my head, except a small spot about three or four inches square on my crown; this they cut off with a pair of scissors, tT71 Tf '°''''' ''H'^ '^'^ ^'•^^^^"' "P i" ^h«ir «wn mode. Iwo of those they wrapped round with a narrow beaded garter made by themselves for that purpose, and the other they plaited at full ength, and then stuck it tiill of silver broaches. After this thev bored my nose and ears, an. 1 fixed me off with car-rings and nose jewels ; hen they ordered me to strip off my clothes and put on a breech-clout, which 1 did ; they then painted my head, face, and body, in various colors. They put a large belt of wampum on my neck and silver bands on my hands and right arm: and so an old chief led me out in the street, and gave the alarm lialloo, coo-wi^h, several times repeated quick; and on this, all that were in the town came running and stood round the old chief, who held me by the hand in the midst. As I at that time knew nothing of their mode of adoption, and had seen them put to death all they had taken, and as I never could find that they saved a man alive at Braddock's defeat, I made no doubt but they were about putting me to death in some cruel manner. 1 he old chief, holding me by the hand, made a long speech, very loud and when he had done, he handed me to thr^e youn- squaws, who led me by the hand down the bank, into the river, until the water was up to our middle. The squaws then made signs to me plunge myself into the water, but I did not understand them ; I tliought that the Insult of the council was that 1 should be drowned and that these young ladies were to be the executioners. They all tiirce laid violent hold of me, and 1 for some time opposed them with all my might w iich occasioned loud laughter by the multitude that were on the bank of the river. At length one of the squaws made out o spealc a little English, (lor 1 believe they began to be afraid of me,) and said «o hurt you. On this I gave mVself up to their lady- ships, who were as good as their word ; for though they plunoed me under water, and washed and rubbed me severely, yet I could not say they hurt me much. ' ^ These young women then led me up to the council-house, where some of the tribe were ready with new clothes for me. They aave me a new ruflled shirt, which I put on, also a pair of leggins done of}' 428 EVENTS IN INDIAN HISTORY. with ribbons and beads, likewise a pair of moccasins, and garters dressed with beads, porcupine quills, and red hair — also a tinsel-laced cappo. They again painted my head and face with various colors, and tied a bunch of red Ibuthors to one of those locks they had lefi on the crown of my head, which stood up five or six inches. They seated me on u bear-skin, and jiave ine a pipe, tomahawk, and pole- cat-skin pouch, which had been skinned pocket fashion, and contained tobacco, killcgcnico, or dry sumach leaves, which they mix with their tobacco; also spunk, flint, and steel. When 1 was thus seated, the Indians came in dressed and painted in their grandest manner. As they came in they took their seats, and for a considerable time there was a profound silence— every one was smoking; but not a word was spoken among them. At length one of the chiels made a speech, which was delivered to me by an interpreter, and was as foUoweth; " My son, you are now flesh of our flesh, and bone of our bone. By the ceremony which was performed this day every drop of white blood was washed out of your veins; you are taken into the Caughnewaga nation, and initiated into a warlike tribe; you are adopted ir.to a great family, and now received with great seriousness and solemnity in the room and place of a great man. After what has passed this day, you are now one of us by an old strong law and custom. My son, you have now nothing to fear — we are now under the same obligations to love, support, and defend you that we are to love and to defend one another; therefore, you are to consider yourself as one of our people." At this time I did not believe this fine speech, especially that of the white blood being washed out of me; but since that time 1 have found that there was much sincerity in said speech; for, from that day, i never knew them to make any distinction between me and themselves in any respect whatever until I left them. If they had plenty of clothing, I had plenty f if we were scarce, we all shared one fate. After this ceremony was over, I was introduced to my new kin, and told that I was to attend a feast that evening, which 1 did. And as' the custom was, they gave me also a bowl and wooden spoon, which I carried with me to the place, where there was a number of large brass kettles full of boiled venison and green corn ; every one advanced with his bowl and spoon, and had his share given him. After this, one of the chiefs made a short speech, and then we began to eat. The name of one of the chiefs in this town was Tecanyaterighto, alias Pluggy, and the other Asallecoa, alias Mohawk Solomon. As Pluggy and his party were to start the next day to war, to the frontiers of Virginia, the next thing to be ••erformed was the war-dance, and their war-songs. At their war-dance they had both vocal and instru- mental music ; they had a short hollow gun, closed at one end, with water in it, and parchment stretched over the open end thereof, which they beat with one stick, and made a sound nearly like a muffled drum. All those who were going on this expedition collected together and formed. An old Indian then began to sing, and timed the music by beating on this drum, as the ancients formerly timed their music by beating the tabor. On this the warriors began to advance, or CAPTIVITY OP GOIONEL SMITH. 420 move forward ,n concert, like wcll-disciplined troops would march to the f. e und drum. Lach warrior had a tomahawk, spear, or wur- .nallet in his hand, and they all moved rej^ularly towards the east, or he way they intended to go to war. At lenjrth they all stretc-lied then tomahawks towards the l>oton.ac, and giving a hideous shout or yell, they wheeled (,uick about, and daneed in the same manner hack 1 he next was the war-song. Jn performing this, only one sunrr at a time, m a moving posture, with a tomahawk in his hand, while all he other warriors were engaged in calling aloud he-nh, he-uh, which they constantly repeated while the war-song was goin.. on When the warrior that was singing had ended his song, he striudc a war-post with his tomahawk, and with a loud voice told what warlike exploits he had done, and what he now iniended to do, which were answered by the other warriors with loud shouts of applause. Some who had not before intended to go to war, at this time, were so animated bv this performance, that they took up the tomahawk and sung the war- .song which was answered with shouts of joy, as they were then initiated into the present marching company. " The next Inorniny this company all co lectcd at one place, with their heads and fhces painted with various colors, and packs upon their backs; fhc-y marched olf, all silent, (.xccpt the commander, who, in the front, sung the travellin-v songr, which began m this manncn-: J,.oo cnvghlalnte heeiranu. Smi as the rear passed the end of the town, they began to 'fire in their -slow manner, rom the front to the rear, which was accompanied with shouts and yells from all quarters. This evening I was invited to another sort of dance, which was a kind of promiscuous dance. The young men stood in one rank, and the young women u. another, about one rod apart, facini' each other. I he one that raised the tune, or started th.^ sono, held a small gourd or dry shell of a squash in his hand, which roiUained beads or small stones which rattled. When he began to sing, he timed the tune with nis rattle; both men and women danced and sung together, advancinosod it was bear meat; hv laughed, and said, ho, all one fmi i;im, hmf now dh) pool; and pointing to (ho otlier side of the; camp, Ur. said, look at that skin, you think that beai akin? 1 went and tilled the skin, which ap|H^ared like an ox-hide; he then sau\, what nkin tfoii think that/ I replied, that 1 thought it was a buJlido hide; ho laughed, and said, you fool a^ain, rjou know nothins;, you think biiji'alo that colo? I acknowledg(;d I did not knf>w much about these things, and told him J uc i r sriwa butlalo, and that I had not heard what cohjr they were. He replied, by and by you shall sec sjrleat many buffalo ; he noio ij;o to fjleat lick. That skin no bvjf'alo skin, that skin biirk-elk skin. They went out with horses, and brought in the remainder t>r this buck-elk, which was the fattest creature I ever saw of the tallow kind. We remained at this camp about eight or ten days, and killed a number of deer. Though we had neither bread nor salt at this time, yet we had Ixjth roast and boiled meat in great pk^ity, and tliey wtsre frcfiuently inviting me to eat when I had no api)etite. We then moved to the butlalo lick, where we killed several buffalo, and in their small brass kettkis they made about half a bushel of salt. I su|)|)ose this lick was about thirty or Ibrty miles from the aforesaid town, and somewhere between the Muskingum, (3hio, avid Sciota. About the lick were clear, open woods, and thin white oak land, and at that time there were large roads leading to the lick, like wagon roads. We moved Irom this lick about six or seven miles, and encamped on a creek. Though the Indians had given me a gim, I had not yet been admitted to go out iVom the camp to hunt. At this place; IVlohawk Solomon asked me to go out with him to hunt, which I readily agreed to. Atler some time wc came upon some fresh builalo tracks. I had observed belijre this that the Indians were upon their guard, and afraid of an enemy; for, until now, they and the southern nations had been at war. As we were following the buffalo tracks, Solomon seemed to be upon his guard, went very slow, and would frequently stand and listen, and appeared to be in suspense. We came to where the tracks were very plain in the sand, and 1 said it is surely buffalo tracks ; he said, hi/sh, you know nothing, may be buffalo tracks, may be Catawba. He went very cautious until we found some fresh buffalo dung ; he then smiled, and said Catawba cannot make so. He then stopped, and told me an odd story about the Catawbas. He said that formerly the Catawbas came near one of their hunting camps, and at some distance from the camp lay in ambush; and in order to decoy them out, sent two or three Catawbas in the night past their camp, my gun severe CAM-IVITY OF COLOXKL flMITH. 431 With buffalo hoofs fixed on thoir feet, so rts to make nrtifidnl trnrks In tho m.,rninf,r,thosn in the camp followed after those track^.l.inkin^ .hey were I.utndo until they were'fir.d „n by the Uafaw „n\^^^ "^^^^^^^ of them killed. The others fled, eollecte.I a party and m" „ed the •nlawbas • ImU they in their subtilty, bronghl with thenrrat lesnake poison which they }„vd collected from the bla.ld.r tha | et at "ho root oi the snake's teeth; this they had corked up in a short r.iernl^- a cane-stalk. They ha.l also brouoht with them'^.na . ne . ' rc,^' about the .,/e of a rye-straw, which they made sharp at the end Tk . ■v pnn, and d.ppod them in this poison, and stuck them in ho "^o n .imonjr the rass, alonjr their own tracks, in such a p.^sit.on that lev ■m'l as the atavvbas had runners b..hind to watch the motion of Ihe pursuers when they Ihund that a nuud.er of them were I ne ben^ a tdically snake-b.tten, and that they were all turning hack th? Catawbas turned upon the pursu.-rs, Jnd delia.ed thenK and kil 1 and scalped all those that were Ian n. VV^hen ^n\nmLh,T- • this story, and fo.u.d that I underst od him he ^S -d I "'^ .Some time after this, I was told to take the dogs with me and o,. ov n he credc, perhaps I might kill a turkey ; iF heir.- Zhunl^^ .on, 1 was also told not to go far from the'creek, and to con e a he creek agam to the camp, an.l to take care not to Vet lost. When lad gone some distance down the creek, I came upon fresh bS iracks, and as 1 had a number of do ania "^h^. t a^d wc. s were^rank, 1 could read.ly follow the track A litUo beiSe suiKlnwn I despaired of coming up with them. [ was The thinl Z ow I might get to camp before night. [ concluded as tL bn ft^ had made several turns, if I took the track back to the e eek it w lu d be lr. I rninuiiicd in this ittwri until synic tinie in OctnlxM-, when niy adopted brnilKrr, called Tontilcauj^o, who had niarricMl a Wyandot squaw, took iiic wilh liim to J,mIoth in the bottoms and upland. As we proceeded down tlm (imesadooharii! waters, our packs increased by the skins that were daily killed, and became so very heavy that we (;ould not march more than (iijjht or ten miles per day. We came to liake lOrie about six miles west oi" tfio mouth ol'Canesa. dooharie. As tlu; wind was very hin, and we marched on the sand alon<^f the s'ldv. of the water, fretjucntly resliiii; ourselves. as we were heavily laden. I saw on the sand a number of large; iish, that had been h ff in (!al or hollow places; as the wind iidl, and the waves abated, they were lell willidut water, or only a small (piantity, and numbers of bald and gray eagles, &c., were along the shore devouring them. Some time in the ailernoon we came to a large camp of Wyandots, at the mouth of Canc^sadooharie, whert; Tontileaugo's wife was. I lere we were kiudlv received; they gave us a kind of rough, brown potatoes, which grow spontaiu ously, and were called by the C'augli- ncwagas ohnenata. These potatoes, peeled and dipped in rnccoon'b fat, taste nearly like our sweet pofatutis. They also gave us what thev eall camlicanta, which is a kind (d" homony, made of green corn, dried, and beans, mixed togcither. We continued our camp at the month of Cancsadooharie (or some time, where we killed some d(M>r, and a great many raccoons; the rac(;oons here were remarkably large iind fat. At length we all embarked in a large biridi-bark canoe-. This vessel was about four feet wide, and three feet deep, and about live and thirty leet long; and though it could carry a heavy burde-n, it was so artfully and curiously constructed, that four men coidd carry it several miles, or irom one landing place to another, or from the waters of the lake to the waters of the'ohio. W^c proceeded uj) Cancsadooharie a few miles, and went on shore to hunt; but to my great surprise they carried the CAmviTT OP COlOltKL SMITH. 4SS vo «H wc, all r,unn m n,, fhn l.nnk, nrul invorfH it, or (nrnrd l|,o - """ "P; <'n.| ,.„„vn... 37 r ' ^'l ''■ • )! t 1 1 EVENTS IN INDIAN HISTORY, While the hunters were all out, cxerlhig themselves to the utmost of their ability, the squaws and boys (in which class 1 was) were scattered out in the bolloms, luiiiling red haws, hiaeix, haws and liickory nuts. As it was too late in tiie year, we did not succeed in gathering haws; but we had tolerable success in scratching up hickory nuts i'roin under a light snow, wliich we carried wilh us lest the huiitcrs should not succeed. Alierour return the hunters came in, who had killed only two small turkeys, which were but little among eight hunters and thirteen squaws, boys, and children; Init they were divided with the greaU:st equity and justice — every one gut tlieir equal hhare. The next day the hunters turned out again, and killed one deer and three bears. One of the bears was very large and remarkably I'at. The himfc^rs carried in meat sudicient to give us all a hearty supper and breakfast. The scjuaws and all that could carry turned out to bring in meat; — every one had ilieir share assigned them, and my load was among the least ; yet, not being accustomed to carrying in this way, 1 got excxseding weary, and lold them my load was too heavy, I must leave part of it and come I'or it again. They made a halt and only laughed at me, and took part of my k)ad and added it to a young squaw's, who had as much before as 1 carried. This kind of reproof had a greater tendency to excite me to exert myself in earrvmg without complaining, than it' they had wjiipped me for laziness. Alter this tlie hunters I'.eld a council, ami conckidcd that they must have horses to carry their loads; and liiat they would io to war even in this inclement season, in order to bring in horses. Tontilcaugo wished to be one of those who should go to war; but the votes went against hiin, as he was one of our best hunters ; it was thougiit necessary to leave him at this winter cam[) to ])rovide lor the squaws and children. It was agret^l upon that Toutileaugo and threw others should stay and hunt, ;uid tlie other lour go to \sar. They then began to go through their common ceremony. They sung their war-songs, danced their war-dances, &c. And whtn they were equipped they went off singing their marching song, and firing their guns. Our cam[) appeared to be rejoicing; but I was grieved to think that some im)ocenl persons would be murtlercd, not ihinking of danger. \iter the departure of these warriors we had hard tiun's; and thou'di vvc were not altogether out of provisions, we were brought to «hort allowance. At length Tontilcaugo had considerable success, and we had meat brought i-ito camp suflieient to last ten days. Tontilcaugo then took me with him in order to encamp some distance from this winter cabin, to try his luck there. W'e carried no provisions with us ; iie said he would leave what was there for the squaws and children, and that wo could shill for ourselves. We steered about a south course up the waters of this creek, and encamped about ten or twelve miles from the winter cabii:. As it was still cold weather and a orust upon the snow, which made a noise as we walked, and alarmed CAPTIVITY OF COLONEL SMITH. 485 the deer, \v.e cou d kill nothing, and consequently went to sleep vviUiout supper. The only chance we had under these circumstances vastohunt bear holes; as the bears about Christmas search out a wmter lodgMig place, where they lie about three or four months TutT 'w";r." '"""';"• , ™'^ -^y-PP-'- to some incredible but it 1. well known to bo the case by those who live in the remote western parts of North America. The next morning eaily we proceeded on, and when we found a tree scratched by the bears climbing up, and the hole in the tree suthciently large lor the reception of the bear, we then iellcd a saplin- or small tree against or near the hole; and it was mv business il climb up and drive out the bear, while Tontileaugo stood ready with las gun and bow. W e went on in this manner uiitil eveninrr, without success. At length we found a large elm scratched, and a hole in it about forty ieet up; but no tree nigh, suitable to lodge against the hole, lontiiwiugo got a long pole and some dry rotten wood, which he tied in biuiches, with bark; and as there was a tree that grew near tlie elm, and c^vt(..l.ded up near thr hole, but leaned the wron- way, so tha we could not lodge it to advantage, to remedy this inconvenl cnce, he climbed up this tree and carried with him his rotten wood, ire and pole. Ijje rotten wood he tietl to his belt, and to one end of IK' pole ho tied a hook and a piece of rotten wood, which he set fire 0, as it would retain fire almost like spunk, and reached this hook irum hmb to hmb as ],e went up. When he got up with his pole he put dry uood on i.re into the hole ; after he put in tlie lire he heard the bear siiud, and he came speedily down,, took liis gun in his hand, niKl waited unti the bear wo,dd c<.me out; but it was some time before u appeared, and when it did appear he att(-mpted takin<.- sjoht with Ho ri/lo; but It bemg then two dark to see the .sinhls, he-sot "it down by a tree and instantly bent his bow, took hokl of an arrow, and -shot the bear a little behind the shoulder. 1 was preparino- also to .shoot an arro\y, but he called to me to stop, tliere ^vas no occasion; and with that the bear fell to the oround. Being very hungry, we kindled a lire, opened the bear, took out the liver, and wrapped some of the caul iiit round, and put it on a u'oodon spit, which we .tiu-k in the gro\md by the fire to roast; then we skinned the bear, got on our kettle, and had both roast and boiled and also sauce to our meat, which appeared to mc to be delicate tare After 1 was lully satisfied 1 went to sleep. Tontileaurro awoke me* saying, come, eat hearty, ^\f• lui\e yot plenty meat now^ The next morning we cut doun a lynn tree, peeled bark and made a snug httlc snelter, facing the southeast, with a large log betwixt us and the nortiiwest ; we made a good fire belbre us, and scaffolded up our meat at one side. When we had finished our camp we went out to hunt, searched two trees for bears, but to no purpose. As the snow tnawed a little m tlie afternoon, Tontileaugo killed a deer, which we carried with us to camp. Tlie next day we turned out to hunt, and near the camp we found a tree well scratched ; but the hole was above forty feet high, and 'ftl 486 EVEHTS IN INDIAN HISTORY. no tree that we could lod afler them. As I then had a long rest, 1 endeavored to keep ahead of Tontileaugo, and after some time I could hear him afler me, calling, Cliakoh, ckakoamiAi<<;h, which signifies, pull away, or do your best. ^Ve pursued on, and after some time Tontik>augo passed mo, and about an hour before sundown wc despaired of catching these horses, and returned to camp. where wc had left our clothes. I reminded Tontileaugo of what 1 had told him; ho replied he did not know what horses could do. They arc wonderful strong to run, but withal we marlc them very tir"d. Tonlilcuigo then concluded he would do as the; Indians did with wild horses when out at war, which is, to shoot them througl; the iioi^k under the mane, and above the bone, which will cause them to fdl and lie until they can halter them, and then they recover again. This ho atl(>inpted to do; but as the mare was very wild, he could not get sulHciently nigh to- shoot her in the proper place; however, hc^ shot, the ball passed too low, and killed her. As the horse and colt stayed at this place, wc caught the horse, and took him and the; colt with us to camp. Wc stayed at this camp about two weeks, and kilhnl a number of tears, raf'coons, and some beavers. We made a canoe of dm bark, and Tontileaugo embarked in it. He arrived at the fidls that night; whilst I, mounted on horseback, with a bear-skin saddle and biu'k stirrups, proceeded by land to the lalls. I came there the next morn, iug, and we carried our canoe and loading past the iails. The river is very rapid for some distance above the falls, which arc about twelve or fifteen feet, nearly perpendicular. This river, called Canesadooharie, interlocks with the west branch of Muskingum. I CAPTIVITY OF COLONEI, SMITH. 439 runs nearly a north course, and empties into the south side of Lake leaugo l,y watei. Merc the land i.s generally yood, but 1 Ibund sorre difhcu ty in getnng round swamps and pond.;. %Vhcn wo came to the lake I procee,ed along the strand, and Tontilraugo near the shore sometimes pa.ldln.g, and sometimes polein. his canSe alon-r. ' A ter some tune the wind arose, and he went into the mouth of a «mall creek auc encamped. 1 [ere we staid several da ys on eeol^ 01 h-gh wuKi, ^vhich raised the lake in tn-eat billows. VVhi!o\ rwere here lontdeaugo went out to hunt, and when he was gone a Wyan! . ot a.me to our camp; [ gave him a shoulder of venison .vhich Aad by the hre well roasted, and he received it gladly, lold me lie was hungry, and tha,d! continued in tfiwn about six weeks after wo came in; they si)ent this time in painting, going from hous(> to house, eating, smoking, and playing at a gnnio resembling dice, or hustle-cap. They put a number of ])lum-stones in a small bowl; one side of each stone is black, au(! tho other while; they then shake or hustle tlK' bowl, calling, hifs, hits, hits, houesy, honesy, rago, rago, which signifies calling ior whit-^; or black, or what ih.ey wish to turn up; they then turn the bowK and count the whitf-s and blacks. Some were beating their kind ofciaim and singing; dtluM's were employed in playing on a sort of flute made of hollow cane, and others [jlaying on the jew's- harp. 8omc part of this time was also taken up in atlcnding the council-house, where the chiels, and as many others as chose, attended; and at niiiht they W(n'e frequently em[)loyed in singinu' ;md dancing. Toward ■; the last of this time, which w;is in .Fune, I '.")(), tliey were all preparing to go to war aiiainst the rentiers of \'irginia. When thev were equipped, they went tln'ouo;!! their ceremonies, sung their war-songs, &c. They all mnrched off, from iiiteen to sixty years of age; and some hoys, only twelve years old, were equipped with their hows and arrows, and went to war; so that none wf-re lefl in town l)ut s(]uaws and children, except myself, one very old man, and another, about fitly years of age, who was lame. The Ind'ans were then in great hopes that they would drive all the V'^irginians over the; lake, which is all the name they know for the sen. They had some caii-e lor this hone, because at this time the Ameri- cans were alto^eth'^r unacquainted with war of any kind, and consc- quentlv very unfit to stand their hand with sucii subtle cncniies as the Indians were. Tlv two old Indians asked me if J did not think that the Indians and hreneh woidd subdue all America, except New England, which they said they had tried in old times. I told them I thouirht not. Thev said they had already drove them all out of the mountains, and had chiefly laid waste tho great valley betwixt the north and south mduutain, from Potomac to James river, which is a considerable part of the best laud in Virginia, Maryland, and I'enn- :fcv w , :k: CAPTIVITY or COLONEL SMITH. 441 could ncithei guard against surpri.se, nm, nor ii-ht. TIuno thov T&y^Z'z/rx' ''^"^'"" ^''^' ^''^^ would "ubduo ;;.o^£ siS mv mini f. 1 ■ T^'l'T''' '"'• '"y "1""'""' "'""J told mo to s|>tak my mind freely. [ told them that the white ,,ennlu t<. the ea«t be lool^, us they were not acquainted with Iheir w; v of war vet they were not lool.s ; therefore, after some time, th^y will leu -.^'vuu found t J h"' "; "" "1"^" >'"•' "•" "^ ''-'' '''■-'' IhemselnJ. found that the old men themselves did not believe they eould eon- cncouiaoe the young men to go to war. When the wamors lelt this town, we had neither meat, su-ar, nor bear s oil left. All that we had then to live on was eurn , .Mmded in^ cmr^alorsma 1 homony; this they boil.l in water, wl^id a ! 'a^d iko well thickened so,,,., without salt or any thino' else, bil some -me we had plenty of this kind of homony; at length we were brought very short allowance, and as the warriors did not retu.-n s soo t 1 rCr .' '"" T', '" •" ^^■■''•^■'■"•- '='^'"''ti""' --""l l^"t one gun in duded t I'.t'l '"•; '"' ^:"'"""'^-"- 'i'l-' -I'l la.ne Wyandol con- and tiy to k, I a deer in the wale,-, as it ^^as then waterinc time We We nd I'l'l"'-'' ^' ^"'\ ""''"' ''^^'" ^"'■"•^•^ "I' '' ^^'■^-■^'^ ^^ encamped, niece of i.S' T^''''' 'f ''" '''^■" ^" ''""^ i" (he night, and also a . isel ve ;; '7' ^'''f? f' "P '" ^''^ ^-"""^^ '» ^^'■'•^'- to conceal wS I " ' ^'"'* , '^ ''"'" ^''y f'^'^t M-a^ with us held the lir-ht : .rn I / ','''"°'' '"'' ^'"^ "'^1 •"^'^"' i^l>" '^^^^1 I'i'^ J^^"" loaded with liSS ,r. '7/'" '■' '""" '?""'• '^'' ''^^^'•' ^''•"'' «"d in this manner lied tluec deer ,n part of one night. We went to our fire, ate ,n< , J' 'i' 1 '? f ^'"'"- '"'"'"^^'^ to town m or.ler to relieve the iiungry and distressed. When wc came to town, the children were crvino- l,itterlv on loaghi was but little among so many, it was divided accordimMo stuc est rules of ,,,^t,ce. We immediately set out lor anothier unt, but belore we returned a part of the. wani^rs Ind come in, and loiig.! with them on horseback a quantity of m.it. These wa.;.;!:;; lad di ided into d. lerent parties, and all struck at dillJ.rent places in Augus a county. Ihey brought in with them a considerable number < J^alps, prisoners, horses, and other plunder. One of tlie parties Sll'"vll- '''"'" r,^'"^""' ^•"'"'''••■"' f'^'t is now Colonel Unipbcl , who lives on Molston river, near the Iloyal Oak. As the wyando s at feunyendeand and those at Detroit wei'e connected, Mr. Umpbel was taken to Detroit; b,it he remained some time with me whe LTnlV ■ ^^'Vf^'^^P'-^'-y ^^'^''« very agrer-able, and J was sorry wl ui he left me. During his stay at Sunyendeand he borrowed mV B b and made some pertinent remarks on what he had read. One n hi?vn'T'' ii" '' '?'' "'^ '■' S-'cl tor man that he bear the yoke nis youth. He said we ought to be resigned to the will of P'rovi- 1 1 5| l< auntlet, I went and told th(;ni Ijow they were to act. One .lohn Siiva>j;e was Ijrouj^ht in, a niiddloaged man, or about lijrty years ol'a<,fe. lie was to run tiie gauntlet, 1 told him what iitj had to do; and aller this 1 fell into one of the raid warriors came in, th(.' green eonewas begimiing to be ul' use, so that we had either green eoni (jr vemson, und .sometimes bolh, which was, eom^jaralively, high living. When wc eould have plenly of green corn, or roasling ears, the huntcr.s became lazy, and spent their time, as already mentioned, in singing and dancing, tVc They iippeared to be lidlilling the scriptures kiyond those who profess to believe them, in that of taking no thought of to-morrow; and al.so in living in love, in'aee, and friendship togetluir, without disputes. In this respect they shame those who proless Chris- tianity, In this manner we lived until October; then the geese, swans, ducks, cranes, &c., came Iron) the north, and alighted on this little lake, without numl)er, or innumerable. .Snny<'udeand is a remarkable place lor lish m the spring, and l()wl both in the iiiU and spring. Some time in Oetoi)er, another adopted brother, older than Tonti- leaugo, came to pay us a visit at .Sunyendeand, and he asked me to take a iumt with him on Cayahaga. As they always u.sed me as a free man, and gave me the liberty of choosing, I told him that I was attached to Tontileaugo, had nev(;r seen him before, and therefore asked .some time to consider of this, lie told me that the ])arty he was going with Mould not Ik': along, or at the mouth of this little lake, in less than si.\ days, and I could in this time beaef[uainted with him, and judge for myself. 1 eonsidled with Tontileaugo on this occasion, and he told me that our old brother Teeaugbretanego (which was his name) was a chief, and a better man than he w as, and if I went with him I miaht e.xpee't to be well used ; but he said I might do as I pleased, and if 1 staid he would use me as he had done. 1 told him lie had acted in every respect as a lirother to me; yet I was much pleased with my old bn^ther's conduct and conversation; and as he was going to a part of the country 1 had never been in, 1 wished to go with him. lie said that he was perfectly willing. I then went with Tecaughretanego to the mouth of the little lake, where he met with the company he intended going with, which was any o tho a.,.hnowa,ras n,.,l Wyan.k.ts that, uvro a ki ul of^S Ko'l'j'n ( athnhrs; hut as Cr l.imsoli; ho said that tho ,, io t a d i m '•onl'l nut a,nvo as ,h..y hHd Mo,ions Ihat •■ontradiH, I . t, s ,' ' d n-ason and had thcM.ssura,Kx.,..,.l| !„,, ,,,,M|H. hookoHi^^^ -iH'.n thcsMoohsl, ahsurdmVs: l,ut. I,, .-ould no, |,oli„v,. .ho ;ro t^ ^ i;ood .S|.,nt ovor tanol.t Ihrn, ai,y suH, nons,.Ms.; „nd h.^ / h^ As th-. wind was hinh an,! wn (...uM „nf procood on nuv yayn.ro wr> -•o,na>nod hore sov.Tal days, and kill.d ahundanco ol'wiid M^d^ iiandx'r ol rar-coons. ii'^vi,,in(i a VVJien a company of Indians aro niovin.r to'^oihor on il.o l-W-o „ •» ..s at tins timo of ,ho year ..n.n da.,.,.,.nns' saili . ,|h 1 ' :„' Tn a .ounoii; and whoa th-y a„v,. ,., c.-haH;^.' o is n". 1 d '">"n.J,aU y nMuakin^ roady, wilh.u.t oflLrin^ ono vvn I a'w lo n.casnro tVn, tUr lakonny 1. l„.is,on,us anJhorrid. »n^ L^ I H.^h Iho wuKi appoarnl ,o .no I,. Ik: as hi.h as in davs pas S .mswcud |,y all— <.„h..»di, win, I, siuinli,.s ai-rocd. Wo w to -.11 E "r^ss^ '" '■""«"■"■« '" """' """ '""' °-""^-* -M-'' As soon as wo ,aot into our oanuos w,< fMl to pa,l,llin,r will, all our .n..d,t makn.o. n„t Iron. ,h,. si.oro. Thon.h Ihe'so sortofoa , ! rid^ I JOS l,oyond ulK,t ,.,„ld i„..p,.,,o.l, yot tluMvalorsovcral tin^ M^^^ '"" 'l"''n. V\ |„„ wo n,.t oat ab,.ut halfa milo fr,.m slK.ro,^u' S^^^ sa.l, ar,d as ,t was n,.arly a wost wind, wo thoa soonio.l , WJ 1 e wavos with oaso, and wont on at a rapi.l rat,> \Vv tho , nl J 1 l ourpaddl,.,ox..op,i„,,,noti.atstoeJ,andti;c..^.'T.w^ sixy nnl,s that liay, and onoampo,! sonio time holbro ni-rht 11.0 n,-.xt day wo a-ain ombarkod, and wont on vrywoll for some nmo; hut the lake being b„i,s,erous, and tho win.! no J, t Ze obhsed .., ,nako f,. sh,„-o, whi,-h wo accomplisho.l will. I^ard vork and so.o^d,(hcnity rn landu,,. The next nualnng a council J^M^]^ As wo had this day to pass by a lone, precipice of rocks on th^ ^.oro about nn.o nnl,.s, which rend,.-,..! il in.po.sible lb u to la ^d ilioagh the wmd was In^h and tho lake rouoh yet as it w'/s W 1 -re all onlorod to embark. Wo vvr„ng.u"o^;ii: s o:^ ntm ^: shore and hoisted sad, (what we used in place of sail-cS, v c nZ tent mats, which an.swirod the purpose v'ory we I, nfv n on fb some ta™. w:th a lair wind, until wo were 'opposite to the n ech.ice oe cast upon t he i ,K;ks. 1 wo of tho canoes wore eonsiderabi v liirthc- out from the rocks than the canoe I was in. Those who oShos ut m the lake did not let down their sails until they had passed the pec,p.eo; but as we wx^re nearer the rock, wo were obi 'odo lower <'ur «ads. and paddle wuh all our might. With much diflSeul y w» m ' |Jj| -' ill » ( |!\ ?' , !|ii ; ;ii H I ''. i J 444 HVKNTS IS INinAN HISTOHT. cloanid ourselves of tho rock, and Inndefl. As the other canoes had landed before us, there were immediately runners sent off to see if wo were all sali'ly iaiidi'd. This nii^ht the wind fell, and tho next nun-ninf^ the lake was tolerably calm, and wo emhurked without difiifuhv,anil paddkd alonjr near thV shore, until we r'aine to tho mouth of ( 'nyaluifrn, whifh ein| n's intd Luke i',ric, on the south side, betwixt Cancsudndhario and rre.M|u'Iste. We turned up C'ayaha<^a and encamped, where we staid and hunted for .sever.il day-.; mid su we kept moving and hunting until we came to the i()rks of Cayahaii.i. This is a V(!ry gentle river, and but lew ripples, or swift running places, from tin' niMUtli Id the lurks. Deer heic were tolerably [)t(nty, large and fat; but bear and other game scarce. TIk.' upland is hilly, and principally second and third rate land; the tiiid)er chiefly black oak, whil(M)ak, hickory, dogwood, (Ncc. The bottoms arc rich and large, and the timber is wahmt, locust, mulberry, sugar-tree, red haw, black liaw, wild apple-trees, &c. The west branch o|' this river interlocks with the east brantdi of ]\Iuskiii was (id by sprinjrs, as it was always clear and never stagnated ; ,s a very large spring rose about a .ndc I low this pond, it w«« aiu-ly that this spring came from this 'ond. In the fall, wh<-ii this spring is comparatively low, there would be air under ground sufficient for the beavers to breathe in, with their heads above wate, br they cannot live- long under water,* and so they might have a subterraneous passage bv water into this iwnd lecaughretanego granted that it might be so.' - Al Hit the side! of this pond there grew great abundance of cran- berries, which tlu! Indians gathered up on the ice when the pond was Irozen over. 1 hese bcrric^s were about as large as rifle bullets, of a bright red color, an agreeable s. though rather too sour of liiem- selves, but when mixed with sugai Juid a very agreeable taste In conversation with Tecaughrctani^go, I happened to l)e talking of the beavers catching fish. He asked me why 1 thouglii the beaVr caught fish. 1 told him that I had read of the lx3aver uiakincr dams for the conveniency of fishing. He laughed, and nvMh gnmcTof me and my book. He said the man that wrote 'hat book knew nothine about the beaver. The beaver never did eat flesh of any kind, but lived on the bark of tnjes, roots, and other vegetables. In order to know certainly how this was, when we" killed a beaver carefully examined the intestines, but found no appearance of lish ; 1 attervvards made an experiment on a pet beaver which wo had, and found that it would neither eat fish nor flesh; therefore I acknowledaed that the book I hud read was wrong. ° I asked him if the beaver was an amphibious animal, or if it could live under water. He said that the braver was a kind of subterraneous water animal that lives in or near the water; but they were no more amphibious than the ducks and geese were, which was constantly proven to be the case, as all the beavers that are cauoht in steel traps are drowned, provided the trap be heavy enough to keep them under water. As the beaver does not eat fish, I inquired of Tecaughretane ^% ■vxxxv- V ^ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) k A ^ <^\^^ f^^ / '«i 4, III 1.0 I.I 11.25 £f lit as 22 |2£ 1.8 U 11.6 Photographic Sciences brporation G 23 WEST MAIN SI REET WEBSTER, NY. I'tSSO (716) 872-4503 446 EVENTS IN INDIAN HISTORY. As the beaver can run upon land but little faster than a water tortoise, and is no fighting animal, if they are any distance from the wat-^r they become an easy prey to their enemies. I asked Tecaughretanego what was the use of the beavers' atones, or glands, to them; as the she beaver has two pair, which is commonly called the oil stones, and the bark stones. He said that as the beavers are the dumbest of all animals, and scarcely ever make any noise, and as they were working creatures, they made use of this smell in order to work in concert. If an old beaver was to come on the bank and rub his breech upon the ground, and raise a perfume, the others will collect from different places and go to work ; this is also of use to them in travelling, that they may thereby search out and find their company. Cunning hunters, finding this out, have made use of it against the beavers, in order to catch them. What is the bait which you see them make use of but a compound of the oil and bark stones ? By this perfume, which is only a ialse signal, they decoy them to the trap. Near this pond beaver was the principal game, before the water froze up we caught a great many with wooden and steel traps ; but afler that, we hunted the beaver on the ice. Some places here the beavers build large houses to live in, and in other places they have subterraneous lodgings in the banks. Where they lodge in the ground we have no chance of hunting them on the ice ; but where fhey have houses, we go with malls and handspikes, and break all the hollow ice, to prevent them from getting their heads above the water under it. Then we break a hole in the house, and they make their escape into the water ; but as they cannot live long under water, they are obliged to go to some of those broken places ^ '^^^ finished thfskerneaoTe third of the town was introduced to this drinking club: thev could nnt E m^d^noVd: ''T'' ^'"r'>' ''^P°-^ '• ^''their'skri bul uidi maue no odds,— ail were welcome to drink. an] ptcurXTJtUe full "/ K '^1 ^"^'' ^•'^^^ ^PP"^^ ^« ^^e traders, w h n^nrl! 1 ' "^^^"'^y ^li a time, which they divided ou :tthXtg^Serlr ''-' -' -' -^"- ^^^ ;r tui't'num^'' r "^" ^^'^^^ '^^^'' -^ -etuiaS nScfeTuieirc^rn^plant:'^^"^^'^ ^^^° ^'^" '" '^^^ ^'"^' -^ We could now hear the efTects of the brandy in the Ottawa town andlT^b^r^ ?', -^^"'T f *^^ "^-^ h'^-- manner blh ni^hl knipf^/ ^'''' ^'■^^''^ ^"^^^ '"°^«« than ours; five Ottawas were killed, and a great many wounded. anrtHlVl!''' ^ ""'"''I' °^ ^"""S Indiaqg were getting their ears cut, to compel me, though they endeavored to persuade me. The Drincinal no denv tT ^1 ^°''"^'. ^ '^''^ "^^ ^'^^^^' «"d the latter I could Se hv narf Inl''^ hey performed this operation was by cutting the vS E vtn ! ''''^f, '^ '^" '^'' "^"«" ^« ^h^ g^i«tl^' nuite through. When this was done, tJiey wrapped rags round this fleshy part until i ;^l [i! ■I XVBNTt) IN INDIAN UIBTOHY. was entirely healed ; they tlien hung lead to it, and stretched it to n. wonderful lenj^th; when it was suHicicntly istretched, thoy wrapped the fleshy part round with brass wire, which Ibrmed it into n setni- circle about four inches in diameter. Many of the young men were now exercising themselves in a game resembling foot-ball, though tl\ey commonly struck the ball with a crooked stick made !br that puipse; also a game something like thi.'^, wherein they used a wooden IjuH, about three inches in diameter, and the instrument they moved it with was a strong staff, alx)ut five l(;ol long, with a hoop not on the end of it larg(! enough to contain the \yn\\. Belbro they begin the play, tliey lay off about half a rnik; distance in a cl-^ar plain, and Iho o|)posite parties all attend at the centre, where a disinterested person casts up the ball, then the oppo- site parties all contend for it. If any one g(!ts it into his net, he runs with it the way he wishes it to go, and they all pursue him. If one of the opposite party overtakes the person with the ball, Ik; gives the stall' a stroke, which causes the ball to fly out of the net; then they have another debate for it, and if the one that gets it can outrun all the opposite party, and can carry it quite out, or over th(! line at the end, the game is won; but this seldom happens. When any one is running away with the ball, nnd is likely to be overtaken, he com- monly throws it, and with this instrument can cast it fifly or sixty yards. Sometimes, when the ball is almost at the' one end, mnllers will take a sudden turn, and the opposite party may quickly carry it out at the other end. Oftentimes they will work a long while back and forward before they can get the ball over the line, or win the game. About the 1st of June, 1757, the warriors were preparmg to go to war in the Wyandot, I'ottowatomie, and Ottawa towns ; also a great many Jibewas came down from the iqiper lakes ; and after singing their war-songs, and going through their common ceremonies, they marched off against the frontiers of Virginia, Maryland, and Penn- travelling song, slow sylvania, in their usual maimer, singing the firing, &c. On the north side of the river St. Lawrence, opposite to B'ort Detroit, there is an island which the Indians call the Long Island, and which they say is above one thousand miles long, and in some places above one hundred miles broad. They further say that the great river that comes down by Canesatauga, and that empties into the main branch of St. Lawrence above Montreal, originates from one source with the St. Lavwrcnce, and forms this island. Opposite to Detroit, and below it, was originally a prairie, and laid ofT in lots about sixty rods broad, and a great length ; each lot is divided into two fields, which they cultivate year about. The principal grain that the French raised in these fields was spring wheat and peas. They built all their houses on the front of these lots on the river fiide; and as the banks of the river are very low, some of the houses are not above three or four feet above the surface of the water; yet mv one is CAPTIvmr OF COlONKt aMiTH. 455 a .own, „•„ .acVSeTf u,„°'r :, 7,™'r:t Th"'' "°r '" inc Tl,™,;,, l^i I J ^- Iwaugl.rotancgo reimined in town with • .Wortun.ty of being acquainted with is I ovJrknow • vet he had ^M III «i H^ •ll^lttlTH IN mniAW HIiTOHV. places round these ijilnnds. It is said that each hunter, in one winter, will .catch one thonwniid raccoonH. It is a received opinion amor)g the Indians that the snakes and raccoons are transmigrntory, and that a great many of the snakos turn raccoons nvory thil, nnd rnrcnons snakes every spring. This notion is founded on obaervatioua made on the snakos and raccoons in this island. ^ i l • As the raccoons here lodge in rocks, the trappers make their wooden traps at the mouth of the holes ; and as they go daily to look at their traps, in the winter season, they commonly find them tilled with raccoons; but in the spring, or when the frost is out of the ground, they say, they then find their tri'.ps tilled with large rattlesnakes; and therefore conclude that the raccoons are transformed. They also say that the reason why they are so remarkably plenty in the winter, is, every fall the snakes turn raccoons again. I told them that though I had never landed on any of these islands, yet, from the unanimous accounts I had received, 1 believed that both snakes and raccoons were plenty there; but no doubt they all remained there both summer and winter, only the snakes were not to be sejn in the latter ; yet I did not believe that they were tronsmigratory. These islands are seldom visited ; because ear / in the sprmg, am! late in the fall, it is dangerous sailing in their bark canoes ; and in the summer t1\ey are so Infested with various kinds of serpents, (but chiefly rattlesnakes,) that it is dani,jrous landing. I shall now quit this digression, and return to the result of the council at the mouth of the nver. We concluded to coast it round the lake, and in two days we came to the mouth of the Miami of the Lake, and landed on Cedur Point, where we remained several days. Here we held a council, and concluded we would take a driving hunt in concert and in partnership. The river in this place is about a mile broad, and as it and the lake forms a kind of neck, which terminates in a point, all the hunters (which were fifty-three) went up the river, and we scattered ourselves from the river to the lake. When we first began to move we were not in sight of each other, but as we all raised the yell, we could move regularly together by the noise. At length we came in sight of each other, and appeared to be marching in good order ; before we came to the point, both the squaws and boys in the canoes were scattered up the river and along the lake, to prevent the deer from making their escape by water. As we advanced near the point the guns began to crack slowly, and after some time the firing was hke a little engagement. The squaws and boys were busy tomahawking the deer in the water, and we shooting them down on the land. We killed in all about thirty deer, though a great many made their escape by water. , , j i * t We had now great feasting and rejoicing, as we had plenty oi homony, venison and wild fowl. The geese at this time appeared to be preparing to move southward. It mighi be asked what is meant CAPTIVITY OF COLONKr- SMITH. me winter, 457 I)y thn grcse preparinc to move Tho !« r 'o <-<..i.lu.' mo„ a 1 V 1, . n ' '•'"":!'"'"S «''^^ «o«t|,or, i„ order arc to tak,,. wi,„r,|..n .h.v ^ /." ^^^^ "'"' "-y. '"^ '" «»''lt''- to IK tl.(, ditlbrcnt . Ih, 1 I ^•M"-^"««'^« Hi-o sent :'l'F'nr by fhcir ac.io„.s tl.at su.-ln:., ,, l 1 ' ''"\"!'r' " ^^""''1 ^'lcmu.0 and two ,in,iliJor 1^^'"^:^' l^-u.ghre.anogo, Ton- l-avcr wo had X'^. ^^^ : t ^.TT'"'? ^'i:;- '"'"^ ''^'""'''y "'' i» tl'c ■s.-uiH. ci.vu,n.tan t" .c«,l I "^ " 'T , ^^ " ^^^'•^•' '■'" "<^arly -h oC us luui an r^J^ik": ^v S,V'"' T ''" '^^^^ ^'^ iind slept in at ni.d.t ivifl. i ''' ''"^'"^' "« '" ' '^^ day, ^nnoc«, as usual, at a L. 1 '^^^^^^^^^^^^ T ^T"^ "^"' '^"'cl'-burk Wow.hoialls. At l,s nacc IV £'''"7,^/''"^ I>'«rposo, a little ^ock,but not porpcnidcubrv W ''f [' '^""/^''t '^et over a nuv wooden ca\K:.s sonc or'n u. ""'u '"' '""''y "'^^ P"«J>^^d up land wi.J. tj.e 1, .• os' u Hi w • ? 1'^' '^' '''""^' ""'^ '^e rest by Mf. We wailed uiiiil u-^ Jv„,/, ^ ' """ '"""• '" partner. 40 me, «„j ,;,™ :; I" , • r 't™'^:;:i:"™;he'""- '^ ^■""'*^"'* lime, or litlbio l]ic l,u,.|,« l,e,o , „ " "'" P""™- At this ""ccalcl i„ ,1,0 „r„," t .S" '°. "'"■ " S™' """.bcr of ilccr lay »» the lire hurn.", i \ "„t I ,£ :l;"Ti' k'""' 'I' "T "'sI"' I"" II ff I 111 if 458 ■VENTS IN INDIAN HISTORY. ! Sandusky and one Ihat runs info Sciotu. And at tlic time of high waiLT, or in the spiiiij^ season, there^ is but about one half mile of portage, and that very icvel, and clear of rocks, timhor or stones ; so that with a little diguing tnerc may bo water carriage the whole way from Sciota to Lakr I'^rio. From the mouth oC Sandusky to the fnlia is chiefly first rate land, lying flat or level, inteunixed with largi; hndits of clear nieadowj;. wiierc ttie grass u exceedingly rank, and in many places three or four feet high. The timber is oak, hickory, walnut, cherry, black ash, eim, sugar-tree, bucke\. , locust and bcetdi. In seme places there is wet timber land — the timber \n these places is chiefly water ash, sycamore, or l)urt(inwood. From the falls to the prairies, the land lies well to tlie sun ; it i? neither too flat nor loo hilly, and is chiefly first rate; the tii .her nearly the same as below the tails, exce|)|iiig the water ash. There is also here some plats of beech land, that apjiears to be second rate, as it frequently produces s[)ice-wood. The prairie appears to be a tolerably fertile soil, though in many places too wet for cultivation; yet I apprehend it would produce ti..iber, were it oidy kept from fire. The Indians aie of the opinion that the squirrels plant all the timber, as they bury a number of nuts for fbod, and only one at a place. When a squirrel is killed, the various kinds of nuts thus buried will grow. 1 have observed that when these prairies have only escaped fire for one year, near where a single tree stood there was a young growth of timber supposed to be ])Ianfed by the squirrels. But when the prairies were again burned, all ihis young growth was immediately consumec' ; as the fire rages in the grass lo such a pitch, that numbers of raccoons are thereby burned to death. On the west side of the prairie, or betwixt that and Sciota, there is a large body of first rate land — the timber, walnut, locust, sugar-tree, buckeye, cherry, ash, elm, mulberry, plum-trees, spice-wood, black haw, red haw, oak, and hickory. About the time the bucks ([uit running, Tontileaugo, his wife and children, Tecaughretanego,' his son Nunganey and myself, lel> the Wyandot camps at the currying-place, and crorsed tiie Sciota river at the south end ol' the glades, and proceeded on about a southwest course to a large creek called Ollentangy, which I believ(! interUx'ks with the watero of the Miami, and empties into Sciota on the west side thereof. From the tiouth end of the prairie to Ollentangy there is a largs quantity of beech land, intermixed with first rate land. Here we made our winter hut, and had considerable success in hunting. AfTer some time, one of I'ontileaugo's step-sons (a lad about eight years of age) oflended him, and he gave the boy a moderate whipping, which much displeased his Wyandot wife. She acknowledged that the boy was guilty of a fault, but thought that he ought to have been ducked, which is their u:;ual mode of chastisement. She said sh« could not bear to have her son whipped like a servant or slave; and sh« was so displeased, that when Tontileaugo went out to hunt, »h« CAPTIVITY OF COLONEL SMITH. 