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' I COlsTTEnSTTS- CHAPTKR I. INTRODUCTORY. Intrfxluctory.—Early voyiiKes to Amorica.— Scandinavian nr- counts.— Biaini.— Leif Eriksen.— Helluland.— Maikland.— Vinland.—Ba8e discovery awak- ened. — Verrazzano. —Doubts as to the aiitlienticity of his letter. .Iac(|ue8 Cartier. CHAPTER n. THE FIRST VOYAOE. Jacijues Cartier's l)irth. Parentage. -Early life. — Marriage. - Introiluction to the King. -Preparations for voyage to America. — Departure from St. Mal(j. —Arrival at Cai)e Bonavista in Newfoundland. — St. Katherine's harbour. — Isle of Birds. — Bear story. — Carpunt. — Fji baye den Cliaa- M»J(/.r. — Course through Strait of Belle Isle. — Port of Brest. —Evidences of ]nevious visits of Ba.sast of NewfoundKand. -Cape St. John. — Course among the Mag- dalen Islands. — Description nortli-west Ooast of Prince Edward Island.— Miraniichi river. — Iai baije de cludeur.— Meeting with Indians. — Perce. — Oaspe.— More Indians. — Erection of Cross.- Seizure of two Indians. — Course about Anticosti. — DeliU-rations. -Resolve to return home. — Le destroyt Saint Piern-. — Cape Thiennot. — Homeward voy- age. — Arrival at S(. Malo. I If CHAPTER HI. THE SECOND VOYAGE. (iracious reception by the King — Cartier coniniissioned afresh. — Preparations for second voyage. — Im Grande Hermine. —Tai Petite Hermine. — VEmeriTlon. — Departure from 8t. Malo.— Rendezvous at Blanc Sablon. — Port St. NicholaH. — Bay of St. Lawrence. -Diwco very of Anticosti. — Search for North-Wewt passage.— Arrival at the river Saguenay. — Isleaux Coudres. — Query, Did priewts accompany theexpe«'lav in renewal of Commission. — Pro- bable cause thereof.— 'fhini voyage cleterniined on. — Rober- val.— DepartJire of Cartier on third voyage — Arrival at Stadacone.- Interview with Agona.— Selection of Cap Rouge as wintering place — Departure of two vessels for France. — CharleHlM)urg-Royal.— Cartier gn\n'r styled " The visit of the Vikings," by Mr. Thomas Wentworth Higginson in Harper's Magazine for September, 1882. NoTK 2 —The text of the Commission from Henry VII. to John Cabot and hi> iions is to be found in the third volume of Haklnyt's collection of voyages. It runs ; " Dilectis nobis loanni Caboto ciui Venetiarum, Lodouico, Sebastiano, k Saucio, filiis dicti loannis, & eorum rc cuiuslibet eorum ha>retlibus &deputatis" Ac. It is dated "Apud Westmona.sterium quinto die Martii anno rcgui nostii rndecimo," If ^ r ao in the King's name, but at their own charge, reserving to him one-fifth of the profits of the enterprise. Armed with this authority, in the spring of 1497, John Cabot, accompanied by Sebastian, sailed from Bristol in the good ship " Afattheiv" bound for the unknown shores. What became of the other brothers does not appear. Hold- ing a direction north-west of that taken by Columbus, on the 24th June, 1497, they came upon land which they called Prima Vista. In all the older histories this terra primum visa of Cabot is set down as being on the coast of Labrador, but if the map of 1544, commonly ascribed to Sebastian Cabot, be authentic, the first land seen undoubtedly was the north-eastern extremity of the Island of Cape Breton.'' Near by was a large island (probably some portion of Newfoundland, which is represented on Cabot's map as being a cluster of islands). This they named St. John, in honour of the day. The inhabitants of the island were clad in beasts' skins, which, we are told " they have in as great estimation as we have our finest garments." They were well armed with rude weapons. Fish, especially the kind called by the savages, Baccalaos^ abounded, as also did birds of prey. It is worthy of note that this word Baccalaos is said to have been the old Basque equivalent for codfish, and the fact (if it be a fact) of Cabot finding it in use by the natives of Newfoundland would go to show that the Basque traditions of prior discovery are not wholly unfounded.* It NoTK 8. -In a letter on ' John Cabot's Laiulfall,' addresserl in 1885 t<» Chief Justice Daly, President of the American Gcograjihical Society, Mr Kben Norton Horsford discusses this question, and arrives at the (jonclusion that the site of the landfall of John Cabot in 1497 is Salem Neck, Massachusetts, in latitude 42". \V1'. 1 he land first seen, Mr, Horsford thinks, may have been Cape Ann, or possibly the mountain Aganieuticus. Note 4.— The following quotation from Don Quixote — part 1, chapter 2— is 1, (>hai>ter 2— in is, however, very questionable whether the statement twice made in Hakluyt's version of the Cabot voyages, that the word Baccalaos was employed by the savages of Newfound land at that early period, be correct. We have seen it stated that the aborigines of North America called a codfish Apegi, while Cartier tells us that in ** the land newly discovered " the word used by the '* wilde men" to designate a codfish is iiadagoursere. Cabot returned to England in safety, was knighted by the king, and commissioned afresh, with larger powers than originally had been granted to him. About this time, how- ever, he died, and to his son Sebastian was committed the command of the second expedition. Sebastian Cabot made several subsequent voyages in search of the much talked of passage to China, or Cathay, as it was then caUed, from one of which he brought back three men clad in skins " taken in the Newfound Island, who did eate raw flesh, and spake such speach that no man could understand ihem." These savages a[)parently were not slow in adapting themselves to their new surroundings, for the historian, after describing their "brutish " behaviour and uncouth aspect, goes on to say that meeting them two years afterwards, dressed in civilized garments, he scarcely recognized them ! It is nowhere expressly stated that either John or Sebastian Cabot landed anywhere on the shores of the New World, though from the narrative it seems probable that at all events Sebastian did so on the occasion of his second voyage. iiitprestiiife' in this connection hh inilicatinj{tl»at tlie word Baccalaos was eni{>lo]re de chaleur. — Meeting with Indians. — Perce. — (Jaspe. — More Indians. — Erection of Cross.— Seizure of two Indians. — Course about Anticosti. — Deliberations. -Kesolve to return home. — Lf (lesfroi^t Saint Pierre. — Cape Thiennot. — Homeward voy- age. — Arrival at Si. Malo. ACQUES CARTIER was born in St. Malo in the year 1 49 1. Owing to the incomplete form in which the civil registers of that period have come down to us, no record of his baptism can be found ; we are therefore unable tc give the precise date. In fact, the year of his birth is known only by accident. The date was long supposed to have been the 31st December, 1494, but certain legal documents recently brought to light in St. Malo inferentially disprove »^his, and assign 149 1 as the correct year. Thus, one record dated the 23rd December, 1551, has ''/ac Cartier, LX ans,jur6." Another dated 2nd January, 1548, ^^ Jacques Cartier, LVI ans, juri^' and in another dated the 6th June, 1556, he is declared to 26 be sixty-four years of age. 'I hese statements, we think, justify the inference that he was born somewhere between the 7th June and the 23rd December in the year 1491/ Here is a specimen of the manner in which baptisms were sometimes recorded at St Malo in those days : " 4 Deceinhre, 1458. "Die (|uarta mensis Jecembris baptizatus extitit Cattiev (juein levarunt de sacro fonte Steplianus Baudoiu coiiipater principalis et Petrus Vivien et Catharina Frete minores, (eom- patrones et comniatrones). YUOUKS GUERHIER, fecit." This is supposed by some writers to be the record of the baptism of the father of Jacques Cartier, and probably it is, but how is one to determine from the record itself ? The register does not give the name bestowed upon the child, nor even the names of the parents, nor of either of them ! We know, however, from other sources, that one Jean Cartier, born in St. iV^lo in the year 1428, married in 1457 Guillemette Baudoin, who bore him four sons, Jamet, Jean, Elienne, and Pierre. Jamet, the eldest, married Geseline Jansart, and to them was born in the year 1491 our illus- trious navigator.