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 5 
 
 6 
 
DOMINION LINE OF STEAMERS 
 
 TO 
 
 CANADA AND THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Bbooiclym. 
 
 Dominion. 
 
 MiasiBsippi. 
 
 Montreal. 
 
 Oniabio. 
 
 Obeook. 
 Qdebeo. 
 Babnia. 
 Texas. 
 
 TOBONIO. 
 
 S.S. VANCOUVER, 5700 TONS. 
 
 The FAST PASSENGEB STEAMEBS of this First-Clasfl Line are appointed to Sail 
 
 from 
 
 LIVERPOOL to QUEBEC, 
 
 Every Thursday, calling at BELFAST the following day. 
 In Winter between LIVERPOOL and PORTLAND, Me. 
 
 FARES— Saloon, £10. 10s., £12. 12s., and £15. 15s. Single. 
 
 Return Tickets, £20, £24, and £28. 
 
 Intermediate, £7- 7s. and £8. 8s. Steerage as low as 
 
 by any other Line. 
 
 . Throngli Bookings to ail points in Canada and Ihe United States ; also to China, 
 Japan, Australia, and New Zealand, via San Franeisoo. Tourist Tickets and for 
 Circular Tours in America issued at Special Bates. 
 
 Government Assisted Passages to QUEBEC, for Agrionltural Labourers and their 
 Families, also Female Domestic Servants, at £3. Mechanics, General Labourers, and 
 their Families, at £4. 
 
 Each Steamer carries an experienced Surgeon, also Stewards and Stewardesses 
 for all Classes. Pamphlets and Maps sent free on application. 
 
 LIVERPOOL to NEW ORLEANS, 
 
 Via CORUNNA and HAVANA, to suit the Trade. 
 
 Cabin Fare, £20 ; Intermediate, £10. 10s. ; Steerage, £6. 6s. 
 
 For fall particulars apply in London to GBACIE, HUNTER & CO., 11, Leadenhall 
 street, and SEWELL & CBOWTHEB, 18, Cookspnr street ; Paris, PITT Si SCOTT, 
 7, Bue Scribe; Montreal, TOBBANCE A; CO.; Quebec, WM. MACPHEBSON; or to 
 FLINN, LIAIN & MONI^adkOilBY, Managing Directors, 
 
 24, James street, Liverpool. 
 
GRAND TRUNK RAILWAY OF CANADA. 
 
 LIVERPOOL TO QUEBEC 
 
 IN SUMMER, AND 
 
 , u., m fliiiFM, u., 
 
 IN WINTER, 
 
 By the Trans-Atlantio Ocean Steamship Lines, and thence by the 
 Qrand Trunk Railway to " ' 
 
 Montreal, Ottawa, Kingston, Toronto, Hannllton, Detroit, 
 Chicago, Buffalo, Niagara Falls, New York, Boston, 
 Baltlnnore, Onnaha, Salt Lake, Colorado, Denver, San 
 Francisco, Manitobah, the North-West Territories, and 
 all points In Canada and the United States. 
 
 Connections are made with the Pacific Mail Steamship Company's Line to 
 CHINA, JAPAN, AUSTRALIA, NEW ZEALAND, and VANCOUVER 
 ISLAND. 
 
 Tickets issued from Europe for Tours, embracing QUEBEC, MONTREAL, 
 OTTAWA, RIVER ST. LAWRENCE, THOUSAND ISLANDS, NIAGARA 
 FALLS, ftc, and the principal cities of the American Continent. Also the 
 SAGUENAY RIVER and the GULF PORTS, WHITE MOUNTAINS, 
 LAKES GEORGE and CHAMPLAIN, and SARATOGA. 
 
 THROUGH OARS to CHICAGO. 
 
 PULLMAN PALACE CARS are attached to all day and night Trains. 
 
 The Grand Trunk Railway has steel rails, new rolling stock, and is furnished 
 with every modem appliance for the safety and convenience of passengers. 
 
 For Rates of Passage (First-class and Special Emigrant Fares), or further 
 information, apply to Messrs. ALLAN, BROS, and CO., Messrs. FLINN, 
 MAIN, and MONTGOMERY, and THE CANADA SHIPPING COMPANY, 
 Liverpool ; any of the Agents for the Ocean Steamship Lines in Great Britain 
 or Europe ; and to the GRAND TRUNK RAILWAY, Dashwood House, 9, 
 New Broad Street, London, E.C. 
 
 J. B. REiyXO'X, Secretary. 
 
TEXAS, CALIFORNIA, 
 
 AMD THE 
 
 THE Great Southern Pacific Railway of California, building east, 
 and the Galveston, Harrisburo, and San Antonio op Texas, building 
 west, met on the 12th of January, 1883, and thus opened a vast extent of 
 beautiful and fertile country to traffic and settlement, extending from the 
 waters of the Gulf of Mexico to the Pacific Ocean, a distance of 2,600 miles. 
 No part of the earth's surface possesses a more salubrious climate, or where 
 capital invested will meet so sure and large returns. 
 
 STOCK RAISING in Texas will net 25 per cent., and choice may be 
 taken between sheep, cattle, or horses. Agriculture is no less profitable when 
 applied to cotton, sugar, maize, wheat, and all other farm products. The 
 cotton crop of 1881 brought twelve million pounds sterling. Lands are as yet 
 chean. climate healthful, and society good. Emigrant Homes, with com- 
 pe' Agents in charge, at several stations, where new arrivals are housed 
 for a week free, and employment procured for all who wish to work. 
 
 California is noted for its warm, even, and genial climate, its rich valleys 
 and mountains of gold and silver, and for its fisheries and its extensive trade 
 in timber. It ranks among the very first wheat-producing areas in America, 
 and its wines, brandies, raisins, and canned fruits are becoming noted 
 throughout the world, and are now finding a ready sale in England. As a 
 Fruit-growing region it stands without a rival. Apples, pears, peaches, 
 plums, oranges, lemons, figs, dates, quinces, cherries, almonds, olives, citron, 
 English walnuts, bananas, and all others known to temperate and semi- 
 tropical climates grow to great perfection and high flavour. So stimulating 
 is the soil that young trees will make from five to eight feet in a single year. 
 Peach trees, two years old, bear fruit ; strawberries can be grown the year 
 round ; orange tre^s, at six years, will produce 200 oranges, and a single 
 acre, at twelve, brings a sure income of £200. Five crope of potatoes 
 have been grown on the same land in thirteen months. There are millions 
 of acres of homestead and pre-emption lands open to actual settlers, IGO 
 acres free. Employment on fruit-farms provided for young men, while learn- 
 ing, and wages paid. 
 
 All information, with maps and pamphlets descriptive of these two States, 
 urnishod on application ; and if this book is mentioned special attention 
 >vill be given. Sample of products to be seen at this Office. 
 
 Address :-^W. G. KINGSBURY, 
 
 41, FiNSBUKY Pavement, LONDON. 
 
 I 
 
I A, 
 
 imtf. 
 
 building east, 
 'exas, building 
 . vast extent of 
 ding from the 
 if 2,500 miles, 
 nate, or where 
 
 choice may be 
 >rofitable when 
 roducts. The 
 mds are as yet 
 BS, with com- 
 als are housed 
 (vork. 
 
 ia rich valleys 
 extensive trade 
 IS in America, 
 coming noted 
 ngland. As a 
 ears, peaches, 
 
 olives, citron, 
 ate and semi- 
 So stimulating 
 
 a single year, 
 p-own the year 
 I, and a single 
 )e of potatoes 
 re are millions 
 1 settlers, IGO 
 Q, while learn- 
 
 S. W. SILVER & CO.'S 
 
 Uoobs ami laps to llie Tarinis Colooies, 
 
 AND 
 
 CATALOGUE OF EVERY NECESSARY FOR USE 
 
 ON BOARD SHIP AND IN THE COLONIES. 
 
 LISTS of NECESSARIES for Voyage to, and Residence in, All Parts of the World. 
 XHSUKAHCBS 3BFFBCTBO- 
 
 Passengers* Baggage and Goods of all kinds Beceived, Packed 
 
 and Shipped. 
 
 J| CIRCULAR NOTES, IN DUPLICATE, 
 
 k PAYABLE ALL THE WORLD OVER. 
 
 67, CORNHILL, LONDON, E.G. 
 
 CANADIAN NORTH-WEST. 
 
 f Are for disposal in the fertile and beautiful valley of the South 
 
 I Saskatchewan Riveb. 
 
 1 A Free Grant of 160 Acres 
 
 |To each Settler, with privilege of purchasing additional Land on very liberal terms. 
 ^^Lots for sale in Saskatoon, the finest town site in the North-West. Healthy climate, 
 :«anlimited supplies of water and fuel, and accessibility to markets, are among the 
 : advantages offered. 
 
 Full Particulars Free on Application to 
 
 iHr. JOM HOW TELLER, Barnstaple, Devou., 
 
 General Agent in England and Wales for the Temperance Colonisation 
 i Society (Limited). 
 
 !se two States, \ 
 
 Bciai attention | HEAD OFFICE :-114, KING STREET WEST, TORONTO, CANADA. 
 
 t, LONDON. 
 
 Having recently made a tour of inspection through the Canadian North-West, 
 Mr. Telfer will give reliable advice to intending emigrants. Write for descriptive 
 pamphlet, which will be sent gratis and post free. 
 
I 
 1 
 I 
 ( 
 
 THE CANADA WEST 
 
 LAND & AGENCY COMPANY. 
 
 President: 
 Hon. 0. W. Allan, Senator, an*' CommiBBioner of the Canada Company. 
 
 Directors: 
 
 A. H. Campbell, Esq., President British 
 Canadian Loan & Investment Company. 
 
 BoBERT OiLLEBPiE, Esq., Governor of the 
 Canada Company. 
 
 W. J. Mbnzieb, Esq., Vice-President of 
 the Scottish American Land Company. 
 
 Hon. B. M. Wells, M.P. 
 
 S. LocKiE, Esq., Financial Manager 
 British Canadian Lumbering St Timber 
 Company. 
 
 Professor Goldwin Smith, D.C.L. 
 
 Walteb F. Smith, Esq., Lloyd's, London. 
 
 J. S. Playfair, Esq., Vice-President of 
 the Federal Bank. 
 
 J. B. Adamson, Manager. 
 
 Offlcea: 
 14, Adelaide Street East, Toronto, Canada, and 37, Botal Exchange, London, 
 ; . .^ England. 
 
 This Company has been formed by some of the leading men in the Province 
 of Ontario, to assist those who are thinking of emigrating to Canada, by supply- 
 ing them with the fullest and most reliable information possible as to the best 
 localities to settle in, the value of property in those localities, and the particular 
 advantages and drawbacks of each district. 
 
 This information has been embodied in the Canadian Farm Journal, which 
 contains a very large amount of information on all points of interest to the 
 immigrant farmer. 
 
 It also contains a descriptive price list of farms and other lands at present 
 in the hands of the Company for sale, and includes many hundreds of excellent 
 properties in all parts of the Province. It gives very fiUl particulars as to the 
 nature, condition, soil, situation, and capabilities of each ; also as to the general 
 character of the district, proximity of markets, roads, railway communications, 
 church, school, and postal arrangements, &c. 
 
 In short, the object of the Company in publishing this Journal is to place in 
 the hands of the intending purchaser before he leaves his own home, all obtain- 
 able information likely to be useful to him, and to save him the expenditure of 
 time and money, which would be necessary to acquire this knowledge after hia 
 arrival in a strange country ; and when he has selected a property likely to suit 
 his requirements they are further prepared to afford him every possible assist- 
 ance and advice in connection with its examination and purchase. 
 
 j^:p:pii"3zr a?o 
 
 WALTER F. SMITH & Co., 
 
 37. ROYAL EXCHANGE, LONDON, 
 
 Or any authorized Agent of the Company, 
 
dImv l^GRICULTURE IN ONTARIO, 
 
 Company. 
 
 lanoial Manager 
 tberiug de Timber 
 
 PH, D.O.L. 
 Lloyd's, London. 
 rice-President of 
 
 FERTILE SOIL, 
 
 HEALTHY CLIMATE, 
 
 EXCELLENT INSTITUTIONS, 
 
 And Distant littlb mobb than a Week's Journey. 
 
 HANOB, London, 
 
 FREE BRANTS OF LAND 
 
 in the Province 
 lada, by aupply- 
 9 as to the best 
 id the particular 
 
 Journal, which | 
 interest to the 
 
 lands at present i 
 
 eds of excellent | 
 
 culars as to the A 
 
 .8 to the general > 
 ommunications, 
 
 al is to place in I 
 
 ome, all obtain- f 
 
 ) expenditure of t 
 wledge after hia 
 ty likely to suit 
 
 possible assist- I 
 
 TO 
 
 ACTUAL SETTLERS. 
 
 ). 
 
 Jo., 
 
 JDON, 
 
 \ 
 
 Improved Farms can be purchased on easy terms of payment. Lists, 
 with descriptions and prices, sent free. 
 
 Farm Labourers are in great demand. Wages, <£80 to J£40 per annum, 
 with board, washing, and lodging. Married Men get from £40 to £60, 
 with free house, fuel, keep for a cow, and other perquisites. 
 
 Domestic Servants are also much wanted in every town and village in 
 Ontario, at good wages. On arrival in Ontario, Domestic Servants are 
 taken care of at the expense of the Government, till situations are found 
 for them. 
 
 Assisted Passages are granted to Farm Labourers and their families, 
 as well as to Female Domestic Servants. 
 
 For further particulars apply to the 
 
 ONTABIO GOVERNMENT AGENCY, 
 
 6, South Castle Stbebt, Liverpool. 
 
GAPE OF GOOD HOPE. NATAL, & EAST AFRICAN ROYAL MAIL SERVICE 
 
 lERVICE. "p 
 
 The UNION STEAMSHIP COMPANY Limited. 
 
 Established 1853. 
 
 •v7:eei§:l-2- sEi^y-viOE. 
 
 name. tonnage. h.p. 
 
 Mexican 4669 3700 
 
 Tartar 4339 8700 
 
 Athenian 3877 3700 
 
 Moor 3688 3700 
 
 Trojan 3554 3700 
 
 Spartan 3491 3700 
 
 Pretoria 3199 3000 
 
 Arab SlTO 3000 
 
 NAME. tonnage 
 
 Nubian 3091 
 
 German 3028 
 
 Durban 2874 
 
 Anglian 2274 
 
 Af .10 2087 
 
 Danube 2038 
 
 Roman 1850 
 
 Union 113 
 
 H.P. 
 
 1800 
 2650 
 2800 
 1400 
 1100 
 1200 
 1200 
 00 
 
 The ROYAL MAIL STEAMKRP of this Company's Line, carrying Hei 
 Majesty's Mails, leave Southampton c ery alternate Thursday, and Plymoutl) 
 the following day, conveying Passengers and Goods to Cape Town, Mossel Bay 
 Port Elizabeth (Algoa Bay), Port Alned (Kowie River), East London, and Natal 
 St. Helena is called at at stated intervals. 
 
 The INTERMEDIATE STEAMERS leave Southampton and Plymoutl; 
 according to the requirements of the trade, conveying Passengers and Goods foi 
 Cape Town, Port Elizabeth, East London, and Natal. 
 
 ALL STEAMERS CALL AT MADEIRA. ^ 
 
 The UNION STEAMSHIP COMPANY'S STEAMERS have made the 
 festest voyages from England to the Cape of Good Hope, and vice versa. 4 
 
 The Rates include a Free Pass by Rail from London to Southampton, or ? 
 vice versa, for Passengers and Baggage, which can be obtained of the Company 
 or their Agents in England. Outward Passengers are freed from Dues on 
 S^gga^ge a,t both Southampton and Plymouth. 
 
 For Rates of Passage-money or Freight apply to H. J. Waring & Co., The ! 
 Wharf, Millbay, Plymouth ; Stumore, Weston & Co., 20, Water street, Liver- 
 pool; Keller, Wallis, & Co., 69, Piccadilly, Manchester; F. W. Allan & Co., 
 15, Gordon street, Glasgow ; A. O. Ottywell, 2a, Shandwick place, Edinburgh ; 
 Carolin & Egan, 30, Eden Quay ; or H. W. Donnelly, 34, Lower Ormond Quay, 
 Dublin; to the Company's Agents in most provincial towns ; or at • 
 
 XHE^ com:i»a]vy»s offices, I 
 
 OBIENTAL PLAGE. SOUTHAMPTON. i& 11, LEADENHALL ST.. LONDON. [ 
 
^fT^lSI^ 
 
 BUS 
 
 "EMIGRATION. 
 
 I Limited. 
 
 WHO SHOULD EMIGRATE. 
 
 HOW TO EMIGRATE. 
 
 NAOE. 11. P. 
 
 Ifs :::::: S and where to emigrate. 
 
 874 2800 
 
 274 1400 
 
 087 1100 
 
 D38 12O0 
 
 350 1200 
 
 113 60 i 
 
 ae, carrying Hei I 
 
 (T, and Plymoutli f 
 
 ivn, Mossel Bay. | 
 
 ndon, and Natal | ** 
 
 fs and Goods foi J-A.MES -A.SFDIN, J.P. 
 
 A.. 
 
 > have made the I 
 ce versa. 
 
 of the^ ComDanv 1 Second Edition, Revised and Enlarged. 
 
 I from Dues on 
 
 j 
 lRino & Co., The 
 it street, Liver- 
 W. Allan & Co.. 
 
 ace, Edinburgh ; f SHEFFIELD : HENRY HOWDEN, HIGH STREET, 
 
 ir Ormond Quay, j LONDON AND MANCHESTER: JOHN HEYWOOD. 
 
 A And all Booesellebs. 
 
 •®« " 1884. 
 
 ST., LONDON. 
 
«. jL^ v3 5?" ^ 
 
 HB 14 1^46 
 
 i\ i 
 
 TORONTO PUBUC LIBRARIES 
 
 REFERENCE LIBRARY 
 
 3'S.5>b . Al^ 
 
CONTENTS, 
 
 Preface. 
 
 Emigration, — Who should Emigrate. 
 
 Capacity for roughing it essential — Hard work and self-denial neces- 
 sary — Failures — Paved with Gold — Professional men out of place in a, 
 new country — Stoop to conquer — Moral aud Physical stamina essential 
 — Failures from emigrating at random. 
 
 Female Emigration, 
 
 Miss Hubbard on Female Emigration — Women will be welcome in the * 
 Colonies — Their assured future — The Class of Women required — '* The 
 Times^' on Female Emigration. 
 
 How to Emigrate. 
 
 Severance of old ties — Breaking up the household — Property most 
 essential in new countries — Packing cases, and shipment of — Emigrant 
 vessels under control of Board of Trade — The fastest vessels not the 
 safest— Lines of vessels and Ports of departure — Touts and crimps — 
 Lodgings— Embarkation — Allowance for Luggage — Steerage passengers 
 — Medical inspection — Food rations — Hints for guidance — Arrival — 
 Debarkation- — Cautions to emigrants — "Ticket scalpers, and three-card 
 Monte men'* — Emigrants should adapt themselves to the new conditions 
 —Men apt to overrate themselves at first — Educated men as naviies 
 and day labourers — Clerks and shopmen must be prepared to change 
 their work if they wish tc cucceed — Advisability of becoming a farm 
 pupil— Emigrants should not be too hasty to invest on arrival — Wild 
 lands not the best investment — Mistake in buying too much land — Un- 
 paid mortgages become foreclosed — Advantages of judicious emigration to 
 suitable persons- — The Author's personal experience and object in writing. 
 
 Where to Emigrate, 
 Canada,— Nova Scotia, Quebec, Ontario. British Columbia. 
 South Africa. -—Natal, Griqualand West. 
 
 Australia,— Western and South. New South Wales. Queensland. 
 New Zealand, 
 
 Uniiol States.— The Northern States, Southern States, Western 
 States, North-Western States. 
 
EMIGBATIOK. 
 
 PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION. 
 
 ' Labour is discovered to be the grand conqueror, enriching and building 
 up nations more surely than the proudest battles." 
 
 Imioration, as the natural remedy for over population, has jof late 
 fears become one of the most prominent questions of the day. 
 
 I No apology need be made therefore for the appearance of this little 
 ^ochiire, inasmuch as it is the outcome of practical and dearly bought 
 fkperience ; and it is with the view of saving others from many avoidable 
 losses and incidental annoyances that the author has been induced to write 
 ihe following lines. 
 
 * There are few subjects in which clear-headed and shrewd men make 
 laore serious mistakes than in that of emigration. As the typical country- 
 Blan has a vague idea that London streets are paved with gold, so the 
 emigrant seems to act as if nuggets or diamonds could be gathered like 
 Wackberries, in the colony in which he intends to settle. 
 
 I Now nothing can be more fallacious than these ideas. In the Colonies, 
 tib elsewhere, prosperity is only attained by downright hard work, self- 
 cfcenial, and plucky endurance. Given those qualities, coupled with 
 laoderate shrewdness or common sense, and success is certain. The 
 settler can be well fed, comfortably housed and clothed, and enjoy life 
 somewhat as he goes on ; at the same time he will be free from the 
 incessant turmoil of a hand-to-mouth living, or rather existence, which is 
 the ordinary condition of the working, and even the lower middle classes, 
 ili the Old World. T ■ transition from poverty to prospective indepen- 
 dence is only to be attained by incessant industry. Idle and dissolute 
 loafers fare as badly in the Colonies as in the Old Country, perhaps worse, 
 lasmuch as there are no amateur philanthropists. In fact, in all new 
 
vi. 
 
 tREPACE. 
 
 countries the axiom that *' he who will not work must starve " is believed 
 in implicitly and acted on invariably. 
 
 As a matter of fact, so many colonics have been from time to time 
 represented as El Dorados, where wealth, together with ease and dignity, 
 are to be bad without work, that many have been deceived by the exag- 
 gerated statements of Emigration Agents or Land Owners, and come back 
 more soured and disappointed than they were before. 
 
 The writer of the following pages, having passed through all the vicissi- 
 tudes of a pioneer's life, has experienced the want of a reliable guide and 
 hand-book of information, such as he now offers to the public. The 
 reader may depend upon the accuracy of the statements made. Nothing 
 has been extenuated, or aught set down in malice. Prospective emigrants, 
 when they have read this work, will be forewarned against the difficulties 
 they will have to encounter, and they need not take a leap in the dark or at 
 haphazard. 
 
 The writer has aimed at terseness rather than literary excellence, as 
 brevity is essential in order to condense the information into the limits of 
 a small pamphlet. There is no lack of voluminous works on emigration, 
 published by Land and Emigration Agents, of the various Foreign and 
 Colonial Governments. It is no part of the writer's object to go over 
 ground that has been traversed by others, but to give such information as 
 may smooth the way to newly arrived settlers in a strange country, and 
 he ventures to hope that his etforts will be appreciated. 
 
 The { 
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 country, and 
 
 PREFACE TO SECOJ^D EDITIOJ^. 
 
 The great favour with which the First Edition of this Pamphlet was 
 received, and the rapidity of its sale, was such that no apology is necessary 
 for the present re-issue. This result is gratifying to the Author in more 
 ways than one. It shows that his efforts have been appreciated by the 
 elasses in whose interests he wrote, and fur whose welfare he has 
 laboured. 
 
 Within the last twelve months the importance of the subject has been 
 folly recognised by all classes of the Community, and emigration is now 
 acknowledged to be the only legitimate relief for the evils of poverty, and 
 even worse ills, that arise from over-population, and unfair, because 
 unequal, competition, not only in all branches of trade, but in pro- 
 ^MsionB as leelL 
 
 For a long time the question, ** What to Do with our Boys ?" was a burn- 
 ing one, as far as discussions in the public journals we're concerned ; but the 
 jfuestion, " What to Do with our Girls ?" is no less urgent. In some respects, 
 indeed, the latter problem is of more vital importance than the former. 
 The author has therefore added a chapter on emigration as a field for 
 female labcu^. There is room for all in the Colonies ; but the chief 
 object of tb ;^?.mphlets has been to show how readily and easily men 
 may be led ustray, and to guard them against the dangers and pitfalls 
 which beset everyone at the outset of a Colonial life. These dangers are 
 multiplied ten-fold in the case of more or less helpless women. It is, 
 therefore, doubly incumbent upon them to be careful as to whom they 
 entrust themselves at the outset of their new life, and agents, who under- 
 take the care of young and unprotected females in a new country, incur a 
 heavy responsibility, since they place themselves in the position of guardians 
 to those who at first are least able to protect themselves. Fortunately there 
 are reliable and trusty agencies who have made the organisation and 
 development of female emigration a special feature, and to whose 
 guardianship young women may safely be confided. 
 
 In other respects the pamphlet has been re-issued almost verbatim et 
 literatim, the success of the first issue being the best assurance that 
 ,the present one is required. 
 May, 1884, 
 
-m 
 
 
EMIGRATION. 
 
 "WHO SHOULD EMIGBATE. 
 
 juMiNo that the future emigrant has determined to break up his life- 
 |g associations in the Old World and seek his fortunes in the new, the 
 lentous question as to what part of the globe he will settle in has to be 
 Brmined, A right or wrong decision on this point will probably determine 
 future success or failure of the emigrant's career, whether he chooses the 
 which, taken at the iiood, leads on to fortune, or that which is bound 
 itt^hallows or in miseries. The Old Countiy may have been a hard foster- 
 pi#ent, but still it is the Mother Country; to make a change for the 
 m^se is hard indeed ; yet such mistakes are continually being made, and 
 n^st of the Colonies have attained an undeserved name from men who, 
 d^er from their unsuitability, natural unfitness in education, training, or 
 jsical powers, ought never to have ventured out to countries where the 
 bat sine qua non of success consists in the ability of " roughing it," for the 
 St few years at all events. In all the Colonies, especially the newer ones, 
 emigrant must " stoop to conquer." It is the want of that adaptability 
 ich is one of the causes of so many failures abroad. Another is the want 
 f judgment displayed in the selection of the land of his adoption, 
 
 The world offers a wide choice both in climate and variety, whether of 
 n^ei'al, vegetable, or animal produce. The emigrant, therefore, can migrate 
 to a land where the climate and surroundings are in accordance with the 
 requirements of his health, his previous occupations, and natural fitness. 
 If emigrants would study these questions before going abroad, we should 
 have fewer cases of round men putting themselves into square holes, or 
 v^ versa. Mineralogists would not seek for wealth in the Coral Islands, or 
 fU^Qei's look to raise grain on the Hocky Mountains ; and yet we hear of 
 parallel blunders being continually made. 
 