4(10 When Tontiloaugo returned, !,c was much disturbed on hearin '"^ '"'^'^ ^^'^^^ Tontileaug" v^ allci lus Wife anaugo left us, Tecaughretanego became lame and could scarcely walk out of our hut for two months I had considerable success in hunting and trapping. Though Tecau^hre tunego endured much pain and misery v^,t he bo^e it ai Vv th wonderful patience, and would often endeavor to entertain me v h cleerlul conversation. Sometimes he would applaud me for r^v diligence, skill and actttity; and at other times hi would lal e .^rTa^ care ,n giving me instructions concerning the huntincr and rappTna busmess. He would also tell n^e that if 1 failed of success weTouid sullcr very much, as we we;e about forty miles from any one living that we knew of; yet he would not intinmte that he apprehended wo' were n. any danger, but still supposed that I was fully LSequa^ to the Jct^^Vf"" " ''"'^^f^re Christmas, and from that until ^oinc. t ine in February we had ahvays plenty of bear meat, venison j&c. During this time [ killed much more than we could use ku having no horses to carry in what I killc-d, I left part of it n the woods. In February there cam., a snow, with a .■rust, which made a great noise when walking on it, and frightened away the dee ; nd Vs IKJ^ ami beavc^ were scarce here, we got entirely out of p^visLn Alte Kul hunted two days withour eating anv thing, and had very ^ort allowance lor some days belbn, I returned lat.fin the oyrn^l Urn and weary \Vhen 1 came into our hut, Tecaimhretane^oaskc^ what success. I to d hnn not any. He asked me if I was not ve v nmirry ,ephed ihat th. keen appetite seemed to be in some measure emu ed, but uas both lamt and weary. Ilecommande.l Nunganey, li.^ little son, to brmg mn sonx'thing to cat, and he brouHit me a kettle with some bouc.s and broth. Albn' eating a li.w mouthful, nuMmnete v^kn.yr..ur.^l,and [thought the victuals had a moLt ilgiS e ca niMvluchravais and tuitey-biizzards had picked; these Nunganey had collected and boiled, uaiil the sinews that remained on the1)ones ou d s np oil. speedily finished my allowance, such as it was, nd when 1 had ended my sweet repast/recaughretancgo asked mo how I 460 EVENTS IN INDIAN HISTORY. 'I I felt. I told him I was much refreshed. He then handed me his pipe and pouch, and told mo to take a smoke. I did 30. He then said he had somothing of importance to tell me, if I was now composed and ready to hear it. I told him I was ready to hear him. He said the reason why he deferred his speech till now was, because few men are in a Tight humor to hear good talk when they are extremely hungry, as they are then generally fretful and discomposed, but as you appear now to enjoy calmness and serenity of mind, I will now communicate to you the thoughts of my heart, and those things that I know to be true. " Brother, — As you have lived with the white people, you have not had the same advantage of knowing that the great Being above feeds his people, and gives them their moat in due season, as we Indians have, who are frequently out of provisions, and vet are wonderfully supplied, and that so frequently, that it is evidently the hand of the great Owaneeyo* that doth this. Whereas the white people have commonly large stocks of tame cattle, that they can kill when they please, and also their barns and cribs lillcd with grain, and therefore have not the same opportunity of seeing and knowing that they are supported by the Ruler of heaven and earth. "Brother, — I know that you are now afraid that we will all perish /With Jiunger, but you have no just reason to itar this. " Brother, — [ have been young, but am now old ; I have been frequently under the like circumslancos that we now are, and that some time or other in almost every year of mv life; yet I have hitherto been supported, and my wants supplied in' time of need. " Brother, — Owaneeyo sometimes suffers us to be in want, in order to teach us our dependence upon him, and to let us know that we are to love and serve him; and likewise to know the worth of the favors that we receive, and to make us more thankful. "Brother, — Be assured that you will be supplied with food, and that ju'^t in the right time; but you must continue diligent in the use of means. (-Jo to sleep, and rise early in the morning and go a hunting; be strong, and exert yourself' like a man, and the Greai Spirit will direct your way." The next morning I went out, and steered about an east course. ] proceeded on slowly for abfjul five miles, and saw deer frequently; but as the crust on the snow made a great noise, they were always running before [ spied them, so that 1 cVuld not g(H a shot. A violent appetite returned, and I became intolerably hungry. It was now that I concluded I would run off to Peansylvaiiia, my "native country. As the snow was on the ground, and Indian hunters almost the whole of the way before me, I had but a poor prosj)ect of making my escape, but my case appeared desperate, li" I staid liere, I thought I would perish with hunger, and if I met with Indians they could but kill me. I then proceeded on as fast as 1 could v/alk, and when I got about * This is the name of God, in their tongue, and signifies the owner and ruler of all things. CAPTIVITY OF COLONKL SMITH. 461 ,r ir ■ -- "-■- -^^^ '-™ r;„tr£r^^^^^ run off „,;d leav? I^o veS "33 I'n'Sl!;",? C toT"!'""" '" Nungancy to make haste na.l cook told hir? ??">""'"« :iri'd 'a* -.'xts r -T id f '- '™-"' ^'™-^"'i- .1.0 kcilo with so^'™::' ran u'lhoTo^f nTn^'r'^ '"f °" &d-r-|;:i^-SsSS??-; lest ho mi"ht l-nrt him-oif Knt . r , , .^^\ "«. '^fi c beef at tlmt time, upon the necessity and pk.isurc of receivhcr^he w. '^'^''^ of life u-ith thankfnlness laiowino that o\ mieet. if f'^'-^ '"P^?"^''^ Such speeches from an' Indmn may be h^S bv th ^''\S''''- unacquainted with them altogether inaudible bu wil^ '"n'' '"^"^ the Indian war, ue may readdy conch, deZt Jhey a eT^ '"^'^ "" 0.; .tupid sort of people; or they would not ha c beL ucl^,"; 1"^ "' When they came into our country they outwitterus and who^''' sent armies into their country, they out-oenera lie nn'^ ''"^/^hen ,ve inferior force. Let us also take iiito^lS on th^f t' "t ^''^' J he „«xt n,„rn,„g Tecaughvclaaogo desired me ■„ go back and iii. |i' I I, ■ If !U1 462 BVICNT3 IN INDIAN IIISTORV. i ' bring another load of bufllilo bocf. As I proccodod fo do so, about fivo n»ilos from our hut 1 i'ouiul u bear tree. As a supliujf grew near the tree, and reached near tlie hole tliat tlie bear went in at, I got dry dozed or rotten wood, tiiat would catch and liold fire ahnost as well as spunk. This wood I tied u|) in bunches, iixcd thorn on iny back, and then climbed up the saplinj^, and with a pole I put th(!ni, touchecl with iiro, into tlu; liolc, and then came down and look my gun in rnv hand. Albjr some time the bear caiiu! out, and I killed and skinned it, packed Up a load of the meat, (alter securing the remainder froai the wolves,) and returned homf! before niu;hi. On my return, my old brother and his son were much rejoiced at my success. Allcr this wc had plenty of provisions. Wo remained here until sonu; time in April, 1758. At this time Tecaugluvtaiiego had recovercul so that he could walk about. VVc made a bark cano(!, embarked, and w(!nt down Ollentnniry soinc! distance, but the water beiu"; low, we were in danger (d" splitting our cano(! upon the rocks; therelniv; Tecaughretanegoconclud(!d wo Would encamp on shore, and |)ray l()r rain. When we encampcxl, Tccaughretancgo made himself a sweat-house, which he did by stii'king'a niunbcr of hoops in tin; ground, each hoop Ibrniing a semicircle; this he covered all over with Ijlankets and skins. He then prei)ared hot stones, which he rolhxl into his hut, and then went into it himself with a little; ketth^ of water in his hand, mixed with a variety of herbs, whicli he had formerly cured, and had now with him in his pack; they allbrded an odoriferous perfume. When he was in, he told me to pull down the bhinkets behind him, and cover all up close, which 1 did, and then he began to pour water upon the hot stones, and to sing aloud. lie continued in this vehement hot place about fifteen minutes. All this he did in ordcM- to purilV himself ixiforc he would address the Su[)reme Being. When lu; came out ot' his sweat-house, ho began to burn tobacco and pray, lie bi^gan each petition with ok, ho, ho, ho, which is a kind of .aspii-ation, niid si^nitics an ardent wish. 1 observed that all his petitions were only li)i- imme- diate or present tem|)oral bk'ssings. He began his address by thankst- giving in the l()llowing manner: " C) 1 1 real liJeing ! 1 thank thee that I have obtained the use of niv logs again; that 1 am now able to walk about and kill turkciys, cVc. without feeling exipiisite |)ain and misery. 1 know that tliou art a hearer and a helper, and thiM-eforc I will call upon thee. "Oh, ho, ho, jio, — (THint that my knees and ankles may be riglil well, and thnt 1 may bo able not only to walk, but to run and jump logs, as I did last fall. "Oh, ho, ho, ho, — Grant that on this voyage wo may frequently kill bears, as they may be crossing the 8ciota and Sandusky. "Oh, ho, ho, ho, — tlrant that wo may kill plenty of turkeys along the banks, to stew «"k«' IJuriujr the whole Of this sconp I «nf i>,r ^^«„ u -. |iu_yLis. 1 Km.iiried duly comnnsed iinl I he nmr> ♦, tu, buniinn; o thetoharm- in.l o^. r 1, . ^^"' '""" "^ came f the y..u w.,o „,„ii„,, j.„„, |^,,i° ™ ^ ' ^^ - J « k"ow tl„„ when one dislur I you: Inil nmf wl,,.,, I ,... • V '"y^ °'' "".» ol 11.0 molhod „f rtconriliaiion will, an „ B. ,i' , ■ "" •""f '''"g was now („o old ,„ l„,„i„ l" loa,™?, wt|'; I? ,"'"'',' """ ""^ ITero we may see how far the h^lit ofnafm-o couM era; pcrhans w,. s^e ]t hero almost in ts hi-hest ovfont N„tu- f r' i ^ -^ views that this great man c le • LhI n ' P.- ^f ^'"'«f-"^"^''»S fl>e just i _ t 11 464 EVENTS IN INDIAN HISTORY. A few days after Tecaughretanego had gone through his ceremonies and finished his prayers, the rain came and raised the croelc a sufficient height, so that we passed in safety down to Sciota, and proceeded up to the carrying-place. Let us now describe the land on this route from our winter hut, and down Ollcntangy to the Sciota, and up it to tlie carrying-place. About our winter cabin is chiefly first and second rate land. < A considerable way up Ollentangy, on the southwest side thereof, or Ixjtwixt it and the Miami, there is a very large prairie, and from this prairie down Ollentangy to Sciota is generally first rate land. The timber is walnut, sugar-tree, ash, buckeye, locust, wild cherry, and spice-wood, intermixed with some oak and beech. From the mouth of Ollentjingy, on the east side of Sciota, up to the carrying-place, there is a largo body of first and second rate land, and tolerably well watered. The timber is ash, sugar-tree, walnut, locust, oak, and beech. Up near the carrying-place the land is a little hilly, but the soil good. We proceeded from this place down Sandusky, and in our passage wo killed four bears and a number of turkeys. Tecaughretanego appeared now fully persuaded that this came in answer to his prayers, and who can say with any degree of certainty that it was not so? Wh^n we came to the little lake at the mouth of Sandusky, we called at a Wyandot town that was then there, called Sunyendcand. Here we diverted ourselves several days by catching rock-fish in n small creek, the name of which is also Sunyendcand, which signifies rock-fish. They fished in the night with lights, and struck the fish with gigs or spears. The rock-fish here, when «thoy begin first to run up the creek to spawn, are exceedingly fat, sufficiently so to fry ihemselves. The first night we scarcely caught fish enough for pre- sent use lor all that were in the town. The next morning I met with a prisoner at this place by the name of Thompson, who had been taken from Virginia. He told me if the Indians would only omit disturbing the fish for one night, he could catch more fish than the whole town cbukl make use of. [ told Mr. Thompson that if he was certain he could do this, that I would use my influence with the Indians to let the fish alone for one night. 1 applied to the chiefs, who agreed to my proposal, and said they were anxious to see what the Great Knife (as they called the Virginian,) could do. Mr. Thompson, with the assistance of some other prisf)ners, set to work and made a hoop-net of elm bark ; they then cut down a tree across the creek, and stuck in stakes at th^e lower side of it to prevent the fish from passing up, leaving only a gap at the one side of the creek; here he sat with his net, and when he felt the fish touch the net he drew it up, and frequently would haul out two or three rock-fish that would weigh about five or six pounds each. He con- tinued at this until he had hauled out about a wagon load, and then left the gap open in order to let them pass up, for they could not go far o\\ account of the shallow water. Before day Mr. Thompson shut it up, to prevent them from passing down, in order to let the Indian? have some diversion in killing them in daylight. CAmvm- OP COLONEL SMITH. 455 ingenuity of ttvi^SuWlftl ;;:''"' .'l^^'"' ""'^ «PI''-'d^d the' wero confined in the wa cr n|,ov Lo ' "7 ''"' ""'"'«"• «''tl'oin that to the town, and in a shorA^^^^^^ ) ''''. >'°""" '"'''«"^ "'^ b'''«l< and arrows, d^c.^.u^f w ^ h ' ^ .S'ofT??"' ^'«^' '^^^ I)rc.so."ve. As wo Ind ru. If ^ *'''"^ ^^'^ ^'""'d "se or upon the bankV ind a or on" i,r ""^'"''^ l"" ^'''^ ^''^'^' ^^oy lay atS;a^rt-t;l!.::;S-;i-^ isomo tune in May wo honnl ti..,» ^' ' 1 ., , thousand men, was Lln\nu In 1 ^"""■^' ^ "'•'^'-•■^' ^^''"^ «Gven Du (iuosno, M-hic-h t Jn s :i 1 'T "" '?> """'f^^'-" ^J^''^'^^' ^^o" orectod. IJnon rteMmr r "' '''"''''' ^ '""^ ^''" '''^^ ^ift-rwards Indian warriors to i::;;^^:!^,;;^^'- ^ ^'^^ t^^ ditlorent trihes of Wy=>;r::d^:^^;.^Jf ^owato^i., and Quesno, to T.renarc ihv tl \^ ^^ marched olf to Fort Du common renortTas tin tv TT'' "' . ^^"^'•■•^' ^orl-^s. The Braddook,L Tai IShnd T" '"-- .'hd to retreat. Whon they retnrned from the hatilelt; I'ort I )ii tiiiesne, th8, and at this timi; began to build l''ort I'itt. When Tecaughrelanego had heard the particulars ol'(lraiU\-i(lef(nit, ho said that he could not W(;ll account I'or his contradictory and inconsistent conduct, I le said, as th(! art of war consists in ambushing and siu'prising our enemies, and in preventing them iVom ambushing and siu'prising us, (Jranl, in tin' lirst place, acted like a wis(; aiul experienced warrior in artl'ully approaching in the night without being discovered; but when he canje to th(! phiex , and th(i Indians wero lying asleep ouLside of the lort, between him and the Alle'ghany rivor, iu place of slipping up <|uielly, and falling upon them with their broadswords, they bi'at tlu! drums and played \\\m\\ the l)agpi[)cs. lie said he could account lor this inc,onsistent conduct no otlua' way than by supposing that he had m:ide too frei; with spirituous li(|Uors during the night, and bi'came intoxicated about daylight. But to retiu'u. This year we. hunted up Sand.usky and down Sciota, and took nearly the same route that, we hid done the last hunting season. Wo had considerable succc'ss, and returned to Detroit some time in April, 17.")!). Shortly alier this, T(;caughrelanego, his son Nunganey and myself, went from l).'lroil (^in an elm-bark ean;>e) to Caiighnewaga, a very ancient Indian town, al);)ut nine nfiles above iMoulri-al, wluu'e 1 remained until about the ilrst of July. I then heard of a French ship at; iMontr(>al that had lOuglish j)risoa(a's on board, in order to carry them over sea and exehanni' them. I went privately olf I'rom tlio Indians, and got also on board ; but as (leiieral W'olli- had stopped the river .Sf. [,awrence, we wen; all sent to prisu'i iu Moulreal, when' I remaaietl l()ur months. Sonu; lime iu November wc were all sent oirfrom this place to t'rown I'oint, and e.VLdianged. Early in the year 1700, I came home ioConococheagui!, and found that my peoples eoukl nevcn- ascertain whether [ was killed or taken until my return. They received me with great joy, but wen; surprised to see me so much like an lndi;iii both in my gait and gesture. Upon inquiry, 1 found that my sweetheart was married a few days before I arrived. My leelings i must leave ou this occasion for thoss CAPTIVlTr OP COLOlfEL BMITH. 4flr nt (Imt liMK .. " ' '" '''"^'■'■'''•' "'^' ^•'"'•''"n o)' soul 1 fdt .7l^r^ n;:.:::::.' ■:;,:;'';,;!: 'r'-r' ^^'-'i '-'-< """' ^.n year svlvMni.-i Tlw u I?. ( • ■ '"''"'"'""'« '" v'.rK.i.s ,,.-,rfs ..(' 1', „„. »'"•• ''Lis s, 't , o.:; ''^^^ """'"""■'' ''"'•'"■^ "'•"•I'l-i.'s ami ,suks....ip, .ns so, •':':'' "' """•'' ,'".'""-y '^y collections ol-rnDjrrrH, mui-v .''''"','''' '' """.'•"I""in of .|,is ron.pnny '-^ i" 7.p.ivity w^h^;;;;'i, ,^ 't'. :" ;.i;i ",""" '"^" ''-^ l<'«fii".s, n,o..c.asin,s, nn,/. m sh .I'T"''' '""' '""'■'''■'•'<••''«. nmnnor tliMl 111." In limis do nui' ."'' '""'''' '" ^''^' «""'e i»«'«-« nd „, ,1 Mack 1 1 . 1 ,n«n , '"'""'<'"'''I"<''.S .-.ri.l ,n,in.,.,l our Near the onn,.iusi7u of M ■ v,;. """"?' ''^ '""" ''"Pl"}'' ts. caliod (ho r.nnsvlvani. in. '^"'^' ^'''^.''-fi.', in what was Ihcn •'''' '»" ('!'<• «anu. year) 1 ur on lu S ' ! ' '"''''''' '" ''''■^''- ^" A imle below Fort Fm the hostages all made their el^!gh„r.i. 408 KVICNXa IN INDIAN III8TURV. ader this tlie Iiulinns stole lior^is juul kilUnl Home jieoplc on thf fron- titsrH. 'I'lic^ Kiiiy's |»r(i<'lainiiliiti» wus llioii (riiciilultHl and sot up in various pultlic places, proliibitinj^ any person Iroiii trading' witli the [ndiauH uiilil liirllier orders. Notwillisl!imlin;j, all this, ahoiit the first of March, 1700, u nuniher of wat-ous, loud(!d willi Indian ^oods and warlilu- stores, wvm sent fruin IMiiladelphia to ih'nrv i'nllens,( 'onocoelieanne, and from thence seventy pack liorses wen- loaded wilh tlies(! ;j:oods, in order to carry theui to Fort I'itt. This idamied the country, and Mr. VVilliani niiHicid raised aliniil tilly arnn'd men, ami met the paelc liorses at IJK^ place where .^h•rcelsi)llri'; iKivv sliuids. Mr. Dntlield desired the employers lo store up their jj;oods, and not proceed until further orders. They 'made liidit of this, and weiil over the North \hHintaiii, whore, they l(Ml;j,ed in a small valliy called the (.ireat ( 'ove. Mr. Diidield and his party (ollowed after, and came to their hHluiii},', and u;j;uia urjfcd lliem to slon- up llieir '^onds; lie reasoned with them on the impropriety of the proec ediiiL's, and the ^reat daii;.!,-er llie frontiijr inhahitants would he e.\po>ed to, if the Indians should now j^'ef a supply: he said, as it was well known that IIk^v had scarcely any animtmilioii, and were almost naked, to supply tiiem now would In," u kind of murder, and would Ix! illefi,ully tradiiifj; at the (jxpunso of tiio hlood and treasure of the froiiliers.* Notwitlislaiidini!; his powerliil rcasoninu, tiiesc traders made game of what he said, and would only answer him hy ludicrous hurlesfpie. When I heheld this, and found that Mr. Dullield would not compel them to store up their goods, 1 collected ten of my old warriors, lluit 1 had formerly disciplined in the Indian way, went oil" privately ulior night and encamped in llu^ woods. 'J'Ik; next day, as usual, w(; hlac.ked and painted, anil waylaid them near Sidelong I lill. I scattered my men aliout forty rods along the side of the road, and ordered every two to take a tr(;e, and ahout eight or ten rods hetween each couple, with orders to kecj) a reserve lire, one not to fir(3 until his comrade had U>adi'd his gun; hy this means we k(;pt up u constant slow tiro upon them, from front to rear. We then heard nothing of these traders' merriment or l)urles(|ue. When they saw their pack horses falling close by them, they caUed eiit, pray, gentlemen, what would you huv(> us to do .' The reply was, collect all your loads to the front, and unload them in one place; take your private property, and ininiedialely retire. When tlu\y wen; gone, \\c burnt what they Icll, which consisted of blankets, shirts, Vermillion, lead beads, wampum, tomahawks, scalpiiig-knivo\s, &c. Tho traders wont back to Fort Loudon, and applied to the coin- nianding otlicer there, and got a party of Highland soldiers, and wont with them in quest of the robbers, as they called us; and without applying to a magistrate, or obtaining any civil authority, but barely upon suspicion, they took a numkir of creditable persons prisoners, (who were chielly not any way concerned in this action,) and Confined them in tho guard-house in Fort Loudon. I then raised three hundred riflemen, marchod to Fort Loudon, and encamped on a TAPTIVITY OF COtONFL flMlm. 460 ramp/whcro w. " . « It. „?! " "1"' " ""^' "'" '^"^0 to our which f.„ahlf.d MS to n d .. ,. , ' ^•"'" """ "'^''''' '^" '■"'• ""«' (-..rthcr dillindty' " ""'" """ '"'"' ""' guard-houso, without Hi^liaLSf^Hr;;;;:;.:';^:;: 17* '^ number orn/lo guns which the «fH^.. up. Ar was ri °"" V^ '""P'"' ""'^ '•"'"^''l '« give l"rKoc,ua,,tity,,r.nnpowZ-' a^^h "^ '^ "''" ''''"'^^ ^ might bo oon^oyod prl^^S; t ho ti f "i'.r '"\ "''' '"' 'l <'<«r party had now .r„t onlirolv . /T r* /'" T'""' ''"^^P^ ""'l counlry. ' '"''" " '""'• «'"™'''l ""J explore that ^n mountains. My comrades gave me the greatest part of ^'bor^N-iLme" %l lTJyTit\\ ^' ^"'"^^'■'^"<'. -"d empties into it after one of my fcnow S e1?ers Mrilni^.f ^? """^ •''""/P^^"' '» ^^-Vj 1^67 retains the same name unto this d^"' ^"*^' ^'°°^' =''"* ' «"» ^"W tkat it Aft 5( ? , lli £:ll 470 IVBim Iff INDIAN HUTOXY. the nrrimunifinn thoy then had, which nmoimtcd only fo half a pound of powtior, and lund «'quiv»I<.'nt. Mr. Morton also lent nio hi.s iniiluUo l)oy, and I ihon wt oH'throni^h Iho wildornoss lor ('arolina. About oii>ht (lays alh-r I U'tl my company at the mouth orTcnnrsNcr, on my journey eastward I ^ot a i-ane stah in my ll>ot, which occasi(»ned my Icm; (o swell, and I sull'ered much pain. I was now in a dultiCul situation; far t'-'om luiy ol tlu; liuuiau species, excepting hlack Jamie, or the sava^t!H, and I knew not when I mijjlit meet with them. My cnso appeared (lesper.'ite, and I thmi^lit snmethinj^ must lifMlone. All th(! siiriiieal instruiuents I had was a knile, a moccasin awl, and a pair of hullnt-moulds ; with these I det(>rmined to draw the sim;' Ironi my foot, if |)ossil)le. I stuck the ;iwl in the skin, luid with fue knili- I cut the flesh away from around the cane, luid then cnnimanded the mulatto fellow to catch it with the hidlet-moulds, and pidl it out, which ho did. When 1 saw it, it seemed a shockin;^ thinjf to I.' in any |K!rHon'.s r(H)t; it will therefore 1k) sup|)osed that I was ver\ i^lad to hav(! it (Mif. The black fellow attended upon me, and olM'yed my directions faithfully. I ord<'red him to search ft»r Iid'.ui medicine, nnd told him to i;nt me a quantity of bark from the root of a lynn troc, which F made him ImvU on a ston(>, with a tomahawk, and boil it in ft kettle, and with tli(! oo/e I bathed my l()ot and leg; what remained when 1 had finished bathintf 1 boiled to a jolly and nmdo poultic(>s thereof. As I hail no ra<^s, i mark' use of the green moss that grows upon logs, and wrapped it round with elm bark ; by this means, (simpk; as it may seem,) the swelling and infhunmation in a great ni(>asure abated. As stormv wtuither appeared, I ordcTed .lamio to make us a shelter, which ho did by erecting forks and poles, and covering them ov(n' with cane tops, like a fodder house. It was about one hundred yards from a large butlalo road. As wo wen; almost out of provision, I commanded .huoie to take my gun, and 1 went along as well as I could, concealed myself near the road, and killed a burtalo. When this was done, we jerked* the lean, and fried the tallow out of the Iht meat, which w'e kept to slew with our jerk as we needed it. I continued in this place until I could walk slowly without crutches. As I now lay near a great buflhio road, I was afraid that the Indians might be passing that way, and discover my fire-place; therefore I moved otrsome distance, where 1 remained until I killed an elk. As my foot was yet sore, I concluded that I would stay here until it was healed, lest by travelling too soi-^'. i* niiifht again he inflamed. In a few weeks after I proceeded on, .'nd in October I arrived in Carolina. I had now been olev • i'-utht; i ' the wilderness, and during this time I neither saw bread, money, women, nor spirituous liquors; and three months of which I saw none of the human species except Jamie. * Jerk is a name well known by the hunters and frontier inhabitants for meat cut in small pieces and laid on a scaifold, over a slow fire, whereby it is roasted until it is thoroughly dry. CAPTIVITV OF COLONBI, HMITW. Whnn I rnmc into flw; 471 Hotflninc'iit Miy rlothos wnro Ih.! hair,,,,. wl,i,-|, |„. hi,,", ,,,,"' '^ '"'".'••"ki" 'lr<'»^''(l will, ■ ■ • ' '""' "K'V t loiI'Mit tli/lf II li.i/l t I I 4i wir:;;l:;,:,:^K';:;!:;:: ;;;;^;^:r t:;urr;";r -'" r -■'! • '":^::;;:'';:r,;i;;:,!-i-;r'''"r'"-''^"^^ Hi" do.i„..s 'i , ™ , , t '■ „, ,1' i" ;■■'"" "";'-■ "? "'■' '■""■'• '""' "" wlierov.r wcM-auK, so tlmf th.-v lK,rk..,| vio n", y T L 1 r vo "tte ■,SV""'V""' '!"''"'"' "•""'" "'"*■ !'"=•"■»!<'"» on tl,„ frontier, Mroyal n„d pli,„,|o,od a ,|„.a,ili,v „f t|,dr nowd„, led i, ,' of black boys, yet I concluded that they should not lie in ironsTn th^ 472 EVENTS IN INDIAN HiaTOKY. guard-house, or remain in confinement by arbitrary or military power. 1 resolved, therefore, if possible, to release them, if they even should be tried by the civil law afterwards. I collected eighteen of my old black boys, that I' had seen tried in the Indian war, &c. I did not desire a large party, lest they should be too much alarmed at Bedford, and accordingly prepared for us. We marched along the public road in daylight, and made no :;ecrct of our design. We told those whom we met that we were going to take Fort Bedford, which appeared to them a very unlikely story. Before this, I made it known to one William Thompson, a man whom I could trust, and who lived there. Him I employed as a spy, and sent him along on horseback before, with orders to meet me at a certain place near Bedlbrd one hour before day. The next day, a liitle before sunset, wc encamped ner.r the crossings of Juniata, about fourteen miles from Bedlbrd, and erected tents, as though we intended staying all night, and not a man in my company knew to the contrary except myself. Knowing that Ihey would hear this in Bedlbrd, and wishing it to be the case, 1 thought to snrp.-ise them by stealing a march. As the moon rose about eleven o'clock, I ordered my boys to march; and we went on at the rate of live; miles an hour, until we met Thom[)son at the place appointed. He told us that the com- manding officer had frequently heard of us by travellers, and had ordered thirty men upon guard. He said they know our number, and only made game of the notion of eighteen men coming to rescue the prisoners; but they did not expect us until tovvprds the middle of the day. 1 asked him if the gate was open. He said it was then shut, but he expected they would open it as usual at daylight, as thoy appiehended no danger. I then moved my men privately up under the banks of Juniata, where we lay concealed about one hundred yards from the fort gate. I had ordered the men to keep a ])rofbuiid silence until we got into it. 1 then sent off Thompson again to spy. At daylight he niturned, and told us that the gate was open, and three sentinels were standing on the wall ; that the guards were taking a morning dram, and the arms standing together in one place. I then concluded to rush into the fort, and told Thompson to run before me to tlu! ai'ms. Wc ran with all our mi' "^ . After peace was n^adeZrih^ui^^^^^^^ •n Pittsburg, and inr,uired of then. 1/2: "^'^ ''"^ ^°"^^ «f ^^^em this expedition, not lettin.. 1 em know r ^7 ^'^"g"« concerning that they watehed the movement o?Tl.l ^''''- '^^^'^^ ^^'^ me eft Fort Pitt, and as they pa sed hmu r;r'"T 7'' "^^^ '^^y ^^d l'.id a full view of them frorthe "^^"'' he glades or barrens they number to be about o"e Z nd 'Th"l ^"".'' f ^ '^"'P"^^^ '^'^'^ their can^ps, both before and after "thovwr'"^ '^''^ ^'^" ^-^^"^i"«d >.;ould not make an advantageous a t-u^n f^. ^T' """^ ^«""d they "I t^:;i ^\ ^^^is^:t:^^^ --^ «^^- niiles ab^vr^L-i^and n1 tj;; t"rr ^T"'^^', ^^^^^y' -en convention that s^t at Danvil e to cSrl' t'^'^' '" '"^'"b^'' ^^ ^he Stateof Virginia; and from th4 ve.r unf^ f!" ^ ''P"'""'^°" ^^°'^ the Bourbon county either in conm^Hon oTl ^''^ .^^^' ^ ^Presented As..bly, excJpt two yea^haTlTarieft a^rv^^/^t^^^^^^ 'fit 476 1VENT3 IN INDIAN HISTORY. CHAPTER XXIV. HAUttlS'S ESCAPE. There stands to this day, near the river .Susquehanna, in the borough of IIarrisbiir;T, tlie trunk of a mulberry tree, that flourished in full vigor, when WilliiUTi Pcnn first arrived in the Delaware. At the foot of this tree there is a grave, surrounded by a board fence. It is the sepulchre of the father of the founder of the present seat of government of Pennsylvania. Ho came to America soon after Penii. He was a Yorkshirenian by birth, and in humble life; and it is said assisted to clear away the wood, grub the stumps, (uid open the streets of Philadelphia. Being an entcrjjrising man, he soon became an active pioneer, and with the fruit of his industry, commencing a trade with the Indians, penetrated by degrees to tlie westward, until he reached the Susquehanna, on the lell bank- of which river he built himself a cabin, and sat down permanently at the very spot where the town of Harrisburg now stands. Here he deposited his merchandise, and opened u profitable com- merce with his red neighbors, who jvere numerous al)out the Paxton creek, and had several villages in its vicinity, along the Susquehanna shore. Mr. Harris acquu-ed-thc friendship of most of these tribes, receiving their peltry and otliUi objects of Indian traffic, for his ammunition and rum. This led to an active exchange of commodities, and gradually enabled him to purchase the land adjacent to his establishment, and to undertake considerable agricultural improve- ments.* The majestic Susquehanna, nearly a mile broad, flowed in front of his hut, while along its high banks nothing was to be seen but one dark mass of woods, reaching to the summit of the lolly hills that bounded the view in every direction. In the bosom of this wilderness Mr. Harris's family was located, and here was born Mr. John Harris, who, in the year i785, laid out Harrisburg, and who was the first white child born to the west of Conew;igo creek. In this state of things, it haiipened one day, that a number of his Indian customers, who had been drinking freely, called for an addi- tional supply of rum. On iMr. Harris's refusing to gratiiy them, they dragged him from his hut, anil bound him to that very mulberry tree, at the foot of which he now lies buried. Here they declared to burn him alive, and bade him prepare for iivstant death. Dry wood was gathered and fire held in readiness to * We letirn from some of Mr. Harris's descendants, that he had, previous to his emigration, worked as t 'jrewer in London, and that he brought witli him to this country sixteen guineas, which was the wliole of his property. His first purchase of land on Iho Susquehanna was a tract of five hundred acres from Edward Shipprti. for which he paid X'190. The deed is dated December 19, 1733. Mr. Harris was the first person who introduced the use of the plough in the neighborhood of the Susquehanna. M-.Mk K-y>.:tvy-^iifi^i^M}'}SvJi}Lkii^ji-i^ '.ftSi it ' i] M 1 mi \ 1 ••'■ ••<•>•••«.• ,.1 llMlflS. OV INIM\I\ niSTOIVY •'<•>■•••■• II i III kindle it while wi in its m himself f thing in his destri to the pil in numbc at liberty These slave IxjIc boring tr relief. T have beeri of this ncj was he of he instant Hercules j won, in th on which I Wherov largely in An esca impression fastened or evidence of Mr. Harris descendant at the loot of savage e of Him " w THE FOLLOV TOGA INDI covwnu c OR CONKST At a coun Honorable ^ Pusey; Jon? Secretary. My Brotb your near fr come to visit MmUTM OP THE PHOVINCIAL COUNCIL. 477 himKlrforlo, "v,irL hi '',""• "';.'' l""^" "I" hope he gave thin., in exZn Jfnrr, I '"'/"I'P '™'° "" ""^y. '"d "ffer every hi. der«io„Xy r„ c te iJ:";r°''Th"'^^ "''"T"" "- fo Ihe pile, and alju, bein/lplld ™ti„ Iban I , f f^ "i?" .'"T"'" ^iay^Mon^r^M? It": !l° "frr "","'"'•'■' "»-"i». » borin.. irihS to' Z,,L\T' " "'° *"■'" °'''™ ™" '<> » neigh- have been Ihlai. The ,,r"r„co of mi d' ,ht V'°'"™" ''?'? ""''' he in..an ly :nn,"i „ oT h n al.^ ,'h° 'T ''J'''' P"" ■*«• ">'" Hercules now r« do „, Harr S;,,™ f *'™e worthy on which t^rlJeU';;^;,™'™""''^ """ °^™py ">« g™"^ iarllrinTor^i^ir^d^dSi'^' '"^ ^^"™- '^«™" »hare in.prS':„Thr„t''d?iLr^r""'' '°.™k- -I^Pond la,.ing CHAPTER XXV. yoar-'near frie„rld'l1r„7 .heTefrotTo S"vo S:,-™'' "■"' =on,e to vi,i. you, I n,ade ha.e 'a,.d«™t,n1 ^"^ '.^ SToCI ^ 478 ■VBIfTB IN INDIAN UI8T0BY. thorn, and to assure all the Indians of the continuance of my love to them. Your old aniuaintanco and true friend, the threat William Pcnn, was a wise man, and tlu-riirore he did not approve of wars amonjr the Indians whom he loved, heeause it wasted and destroyed their people, but always reeommendid p(>aee to the Indians as the surest way to nuike them rieh and strong by increasing.' their rnunbers. 8omo of you can very wijII rememl)er since Williani I'enn and his friends came lirst to settle am()nvi.s(> Jmv. Nations 1 Teat with >o, I :, I a i •;/'" '"">■ -"P-v.-md to represent. •nuid or.uir m-eat uununvh Ce m,.\ • ' , ",U'-'''"al)le to the h.H euro ic. o^iahlis ! ' J^ ^^ ^ \ , ';, "^ 'j' '^"«'!'"^'. -ho hends "nd nnio whon. ail the nc ii^T 1 ""'''^' "'"^"^"•^ ''' ^'''"-"P'-N •^•»-- cJn.,. out of a htu ;.il ,, ' 'T-'''"^'''^ ''"•*' ''•^ '' ^^'-•«-- ''^t like must he laid nn h ] v,;! • ,;'''^'^'''^r ?'""''"^'"'' '^«'^^''^'" "« yoil nmv d.-»i,-,. „nv I ' ,t , 1 ," "'""" "'"""''' R™" ™«y. "reful^o, ,„e„, a. having separated .hoSe'l™The tdT^' I'- '■)' ..I i1 i !, 488 KVKNT8 IN INDIAN HISTORY. mifT their friends, purely to serve the Indians more commodiously with what they want. Nevertheless, if any little disorders should nt any time hereafter arise, we will endeavor that it sliall not break or weaken the ehain of friendship betwei;n us; to whifh end, if any of your people take offence, you nuisl in that case apply to me or lo .ur chiefs, and when we have any cau^^o to complain, we shall, as ym desire, apply to your chieis, by our friends the Uouestoga Indians; but on both sides we must laborto pi-event every thing of ibis kind as rnur-h as we can. You complain tliat our traders come into the jiatb of your young men <.roing out to war, and thereby occasion disorders amongst them. 1 will, therefore, my friends and brolliers, speak very plainly to you on this head. Your young men come down Su^-,quelianna river, and fake the road through our Indian towns and settlements, and m.ake a patli between us and the people against whom they go out to war. Now you must know that the path liiis way leads "them only to ihi? Indians who are in alliance with tlic English, and ilrst to tbo.-c v, ho are in a stri<-: leniiue of friendship wiiirihe great Governor of Virunia, just as these, our friends and <:hildren who .are settled amongst us, are in league with me and our people. You cann(>t therefore malv'o v,ar upon tlie Indians in league Vvith Virginia v/ithout weakening the clK\in wi;li the Ijiglish; lljr as wj would not suifer these our friends and broihers ofCJonestoga and upon this river to be hurt by any persons, without considering it was dont to ourselves, so the (.Jovernor of Virginia looks upon the injiirios done to his Indian brothers and friends as if they wore done to himsell': and you very well know that though you are live dii'J'rcnt nations, vet von are but one people, so as that any v^^rong done to one nation IS received as an in.jury done to you all. In the same manner, and much more so, is it v.Ilh the I'lngiish. who are all united under one givat king, who has more people in tha' one town where he lives than all the Indiiuis in North America put together. You are in a league with New York as your ancient friends and nearest neighbors, and you are in a league with us by treaties oilen repeated, and i)y a chain whi(di you have now brightened. As, there- fore, all the English are but one pei'ple, you aro actually in leagn<> with all the English govermnenis, and must e([ualiy preserve tho {)eace with all as with one govertnncnf. You pleased me very mu(di w hen you told me that yr a were going to treat with the Governor of Virginia. Your nations formerly entered into a very firm league with that government, and if you iiave suflered that chain to grow rusty, it is time to scour it, and the Five Nations have done wisely to send you there for that purpose. I do assure you the Governor of Virginia is a great and good man: he loves the Indians as his children, and so protects and delends them, for' he is very strong, having many thousand Ghrisli m warriors under his command, whereby he la able to assist all those who aro in any MINUTES OF THE PROVINCIAL COUNCIL. i^ league of friendship with him. Hasten, therefore, my friends to • "Lfwm ^ ^^'•^"Sthen the chain with that great man, for he dtir s ■ it, and will receive yoi, kmdly. He is my great and c^ond friend • I have been lately with him, and since you sav vou a?e ,.trm 'ers' will gjye you a etter to him, to inform him of what we have°done and of the good des.gn of your visit to him and to his countr;! ' M3, tncnds'and Brothers,-! told you two days a-o that we must open our breasts to each other; I shall. thereLe,°like your True inciid, open mine yet further to you for your oood. ^ DarTs""ar W ' '''" ^"='''^' ^'T ^ ''"'>' '^'^^l^People at first in these parts, aie by peace amongst themselves become a very oreat people amongst you, far exceeding the number of all the Indians tlmtte But while we are at peace, the Indians continue to make war upon SrTeonTo' r' uT'. r^^^^^'-' ^^ "' ^hey intended that noneTf IrJt P^"P^«'l«"'d be left alive; by which means you are from a Sor;ts:r '' '-'' --'•'' ^^^p^^' ^-^ ^^^ ^ '- ^^^^ -- - ^^ vei^Il?pl"'''''^r^ '^'" '°"'^ '^'"S^ '^"y 'P^^^' ^ different language, of tie L^h"T r^^'' '"^ "^^"^'^ the same land with^hosJ 01 the north we therefore cannot but wonder how you that arc a wise people should take delight in putting an end to yL race! The Lnghsh, being your true iriehds, labor to prevent this. We would have you strong as a part of our^lves, lor as our strength is your strength, so we would have yours to be as our own ^ is for\r- r^'T^"'^/" "^y b^-'^^h^-^'" '" these parts* to consider what men n " ' """l ""' '" ^^ ^^ '''""' ^^ ''"^'^ '^"^ your young me , as they come this way, endeavor to force them, and because they incline to follow the counsels of peace and the advice of their In, rrff ' •''°"' Pf '''"^ "'^ ^'^"^ ^^'' «"d °^"f«" P'-^v«'' "i'h them to • go out to heir own destruction. Thus it was that this town of Cones- toga lost their good king not long ago, and thus many have been lost; he young c iildren are left without parents, their wies without hus! bands, the old men, contrary to the course of nature, mourn the death of their young; the people decay and grow weak ; we lose our dear friends and are afflicted, and this is chiefly owing to your young Surely you cannot propose to get either riches or possessions by going thus out to ^^■ar; for when you kill a deer, you have the flesh to eat and the skin to sell ; but when you return from war you brin" nothing home but the scalps of a dead, man, .who perhaps was a hus^ band a kind wife, and father to tender children, who never wrono-ed you though by losing him, you have robbed them of his help and protection, and at the same time got nothino' by it If I were not your true friend, I would not take the trouble of say- ing all these things to you, which I desire may be fully related to ail your people when you return home, that they may consider in time I.r Vn- /" «^» good; and after this, if any will be so madly aeat and blind as neither to hear nor see the danger before them kit 484 EVENTS IN INDIAN HISTORY. will still go out to destroy and be destroyed for nothing, I must desire that such foolish young men will take another path and not pass this way amongst our people, whose eyes I have opened, and they have wisely hearkened to my advice. So that I must tell you plainly, as I am their best friend, and this government is their protector and as a lather to them, we-will not sutier them any more to go out as they have done to their destruction. I say again, we will not suffer it, for we have the counsel of wisdom amongst us and know what is for their good; for though they arc weak, yet they are our l>rethren; we will therefore take care of them that they be not misled with ill council; you mourn when you lose a brother, we mourn when any of them are lost, to prevent which they shall not be suffered to go out as they have done to be destroyed by war. My Good Friends and Brothers, — I give you the same counsel and earnestly desire that you will follow it, since it will make you a happy people. I give you this advice because I am your true friend, but I much fear you hearken to others who never were nor never will be yonr friends. You know very well that the French have been your enemies fi'om the beginning, though th(!y made peace with you about two and twenty years ago, yet by subtle practices they still endeavor to ensnare you. They use arts and tricks, and tell you lies to deceive you ; and if you would mal is not of late so much used ni I'/Uvope, and therefore does not give so good a price, and we deal but very little in that commoi-ity. But deer-skins sell very well amongst us, and I shall always take care that the Indians be not wronged ; but except other measures be taken to regulate the Indian trade every where, the common methods used in trade will still be followed, and every man must take care of himself, for this I must do myself when I buy anj thing from our own people, — if I do not give them their price they will keep it, for we are a free people. But if you have % MINDTES OP THE I'BOVINCIAL fOUNCIL. 466 any further proposals to make about these alFairs, I am willinc to hear an( consider tlicm, for it is my desire that the trade be well regulated to your content. t am sensible rum is very hurtful to the Indians; we have made laws that none should be carried amongst them, or il' any were, that It sliould ho staved and thrown upon the ground, and the Indians have been ordered to destroy all ihc rum that comes in their way. But they will not do it,-they will have rum; and when we refuse it, they wii travel to the neighboring provinces and letch it; their own women go to purchase ,t, an, then sell it among their own people at excessive lates. I would gladly make any laws to prevent (his that could be etiectual ; but (he country is so wide, the woods are so dark and private and so far out of iny sight, that if the Ind[;ms themselves do not prohibit their own people, there is no other way to prevent it; for iny part, I shall readily join in any measures that can be proposed tor so good a piu-poso. ' ' 1 have now, my friends and brotliers, said all that I think can be ••(any service at_ this time, and [ givo you these thin-s here laid belorc you to contirm my words, a!/: live strowd coats, t^^•entv pounds <>l powder, and forty pounds oi' lead, Ibr each of the five Nations • that IS, twonty-live coa^s, one hundred weight of powder, and two hundred o! lead ,n the whole, which [ desire may bo delivered to Iheni, with those my words, in my name and on behalf of this pro- I sh;ill be gkul Irerjuently to see some of your chief men sent in the n:une ot al the rest, but desire yen, will be so kind as to come to us to iJuladelphia, to visit our iamilies and children born there, where we can provuk; better f ,r you and make you more welcome, for people always receive their iVi-mls best at' their own houses. 1 liearfuy wiih you well <,ii your journey and .:;ood success in it, and when you return home, I desire you will give my very kind love and the love ol all our people to your kincrg and to all their peoiile inen the governor rose up from his chair, and when he had called ■ hcsaont, (ho speaker, to him, ho took a coronation medal of the iu.igs outol his poclcet, and presented it to the Indian in those words; 1 hat our children when we arc dead may not Ibrget these thinrrs 1)ut l((,^p this treaty between us in perpetual remembrance, I here <1oliver to you u picture in gold, bearing the imai£e of my oreat niaster, the king of all the l':nglish; and when vou' return home I charge you 1o flehver this piece into the hands of the first man or greatest chicl ol all the Five Nations, whom you call Kannyooodk, to b(; laid up and kept as a token to our children's children, "'that an nitiiv and lasting friendship is now established for over between tljo buglish in this country and ihe .ereat Five Nations At a council held at Fhiladelphia. July iiOth, 1721, were present, he iIonora!)le bir William Keith, Bart., Governor; Richaixl Hill Isaac .Norris; S'amuel Frestoii; Jonathan Dickinson; Thomas Mas- tors; Andrew II ,i,ilton, Attoniey-General; James Louan, Secretary Ihc minute ot council and treaty lately held witli deputies of the 41* 466 KVBNTS IN IWDIAIf HISTOHT. Five Nations at Conestoga being read, for the service and satisfaction of those who would not undertake that journey, the secretary reported what iio iiad further transacted with tlreni there, alter the governor had left that place, as Ibllows: James Logan, Secrelary, further reports, that having continued at (Conestoga alter tiie departure of the governor and the rest of tiie com- l)any, he had next day, by the governo s approbation and direction, held a discourse with Clhcsiiont, the cliicf of those Indians, and their speaker. Civility, theCapla.u of Conestoga, and John Cartlidge, being interpreters. That ho fa'st put Gliesaont in mind of the groat satisHiction the governor had expressi-d to liiin in the council u[)on their kind visit, atul the freedom and openness that had been used to them on our parlii, and lherel"ore advised him, if he had any thing in his thoughts further relating to the friendship est.-iblishcd between us, and the matters treated in council, he would ojien his breast in this free con- versation, and speak it without reserve, and whatever he said on thost heads should be reported faitlifully to liie governor. Ghcsaont then said, that he v.us very well pleased witli what had been spoken. Ho saw the governor and the Inglish were true friends to the Five Nations, but as to their peojjlc; going out to war, which head we chiclly insisted ')n, the [jrincipal reason was that their young- men were become very poor; they could get no goods nor clothing froi! the English, and therefurc they went abroad to gain them fron* their enemies. That they had once a clear sky and sunshine at Albany, but ncnv all was overcast, they could no longer trade and get goods as tliey had done, of which he (;ould not know the reason, and therefore they had resolved to try whether it was the same among the other English governments. To this the secretary answert.Ml, that they had, from the fust settle- ment of New York and Albany, been in a strict league of friendship with that gdvennnent, and IkkI always had a trade with and been supplied by them with the goods they wanted. Tiiat it was true, fur three or four years past the French had come from Canada to Albany in New York, and purchased anil carried away great part of the goods, strowd waters especially, sometimes three or four hundred pieces in a year, which the Five Nations ought to have had; but that now, another governor being lately sent thither from the great King of England, he had made a law thiit the French should not have any more -roods from the English; that this had been the reason of the clouds and dark weather they complained of, but that now a clear sunshine as they desired would be restored to them; that he very well knew this gentleman, the new governor; that he had not long since been at Philadelphia, and at his (the secretary's) house, and that he had heard him (the Coriear) say, ho would take care his Indians should be well supplied iijr the lliture, and accordingly they might depend on it. Gliesaont being liereupon asked whether they did not know that tht. «I».TE> OP T,,B PHOVINCIAL COD!,cir.. '49, tlKT could not get hold of Z Vl ' ! ■ '"^ ^'"' ^^^^'^^^ ^hcm and Imd been the niot anrS Hc^n^' /, '' ^":^ ^•^'"'^ ""^^ ^'banv ancl they would certninly o it f t' v • '^-^ '""y^.^' '^^^^ «"PPb t»>crn, 1«"-^' ^'"^'t 'fK.y were .en«iWe Z rcl T r\ '" 1'^^'^ ^'"^^ «" ^heir 'oi- then, hy the no,!,., tl a 1 tc£ ' r ^^^ "', ^'''^''^'"^ '"^'' ^^ '"'^g-'-d ; Ml. English every ^^U.^^^'nl'^Zt'T''' '""'''^^'^^ fd to see them, but wished (or (ho r, f .7 '' ^^^''^ "'^^^ very [^'^'^^'« twice af Philade^, r,"^' ^'"^ J'«'""^olf had seen their l''«t J>'M-e, and that ^yhJls'^on^l:"'" ' > '"^^ ^^ '"'^^'^^ ^'^'"» was nou- about seventeen vea s a- a ;^' ' i7''V?'