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MICiOCOPy MSOIUTION TKT CHA«t 
 
 lANSIond ISO TEST CHART No ? 
 
 I.I 
 
 t l« 12.0 
 
 'JJS ill 1.4 
 
 1.8 
 
 1.6 
 
 _J APPLIED IIVMGE 
 
 
riOMIMoN OK ( AN V|>\ 
 
 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 
 
 CENTRAL EXPERIMENTAL FARM 
 
 OTTAWA. CANADA. 
 
 PHOGHKSS IN Tin: HHKHDING 
 
 or 
 
 II ^ R IJ V A I > I > I 
 
 K^ 
 
 ■^ -i^^ ►:-: 
 
 Ki)U THK 
 
 CANADIAN NOKTilW EST 
 
 w\i s.\rxi)i:i!s. ( \i,4. r.LD, i i;.->c. 
 
 Hirj.F/nx Xu. 
 
 t>8 
 
 M AHCM. I".. 11 
 
 f'i.blistied by uireciioti uf the Ho'' bYD^.LY A F IV iL 
 - 1 
 
 R. M..'i3te. ot Ayricultu'e. Ottawa. Ont. 
 
I'lATK I. 
 
 I,im;ak. 
 
 1*47— P. 1. 
 
IXtMIMION «ir I ANADA 
 
 DXPASTMXn Of AOBZCUITUU 
 
 OEVT&AL EXPERIMENTAL FARIS 
 
 OTTAWA. CAXADA. 
 
 PROGllESS IN THK BREEDING 
 
 nr 
 
 H A. R 1> Y A F 1> L E S 
 
 rOR TIIR 
 
 CANADIAN NORTHWEST 
 
 BT 
 
 WM. SAIXDKFJS. ( .M.(!., T.T.P.. F.R.S.r 
 
 Dinitur of Erin ri mental Funns 
 
 HULT.ETIN >,<>. (58 
 
 MARCH, 1»11 
 
 Published by direc'.ion of the Hon. SYDNEY A. FISHER, Minister of Aariculture Ottawa Ont 
 247—1 
 
To tlic JFoiimiriilili' 
 
 Tliu Miiii"tiT of Atfrii'iiltiiriv 
 
 HiH. I liHvr llii' li'itiiiiir li' -iiliinit. fur vmir , |iroviil. IJiilli'liii \«i. rt^ nf th(> 
 Kx|M-riiiii-iitnl Fnrm MTirK, iircpnrcil liy iiiyi.-lf. In tliU luillreiii the ' I'n.jfnw in llie 
 1<rr<>(lin)r nf lliinl.v Appl'"' f<>r the Ciiinicliiin Nortliwc^t ' i'* trniti'il nf, iiml, uitliin itn 
 )iii|rfi* the liUtor.v unil |lr('^>l'nt rumliliMn of tlii- ini|>ortjint hriiMcli of cxpcrinii'iitiil work 
 in ili'nlt with — A Work wliicli Inn clninii'ii ilic »rilrr'» attention for tin- pii«t twoiity- 
 fouf .vciir*. 
 
 TIk" finli'flvonr if Iiito nnnli- to plmr tin- wori< liffon- the ri'mliT in su'li u wiiy iis tn 
 inilii'iili' it* K<'n(-rn1 umi rxlin-ivr -i-o|h'. .\iriii<ly nmny n«rfnl vjirii'tic- of croM-iliroil 
 nppl<>'< Inivo IxM'M proiliiccd, innl llir inclirtition-t lire tinit iinptovtMin-ntii in tho ai/v unci 
 qunlity of the frnit will he inore riipiil in the future ihiin they hiive \wiu in tlip past. 
 The liirire ininil er of ^cc.inil ero--e« now under Iriiil will, it i« expeeled. furnish 
 ninteiinl iinmnif whiih -iiiliiMe -orl- may lie foinnl wliiih will prove of eoniinereiul 
 vuliio in most of the eiOdcr piiil- if ('nnndii. 
 
 1 hiive till' hiiiour to !«'. 
 
 \'oiir ol.edii'ut .-erv:inf. 
 
 W.U, SAINDIIKS. 
 
 Direr I 'ir, Dominion Hxiiiiimrnlal I'anii.i. 
 
 Ottawa, Mnrch L':t. VM\. 
 
 247— 1 J 
 
PROGEESS IN THE BREEDING OF HARDY APPLES FOR THE 
 CANADIAN NORTHWEST. 
 