 Similarly in the matter of health. There are colonies in various parts of 
 th^ world where consumption is unknown; and, more than that, where 
 j^sons suffering from chest diseases rapidly recover, but where, on the 
 other hand, those who require a strong, bracing climate, would certainly be 
 oi|t of place. To mention these facts may seem like repeating platitudes, 
 dift we not constantly see the evils which arise from neglect of these first 
 eittentials of health, prosperity, and happiness. Our own Colonies alone 
 range from the torrid to the frigid zones, so that there is no lack of choice of 
 climate suited to every disposition and degree of hardihood. 
 
 The world is a wide place ; there are countries and climates that will suit 
 all conditions of men, and labour enough to suit all classes of workmen, 
 whether they are agricultural, mechanical, or mining. Emigration, like 
 everything else in this world, is not entirely an unmixed blessing. It has 
 dxiiwbacks, and a man who wishes to succeed must make iip his mind to 
 a steady course of sheer hard work, untiring industry, a rough life, and a 
 lopg period of steady self-denial. But in what part of the world can success 
 obtained without these qualities ? On the other hand, given these essea- 
 
10 
 
 Who should Emigrate. 
 
 I 
 
 iip.ls in the newer countries, success is certain and assured : the refinements 
 of hfe come in due course, and the emigrant, especially if he "has his quiver 
 fnll," can rest in the assurance that his family will be well provided for, that 
 he is in a part of the world 
 
 Where children are blessings, and he who has most 
 
 Has aid to his fortunes, and riches to boast ; 
 
 and he will bo free in his new home from one constant and ever-present 
 source of anxiety, and that is — the future of his progeny. 
 
 That many make cruel mistakes in the matter of emigration is a fact patent 
 to all. They deceive themselves as to their own capacity and physical 
 endurance, or else, what amounts to the same thing, they allow themselves to 
 be deceived, by emigration or land agents, into the belief that when they have 
 once crossed the " herring pond," they will be landed in a land flowing with 
 milk and honey, where they can enjoy a dolcefar niente for the rest of their 
 days, and partake of all the good thuigs of this world, and have but very little, 
 if any, real hard work to do. The fatuity of this class of emigrants would be 
 inci-edible did we not see parallel instances every day in the Old 
 Country. Young men doing fairly well in permanent positions in the 
 provinces, throw up their prospects and rush up to London in the full belief 
 that the streets ore paved with gold, and that their talents will at once secure 
 them the highest positions ; but they soon find their level, and their utter 
 unfitness for town life. It is true that the greatest successes are only to be 
 attained in the capital cities of all countries, but the competition is fierce and 
 incessant, and taxes the mental and physical resources to the utmost. Many 
 break down in the race for wealth for want of physical stamina. The same 
 rule applies to the Colonies, but not to the same extent. A sound constitu- 
 tion, a clear head, indomitable energy, pluck, and dogged industry are 
 absolutely essential in either case. Given those qualities, however, success 
 — and more than success, a comfortable competence — is assured in the 
 Colonies after a few years' industry. The essentials of prosperity, however, 
 are the same, whether at home or abroad. "Whilst on this part of tlie subject, 
 however, I cannot do better than quote the opinion of Mr. Fred Whymper, a 
 well-known writer and authority on the Colonies : — 
 
 " Given a certain number of emigrants," says he, " the percentage of those 
 who realise large fortunes will probably not be greater than those in the Old 
 Country. On the other hand, all who can and will work are assured of a good 
 living, with plenty of eating and drinking, be comfortably clothed, and be 
 able, not only to enjoy life somewhat as they go on, but also to lay by a 
 provision against old age or the proverbial rainy day." 
 
 The foregoing extract points out in terse and unmistakable language, on the 
 one hand the evils of emigration to clerks, scholars, and other followers of 
 " genteel callings," and on the other the advantages which it freely offers to 
 those who are able and willing to do a good day's work. Clerks are at a dis- 
 count in the Old Country, in a new one they are worse than useless unless 
 they have the physique and willingness to adapt themselves to circumstances, 
 to throw down the pen and take up the pick, and learn to labour and to wait. 
 Many scholars, gentlemen, and university graduates have followed this course 
 with advantage, and attained ultimate success. In such cases it is necessary 
 to stoop in order to conquer, and the sooner this fact is recognised by the 
 genteel classes the better. 
 
 I have devoted some space to the question as to the type of men who are 
 wanted iu the Colonies, and I cannot reiterate the fact too strongly, that clerks, 
 scholars, and professional men are out of place. In my experience of 
 several years iu Canada and the United States, I have met with scores, 
 amongst whom were well educated men — the sons of clergymen, pro- 
 fessional men, merchants, and shopkeepers, &c., — who, instead of improving 
 
Female Emigration. 
 
 11 
 
 their condition by emigration, have sunk lower and lower in the social scale, 
 until they have reached the level of loafers and vagabonds ; in nearly every 
 case, the result of going abroad at random. 
 
 Apart, however, from the surroundings having been unsuitable, these social 
 shipwrecks would probably have foundered in any place. Moral stamina 
 is essential everywhere, but more particularly in new countries, where the old 
 social barriers are broken down, the protective distinctions of caste are 
 unknown, and the refinements and elevating influence of books are lost for 
 a time. 
 
 To sum up, weak-kneed, vacillating people are but of little use in the Old 
 Country — they are worse than useless in the new ones. 
 
 The sound mind in the sound body is essential every where, but in no place 
 so much as in the Colonies or abroad. 
 
 In the matter of Female Emigration, which is an important branch of the 
 question, I cannot do better than quote the words of Miss Louisa Hubbard, 
 a lady who has worked earnestly and devotedly for many years to ameliorate 
 the condition of her sex : — 
 
 "But when all is said and done, perhaps one of the best openings left to 
 women with some enterprise, but without any specially strong bias or talent, 
 is EMIGRATION. No one can doubt that England is overstocked with 
 women, although if they were more generally trained to employment the 
 pressure would be less painfully felt. But surely it is better for anyone free 
 from family ties, and better still for a family of women who might emigrate 
 altogether, to leave this land where their presence is but tolerated, and turn 
 to brighter climes, where they would be sure of a cordial welcome, and where 
 they might, while maintaining themselves, feel that joy so dear to a woman's 
 breast, that they were conferring as well as receiving benefits." 
 
 Most of the Colonies offer not only free or assisted passages to females, but 
 certain prospects for the future, yet comparatively few women, in comparison 
 to the men, ever take advantage of these offers. 
 
 When such large numbers of the most eligible men are continually leaving 
 the country, and no proportionate emigration of women takes place, it is no 
 wonder that the latter cannot find husbands. Thousands of females in this 
 country find the greatest difficulty to eke out even a bare existence, as their 
 labour is in little demand, and commands but very scantj' remuneration. 
 Still this female population has to be supported. Many a young woman who 
 has looked forward to having a home of her own, with a husband to love, 
 cherish, and protect her, has seen the years pass by without any chance of 
 realising her one cherished wish, until driven to despair by hope deferred, 
 she yields to temptation, and goes to swell the long list of fallen ones ; thus a 
 life that might, under favourable circumstances, have been an ornament to 
 society, becomes one of unmitigated shame. 
 
 Wherever one sex preponderates the result is evil. In England we have 
 thousands of women leading aimless lives, while in the Colonies and America 
 we see the other eff'ect of the evil, where men predominate. In the back- 
 woods, at the mines, and on the prairie, thousands of men live lonely and 
 neglected lives, with no home, no wife, nor child, or humanising influence. 
 They spend their leisure in drinking and gambling, and become reckless of 
 life. The only remedy for the evils that women suff'er from here, and men 
 over there, is to send more of our young women abroad. If emigration is a 
 necessity and an advantage, let there be an equal distribution to both sexes, 
 or the results will be disastrous. 
 
 Much might be done to mitigate one of England's greatest curses — the 
 social evil — by judiciously-directed emigration. There are thousands of 
 tv'om^n and girls, now walking the streets, who would become reformed 
 
 1 
 
 « 
 
 ■I. 
 
 ! !, 
 
til 
 
 Female Emigration, 
 
 characters could they ht transferred to otlier spheres, where, under new 
 conditions and surroundings, away from old associates, and placed amongst 
 people who would leuuei' ^hera every assistance to regain that position in 
 life which they liad lost, they miglit, as useful members of society, enjoy long 
 lives of health and happiness, wliilst here nothing awaits them but disease, 
 misery, an early and dishonoured grave. 
 
 In the Colonies a happy and assured future awaits them, but it must be 
 borne in mind, young women, to succeed, require the same qualities of self- 
 reliance and independence of churacter as the men. The remarks in the 
 foregoing part of tliis pamphlet apply to both sexes equally. Superficial, 
 showy accomplishments are as much despised in women as in men in all 
 new countries. My own opinion on this subject has been so clearly and 
 emphatically expressed throughout these pages, I can only therefore 
 strengthen my statements by quoting from one who writes with authority to 
 the Times, on the Female Emigration Movement: — 
 
 " Women may go with great advantage to themselves upon a simple con- 
 dition, and that is that they will at first qualify tliemselves in domestic work 
 — cooking, cutting, and making children's clothes, and the like. Young 
 women with few educational attainments might, with their superior intelli- 
 gence, make admirable 'helps.' Become domestic servants? A3'e, domestic 
 servants if you will, wit'' a certainty of immediate, happy, and highly 
 remunerative employment. But remember that in a colony a young woman, 
 like a young man, is respected for what she is, and not for any pretensions 
 based upon some far-removed family connection ; for what she can do well, 
 rather than for that which she might fancy she would like to do. And this 
 domesticity which I advocate her cultivating has another value. Young 
 colonials pushing their own way in life require in a helpmate, not a smatter- 
 ing of French, third-rate musical ability, and skill in fancy needlework." 
 
 At the risk of reiteration I have quoted the above passage in extenso, since 
 it coincides so thoroughly with my teachings and experience. The Colonies 
 offer sure and certain relief for the evils of poverty and over-population which 
 we sufi'er from here, as in all the older countries ; but, on the other hand 
 emigrants, male or female, must have the necessary qualifications to meet the 
 requirements of new countries, otherwise what should, and would be, an almost 
 unmixed blessing, becomes an unmitigated evil, for useless settlers become 
 a curse not only to themselves but the Colonies also. 
 
 Assuming that our reader has the requisite qualifications in the way of 
 physical and mental stamina, and has, after due consideration, made up his 
 mind to emigrate, it will not be ou*^ of place to give some information as to 
 
 HOW TO EMIGRATE. 
 
 There can be no doubt that no matter how rough and hard a man's lot may 
 have been in the Old Country, it causes a great heart-wrench to leave it 
 for new and untried prospects. The Teuton still hankers after " Faderland," 
 and the Briton after "Merrie" England. One country may have been a hard 
 " Father," and the other far from " Merrie," but it has been the birth-place, 
 and is associated with tender feelings of family ties. These feelings are 
 powerful with men, still more so with women; and the married man is 
 frequently tempted to forego his resolutions through the tears and persuasions 
 of the wife and " childer," and maybe the parents. Still, these feelings must 
 be overcome by the man who determines to win fortune ; and, painful as the 
 severance of family ties and friendships is, it must, like other evils, be endured. 
 The soul of goodness in things evil, and the converse, is common to all human 
 things and institutions. Then comes the brealdng up of the Lares et Penates, 
 household treasures, furniture — the long and dreary ocean journey, towards 
 the unknown future. Still if these difficulties, like all others, are £aced 
 boldly, they will quickly disappear. 
 
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Luggage. 
 
 18 
 
 The breakbg up of the household is perhaps the first and greatest wrench, 
 yet it must be done and done quickly, and it is hotter to have no half 
 measures. Furniture is a great encuiubranco, freight is lieavy, it is readily 
 injured, and probably costs as much to transport the old as it would to 
 purchase new in the settlement. In short, the emigrant should avoid taking 
 anytliing that can possibly be done without, lor if ho should exceed the limit 
 allowed for freight — either bv ship or rail, tlio extra cliarges will often cost 
 more than the goods are worth, to say nothing of the trouble which they entail 
 in transit. 
 
 The best property to carry is the very portable one of a little ready money 
 for contingencies, and as many banker's drafts as can be obtained. The 
 latter are always safe, and produce a profit in the way of exchange ; whereas 
 an excess of bulUon is not only a source of risk in itself, but a constant source 
 of temptation to the owner, as well as to his poorer, or more unscrupulous 
 fellow-passengers. 
 
 On the first voyage, I would advise taking as little outfit and as much 
 money as possible. Even though the emigrant may eventually pay more for 
 his necessaries, he will save freight, trouble, and the risk of landing in a 
 new country with insufficient money. When once steady employment has 
 been secured, there will be but little difficulty in procuring such goods as 
 are specially suited to his peculiar requirements and that of the settlement 
 he has selected. Of course these remarks apply only to new emigrants. 
 When men know the exact requirements of a country, and the places to 
 supply those wants, of course they can do Avell by converting their cash into 
 profitable merchandise ; but in proceeding for the first time to an unknown 
 country, it will be found that the general rule the less the luggage and the 
 more money the better. Skilled artLsans and workmen should in all cases 
 take their tools and appliances in connection with their trades and callings. 
 
 A good supply of clothing, china, cutlery, brushes, combs, and sponges can 
 be taken with advantage, as also a good gun, two or three strong pocket 
 knives, and a compass. Revolvers and bowie knives are not much wanted, 
 though they are often affected by young emigrants. 
 
 Even when the luggage has been reduced to the minimum, it will be found 
 to fill a number of cases. These cases should be well made, somewhat like 
 seamen's chests, of about 5 cubic feet capacity. 2ft. 6in. by 1ft. 6in. is a 
 convenient size. The chests should have rope handles, to be readily carried 
 by two people, and as they have to be exposed to rough usage, strength is an 
 important element. Bedding should be secured in canvas bags. Articles 
 wanted during the passage should be packed in a hand-bag, or portmanteau. 
 The other luggage should be labelled carefully. 
 
 Attention to ail these details, trifling as they may seem, will in the end 
 gave much time, trouble, and annoyance. 
 
 It is a very common thing for persons intending to emigrate to run about 
 xaaking many unnecessary inquiries as to different lines of steamers, sailing 
 vessels, or individual ships. Of course, this is to be expected when they are 
 about to take a sea voyage to a strange country, probably for the first time in 
 their lives. All ships which carry passengers from any port in Great Britain 
 are duly authorised to do so by, and are under the inspection of, the officers of 
 the Board of Trade. They differ considerably in size, speed, internal arrange- 
 ments, and finish, but they are all staunch, seaworthy, and safe, under good 
 officers ; and as the different owners exercise great care in the selection of 
 efficient and trustworthy commanders for their ships, none but capable men 
 have charge of them. Very many people, when about to take their passage, 
 think they ought to select the fastest vessels, overlooking the fact that those 
 making the voyage in the shortest time are not always the safest. Tliey may 
 have the reputation of making very quick passages, it is true, but the public 
 
 *.'9 
 
14 
 
 Touts and Crimps, 
 
 do not know the many risks that are often run to accomolish thin. 
 Some of these racing vessels are at times run at a greater speed than woulj 
 be thouglit safe by tlie majority of careful commanders ; out the captain 
 wishes to maintain the reputation of his line or ship for speed, and, therefore, 
 crowds on steam or sail, or both, very often, when it would be safer to run at 
 half-speed. The fault, I'owever, is probably caused more by the truvelHiig public 
 than the owners of vessels by whom these rapid passages are maintained, for 
 ■o long as people crave to be carried over the ocean at liglitiiing speed, cap- 
 tains will be found who will continue to run the increased risks which such 
 high rates of speed must always entail. It will be wise fur those who emigrate 
 to consider these mutters when they are about to make a selection. Passenger 
 steamships and sailing vessels are despatched from Liverpool, London, 
 Southampton, Plymoutli, Bristol, Newcaatle-on-Tyne, Glasgow, Queenstown, 
 Londonderry, Belfast, and other ports in the United Kingdom. 
 
 Having decided from what port and by what line he will sail, the emigrant 
 should ensure his passage by securing a berth two or three weeks, or in sume 
 cases even more, before the advertised date of sailing. He should, when 
 possible, endeavour to arrange for pleasant companionship during the voyage 
 with persons whose acquaintance he may acquire, previous to sailing. This 
 can generally be done when arrangements for the passage are made earl}', 
 and it conduces much to the comfort of the emigrant to be associated on board 
 with those in whom he may rely as persons of Known respectability and good 
 chiiracler, and between whom mutual confidence exists. Introductions of this 
 kind can generally be made by the agent through whom the emigrant nego- 
 tiates for his passage, and who, if he understands his business, will always 
 endeavour to associate congenial spirits, and thus not only contribute much to 
 the pleasures of the voyage, but bring credit to his own agency, and in- 
 creased business to the company which he represents. 
 
 As a rule, the shipping companies require that emigrants shall be at the 
 port of embarkation the day previous to the one on which the ship is adver- 
 tised to sail, when the balance of their passage money is to be paid, and the 
 final arrangements for their departure completed. The emigrant's luggage 
 must be all plainly addressed, giving his name and destination, with the name 
 of the ship in which he is to sail. On arrival at the seaport, passengers 
 should leave their packages at the left-luggage office at the station when tliey 
 leave the train, taking a receipt for it, and proceed without delay to the chiof 
 office of the 'shipping company, where they will receive full instructions for 
 their guidance as to the time of embarkation, &c. 
 
 All seaport towns arc more or less infested by hordes of loose characters, 
 made up in a great measure of touts or crimps, who are ever on the alert to 
 entrap ihe unwary. To guaird against this class of persons, the emigrant 
 must avoid being duped by refusing to accompany strange persons under any 
 pretence whatever, however plausible their story. In the majority of cases 
 the emigrant is a perfect stranger in the port to which he proceeds to embark, 
 hence it will be necessary for him to use the utmost caution with regard to the 
 selection of the lodgings he is to occupy during the night previous to sailing, 
 for although there are many clean, comfortable, and well-ordered hotels and 
 boarding-houses, there are very many which possess none of these qualities. 
 Generally the agent who issues the passenger's tickets will furnish him with 
 the address of some reliable house at which to stay, but when he omits to 
 do so, the shipping company will direct him to comfortable quarters. 
 
 Having received definite instructions as to the time he must be on board 
 the following day, the emigrant should repair to his lodgings, take his meals 
 regularly, avoid intemperate eating and drinking, and retire to rest early, to 
 ensure a good night's rest, so that he may be prepared to rise betimes in the 
 morning. 
 
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 16 
 
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 emigrant 
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 embark, 
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 to sailing, 
 lotels and 
 
 qualities. 
 
 him witli 
 3 omits to 
 
 on board 
 his meals 
 
 early, to 
 les in the 
 
 At an early hour the emigrant must be astir and proceed to have his luggage 
 removed to the dock, wharf, or lauding-stiige, from whence it can be readily 
 put on board. He will find others similarly engage '., and, as the morning 
 wears on, carts, drays, cabs, and other vehicles will aiiive and deposit thoir 
 loads, which in turn will be removed to the shi|). As the time fur passengers 
 to be on board arrives, the bustle and throng increases, for there are always 
 some persons who arrive just at the last inoinent and iidd to the hurry hiuI 
 confusion, and the emigrant is glud to escape the turmuil on shore for that of 
 the ship, which, both on deck and below, presents a scone of great activity. 
 
 The quantity of luggage allowed each passenger by the trans-Atlantic 
 steamers is, fur cabin pa' .angers 20 cubic feet, and for intermediate and steer- 
 age passengers 10 cubic icet. Persons taking more than this allowance will bo 
 chargeable for excess at the rate of Is. per cubic foot. On the Cape steamers, 
 20 cubio feet is allowed to all classes, and 28. per cubic foot is charged fur 
 excess. On Australian steamers, 1st class passengers are allowed 40 cubic 
 feet; 2nd class, 20 cubic feet ; and .')rd class, 15 cubic feet; while the excess 
 rate is 5s. per cubic foot. On Australian sailing vessels, 1st class passengers 
 are allowed 40 cubio feet ; 2ud class, 80 cubio feet ; ikd class, 20 cubio feet, 
 with an excess rate of Is. per cubio foot. On New Zealand sailing vessels, 
 1st class passengers are allowed 40 cubio feet ; 2nd class, 20 cubic feet ; and 
 Srd class, 10 cubic feet, with an excess rate of Is. per cubic foot. 
 
 Emigrants are entitle I to take with them, free of duty, wearing apparel in 
 Mlual use, and other personal effects ; but merchandise will be liable to Cus- 
 
 Itoms dues at the port of landing ; in most cases, therefore, the emigraut must 
 govern himself accordingly. The heavy luggage of passengers by trans- 
 Atlantic steamers is generally placed in the ship's hold at the poyt of embark- 
 ation, and nut taken up until it arrives at the port to which it is bound, 
 though in some cases the luggage of cabin passengers is sUned away in more 
 accesaible places, where it may be reached during the voyage. On the Cape, 
 Australian, or New Zealand ships, passengers are usually allowed access to 
 their luggage once or more during the voyage. 
 
 Steerage passengers on the trans-Atlantic steamers are required to provide 
 themselves with bedding, mess utensils, etc., for use during tl e voyage. These 
 should consist of pillow, mattress, pannikin to hold 1^ pints, plate, knife, fork, 
 and spoon. The cost of these r. .'tides will not exceed 43. or 5s. at the port uf 
 embarkation. The passenger should also be provided with bed covering, a 
 rug or blanket is sufficient. It must be borne in mind that should tlie 
 passengers take these articles from home with them, they must take them out 
 of their boxes before going on board, as there will be no chance of obtaining 
 them after the luggage has been placed in the ship's hold. Intermediate and 
 eabin passengers are provided with ail necessary bedding and other articles 
 for use during t.he voyage. 
 
 On vessels making longer voyages, the necessary articles for use at sea are 
 either provided free or at fixed charges by the agents of the different colonial 
 governments appointed to superintend the embarkation of free and assisted 
 passengers ; full paying emigrants ".nd second-class passengers are required 
 to provide their own outfit, while first-class passengers are provided with all 
 requisites by the shipping companies. In steamers second-class passengers 
 are also thus provided by shippers on long voyages ; also boxes, marked 
 " Wanted on the voyage," come up out of the hold at intervals of 21 or 28 days. 
 
 Once on board, the emigrant must without delay proceed to make himself 
 at home as far as the circumstances of the situation will allow. The steerage 
 passenger will find some situations "below" more desirable than others; 
 obviously it is to his advantage to get located early. If possible he should 
 select an upper berth as near amidships as possible, where both light and 
 
f 
 
 16 
 
 Mai de Mer. 
 
 I' 
 
 ventilation are good. Married couples with their children are berthed to- 
 gether, and single women are classed together. 
 
 After the emigrants are all on board, they are ordered •' aft," and, passed 
 in single file before a medical officer appointed for that purpose, a formal in- 
 spection takes place, in order to ascertain that there are none amongst them 
 who are not in a healthy state, or are incapable of undertaking the voyage ; 
 friends say " Good-bye ! " the last tender steams off, and the ship is soon 
 under weigh. Tlie emigrant lingers on deck, gazing longingly and lovingly at 
 his native land as it fast disappears from his view, until at last he sees nothing 
 around him but the broad expanse of waters. He now realises that he is 
 leaving behind him, it may be for ever, the home of his youth and the resting- 
 place of his ancestors ; and when the sun sinks deep in the western horizon 
 he may still, oblivious of all that is passing around him, be absorbed in deep 
 and sorrowful thought. Scenes of the happy and cloudless days of childhood 
 crowd before him, revered memories chase through his troubled mind, and his 
 heart throbs as though it would break. He is natiu*ally downcast for the 
 time ; but the stout-hearted emigrant consoles himself with the thought that 
 the step he has taken will lead him to the enjoyment of even happier days 
 than those he has spent in tlie past, and at last he retires *' below." 
 
 Tea or supper is probably the first meal partaken of on board by the steer- 
 age passenger. It usually consists of tea, sugar, biscuits, and butter, and is 
 served out at six o'clock, oatmeal porridge or gruel being supplied two hours 
 later. Breakfast consists of coft'ee, milk, sugar, bread-and-butter, biscuit, 
 oatmeal porridge and treacle, or Irish stew. This meal is served at eight 
 o'clock. Dinner, at one o'clock, consists of soup and fresh beef or pork, with 
 bread and potatoes, or fish and potatoes, according to the day of the week, 
 and on Sundays pudding is added. 
 
 Taken as a whole, the steerage fare is substantial and wholesome, and on 
 most ships there is very little to complain of either as regards quality or quan- 
 tity ; but there are always thin-skinned or fastidious persons even amongst 
 steerage passengers, and these may be heard to grumble sometimes when 
 there is really no cause for them to do so. If the emigrant cannot subsist on 
 steerage fare, and has not the means to travel as a higher grade of passenger, 
 he ought never to emigrate, as he is certainly not the kind of person requii'ed 
 in new countries, who should be those only who are not easily cast down by 
 trifles. Intermediate or second-class passengers fare somewhat better than 
 those in the steerage. They have good, substantial meals, with dinners from 
 the joint, and are provided by the ship with all necessary bedding, etc., though 
 they have no separate promenade on deck, which is in common with those of 
 the steerage. Cabin passengers have a more liberal table. They live much 
 the same, or even have greater variety, than the guests at first-class hotels. 
 Their sleeping accommodation is well appointed, and baths are provided. 
 The saloon where their meals are served up is tastefully and even luxuriantly 
 fm-nished and decorated, while on most of the large steamers music saloons 
 and smoke-rooms ure provided. A separate pi'omenade is reserved for the 
 use of cabin passengers only, this being situated " aft," or on the hurricane 
 deck. 
 
 For the first few hours on board, some of the passengers will try to be 
 merry, while others will not disguise that they are sad at heart, and still 
 brooding over what they have left behind. This state of things will exist 
 until the ship is fairly out to sea. 
 
 In a short time she will have passed from the comparatively smooth waters 
 of the Channel into the heaving bosom of the mighty ocean. Most of the 
 passengers will now begin to exhibit symptoms of the well-known and much- 
 dreaded, though harmless, malady known as sea-sickness. Both those who 
 have been merry and those who have beeu sad will be seen devoting a good 
 
Mai de Mer, 
 
 17 
 
 deal of their time to looking over the ship's side and " feeding the fishes." 
 They will bo pulling wry faces, and looking the picture of misery. Some, 
 however, will feel very sickly, but stil) be unable to vomit, and these, 
 probably, will fare tlie worst, as they may have the unpleasant company of a 
 sick headaclio the wliolo of the voyage, which those who have been able to 
 clear tlieir stomachs will generally be free from in a day or two, and feel all 
 the bettor for the attack. Sea-sickness is, without doubt, produced by the 
 heaving motion of the ship as it rises and falls upon the waves ; and although 
 it attacks most people on their first ocean voyage, a few persons escape the 
 malady altogether. 
 