^""^ "^''^''^ ^^''^''''^ •■^f^^r, 'iown au- seated and were very rich • m 1 v n ^ .^"""^ ^'^en muc, lontrer that we saw then, in the i-^, 1 ! i;;^^?'^^ r'^^^''"^ ^^^'^-"- hut tiioy ^^■ould see the ooNcr o " -'m! ,^ f ^'f """ '"^-^"^ ''^'^c 7" touns and J.ouses, wle e th .y eo kP ',"' «"'!, Virginia at their that tlu.y would be very k n lly eeei r' '"■'"'" '^''''' "^"^'» '^^tter; «nd mind, and shouM alway 'entn- n 'l ''' '"'''^ "" ^^^"'^ heart ;-thnr people n^ak^ " vlu^ h ^'^ ^f ^''^"" ^'^^ ^'^i-' i««aidlhafhehadi,,Jns n nn t, ■ o w-'"^'"'"' "" ^'"^ ^^^i"- ho had taken more pains t^' e t ' t ? "' f '-' to the utmost ; that i^a^I'lone; that thei ,,eop|e h.t I u |v m , ^'^^ "''""^ ^'" ^'^« ^^^"ghsh "''^-; that they had ilso enf o mo'^ '''"'" V^' ""^ '"^'^^^^"^'ht- ' -■ same purpose; that tl>e" 1;;^ l^ ';™ '^ ^'^ i'^'^t-heads for Indians, excepting three .nnl •. in 'T ''^^ P^ace with all the ho hoped to iLve°one eon ; d ; n V ' """•"•''■^'' ^^'^'^ ^^f-- o>- the (Governor of Viromr- In^L n' ^'T'^' ■'"^"■"^■^ ^Y '"^^''^"^ 'or peace, as his endc.n-.^s h'ul hi^ ""'" f^«^f« ^ere very strono 't ost.J,lishe.l every whe e He sn '/ " "''^ ^^^ <^^>^^htcd not to sec well in the counciragain^t "the ynn 1 ^^'''>''""' ^^^^^ ^P-^J^^' very •;ot done it lully <.nou.h, ib he ZZ U- f n^'" '''''' ^'^ ^^ ^^'l llioy ohould n„; nn ..,;:, 1' ..'"-,?''"''.'''' \o fold them positively that would have reported if a eoX - d h^ ^"n^f '' '"'■' ""'' ^'^ <-Mmuai way (o prevent lhe!n. '' ' ''""^^ iiavo been a mor. proceeded tlicy \vcre to take, and it w as aL'' th them about fl Tocd that t ho chief of the N 'm road nitikokes. » yc livci, that ihey should be furnished 1 '"' |'«^ §■*»•.','; f ' f'j '! ' ( <>l'l li'l ,i 488 EVENTS IN INDIAN HISTORY. with provisions for their journey suflTieient to carry them among the inhabitants; alter wliich tiu^v were directed, as the irovcrnor liad bcforo ordered, th;it tiiey should pnuiuce his passport to the gentlemen of the country where they travelled, by whom they would be provided for; and the Nantikuko chief was further desired, upon their leaving the Nantikoke towns, to direct them to some of the chief gentlemen and oflieers of those parts, who would undoubtedly take care of them on sight of their passports, and thereby knowing their business, have them transported over the bav to Armapolis. Beincr furtiier ar.ked bow tliey would get an int.jrpreler in Virginia wIumc the Indians kncnv nothmg of theil- laugua'ie, and some proposals being maik; to liirnish tliem, they aiisweru's ■! "• vomd bo no occasion for any care of tbat.kmd, fortliev very ■ w the Governor of Virginia had an interpreter ibrlheir l.-ingua^;' ;:ways with him. Provisions being then ordered for their journey, as also at tiicMr desire, some for th.atters were concluded with great expressions of thankfulness for the governor's great care of them and their iiunilies, which kind- ness tiiev said they never should lorgct. The (iiscourse being coutiuued, they were told it was now very near (viz: within one moon of) tliirty-seven years since a great man of Enoiand, governor of Virginia, called tlie Lord Ellingham, together with Colonel Dongan, (JoveriKa- of New York, held a great treaty with tliem at Albany, of which w(! had the writings to this day. Ghesaout answered, they knew it well and the subject of thai treaty ; it was, lie said, about selling of lands, lieiiig further told, that in that treatv the Five Nations had given up all their right to all the lands on the' Susquehanna to the Duke of York, then brother to the Kino- of EnL'land, he acknowledged this to be so, and that William Penn since had the right to thes(> laiuls, to which Civility, a ('.escendant of the ancient Susquehanna Indians, the old settlers of these parts, but now reputed as of an Irocpiois descent, added that he had been informed bv tlu old men, that they were troubled when they heard that their lands had been given up to a place so fiir distant as New York, and that tliev were overjoyed when they understood VViIliani Penn 'had brought tliem back again, and that they liad confirmed all their riizht to him. . Dive'i's cpiestioiis were further asked liim, CJ'pccialiy concerning the French of Canada, their trade and Ibrtilicalions; on which he said, tliat the French had three (brts on this side of the river St. Lawrence, and Ixnweeu their towns and Montival, furnished with great numbers of iM¥'Ji' A- c -«S^*^v '^t^S iSf**-* "4X|SiSe other side c begun to hi they had si (fho F'reiicl a groat dca done upon i treated with ever grantt knew the F never done ever; and o was spent : liquors; and returning in very atlcctio ernor and tl rtiw^^'iiia X-Sjl MASSA An ahmost the Indians a At tliis pcri( country, and Ahout ten had been con from tiicir ir that people, fooh'shly cur; much, that in madness of I rehgion, certt merous sect, their barbarit mvage.i, inha siiips of Paxta most horrible any other pro\ the heathen f might possess " ' These Ir settled o.t Cor first arrival o tribe came to v and the whole MASSACRE OF THE CONE9TO0A INDIANS. 489 ^^mlfhufkJn'i.r"' 'Ti' '^^ "" ^'^^^"^'^ had this last spring begun to build or to provide (or biiildinir a Ibrt nt Niagara Falls but (mt vruch) had sent to lus town (tbe Isanandonas) this last winter tS w b fbo ! ^" inrticiilarly asked whether the French had ever ever n^ ;j'Tl " t T " '^7 ''^"''' "'" ^^^^''^^"'- ^'^^ I"«tso. was 'sSen in :-b h"'"^' ''' "''^! •••^^'"■^-' ""'•-''^^■^- '^'^h-.s the day Turn iV' IVom V r'"'";"^' ^''"'r "^' ^^■'"' '^e rest of his eompany, vervS Zf r • /'" "''" ^'^ ■''^'"' ^'•'^f'i«'^'-''«' ^-ok their leave S and b - '' ^"? expressions of thankfulness to the yov- ernoi and this government for their kind reception. CHAPTER XX V I. MASSACRK OF THE CONESTOGA INDIANS IN PENNSYLVANIA. An almost uninterrupted friendship seems to have existed between the ndians and the inhabitants of I'ennsylvania, until the year S" countiy, ana an Indian war commenced. About ten vears after that, when "many," says Mr. Proud "who had been contmually ilockino. into tbe province, in later vea, bavin" from their mexpenence and ignorance, too despicable an op ion ol" hat people, and treatmg them accordingly, were by this^onl? mu b It'-'T.'"'."^'""^' '^'' "h"''^ ^P^-^'- indiseriininately; i o. much, that in the latter part of the year 17G3, calling to theii- aid tl^e madness of the wildest enthusiasm, with which, under ,)retence of religion, certam most furious zealots among the preache s of a nu rnerous sect, m the province, could inspire their hearers to cover t«.':thj;ir\"'r t" ^'' '''' ""'^'"''"-'y "^"-■^'' "--^ '^-'^- Zfon V /n^'"';'''"'' ^■'"'"^>'' l"'''>^-iP^"y 'Vom the town- mos bo b : f ^""^-"'' '"^' ^'"^''" "'■'^'•''-"•''ood, committed the most bouible massacre that ever was heard of in this, or nerhans ' any other province with impunity ! and under the notion f extn atin" the heathen from the earth, as Joshua did of old, that these sa ts might possess the land alone," &c. Thus begins the narrative. settled irr?"' ""■"'", ''r '""^■■^'"^ "^ "" ''-'^^^ ''^ •!'« Six Nations, seWed at Conestoga and thence called Conestoga Indians. On the t^bee^T' "^ ?' ^''f'^ ^" Pennsylvania, n^essengers from this Ind thPw' l^'f T' '^'"V -''^'^ P^"^^^"^^ of venison, corn and skin. ; and the waole tribe entered mto a treaty of friendship with the first if I'i I ,; i I' 'MM feA^?iV"?,ti fTfJ^":*^ m 400 XVKN'TS IN INDIAN III8TOKY. f proprietary, William Pcnn ; which was to last as long as the sun should shine, or the waters run in the rivers. This treaty his Ix-en since frequently rcm^wed, and the chain brightened, us they express it, I'roin time to time. It hiis never been violated on their part, or ours, till now. As their lands^by degrees, were mostly j)urchased, and the settlement ol" th(! white pciople l)e<;an to surround them, the proprietor assigned them lands on the manor of Conestoga, which they might not part with ; there they have lived many years, in friendslii|) with their white neighbors, who loved them for their peacea)' , inoHensive behaviour. It has always .on observed, that Indians, settled in the neighbor- hood of white people, do not increase, but diniinish continually. This tribe occordingly went on diminishing, till there remained in their town, on the m'\nor, but twenty persons ; namely, seven men, five women, and eight children, boys and girls. Of these, Shehaes" was a very old man, having assisted at the second treaty, held with them by Mr. Penn, in 1701, and ever since continued a faithful friend to the English ; he is said to have been an exceeding good man, considering his education, being naturally of a most kind, benevolent temper. This little society continued the custom they had begun, when more numerous, of addressing every new governor, and every descendant of the first proprietary, welcoming him to the province, assuring him of their fidelity, and praying a continuance of that favor and protection which they had hitherto experienced. They had accordingly sent up an address of this kind to our present Governor (John I'enn, Esquire) on his arrival ; but the same was scarcely delivered when the unfor- tunate catastrophe hapf)encd which we are about to relate. On Wednesday, the 14th of December, 1768, filly. seven men from some of our frontier townships, who had projected the destruction of this little commonwealth, came all well mounted, and armed with firelocks, hangers and hatchets, having travelled through the country in the night to Conestoga manor. There they surrounded ^he small village of Indian huts, and just at break of day broke in upon them all at once. Only three men, two women, and a young boy were found at home, the rest being out among the neighboring white people; some to sell their baskets, brooms and bowls, they manufactured, and others on other occasions. These poor defenceless creatures were immediately fired upon, stabbed and hatchetcd to death ! The good Shehaes, among the rest, cut to pieces in his bed ! All of them were scalped, and otherwise horribly mangled. Then their huts were set on fire, and most of them burned down. The magistrates of Lancaster sent out to collect the remaining Indians, brought them into the town, for their better security against any further attempt ; and, it is said, condoled with them on the mis- fortune that had happened, took them by the hand, and promised therri protection. They were put into the workhouse, a strong building, as the place of greatest safety. i! MABHACIIR OP TIIK COJfESTOOA 1ndIA(»«. 491 mmm^m whole livfs, tlir.v lin.l i.ovo • .1 1. .' '".^''■'^■''» "'"I Hl'it, 11, fhei, 01 n,o M,„o,.„„ will cry ,„ |,™v,,, Ibr vc", ™Z "' ' ' '"' """'' on the „,,.„.i„„, „,„ „,'„,,„,.,, i,„vi„„ 'i ,„ r ,"i, ?,5;r-""' Mr. Proi„l nd.k lo Iho „?,ove iim-ralivc, ilwf, <.s„ f.r l,,,i ,i '°n '!"?.''" ■"',' "'."'■'■ '■"'"*'■•' ""» "■■*'". or -„ „ , a ,'! «»'tl Ihn ,n,nds oC Iho p,«[,lo, or pprlinns boll, r I,,, h , ,, qncnces, by oxci.in, a„ exertion clf en.ieav^rs i e c H ,ns S ;y well known and esteemed bv the nennl^ wa ^V^^lTck T"^ V '" P|^^'^ '^"^ ^"-'^ly -"duct. I^s nate nection w,li, tho ringleaders, who |,ai,J ',,„ li„|e LZto^TnZn, orders at that f„,c, that they not only puMicly walked Ihe^treerhn CHAPTER XXVII. INDIAN ANECDOTES. wr^^T^"" ^^"""'^''^ ''''^''^' '^"«^" t° '!'« French by the name of Wlntejohn was a great drunkard. Count Frontenac a^sked hrihat he thought brandy to be made of: he replied tint if m,,lfL ^ r carts and tongues-. For," said l^e:^^L^t^:Z.^:^ (u ly of It, my heart is a thousand strong, and I can talk too w^h astonishing freedom and rapidity." ' ' '" r.'^,'!"f;''.--;'^f'^i^onheFWe Nations, who fought on the side of the t; glish in the trench wars, chanced to meet in battle his own faOier who was hghting on the side of the French. Just as he waHl n ,7^ dea a deadly blow upon his head, he discove ed wl^^a Twt 1^ joid to him, "lou have once given me life, and now I give it to 'you Rerk^ ^"" r T"" ' ^"^ ^ ^^'' P'^'d ^he debt I owed you!"^ Heckles,mess.~ln Connecticut river, about "two hundred milP« from Long Island Sound, is a narrow o'f five yardlonl^; JormeT by 42 * Near the city of Philadelphia. 4d4 EVENTS IN INDIAN HISTORIT. two shelving mountains of solid rock. Through this chasm are compelled to pass all the waters which in the time of the floods bury the northern country." It is a frightful passage of about four hundred yards in length. No boat, or, as my author expresses it, " no living creature was ever known to pass through this narrow, except au Indian woman." This woman had undertaken to cross the river just above, and although she had the god Bacchus by her side, yet Neptune prevailed in spite of their united efforts, and the canoe was hurried down the frightful gulf. While this Indian woman was thus hurrying to certain destruction, as she had every reason to expect, she seized upon her bottle of rum, and did not take it from her mouth until the last drop was quaffed. She was marvellously preserved, and was actually picked up several miles below, floating in the canoe, still quite drunk. When it was known what she had done, and being asked how she dared to drink so much rum with the prospect of certain death before her, she answered that she knew it was too much for one time, but she was unwilling that any of it should be lost. Justice.— A missionary residing among a certain tribe of Indians, was, one day after he had been preaching to them, invited by their chief to visit his wigwam. After having been kindly entertained, and being about to depart, the chief took him by the hand and said, " I have very bad squaw. She had two little children. One she loved well, the other she hated. In a cold night, when I was gone hunting in the woods, she shut it out of the wfgwam, and it froze to death. What must be done with her?" The missionary replied, " She must be hanged." " Ah !" said the chief, " go, then, and hang your God, whom you make just like her." Maonanimity.—A hunter, in his wanderings for game, fell among the back settlements of Virginia, and by reason of the inclemency of the weather, was induced to seek refuge at the house of a planter, whom he met at his door. Admission was refused him. Being both hungry and thirsty, he asked for a morsel of bread and a cup of water, but was answered in every case, "No! you shall have nothing here ! Get you gone, you Indian dog !" It happened, in process of time, that this same planter lost himself in the woods, and, after a fatiguing day's travel, he came to an Indian's cabin, into which he was welcomed. On inquiring the way, and the distance to the white settlements, being told by the Indian that he could not go in the night, and being kindly oflered lodging and victuals, he gladly refreshed and reposed himself in the Indian's cabin. In the morning, he conducted him through the wilderness, agreeably to his promise the night before, until they came in sight of the habitations of the whites. As iie was about to take his leave of the planter, he looked him full in the face, and asked him if he did not know him. Horror-struck at finding himself thus in the power of a man he had so inhumanly treated, and dumb with shame on thinking of the manner it was requited, he began at Iqngth to make excuses, and beg a thousand pardons, when the Indian interrupted him, and said, "When you see poor Indians fainting for a cup of cold water, don't say again, ' Get you gone, you INDIAN ANECDOTES. 495 Indian dog !' " He then dismissed him to return to his friends. Mv W H t' ;; ^' '' "'^^ .^''^"'^ ^« '^y^ ^^'^'^ ^^' these two Ld the best claim to the name of Christian." Deception.--The captain of a vessel, having a desire to make a present to a lady of some fine oranges whiclf he had just brought irom "the sugar islands," gave them'-to an Indian in hs employee carry to her. Lest he should not peribrm the oifico puncluahyf he wrote a letter to her, to be taken along with the prie.t, th t^she might detect the bearer, ii" he should (ail"to deliver the whole o what he wns intrusted with The Indian, during the journey, re lee ed how 1K3 should relresh hu.self with the oran.ges, and not be^'bund oZ w.?tln ° '"-^ ^iPP/ehension of the maiuxT of communication bx- wilting he conclnd, d that ,t was only nece.sarv to keen his desi..'n secret irom the letter itself, supposing that would tell of him if he did not, he therclore laid it upon the ground, and roiled a lar-e stone upon 1 , and retired to some distance, where he regaled himself with several of he oranges, and then proceeded on lis journey. O delivering the remainder and tlie letter to the lady, she asked him vheie the rest of the oranges were; he said he had delivered all; she old him that the etter said there were several more sent; to u, i, he answered that the letter lied, and she must not beli(,>ve i[. But he was soon conlronted in his falsehood, and, begging forgiveness of th. ottence, was pardoned. ^^o o o Shrewdness.-As (Governor Joseph Dudley, of Massachusetts, was superintending some of his workmen, he took notice of an able-bodied Indian, who, hal -naked, would come and look on, as a pastime, to see his men work. Ihe governor took occasion one day to ask him why he did not work and get some cbthes, where^vith to cover iiimself. 1 he Indian answered by asking him why he did not work Ihe governor, pointing with his finger to his head, said, " I work head work and so have no need to work with my hands as you should." Ihe ndian then said he would work if any one ^vodd einplov him. 1 he governor t<.ld him he wanted a calf killed, and tliat, 11 he would go and do it, ho would irive him a shillin-r He accepted the offer, and went immediately and killed the calf, and then went sauntering about as before, the governor, on ob.servin-r what he had done, asked him why he did not dress the calf before he left It. Ihe Indian answered, " No, no, Coponoh ; that was not in tk bargain: was to have a shilling for killing liim. Am he no S'tt ?'?T; . i^T''''"'^ '^^''" -'^^^^•""'•' ^'^^'"S himself thus outvvitted, told him to dress it, and he would give him another shillino-. liiis done, and in possession of two shillings, the Indian goes directly to a grog-shop for rum. Ailer a short stay, he returned to the governor, and told him lie had given him a bad shilling-piece, and presented a brass one to be exchanged. The governor thinking possibly it might have been the case, gave him another. It was not ^ng before he returned a second time with another brass shillin.r to m exchanged ; the governor was now convinced of liis knavery, but ii 496 EVENTS IN INDIAN HISTORY. not caring to make words at the time, gave him another; and thus the fellow got four shillings for one. The governor determined to have the rogue corrected for his abuse, and, meeting with him soon after, told him he mu«* take a letter to Boston for him, and gave him a half crown for the service. The letter was di ted to the keeper of bridewell, ordering him to give the bearer so many lashes; but, mistrusting that all was not exactly agreeable, and meeting a servant of the governor on the road, ordered him, in the name of his master, to carry the letter immediately, as he was in haste to return. The conso(|uence was, this servant got egregiously whipped. When the governor learned what had taken place, he ielt no little (;lmgrin at being thus twice outwitted by the Indian. He did not see the fellow for some time after this, but at length, falling in with him, asked him by what moans he had cheated and deceived him so many times. Taking the governor again in his own play, he answered, pointing with bis tinger to his head, " Head work, (Joponoh, head work !" The governor was now so well pleased that he forgave the whole offence. Equality. — An Indian chief, on being asked whether his people were free, answered, " Why no!, since 1 myself am free, although their king!" Matrimony. — "An aged Indian, who for many years hud spent much time among the white people, both in Pennsylvania and New .lersey,. one day, about the year 1770, observed that "(he Indians had not only a much easier way of getting a wife than the whites, but also a more certain way of getting a good one. 'For,' said he in broken English, 'white man court — court — may be one whole year! — may be \\vo years before he marry ! M'ell — may be then he get very good w ilc — but may be not — may Ik; very cross! Well, now suppose cross! scold so soon as get awake in the morning! scold all day! — scold until sleep! — all one — he must keep him! — White people have law ibrbidding- throw away wife if he be ever so cross — must keep him ahvays! Well, how does Indian do? Indian, when ne see industrious squaw, he go to him, place his two fore-lingers close aside each other, make two like one — then look squaw in tlu; face — see him smile — this is all one he say yes! — so he take him home — no danger he be cross! No, no — squaw know too well what Indian do if he cross! throw him away and take another ! — Squaw love to eat meat — no husband no nieat. Squaw do every thing to pleas(f husband, he do every thing to please squaw — live happy.' " Toleration. — In the year 1791, two Creek chiefs accompanied an American to England, where, as usual, they attracted great attention, and many flocked around them, as well to learn their ideas of certain things as to behold "the savages." Being asked their opinion of religion, or of what religion they were, one made answer, they had no priests in their country, or established religion, for they thought, that, upon a subject where there was no possibility of people's agreeing IRI! m INDIAN ANECDOTES. 40? m opinion, and as it was altogether matter of mere opinion, « it was best that every one should paddle his canoe his own iay." Here is a volume of instruction in a short answer ol' a savage ' Jnmce,~A white trader sold a quantity of powder to an Indian and imposed upon h.m by making hip, believe it was a grain wS elated by the prospect, not only of raising his own powder, but of being able to supply others, and thereby becoming immensely rch Having prepared his ground with groat 'care, he sowed hi p^owder with the utmost exactness in the spring. Month after month passed away, but h.s powder did not even sprout, and winter came belre he was sa ished that he had been deceived. He said nothing; buV ome time after, when the trader had forgotten the trick, the s^ame ndTn succeeded in getting credit of him to a large amount. 7'he timelS for payment having expired, he sought out the Indian at his residence and demanded payment for his goods. The Indian heard his demand w^h great complaisance; then, looking him shrewdly in the eye, said "Me pay you when my powder grow." This was enouoh The guilty white man quickly retraced his steps, satisfied, we anpi-ehend to balance his account with the chagrin he had received Hunting.— Tho Indians had methods to catch game wliich served hem extremely well The same month in whk.h the Mayflowe brought over the forefathers, November, um, to the shores of P^v' mouth, several of them ranged about the woods near by to learn what the country contained. Having wandered farther than they were apprised, in the.r endeavor to return, they say, " We were shrewdly puzzled, and lost our way. As we wandered, we came to a trc" where a young sprout was bowed down over a bow, and some acorns strewed underneath. Stephen Hopkins said it had been to catch sorlle (leer, bo, as we were looking at it, William Bradford bein- in the rear, when he came, looking also up,,ii it, and as he went al^out, it gave a sudden jerk up, and he was immediately caught up by the leas It was (they conlinue) a very pretty device, made with a rope of their own making, (of bark or some kind of roots probably,) and havinir a noose as artihcial ly made as any roper in England can make, and as like ours as can be, which we brcuirht away with us " P;W««^.a^m:«s<2;mo^u-e.-.rolH;"'Sinion was a Sogkonate, who about the year 1700, was a settled minister to that tribe. He was a man of strong mind generally tem|K>rate, but sometimes remiss in the latter particular. 1 he following anecdote is told as characteristic of his notions of justice. Simon, on account of his deportment, was created justice of the peace, and ^^•hen diliiculties occurred involvin.^ any of h.s people, he sat with the English justice to aid in making up judgment It happened that Simon's squaw, with some others, had committed some oflence. .Tustice -Almy and Simon, in makin- up their mnids, estimated the amount of offence diflerently: Almy thoS-ht' each should receive eight or ten stripes, but Simon said "No, four°or hve are enough,-poor Indians are ignorant, and it is not Christian. "Ke to punish so hardly those who are ignorant as those who have 48* kimkmvui 496 EVENTS IN INDIAN HISTORY. knowledge." Simon's judgment prevailed. When Mr. Almy asked John how many his wife si.ould receive, he said, "Double, because she had knowledge to have done better;" but Colonel Almy, out of regard to John's feelings, wholly remitted his wife's punishment. John looked very serious, and made no reply while in presence of the court, but, on the first fit opportunity, remonstrated very severely against his judgment, and said to him, "To what purpose do we "preach a religion of jiislice, if we do unrighteousness in judgment," Sam Hide. — There are lew, we imagine, who "have not heard of this personage; but, notwithstanding his great notoriety, we might not be thought serious in the rest of our work, were we to enter seriously into his biography; for the reason, that from his day to this, his name has been a by-word in all New England, and means as much as to say the greatest of liars. It is on account of the Ibllowing anecdote that he is noticed: Sam Hide was a notorious cider-drinker as well as liar, and used to travel the country to and fro, begging it from door to door. At one time he happened in a region of country where cider was very hard to be procured, either from its scarcity, or from Sam's frequent visits. However, cider he was determined to have, if lying, in any shape or color, would gain it. Being not lar from the house of an acquaintance, who he knew had cider, — but he knew, or was well satisiicd, that, in the ordinary way of beg' ing, he could not get it, he set his wits to work to lay a plan to insure it. This did not^ccupy him long. On arriving at the house of the gentleman, instead of asking for cider, he inquired lor the man of the house, whom, on appearing" Sam requested t(j go aside with him, as he had something of import- ance to communicate to him. When they were by themselves, Sam told liim he had that morning shot a line "deer, anil that if he would give him a crown, he v/ould tell him where it was. The gentleman did not incline to do this, but oflered half a crown. Finally, Sam said as he had walked a great distane(; that morning, and was very dry, for half a crown and a mug of cider he would "^tell him. This was agreed upon, and the price [)aid. Now Sam was required to point out the spot where the deer was to be found, which he did in this manner. He said to his friend, "You know of such a meadow," describing it, "Yes," "You know a big ash tree, with a big top, by the little brook ?" "Yes," " Well, under that tree lies the deer," This was satisfactory, and Sam departed. It is unnecessary to men- tion that the meadow was Ibund, and the tree by the brook, but no deer. The duped man coulil hardly contain himself on considering what he had been doing. To look atier Sam lor satisfaction would be worse than looking after the deer, ■ ho farmer concluded to go home contented. Some years after he happened to fall in with the Indian, and he immedi,ately began to rally him for deceiving him so, and demanded back his money, and pay ibr his cider anif trouble. "Why," said Sam, "would you find fault if Indian told truth half the time?" "No." "Vvell," says Sam, "you find him meadow]" "Yes." "You find him tree?" "Yes." "What for then you find INDIAN ANECDOTES. 499 The Slate, and lisocl I i,n°" fi , . "', '""'T' "S'""' °' '""i fi-om *e were setfleil. T "u2 o II e 21 T 'T "■''°'° " "™'*'' "'' *"'"'<'=' Indians Picvemed il^^v °t p„ h ''i.tm "tT" '"^J","""^" "S"™' deolh or liis oi.lv el.iki who. ! ''"" ""'' ''"'"™ " >•>« Shortly alienvh he rent t"""" <; ,|''M'™I'''= """^^ """ Wm. thctn, .MVlKu wl'to°m',^,hil,7 ? ''" ""'"'""'""' M'l said to ofBrislol, 1!. I., ..A com,. . „„d , ,w , Ne, , , , |. "mI "™""! Ihe bkuKlci- cl.,1 not mst here, but is bund in ^'Thn M^\t a • * and the West Indian Gazetteer " &e Thn P. r ^^^'^ American have had the mislJn.nne ; bei^.^t i^ta/e^ o A^ 3T w "^ *° noags, alias Pon.etacom ofPokandket ^ '^ '''" ^^""P*^- On^ftffl o/- meaning of the name Canada.— It is said that Pnn^^a was d,«covera] by the Spaniards, bolbre the tin,e of cStIt and £ iifliiisll with departed Irom the countrv The lnfli-in« l,:,, • j , ^:antg:" :r:*':^hay„"f ,r: ^s!s;'..i' liTo,:;; 'r-t "™i note upon it also, itt his vaU.able'acSr ^ V^ylS'-d dL'^S 1, ' ' T ^ 1 Wl •jifi} 500 EVENTS IN INDIAN HISTORY. IBfl in the North. Ho objects to the aca nnda origin, becausp, in Spanish, the word for here is not aca, but aqiii, and that to form Canada from Aquinada would be forced and unnatural. Yet he says, "In ancient maps we often find Ca: da Nada" that is, Cape Nothing. "But from a Canadian (Indian) vocabulary, annexed to the original edition of the second voyage of Jaquos Cartier, Paris, 1545, it appears, that nn assemblage of houses, or habitations, i. e. a town, was by the natives called Canada. Cartier says, lis appeUcnt vnc lullc — Ca- nada." Mr. Heckewelder is of much the same opinion as Charlevoix and Forstcr. He says, that in a prayer-book in the Mohawk lan- guage, he read, " Nc Kanada-gongh Konwayatak iVazare^A," which was a translation of" in a city called Nazareth." Origin of the name Yankee. — Aiii)ury, an author who did not respect the Americans, any more than many others who have been led captive by them, has the following paragrajih upon this word: — "The lower class of these yaukees — apropos, it may not be amiss here just to observe to you the etymology of this term: it is derived from a Cherokee word, eankke, which signifies coward and slave. This epithet of yankco was bestowed upon the inhabitants of New England by the Virginians, for not assisting them in a war with the Cherokees, and they have always been held in derision by it. But the name has been more prevalent since (1775) the commencement of hostilities; the soldiery at Boston used it as a term of reproach; but after the affair at Bunker's Hill, the Americans gloried in it. Yankee-doodle is now their prean, a favorite of favorites, played in their army, esteemed as warlike as the grenadier's march — it is th-^ lover's spell, the nurse's lullaby. After our rapid successes, wo held the yankeos in great contempt; but it was not a little mortifying to hear them play this tune, when their army marched down to our surrender." But Mr. Heckewelder thinlvs that the Indians, in endeavoring to pronounce the name English, could get that sound no nearer than these letters give it, — yengees. This was perhaps the true origin of yankee. A singular stratagem to escape tortvrv. — " Some years ago the Shawano Indians, being obliged to remove from their habitations, in their way took a Muskolige warrior, known by the name of old Scrany, prisoner; they bastinadoed him severely, and condemned him to the fiery torture. He underwent a great deal without showing any concern; his countenance and behaviour were as if he sullerod not the least pain. He told his persecutors with a bold voice, that he was a warrior ; that he gained most of his martial reputation at the expensi; of their nation, and was desirous of showing them, in the act of dying, that he was still as much their superior, as when he headed his gallant countrymen; that although he had fallen into their hands, and for- feited the protection of the divine power by some impurity or other, when carrying the holy ark of war against his devoted enemies, yet he had so much remaining virtue as would enable him to punish himself more exquisitely than all their despicable, ignorant crowd INDIAN ANECDOTES. fiOl An unparalleled case of suft'erintr uTUr. «i „ t r turcd a Wcarrior nC (i.» 1 ' f i/'^^".'?-— " 1 lie Shawano Indians cap- acrorLrtn ti *Jie Amntoocah nation, and put him to tho stake sSb eifuch tr^-f, ""'. ",T^-'^'""i'i««-- hiving unconcernedly' r the white nmn; but in reality he meant to murder him l()r the articles he had about him. This happened to come to the knowledge of a Chinnoi k woman, and she dctern\ined at once to save his life ; therefore, when the white man was about to return to his companions, the Indian was going to acfomi)any him, and kill him in the way. As they were about to set out, the woman caught the white man by the clothes, to prevent his going with the Indian. He, not understanding her intention, pulled away from her ; but as a last re> ort, she ran out and shrieked, which raised the men in every direction; and the Indian became alarmed lor his own safety, and made his .escape before the white man knew he had been in danger. Self-c.oihinand in time of danger. — There was in Carolina a noted chief of the Yamoisees, who, in the year 170:2, with about six hundred of his countrymen, went with Col. Daniel and Col. Moore against the Spaniards in Florida. His name was Arratommakaw. When the English were obliired to abandon their undertaking, and as they were retreating to their boats, they became alarmed, supposil'lg the Spaniards were upon them. Arratommakaw, having arrived at the boats, was rei)osing himscjlf upon his ours, and was fust asleep. The soldiers rallied him for being so slow in his retreat, and ordered him to make more haste : " But he rei)li(!d, ' iNo — though your governor leaves you, 1 will not stir till 1 have seen all my men before me.' " Indifference. — Archihau was a sachem of Maryland, wliose resi- dence was upon the Potomiic, when that country was settled by the English in 16:3.'J-4. The place ol" his residence was named, like the river, Potomac. As usual with th'' Indians, he received the English under Governor Calvert with great attention. It should be noted, that Archihau was not head sachem of the Potomacs, but governed instead of his nephew, who was a child, and who, like the head men ol' Virginia, was called Werowance. From this place the colonists sailed 20 leagues further up the river, to a place called Piscataway. Here a werowance went on board the governor's ])innacc, to treat with him. On being asked whether he was willing the English should settle in his country, in case they found a place convenient for them, he made answer, " I will not bid you go, neither will 1 bid you stay, but you may use your own discretion." Their notionn of the learning of the Whites.^h.t the Congress at Lancast(>r, in 1744, between the f*t)vernment of Virginia and the Five Nations, the Indians were told that, if they would send some of their young men to Virginia, the English would give them an education at their college. An orator replied to this oiler as follows: — "We know that you highly esteem the kind of learning taught in those colleges, and that the maintenance of our young men, while with you, would be very expensive to you. We are convinced, therefore, that you mean to do us good by your proposal, and we thank you heartily. But you who are wise must know, that difTerent nations have difTerent conceptions of things ; and you will therefore not take it amiss, if our lii'ii INDIAN ANKCD0TE9, A08 formerly brougi. upaf he colt; 77 "' T ^'""^ ^^^^^^'^ ^'^^^ were instructed in allyc^^^.t.^J^T''' ^'''"ri'' ^''^•>' they were bad runners • i'nn " n? ' ' ^""^ ''''"''' ''"^'^ '<^ "«' woods; unable to S l^i^^o id ' ZL'"*?' "' ^'T^ '" '^'^ build a cabin, take a deer ru.r ki Z ^ ' """T "'"^'''•' ^«^ '« imperlectly;;eretherSSho 1 • T'"/' '''"''" «"'' '«"="^»go the less obliged by your kin, , I! r Thllf ^ r'""^' *'°^'^^^'"' "«* and to show our "rmeR 1 4 ' o • >' :^,T" ''i '^''''"' "'"^'P*'"? '' ' send us a dozen oP.l el ons weti \ |- ' ^•'•^;"''^ ^"^ in.^ct the. in aH.we knoC^n,:^;^r rX^"^'^'^ ^^"^"^^"' EHoUfof r^"^- r'"""^ ^"'^ -hirtit"L:et ' on te ;" niro ,J^r,r , '""P"^''y "I'»n "matters of rouversat.on arc so nice, that hey deem it improper, in the hi-hest de-^reo ^ Z i.A or contradict any thing th U is said at tKnfJ. ^^ v! ,° '^'"^ seldom answer a mailer of importance Z "ame , „v T1 ^ "!'"" •hey should be Ihoagh, to l,ale trea.cd i. aTtLt^i ' 'C/^/Zll "A Swedish minister, havino- as.seml)lpfl tho r,u:,.r c .i c. hanna Indians, made a'sermon ^S 1^^^^ ^ ?L^^-^- pnncipal historical facts on which our rHioion is LnZZ \ the ihll of our first parents by eatin, an a pie he romint'nr Ph '! to repair the mischief; his miracles and 'sut'c'rin 's T-^ Wh.T a finished, an Indian orator stood up to^liSnk tim^". Whafyo: have told us,' said he, ' is all very good. It is indeed bad to en npples It is better to make them "all into cider We are much obliged by your kindness in comiiur so far to tell u. .L \u Hhich you have heard from your mouthers ' ^''^ '^'"^'^ " When the Indian had lold the missionary one of the legends of s nation how they had been supplied with maize or corn, beans and tobacco,* he treated it with contempt, and said, ' What I lelivered"o -n were sacred truths; but what you tell me'is mere fabCSi! ; } i-;1'f I ^1 H in 604 EVENTS IN INDIAN III8TOUV. and falsehorx].' 'I'ho Inclian IMt iiidignuut, and replied, 'My brother, it seems your fricncLs have not tlone you juritico in your education ; they have not well instructed you in the rules of conmion civihty. You see that we, wiio understand luid |iructi.s(> those rules, bclievo all your stories; why do you refuse to Uilieve ours !'" Curioaity. — " When any of the Indians como into our towns, our people are apt to crowd round thcni, ^mze upon tlu^m, and incounnodo them wiiero tlu^y d(;sire to lje private; this they estiiem grtiat rudeness, and the ellect of the want of instruction in the rules of civility and good manners. ' VVe Irive,' say they, ' as much curiosity us you, and when you come into our towns, w(! wish for o[)portunities of looking at you ; hut for this purpose we hide ourselves behind bushes where you are to pass, and never intrude ourselves into your com- pany.' " Rules of conoersatioH. — "The business of the women ia to take exact notice of what passes, imprint it in their UKimories, (for they have no writing,) and connnuniciite it to their childr(!n. '1 hey are the records of the council, and tli(;y preserve tradition of the stipula- tions in treaties a hundred years back, wliicii, when we compare with our writings, we always find exact. lie that would sj)eak rises. The rest observe a profound silence. W'hen 1»; has finisluul and sits down, they leave him five or six minutes to recollect, so that if he has omitted any thing he intended to say, or has any thing to add, he may rise aoain and delivtir it. To interrupt another, even in connnon conver- sation, is reckoned highly indecejit. Mow different this is from the conduct of a polite British Imuiie of connnons, where scarce a day passes without some confusion, that makes the speaker hoarse in calling to order; and how dilliirent from the mode of conversation in many polite companies of Euro|)e, where, if you do not deliver yciir sentence with great rapidity, you are cut off in the middle of it by the impatient lofjuacity of those you converse with, and never suffered to finish it." Instead of being betttn- since the days of Franklin, we apprehend it has grown worse. The modest and unassuming often find it exceeding difficult to gain a hearing at all. Ladies, and many who consider themselves (;xamples of good manners, transgress to an insufferable degree, in breaking in upon the conversations of others. Some of these, like a ship driven by a northwester, bearing down the small craft in her course, come upon us by surprise, and if we attempt to proceed by raising our voiceii -, little, we are stu'c to he drowned by a much greater ehivation on tiieir part. It is a want of good breeding which, it is hoped, every young person whoso eye this n)ay meet will not be guilty of through life. There is great opportunity for many of mature years to profit by it. Lost confidence. — An Indian runner, arriving in a village of his countrymen, recjucsted the imnu^diate attendance of its inhabitants in council, as he wanted tbc^ir answer to important intljrmation. The people accordingly assembled, but when the messenger had with great anxiety delivered his message, and waited for an answer, none was given, and he soon observed that he was likely to be left alone in his tNDlAlf ANKCDOTEC. |g^ came to su.^h a ck-uth Vlu r 1 V '^''^^''"'""^ by M'hat means ho lie lutl druiS Jrrum " '"^^ "' '""'' ^'"^'' '^'^y ^^«re of op.„ioxl ^ serious question. — About 17«>J n.. n- ckicfwitl, a .ncdul. .m oi^e sidl L' th ^^"'^^'^■- P''^'«^"»^d « western represented as arncd Uh ato d and T'^^'l VVashin^on waa «een in the act of bury n^ tlKhafc-he Th, l '1 "'' "" '"'^'"" ^^«« wron ™* me t«xed, replied, "1, ™v L^^ I ' """''l:"«, '''"'«'"' ""B'-iently The Indian, judginSm Ihc tol .77^ "'"'," '° '" ""^ ■"''™°g-" ^ .*., Ar-ed^^r *:,s^irr:t -"'^ '°- -"" to return (ho next mornin.. l,v i^, u '" f°' "''''"• P^mising ".arched out "nl'ot lin dw" Tnt""'^' """ '?"=<""'^''^ "teliberate murder, on the T^r??,f ?L ''""'"f « "<" cold-blooded, -0. e.^%"xr; r^sr;'i:K'hra^;-- iil!ill ■ 'I V>1 M6 BVENXS Ilf INDIAN HISTC'RY. be understood to advocate the cause of a murdcier; but I will ask, whether crime is to be prevented by crime: murder for murder is only a brutal retaliation, except where the safety of a community i-equires the sacrifice. Mourning much in a short time. — A young widow, whose liusband liad been dead about eight days, was hastening to finish her grief, in order that she might be married to a young wari'ior; she was deter- mined, therelbre, to grieve much in a short time; to this end she tore her hair, drank spirits, and beat her breast, .to make the tears flow abundantly; by which means, on the evening of the eighth day, sh« was ready again to marry, having grieved suihciently. Horo to evade a hard question. — When Mr. Gist went over the AUeghanies, in February, 1751, on a tour of discovery for the Ohio Company, "an Indian, who spoke good English, came to him, anu said that their great man, the Beaver, and Captain Oppamyluah, (two chiefs of the Delawares,) desired to know where the Indians' land lay, for the French claimed all the land on one side of the Ohio river, and the English on the other." This questicm Mr. Gist found it hard to answer, and he evaded it by saying, that the Indians and white men were ail subjects to the same king, and all had an equal privilege of taking up and possessing the land in conibrmily with the conditions prescribed by the king. Credulity its men punishment. — The traveller Wansey, according to his own account, would not enter into conversation with an eminent chief, because he had heard that it had been said of him that he had in his lime "shed blood enough t swim in." He had a great desire to become acquainted with the Indian character, but his credulity debarred him effectually from the gratification. The chief was a Greek, named Flamingo, who, in company with another called Double- Head, visited Philadelphia as ambassadors, in the summer of 1794. Few travellers discover such scrupulousness, especially those who come to America. That Flamingo was more bloody than other Indian warriors is by no means probable, but a mere report of his being a great shedder of blood kept Mr. Wansey from saying any more about him. Just indignation. — Hatuay, a powerful chief of Hispaniola, having fled from thence to avoid slaveiy or death when that island was ravaged by the Spaniards, was taken in 1511, .when they conquered Cuba, and burnt at the stake. After being* bound to the stake, a Franciscan friar labored to convert him to the Catholic faith, by promises of immediate and eternal bliss in the world to come if ha would believe ; and that, if he would not, eternal torments were hi« only portion. The cazique, with seeming composure, asked if thera were any Spaniards in those regions of bliss. On being answered that there were, he replied, "Then I will not go to a place where I may meet with one of that accursed race." Harmless deception. — In a time of Indian (roubles, an Indian Tisited the house of Governor Jenksi, of Rhode Island, when th«* ^twaot took occasion to request hina that, if any strauge li«liftft llfWAir ANECDOTES. sm when he should gi vc him su h In'f r^"' ^^' governor told him that of flip. Some tiraVe^ho IndhnT "' ^" ^^i^ ^ive him a mug .^trango Indian comf Ij'r^t^t rTa:rSV''''^:'Ah^^ i^overnor, "and what did he snv?" ^n" , »' ^"^^ ^^^ Indian. MVhat! not .sneak at al?'' nrl .."" '^'^''' "^''"'^^ ^^^^ no speak at nil." ^^'-« encamping; .and travel of an hundred an I i\l) \ f ''*"'' ''"^ "'^''^^'^'•« '» « lon'^ ensning." "'' ^'"^ ^"''^«' '""''e or less, within a i^e^v days di>^;^f tE7Ser'^^n:^r= ^^^tr^-' ^^« ^"^-» Samuel Leon^rdson who h^d t "' ^^''- ^'^' ""^ '^^ ^^y "«'^ed eighteen .w.nths eL^ '• |^;^ LT^^^^^ ,^V°^--«'«r, about of twelve persons,--t;o men h ee I'" ^"^''^»^«"^i'y. consisting These so fir as our accot^ ^. L ^ki^ o'^ ''"'^"" but told them there was nnn .-n^J. , ^ ^ ^" ''^^"" prisoners, and to which the Ho^fld hn T T^. '''"'■^' ^^^^^ ^«"ld not avoid their place of de^^Laic^whicr^rf "^'^ 'hey should arrive a where^ this was to ^ • .^ ^^^^ l^^ ^--^'et. The place and fifty miles from VvS, a coX^^^^^t Indians. In their meanderino- coiZ h! . , T'"'"'"° °* '^e i^'^iand in the mouth of Contool ' J "^"'''^^^ ^^ an Concord, in New Hamnshhe hT r' u^°''' ^''^ '^"^^^^ «bove it had been determhfed by tl ,; eamiw.;' Vr '""l '"^"" "^" '''^^-'' an effort should be mal o free S T'^ '^r'' ''''^'^' ^^''' 'hat captivity; and not onl "tot i^hd'l^i^:r'bn; '"" ^1'",^ "''^^'^^^0.1 see, somcthino- bv wa; offem, np n r^' '"*' '"'' 'hall presently ')ondage. The hemfe huZn^T' 7^ '^'"'' '''^' ^'^'^ "^^"^ '" fy timt onered an; cl^a W L ^^ ^ ^''! '''' T^^^^ them, and (o return home with <=nnh * 'i ^''■' ^'''P^'"'^ ^^"^ scalp her reputation for 1 rTs^ a \vd \^^^^^^^^ «^^vouki clearly establish^ public: ShetherelbreTmmnriH, '"r-^"' \ho"nty from the English boy, who it wouldl ]',' '''"S'^ *" Mrs.Noffatid the 'ho^.rt of ki li ran ,^"' i„r":';^"^''y ^"«"S'^ agreed to it. To should be no ihiL^ n^'bu§,£ u' V';""""' ^"'' ''''' '^'^ who, irom his lono- re idence wt h' li '^ ?u '"'''""^'^d the bov, Indians, to inquire of one of tbr 1 . ' '"'' ^"'^"^^ ^'^ ""« ^^<' 'he =.nd the' Indian ThowedllwithZ T '^ "''^'^ ^^""" ^' ^''^ «"' in^inirv. It was nolkrc I^^sT '™f 'I'-'^^'^o' 'he origin of tho i'>llnwing, this bloody tr rely !^s'','dvv; '^""/'f:^^ ^''^^ "'"ght 'lio most sound sleeo tW tl -ro n r' ^"" *''^ ^^'^''^"^ ^^'^''^ '" themselves with the torn- h.whs of t,^ ''' "'"'"' ''"^' '"^^'>^ '■^™'"ff each should kill; am tndv;Ud.," '"'''?'''' ""-^^'^^ 'he numbe? escaped .hat (he;Xl-^ e I ^ i V 'ki''''"' '^""' '^'"^^'''' "'^' b^''""« hadly wounded, and one lov Tn • ' ''^'' ^ ''"'^""' ^^hotn they hnrm,and ac o dinglX wJs IZV'""'''' ''7 ''■^' '"^ ^^'^^ to kilUj V- m-f- I " allowed to escape unhurt. Mrs. Dn.f^» ''^' ^"='^" "^^^ ^^eonardson kdled the man who had "so fVeel'; 610 Bvsirra in indiaw history. told him, but one day before, where to deal a deadly blow, and how to take off a scalp. All was over before the dawn of day, and all things were got ready for leaving this place of blood. All the boats but one were scuttled, to prevent being pursued, and, with what provisions and arms the Indian camp afforded, they embarked on board the other, and slowly and silently took the coin-se of the Merrimack river for their homes, where they all soon after arrived without accident. The whole country was astonished at the relation of the affair, the truth of which was never for a moment doubted. The ten scalps, and the arms of the Indians, v/ere evidences not to be questioned; and the general court gave them fifty pounds as a reward, and numerous other gratuities were showered upon them. Col. Nicholson, Governor of Maryland, hearing of the transaction, sent them a generous present also. Eight other houses were attacked besides Duston's, the owners of which, says the historian of that town, Mr. Myrick, in every case, were slain whi'e defending them, and the blood of each stained his own door-sill. INTERESTING FRAGMENTS. The Western Mothers. — The following is a thrilling story from M'Clung's book :— On the night of the 11th of April, 1787, thehoust' of a widow, in Bourbon county, became the scene of an adventure, which we think deserves to be related. She occupied what is gene- rally called a double cabin, in a lonely part of the country, one room of which was tenanted by the old lady herself, together with two grown sons, and a widowed daughter, at that time suckling an infant, whik; the other was occupied by two unmarried daughters iVom sixteen to twenty years of age, together with a little girl not more than hall' grown. The hour was eleven o'clock at night. One of the unmarried dauo-hters was still busily engaged at the loom, but the other members of the family, with the exception of one of the sons, had retired to rest. Symptoms of an alarming nature had engaged the attention of the young man for an hour before any thing of a decided character took place. The cry of owls was heard in the adjoining wood. answering each other in rather an unusual manner. The horses. whidi were inclosed as usual in a pond near the house, were more than eommonly excited, and by repeated snorting and galloping, nnnouncintr J THE WESTBHN MOTHKBS. 