* XoTK .5 "Tlifi assiyniiii'iit of tlie Hist Uijcciiiber, 1494, as tlic ilale of Jaccjucs (Jartici's hirtli, lias, it iiiipcars to us. no ln-ttr reason llinii tin; fact that below tliat. (late on tin; (Mvil registers of >;t. M,;i'' i.opi'ars the following ; ".Saim-Malo, :il Dfieenibre. 14^4 " //'■ X XX f jour lie Deremhre tnt \M\it'\y.6 un fil" d JumH Quart in r et dcieli'i" Janiiiirt, sa feninn', et hit nonirr6 par Uiiillaunie Maingart V)riiieiiml Conijidie et petit eoini;«re liaonlle (Kaoiij) {'.'nlriel " Tins is the only record of the baptism of a Cartier about that ilatc, and for no better reason it has been assumed to be that of .Jacques Cartier. It is true that from Cartier's m:irriage register we know him to be tlie son ol .Jamet Cartier (oi Qiiartier, as it is sometimes spelled) and Gisi liiie Jansart, but it will be observe' that this baptismal n^gister does not menuon the natn ; of the child It must, h.ive been oik^ of .Jacques Oartier's brothers, for Cartier himself, as we have seen, was born in 14111, Icr which year the baptismal registers of St Malo are wholly wanting, as indeed they are missing all the way between 1472 a'ld 14W4. NoTK (5 —We have not the date of the marriage of Cartier's father and mother His grandpatents were married on the 2iid November, 1457, anil his lather bom (as is supposed) on the 4th December, 1468. I i I think, between 491/ baptisms ; Cartier coinpater res, (corn- fecit." rd of the )ably it is, .If ? The the child, of them '. an Cavlier, in 1457 ^met, Jean, Geseline our illus- ;,te of Jaotjutw tliat below tli;il rlirr et deseli'i'- pal CoiniiA'*' ^'' l;ite, iind for iu> It is true tluii unet Cartier (01 will l>e oliservt' ehilily together. There was only one drawback — their union was not fruitful, and Cartier left behind him no direct descendants. Scattered throughout the records of Cartier's voyages are NotkT. — Fn Cartier's will (see appendix K) his wife's father is allutled to as Jiicqut's lies Granches. The fiiUowint,' is the record of Cartier's marriage : " -2 Man, 1519. KiQincnt la ti6i 6 ili<'tion nnjitiale Jac'/Mfts (7'(r/«'r maistre i)illote 6s port de H.iini't-Malo, tils fdi' .laiiH't ('artier et de (Jeseline Jaiisart, et Marie Katerine Des Ora' dies, filUi de [Messire ll.iii.ir6 Des Oraiiches, (dievalier dii Hoy iiostre Sire et eoniiestible de la [Tille et eyt6 de Sainct-Malo et tie It docs n')t s>eni clear that the date '2 M ly, 15Ut' appertains to tliis record. If jiiot, and th" niuriaj^e was siil>se([uent to it, (as appe.trs j)rohaldc) th^; jioiiit is p'limiteriai, hut if anteiiedent, it is a (luestion whether tlic year w^is not 1520. iFcir at St. Mill) in those days, the year was ret^koiii'd from Kister, instead of from Liie 1st .January as at present. Iii 1510 Kister fell on 'he 24lh Ai>ril. If therefore the niarria,'e took jilace at any time between the 1st January and the 2;lrd April, 1520, it would be entered as hivin}< oeciured in 151i». 28 I ill ill! to be found indications, faint, it is true, of his having made a voyage to Brazil in early life.^ This voyage, if made at all, was probably undertaken between the years 1526 and 1529. The Baptismal register attests his presence in St. Malo on the 5th April of the first mentioned year, and on the 30th April Oi the last named, but not between these dates. This register, in fact, furnishes us with the best record we have of Cartier's life. He seems to have taken a particular pleasure in being present at baptisms, for we find that ht- assisted at no less than fifty-tour of them — at twenty-eight of which he was Godfather. The first occasion was on the 2 1 St August, 15 10, when he stood Godfather to hh nephew Etienne, son of Jehan Nouel and Jehanne Cartier — the last on the 17th November, 1555, when was baptized Michelle, daughter of Jehan Gorgeu and Vlartine Jalobert. Upon the Baptismal register, there is an entry which may have some connection with the supposed Brazilian voyage. It is the record of the baptism, on the 30th July, 1528, oi one " Catharine du Brezil," at which Katherine Des Granches stood Godmother. This may very well have been an Indian woman or child brought by Cartier from Brazil, according to the custom of the day. The fact of Katherine Des Granches' name appearing on the register, would noi of itself necessarily connect Cartier with the ceremony, for Note 8.— TJuis on the first vovat,'e at Gasp6 : — "There groweth likewise a liiiule of Millet as big as Peason, like unto th.it whiili groweth in Brosil," &c.. — llakluyt. And on the second voyaK*' at Hochelaga ;— "Welteafan (o finde goodly and large Heldes, full of such corne as the countii'! yeeldeth. It fs even as the millet of Bresil," &c. And at 8t;idacoii6 :— "On which ground groweth their corne, which they call qfflci ; it is as bigge n our sniail peason; there is great quantitie of it growing in Bresill." — Haklnyl "Cedict peuple oil en comwiMulte tie bUiis asgez de la sortc des Brisilds," £c. Ilrif/ Recit. to in? lor i ti( a 1 I'V i fll' l)C , vc i r (li> i^ ing made made at [526 and ce in St. Lnd on the lese dates, record we particular id that he enty-eight was on lier to his ine Cartiei LS baptized e Jalobert. which may an voyage. ly, 1528, of lerine Des I have been from Brazil, f Katherine , would not iremony, for i unto that whicU e as the countiio | i it is as bigsse u Tes\l\."—Hakluyt. s Brisildt," <*<;• 1 there were several persons of that name resident in St. Malo about that period, but taken in connection with the fact that the name of the Godfather, " Guyon Jamyn," was that of a relative of Cartier, we think the association not unreasonable. We have no information as to when or under what circumstances Cartier came under the notice of the High Admiral of France , nor when it was that Chabot presented him to the King as a fit person to be entrusted with the charge of exploring the wonders of the New World. Neither has his commission for the first voyage ever been found.'* Cartier's presentation to the King must have been j)rior to the 19th of March, 1533, for on that date we find him invoking the aid of the Court at St. Malo to assist him in forming his crews. Certain it is, however, that the King was so impressed with Cartier's representations, that he at once gave his sanction to the project, and ordered two ships to be fitted out, giving the conmiand to Cartier, with instructions to do his utmost endeavour to search out the long looked for passage to the East Indies. The prepara- tions lor the voyage were made under the supervision of M. Charles de Mouy, Sieur de la Milleraye, Vice Admiral of I'Vance, whom later events show to have been warmly disposed towards Cartier. In compliance with the royal behest, he proceeded to St. Malo, and there equipped two vessels of sixty tons each, carrying between them sixty men,"* exclusive of Cartier, or sixty one souls in all. Having duly invested Cartier with the supreme command, the Vice .Admiral summoned before him the whole company, and NoTK '.t.- 'I'liis iloeiiment, wo tliink, would probably throw soiiu' light on tlic itisc'ovtMii's of Verrazzano. N'orK 10.— Sec appendix A. IS 80 ■^i^ •caused all present to be solemnly sworn that they would truly and faithfully serve the King under the i uthority of their commander." At length, all being in readiness, Jacques Cartier spread his sails and, leaving St. Malo on the 20th April, 1534, dir- ected his course towards the coast of Newfoundland. The voyage was singularly prosperous, and borne along by fair winds, on the loth May, they sighted Cape Bonavista, (Cap de Bonne viste, R. O. ) It was early in the season, and being prevented by the board ice from entering the bay of that name, they ran south-east some five leagues, where they found shelter in a harbour which they named St. Katherine'* — probably after Cartier's wife. In the course of this nar- rative we shall find the gallant Breton captain on more than one occasion thus honouring his wife, and the fact, we think, gives us an indication of the strong domestic attachnaents of the man, which are not always a distinguishing character- istic in those of his profession. In this port they remained ten days, overhauling their ships, which, in view of their small size, must have suffered greatly from contact with the floating ice that yet hung about the coast. On the 21st May they proceeded on their way, and sailing north-east, reached the island now known as Funk Island, in latitude 49°. 