 Sliirtly after the tirst Dmiiiiiioii K.\|><<riiu('iitnl Fnriiis wtTc cstalili^hod cxpeii- 
 iiiciit- wiT<' IiPKiiii, liDtli witli liirp' and small fruits, with the ohji.'t of findins; out 
 what varieties, if any, eoiild he sueeessfully ifrowii, i-|M<-ially iu the colder distriets 
 in the .\orthwe«t Provini'cs. Tlie apple, on aecomit of its relative iinportanee, naturally 
 ehiitiied special attention. Durinj; the tir>t eiKht or ten years more thiiu twD hundred 
 of the hardiest sorts of cultivated apple trei's olitiiiiKil>le in nortluTn Kurope and othef 
 noithern countries were thoroughly tested, e-pecially at the experimental farms at 
 Urandcui, Manitoha, and at Iiulian JIea<l, Saskatchewan. These trees were plarV^d in 
 considcrahle n\mihers. often from twenty to fifty trees of a kind, some in shelter more 
 or less dense, others without shelter, hut in no case were any fruits proilueed. New 
 varieties, orijrinated since then, considered to he of opei-ial merit and hardiness, have 
 1 een suhjeeted to similar trials. 
 
 In ]hh7, the year duriufr which work on the experinuMital farms was Itcfrnn. seed 
 w s olitained from the Imperial Uotanic (Jardens, St. I'efersliurK, Russia, of a .small, 
 will! Silicrian crab-apple, known as the ' Berried Crab,' Piinifi hmratii. This crab grows 
 in abundance about the sIku-cs of the Baikal Sr i and in many parts of Northern 
 .Siberia. Younn trees wen' raised from seeil of this crab, and, as soon as the speci- 
 mens were large enough for transplanting, some were sent to Brandon, NFan., ami 
 ithers to Indian IIe;ul, Sask., and in both places they were f umd to be entiridy hardy. 
 iMring a trial of about twenty years the Berried (Vab has never bi'en injured by 
 winter and the trees have started fnun the terminal buds on the brani'bcs every 
 season. These trees have fruited abundantly for numy years, but tin- fruit of most of 
 them is small— not mnc-b larger than a <-herry— antl is also astringent and ai-id and 
 ir- some cases bitter. The fruit of I'liiun harctitii makes excellent j<lly. however, and 
 hence, in its unimproved form, has Ici'n fi]un<l useful. It is also highly ornamental in 
 the spring, when in blossom, or when adorned with fruit in the autunni. The trees 
 are rather dwarf in habit, low-branched ami strongly built, with the fr\iit firndy 
 att:\i-hed to the tree. From its general habit of growth, it is well ailapted to resist the 
 high winils to which trees are often exi)osed on the northwestern prairies. 
 
 Commencement of the Work of Cross-Breeding. 
 
 .\fter four or Hve years' experience had thoroughly established the character of the 
 berried crab for extreme harilines.s, efforts were made to improve the size and quality 
 of the fruit by cross-fi>rtilizing the tlowers of Pi/nis hacmln with jiollen from many of 
 the hiiriliest and best sorts of apples grown in Ontario. This work was begun in 1M!»4. 
 and has since been continued along several ditTcrent lim-s. The sii.ls tibtained from 
 the first crosses were sown in the antnnui of that year and germinated in the follow- 
 ing spring, producing, in all, about lOO young trees. These were planted in the spring 
 of 1S!)(>, when many grew rapidly and soon made sbaiiely specimens. These, and 
 other young trees, resulting from similar subsequent experiments, have been planted 
 from year to year in orchards at Ottawa, Brandon. Indian Ibad and other North- 
 western stations. In 1S!)0. thirty-six of the crossbred apples tirst ])rodueed and grown at 
 Ottawa fruited, and fivp of them were of such size ami <pndity as to Justify their being 
 |)ropiigated for more general test. The fact that so numy of tlie-e fruited on the 
 fnoith year fn'm the sowing of the seed indicates a very early ffiiif-lirarin<r habit. 
 Since then seviral luimlred iiku'c of these cro-^s-lired apple- havi' luriie fruit, and thr- 
 number of varieties worthy of extended I'ultivation has been eou>id( rablv inereasid. 
 
l.oot-(jr,ifts of .^nine of tlio nior,- prntiiisiiiR sorts wore cnrly n.n.U. mul those have \ieen 
 t.sti-,1 fi>r iMKlit or ton .vcars past at oarli of tlio nortliwcaterii farms and have sliowii 
 vrry slipht inchnution towards toiidonuss, even when pluntcd in exposed situations. 
 I 10 tross-brcd sorts grafted on roots of seedlinps of P^rus hanala have pro.lueed trees 
 uliich, so far na they have l)een tried, seem to lie quite as liard.v as tlio wild form of 
 l.>i<,(itii. There soonis every reason t.. cxpcet that they will prove Koiiorally hardv 
 throut:hout the northwtstern eountry. 
 