011 the presence of some object of terror. The youna man was often restrained by the fear of incurring ridicule and IhrLT^ach of At length, hasty steps were heard in the yard, and quickly after ward, several loud knocks at the door, accompanied W the usull exclamation, "who keeps house?" in very "ood EnpJi.h TlVo-^ man supposing from th'e language that s^mTtenil i: ' seSsCerf at the door, hastily arose, and was advancing to withdraw the Sr which secured It when his mother, who had long lived upon tl frontiers, and had pmbably detected the Indian tone in the demand for admissioiH instantly sprung outof bcd,and ordered he s^n noUo he'otherTon :^d S t '^'^ ""' ^"^""^- ^^' '"^^-'''-^ awakened lier other son, and the two young men seizing their guns, which were always charged, prepared to repel the enemy! ^ oho , r' ^'""^'"^ '^ impossible to enter under their assumed characters, began to thunder at the door with great violence buTa ^ngle shot from a loophole compelled them to shift the aSt'o sonie nZrTv T ' ""^' ""^?r^""-tely, they discovered the door of the other cabin, which contamed the three daughters. The rifles of h^ brothers could not be brought to bear uponlhis point, and by inea^ of several rails taken from the yard fence, the door was forced f'ror^ Its hmges and the three girls were at the mercy of the savages oZ was instantly secured but the eldest defended herself desperaSy w"h a kmfe which she had been using at the loom, and stabbed one of tie Indians to the lieart, before she was tomahawked. In the mean im^ *e little giri who had been overlooked by the enemy in theh eac^S! ness to secure the others, ran out in the yard, and might have effected "teTi^'ttt t f "r f7T^ "^ ^^^^ ^^^•^^-- and fled tu instead o that the terrified little creature ran around the house wnnpng her hands and crying out that her sisters were killed 1 he brothers, unable to hear her cries without risking eveiT thin- for her rescue, rushed to the door and were preparing to%ally^out to her assistance when their motlier threw herself before th^em and calmly declared that the child must be abandoned to its fate-tlmt he sally would sacrifice the lives of all the rest without the slialiH benefit to the httle gut Just then the child uttered a loud scream ollowed by a fesv faint moans, and all was again silent. Pi™v the crackling of flames was heard, accompmiied by a triumphant ye from the Ind.ans announcing that they had set fire to t ha .iivision of the house which had been occupied by the dau-^hters and of winch t hoy held undisputed possession. The fire w^ cuicS ■ibandon it or perish in the flames. In the one case there was a possibility that some might escape; in the other their fiite M^onld be equally certain and terrible. The approach of the flames cut shoV^ heir momentary suspense The door was thrown open, and the old iacly, supported by her eldest son, attempted to cross the fence at one f ' H .1 I • d-yi •♦ 5id EVENTS IN INDIAN HISTORY. point, while her daughter, carrying her child in her arms, and attended by the younger of the brothers, ran in a different direction. The blazing roof shed a light over the yard but little inferior to that of day, and the savages were distinctly seen awaiting the ap- proach of their victims. The old lady was permitted to reach the 8tile unmolested, but in the act of crossing, received several balls in her breast and fell dead. Her son, providentially, remained unhurt, and by extraordinary agility effected his escape. The other party succeeded also in reaching the fence unhurt, but, in the act of crossing, were vigorously assailed by several Indians, who, throwing down their £uns, rushed upon them with their tomahawks. The young man defended his sister gallantly, firing upon the enemy* as they ap- proached, and then wielding the butt of his rifle, with a fury that drew their whole attention upon himself, gave his sister an opportunity of effecting her escape. He quickly fell, however, under the toma- hawks of his enemies, and was found at daylight, scalped and mangled in a shocking manner. Of the whole family, consisting of eight per- sons when the attack commenced, only three escaped. Four were killed upon the spot, and one (the second daughter) cai*ried off as a prisoner. Tlie neighborhood was quickly alarmed, and by daylight about thirty men were assembleS under the command of Colonel Edwards. A light snow had fallen during the latter part of the night, and the Indian trail could be pursued at a gallo[). It led directly into the mountainous country bordering upon Licking, and afforded evidences of great hurry and precipitation on the part of the fugitives. Unfor- tunately, a hound had been permitted to accompany the whites, and as the trail became fresh and the scent warm, she followed it with eagerness, baying loudly, and giving the alarm to the Indians. The consequences of this imprudence were soon displayed. The enemy finding the pursuit keen, and perceiving that the strength of the pris- oner began to fail, instantly sunk their tomahawks in her head and left her, still warm and bleeding, upon the snow. As the whites came up, she retained strength enough to waive her hand in token of recog- nition, and appeared desirous of giving them some information, with regard to the enemy — but her strength was too far gone. Her brother sprung from his horse and knelt by her side, endeavoring to stop the effusion of blood, but in vain. She gave him her hand, muttered some inarticulate words, and expired within two minutes af:er the arrival of the party. The pursuit was renewed with additional ardor, and in twenty minutes the enemy was within view. They had taken pos- session of a steep narrow ridge, and scorned desirous of magnifying their numbers in the eyes of the whites, as they ran rapidly from tree to tree, and maintained a steady yell in their most appalling tones. The pursuers, however, were too experienced to be deceived by so common an artifice, and being saiisHed that the tiumber of the enemy must be inferior to their own, they dismounted, tied their horses, and flanking out in such a manner asi to enclose the enemy, ascended the ♦ • THE tONK INDIAN. 618 time they d ;overcd t af Ilvf TT'"''^' ^"^ ""^^ ^^ '»^" ^^^' They had voluntaWly satifi cd h" l'""r ^T "f^^"^'^^ ^" '^em. bod/, and had succLded to^l^'"^ ^"^ '-^ "•'^'^^^'>' ^''"'^^^ "^^i" reach the moLZT OnoJfr ^''"''■' """' ^'^^-■''' ^'"'^'"''■^ ^^^'d other H'as hadly Zunde ,. 1 '''/'"•V"''""^'^ •^'^^^ ^^'''^'' «"^J ^he al lim™ cnpnil „nd h '. i "'••'S"'V"">i'y "'''vhicl, .hey are distinguishes the warrior^ ° ""' °"" '""" ''''"'> "™"ll)' justthirly earn i>,e the Sro'rsi 'P°' r^''"'" '™"''™'''l • l"" the Mohawk ' ^^^^^'to^'-^'iio-lio wlm had once been the Ea-le of withering, was falHn.' t^ tl ^Im d \ /™" ' "^^^'^^""^^ «"d soul of the savage For th rtv ^n ' '"''' ^''-oan burst from the oak, with its ivvh^Tno- to d • ' - Tt"'"""'' 'T'' ^'^ ^"""^ ''^'"'^^'^^ ^^at hawk's eye could not discover an In.lian Z^- T ^ li ' "" By Miss Francis. ;| n I ! 614 EVENTS llf INDIAN HUTORY. Sunny Eye. Thoy are cwt down, torn and trampled on. The leaves are falling, and the clouds arc scattered like my people. I wish I could once more see the trees standing thick, as lliey did when my mother held mo to her bosom, and sung the warlike deeds of ths Mohawks." A. mingled expression of grief and anger passed over his face, as he watched a loaded boat in its passage across the stream. " The white man carries food to his wife and chiklren, and he fmds them in his home," said he; " where is the squaw and the papoose of the red man ? They are here I" As he spoke, he fixed his eye thoughtfully upon the grave. After a gloomy silence he again looked round upon the fair scene, with a wandering and troubled gaze. "1'he pale face may like it," murmured he; "but an Indian cann .1 die here in peace." So saying, he broke his bow string, snapped his arrows, threw them on the burial place of his fathers, and departed forever. An Indian Mother. — Extract from the third volume of Mr. Ban- croft's History: — " If a mother lost her babe, she would cover it with bark, and envelope it in the softest beaver skins; at the burial she would put by its side its cradle, its beads, and its rattles ; and, as a last service of maternal love, would draw milk from her bosom in a cup of bark, and burn it in the fire, that her infant might still find nourishment in the land of shades. Yet the new-born babe would be buried, not as usual on a scaffold, but by the way side, that so its spirit might secretly steal in the bosom of some passing matron, and be born again under happier auspices. On burying her daughter, the Chippewa mother adds, not snow shoes, beads, and moccadins only, but (sad emblems of woman's lot in the wilderness) the carrying belt and the paddle. " [ know my daughter will be restored to me," she once said, as she clipped a lock of hair as a memorial ; " by this lock of hair I shall discover her, for I shall take it with me," alluding to the day when she, too, with her carrying belt and paddle and the little relic of her child, should pass through the grave to the dwelling place of her ancestors." Great battle in the Indian country. — The following account of a great battle which was recently fought in the Indian country, between the U. S. troops and a large body of refugee negroes and Indians, wo think, deserves a place here: Large nuo^hers of Indians, negroes, and mongrels, from Florida, have been placed upon the borders of Arkansas and Missouri. By a gentleman direct from Fori Leavenworth, we learn that some six hundred negroes from Florida, and runaways from the Choctaws and Cherokees, and from the whites, united with a few Indians, and per- haps a few white men, have been gradually associated in the fast- nesses west of Arkansas. Not long since they reached high up Red river, and encamped for the purpose of hunting bufllilo. They built a very tolerable fort with logs, surrounded with a ditch, to protect themselves against all dangers. They caught but few buffalo, and MlCin0AN AND WISCONSIN BOHDER. f|0 Lt:td^r£^:;r^^^^^^ ^^e po^essions orthe Choc, followed them, but fl idinl .iV' ^''^i' ='«'"', ^""^ ^he Choctaw, match, they r^tirej, and 1 'rtV\""''f P ^-rtiHcations an over- dragoons. Captan Moore oC^i^l^^^^^^^ for the United State, with three companies of d'ra cons 1m^ ^i\ """" ''"' '" ""P^"''^ ^^^"^ river, he found their ontrenchZ /. tu a """I"! "P"" "''^ ^^'^'' great to venture an attack Ho It too strong and their number too and was reinforced vvUlafinoi "'^""^'^'"g'y. «^"t ^ Fort Towson, pieces of cannon """^^"^ ^'^ '"'^"'''y' «"d « couple of -I' th:';Zt:rn;';"d ^,;i7='' ^^ ''^^ "p"" '^^ -^^■^' -^ -„ «t a signal ruihed o^tS o^ t^^ SiS;i""'^' 1'^? ^'^ "^^-' upon the prairie in front of"L vo ks Frn?. ""^.^^S^" ^« ^rm doing so, Captain Moore and lis "alia nt rt ^^ [""^ T''""^'^^ '" at full gallop The carn^t ,?,'' ^'7*^"^,''™goon« charged upon them the dragoons rou S thcn^°in 1^ 7'"'^ '' represented as terrific- aumbors to the sword ^^^^.1."''°"'' ^"^' ^"^^ P""'"^ '^rge conduct of the dr^Joon. '" "'/''^"""^ the whole body? The aa regards bo^'S^d b;^^''^" °'^" —- ^^tio" refugees availed absoSly LtlL a^aln rt'b7 '"'^- """ ^T "^^^^ the mounted dragoons. ° ^ ^^^ irresistible charge of This decisive blow will oive spfnn'tv tr. fi,„* i fromier, and convince , he ^m^onclS t7,E„,ThT "'r' goons „.y no. ,c .nfled wi.„. ^-..e loLrrL';trw!"s°Xt: i.eSr:'sSr:;;L^S;?St"°"'"'" '^''°'' ™^" •» to the survey of llie boundniriin^L,^. "',"'''''■ °°''P'''"'<''«'™ ftrnislics a cIcscrM™ „r ,.I ."""'reen Michigan and Wisconsin, no.doub.wi,,*r„';Cc^;;t;°r,^rr"" °° ""^ ''»=■"«"'• i.ket Is,?:^;";^;^^ irS' k'Y v^""'r °^ ""■' '»-''^"' bears the sami name O 1 ,U^^ ° i ,'>^-"':'"'-'°-l™n, and the lake iround; heneer^ppSlLZ'o t^?,!^^,°S--°^^^^^^^^^^ FrencI,, means old planlino ground ' ^' '" """S"^' Ihe Wisconsin riv^ 1,1 ,k 7" ''"•"'""' themselves along down ■ ffl rheir habits and mlvTJ i ' consequently less debauched naDits, and may be taken as a tolerably fair specimen of tb« I :\ m S|V ! J' I 1 . 6ie BV1CMT8 IN INDIAN UI8T0BT. Chippewa people — such as they were before the degrading process commenced. This baud arc social, not very obtrusive, but talkative, gay, and seemingly hap|)y. They are of large, comniunding stature, and of jiood deportment; they arc well clothed and li il, and their women do not present that s(|uulid, horvilc aspect, which is observable in some of the other northern tribes. T!jo Ka-ta-kit-te-kon t-ountry occupies a high level above Lakes .'.il»C''i>i and Michigan, and abounds in small lakes, which constitute thf 1 luds of several rivers. The water of these small reservoirs, and of the streams generally, is cold and limpid. Some of the lakes weni observed to contain the speckled trout — such as are generally met with in high latitudes in tlie Unitcul States. The scenery of these is beautiful, and the land adjacent to them is better than is generally believed. The coun'fy is not mountainoi.s, but may be denominated •Tolling." 'ilic giowih of timber is tolerably heavy, consisting of white and yellow pine on the borders of the lakes; in some instances of cedar, Hr, hemlock, and tamarack ; and a little back of the lakes, of sugar maple, white maple, white and yellow birch, poplar, bass, and hemlock. The soil is of a nature to lie adapted to the culture of wheat, rye, grass, oats, flax, hemp, and potatoes. The manufacture of maple sugar is carried on to a considerable extent by the people of this region. Many of their "sugar bushes" were observed, and from the oldness of the marks upon the trees, the Indians must have known the art of extracting this luxury from their forests from an early date of their history. • Winter usually sets in about the 20th of October in the Ka-ta-kit- te-kon region. This year, (1840,) from the 20th to the 28th of October, the mercury in Fahrenheit's tliormometer ranged as low as from nine to twelve degrees below freezing, and for several days during the latter part of October it was continually snowing. On the return of our party, Sandy Lake outlet had becomfe so much frozen as to make it necessary to drag the canoes on the ice, and the icji was making very fast in all the lakes and streams; this on the very last days of October. Brule river, — in Chippewa, Wc-sa-co-ta sc-pe. — The French voy- agers have called this Brule (burnt), from the circumstance of the timber having been destroyed by fire adjacent to its banks, near its junction with the Monomonee. The Brule is one of the principal head branches or tributaries of the Menomonee, and is that branch which comes nearest Lac Vieux Desert. It has a rapid current, and varies in width from eighty to one hundred and twenty feet. It has a rocky bed, and is generally so shallow as to render it difficult to ascend it with canoes of throe hundred pounds burden, except in times of high water. The banks of the Bride, or VVe-sa-co-ta, are thickly studded with white cedar, fir, poplar, tamarack, white birch, and pine, for a great portion of its extent. So dense is the growth of timber imnr>''diately on the banks, that it is very difticult for one to work his way through it ; and for many miles the cedara overhang the river on both sides, so as to lap mcmOAN iKD WHCOMSIX BOBDBH. «17 by each otiier, and ihere is barolv 11.- |«..aKO of a ^"n;;""' " '"'^''' '™"" '"^' ""= '"""'"S '™"1« f"' very co„dde«brvuna il rh'd,.h '" ^'""' ""'' ^^ '' »"''J« 'o "fils principal ■ ribu?aS wl. ch t?^h' "T'l"""' "P™ ""«™>i<">s size. TheTar w! rin i •"" "icmselves rivers of considerable wav o?R„ r S ^'' ^^"^t*"""' ''"""« '^"^ ^«"f« ^^^«hor cast, by e way of Bav de No<,uet, is the one usually taken. ' ^ antZt iT u'^'^ '' '° ''^'^"^ summer as to be unnavi^able in any but the smallest canoes, and in some seasons it is aEt drv ^Ser sr ,feS; r;'-:XeT™;^ "»"- as far as tl^' ^^^^*^^f« «"^« l""*^' h«« been consumed by fire ;lS7:^^i^^^> ^l.vi;,.reee.cepr.L"ila K.l^^^^'''^ '^"*^"'=^' '" ^^^scending the Menomonce, terminates at the head of Qum-ne.sec falls, where there is a difficult portaro one and half miles m extent. The total fall of water, from the upper to ^he svcr pool an this distance, is one hundred and thirK-four feet This amoun ,s divided into several chutes, with intervennl rapids The general aspect of th,s series of waterfalls is exceedingly pSesque- at every change of the point of view, new and varied C ts am TL.iT r ^^""^^^^ ""^^^^ Menomonee; here the whole river is seen flicuiar wall of rocks of forty leet in height. 44 ' ° Ir .f i 1 : U- I •■ ,' ij •II ■VBNTB IN INDIAN HISTORY. The scenery, for some miles immediately below these falls, is quite tranquil ; the river is wide — in many places six hundred feet — and dotted hero and there with small islands bearing a heavy growth of timber. Next in order the Little Ciuin-nc-sec falls occur, where the I'all is about thirty.five feet, in (3xtent of twci hundred and titly fcot ; and tho total width of the river is only uboul eighty-live IJ^ot, Hero the bed and banks are composed of slate rock. The name Uuin-ne-sec is derived from what the Indiiitis taki; to be smoke, which is of course but the spray of minutely divided particles of water, dashing ugainst the rocks. Afler leaving Sandy portage, in descending the Menoriii)nf)e, the falls all the way to its mouth are nothing more; than chutes and various declivities. And here it may be r(;marked, that the idea hitherto entertained by some of there being such immense perp(;ndi. cular liiUs on this river, as are recorded on soim; maps, is very erroneous. It is gravely stated that there are lalls of over two hun- dred feet vertical. Sturgeon falls, which come next below Sandy portage, have but thirteen and three-fourths leet full in the extent of one thousand leet. Above these falls no sturgeon are Ibund, but they collect in great quantities at the foot of the chute. The scenery about these falls is picturesque, and the place is a resort for Indians; not so much, however, from a taste for scenery as for sturgeon. Pe-me-ne falls are the next of note below Sturgeon falls. The total fall here is only eight and eighty-four hundredths in an extent of eight hundred and thirty-three leet, exclusive of the short rapid immediately above the princi[)al chute. September 25th, 1840, temperature at one P. M. ninety -six degrees, and for several days preceding and succeeding, the mercury ranged high. Of the Menomonee river in general it may be said, that it is not navigable for any craft except canoes, owing to difficult ra])ids, shoals, and falls. The ascent of this river, with canoes containing three hundred pounds, is a task of incessant toil and danger, and, under the most favorable circumstances, requires fourteen days Irom its mouth to the entrance of the Pesh-e-cum-me with a party. The ascent to the Brule, or We-sa-co-ta, is still more difficult and vexatious, owing to the shallowness of the water. It requires about six days, at high stages of water, to ascend from its mouth into Lake Brule; in titne of low water it is useless to attempt the ascent. The time of descending from Lake Brule to the entrance into the Menomo- nee is three days and a half, with light loads and high water. The banks of the Menomonee river, as well as its islands, from its meuth as far up as the Big Quin-ne-sec falls, are covered with an excellent growth of white and yellow pine timber. The bed of the river throughout is exceedingly rocky. The stream does not overflow its banks, which are generally quite bold. The A CHAPTBR ON INDrANB. ^jg l>o.ssihlo lor any rare, of fi^^il '\'^^T^^^^^ "mcs oskcl. I.ow it were frnvnl for vvcvks i„ tho vTllev ' l7 "™T «*'«'^»^-<"- A umn may ..noo s,.sp...fi„., h did nofkl '',"';•' ' '''""^""''^ rivers without prrsont in|,af,ira„ ,t mTL "7' '^''""';':" '-^"v """r than its in plenty, Un wlu-rh,; ttv v^ ,:nvo;l oV ''"''''■^" '"^ ^^■""''' '""- iiot infJ>r, nr,r would ho draw ar v mw, r i '"" """"■'' ^'^ '-""'^ «'hich a f^^^y vears Le u ' ho ' ''r' "' '"'*"''^"- '^''"--ir trails, romains, if hy c han -'ho ZdLTT '■^^'•"■'^'^"^' ''vi'l^'nt of thoi.- ro weeds an/oblirora,;:i,1:to"rna;; r'allf ^'''T "" '''•""" "'' "ow or deer paths. Tornbs 7X1 ,1 . ? '^ ''""""'' "'f'"'^" ^'^ '^^ melancholy .0 think how soon he n • \?' "'' """^- '^ '" ""^^ '» '« I'-o; nndVet it is not Z Zo fl^n '"^' are forgotten, even many of all thr, earfhr,K,m,ln in K ,"'"?" '" *''^' ^^°'-'''- "o^ '-red ? To one, how 4 1^1 "ev"'" •''"'''. "''"""" ^^'•'-' ••«'"-'"• the for,r,er lords of tie soil InT^e T"' '^'''r '""^ ^^'^ ^^^^^'^ '>f simnberinj. lo.., half cove ed w h 7?''' ^"" ^''" '"'^'^^ ^^'^'^ '^^^ ^hen cut wilL how vet Ihat it 1 'T ' f ^ ""^' '""^^' ^'"'^^« «'"' ''ling a lo^ at wl ici/son e boy T be""' '^ * " •■''^''^^' ''^'"' '•--^'>- imcked;-Vnin ther w ,'b^' i nt ';r'"T''''*;''^'''."''P''"S' »'- against son^c tree the scnr nr .! . • '"''"■''^' "^ " ''■■«' ^^'"^''4 was made ofa stron aniin" I, Tl 'i '. T'}^ ^'^'"y^"'' ^^^''^'^ off about a foot fronMhe'trunk^o h ^f """' '"^*''' '''"■^•'' ''^'^ ^'" times found it nec^ssry to J. ' ^ '''\f P"'^' '"?" ^^e fellows some- climb a tree, to nuU Ttf a rl " "" '^^'' ""''^"^ ^"dolence as to thoy are indi^errt h L's "TZ ht't" Th'"' '°^ '^^^'-'"'- ^'-"S^ -s any of the devotees of [ ymcltns nd\villl;M' '^ '^"^' ''' '""^^ ^at,on over the prey of a welM S hone; omt ^" ™'"^"- Jf "- here now who have chaneoH tr. n ""'"V-comb. ihere are those occasions, and 7he most codiar n T''"" ^'^ '" '^'' ""°^^ ^^" «^>«h corded to partake oTwhat f It. flT 7'" '"^'^^''^"^ ^^•^"•^' «-• .'^omcA and a flow of soul ""^ '''''^"' ^'^« "^ ^^'^^^ of ^h^v:!:!s^rbSsi^:i:?:si^r ^t ^'^^ ^'-'^ «^ ^w^tr^tSn^fr^?^ were once TJor me of an Indian '''' '" ^^"^^ '^ '"^ ^^"^^ ^^at they on he will noticXr 1 r.e stakes yeJ^r'!!- ^'t"^' ' ''"'-^ ^^^^^^e^ -d «ve by three apart:^^ rtorotSct^^^^^ ^t ■I it nm 520 EVBNTa IN INDIAN 1118T0BY. which rests the coffin containing a few bones. A kw years since such u sarcophagus was erected on the west bank of Rock river, about two miles below the junction of the Pecatonic, whurein was laid an Indian girl. It remained until about a year since, when decay and the winds swept it awav, and left nothing standing but tin; stakes on which it was reared, which nvv standing yet. The coffin was made by splitting a section of a hollow tree and taking one half of it, with a flat slab for the rib. • » • . The Rock river country was a heaven for the Indians, — its high, dry prairies, reaching to the river's bank without marsh or slo\igh, — its plenty of name, — its numerabk^ j)rints, agr(H:abl(>. to the eye, (for an Indian has'^an idea to that,) and its dry, bracing, and transparent air, fbrm(!d so many attractions to the red lords, that they tore them- selves awav with the ulniost regret, and when away, looked back with the most adectiunate longing; nor did numbers of the VVinneba- goes fail to visit it every season until their final removal last year. Now and then a strolling one, too mean ihv his tribe, still lingers, one of whom is now or was' lately camped at a short distance from here, whose name in English is "Cut Tongue," in allusion to his having lost a pjirt of his tongue for some villany. Last spring he shot his sister and her husband with one bullot. " Instances of mutihuion ai-e not uncommon, most of which, however, ^ire the badges of personal [)uunacitv. The rudinn trites arc all alike in certain particulars; they are all indolent,— the distinction betwe(;n<» meum and tuum is but poorly deiined in their minds,— are all beggars,— and the word soap, I think, is f(jund in none of their vocabularies, — and as to water, though they always linger about the banks of streams, I have no idea the V are aware ot' the niany uses to \Nhich it may be put. In other respects the different tribes difier widely; they difHn- in stature, in personal beauty, in bravery, and, in short, in all that forms the dis- tinction between meanness and nobleness; for though, as I said, they are all ])ix)ne to mistake another's lor their own, yet the degrees t... which this is carried diller immensely. Their languages, too, vary as much in smoothness as the jaw-cracking lluss does from the honied ItaliiUi. i . ■ i In all that constitute the meaner traits of Indian character, I think" the Winnebagoes will yield to few. Their average stature I should judge to be about five feet five or six, with immensely broad faces and 'hea'ds, in which a phrenologist might find all the predominance of the animal over the spiritual, if he wished to confirm his doctnnes. I should think them much deficitnit in p«^rsonal iiravcry. They are immensely fond of cards; and in love of joke, giggle, and fun, yield to none. I never saw two of them together, unless, perhaps, of the chiefs or old men, who were not continually cracking j<>kes upon each other. If one of them took up a knife he would dart it at his fellow, or point his gun at him to make him wink or dodge, both keeping up a laugh and°chatter at the rude fun they were thus able to manu- facture. CAPTAIN SAMUEL BHADY. 621 The Pottowatomios are much their superiors in every resoect On*. "cLw^' nTw h "' ^^^'-n'^^l^'^go, and ho pronounced his i^nowin (no) with an einpliusis which showed ho thour^ht t J 'v„ f,., M ''" ™™' ''■'"l"'»'te teauly have I ever seen an pose Uj rattle such noises; and were I to reduce e, h " to ^rftten 3 ' 1 would as soon take to the barn-yard. Jf one will lister to a flock oi sheep as they run over a pasture of cobble sto es wl/now and hen a spot o water, he can gain some idea of the manner in vhich u Winnebago's voice will run over the hard g's and xC An Extract from the Life of Capt. Samuel Brady.-Nows havinr armed at the camp of the spies, which was th-.- upo^ W'hat s cj- "d ^n^ti:v^^ "^'f "^ ''''' "'■ '''' '-'^^^ ' ^'-' ^- ^"'j- "h:^ iuTnnt I ^ ^^f^"^."'^d ;"" pursuing them and endeavorin.. to hnd out their place ol rendezvous, lie selected siv ol' his men and one pet Indian, and started from camp. '*"'' It was in the month of October, which being the becnnnin- of the hunnng season, they had not cause to take with Uiem mu^ch p oviln ! as It had been previously remarked, the spic-s were all .rood hunters they crosses the river at the mouth of Wheeling creek, in thei canS nd pursued their course up what is now called^lndia./wh elin' crS Oh o) until they thought they had got a sufli,=ient distance from the 1 vcr, then bending their course down the Ohio, examining eierv tream they crossed u. their way, in order to li^d the tra"r oTS Indians Nothing of note happened on their march, until they Struck ho Muskingum river about (as has since been learned) fc.v or fifty miles h«om Us mouth. They there discovered a trail that had S made by horses and cattle, a length of time before; thinkin. thaTS ed o Sandusky, all concluded in giving up the ch'^e and ^o ng ii' p -suit of more iresh game. Fortune, who seems always to'give^h^ ^pios an opportunity of exercising themselves, did not in this cZ when the foremost of the company espied an Indian coming up the 522 EVENTS IN INDIAN HISTORY. river with a dead deer hopoused upon his back by a tliong of dried deer skin, which was placed across his forehead and came down over hii* shoulders, so that the deer would rest upon his shoulders. It was determined by the company that he should (if possible) be taken prisoner. Brady commanded all the men to lie down whore they then were, and sending a man by the name of Weilzcl up the river about one hundred and fidy yards, he (Brady) was to wait until the Indian had passed by them a short distance, when he was to steal upon, and secure him and his load. The Indian was now within a short distance of them, and not aware of any danger, was jogging on slowly ; no doubt he was oppressed with the weight of his load, as it afterwards turned out to be a very large deer. IJrady let him pass by a short distance, when, with steps as light as a cat, he stole after him ; when within a few feet of him he let out one of his most tremendous Indian yells ; the Indian made; a spring, when the strap, slipping from the Ibrehead dt)wnwards, came u\H)n his throat, and the wcightof the deer brought him instantly to the ground, when Brady jumped upon him and secured him, until Weitzel (^who had been placed "upon the Indian's path, in order, if he escaped lirady, to shoot him, but not otherwise,) and the other men came up, — when they unarmed him, and having tied his hands, they went back some distance from the river, and having brought the Indian's buck with them, they oncamiied for that day and the following night. Brady knowing that one Indian would not be alone in that country in the hunting season, e. Icavorcd himself, and through his pet Indian, to gain information of the.;- prisoner, if there were any other Indians in the neighborhood. But so sullen was he through that day and all night, he would only answer by an unintelligible grunt. In the morning, no doubt, linding the numbers of men not increasing, and that he was kindly treated by those present, he began with the pet Indian and gave him what all thouglit a full and correct account ; he told them that about two miles up the river on a small creek (as he marked out a draft of th(; country in the ashes,) there was an encampment of six hunters, he being the sixth ; that they had with them only two horses, and they were going to stay there until the snow lell, when tlujy were to move ofl' a great way farther back. On receiving information, all agreed to go up and surprise the camp, and if they should siur-eed, they would load the horses with skins or otlicr matters that they might find most valuable — and return home. From the conduct of their prisoner, he being so very lively and apparently so accommodating as to be the conductor of his enemies into the camp of his friends, suspicion was raiscid in the minds of Brady and his men, that he either determined to betray them into the hands of his comrades, or otherwise was leading them wrong, and only waiting an opportunity to make his escape. It ao turned out that they were not wrong in their conjectures, aa they had pursued their course but a short time when the Indian, who was no wise confined, but unarmed, made a spring irom them, with a war-whoop ; he was immediately shot down by one of the men. They CAPTAIN SAMUEL BRADY. 533 P"rsuod by the Indians, tmSu'l? '";"'''" ^i"^ ^^^ river, closely pursuit was .riven un an ' ! ' "'^"' ''^''^^'^ ^""''n- the break of day: I^i-ady^'iL ' ^ £;] '\ """'^' ^« :°"°--^ "P bv the followed a course w^ ich S't ou d' ^ IT;' Tf-^^ ^" ^''^ '^"' ''^"^ country there are many nw /e t .ic^ w '':,' ^""^ ^'^""^- ^" ^^''^ but not so nuich so but tl^y wo, ij "f''-''":? '''"" P'^-^i^'Hy dried up, foot. Brady told his mon U.ev nl '''' r" ''"I'""^^'^" "^ a man's a separate rJute, to n.eT. a ho ZkT '''''! '"T'"'^ ^"'-^^'^ ^^^e the Ohio, about twenty in le from "?'' '\^''^' ^™l^''«d '"'« take loose the strings of n ' "l 'T^ r^'''"^ ^"'''^ '^'^^ ^« alone, in order if tb-y sh.ukl^nmp'' "I'l^' "' ''"''" ''^^""d his ancles of the betbre n.en one n^she tl ^'"" ^V^^ "'"''^^^^■'^ "^^er in one impression then rnaderwl X i; ' .^^ """''' ''? ''"^'^ ^« ^^"-^ by the or that oCthe Indians, . s e nd tn nK "''",■' ''" ''"" '^'"^^^^^ "'^er, and under the instc.p of U^ S"n,^T7Tr '"'"' '''.. string round dned n.ud suiHciently plai';. I^t 'kn!,;:;;'"' '"^^"^ '' '"--'^ ^ ^'- half indianUi:;^:^;;^^::;!- -|--^ 't^'- ^-^ ^° ^'- o'clock the next day 'J^ ; I ' r *^'''''''"^■™^ ['■rough the night, lHUow^i::,^rbei:'""'' f '^'^ ^'"^'"^ ^""^ by th.ir separation, perhap'^- o ! L '1 T''-'"^ '^^s intelligible -.•iving at the rive; prej^ll^, ^.^ ^ ^^^ ^.^^ ;^- -ape. ^on the other side. They had not be -n I. ' '''"'. "^y were soon on saKited by the well knovvn cry If tho '"' "'"' '.'" *^^"' ^^^^ ^^«re thn river, they discove ed two 1 olf ''^f ]| '"^^ ^^" '"'^'^'"g ^^ross their voices upon their con ride w'"' ''"""'"^; '^ ^^^ ^"^^^^^of them. Brady' and his me a c;. d 1 T'''. 'l'/' ''■'" '" ^"«^«""g opportunity vvas ofForod Tsee w, t , l' '"" '1"^' ''^'''''^ t'" ^n i:resently,-they obser^ 'uvX; ' , ^^l :'',;:;'^''', --« ^'^^ ^"-• diately concluded that thoy would v ' """f''' ^^ '^^^ '^me- them a general fire S h ' ^^''^'^ *'' ^^^ hank and ^iyc yards oi^heslLl;^:wh^' ah m": H 'i ""'Ml'-. «hout twel.^ ti'cm. The consfernati. n :^d S,i '^;:^^^^^^' y f ""' Arcd upon by a ball immediately sunk, or w to ee,; , r' 'V'" '''l'^ ^'''' '"''^'^ and those who received n^ imur ^ n^^^^ ^^ ^^^^ o-her side. An irregular h-eSC'^JtBf ?' "I'i ""^ '"^ '^« the Indians were out of their rp-lni.. ^,^ '""'>' ""d Ins men, till others, in all prolab i,y J;;:' •'^'"'^'f T^ opposite sh-.re. ^' "'" ^'"^'"^'^ ^^^'^''^ ^^^^Y reached the The Jndians wlio had remained on the Obin .k preparations to cross the river Rr.li-T "'''''''' ""^^diate likely to be taken in a^^iin.^.Ho^ ■'.''"""" '^""^ ^'^^'^ ^^^^e not 524 EVENTS IN INDIAN IIISTOHY. next morning was spent in procuring game, which was remarkably plenty in that country. In the after i)art if the day they pursued their course up the river. Alwut an hour before sunset, one of the men having lagged behind, coming aller tlie others, who had by this time got considerably ahead, heard a rustling in a hemlock tree; he cast Ills eye up, and belxild a larg(; Indian descending from out of the tree; he immediately adjustcul his rifh;, and the Indian soon fell to the trround. Brady and his men hearing tlie report of the rifle, immedi- ately ran back to the place vhere this tragic scene had been acted, and upon lc>arning all the circumstances, he gave orders to his men all to bo on the alert, and 1 e changc^d his course, and went immedi- ately back from the river, ibr several miles; . .id marching by circui- tous' routes, they arrived safe at home the third day alter the last mentioned action, and the eighth day from their departure, without the loss of a man. , , ,• iirady had concluded, and no doubt correctly, that the Indians thought that he and his Men were yet down the river, and would soon" move towards home. They had, by forced marches at night, .rot ahead of him, and took this way of ascertaining the course he mi'i-ht take. They would fall upon him, when unguarded at night, and sacrifice him and his men to satisfy their vengeance. And but for the happy circumstance of the man lagging behind, no doubt they would have succeeded. The substance of this paper was written by one of the spies who was in company with Brady in the adventure narrated. KiSKIMINETAS. Polygamy — Treatment to Wims — Marriage Ceremonies— Mode of Divorcing — Another Ceremony— Children called by the Mother's name, A-c.—Thc Indians allow of polygamy, and persons of every rank indulge themselves in this point. The chiefs in particular have a seraulio,°vhich consists of an uncertain number, usually from six to twcfve or fourteen. The lower rank are permitted to take as many as there is li probability of their being able, with the children they may bear, to maintain. It is not uncommon for an Indian to marry two sisters; somelimes,if there happen to be mor(>, the whole number; and notwithstanding this (as it appears to civilised nations) unnatural union, they all live in the greatest harmony. The younger wives are submissive to the elder; and those who have no children do such menial of!ices for those who are lertile, as cause their situation to ditfer but little from a state of servitude. However, they perform every injunction with the greatest cheerliilncss, in hopes of gaining thereby the affections of their husbands, that they in their turn mayliave the happiness of becoming mothers, and be entitled to the respect attendant on that state. It is not uncommon for an Indian, althoiigli he takes to himself so many wives, to live in a state of continence with many of them for several years. Such as arc not so fortunate as to gain the favor of their husband, by their submissive and prudent behaviour, and by that INDIAN MAHRIAOE8. 525 to some .slran,", ch or Vhr."^ .7 ''''™ '° '« P'^""^ by Wm to the injunction of thc^ir h, «?nr -^ '^'^ '''^^'^ '''*'>' ^^l^^nit fpleasJ at the tern ! ^.v'^^^' ^^^^ !"-"'-"'S. «»d are not that they take this ii -rtv - itho 'fi. , ''u^ ^'""^ '^ "^ ^"«^n punished in the same mlm.e as 1' tS T7l"^ ^'' consent, they are This custo.n is .nc^rH "valcnt ' ^ ^'f ^''''' «"'''> o'' adultery. .ntcrior parts, than n^^"£^ Z"^^'" '"'*'"!' "'^''^*' ^'^ '" ^»« the .nanners of the latte • a ^ cnH o "''"''''■ ' '" ^•'■ft'«™er.ts, as points to those. oltl.eAL''carti'"T "^"'^™,^^^'« ^^ -orn^ them. ^vnici leans, by the intercourse they hold with thatinhabit'theb.Her 1,1- ;'!'::,?' ''"-■ J-orces. The tribes When a vouii- fi d a„ I, h^ ^ T '!' "'^' '''"'-vin^ custom. SOX, he endeavors ^t n Z co^ l^ '"'■'''i;:^'""^ <- one ol' the other known tliat her pareiUs^'r o u ^^1^1 'JZ "w^'^' ' '^ "^^^'• liminary ,. aore,,! on, and the day an ,o . d m" • f '"'" ^'^ i''^' ' anees of l.nth parties assemb o u ' u "''' '"'^ acquah.t- relation of the lricleorc.orvM.: • "/j^"'^'^ "' 'f"^ "^ tl'o oldest The corr.pany wi;^^[ ot^^^ X'r'';"'"l"''* "" "'^ ^"^"-°"- numerous: tu^y dance hovsi^H '' '"''' sometimes very ce^X^;m'';;d'n!o1;if ' '"'^^^ -'r --'^ --iyo..t or three or bu o ^'^a tst a Sl^T 'r' '^^"''^^ "'"^ '^^ "'-'« ^^'^'^ <>'-thc> l.nde,roon^K;n"^i:' : ;;:^;-J;r^^ '• """^ ^'^'^' ^^-'^ thev lav hold c.f t^^e x'livmitie. o r^ i'" /''" '""*''" *^'' ^^^^ '-'-"^^ which fhey contiin;: :::^:i;;::';i::^:;^zt''' ''-■' '^''^■' ^'^ short harangues suitablL to the orcaslon " ^'"""""^'^ ^"'"'^ ro<;^ X^'^nteS;;' fo'^S^^/i l-l.!in declaration of the love and lM0iw.„:„! ^ '"*'""'' "'' '""' '"^'^^P""!^ her husband lo his W ho„ from nny dishle . ,epa,a,io„ ,„ke, place, for Ihoy „„ seldom ilWifl Ini 526 EVENTS IN INDIAN HISTORY. 3 quarrel, they ^'^'^^s. ""^1 retire to their repose "Whilst darkness thus prevails, and all is (juiet, one of these sons oi pleasure wrapped up closely in his blanket, to prevent his bein- known, will sometimes onto: the apartment of his intended mistress^ Having first lighted at th. s.noli.ered fire a small splinter of wood which answers the purpose of a match, he ai.jjroaches the place where ^he repdses, and gently pulling away the covering from the head jogs her till she awakc.s. If she then rises up, and blows out the light, he needs no further confirmation that his company is not dis- agreeable; but if after he has discovered himself she hides her head and takes no notice of him, he might rest assured that any further solicitations will prove vain, and that it is necessary immediately for Imn to retire. During his stay he conceals the light as much as possible in the hollow of his hands ; and as the tents or rooms of the ndians are usually large and capacious, he escapes without detection. It is said that the young women who admit their lovers on these occa- • sions take great care, by an immediate application to herbs, with the potent efficacy of which they are well acquainted, to prevent the effects i!t' !.; 528 EVKNTS IN INDIAN HISTORY. of these illicit amours from l)ocoming visible; for should the natural consequences ensue, they must forever remain unmarried." The children of the Indians are always distinguished by the name of the mother ; and if a woman marries several husbands, and has issue by each of them, they are called after her. The reason they give for this is, that as their offspring are indebted to the; father for their souls, the invisible part of their essence, and to the mother lor their corporeal and apparent part, it is more rational that they should be distinguished by the name of the latter, from whom they indubitably derive their Ixjing, than by that of the father, to which a doubt might sometimes arise whether they are justly entitled. There ^ some ceremonies made use of by the Indians at the opposition of the name, and it is considered by them as a matter of ffreat importance, but what these are I could never learn, through the secresy observed on the occasion. 1 only know that it is usually given when the children have passed the state of infancy. Nothing can exceed the tenderness shown by them to their off- spring; and a person cannot recommend himself to their favor by any method more certain, than by paying some attention to the younger branches of their famili(;s. There is some difficulty attends an explanation of the manner in which the Indians distinguish themselves from each other. Besides the name of the animal by which every nation and tribe is denomi- nated, there are others that are personal, and which the children receive from their mother. The chiefs are also distinguished by a name that has either some reference to their abilities, or to the hieroglyphic of their families; and these are acquired after they arrive at the age of manhood. Such as have signalised themselves either in their war or hunting-parties, or are possessed of some eminent qualifications, receive a name that serves to perpetuate the fame of these actions, or to make their abilities conspicuous. .Death of an Indian Warrior. — We find in one of the Little Rock papers a singular obituary of an old Indian who lought under (.4en. Wayne in the Revolutionary War. Capt. Tisho Mingo, a veteran warrior of the Choctaws, departed this life on the 5th ult. Although but little known beyond the limits of his nation, yet he was a man who had seen wars and fought battles ; stood high among his own people as a brave and good man. He served under Gen. Wayne in the Revolutionary War, for which he received a pension from the government of the United States ; and in the late war with England he served under Gen. Jackson, and did many deeds of valor. He had fought in nine battk-s for the United States. As a friend he has served the white man faithfully. His last words were, " When I am gone, beat the drum and fire the guna !" ' \ APPENDIX. DICTIONARY OF INDIAN WORDS AND PHRASES. Good spirit, Evil spirit Man, . Woman, Male, Female, Infant, Head, Forehead, Hair, . Eyes, Nose, Nostrils, Mouth, My teeth, Tongue, Beard, Brain, Ears, Neck, Throat, Arms, Fingers, Nails, Side, . My back, My belly, Inighs, My knees. Legs, Heart, My father. My mother, 45 Knistenaux. Ki jai Manitou. Matchi manitou. Ethini. Esquois. Naphew. Non-gense. A' wash ish. Us ti quoin. Es caa tick. • Wes ty ky. E kis ock. Oskiwin. Oo tith ee gow mow. O toune. Wip pit tah. Otaithana. Michitoune. With i tip. O tow ecvgio. I|0 qui ow. 'O koot tas gy.. O nisk. Che chee. Was kos sia. O's spin gy. No pis quan. Nattay. O povam. No che quoin nah. Nosk. O thea. Noo ta wie. Nigah wei. 630 jopmrnx* My boy, (son) . My girl, (daughter) My brother, cider, My sister, elder, . My grandfather, . My grandmother, My uncU-, . My nephew, My niece, . My mother-in-law. My brothcr-in-luw. My companion, My husband, lilood, Old man, • I am angry, I fear, Joy, . Hearing, Track, (/hicf, great ruler, Thief, Kxcroment, nulFalo, Ferret, Pole cat, Klk, . Koin deer, . Fallow doer, Beaver, Woolverine, Squirrel, Mink, Otter, Wolf, Hare, Marten, Moose, Bear, Fisher, Lynx, Porcupine, . Fox, . Musk rat, . Mouse, Cow Buffalo, Meat-Hesh, • Knistenavi. Ncgousis. Netanis. Ni StCHH, Ne miss. No moo shum. N' o kum. N' o'ka miss. Ne too sim. Ne too sim csquois. Nisigouse. Nistuh. No wechi wagan. Ni ii'ip pem. Milh coo. Shi nap. Ne kis si wash en. Ne goos tow. Ne ilea tha tom. Pethom. Mis t;onna. Hnukimah. Kistnouthesk. Meyce. Moustouche. SisouH. Shicak, Moustouche. ' Attick. Attick. Amisk. Qui qua katch. Knnequachas. Sa quasue. Nekick. egan. wuce. Wappistan. Mauswah. Masqua. Wijask. Picheu. Cau quah. Ma kisew. Wajask. Abieushiss. *Noshi Moustouche. VVias. APPIiWDIX. 631 Duck, Crow ('orbc-nii, Swun, Turkoy, . 1'hnn.sanfs. . Bird, . Whifn (if)OHo, (ircy . Mikinack. I\iiiil)ic. Oscajick. Saboinigan. Appot. Mich-tah. Teckinigan. Ta comagau. Augusk or Atouche. Quosquipichican. Seegaygan. Chi-kisebisoun. Sicahoun. Athahe. Mistick. Mistick. Aboi. Chiman. Wasquoi. Wosquoi. ' ' ,' ? i,j.>: BH IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) ^. '^ 'e ^ 1.0 I.I ■ 50 '""^^ If 1^ IM IIM 1.8 1.25 1.4 16 ^ ^ 6" ► v] ^ /^ 4^ » '/ Photographic Sciences Corporation #^ i\ ^> v ^\ i^ ^v «v 6^ ^1} "%" 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 87i2-4503 w n"il dS3 AFPBNDIX. Knistenaux. \ Touch Wood, Leaf, Grass, . , Raspberries, Strawberries, Pousagan. Nepeshah. Masquosi. Misqui-meinac' O'-tai-e-minac. Ashes, Pecouch. Fire, . Grapes, Fog, . Scou-tay. Shomenac. Pakishihow. Mud, . Asus ki. Currant, Kiesijiwin. Road, Mescanah. Winter, Island, Pipoun. Ministic. Lake, Sun, . Sagayian. Pisim. Moon, Day, . Night, Tibisca pesim. (the night Sun) Kigigah. Tibipca. = Snow, Cosnah. Rain, . Kimiwoin. Drift, Pewan. Hail, . Shes eagaa. Ice, . Frost, Mist, , Water, Mountain, World, Mesquaming. Aquatin. Picasyow. Nepec. Messe asky. (all the earth) Wachce. Sea, . Kitchi kitchi ga ming. Morning, Mid-day, . Portage, Spring, River, Rapid, Rivulet, Sand, Ke(]uishepe. Abetah quishcik. Unygam. Menouscaming. Sipec. Bawastick. Sepeesis. Thocaw. Earth, Askee. Star, . Attack. Thunder, Tithuseu. Wind, Thoutin. Calm, Athawostin. Heat, Evening, North, South, , Quishipoi. , Ta kashike. Kywoitin. Sawena woon. APPEPTDIX. d'43 East, West, To-morrow, Bone, Broth, Feast, Grease or oil, Marrow fat, Sinew, Lodge, Bed, . . Within, Door, Dish, Pert, Sledge, Cincture, . Cap, . Stocks, Shirt, Coat, Blanket, Cloth, Thread, Carters, Mittens, Shoes, . . Smoking bag, Portage sling, Straight on,' Medicine, . Red, . Blue, White, Yellow, . Green, Ugly, Handsome, . Beautiful, . Deaf, Good-natured, Pregnant, . Fat, . , Small or little, Short, Skin, Knistenaux. Coshawcastak. Pasquismou. Wabank. Oskann. Michim waboi. Ma qua see. Pimis. Oscan pimis. Asstis. Wig waum. Ne pa win. Pendog ke. Squandam. Othagan. Wasgaigan. Tabanask. Poquoatehoun. Astotin. Achican. Papacheweyan. Papise-co-wagan. Wape weyang. Maneto weguin. Assabab. Chi ki-bisoon. Astissack. Maskisin. Kusquepetagan. Apisan. Goi ask. Mas ki kee. Mes coh. Kasqutch. (same as black) Wabisca. Saw saw. Chibatiquare. Mache nagousen. Catawassiseu. Kissi Sawenogan. Nima petom. Mithiwashin. Paawie. Outhineu. Mushikitee. Abisasheu. Chemasiah. Wian. If,,^' it 45* f 1 e 634 ATBNDIX. Knistenaox. Long, . . . . Kinwain. Strong, , Mascawa. Covvurd, Sagatahaw. Weak, Nitha niissew. Lean, Matha waw. Brave, Nima (jlustaw. Young man, Osquineguish. Cold, Kissin. Hot, . Kicbatai. Spring, Minouscaming. Sunuiier, . Nibin. Fall, . Tagowagonk. One, . 1 Peyac. Two, Nisheu. Three, Nishteu. Four, Neway. Five, . Ni-annan. Six, . Negoutawoesie. Seven, Nish wissic. Eijrht, Jannanew. rj Nine, Shack. Ten, . Mitatat. Eleven, Peyac osap. Twelve, . Nisheu osap. Thirteen, . Nithou osap. Fourteen, . Neway osap. Fifteen, Niaman usaj). Sixteen, Nigoutuwoe:?ic osap. Seventeen, . Nish woesic osap. Eighteen, . Jannencw osap. Nineteen, . Shack osap. Twenty, . Nislicw niitenah. Twenty-one, Nishcw mitcnah peyac osap Twenty-two, &c. Nisheu niitenah nisheu osap Thirty", Nishtou niitenah. Forty, Newoy mitenah. Fifty, Niannan mitenah. Sixty, Seventy, Negoutawoesic mitenah. . Nisvvoisic mitenah. Eighty, Sannaeu mitcnah. Ninety, Hundred, . Shock mitenah. Mitaua mitenah. Two Hundred, Noshew mitenah a mitenah. One Thousand, Mitenah mitena mitcnah. First, Nican. Last, Squayatch. More, Minah. Better, Best, . I, or mo. You, or thou. They, or them, We, . . ' My, or mine. Yours, Whom, His or hers, All, . Some, or some few, The same, . All the world, All the men, Sometimes, Arrive, Beat, . To burn, To sing. To cut. To hide. To cover, . To believe, To sleep, . To dispute. To dance, . A o give. To do. To eat. To die, To forget, . To speak, . To cry, (tears) To laugh, . To sit down, To walk, . To fall, . 'I'o work, . To kill, . To sell, To live, lo see, , To come, . Knough, It hails. There is some, APPENDIX. Knistenauk. Athiwack mithawashin. Athiwack mithawashin. Nitha. Kitha. Withawaw. Nithawaw. Nitayan. Kitayan. Awione. Otayan. Kakithau. Pey peyac. Tabescoutch. Missiacki wanque. Kakithaw Ethinyock. I as cow-puco. To couchin. Otamaha. Mistascasoo. Nagamoun. Kisquishan. C'atann. Acquahoun. Taboitam. Nepan. Ke ko mi towock. Ncmaytow. Mith. Ogitann. Wissinee. Nepew. Winnekiski.sow. Athimctakousc. Mantow. Papow. Neinatappe. Piinoutais. Packisin. Ah tus kew Nipahaw. Atta^'om. Pimatise. VV^aban. Astamotch. EgoUiigog. Shisigan. Aya wa. . 696 586 APPENDIX. There is, . It ruiiKs, . Allcr-to-morrow, To-day, . 'rheroiiwiiy, Mucli, Presently, . Mukc, heart, This riiorninu;. This nigiit, Above, Below, Truly, Already, Yet, more. Yesterday, Far, . Near, Never, No, . Yes, . By and by, Always, Make haste. It's long since. Knistenaux. Aya wa. (iuiiniwoin. A wis wabank. Anoutch. Netoi. Michett. Fischisqua. Qiiithipeh. Shebas. Tibiscag. Fspiininif. Tabassish. Taboiy. Sashay. Minah. Tacoushick. VVathow. (Juishiwoac. Niina wucatch. Nitna. Ah. Pa-niina. Ka ki-kee. Quethe|>eh. Mcwuisha. APPENDIX. 537 S^ti&t^lfel^iiaiji-fesS-5;c;rG;3=5:. £ •■I w -. •*- -J* o X '— ■- * I * ii ■ • • . -*" r'.-* .' '^ — *t *' — o — ■ Ei-il — ! V-' 4- c f-/ C ^A. < C Or '-'^ f/, ^ I /■/-, Zf to tf 2.V — 'r'-!:^_r-j_nj~ ait-'_-j^_c> u ;c -i ii- y. w i^ _ vr ii 3 *. S S M — § oc w (X i|saiiiiiiMiiiiii|i||i||| I y- 5*3 o>P S S p _5 ^^. g t^ 5, = ^ |i-l-OM_iSMpas5iiis •— ™ J.' I^- W 1«J • '! $ s n:; "; -* « *■ >a $ U._-tO_0.