46', longitude 53°. 11'. Cartier named this rock the " Isle of Birds " (Isle des Ouaiseaulx, R. O.) from the immense number of waterfowl he found congregated thereon, of which he gives rather a minute description. He tells us also how, notwithstanding Note 11. - See appendix B N TE 12.— T)"' U '"' ly-i ■— " Viig liaure nomine Saincte Katherine." The EA. ifi9H reads; ■ v 'U- nous noniniasnies de S. CaUierine." 81 would rity of spread 34, dir- . The by fair navista, on, and : bay of ere they Lherine'* this nar- 3re than ;e think, T.ents of haracter- ng their suffered et hung on their known o / 53- "• Isle des ^raterfowl rather a ^standing !." The Ed. the fact that the island is fourteen leagues from the main- land, (in reality it is tl rtyone nautical miles), the bears swim over in quest of birds, of which they are inordinately fond. Disdaining mere generalization, the chronicle goes on to record that Cartier's men, having disturbed one of these animals in his repast, the bear, which is said to have been "as great as any cow and as white as any swan," in their presence leaped into the sea, where some days afterwards they overtook it wiih their ships — the bear swimming as swiftly as they could sail. After a struggle ihey succeeded in cap- turing the animal, which they ate and pronounced its flesh 10 be excellent.''^ Proceeding northwestward, Cartier came to the entrance of the Strait of Belle Isle, which he found choked with ice. He put into Quirpon Harbour, called by him Carpunt (in the R. O. Rapont) where he remained some days, waiting for fair weather. In this harbour is a small island, marked on Bayfield's charts "Jacques Cartier Island," and towards the south-west "Jacques Cartier Road." Point Degrat, so named by him, is generally supposed to have been Cape Bauld, the northern extremity of Quirpon Island, but it is, we think, more likely to have been the cape on the east side of the island, which is much more prominent than Cape Bauld, being 500 feet high, while the height of the latter is nut much over 100 feet. Entering the Strait of Belle Isle — already known to mari- ners as '/« baye des Chasteatilx'^^ — we find Cartier again giving a proof that the image of his home was ever in his Note la.— We are informed on excellent authotity thai there is nothing ia- ' roiiibk', or even improbable, in this story. JSoTK 14.— See appendix A. Bi iiyiiiiiii thoughts, for again he bestows his wife's name upon an island in the neighbourhood. Which of the islands north of Newfoundland was thus named by Cartier, we confess we are quite unable to determine. Scarcely any portion of his narrative is more confused than the page in which is recorded his course from leaving Funk Island until he reaches the Labrador coast. We have spent more time in endeavouring to fix upon St. Katherine's Island, than, to be quite candid, we care to confess. Hakluyt's version is as follows — " Goinsfrom the ])oint Degrad, and entiing into the sayd bay toward the West and by North: there is some doubt of two Islands that are on (lie right side, one of the which is distant from the sayd point three leagues, and the other seven, either more or lesse than the first, being a low and j)laine land, and it seemeth to be part of the maineland. I named it Saint Kather- ine's Island ; in which, toward the Northeast there is very dry Hoile: but about a quarter of a league from it, very ill ground, so that you must go a little about. The sayd Island and the port of Castles trend toward North North east, and South South west, and they are about 15 leagues asunder." The Ertier re- which he ly for wild It this was to lime, and big ed in fish- )cality, but " came out of hotter countreys " to the south. From the description given of these savages, taken in connection with Cartier's explicit statement that they came from south- ern parts, one would have been disposed to think that they could not have been Escjuimaux, but rather some roving tribe of the great Algoncjuin family then beginning to invade ihe eastern portion of America ; I'abb^ Ferland, however, holds a contrary opinion, and to his judgment we are dis- posed to attach much weight. Disheartened by the ever increasing sterility of this inhos- pitable shore, Cartier determined upon changing his course. Returning to his ships on Saturday, he remained in port over Sunday, on wh'ch day he a(.Tain caused Divine Service to be celebrated. On Monday mo'-nmg, the 15th of June, they weighed anchor and crossed the strait to the New; toundland coast (without knowing it to be such), being at- tracted by the high lands in the background of Cape Rich, which latter they named the Double Cape. Sailing south- ward they observed the high hills which fringe this portion t)f the coast. These they named " les Monts de Gratiches.'' Along here they experienced much bad weather, thick mists and fogs preventing them from catching sight of land. To- wards the evening of Wednesday, the fog partially lifted, and disclosed a cape that " is on the top of it blunt-pointed, and also toward the Sea it endeth in a point, wherefore wee named it The pointed Cape, on the north side of which there is a plaine ilarid." Judging from this description, the I'ointed Cape was the present Cow Head, a little to the north of which is Steering Island. From this point until they reached la bale des Chaleurs^ there is much obscurity in Cartier's narrative. No two vm 88 writers agree upon the exact course followed between these two points. We have given some thought to our interpre- tation of this portion of the route, and while not pretending to absolute correctness in a matter upon which so much diversity of opinion exists, we feel that our explanation con- flicts with Cartier's account, in a lesser degree than many which have preceded it. And here we may express the satis- faction with which we have perused the able and instructive paper on Jacques Cartier's first voyage, by W. F. Ganong, Esq., A. M., which is printed in the Transactions of the Royal Society of Car.ada for 1887. Before meeting with it we had laid d(jwn the general lines of our interpretation of this portion of the course, and without being aware that anyone had anticipated our conclusions, had rejected the generally accepted theory that the Pviver of Boats and Cape Orleans were on the New Brunswick chore, and had placed them in Prince Edward Island. We were, therefore, much gratified to find our view shared by a gentleman who evi- dently has a large acquaintance with the subject upon which he writes. We have to thank him for many valuable hmts, which have been especially useful to us in tracing the course through the Magdalen Islands and about Anticosti. We are constrained, however, to differ somewhat from Mr. Ganong in his interpretation of the course along that portion of the Newfoundland coast lying between Cow Head and Cape Anguille. Perhaps the most satisfactory way of stat- ing the points of difference between us, would be to give a short synopsis of Cartier's Relation, then Mr. Ganong's in- terpretation, and lastly our own view. Cartier says in effect that after passing the Pointed Cape they had stormy weather from the north-east. They there- 39 tore went south-west until the following morning, by which lime they had traversed about thirty-seven leagues, when they found themselves opposite a bay full of round islands like dove cots, which they named les Coiilonbiers. He continues — "And from the Bay of S. lulian, from the which to a Cape that lieth South and by West, which wee called (!ape Roial there are 7 leagues, and toward the West south- west side of the saide Cape, there is another that beneath is all craggie and above round. On the North side of which about halfe a league there lieth a low Hand ; that Cape wee named The Cape of niilke. Betweene these two Capes there are certaine low Hands, above which there are also certairie others that show that there be some rivers. About two leagues from Cape royall wee sounded and found 20 fathome water." The next day, in looking for a harbour, they discovered with their boats that between Cape Royal and the Cape of Milk, above the low islands, there vvas a " great and very deepe gulfe," within which were certain islands The gulf was shut up towards the south. The aforesaid low grounds were on one side of the entrance to this gulf, and Cape Royal was on the other. *'The saide low grounds doe stretch themselves more than halfe a league within the Sea. It is a plaine countrey, but an ill soile ; and in the middest of the entrance thereof, there is an Hand. The saide gulfe is in latitude fourtie-eight degrees and an halfe." We (juote from Hakluyt. The other versions, though varying slightly, are substantially the same. W^e may say here that Cartier's distances and directions, are (as is to be expected) often maccurate, n NoTF 17.