 PerliapH tlicre is no effective treatment for it, though many remedies have 
 been tried ; yet, by adopting certain precautionary measures, the symptoms 
 may be checued or warded off to a considerable extent. The irregular way 
 in which %o many emigrants live during the day or two before embarking, 
 and the excitement attending their departure, perhaps has much to do with 
 the severity of the at^ucks ; and if they indulged less, both in the matters of 
 eating and drinking, their stomachs would be the better prepared to with* 
 stand the strain to which they are subjected during a severe attack of sea- 
 sickiioss. 
 
 As precautionary measures, tie a handkerchief or towel tightly round the 
 body over tlie stomach, and take some effervescing drink, such as ginger ale 
 Bemain on deck as much as possible, and when you go " below," remain, 
 whenever possible, in a recumbent position, never rising without first eating 
 Bometliing, if it be but a dry biscuit, and never allow the stomach to become 
 empty. The following mixture taken three times a-day, after meals, is said 
 to be on© of the best antidotes for sea sickness : — Hydrocyanic acid, 12 
 drops ; acetate of morphine. 1 grain ; carbonate of soda, 1 drachm ; water, 
 6 ounces, In the steerage, the atmosphere will be rendered somewhat 
 offensive through the sickness of some of the passengers ; therefore, when 
 able to do so, it is advisable to keep on deck. During the time the stomach 
 is upset, the emigrant will most probably have little appetite for the ordinary 
 meals served out in the steerage, therefore he will do well to be provided 
 with some little delicacies before going on board. Cheese, ham (cooked), 
 pickles, preserves, &c., will be appreciated by him at this time, and they will 
 form an acceptable addition to the bill of fare. Cabin and intermediate 
 passengers will not find it necessary to be thus provided beforehand. If a 
 passenger goes on board suffering under a bilious attack, he must expect to 
 suffer sevei'oly; as a preventive measure it is better to get into condition 
 beforehand. Voyages of long duration are not taken at a short notice, and 
 there is generally aulliciont time to undergo a course of medicine before em- 
 barking. Sea sickness over, the voyage becomes a season of enjoyment and 
 pleasure to all those who enjoy good health, are not habitually dissatisfied 
 with their lot, and who have made up their minds to make the best of 
 things. 
 
 All passengers nro advised to read the'regulations framed for their guidance, 
 which will be found posted up in various parts of the steerage, and to strictly 
 adhere to them. Scrupulous cleanhness in person should be observed, not 
 only for the passenger's own comfort, but for the sake of his fellow-passengers. 
 Generally the stewards and stewardesses will be found to be obliging and 
 willing to do their best to satisfy all ; but their life is not an easy one, their 
 time being fullv occupied with the duties of their post, which at the best is a 
 trying one. Do not find fault unnecessarily, and do not report fancied 
 grievances ; but should any incivility or neglect on their part occur, a report 
 to the chief steward will be sufficient to set m..Uers right. 
 
 Owing to the close and continuous contact with fellow-passengers, 
 acquaintances and attachments quickly ripen into friendships in as inany 
 days ai it would take years to accomplish on land. The least sociable 
 
18 
 
 Social A meinties. 
 
 persons may enjoy a sea voyage, which is generally beneficial to health ; and 
 acquaintances formed for the first time during an ocean passage are often 
 broken up with feelings of heartfelt and sincere regret. Many fellow- 
 passengers part never to see each other again, while others form friendships 
 on board sliip whicl'. endure to their life's end. 
 
 The foregoing advice may to some appear trivial and out of place. This 
 is not so. however. The constant irritation that ai'ises from a series of small 
 annoyances during a long voyaj;;e becomes a grave source of discomfort, if 
 not of positive illness, which is aggravated by the knowledge that it might 
 have been avoided by the exercise of a little forethought. In one case the 
 emigrant will land in good health and spirits, and look back upon a pleasant 
 voyage. In the other he will find himself on arrival shattered, somewhat 
 irritated from a constant succession of petty annoyances, and he will look 
 back upon the voyage with feelings of disgust. Ship's passengers and crew 
 are for the time being a family party ; it is doubly incumbent upon each mem- 
 ber of the family to make him or herself agreeable in studying the comfort 
 and feelings of others, in order to ensure a pleasant and prosperous voyage. 
 
 When most of the passengers have shaken off their attacks of sea sickness, 
 affairs on board will wear a more pleasant aspect, and those who can will 
 enjoy themselves after their own peculiar fashion. Some will employ their 
 time in reading, and not unfrequently music and dancing will form a part of 
 the amusements indulged in. If the weather is fine, the ship makes steady 
 progress towards her destination, all will go "merry as the marriage bell," 
 and the days pass pleasantly. After sighting port, the hatches will be 
 removed, preparations made for taking up the luggage from " below," and the 
 emigrants will get ready to land. 
 
 When the party breaks up, the travellers or emigrants will be none the 
 worse for the hearty "God speed" of their fellow-voyagers. 
 
 On arrival in port, the Customs and Health ofiicers board the ship, and 
 either examine the passengers and baggage while yet on board or immediately 
 after landing. At most ports where emigrants land, every arrangement is 
 made for their reception at the immigrant depot, where will be found 
 refreshment rooms, postal, telegraph, and exchange oifices, under the man- 
 agement of officials appointed by Government. Here the emigrant should 
 exchange the money he has brought with him, at current rates. 
 
 The port of debarkation is generally a poor place for the emigrant to 
 remain in, as many arrivals, who have not the means to take them 
 further, stay there. Consequently the sea-povts in new countries present few 
 openings for employment, the labour market there being over-stocked and 
 wages low. The emigrant who studies his own welfare will lose no time in 
 getting into the interior of the country, where his prospects will be much 
 better. 
 
 Emigrants must use every caution as to whose care they entrust themselves. 
 As long as they remain within the Government immigration depot they will 
 have the protection and advice of the officials connected therewith ; but the 
 moment they leave it they will be beset with " touts," " crimps," or " runners," 
 who display much adroitness in their endeavours to persuade the strangers to 
 go to some liotel or boarding-house in which the " touts " have tspecial interest. 
 Although some of these persons may be employed by highly-respectable and 
 trustworthy proprietors, yet the emigrant, a stranger to the ways of the 
 country, is not in a position to discriminate between those that are reliable 
 and those that are not, and had far better give them all a " wide berth," in order 
 to avoid risk. All emigrants should, if possible, procure the name of a 
 respectable house througli friends who have previously gone out, through the 
 agent who books his passage, or by enquiry during the voyage, and go to it 
 on arrival. If his mind is not fully made up, he should ask the agent at the 
 
Advice on Debarkation, 
 
 19 
 
 immigration depot, and act upon his recommendation. He should avoid 
 persons professing to be able to confer extraordmary favours and 
 benefits, and above all, "confidence men," who are ever on the alert to 
 ensnare the uninitiated by borrowing his money, watch, or other valu- 
 ables. These men are very plausible, so are "ticket scalpers," "card 
 sharpers" (known in America as "three-card monte men"), and other land 
 sharks; and the emigrant cannot be too much on his guard against such 
 persons. Drinking, especially with strangers, should always be avoided; 
 the emigrant should keep his own counsel, and not be too communicative. 
 Those who have letters of introduction shovild present them at once. 
 
 In a few hours after the ship's arrival most of the passengers will have left 
 for their various destinations, and be travelling towards their new homes. 
 Those steerage or third-class passengers who have to make long journeys by 
 rail, as many have to do on landing in Canada and the United States, will do 
 well to take with them in the train the various domestic articles used by them 
 on shipboard, including tin cans, bedding, etc., and also provide them.selves 
 with provisions for the journey. These may be had good and cheap at the 
 Government immigration depots previous to starting. Other grades of 
 passengers, who are not stinted in means, will find meals provided on the 
 trains, or at refreshment rooms en route, which may be more suited to their 
 tastes. Sleeping accommodation is also provided in Pullman cars attached to 
 trains running during the night. 
 
 The emigrant will now be fully launched in his new career, and everything 
 around him will be different from what he has been accustomed to in Great 
 Britain, if the language be excepted. The country will ofter many advantages ; 
 but it will also present disadvantages and drawbacks from which no new 
 country is free, and for which the emigrant should always be prepared. 
 
 Money is undoubtedly a good companion for the emigrant to have with 
 him, though a fair amount of common sense is, perhaps, a more valuable 
 commodity, and one which he is not so apt to lose. A plain, well-grounded 
 knowledge of every-day matters, and especially some acquaintance with the 
 country to which he is going, are very essential. The better informed the 
 emigrant is, the less likely will he be to fall into the numerous errors which 
 new arrivals are prone to commit. He must not fancy that he has merely 
 changed his place, and not his country, and strive to follow too slavishly the 
 customs to which he has been habituated, or take an outfit with him to serve 
 for years. If he does this he will be merely placing obstacles in his own 
 way, and protracting and rendering more difficult and disagreeable his 
 perfect naturalisation in the country he has chosen for his home. All his 
 work, and all the materials for his work, are to be found in that new countrj^ 
 and all that is wanted of him is capability, as little trammelled by old recollec- 
 tions as possible. The quicker the emigrant adapts himself to the manners 
 and customs of the country in which he settles, the sooner he will make both 
 money and friends. 
 
 The long period of unrest which has been passed through during the previous 
 days of the sea vovage and journej' inland, unfit the emigrant for active em- 
 ployment for a few days after his arrival at his journey's end ; therefore it is 
 advisable that he should not enter at once upon manual labour. Two or three 
 days', or even a week's rest, will be beneficial ; and however eager he may be 
 to commence labour in his new sphere, he will undoubtedly be much better 
 for a short period of relaxation before rushing into the thick of the work. 
 
 A very common error amongst emigrants, when about to engage in em- 
 ployment in a new country, is to ask of employers much higher wages 
 than raw hands are capable of earning. This they do in spite of their 
 ignorance of the ways of working and the customs of the country to 
 which they have now come. Many who procure work on arrival, of the 
 
80 
 
 Old Habits and New Countries. 
 
 kind they have been accustomed to at home, are capable of earning the 
 best wages; but this remark principally applies to good mechanics, who, 
 during a long apprenticeship to their own particular trade here, have gained 
 Buch a thorough knowledge of it that they find few equals in new countries, 
 where long apprenticeships are the exception rather than the rule. He who 
 gets such employment feels but slightly the change from the old country to 
 the new. Large numbers of one kind of artisans, however, are not in 
 demand in new countries ; therefore no mechanic should emigrate on chance 
 unless he is prepared to take in hand other kinds of work than that to which 
 he has been accustomed, until such times as work of a kind more to his tastes 
 presents itself. The emigrant who asks and obtains higher wages than he is 
 able to earn soon comes to grief. Employers in new countries are mostly 
 composed of practical men who have themselves, in days past, creditably filled 
 the places of workmen ; therefore they caunot long be deceived as to the 
 abilities of those they employ, and soon rid themselves of incompetent hands 
 and loafers. 
 
 The best plan for the inexperienced emigrant who wishes to get along is to be 
 somewhat modest in his demands until he sees how he can fulfil the duties of 
 the post assigned to him, be prepared to accept a moderate rate of pay to 
 commence with, and not till he has had some practical assurance that he is 
 worth more, demand it. He will then feel under no obligation to his 
 employer, will gradually gala confidence, and slowly, it may be, but surely, he 
 will rise in the estimation of his employer and associates. 
 
 All emigrants dependent upon their daily work for a living should not 
 shrink from engaging in any honest labour abroad, whatever they may have been 
 engaged in at home. They should always bear in mind that tiiey may do this 
 in new countries without loosing caste, though such a thing would hardly be 
 practicable in the country they have left, where every one is expected, in the 
 ordinary couse of things, to run in the same groove in which they started until 
 the end of their days. Many a man who, as a newly-arrived emigrant, has 
 had to fight his own way amongst strangers, has done so with credit to himself, 
 and though the battle may have been a hard one, the reward came at last. 
 
 Agricultural and other labourers with only a scanty education have but one 
 way to rise, that is simply by honest toil, — if they look for wealth from 
 any other source they are most likely to meet only with disappointment. 
 They must sow befox'e they can expect to reap. They must, by steady 
 persevering industry, accumulate those means which will bring them indepen- 
 dence as the result of their own endeavours ; they will then know how to value 
 and enjoy in comfort that property which has gradually come into their pos- 
 session. Such men have nothing to fear, for they may in alT new countries, 
 after a few years of riersevering endeavours, attain a competency and retire 
 from their labours upon the provision they may thus make for old age, whereas, 
 had they remained in this country, they could have looked forward to no such 
 happy termination to a life of industry. Therefore, they who have been 
 brought up to manual labour cannot lose by emigratuig, but have all to gain 
 by such a course, for they are soon able to do all that is required of them in 
 the shape of work abroad. Not so, however, with those of what is called the 
 middle class in this country, who emigrate with the idea of gaining a living by 
 daily labour amongst strangers, though they may think there will be no 
 dificulty in their way in doing this. They will generally find that they have 
 Vft ;f iy deceived themselves, unless they go prepared to rough it in a style they 
 never dreamt of doing at home. Persons of this class have, in most cases, 
 been brought up in a good position and have received a fair education, a 
 qualification \yhich in many instances causes them to overate their own 
 abilities as emigrants. Hundreds of such persons have emigrated and returned 
 to their native land disappointed, because they found they would have to work 
 
Haphazard Emigration, 
 
 21 
 
 
 hard and long before they could make a position for themselves abroad, having 
 been foolish enough to go out with the idea that less exertion would be neces- 
 sary to accomplish this than in the Old Country. To cover up their own 
 faults and to attempt to account for their own speedy return, such individuals 
 circulate damaging reports respecting the country to which they went with 
 such erroneous ideas, and upon which they conferred a favour when they 
 turned their backs upon it. When a young man of good character and 
 education emigrates haphazard or at random he goes amongst entire strangers. 
 He commences work probably as one of them in a gang of navvies, wood 
 cutters, or other ordinary labourers, who in every respect consider themselves 
 his equal. Here he works away day after day, or month after month, with 
 little prospect of bettering his position, and in many cases learns to spend 
 his hard earned wages, as many of his companions do, in drinking and 
 gambling. Persons in other stations of life, residing in the vicinity, if they 
 ever become aware of his qualifications as a scholar, are apt to look upon him 
 with some degree of suspicion, for it is not easy for them, who are not probably 
 aware of the state of the labour market in this country at the present time, to 
 understand how it is possible that any man of good character and education 
 would be obliged to resort to the lower classes of labour in order to gain a 
 livehood, and in such a position choose men of doubtful antecedents for his 
 associates, hence they regard him with some suspicion, and some even may 
 be cruel enough to hint that he may have '* left his country for his countiy's 
 good." To a respectable man a position of this kind is not an enviable one, 
 still it is one in which hundreds of men in the Colonies and America are now 
 placed through their own folly in emigrating at random, without knowing 
 previous to starting from home where they were going to or how they were 
 going to be employed. In my time I have seen scores of such men, sons of 
 professional men and respectable tradespeople, who have been well brought 
 up here, working as ordinary labourers, a position which they tilled with 
 some difficulty, yet above which they were never able to rise. Many of these, 
 instead of accumulating money, had wasted what they had taken out witix 
 them, and were continually entreating their relatives in this country, who had 
 no idea of the menial position they were occupying, to send them more. This 
 in many cases they did, thus enabling the recipient to shirk his employment 
 for a wiiile, and, as long as the money lasted, to spend his time in drinking 
 and idleness. 
 
 If young men, who have been employed in this country in the capacity of 
 clerks, shopmen, or other similar occupations, are to emigrate successfully, 
 they must not do so on chance, as they are the very worst class of men to bo 
 thrown on their own resources in a new country, not only because they have 
 been previously unaccustomed to manual labour, but because they in most 
 cases so vastly ovei'rate their own abilities. 
 
 Persons of this class, being those with which this country is so much over- 
 stocked at the present time, cannot expect, even at the best, to gain more than 
 a bare living in the old country, therefore any openings for tliem elsewhere 
 should be welcome, providing that a means of transplanting them safely can 
 be secured. 
 
 If they entertain emigration in its proper light, it certainly offers them 
 chances for which they may wait here in vain, but they must be prepared to 
 make up their minds to change for awhile the unprofitable mode of life to which 
 they have been used, and lead one that is totally ditierent in ever_y I'espect. 
 
 Sensible men will see that such a course is the only one left open for them 
 when they find their occupation here is gone, particularly when thejr consider 
 that the person who gets along the best in the Colonies and America, is the 
 man who, while he has an educp^ed brain, is also able and willing to labour 
 with his hands. The class who juake the best settlers are those wuo, having 
 
22 
 
 Suitable Emigrants. 
 
 s : 
 
 ■1 1 
 
 received a good manly education in this country, do not disdain to labour, and 
 a'-e quite prepared for the iirst year or two to work as a fai-m hand. Then 
 having learned thoroughly the business ot farming, such a man might, in the 
 ourse of five years, save enough money to purchase and manage a farm of 
 his own. Such a man is no faihire, and it is no doubt that this is the future 
 to wliich very many of the rising generation of this country are destined. 
 They must, however, begin well ; they must not go out expecting to get em- 
 ployment as clerks or shopmen, but they must go out to situations on 
 farms and remain there until they have gained an experience of the country, 
 and then if they have capital they will know how to employ it profitably. 
 Farming being at the root of every otlier branch of industry in new countries, 
 a young man cannot possibly commence life there under more favourable con- 
 ditions than in working on a farm, under a reliable and trustworthy agricul- 
 turist, for he will gain experience while being fully employed, anc* --eceive 
 board, lodging, and probably some remuneration for liis services. 
 
 Men who ha^ 3 been farmers in Great Britain, and capitalists going 
 out with means, should not be two [hasty in the investment of their 
 capital on arrival in a new country y The former will always find it 
 better to purchase an improved farm in preference to takmg wild lands ; while 
 the latter would do well to spend some little time in the country as a boarder, 
 before launching out into any enterprise of which he has no practical 
 knowledge. 
 
 One very fatal error, so common amongst emigrants, is that of persons both 
 witli and without capital settling upon unbroken lands. 
 
 In this country many a man can never hope to own land of his own, and 
 it is most probably the strong desire to possess broad acres that in a very great 
 measure influences a man to emigrate to those countries where he sees every 
 prospect of soon becoming his own landlord ; but in his anxiety to secure the 
 much coveted prize, he very often makes a blunder which causes much 
 unnecessary labour, and in many cases years of hardships and privations 
 which by a little foresight would have been avoided altogether. No emigrant 
 should settle upon wild lands until he has spent some time in the country, 
 and learnt in older settled locaUties the best modes of reclamation. This they 
 may do while being boarded and lodged and paid by others, whereas if they 
 go at once and settle upon wild lands, they have to gain this experience at 
 their own cost, and generally it is thus acquired very slowly indeed ; for it 
 often happens that the emigrant-settler has for his nearest neighbour other 
 " greenhorns," from whom he can learn nothing that will assist him in getting 
 1 is land under cultivation, and when a few such people are located together 
 tJio settlement makes very little headway, and slow progress is the order of 
 ■Aie iliiy. 
 
 Kaiivos, or those who have become thoroughly naturalised, make the best 
 settlers for wild lands, for they know how to go about the work to the best 
 advantage, and do not waste their energy in striving to do things the wrong 
 way, as emigrant-settlers generally do. 
 
 If a newly-arrived emigrant has the means, and is determined to buy land, 
 let him purchase that which is partially improved in preference to going 
 farther back to reclaim that which is entirely in its primitive state. If he has 
 no means to buy, let him rest contented until he has accumulated suflScient 
 means to purchase in a settled locality, and avoid, in the meantime, the draw- 
 backs he would incur by dragging his wife and family into the trackless wilds, 
 where none of the conveniences, and very few of the necessaries of civilized 
 life are to be obtained. It may be argued that by taking up wild land, 
 while it is in the market, a man may seoure what in a few years will become 
 a very valuable property, and the idea of doing this may weigh a good deal 
 with Bome people ; but it must be remembered that a raw emigrant is not a 
 
Mistakes often made. 
 
 28 
 
 competent person to select land which has never produced anything but 
 timber and grass. He will often, in his ignorance, select a plot sucli as no 
 practical man would look at. My experience is tliat there are always 
 plenty of partially improved lands, which can be bouglit at prices sucli as no 
 emigrant could make the improvements on them for; therefore, if he could 
 only think so, he would be much the gainer by purchasing such lund, in pre- 
 ference to exposing himself and his family to the hardships and privations which 
 all pioneer settlers have to encounter for a season, when they settle upon wild 
 lands. 
 
 Then again, the emigrant should not grasp at too much land, or he may 
 have cause to regret it afterwards. Opportunities to buy on what may seem 
 liberal terms on credit often induce inexperienced men to purchase more 
 land than they are capable of working. This Avill often be bought "on 
 time," the purchaser giving a mortgage for the unpaid balance. 
 
 In many cases he has great difficulty in making the necessary payments to 
 hold it, and this tax upon him is a great burthen in consequence. Such a 
 man has little pleasure in life, and his efiorts to farm are crippled, when 
 he becomes, as it is called in America, "land poor," and he very ol'ten loses 
 all through the foreclosure of the mortgagee, and that after having 
 expended all his capital and years of labour upon it. 
 
 Many men in new countries have had an experience of this kind, which, 
 it is needless to add, is neitlier a pleasant nor a profitable one. The better 
 plan is to purchase a small plot and pay cash for it. Then the purchaser 
 has the satisfaction of knowing that he is " out of debt and danger," and 
 that he has no more land than he can work well, with profit and pleasure 
 to himself and those around him. 
 
 I have not written in the interests of any particular country or colony. 
 My aim has not been to extol one to the detriment of the rest. None of 
 them offer inducements to the idle or the dissipated, but to the industrious 
 and persevering all of them, with their millions of acres of unoccupied 
 lands, offer such inducements as Europe does not possess. 
 
 To those who are well off here, emigration offers but little temptation 
 generally, and to such persons I would say, stay where you are and let well 
 alone. There are plenty of needy persons who cannot get on in this country, 
 no matter how they try. To such people I would say, look for a home 
 beyond the seas. 
 
 I have never had a desire to push emigration unduly ; my aim has ever been to 
 guide and direct it, and to make it less risky than it has been in the past 
 through the random manner in which so many persons have emigrated. 
 
 To parents who are blessed with large families, and who have not them- 
 selves the means to place their sons and daughters in independent positions 
 in this country, I would say, if your children show a desire to emigrate do not 
 discourage such ideas, but rather be proud to think that they have the sagacity 
 to see that there is not room for them here, and are looking towards "fresh 
 fields and pastures new," where their labours v/ill meet with a more liberal 
 reward. I know that many parents think as they have always been able to 
 get a living in this country their children may do the same, and this argument 
 will be advanced when the subject of leaving home is brought up ; but parents 
 should, and many do, know that increased population necessitates increased 
 competition and decreasing work in every profession or trade, so that the 
 chances of openings here for the rising generation are daily becoming more 
 difficult to find. Some years ago, when the writer, as the eldest in a family 
 of six sons, left England to fight his own way in the new world, many 
 arguments and even r-iitreaties were used to persuade him to remain here, 
 but in vain. Years rolled by, others of the family followed across the 
 Atlantic, until four out of the six were located there, none of whom regretted 
 
M 
 
 Objects in Writing, 
 
 having taken that step, for there they have acquired positions which were 
 denied to them here; and those whose fond entreaties had failed to induce 
 them to remain in the old land, lived to see the benefits of and to approve 
 of that emigration which at the time they had thought they were but doing 
 their duty to discountenance. 
 
 I have, in the course of these remarks, avoided painting those rosy deicrip- 
 tions which most emigration pamphlets contain, surnly from a desire to show 
 the intending emigrant a little of the dark si<^ie of the picture, when pointing 
 out the shoals and quicksands upon which the emigrant's bark has so often 
 been wrecked, and which have too often been hidden from his view. 
 
 I have drawn no illusionary picture. What I have stated is not simply 
 the hastily-formed opinions and ideas of a traveller, tourist, or adventurer, 
 but is based on my own hard-earned and dearly-bought experience, extending 
 over several years, and ma}' therefore be relied upon as authentic, notwith* 
 standing what interested persons may say or write to the contrary. 
 
 My chief desire has been to prepare the emigrant for the worst, and should 
 he find his [or her] new life less rough or unpleasant than had been anticipated 
 through reading these lines, he will certainly have less cause to censure me 
 than if the reverse had been the case. In the foregoing I have extenuated 
 nothing, nor aught set down in malice. 
 
 Many other directions might be given, and probably some much more 
 applicable to particular cases tlian those which are contained in the preceding 
 pages, but in a short abstract only those which are of the most general 
 character can be stated, and no instruction from others can supply the place 
 of that close personal observation and experience which is the grand security 
 for success. 
 
 Having duly cautioned the intending male or female emigrant, and given 
 plain rules for guidance, I cannot do better than glance at the various British 
 and American Colonies, with a few reliable details of each. There is variety 
 of climate, produce, and occupation in these districts to suit all sorts and 
 conditions ; whilst of late years both time and distance have become partially 
 anniliilated, and emigration at the present day does not necessarily mean 
 expatriation. 
 
Canada, 
 
 26 
 
 CANADA. 
 
 Descbtption. — The Dominion of Canada is bounded on the south by the 
 United States of America, and extends from the Atlantic to the Pacific 
 Ocean. Its area is 3,470,392 square miles, and its most southern point 
 reaches the 42nd parallel of latitude. The capital of the Dominion and seat 
 of government is Ottawa. The country is divided into eiglit provinces, the 
 names of which are given below : — 1, Nova Scotia, containing 20,907 square 
 miles ; 2, New Brunswick, 27,174 ; 3, Prince Edward Island, 2,133 ; 
 4. Quebec, 188,088 ; 5, Ontario, 101,733 ; 6, Manitoba, 123,200 ; 7, North- 
 West Territories, 2,065,252; 8, British Columbia, 341,305 square miles. 
 