-l_-l;., O. OSIji3to IS CO io -r. Jc •^- :l 2 2 i-l " ? -9 P V" ■ ,- m % »J > H C/3 H-3 ^■M n Of ^ c ii, •n c: ^ H >fi ^% ^ "3 ns O •v (> n O ■I'M t- 5, C •^ 09 r^ o ^ T St a H s. c/i •«« (—( a — * ? "-^ ST'' H tt O cc H ^ f-« W CC 1 1 I f'M i » mt INBIAV Tl( OF A ro.i ANd OP I — DKVOTI APFKU'J'll Tho tret years that the ill trea times mad( had wc noi ing them vv irilx) of the incjntion of Americans until it extf "This fa no flight CO It destroycc the horrid attecting op ing; and nu them, prcpE their own e ^yho provid heightened without rciT them, but to if aggravati child behold the wolves f a ferocious ' in the same l)eloved mas whom the ir lo represent evil spirit, w them to bafll 46 A SUPPLEiVIKNT/ Tho treatment that wo received from the Irulians, durin.' nearly three years that we were with them, was very kind and hospitable; except the ill treatment that we received from the Sioux tribe, who several tmies made attempts to stop us; and we should have been massacred had we not terriied ihem from their murderous intention, by threaten' mg them with the small-pox, in such a manner as would kill the whol« tribe ol them. Nothing could be more horrible to them, than the bar« mention ol this fatal disease. It was communicated to them by the Americans, and spread from tribe to tribe with an unabated pace until it extended itself across the continent. ' "This fatal infection spread around with a baneful rapidity, which no flight could escaix!,!ind with a (iital (>flect that nothingcould resist It destroyed, with its pestilential brealh, whole families and tribes; and the horrid scene presented, to those who had the melancholy and attecting opportunity of beholding; it, a combination of the dead and dy- mg; and .such as wished to avoid the horrid fate of their friends around them, prepared to disappoint the plague of its prey, by terminating their own existence. The habits and lives of these devoted people, who provide not to-day for the wants of to-morrow, must have heightened tho pains of such an uflliction, by leaving them not only without remedy, but even without, alleviation. But nothing was left them, but to submit in agony and despair. To aggravate the picture, if aggravation was possible, may be added the sight of the helpless child beholding the putrid carcase of its beloved parents dragged by the wolves from ttieir huts, (who were invited by the stench,) and with a ferocious voracity, satiate; their hunger on the mangled corpse; or in the same manner, serve the dog with food from the body of his once iKiloved master. Nor was it uncommon for the father of a family, whom the inrection had just reached, to call his family around him, to represent the sufferings and cruel fate from the influence of some evil spirit, who was preparing to extirpate their race; and to invite them to baflle death, with all its horrors, with their own weapons; and ^■'1 t * Extracts from Lc\ri9 and Clsirke'a Journal. 46 r)40 A BTrrn.RMRVT. fit Iho snmn fimo, iC their iicnrts fiiilcd in th'iH nrcrssnry net, ho was hiiTiscIf ready to |)erli)rin the deed of mercy with his own linnd, as the last net ofliis iiHicliun, and inslaiitly (oilow them to the rhnriiher^ of death." The Indians hein-; di.stiiutc of physicians, livinj,' on aiiinml food, phni^^in^' thr )ng them; they knowing that it first originated among the wliite people, and having heard of iimoculation and the moiks of keeping tlus inleetion in vials, wliich they had hut an imperlect idea of, that barely a threat filled them ".vith horror, and was sutficient to deter tluMn from tlieir resolute and bloody |)urpose. This stratagem may ajtpear insignifi- cant to the reader, but was of the greatest conse([uence to ust* for to it alone we owe not oidy the fate of the expedition, but our lives. Most of the tribes of Indians that we b(;came actpiainted with (except the Sioux), after being introduced by our interpreter, and finding that our intentions were friendly towards theui, n(!ver failetl of irreetin" us with many tokens of their'friendlv disiiosition. Soon alter oirr interview, we were invited to smoke the calumet of ])eacc, and to partake freely of their venison. The women and children, in particu- lar, wore not wanting in showing tokens of friendship, by endeavoring to make our stay agreeable. On our first meeting, they generally held a council, as they term it, when their chief delivers a "talk," in which they give their sentiments respiicting their new visiters; which wiere filled with professions of friendsliip, and often were very eloquent, and abounded with sublime and figurative language. When we departed, aller taking leave, they would often put up a prayer, of which the following is a sample, which was put up fin* us by a Mandan: "That the Great Spirit would favor us with smooth water, with a clear sky by day, and a bright star-light by night; that wc might not be ])rpsented with the red hatchet of war; but, that the great pipe of peace might ever shine upon us, as the sun shines in an unclouded day, and that we might he overshadowed by the smoke thereof; that we might have sound sleep, an^var.]. manner Z/r •" ''" ''""^^"'•^ '' ^^'" '""•'^"' '''"' '"" "'" '"<>^' 'l--"t devou C(J by wild beast, o ,,rey ; b,;t bappily we escaped. Fre.u.e. v X y K .., the head ol the Missouri abounds. After beii.- atlackeil t oy give no quarter, but rush with great fury towards tirei e r ' It^'ofT'"'"" V'^''' 1 '' IT "f" ""•'"' -"i-ospect of acquiring game. B^lt on proceedin' •■ a fex/ pares f. he. ".y blood was chilled with horror, by Ihe appea^i e , ^ so I eU of an enormous size. On discoveri.ig'me, hi 'immediate vei^fd^s }io.id to a grea height; his color was of a yellower hue than thesn (s . of a ra tt e-snake; and on the top of his back were spots ol a ed i, whon t7 . ""^ '-f evidently in the attitude of sprin-in-.- at me when I levelled my ride at him; but probably owin-. to my coLter' nation only wounded him; but the explosion of the -nm and tt wound turned to flight the awful enemy.' Perhaps yo.P i ay thii F ha my fnght has magnified the description. I can canddfy aver' that he was m bulk half as Urge as a middle-sized m;n." ^ ' In the Indian tribes there is so great a similarity in their stature «olor, government, and religious tenets, that it will be requisittT' 542 A SUPPLEMENT, pcrapicuity, to rank them under one geneml head. And when thert Is a contrast in the course of the description, it will be mentioned. The Indians are all (except the Snake Indians) tall in stature, s:traight and robutnt. It is very seldom they are deformed, which ha.« given rise to the supposilion, that they put to death th::;ir deformed children, which is not the case. Tiieir skin is of a copper color, their eyes large, Vilack, and of a bright and sparkling color, indicative of a subtle and discerning mind. Tlrir hair is of the sairie color, and prom; to grow I'Mig, straight, and seldom or never curled; their teeth aro large and white. I never observed a-.i/ decayed anvjng them, which makes their breath as sweet as the air tky exhale. The women an about the stature of the Eiiglish women, and much inclined to corpu- lency, which is seldom the case with the other sex. I shall not enter into a discussion about the cause of their hue. I shall barely mention the suppositions ihat are made respecting it- Some have asserted, that it is derived principally from their annointing themselves with fat iii the summer season, to prevent profuse perspi- ration, and this, combined with the influence of the sun, has giver, tht- tincture of their complexion. To suppo»-t the hypothesis, they assert that the rcj)eated above-mentioned causes give color to the parent, v.ho procreates his own likeness, until at length it is entailed on poi-terity. But notwithstanding this curious reasoning, others are of opinion, that the hand of the Creator gave the reddish hue to the Indians, the sable coloi' to the African, and that of white to the civil- ised nations. They esteem a beard exceedingly unbecoming, and take great pains to get rid of it ; nor is there ever any to !>e ptjiceived on their faces, except when theyg • vv old and become inatteutive to their appearance. Every crinoso excrescence on other parts of their body is held in as great abhorrence by thein, and both sexes are equally careful to extirpate it, in v.-hich they often employ much time. The Pallotcpallor.-;, Serpentine, Mandap, and other interior tribef" of Indians, pluck them out with bent pieces of hard w( od, formed into a kind of nippers, made for that purpose; while those that have a communication with Americans or Europeans, procure from then^ w'rc, which they ingeniously make into an in3';rument '•esembling n screw, which will take so firm a hold of the beard, that with a sudden twitch they extirpate them out by the roots, when considerable blood I'l^ver fails to flow. The dress of the Iirdiuns varies according to the tribe that they belong to; but in general, it is very commodious, not to encumber them in pursuing the chase, or their enemy ; thosi that inhabit tk" Missouri, I have often seen, in cdd v/eathcr, without any apparel to screen themselves from 'he inclemency of the weather. The lower rank of the Pallotepallors and Clatsops wear nothing in the sum.ner season, but a small garment about their hips, which is either manu- factured out of bark or skins, and which would vie with, if not excel, any European manufacture, beiiig diversified with different colors, which give it a gray aiypearance. Their chiefs are generally dressed A SDPPLKMENT. 549 m robes that are made out of small skins, (which takes several hun- • t f ""i g^""«"!').°^ different colors, neatly tanned, which th" y hang loosely over their shoulders. ^ In deep snows they wear skins, which entirely cover their lee, and feet and almost answer for breeches-being held up by strin-^s Tfed "o the.lower part of the waist. Their bodie° in the winter se^on a^ TwlrS ^''^'''"' kinds of skin, which are tanned v^r the ?^ on, which they wear next to the skin. Those of the men, who w sh to appear more gay than others, pluck out the greatest part of tle'r hair, leaving only small locks as fancy dictatesron which are hunl different kinds of quills, and feathers of elegalit plumage suneZ painted. The Sioux and Osage.s, who traffic with the AmerW wear some of our apparel, such as shirts and blankets ; theformi' they canno bea - tied at the wristbands and collar, and the latter the^ herhlT .r ''^' their shoulders. Their chiefs dr^ss very gayTabo^J the r heads they wear all kinds of ornaments t Another peculiarity is observable in their manner of pavina visits t an Indian goes to visit a particular person in a family, he m'entiona to whom his visit IS intended, and the rest of the family immediately retire to the other end of the hut or tent, and are careful not to com"e near enou-h to interrupt them during the whole conversation. The same method is pursued when a young man goes to pay his addresses to a young woman; bM then he must be careful not to let love be the subject of his discou; j:. v/hile the daylight remains. They discover an amazing sagacity, and acquire with the greatest m m i . J, . , l^'^iJk 548 A SUl'lM.KMKNT. rcndiiicss nny thiiii.': that cloprmls u|K)11 tlir attontionofthe mint!. Ry exiH riciice, and an ai'utct (thsiTvatidii, tlicy attain many perlbctions, to which the Americans an; stranu;crs. For instance, they will cross a fitrest, or a plain, which is two hiindri-d miles in breadth, and rcr.ch with great exactness tlu; point at w])i( h they intend to arrive, keeping durinfi; the wjiole of tlyjt space in a din-ct line, without any material deviations; and this they will do with the same ease, let the weather be tidr or cloudy. With equal acuteness they will point to that part of the heavens the sun is in, tliou<;h it Ix; intercepted hy clouds or fogs; besides this, they are able to pursue with incredible facility the traces of a manor beast, either on leaves or grass; and on this account it iswitli f^reat dilHctdty that a flying enemy escapes discovery. 'J'hey are indebted for these talents not only to nature, but to an extraordinary command of the intellectual faculties, which can only be acfjuirt'd by an unremitted attention, and by long experience. 'I'hey are in general very ha|)py in a retentive memory ; they can re<',apitulate every i)articular that has been treated of in councils, and remember the exact time when tht;y were held. Their belts of wam- pum preserve the substance of the treaties they liave concluded with the neighboring tribes, for ages back, to which they will appeal, and refer with as much perspicuity, and readiness, as Europeans can to their written records. Every nation pays great respect to old age. The advice of a father will never receive any extraordinary attention from the young Indians; probably they receive it with only a bare assent; but they will tremble before a grandfather, and submit to his injunctions with the utmost alacrity. The word;-: of the ancient part of the community arc esteemed by the young as oracles. If they take, during hunting parties, any tame that is reckoned by them uncommonly delicious, it is immediatelj- presented to the eldest of their relations. They never suffer themselves to be overburdened with care, but live in a state of perfect tranquillity and contentment, being naturally indolent. If provisions, just sufficient for their subsistence, can be procured with little trouble, and near at hand, they will not go iar, or take any extraordinary [)ains for it, though by so doing they might acquire^ greater plenty and of a more estimable kind. liaviiig much leisurctime, they indulge this indolence to which they arc prone, by sleeping or rambling about among their tents. But when necessity obliges them to take the field, cither to oppose an enemy, or to procure themselves fijod, they are alert and indefatigable. Many instances of their activity, on these occasions, will be given when we treat of their wars. The greatest blemish in their character is that savage disposition, which impels them to treat their enemies with a severity that every other nation shudders at ; but if they arc thus barbarous to those with whom they are at war, they are friendly, hospitable and humane in peace. It may with truth be said of them, that they arc the worst enemies, and the best friends of any people in the world. A SUPPLEMENT. 040 tribes the very idea i/nn. Vl^ l '** "^'^''' ^"'ong «omc young mon'^rrrarl at emoM, ' "'/^"'* /"^"^ abandoned of their womeninwllureof nn„r^ of sohctat.ons ; yet, the Indian married are notThe IcL 1?^^"?"',.^''^"^?"^ '^"^ ^'"''^ 'hey are -ho child,™ of ,ho ,,„«„„ ,„ ..i,„.„ .ifc.;*' .:ii "^ ■^""i' ''^ 1 he Indians can lorm to Ihcmselvos no idea of fh*. vnlno ^r thc^ cor^ider it, M-hcn they are n.a.le acqu;dn;:^S'ti: u^^' HS 1 s applied by other nations, as the soiree of innu.ne able evihTn It they attribute all the mischiefs tiiat arc prevalent amnnrr -uch as treachery, plundering, devast^rtiolirand ".uXr ° ''"°^'"""' 1 hey esteem it irrational, that one man should be possessed of « lar d.strd.ut.on of ,t, great numbers should be shut up withhi X dreary walls of a prison, cut off from society of which thev co s itm! a part, exceeds their belief; nor do they faif, on h a n. Ls .a^Tf 1;^" r'. ^IT '^'T "^ S"^^rnment related, to ch?u-ge thehstf nto.^ of .t ^^',di a total want of huManity, and to brand U em with the names ol savages, brutes. »^ ■ ' "" "'^"» wim IJiey show almost an equal degree of indifTerence for the produc- tions ot ar . When any of these are shown them, they say^' It is pretty I hke to look at it," and are not inquisitive aboutSnstru t.on Of. neither can they forn. proper conceptions of its use B^ 2°cHre wT " P'""' '"""^ ^•^'^ ^'-"^^ ^°'"^y' ''^ skilled in hnting ' «^n direc with unerring aim a gun, or bonds with ease a bow can dexterously work a canoe, understands the art of war. i« aequ^ mS 660 A 8UPPLEMKNT. with the situations of the country, and can make his way without a euido through nn immense loiest, subsisting during this on a small quantity of provinions, they are in ruptures; they will listen with great attention to the pleasing tale, and bestow the highest commendation on the hero of it. They make but very little use of physicians and medicine, and consequently they have but very lew diseases among them. T/'^^re is seldom an Indian but what blooms with the appearance ol health. They have no midwives among tbetii; and among several tribes the mother is without the assistance of any person being with her at the time of her dcjlivery, not even a iiniale atlindanee. , • . • Soon after the birth of a child, it is placed on, a board, which n covered with a skin stutU'd with soil moss: the child is laid on its back and tied to it. To these machines are tied strings, by which they han" them to branches of trees ; or, if they do not find trees handy, they" lean them against a stump or stone while they dress the deer or fish, or do any other doineslic business. In this position they are kept until they are several months old. When taken out they are suflered to go naked, and are daily bathed in cold water, which render them vigorous and active. The diseases nmnufacfured by the modern sons of dissipation, were; unknown by them. These hardy diseiple^^,, of heal'h do not hear ol the powerful and painful eloquence ol the gout, coiisumptioi), and the rest of the lon<4- catalogue of typhus diseases, which is preached to the votaries of Epicurus and Bacchus, when their repentance is too.kite. An Indian child is generally k(,-pt at the breast until it is two ycart old, and sometimes, though rarely, until three years. The Indians often occasion iiillammntory disease, by excessive eating, after a fast of three or four days, when retreating from or pursuing an enemy. The inequality of riches,«tho disappointment of ambition, and merciless oppressions, are.not with thL-m (>xciting causes of insanity. I made great inquiry, but was not able to learn that a single case of melanch !y or madness was ever known among them. The dreadful havoc that the small-pox has made, has necessarily been mentioned. . . ^■^■ The mode of curing a fever is by profuse perspiration, which is cflected by the patients being confined in a close tent or wigwam, over a hole in ihe earth, in which red hot stones are placed ; a quantity of hot water is then thrown upon the stones, which involves the patient in a cloud of vapors and swea^i in this situat\pn he A«4ghcs out, and plunges into a river of water, and from hence he retires into a warm bed. _ J They never think of giving medicine, until they have first mad« an attempt to remove the disease by sacrifices and prayer; and if th« patient recovers soon, it is attributed to the hqly management of the priest ; and if medicine is to be used as the last alternative, they never adrpinister it without its being accompanied with prayer, and a larg« quantity of meat, which they consume ori the fire for a sacrifice. A SUPPLEMENT. 501 the Indians inim .i '^ f. .utt^r '" ^'" ^'^V^" Virginia, that snmc eilcct. ° "c.utiuis possess a plant that produces the 'iii«y ml«-ir h.-u„l.s ,,.„;,S"' , ■' ^ "'"'■'• '"■'■■'■^l'i''g "1 Ihe samo lime 11.0 bark „r , , .' r, ,vo. , w ,"'" T""' 1'"' "'=''■ "^"■"l'' i" .l,l°C,t';„';r""" ''"™^ '""™'- '"•""' ■»-'" "-y gather i„ la,«!:tu;a:ou":"!,"= l"'"? •• °^ '''"y 'f - «■ •«■' »- their vil. Ihe win™. '"''■ "'" 1''"'=° "''"'•<= "«=y intend (o hunt during 10 l^l-n'.";'' "'" '''""■°'' *'°"" ' '■"'■ '" *« -oulh the Beaver, be.nn Dommber ho |.m.ui, „l-,hei,-";.„n,'""'"°' *'"""' '""""^ """^ ™'l''°y ""^ "■■>""> "> appearance tj,ey term, is coming (o life again. 553 A at'lM't.KMKNT. Thoy make no diviHion of wwikH, but days llidy coimt by «leop»; IwilftluyH, l»y iioiiitiiiif U) till! .sun at immui; and (|iiart(!rs, by the rimng and scltini( olthn sini; to express whicb in llieir traditions thoy nuikc use of very sinnilieant hii'roj^ly|»lii<"s. 'i'hf! Indians are totally iuiskill< d In f^eoorapliy as well an alt other jjcienc(!8; and yet they draw on their bireh bark very exact charts or nmps oi" tlie countries they are acciiiainted with. The latituck; and loni;itu(k! is only wantini;, to make them loleraiily coinphte. Their sole knowledge in astronomy consists in beiiii; ahh" to point out the pole star; by wlii(di ihi-y rej^ulate their course} when ihey tra- vel in {\iv ni;:;ht. * They reckon lh in their maps with jj;reat <-.\aclness, by tlie hieroglyphics just nyntioued, when they retrnlati' in council their war parties, or their most dislant hunt- ing tvxcursions. 'I'hev hav(> no idea ofarilhrnelic ; and though they are able to count any nundxa', li;j;m'es as well as letters apjw^ar nwslerious to them, atul abov(! their compreliension. l''A'ery separati' bcwly ol" Indians is dividcvl into bands or lril)es, wliiidi band or tribe liirms u liltle comuiunity with th(! nation to whicli it Ixilouifs. As the nation has some particular syudiol by which it is distiniiuislu;d fronj others, so each tribe has a badj^e iVorrj wliicdi it is denominated; as that of llm Magle, the ranllier, tlie Tij^cr, the Muf- lalo, iSic. l)n(! band is r(!presented by a Snake, another a Tortoise, a third a Squirrel, a lourth a Wolf, and a lilHi a Mutlido, Through- out every nation they |)articularize themselves in the same manner; and the meanest person iunong them will remen)l)er his lineal de- scent, and distin head of tlie stale. Besides the great warrior who is elected lor Ijis warlike (pialiiieations, there is another who enjoys a pre-eminence as his hereditary right, and has the more immediate management of their civil aliairs. This chief might with great [)ropriety be denominated their Sachem, whose flsmint i nllixes tl 'J'llOlJj latter in of neitlu • •ntertaii, fioiis of • ince off ( )n till to give c from 11 ( :>itantly n iminediat 'ijv(.ymic('8 fuiii Ircafics, t liitt i"liouj,'li llicM- Iwdn M' «ir ii.'itioii. ) l«» which hi- lt • cull •T in iiMUully d(!ii(.iniiijitc(| (J,,.;,. | si(lcr..<| „,s the h.ii(ls.,r(hc hanil, Mii.l tli of" neither civil i >"i" Miihlary sijlx.nlinalidi kiiiif, yet |||<; IndiiuiH arc scn.sihio Ah i!verv one of fhoi no..s ..I h.s I, K-rty, nil injunci.-ns llKu'cun ui,| ^Ti^'^Z <«» • ;"t l-usiNv.. c.n.man.l, arc instan.lv rcjc-.d wi.h Jrn." ' "' a «MHl that lie ihinky sncji a ilnii- nccc^sarv to bo done in ^-untly aronscs an <.n.ula.i..n nn.nn, .!,." inliri,. nn • a it 1 .; Mill |M.t ol II,. c.,niniaM(l is cva(lc »l.e legiale hiie. On the death of a chi-f, i,is sisl-.r's son ^oi " ■nu. snccce,ls In.n m ,.,vi;.rence ,o his nun soi. ; and if ho aCns i' havo, no sister, the nearest ILokHc .Ha.ion assumes the Sn^iv! I us acccjunls lor a uonian h<;in-, at l|,e head o|' tlio Winn-^haui^ na- lion, which, helo,v I was acquainted with their Inws. apiH.ared stran-.e Each (innily h.as a ri-lit to aj.point our- ..fjfs chi-./s to he an assist- ant ch.el, and without whose consent noihin-, „f a pni.lic nature' can bo earned ......xeculion. These are .eneralLv chosen li.r thd^d:!" ym speakn.o; and such onU an; permitted to make orations in ihoir councils and general ass.mhlies. ■ In this body, with the her(..ditary chief at its h< ad, i\u^ supreme nuthority appears to bo lodged ; as by its determination every trans-' potion relative to their hunting, to th.m- making war or peace, and to • U hoir public concerns, are rc.gulated. Nest to those' the body of U amors, winch c.omnrnl.pn,^!.. nil ..,1, „i.i_ x_ 1 , •', , arms, holds of the ail tneir i)uhli(! (.jiicerns, are regulated, ^'ext to those, the b warriors, which comprehends all who are able to boar arms, is rank. 1 his division has sometunes at its head the chiol' 'f Mi A HirpPLKMKNT. niiHoii, it* ho Ikih si^'imli/cd liiinscIC }iy iiiiy rf-ruiwucl nctioiv; if tvK,. Hdiiic chicllliiil hiis rfiulrrcd liiinscll" laiiidiis. Ill tlirir I'oiiiicilH, which itir hflil l»y the? rori'sjcninjr nirinlxirH, nvc-ry alliiir 1)1" ciiiHCfiiii-nci' i m (l.'li.ilcil ; Mini im ciiliTprisf of iIh' l.'usf irio- iiHiit iiiiilrrlukrii, iiiili'.ss ii ilicic imils with (hr ^'fiiniil n|>|>n»l)iili(»n oflht' ohii'lH. Thf'V ••Dimuniily MMsi'mhlc in a hut ur tmi !i|i|ir(i|iriiitni lo this purpnsc, nixl Immih; hi-uIcI in n circle on the i',r"'iitiil, tlic cldcMl chiti rises iiiiil iiiiilu-s m .s|Hcch ; whrii hi" lias tvuicjiulcil, another gutn n|), and thus ihcy M|M-al(, il'ni'ccs.saiy, hy turns. On thin Dccasioii their lani.niti'.iif; is ncrvuns, and their manner (if <'\|)reHsi()n rnipiiaticai. Their styii! is adorned with imaj-es, eoinpn- risons and stroiiir taphors, aud"i^ (M|ual in alleo;,,rieM to that oi'aiiy of the ("iistern iialion;. In all their set speeches they express tlieni- M'lvcs with innch veheniencc, hut in eominon discourse accordiiiL; to <»iir usual method of speech. The youii'.!, men are sutn-rcd to he present at the councils, ihouyh they (ire not allowed to make a specudi 'till they are reiriilarly aduiit. led; thoy however listen with ;iieat attention, and to show tliat tiiey hoth luiderstaiid and approve ol" the resolutions taken hy th(! usseni- ble(h-hiels, they lVe(piently exclaim, " That is rij-ht," " Tliat is yood." The oiKstomary mode anion;.; all ranks of expressiiii.i; their assent, jnid which they repeat at tin; end of almost every period, is hy utt(!r- iiij^- a kind of forcihlo aspinition, which sfieins like iin union of the Icttevs OAH, i)A\ci\«; i:\!'i\(i niKjM ri,i-.sii sri'i'.itsTirioiv-iiirNTiNCJ-i'ASTiNO- l»l!i:.\.MIN(i .\(.ll,ITV. Daiiciiiif is a liivorili; "excrciso among the Indians: tlK7 never meet on any puhlic occasion, hut this makes u part of the entertain- ment; and when they arc not eimaived in war or himtinjr, ti»o youth of hoth sexes amuses thi'iuselves in this manni'r every (^v(;nin<'. They always dance, as I havi; just observed, nt'their leasts. In thost! as well as other dances, every man ristvs in iiis turn, and moves about witli _i!,reat freedom and boldness; siniring as Ik; does so, the exploits of liis ancestors. During this the comiiany, who arc seated on tlie groimd in a circle around the dancer, join with iiim in inakin^r the cadence, by an odd tunc, which they utter ail together, and which sounds, " Il(>h, heh, heh." These notes, if thoy miyht he so termed, are articulated with a harsh accent, and strrinod 'mj{ with the it>rj.sl li)rce of their lungs ; so that oik; would i 'i'liic ihf,a strength must soon be exhausted by it ; iiisti'ad of which, tiicy rejjeat it with the same violence during the whole of the cMitertninment, The women, particularly thost! of the; western nations, dance very gracefully. Thoy carry themselves erect, and with their arms hang- ing down close to their sid(>s, move first a lew yards to the right, and hen bnck again to the leil. This movement they perform without tn'-iiig any stops as an American would do, but with their feet con- A •UlTMeMRNT. ioiiWMl, movinnr by Jurnn tkir toon and Uts-h. In tl «l l*'t th •In with ^rr,.m H^i|i(y ,„ „ ,.,.r(uiii ,|i^,. <«! I)ain;«', and IIk; J)a |«! ( "uliuiK't iJaiic.., ihi; War Dance, th<; Mar- c'vcry one of these !"•<' ol' the Sacrilice. The are di.s.similar ; hut it i.s almost voy any idm ol'tlK! |)oinl.s in which tl movements of mpoHsihIo lo con- Dill •rent naliotiN lik(!wi.s(! vary in tl K-y are unlilu; K'ir manner ol" danciii'r. Th /.!•. ,, , , ;•/ ■■■ ^••'•' "I'oiiier Ol (lanciii''. J i«; <- h.|.,.eway thn.w themselves u.lo a greater variety of attitudes than nny other peoplo; Homet.mos th.y hold their h.ads erect, at others hoy l>end Ihein almost lo the .round ; then reclino on on^ nide, and < -"nediately on the other. Other, carry llu-mselves more uuri" It, »te|, lirnxT and move more gracerully ,• hut they all accompany then' dnnns with (he d.sajrtreaide noise just menti..ned. ' * llK^I'ipe Dance IS th<- piin.ij.al and most |.|ea.sinei„. tho least rraiiti,-, and the movement of' U mZ ^™.|ul. It IS hut on particular occasions that it is used : as when ambassadors from an eiuiuy arriv.' to treat of ,«;,«;,., or when Htran. gers ol (!miiienc(! pass throu-^h their territories. The War Danes which I hey use hoth helore they sot out on their war parias, and ,>ii li.eir rcluin from them, strikes tc-rror into strau- jrers It is perlormcl, as others, amidst a circl,; of the warriors: a «iiic o<;Me,ally l,etr,ns it, who moves Irom the ri^ht to the lolLsinuini/ at the same tune both his own exploits and those of his ancestors When he has conclude.l his account of any memorable uction, he .ilives a VK.Ieut blow with bis war club, auain^t a post tlmt is iixed in liie M'-ounil, nciir lh<4centie ol' Ihe assembly, Ibr this purpose. J'.very one dances in bis tu;n, and recapitulates the wonderous deeds ol bis- lamily, fill ibey all at last join in the dance. Then it b-comes truly alarmm- t<. any stnmtrc,. ,h,u happc'iia to be amoncr Ibem, as they throw tluMnselves into every horrible and t.irrilyinu I'ostun^ that can be imagined, reh.'arsing at the same time the parts they expect to act a^^'amst their en<;mies in the field. Diirin-' this n tliey arc afraid of any iul(!ctions distf-mper, they kill^ a dog, and winding the guts about tw(j poles, pass between I hem. These customs, in which they arc nearly imitated by the In- dians, seem to add strength to my supposition, that America was firsl |)Copled from this quarter. " I know not," says a traveller amongst them, " under what class ofdanccs to rank that perflirmed by th(> Indians who came to my tent when I landed nciir I'-'kc Pepin, "on the banks of the Mississippi. When I looked out, as I there mentioned, 1 saw about twenty nakeil young Indians, the most perii>ct in (heir shape, and by far the hand- somest of any I had ever se-.-n, coming towards mo, aiid dancinu'. as Ihey approached, to the music ol'their drums. At every ten or twelvi yards they halted, and set up their ycHs and cri(>s. "When they reached my tent. Tasked them to come in; which, without deigning to umkc. me any answer, tliey did. As 1 observed that they were painted red and black, as Ihey u"sually are when thev go against an enemy, and [lerceived that snim; parts of the war dance was intermixed with (heir other movements, 1 doubted not but they were set on by the inin)ical chief who had refused my salutation: "i rhoreli)re r(>solv(!d to sell my liie as dear as possible.' To this pur- pose, I Pcceived them sitting on my chi.-st, with mv gun and pistols beside me, anj ortK-rcd my men to ke<^j) a watcli(lir<"ye on then), antl Lkj also upon their guard. « _ "The Indians being entered, they continued their dance alternately, smgmg iit the same lime of their "heroic e\pk)its, and the superiority of their race over every people. To r more tumultuous on any occasion. "When they had nearly ended their dance, I presented to tiiein the pipe of peace, but they would not receive it. I then, as my last resource, thought I would try what presents would do; accordin-'v. A SUPPLEMENT. 667 I took n-orn my chest some ribands and trinkets, which I laid before ^r:^J!:x;^::^:;z^^^ r^.^o -e. :: they sat down or. tiy.!; d wn h 'li^r^r'''"'"/^'^"'^^'"' ,H„en. o'oi'JiLi, Winch 1 considered as a favorable •nd . h "^."'>' """■'• "'«fK.n who happened to lid! ih wilh'them inAi "t' ho'I: "^''r' "^'^"''^'''.'^ ""^ so deiu,minated 'Von. their oflor- nee to wfiu I the Naudowcssies oiv<- that title, Irom bein-v ,,^n.l when any pubhc lortunate circumstance befids them. wkt T^ iiiddle o tlH.ir encamnment, which tiicv soon dest.-oyed As tht hnppened just a, (he new n.oon, they esfe;.med it a ueky omen- and hav.n^ roasled it whok>, every one in the c.unp nartool^of '^W what Ola ,eho,...is natm-e, termed a danc<3 of the saciHce."* .//^rt^///^' IS the principal occ.ipalioa of ll.e Indian- • thev arc nuncd ,., ,t Ir,^ tl.ir youth, an.i 'it is an exc-cise wl ic . is ^ 4^d ". i.-ss honorable ihau necessa.-y towani their subsistence. -Wlex enKjs .md resoh.le hnnu. is held in nea. ly as great ^n^atb. ;: them as a distmnuishcl warrio.-. Scarcely auy device which ihl ."?.nu,ry of man has diseovcvd for ensnann. or le^ ;;^n ' hose an;.a,st.u.^^^^ When they are cn^agcrl in this e.xcvise, mv.y shake olf the indo- "■^K.e pecuKtr to tlu.r nature, and bccMue active, pcrseve.i^,r " d HK e!at,.abk.. They are e.ua'ly sagacious in lindmi thci n cy' Mljc.ne.ms .h.y use to destroy it. They discern^he tbSps of ■^ Ua.t they are m purMMt ol, al(h<,u,h they are imperceptible to pal iX:s;:,:;2 '■'""' "^" '""" '"'" ''''' ^^'•''^'"^>' '''-4h *;;.!; The beasts )h;U (he Indians hunt, both (or their flesh, on which h<^ subsist and for tu-i,- skins, of which they ei.her make thei, ;;;; pn.d ,„ ba,-terw,th I he Europeans for uecessa.-ies, are the bufDdi, ••:«. deer, li.onse, carribuo, bear, beaver, otter, martin, &c. I defer ♦ Sec Dr. Ifubbard's Compilation ofl[..diati History. lit 568 A SUPPLEMENT. givinfT a description of these aiiiniala here, and shall only, at present, treat of the manner of hunting tliein. The route they shall take lor this purpose, and the parties that shall go on the different expeditions, are fixed in their general coun- cils, which arc held some time in the summer, when all the operations lor the ensuing winter are concluded on. The chief warrior, whose province it is to regulate their proceedings on this occasion, with groat solemnity issues out an invitation to those who choose to attend him ; for the Indians, as before observed, acluiowledge no superiority, nor have they any idea of compulsion ; and every one that accepts it, prepares himself by liisling during severni days. The Indians do not iiist, as some other nations do, on the richest and most luxurious food, but they totally abstain from every kind, either of victuals or drink; and such is their patience and resolution, that the most extreme thirst could not oblige; tlicm to taste a drop of water ; yet amidst this severe abstinence they appear cheerful and happy. The reasons they give for thus fasting, arc, that it enables them freely to dream, in which dreams they are informed where they shall find the greatest plenty of game?; also, that it averts the displeasure of the evil spirits, and induces them to be propitious. They also on these occasions blacken those parts oi' their bodies that are uncovered. The fast being ended, and the place of huniing made known, the chief who is to conduct them gives a grand least to those who are to form the different parties ; of which none of them dare to partake until Ihey have bathed themselves. At I Ids feast, notwithstanding they have iiislcd so long, they eat with great moderation ; and the chief that presides employs himself in rehearsing the leats of those who ha^e tiecn most succcssfid in the business they are about to enter upon. They soon aihn' set out on the march towards the place ap- pointed, painted or rather bedaubed with black, amidst the acclama- tions of all the peoplo. It is impossible to describe their agility or perseverance, whilst tlioy are in pursuit of their [)rey ; iieillicr thickets, ditches, torrents, pool.-;, or rivers Hto[) them; they always go straight forward in the most direct line they possibly can, and tln'i'e are lew of the savage inhabi- tants of the woods that they cannot overtake. When they hunt fitr bears, they endeavor to find out their retreats; fur during the winter, tbesi; animals conceal themselves in the hollow trunks of trees, or make themselves holes in the ground, where the\ continue with food, whilst the severe weather lasfs. When the Indians -think they have arrived at a place where the-.e animals usually hiunit, they form themselves inlo a circle according to their number, and moving on\vard, endeavor, as they advance tn- wards the centre, to discover the retreats of their prey. Uy this means, if any lifi in the inIiM'mediat(! space, they are sin'c of arousing and bringing them down, either with their bows or their guns. Th:' bear* will take to fhsrht at slight of a man or a dou', and will uiiK '';:f;7 ., ' j!» ? .!. ALL ' wj ^ }\ A Siri'PLKMKNT. 569 make resistance when tliey arc extremely liungry, or after they arc- TJu; Indian method of hunlinir the h.dlhlo is hy (ormin-r a circle or .1 square nearly m the san.c nMnncr as when' thev search lor the bear lavn.g tnkcn the.r dillerent stations, they set U.<3 grass, which at this time ,.s rank and ,lry, on lire, and iIk'sc animals, who are ex- t erne ly ic-arlul ol that elcn.ent, fiyino- ..th precipitation helbre it, gieat numbers are henuucd m a small compass, and scarcely a sin-le one escapes. •^ ^ They have dilierent ways of hunting the elk, iho d.'er, and the carnboo. Sometimes they seek them out in the woods, to whicii thev retu-e during the severity of the cold, where they are easily shot from behind tiuMrees. In the more northern climates they take the ad- vantage ol the weathrr to destroy the elk ; when the sun has just ■slrc.igih enough to melt the snow, and tin; iVost in the night forms a kmd - a crust on thesurlace, this animal being heavy, breaks it with his worked hools ai.d with dilTicidly extricates himself from it ; at this tnne, therelore, he is soon overtaken and destroyed Some nations have a method of hunting these 'animals which is •jioie easily executed, and free from danger. The hunting party divide themselves into two bands, aiul choosing a spot near The hol- ders ol some river one party embarks on board their canoes, whilst the o her lorming themselves into a semicircle on the land, the flanks ol which reach the shore, let loose their dogs, and by this means rouse all the game that lies within these bounds; they then drive them towards the river, into which they no sooner enter, than the greatest part of them are immediately despatched by those who re- main m the canoes. Both the elk and biiffalo arc very furious %shen they are woended and vvill turn fiercely on their pursuers, and trample them under their leet if the hunter finds no means to complete their destruction, or does not seek for security in flight to some .idjacent tree; by this method they are frequently avoided, and so tired with pursuit, that they volun- tarily give.it over. But the hunting in which the Indians, particularly those Vho inha- l)it the northern parts, chiefly cmpl.jy themselves, and from which they reap the greatest advantage, is the beaver hunting. The season for this IS throughout the whole of th(j winter, frcjin November to April ; during which time the flir of these animals is in the ^ivatest perfection. A description of this extraordiiiary animal, the construc- tion of their huts, and the regulations of their almost rational commu- nity, I shall give in another i)lace. The hunters make use of several methods to destroy thorn. Those generally practised, are either that (jf taking them in snares, cuttin<> throiigli the ice, or opening their causeways. ° As the eyes of these animals are very euick, and their hearing exceedingly acute, great i)reeantioii is necessary in ai)proaehing their bodies; for as they seldom go far from the water, and their hous°>s are always built close to the side of some large river or lake, or dams of if .» Ill \ lii ;r :il: ij 06U A sij|'i'i,|.;.ui:NT, thoir own c est part ol'llu^ water, and dive iiiiiucdiatrlv to tlir hnUnti onstriictiun, U|i()ii tlio UjmsI, ulann they haslcii to tlio (lecp- tliis, they muko u j^rcaf as thcv do uoisc l)y iK'aiiiiii tlKi water with tluir tails, on |)iir|)os(^ to put llie wlioli; fnitornity on iheir j^Miard. They talu! Iheiii witli snares in the IblloWnli'' inanntn-. 'l'lioM<>h the I)cavers usually lay up n suHicicnl store ol" piovisions to serve; lor Iheir subsistence during Ihe winter, they make iVoiii time to time uxcur- sions to the n(iinhl)orin excessively sharp and sIimum. The Indians tak(> o-real care : . binder iheir do^s I'lX)!!! touchinir tho bones of the beavers. The ivaM.ns they oive Ib'r these; precautTons, are, lirst, that the Ix.iies are so . .\cessively haril, Ihey spoil the teeth ol" the dons; and secondly, ihex are apprehensive thiil thev shall so e.\asper;ite the spirits of the beavers b\ this permission, as'to reiuk'r ihe next hunting,' season unsuccessml. _ Whrn the Indian.. (k'stiM_\ biiii.-iio. elk, (k'cr, \-c., they generally divide Ihelkish of such as they have laken among the tribe'to which they bek)iig. lim in hunting the beaver, a lew liimilies usually unite and divide the spoil aiuong them. JiKk-ed, in Ihe lirst iiisttuice they generally |iay some atii'iifion in the division to their own liunilies; hut no jealousies or murmurings are ever' known to arise on accounfor any apparent jtartiality. Among the iNaudowessies, if a person. ^^hoots a deer, butlalo, &c., and It runs a coiisidi'rahk; dislance before it drops, where a person belonging to miolh(u- tribe, being nearer, lirst sticks a knili; into it, the game is coiisiden d as the properly of the latter, notwithstandin<[' iheir neighbors. TIk lileas oi the lormer arc in i>;eneral, liowever, more rational and just than such as are l)roiit;hl by Kuropeans in vindication of their proceedings. ""le extension of empire is seldom a motive witli tiiese p(>op|e \, '1 mvade and to commit depredations on the territories of tlidso win liappen to dwell near them. To secure the ri'/hts of 1 luiitmv within l)arlicular limits, to mainlam the liberty of passino- throuub their ac- customed tracts, and to guard those lands which iht^y consider IVodi fi lonif tenure as their own, airainst any infrinnvment," are iIk^ i';enrn'al causes of those dissensions that sooft<'n break out lK;tween tin; Indian nalions, and which are carried on with so n^:li animosity. Thoiuvh straiiL';ers to the itlea ofseparal(> |^)erly,yet the most un- cultivated amonjf them iir(> well ae(|iiaiiited with the rights of the communily to the domains they possess, and oppose with vigor everv encroachmenl on them. Xotwilbstanding it is nrnerally supposed, tliaf from their territories being so iwleiisive, the l)ouii(l;iries of them (cannot be ascertained, yet [ am w(>ll assured that the limits ol' each nation in the inleriur parts arc laid down in tli<'ir r(i(k> plans wilii great .precision. I5y theirs, as I liavt! just observed, was 1 enabled to regulate mv own ; and after the most exact obs(M'vations and imiuiries, I Ibund biit v(>ry l!'W instauci^r in wliich th('y erred. J)Ut inten^t is not either the most frequenter most !)owerful incen- tive to their making war on each other. The passion of revenge, which is the distinguisi>ing characteristic of thes(! people, is the most general mofiv<\ Injuries are felt by them with ex(piisite sensibility, and vengeance pursued with unreyiitied ardor. To this mav !)e added that natural excitation which every Indian is sensible of a«t soon as lie a[)proaehes the age of manhood, to give proof of his valor and [irowess. As they are easily possessed with, a notion tiiat war oiiidit to be the chief business of their lives, that there is nothing more desirable than the reputation ol" being a great warrior, and that the scalps of Iheir enemies, or a number of prismers arc; alone lo be esteemed valuable, it is not to be wondered at that the young Indians are eontiniiallv reetlc?s and uneasy if their ardor is repressed, and they are kept iii I A SnpPLEMi;NT. r,fi3 ll.e gt.„„, ,vl,o urc ll,o s„„„li„„„ „,■ „„, ,,„„„* i„„, ,.^ ' '"5', n„ii devour tl,oscj jv wi.ar, 11,0V wcT,. d-ri,i «„ ,, '<<-' ,,a go '"'.^ . •'•'"U ycur facets, (ill y„ur .,uivo,vs, ca.u.o tl,. lb J trroso md Sir™;^;;,^^'''^ ^'^^ "'-"^ '"• ^"^ '-'^ -" -" ^^-^w a tf.'n'r'f ''y/''^^«^"^''7'^ti«»S the warriors snatch their arms ii. a tian^port of (my sn,.- ,hn son^.- oC war, a.id l,„rn wilh iinpalicncc to imbrue Ihcir hamls i„ the hlood oC their c-ncuiies. ""P'l"^"^^ ^omctuues private .diieCs a.s.son.l,!c small parties and make rxour l^ons a,a,nst those wuh whon. thoy am at\var, or suclw^ W " jured I.em. A single vvarrior, pn.n.pl.nl hy rev<.noo, or a < c kc "o showl.,s prowess wdl tnrch unattended Several nuuh-ed mi es to .surprise and eut oflu strairoliucr party. ' These irregidar sallies; however, are not always approved of i,v the eider ehu:ls, thou,,h thny are ofton obliged to connive at tfln! ^ l>ut when a uar is national, and undertaken hy the communitv their d,.>liberations are fi>nnal and slow. The ekJers assern le fn wh ue he> de.iver their opinions m solemn speeches, weicd.inrr with maturity the nature oCiho enterprise they are ihout ij an<^^.n^ and ''n"Sl^;;m t"' "="'^ ''' '''""^Sos or inconv.;^iience;;;:S Their priests are also consulted on the sutfject, and oven, some- times the advice o( the most intelligent of their women is asked I( the determination be for war, tjiey prepare for it without much The chief warrior of a nation does not on all occasions head tho war i)arty himself ; he Crc.piei.lly d<.pu(es a warrior of wfiosc valor and prud^niee he has a good opinion. ^I'hc person then fixed on iie- u.g first Ijedaubcd with black, observes a fast of several days, durin- which he invokes the Great Spirit, or deprecates the an^cr of the anloup, holding while it lasts no converse with any of liis°ribe ^ lie IS particularly careful at the same time to ol^serve his dreams .or on these do they suppose their success will in a great measure •lopcnd,- and from the firm persuasion every Indiaii, actuated by his i«! .10'J A StrPPIiEMrRKTT. own prosumptuous lhonn'ativc expression ; notvyithstanding they sometimes devour the hearts of those they slay, and driidv I he blood, by way of bravado, or to gratify in a more complete manner their revenge. The chief is now washed from' his sable covering, annointcd with bear's fat, and painted with their red paint, in such figures as will make him appear most terrible to his enemies. Me then sings the war song, and enumerates his warlike acyons. Having done this he fixes his eyes on the sun, and pays his adoration to the Great Sjnrit, in which he is iiccompanied by all the warriors. This ceremony is followed with dances, such as I have before de- scribed ; and the whole conciludes with a (cast which usually consists of dog's flesh. This feast is held in the hut or tent of the chief wairior, to whi- all those who intend to accompany him in his expedition send their dishes to befdlcd; and during the (east, notwithstanding ho has fasted so long, he sits composedly with his pijio in his mouth, and recounts the valorous deeds of his lamily. As the hopes of having their wounds, should they receive any, pro- perly treated, and expeditiously cured, must bo some ;i(ldi|bnal in- ducement to the warriors to expose themselves more freely to danger, the priests, who are also their doctors, prepare such medicines as will prove efficacious. With great ceremony they carry various roots and plants, and pretend that tlicy impart to Uiem the power of healing. Notwithstanding this superstiiious method of proceeding, it is very certaift that they have acquired a knowledge of many plants and A 8UPPLKMENT. 56A .Wmvof-'lr ''^^'•«^'^'";i••»."f «"Sa«ing in war is taken, to the < epartino „ d,,, warn.,r.s, lh„ „„,|,ts an; spout in festivity, and their 'lays in mal^'''«f-wa.npu,n,on which is^pecified with' ' . '■', "7 '" ''""'•"^"^•^' '-'vry .mtion is acquainted ^^1 h. At ,h.. sa.nc t,M.c ho carries with hi.n a hatchet painted red. As soon as he reaches iho camp „r villa^., to which he is destined ho acquaints the chu-Cof the tril... with .he^,cneral tenor of his ^1 h ds,l, r ,"';•'•"' hav.nir laid the hatchet on the j^round, he of ton s': '"^ >"';'.' -"'-'-■;^ more .ninntely into ti?o occa'sion ha ch and as soon as he has finished speakin,, dchvors the biit. chief e, (•"'■' ; '"■""';^ '" '"'■'""^' 'U'xili.ries to his nation, a chict st<>ps ..rward an.! tak.'s up the hatchet, and they imme.liatelv espouse, w„h sp,r.t, ,he cause they have thu^ en^a-.^J to s ^o f But .(, on this app.calion, neither the belt n(,r hatchCt are accepted he ermssary conch.des that the people whose assistance he sol cUs,' have already entered n,to an alliance with the foes of his nation and returns w.th speed to inform his count rv.nen of his ill sucee.i.. is hv tn r ""''■ '"i "■*''"'' 1'"' ''"''"'•' '''^'•'■■'"^ ''"' ^^^'-'''i^t each other, icd, to the n/|fiou which they u„end to break with; and the men- sen,,er, uotw.thstaudiu, the danger to which he is ex ,oscd om the u hk>n luryol those whou. he thus sets at deliance, executes his com mission with great fuk'Hty. Sometim,.s this token of defiance has such an instantaneous effect on those to uhnni ,t ,s presented, that in the first transports of their u.y,as.nal party will issue ll.nh, without waiting for the permis- sion of the el.l,.,- H.iels, au.l slaying the first of the ofK-ndiiK- nation loy mcvt, .-uf open the body and stick a hatchet of the sam.rkii.d as .ba. they just received, into tli-- heart of the slaughtered foe. Amon" ;';:'"".'•'' '•'•."1""; "•';'"-^ tl'i- i^ 'loi.o with an arrow or spear, the en.l o? l>'oh :s painted red And the more to exasperate, ihey .lisineu.ber '"'• l'o,iy, to show that they esteem tliem not as men, but as old women. The [ndians seldom take the Held in lari-e bodies, as siirb numbers would re,,„ire a greater degree of industry to provide for their sub- sistence, during their tedious marches throuuh rlreary fi)rests, or lon disttuKM! iVoni the war-pal li, they are sure to arrive at the place of rendezvous by the hour n|)[)oiute(i. Thoy always pitch their tents lonii; bciore sunset; and being natu- rally presumptuous, take very little; care to jjuard against a surprise. Thoy place great confidence in their iManitoiis, or houseliold gods, which thoy carry with th"ni; and being persuadcul that they take ui>on Iheni the oifice of sentinels, they sleep very securely under their protection. These Manitous, ns they are cdled by some nations, but which are termed VVakons, that is spirits, by the Naudowessies, are nothing more than the otter and martin skins I have already described ; for which, however, thoy have a great veneration. Alter they have enfinvd the enemy's country, no pcjople can be more cautious and circumspect; fu'cs are no longer lighted, no more shouting is heard, nor the game any longer pursued. They are not even j)ermittcd to speak, ])ut must convey whatever they have to im- port to each other by signs and motions. They now proceed wholly by strat;ig('m and ambuscade. Having discovered their enemies, they send to reconnoitre them; and a coun- cil is immediately held, during which they speak only in whispers, to consider of the intelligence imparted by those who wore sent out. The attack is generally made just belbre day-break, at which period they suppose their iiies to be in the souiwk'st sleep. Throughout the whole of the preceding night they will lie Hat upon their laces, with- out stirring, and make their approaches in the same posture, creeping upon their hands and feet till they arrive within bow-shot of tliose they have destined to destruction. " On a signal given by the chief warrior, to which the whole body makes answer by tlie most hideous yells, they all start up, and, discharging their arrows in tlie same in- stant, without giving their adversaries tiun- to recover from the confu- sion into which thoy are throwii, pour in upon them witii their war- clubs or tomahawks. The Indians think there is little glory to be acquiix>d from attack- ing their enemi(;s openly in the field; their greatest pride is to sur- prise and destroy. Tliey seldom (Migage without a manifest appear- ance of advantage. ii' ihey find the enemy on their guard, too strongly entrenched, or superior in numlnirs, they retire, provided there is an opportunity of doing so. And they esteem it the; greatest qualiilcation of a chief warrior, to bo able to manage an attai-k, so as to destroy as many of the enemy as possible, at the expense of a few men. When the Indians succeed in their silent approaches, and are able to force the camp which they attack, a scene of horror that exceeds description ensues. The savage fierceness of the conquerors, and tho desperation of tho conquered, wlio well know what they have to A SUPPLEMENT. 