— To uive an idea of tlie almost iiiiifonn inarc.iirai'v of Cartier's 40 r '1:^11 Mr. Ganong thinks that the bay full of round islands was Roche harbour, and in this we agree with him. On Bay- field's chart there is an engraving of Bonne bay with Roche harbour lying to the north, in which is clearly seen the round aspect of the rocks which suggested to Cartier the name of the Dove Houses. He puts the Bay of St, Julien down as Bonne Bay. He is of opinion that Cape Royal is the present Cape Gregory ; the Cape of Milk, South Head, and the islands lying between the two capes, those at the en- trance of the Bay of Islands. On a map of the coast of North America between the Strait of Belle Isle and Cape Cod, published at London by Imray and Son in 1866, Bonne Bay is named "Gulf of St Julien or Bonne Bay." Cape Royal is placed a short distance south of Cape Gregory, and South Head is called " Milk Cape or South Point," all of which are corroborative of Mr. Ganong's reading of the course. Now for our own view. It does not seem to us at all clear that Cartier meant to imply that the bay in which the round rocks were was the Bay of St. Julien. Nor does he say that the latter was entered by hmi. On the contrary, iiieasnreiiiL'iits, we select a few instances in wliicli there can be no question as to the identity of the jioints between wliich he meant tlieni to apply For exansple, lie siiys that Lake St. Peter is 12 leagues long an broad. In reality it is IS nautical miles long, and 7 wide. He say.s that the Island of Orleans is from 10 to 12 leagues in length. In reality it is 18 nautical miles. He says Hare Island is ^ leagues long, and Isle aux (.'oudres 3 leagues, while the fornun* is oidy 7 nautical miles long, and the latter only 5. He says the distance between the former Island and tin' latter is IS leagues, whereas it is only 20 nautical miles. It is projier to ob.serve that there were si'Vcral distinct measures of leagues in use in France in the sixteenth century, amongst others, one of tour kilometres, and another of live kiloni6tres— the latter b ing about equal t > three English niiles- the distiince which we undersUmd by a league at the }iresent day. it is i)robable that Cartier reckoned by league of four kilomdtrts -about 2 2 5 English miles— but even with this qualillcation, his distances are. as a rule, too great. Chaniplain, on the other hand, must have employed the league of live kiloniAtres, and he comes very near the mark when he says that Isle d'Urleans and Isle aux Coudres (ire respectively six leagues and one and a half ieagues in length. I 41 from & to "i we are inclined to think that the Bay of St. Julien must have been the Bay of Islands, dimly seen through storm and fog as the vessels passed down the coast. We think that Cape Royal is Bear Head, or some point in its vicinity, and the Cape of Milk, Long Point (which is marked on some maps, Low Point). The "great and very deepe gulfe," shut up towards the south, and lying between Cape Royal and the Cape of Milk, we hold to be Port au Port Bay. We do not see how the islands lying between these two capes can pos- sibly be identified with those at the entrance of the Bay of Islands, nor South Head with the Cape of Milk. Cartier says that lying north of the latter is a low island. The only island lying to the north of South Head is 1022 feet high. He says that between Cape Royal and the Cape of Milk are cert.iin low islands. There are no low islands anywhere near the Bay of Islands. On one side of the entrance to this h.iy is Crabb Point, 1300 feet high, and on the other Lark Mountain, 1583 feet. The islands at the entrance are, iweed Island 702 feet. Pearl Island 845 feet, and Guernsey Island (the one lying north of Long Point) 1022 feet. North of Tweed Island are certain small rocks having an altitude of from 200 to 500 feet. The lands all around the bay are immensely high, down almost to the water's edge — Cape Blow-medown being 2125 feet high. Here is ('artier's literal description of " the great and very deep bay." We quote from the Relation Originaie. " Et trouuames que parsurs les basses terres y a vne grarde baye fort parfonde" (we take this to mean in respect of its extension into the land) " et isles dedans, laquelle est < lose deuers le Su desdites basses terres, qui font vng cost(^ de I'antr^e et cap Royal I'autre." I 42 l! i Now if we identify Cape Royal with Bear Head, and the Cape of Milk with L.ong Point, the low lands which stretch themselves into the sea are readily distinguished in the spur which terminates in Long Point. North of that point there lies a low ledge of rock, and between Cape Bear and Long Point are certain low islands — Shag Island &c. , while in Port au Port Bay are Fox Island, Middle Bank, »!i:c. The latitude too of " the great and very deepe gulfe" is said to be 48" 30', which is that of the middle of Port au Port Bay. On the evening of the 18th of June they put out to sea, " leaving," says Hakluyt^ " the cape toward the West." The R. O. has it — '' et tynmes pour la nuyt a ; i ner, le cap \ Ouaist." The Ed. i^gS is the clearest — " '\o"s retirasmes en mer, apres auoir tourne le cap \ I'Ouest," which we take to be Long Point. No action of Cartier, we think, bears truer witness to his stoutness of heart than his course at this particular point. For five weeks he had traversed the desolate coast of Labra- dor, meeting with nothing to inspire him with the hope of a successful issue of his mission. Yet through storm and darkness he pressed bravely on, and launching out into the unknown waters, committed his frail vessels to the fury of the tempest. For a week they were at the mercy of the winds and waves, enveloped all the while in a thick mist, which prevented them from taking observations or as- certaining where they were. At length, on the 24th June, they caught sight of land which they named Cape St. John in honour of the day. Misled by Hakluyt who, following Ramusio, heads this portion of his narrative, " of the Hand called S. lohn," some writers have supposed this cape to have been on 43 Prince Edward Island, but in the light of what follows, nothing can be more clear than that Cape St. John is Cape Anguille in Newfoundland, Cartier tells us that he caught a glimpse of this 'Hand' through darkness and fog He. then sailed west-north-west until he found himself seventeen and a half leagues distant therefrom. (The Ed, isgS and Hakluyt both say seven leagues and a half, but the sequel shows that the figures given by the R. (9., from which we quote, are correct. The two former relations are not infre- quently astray in their directions and distances about here). Then the wind turned and they were driven fifteen leagues to the south-east, where they came upon the Bird Rocks, two of which Cartier accurately describes, as being "as steepe and upright as any wall." He named them the Isles of Margaulx, from the quantity of birds he found thereon. Five leagues to the westward he came to a small island, upon which was conferred the name of Brion's Island, {rule de Bryan, R. O.) after his patron. Admiral