 In all (ii-is of eross(« mentioned in this bulletin the tir^t parent named is the 
 tcmale, the second the male. 
 
 Experiments with Pyrus prunifolia and Pyrus mains. 
 
 In ^•'•M^ a series of ernsses was hepun on another sort of wild erab, known as 
 llirus pnnnfnim. This is re^'ardod by s,,me botanists as a distinet speeios; others 
 believe it to b,. a hybrid between P. mahi^. tlw wil.l erab of Kurope, and /'. harcala. 
 Seeds of this form were also obtaine.l from the l{oyal Hotanic (iardens. St. Peters- 
 burjr. Russia. The fruit of /'. pruiilfolia is usually larger than that of harcala. and 
 will average nearly twiee the size. Its hardiiie-s in the Xorthwest lias also been 
 ostabh-liod by a test .'overiiiK » number of years on both of the experimental farms 
 at liraiidoii ami Indian Head. The first erosses with this spiH-ies were made in IMOr., 
 and .sinee then many new sorts have thus been oriffinated. 
 
 Another line of work in pro<luein)r new apjiles was beffun in 1002, in erossin;; 
 Piinis mnhi.i. the wil.l ajiple of Kurope, with some of the best Canadian sorts. This 
 fruit is about an imdi in diameter to start with, and of fair <pialit.v. A hardv form of 
 this tree has been seeure.l whieli has stood .several winters at Hrandoii and Indian 
 Head without injury, and with this additional erossi«i have been made. 
 
 Jlany of tlie best of the erosses produeei! on /'. harcala and P. prunifolia have 
 been reerosaed, thus introdneinp; a seeoml quota of the blood of the larger apple with 
 the hope of obtaining fruits of larger size an.l higher qualit.v. Regarding these there 
 is as yet not miieh proof that they are sufficiently hardy to endure the climate of the 
 Xorthwc-t: this can only be fidly determined by further exiKTiment. Two varieties 
 of these crosses of Ontario an.) Spy have Uen teste.l for several vears at Indian 
 Ilcail. but have not .vet fruited. Thus far they have been fairly liard.v. The first 
 one-year-old trees produced by this method were planted in the "orchard at Ottawa 
 in the spring o." 1904. an<l a full list of tliose now growing in tlie.se orchards is s,ib- 
 luitt.d ill this bulletin. 
 
 Apples from which Pollen has been Used. 
 
 In the first <Tos^es luaile on Pi/nis harcala. in lf»04, pollen was used from the 
 Tetofsky. Duchc-; and Wealthy apples, hut sinee tlieii pollen has been obtained from 
 many other varieties and used ,,u /'. h,„r„l<i. P. prunifuUa and P. mah,^, among them 
 Aiiis. Beautiful Arcade. Rroa.l C.rceii. Kxcelsior. Fameuse, (Joldeii Riis.set, Haas, 
 Herren. Kriuiskce. Mclntn-ii Red, .McMahon White, Osinioc, Pewaukee, Red Astraclian 
 a{ib-ton Pippin. Scotfs Winter. Simbirsk \o. f>, Swa.vzie Pomnie (iris. Talman Sweet! 
 Winter St. Lawreiic,. and Yellow Transpa-ent. The number and variety of the 
 (•rosscs have thus l,eeii very much increas'd. Many hundreds of these eross-hred 
 varieties of larml,, origin 'ave been iimduced and most of them liave fruited. While 
 a large niimlcr have proved of inferior quality, there have been originated, up to the 
 present time, about sixteen varieties in all. most of which, from their superior size 
 and (piality, may be regarded as useful for doinestie purposes and deserving more 
 cxtendeil trial. 
 
 Crosses of P. baccata with Some of the Best Cultivated Apples. 
 