 Population. — According to the census taken in 1881 the population of the 
 Dominion at that time numbered 4,324,810. Of these Nova Scotia contained 
 440,572; New Brunswick, 321,5i33; Prince Edward Island, 108,891 ; Quebec, 
 1,359,027 ; Ontario, 1,923,228 ; Manitoba, 65,954 ; North-West Territories, 
 66,446 ; British Columbia, 49,459. The nationalities of the population are 
 returned as follows :— 891,248 English and Welsh, 957,408 Irish, 699,863 
 Scotch, 1,298,929 French, 254,319 German. The balance is made up of 
 Dutch, Scandinavians, Italians, &c. 
 
 GovEBNMENT. — The government of the country is administered by a repre- 
 sentative of Her Majesty, whose oflScial title is Governor-General. The 
 tenure of the office is six years, and the expenses are borne by the 
 Dominion. The Federal Parliament includes a Senate and a House of 
 Commons. The members of the Senate are elected for life, but they can 
 resign at any time. The House of Commons is composed of representatives 
 from every part of Canada. The government is conducted on the English 
 basis of the responsibility of the Ministers to Parliament, which is elected 
 for a term of five years. The government of the Provinces is carried on by 
 Lieutenant-Governors, appointed by the Governor- General in Council, and 
 local legislatures, which deal with civil rights and property, the administra- 
 tion of justice, and local matters, such as education, control of lands and 
 municipal institutions, prisons, asylums, &c. The Provinces are further 
 sub-divided into counties and townships, with local boards and councils for 
 regulating taxation for roads, schools, and municipal pxirposes. The francliise 
 is practically extended to every householder. ',. ._ . . 
 
 The criminal and civil laws of Canada are based' cii tno&e of Great 
 Britain, but are more simple and less expensive. 
 
 The law of primogeniture has been abolished, lands descending to all 
 
1 
 
 26 
 
 Canada. 
 
 children, male and female, in equal shares. Married women hold property 
 free from the debts and control of the husband. Trial by jury in civil cases 
 is optional ; the jury is dispensed with, unless either party desire it. 
 
 IIkligion and Education. — Religious liberty prevails in Canada. As 
 regards education, loiift before School Boards were establisliod in En gland, 
 Canada wiis in tlie enjoyment of a well-organised cducatioual system, whicli 
 is under local control. Free schools are provided, and facilities are afforded 
 to successful pupils for obtaining the highest education. 
 
 There arc plenty of newspapers in Canada. Every village of any preten- 
 sions lins its weekly press, while towns of seven or eight thousajid inhabitants 
 liave their local dailies. Some of the city papers have an extensive circula- 
 tion. Several excellent magazines are also published in Canada, besides two 
 literary weekly papers, and other periodicals. These are class papers, 
 agricultural, commercial, and iinancial weeklies, and each of the leading 
 religious denominations has its special organ. 
 
 MiLrriA. — The defence of the country is entrusted to the militia, which 
 consists of two forces, the active and reserve. The strength of the former is 
 fixed by law at 40,000, service in which is voluntary. In the latter all male 
 British subjects between the ages of 16 and 00, not exempted or disqiialified 
 by law, are liable to be called upon to serve in case of emergency. The 
 active militia, armed with breech-loading rifles, is equipped in much the 
 same manner as the volunteers and the militia of England, and can be placed 
 in the field at a short notice. The force is under the command of a general 
 officer of the English army. There is a military college for the education of 
 cadets (with a four years' course of study) at Kingston, and schools of 
 gunnery at Quebec and Kingston. A five years' residence in Canada is a 
 necessary qualification for admission. 
 
 Tbade. — The following figures show the imports and exports of Canada for 
 the fiscal year ended June 30th, 1882 : — 
 
 DOLLARS. 
 
 Imports 119,419,500 
 
 Exports 102,137,203 
 
 The exports are divided thus : — 
 
 Produce of the mines 3,141,181 
 
 „ fisheries 7,697,608 
 
 „ forests 24,902,652 
 
 Animals and their products 21,405,805 
 
 Agricultural produce 35,589,698 
 
 Manufactures 4,264,454 
 
 Miscellaneous articles, coin and bullion, and 
 estimated amount short returned at inland 
 
 ports 5,075,805 
 
 Agriculture forms the principal wealth of the Dominion at the present time ; 
 but Canada is taking a prominent place as a manufacturing country, and the 
 resources are such as to justify the statement that its growth in this respect 
 is likely to continue. Since 1878 the value of the imports from Great 
 Britain has increased from 37,431,000 dollars to 50,597,340 dollars in 1882, 
 and they are equal now to about .£2 10s. sterling per capita, as compared 
 with 14s. 9d. per capita in the United States. 
 
 Every facility is offered for securing patents for inventions, the fees being 
 very moderate, while the protection is as effective as in other countries. 
 
 The bank retarn' for the month of September, 1882, shows that there was 
 150,156,4'^o-90 dollars on deposit, and in June, 1883, in addition to deposits 
 in i\\f ordinary banks, there was an amount of 20,219,107 dollars standing to 
 the credit of depositors in the post office and government saving banks, an 
 increase of nearly 5,000,000 dollars over the same period of 1882. The aver- 
 age sum standing to the credit of each account was 18408 dollars. The 
 interest allowed is 4 per cent. 
 
Canada. 
 
 27 
 
 The decimal system of coinage and weights is in force iu Canada. 
 
 In money, all transactions appear in dollars and cents. 100 cents make 
 one dollar. The dollar is worth -Is. 2d., so that, practically, a cnnt is equiva- 
 lent to an English halfpenny. The coins in uso nro the 1 cent (coppor), 5 
 cent, 10 cent, '^5 cent, and 50 cent piocos. Bills nro issnod by tho Govoru- 
 meut for amounts between 1 dollar and 5 dollars. These bills are convertible 
 into gold on demand, and therefore nro equivalent to gold. Tlicy are, in 
 fact, preferred to gold for common uso. For sums exceeding 5 dollars, tho 
 banks (subject to restrictions) issue their own bills. English gold is used in 
 the Dominion, but silver coin is subject to a small discount. 
 
 Means of Communic.vtion.— Canada has an extensive railway system, 
 There are over 0000 miles in operation, afl'ording moans of communication 
 from the province of Nova Scotia to the western portions of Ontario; and 
 again from the western shores of Lake Superior into Manitoba and tho North- 
 West Territory. The Canadian Pacific Railway — one of the greatest national 
 undertakings of the age — is being rapidly constructed. It is already in 
 operation from Port Arthur on Lake Superior to Winnipeg, and to the Hocky 
 Mountains, a distance of nearly liOO miles ; and from Winnipeg south to the 
 international boundary, where it connects with the United States railways. 
 It is confidently expected that in 1H80 there will bo a railway from the 
 Maritime Provinces to the Pacific coast entirely through Canadian territory, 
 the importance of which to the country and to the British Empire it is im- 
 possible to exaggerate. The Canadian Pacific Railway deserves special 
 mention. Prior to 1881 the work of making a connection between the 
 Atlantic and Pacific coasts was being carried out by the Government; but in 
 that year it was transferred to a syndicate, which is now engaged in rapidly 
 constructing the line. There are 2000 miles of it in operation at the present 
 time, and the track has been laid during the past season at the rate of 
 between two and three miles per day. It is now open to the Rocky Moun- 
 tains, and the difficult work in British Columbia, and on the northern shore 
 of Lake Superior, is also being accelerated as much as possible. The line, 
 when complete, will, including branches, be about 3300 miles long. The 
 public importance of the railway will be understood when it is stated that a 
 subsidy for completed works, equal to nearly eleven millions sterling, and 
 twenty-five million acres of land, was voted by the Canadian Parliament to 
 enable the contract to be carried out. 
 
 The inland navigation of the Dominion has cost a large sum of money, but 
 it is a work of which the country may well be proud. Vessels of 600 tons 
 can proceed from the western end of Lake Superior, and from the United 
 States ports of that vast inland sea, to Montreal by way of lakes Michigan, 
 Huron, Erie, and Ontario, and the river St. Lawrence — a distance of nearly 
 1,300 miles. The locks on the Welland Canal connecting lakes Erie and 
 Ontario — rendered necessary by the Niagara Falls — have recently been en- 
 larged, and are now 270 feet long, 45 feet wide, and 14 feet deep. Vessels of 
 a still larger size will therefore be used to carry produce direct from Western 
 Canada and the United States to the St. Lawrence route, which will tend to 
 cheapen the cost of transport. The Canadian route from the lakes to the 
 ports of transhipment, compared with that to New York and other American 
 ports, possesses some advantages. Take, for instance, the distance from 
 Chicago. It is 150 miles less to Montreal than it is to New York, via Butfalo 
 and Erie Canal, and there are 10 more locks and 80^ feet more lockage by the 
 American than by the Canadian route. In addition, Montreal is 300 miles 
 nearer to England than New York. To nhow the improvement that has taken 
 place in the navigation of the St. Lawrence, it may be stated that in 1850 
 the channel between Quebec and Montreal was only 11 feet deep; it has 
 gradually been increased to 26 feet. Atlantic steamers of 5,000 tons can now 
 be moored alongside the wharves at the latter city. 
 
 }•'* 
 
 
I 
 
 28 
 
 Canada, 
 
 Postal and TEtEonAPn Arranoements.— The postal arrangements are 
 under the administration of a department of State, and facilities are found in 
 every village. Under a recent enactment, newspapers are conveyed through 
 the post, free of charge, from the offices of the journals to their subscribers. 
 
 Money-order offices are in existence, affording an easy means of transmit- 
 ting money in the country and abroad, at nominal rates. The telegraph 
 system of Canada is in the hands of chartered companies. Every village of 
 any importance has its telegraph office. The lines are also in connection 
 ivith the Atlantic cable system. 
 
 CLtMATE. — The severity of the Canadian climate has been very much 
 exaggerated. In a country like the Dominion of Canada, extending norUi- 
 ward from the 42nd parallel of latitude, and east to west for 3,000 miles, the 
 climate is naturally variable ; but to speak generally, the summers are hotter 
 than in England, and tlie winters colder. But neither the summer heat nor 
 the winter cold are disadvantageous to the inhabitants or to the productive- 
 ness of the land. The warmth of the summer months extends the range of 
 production in grains from oats and barley to wheat and maize ; in fruits, from 
 apples and pears to peaches, grapes, melons, nectarines, and apricots ; and in 
 vegetables, from potatoes, turnips, carrots, and cabbages, to the egg plant and 
 tomatoes. The winter temperature cannot properly be measured by the 
 thermometer for purposes of comparison with that of other countries. It is 
 at times much below zero ; but the air is so dry and exhilarating that its 
 effect upon the body is not nearly so great as a much higher temperature 
 would be in a more humid climate. To agriculture, snow and ice are no great 
 .drawbacks. They mean protection to the land almost as valuable as a cover- 
 ing of manure. They convert the surface of the earth into roads equal to 
 turnpikes in any direction, over which millions of tons of pi'oduce of all kinds 
 are ti'ansported at a minimum cost, affording en^ployment for men and horses 
 when cultivation is arrested by the frost. Besif'es, irom an agricultural point 
 of view, whether the thermometer is at freezin^v pcint or whether it is below 
 zero is a matter of small moment. The winter in Canada has little or no 
 effect upon vegetation. The fruit trees remain practically uncared for during 
 the season ; ferns, flowers, and shrubs appear every spring as regularly as 
 they do in England, and the woods and valleys abound in wild fruits. Grape 
 vines in the Ottawa valley and in the Toronto and other districts are left 
 unprotected during the winter without injury. 
 
 It is not necessary to point out that the winter cold in Canada is greater 
 than in England. That is an admitted fact ; but it is not disadvantageous. 
 The houses in Canada, and the clothes worn, are adapted to the weather, and 
 it is well-known that Canadians prefer their dry, clear, winter weather, to the 
 damp, cutting temperature that prevails in England. It is said that farmers 
 cannot work in v.'inter, and that labour is at a standstill. A greater mistake 
 could not be made. A farmer, in Canada, does very much the same work in 
 the winter as an English farmer in the same season and in wet weather. 
 While the frost stays actual cultivation, which at the outside is only about 
 five months, and often less — in 1881, ploughing was being done in the Ottawa 
 district on the last day of December — employment is found for men aud 
 horses in carting, and in many other ways. Lumbering is also done during 
 the winter, and gives employment to a large number of men. Mechanics 
 can continue work during the season, excepting such men as masons aud 
 bricklayers, and even they can sometimes do inside work. But if a man 
 goes to any colony, he must be prepared to take whatever work offers, and, in 
 Canada, no difficulty in securing employment will be found. 
 
 Emigration to Canada (a) Classes of Emigrants.— The classes of men 
 particularly wanted in the Dominion are agriculturists, farmers> form 
 
Catutda, 
 
 labourers, general labourers, navvies, mechanics, and last, but not least 
 domestic servants. Persons with capital will find opportunities for tlie safe 
 investment of money, not excelled in any other part of the world. Munuf.ic- 
 tiuers receive every encoiungement from municipalities in the establishment 
 of liictoriea, and in many cases are exempted Irom taxation for a time 
 
 Tlio classes whicli should bo warned against emigration to Canada are 
 females above the grade of servants ; clerks, sliopmen, and persons Imving no 
 nnrticular trade or calhng, and unaccustomed to manual labour, unless tiiey 
 have capital, or are prepared to adopt some more active kind of employment 
 tlian that which they have hitherto followed. 
 
 (b.) Time to Emigrate.— The best time to arrive in Canada is early in 
 May, when the inland navigation is open, and out-door operations are com- 
 mencing. The emigrant will then be able to take advantage of the spring 
 and summer work, and to get settled before the winter sets in. The voyage 
 from Liverpool to Quebec occupies, on an average, about ten days by 
 steamer, and thejourney to the North-West four days longer. 
 
 (o.) Cost of Transit to Canada.— Tho cost of reaching Canada varies 
 from time to time. At present tlie fares are as under: — From Great Britain 
 to Quebec, the saloon fare ranges from ^10 to £1S; intermediate. Ml 7s. and 
 £8 8s. ; steerage, £4, 4s. The Government, however, offer assisted passages 
 to mechanics, navvies, farm and general labourers, and domestic servants, to 
 the following extent : — 
 
 1. For mechanics, navvies, general labourers, and their families, per adult, £4; 
 
 children between 12 and 1, £2; infants under 12 raontbs, 10s. 
 
 2. For agricultural labourers and their families, per adult, £3 ; children between 
 
 12 and 1, £2 ; infants under 12 months, 10s. 
 
 3. For female domestic servants, £3. 
 
 These passages can only be obtained by application on forms which are 
 supplied by the Government to the different Steamship Companies. The lines 
 authorised to carry assisted passengers to Canada are the Allan, Dominion, 
 Great Western, Beaver, and Teinperley lines. 
 
 There is no system at present in operation or before the public which per- 
 mits of money being advanced for the assistance of emigration to be repaid 
 after arrival in Canada. Fares must be paid before passenge; s embark. 
 
 Canadian Government Offices. — The chief offices of the Government of 
 Canada in Great Britain are at 9, Victoria Chambers. Westminster, London, 
 S.W. Communicathms should be addressed to Sir Charles Tupper, K.C, 
 M.G., C.B., the High Commissioner. Mr. Joseph G. Colmer is the official 
 Secretary. 
 
 Canadian Government Agents in Great Britain : — 
 
 Liverpool ... Mr. John Dyke, 15, Water street. 
 
 Glasgow Mr. Thomas Grahame, 40, St. Enoch square. 
 
 Belfast Mr. Charles Foy, 20, Victoria place. 
 
 DoBLiN Mr. Thomas Connolly, Northumberland House. 
 
 Bristol Mr. J. W. Down, Bath Bridge. 
 
 The following are the Agents of the Canadian Government in Canada and 
 the United States : — 
 
 Ottawa Mr. W. J. Wills, Wellington street, Ottawa, Ontario. 
 
 Toronto Mr. J. A. Donaldson, Strachan avenue, Toronto, Ontario. 
 
 Montreal ... Mr. J. J. Daley, Montreal, Province of Quebec. 
 
 Kingston Mr. R. Macpherson, William street, Kingston. Ontario. 
 
 Hamilton ... Mr. John Smith, Great Western Railway, Hamilton, Ontario. 
 
 London Mr. A. G. Smythe, London, Ontario. 
 
 Hi.LiFAX Mr. E. Clay, Halifax, Nova Scotia. 
 
i 
 i ' 
 
 I 
 
 80 Canada. 
 
 St. John Mr. S. Gardner, St John, New Brunswick. 
 
 Qdebec Mr. L. Stafford, Point Levis, Quebec. 
 
 Winnipeg ... Mr. W. B. C. Grahame, Winnipeg, Manitoba (Mr. H. J. 
 
 Maas, German Assistant). 
 Brandon Mr. Thomas Bennett, Brandon, Manitoba (Mr. Julius 
 
 Edekiiard, German Assistant) 
 DuFFERiN ... Mr. J. E. Tetu, Dufferin, Manitoba. 
 
 DuuTTH Mr. McGovERN, Duluth (Minnesota, U.S.) 
 
 Qu'Appelle... Mr. A. J. Baker, Troy, Qu'Appelle. 
 Victoria (British Columbia) ... Mr. R.H. Smith. 
 
 ]^OYA SCOTIA. 
 
 Description. — Nova Scotia is a peninsula, lying between 43° and 46° north 
 latitude, and 61° and (57° west longitude. It is connected with the province 
 of New Brunswick by a narrow isthmus about 16 miles wide ; its area is 
 about 300 miles in length by 80 to 100 miles in width; its length running 
 about north-east and south-west. The province contains about 13,000,000 
 acres of land, of which about one-fifth consists of lakes and small rivers. 
 About 5,000,000 acres of land are fit for tillage. The coast, although rugged, 
 is indented with numerous deep water harbours, most of which are easy of 
 access, commodious and safe. According to the census of 1881, the populg.- 
 tion of the province amounted to 440,572 souls. Its capital city is Halifax. 
 
 Land. — The quantity of land at the disposal of the Government is limited, 
 the price 44 dollars per 100 acres of Crown land — free grants being, however, 
 given to bona fide settlers. 
 
 Climate, Soil, and Productions. — The climate of Nova Scotia, contrary 
 to the general impression in Europe, is more temperate than that of any other 
 part of Canada. It is extremely healthy. The returns from British military 
 stations place this province in the first class. The fertility of the soil is 
 unsurpassed, and the western counties of Nova Scotia excel in the growth of 
 fruit, especially apples, for which the climate is peculiarly adapted. All the 
 small fruits are very abundant, as well as grand root crops and Indian corn. 
 
 Minerals and Timber. — The principal minerals of Nova Scotia are coal, 
 iron, g«>ld, gypsum, &c. Coal mines ai*e extensively worked in Cape Breton, 
 Picton, and in the County of Cumberland. It contains large tracts of wood- 
 lands, which produce pine, spruce, hemlock, and various kinds of hard wood 
 timber. 
 
 Manufactures and Exports. — Shipbuilding is one of the chief industries, 
 while fishing employs a large portion of the population. The chief exports 
 are timber, coal iron, fish, fish oil, and farm produce. 
 
 Average Rate of Wages, Cost of Living, &c. — Farm labourers, per day, 
 without board, 4s. 6d.; per month, and board, ^£3. 5s. to £4. 4s.; female farm 
 servants, 16s. to 25s. ; general laboursrs, per day, 4s. to 53. ; railway 
 labourers, 4s. to 6s.; boiler-makers, 8s.; masons, 10s.; bricklayers, 10s.; 
 carpenters, 6s.; lumbermen, 6s.; shipwrights, 10s.; smiths, 8s.; wheel- 
 wright, 6s. 6d. tol2s.; gardeners, per month, with board, £3. 15s. to £Q; 
 per month, without board, £o. os. to £8; miners, 5s. to 6s.; mill-hands, per 
 day, 4s. Od. to 5s. ; engine drivers, 7a. to 9s. ; saddlers, per week, £X. 5s. to 
 i£2; bootmakers, jjer day, 6s.; tailors, per week, ,£2. 5s. to ^2. lOs.; cost of 
 beard, per wrek, 12s. (is. to 14s. Od.; house rent, per year, .£3 to ^5. 
 
 Tiie price of ordinary day labour is from 3s. 9d. to Ss. sterling. Farm 
 If.bourers, during spring time and harvest, earn even larger wages, and board 
 besides. The cost of provisions is much lower than in England, the price of 
 flour varying from £1 to i'l. lOs. sterling per barrel ; beef, mutton, and veal 
 from 6 to 10 cents per lb. Fish and vegetables are abundant and cheap. 
 
Canada. 
 NEW BRUIvTSWIOK. 
 
 »1 
 
 1 ; 
 
 New BiuiNBWtCK borders on the Provinces oi Nova Scotia and Quebec, 
 and tlio Stiito of Maine (one of the United States of America), and is, with 
 Nova Scolitt, nearer Europe than any of the populated portions of the Con- 
 tinent of AiPorica. It is ;:^10 miles in length and 180 miles in breadth, and 
 has a coast lino of about 500 miles indented with spacious bays and inlets, 
 and is iuteVHcujled in every direction by large navigable rivers. It is generally 
 a liat or undulating country. In 1881, the population of New Brunswick 
 was .'JSl.iiHiJ Houls. St. John and Frederickton are the principal cities. 
 
 Land.— •l:iarge blocks of choice farming land have lattly been laid off by 
 order of tho Government, from which free f/rants of one hundred acres can be 
 obtained by overy head of a family containing children under eighteen years 
 of ago, on condition of actual settlement on the grant. 
 
 Climatk, Soil, and Productions. — The climate is exceedingly healthy, 
 and does not prevent the soil from producing crops which, other things being 
 equal, are not inferior either in quantity or quality to those of England. The 
 soil is generally fertile, and the produce is similar to that grown in Nova 
 Scotia, The forests of New Brunswick produce superior timber for ship- 
 building, for which the country has long been celebrated. 
 
 MANUi'ACTUttEs AND ExpouTs. — The manufacturing interest of the province 
 has groatly increased during the past few years, and establishments for the 
 manufacture of woollen and cotton goods, boots and shoes, leather lumber, 
 furniture, carriages, door sashes, steam engines, hardware, &c., are in full 
 operation. It exports many of these articles, besides fish, cattle and agricul- 
 tural products. 
 
 AvERAOK Rate of Wages and Cost of Living. — These do not vary 
 much from the rates in Nova Scotia, though if anything different they are 
 Bliglitly lower than those of that Province. 
 
 PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND. 
 
 This province is situated on the soiith side of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, 
 between Now Brunswick and Capo Breton, and is separated from them by 
 Northuniborland Strait, which it: irom 9 to 30 miles wide. Its extent from 
 east to west is 180 miles, and from north to south 34 miles, with an area of 
 2134 square mile«. The surface is .:reutly undulating, presenting a charming 
 aspect of hill and dale, well watered with numerous springs and rivers. la 
 1H81 tho island contained a population of 107,781 souls. The chief town is 
 Clmrlottotown. 
 
 Land. — Farms in good cultivation, with buildings and improvemer ' •', can 
 be obtainot' , about 20 dollars an acre. 
 
 Climatk, boiL, AND PiioDucTioNS. — The climate is temperate and healthy, 
 and fogs do not prevail to the Fame extent as on the coasts of Nova Scotia. 
 
 The soil is rotnarkably fertile, and it has more land under cultivation in 
 proportion to its size than any of the other provinces. Al! ki'ms of grain, 
 fruit, and vogotables do well. Large deposits of what is called ••mussel mud" 
 are found in tlio bods of all the rivers, some of tliem from ten to thirty feet 
 deep, aro tiHod as fertilizers, and yield very hivge crops of hay and clover. 
 PittatooH. oalH, and barley have been the principal staples for export ; horses 
 also hav« boon raised in numbers ^nd are much soug": < after by dealers from 
 tlio northoru Now England States. Tiie sheep are tine, and are also sought 
 for by Now England buyers. Cattle breeding has not yet received much 
 attention, though the pasturage is remarkably good, and both hay and root 
 crojis yioid very li'-'go returns. It is behoved that the island afl'ords favour- 
 able laoililios for tJie breeding and fattening of cattle for export to the 
 United Kingdom. 
 
%2 
 
 Canada, 
 
 The fisherias are among the hest in the Gulf, and give employment to a 
 larp^e number of men. Shipbuildinf; is also one of the principal industries. 
 
 A submarine telegraph connects the Island with New Brunswick. 
 
 There is one raih'oad on the island lOSg miles long, under the control of 
 the Dominion Government. Steamers ply constantly between the ports oa 
 the island and tlie seaports of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and the New 
 England States. The chief drawback is, that during a part of the winter, 
 communication is interrupted with the main shore owing to ice blockades. 
 
 QUEBEC. 
 
 Descbiption.— This province was originally settled by the French. The 
 first English settlers who really fixed their homes in Quebec were the United 
 Empire Loyalists, whom the War of Independence in the United States 
 caused to emigrate to Canada. To recompense their allegiance the British 
 Government granted them magnificent grants of land in the Eastern Town- 
 ships in Quebec, and in the peninsula formed by the great lakes of Ontario. 
 In this way there exists to-day in the province a mixed population, consisting 
 of French and English-speaking people. 
 
 The capital of the province is Quebec, though Montreal is the largest city, 
 having a population of over 150,000 inhabitants. 
 
 Land. — Upon eight of the great colonization roads, every male colonist and 
 emigrant being 18 years of age may obtain a free grant of 100 acres. The 
 conditions are that at the end of the fourth year a dwelling must have bean 
 erected on the land, and twelve acres be under cultivation. Letters Patent 
 are then granted. Crown lands can also be purchased at 30 cents to 60 cents an 
 acre. The province has a homestead law exempting the property of emigrants 
 from seizure under certain conditions. 
 
 CuMATE, Soil, and Productions. — Though colder in winter than in Ontario, 
 the summer is hot in Quebec. The climate is remarkably healthy, and its 
 people are hardy and vigorous. The soil is generally of good quality, and 
 its productions are similar to those of Ontario. 
 
 Minerals and Timbeb. — Mining in this province is only in its infancy, 
 though iron, gold, copper, lead, silver, platinum, zinc, granite, marble, slate, 
 gypsum, phosphate, &c., &c.. are found abundantly. 
 