Chabot. This name it still retains, though on many maps it is erron- eously spelt Byron. They sailed among the Magdalen Islands, which they found fertile and pleasant — "one of their fields is more worth than all the New land." They remarked that these fields had the appearance of having been cultivated. At Brion's Island they saw numbers of walruses, of which they appear to have had no previous knowledge. At this stage of the voyage, Cartier seems first to have surmised the fact of Newfoundland being an island, for he says : " As farre as I could gather and comprehend, I thinke that there be some passage betweene Newfoundland and Brions land. If so it were, it would be a great shorf 44 111 l\ ning, as wel of the time as of the way, if any perfection could be found in it." The foregoing is from Hakluyt. The R. O. agrees therewith, except that instead of " Brion's land," it has * et la terre des Bretons." _' The " goodly Cape," which they named Cape Daulphin, was probably Cape North, of the Magdalens. The Ed. JSgb says of it *' a quatre lieues de ceste Isle (Brion's) est la terre ferme vers O'lest-Surouest, laquelle semble estre comme une Isle enuironnee dTslettes de sable noir, Ik y a vn beau Cap que nous appellasmes le Cap-Daulphin," &c. From this point until they reach AliezayviQ are in difficul- ties again. The account is certainly most perplexing. We have to thank Mr. Ganong for the su^^aieslion that the cape of red land is a point to the soutii (/ L.itry Island, and also that the cape four leagues therefrom {R.O.) — the Ed. 15^8 and Hakluyt both say fourteen lea. es- "^ ^n Grindstone Island. Upon these suppositions, the two small islands before one comes to the first cape, would probably be the Andromache rocks, and the view of the low lands would be between Grindstone and Allright Islands. Al/ezay, de- scribed as being "very high and pointed," was, we think, Deadman's Island, which is represented on Bayfield's charts just as Cartier describes it — a sharp ridge, about 150 feet high. Mr. De Costa appears to be of opinion that Allezay was on Prince Edward Island, which only shows that that gentleman can have bestowed very little attention upon the subject. Prince Edward Island, as is well known, lies low ; North Cape and East Point, its two extremities, are neither of them much over twenty-five feet high, and to speak of any land on the north shore of that island as " being high and pointed " is simply absurd. 45 On Monday, the 2Qth June, they departed from the Mag dalen Islands, and saiHng westward until Tuesday morning at sun rising, they discovered a land which seemed to be two islands, lying west-south west about nine or ten leagues. The following is from Hakiuyt^ and we make the quotation at some length, because we give to it an interpretation dif- ferent from the one it generally bears :— "Wee sailed Westward untill Tuesday morning at Sunne rising, l)eing the last of the moneth, without any sight or knowledge of any lande, except in the evening toward Sunne set, that wee discovered a lande which seemed to be two Tlands, that were beyond us West south west, about nine or tenne leagues. All the next day till the next morning at Sunne rising wee sailed Westward about fourtie leagues, and by the way we perceived that tlie land we had scene like Hands, was ttrme land, Iving South south east, and North north west to a very good Cape of land called Cape Orleans. Al the said land is low and plaine, and the f.airest that may possibly be scene, fidl of goodly medowes and trees. True it is that we could tinde no bar borough there, because it is all full of shelves and sands. We with our boats went on shore in many places, and among the rest wee entreil into a goodly river, yiine belle, ripuiere, R. O.) but very shallow, which we named the river of boats, (la ripuiere de B<(rc(/ues, R. O. ) because that there wee saw boates full of wild men that were crossing the river. We had no other notice of the said wild men: f(»r the wind came from the sea, and so beat us against the shore, that wee were constrained to retire ourselves with our boates toward our ships. Till the next day morning at Sunne rising, being the first of July, we sailed North east, in which time there rose great mistes and stormes, an6 he sailed east-noith-east, and we liiid him on his homeward voyage off Natashquan Point, hut ihe account of his course in the interval in most obscure. We can only say that we have ^iven what seems to us to be the least unsatisfactory explanation of it, for which, in a measure, we are under ohli- iiations to Mr. Ganong. 64 determined upon going home, to return next year, better equipped for the prosecution of their enterprise. Accordingly, they turned their vessels' prows homeward, first naming that part of the Gulf between the north- western portion of the Island of Anticosti and the mainland, */lislii'il iiiidt!!' tin- aii.-siiici'.s of ilie Ij. & \\. S. of Qiu'bt'ir in 184:5. Uw. naiiui of Caiti'T's servant w.is Cliailcs (luyot, liut neitliiT tiie Ji. 11. nor Hakluyt warrant tills st itLMuent. This jicrson is alluded to only onee in the liricf Kvr.if. and in tlie following terms : — "' Foi/a/ ce. le capid- taine eniwya son KcrciteHr iif.cnnipniuiic de lehaii poullet" Ic. Tiie Eli or ol the Society's jmblieation liHM lollowed l.esearl)ot, who li is inserti'd this name in )iis version of Cirtier's narrative. (See Le.scarl)ot' s UUtoire de la Nouvdle France, Vol. «, p. 3(i0.) Again, the i)aper on Jaciiues Cartier in the Proceedings of the L. k H. 8. of Quebec for the year 18(52, gives the names of Jean Gamier, Sienr de Cliambeaux r Oarnier de Chainbeaiix : and de Goyelle, as having aceomjianied the expedition. None of tliese p'-nsoUs, however, are mentioneil i!i the B. It or in Hakluyt. De Goyelle is mentioned by Charlevoix. (Shea's Edition Vol. 1, p. I18.> Note 25.— We say 112 jiersons, because Ca 'tier liiniself tells us that when they were attacked by scurvy, his company nninbt red 110, and we knosv that did not include the interpreters who had dest rted to Uonnacona. 59 harbour of Blanc Sablon, where they had all agreed to meet on the 15th July, but it was not until the 26th of the month that the other two ships came into port, arriving to- gether. They then sailed in company along the coast west- ward, noting among other places, Meccatina Islands, to which they gave the name of St. William Islands {les ys/es Said Gtdllaiime^ B. R.) and Natashquan Point, called by Cartier, Cape Thiennot, the preceding year. On the I St August they sought refuge in a haven which they named St. Nicholas, where they set up a cross and remained until the 7th of the month. This port was in all liklihood Pashasheebu Bay, and must not be jonfounded with the present harbour of St. Nicholas which lies several hundreds of miles farther on. Advancing westward, on the loth August they entered Pillage Bay,^® to which they gave the name of St. Lawrence Bay {la baye Sainct Laurens^ B. R.) in honour of the saint whose festival is celebrated on that day ; noted Mount Sie. (Jenevieve, and spent two days exploring among the Mingart Islands. Sighting the west point of Anticcsti, they were in- formed by the two Indians whom they had taken the year before, and who had evidently learned a little French in the meantime, that this was the extremity of a great island, to- the south of which lay the way to Honguedo (Gaspe') ; and that two days journey from the said cape, began the king- dom of Saguenay, which extended along the north shore even to ' Canada.' NoTK 2t).