 On Plato II there are shown figure.* of P./n/s hnccnlu and eight of the new "rosa- 
 bred sorts, all of natural size. The harcala, as will bo seen, is very small, and the 
 
rrLitive imTPi.so ,n size fsnltintr fmn, tlio ,-vn.,\uK is ninnif.-^t. On wciRhin- pood 
 nvcraKO .i>,v.in..ns wo fi.„l tli,. lMr».,r „f thrs.. n..w <.ro<s-l.„.,l sorts aro from twelve to four- 
 t...„ tinu's l„.nv.,-r tlmn l.,„n,lu. TI.p nr-l.nnl.s of cro-s-.s with /'. ham.la were mostly 
 planted between the yrnr.s 1S!»4 und 1904. nlthouKh some were planf.! later. Of these 
 er,.s.,.s. nimilMnn^r i„ „|l about eijrht hun.lre.l. the larger number have fruited and 
 were found ■nfer..,r. All snrh have In.en discarded. The following were believed to 
 'o of suthcient value to warrant their more jreneral distribution for trial, and have 
 been sent out under the Tianies given: — 
 
 No. 2. Alberta. (Plate II. fie. 2.) Pun,, h,„rnla with Ilaas.-Tree. a stron- 
 pmwer and an abundant beanT Fruit. LO inehe.s aer.iss. 14 inehes deep; round 
 somewhat flattened and sliKhtiy ribbed. < 'alyx p,>r-istent. .Stem, about half an ineh 
 lonp. ( olour. Breenish yellow, with a brij/ht red eheek. Flesh, nearly whit., juiev 
 slijihtly astringent, nstrinseney seareely iKTceptible when the fruit is ripe. Quality 
 fair to pmd. Season, last week in September to middle of October. 'I'htLS far free 
 from bliKht. 
 
 No. 3. Bow. I'linis hnrcala and Pewaukee.— Tree, a strong grower and a fair 
 nearer Fruit, size, \{', inches a.'ross. 1,',, deep. r.d,.ur, .vellow with a faint tinge of 
 red. Hesh. yellowish white, crisp, juicy, mildly subacid, not astringent, of good 
 flavour. One of the mildest of the harcata crosses. Season, middle of September to 
 the middle of October. Practically free from blight. 
 
 No. 4. Charles. /'. hacala with Tctofsky.— Tree, a very upright and strong 
 grower, with large leathery leaves, and a medium Ixarer. Fruit, size. IG inches 
 aeros-s and 15 inches deep; nearly round, slightly ribbed. Calyx, persistent. Stem, 
 rather long. Colour, yellow. Flesh, yellowish, solid, crisp, juicy, with a pleasant 
 flavour, mildly acid and slightly astringent. Season, early in September. This variety, 
 although promising, provcl very subji-ct to blight at Ottawa and Brandon, though "it 
 has not yet blighted at Indian Head: on account of this ten.lencv. it is not recom- 
 mended. 
 
 No. r,. Columbia. (Plate II. fig. R.) }>. baaata with Uroad Creen.— Tree, a very 
 strong grower and a fair bearer. Fruit, size. ].8 inches across ami 1-6 inches deep; 
 nearly conical, distinctly ribbcil. Calvx, i.rotruding and jiersistent. Stem, of medium 
 length. Colour, red, with stripe:, and dots of a deeper shade. Flesh, yelbiwish, lightly 
 streaked with red, juicy, subacid, with a ))l<>asaiii flavour: slightly astringent. Qualits'. 
 fair to good. Season, late Sei)tember and October. Thus far free from i)liglit. 
 
 No. <\. Elsa. (Platv II. fig. 0.) /'. hairiil,, with Yellow Transparent.— Tree, a 
 strong grower and a heavy bearer. Fruit, size. 1.4 inches across and la inches deep; 
 nearly round, slightly ribbed. Calyx, persistent on a slightly raised eminence, ribbed! 
 Steni, about one inch long, slender but stnmg. Colour, bright yellow. Flesh, fine- 
 grained, tender, juicy, rather acid, but of pb-asant flavour. Quality, good. Season, 
 latter part of Augu-st and early in September. Thus far free from blight. 
 
 No. T. Jewel. (Plate II. fig. S.) p. hivrota with Vellow Transparent.— Tree, a 
 strong grower and a heavy bearer. Fruit, size, 1-4 inches across and l-.T inches deep; 
 nearly round. Calyx, persistent. Stem, about 1| inches long. Colour, yellowish, with 
 a pale red cheek; very pretty. Flesh, moderately firm, crisp, juicy, of good flavour, 
 subacid, with very little astringency. (Quality, good, one of the best. Season, last 
 week in August to middle of September. Thus far (piite free from blight. 
 
