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J)KAii 8iii: As tli»> considcriitioii oC lli(^ ticiity recently inado by the I trust no ;ii'tii)M ultlie Seiiiite will Im" tiiii<'M wliicli sliiill siiirenderthe island ofSan -liian to (Ireat IJiitain. I am, veiv icsix'ctl'ullv, vonrs. .1. r Fiica, iismjn' tlic words, ''tlic middle ol" tlic cliamicl wliicli scpanitcs the coiitiiu'iit Inmi Vaiicoiiv<'i''s island." It was iKMlcctlv wcP midcrslood at the lime that the (•(•mpaet juroiip of iiueniiediate islands, of wln<'h San ,Inan is one, and which lies entirely sontli (»f the \\)\\\ i»arallei, would hehMij;- to the I'nited States; and Mr. lienton cxpiesslv rclciTcd to the tiK't in the debate when uryin^i' the rafilicatioii oC the treaty. Suhse (|uently, however, the llritish, with whom it seems inii»(.k' ])oints of the world. Malta and Cihraltar and the Cape of (iood TIoiM' are but instances of this j>rasi)iiit as the source from which the lumber of tlie countries borderiuin-on that ocean lias been obtained. Ibit it is the neai'cst ]»oin^ to China aiid.Iapan ; it is the nearest ]»oint to th<' Canadas, to >'ew Knsland, and to >'ew York. The power that owns it will control absolutely, by its interior railroads, tln^ trade of one-ihird of fho continent, indei)eiident of that (.f Asia. If the rnited States car lies throu^ili this eiiter]nise of the Northern I'acific railroad, (Jreat Ibitain will not undertake another route, or if she does, it will be a failure. In the accpiisition of Alaska, an act <»f statesmanship secoiid only t(t the purchase of Louisiana, we have flanked the llritish tcrrifo lies on the north. I trust w.- shall not lose the vanfaiL:e-j;rouiid thus obtained. The idea tindoubtedly existiii;;' in the iidiids of those who )Hit forth this claim was, that sooner than make tlu' subject an occasictn of war, we would cinnpromise by theadojititm of an intermediate line, the chaii nel known on <»ur niai»s as " President's ]»assa«e," which sei)arat:'s San •liuaii from Orcas and liopez islands, and in this way thev would break the cimtinuity to IMidv(^ il the ;>roii|», iiiio, wliicli Wiis to be 'iiiicoiivcr's •fi iicaicr to ,\ saw that tliat ill its y, and tliat i:ji' at oner 1^' Kii.ii'laiid it of I'lK-a. sil)l('. TIic ' to (Ircat lie adiiiiia , bordcriiiji tilt' coiiti protection VC IIS of. II tlic stra- )i> of (lood If we now sii'iids will t inlet, the d, and the •th Paeitie. wliieli the lined. ]>iit ioiiit to tli<' at owns it iiie-lliii-d of States ear oad, (ii'cat will he a lii]) seeoiid isli teirito 'oiiihI thus )iiit forth (Ml of war, , the eliaii irati's San )nld break •eli. Tliev hoped also to jiaiii th'e eession «»f Point K'obeits, a part (»f the eontinent falliiifj south of the jiarallel, and a tMUiimaudiii};' i)osition on the f^ulf of (Jeoi}>ia, near the eiitranee t would have reeeih'd from her elaiiii to the San .liiaii }>roui». Thr movement of Cleiieral Harney, in, takiii<>' military possession of San Jiiiin. was the ri^iht one. Then' was a vast deal of bluster and threat«'iiinf;- on the part of thcl.ritish, but there would have been no tif;htiii«' to gt't possession of it; but Air. JJuehanan, then J'lcsich'iit, made another fatal mistake. He sent out (leneral Seott to eomiuoinise once more, and a new .joint o(('ii|)atioii was agreed upon. The du]>lieity of the JJritisli in this inatter was shown diiriii}'' the joint survey of tht^ iKUthwest bound- ary. While tli(! American coiiimissiom'r, Mr. Archibald ("am|)b(^ll, had full i»owers to settle tlu^ line, his Kn^iish eolIea;;iie, <'aptain Prevost, of th(! Uritish navy, had secret instructions not to setth^ unless San ,Iuan