— Called also \a hah. Sninte Gentviive. M. Plainondon, Missionary to hdhrador, says :- "j'ai 6t6 frapi>6 de la resHeinbiiinoe de la baie Saintc-GeneviAve avtn! la baie Saiiit-LatirtMit, d6onte jiar Ja'.'ques Cartier, II n'y a pus jl s'y troiniier. J'ai re(!onnu is. inontague faite 'oinme nil tas dt; I»I6 ; on la noiinnu auj nrd'hui 'I'ete de la jierdrix. J'ai vu la grande ile vomme un cap de, Urre. qui x'uvana; plus- hurs que leu uiUres." See foot note Ferlaiid's Conrs d'Histoire du Canada, Vol. 1 J). i.'3. Hi 60 The day following, being the 15th August, they crossed over to the south shore in order to view Cap Madeleine and Mont Louis, first naming the Island, 'The Isle of Assump- tion" {tysle de r Assumption^ B. R.f in honour of the festi- val of Our Lady. Recrossing to the north shore, they came to Trinity Bay and Point des Monts where, according to the Indians, began the great river of Hochelaga, the high way to ' Canada' which, the farther it went the narrower it became, even unto ' Canada,' and that there (at * Canada,') the fresh water began, which went so far up that they had never heard of any man who had reached its source. One should have thought that the French would have hailed this announcement with joy, and would have lost no lime in following up the great discovery they had made. But we see here a remarkable illustration of the tenacity with which all the navigators of that period clung to the idea of a north-west passage. The desire to find a water way north-west to the east, seemed to overshadow everything else, and this door which was now open to them led south- west and to fresh water, not north-west and to the sea. So, strange as it may appear, Cartier resolved upon going no farther up the river until " he had seene and noted the other lands. & coast toward the North, which he had omit- ted to see from S. Lawrence his gulfe, because he would know, if between the lands toward the North any passage might be discovered." Accordingly they retraced their steps, and leaving their ships at the Bay of Seven Islands, ascended the Moisie river''* in their boats. After a few days Note 27.— According to Charlevoix, the old Indian name of this Island was Natincotec. The name ' Anticosti ' seems to have been given by the English. The Montagnais Indians call it .Vatushkoveh — which signifies 'the place where one seeks the bear.' Note 28.— Hakluyt eays: "At the furthest bounds of these lowe lands, that 1 61 sj)ent in a fruitless endeavour to find the mythical outlet to the north-west, they abandoned the attempt, and returned to their ships at the Bay of Seven Islands where they were constrained by bad weather to remain until the 24th ot the month, upon which day they proceeded on their way, cal- ling at the harbour of Bic, which Cartier declares to be " of small accompt." He named it hable des Ysleaux Sainct lehan, B. R., because he entered it on the 29th August, the day on which the Catholic Church commemorates the beheading of St. John the Baptist. On the I St of September they reached the Saguenay and entered within its gloomy portals. In this river they met with four boats full of Indians, apparently belonging to the same tribe as did the interpreters, for the latter having mtroduced, first themselves and afterwards the Frenchmen to the savages, explained matters at some length, and pre- sumably to the satisfaction of all parties. Emerging from the Saguenay on the following morning, the little fleet proceeded leisurely on its way, stopping over night at Hare Island (so named on the return trip.) They were immensely taken with the white whales they saw dis- l)orting themselves in the St. Lawrence, of which Cartier skives rather a minute description, adding that *' the people (iiutaine about ten leagues, tliereis a riverof fresli watiT, that with such s\vif1;ne8se runneth into the sea, that for the spaee of one league within it, the water ia as fresh as any fountriine water." In a paper entitled "Up the River Moisie," reail before the Literary and Historical Society of Quebec by Mr. Edward Cayley, B. A., on the 1st April, 1863, the Moisie is thus described : — "The river is so swollen at that .season, (June), and I'onies through the niouiitAiin passes at sr.ch a pace, as to render the as<'ent exceedingly dillicult, &c The river was still so much swollen as Vi:ry greatly to iuiiiede our progn ss, couipelling us to cross from side to side to take advantage of every tddy anil ineciuality there iriight be, so as to avoid the full force of the .stream The rapidity' of the stream was such that our progress was necessarily slow, often having to emi)loy »lie pole, and the line when possible, to aid the pole." 62 of the Countrey call them Adhothuys : they tolde us that they be very savoury and good to be eaten." On the 6th inst. they came to Isle aux Coudres, (i'ysU es Couldres, B. R.) which they so named from the number of hazel bushes they found growing thereon, laden with nuts, "somewhat bigger and better in savour than ours." This island, they were informed, marked the eastern boundary of * Canada.' The harbour in which Cartier's vessel spent the night lies on the north side of this island, and is variously called * Havre de Jacques Cartier ' — its primary name we should judge — ' la baie de la Prairie,' from the meadow stretching along the beach — and ' le niouillage des Anglais,' from the circumstance of the van of the English fl et under Admiral Durell having moored there on the 23rd June, 1 759. The next day, being the eve of the festival of the Nativity of Our Lady,*' they departed on their course up the river, having first celebrated Divine Service — ^^Apres auoir ouy la Messe"—B. R. As this is generally supposed to have been the occasion of the celebration of the first Mass in Canada of which we have particular knowledge, it may be well that we should leave Cartier and his companions for a few moments in their sail towards the Island of Orleans, whilst we pursue the interesting enquiry as to when and by whom was the Holy Sacrifice first offered in our land. Or, to put the same NoiK 2lt.— This was tlie 7tli Seiiteinber, 15o5— according to the present Kotnan Calendar, ttie fe^itival of tlie Nativity of tlie IJ.V. M. fallsontlie 8th tSepteniber— Wo liave followed llakluyt's version of tliis, whosiys : "Tlie seventli of the moueth, being cur Latlies' even, aftnr service," &c. The Brief Racit has— "Le aeptiei^nie iour dudivt mays iour nostinhime, tiprcs nnoir ouy la nwsse " (tc. In this connecition we may quote I'abbe Faillon, who says —"Le savant pape Benoit XIV fait reniarquer qne la f6te de la Nativite de Marie n'a pas toujours 6te c6161)r6e le 8 de seiitenibre; &enetret,on la trouve nittrqu6e au 7 decenioisdans plusieurs uneiens niaityrologe» auxquels on se conformait encore, en IJretagne, du temps de Jacqnes Cartier." Fitie Fallion " llislolre da la Colonie FranQuUe en Canadu" Vol. 1— p. 18, Note. \^ i m nil'. ! 63 iincj in that city on the :2!itli and 30th Deceniher, 1558, speaks of tlie Reciuieni Mass, as ilistinguished from ot 1 1 er features of the ceremony, in precisely the same words as Haklu>t uses here, ■"« (/ thi service being ilonf, tiiere went a nobleman into the herse, who standing," Ar. See Motley's Rine of the Dutch RepubUc. Vol. 1, />, 306. 64 ing names — " Dom Guillaume le Breton " and " Dom I)om in- Anthoine." It is contended that the jirefix dicates the priestly character of these men. 3. When the Indians at Stadacone vainly endeavoured to dissuade Cartier from ascending the river to Hochelaga, they asked him, in reply to his statement that their god was a cheat, ' had he ' — Cartier — 'spoken with Jesus' ? To which he answered * no. but that his Priests had, and that he had tolde them they should have faire weather.' These reasons, in the opinion of I'abbe Faillon and others, render it 'certain' that the expedition was accom- panied by priests. Without directly affirming the contrary, we submit that, like most questions, this one has two sides, and that it is one upon which it is extremely difficult, if not impossible, to arrive at a definite conclusion — for on the other hand it may be urged — ]. Cartier inferentially states that there were no priests with him. When they had returned in safety from Hochelaga, they profited by the occasion to point out to the Indians that their god Cudragny was an impostor, and that when he pro- phesied the dire calamities which would befall them on the way to Hochelaga, he evidently knew nothing about it — and then they went on to explain to them the Christian doctrine of the one true God, and told them how this great God had commanded all men to believe on him and be bap- tised. All of which made such an impression on the savages "that