 No. 8. Kent. P Imccala with Ifelntosh Ked. — Tnv. a good grower and produc- 
 tive. Fruit, 16 inches across and 1-4 inches deep; nearly round, ribbed about the 
 calyx. Calyx, persistent and slightly projecting. Stem, ^ to 1 inch long. Colour, dull, 
 dark red, with an orangc-colininHl shade, deeper in tint on the sunny side. Flesh, 
 yellnwish-wbite. juicy, crisp, mildly subacid, sl-^^btly n-triu^^vnt and of fairly good 
 flavour. Sea.son, end of September to middle of November. Has not yet shown any 
 tendency to blight. 
 
l-nirtr. Jr.nt. .■... 1... „h1.,.s u.to.s .„„1 14 i,„.l,os ,1...,,; nrarlv roun.l (\,lour 
 ..r:>„go. > roakod w,.:. r..,l. with „ ..ri,„so„ ..h.,.k. Vul mil.llv su Ji/rn,T,; 
 
 No. 1... Norman. /'. ham.la with .Nf.-In.a.h l{..,l.-Tru.. u fair grower n,..I « 
 
 i 'l i. n, f "■"""■'^''-"•'"'''' <;."'P- J"i'-.v. >^itl' n .priffhtly. pln.sant flavour nn.l 
 
 Fr„i"7°;t"' °™?"' '''•.'""■^«'''.^it»' Osi„,oo.-Tr..... a fair prowrr an.l a ^.,.,.1 Irarrr. 
 Ir .t. ahmo ,„o.i„„n mzl; „ l.ttle small.r than Tr«ns....u.ient. C.i.a.r. ,„,],. vllnw 
 -.' «-l.-.l.w.th ..r„„s,.„. Fl..h. te„.lor. .,r..aki„,.. Flavour, a..i,l l,ut ,1 r'at> o k 
 >I.d,tly a^tr.UK.'nt. Season, Inttor half of August. 
 
 No. 11'. Otto. P. /,„<ra/a with M.-Malion Whito.-Tr.'e. a po.xl grower and a fair 
 
 zZi ':;;;:• :T '\ '■;'"" ■'"""' ^i ""■'"^^- ^""''"- ^'•"•''- -«-• and f::*; ; 
 
 o ,i f S ". "'v" "T"- '■'""'""■• •''"'••^•- ^■"•'^''"'>-- ««tn..pont. Of fair 
 
 <iualit.\. Season. OctotH-r. No iniliiation of hliirht. 
 
 l«.arP^'"' h-f ■f ""'";, ^ 'T'"'" "■'"' ■'"•"■^'l^.v--''''-.'.'. n strong grower and a heavv 
 < abx, per- stent. Stem. rath.T long. Col.mr. yell„w. with a pink .-heek. Flesh, white 
 hne-gra,ned. hnn en^p. >.l,aeid. sligthlv a-tringent. n.Hl.rately jui.w. with a pleasant 
 flavour Season, latter par, of Sep,en,l,er an.! Oet, 1.... Mas been .-onsiderably affec-t.H^ 
 by blight during th.- last tw.i .,r three years. 
 
 No. 14. Prince (I'hUe II. tig. 7.) /' haccala an.l T,.,ofsky.-Tree, a strong and 
 upright grower an.l very prnduetive. Fruit, Lfi i„ehes neross and l.:( in,.hes deep; 
 Marly roun, . < aly.x drops ,„ , v of the s,K.ein.ens. Stem, 1 to U inehes in length. 
 ( ..lour, bright re,l, of a dee.ii .!,. le on the side exposed to the sun; with a few paler 
 .lot- au.l stnaks. Flesh. n..arly white, jui..y. subaei.l. s.„n..what astringent; astrin- 
 geney le-,..„s as the Irint ripens. Of a pleasant flavour. Uipe early in Septemk-r. 
 lias pn.veii ,p„t,. liabi,. t.. blight ;u.d on this a.-.-ount eaiinot be reeouiiuen.le.h 
 
 \o. l.V Robin (Plato II. Hg. !l.) 1'. Uirrala with Sinibrisk No. !».-Tree, a good 
 gi-.w.r an.l a ,M...!,un. bearer. Fruit, size. 1..", in.hes arross an.l 1-4 inehes deep; 
 ...arly roun.l. .,r.,ugly ribb,..l. Calyx, large. ,K-rsistent aii.l projeeting. Stem, about 
 ..u.- inch l..ng. ( ..l.Mir. yellow an.l r. .1. Flesh, very firm, jui.-y. suba.-i.l. with a slight 
 i.>triug..n<.y au.l u pl..a>ant flav.mr. Qualit.v. goo.l. one of the be>t. Season latter „art 
 ..( August to eii.l ..f .S..pteinb.T. Thus far has been free from blight. 
 