island was yielded, and the negotiations were continued for months in vain betbre tlu^ reason leaked out. The idea seems to ])revail that JCiij;land, i»ec<»niiii'A iiiditlerent t rct'i'icn .sliould Itc iiiiiibla to awertiiiii iiiul dotpriniuo tlio pii'iMse line intended hy tho words of tlio trciity. it is a!,'ri'cd tlmt it slmll Ik> left to liiin to dctorniiiio upon some. Iini> which, ill his opinion," will fiiinisli an cqnilMe. Holntion of the ditficnlty, and will bo the nt'aii'st approximation that eaii lio made to the aeeurato construetion of the treaty. And the ''se|»arate article-' (a jM'rfect anoilialy in diplomacy) luovides that this treaty shall not «o into operation or have any ett'ect until the (luesti-, shall have been satisfactorily settled. If that ut to which of them is this subject submitted * Is it to President Kaiser, of Soleure, to President .Epi)li, of St. (Jiall, «)r to President Dubs, of Zurich:' And why w iis it not submitted (if there is to be any submission) tis a ([iiesti Ml, pure and simple, of the interpretation of the treaty of l.S4(>f Are V to (M>mi»romise every fresh claim that < Jreat P>ritain may .set uj) on any occasion by a new concession J If there is a real doubt about the true intent and' meanin},' of that treaty, let us submit it an mich, and submit it to some authority, high eiu)Ufj;li, learned enough, and respon sibh^ cnouf^h, to decider it tit once. 4 SAN .!UAN ISLAND. Submit it fov cxainplc to the coiisidenition of some body ol .jiiiisis ol eminence iiiul chiuactor ; to tiic^ "courts of cii.ssatiou" of I'^rauco, tlic ultimate law court «)f appeals of tho Frcu!!h empire; to the faculties of law of lieidelberH' or Herliu, rather tliaii t<» any soveni-iU. or iiotei.tate, or ]U'osident, who may be {foveriied by ideas of what is politic, or of what is "equitable." Siu'ii a reference would be, it is true, a novelty in the att'airs of nations; but we have u parallel in the.jurisditrtion of our own Kui>renu^ Court. One hears tlu're, as the {ireat French Jurist de Tocque- ville remarked with admiration, the cause called (for exanqtlc) of fhe State of Massachusetts r«. tlu^ State of N(nv York. Why not, then, in a case like this, of the interiu'ctation of a treaty, or, as in that of the Alabama claims, oiu^ of the interiuetation of international obligation, submit it to such courts? Our own Supn'uie Oourt misht, in like nmn- ner, bo the arbiter betwoc^u other nations. Whetlipr or uot the court of cassation would assume this oflice, ol course 1 do not know; I merely ]«esent the sufrKcstion ; but if it did, its intervention would elevates the consideration of the "leat courts of justice throughout the civilized world, and would lessen the danger of wars, springing from the uncertainty of diplonuitic controversy, ami from the interests or prejudices of rulers. So far as the Northern ra(!ific railroad is (concerned, one of its western termini nuist ultimately be on Tuget sound, aiul it will never do t'ancouver island and the main-land as an offset in a strategical j)ointof view to the southern portion of Van- couver island, which, it is to be regretted, was not placed within our ter ritory by extending the 4nth parallel across to the Tacitic. ocean. This parailelof north latitude extended west from the gulf of (leorgia would have given us one-(|uarter of Vancouver island, and on the Pacific shore, as it crosses the northern i)art of Barclay sound, W(^ woidd have been in possession of its haibors. as well as those smith and east of it on the ■^ HAN .MIAN I8LAN1). r. jurists ol' raiH'f, tlic ■iU'uUi»\s or IMttCl.tiltC, or of what I'lty in tlic tt' our <)\vii ilo Tocqiu'- |»1(') of flu' )t, tlu'ii, ill hut of tin- obligation, I lik<^ luaii- s oOi('«>, of f it (lid, its s of justice m- of wars, (1 from till' its western ever do to nuinand of uu'cli from tz, with no he {jovcrn- ho country < it staiids, '. Jt'ortherii is the con- he eountp .