very earnestly they desired and prayed Our Captain6," (mark, our Captain ) "that he would cause them to be bap- tised, and their Lorde and Taignoagny, Domagaia, and all the people of the towne came unto us, hoping to be baptised : but because we did not throughly know their minde, and that there was nobodie could teach them^ our beliefe and religioiij 65 we ex('U80(l oiirKolvcs. (U'sirinj^ Taij^Moa^uy it Doiujigaia to t«'ll tlio ri'.st of tlu'ir coimtrcyiiu'ii, that lie wcmld coinn againo another time, and hrin^ Priests and clirisonio with uh, t'orwitli- out them tliev could not I )e baptised ; whicli tliey did easily Ix'leeve, for Donia>;aia A: Tai;;noa};ny had scene many ehil- dcn baptised in Britain (Brittany ) whiles they were then(," '•' 2. Beyond the instances we have given, there is no allusion whatever to any minister of religion in Cartier's voyages, though the opportunities for mention are very many. When at (iaspe, on the occasion of the first voyage, they set up a cross and knelt around it, it was Cartier who ex- plained to the savages the import of the sacred sign. When they went up to Hochelaga, Cartier is careful to tell us who of the gentlemen accompanied him, but he makes no men- tion of any priest, though we think it in the last degree un- likely that, had there been priests in the expedition, he would have departed with half his force on this unknown and perilous journey, without one of them going with him. When they reached Hochelaga, it was Cartier who collected the Indians around him, to listen to the Cospel which he read. When the ships' crews were attacked by scurvy at Stadacone and they had recourse to the Divine assistance, it was ' Our Captain " who caused the statue to be set up and ordered the procession to be organized. NoiK HI. —Tile I'.riff l!ci:t vcr.siiiii ol' iliis iimsshj^i' is iis follows : ■' mni.-i pur CI ir I'limoKtn'it lit foi/ I'l'W' lors, fensi firius urcnsr ccr.v ziiIjc, Kt iikt d TnUinoinjnii iC Ihimmjuiin, qiCUz • ar fiihsft imti'iliT. rclnnrni'niiU rnrj auUve voi/itiir, ,{'• ii/iiiorti'ion dis fncatre^ it du I I'smc, Ivlir ilihuH n niledir jjoiir I'.rrnse, v Inii nr pniU hiiiiti.--er sds li'divt rriKiiip," This, it will he ol)scrVL'(l, ii;,'nTS closely with I lie Kii;,flish (iiiotitioii we ;;iv(% which is from H.'iUliivt, siive th.-il whore IFakluyt- say-). " for wit hoi. t tln'in they idujilnot be bin'tised " the /.'. R. ri'i\i\>i -" h iir doiidt " entrdrr iioiir crri:,-ie. '} Ion nr pndt haitlimr <''' ' ' ■ sm/ M. Faillon ii'' i?. tr. faet nf the writer of the IS. II. liiiviiii,' sui'l thit lie would CO '■ nu .1 and liriii^' |>rie>i ■< and elirisni with liiiii, and then adilin^' iianm- thetieall- he euidd not l)ai)tise without ehrism, that he did not nieai er to imderst 1 that he was nii leconiiianied l>y jti'iests. He thinks that ' I juilged the sa^ s to he not iiro|ierly clisimsed ti) reecMve the Haera nient iJ.iptisni, .'uid that wiien lie says "there was no one to teaeh theiu our helicfe ,.M'I religii'ii. he meant that there w.is no ])riest who nndei-.-itood the lan- guage of th. 1ml .ns suflleiently well to iinpart instruction to them. i!i, m^ I • 66 It seems to us highly improbable that Cartier should have thus arrogated to himself, upon all occasions, the direction of these religious offices, if all the while there were among the company men charged with the spiritual guidance of the expedition. Nor is it reasonable to suppose that a man of such deeply religious feelings, as we know to have ani- mated Cartier, should never once have alluded in the most distant manner (except to deny their presence) to those who, if they had been in the company, must have been, in the dreary winter spent on the St. Charles, almost incessantly employed in ministering to the sick and dying, and in per- forming the last sad offices of religion over the bodies of their comrades. We should surely have heard something of that heroism which so distinguishes the Catholic priest- hood on similar occasions — something about the adminis- tiation of the last Sacraments — something of that solemn Requiem which the church is wont to sing over the bodies of those who die in her faith. There is not one syllable to found of anything of the kind. "•Sometimes we were constrained tt) bury some of the dead under the snow, because we were not able to digge any graves for them the ground was so luud frozen, and we so weake." That is all that is .said respecting the funeral services. How different from the subsequent relations of the explorers of New France, on every page of which does the priesthood stand forth, ever preaching the gospel, administering the Sacraments, tending the dying, caring for the dead. 3. Chr.mi)lain distinctly says of the Recollets, who said Mass at Rivieres des Prairies on the 24th June, 16 15, that they were the first to celebrate Mass in this country. ^'^ Note 32.— Chaniiilain's words ur" " oar c'estoient lea premiers (lui y out celebr6 la Sainete Messe." Lave nl lire's Chniapiain Ed. 1019, p. 10. At the foot of pagt) tfiiii dead <:;rav('S ke." iSt 67 But, it may be asked, and with some reason, how is this negative view to be reconciled with the argun^ents brought for the y 'esence of priests ? As regards the third in the order we have stated them, we think it has but Httle force. For it has never before been maintained that what we may term meteorological gifts are any part of the attributes of a Christian priest. When ( 'artier informed the savages that the ministers of Jesus had promised fair weather for the voyage to Hochelaga, we do not take it to imply that he sought for a moment to bring the priesthood into comj»etition with the Indian bogey. We think that in saying what he did, he either meant to silence the forebodings of the Indians, or had reference to the solemn benediction bestowed upon his company a short time before in the Cathedral Church of St. Vlalo. The presence of the prefix ' Dom ' to two of the names on Cartier's register is a more serious matter. We under- stand that this prefix is a distinguishing mark employed to indicate religious of the Benedictine and Carthusian orders, and its presence here is, we confess, something ve ctnnot satisfactorily explain.*'' The main difficulty, however, uncjuestionably is the statement again and again repej-ted that Mass was said. l'"or example, nothmg can be [)lainer than this — " Et or- '11:' rho said 15, that 3!i 17 i.s the following note — "J. e Mtjinnirc ili's ({('jcollits dc Idii" (Archives de \'<'i'.'iililu)se that they were those of the <'haiilaiiis of the exjiedition. Iiistiad of t)einK |ila(!e(l ainoiij; those of the oflleers, at the. head of t he list, where one would naturally expeet them to he, we tiiid tiiem far down on the roll —the tifty-fourth and lifty- tittli on a list of -"enty-tour, l)etween a common seaman and one of ihc ship'* ' (irpenters. (See appci.dix E.) 68 donna que le dimeche en suyuant Von diroit audict lieu la messe. La messe dicte ^^ celebree.^^ Brief Recti. We can only say that this is but a bald statement of the fact, unaccompanied by any reflections such as would naturally suggest themselves fo a Christian — reflections which, it seems to us, would certainly be present to Cartier's mind on the occasion of his assisting at the first offering of the Holy Sacrifice m New France. For in Cartier's estima- tion the Mass was a great action, the greatest action that could be on earth. That he who was always so careful to note the most trivial incident in any way associated with religion — who was diligent in recording the raising of a wooden cross — in telling us of its size and decorations — in dwelling upon the attendant ceremonies and the effect produced on the savages thereby, should have passed over with the barest mention, the occasion of the first lifting up in Canada of the Divine Victnii Himself, under the visible tokens which he has ordained, is a supposition which our mind finds it difficult to entertain. We had rather believe that 'Dom' is a misrendering of the word in the original ; (see appendix E.); or that in this particular case it means something different from that which it is commonly supposed to import : (the Christian name of Dominique for ex- ample): and that by 'Mass' is meant some form of worship possible to a collection of laymen,''* than to suppose that Note 84. — Kailloii says tliat such a pnictice was unknown in France unions Catlioli<^s, yet sve (iml ('artier liiniself, wlioseCatliolictty no one will ([uefction, read- ing from the Gisjiel anU O'tiee IJook.s of the Chureh, ami ntlering imlilic prayer at Hochelaj;!!. Lescarhatr did the same thin:; at Port Royal in 1(106, when the priests of the expedition had all suecnmlied to the scurvy. It is true that there was a susj>icion of his orthodo.