567 ox,>oct shoiiM they fall alive into (ho hands of their assailants occasicm the .nast extraordinary exerti„n.s .m hulh sides. The il f es ,,? thS x,n,batauts al hesmearcl ui,h l.laek and red paint, and Cr, Ji^ |ha Indians are negli,,;nt in gnardin, a,,:;;:::t s^ s "y ,ueS ;i:^;x;^-::tof:at;:-s exerUctri'^n't/^^'^ "" "^■^"" ^'^ ^--"^'^ -- ^hcc extraordlnar]; dournT /i' "^ '""" '"'"'"."'""' ^" """'"y' «"^' ^i^'ory is no longer •dou tin , he conquerors rtrst despatch all sueh as they thinl hev t take" '^" '^""'^ "'^ "''^"^' ^"--^ ^^-l^'^' «nJ tlfen e deltj ake as many prisoners as possible; aller this they return to scX those who are ether dead, or too n.uch wounded to be talcen with of U.!.i?ii; ^'7!T' ''I'^f '' <^-v-^«o^ingIy expert. They seize the head oi then- hsabiod or dead enemy, and, r)lacin OfH A bUJ'fl.KMKNT. overtaken, ihey first dtisputcli and Nt-al|) tlicir priisoucrs, {tiid then (l^vidin;.^, carh endeavors t(» regain lii.s native country by u ddli'rent route. 'I'liis |jr(;vents all fiirtlier |)ur.suit; fi)r their pursutM's ni>w dr. »|miring, either oi' gratiiyinj,^ their nsvenge, or ndea.siu!^' tliu.se of their lri great<'st expedition to reach a conn- try where they may h(! jKrliictly secure ; and that their wounded com- [)anions may not retard their (lii^ht, lliey carry tliem hy turns iti litters, or if it is in the winter sca.son, draw tliem (ju" sledges. I ho jjrisoners, during their nmrcdi, are guarded witii the j^realest care. During tli^- day, if the journey is over land, th(>y are always hold hy some of the victorious party ; if hy water, they are fastened to tlie canoo. In the night time they are stretched along the ground quite naked, with thcMr logs, arms, and neck fastened to hooks fixed in the ground. I'esides tliis, cords are tied to their arms, or legs, which arc held hy nn Indian, who instantly awakes at the least mo- tion of them. During their inartdi they oblige their prisoners to sing their death- song, whi(di generally consists of these or similar sentences : " I am going to die, I am about to sutler; but I will bear the Kev(;rest tortures my enemies can inflict, with becoming fortitude. I will die like a brave man; and I shall then go to join the cljicfa who have suffered on the same account." These songs are continu(;d witli necessary intervals, until ^hey reach the village or camp to which they ur« going. When the warriors have arrived witliin liearing, they set up difij'r- cnt cries, which comimuiicat(; to iheir friends a general history of the success of the expedition. The number of the dead-cries they oive, declare how many of their own party are lost; a>'d the; number of warwhoops, the numljer of prisoners tliey have taken. It is dillicult to describe these cries; but the best idea I can convey of them is, that the former consists of th;; souikIs whoo. whoo, whorjp, which is conljuued in a long shrill lone, nearly till the breath is exhausted, and then broken off with a sudden elevation of the voice. The latter is a loud cry, of much the same kind, which is modulated into notes by the hand being placed before iIk; moulli. Both of them might be heard to a very considerable distances. Whilst these arc uttering, the persons to whom tliey are deslnncd lo^ convoy the intelligence, continue motionless and all attention. When this ceremony is peribrmcd, the whole village issue out to learn the particulars of the relation they have just heard in general terms; and accordingly as the news proves iiKiurnful or the contrary, they answer by so many acclamations or cries of lamentation. Being by this time arrived at the village or camp, the M-oincn and childreii arm themselves with sticks and' bludgeons, and form them- selves into two ranks, through which the prisoners are obliged to j^ass. The treatment they undergo before they reach tlic extremily of the line is very severe. Sometimes t|.i- y arc so beaten over the head and A iUlTLEMKNT. M0 luc ns to have smrcoly any ronmins of lilo; an.l f.ai.py vvr.ul.l it be or th,,„ ,, by tl.Ks usagn an .nd was put t.. Ih.ir w. 'td.-.l bol^ Hut b.Mr tonneutors take cure that none ..I'thr blows tbcy -'ivo pn.vc Tcrnnnictionsf '" "' "'""'" ''"' '"''^'■"'''' '''^^''''''' '"" •"^"•" «''" Allcr having uiuhv<;nm this iu^.ruih.oiory disciphiio, th.^y aro bound lUcuimu.-d. J hoso who aro dw-nrd to be put to drath, by the usual tonncnts, arc dchvored to the chief of the warriors; «uch as arc to -pared are g.ven into the hands of the ,.hi,.f of the nation; so tha n a hort tnnu« all thcpr.soners nmy be assured of (b.,.ir fate.as the se . tcnce now pronounced ,s irrevocable. The Ibnner they term beh.L. cons.nncl to the house of death, the latter to the house ui' .raL. huch captives as are pretty far a.lvan.-cd in lilJ., and havT- acquired Cs i, I ^1 r^"'"'''^^ deeds, always atone for the blood they knom V t^ I'i '■'"''"•'; "' ""^' '"■"■ '^''"'''- ^"^^^^'^ i» ^"•' '^' ••-''lily legible to the Indians as letters to Americans. . 1 ho manner in which these hier(.^lyphics are made, is by breaking the «k.n with the teeth of a lish, or sharpened flints, dipped in a kind of ink HKule of the soot of pitch pine. Like those of a'ncie.rt Picts of Hn am, these are esteemed ornamental ; and at the same time they ae. c as n-gisters of the heroic actions of the warrior, who thus bears alxMit him indelible marks of his valor. The pris.HHTs destined to death are soon led to tiie place of cxecu- ion, which IS generally in the centre of the camp or village; whore PlKMug sfript, and every part of their bodies blackened, the skin of a crow or raven is fixed on their h..ads. They are then bound to a stake, will, faggots lieaped around them, and obliged, for the last time to sing llieir death song. The warriors, for such only it is who commonly suiter this punisli- incnt, now perform in a more prolix manner this sad solemnity i hey recount with an audible voice all the brave actions they have performed, and prirle themsr.lvcs in the number of enemies they have Killed In this n.hearsal tliciy spare not even their tormentors, but strive by every provoking tale they can invent, to irritate and i-isult thorn. Sometimes this has the de-sired elK-ct, and the suflerers are tlesjKitciied s(Jonor than they otherwise would have been. There are many oth(;r methods which the Indians make use of to put their prisoners 1,) deafh ; but llicse arc only occasional ; that (,f burnuig is most geiieially used. This method of tormenting their enemies is considered by the In- 'iiaiis as productive of more than one betielicial consequence. Jt sadates. Ill a greater degree, that diabolical lust of niveiige, which is tlic predominant passion in the breast of every individual of every fribo; and it gives the growing warriors an early propensity to that cruelty and Hurst of l)Iood, which is so necessary a (jualllieation lor such as would bo thoroughly skilled in their savaue art of^ar. AotwitlistaiKling these acts of severity exercised bv the- Indiana 4 570 A SUPPLEMENT. towards those of their own species, who fall into their hands, some tribes of them have been very remarkable for their moderation to such fonialc prisoners, belonging to the English colonies, as have happened to be taken by them. Women of great beauty have fre- quenfly been carried off by them, and during a march of three or four Jiundred miles through their retired forests, have lain by their sides without receiving any insult, and their chastity has remained invio- late. Instances have happened, where female captives, who have been pregnant at the time of their being taken, have found the pancrs m child-bn-th come upon them in the midst of solitary woods, and sa- vages their only companions; yet from these savages as they were, have they received every assistance their situation woidd admit of and been treated with;a degree of delicacy and liumanity they little Those prisoners that are consigned to the house of grace, and these are commonly the young men, women, and children, await the dispo- sal of the chiefs, who, after the execution of such as are condemned to die, hold a council for this purpose. A herald is sent round the village or camp, to give notice that such as have lost any relative in the late expedition are desired to attend the ..jsfnbution, which is about to take place. Those women who have lost their sons or husbands, are generally satisfied in the first place ; after these, such as have been deprived of friends of a more remote degree of consanguinity, or who choose to adopt some of the youth. The division being made, which is done, as in other cases, without the least dispute, those who have received any share, lead them to • their tents or huts; and having unbound them, wash and dress their wounds, if they happen to have any ; they then clothe them, and m\e the most comlortable and re[rcshing food their store will afford. ° Whilst their new domestics arc feeding, they endeavor to admin- ister consolation to them; they tell them that as they are rcdopmed from death, they must now bo clicerCul and happy ; and if they serve them well without murmuring or repining, nothing shall be waiitino- to make them such atonement lor the loss ol' their country and friends as circumstances will allow. ' If any men arc spared, they arc commonly civcn to the widows that have lost their husbands by the hands oflhe^'nemv, should there 1)0 any such ; to whom, if fhey Imppen to prove norccable, they are soon married. But should the dame be otherwise" en which ho is gone. ' \Vhen this is the case, a number of young men t;ike the d(-vo!e(l captive to some distance, and despaldi him without any ceremony : after he has been spared by the council, (hey consi.ieV him of too ittle consenuenco to be cntill.Kl to the lorments of those who have been judgeff worthy of tin ni. 'I'he Nyjinen are usually distributed to the men, from whom they do A SUPPLEMENT. 571 not fail of meeting with a favorable rccrntion. 'I'he bovs and mrh are taken into the families of such as have need of them, and are con- sidered as slaves ; and it is not uncommon that they are sold in the same capacity to the American traders who come amon.r th,.,,,. Ihe ndians have no idea of moderating the ravage";, of war, bv sparing their prisoners, and entering into a qegotiation with the band from whom they have been taken for an e.^.hange. All that are captivated by both parties, are either put to ,Ieath,^l.dopted, or made slaves ol. And so particular is every nation in this respect, that if any tribe, even a warrior, should be taken |.r:soner, and by Vhance be received into the house of grace, either as an adopted person or^ slave, and should afterwards make his escane,.fhey vvill by no means receive h.m, or acknowledge him as one of th(.ir iLd insf ,L7"'^'''r ''[•,?"'' '■-'. '''■' '•^^"•'^"^' '""^^'"^ ""t in any one instance irom the children ol the nation to which they belon-. Thev assume all the rights of those whose places they supply,\nd fre- quently make no ditficulty in g„ing in the war parties' I Junst their own countrymen. Should, however, any of those bv chance make heir escape, and be afterwards retaken, they are esteemed as unna- tural children, and ungrateful ptrsons, who have deserted and made war upon their parents and benefactors, and are treated with uncom- mon severity. That part of their prisoners which are considered as slaves, is generally distributed among the chiefs ; who frequently make presents oi some ol them to the American governors of the outposts, or to the superintendents of Indian atfairs. I have been informed that it was the Jesuits and French missionaries that first occasioned the introduc- tion of these unhappy captives into the settlements, and by so doin^ taught the Indians that they wfM'c valuable. ' ° Their views indeed were laudable, as tliev imagined that bv this method they should not only prevent much barharity and blood'shed, but iind the opportunilies much increased of spreading their reli-rion among them. To this purpose they have encouraged'' the traders to purchase such slaves as they meet with. Tlie good effects of this mode of |)roceeding were not, liowcver equal to the expectations of these pious fathers. Instead of bcin.r the means of preventing cruelty and blo.idslied, it only caused .liss(;nUons betwe(>n the Indian nations, to be carried on with a i-reater dcnree of violence, and with unremitted ardor. The prize ^they fbu'dit for being no^ longer revenge or fame, but the acquirement of spirituous liquors, for which their captives were to be exchanged, and of which almost every nation is immoderately fbnd, they sought for th(>ir ene- mies with unwonted alacrity, and were constantly on the watch to surprise and carry them off. It might still be said that fewer of the captives are tormented and put to death, since these expeciafions of receiving so valuable a conside- ration for them had been excited, than there usually had been ; but it does not appear that their accustomed cruelty to the warriors they take-, is in the least abated : their natural desire of vengeance must be 'ii§ w 'ii-'' * ' rlj'l ^1 i I in • 872 A SIIIU'I-KMKNT. gralificd; they now only l)ecorne more assiduona in .securing a f^reator niimhcroryounn' prisoners, whilst iIiom; who arenmde captTvc i"i their delirice ari; tormented aiid put to death as jjelore. And this, even in despite of tlie disorju-cCul estimation; for the liuhnns considor every coiKnicnMl peo|)le as in u state of vassala wars that a ••(; carried on bclwcen the fndian nations are in gen(>ral iieredilary, and continue from aye to aoewith a lew interrup- tions. If a i)eace becomes necessary, tiie principal care of both parlies is to avoid the; appearance of mid';'''^'^' • '"^''^-^^l" \VI 111 111.^ UirK A,\|) ^•AMI1.^ . AND OTIIKUS -COM,i;(Ti;i) I'KOM Ills I'Al'KliS liV lllSi^ON, AIM.niliAl,!) HAKU ^U' Cither, liichard Hard, lived in York county, now Adams, and owned the mill now'c.'ilkHi iMarsbalTs mill, in what is called Car- roll's tract, where, on liie moriiin hoiis(-, my father, mol her, and lieutenant TluMnas Potter, (broliier of Ceiieral Poller) who lia the evening hcilnv (being a liill cousin), togeiber with a child oi" about six months old, and a bound boy. The Indians rushed into lh(> hous(<, and one ol them, wiih a large cutlass in his hand, made a blow at Totter, but he «o managed it as to wnst the sword from the Indian, and return the blow, which would have put an end to his existence, had not the pouit struck the ceiling, which turned the sword so as to cut the In- dian's hand. In the mean time, i\lr. Hard (my liither) laid hold of a horseman's pislol that hung on a nail, and siKqiped it at the breast of one of the Indians, but there being tow in the pan, it did not go olf; at this, the Indians seeing the pistol, ran out of the house. Hy this time one of the Indians at the door had shot at Potter, but the ball took hnn only m the little iing(>r. The door was now shut and secured as A StJPPLKMRlVl ST.-J well nsposs.l.lo; h,it nn,l,„'""•' "V/^' '•""'""- -•••'■<' ^« the'deolar^M-ons ;; the Indians, that hoy vvonid not ho p„t to d(>afh, dotorminod lh.>m to Hurrendcr ; on vvh.oh a party ..f the Indians wont to a fi..l,l and made pnsonors Samnol flun.or and David M'Manimy. A lad of the n"me ol W.lhan, \V h.to, oomin.tr to the n.ill, was also made a prisoner. \\Z ing socnrf3.1 ^ho prisoners, they took all tho valnahlo otlivts ..nt oC thr house and sot (no to the mill. They then proceeded towards tho nountam, and my mother enqnirin,..- of (I„. Ir.dians who had oaro ..f hor, was ,n(ormo,l that th.y were of ,1.. Ddaware nation. At the distanoc o about s.>venty rods from tho house, contrary to all their pronnses they p„t, to death Thon,as I'otf,.,-, and havinu- prooeedo,! o he moun taui ab.ut three or lour n.iles, one of the Indians sunk the repe ,tod blows s -fr -^"7"^' ^'^, ''' ^''^' hawked and scah)ed Sho w?« -7 ""^'-"'flo, having been toma. escape, but wa^vm,,f'V/^ I '""'^^ Lad endeavored to severe tit of sickness wh;,.ff i 7 i hunger, brought on a situation, havini n"Vc™ to ' Tl '''° "^"""'" '" ^'''^ ^^«'«^"' i^lanketkshe^o ^y cov'inl a^^^^^^^^^^^^^ T ^y^P/^^hise uilh her, u miserabIecab,n;boi];S3^^;: t o.^;,:::;" sf "" '"'J''''' " H o^^c; ; burn h^r "^ ' uTT'' ^'"^^ ^^^^ ^'«' ''^^ '« « "^^^'^ det(..rmine never to learn the Indian languaoe, an.l she ad be re 1 .*. • etorm.na.o„ all the time she remained witJm'i^r^od:^^ of e. captivity to that of her releasement, a space of tv;o year ami five wTt mi, b r 7' '"'^^'^ ^"■'"- "'"'^ ^''^^^ '^V h*r adop velat ons With much kmdness-even more than she had reason tUx J?. .s -i.l now return to the narration of lacts respectin.. n y father alter he had made b.s escape fn-m ,he Indians as before statJd ' 1 ho Indians, as soon as he was missed, gave chase. Findin- him- rch ^' I.im • ;f'' '' '"' ^'•''■" ''■'"'' ^^■'^'■'^ ^'"'"^ ^V the Indians in vaich of him; in the mean time, with mur-h fati^o and sufTerina mw ""l^: ^7'T '"'• T''^^ ^^r^^' -^^ ^' "- ^^^P covered S .^now. By this time he was almost exhausted, having travelled nearlv lew bud.^plucked from the trees as he we„t along; his nhoos were 676 A SUPI'lJEMEM'. worn out; and the country Ik; travcilled through being extremely rough, and in many places covered with briers oi'a poisonous nature, Jiis feet were very much lacerated and swollen. To add to his dilli- culties, the mountain was overgrown wilh laurel, and the snow lodged upon its leaves so bent it down that he was unable in tnany places to get along in his weak condition, except by creeping upon his hands and knees under the branidies. 'riiree days bad now elapsed since his esc;ipe ; and although he ic'ared that the Indian-; were still in [)ur- suit of hiui, and that by I ravelling along the mountain they would find his tracks in the; snow, and by that means be led to his place of concealment, yet he ibund himself s(j lame tiiat he could proi'eed no farther. IJis hands also, t)y crawling upon them in the snow, became almost as much swullei' . . I>is fee* 'le was tlieredjre compelled to lie by, without much pros ■ ' . 'jd of ever proceeding any farther on his journey. Besides tiic t ■ ■. oi' being overtaken by his savag(3 pur- suers, he was in fact in « slarving cjiiditiou, not having tasted Ibod since his escape, except the buds already mentioned, plucked as he journeyed on iVom the beanwood or red-bud tree;, as it is called. On tlio lifth day, however, as he was creeping on his liands and knees (not being able yet to walk) in search of buds or herbs to appease his huii^rer, he was ii)rlunate (Miougb to see a rattle-snake, which he Icillcd and ate raw. Atler lying by three or four days, he allayed llie swelling of his leet, by puncturing the festered parts with a thorn; he then tore up his breeches, and wilh the pieces bound up his il-et as well as he could. Thus prepared, he again set out ujjon his journey, limping along with great pain ; but he had no other alternative, except to remain where he was and die. He had gone but a lew miles, ■when, from a hill he had just ascended, he was startled by the wel- come sound ot" a drum ; he <:alled as loud as he could, but there was no one to answer ; it was but a delusion olthe imagination. 8ad and disappointed lie journeyed on again, and on the eighth day crossed the Jimiata l)y wading it, which, on acctjuut of liis lauKniess, ho accoai- plished witii great difficulty. It was now night, and very cold, and his clotiies being wet, he was so benumbed that he was afraid to lie downiest he should perish; and he, therefore, lame and wearied as he was, determined to ])ur-Me his journey, although it was very dark. Providential circunistancc . I'or in the course of the night, as he wan- ilered on, he scarcely knew whither, he was .attracted by the sii>ht of a fire apparently abandoned the day beli)re, |>robably by a party ei" the settlers who were out in [)ursuit of the savages. Remaining iiere till morning, he discovered a path leading in the direction of the sel- tlements, which he lijlKjwed witii as much speed as lie was able. This was the ninth day since his estape, during which time a lew buds and four snakes were all he had to subsist on. In the afternoon of this day he was alarmed by suddenly meeting at a turn of his pa:h three Indians; but they proved I'riendly, and insitead of killing him, as he expec'ed when he first saw flujm, they conducted him in a finv liours to Fort Littleton, (in Bedlbrd county,) a i)lac(i well known fo A SI ITT EM i; NT. 577 hiin, where he imnai strciii-th U> proceed Ijonit 'ic-d a few diiy^, until sullicientlv reciuited in Some ti.ne alier my "liithei's refuru home, he vve.it to Fort I'itf t IIK yncvei h,ud V stronger de.sn-e lor any ihiiiu- thai, ,<, have sunk . r:; rd.;f '^ i- .-d, a.Kl that thoy h^i a^re:.! to kill Im'on hi uu n n*xt day. Alter this man had n^nnesled mv Ihlher nnf to fheir conversation, he returned to the ranip, ^njcei o, I -nay here state that ln,m the tin.e that n,y lather wn. taken l,v tontiiMii- plans lor her .■edemiXion. Jjesirin-^ wilh this v\oJ t- E TZ ""^'"F','" 'f '' ^''' " I'noadeof wa'L'tn. L tins ; i '"' ' '•'""' ';'"■ '"•"'■^■'^^'"' •'^■^ '"'• ^^ ^^'^•^'^^"•^'' '^ut Ihidir..- ol^ lien n r''.7. "'"'"'';l'^' '^'^^'^"'^^ t" Ihecommandiuvniil,.^ of e place to get Capla,,. White Eyes, who conunanded a party o ' Indian., to promise to aecompai.v him to Pittsku-.. Tj.;; vas ac iving agi-eed to take him -aie to cord,ng.ydotu,and the Indians 1.,.,,,^ au.-eeu ,o laK< lit, my lather set out with them, having a horse and a n-v/ riiic I cyhad p.>ceeded hut ahout two nnles, when an Inj,, , u < 'oli" the u „ an.l took up a scalp whi<-h that .nornii.g had invn ,,u, and .-aised his gun to ake aim; but my Ihth.a-, stepping hehh.d a tre., ran round it wh, e , e Ind.an n>ilowed. This fi.r a tio.e gave great Lmus<;:r::^ to tlie nsumdcrs until a young Indian stepped up, twisted lh<.. nun out 01 the hands ol W Inte Eyes, and hid it u.ider a loo. The Indians became considerably intoxicated, and scattered, leaving While J':ye8 with my lather. White Eyes then made at him wilh^a lar-re stick anning at hi« head, but ,ny lather threw up his arm, and received so !lH rf.Ji 578 A SUI'l'LKMKNT. severe u blow us to l)lucl\Cii it Cor woek.s. At this tiiiit- an fiidiuii of another niition, wlio liud b(;eii ^e!lt as an oxpresm to Ijedforcl, came by. ('!i|)taiii Wliite Eyes applied to liirii I'or his <;un to shoot my I'nthv.r, !)nr the; iiidiuii rc^lliM-d, as tliey \Ner(! aboiil making jieare, and tlu; Icillin,'^ of my lather would briii^r (,a another war: (l)einii; of dillJireiit nations, tlu y were ol>liL!,ed t(» speak in ICnj^iish.) ily this time my liither, llnding himself in a desperate situation, resolved at all evinits to attempt an escape ; lie said to ( 'ajjlain White lOyes, "onr liortjes an; i;oinu away," and went towards them, expecting fvory minnte to rtv ceive a hall in his back ; but on comini>; up to his horse, he got on him and took lo iIk^ roail ; he liad gone but a short distance when lu." saw the Indian who had taken the gun out of White Eyes' hand sleeping at a spring, and I liav«^ often heard him say, if it had been any other of the Indians, he would have shot him. Fearing pursuit, ho rode as last as his liorso could go, and, having travelled all niglit, he got to I'ilfsburg the next morning shortly alhn- sunrise, and he; was there not more than three hours until the Indians were in atU r him : bur from u tear of injury being done my mother, should he kill them, he suppressed his anger," and passed the niatter by. Hen- he had an opportunity of writing- her a letter, n'cjuesling her "to inforut her adopted friends, that if they would bring- her in ho would pav Ihem iijrty pounds. But having waiifd for an answer until he b(". came impatient, he; bargained willi vn Indian to go and steal her away. IJut the night bt:lore ho was tn start ho declined going, say- ing that h<> Wi.uld he killed if h(> went. In this situation ho resolveil at all hazards to go himself and bring her; tlir which purpose he sjet out and went lo a |i!aco on the .Susquehanuah, I think it was called iShomokon, not fiir In.m wliat is called the Big Cherry Trees. From hen^ he set out 0!i an Indian path, along which he had travelled until evening, wIumi he was met by a party of Intlians who were bringing in my mother; th(! Indians passed him by, and raised the war halloo ~my mollit r lelt distiessed at their situation, and my father perceiv- ing the Indians not to le in a good humor, began to promise them their pay, us he had |)ri;nM.s(,(l by letter, wh(?n they would come to .Shomoken; but the [mlians told llim that it' he gotthem among the whites he would then n-liise to pay them, and that they would then have no redress. Finding they were thus api)reliensive, he (old them to keep him a;sa hostage out in the woods, and send his wile into town, and lu) would send an order tor the money to be paid Ihein ; and that d'it v.as not d.-ne tlK;y might do with him'as they pleased. This had the desired ellect, — they got quite good-humored, and brcnight tln^n 111, on doing which the money was"|.aid agreeably to promise. Be- ture my fit her and mother left Shomoken, he rc(|uested an Indian who had been an adopted bn)ther of my mother, if ever he came down amongst the white people to call and see him. Accordingly, some time afterwards thi; Indian paid him a visit, he living then about ten miles from (^hambersburg. The Indian having continued lor some Ume with him, went to a^^tavern, knd in (.'nrlisli; C , . ,. < ,. , , - lisl'! Cor sicaliriu- horses,) having n laive kml„ ,M MS ,a„,l, s|nK.k it ,nt.. ,ho India..':; n.r.k, J.l.. li,,.:;,! JS •s f,..,,,. tl.n.yby to tl.,ust i, in lK,.twoea tl.o bone a...rtl.n.ai, and I drawn. ,t torvva.-d to .....t his throat ; hut he par.ly .russed his aim and only cut ,hn ,;,r.>,.a.-t of th. vvind-pi,.. (^n tln^ Now' -n hadt escape l.-ornju.s,cc.,otherwi,sc the law would have, h..,., put i, I .-ce Vt.mnsr hnn. And ,t has I,,...,, rnnarkcd, (hat ever aHer he eo tin ed ^1 !'«' I"."^»; the wound was sewed u,,, and he eon.inued at ,ny ci f.er s un ,1 he ha.l nrovered ; when he retur..,.! to his own neonhf who put hun to ,iea,h, o.. the p.etext of hi.s havi...r, as they X joined the white |K;..|.le. °' ^ "' In AuoMst, 1701 (aecordino. to the best aeeou.its of the ti.ne.) my '•'t'"' " .1 his la.uily, |,-o,n lear oj- the l.,dia..s, havin^r ,„oved to mv grand arhe.. Th.mas i^.'s, about three .niles Iron, hirown ,ll^Z and ru.. fowanis and (rorn a thiekel of bu.hes. DhMMvin/- ihesc'ci,- cinn.s!,m<..s, he beeauK, alarnud, and takin^r „,, hi,, .„„, ^p,^^ ,^^^ „•,., to .-un to the house, fur he believ,.! there were India..; ...'a.-. So they made towards the house, a..d had not b(;en the'e iuure ihan an hou.- when .....n the lofl of the house they saw a par.y, eo.n.^anded by Capi lo,,e,-, late ( ,en I'otter, n. pu.-suit of a party of Indians who lia. ,hat .nornin<,r murdei-ed a sehooleiasler of ih,. name of I'.rowu w..h 'en small ehildrr.,,, and seaipr.! and lelt Cr dead one by th..- ,.amc ol AieliibaM AJe( ull..u-h, who iccove.-ed and was livin-r not ioi.-r su.c... ji u-as .•e.narkable that, with but ihw exrepfions, the scholars w;ere mueh aveise to goiny to scIk^oI that moi-nin- And the account given by Me; u*Higl. is, that when the master and scholars iriot at the s.^hnol, tw., of the scholars inlormed him that on iheir way thev had seen Indians, hut the inthrmation was not attended to by the master, who o.-dcred fhom to th.Mr books; soon afterwards two old Indians and a boy rushed up to the door. Tlie master seeing- then, pray.d them ,,nly to take his lile, and spare the childr(ui ; but"uni;.el' uigly the two old Indians stood at the door whilst the boy enfeivd the house, and with a piece of wood, made in the lorm of an 'Indian maul, l:illed 'lie master and scholars, after which the whok,' of them wcr» tcaiped. I was hoi-n within ten miles of the town of Aberdeen, in the nortk ot hco; and, ol .-(Jfiutable parents. At eiyht years of ace, bcin<^ a sturdy hoy, I was taken notice of hv two fellows belonging^to a vessel, employed (as tlu; trade then was) by some of the wo°thv merchant^ ol Aberdeen m that viiluiious and execrable practice of stcalbcr yowno- THO A BIMMM-KMKNT. c.liildrctJ from tlioir pnrdita, nnd sillin-r ti iioiXH abroad ; and on I wlic'it' I wua (;on(lucl< (1 lici irnj as slnvcs in the plunta- napped in tlio Kimu; man loaid Iht'sliip I Uiis easily rujojcd by th(;in, vvccu (licks, lo some olherH* ibL-y had kid. unericu. .sixtc( 1 neve W pound len ar ner, anen kidnapiied like mvs(;lf \\ilt Ir^irn niwjl.^w 4....... ' ' ^ l>ut from auolli(!r t own II avin.r no children of his own, nrttl coi nmiseratin,'^ my condition, ni(! m i:;oni!^ to school, wli(;re I went he took care of me, iiidulLcd every winler for (ive years,' rind made a tolerable prolieieur^v. With this fTocxI master I continued till he dir'd, and, as a reward for mv l.ullilu wrvu-e, he left me two lujiuired pounds currency, whi.h wai tlicn about c.M hundred and twcniy pounds sterlin-, his best horse, saddle, and all his weariiii^ a|)pai(>l. l{(!in-r now sevcMteen years old, and my own master, havin.r mo- uey in my pocke!, and all other necessaries, I employed mv.^^lf in jobbing or near seven years; when 1 r<«solvers ol the province of Veunsylvanin, near thclor.vso, the l)elawarc, containing' about two hundred acres, thirlv of which were wed cleared and lit f.r manedi.ie use, on which wcc a «ood house and barn. The- place pleasiu;. ,nc well, 1 settled <,n it My moiKiy I exp,MHlc on the /i-oniiers of our province where hey {generally appeared in small skulkuiir parties, con.niitin r ^rcat devustalions. ' '•"'"o 'IVrriblea.ui .hocking to human nature were the barbarities daiis comuMl ed by these «av,ip. ! Scarce di.l a day pass but some- ilii^ happy lan.iiy or o;her lell viciims to sava-^e crueky. 'i'errib'e in- deed, It prmed to mo, as well as to many'oiIuMv;. *l, that was now hai>py in an easy 8late ofiii;., blessed w,:h an a!il.ciioi,at 1 w ad perceived them to be twelve in numlK.-. Having mv .^ 1 ul'ed I liuitless are ho cOorts o( cnu man a-ainst the united force of so many blood-thirsty monstcs ! O... oHhem that could sl^^-ak Eng »t A BUrPLrMKNT. lisJi lliiTuU'iicfl mo in rf(, l»urn inc alive;" iiddino. I rend Aei "HI, -il.at if I did „ot como out thoy would ^'; hovscvor, 'Mliai il | would iiy.s(«l|-|,ris(,n(T,llir;y would not kill < oiru! out and hut- '■ircuui.slau<;c.s, I choso to icjy „„ tl 'i<'iouii.scs, rather than meet vv(!Ut out ol'tlic house, with T'Pr<'ii''li I hey rushed on me li|. H the 1 laVMIL'' fly anguish otherwise ll,an bv shed 'ii, m1 ., " Uiosc bein, ob..rved, they took ircLwJ^i;" U ^h 7 ..n n";rr'' . Y-; 'HI...:, me nn- lace was wet, and that K.y u 1 dry ^ "' via.!, UHlcd they cruelly did. JJow 1 u-:,lerueut tl es tor tu e h^' i-rii a untt<.r of wondc>r to me, but G.,1 enabkxi n>^ v it Jw^^ ■nore than common patience lor the deliveranc.e I daily pravdbr A Icn.,btheysal down round the lire, and roasted^ I Jm^^^^^^^^^^ WHcl, they Juki robbed n,y duelliuK. AVb.n they uu s p l' k'' ;^ ie .< some <> me; thouoh it may easily l,e iu.a.^.d 1 h bu^ 1^ H ue o eat, alter the tortures arul uaseric. 1 had .ufii.red ; yet a oic^( I. I' Koiil tlieiici' Iht'V procet (led In a iKij^lilii nillv^ house, oecii hl> pied hy oiin Jacoh Snider and his india|ipy liirnily, rohsisfin^ of his wile, hve cliiMren, and a voiiii'' man, liis servant. 'I'liey soon i^oi admillance into ihc iinliirliaiate man's house, svlicre thtiy immedialely, witliont the least remorse, s('al|)e(l hoth parenls and children; nor eoiild the tear-s the shrieks, nor cries ot' poor iimo( cut ehildren prevent iheir horrid massacre. I hivin^!4 thus scalped lliem, and plundcreil iIk* house of every thinii that M;is nioveahl(!, they set tin! to it, and lelt the distressed victims ami(! > !he llames. 'riiinkinij; the yoiinu; man ite|oni;iiiy to this unhappy lumily would he of service to them in carrying', part ol" their plunder, ihey spared Ins hie, and loaded mm anil myseii svitli wliar iliey Had lien- oot, niid agaie marched into the Blue hills, wlu're they stoned their yoods as hellire. My lello\v-sidlen>r could not support the ( ruel treatment which w(> were obliged to siilli'r, and coH)piainiiui; hiiferly to moot' Ids heing nuahle to proceed any tiirtliei^l endeavored to animate him, but all in vain, I'or he still continued his moausi ;ind t<'ars, which one of the savages perceiving, as we travelled along, came up to iis, and with his tomahawk gave him a blow on the head, vvliich li'lled the unhappy yoiilh to the ground, wliom they immediately scalped and lolh 'IMie siidd(>niiess offhis murder >hock< d me to that degree, that 1 was in a manner niolionh'ss, expecting my liili' would soon be the same: however, recovering, my distracted thoughts, I dissembled mv anguish as well as I <-ould from th{> barbarians ; but slill, such wa-f mv tornu', that tor some time 1 scarcer ku<^w llie davs of tlse W(!ck, or what I did. They still kept on their course near lli(! mountain---, wliere they Jay skulkiug lour (u- five days,' rejoicing at the plunder they had got. When provisions !)ecame s, they iminediat(;Iv scalj)ed the inollier a.iid her children bi^iu'e lh(> i;!(l man's e\es. Iiiliumiii and livurid as this v.a-;, it did not satisfy iliem; lor when they bad murdered the poor woman, they acU'd with her in such a lirul-al man- ner as decency will not pei'iiTit me to meniioii. The unhappy Ihls- band, not beiiiL'. abl<^ to avoid th(! sight, enlicaled them lo [)ii! an end to liis miserable being; but they were as deaf to the tears and onlrea- ties of Ibis venerable .--uni'rer as they had 1,'een to tho.se of ibe other'-:, and proceeded to burn and destroy Ins house, barn, corn, liay, cattle, and every thing the poor man a lew hiiiir.s before was master of. liaving faved wbnl tiny thought pro|)er froin the flames, they gave the old i.;a!i, li^eble, weak, and in the nii.scrahio cou'dtion he tlien was, as well as inyst;li', burdens to carry, and loading themselves lil.C'- wise witii bread and meat, pnrsueil their journey towards the Uivat 8wa!np, Here tlioy lay lur eight or nine days, diverthig thcniiielveh. A H(ri'IM,i;.>IKNT. 5H.1 .It fiiiic.H, ill I)nrf),'i roils «*tn|. hjiii nuk.d, ,111,1 |,„i,„ !,j,„ ;',|j «t oti taunt aihoiild W(!ro ;i fTiinlricsoii III,, old man: Horndtimrs ihoy would I'T (ilMCS lh( y Would plii.-k th,. wliii,. Iidirs I ovi r Willi various sorts of ndors "i^'ly (.•II hiiM |„, vvas a ln,>[ |i,r |ivi roiii Ins lirad. anc ML' '^li'Hv Jinn kindnrss in |.iiUino hin, ,,ut of (t HO lonj,', Mild that tiny Ins to "irs, lor dail) did ijicy lir,. il i«! world il I vani rioiis iii.Niiis Ihcy trill] to toiincnt | K'liisclvcs with th(! va- and wl rei hot lipi'i'i^; liiin; at olli.-r lii inn ; sotncliinfM tyiii^ him to a trro II. aU. MI'S, scorchini^ his liirDw.'d .lic-ks with '•"His and hurnino' his lo,,s .|iiii,. i,,. |,is Kn.ivs. ()„., ni,r||,. Ix'fn thus torincntcd, whilst 1 each oth.T al. the miseries we daily siilll Hrrived, hrinL'incjf with thcin t ind I were condolin'r led, twenty. live other jnd lii'd inilia|i|)ily i;il!,.|, inlotlwir h'ln.is in ( near the river Si w.'iily scalps and three prisoners, wl laiis 'onoiroeheanue, a small towi io . latinah, .•hi.lly iiihaliiled |,y t|„. jriv.),. '|'| n-se - ners .ravn ns son,.3 sh..eKi„. aerounls of ,he n„,,ders and .k-vas- X'^^;?:---^^^''^^ '" 'l";n- IMrts; a li.v instances of whi.-h will enahle voa.'; ! , ?',"•' "• "" ";""'""■"• ""• l"'"vi"<-ial.s have snlli.r.d lor tT..'r\ ','"rP"'-'ywl.o now. join..! us, had it not, I lumi.l, in ,'.•"'•'• '; '7.'" th..,r volenecs so soon as those who visited ny Ml alum ; th.. i.rsi ol the.r tra.^edies hein, „„ H... or„,| ol" O.toher, 17.M, wh..n Jolni Lewis, with his will, and three small cinhiren, were ""'-.ly .s..al,,ed an.l munk-r,.d, and his house, hum, and 'c v. ry w it l?l i"' l'T'""i' '""■ ;""' .•'•^■^^'•"y''l. On the -Hih, .laeol, Miller, w.lh h.s wile and six ol Ins lamily, will, every tiling on his planta ions, shared the same liiK... The ;M)lh, ,|„. house, n7ill, l.arn, w v 'oad ol ..altle, two teams of horses, and ..very thin, helon' .in-, u .r;^l. '•!""' "'"' ""' "^^•^"•'"' '";'-'-l';-ili>,ainUirhis iniM.iahle lamily, eonsislnio. ot ,„„„ j,, ,„„„u,r, l„,i„g ,,,,| , „„,„ >n |>i.'<'.-s and oiven to th.: swine. One of the substantial tra.k,.rs, he- lon^in- to the pn.vineo, havin... hiislness that .-alled him some; miles 'M> tlK* eonntry, lei! into the hands of ,h,..se rutiiaiis, who not only «cvdpod hiin hut iiu„i..liat..|y roasi-d hi,,, [...fon, ho was dearal jnnu.sements. And in all iheir Teslivals and dances ihay relate what successes they have had, and what damages they have suslain(-d in their expeditions, in which I now uiihap|uly iiecame a part of their theme. The severity of the cold increasinii', they stripped me of my clothes l!)r their own use, and gave uk; sudi as they usually wore themselves, being a piece of biaidiet, and a pair of moccasins, or shoes, with a yard of coarse cloth to put round me in |)laee of breeches. At Alamingo I remained near two months, till llie suow was ofl'the ground. •Whatever thoughts I might Imve of mikiim- my escape, to carry them into execution was impracticable, beiuj, so liir iVum any plantations or white peopk^, jiiid the seven; weather rendering mv iimbs in a maimer quite still" and motionless ; however, I contrived to (ielend myself against the iuclenKMicy of the weather as well as I could, byinakiiig myself a little wigwam with the bark of the trees, covering it wiih earth, which inade'it resembl(> a cave ; and, to pre- vent the ill eflects of the cold, 1 kept a good fire always near the door. My liberty of going about was, indeed, more than 1 could have ex- pected, but they well knew iIk^ impracticability of my escaping from them. Seeing me outwardly easy and submissive, they woukLsome- times give me a little meat, but iny chi(;f Ibod was Indian corn. At A SUPPLEMENT. 686 length the time came whm ihcy were preparing themselves for ano- set out, IlK.y were joined Ijy niiiuy other Indians. ^ As sooii rus tlie sn.nv was (juile gone, they set forth on their lour ney towards the back parts ofth- pr.rviuee ol'l^nn^sylvanm : 1 le^^^^^^^^ n,e.r W.VC. and children U:hind u. .he,r wigwan,^ ^^ we^ 2 a lonnulable hody, amounting to near one^ hundred and^ilty. My busmess was to carry what d.-y thought pn.per to load rJ^Uh bu^ Uiey never uUmstcd n.e wi,h a gun. \xl nmrched on seve^ da^ without any hmg particular occurri,.g, ahnost la.uished ibr wa t o " c^n X'h iir n^] ' '"' /"'"'"" '"' '^ '^^^ ^'"l^« «'• ^"dLn fare m^ c Ho r ^ " T'' ^'^ ' "'"' '""' ''"' '"'"■•'"•^ >herr,selve.s are much better, lor as we drew near the plantations they were afraid tojull any ga,„c, lest the noise of,h,.ir guns should alarm the inhatZ When we again arrived at th.> Blue hills, abo.U thirty .niles from he Ir.sh se t en.ents IxMbre mentioned, we encamped lor tin-ee days though Cod knows we had neither tents nor any hiu„- els to dS us from the me en.eney of the air, having nothing to'lic on by ni< ht by mght, being m parcels ol ten (,r twelve men to a lire, where fhev !"th!Xf' '"" "■ '^"■^''' "'■"^•''•'^ "1' '" ^^ '^'-•'-^^' with thc'r fS During oui- stay here, a sort of council of war was held, when it was agreed to divuJe then.selves into companies of about twenty men each alter which every captain marched whh his party where he bought pm,.er. 1 st.ll belonged to my old masters, but was left l«! hind on the mountains with ten Indians, to stay till the rest should return ; not thmkmg ,t proper to carry me nearer to Conogochea-ue, or the oth(>r plantations. ° ^"o"^' rn,u,To \ ''"'^'r ■' ' n"^''"'''"; ^" "-''"^l'^' ^"^ ^''""S"' ' '^"^^^^^ ^'^^ country round extremely well, yet 1 was very cautious of giving the least sus- picion of any such intention. However, tlie third^lay after the -rand body lelt, my companions thought proper to traverse the mountains m search ol pune f takt^i. For that |Miipos(! I made various ellhrts to o-et one Irom under their luvuls, (where they always secured lluan,) but HI vain. Dida[)pointed m this, I beuan to despair of carrying my de- sign into execution ; yet, alter a little recollection, and tru'stin'ir ,nyself ty the .livme nrotecti..n, I set li.i'uard, naked and delenceless "as I was. huch was my terror, however, that in going frmn them I halted. ,.py &»6 A fiUPPLKMENT. nrul paused every four o!- five yards, looking foarfully towards (he spot where I had lell thorn, lest lliey should awake and miss me; but when I was two hundred yards Iroin thfim, 1 mended my pace, and made as mueh hasle as I possibly eould to the foot of the mountains; when, on a sudden, 1 was struck with the greatest terror at hearing the wood-ery, as it is enlled, which (he savages 1 had left were malt- ing upon missing their charge. The more "my terror increased the faster 1 pushed on, and, scarce knowing where I trod, drove through the woods with the utmost i)recipilati()n^ sometimes Calling and bruts- ing myself, cutting my l(;et and legs against the stones in a miserable maimer, J3ut faint and maimed as 1 was, I continued my flight till daybreak, when, without having any thing (o sustain na'ture^but a little corn left, 1 crept into a hollow tree, where 1 lay very snug, and returned my prayers and thanks to the; divine Being that had thus far favored my escape. liut my appose was in a few hours destroyed at hearing the voices of (he savages near the place where I was hid, threatening and talking how th(>y woidd use me if they got me again. However, they at last left the; sjjot where I heard them, and T re^ mained in my apartment all that day without further molcs(ation. At night 1 ventured forward again, frightened, thinking each twig that touched me a savage. The (hird day 1 concealed myself in like manner as before, and at night travelled, keeping ofl'the main road as much as possible, which lengthened my journey many miles. But how shall I describe (he terror 1 felt on the fourth night, when, by the rustling I made among the leaves, a party of Indians, that lay round a small fire, which I did not perceive, started from the ground, and, scnzing (heir arms, ran from (he fire amongst the woods. Whether to move forward or rest where 1 was, 1 knew not, when, to my great surprise and joy, I was relicn'ed by a parcel of swine that made towards the phu-e where 1 guessed the savages to be ; who, on seeing them, imagining they had caused the alarm, very merrily re- turned to the fire, and lay again down to sleep. Bruised, crippled. and terrified as 1 was, I pursued my journey (ill break of day, when, thinking myself safe, I lay down under a great log, and slept till about noon. Before evening I reached the summit of a <^reat hill, and look- ing out if I could spy any habitations of white people, to my inex- pressible joy I saw some, which 1 guessed to be about ten miles' dis- tance. fn (he morning I continued my journey towards the nearest cleared lands I had seen the day belWre, nnd, about four o'clock in the after- noon, arrived at the house of John Bell, an old acquaintance, where, knocking at the door, his wife, who o[)ened it, sceina me in such a frightful condition, flew ihnn me, screaming, into the house. This • alarmed the whole family, who inunediat(>lv''ned to their arms, ttnd 1 was soon accosted by the; master with his "gun in his hand. But on making myself known, (for he before took me to be an Indian,) he immediately caressed me, as did all his family, with extraordinary friendship, the report of my b-ing murdered by the savages having reached them some months before. For two davs and niohls tliev A Sri'l'LKMUNr. 581 cou„lv, .,l,.n,i .mo ,,.'v '^^ ''''■'■■':'■''■':.•'* I'""* i" '-■hcslcr •■"Ul.l ,:,v,lit th-ir VvJ i *^' ''•'•••('"',' scarce .,„,. „r i|,„ |i„nily ■"« I i^«i ^,!^ ^:{ :/ ';i'rf;,™v'::,i I""-"' >^'^-'y<-l KIM.. Ksa, .)|.- STir. Vl AM IV TnK^<^, '';.!, ).^'''^ '"•' '"'"VrHA.-^ .m-K Jfimes Wliiddeii, th 10 rniiternal grand r-ifhni- oi' Mrs. Sluitc captain i„ !h,. .-inny at tlie"takiii° of ('anr, B was a owiKid a tra;;t of land 1": Hrcton, in 1715. He ho Noble lived with his il on 8\van f.land, in the Rivor K.-nnchcc, whe iinily. Onn of hi.s daiiohtt (ndi oi-fsnionlh, who lived on tl rs inarrii'd Laza ol (;ra(J iiH Iiad bcoti accustomed t 10 island with her Huh re: rus Tl fants IVoni th(? attac lere was a "arris >n ) visit ( 'apt. Win, Id. ler. Tl It* On (ill ll 11 lor the purposes 10 inor s ot rhe enemy in time (d" \ le island So sc-.-'ure the' inhabi- ■iiing, a little after daybreak, two b.n's 'went out of the olt the uate open. TIh- In, linn. ,.,:,... < . I'isnn, and left the "-ate 0[)c: availing lliemselvfs of the o )|)()rtu nson. upon them; but tli t)OVS excep ii, r ,i-]i ;i^ ;.,)„!, I ,„,, ■. \vere carried to ihc wit,-r side and bonid; to th, ;ith- r^iii aw 'firrison, burnt the le Indians then returned le J:irn and phindrred the house, cut •-!K-ds, strewed th- fMlbf^'s in the fi'ld, and open the tliev ciiulil iiiid, aiid silver a:r idlOs'! picion unt ! peace, re 'cived many favoi den ried oir all tl le i^ muchofihe provisions as th(,7 \vas siipp.isMl they omiitcd to burn the house from ;l le sug- eap'ain and Ins will', froin whom they had. in lim-s of W(M'i! concealed in it. ( ijita in Whid- , alter the destruction of his property on the island, returned to 50 It 588 A SirpPLKMKNT. Grcetilaiid, in this Stato, which is sii|)i)osed to linvo been his nafivr- phtcc, Mild llierc; died. Tlie Indians also took, in a wood on tlic island, an ohl man hy tlie name of I'omoroy, who was (!mj)loy('d in making shingles. Ihivinu collected their captives and pknidcr, they immediately lell the island, and commenced their return to Canada to dispos ca[)tives in that city were exchanacd within a vear, and returned to their homes. Mr. VVhid(k:n and Miss Holmes were afterwards miilcd in marriage. Fanny Nolile, tin; principal subject of this memoir, at the time of her • capiivity, was about thirteen months old M( he was cari'ieci l)y ;• party ol Indians to Montr(>al. In tiii'ir attehipts to dispose of iier, they took lier one day to the house of Monsieur J^ouis St. Auge Charl(H>, an eminent merchant oftiiat |)lace, wiio was at that fini{> on a journey to (.iuebec. His lady was called into the kitchen by one of her maids, to see a poor infanl ci-awling on the tile floor in dirt and rags, pl'-kiiiii' apple p(clin,'.'s (jut of the cracks. fSlie came in, and on kindly noticiiii; tlu; child, Fanny immediately caught lioldol the lady's gown, wrap|)cd it over her iiead, and burst into tears. The lady eould Hi it easily resist this aj)peal to h(>r cfimpassion. .She took up the child, who clung abfuit her neck and repeatedly embraced lier. Tlie Indians offered to sell her their little captive, i)ut she declined buyiii'j, not choosing prol)ably in the absence of luM' husband to veii- tnre on such a purchase. The Indians left the house, and sle|)f thai night on the pavements bclbre the door. Fanny, who had again heard the voice of kindness, to which she had not been acciistoiised from licr savage masters, could not be (piiet, but disturbed the shmi- bers and toucjied the heart of the French lady l)y her incessant cries. This lady had then lately lost a child by death, and was perhaps more tjuiek to feel for tlii' sulic'rings of children, and more disposed to love them, than she would (jtherwise have been. Early the next morning the Indians were called into the house; and Fanny was pur- chared, put into u tub of water, and having been thoroughly waslied, was dres-ed in the clothes of the deceased child, and [)ut to'bcd. f^he awoke smiling, and seemed desirous of rei^iyinr her mistress' kind- ness by her infantile prattle and Ibnd caresses. ^ Fanny could never learn for what prii-e she was bought of tlu; Indians, as her French mother declined answering her questions upon that suljject, telling her to be a good girl, and be thankful that she was not still in their power. A SlJPPLEMKNT. 58!) Mods, and Mad. ,St. A Uvo, and treated lior will .'or Iheiii a (dial attaclmieiit. W iii^o took a lively interost ia their little cap- I inucli leii(leiiie.s.s and alll'ctiun. .Slus .'bit niotl hen h in h hi-; Nohl( '•I', oil her r(!tiu-n ■r parents were oxelianoc'd, her '■r anus, hut no instinct taiedit 1 >ine, called upon Fanny, and took ihe child md she; lied i;)r protect ■ d It her to I 'cjoic ion to hi in tl • I le niafernal em- (! received ni;uiy presents ||-,,in the Frenc r i''reni'!i ninnun.i. M rs. isfartiou to see that "her littl iiiny was taught to call F as her parents. Th-.-v had h da'Hihler was left in iMo 1 ladv, and had the sat- aliectioii.'ite hands. UKl consider Moms, and Mad. Wl. Au<'-e odiicafe.i her in the Roman Caihol r haplizi'd hv tiio irinie of I jli.'anor, and N osiers and Ave Mai ic. reUiiion. Sii learned her waler, and told her heads wiih i>, went to mass, crossed h rsc i'att li wiih ho \V\ len lour ((r'five years old, -I ^reat devotion. ly parenis hy VVheelwri;.ht, who had le wiseniiced away from her French !»een cmphtyed hy the ifoverntnont Massac! nsetts to seek fi.r cap,iv..s in (aua.la. [ !e carried her to he Ihree R.vers, where he had several other captives, and lo:t her, ^t^ h- pro.ended, w,,!, a i-lalion of her French father's lor a leu' days vlien she expected to retnrn to Montreal. J5:u she had not hecn to ho I '.'l' n'"'' l"'!r 1'"!!' '^^■'"•y-''^"- '"•»'■-> ^vhen ilH= old squaw m d hya young sanop, sr>longed to a iMench priest, who kissed her, asked her many quysoons, and (.