 The most important trade in Quebec is the lumber industry, and this 
 atfords nearly everywhere a ready market for the farmer, certainly to the 
 new settler, and, in the winter season, employment for himself and his 
 horses. The value of exports of produce of the forest fi-om the province of 
 Quebec in 1881 was 12,785,223 dollars 
 
 Fisheries. — The fisheries of the province are a great boon to the settlers 
 along the rich lands girding the coast, and beginning to be a very large 
 source of trade. The total yield of the fisheries in Quebec in 1882 was 
 1,976,515 dollars. Quebec has an extent of coast of 1,000 miles, where the 
 cod, herring, mackerel, salmon, and other fisheries are carried or. RucctSb- 
 fuUy. Whale fishing is also carried on. There are, it is said, o . reliabl'j 
 authority, above 70 salmon fishery rivers in Quebec. 
 
 Manuiactubes and Exports. — The principal articles manufactured u\ the 
 province are cloth, linen, furniture, leather, sawn timber, flax, iron and hard- 
 ware, paper, chemicals, soap, boots and shoes, cotton and woollen goods, etc., 
 etc , and all descriptions of agi icultural implements. The exports of the pro- 
 duce of the province during the year 1882 amounted to 32,157,451 dollars. 
 
 Average Rate of Wages, Cost of Living, &c. — Farm labourers, per day, 
 
 
Canada, 
 
 t8 
 
 without board, 4s. to Os. ; per month, and hoard, £9 to ^£5. 10s. ; female form 
 servants, £1. 53. to £2. 23. ; general labourers, per day, 43. to 6s. ; raihvay 
 labourers, 53. to Gs. ; masons, 63. to 9s. ; bricklayers, Hs. to Qh. ; carpenters, 
 63. to Us, ; lumberers, and board, 63. to 83. ; shipwrights, per day, 63. to 8s. ; 
 smiths, 6s. to 8s.; wheelwrights, (is. to 8s.; gardeners, with board, per month, 
 £-k to £0, without board, per day, 4s. to Us. ; miners, Os. to 8s. ; mill-hands, 
 4s. to Os. ; engine drivers, 7s. to 10s. ; saddlers, 8s. to 10s. ; bootmakers, 5s. 
 to 8s.; tailors, 4s. to Os. ; female cooks, per mouth, £1, l-2s. to £'Z. 10s.; 
 domestic servants, in great demand, £1. 5s. to £2. 2s. ; laundresses, per day, 
 8s, to 43. ; cost of board per week, 12s. to lOs. ; rent of mechanics' and 
 labourers' dwellings, £1. 5s. to ^1. 12s. per month. 
 
 OI^TARIO. 
 
 DEscniPTioN. — Ontario is the principal province of Canada. It is situate 
 to the north of the Kiver St. Lawrence, and of the great lakes Ontario, Erie, 
 Huron, and Superior. The Hiver Ottawa, a noble stream, divides it from the 
 Province of Quebec. 
 
 The capital of Ontario is Toronto, a fine city, witli a population of about 
 100,000 inhabitants. The other principal cities are Ottawa, Hamilton, 
 London, and Kingston. 
 
 Land.— Every head of a family can obtain a free grant of 200 acres of bush 
 land, and any person 18 years of age may obtain 100 acres in the free grant 
 districts. The conditions are : — 15 acres in each grant of 100 acres to be 
 cleared and under crop in five years ; 1 habitable house, at least 10 feet by 
 20, built ; and residence on the land at least six months in each year. The 
 patent is is.ii-.ed at the end of five years. Uncleared lands can also be pur« 
 chased at prices varying from 2s. to 40s. per acre. 
 
 In Ontfj ; io fa. noers will find all the comforts and conveniences they have been 
 accustofniri tc. .vithout the necessity of undergoing the hardships of pioneer 
 life in t le ' '> -I'l or prairie. Cleared and improved farms, with buildings, can be 
 bought at frc:;i £A. to i-10 per acre, and if desired it can generally be arranged 
 that che mc>n' p^ -ill be paid by instalments, extending over several years. 
 
 A company hab been formed in Ontario called the " Canada West Land and 
 Agency Co.," whose object is to facilitate the purchase of suitable farms by 
 those who wish to settle in the Province. For this purpose is published the 
 " Canadian Farm Journal," which contains detailed particulars of a very large 
 proportion of the best properties obtainable ; and information and advice is 
 freely given to all new comers who seek for such assistance in the selection 
 of a property or locality to suit their own particular requii'ements. The 
 manr . ment of this institution is excellent, and the names of its Directors 
 just)}' .i'spire confidence. It has offices at 14, Adelaide street, Toronto, 
 Canadc nd 37, Royal Exchange, London, England; and numerous sub- 
 agencic:^ throughout Great Britain. 
 
 Climate, Soil, and Proddctions. — The climate is much the same as in 
 some other parts of the Dominion, but milder in the winter than in Quebec. 
 The soil of the country varies in different localities, a large proportion heing 
 of the best description for agricultural purposes. It produces cereals, grasses, 
 and the various root crops, while apples, pears, and many other varieties of 
 fruit grow and ripen in abundance. In the southern portion of the province 
 hemp, tobacco, maize, peaches, and grapes grow in the open nir. 
 
 MiNEBALS and Ti.mbkr.— In mineral wealth it has great resources, pro- 
 ducing iron, copper, lead, gold, silver, phosphate, marble, petroleum, salt. See. 
 Its immense forests of pine timber are well known as a great source of wealth. 
 
 Manufactures and Exports. — Its principal manufactures are cloth, linen, 
 clothing, leather, furniture, hewn and sawn timber, flax, iron and hardware, 
 paper, soap, cotton and woollen goods, steam-engines and locomotives, wooden 
 
:t4 
 
 Canada. 
 
 ware of all descriptions, agiicultuml implementa, &o. Cattle, sheep, and pigg, 
 dairy and a^jfricultural produce are exported largely from this province, and 
 the trade is increasing rapidly. 
 
 AvERAGH It ATI', OF Wagios, Cost OF LiviNG, &c. — Farm labourers, per day, 
 witliont board, Sa. (id. to 4s.; per week, with board, 123. to lis.; I'emale farm 
 servants, with board, per month, 20s. to 2ys. ; general labourers, per day, 5s.; 
 railway labourers, 5s. (id.; masons, lOs.; bricklayers, lOs. ; carpenters, 8s.; 
 lumbermen, (is.; shipwrights, (:s ; smiths, (is.; wheelwrights, (is.; gardeners 
 witli board, 16s. per week; w ; 'mi. board, 5s. per day; miners, 3s. to 4s.; 
 mill-hands, 5s. Gd. ; saddlers, Os ; lakers, Cs. ; tailors, Os.; female cooks, 
 
 per month, ^1. 12s. to £2; domesti vants, ^1. 5s. to .£1. 10s.; laundresses, 
 £1. 12s. to £1. 18s. Board and lodging, 12s. to 16s. per week; house rent, 
 from i'l to .£2 per month. Provisions are much cheaper than in England. 
 Beef, veal, and mutton are from 3d. to 6d. per lb. ; pork, 4d to 5d.; bacon, (id. 
 to 8d. ; bread, (best), 4^d. to 5d. per 4lb. loaf; butter (tresh). Is.; salt 
 "(ditto), 7d. to 8d. per lb. ; potatoes. Is. l)d. to 2s. per bushel; tea, 2s.; sugar 
 "(brown), 4d. to 4^d. per lb. ; milk, 3d, per quart; beer. Is. 2d. to Is. 6d. per 
 gallon ; and tobacco. Is. to 2s. per lb. 
 
 AoRiouLTURAL STATISTICS OF Ontahio. — The Bureau of Industries of 
 the province of Ontario, Canada, has published some Agricultural returns 
 relating to that province in 1882, which are not without intei'est at the present 
 time. The total number of farms was 201,766, embracing an area of 
 19,(i02,387 acres, of wliicli 10,211.060 acres were cleared. The value of farm 
 land was estimated at 031,882,030 dollars, and the total of land, buildings, 
 implements, and live stock at 882,024,500 dollars. The yields of the different 
 kinds of produce were estimated as follows : Fall wheat, 263; spring wheat, 
 16-5 ; barley, 28'6 ; oats, 304 ; rye, 188 bushels per acre. The figures com- 
 pare very favourably with, and are in excess of most of, the American 
 States. The area under grain crops in 1881 was 5,002,067 acres, or. 48 per 
 
 • cent, of all the cleared land; and under other field crops, orchards, &c., 
 2,335,149 acres. This makes a total under tillage of 7,337,216 acres, leaving 
 2,874,474 acres for pasture and fallow lard. The tables of live stock show 
 
 •that the number of farm horses in the province on May 31 was 503,604; 
 of cattle, 1,586,312; of sheep, 1,915,303 ; of liogs, 850,226 ; and of poultry, 
 6,352,120. The number of milch cows was 069,629, and of thorough-bred 
 cattle, 23,629 ; the returns of the latter, however, were incomplete. Of sheep, 
 one year and over, 933,143 were returned as coarse-woolled, and 178,299 as 
 fine-woolled ; the average weight per fleece of coarse wool was 5191b, and of 
 fine wool 5071b. The number of hogs one year and over was 252,415, and 
 
 . under one year, 597,811. The number of turkeys was 310,058 ; of geese, 
 633,357 ; and of other fowls, 4,508,705. 
 All further particulars respecting the Province of Ontario may be obtained 
 
 ,ixQm Mr. Peter Byrue, Ontario Government Agency, 6, South Castle street, 
 
 • Liverpool. 
 
 • MAITITOBA A'ND THE IS^OBTH-WEST 
 
 TERRITORIES. 
 
 Description. — The country now universally known under the above names, 
 .was granted by Charter to the Hudson Bay Company in 1670, duiiiig the 
 reign of Charles II., as a hunting and trading ground, and was held by it,. 
 «nd by the North-West Company (the two corporations ainalgamat(>d in 1821) 
 jOntil 1870, when their rights were surrendered to the Dominion. Its popula- 
 .tion is about 200,000. its principal city, Winnipeg, contains a population of 
 p^bout 26,000. The navigable rivers in the country are the Red River, the 
 
nd pigs, 
 ice, and 
 
 sugar 
 Cd. per 
 
 Camda. 
 
 85 
 
 Saskatchewan, and the Assiniboiue. Manitoba is the name of a province 
 formed out of the North-West Territories. It is situated between tlie 
 parallels 49°-52° 50' latitude N., and 89°-l02° west longitude, in the centre 
 of the American continent. It contains about 123,200 square miles, or 
 78,000,000 acres of land. An Order in Council was passed during the year 
 1882, dividing the North-West Territories beyond the confines of "^Manitoba 
 into four new districts, or, more properly speaking, territories, as follows :— 
 Assiniboia, containing about 95,000 square miles ; Saskatchewan, 114,000 ; 
 Alberta, 100,000 ; and Athabasca, about 122,000. Saskatchewan includes the 
 towns of Battleford, Carleton, and Prince Albert. Assiniboia includes 
 Regina, a rising town of 1,000 inhabitants. Alberta comprises the towns of 
 Edmonton, Calgary, and Fort McLeod ; and Athabasca includes the fertile, 
 yet undeveloped, country known as the Peaee River district. 
 
 Land. — It is estimated that the land suitable for cultivation in Manitoba 
 and the North-West Territories, practically unoccupied at the present time, 
 ai .ounts to between 100,000,000 and 200,000,000 acres. It will therefore 
 take many years for the country to fill up ; but there cannot be much doubt 
 that the earlier settlers will reap advantages that must arise from the rapid 
 development that is now talcing place in the country. 
 
 It is surveyed into "townships" of six miles square, each containing 
 thirty-six square mile lots or sections. These sections are numbered con- 
 secutively one to thirty-six ; two in each township are reserved to defray 
 the expenses of education, and are sold by auction from time to time, and 
 two others belong to the Huu^on Bay Company, which Corporation oft'ers its 
 lands for sale at prices ranging from 143. to 24s. per acre, on deferred 
 payments. The London office of the Hudson's Bay Company is at 1, Limo 
 Street, E.C. For twenty-four miles on each side of the railway (now being 
 made) across the continent, the remainder of the odd-numbered sections in 
 each township belong to the Canadian Pacific Railway Company, who dispose 
 of their large land grants on favourable terms of purchase. Full particulars 
 can be obtained at the London office of the Company, 88, Cannon Street, 
 E.C. The remaining evon-numbered sections in each township (sixteen) are 
 held exclusively by the Government for free grant and pre-emption purposes. 
 These sections are each sub-divided into four quarter sections of 160 acres, 
 tAvo being available for free grants, and two for pre-emptions. Any male or 
 female who is at the head of a family, any male member of a family 18 years 
 old, or any other person who has attained that age, can obtain a free grant of 
 160 acres, and can also make an entry for pre-emption rights to the adjoining 
 160 acres at the Government price of two dollars fifty cents per acre, payable 
 in cash at the end of three years. For office fees to cover the cost of survey, 
 documents, &c., a charge of ten dollars is made in each case at the time of 
 entry. Outside the railway belt alluded to above, the even-numbered sections 
 are also held for free grants and pre-emptions, the odd-numbered being 
 designated " public lands." Such pre-emptions and public lands are offered 
 for sale by the Government at two dollars per acre, the money in the former 
 case being paid at the end of throe years, and in the latter at the time of 
 purchase. The title to the free grant is given at the end of three years. 
 The conditions to be fulfilled are : residence on the land six months annually 
 for the three years ; the erection of a house ; and general cultivation of the 
 land, — but a settler is not bound to put any specified quantity under crops. 
 
 Owing to the rapidity of settlement, it is not now possible to obtain a free 
 grant of land near the railway for at least 200 miles from Winnipeg ; but the 
 line is being rapidly constructed westward, opening up every month large 
 tracts for occupation. 
 
 Climate, Soil, and Productions. — The climate is very healthy indeed, 
 and though the winters in the eastern portion of the Territories are coldei* 
 
86 
 
 Canada. 
 
 than those of Ontaino, those of the western portion are warmer, owing to the 
 
 {>revftlence of tho " chinook." or warm winds, which tlieie prevent the snow 
 living for long together. The summers are hot, though tempered hy the 
 gentle breezes which blow across the wide expanse of prairie, of vhich the 
 country is chiefly cnmposod. 
 
 The S')il is an alluviul deposit of great richness. It varies in depth (and 
 the subsoil is not always the same), and it has been reported upon favourably 
 by almost every person who has inspected it. All the crops that grow in 
 Engliind flourish here, as other varieties also. Wlieat yields from 25 to 40 
 bushels per acre ; oats from (50 to 70, and other produce in like proportions. 
 "Wild Iruits abound in great vai iety. 
 
 MiNKUALS AND TiMBun. — Coal is found above Edmonton and for some dis- 
 tance below that point ; it has also been discovered on the Las Ratchewan 
 and Suuris Hivers, and every r'ndication points to the fact that it exists in 
 large quantities. Different species of hardwood, some pine, and other varieties 
 of timbei", are found in groves and detached clumps all over the country. 
 
 AvKnAOE Hate of Wagks, Cost of Living, &c. — Winnipeg and District. — ■ 
 Farm labourers, with board, per month, .£4. 4s. to £ii. 8s. ; female farm ser- 
 vants, £i. 2s. to it'3. 3s.; general labourers, per day, 8s. to lis.; railway 
 labourers, 10s. to 12s.; masons, per day, 12s. Cd. to 20s. ; bricklayers, KJs. to 
 2os. ; carpenters, (is. to Kis. Cd. ; lumbermen (for shant}'), ^"5 to £7. 7s. per 
 month, with board; smiths, per day, 12s. (id. to 14s. (id.; wheelwrights, 10s. 
 to Kis. ; gardeners, with board per mo: th, i;4 to i'O ; mill-hands, per day, 8s. 
 to IDs. ; engine drivers, 12s. to SOs. ; saddlers, 8s. to 12s. ; bootmakers, 8s. to 
 128. ; tailors. l2s. to 20s.; female cooks, per month, ^'3 to £{i; domestic ser- 
 vants, £2. 10s. to £'k ; laundresses, .£3 to £5 ; cost of board, £1 to 4;!. 12s. 
 per week; house rent, for houses of 3 to 5 rooms, i'4 to £(i per month; 
 liouses of 5 to 7 rooms. .£0 to £15 per month. 
 
 Brandon District. — Farm labourers, per day, without board, 8s. ; per week, 
 and board, £1. 13s. ; general labourers, per day, 8s. to 10s. ; railway labourers, 
 8s. ; masons, 12s. to 20s. ; bricklayers, 12s. to 30s. ; carpenters, 10s. to 16s. ; 
 lumbermen, 8s. ; smiths, 8s. to 16s. ; gardeners, with board, 6s. ; without 
 board, 8s. ; mill-bands, 10s. to 14s. ; engine drivers, 14s. to 20s. ; saddlers, 
 IDs. to l4s. ; bootmakers, 10s. to 143. ; tailors, 8s. to 14s. ; female cooks, per 
 month, ^'4 to £(i; domestic servants, £.i. 2s. to ^£3 : laundresses, ^5 to £Q ; 
 cost of board, per week, £1 ; rent, for small house, £1. 123. per mouth, and 
 upwards. 
 
 BRITISH COLUMBIA, 
 
 Tho province of British Columbia is the most western of the group of 
 provinces which constitute the Dominion of Canada, and has a coast line of 
 about five hundred miles on the Paciflc Ocean, with innumerable lays, 
 harbours, and inlets. The harbour of Esquimalt is the best on the Paeitic, 
 north of San Francisco. It has an almost even depth of 36 feet, with an 
 excellent bottom, and it is perfectly safe and sheltered. It is well lighted, 
 and may be entered with facility at all times. Only a tongue of land, 750 
 feet wide, prevents free communication between it and the harbour of 
 Victoria. Still further on the east coast of the Island of Vancouver is 
 Nanaimo, sixty-five miles from Victoria. It possesses a safe and commodious 
 harbour. 
 
 British Columbia has a po^julation of only 60.000, and is capable of 
 unlimited development. Its capital is Victoria, with a population of nearly 
 O.OUO. 
 
 Lano.— Heads of families, widows, or single men of 18 years and upwards 
 <nay obtain free grants of 320 acres eastward of the Cascade range of moon- 
 
\k 
 
 Canada. 
 
 
 
 tains, or of 160 acres ii; other parts of the province. The settler selects his 
 own land, records it in the office of the District Commissioner, the fee for 
 which is two dollars, and at once enters upon occupation. After two years' 
 occupancy, and certain conditions as to improvements having been complied 
 with, a Crown grant or conveyance will ho made, tlie only expcMisc of which 
 would be five dollars. Lands, the surveys of which have been duly madd and 
 confirmed by notice in the Gocennncnt Gtizetle, are open for purchase at the 
 rate of one dollar per acre — to be paid in one full payment, or in two a.i ual 
 payments of 50 cents per acre ; the puicliase to be completed m two i ■^.ars 
 from the time of purchase. 
 
 Persons desirous of purchasing unsnrve.yed, unoccupied, and unreserved 
 Crown lands must first have the land surveyed by a surveyor approved by 
 the Government. 
 
 Tracts of land near the land actually occupied can be leased for rirnzin a pur- 
 poses, on terms designed to he liberal to the pre-emptor. Such leased land is 
 liable to be pre-empted by others, but in that case the lessee's rent is reduced 
 proportionately. 
 
 Land covered with wild hay can also be leased in the above way, but not 
 more than 500 acres of it to any one person, and not for longer than five 
 years. 
 
 Mining and timber leases are granted under favourable conditions. 
 
 Military and naval officers in Her Majesty's service are entitled to free 
 grants on certain conditions. 
 
 Homestead Act. — If a settler has a wife and children, this Act must be 
 dear to him. The farm and buildings, when registered, cannot be taken for 
 debt incurred after the registration. It is free up to a value not greater than 
 2300 dollars (£500 English). Goods and chattels are also free up to 500 
 dollars (£100 Enghsh); cattle "farmed on shares" are also protected by an 
 Exemption Act. 
 
 Farm lands in private hands may be bought at almost at any price, from 
 6 dollars (20s. English) to 40 dollars {£8 English) per acre, according to 
 situation and impruvcment. 
 
 Climate, Soil, and Productions. — The climate of British Columbia is 
 healtiiy. It resembles very much that of Great Britain, excepting tluit the 
 summers are much drier. Although the surface of the country is somewhat 
 broken the. soil is generally very good, and all kinds of crops grown here can 
 be successfully raised there. 
 
 Minerals and TiMUEn. — Gold is found in paying quantities in several 
 districts. Coppei*, iron, and silver deposits exist at various points, but coal 
 is the principal mineral mined in the province. It is found in large quantities 
 in Vancouver's Island. 
 
 The timber of British Columbia is very fine indeed, and the Douglas pine, 
 which is here the chief forest tree, attains a very large size. Other species 
 of timber are found here — including the cj'press, cedar, and the various kinds 
 of hard woods common to North America. 
 
 Exports. — The chief exports of British Columbia ai'e coal, timber, and 
 fish, all of which are unsurpassed in quahty, and is also in c(mstant donnand. 
 
 Average Hate of Wages, Cost of Living, &c. — Labour commands a 
 high rate of remuneration, and men capable of ordinary manual labour 
 receive from £5 to £12 per month, witli board. Ordinary day labourers 
 receive from Ss. to 12s. per day, without board. Living and house rent is 
 somewhat high, board ranging from £5 to £7 per month. 
 
 British Columbia is now reached by crossing the American continent to 
 San Francisco, and thence per steamer; but when the Canadian Pocilic 
 Railway is completed it will be much easier of access, and the route to it will 
 be entirely through British territory. 
 
 The General Agent for British Columbia in Great Britain is Mr. H. 0. 
 Beeton, 86, Finsbury Circus, London, E.G. 
 
88 
 
 South A 
 
 [frica. 
 
 SOUTH AFRICA. 
 
 Nil 
 
 Aren, about 500,000 square miles. Population, about 2,000,000. 
 
 CAPE COLOI^T. 
 
 Dkscription. — Cape Colony is the most southerly portion of the African 
 Continent. It was founded by tlie Dutch, but afterwards ceded to the British 
 Government in 1800. It has only recently been regarded as a desirable field 
 for emigi-ation, and it was not until the year 1873 that it was represented by 
 a Government Emigration Agent in London. The capital of Cape Colony is 
 Cape Town, which, including its suburbs, has a population of about 50,000. 
 Port Elizabeth is the next town of importance, containing about 15,000 
 inhabitants. 
 
 Land, — Land can be purchased from the Government on easy terms, ex- 
 tending over a period of ten years, by a yearly rental instalment, to be paid 
 in advance for two years. The lessee is bound, within two years from the 
 time of obtaining the lease, to cultivate at least one acre out of every ten, or 
 to erect a habitable dwelling-house thereon. "When he has made liis tenth 
 payment of rent he will, on payment of survey and other expenses, receive 
 the land at a perpetual quit rent of one per cent, per annum, upon ten years' 
 value thereof; but the quit rent chargeable will in no instance be less than 
 10s. per annum. The value of improvements is not taken into account in 
 fixing the amount of purchase. 
 
 Climate, Soil, and Productions. — The climate is clear and dry, and con- 
 sidered exceedingly healthy. In the fertile districts lai'ge quantities of 
 excellent grain are produced. Fruits of every description flourish, and the 
 gi'ape vine is extensively cultivated. 
 
 Trade and Exports. — Ostrich and sheep farming is extensively carried 
 on, and factories of various kinds are in full operation. The exports are 
 wool, feathers, copper, •nines, &c. 
 
 Rate of Wages, Cost of Living, &o. — The following are about the aver- 
 age rates of day wages paid : — Bakers, 7s. ; butchers, 8s. ; masons and brick- 
 layers, lOs.Cd. ; carpenters, 10s. : machinists, 10s. : dressmakers, 5s. ; painters, 
 7s. Od.; printers, 8s,; shoemakers, 10s.; sawyers, Os. 6d.; saddlers, 10s,; 
 tanners, 9s. ; tailors, 9s. ; tinsmiths, 7s. 6d. ; wheelwrights, 10s. The cost 
 of living is higher than in Great Britain, for while meat is cheaper bread is 
 much dearer. Clothing is also much higher. The rent of a cottage, suitable 
 for a mechanic, in towns is about £i per month. 
 
 Cape Colony is reached by direct steamers from London. Tlie Castle Mail 
 Packets and the Union Royal Mail Steamers take passengers at the foUo'wing 
 rates:— 1st class, 30 guineas; 2nd class, 20 guineas; and 3rd class, 15 
 guineas. Free passages are granted to approved persons who wish to emigrate 
 to the Colony, and are prepared to settle upon land on arrival there. For 
 full particulars, apply to the Agent of the Cape Government, W. C. Burnet 
 Esq., 10, Bloomfield street, London, E.G. 
 
 IOlTAL. 
 
 Dkscription. — This colony formed, until 1845, a portion of Cape Colony, 
 but lias now a separate Government. It owes its name, in common with other 
 cohmies, to the fact that it >va3 discovered on Christmas Day, 1497. The 
 capital and seat of government in the colony is Pietermaritzburg, which has a 
 
South Africa. 
 
 is^ 
 
 jiopulition of 10,144. It is situated inland from Port Natal (Durban) about 
 5 J miles, on the Umsrundusi, a branch of the Umgeui river. Durban, a ria- 
 iii',' town of the colony, has a population of nearly 14,000, of whom about haJ 
 ai(! whites. 
 
 Land. — The Government has set apart 2,000,000 acres of land for location 
 by the natives, and over 0,000,000 acres have been acquired by grant or pur- 
 ciinie by Europeans, tlie balance being retained for allotment to new settlers. 
 This is open for sale in freehold and by public auction to tlie highest 
 bidder, tl>e upset price being at the rate of 10/- per acre. Ti»e Colonial 
 Government reserves the right to minerals and timber upon such lands. In - 
 Bome parts the country is very rich tn iron and coal. 
 
 Cr.i.MATE, Soil, and Productions. — The climate of Natal, although almost '. 
 tropical on the coast, is very healtliy. The summer is tiie wet season, and 
 storms of thunder and hail are of irequent occurrence. The soil produces " 
 jdmost every description of semi-tropical and farm produce in the inland 
 districts. The other productions are sugar, coll'ee, tea, tobacco, arrowroot, ' 
 cotton, indigo, maize, &c., and in some localities ginger, spices, rice, pepper, ; 
 and flax liave beon successfully cultivated. 
 
 MiNKRAi.s. — TJie minerals consist of limestone, marble, coal, ironstone, 
 and gold in small quantities. 
 
 F.xi'oRTs. — The exports of the tjloi.y are wool, sugar, hides and skins, 
 ivory, ostrich feathers, coflee, arrowroot, rum, &c. 
 