-i ex necem- Its eastern sujiersedes (iiivns. itlTON, , 4, 1801>. letter, that , hountlary ion to the nniin-land ion <>f Van- lin oiu' ter- ean. This rji'ia would X'itii! shore, ive been in f it on the islund coast. Tin' most ini])ortant harl)ors, and in fact Ww oidy ones, in the strait of .luan d<' Knca ar»^ on the Vancouver island shore, for on the south side of Fnea strait there are but a few o|>eii roadsteads. At the entrance of l''iu'a strait, on the north side, there are. also exten- sive tishinj;' banks, ext(indiii}>- west, in IVoni 40 to 100 fathoms water, which at no distant thiy will rival those of Newfoundland ; and for fish in;;/]Mir|)oses the harbors formed by tlie numerous islands studding l>ar clay sound \\w. most convenient. liarchiy scauid is tin; outlet to a ^jreater portion of Vam'ouver islind, which is drained thronfjli the Alberiii <'anal, tiiat extends U.j miles throufih a mountainous ranyc, to the basin, as it were, of the island, a level country heavily tind)ered and watered by a larjj^e stream that receives its su|>i>ly fi'om a chain of lakes i)enetratinji; still i'urther north. These ac(iuisitireat valno to American inter ests, beinji' at the entrance of and upon the Juan Fuca strait, that leads to the extcnf.ivc waters a short distance east; and now, uidess w(^ secure San .luan island, with its harbor, the conimerc(( of this vast inland sea will be, to a ;jreat extent, paraly/cd, if not (U)ntrolled, by an op])osin^' naval i)owcr. These islands, extendi ii}i from t he 40tli parallel south tothestrait of .luan de Fuca, hav(^ an ai-ea of about .■$.'5.") s(juare miles ; and the ])rincipal con tiinious channels south to the Fuca strait nuiy be stated as follows, viz : 1. Throuffh INn-tier J 'ass south by Swanson channel and the Canal d«' llaro, leaviuff UO s(piarc miles of islands to the west and 20,1 scpiare miles to the east. li. Through Activ<' I'ass south by the Swanson chaniu'l and th<^ Canal de Haro, h'avin;; 110 sipian^ miles to the west and -J4r) to the (nist. .'5. Throufih the Canal elt i>as- saf?e,leavin}j; 210 s(piare nnles to the west and 145 s(puirumini, and a few smaller ones, comprisiu}; only abmd 45 scpnirc miles. In the j;'eo};rapliical lucmoii- published in executive (h)cunu'nt of Sen- ate, Y.o. 20, 2d session 40th Conjjjress, a full description of tln'se islands is given, with a nmp and cross-section showing conclusively "the chan- nel which sei)aratcs the eontinent from Vancouver's island." In the con- structicMi of that maji, traciu}-' out each 10-fathom curve, it a|>pcars that the strongest currents are from the gulf of (ieorgia s(Hith to the Fuca strait, through tlu^ two main channels, the Canal de Haro on the west and Kosario strait on tlu' east ; and in order to show at a glance nature's dividing line the 10-fathom curves as far as the 70th fathom \vA\i\ been shaded by sanding; ami using the map to illustrate the channel ques- tion, I suggested following the strongest current, and gav«^ thci compari son of the two channels tinit is more fully stated under the heading of "channels" in the geographictal memoir. The i)osition of these islands bears an imjiortant relation to the ter mintjs (d" the North Pacific r; ilroad, if that is to be ui)on the waters of I'uget sound. Independent of their «'onunanding iM)sition as naval or nulitary stations, controlling, as they will, the i)rincii)al