-eated her kindly," hut gave her up to the claim of her l"li"i' .nast,.rs. U hde at St. Francois, her hroiher, Joseph Nohle who ha her. It was doubtless 111.' expectafiMM of much reward which indu.'ed the old squaw <> sei/.e her afthe Three Rivers, as ih • Indians not unin.,|uenllv stole i'iH'l; |-M''ives,in ..nlerloc-xtort piv'siaiis f.rlhc'ir r.'turn fr.Hii Ihe French genllementowhomihesamecapliv(>shadhei;.r(;l,(vnsold. Ijelbre thi- linie she had I..M.,,hastilycarri(Ml!roin.\Inntreal,l)urried over mountains ;n'd across waters, and concealed amon- fla-s, while those who ac companied her wee ovidenlly p.ursue-e and 'uost of his lamily were at mass, she was --(Mil \\i;h another <-aplive lo llie Ihird slory of iht; house, and iIk^ do- nie.> lies were re(piiicd striclly lo Match ihem, as it was known lliat >ome of her n>laliuns \\( rr Ihen in llie pla-'e endeavol-iiiL; to find her, Of (hi.-' cii-eunislance sIk- was ii'.iiorani, hut siu; was (lis|>leased with her confinenienf, and wiih her little companion found means to escape :'roni Iheir room and went lielow. While! raisinij; a cup of water to her nioutli, she saw a mnn lookin'j at hep Ihrouirli the window, and .-s of n(>edl(>-W(irk, with iMN^^raphy, music, paintini;, iVc. hi the same school wcri- two Misses .lohnsons, w ho were eapliucd at C'harlestfiwi!, (No. 4) iu IT-li, and two Misses I'liijips, th(- dauyjilers of Mrs. Il'owe, who were taken af liiiidsdale in 1755. h'anny was in ■ichon! w hen Mr-:. Howe came for Ihml dauuhlers, and loiin- runeui- liered the !:ri<'f and lamentations of the vouiii;- captives, when olflit;cd to leave their school and mates lo retmai to a stran^ic, thou'hi!e al school at Monln^al, li"r luvillier .loseph ai:nin vi-ited her. lie s'ill belonged lo the St. Francois triiK> of Indians, a was dressed remar!:al)ly fine, having forly or fifty hroaclies in his shirt, cla-^ps on his arm. and a ns. > i(! savaL',i's, and (IivsmmI him in I In; I' Si. a ii2(; n-ncdi si' iVLT a|»|K'arf!d .so hold and inajosli.;, so s|arilfd i-.nd vi |)ur. but whni array-'d in his Indian lia vacious, as iVicnd- l)ii. li o however l)e(;am and associatin-<' with his Indian him lo srhool ; and when I an rniirli altachcil lo St. Aiii;e, who lis sister |)arled with him noon l(;av Ida, h(! i^ave iier a strict e,har^(! noi to let it ho kn put ing was, lest he t(jo should be obliiiTMl u, | Pl :ac.(; of his birth. (.■a VI to let It l>(! known where he his iVieiids and relurn lo the When belween eleven and.twc.lve years of a-e, l.'amiy was sent to tlu! scho(il or.l'rsidiiu; mms in tinel Hri-(\ lli(> (liseipline, was much school at iVIoiitreal. In both >ec, to comph'te lie'r edncation. ssed, were allowed ninis, who, not heini^- |)ro!( pioasure; but at (inebec the pmiiLs wc from the world, beinif more solemn and strict than in the places lh(! teachers were calle(i hall' fo 'J,') in and out at day, and conlined by bolts and re 111 a j^rcat ineasuns secluded permitted to walk only in a small srardcn by straint was irksome to Fam y. Sh i-irs in Iheir cells at niiihl. This n close of the year was permitled to re| Mont real, and ai^ain (!nf(-r the silmol in ^rew discontented; and at the urn to lier French parents at bile Fannv was in the hat citv. year, she was one day of nuiiiKjrv, bein;f then in e(| u ally ler Iburtcenth ;ur|ins( :d and alarmed by the enl ranee :i stranger, who demanded her of the nuns as a redeeiiKHJ captive inployed fhis man, Arnold, lo seek out his dau'dite lilherto suceeed.nl in de- Her lilt her had and o!)tain her from the French, w taining her. Arnold w;is wc^ll calculaled lljr this employm'-nt." f'J was s(;cref, subtle, res:.lute and persevering-, lie had been some time m the city without excilino- a suspicion uf his business. He had as- <-er!aiiied where the captive was to be iomid— he iiad procured (h« necessary powers to secure h(;r, and in Ins approach to the nunnery was af;t;ompani(>d by a sergeant and a file of men. The nuns were unwilling to deliver up their nupil, and re.piired to know by what right he d(;mand(!d her. Arnold convinced iIkmii (hat his authority was derived from the governor, aii(] They durst not disobey. They, however, {)roloiigcd t!ie tinn; as much as possible, and sent word to Mons. St. Auge, hoping that he would be able in some way or other to detain his adojjtcd daughter. Arnold, however, was not to be de- layed or trifled with. \h sternly demanded the captive by the name of Noble in the governor's nam-, and the nuns were awed into sub- mission. Fanny, weeping and -trembling, was delivered up by those who wept and treinl)led too. She accon)i)unied Arnold to the gate of the nunnery, but the idea of leaving for ever those whom she loved, .ijul going with a company of armed men she knew not whtthor, was ♦oQ overwhelming, and she sunk upon the ground. Her cries atid 599 A SrPI'I.EMENT. Iiimontations drew tlie people nroiind licr, Jiiul she (ix(;lniinccl hittrrly agniiiat tli(! criH-lty of lijirini; her iivviiy, (l(!c'lariii river to Quebec, wliero she tarried a lew nays, and then sailed with Captain Wilson I'or Jioslon. SIk; arrived at that port in July, oni; month lK"l()r(! she was lliurteeii years olfu.e. kSIio was joy fully lecoived by her frii'inls, but her liitherdid not loiiu survive her return. After his death she resided in the l.amily of (/ai)t. V\'ilson, at IJoston, luitil she hud acfuiired the J-'-ni'lish laniMiaiic. y ii^noranf. She then w( lit to N ew- icr, where she of which helJire she was enlii(>l bury, and lived in the lamily of a relativt; of her fatl found a home, and that jx'ace to which she had lon<>; heen a slrauuer. 1(1 she d in Her education had fpialilic^d her for the instruction of youlli, a partially devoti^l herself to that emjjloyment. She w'as eni;u-(tl .sh( married Mr. .h)lm Shute, of Nc\\..\hirket, and lived in lj\e villnuc oi >}ew(ield^, in that town, till her deaih, in September, IHii). ' Slu was much rcspec'od and esteemed in lile, and her deatli w. life })ad been, that of a Christian. IS. a,- lier ■»■ CAl'l'AIN JOVATII \:V CAIiVKICrt NAURA'I'IVK Oi' lilS CAI'J I |! K, AM) Sl.l! bKtillKN'T i:S( AIM-; Fl«0 I 'I UK I\niA\S, AT 'I'UE lU.OODV .MNSSAl'lti; ioM iMiiTi'M) KV rui-.M, \vui;n I'oirj' wim.iam iii'A'uv rKi.i. i.\ ro ■riii; ii.wds UK '!'ni; iKiiNun, i .\i)i:u ukn. sioxTCAii.M, i\ 'j iii: vi:aii n.-)?. w itiirKx UV fll.MiiJ;i,F. General VVel)b, who commalid( d the iMU'lisii army in North Anie- viea, wliicli was ih(>n encamperl at I'ort F.dv.ard, havin-v intellio(;nce that the French troops under i\fonsieur Montcalm were makinir some movements towards Fort William Henry, lie detached a corps ol about fifteen hundred men, consistinif of Fnidish and provincials, t-^ A SUI'I'LKMKiNT. 5ua stron.trtl.ci. the garrison. In this party [ went as a volunteer unions tnt; latlcr. * The apprrhonsions .)C tli.. Rnuhsh gcnoral were not without (oun- tlation ; lor ih. .|:.y aller ..ur arrival w,- saw Lalu; (.J(!or.r(.,-(lom.orlv l.ald IH" Ihat It was not m his power t<. assist bun, and tluu-elore o,.,ve him orders to surrender up the lorl on the best lenns li<> .•ould'I.ro. ;-ure, Ihispack.^t fell into the hands of ll,<. Kici.di ! onued to the kino- his master, '{'he clond replied, diat he knew not how that eould be, nor should he surnialep i; up ul,ilst it was in his i)ower to delbiid it. The FreiK-b ueiKavd rejoined, at the siuik^ time deliverimr tlie packet • into the colonel s hand, " 15y this au |,.,rif v dn I make the requisition." ihe bravo governor had no sooner n ad Ibe contents of it, and was eoiiMiiced that such were ihe (,nlers of the .■emmaiider-in-chief and not to be disobeyed, tlian he hung his head in silence, and reluctantlv entered into a negoliatieii. In consideration of the gallant dellnce the garrison had made they werc! to bo permittcxl to march out wilh all the honors ol' war, i(» be allowed covered wagons to transport their baugaue to Fort Edward, and a guarti to protect them from Ihe (iirv of tjie "savages. The' morning alter tlu^ capitulation was si-ned, as soon as day Ijrolce, the whole garrison, now consistiiiii' of about two thousand men. besides women and e!ul wen' |iecliition ih.il llie disIiM'h;ince woidd huve I'onehided, and onr little .-irniy Iw^^an to move; hut in a short lime we saw the front dis'ision driven hack, and discovtM'ed th:it we wi re en- tirely encircled hy tlr^ savages. We e.\|i(ct(i| iverv nioini'iit that the guard, whi(di the Free.-h, hy the articles of caititiilalion, had nfreod to allow us, would have arrived, and |.ut an end to our a|)|)reherisions; hut none appeared, 'I'lii Indians now hei^au lo stripfAcrv oui-, with- out rxception, of their tirniiuind clothes, and thosuwho made the least resistance IrU the weight ol 'heir tomahawks. I happened to he in the rear ilivision, ImU it was not long heliire I shared th(! fate of my com|)aninns. Three or lour of tin- savages laid hold of me, and whilst some held their weapons over mv head, the others soon disrohed me of my coat, waistcoat, hat and huckles, omitting not to take from nie what money I had in my |M)cket. As this was transacted close hy th( passable that led I the rem liie lux-s on to l)laiu, near which a French ^('nlinel wa^ Indians. I now endeavored to join a hody of our troops Jiat were crowded together at some distance; hut innunierahic were the Mows that were made at me with ditli'reiit weapons as I passed on: the savages were so close toiietlK r thai, ll luckily how ever. lev con, (I Hot strike at me without endangering each other; nolwiihsliuuling which, one? of them found means to make a thru.st at me with a spear, which <;ra/,ed mv side, and' from anolher I received a wound, willi the sanie kind of weapon, in my ankle. At length I gaiu( d the s|)ol where my coun- trymen st(M)d, and forced myself into ihe midst of thoiii. Hut helore I got thus far out of the hands of ihe Indians, the collar and wrist- bands of my shirt were all that remained of it, and my flesh was scratched and torn in m,uiy plac(!s by iheir sava'^e gripes. By this time the warwhoop was given, and the liulians began t.,) murder those that were nearest to ihem w itiiout distinclion. It is not in the power of words to nv(! any toleral>le idea <^l' the horrid scene that now ensued ; men, women, and children were now de.-patched in the most wanton iuid cruel tnamier, and immediately scalped. Many of these savages drank the blood of their victims, as it flowed warm from the falal wocnid. We now perceived, though too lato to avail us, that we were; lo ex- pect no relief from the French; and that, contrary to the agreement they had so lately signed to allow us a sidlicient "force to p'rctect us from tiiese insults, they tacitly j)ermitted them ; for I could plainly percei%e the F'rcnch ollicers walking about at some distance, discourj- iug toy.'thor with apparent unconcern , Fur the honor of human nature A SIM'IT.r.HKNr. 6or would hn|.(! (hilt this fli I ruthcr iVdin il le(l.ix|)«"clc«llv li!iv<> rirrivi'd t th J'^'riiiit hrcich of rycyy sncrctl law [irrwofdod s;iV!l-!(! s, had if in rhfir ever was the c.iuisc I rlread I'om which it arose, tl x'comiiin so 'jeiH-ral. Uui uhat- ""•' '"" '•> I-'- I'Jinilleied in modern hist , me conse(pieii(!e.s o. It were th is till! ciic|(( in which I stood inned, and de;ifh sr-eiiied to 1 ory. enclosed |,v tliis tini wa '(P>rt ^ proposci |,y some .if the mont rfsoliile f X! approachiiiif wlih hastv stride e was much It and eiidejivor to I o inako one vigorous prohahlo method '"•''(■our way through the sava-es, the onh ot proHervinif «)ur lives that lowever desperate, was resolved once into the midst ol'thcin. now leiiiamed at on, and about twenty oi u.s spra ll.S, n a moment we were companions I could not I nil sepaialed, and what was the (i that only six or seven of tl ''ai-u III! some i lie ol" fiiy no lem (Hii'cted ilu'ir d tilhs alter, when I found my own iiazardous situation, j <.iid my savai.<' enemies in the hcst maim.a- poss esi^n. lull nt only on eavored lo luake; mv w IV tl Moll K'on astonished since, when i hav(! r il)l( And I h;ive ofiri f took as did ecollt'i' overtiiriu'il, heiuM .,t th/it , every iiei'essary step li.r my prcserv ed with what composiin ifion. Sntue [ t>y (-hie wh< , ficxferously avoidin<>- their wea limeyouno!i„d athlcii(-, j.nd o!hers I passed the >on- )se streimth I most savage tribes, as I could <'oiild not resist, till al last t lisliii'^iiish bv ih''ir dr wo very stout ess, aid )enan to (or.'e me ihroiit-h the crowd. Ilol ol m(! Iiy ea.'h arm, and tem blood, that now resigned mvself lo niv fate to despatch ni< • ml Iben fi , Ilol (lollbtitl^■ but that tliey in- as oiind they were Imrrvim-- mn t ) s'ilia;e ibeir veie. (iuice w lb iny ay at souu^ dislanc Kui'lisli fcni Hi owards a ret i red sw bcjo re we bad iuit niaiiv \ :imr in I leman o, some (jhtineiiou, as I could disc/iver l,v liiveches, th<- only cov,-rin- be bid on, wbi,-li were *.f fine an his I, , •■••^ "■ •> I? "iiii-M uere wi line scarlet vol- e, rushed close by us. 0,„. of ihe Indians iuslaull y relumui-bed his hold, ami sprimiinu. on this new ol.ie,.t,end..ivored i,', ser/o |,;,„ a-, his prey ; i)..t the .irentleman beiu.o- stioi,., threw bin, on ihe .^roiuid and would probaiilv h,- lid, and . . ''''vc ,unt away, had no' be who held mv o'b'rarm qmfle.| n..- to a-.i .r bis brother. I s..|/ed li, po,-t„uily, an I has- tened asvay to ,, umtber party of b],, .li.!, -roops that were vc un- broken, and stood in a body at some .lisiaixv.. |',„f b,.(ore' I had taken mauvsteps. [ hastily ca>f my eyes t..wanls the ■ euilM.nn. md H.1W Ihe Indians t.miahawk oasl, into his back, and beard liiu, utter his last uroan. Tbi. ad.led both to my speed an.l d..,,.eratiou. I bad lelt this shocking- scene but a |iw vaids ul„.|, a fii- boy about twelve y,>ars of a. e, tha. had bitberio escaped, came „„ >n uw T. ,, !^"'''' !'"" ' ^^:?"''' .1*'' '"'" !^'v bolrl of me. so that 1... mioht II' oi'liu; bauds of the sava^ies. I told stand some cham-.u ol'geitiim- o J* 'if! 1 'fli sflf •;■ i !)m liini thai I wixilil uivc i A »i;i'l'l,KMK?»T, r-" ■'!"> <'vi'ry (i-isislaiico ill my pown-, and (o this |)iii|i(i,s(« l)ii| liiiii liiyli-'ld; liiii ill a llw moments he WHS loiii iVdin my siili', arid by his shrieks I jiid-c was six.n dfiimhshi'd. I cdidd ii'K hi'l|i li)i'ni.|iiiin iiiy ,,\v|i .'ax's |ur II minuh", to laiiiciil (hi- liitc of SI) yoim'^ a snll^ivr; hiil it was u\U'r\y impossihli; lor me to takr any mi'lili)(|.-i to |l|rvoilt il. I now n,,t ,,iicc iiKd-c into ihi- mid>t of I'ricnds, l)iit we wrrc unahU; to all;. 1(1 on; tearing, iiowever, that tln-y would reiiirn the" same way, I ihoimht il most piihleiit lo net liu'lher from the dreadful x-ene of my distresses. Ac <;ordimdy, striking into another pari of iIk; wood," I hasleiicd on as last as the hriers and the lo>s of one of my sIkk's would permit me ; and after a slow pro-ress of some hours, oained a hill lliat overlooked the plain whiidi 1 had just left, from wIk'hco 1 could discern that the hloody storm still ratted wilh imahaled fury. I?ul not to tire my read.-rs, j shall only mid, that after passing ihron ilays without subsidence, and endurin^'the severity of the; cold dews li>r three fi-hls, I at leutilh reached I'ort I'lduard ; w here wilh proper care my hody soon recovi'ird its woiiled streiu\lh, and my mind, as lar as ih-- recollection of the late melaiudioly events would'perinil, its usual I'oiiiposure., If was computed that filieeii hundred ijcrsons were kilhd <> ..; 1... .1 _ 1 • ...',. I ...... wi.. < II iiiiiiiiiiii |)(^'i.>>oiin >\ere imiku or maiii; prisoners hy these savages during this liital day. i\Ianv of ihe |;iiter were earrieil olf hy them and never returned. " " |i\v, ihrou-h fivor- ah!" ;iccidenls, f.und their way hack to llwir nalivi' (■(•unlrv , afl( r havini; experienced a leiiij; and severe captivitv. The hravo Colonel Munro had hastened awav, soon after the con- fusion hciian, lo llic I'Veii; h can i|i, to ende.'tvor lo |)rocui'e!he miard ■• •■^^"■■» "' '"> • I- "• M ' .iijijp, Ml ciiiiejivor lo |)rocure ! lie niiani a-reed hy the stipulaiion ; hiii his application |irovini;' inellecliial, h(> reiiiiiiKd there till (leiier.al Wehh sent a party oj' troo|)s to demand and protect him ha.-k lo Fori IMward. Ihil these unhappy concur- rences, which would proliJihly have heen prevented, had he" I.een left to pursno his own plans, toueiher wiih ihe loss of so many hrave le|. lows, mnnk'red in c(.ld hlood, to who-e valor he had heen" so lately a witness, made such an impression on his mind that he did not loui? A HI'I'I'I,KMI!NT. rnn rvivo. Ifn ,li..,l ii, !,|,„|,( ,1 All triitli miL'ht ii I )'■ s.iiil ilidf ]u> WHS. an I iir(> iiiniifhs uf ji litdkcn licart, nnd with ntc iii'aii not lo puiril out H,,. |(,||,,wi,|M ,.\ nnv Id Ills ('(iimlrv. .|it'l,nmriii orilciivni, 1111(1 r('iittis(jiiic(! ns Ihn imim-d for; Iml. I f!iiiiii)f omit that vrv I iiit«'ii(l<(l Ms an aloiiciiiriit ll.rihis slinivh- that ■ivo. A r'anadian n, havinn heard of ihe surrender of the I lii(! Ii)rliinate event with >^iv;a rejoicin;j;s aii.l to (he eiistom of that cMiinlry; hut no sooner news of the miissacre whi.di .'iisiied n.-ach I put an imm.'.liate slop to tiie li-stivily, aii.l exclaimed in l| term s ai.;amsf the inhiiii lis ears, thfin he le severest tliaf tiios.; that, had eoniiived pnrf of their kiiin's d lan permission ; d..clariim at tl le same time added, ihiit he much li.'ared th al it hid Iherehv drawn down on that ,!4 s (Joiiiiiiions the veiin<'ane.. oj' | leaven. T.) this he Ih wo coiisefpicncc. How Iriilv ll lolal loss ol 1 r, by a iKirly ...f men from Forf llind.sdn !e; and being 598 A SUl'l'LKMKM", askffi hy oim oftlic parly whcilicr lio knew liim, he answered, " Yes, I know you all." Tlicso wcrc! liis lust words, lliuU'ili lie did not ex- pire tiiiiii aller liis li-ieuds had arrived wiiji jiiiu ui' Fort lliiidsdale. (iroui was so loritinate as to escapt; iinliiirl. IJiit (Irallii'ld, in alleiiipt- iiig lo wade ihrouiiii ihe river, at a cerlaiu place which was indeed lord- ahle ai tha lime, was iiiil()rtiiiialely ilrowiied. Flusiied with the suc- cess lh(!y had met wiih hi.'re, the savages went directly to Bridgiiiau'a Ibrt. 'i here was no man in il, and oid\' three women and some chil- dren, viz., IVlrs. Jemima Howe, Mrs. S uhmit Grout, and Mrs. 1' lUmce (irallleid. 'J'heir husi)ands I need not niention aj-am, «nd tlieir lee the Ext It ihis jinicture I will not altempt to descrihe. 'i'hey Jiad heard u'iny's iMuis, hut knew not whal had happened to their i'riends. enemy s iMins. r( n Lxtrc mely an.vious ior their salety, they stood longing to endjrace them, nniil at length, concluding Irom the noise they heard without that some of ihcm were cduie, they unbarred tl le gati; in a hurry to receive them; wiien, lo ! to thcMr inexpressible disappointment and sur prise, instead of their husbands, in rushed a numi ijcr o f hid leous In- dian an( to whom tliey and th(Mr tender ollspriiig became an easy prev, 1 Irom whom they had nothing to expect but either an immediate deal vor of i'rovidence, tiu'iied oiit'to he tlie lot of tl 1 or a lung and ilolelid (;aptivity. The latter of these, hy the fa- -lese unhappy women and their still inort; unhappy, because more helpless, children. Mrs. GraHield had but one, .Mrs", (iroui had three, and Mrs. 11 The eldest ol Mis. How hut si e's was eleven years old, and tl X months. The t wo e,(|( I) we seven, le youngest her liivt husbaiul, Mr, Will Ind lam ians, ol' whicdi i doubt not but voi: hav St w(!re daughters, which she liad hy n IMiipus, who was also slain bv the l)t)olitlle's history. Jt was fnai e seen an account in Ml lately recei\('d tlio l()re'/oiiig aceoiuit. ^h be mouth of tiiis woman that I not, a :rue, though, to he sure, a very brief and i also gave me, 1 doubt mp(;riect history of lier caplivity, wlach ! here iii.-ert lor Nour perusal. It may perliaj aiilad \ou some amusement, and can do no harm, ill after it has under )S gone y.Hir crifi-'ai iiispectiiui, you should not think it (or an abbrevia- tion ot it) wor;liy to he preserved among the records vou are about lo )U bhsl '1' Indians (she says) having plundered and put fire to the fort, we iiiaieh((l, as near as i could ,!'" woods, where we encamped that niuht. \\ ge, a iMiie and a half into the and lieti ilie nKji-mii"- came \'. e had advame as naic arther, six liaiians were the pla-'f of onr late abode, who ( ollcct'-d a bttle i.. destroyed some other ell<^( Is that had been left Lehin sen t h, fic to n )t reiiiin until tlie day wa;- n^'ie plunder, :\i.(\ but thev (M ir spent, th; was jlid ;( d <'onl!iiue V. here we w(io through the night, j'larlv the ne>:t we set off Idr Canada, and (out best to niorniiii: iitinuetl our manii eJMhf (!;,vs s UCC( s- sively, uiiril we had reached the place where :he Indians had leil iliiMr caiKK:>s, a!)i.i!i ii.leen miles from ( rown unt. tedious march ; but the e;i|)tives, hy divine assistance, w f-ndure it with less trouble and dillicidty than they had pect. Fiuin such savage iria.-ters, in such / nis was a long auu ere enabled to reason lo ex- indigent eiivuinstances, we ■T i'i'i,i::iif;,\ r. r,<)N -'Hhi u.„ nUionnlly |,m,k. (.„■ kinder in.u.n.iu tl,;.i, uv nviv...! .dn-» 1 |„)„.ht ,ny son .S,|n,rf |,ud tho l.ardost uf miy. 1 1,: u,-,. !"■ sat ,!ow,i on his master's pack, tho savn.^c ..n> at that tender a,u'e, are siill plainly lo Ik- s,vn. ' A lenjrlhwo an-ived at. Crown IV.int, and took,,., oar m.arler. ^iven.y youngest daup^h.nr, Submit ]'hip,,s, to LVnZj I •n (ou, , . hvo canoes, just as night uas comini.- on, and uere -oo, -UTounded with cku-kness. A heavy storn, han. ' ^e T ■U veiv /lash o| expansive I, :,:htnbo. seemed to he all in a hin/ >(Y;' ""■^,;vc. were mdehtcd f., all the liHit we eiijove.l. ^^o o nee ccmld we discern- any longer than the Hashes la.ti ^ In thh p ' un ^ sa.led m our open, tottering canoes almost the whole of that 'd .vl^^<■u ashore; and havmg eolleetcd a hoapofsan;! and .n'avid lor . l-illnu;,! Ia,d myself down, with my tender infimt byniysde n,! ki.ow.ng where any of my other children were, or what a^ sera eonmuen they m.ght he in. The next day, houever, under "^nl f 1 at ever-presen and . Il-powerful Providence, wh.ich had preserved we all arrived m safetv at .St. Johns. '" Our next movement was to St. Francois, thc^ metropolis .t" I m'u -call ,t, to which the Indian., who led us'caplive, be ! Jd So n Iter our arrival at then- wretched capital, a council, consi^tin.- ofth.- cl.iel sachem and some prmcip-!,! warriors ol' the St. I-'rancoH trib( was convened, an called Mes- siskow, at the lower end of Lake Champlain, whither, in about a month after, it was my fortune to follow them, f had preserved m\ inilk in hopes of seeing my beloved child again. And here I IbunrI it, it is true, but in a condition that atlbrded me no great satisliictioii. it being greatly emaciated, and almost starved. I took it in my arms, put its face to mine, and it instantly bit me with such violence that ii seemed as if I must have parted with a piece of my cheek. 1 wax permitted to lodge with it that and the two i'ollowing nights; but everv morning tluit intervened, llie Indians, I sujipose on purpose to torment me, sent m(.' away^ to another wigwam which stood at .a little distance, tliough not so far from the one in which iny distressed infant was con- fmed^but that f could plainly hear its incessant cries and heart-n^nding lamentations. In this de[)l()vable condition I was obliged to take mv leave of it, on the morning of the third day after my arrival at ili' place. We moved down the lake several miles the same dny ; .ni.; the night f()llowing' was remarkable on account of the //iral cartli- qiiahr* which terribly shook that liowling wilderness. Aiuong i\v islands hereabouts we spent the winter season, often shifting our (piar- ters, and roving about from one place to another; ou- liunilv consi.-i- ing of three persons only, besides myself, viz: nn lal ui'on il,'.- mibs o( tlie trees, as the Indians are wont to han- tlie'raw hides ..r iJiose beasts which they take in humini£. It was not lonir, however, belore it was so ordered hv kind l'ro\ ,. Oence that I should be relieved in a o-ood nicasuj-o from tho'-e Jior- rid nmginations; lor as I was walking one day upon llie ice, observ- ing a sniQke at some .listance upon the land, it" must proceed, thoucdil I, Irom the lire ol some Indian hut, and wi,o knows but some oinroF my poor cliildren may be there .' M y curiosi! y, thus excited, led me to the place, and there I found my sou Caleb, v. little boy between two and three years old, whom I had lately buried, in seniinu-nt at least' or rather imagined to have been deprived of hfe, and perhaps also . 'lemed a decent grave. 1 found him likcwi^x> in tolerable health and circumstances, under the protection of a lend Indian mother: tmd moreover had the happiness of lodging with idm in my arms on- loylu night. Again we shifted our quarters, and when «e had Ira.- veiled eight or ian miles upon tlie snow and ice, came to a i)lace when the Indians manufactured sugar, which they extracted from the manl- trees Here an hidian came to visit us,\',y an I knew, and couM speak English Me asked me wIin- I did nol .■;o to see my sou .Squirc' I replied that I had lately been inlormed that lie was dJad [le a ' sured me (hat he was yet alive, an,t but two or three miles oil', on the opposite side ol the lake. At my renue.t he gave me the best diivc tions he could to the place of his abode. I resolved to embrace th'r u-st opportunity that oliiTc! of endeavoring- to .search it out. Whii- 1 was busy in contemplating this allair, the Indians obtained a iitde bread, of which they gave mc a small share. I di.l not taste a mor- sel ol It myself, but saved it all for my poor child, if [ should be so ucky as to find him. At length. Inning obtain-d of mv keepers leave to be absent lor one day, 1 sf;t olf early iu the monnnA niyh, my little son with- out the camp; but he looked, thought I, like a starved and mmv^ puppy, that had been walli .wing in the ashes. I took him in my arms and he spoke to mc these words, in the Indian toimue : " f.Iother, are you come r' 1 took him info the wigwam with me, and observin-r a number ol Indian children in ii. I distributer! all the bread whidi I had reserved ior my own children, among them all, otherwise I should have given great ollence. iMy littk> boy appeared to bo very find ..f his new mother, kept as near me as possible while I staid, and mIwh I told him 1 must go, he fel.l as tliouuj, !,(.• Jiad been knorl;,.! dov i. i (H); A St I'I'LK'MIIM', wiif I !l (illl iiiif liiiviii.'j; rcconiiiU'iKlod liiin to the en 10 o\ Inn wn. II' inJKtc limi, uhcu ilKMliy v.as i.ir sjK'nt, and llio lime would pcnviit i no loii;^ei', I (IcpnrtccI, yuii inny well suppose, with ;i lica'. ') Slav 'iv.\ at: !;)\- heart. yMili^esf child |.;id, ;; little b-llu'e, h^ Till' tidiii'rs 1 had received of the death ol' lie .loulit, l)l|t I Id. K'cii coiiiii'iiied to ine L)ev( Mid coil Id IVlll; eH not mourn ^^ hcartilv jiir the deceased as ii>r th' to .St. Johns ; and llu'on 'h \Vhfn ihe wiutei- liMke up, we ivm. • etisnini- summer, our prineipal residenec w, at no yreal distal ICC !'ol!l (lie :c lii>!;il.d mviii! at t!;at I laei . In ilic mean time, lioncvcr, my sister' 'eeii (>nt wnh a seoutinu parly to some oftht; En . M di :«i'^ dements, liad a dijinken I'rolic at the tial when lie roturr.i l!i_swi:i\ w}.. lujvi r -ot drunk, but had often exp(nv need ih- i cdeets Ol her luisliand's inlemperanee, fearint!; what the eoiise.jaen. r.iadit prove if 1.- shoiikl come Jiome in a morose and turbulent In iTior. lo a voiil Ins insolence, propur.i.-d tli;il we should both retii •p i'ltt ol" llic reardi ol' it until the siuriii an \ al)at eii VV nsconoeo •conhnolv, but so it h: irest 'nc(>, before his ippcnoi tl lal I. returned and ventured into hi^ wile iiad pn iineu to come ni: .iUii :i) bts wi'>wani, an (! in a suriv moot and no t boi line I iouni le t'> re liold o ui.l hurried mo to the fort, and, for a triliin"- consideration, soli \''i]'j.<' upon liis wile, Ixjcause she was not at 1 lome, lie aid IMO ni(^ to a hn n-'li V.I IK I ( ontlenian whose name was .Saecaj)ee. 'Tis a n il oa ertainly that blows nobody any good. I had eon with tl., liaiis ft year lacking fourteen days; and, if not ll)r mv sister, vef iv iTi; ( was luck V circumstance indeed, v.'hieh thus at last iuc.\j.ee!ey comp.-.ay ; ;so tbut bt- ween th.,so two r.valMhe lalh.r ami th. son, I Ihuu.l .ny«. Hn a I'vil'T II "t""''"" '"'''"'' ^"•' ^^"'^ ^"■''''">' ^•"'"-''n-a.sM.d and per- plexed, luu-dly knovvii.o- nuiny tunes how to behave in .su, that, ui'U.T all, slu^ Icit it wiiii ihu grcatL'sl inluriiiiK/c, ami ilii; most ljitti;r lani<'iilaiioiis, which she coiitiiTnod as \v« li-i('H(l |)a.is('il the >fri'cts. ami wliollv idii M ii1([ t( l|o|' Miial isi'(! Id |)r f. millirti.'d. My oood ujioiii vv(! m<-t with on tjir u.in , iriod all he o (oiisok; hfr; ;iiid wa.s so very kind :iiid o'lliuiiin- as to I IIS coinpany, and carry inv dauirhtrr 'ht-iiiiid him on hnrsi-hnck. iiut I htive run on ;i littk l)('!orc iiiv • i\-\ I h lornicd you oi tlir niuajis and inuniKT i i" my o\\ ivi> not v so oinnilelld to tbr'^cl. (!olunrl .Selmvier in nar 'M'ons as to advance ^iTOO livres to three of niv childron. f J particiilai' was .>o \crv kind and ireu- |iroeiire a ransom li.r mysel ail; treai Al )a!i\ l)i(.' maiiii'r a cijiisiderablc ti^ne iiit.'K al his own expense. e aecompanicdtnid eondiicied us Jroni IMoii- onteiiainod us mi the most I'rieiidly and hospifii- 111.- own ii.iiise. ami lielievc eu- i liave siiun oiii the above narrative to a iiiucl 1 I'i'eater lenyth tlian iide it With relerriir. \oii, lor a iiion e lieroine who is the subject 1 at lirsl iniended, and shall C(jnc amplo uiid hriUiant accinint oi' the cai)ti\ „ ...^ ^,.,, ^^, <^i"it, lo VaA. I lumpliroy's History ol" the l.iio of lien. Israel" PLitnani,' together with some remarks upon ;i ii;w claiix's in it. I never indeeil I liistory, but remember 1 it in one of the IJoston liad ih(! ii'easuro oCp^ !o have scon somi' timf ar lerusinu,- ilie whole oi" san :o an e.\:!-a:'i. .\\>\\ new.-papers, in winch the colonel I sense, and rare a • omiiiisliments olMis. I h ciKk-avors lo paint in the most iivelv and en las extolled the beauty and lletoohiul i!v,and ma stylet iwe, the person whom lie ng colors, |)erhai)s a lit- raiii with her to this day mmai hav iiat may appear to those who are acquainted needs have been misinlbnned with itie and e\tr;Lva!i/int. And the colonel i mist has mentioned m her history. Indeed, w hen [ iicei i(^ some particulars that he history to Mrs. 1 ri'ad tii(> extract li n:e, (which name sIh- has derived Ironi a tl om I I I • , . , ' \ " — ■•"■' >^>^'irv.M in/uj met with yoim- Sa.'caneo on the way ; that she was in a boat with Colonel rt.diuyier; ihat the French 6(Heor came on board the uoaf, made h";. some luindsomo presents, tocjk his fma! UBaye ol hei . and departed, to .Mtw:,rd appearance, in tolerable <.ood humor. ~ rfhe morever savs. that when she we„i i„ (Wiiada f.r her daiiuh er, she ivet with hna again ; that :.e showed iier a loek of her hair; h( ;r nae-o likewi •e, nnate'l wit i iio'i Oil his ■i/vii. to lu-'- A sc;i'i'ij;.MKN'i', 005 ■a , wh.3, Culonr-I llmvuni ,,|„.,i„,,i fVonnh,,. i-,.vc.nnuc.nt of N.m ork a patent of tl.nr 1:ukK „n . !u3 w.st s:,lc oiHu, Con,, .cti.ua rivor, V ..s n.,.yor onco thought of !., ,ho Min.Js.IuL. pt-oplo nntil tho ahow- niontioned oxtnict arnvrd ninoivj ilicin. s\v til irue northwardly branch of the same Jioarly to its source; thence norfl emin-acin"- tlic waters of fill' u Jnat Saline, and with that st. >.,... iwardly, t.nvards the Kansas i-'wov. li(! same, yiiig a ream i'per portion of the Osayo river ; and thence obliqudy approachini^- the same to ih... bc'^Innin-r The el, n.ate is .iehghtlul, and the soil fertilo in the e.xtr/.ne. ^The hce f the country ,s g..ne,vUly levd, and wHI ^vatered ; the ea„:..,„ ^ t • ' die coun ry .s covered with a variety of ex,.el!ent timber ; .he west .n and middle country, high prairies. It embraces within ils limitst salmes, which are, m point of magnitude and excellence, nicnualled by any known 11, North Aiu-rica ; there are also inanv o h .rs d" £^ no e. Ihe prnicipal part ol' the Great Osa.e have always ^M t then- villages, on the < )sage river, since they have been kno^ t ho inha, .Hants ..]• J.omsiana. About three vears since, noarh on halt of tins n.t,on headed by their ..hief; the m^trark, . n3d . hethree ;rkso( the Arkansas; near which, and on ts n.alh lie h-T established a vi Inge, whore they now reside. The Little o!,: formerly res!,lod on the southwest side of the Missouri, near the mSl , oK.rand river; but, being reduced by conlinual wurliire with their neighbors, were compelled to seek the i-rotection of ;h. Groat Osa e near whom they now reside. ''^^'o*^' K VNSAs.-Tl;e limits of the country they claim is n.)t kn<.wn. The ooun ry in whu n they reside, and from thence to the Missouri is •, ;iehghtful one and generally well watered, and co....! ;:^n; ^eU • • 't timber; they hunt to the upper part of Kansas and Arknm:as ■ luis; Iheir ,rado may be expected t.j increase with proper inana-o- mcnt At pr sent they arc a dissolute, lawless banditti : Aequci^K- P nu er th.ir tmdc.rs and commit depredations on persons a.c^,^ ^ -aid descendingnhe Missouri river ; population rathei- incrca.ino- The fCjople,as well as the Great and Little Osayes, are .tationarv, al ,h tillages, from about the loth of March to the l.jfh of iVIav and •:>gam irom the loth of August to th > 1.5th of Octobor: the b d-.n - '! !fv; year is ai.propria'ed to !u!n!i.,g. Tiny cultivate corn, A-, i I j| ii i Ii()({ A ;si |■|•(,l•!.Ml;^T. Orroiis. — 'I'lu'Y liiiv*^ no idea ol mi cmI foumry, iior (|i> ilu-y assij^n tlieinaulv tlial Ihcy uiiiild olijccl U) llir iiilnuliicl IN ,'iiiv liniils. iisivi' jxispicssiori of (iii\ (III iiul Iii'Im'vi' ii'U (if any udl (lis|t(is('(| hniians; Kv lival llu' iradirs with ics|.cct and Imspiialily, ^rnnrally. In uMi- ocfiiimtions of liunlin.n imtl fullivalion, they im^ Ww. sanic wiih llic Kansas and Osai'r. 'i'licy limit on IIk! Sal'iiK! and .Mniincl rivrrs, and west ol i law Hill 111 llic plains (• ((Uinti'v 111 wliK li Uii'v iiiiil lK>s wi'll; It is cxtiviiicly Icrliio and wril watered; that wlcicji I loi'tlcrs oil .\ iiiiineiiaw' ami M issoiin 1'. par; m| n "I tinilicr; |i.i|iulaii(iii lallier incri'asii iK'ar tli(> plare u Iiltc (jji Ir villa<:c is siti'iatod, and an; llu; d ol" the iMissoiiiis. pos.M'sses a jrood |iorti(iii riiny have always resided I'seeiidani-; Mis.soi lus 'riiese are the reinnaiit ol.' ihe i iulialfitiiin; tlje Missoiiii, wlu ii (irst k (•lent and principal \ill,ii.'e was situated ii plain, on ihe luulh hank of tlit; Missouri, jiisl hejow the Host niiineroii nation fiii- nowii to the j-'rench. Their 1 an extensive and lie ( iraiii U'rille entraiico ol ri\er. Ilepealed allticks ol" the sinall-pox, t(j^ellier wiih their war with Ihe Saiikees and Uenards, have induced them to their present state ..|" dependence on the Olfoes, with whom they reside, as we I 111 their \ illaw tiiein as I heir mleriors, am p(Mple are the real propiietiirs of an extensive and le-rli lying on ihe Mi-.- distance, and as I lii, excursions. The Olloes sonieliines treat tlieni amiss. These e e.ounir\ >iiri, al)oV(^ their aiKnent villa^v lur a eoiisiderah iiw as the mouth ol the ( > I he 'sa!i:e river, and th(nie ississipi.i. _ PanTas. — \\ iili ri'-pcci to their idea of the possession ul'soil, it similar to thai of ihe Oiloes. They hunt on ihe south side; ol' I IS iviver I'lall (lortioii. of this count liii',lier up, and on tlu; head ol" iIk; Kan sas. A ureal i) ro- l\' IS OjlCIl Ihains, iiit(>rspersed, hmvever, wiiii th >ves ol limber, wlucli are most ^eiieraiiy lomul in tlu; vicinitv ol' V. waler-cotirses. || is o,.|„>rally lerfik; aiid well watered : lies Ic'vei ami sioiie liev Ii now inhahit, since they were known to l| valuahle one, iVom the I; ive resided in the coiiiUry \vhicli ll le willies. Tl le leir trade is they iuniisii ; and i: mav he exiiecli. d vet to i proportion ol Iseaver and (.iter w Inch iicreM.,(>, as tiiosc ani- mals are sliM ahundaiit m their eomitry. The | eriods ol" iheir deiicu at their viilaj,(> and luinti () saacs Tl are similar to th(j Ki resi- uisas aim IIOSj) itabl. leir po[)iilatioii is uicrcasuu Th lo all Willie •y are iricm iiy a ill llieu- iradcr:-, with whom thev are i persons; pay great respect and delerenen tu d(4)t.- luiicui; 111 paymi^nt ol ll !(! a branch ol iho 'aiiia I'axi AS Ri'ihthmca ns — A lie\ are tVecpieuily termed, the /% Patinch. About t( hey withdrew thenisolvc^s Innii tluj mother iia! n years sinci- w lla tic on a iiirj;' iiorthwardlv brancli ion, and est ;ibli iiavo mveu name ilr'v aicrward: ol l!ie suudivuleil ansas, to wh sii'ii a ch thev nu llVO' parts ol th(U(iunfry on ilie waters ofKansas; they rejoined the I* ro pi r last spni NVbai has 1^ -'11 said with respi'ct (o the I 111 diliereiu una.- aiuns I ^n'i'??>t\M.:N'r. mt '''•''I"-'- IS f.p|.lir:,|,|rn„ ,|„. U, .|,„l,|i.,,n nV part, Hilars rclair.l .,| ,h...,th,.r j'aniaH uf.. als.. apphrahl-tn th-ni. viAiiAs.— I hry- liavc ik. idra orcxcliisive possession of soil, \hoiir .(-'11 .V(_'ars sine., ih.'y hoasLd .,rs.;vcn huiidn'.l wanLus '''h.'v liavc Hvod in a vi la^o, „„ tho ^vvst hank of the Missouri, two hmi.ln...l and ■hiity.siNmil(.sahovoth.Miioulh.ilMJioHivcTl'laU.,.,wh,.,vtli..yciillivri[.'d <•''^^lK.a,^s and rn(:l.)i,s:tli,.yu,:nMvarlikr,aii(lili(. terror. .rili..irii.i.h. fwrs In Ih.! smnm. r and anlunin of ls(»;i, they weir- visiK.'d hv the sinal -pov, which re.hurd their nuinhcrs to soiu.ithin- l<;ss than Ihree hun.lre.1: th..y hnrnt ih-ir villas.-, aii.l have he<-o,ne u wan.l.-rii... na- 'i.)n, deserted hy the tra.lers, and tli.; eonse-puMit .l..(i<-ienev oC arms •■UKl .•iiniuiinitiou has invited fro.|nent aoirressions Iron, th-ir ii.M.d.bors, which hav.3 l.mde,l to iv.lii.-.. th.'in still (iirther. 'i'h.^v rovelirin.-i- paily on tli.; w'alers oflh • (iuiciiriv, or Uapi.l riv.a-. I oNCAits—Tlie ivinnant ..fa nati..n onco respectuhle in point of m.ml..|r,s. I hey liuin.'rly ■■esid.'.l on a branch ..f the |{o..ncar riv<-r, where tliVy hnilt and fi,,- tilled a villag.-, ami icniaiiied some years: hut beinir puiv,|,..d |,y tlieir ancient .•n.'inies, th.' Sioux, and reduce.l by continual wars, th.'v hav loiM.'d aii.l now roid,,' with th.' Mahas, whos.- laii-nane they speak. ]{!,,, ,.:s_A,v th.' ivniains of t.;ii lai-.. tribes ..ri^uiius,who have boen rc.aiced by ll,,; sniall-pox and the Sioux to th.; pn.'sent number. lli.-y livv 111 foriihed vil!a<4-.s, and. hunt hnm.niiately in their nei-.h- b.>rhoo. . I he .•oiinlry ar..und them, in .•very dir.x-tion Cr s.'V.Tal i'i""l'v.l miles, IS eiiLiivly bare of timber, excep't on tlu" water-e.jurses and steep declivities of hills, when; it is sh.'lKn-ed from the ravages of fire. I h.; land is tolerably well watered, and lies well li.r cultivation I lie ivmams ol the villaires <,f these people ar.Mo be seen on munv parts of ihe Missouri, from the moulh of Tetone river to th<; Mandans. I hey clami no land except that on win. h their villa-j-es slaii.|,ai!d th.' ii.'l.ls wl.i.di llu.>y cultivate. The 'J'etons claim the country ai<.un!<-• mMoiuit. n.r'v i.mii.luii. ,i imrli.l trade uilli tl,...ir ,,|)|„v„su, . Mic Jctoii^, l(. uliuin they i»:ulLT iiorsrs, imiks, curn, l,caiis, uii.l a .•s|jucica ol tobacco, whidi thcv (niltivato ; unci ivceivc in rotmii -.iiiis. ••{""luinirioii, kettles, a.ves, aii-l <.tluT artielu« wliicli the Tetons <^)laii, 'I'Min llie ^ HiAibnu of tlie X<.rtli, and «issatones, wliu trade; vvitli M.. Cameron, <,n tl,«; lU\vr St. I'citcrs. These horses and i..id(.>s iIh Kiears ohlaiu Irom their uesteru nc'i..hhors, who visit iheni iVequenti^ • '-»»■ the iniTj '- ■ I i"!ra;!:"kin,n. ^ MANDAj«s.~.i i„ ,, arc the most IriemJlv, wel[.(Hsi.o.se,l Indians in- iial)iuu.A liie ^llvM)Lll■l. They are hrave, humane, and hospitable. About twenty.five years since they lived in six villai-es, ub.jiit lorty miles below thou- present villages, on both sides oi'the Missouri. Re- iie.itcd visitations of the -Muall-poA, aided bv iVeijiieiit attacks of the .^loiix, have reduix-d them to their present number. They claim no particular tract ol country. Th:y live in li^tilied viUa^es, hunt im- nKMiati.'iy in their nei.irliborhood, and cultivate wrn, beans, siuiashes, and tobacco, which lorni articles of tralilc will, their neighbors, the Vssinniboms; thoy also barter horses with th.; Assiuniboiiis for ariin. ■uiiimiiiitu.n, axes, kettles, and other articles of European manufuc iuie, v.hich these last obtain from the British esfablishm, iits on the Vssmmbom river. The articles which the^ thus obtain Ih^m the As- ^iimibuMis, and the British traders who visit tliem, they a.raiii ev- '•h;inge lor horses and leather tents with the Crow Indians, Chyennev. A etepahatoos, Kiawas, Kanenavieh, Stacton, and Cataka, who visit iliem occasionally ibr the purj)ose of tralHc. AuwAjniAWAv.—They diiler but very little, in any particular, iioni the Mandans, their neighbors, exjcpt in the unjust war which ihey, as well as the Minetarcs, prosecute against the defenceless ^nak(' Indians, irons which, I believe, it will be (liUlcuii to induce them u^ desist. 1 hey claim to havij once been a part of the Crow Indians, whom they still acknowledge as relations. They have resided on the \lis.souri as long as their tradition will enable; them to inlimn. AliAET.xjiKs.— Thoy claim no particular country, nor do they as- sign themselves any limits: (heir tradition relates that they have al- ways resided at their preseni village's. In their customs, manners, •ind dispositions, they are similar to the Mandans and Ahwahha- -vays. Iho scarcity of fuel induces them to reside, during the cold season, in large bands, in camps, on diflerent parts of the Missouri, as lugh up that river as the. mouth of the River Vellow Stone, and west ol their villages, about the Turtle mountain. 1 believe that these ("-•ople, as w(>ll as the Mandans and Ahwalilmwa\ s, mirn)cf!v rcsidcl un il'th >v liver, iVoiii till! (rioiifli <>ftli(; VV i^^sissippj, a„il still .'hiiiii fji.. 1(111,1 ;,|, iliat -id oiistwtird toward 1 al;( M iscoiisin to the iiliiiois i ivfr, and '111 not iiiiomicd. Thin- also claim, I I'iii.unii; Init to what particular hoiindarv. I country IM-Icjnninn. t,j )|,'( most vuliialilo portions d' I'ifory they are willimr to I •■•lit of it, J d )y COIKjIlCSt, fhu Wholo ol'llir aiiciciit Missoiiris, wliicli |;.rins (ri,,-.,! iIk l'"iiisiana; hut what proportion ..f jhis icr- issii-ii to Ihc Ayouways, who al-.o claim a wh . hvc north and iiorlhw r o not kunw, as thoy arc at war with :lio fci est o f the Mtii , <^\C('pt the > aiikton Aliiiah iH'ir houndarics in that .luartor o.w also imdeliiipd : ll "vomo much more valuahjo if peace wrts csfablidi-.d het leir trade would iind the nations west ol'the M population, has remained i.carlv il an abundance of '•oni, lieans, and melons: the\ ueen ihe.n Willi wiiom tli(;y are at war; tin aine for many years; thev rai.M' ssouri, with whom th(;v sfiinelimes h he country west ..I them, towar.ls the Missonri-; !„„ their nrincieal minting is on both mdes of ,1... Mississippi, from the n- ut ' Wivonsm to he mo„,h of the Illinois riu'r. These peonk ar. x remely Inendly to the whites, and seldom injure thei 7 er • >'; iney air at w-ai. jo iheui is justly attributed the almost entin. ,1,. ^n,ctK.n of the Missouris, the ,||ni,, (■„,,,,,,, S^da I! a!;.; VyAPATON,.>~( 'laim the counlry in whieh they r.,v.. ,.,, the uorlh west^sKleof fheU.verS,. I'eters, Iron, their villa,, • to thl m™ h f the ( Inppeway river, and thence northeastwardl) -owards the head of he Mississii • ,, m.^hidino the Crow-win-r rive/. 'I'heir I- i d- ert e and ,en... ,dly w.ll timbered. TheAre only stllti! .an i h r'Vu' ''H^ V/,?"V ^^hi*^'' i« '■'•»"• <1"^ l^^T^'nnini,^ of (^,0!,' "the last ol March. Their trade is supposed to be at its^nvates, ex- tent. I hey treat their traders with respect, and seldom at!em„l to I'ol) them. This, as well as other Sioux ban.ls, ac.s, in all re , as mdepe idently ol each other as if they were a distinct nation. MiNOA WAKe.vuTON.-Tlus is the only banri of . Sioux that ••ullivate- corn, beans, &c.; and these even cannot pn.perly l,e termed a sia- -nm-y people. They live ui unU of l I' I' I, i:\ir. NT. Sis>.vT(.M>. — 'l']u\ cUiiii iliiM iiirv III wlih'li they n»vo,cinl(m( • lUg il.f ((|,i...r |M.i-tiun. o|' tl,,. Uf(i riv.T, (.r h;ik.' Wwinipio, iiiid Si. I'fU-r^; It m a UmA cuuiiin, uiLTscctfil willi iiiHiiy '^miill lalics ; iIk- IuikI is liitili ,-111.1 livr (.I'sidiic; tlip iiinjorily (.l"it Apcii piniiis. This < iMiiiiry alM.imds ukuv hi valiiahlr liir iinininls, hoavor, otfer, and niai- liii, than any iMirtimi nf Lmipsiaiia yd kiuiwii. Tliis ciivunHtaiKT • I'm iiislicH liic iSi.s.salniics witli (he means ol" |iiirfluisiiiy nidrf rncr- clinndisr, lii |»r.)|.(.i'ii.,ii to ilicir niiinlx-r, Ihaii any nalinn in this ,n,jtr- I' I. A yrcat jirnporiioii i,r ihis niciTliandis.' i,^ reserved Uy tli« in liu Iluir ti'adf widi tlic Ti'Lins, w Ikuti liny auimally incct at muhk! jKiini jircviMiisly a;.i:ivcd ..n,ii|.l(' itniiioriioii ot'wiial tlicy do dhtaiii in a similar maiUM-r niih tlial iiU'iUion(.'d(.rihcSissaiuiii-i. 'I'liis trade, as small as it may apiicar, has boon sntKrienI ic r. iid.a- the Tetons inde|iendeni oi" the iiadei.riiu' Missouri, in a ^reat iiieasure, and has rnrnishcd l:lK'm with the means, not only of dislre'ssiiiii; and |i'underin^f the traders of the Missouri, but also ul' |iliiiidi!riii^ ansacn mn; the delenciilosw .vavai^es oftlu; Missouri, Irom tlu; moulhuCilie river |Ti the Min, lares, and west to the liocky mountains. Vanktons Aunaii.— 'I'hese are tin- Ix s! dls(.nsed Sioux who rove on th(,' itanksofthr Missouri, and these even will not sailer any trad(jr to asr. lul the river, if they can possibly avoid if:, they have;, hereto- il>re, invariably arrested the. projiress of all those they have met with, and 'teiu'raliv rompelled them to trade; at tho prices, n( nur government as will make them ll'ol a dependence! on its will li.r their supply ()f merchandise, lailess those ])eople aro nnJuced to orilfM-. by c(HM\'ive measures, I am ready to pronounce that the citir z(Mis ofihe Iniied Stales can never enjoy but partially the advantages which the Missouri presents. Relying on a reuular' .-upply of mer- cjiandise, through tlic; cliann.;! of the Iliver St. Peters, they View with contempt the merchants of the Missouri, whom thev never tail to ' plunder, when in their power. Persuasion or advice, wilii them, is viewed as supplication, and only tends to inspire them witii contempt for those who olfer either. The lameness with which the traders of Missouri have heretofore submitted to tlieir rapacity, has tended not a little to inspire them with contempt Ibr the white persons who visit (hem through that clianncl. A pn'valent idea among them, and one A SII'IM.KJIIONT. nil ^vliich l!j.-y iiiakf tl.r nikr ..f t|i.-ir .•..n.liir-t, is. ii,;u th- tunr. ,11 (|„.v invif the iri.lcrs, Iho jrr,,,t,in, and with that stn.ain downwards i.. \h- niouHi ni' Wappidon nvcr, and Hi«;iic(j oastv-ardlv t,. iiitfjrsorl ih,. Mississii.i.i •,■ the hoffinniny;. ' i i ■ ■ ('irv,v.\,\i:s.— Thoy arc tho remiiiuil ol" a nation onro ro-spectahlf in l»'>:iit •»! nuinhcr: i;.r..i,.rly n'sid.-d on a hranch of the; Ucl nv..r ,.!• Lnia- \Vn)uipi<., winch still h,.ar>; their name. iJf.ing .mprcsse.l hy Hie Sioi!-., Hi(,'y roinovcl i,. tl„. west side of the .Missouri, about lilWn nnles i).,.|,.w the mouth ..f W.rreciinno creek, where they l)Milt and fortihe.! a village, hui bcini.; pui'sned bv their aiu^ient enemies, th,. Jmoux, they fled to the Hluck Hills, about the he-ad of the (Jhyanne rivci-, whe,, thoy wander in que it of the Ruflid<., havinir n„ fixe.l rcsidcnec. They do not eultivale. VVktei>aiiatoi.;s — Thoy are a wandering nation, inhabit an open country, and raise u great number of horses, whieh Hiey barter to the Ricars, iMandans, (fee., for articles oC lOuropeaii manufacture. 'I'hey are a well disposed people, and might be readilv induced to 'visit tlie trading establishments on the Missouri. Fronj the animals their country produces, their trade would, no doubt, become valuable. DoT.v.MKs.— The inlbrmation I possess with respect to this nation, IS derived from Indian information : they are said to bo a wanderin.r nation, inhabiting an open country, and "wIkj raise a great number o[' lifu-ses and mules. They are a friendly, well-disposed people, and might, from the position of their country, be easily induced to visit an establishment on' the Missouri, ai)out the mouth of Chyannc river. 'I'hey have not, as yet, visited the Missouri. Castaiiana. — What has been said of the Dotames Is applicable to these people, except tliat they trade' [)riaci|)ally w^i the Crow Indians, and tliey would most probably prefer visiting^n establishment on the Yellow Stone river, or at its mouth on the Missouri. Crow Indians — Those people are divided into four bands, called by themselves Ahah-ar-ro-pir-no-pah,Noo.taa,Pa-rees-car, and E-hart- sar. Thov annually visit the Mandans, Minetares, and Ahwahhawavs, ill I ■J4 6112 A Sri'ri.KMF.NT, Jo whom they hartor h(ir,s( arliclcs of iiidifiii .■i|)ii;ircl. (or \\h\rh llir\ immitiiih- ;i\c.s. VV IVu. icitic iiwls. It'll I iicli ;1 S S, IIIUU'S, Ic'ltMlT ln(|(r(\s, 011(1 lll.'llii. receive ill return jj,iiiih, am- uid (ilhei- lMiro|)eaii mamiliic-tiircs. isiled by lh( ley refiirii (o ihcii- (•duiilrx , lliey aie in imii v lliev ha.ve ohlaiued iKike Indians, t.) wlinm Miev liaiter nidst of llic ariicli nudes, of whicli ihnsr nalioiis havi ii'"iii llie iialioiis on llie Missdiiri. lur h selves. Tl ie\' also o| •lain ol liie Snake liidiiuis lu lorses and ler a!iiindaiicc than them- k (•.\frein"l\ valiiahh and ltav(! no idea ofexelusivo" rioht |,, il,c soil M. 1\Jankt(m>\— ( )si:i:.: mi — Maiitoi'anato- dp idiaiis, produces, (jicii lev are a ro\iii' iieonli' UV XSSINNIHO A?