 AvKUAOK l^ATB OF Wages, Cost OF LiviNG, &c. — The average wages of 
 farm servants are i'45 Os. 8d., and of female domestic servants il2 (is. per 
 iinnuni. Mechanics receive from 7s. to lOs. per da}'. The cost of living 
 and house rent are somewhat higher than in Cape Colony. 
 
 A regular service of steamers of the Castle Mail Paclcets, and tile Union 
 Royal Mail Steamers, take passengers from England to Natal at the following 
 rates : — 1st class, 37 guineas ; '^nd class, 25 guineas ; tJrd class, 18 guineas. 
 
 Assisted passages are granted to u'mers, labourers, and mecbanios, and 
 t'leir families. The amount each emigrant has to contribute towards the cost; 
 of their passage is as follows ; — Adults over twelve years of age, ^5 ; under 
 twelve, i'2 10s. Further information and forms of application for assisted 
 j-assages will be supplied by Walti];u Pkace, Esq., Natal Government 
 Emigration Agent, 21, Finsbury Circus, London E.C. 
 
 GRIQUALAI^D WEST. • 
 
 DF.sonlPTloN. — This portion of South Africa — called more commonly " The 
 Bianjond Fields " — was declared British territory in 1871, and though siiice 
 iornially annexed to Cape Colony it remains an independent state or province, 
 important only on account of the precious stMues foiuid tliere. Its area is 
 iibout 10,000 square miles. On the iirst discovery of diamonds the population 
 increased sevy rapidly, and supplies of all kinds attained famine prices. At 
 one time it numbered about (50,000, but has since decreased to about 45,000, 
 of whom 13,000 only are whites. Kimberley, the chief town in the vicinity 
 of the famous Du Toit's Pan diamond lieldi has a population of 13,500, of 
 which less than one half are whites. The climate is hotter than that of Cape . 
 Colony or Natal, but is considered healthy. The cost of living at the 
 l^iamond Fields is high, the population is composed of a somewhat unstable 
 class, and life and property cannot be said to be so secure here as in Cape 
 Colony or Natal. 
 
 The province is reached from Cape Town by rail and coach to KimberTej 
 The time occupied by the journey varies in accordance with the state of the 
 roads. This country cannot be said to present a good field for the ordinary 
 emigrant, and is more suited to the tastes of the class of mining adVeuturera 
 who compose the bulk of its present white population, 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
10 
 
 AttsiraUa. 
 
 AUSTEALIA. 
 
 puv 
 
 WESTEEI^ AUSTEALIA. 
 
 Description. — This colony was formei-ly called Swan River Settlement. 
 It comprises an area of 075,824 square miles, lying between South Australia 
 and the Indian Ocean. The population of the country, in comparison to its 
 area, is insignificant, containing onljr about 30,000 souls, of which about 7,000 
 live in Perth, the capital, which is situated at the mouth of Swan lUver. 
 
 Land. — The lowest upset price of Crown land tit for agriculture is fi.Ked by 
 Act of Parliament at £1 per acre, and the lowest upset price of pastoral lands 
 at a sum equal to 12 years' rental, but not less than 6s. per acre. Emigrants 
 who havo been selected as eligible persons by the appointed Agents in Eng" 
 land, are allowed plots of land on very advantageous terms, inasmuch as if he 
 pays the full cost of his family's passage out, a warrant, which will entitle 
 the holder to receive from the Immigration Agent at Tasmania an order for 
 Crown land to the value of £18 fur each member of the family above 15 
 years of ago, and £Q for each member above 12 months and under 15 years 
 old ; and these land-orders will be received by the Government as payment 
 for any Crown lands that the emigrant may buy after his arrival. The Act 
 also empowers the Immigration Board to permit any persons from Europe or 
 India, who has paid his own and family's passage- money, to demand, within a 
 year after his arrival in the colony, a cerliticate to select 30 acres of land for 
 himself, 20 for his wife (providing he has one), and 10 for each child. 
 
 Climate, Soil, and Productions. — The climate is exceedingly healthy, 
 although varying considerably from its northern to its southern extremity: 
 the northern portion of the colony being at times very hot, though tempered 
 with cool and refreshing winds. The chief products are wheat, oats, barley, 
 hay, fruits, and timber, of which there are several valuable varieties. 
 Amongst these may be named tlie jarrah (a species of mahogany ),tuart, kari, 
 and sandal wood. On the fertile tracts of soil the orange, peach, almond, 
 banana, grape, olive, and figs are cultivated. 
 
 Minerals. — Magnetic iron, lead, copper, and zino ores are found in large 
 quantities. 
 
 Exports.— The principal exports are wool, jarrah timber, lead, copper ore, 
 whale oil, guano, sandal wood, pearls, &o. 
 
 Average Rate of Wages, Cost of Living, &o. — ^The rates of wages 
 are: — Labourers, from j£18 to JE50 per annum; carpenters, 78. to 10s. per day; 
 masons, 7s.; printers, 6s. to 8s.; boat-builders, 8s. to lOs.; brewers, 6s. to 8s.; 
 coach-builders, 78. to 10s. : navvies, 78. ; and painters, 7s. to lOs. Tailors 
 and shoemakers are paid by the piece. The cost of living is low, and as there 
 is no great influx of new settlers, houses can be rented more reasonably than 
 in the adjacent colonies. 
 
 This colony is not represented by a resident agent in Great Britain. 
 
 Western Australia is reached either by sailing vessels direct, or by the 
 Orient Line of steamships to Melbourne, and thence by Colonial vessels. 
 
 SOUTH AUSTEALIA. 
 
 t)EscBiPTtoK.— South Australia extends from the Southern to the Indian 
 Ocean, and contains an area of 903,690 square miles. The population is 
 ftbottt 875,000, and Adelaide, the capital, contains about 88,000 bouIb. 
 
 IOe 
 
Ausiralia, 
 
 41 
 
 Land.— The lands at the disposal of the Crown are classified for the 
 purpose of sale as town, suburban, and country. The lowest upset price for 
 wild lands is £1 per acre, and may, to a certain extent, bo purchased on 
 credit. In that case, prepayment of four years' interest at live per cent, on 
 the purchase money has to be made, one -half at the time of purchase and 
 the other half at the end of three years. Pasture Ifases are granted nt the 
 rate of 10s. per square mile for terms of 14 years. Other waste lands leased 
 for pastoral purposes are divided into three c'lnsses — first class at i'l, second 
 class at 8s. Od, and tliird 2s. (id. per square mile respectively. 
 
 Mining leases are granted for 14 years, in lots of 320 acres, at a rent of 
 10s. per acre, with right of renewal. 
 
 Climatk, Soil, and Productions. — Both the climate and soil are favourable 
 for the production of all kiudiij of cereals. Wheat is one of the staple crops, 
 and the grape vine thrives well also. 
 
 MtNEnAi.s. — Gold, silver, iron, copper, and lead exist in largo quantities ; 
 but the scarcity of coal is felt. 
 
 Exports. — The principal exports are wheat, flour, mutton, wines, and 
 dairy produce. 
 
 Avi;nAGE Rate of Wages, Cost of Li vino, &c. — The rates of wages are 
 as follows : — Bakers, 5s. Od. per day, with board and lodging ; blacksmiths, 
 8s. Od. per day; boundary riders, married, with double rations, £5'2 per 
 annum ; bricklayers, !)s. to 10s. per day ; biickmakers, per 1000, 12s.; bullock 
 drivers, ±"62 per annum, with rations ; bush carpenters, i'52 ; butchers, 53. 
 per day, with board and lodging ; cabinet makers, 9s. Od. per day ; car- 
 penters and carriage builders. Us. to 10s. per day ; coopers. 9s.; farm servants 
 (man and wile), ^58 per annum, with rations; single men, i'48 ; jewellers, 
 10s. per day ; labourers, Os, Od. to 8s. ; masons, 9s. Od. ; miners, 9s. ; painters 
 and glaziers, 93. to lOs. ; plasterers, lOs. ; shoemakers, 7s. 6d. ; tailors, per 
 hour, Is. ; tanners, 83. 6d. per day ; upholsterers, 10s. ; wheelwrights, 8s. (5d. 
 to Os. ; barmaids, 15s. to £\ per week, with board and lodging ; barmen, 15s. 
 to 288 per week ; compositors, £2 15s. to .£3 per week — on piece work. Is. Id. 
 per 1000 ; cooks, female, 10s. per week, with board and lodgings — male, 20s. 
 to 30s. ; general servients, female, j£26 per annum, with board and lodgings — 
 male, £40 ; milkmen, 18s. 6d. per week, with board and lodgings ; wool 
 pressers, 33s. House rent is somewhat higher than in Great Britain, and 
 costs from £2 to £10 per month. Provisions and clothing ai'e reasonable. 
 
 South Australia is reached by the Orient Line of steamers. The fares to 
 Adelaide are as follows : — 1st class, 50 to 70 guineas ; 2nd class. 35 to 40 
 guineas ; 3rd clasr,, 20 to 22 guineas ; steerage, for men only, 10 guineas. 
 
 The Government of South Australia grant, what is known as the "assisted 
 passage" system in operation, unier which residents in the colony and per- 
 sons just ai'rived, can obtain, on application at the Crown Lands and Im- 
 migration Office in Adelaide, assisted passages for their relations and friends, 
 if eligible, by contributing a small proportion of the passage-money. The 
 advantage of the system is that persons nominated have, on their arrival in 
 the colony, someone to take an interest in them, and, consequently, they do 
 not feel the strangeness and difficulty in finding employment that new-comers 
 sometimes complain of. At the present time agricultural and pick-and-shovel 
 labourers, artisans, navvies, and domestic servants are eligible for assisted 
 passages at the following rates : — Males or females, under 12 years of age, £3 ; 
 males or females, over 12 and under 40 years, £4 ; over 40 and under 50 years, 
 £8 ; with infants under one year, land order system, free. 
 
 Land order warrants can be obtained from the Agent-General for South' 
 Australia, 8, Victoria Chambers, London, S.W, 
 
42 
 
 Australia. 
 
 YIOTORIA. 
 
 Description. — This colony is smaller tlinn any of the other colonies of 
 Australia, and it originally formed part of New Si»utli Wale:?, but was sepa- 
 rated in 1851, when gold was lust worked to any extent. It conttiius an an a 
 of about 80,044 square miles, and in ISHI Jmd a population of 858,582. Its 
 capital is Melbourne, the seat of Government, with a population of 282,981. 
 
 Land. — The land in Victoria is obtained at ^£1 per acre, which may be paid 
 by instalments, or if bought by auction, at or under the upset price of £1 per 
 acre, must be paid for in cash, A license also may be obtained for land not 
 exceeding 320 acres before it has been surveyed, and obtain occupation for 
 three years at a rental of 2s. per acre. The oc(!upier must fowce the land, 
 reside upon it for two and a lialf years, and cultivate one out of every ten 
 acres of the land, and at the end of that time has tlie option of purchasing at 
 14s an aoi'e. 
 
 Should land which has been pnt up by auction for sale at the upset prioo 
 of £1 per acre be not sold, it can be bought at the hij^hest price bid for it. 
 All lands near the villnges or towns must be sold by auction. 
 
 Climate, Soil, anu Productions. — The climate is excellent, for although 
 in summer the winds are at times dry and hot the evenings are cool and 
 pleasant, indeed there is little to complain of in point of temperature througli- 
 out the year, being much more healthy and invigorating than tiiat of Enghind. 
 The soil is good and produces cereals of a superior quality, as well as the 
 other farm crops usually grown in Great Britian ; also the grape, olive, lig, 
 date, coral-tree, sugar, millet, tobacco, and in some situations the tea-plant, 
 cotton, and rice. 
 
 MiNKRAT.s. — This colony may still be considered the principal gold f;eld of 
 Australia, and a large proportion of its population lind vimployment at the 
 " diggings " where the mineral is raised. So much so, that 'intil but recently 
 other industries have been somewhat neglected. 
 
 Exports. — Wheat, and other agricultural products are exported in con- 
 siderable quantities, but the largest value exported is in gold. 
 
 AvEnAOE Rate of Wages, and Cost of Living. — Tlie wages and prices 
 of provisions, &s., in Victoria, are as follows : — Farm labourers, 20s. to 263. 
 per week, with rations ; ploughmen, 20s. to 25s. ; reapers, 123. to 15s. per 
 acre ; mowers, 38. to 53. ; shepherds, £-^5 to i-52 per annum ; stock-keepers, 
 j660 to ^80 ; married couples, £{ii) to J;80 ; gardeners. 20s. to 40s. per week, 
 with rations ; grooms, 17s. (3d. to 253. ; female d >mestic servants, £-iO to £iiO. 
 
 Masons, carpenters, blacksmiths, tailors, shoemakers, and all included in 
 the mechanic and artizan classes, get from 10s. to 15s. per diem, without 
 rations. 
 
 Board and lodgings, for single working men, can be obtained at fiom 153. 
 to 22s. per week. 
 
 Clothing and house rent are very high, particularly in the neighbourhood 
 of Melbourne ; but provisions are low. 
 
 Victoria is reached by the Orient Line of steamers, from London to Mel- 
 bourne direct. They make the passage in about forty days. The rates are as 
 follows : — 1st clfts«, 50 to 70 guineas ; 2nd class, 35 to -40 guineas ; 3rd class, 
 20 to 22 guineas ; and steerage, only for men, 10 guineas. 
 
 There is no assistance sfranted to emigrants by this colony. The address 
 of the Agent-General for Victoria, is 8, Victoria Chambers, Loudon, S.W 
 
 D 
 
 ftudf 
 
 and I 
 
 Govt 
 
 Britl 
 
 inclif 
 
 shoil 
 
 lI 
 
 soldi 
 shoxi 
 1-nc 
 
A'mtralia. 
 
 m 
 
 NEW SOUTH WALES. 
 
 DicscRiPTioN.— This was the lirst Britisli colony established in Australia, 
 and originally embraced the counties now known as Tiisnianiii, Victoria, 
 and Queensland, wliich are now thriving independent colonies poswessing 
 Governments of their own. Its area is about tliree times the size of Great 
 Britain. In 1882, New South Wales contained a population of 758.000 soula, 
 including 228,.554, which is the population of Sydney, the capital, on tlie 
 shores of Port Jackson. 
 
 Land. — Land may be purchased at or i nder 20s. an acre, and is generally 
 sold by anction, tlie sum mentioned being tlie upset price ; if, however, it 
 should not be sold, it can be bouglit afterwards ut tlie upset prir ■. Again, 
 l"id may be purchased by what is called "conditional sale," by which any- 
 can make a written application to i)urchasc not less than 40 nor more than 
 icres ; a deposit of 53. per acre must be sent with tlic application. The 
 jj. ..lud selected for purchase must be witliin some distance from a town or 
 suburbs, say from two to ton miles, acccrding to the number of the inhabi- 
 tants of the nearest village jr town ; at the end of three years and three 
 months the purchaser may pay otl" the whole sum due upon the ground, or 
 he can defer tiie payment as long as he choses by paying 5 per cent, upon 
 the money due. He is bound to make certain improvements upon the land- 
 within a given time, that is to say he cannot purchase the land and allow it 
 to remain totally uncultivated. Leases of pasture land may bo had in the 
 settled districts at i-2 per square mile. The land under farm cultivation is 
 about 686,000 acres, about 20,000 acres being devoted to gardens and 
 orchards. 
 
 Cr,rM.\TE, Soil, and Productions. — This colony possesses a fine climate, 
 and (except in a few localities) it is unnecessary to house live stock at any 
 season of the year. The soil is generally good, and, beside the ordinary farm 
 products, Indian corn, sugar-cane, arrowroot, grapes, oranges, and various 
 other kinds of fruits growr freely. 
 
 MiNEUALs. — Gold has been obtained in very large quantities, and it is to 
 its auriferous deposits that the colony principally owes its rapid increase. 
 There are large areas of coal-beds along the sea coast, much of it lying near 
 the surface. Copper mining is also protitably worked. 
 
 Exports. — The chief exports of New South Wales are gold, copper, coal, 
 wheat, wool, wine, and fruits. 
 
 Average Rate of Wages, Cost of Living, &c. — The average rate of wages, 
 for carpenters, smiths, wheelwrights, bricklayers, and masons was from 9s. to 
 lis. per diem without board and lodging, and from j£80 to ^£126 per annum 
 with board and lodging. Farm labourers and shepherds receive from .£H5 to 
 .£45 per annum, with board and lodging. Female domestic servants from 
 ^20 to ^30 ; and good cooks from ^£35 to ^52, with board and lodging. 
 Clothing and house rent is somewhat dearer than in England, but great 
 facilities are offered to steady men for acquiring houses of their own. Single 
 men can board respectably at ^1 per week. 
 
 New South Wales is reached by the Orient Line of steamers, carrying 
 passengers Irora London to Sydney at the same fares as to Melbourne. 
 
 Assisted passages are gi-anted to farm labourers and their families, to 
 certain classes ot mechanics and female domestic servants, respecting which 
 full particulars may be learnt on application to the Agent-General for New 
 South Wales, 3, Victoria Chambers, London, S.W \ 
 
 I 
 
ii 
 
 I*'- -.V 
 t'. ■"■ 'i 
 
 Australia, 
 
 QUEEI^SLAFD. 
 
 Description. — This colony contains an ai*ea of about 700,000 square miles, 
 and lias a population of about 000,000, of which about 6000 are Cliinese. 
 Tlie capital of tlie colony is Brisbane, a thriving town situated on the Pacilio 
 coast, with a population of 33,000. 
 
 Land. — Wheat-growing land may be had at 15s. per acre, payable at the 
 rate of Is. Gd. ])er acre per annum. Pasturage in twenty-five miles of run 
 can be lensed from the Government for twenty-one years, at 53. per square 
 mile for the first seven .years, 10s. for the second, and 15s. for the third sevea 
 years. A lessee is entitled to purchase 2560 acres in one block at 10s. per 
 acre. 
 
 Climate, Soil, and Productions. — The heat in summer is very great, 
 though the evenings are cool. A large portion of the colony being tropical or 
 6ub-tropical, it is not suited for white labour, and emigrants from Great 
 Britain should be particular in not selecting the most northerly part of the 
 country for settlement, as there it is the hottest. The southern part of the 
 Colony enjoys a beautiful climate, somewhat resembling that of the South of 
 Europe. The soil is productive. Sugar-cane, cotton, maize, grapes, and 
 other semi-tropical fruits, as well as more hardy cereals, are grown. 
 
 Minerals. — Gold is found in the eastern portion of the colony. Coal, 
 ii'on, copper, tin, and precious stones are also amongst the mineral products. 
 
 Exports. — Cotton, sugar, maize, wheat, and mutton are amongst the ex- 
 porls, but as yet the colony is to a very great extent undeveloped. 
 
 AvEHAGK Ratk OF Waoks AND CosT OF LiviNo. — Farm labourers, married, 
 £45 to £50 per annum, witli rations ; ditto, single, ^35 to ii'40 ; bookbinders, 
 IDs. per day without, rations ; bakers, £aO to .£60 per annum, with rations ; 
 bricklayers and blacksmiths, 10s. to 12s. per day, without rations; carpenters 
 and joinera, 12s. to 14s. ; compositors, Is. 6d. per 1000 ; plasterers, painters, 
 and glaziers, 10s. to 12s. per day, without rations; shoemakers, Os. to 10s.; 
 Bheplierds, ^45 to £50 per annum, with rations ; tailors, 9s. to lOs. per day^ 
 V'itliout rations ; wlieelwriglits, lOs. to 123. per day, without rations ; cooks, 
 £30 to £50 per annum, with rations ; housemaids, £25 to £;)0 per annum, 
 Ti'ith rations ; needlewomen, 23. (kl. to 43. per day, without rations ; waslier- 
 women, 3s. to 3s. 6d. per day, without rations ; butchers, £1 lOs. to £1 I5.i. 
 per week, with rations ; engineers, £14 to £15 per month ; general servants, 
 123. to 15s. per week, with rations. 
 
 Provisions are low. Workmen's cottages can be rented in the neighbour- 
 hood of towns at from 8s. to 12s. per week. 
 
 Passengers by the Orient Line of steamers from London are booked to 
 Brisbane at the following additions to the fares to Melbourne: — 1st class, 
 £3 16s. ; steerage, £1 15s. 
 
 Assisted passages are granted to farmers, shepherds, farm labourers, vine- 
 dressers, labourers, mechanics, and their families, and to female domestic 
 servants, at from £1 to £6 per head. Forms of application and further 
 particulars can be obtained from the Agent-General for Queensland, West* 
 minster Chambers, London, S.W. 
 
 TASMAIS"IA. 
 
 Description. — Tasmania is an island lying to the south of the Australian 
 continent. It is divided from the colony ot Victoria by Bass's Straits, 120 
 miles wide. Its area is nearly 17,000,000 acres, and its pupulation about 
 120.000, of which Hobart Town contains about 22,000 ; the next town of im- 
 portauoe being Launceston, with a population of 18,000. 
 
 La 
 
 for 
 
 puici 
 
 timb 
 
 C( 
 
 BOg« 
 
 witit 
 uudt 
 dee 
 ever 
 flow* 
 A^ 
 Tast 
 per 
 per 
 i:ati< 
 
Australia. 
 
 m 
 
 are miles, 
 
 Cliinese. 
 
 le Pacific 
 
 le at the 
 is of riiu 
 er square 
 ird sevea 
 1 10s. per 
 
 ry great, 
 opical or 
 m Great 
 rt of the 
 rt of t]ie 
 South of 
 pes, and 
 
 ^ Coal, 
 •oducts, 
 the ex- 
 
 married, 
 (binders, 
 rations ; 
 rpentvrs 
 painters, 
 to lOs. ; 
 per day, 
 ; cooks, 
 annum, 
 waslier- 
 ^1 163. 
 
 ervants, 
 
 ghbour- 
 
 oked to 
 t class, 
 
 8, vine- 
 omestio 
 further 
 , West- 
 
 LAND.—Tho lAWeat price for Crown lands in Tasmania is £1 an acre, and 
 for mstorut huids not less than Ss. per acre ; but credit may be had if the 
 piircliitse is beyond £15. Licenses are granted to dig for gold and to cut 
 timber on Crown lands. 
 
 Cf,iMATK. Son,, AND PnoDOCTioNS. — The air is so pure and the temperaturo 
 80 goiiirtl, that tlio d(.>ttth-iate ia very low, and will bear favourable comparison 
 vitli tliat c»l' any JMhiml in the known world. The surl'uce of the country is 
 uiiJiiliiting, and tlte soil is gnod. It is a rich agricultural country, and pro- 
 duces a gi'oat variety of crops. The native trees and shrubs are nearly all 
 evergreen, and the smaller shrubs are mostly aromatic, and bear beautiful 
 flowora. 
 
 AvBRAOK Rate or Wages, Cost of Living, &c. — The rate of wages in 
 Tasmania is as follows : — Carpenters, 83. to Os. per day ; smiths, 8s. to IO3. 
 per day ; houoehold servants, £-Z0 to £iO per annum ; plumbers, 6s. 6d. to Ua. 
 per day ; farm lnbourers, lOs. to 15s. per week, with a cottage, firing, and 
 rations. The cost of living is about the same as in New South Wales. 
 
 Tasmania is reached by colonisil steamers from Melbourne or Sydney, 
 Passengfti'B booked through from England by the Orient Line of steamers, 
 ay the following adilitions to the fares from London to Melbourne, viz.: — To 
 iauucoHton, Ist class, £2. 5s.; steerage, £1. 7s. Cd.; to Hubart Town, 1st 
 cliiHS, £d, 15s. Od. ; steerage, £2. 
 
 I'^ee or nsHintt'd passages are not granted to Tasmania, but persons paying 
 their own passages are etititled, under certain conditions, to grants of laud 
 varying from ton to tliirty acres, according to the age of the emigrant and 
 tlie amount paid for his passage. Land-order warrants and general iuforraa- 
 tiou about the colony, can be obtained on application to the Emigrant and 
 Colonist Aid Corporation, 25, Queen Anne's-gate, Westminster, London, 
 S.W., who are the Agents for tlie Tasmauiau Government in this country. 
 
 I 
 
 ii 
 
 tralinn 
 
 ts. 120 
 
 about 
 
 of im- 
 
16 
 
 New Zealand. 
 
 ■; NEW ZEALAND. 
 
 DEscniPTioN. — Ne'.v Zealand consists of two large islands, known as the 
 .North and South, divided by Cook's Straits, a small island called Stcwait's, 
 and some smaller islets scattered around the coasts. The united area of the 
 two islands is about 70,000,000 acres. The colonist population of the two 
 islands is about 450,000, and that of the natives about 45,000. The ' ny 
 is divided into ten provincial districts — Auckland, Wellington, Taraii. and 
 Hawke's Bay, in the North Island, and Nelson, Marlb »rough, Obago, Can- 
 terbury, Soutliland and Westland, in the South Island. The seat of 
 .Government is at Wellington, in the South Island, which has a population 
 of 19,000 souls. The other principal towns are Dunedin, in the South 
 Island, with a population of 35,000; and Auckland, in the North, with 32,000. 
 
 Land. — The Crown land offices are at Auckland, New Plymouth, Napier, 
 Wellington, Nelson, Blenheim, Christ Church, Dunedin, Invercargill, and 
 Hokitika. The Crown lands are divided into town, suburban, and rural 
 "lands. 
 
 The rural lands are generally sold by auction at an upset price per acre, 
 which varies from 5s. to 40s., according to quality. 
 
 Town and suburban lands are also sold by auction at upset prices of not 
 less than ^30 per acre for the former and i;3 for the latter. The right to 
 cut timber may be acquired by lease for a term not exceeding seven years. 
 Forest lands are sometimes sold by auction, and unsurveyed lands are open 
 for free sale at from £1 to £% per acre. 
 
 Climate, Soil, and Prodootions. — The climate of New Zealand is excel- 
 lent, and is regarded as one of the finest in the world. The summer is 
 warmer than that of Great Britain, while the winter is much milder. It is 
 subject to high winds which prevail at all seasons. Fogs and thunder-storms 
 seldom occur. The soil produces luxuriant crops, and, most of the native 
 trees and shrubs being evergreen, the country has a verdant appearance at 
 all seasons, all the crops produced in Great Britain, besides maize and 
 semi-tropical fruits, ripening. Large forests of Kauri pine and other valuable 
 timbers abound in the colony, 
 
 Tjrade and Exports. — Manufactures are extending most rapidly, and 
 factories of various kinds, including ship-building yards, foundries, carriage 
 works, tanneries, meat preserving works, saw mills, clothing factories, &c. 
 The colony exports gold, timber, gum, wool, flax, preserved meats, wheat, 
 oats, barlej', &c., &c. 
 