outlet of Wash- ington Territory, they of necessity will be the onth^t for all that portion north of the Skagit river; and to leave that (pu'stion to arbitration is to suggest an equal division. It has been and doubtless is still the intention of the Kngiisli govern- (> SAN .MIAN LSI-AM). iiu'iit tn liavt' a i'aciti*', railroad t'roin ( 'aiiada Itiiilt, and iiltiiuaU^ly to carry Micir (Miiiia and India trade of tliir I'atific tliron}>ii the IWitisli |K).H.seHsi(tns; and knowin;;' as we do tlio advantaf^cs tlicy lia\«^ lor that «'nti'r|)ri.st',it bclioovfs us to use cvt'iy i'tl'ort to llrst occujjy tliat ground, for, if it is of advantaji'i^ to tlu'ni, liow nmch more so is it to xis. As to llu» eonntry on tlie west, tiio i>asses north of the 41>th ]iarallel, in both tile (,'aseado and IJoeky niouutains, are h»\ver and easier of access tiiaii thosii within onr teriitory. INdhtwinj;- tin' Kraser river, ami its IjUowit or Harrison River Inanch, tiieiice crossing' to lh(! npper Kraser, they have ii h)\v pass to the inivi};ahh' waters of tlie npjM'r (N)hnnbia river. So the tra(h> that we lutw carry on with tlu' jiohl mines of the ('ohiinbia lliver valley, by the navi},fation of that river for L'.IO mih's north of the tilth i>araliel. will be carried west thronjfh Jbitish (Johnnbia. These mines have yiehh'd as much as 8.")(I0 i)er day to the men for weeks, and front a sin;*!!'' claim over )«<1(I(I,(MI0 of }>'old has been taken. These ar«^ the local inducements that tlu^ Knj-lish'have for buildinji' a l*acili<*, rail road, and they liave been <'onstantly at wttrk to ascertain the most ju-ac ticable route by which they can connect their ;;(tld lields with the rich afjricnitural country of the Saskatchewan, that only awaits an outh I. when its re.stuirces will be ra])idly developed. In their route from Canada the «)nly dillicult portion is that north ol' the lakes in reacliinj>- tlu^ K'ed IJiver of the Is'orth. Vet there they will have the. navigation of tln^ lakes; so that will not jtrevent them from establishiuf; their route, and nudvinjy,' the east :ind west terminus two ^•r«'at dei)ots of Ibitish trade, drawinj;' to them at tlu' same time the resources of our whole couutiy alonj^ the boinidary from liake Superior to the Pacific ocean. When'iis we, by buihliu};- tlu^ Xorth Vacitic rail- roa«l, w ill draw tlu^ wealth of their country inttt our (M)trers, as we are now doiufj', by the navigation of the upper ('obnnbia, and the trails <»pened by tlu^ northwest bounold lields, and eventually we w ill fall heir to all Uritish ixtsse.ssions. It therefore beeoiiu's a necessity that we. should have a road lu'ar our northern boi'dcr, not only as the most direct route to (Miina, India, &c., but to save our own resources, or they, with tln^ vast Saskatchewan and r.ritish (lohnnbia, will be drained west over the islaiuls now in dispute, and via Victoria, Vancouver island, out throuf;h the Fuca strait, giviii},' ICufjIaiid thii control of that commerc«'. Thus the vast bimber trade of l*ugct sound, and the limestone and coal of the islands, will be lo.st to American interests, to say nothing of tla^ fisheries that are soon to be(!ome tlu! most important of the world. If that SS tllilll its liiUowit 'niscr, th(\\ iiibiii rivor, V ('ohiinl)iti orth of the Itiii. Tlu'sr wcj'ks, iiiul These iin^ l»iicili<*. mil most lu'iic ith tiie, rich I ill) oiithi. at iiortli ol' IV tlii'.v will :■ them IVom rmiiius two lie time tlie ke Superior l*iieiH»! rail «, as we are 1 the trails e Kootenay [losseHsioiis. 1(1 near our , li)(lia,&e., L'hewaii and ■ ill dispute, trait, j>iviii},' niber traiveii us bv ie. JtDNElt. M ::3iM^