>,.- io_ dPsceiideiils of il,.. Sioux, and parlakr of ihcir nirhidenl ss (lis!)osilioii: ilicy (re(|ueiilly plunder, and somclime^ and liiithli murder Ipeir own Ira ders. rallv 1. noun was honowed Ironi tht^ ("i le name iiy \\liiidi lliis nation i^; tieiie- //) iippewavs, who call Ihem .v.v///////>e(r,7, whudi, lil CIlC- llC'iU til.' 'I'Ih- tlH> Ulc. llllf •11(1. vcr in so. rii|'li'il \ulli mail), swaiiiiis ami iiii ' .|-(!|- 'I. Iiis, as U(;ll as i\\<: oiJi '>aii.ls ol ( liipiic'wuys, arc cslcciiic,! t||c Lcs; ImnliT,, of lli •ouiKry; hill i\\nn IIk; loii'.i,- rcsidcijconj'lliis I HOW iiiliabil, name is hccoiiiiiiL'- 110llll\S(l>s( laiiii 111 tlic coiiiitry llicy :carci! |>os('(l lo |)(! ill lis i.n-(;iilcsl rxlijiil lui-fluiT, llicir trailc i.' Sllll- Ok Uni;i{ l'|.;.>iiii:\.\. — 'riicsc p •iili; oftlic iMississi|i|)i, al S ' oiii|)aiiv to remove, alimil r rii leojiic ioriiii:|-ly resided oii ihe easi mil lake, Iml were induced l>v liic Xorlliucsl vo ye:u-s since, lo the, liiver I'einhciia. y do not claim ihe Ijuids on whicii Ijiey liiiiiU '1 ievol and Ihe soil "-ood. 'I.'l wrs\. side of rhe riv \n: (^iiiiifry is lii'uiries or open |)!aiiis; on the cast side ih er IS |)riliei|),illv il tiinl ei'e IS U aler n-i'. Ii(;ir trade a! uresenl is a ver\' I' l»i'o|i'irlioii Al-CONUIMAS 1)1' IvAIW J.AKi;. ()| aiualjle oiu- hoy claim, I am iioi mall parlies. Ti he |)recise limits of coiiiiirv IHlormed. I hey liy,- v,'rv lllllch (jelachod, ill If has hfMMi much hunted, and I coiinlry they iiihahit is l)iit an iiidii; erent ouo le uame o: coiirsc; nearly c.\liaiis!cu. ley an; well di~^|)n.rd towards the whites. Tin ir iiiimher is said to , t^li-.; they enjoy a delightful climate. I'Aix^e.vs.— This once powerful nnilon has, apparently, eiuii>>jlv' •iisappearcd; every inquiry I have made after them has pn.ved inef- ectual. In the year 1774 they rcsi.led in several villatres on the ii'.ifi ni the Kansas river, and could, at that time, brinir upwards of wo thousand men mlo the held. (See Monsiem- Dupral/' ffislorv oi" l^nuis'ana, paoe71,and the map attached to that work.) The' in- I'Tination that ( have received is, that being oppressed by the nations -'■siflmg on the 'rssouri, they removed to the upper pait ofthe River I atte, where the)- afterwards had but liitlo intercourse with th<; whites Ihey wem to have oiv(^n name to the northern branch of the river ^v\ucn is stil callcMl the I'aducas I'ork. The most probable conier. lure is,_that being still fmihe,- reduced, il.ev have divi.ied into small waiKlenni: bands, which assumed the names of the sub-.livisions r,f Jie 1 aducas nation, aud are known to us at present un.ler the apnel- .^'finuo; Wefepalmtoes, Kiawas. Ka,..: • . ish, Katfeka, Dotame, &c., Mb . SI,!) uihabif th- nouiury to whi=M t h- Padiicas are said to have reiu()\'efl. onSKRVAI'iON^ Made in a Voyaor, commencing al St. Cat/nrinr's Lnndinu', on tlic 'Zjili'U'''' '^^'■'"■'■'^'PP'^ m-occcdin': downinurh to the month of fh'- hrd lijra; and from thcnrc asc,ndinpi, but durinrr the immdaiioti. ° On the l^■'tll, the survey nf the Red river was commenced, and on the evening of the lOfh, the party arrived at the mouth of the Black river, m platitude :31, 15, 4^, N., and about 2G miles from the Missis- sippi. Rod river derives its name from the rich fit earHi or mari, or that col.,r borne down by the floods; the last of which nppr;ared td have (lepositedon the high bank a. stratum of upwards of half an inch in thiL'kness. The vegetaiioa on its banks is surprisingly luxuriant; no doubt, owing to the deposition of marl durii;g its miuual Hoods! 1 he willows grow to a good size, but other forest trees arc much smaller than tliohc seen on the banks (,l' the Mississippi. As you ad- vance up th(.. river, it gradually narrows ; in latitude ;31, 08, N., it is about f>\.) hundred yards wid(;, which width is continued to the mouth of Black river, where each of them appears one hundred and fifty yards across. The banks of the river are covered with pea-vine, and several sorts of grass hearing seed, which geese and ducks eat very greedily ; and there are generally seen willows growing on one side, and on the other a small growth ol black oak, peccawn,'hickory, elm, i''cc. The current in the |{ed rivr is .;o moderate, as scarcely to af- lord an impediment to its ascent. On sounding the ({lack rive,, a liule ab )ve its mouth, there was lound twenty ieet of wati>r, with a bottom of bhudv sand. The water of Black river is rather clearer than the Ohio, and of a warm teinpe- ratiire, which it may receive from the water llowing into it from the valley of the Mississippi, particularly by the Cutahoohi. At noon on 59* (ii-, v SI i'i'i,f;.Mf:,\(. Ih.' T.Ul, 1.3 a ,u(„„| nicrnliaa (.l),scrvaliiin, llicy asrcrlaiar,! f|„.„- |,i,|-. tii.l.' to he ;}(», 'M, 2{), i\.. aad wcv ihni a lililc UrU,w \hr moiillis ..i )l..' f aiahncln, W a>l.ita, au.l liavoi. 'I'.aza, Ihc laalcl waters „r vvIhc , (nnn ilm UlaHc riv.r. Th,. carival is v.tv ^u.lle ihr uholc Ifii^-th <.l tlie HlacK nv.T, whirl, ii, manv plac<>s docs iini v\riv<{ ci-hty \anl.s la wi.lil,. '|'|i,; banks ..11 )li,- |,,urr pari ..ftlic river pre- stMil a.t,n-oat lu.Niiria.uv nf vrn;otalioii an.l rank -rass, will, red and I'lnr-.v ( ak, ash, peecawn, iaekory, ;uid smn.- (has. Tlie soil is hiack iiinrl. njixed with a nidd.'rale portion (.f sand, reseinhlino- niueh the waon the .MisM-s,p„i haidof slabdily; very littl.> willow or other productions of a neuly inrnied soil on either side. On advancing up tlu' river, the timber beeon.es la.-ge.-, in so..,,, pkuvs risinj-- to the hei-|,t of Ibrtv (W'l ; yei ih,. kind ,s liable !o be inundated, not from the vvatei-s ofthis .sniad i-iver, hut /.•oin the intrusion ••f its more powerliil iici-dibor, th.- Mississippi, nw lands .kvli,,,. rapidly, as in all nllnvialeountries, from the ma,-ir,n lo iho* eypress swamps, where more or less water stagnates all ll.<. year round. On the -Jlst ihey passed a small, but elevate, islai.,1, sai.l 1., ]„- th,. o„|y one in ||„. river lor more than one hnn.i.vd l.^ngues aseen.lin-. On the left bank, near this island a si.iail s<.ttl.Mu..nt or ., ..ouple oi" a.avs has h. ,■„ b.'^un by a u.an an,! IIS w!|,.. [he banks an- not less than Kalv uvt a hove the present level ,,! iho water m th.. river, and are but rarel v .nvrflowed ; on boll, sidcsthey are el,,the.l with .•i.h caned.rake, pierecd by c.veks .'it to cam- boals diM'iiiu- th,. inuiid'ilioii. They saw m;iny ,-,a'moranis, and the hoopiu;.;- crane ; ..ces(. and .Iuck5 -Aiv uol y,.| abundant, but are sai.l to arriv.. in niv.'iads, with the .-ains an.l w.nt.-r's cold. Th-.y sh.-t a lo« 1 of tho'duek kind whose loot was pa.iially .lividc.l, an.l the body cove.v.l uiU. a bluish er lea,l-<:-o|,avd pliunan,.. On the mornin- .iftho L'-Jd, thoy .)bs.>rved ^reen matter f|,,atn,^ on the ..iv.'!, supp;,s.d u> erne iVon". the Cata- hoola and oth.r kdu^s and bayous uf stayiiMUt watci'. whi -b wh<<' rtu^ed a httle by rain, How info th,. Black riv.a-; and al...'nianv patches ol an a.jiiatic pianr. ivsenihliu,..- small islan.ls, some floatin"'- 'HI the surlace ol il.e river, and .jthers adherin- to, or ivslinu- on tliT .shore and 1,^^. On , xamining this planf, it was lluaid f,'," hav.' u h.Mlowjomtedsfeiu, with roofs of the same lorm, exU'euielv li-dit, will, very narrow willou-^haped leaves projectin-;- iVon. ih- ioinl,'",.u.brac- mg,h..u-evor, the whole uflhe lube, and e.M.'.iuli,,.- v, ,bi', ,„..xt iidla-i.-r joint or kn..t. 11,,. exf,-en.ily of each h,'an..his lenniuale.l by a :,pike o veiy blender, narrow s.aninal leaves froni one t„ („„ inch,., in ienolh and one a.nth or less in b.'oa.llh, piNnluein- iis sc.l on the nnder sac oi the lea,; in a double rou- almost in e,>nu„-t: ihe 4,!u' .^dte,-nate!y placed 111 pei'ibet roanlaritv. Not bein- able t.. li.al ,i.. llower. its.class and ..rder could not be d(>tcnuine,l.',alih.Hinh it is nut A sri'i'r,i;.Mi;.M, <)17 I(. i';"l'H!.ly MPw (owunls th,,- .,,,,„.,■ |,,,rr oC ,i„. Black river, (lu- s hoivs ah |U.., j.,1 VMlli iMUsH.vs .-UMl prMriwinklcs. Th.. ,M,.sr|..s ^u■yr, "'"'.'• '<"""'-;ll"'l|'""l".i,s,-|.,.s. Tlu",n,.n.ln..ss,.,la,,„aMtiyurtl„,„, consHl.Tu.;, ,|„;,M as agnr'ahh ■ Iu.mI : hut Mr. i) tmm.l them toi.H and iiii]ialatal)!c. ' = On arnvin- at ihn n.nuth of th., (JaU.hnn|a, )h,.v landed to imKuire K-.nnatinn hum a I'ronch.naa ,.iile,l ihen-. lluvi.-.' a grant ihnn ihe ,si,amsh pnernn.ent, he has n.ad.:- a small s(,.ttlemen ,"u,d ke..ps >i ferry boat or carrying- ,n'cr men .md horses travellinu to and Irom Natehe/., and the seftlom-nts on lied river and on the Washita river. J hr eoimtry here ,s all alk.viai. In process of lime, the river shnt- nn^^ n|, an-,enf passages ami el..valiiig the hanks over which iheir waters pass, no lon-er c<,mnmnicates with the same lacility as lor- merly ; the conse.p.ence is, that many lar-er lra<-ts (hnnn-lv suhjecl to ,nundat,on arc now entirely exempt lron> that incuenicnce. hn<-h is the sitnalion of a most valuahk- tract np,„. whi.d, this IVench- man is s.-ttlrd. I |,s l,o„se stands on an Indian moim.l, with sevr-ral o h.M's m view. I hcv ,s also a species of rampart surnnrndino' this piiKV an.l f,ne very el<.vated mound, a view and description of which is pnstponed till the return ; their pr.^sent situation not allowin-r of the i-qmsite delay. 1 he sod is ..pial to the hest Mississippi botto^ns. I- rem 'us j.lace they proc(.-edc.l to th.. mouth <.f Washita, in lati- Ip, ' ' '' ■ '"^"^ oncamp.-d on l|„. eveniii"- of the SAi] ihis river .lerives its appellation fr.,m th- nauie of an iiuiian tribe (••■•i'lerly resident on its banks; the remnant of which, it is said, went ii' o tlio Mi'^t plams to tin; westward, and eitl-r comp.,s,. a small trih.. themselves, or are incorporated iuto another nation. The 15la(d< m-er loses its imme at the i„ii,.tiou „f Washita, ('ataho.,la, and Wi,alth.n,-hour maps r..p,eM.ui it as rnki,,^ pla.-eof the Washita, llie leii/a and ( atah..nla are also n-m,..,! />..„. In.han ^11...^ now ex- imct. !h,"li,ttr,. ,s a creek twelve lea-nies lon:r,. whi.d, is the issu.- ol alakeol thcsaiiu, name, .ight |,.a-ues hi l.'n-lh, and ab<,ut two l'>a:;ucs m m-a.!:!,. It hes w.^st from the mouth of the Cataho..la, and comnumicaic. with the ji-.l riv.'r durii,;^ the ^reat annual inun- <.aUon At thewstor uorthw.'st an^le .,f the lake, a creek call..,! l.ittle Uiv.T .■liters, which preserves a .-hannel with runnin- water at all seasons, luean.iering a.lon-,' th.' b.^.l of ;!,e hd:e,- but in other parts its siiperhces, duriii-^ the i'i.i!.Mi:i\r. iH'lllii' ( liiifh red, white and Mack oal iiilcrsnc s((l Willi a vari(l\ ol" othrr invs. TIk; niagiii.lia "rmiulilloia, llial iiil;illil)l(« si"ii ol'ilu nil, IS tlol and not hcm^' .siilt|ccl, (o iinindati \U)W^ flu! I.atdis a stfaliiiu ol' solid liarcntly of anciciil dcposilioii. It I an anyli! of luvirly ;i() ilcmccs uilli ihc Imri/nii, and dined with Ihn (l(>seciit of lion was contrary. Tiinlier h bank, which sccnis indurated sentiiiL!; a verv ditHn'cnl lie rivcM', alllioii iWf ver, aniojin tin m. clay, or marl, is ohservable, ap- ies ill olili(|iie |)()siti()iis, mtikini/ ^eiierallv in- Ih I'll in a lew eases I lie posi ^i'<-\\ projicliiiL!,' Iroin under the solid and iiiHuiesiionalily very ancient, pre- WKle river is alioiit Hi) vard> Washita, th(> l')avoii llalia conies in a|i|iearance iidin receiitiv ioriiied -di! leauue nli(i\e the iik .ml I ol Ih une\|ii(ie(||y from the riidil, 111(1 IS one ol the many |)assa;2,fs through which the waters of tl iinindalion •netrale an |)erva(k' al le irreat low c(juiitnes, amiihilatimr. lor u tim.', the currents of the !ess. Mi prietovs. Ol! this riser i»y ;he liiiliaii- iNat'"li"7 rilic ol Us neiiiu' iiK hided tli-r !li(^ rreneli udvernnieiit to a gentleman of thai W inyotlur parts olllu-\Vasliiiaaiviiaiiu'(lalt('rlli('ir('arly pro- ivnch people proje.led and hciiaii eMei:sivi> settleineiits liut the i'( iieral ma^'saci e planned, and in part executed a lieni, and I hi' >\ tlie l-'reiKdi, hn y were not recoiiunenced under that i:,(>\ernnieii hi' coiise(|iient destruclion of the Ko up all these iiii(lertakin<'s, and "Ik uiv plains, or sa\aiinas, without liinher; ur'nerallv verv lirt )se praine lie protliu'iinj; an exuherance o! stronii-, thi, and coarse herl lariv W a piece ot uroiiiul has once 11(1 and leii It can have no oppoiiiimiy ef reproduci al)l(> pr;u'tic(! trmi>' llii> s (lestro\s the \()iiii<.)' timl C Won(i-!;UI(l iiains u[)(in th know I! to exist in A It 1,^ irohaiile 'I'he plains of the V\'asliita lie clii hat th(! inmu;Ms<> [)lain.; meiica, may owe then- (iri the Mi eii\ Oil tlKj east side, and iHini iciu - river to thi^ ureal river, ihev sissi|ipi land, slopinrj Irom tin- l.-ank of i are more or ie uihject to inundation in the rear: and m certain ureal (londstlie water has advanced so liir a> to ho ready to p.our over the margin into the Washita. This I •are tl las i;ow iinir Dcconie a \er_\ tor of a mile *.■ a mile in deiith. ir.d il may he estimated that from a (ii inu Inu h f1 i bed ..f the river has aciai'vd bv abrasion ^>ii 'il'l"'">'^'li'ii^'^\vardsthel5ay,,uLoui«,\\liichem|)iicsitri\valorsi iho W ashita on llio rii;ht, a little below the of hiuli land on both sides, which [U'uduo-. mo rapids, there is a u,reat dea pine and o'.hcr timlKi. ik- A HI'l'l'LKMKM'. 010 IK.t ■ 1?- : c o\' 1 - ion. 1 into 1 leal 1^ IK't V 1 :- k the t-Toutlj „( ,,.,.M.Iati,M, luM.ls. Ar tl,,. foot nf th(,- rapids t|„. nnvi in ' ri ' "'""'•.■,•"' •^^' ?•">. •'i. N., a ii.tlc above vvl.id. l\u.: ncnts froc f,: VTT- T''"'' ^'""'''"' "''"' -'^'^-^^I^^'hx. of frag- , n-o ith.iNM.Li fl.o uppnaranr.. of iMrl„m((Ml Hay; the oulsitic i^ .on '^M? . . ', '7''/' ""•^^•''"■'- ''<-''=-'""e again lil'^'"''^ -'•'"• ti. whoio or those first savannas are seen on .1,,. right. On sounding the rim l ey K. „ 110 live 1 .iljove the ha>oi, see,,. 10 ,-elai„ vei'y liltio alhivial soil • the 1 .gl. an.l ea.-l ,, wlneh is a san.ly ba.n of a light o,vu ' 5, J i srea sol .vd sand and elay, is seen on the loR bank w "■ ,';!., l>-arn,g p,n..s, n,te,-s|,e,-sed with red oak, hickory, a. d do- -uo d syn advance. J he n^vM ,;;p,d ,s made l.y a iedne of n.rks tn,vo,-s. mu the jiver, an.i narrovvmg f|,o watr.- (diannel to ah-,ut il,i,-ty ya,.ds .V Ids and the hanks l,-o,n tl,i,-fy to ihny leet high. I,, latitude :i2, 1 ', 1.1, .apids and shoals again occurred, an.l tl,,,- el,;,,,,,,.! was very ... uojv; the sand.|,a,'s at evnry point, extended so Ihr into ,he hc-nd as to leave little ...oro ihan the lavadih ofthe hoal of water s„ir„.ie deep br her passage, ahhough it spreads over the width of: .ve, ,y ■ eighty yards iipni, (he shoal. • In the alternoon of the olst, they passed a little phnlalio,, nr set- ^^ he ^':iV'-'"' r' '"' "'"" '"■'■'^"'' '^^tl..-ceotl,e,-s adi„in,n^ wM ! ; r' «^^^^'7?"^^;"-^^ "" '^ Plai.. or pn,iri<, the soil ,w' , , 1 7 r^'-''"' '^^''!"viaMV.,n1 the .-e^lar slope which (k.ep ( l,ee the,,, ,-n„, tj,. ,nconvenienc.e of its inuntand to the depth o| |,-o,n blfceii to twcnty-tive ieer. On the wA. sKle, alter passing ovrr th<^ valley of the rive,-, whose breadth varies fi'on, a .,nartr>r of a mile to two niiles, or more, the land assumes a 6:^0 A Miri'i.i;Mi:.N r. fniisi(l('i';il)k! flu\iUii.ii, iVoiu (iiic luindivd i,. ihrct; liiiiulivtl lirl, and rxuii.ls all iildiin- ti) till' .vllicUK.'lils uf thi: lied river. iH'sr limll lal cuniiiiii- UuKls arc iV|)(jrU'd to br \>nn\; and liadly \\ali;ivd, \>ruv^ rhiclly u | 18 UM-nicd a pint; barren. 'I'h.Te is Ikmv a li-rry ami road ol Miy.ilKin l.(!l\veeii tlio po.sl ofllie Wasliita amUlV' iNateL _ , nrUiis road passes to the seUleni.'nt called the iJapids, on' (li.sluuci! troni tliis |)lac<; by e.)ni|)iilaiion one buudi'ed and lilly i le/, and a lork lle.l M tl ns pari orijie liver lies a eonsiderabh- had of land river, niles. llie Spanish (Joverninent to llie ,Mar(jnis ol' .Maix.n L • •migrant, who becpieathed il with all bis property to M. iLul granl<'(l by \olliie I r reiieli . . . ■ ',!4'iV, son the late colonel ol' the Louisiana reoinienl, and bv him slild to J>aniel Clar IS saiil to cMciid liom lbe po.st of Wasliiia uilh a oil breadth ol" lbe two lea-^iies, includiii!.',- the river, doun lo the I5a\ •.'.•iliiinct; the coinpiiled dislaiice ol" whid tl 1 aloiiw- 111,, liver i> nr y leaj.',iies, bill supposed iioi more Ihan tweUe in a diixct line. On the ()lh olWovember, in the alieriiooii, lbe party arriveil al the |JONt of tlio Washita, in latitiidi' ,*}-J, ;i7, LT), N., wiuire tl lit(>ly received by liiciil. 1 lalily ol'bis dwelling- willi al lev weie iwinar, who immediately ollcreil the hospi- !• he MM'vic rom lbe cs 111 Ins [lower •rry lo ilns place, the naviu,ation of the river is, at II icawoii, iiilerrupled by many shoals and rapids. Tl is from einhty to a hiindrcd'yards. Tbt; water is e\ti Iniik, and much clearer than thai of the Oh lis le general uidlh le water is ('\tremelv aurceable i.-. very nnlike ils t\\i» lu-i. alior: A lo. rkaiisas and 111 (Ills r(;s|)ect il Ued waters an' loaded with earlliy mattiu'df a reddish br,., to theiu a chocolate-like appearance; and, when those rivers. wh( .)• c arc not portable, beinu' brackish ■own ctilor, giviiij^ waters are low. )m th(> <^reat niiinbcr of salt si ulnch How into ibem, and |)iol)ably fron'i (he beds uf rock salt >,,,. which they may pass. The banks of the river i)resentcd very littlr rim's over leaiililii appearance of alluvial land, but riiriiished an infmitud , landscapes, lieigbteiK d by the vivid colorin-- they derive from Ihr aiitinnnal changes of liu- leaf. Mr. Dunbar observes, that the clian-c ol color 111 the leaves of ve^rtables, which is probably occasioned by the oxyuvn (,| ih(^ atmosphere actinu- on the vegetable nialter, deprived ol lbe prelecting powca' of viial iide It) the naturalist who dire'cfs his altenlion t principle, may serve as an ixci' lent ) a discovery ol new "bjecis lor the use of the dyer. For li<' has always remarked that ilii' leaves oi those irjcs whose bark or wood are known lo pnxluce a i" ''"I'l'inn lo the same color which is e.Mracted in cially by the use of mor^ 'lye, are i-iiaii the dyer's val from the wood; mor* dants, as alum, Oyc, which yields oxygen: tliiis "the i;>liag(, ,,. ,, hickory and oak, wliich produce the- quercilron- bark, is chaimcd b lore i:s liill inio a beautiful vellow : oil u liver color, or blood color, and are ki Comiilexioii. ler oaks assume a lawn color, lown lo yield dyes of the same In latitude ^2, is, ,\., |),,eior llunler discovered al side a substance iiearlv n ibl loijH- the river . •esembling nnneral cojU ; its appearance was that of the carbonateil wood described by Kirwan. li does not easily bnrn ; but on being ap])lied lo the flame of the candle, it sensi- A ■■trii'i'i,r,>fi;M', \(i2 iihI llrt, -I".!,'!.'.', thai nl thf .riiiii lac or muimm s.-ulir.-.wa\ .Soil Inai.ln slo„„ is <-..,nino„, an.l ...vMi ,|;,»,„ifi,.s „r ...-avl aiui i;;;^;r:;;!r '•"'''' ''••''• '"'• • i-i-i-.-i ..y ..,.:!:.;'?, r Tin. |M;sitiui. rail,.,) ['0,1 Alin, |..i..; ll„. ,„.,.p,.,1v ..f a i.nva,.. ,„.,.. M.i,, wl.n was luruKTly .Mvil <-..um.a.„lai,l h.'r., il... |i,. ,.,.,,..„( '|.v al<0M,...sl al.o.„ i;.„, h.nuln..] vanl. loun-; I.als l.u.l, l„ ns s. ' i -tr-hnus. s, a,,.! .nHus..,! ,l„.n, will, a sli^hl sloduul.. 11,,,... Vw , """•'; ".Iry ras, „! | „• ,,vrr, ,, is ..vi.in.llv alluvial; ihc s„rli.r, ,: u j...ntlo s .,..- Irnm ,|„. nsv, „, ,|,. ,.,,, „,•■„„. |,lan,a,in„s. ' IS o( ^^vn,.IIn, .pK.hly J,dn.^ a nrlH-laHMnoulJ lo ,h ..... ..Mv|,„i, t|„.,v ,s a (nal.k. loa.,, of a brownish l.^r - '.lor. At !„. post on thr Washila, ihoy laonnv.l a hoal of I,,,,; ,h-a.,.ht ;; .t'-".horNovn..h,.r,,h..ypro<.,.,.,|.. Un.JZu^it •1"; .- very flonrishin.-. Th-n- ar.. ihroo nx^r.-hants s.'t,|,.,l at !...■ i...sl, who snpply, at v.Ty cxorhilant pri.-s, th,. inhabitants h..n-n,.-c.ssaru.s; Ih.-sn, will, Ih,. garrison, Kvo sn.all planters, -Hu .1 U.-v. csman ..r two .onsl,l;,U. U.n pr..s,.nt vilja^r-. A pn.portion ""'" ...l.Mhilants .-onnnn.. lh<. o|,l pra.-tiro of hnntin;,., dnrin-^tl " -•....••• s..ason; nn.l th,-y ox.-hano,. ,h..ir p<.|fry ll.r n...:^ssari,.Avi I, I <• in,.„-hants a( a low rat<-. Dnrin,.- th.- sn,nni..r those- p(>op|e ..on- U'.nt tii..,ns<«lv('s w.th ra.sM.g con, ban-ly sn(Ii,-i,iut lor bLul ,h,rin- the y(.ur. In this manner th.^y always remain .'xfrem.lv poor. Some lew who have conqn..re.| that habit of in.iol.M.c.., wln.l, is always the .•onse(|nence o the In.lian mo.le oflifc, and attend to airrienlture live .noi-e c/,mlortab|y, and tast,> n litt!.- of the sweets orcivilised life Ihelan.ls along the river, ab.>v(^ th.. post, are n..t very invitinir, l|f mg a thm, poor soil, and covered with pine wood. To the ri^S Jhe^settlements on the Mayon l?arthelemi and Siard are said to be rivh' On the morning of the I :{th. th.^v passed an island and a stronc- .•apid, and arr,v<^d at a litll.' s(..tllem..nt b<>!ow a ehain of rorI.l.'M.;...dolenc.,to liv<. miserably. Th.; riv,.- acqnires here a more spacious appearan.-e, b<-ing about one hundred and fifty yards wi.h In the alternoon they passed the Bavon Barthelemi on the ri-d.t. above the last settiomr.nts, and about twelve computed Leagues from the post Here commenci.s IJaron Jiastrops great granv of land from the Span-* ish (T(H-crnment, being a square of twelve leagues on each side a ■ «••»•' I'l'MUiriM-. litlli! otfri'iliii^ !i niilliuii of l-rcnch ai res. 'I'iic Imiiks ol tlic rivir (•imtimu" nlxMit tliiriy Ik-t lii^h, of u liifli cinlitft'ii llvt iVdiii iIk; wiiu t is ;i clnyry lomii ol' n pale hhIi colcii'. Ujioii wliidi t[ic water has (l(.'|)(,. sitc'il twrlvr li'cl u|" h^lif sandy .soil, aiiparcntly li-rlik', ami ol .< dark lu'owii colnr. 'i'liis dcsi-riptio'ii of land is nl'.siiiiiil lufadtli, ii. I i\\. "ciiliiiMT hulCa Kiilr on iwh .side of ihc river, ami may !«• callfd the valley (<{' the \VM-,hita, lieycMd whieli iliere \< :\ hiirh land rovi-red with [)ine. 'i'lif! soil (»(■ thu •• Ituyou tics BiUlL's" continues ihin, with a ji'roulli "l" small tiiTiher. I'his creek is named iVoin u imiMlii r of Indian ii'okihIs diseovored liy the ImnterH nh'Wj^ its course. The margin ol' I he river Ije.^ins lohe covered with sueli limber as usuully gruws om immdatou land, particidarly a specios ..i' while oak, vulfiarly called over.eup oak; its tiniher is reiiiarkahly hard, solid, [)onderous, and diiraiil''; and it prodiicr-s a largf; acorn in gre/ii al)un(lan(;e, ujititi wliieli the bear lijeds, and which is very latteninji' to Iiol^s. ill laiitude :j'2, 50, '■', j\., ihcy passed a long and narrow island. •The i'fice ol" the country begins to change; the banks arc low and stoop; the river deep and more conl> noted, I'rom thirty to fifty yard ^ in width. The soil in ilu; neighborhe .d of the rixor is a very saii l(.)am, and covered with such vegetables as are found uii tlie inm, dated lands of the Mississippi. The tract ]>rescnts the appcirance of new soil, very dillerent from what tlity passed below. This alluvial tract may he supposed the site of a gr(;at lake, drained by a natural clvmnol, from the abrasioii of the waters: since which period, liie annual inuiulati(pns have dcp(jsited the superior soil ; eighteen or twenty li^et ani wanting to rojider it habitable fur inun. It a|)pears, neverthe- less, well stocked with the beasts of the forest, several of which were seen. Uiiantities of water it)wl are beginning to make their appearance, which are not very numerous here until the cold rains and frosts compel them to leave a more northern climate. I'ish arc not so abundant as might be e.\[)ectod, owing, it is said, to the inundation of the Mississippi, in the year 1709, which damm(>d up the Washita, some distance above the post, and produced a stagnation and consc- (pient corrui)tion of the waters that destroyed all the tish within its inliuerice. \t noon, on the 15th of November, they passed the island of Mal- let ; and at ninety yards northeast from the upper point ui the island, hy a good observation, ascertained their latitude to be .S^i, 59, 21, 5, N., or two seconds and a half of latitude south of the dividing line be- tween the territories of Orleans and Louisiana. The bed of the river, along this alluvial country, is generally covered with water, and the navigation into;rrupted ; but in the afternoon of this daj-, th(-y passed three contiguous sand-bars, or beaches, called "Les trois battures," and before evening, the '• Bayou dc grand Marais," or Great Marsh creek on the right, and " La Cypreri C^haltelrau," a point of high land on the other side, which reaches within hall' a mile of the river. As they advanced towards the Marais de Saline, on the ri<>ht, a A KUPl'LE.VKNT, ti'Si ■iril * «u«tum of dirty white clay, imder ihc alluvial Irucl, .howi u llii;,,, to be loaviiig Ihf inkeii, and approachiri' the high land comitry. I ne Walt Lick M.-u.h d(K3« not derivt! iis ,mi,„. iVom any brackiMh- ne8s in t 1.. water of the. Uko or luursli, bi,. /rom ita contiutiilv to s■ pro,nonfnry,ndvan<,.. within a mile oltl.o rivr, and to ulu.h b,°iU l"u -ruiiiid.s arc under uulcr, A .shbrt leaj>ii.; al aliove resort \v|i. u tlic is the mo..th .. V, (Jrand UuyoU de la Salin..(SaU Lid^'.mek^") ims creek is u. .. coasidcrublc length, and nuvi-able lor .small uuafs. Ihe hmilcrs ascenri it, to one hundred of their leajrues, ii pursuit of game, and all agree that none of the springs which lie, thi.s cnck nro t. It has obtained its name from the nianv buiUilo salt licks jvtii, iiiur been discovcr(;d in iu virinity. Alth.mf^h m.-st of fhrs,. icks, by diggnig, iurnish water will, h holds inarin.; salt in solution more exists no reason Ibr believing that many of them would produo nitre. Notwithstanding this low and alluvial tr;u:t appears in all respects >Ve 1 adapted to the growth of tin,- long moss (Ulandsi;., none was observe.! since entering it in latitude ;{2, 52 j and ;s tlie pilot mforined th. ,., none would be seen in tiieir pro-wss „„ t|,.'. mer, it is probable that the latitude of the thirty-three degrees is about the iiortherii limit of vegetation, ihe long-leaf pine, frequentlr the growth ol rich and even inundated laud, was here- observed in i,a-eat abundance: the sliort-lealid or pitch pine, on the conirarv, i. always found upon arid lands, und g. iierally in sandy and lolty skua- This is the season when the poor settlers on the Washita (urn ou' to make their annual hunt. The deer is now lai, and the- skins in perfection; the bear is now also in liis best state, with irgaid to the quality of Ins fur, and the quantity of fiu or oil he yields, as he has been feasting luxuriously on the autumnal fruits of the fon^st. It is here well known, that he does not confine himself, as some- ^^■l•itel■s have supposed, to vegetable food ,• he is particularly fond of hcu,\ flesh; sheep and calv>vs are frequ.'utly his j,rey ; and no animules. capes him which com. s within his i.owcr, and which he is able if, conquei-. Ho often destroys the fawn, when chance; throws it in his way. lie cannot however, discover it by smelling, notwithstanding the exf-ellence of h.s scent; Ibr nature has, as if Ibr its protectioir elenied the fawn the property of leaving any eflli.via upon its track a property so powerful in the old deer.^'^ The bear, unlike most otlier «w l^ "lay not be generally known to naturalists,tliat between the hoof of the deer, &c., there is found a sack, with its mouth incliomV uVN^-ds ?n nrnn."^r"'''''f V''' ">"«J^'' ""^ ^vl.icb by escaping over Hre opeS' in proportion to the secretion, causes the foot to leave a scent on tl^' ground vyherever it passes. During the rutting season, this musfi is s o cl"ri£brdi2c^'^ " ""' '"^'^'^'^ ^^ '^ '^ '^''^^' ^>- ^'- »'"»^- ^t^^ 53 I rMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) I.O I.I 11.25 2.5 2.2 2.0 M. i 1.6 <^ '-y /} <^ ^r 'c? '^w%* n i_ ^Sciences U)rporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 87^-4503 # i\ ^ ^ i\^^ <^^>^ ^^V-0 9)^^. ^^ %' IS 624 A Sl'PI'LEMKNT. bfj.Msts of prey, does not kill the animal he lias seized upon before ho eats it; hut, regardless otits strugiHcs, cries and lamentations, fastunn upon, and, if the expiTssion is allowable, devours it alive. The hunt- ers count much on tlicir profits from the oil drawn irom the hear'.- lat, which, at Now Orleans, is always oi" ready sale, and nuich esLcenied for its wholesomcness la cooking, heing ])reierrcd to butter or liog's lard. It is Ibund to keep longer than any other animal oil, without becoming ran(>id; and boiling it from time to time, upon sweet bay leaves, restores its sweetness, or facilitates its conservation. In the ullernoon of the 17th they passed some sand beaches, and over a few rapids. They had cane brakes on both sides of (he river; the canes were small, but dt.'monstrate that the water does not sur- mount tho bank more than a lew leet. The river begins to widen as thev advance; the baidvs of the river show the high land soil, with ;i stratum of three (jr lour leet oi' alluvial! deposited by the river upon it. This superstratum is grayish, and very sandy, wi'di a small admixture t)i" loam, indicative of the poverty ol' the mounlains and uplands where the river rises. Near this tliey passed through a new and very narrow channel, in which all the water of the riv(;r passes. i;xce|)t in the tini(; of fiesliets, when the interval lljrms an island. A litlie above this pa.ss is a small clearing, rtalled "Cache la Turlipe," (Turlip's hiding j)tace;) this is tlio name of a French hunter who here concealed his jn'opcirty. It continues the practice of both the white and red hunters to leave their skins, &c., often suspended to poles, or laid over a pole placed upon two forked ])osts, in sight of tho river, until their return iVom hunting. These doposites are consid(jred as sacred, and lew examples exist of their behig plundered, Al'ler p.'iss- ing tiie entrance oi'a bay, v.hich within must ibrm u great lake dtu'- inu iniaidation, great numbers of the iong-leai" pine wenj observed ; and the increa.sed size; of the cane along the river's bank denoted a better and more elevated soil ; on the left was a high hill (three hun- dred ieet) covered with lofty pine trees. The hanks of thf^ river present more the appearance of upland soil. the under stratum being a pale yellowish clay, and the alluvial soil ol a dirty white, surmounted by a thin covering of a brown vegetable earth. The trees improve in ap{)earance, growing to a considenibic size and height, though y«;t inl'.;iii)r to tho.se on the alluvial banks of the I\iississippi. Alter passing the "Bayou de Hachi.«" on the left, points of high land not subject to be overflowed fVecjuently touch the rivt;r, jmd the valley is said to be more than ;i league in breadth on both sid(;s. On tlie le(i are pine hills, called " Code de Champignole." The river is not more than iiity (M' sixty yards wide. On the morn- inii' of tho idth tliey passed a number of sand beaches and some rapids, but found good dejUh of water between them, A creek called " Chetnin (k)uvert," which ibrins a deep ravine in the highlands, here enters the river; almost nnmediately above this is a rapid where the water of the river is confined to a channel oi' about forty yards in width ; above it they had to quit the main channel, on account of thf shallownesti and rapidity of the water, and pass along a i.arrow chan- A StJPPLE.MMNT, 625 ncl of only sixty feet wide ; without a -juide, a strnii'j,er might lake this passage for a creek. Notwithstanding the laloness of t!ie seas.ni, and t!io nortliern lati- iude they were in, they tiiis day ml with an ahigator. Tlie hanics of the river are covered with cane, or thick under-bru.-h, fretiucntlv so interwoven with thorns and briars as to hi- impenetrable. Birch, maple, holly, and two kinds oC wood to which names have nof vet been given, except " wator-side wood," are li(;rc to 1)0 met with,'as also persimmons and small black grapes. The margin of the river IS fringed with a variety of plants and vines, ainon'.; which are s( vera! species of convolvidiis. On the left they passed a hill and clifi; one hundred feet perpendi- cidar, crowned with pines, and called " CVite de Fin,*' (Fiifs Hill.) Irom which a chain oi' high land continues some distance. The cii:!' in-esents the appearance of an ash-colored clay. A little f;irthr;r to the right is *he Bayou do Acacia (J.ocusl: crock.) The river varies here from eighty to an hundred yards in width, presenting frequent indications oi'iron along its banks, and some tliin strata of ivou'orp. The ore is from half an inch to three inches in thickness. On the morning of the :i2d of NovernlMn-, they arrived at the r<;;.td of the Cadadoquis Indian nation, leading to the Arkansas nation ; a little beyond this is the Ecor a Fabri (Fabri's cliOs), from eiuiilv to an hundred Ibet high, a little distance above, a smaller cliff called " l.f P^Hit Ecor a Fabri" (the little Cliif of Fabri); these clitrs appear chi"lly to bo composed of ash-col(KYd sand, with a siratum of clay at th'- base, such as runs all along under iho banks of this river. ' Ai'ove these cliffs are several rapids; the current i;^ swifter, and (k'uolcs their- ascent into a higher country: the v.-ater becomes clear and equal tn nny in its very agrcoable taste, ami as drinkino- water. In the river are immense beds of gravel and sand, over which the ri\.T passes with great velocity in the season of its floods, carrying with it vast quantities of drii't wood, which it piles up in many pla'ces", lo the li? iuht of twenty feet above the present surface, pointin margin ul'tho I\Iiis.si.s,sii)|)i ; tlio last arc very brittle ; these, on the eontrary, are extreni(;ly pliaiit, n'senihling the osier, of which (hey are probably a s|ii'cies. At noon (^11 the ".'tth, they arrived at ihe eontlneuee of the J.esser .Miss(.uri with the Washita; the Ibnner is a consi.lerabk branch, per- hajjs the li.urlh of ihit Washita, and conies in from th(; left hand. The hunters often ascend the littk Missouri, hut are not inclined to peiie- trite lar up, because it reaidn's near the great plains or prai-ies upon llid river, visited by (lie Lesser Osage tribes of Indians, settled on \rkans!is; these last frequently carry war into the ('adado(|uis trilx^ settled on tli(! ]U'(\ river, about west-southwest from this i»la<'e; and. in- deed, ihey are reported not to spare any nation or i/cople. They aro prevented iVoin visiting lh(> head waters of the Washita by the steep hills in which they rise. These mountains aro so diineult to travel i\er, that tlie savages, not having an object suHicientlv desirabli', ne\er altempt to penetrate to this river; and it is supposed to ho uii- ?;no\vii to this nation. The Cadadofjuis, or Cadoux, as the French proiioimce Uk- word,_ may be considered as S[)anisli Indians; they boasi, and it is said' with truMi, that they never have imbrued their hands in the blood of a white mait. It is' said that the stream of the liitile Missouri, some distance i'roin its mouth, Hows ov(T a briijht -plendid bed of mineral of a yellowish white color, Onost probably martial p3ritos;) tiiat thirty years ago, s(^veral of the inhabitants, luinleis, worked iqioii this mine, and sent a (|uanlity of tin; ore to the Uovernuicnt ai .New Orleans, and they were i»rohibiteil iVoin working any more. There is ;i great sameness in the appearance of tlie river banks; the Inlands are skirted with osier; and immedialcly within, on the bank, -rows a ningf! of birch trees and some willows; the more elevated iianks are covered with cane, among which grow the oak, ma[)le, "Im, sycamore, ash, hi'-kory, dog-wood, holly, iron-wood, v.Vc. From Mu; pilot they learned that there is a body of excellent land on the Little Missouri, [tarticularly on' the creek called the " IJayou a Terre Noire," which tails iiiio it. This land extends to lied river, and is "onnected with the givat prairies which form the luniting grounds of the C ;;uloux nation, consisting of about two hundred wari-Iors. They ai-e warlike, but frequently miablc to deli'iid tlu'iiiselves against the fribe of Osages, settled on the Arkansas river, who, passing'round the mountains at the head of the Washita, and along the; i)ra'iries, wliif;li ■icparate the*.;-, f.om the main chain on the west, where the waters of 'he Red and Arkansas rivers have their rise, pas.s into the Cadoux '•omitry, tmd rob and plund(>r them. The water in the river Washita rising, the party arc enabled to pass the numerous rapids ami shoals wliich they liiieet with in tlur upper ciMintry, some ol" which are dillicult of ascent. The general height of the main banks ot"tlie river is from six to twelve feet aljove the level of the water: the land is better in (piality — the canes, &c., showing a more luxuriant vegetation. It is subject" to inundation, an-i A Sin'I'I.KJiKIVT. Q27 shows !i brown soil mixed with .si.od. Near Cache Mason (Mason's hiding |) ar-e) or. iho right, they stopped lo exan.ine a supposed coal ^nln(^ Doctor llunler and the pilot set out fur this purpose, and at about a uMle and :, hall northwest Iron, the boat, i„ the bed d'a creek, Ihcy lound a substance similar to what they had before met with under that name, though iiicre advanced towards a state of pertect coal. At the bottom oftlu, creek, ia u place then dry, was tbun.l do- tached pieces oi Irom tilty to one huiidred pounds weight; adioinin- to which lay woored by one Ibot of .rravel • on rhc gravel are eight inches of loam, which bear a lew inches ofvecre- table mould. 1 his stratum ol' coal is about three Ibet hi.rlu.r than The water in the creek, ami appears mariilbstly to have been, at some period the surface of ,be gromul. The gravel and loam have been ilcposied there since by the waters. Home pic-ces of this coal were very back and solid, of an homogenous appearance, much resemblin- pit-coal, but of less specifi.r gravity. |r does not appear to be suffi! cienlly impregnated with bitumen, but mav be considered as vcrota- ble matter in the progress of transmutation" to coal. ° Below the " IJayou de I'eau l-'roide," which runs into the Washita rom the right th<; river is one hundivd and seventy yards, tlowino- through tolerable good Irmd. Tlu-y passed a beautiful forest of pines" and on the L'Oth fell in with an old Dutch hunter and his party con- sisting in all of live persons. This man had resided Ibrtv -, --a -s on the Washita, and before that period had b(>en up the Arkansas river, the White river, a.id the St. 1-rancis; tlm two last, he iuf.rms, are of > KHcult navigation, similar to the VVasliifa: but the Arkansas rivc^r is oi gr(>at magnitude, having a large and broad cliaimel,and whr^n the water is low," has creat sand banks, like t .os" in tlu> Mississippi. .So far as he has bceirup it, the navigation is safe and commodious, wi:hout imp(Hliments from rocks •shoals, or rapids ; its bed being Ihrmed of m.id and sand. The soil on It IS of the first rate quality. The co.miry is easy of access, bein-^ iolty o[)en forests, unembarrassed" by r;aies or underorowth. The water is disagreeable to drink, Ikmu ■ of a r-d color, Imd brackish wlien Ibe river is low. A miiltitu.le of creeks which tlow into the Arkansas furnish swi.-et waler, which (he voyager is oblioed to carry with him for the supply of his immediate wants. This mim confirms the accounts of silver b(;ing abundant u|) that river: he has not been so high as to .ser; it himself, but says he received a silver pin from a hunter, who assured him that he iiimself collected the virgin silver Irom the rock, out of which ho made; the e|>inglete by hammerin«- it out. The tribe of the Osage live higher up than this position ; °but the hunters rarely go so high, beiiin; afraid of these savages, who are at war with all the world, aud destroy all the strangers ihev meet vvith. It is reported that the Arkansas nation, with a part of the (-du)ctaws, Cliickasaws, ShawaiK.'(;s, &c., have; formed a lea^^ue, and an' aclually gone, or going, 80U strong, against these depredators, 03* if «i-J>« A .Siri'i'i,i:Mi:NT. ^v■ltl, ;i view to (I.'stroy or driv,. tlif.ir ontirdv oti; and possess thenv schc,-, >>l tl.cir iinc pnurK's. which arc most ahnndaiif hunfin'r .rnninds, «-n.- plrntilully ^t.n-kcd with hulliilo, elk, deer, hear, and evm-y other x'fist o the lorest commoi- to those latitudes in America. 'J'his Hi.iter haviiiu- n-,veu inlonuatiou <.f ,-, sn.all .p.riiig i„ their viciaiiv, rnn, which h.. Irequently si,, 'v.d hi.nselfhv evaporatinu the water, nocfor Himter, witl, a com|...,iy, accompaiiird him, on'ihe inorninLr oi the --Ith \MV(.,!ber, to the place. Tlu'v ibimd a saline, about a v»h mn] a hall north ofthe cainp lh,m whence ;hev set out, an.i near H rrcek which ent.-rs the Washita a little above. If is situated in the l.<>t torn oi the bed ol a dry gully. The surroin.diim Iniid is rich and well timbered, bill sul>ject to inundation, e.xcr.pt an' Indian mound oh 'iK' <'n'ck side, having a base of oightv or an hundred leet diameter, .-'Ud iw.nty (..(■t high. Alter digcrin/about three li-et, throuul, blue .■My,tiiey .•ame to a .juick-sand, from which the water fi.iwed in aInuuJanc.e; its (a>le was salt ;ui.l bitKjr, roscmblinu- that of waler in 1 he ..cean. In a secoiul hole, it required them to 'dig six loot belbrc liev reached the_ .|Uick.sand, in doing which thev thixnv up several broken Piece.-: o( Indian pottery. '['ho .sp..citic uravitv , compared uith the rner, ^as, Iron, the first pit, or that three leet d<-('p, 102,120 ■ irom the second pit, or that six i;.,.t ,kvp, U)2,UH, vi..Idin- a saline mass, M-om iho evaporation of ton (piarts, wl>ich uh.'n drv w.i-died • ■ighr ounces : fnis brino is, theivli.re, about tho same strcnjt aoove the vat..-. 1 he shoals an,l rapids here impede their pro- ^^i'", :^ ^'"''',|'"'y '.'^'I'-K-ed their lalilude. bv observation, u' Ik> i . ' . ' M ' , ^'■■■'■'^'^'".^ Hif.rmation o!-another salt lick, or saline, J)octor llunier landed, with a j.u1y. to view it. Th,. pit was Ibund HI a low Hat place, s-d.ject to be overllow. ,, iron, theriv<-r: it was wet ami muddy, the oarth on the .surlace v(.!low, but on di-in.- through about lour Icot of bine clay, ,he salt water oo/ed from a ' The r«.-k.s uxTo all siliric.s, with thcnr fissures pruicf rated l,v sparrv rnaueu indu-at.ons of ,ru„ were iVcjucnt, a.ul Ira.nK.nts of Juk^ rf> ^e e corn.non hut no r.rl. ore of that or anv other im.al wal loun l.' N,n.e ol he h.lls appear well a.lapte.l to the" cultivation of the v ie . K so.l hc.,.;r a sa.uly loam, with a considerable portion of ...nuel ad u superlK.al covering oi'good ven,„al,le hla.-k clu-lh. '1-1,,^ u t. -' .0 productions are, several varieties oC oak, pine, ,r undergrowth orwhortlehorrx', h,uvthorn eh a' hnor, and a varujtv o( .small vines Ahove the Isle 'de Mallon, the country wears another prospect i gh lands and rocks frequently approac-h the river. The locks i', ^ram i^scmhle lrcestone,andare hard. enough to he used as han • .1 -stone, o which p.urpose they are frequently applied. Tlie qualit of 1^1.0 lands nnproves, the stratum of ve^elable earth hein-^ 1 om X to twelve mchos oi a dark hrown c-lor, witi, an admixture of loam •nd .md. Holow J )eer Island they passed a stratum of frees on ^ V fee thick, under which ,s a quarry of inipe-rfect slate m perpen ate quai ry, ,s a considerable plain, callee salt licks are form,, n "u- i't ' and m many s,tu-r„ons on both sides of the river, there are said tl he' sahnes whirl, m.y hereafter be rendered vcrv pVoductive, and fVom ^vhK.h the luturc settlenu.nt.s may be abundantiv supplied About four miles below the " L'huttes," (falls) they, fmm a nood observation, l„und the latitude U,2l,2^X The bnd on eiihc^r lu d crntnm., to nni>rov'. m quality, with a sufllcient stratum of dark '•a.tl o! a browmsb color. I Jills frequently ri.-e out .f the level oounlrv, ml, „i rocks and stones, hard and flintv, and <,Ii.n re^c^m hhng lurkey r.l stenes. Of , bis kinrtiticarir,ns, and s've ral Uisulajed masses of rock .■ouv<.yed tbr i^iea of ,v,b,u!,ts and' out- vvorlo glassy surlace o, the water, and in t.-emtdous accents seemed to -nsult upon nieaus of saiety. The whole was a sublime pictured u J,e a u.-noon o the 8d o( December they reached the Chut es, and f'umd the fidls to be or easioned by a chain of rocks of the same hard ■■ •■.• ■' - .i-i.. V, n,. us i>i IMC same lard substance seen below, extending m the direction of north'-ast and southwest, quite across the river, 'fbe wat.r passes tlirouoh u num- .):m- ot brnnche-^ worn by the impetuosity of the torrent, where it forms so many cascades. I'hs chain of ro.-k or lull on the Icll appears to have be.>n cut upper country, was of the hardest (lint, or ,.f a quality resemblin- I urkey oil stone. " b'ourche an Tigre," ^Tigers creek,)"which comes in iroin the right, a little above the cascade, is said to liave many ex- tensive tracts of rich knel land upon it. The rocky hills h(n-e fre- quently approach the Wasluta on bo!h sides; rich bottoms are never- theless frequent, and the upland is sometimes of modern elevation and tolerably level. The stones and roek« here met with have their fissures Idled by sparry and chrystalme matti'r. Wild turkeys become more abundant and less diilicult of a[)proach than below; and the howl of the volves is heard during ihe ni'dit. To the "Fourcbe an Caliat,"' (Caulker's creek) where the voya-^e terminates, they found level and good lantl on the right, and liigirhiFis on the left hand. After i)assing over a very pivcipitous rai)id%eem. mgiy divided into four steps or iidls, one of which was at kvisl fifteen inches in perpendicular h(»iglit, and which together could not be less than five and a half feet, they arrived at IHkV camp, a small distance bekjw the Fourcho au Calliit, where they stopped on tiie (jih of De- cember, as th(i pilot considered it the mosi convenient landing from whence to carry their necessary baognue to the hot spriin's, ilie dis- tance being about three leagues. There is a creek ab,,ut two leaoues higher up, called " Bayou dcs .Sources Clinuds." (Iiol si.-rln,nn, urm in n \rw ; !,„( tl,,- lm..l nround, ;n.,l rxf.„y....d thru- vinvv, li... |,Mn.|so„u,.lv (;„■ ri.llivaiion. Tl,.. supn-. ran.n, ...of a bla.kisl. brown cclc.r, npon a vHluw l.nsis, t ,. 21 .. ...•rn.xcvl w.th j;mv..| an.l 1,1,,.. s.-hisms,' .Vc.|n.-ntlv 'so ihr .i,.c..„np.,.seJ n aslnta, t.> h,^ l.of H,,ru,,!r.s, a disfanr-c. of al,..„t nine. nuL-s tl,. Ih^st s X n,il.-s .M flu. r.;a. ,,s n, a w.-sfi-ly .iircvti.m wilh,>„t n.anv .•„ri...si- I'S and .ho r..n,ain.i(.r i,.>..tl,^v,-,ni|y, wjii..!, r.-u.-rsos a,-., n. ..Vswai-v t<, .s,d li.dcs and son,,. ,,.„,,„.. o„os, which aro all imiuonivl] hy ' "I >, d.;or .V... n... s,.,l a,..„nui tl,.,,, is a whit,-, fPna.-i.,,,. rlav, m.ba hly (,t (,„• potters' war. : h.n.-o tl,.- nan,.: ..f" .lais..," whi.-h tl,; 1 r,.|,..h l,„nt..,-s l,ay.< l,..st.,w.^.d „p.,n n,nst of fho licks iVcqiu.nf.l \n I . beasts .,1 the lores! n,a.,y ..f whi...h exhibit no saline i,„p,....r,„i. ... I he hrst two m,!..s ln„n the riv.T ,..a,np is ..v.m- l.-v,.M,.„.d .,f c MTond i-af.. .juahfy ; the t„nl.,,- ehi.,.|ly oak, intermixed with other ees eo.nnion to the eh.nate, and a llnv seafte.-ino pines, h^n.-thr,. .„,, lands on e,th..r han.l nse ,nto gently sw..|lu.g hills, ....VM-ed w,>h . ndso,,.., p,n.- w.„kIs. Tl,.: .-oad passes al.mg a valley free, nentlv ^a by thr n,„TK.,.oL,s ,-,lls and .prin-s ..fexcell..nt wat-'r whi,-!, issn.s fom he l.,ot ol ,h,, h,||s. Near tl... hot springs the hills iKvo.ne .no.-e e. yated sloeper of aseent, and rocky. They are he,-e call,.,! .noun- . i.is al h„„. , „on.M,l th.-n. ,n view e.xc...,.,! |o-„. or five hun.h-.Ml flvt m altitiae it is sai.l that mountains of more than live times the el.-- vat, on oi t.ese bills a,-e. to be seen m the nurthw..st, towanis the sou.ee ol the VVashila,- .,„.> of then, is ..alle.I the .lass, .-hrystal, or shnnn- mo,mta,n, 1,-om the vast nnn.ber ..rhcxao-..nal prisn.s'of verr ■ anspanrnt and colorless c-h,-ystal whi.di aro found on its surlae..": hey a,v .generally s,,rn,ou„f<.,I by py,.a,nids at one end, .-arely on both. li,ose,.h,-ystals.I., „.,t pt'oduee a double reira..tion ..f tl,.. "ray. oi light. Many searches have been n,ade over these m.M,„tains li.r the p,-e..ioiis inelals, but ,t is b.-lLived without siK...ess At the hot springs they ioun.l an ope.,, |.,g cabin, and a li'w huts of split boai-ds all .calculated lor sunim.T ..ueampni..nt, and wbi.'b ha.I jeon (T.^ed by persons resorting to th(> sprinirs for the reeov..ry .,f their health. They slightly i-opaircd these huts, or cabins, for their accomn,oda. tion .luring the time of their detenti.^n at the F|)rings.' for the pn,-no,.sto.)(l that th.^ hot ,sp,-ings are in..luded within a -^rant of sw,o h.m.h-ed acres, granted by the late Spanish cominandaiU .jf the v\ ashita to some of his fVi..nds, but it is not believed that a i-e ndar pat.nt was ever issiu'd ibr the plac, : a.id it cannot be said that^esi- (leiice, with impr.)vement he,.-, Ibnns a pl<,.a to claim the land iip.)n. "n their arrival they immediately tasted the waters of tiie hot springs, that is, alter a few mimit.-s' coolinir, fbr it was impossible to approach it with (he hps when lirst taken up, without scakiino- : the ♦ 0.32 A Ml Hl'LUMMNT. tasto docs not dill'or Irotii timt ol' warm water oozes out, or drops from the hank into the ereek, as appears Iron, the condensed vapor ilortinir along the margin of the creek where the (hippinifs occur. The hill from wiiich the iiot springs issue is of a conical form, tcv- mmatiiig at the top wilh a lew loose fragments of mck, coverin" a flat space twenty-live feet in diametfly of oak, pine, cedar, holly, hawthorn, and others common to the climate, with a great variety oY vines, some said to produce black and yellow grapes, both excellent in their kinds. Ihe soil IS rocky, interspersed with gravel, sand, and fine vegetablt; si IS Jc A bll'I'LKMENT. IS •"••"'•I; ;>""'aHiingthel,..i;^|,t„rtwul,.u..l «'iiii.si(|('ial "•; chuiiKu ill fho soil was ol) 10(1 U'vt GUa P'TpoDcliculnr, a , ^ . " ": ' -'"« "" "I llii. t!i-av,J, i„„l ,., ,„„„|„.r „i ,|,.i|,,,i„ .V "!'"" "»,""""l '''""ll"''-':.,.,,.; .1,0 .w„o- i„li -b THK K\-D.