^y, 'tit his comrades were Catholics and llie expedition was a Catholic one. Hpeaking witli some reserve we may say that the same thing is \v.A. unknown to-day in the renioti; aiishesof Lower Canad.i, where Mass cannot lie said regularly. We confess we cannot see anything uiH'atliolic m the practi<'e, hut ruther the rev(!r.se. 69 Gartner should have embarked upon pciious voyages, dwelt among heathen savages — that his company should have undergone privation, sickness and death', and that, accom- panied all the while by ministers of religion, he should have given us a minute account of all his vicissitudes, without making any allusion to those who must have been so often re(|uired to exercise their sacred calling. That our conclusions are indeterminate we readily admit, but the fault lies with the historian who tells us in one breath that Mass was said, and in the next that he was un- accompanied by those who alone could have said it. We shall be satisfied if we have succeeded in showing that lahbe' Faillon and others are not justified in asserting that the question does not admit of doubt. To return to our friends — Their devotions being ended, ihey continued their voyage till they came to the Island of Orleans, on the north side of which they cast anchor. On going ashore they were met by many Indians, who at first fought shy, but upon the inU -preters going forward and proclaiming themselves to be Taignoagny and Domag- aya, their fears were quieted, and they began to flock in numbers about the ships, bringing with them corn and fruits which must have been very acceptable to the voyagers. The island is described as being fertile and pleasant, abounding in vines, from which circumstance they j. -'£ it the name of Bacchus Island {/'ys/e de Bacchus^ B. R.) The next day, the Indian chief, whose name was Donna- < ona, paid a visit of state to the ships, coming with twelve boats, from one of which, lying out in the stream, he made a long oration. The interpreters then replied, informing Donnacona of their adventures — how they had been over 10 the big water and been well treated by the French. This seems to have greatly gratified the old chief, who there- upon went ui\ board the captain's ship, and made his ac- knowledgments according to the custom of the country. Notwithstanding the positive statement of Cartier that Stadacone' was the abode of Donnacona " and of our two men we tooke in our first voyage," Mr. Hawkins in his " Picture of Quebec," thinks it improbable that these inter- preters could have been personally known to the inhabi- tants of Stadacone' on this occasion, and he conjectures that the names Taignoagny and Domagaya were not proper to these individuals prior to their mt-eting with Jacques Cartier at Gaspe, but rather had reference to their subse- quent adventures, and were intended to indicate a marvellous event in their lives, such for instance as one who had been to a foreign land, inhabited by white people, whence he had returned in safety." He is of opinion that it is not reason- able to su])pose that the Indians in the Saguenay and at Stadacone' should have been familiar with the names of two young savages caught at (iaspc — hundreds of miles distant — the preceding year ; whereas the communication of intel- ligence so extraordinary as that which he suggests may have been conveyed by these names, would be sufficient to account for its remarkable effect. It is, however, expressly laid down in Cartier's Relation that the Indians met with at Gaspe differed in every respect from all those before seen"'^ — and we are informed in so many words that they did not belong to the locality, but came from inland, and that they never visited the sea except to fish. Moreover, Donnacona, NoTF. ;<5. "Ni'itlitT in imtmc iioi- in liinj^uiitic, iloc tlicy (tlic Oas|i6 Indians) any wliit ayp-e with tiit'in wliicti wcfotiml t\r>>t."—Utiklu!it— First vojiagi'Joc'iua^Cifrtier. in his account of the massacre of two hundred of his band by the Trudamans, mentions the fact of their having been on their way to Honguedo (Gaspe), showing that his tribe were in the habit of visiting the Lower St. Lawrence during the fishing season. It is worthy of note too, that the recep- tion of the interpreters by the Saguenay Indians was not nearly so cordial as that which awaited them at the Island of Orleans. On the former occasion, one of the interpre- ters told the savages his name "and then took acquaintance of them, whereupon they came to us." We can very well imagine him saymg — "I am Taignoagny, nephew of Don- nacona, Lord of Stadacone' — Fear not these palefaces who are our friends." There is nothing to show that they had any previous personal knowledge of each other. But the meeting at the Island of Orleans a few days afterwards was of a different character, and the demonstrations of joy which there greeted them, to our mind indicate a previous fellow- ship. We shall see how, a few days later, Donnacona presents Cartier with some children, one of whom Taig- noagny told the captain, after the ceremony, was his own brother. Of course Taignoagny might have been lying, for he afterwards developed into a thorough-paced rogue, or as Hakluyt puts it, 'a craftie knave,' and standing by itself, this circumstonce would not be entitled to much weight, but taken in connection with subsequent events in which Taig- noagny and Domagaya played a leading part, it does seem to us that these men formerly had their abode at Stadacone, with whose people and surroundings they seemed perfectly familiar. Cartier had not been many hours in this neighbourhood before he made up his mind that its natural advantages 72 I were such as to render it the most acceptable spot he could select as the base of his operations. He therefore, after a short reconnoitre with his boats, determined upon bringing the ships from the lower end of the Island of Orleans to what is now the harbour of Quebec, which he named Holy Ooss, (sainde Croix, B. R.) because he entered it with his vessels on the 14th September — the feast of the Exaltation of the Holy Cross. No one who knows the locality can wonder at the encomiums which Cartier oestowed upon this *' goodly and pleasant sound," or at his appreciation of the noble view here presented to his gaze. On the 1 6th of the month he caused his two largest ships to go up into the St. Charles, to winch he extended the name already bestowed upon the basin, leaving I' Emerillon out in the stream in order to be in readiness to proceed to Hochelaga. The spot where Cartier moored his vessels and where the fort was afterwards built, is generally believed to have been at the confluence of the little river Lairet with the St. Charles, on the left bank of the former.^* Opposite them, across the St. Charles, was Stadacone, the residence of chief Donnacona and his 'Court,' which Cartier describes as being a place of some size, tolerably well built and provisioned. The surrounding country is stated to have been very fertile, and the savages were evidently not wholly ignorant of the art of cultivation, for while we are told that " they are men of no great labour,'' we are also informed that "they digge their grounds with certaine l)eeces of wood, as bigge as halfe a sword," and again, it is stated that " they pulled up the trees to till and labour the KoTK :<0. — Sff iipiJcnilix F. 73 ground " — later, we learn that most of this tilling was done by the women. The exact situation of Stadaconc is not known. It was