 Average Rate of Wages, Cost of Living, &o. — Ordinary labourers in 
 town and country receive from 6s. to 83. a day. Shepherds from £35 to .£80, 
 and ploughmen frdrn £40 to £60 per annum, with board and lodging. 
 Married agricultural labourers, with their wives, from £50 to £80, and single 
 men from £25 to £50, with board and lodging. Mechanics, such as 
 carpenters, cabinet-makers, coach-builders, painters and glaziers, saddlers, 
 harness-makers, bricklayers and shipwrights from 8s. to 12s., without rations. 
 The wages of female domestic servants vary from £20 to £50 a year, with 
 board and lodging. The cost of living is lov/, clothing of the ')lainer kinds is 
 about the same as in England, but house rent is considerably iiigher. 
 
 New Zealand is reached by direct steam and sailing vess'ds from London. 
 Tlie fares are — Saloon, £52. 19s. ; second cabin, £25 ; t lird cabin, £18 ; 
 steerage, £16 ; or by the Orient Line of steamers to Melbourne and Sydney, 
 from whence passengers go in colonial steamers to New Zealand for the 
 additional fares of £(» fiu* first-class and £4 for steerage. Assisted passages 
 are granted to farm labourers and female domestic servants. Forms of 
 application and every information may be obtained from the Agent-Genern i 
 for New Zealand, 7," Westminster Chambers, London, S.W. 
 
The United States., . 
 
 .47 
 
 own as the 
 i Ste wait's, 
 area of the 
 of the two 
 rhe " ny 
 raii. and 
 •bago, Can- 
 lie seat of 
 population 
 the Soutli 
 'ith 32,000. 
 th, Napier, 
 !argill, and 
 and riual 
 
 e per acre, 
 
 ces of not 
 9 right to 
 ven years. 
 I are open 
 
 i is excel- 
 uminer is 
 ier. It is 
 
 ler-storius 
 he native 
 sarance at 
 laize aiul 
 • valuable 
 
 •idly, and 
 
 carriage 
 
 ories, &c. 
 
 s, wheat, 
 
 Jurers in 
 5 to .£80, 
 
 lodging, 
 (id single 
 such as 
 saddlers, 
 t rations, 
 sar, witli 
 
 kinds is 
 
 London, 
 n, A'18; 
 Sydney, 
 for the 
 >assages 
 orms of 
 Grenern i 
 
 Tua 
 
 i s 
 
 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 
 
 Dksciitption. — The United Stntos extend from the Atlantic in the east to 
 the Prtcilic Ocean in the west, a distance of 2700 miles : and from Canada in 
 the north to Mexico and the Gulf of Mexico in the south, a distance of 1600 
 miles. Its total area, inclusive of Alaska (acquired by purchase from 
 Russia in 1867) is 3,542,858 acres. 
 
 The country is traversed by two great mountain chains, the Alleghanies 
 and the Rock Mountains, which divide the country into three natural divisional, 
 the Atlantic and Pacific slopes and the valley of the Mississippi. Tl.e 
 Jiighest peaks of the Rocky Mountains attain to a height of 16,000 feet above 
 the level of the sea, while the highest peak of the Alleghany chain attains to 
 a height of 6420 feet. 
 
 The principal river is the Mississippi, which has many important tributariea. 
 It rises in the state of Minnesota, and after running for 3200 miles empties 
 into the Gulf. The principal rivers flowing into the Atlantic are the Con- 
 necticut, Hudson, Delaware, Susquehanna, Potomac, and James ; and into 
 the Pacific, the Columbia, Sacramento, and Colorado rivers. 
 
 The chain of lakes, comprising Superior, Huron, Erie, and Ontario, form 
 a portion of the boundary line between the United States and Canada. The 
 prinrijinl lakes belonging exclusively to the States are Michigan, Champlain, 
 Salt Lake, Pyramid, and Indus. The capital of the United Sta'es and the 
 seat of Government is Washington, though the principal city in point of 
 population is New York, beautifully situated at the mouth of the Hudson 
 jiiver. where it empties into the Atlantic Ocean. The populjition of the 
 United States is about 52,000,000. . 
 
 Government. — The Government of the United States is a Federal 
 Republic, composed in all of forty-six independent States and Territories, 
 each State exercising independent powers M'ithin its own dominions, subject 
 to the constitution and laws of the United States. The Territories are 
 governed in part by oiBcers appointed by the President of the Republic. By 
 the terms of the Constitution, adopted by a Convention in 1787, and ratified 
 by the States, general powers are vested in the Central Government at 
 Washington. This National Government is composed of three departments, 
 the Legislative, the Executive, and Judiciary. 
 
 The Legislative power is composed of a Congi-ess of two houses, the 
 Senate and the House of Representatives. The Senate is constituted by two 
 members ipi-om each State, elected by the State Legislature. A Senator must 
 bo thirty years of age ; his term of office is six years. A Representative, or 
 member of the " Lower House," is elected by the people forai^ (uof two 
 years. He must be twenty-five years of age, and a citizen of the United 
 States of seven years' standing. One representative is elected fov every 
 130,000 inluibitfUits. - 
 
48 
 
 The United States. 
 
 The Executive power is vested in the President, who is elected tor a term 
 of four years. 'J Ins and the Vice-Presidency are the only offices for which 
 a citizen of foreign birth is not eligible. 
 
 The Judiciary department consists of a Supreme Court, with a chief 
 
 instice and seven associate justices, wlio are appointed fur lite by the 
 'resident, with the approval of the Senate. There are also, besides the State 
 Courts, Disti'ict Courts throughout the ditferent States. 
 
 The Supreme Court has original jurisdiction in cases arising under the 
 Constitution of the United States in matters affecting treaties, ambassadors, 
 consuls, &c. The State Courts have jurisdiction over civil and criminal 
 causes ai'ising within tlie State in which they are situated, and affecting the 
 inhabitants of that State. 
 
 Keligion and Edccatiok. — ^All religions are free by the law of the land, 
 and are supported upon the voluntary principle. The Protestant denopiina* 
 tions are the most numerous, but the Roman Catholics number fully one-fifth 
 of the entire population. Spiritualists, Shakers, and Mormons are found in 
 considerable numbers, and Orientals, composed chiefly of Chinese, are some* 
 what numerous in the States bordering on the Pacific. The scliools are free, 
 and supported by taxes, funds, and " school lands," given over to New States 
 for educational purposes. 
 
 Much enterprise is exhibited in connection with newspapers. Every little 
 town has its local publication. Each State in the Union has several ably< 
 conducted publications, and although they are no doubt somewhat inferior 
 in hterary ability to those issued in older countries, what they lack in this 
 respect is made up for the business energy displayed by their proprietors. 
 
 Trade. — The principal exports Of the United States are cattib, sheep, and 
 horses, breadstuff's, provisions, cotton (raw and manufactured), tobacco, rice, 
 fruits, mineral, oil, coal, leather, manufactures of iron and steel, including 
 agricultural implements, engines, sewing machines, &o. 
 
 The imports chiefly consist of manufactured goods, though, by the aid of 
 high protective duties, the manufactures of the United States are now able 
 to produce at home many of the articles which a few years ago were imported 
 from Great Britain. These extend to almost every description of hardware 
 and cutlery, and the various articles of clothing of which but comparatively 
 limited quantities are now imported. Kid gloves, silks, wines, and other 
 articles are still imported, but the tendency on the part of the Americans is 
 to purchase nothing abroad which can be profitably manufactured at home. 
 
 Means of Communication. — Railway and steamboat communication 
 throughout the country is of the very best description, and offers superior 
 accommodation to that obtainable in Europe. Long distances are traversed 
 either by land or water with ease and comfort, and several of the lines of 
 railwav run for thousands of miles. 
 
 Postal and Telegraph Arrangements. — The Post Office is controlled by 
 the State, and money-orders afford cheap facilities for transmitting cash. 
 The Telegraph is worked by several chartered companies, and it extends to 
 every town and village of importance throughout the country. 
 
 Climate. — A great variety of climate may be experienced in the United 
 States. The atmosphere inland is generally dry, but that of the Atlantic 
 coast is affected to a considerable extent by the action of the Gulf Stream. 
 Hot summers and cold winters prevail in the Northern States, while in the 
 south, or Gulf States, the climate is almost tropical. In the far west, par- 
 ticularly in California and the Southern Pacific States, the climate is mild 
 and salubrious; while in the North-west and Northern Pacific States it 
 
 ^' 
 
The United States. 
 
 49 
 
 tor a term 
 for which 
 
 <h a chief 
 fe by the 
 I the State 
 
 under the 
 bassadors, 
 criminal 
 ecting the 
 
 F the land, 
 denoinina* 
 Y one-fifth 
 9 found in 
 are son:e« 
 3 are free, 
 e\v States 
 
 very little 
 eral ably- 
 it inferior 
 Lck in this 
 i&tors. 
 
 heep, and 
 acco, rice, 
 including 
 
 ;he aid of 
 now able 
 imported 
 hardware 
 paratively 
 ind other 
 sricnns is 
 I; home. 
 
 tunication 
 
 superior 
 
 traversed 
 
 3 lines of 
 
 :rolled by 
 ing cash, 
 xtends to 
 
 3 United 
 Atlantio 
 F Stream, 
 le in the 
 t'est, par- 
 } is mild 
 States it 
 
 resembles more that of Central Europe. All kinds of cereals, apples and 
 other fruits, indigenous to temperate climates, jrield good crops in the 
 northern portion of the United States, from whence they are largely 
 exported. In the southern portion of the country cotton, rice, tobacco, and 
 other tropical products are chiefly grown. 
 
 Emigration to the United States.— f'a J ClasseB of Etnigrant$.—Aa in 
 most parts of the New World, agriculture is the staple industry here ; there- 
 fore, the greatest number of openings are for those who wish to turn their 
 attention to farming operations, either as capitalist farmers or agricultural 
 labourers. 
 
 Manufacturing industries having developed much of late years, there is a 
 good demand for artizans in some of the older States, where employment is 
 to be found in connection with the mining industries, &c., and in those 
 localities where cotton, iron steel, and other goods are produced. Clerks, 
 shopmen, and other persons without capital, and unaccustomed to manual 
 labour, are not much in demand. 
 
 {b) Time to Emigrate.— To the North and North-Western States people 
 should not emigrate in the winter season but in the spring, though to the 
 South and Southern Pacific States they may safely do so at any season. 
 The voyage from Liverpool to New York usually occupies about ten days by 
 steamer — from London one or two days longer — and a journey of four to 
 seven days after landing will reach the most distant parts of the country. 
 
 (c) Coat of Reaching the United Stqtea. — Passages from the various ports 
 in Great Britain from whence the different Atlantic steamers sail are some- 
 what as follows: — Saloon from j£10 to ^20; intermediate, from ^6. 6s. to 
 ^8. 8s. ; steerage, ^3 to ^4. 4s. There are no free or assisted passages to 
 the United States. 
 
 THE NORTHEEN STATES. 
 
 DESoRirTioN. — The Northern States, composed of those lying east of the 
 Mississippi, and comprising with others what are known as the New England 
 States, is the country where the Pilgrim Fathers landed the Anglo-Saxon 
 race, and was first 8uccessf>illy planted. This section of the country contains 
 many of the most populous cities, including the State capital of Washington, 
 and the commercial capital oi New York. Amongst its other large cities are 
 Philadelphia, Chicago, Cincinnati, &c. 
 
 Land. — Most of the lands in the Northern States having passed from the 
 liands of the Government, are owned either by private individuals or railway 
 companies ; and, excepting in one or two States, little wild land is now vacant. 
 In the State of Michigan principally, unredeemed lands suitable for agricul- 
 tural purposes are still to be found at prices from five dollars per acre. 
 
 Climate, Soil, and Productions. — The climate of the Northern States 
 varies considerably, and though the winters are colder than those of Great 
 Britain, the summers are much warmer. The soil also varies in t'iiTorent 
 localities, though a very large portion is of the best description for agricul- 
 tural purposes. Many of the utrms are under a high &tate of cultivation. 
 Cereals of all kinds, grasses, and a great variety of root crops, while fruits, 
 including peaches and grapes, are grown in abundance. 
 
 Minerals and Timber. — Iron, petroleum, and coal, are found plentifully in 
 the States of Ohio and Pennsylvania, lead in Illinois, zinc in New Jersey 
 and Pennsylvania, and tin in Maine. Pine timber grows in the States -of 
 
60 
 
 The United States. 
 
 Maine and Michigan, where lumbering operations are still carried on to some 
 extent. Hardwood timber is produced in most of the Northern States. 
 
 Manufactuhes and Exports. — The chief manufactures of the Northern 
 States are iron and steel, cotton goods, machinery, fire-arms, cutlery, electro- 
 plated goods, watches and clocks, earthenware, woollen clothes, silks, &c., all 
 of which are exported in considerable quantities, together with lead, copper, 
 zinc, lumber, sashes and doors, leather, beef, pork, mutton, cheese, fruits, &c. 
 
 Average Rate of Wages, Cost ov Living, &c. — Farm hands receive 
 from £i. 10s. to ^3 per month, with board and lodging, and from -As. to 8a. 
 per day during three months of the summer season, with board and lodgings ; 
 female servants get from 30s. to 50s. per month. Miners and mechanics also 
 receive higher wages than in England, but the cost of living and clothing is 
 more expensive, board and lodgings costing from 20s. to 30s. per week. 
 
 THE SOUTHERN STATES. 
 
 Description. — The Southern States are bounded on two sides by the 
 Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico. They comprise that portion of the 
 States where until the Civil War negro slavery was tolerated by legislature. 
 Now, however, the coloured population enjoy the same privileges as the 
 whites. The principal cities of the South are New Orleans, with a popu- 
 lation of 191,418 ; Charlestown, and Memphis. 
 
 Land. — Most of the land in these States is in the hands of private 
 individuals, though there is a large, quantity held by the Governments of 
 several States ; and in Florida alone the State lands comprise an area of 
 about 15,000,000 acres. These lands may be purchased at prices varying 
 from one dollar per acre and upwards, by addressing the local State Com- 
 missioner of Lands. 
 
 Climate, Soil, and Productions. — In the "Sunny South" the climate is 
 mild and warm, and in the elevated parts of the country is healthy, but on 
 the low-lying lands near the Mississippi and other rivers, and in the vicinity 
 of swamps, fevers are prevalent. The soil is generally good, and produces 
 maize, cotton, indigo, sugar, rice, tobacco, oranges, lemons, pine apples, 
 bananas, grapes, and peaches, besides the various fruits, vegetables, and 
 cereals common to the more northern climates. 
 
 FLORIDA. 
 
 Area, 60,000 square miles. Population, 276,351. 
 Governor, G. F, Drew. Capital, Tallahassee. 
 
 In 1819, Florida was purchased by the United States, and formally ceded 
 by Spain. In 1822, a territorial government was established ; in 1845, she 
 was admitted to the Union ; and in January, 1861, she seceded. Such is the 
 history briefly told. Discovered in 1497, and made the battle ground of strife 
 until 1858, it is a marvel, says a writer, " not that she has accomplished So 
 little, but that she exists at all, and that her boundless forests, her lovely 
 rivers, and. beautiful lakes, are not locked in the silent embrace of a lifeless 
 des.c^tion." ■ . 
 
 Situkted* betw-feen latitudes 25 degrees and 31 degrees north, bounded on 
 the' east by the Atlantic, and on the west by the Gulf of Mexico, and being 
 only about ninety miles average distance from either, there is always a 
 delightful and invigorating breeze. At Jacksonville, in 1881, the highest 
 ^temperatm-e was 9(J degrees and the lowest 32 degrees, the annual mean being 
 , ;73 degrees, and from trustworthy data carefully prepared during five years 
 'it was found that Meixtone exceeded Jacksonville in humidity nearly four per 
 c'6nt. 
 
The United States, 
 
 61 
 
 Last year alone, Florida received no less than 50,000 visitors from the 
 north,. and no wonder. In this delicious climate every description of fruit and 
 vegetable grown in any semi-tropical region thrives to perfection and in the 
 wildest abundance. Oranges, lemons, pineapples, bananas, guavas, cucum- 
 bers, tomatoes, citrons, olives, pears, plums, strawberries, and grapes, form 
 but a few of the vast variety of fruits that now grow in Florida, and from 
 thence are shipped to the northern cities, where they realise at times almost 
 incredible prices. The timber of the Florida forests, and especially the 
 yellow pitch pine, excels all others in the States, being free from sap, aiid for 
 the purpose of railway sleepers requires no creosoting. The orange business, 
 however, is the one which seems now to be attracting the greatest attention', 
 and in a recent report Her Majesty's consul at Pensacola writes :— " Of late 
 years quite a number of market gardeners have settled near the city, and the 
 planting of vegetables and the transportation of the crop when ripe to the 
 northern and western markets in railroad cars has been found very profit- 
 able. New towns are springing up in all directions, and over 55,000,000 
 oranges have been boxed up and transported to all parts of the United States. 
 The Iruit growers are making fortunes. A ten-acre orange grove with 600 
 trees bought and planted at four years old will cost, including care and atten- 
 tion during four years, ^588, and will readily sell when ten years old, that is, 
 six years after the grove is planted, at £5000." The trees bear in the eighth 
 year, and will continue to do so for hundreds of years. 
 
 Florida abounds in beautiful lakes, full of choice fish, while deer and 
 other game are to be found in plenty if sought lor. For the class of emigrant 
 who has the command of a few hundred pounds, Florida offers 'V<j most 
 practical and tangible inducements. Twenty or thirty acres of Ir .d there 
 will produce as large a result as two or three hundred in the western states, 
 and with a minimum of help, for the settler should be able to do the most of 
 the work himself, or with a hired man or two. 
 
 The everglades or southern half of Florida are now being drained, and 
 vast areas of lands of the richest description are being prepared for sugar 
 growing, and when this great work is completed in a year or two hence 
 America ought to require no further importations of sugar, but steadily and 
 profitably produce her own. 
 
 On the St. John's River, which flows half through the State from north 
 to south, and which contains a greater volume than the Rio Grande, thriving 
 towns and cities are springing up with surprising rapidity. One of the oldest 
 resideiits on the shores of this beautiful river is Mrs. Stowe, the authoress of 
 " Uncle Tom's Cabin." Her orange grove at Mandarin is a place of pilgrimage 
 for those who remember the excitement caused by her famous novel a quarter 
 of a century or more ago. 
 
 Everywhere in the State to-day are unmistakable eyidences that Florida's 
 time of prosperity has come. She has waited long, but emigrants of all lands 
 are now making their homes there, and the millionaires of the north are 
 erecting handsome residences on the lakes and rivers to which they can resort 
 in a two days' journey, and so escape the rigoui's of the northern winters. 
 
 TEXAS. 
 
 Area, 274,3^6 square miles. Population in 1880, 1,592,574. 
 Governor, John Ireland. Capital, Austin. 
 
 The word Texas is said to be derived from the Indian word Ta-has, mean- 
 ing " Here is all." The tradition is that a large tribe of Indians, who for 
 months had wandered eastward from what is now known as Mexico, and 
 through a mountainous, broken, and barren region, finally reached a high cliff 
 overlooking the great valley of the Guadaloupe River. As the eye of the chief 
 caught the view — the beautiful river, fringed with cypress, meandering its way 
 
 1 
 
 il 
 
 'f 
 
52 The United States. 
 
 down through fertile plains, studded here and there with mots of live oak, I 
 looking like small islands in a sea of emerald green, with wild horses and 
 cattle and sheep and goats, feeding peacefully among deer, antelope, and 
 buffalo, with birds of rare plumage and flowers of every hue — he became so 
 enraptured that he cried out to his people, " Ta-has, Ta-has, Ala-ba-ma," 
 " Here is everything, here we rest !" and the coimtry now known as Texas | 
 was first given its name. 
 
 Texas is the largest of all the States or Territories belonging to the Ameri- 
 can Union, extending over ten degrees of latitude, and about the same of | 
 longitude. 
 
 In no State or Territory of the great Republic has the advancement in I 
 population, railroad building, or increase in material wealth been so rapid aa 
 in Texas, for the past five years. The assessed value of property, which is a 
 fair index of the general prosperity, has increased more than 100,000,000 of 
 dollars within the past two years, being now upwards of 460,000,000 dollars. 
 The railroad mileage has increased to more than 6,000 miles. The value of 
 State products exported was 84,000,000 dollars during the year ending August 
 31st, 1881, and 85,000,000 during the year 1882 ; for the year ending August, 
 1883, it reached 108,000,000 dollars. The entire products of the State this 
 year (1883), including exports and home consumption, amount to nearly' 
 . 120,000,000 dollars. The productions which make up this enormous aggre- ' 
 gate are as follows : — 
 
 Dollars. 
 
 Cotton (1,518,000 Mea) 75,665,500 
 
 Wool (22,780,280 pounds) 4,100,441 
 
 Hides (13,812,746 pounds) 1,464,402 
 
 Cattle (705,642 head) 16,346,980 
 
 Horses (19,224 head) 480,600 
 
 Timber 9,226,418 
 
 Grain and hay 5,674,815 
 
 Cotton seed and cotton-seed cake and oil . . 3,428,516 
 
 Misoellaneoas products 2,876,419 
 
 Sugar and molasses 642,210 \ 
 
 In the production of cotton, cattle, and sheep, Texas now leads all the other 
 States, as she will probably do in the near future in the production of sugar, 
 cereals, and fruits. She has also great mineral wealth, and extraordinary 
 manufacturing facilities from the water-power of her rivers and the produc- 
 tion of the raw material. Many of her railroads now extend far into Mexico, 
 and have thus become international. Texas has about one thousand miles of 
 sea-coast, and her harbours are being rapidly improved by the United States 
 Government. 
 
 There are many countries which excel in one or more staple productions ; 
 but it is claimed for Texat that if all the rest of the lands of the earth were at 
 once submerged by the sea, the inhabitants of this great country would suffer 
 no material hardships or inconvenience. They womd still have plenty of all 
 kinds of meat and bread, tea, coffee, and sugar ; they could clothe themselves 
 in wool, cotton, silk, and linen ; they would have all kinds of vegetables and 
 fruits, including the orange, lemon, fig, lime, and olive; they would have 
 petroleum oil, iron, copper, lead, tin, kaolin, potters' clay, coal, cinnabar, 
 granite, marble, cement, lime, timber, &c., &c., for mechanical purposes, and 
 gold and silver for mediums of exchange. There would be cigars from fine 
 tobacco, a dozen or more varieties of wines from grapes, beer from hops, and 
 spirits from corn as now ; and the country with its present boundaries could 
 easily support a population of 60,000,000 souls. 
 
 Minerals and Timbeb. — Gold, silver, copper, ii'on, lead, marble, and coal 
 is found in the Southern States. Where the country is wooded, pine, 
 cypress, cedar, oak, hickory, maple, and black walnut are found in consider- 
 able quantities. 
 
The United Siaies. 
 
 ii 
 
 Mandfactuiies Axn Exports.— Mills and factories of varions kinds abound, 
 jindthe principal exports are cotton and cotton goods, rice, sugar, tobacco, 
 I indigo, breadstutfs, meats, lumber, leather, resin, tui-pentinel and tar. 
 
 I Average Rate of Waoes, Cost of Living, &c.— Owing to the compara- 
 Itive abundance of coloured labour the rate of wages paid for unskilled labour 
 I in the south is low. The monthly wages of farm labourers, with board in 
 I summer and winter, is from 30s. to 50s., and the monthly wages of female 
 I servants from 15s. to 25s. Mechanics are better paid. The average is as 
 follows: — Blacksmitlis, biicklayers, carpenters, coopers, painters, plasterers, 
 I tanners, tailors, tinsmiths, and wheelwrights receive from 8s. fid. to 10s. per day 
 [without board. 
 
 The necessaries of life can be purchased at reasonable rates, and board 
 I may generally be had cheaper than in the north, where the population is 
 ■ more dense. 
 
 THE WESTERN STATES. 
 
 Description. — Under this designation must be included the large extent of 
 [territory west of the Mississippi, bounded on its western limits by the Pacific 
 Ocean. Much of this vast tract of country was, until recently, known as 
 " territories," but is now divided into States, having local governments similar 
 to the older States of the Union. A few thousand Indians still roam over 
 the unsettled parts of the country, though most of them have been induced to 
 I settle down on the land set apart for them by the United States Government. 
 
 The principal cities in the Western States are — St. Louis, the commercial 
 I centre of the Mississippi Valley ; San Francisco, on the Pacific ; Galveston, 
 I and Little Rock. 
 
 Land. — The different State Governments, in order to encourage coloniza- 
 Ition, grant lands to dual settlers who engage to cultivate it. There are also 
 I State lands for sale at prices varying from one dollar an acre upwards. 
 
 Climate, Soil, and Productions. — In a large tract of country like this, 
 I the climate varies considerably, but taken as a whole it is pleasant and more 
 healthy than that of the South. The soil over a great portion of the country 
 is very fertile, though in certain parts it is sandy and barren, and in some of 
 the States, as in Nevada, much of the land is mountainous, rocky, and unfit 
 for agriculture. Besides the ordinary crops usually grown on farms in 
 Great Britain, the west produces many of those belonging to semi-tropical 
 climates, amongst which may be mentioned tobacco and cotton, besides the 
 most delicate kinds of fruits. Stock raising, however, is probably the 
 greatest industry in the Western States, and thousands of heads of cattle, 
 many of which find their way into the English market, are raised and fed on 
 the ranches. 
 
 Minerals and Timber. — The Western States probabljr possess in Nevada, 
 New Mexico, and Colorado the richest deposits of silver in the world. Gold 
 was first discovered in California in 1848, and is found also in New Mexico, 
 and some other States. Coal, iron, copper, lead and marble are also amongst 
 the minerals. Though a large extent of the country is composed of prairie 
 lands, a considerable area is covered with timber, consisting principally of 
 
 Eine, spruce, cypress, cedar, cotton- wood, oak, maple, cherry, walnut, hickory, 
 irch, and ironwood. 
 
 Manufactures and Exports.— The manufactories of the west consist 
 principally of flour, saw and planing mills, cloth factories, coopers' shops, 
 
04 
 
 The United States. 
 
 lead furnaces, blacksmiths' and wagon makers' shops ; tobacco furnaces anc 
 iron works ; and the exports are more the natural productions of the countrj 
 than manufactured goods. They consist principally of minerals, flourJ 
 cotton, tobacco, corned beef, meat, maizo, wheat, rye, cattle, hogs, wool] 
 cheese, fruits, &c. 
 
 CALIFORNIA. 
 
 Area, 188,881 square miles. 
 Governor, G. C. Perkins. 
 
 Population, 864,686. 
 Capital, Sacramento. 
 
 In giving a brief description of California, we cannot do better than take a: 
 extract from a lecture delivered in Carlow, Ireland, by Mr. W. G. Kingsbury, 
 European agent of the Southern Pacific Railroad. 
 
 Mr. Kingsbury said: " In leading descriptions of California, it would see 
 to me as though Nature, when making up the earth, made California last 
 and had kept back a full assortment of all the material ever used, even dowi 
 to the fruit and flowers and mirrored fountains of the Garden of Eden, an 
 finally used up the lot in finishing off the Pacific Coast. Books of 500 page 
 are written upon California, and the subject not half exhausted ; at this lat 
 hour I can only detain you to mention a few of the marvels, and any of yo 
 desiring to investigate fully, will be supplied with books and maps by writin: 
 to my office, at 41, Finsbury Pavesnent, London. 
 
 " California lias a rainy and dry season ; it commences to rain slowly abou 
 the 1st of November, and closes in March, though there will be a few showeri 
 in April. The wheat is grown during the rainy season, but it never rains 
 drop during the entire time of harvest. Farmers never stack their wheat, bu 
 haul it to a central point where it is threshed in the open, and the sacks o: 
 wheat are kept standing upon the ground for weeks at a time without the leasi 
 fear of their being damaged. 
 
 " Of fruits, California produces apples, peaches, apricots, oranges, lemons, 
 limes, figs, olives, prunes, dates, plums, cherries, currants, gooseberries, straw 
 berries, black and red raspberries, English walnuts, almonds, and pecans ; a" 
 of these gi-ow to perfection, and yield large returns. Oranges are said to b 
 the most profitable. A ten-acre grove of bearing trees is a competency for an; 
 man, and will yield him a sure income of ii2000 per annum, and more ofte 
 exceed thai sum than go under it ; and yet the entire expense of planting an^ 
 cultivating to maturity does not exceed £S0 per acre. Accounts are given o: 
 an orange raised in San Diego county that measured 22 inches round, and, 
 being pear-shaped, it was 25 inches the long way. It was of the pumlo variety 
 and grew on a young tree only two inches in diameter. It was as large as 
 water-keg, and had to be supported by a neiwork tied to the branches above 
 Grape culture for wine, brandy, and raisins is no>v, and will ever be, the lead 
 ing industry of the country. The average yield of grapes is about eight ton 
 to the acre, though eleven tons is often reached. The value of the crop ii 
 from ^50 to ^80 per acre per annum. The total cost of buying the cuttings 
 ploughing, laying off and cultivating ten acres of grapes : — The first year is 
 put down at a little less than ^£40 ; the second year at ^£20 ; the third at £22 ; 
 fourth, ^26 ; fifth, ^25 ; sixth, ^25 ; or a total of ^£155. The receipts the' 
 third year were ^£160 ; the fourth, i£480 ; the fifth, £-640 ; the sixth, ^800 ; 
 leaving a net profit on the ten acres of ^£2,225 in six years, and the vineyard 
 just aow at maturity, and will last for a hundred years or more. The above 
 is given as the result of a raisen-grape vineyard, but the result is about the 
 same when converted into wine. 
 
 " The canning of fruits, especially the apricot, peach, strawberries, and pear, 
 is an immensely profitable industry in California, and gives employment to 
 thousands of men, women, and children. Strawberries are ripe at Christmas 
 and last into May, and with a little trouble may be had the year round. As 
 to vegetables, every variety is grown there in great abundance, and all the 
 
 I year round 
 ] in thirteen 
 as high a 
 London of 
 dred and t 
 last year s 
 honey froi 
 is one of 1 
 teen tons < 
 will suppo 
 Turkeys a 
 out other 
 without re 
 " The s 
 and the gi 
 capped su 
 glaciers t( 
 gladdened 
 church ai 
 through t 
 orange bl 
 chase — N 
 before yoi 
 can we w; 
 develope 
 " For t: 
 ably situs 
 acre. 
 
 " Perso 
 receive a 
 Montgom 
 Californit 
 soiue of 2 
 present w 
 to emigra 
 far as yoi 
 year or ti 
 a home fi 
 
 AVERA 
 
 particula 
 Farm ha 
 lodgings, 
 men, froi 
 of living 
 week. 
 
 Desou 
 country '. 
 Pacific < 
 Until re 
 by India 
 the Indi 
 Affairs h 
 Pacific ] 
 into thai 
 of the ri 
 
The United States, 
 
 65 
 
 maces anc 
 the countrj 
 irals, flourj 
 hogs, wool 
 
 lan take ai 
 Kingsbury^ 
 
 ivould seei 
 ifornia lastj 
 even dowi 
 Eden, an<j 
 ' 500 pagea 
 at this lat« 
 any of yoi 
 I by writing 
 
 lowly abou^ 
 3W showers 
 jver rains 
 ' wheat, bu|j 
 he sacks oJ 
 ut the leasj 
 
 ;es, lemonsJ 
 fries, strawl 
 pecans; al 
 e said to hi 
 mcy for anj 
 more ofter 
 lan ting and 
 ire given ol 
 round, and] 
 [ulo variety] 
 3 large as 
 dies above] 
 e, the leadi 
 I; eight tons 
 the crop is 
 le cuttingsJ 
 irst yearis| 
 ird at ^22 ;| 
 eceipts thel 
 xth, ^800 ; 
 le vineyard 
 The above 
 9 about the 
 
 }, and poar, 
 loyment to 
 Christmas 
 round. As 
 xnd all the 
 
 , 
 
 year round. Five perfect crops of potatoes can be grown on the same land 
 in thirteen months. Sweet potatoes grow to an enormous size, some weigliing 
 as high as twenty-live pounds. I have the photograph of a squash, iu my 
 London office, sent me by my son from Los Angeles, that weighed two hun- 
 dred and eleven pounds. Honey farming is also very protitablo. Ono farmer 
 last year shipped fourteen car loads, eacli weighing ten tons, or 140 tons of 
 honey fi'om one farm. They raise a specdes of clover known as alfalfa, which 
 is one of the most nutritious grasses known ; it will make from twelve to six- 
 teen tons of hay to the acre during the year, or, if cut and fed green, one acre 
 will support three cows and keep them in tine order and a good flow of milk. 
 Turkeys and chickens will eat largely of it, and pigs Avill fatten upon it with- 
 out other food. ; : It grows continuously the year through, and lasts for years 
 without replanting. 
 
 " The scenery of California is grand beyond conception. Turn to the west, 
 and the great calm and peaceful ocean lies before you ; to the east, the snow- 
 capped summits of the great Sierra Mountains, with their awful gorges and 
 glaciers towering above you ; while, turning to the north or south, the eye is 
 gladdened by fertile valleys, waving corn and ripening fruit, the spire of the 
 church and school-house, the white cattages of the thrifty farmers peeping 
 through the mass of foliage, the air laden with the aroma of the rose and 
 orange blossom, birds of brilliant plumage flitting to and fro in their love 
 chase — Nature in lavished abundance spreading everywhere her good things 
 before you. Men and women are healthy, prosperous, and happy ; what more 
 can we want ? California needs one thing more, and that is, population to 
 develope these wonderful resources. 
 
 " For the information of the wealthy, I may state that lands more favour- 
 ably situated as to railroads and settlements are held at from £1 to £20 per 
 acre. 
 
 *' Persons requiring pailiculars beyond what my books and maps give will 
 receive all attention by writing to the ' Pacific Coast Land Bureau, 22, 
 Montgomery street, oan Francisco.' The cost of passage from Dublin to 
 California is about £16, but we expect it will be less before long. Possibly 
 soine of you would like to go to this country who have not the means. At 
 present we have no means of giving assisted passages ; but if you are disposed 
 to emigrate, do not despair of eventually reaching this golden State. Go as 
 for as you can on what money you have, work a while and move on, and in a 
 year or two you will see the gi-eat Pacific Ocean, and never tliink of making 
 a home for you and yours until you do." 
 
 AvEKAGE Rate of Wages, Cost of Living, &c. — In the Western States, 
 particularly in California and Colorado, the rate of wages paid is high. 
 Farm hands receive from £6 to £6 per month by the year, with board and 
 lodgings. Women as " hired girls " receive about the same. Skilled work- 
 men, from 8s. to 15s. per day ; miners, about 12s., without board. The cost 
 of living is rather high, and board and lodgings cost from 20s. to 80s. per 
 week. 
 
 THE NORTH-WESTERN STATES. 
 
 Descbiption. — The North- Western States comprise that part of the 
 country lying between the Mississippi and the great lakes in the east and the 
 Pacific Ocean, whose northern extremity aiijoins the Dominion of Canada. 
 Until recently some of these States were, to a considerable extent, disturbed 
 by Indian warfare, and the massacre of General Custer and his comrades by 
 the Indian chief, " Sitting Bull," will still be fiesh in the memory of many. 
 Afiairs have now, however, assumed a more tranquil aspect, and the Northern 
 Pacific Railway, with its branches, is fast carrying settlement and civilisation 
 into that part of the country which not long ago was in undisputed possession 
 of the red man and the buffalo, both of whom are rapidly becoming extinct. 
 
8^ 
 
 The United States. 
 
 The principal cities in the north-west are St. Paul, Milwaukee, Omaha, 
 Salt Lake City,'_and Portland, Oregon. 
 
 Land. — Oovemment lands, open for settlement, are granted to actual 
 settlers free, under conditions they reside upon and cultivate thorn. Appli- 
 cants must be citizens, or persons of foreign birth who have deciaid their 
 intention t* become such, and over the age of 21, if single or the head of 
 a family. To such persons ItiO acres is granted. 
 
 The Chicago, Milwaukee, and St. Paul Railway, the Northern Pacific 
 Railway, and other companies owning lands throughout the country, have 
 large tracts for sale at prices varying from 10s. per acre upwards, according 
 to quality and location. These lands may be purchased on credit on the 
 following terms : — One-sixth of the purchase money to be paid down ; the 
 balance in five equal annual payments, with interest at 7 per cent. 
 
 Cmjiate, Soil, and PnoDucTioNs. — The average summer temperature of 
 Mihnesota and Dakota is similar to that of the Atlantic States, though it is 
 somewhat colder in winter. The air is dry, pure, and very healthy. 
 Malarial diseases, that are common to the more southerly states, are almost 
 unknown here. In the States of Oregon and Washington, oii the Pacific 
 coast, the climate is not so dry, and resembles more that of Great Britain 
 than any other part of the American Continent. Over a large portion of tho 
 country the soil is good, but in some parts it is more diversified, and in 
 sections rocky and barren. It produces large crops of wheat and other 
 cereals, as well as root crops of various kinds, apples and other fruits. MucJi 
 of the country is covered with bunch grass, upon which cattle fatten, and 
 keep in good condition. There is a large area of this kind of land, par- 
 ticularly in Montana, which is considered one of the best grazing countries 
 in the world. 
 
 MiNEBAts AND TniBKii. — Coal is found in many places along the line of 
 the Northern Pacific Railway. Gold and silver have been «uccessfully mined 
 for some years in Montana, Wyoming, and Idaho. Iron, tin, copper, and 
 limestone are also found. Timber scarce over a lai'ge portion of the country, 
 but tree-planting is receiving every encouragement under the " Tree Cultnro 
 Act." In the States of Washington and Oregon forests of excellent timl 
 of large size are found, and the lumbering operations in these States a 
 extensive and important. 
 
 Mancfactures and Expouts. — The manufactures consist principally of 
 the products of saw, flour, quartz, and woollen mills, foundries, machine 
 shops, and works for canning fish. The exports are horses, cattle, sheep, 
 wool, hides, provision!?, breadstufis, iron, lumber, canned fish, leather, and 
 fruits. 
 
 Average Rate of Wages, Cost of Living, &c. — In Montana, Oregon, 
 and Washington the rate of wages for every description of labour is higli. 
 Farm hands receive from ^5 to £7 per month by the year, and from ^10 to 
 j£12 per month during the harvest months, with board and lodgings. Women 
 are scarce, and female servants get from £5 to £10 per month. Skilled 
 worlnnen, from 12s. to 18s. per day ; and miners, about 14s. a day. Board 
 and lodging is high, and costs from 24s. to 80s. per week. Further east, in 
 the States of Minnesota, Dakota, and Iowa wages are not so high, but the 
 necessaries of life cost less. Farm hands receive from .£3 to £6 per mouth, 
 and servant girls from 30s. to 40s. per month. 
 
 Jt. ^. I 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 15 
 
 If. 
 
 u 1-. 
 
 18 
 
 1!) 
 
 1 
 
 '> 
 
 . 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 (5 
 
 7 
 
67 
 
 RELATIVE VALUE OF ENGLISH, CANADIAN, AND 
 UNITED STATES MONEY. 
 
 £. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 3 
 4 
 5 
 
 7 
 8 
 9 
 
 10 
 11 
 12 
 13 
 14 
 15 
 
 If! 
 
 U 1 
 IH 
 
 1!> 
 
 1 
 " 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 (i 
 
 7 
 
 Dols. eta. 
 
 8 
 
 Doll. Cts. 
 
 34 
 
 .24 
 
 38.93 
 
 .48 
 
 9 
 
 43.79 
 
 35 
 
 .V'2 
 
 10 
 
 48.66 
 
 36 
 
 .9; 
 
 1 11 
 
 53.53 
 
 37 
 
 1.21 
 
 12 
 
 68.39 
 
 33 
 
 1.45 
 
 13 
 
 63.26 
 
 39 
 
 1.70 
 
 14 
 
 68.13 j 
 
 40 
 
 1.91 
 
 15 
 
 72.99 
 
 41 
 
 2.18 
 
 16 
 
 77.86 
 
 42 
 
 2.43 
 
 17 
 
 82.73 
 
 43 
 
 2.(;7 
 
 18 
 
 87.59 
 
 44 
 
 2.91 
 
 19 
 
 92.46 
 
 45 
 
 3.16 
 
 20 
 
 97.33 
 
 40 
 
 3.40 
 
 21 
 
 102.19 
 
 47 
 
 3.64 
 
 22 
 
 107.06 
 
 48 
 
 3.89 
 
 23 
 
 111.92 
 
 49 
 
 1.13 
 
 24 
 
 116.79 
 
 50 
 
 4.37 
 
 25 
 
 121.66 
 
 51 
 
 4.62 
 
 20 
 
 126.62 
 
 52 
 
 86 
 
 27 
 
 131.39 
 
 53 
 
 !i.73 
 
 28 
 
 136.26 
 
 54 
 
 14.59 
 
 29 
 
 141.12 
 
 55 
 
 19.46 
 
 30 
 
 145.99 
 
 56 
 
 24.33 
 
 31 
 
 150.86 
 
 57 
 
 29.19 
 
 32 
 
 155.72 
 
 58 
 
 34.06 
 
 33 
 
 160.59 
 
 59 
 
 iDoIs. Cts. 
 
 165.46 
 170.32 
 175.19 
 180.00 
 184.92 
 189.79 
 194.66 
 199.52 
 204.39 
 209.25 
 214.12 
 218.99 
 223.85 
 228.72 
 233.59 
 238.45 
 243.32 
 248.19 
 263.05 
 257.92 
 262.79 
 267.65 
 272.52 
 277.39 
 282.25 
 287.12 
 
 £. 
 
 DoU. Cts. 
 
 60 
 
 291.99 
 
 61 
 
 296.85 
 
 02 
 
 301.72 
 
 63 
 
 300.68 
 
 64 
 
 311.45 
 
 65 
 
 310.32 
 
 66 
 
 321.18 
 
 67 
 
 320.05 
 
 68 
 
 380.92 
 
 69 
 
 335.78 
 
 70 
 
 340.05 
 
 71 
 
 345.52 
 
 72 
 
 350.38 
 
 73 
 
 355.25 
 
 74 
 
 360.12 
 
 75 
 
 304.98 
 
 1Z 
 
 "«9.85 
 
 77 
 
 374.7^ 
 
 78 
 
 379.68 
 
 79 
 
 384.45 
 
 80 
 
 389.32 
 
 81 
 
 394.18 
 
 82 
 
 399.05 
 
 83 
 
 403.91 
 
 84 
 
 408.78 
 
 85 
 
 413.65 
 
 I ^.■ 
 
 £, 
 
 86 
 87 
 88 
 89 
 90 
 91 
 92 
 93 
 94 
 95 
 90 
 97 
 98 
 99 
 100 
 200 
 300 
 
 -T\J \t 
 
 500 
 600 
 700 
 800 
 900 
 1000 
 
 Dols. Cts, 
 
 418.51 
 
 423.38 
 
 428.25 
 
 433.11 
 
 437.98 
 
 442.85 
 
 447.71 
 
 452.68 
 
 457.45 
 
 462.31 
 
 467.18 
 
 472.05 
 
 476.91 
 
 481.78 
 
 480.65 
 
 973.30 
 
 1459.95 
 
 1946.60 
 
 24.33.25 
 
 2919.90 
 
 3400.65 
 
 3893.20 
 
 4379.85 
 
 4866.50 
 
 Silver is always depreciated abroad. The foresroing table may be slightly influenced by 
 
 the rate of exchange. 
 
68 
 
 THEEE'S ROOM EI^OUGH FOR ALL. 
 
 What need of all this fuss and strife, 
 
 Each warring with his brother ? 
 Why need we through the crowd of life, 
 
 Keep trampling on each other. 
 Is there no goal tnat can be won 
 Without a squeeze to gain it? 
 No other way of getting on 
 But scrambling to obtain it? 
 Oh, fellow men, remember then, 
 
 Whatever chance befall. 
 The world is wide, in lands beside, 
 There's room enough for all. 
 
 What, if the swarthy peasant find 
 
 No field for honest labour? 
 He need not idly stop behind 
 
 To thrust aside his neighbour ! 
 There is a land with many skies 
 
 Which gold for toil is giving. 
 Where every brawny hand that tries 
 Its strength can grasp a living. 
 My fellow men, remember then. 
 
 Whatever chpnce befall. 
 The world is wide, where those abide 
 There's room enough for all. 
 
 From poisoned air ye breathe in courts, 
 
 And typhus-tainted alleys. 
 Go forth and dwell where health resorts. 
 
 In rural hills and valleys ; 
 Where every hand that clears a bough 
 
 Finds Plenty in abundance. 
 And every furrow of the plough 
 A step to Independence. 
 Oh, listen then, from fever'd den 
 
 And lod^ng cramp'd and small, 
 The world is wide, in lands beside, 
 There's room enough for all. 
 
 In this fair region far away 
 
 Will labour find employment — 
 A fair day's work, a fair day's pay, 
 
 And toil will earn enjoyment ! 
 What need then of this daily strife, 
 Each warring with his brother; 
 Why need we in the crowd of life 
 Keep trampling down each other? 
 Oh ! fellow men, remember then, 
 
 Whatever chance befall. 
 The world is wide, where those abide 
 There'rroom enough for all. 
 
CAPE OF GOOD HOPE, NATAL, MAURiriUS, 
 
 AND 
 
 EAS T COAST OF AFR ICA. 
 
 THE Cml MAIL PlCKETSlOMPiy, 
 
 (OARRYING THE BRITISH AND PORTUQUESE ROYAL MAILS.) 
 
 Steamer. Tons lieg. 
 
 Rbslin Oastle 4280 
 
 Hawarden Oastle 4241 
 
 Norham Oastle 4241 
 
 Pembroke Castle 8936 
 
 Drummond Oastle ....8705 
 
 Garth Oastle 8705 
 
 Kinfauns Oastle 8507 
 
 OrantuUy Oastle 8489 
 
 Oonway Oastle 2966 
 
 Warwick Oastle 2957 
 
 FLEET. 
 
 -«5SXoXK&^ 
 
 Steamer. Tons Beg. 
 
 Dunrobin Castle 2811 
 
 Dunbar Castle 2681 
 
 Methven Castle 2681 
 
 COLONIAL MAIL SERVIOE. 
 
 Taymoutb Castle 1827 
 
 Duart Castle 1825 
 
 Dunkeld 1158 
 
 Melrose 840 
 
 Florence 695 
 
 Venice 611 
 
 The OoMPAUV's Boyal Mail Steamers sail from LONDON every alternate TUES- 
 DAY, and from DARTMOUTH every alternate FRIDAY (via Lisbon or Madeira), 
 taking Mailn, Pawengera, and Goods for CAPE TOWN, MOSSEL BAY, PORT 
 ELIZABETH, PORT ALFRED, EAST LONDON, and NATAL. 
 
 EAST AFRICAN SERVICE.— The Company's Colonial Mail Steamebs 
 connect at Capo Town with the Steamers from London via Lisbon, and proceed from 
 Cane Town once every 28 days with Mails, Passengers, and Cargo for Delaooa Bat 
 and the Mozambique Coast, connecting at Mozambique with the British India Com- 
 pany's Mail Steamers for Zanzibar and Aden. 
 
 MAURITIUS. — Regular Service every Four Weeks between London and 
 Mauritius (via Madeira and Cape Town), calling also at Madagascar. 
 
 SI Hurgron and StetoavDesses avt ntviti ijs rati) Steamer. 
 For Dates qf Sailing, Freight, Passage, or any further information, apply to the Managers, 
 
 DONALD CURR/E & CO., 
 
 8 ft 4, FsNOBuncii btbeet, London, E.O. ; 23 & 25, Castle street, Liverpool; 
 16, Obosb stbeet, Manchester ; and 40, St. Enoch square, Glasoow ; 
 Or to any of the undermentioned Agents : — 
 
 HOME. 
 
 Jaueb Oubbib iiQo Leith. 
 
 A. H. Smith Si Co, Edinburgh. 
 
 David Aluxandrb Dundee. 
 
 John Ooor Si Som Aberdeen. 
 
 Smith, Sundxub, ft Oo Plymouth. 
 
 E. M. TcRMOB Dartmouth. 
 
 OGLONIAL. 
 
 Anderson ft Mubison. . . .Capetown. 
 Prince, Vintcent, ft Co. .Mossel Bay. 
 
 Blaine ft Go Port Elizabeth. 
 
 J. Oau ft Go Orahamstown. 
 
 Jas. Oeoboeson East London. 
 
 D. 0. Andrew Durban, Natal. 
 
i . ., <. , t 
 
 NORTH-WEST LAND COMPANY, 
 
 CI 
 
 |)HIS Company offers for Sale to investors and Farmers the 
 finest WHEAT-GROWING LAND in the World, situated 
 in Manitoba and the great North-West. The properties may be 
 reached in 14 DAYS FROM ENGLAND, and terms of payment are 
 FAVOURABLE TO BUYERS. 
 
 Personal application, if possible, is invited by the undersigned, 
 who has visited the Lands. 
 
 For full particulars apply to the 
 
 Company's Emigration and Land Agent: ALEXANDER 
 MOSSES, 114, Cannon street, London, E.C. 
 
 PRICE 3d.; POST FREE, FOUR STAMPS. 
 
 )) 
 
 "OUR BOYS. 
 
 WHAT SHALL WE DO WITH THEM ? 
 
 Emigration tiie Real Solution 
 of the Problenm. 
 
 SHOWING HOW YOUTHS AND YOUNG MEN CAN BE PUT 
 
 INTO THE WAY OF OBTAINING A PROFITABLE LIVING FOR THE 
 
 PRESENT AND A COMPETENCE FOR THE FUTURE. 
 
 JAMES ASPDIN, J.P., 
 
 Author of '• Who should Emigrate, Where to Emigrate, and How to Emigrate." 
 
 Sheffield : Hrnbv Howden, High street. 
 London and Manchester: John Hbtwood; and all Booksellers. 
 
Hr, 
 
 jrs the 
 lituated 
 nay be 
 ent are 
 
 signed, 
 
 IDEE 
 
 }} 
 
 on 
 
 IT 
 
 1 THE 
 
 ! 
 
 CROSBY HALL HOTEL, 
 
 M^^^ 
 
 Opposite Union Depot, 
 
 TORONTO, 
 
 CANADA. 
 
 kO* 
 
 Nearest Hotel to Grand Trunk Railway, Great 
 
 Western Railway, Northern, and Toronto 
 
 Grey & Bruce Railway Stations. 
 
 te. 
 
 RICHARD DISSETTE. 
 
 Proprietor, 
 
 TERMS, One Dollar per Day. Meals, 25 Cents. 
 
TORONTO, ONTARIO, CANADA. 
 
 This favorite and commodions Hotel is conveniently situated to the 
 principal Railway Stations, Steamhoat Landings, and the Parliament 
 
 Baildings. It has One Hundred and Twenty-five well- venti- 
 lated Bedrooms, besides spacious Dining and Drawing-rooms ; also, 
 Passenger Elevator. The house is heated throughout by steam, giving a 
 comfortable temperature during the coldest weather ; and its fine site, over- 
 looking Toronto Bay, on Lake Ontario, renders it a very desirable Summer 
 Resort. 
 
 TERMS : — Two Dollars per Day, which includes Room and Atten- 
 dance, with Full Board (three meals Table d'Hote each day) from a Bill of 
 Fare comprising the very best that can be procured in the market; an 
 abundant supply of choice and delicious fruits is also included. 
 
 Hotel Omnibus and Luggage Wagon attend to the arrivals of Passenger 
 Trains and Steamboats. « . 
 
 DAVID WALKER, 
 
FREE GRANTS of LAND 
 
 IN CANADA. 
 
 >-f^ 
 
 160 acres in Manitoba; 100 to 200 in other 
 
 Provinces. 
 
 Cattle and Dairy and Famn Produce largely exported 
 
 every year. 
 
 OPENINGS for the INVESTMENT of CAPITAL 
 
 IN MANUFACtURES, &C. 
 
 DEMAND FOR MECHANICS, 
 
 FARM AND GENERAL LABOURERS, 
 
 AHD OOOI> l^TAOESS. 
 
 I 
 
 ( ; 
 
 Special facilities offered to Domestic Servants. 
 
 ♦■•'» 
 
 Apply for pamphlets, containing full particulars respecting assisted 
 passages and other matters, to 
 
 JOSEPH G. COLMER, Secretary, 
 
 Office of the High Commissioner for Canada, 9, Victoria Chambers, 
 
 London, S.W., or to 
 
 JOHN BW^E, Canadian Government Agents 
 
 16, Water Street, Liverpool. 
 
 ^v '-^* 
 
 w