 , . ?*'"'■ ^"^ ^"""ey- ''■ '""■'"'" '■■'"' Ii'"«<l <ireen.-Tree. a medium gr.iwer an.l a 
 fair bearer Fruit, size, i;; i„..b..s a.-r..ss ami !■ in.'hos .le,.p. Calvx. persistent. Stem 
 
 '.'"." ""■'' ';:'"■'■ , <'"1";"'-' "tl.er .lull ..,, re<l. FI..S1,. m.Ml.Tat.ly firm. ni...!eratelv 
 
 jni.'y : .piality aL.ve the av.rage. S,.a>.,n. last wwk in August au.l lir-t half of Septeni- 
 1 IT lias ii.jt yet shown ;iiiy teii.leii.'y t.> blight. 
 
 -Vo. IT. Silvia. (I'late 11. tig. :i.) /'. /,„.,„/„ with V( ■ iMspannt.— Tre<- a 
 
 MioMg au.l iipriuht gr.nver an.l n fair bearer. Fruit, .size. . .<-h.s u.ross anil I..". 
 
 Ml. ! - .leep; t.,rm somewhat p..int.'<l an.l ribbeil. ("al,-x. persistent. Stem, i to i iu.h 
 I..U1;. rol.,ur pal., y.'llow. Flesh .,f i,l,.a-aiit flavour, siiba.-i.l. no astringenev. Qualilv 
 
 goo. . KiiK'. August !»tli or Kith, but .h,es n..t keep h.ng; one of tl irliest t.. rip,;n 
 
 ot the .•ros>-br...| appl.s whi.li hav- yet friiite<l. Has. thus far, n.it shown any ten- 
 <leiiey t.. blight. 
 
 N... IH. Tony. (I'liate II. tig. 4.) /'. Urrala with Mc.Mahoii White.-Tree. a 
 str.ing au.l spreading grower and a h.^avy bearer. Fruit, size. 1« inehes a.T.iss an.l 1.4 
 iii.dies ilepp: f,i,iu r.iun.I. s.,iuewbnt flatt.'nnd. Onlyx. p.T-.!st.nt. Stem, about 18 
 iii.l'.e- long. (■..i..ur. gre.nisb.y..ll..w. streake.l au.l spla-he.l with bright ri'd an.l with 
 many yell .wi-ii .|..fs. Fl. sb. yell..wish-white, jiii.^y. sprightly, subacid, slightlv a-frin- 
 
PlAlK II. 
 
 1. -I'VlllS lUl 1 AJA 
 •J.— Al.ltKHI\. 
 a.— SiLViA. 
 
 247— P. 8. 
 
 4. low. 
 
 "). t'liLLMJUA. 
 
 ti. Klsa. 
 
I'lATI I '.I. 
 
 V 
 
 f 
 
 I'Ki 1. Kith. 
 
 Vl': 2. MAlKiKKV. 
 
 Fig. 3. Martin. 
 
 Flo. 4. JosiK. 
 
 Fia. 6. Jamxs. 
 
gent, with a pkusant flavour. Quality, niwliuiii. Si-tw-.n, lute .Se|.t.'iiib»r and Ootober. 
 Thui far (rve from blight. 
 
 Additional ud Lew Dttinble Crotaes with P. btcoatt. 
 
 The followinK additional eror-wx with /'. hairuta wure omonK the eiirlier sort* 
 prwluml. These have U-m distrilmte.1 more or lew, and have oUo l)ecn tcst.d nt tho 
 branoh famw, but on aceount of their eomiwnitively Hmull nize Mn<l Hoinewhat inferior 
 quality, their propaRation has not b«H'n eontintiwl. a* they are not consiilered e<)ual 
 to iomo of the newer sorts, and hence are not recommended for tancral cultivation. 
 Rome of them are still under trial, however, at several different pointn. 
 
 No. 1. Aaron. /'. haccala witJi Ti'tofsky.— Tree, of a spreadinn habit and an 
 abundant bearer. Fruit, size, !,'„ inches across, 1ft inches d.*p; ribU-d. C.ilyx, 
 I)er8iBtent. Colour, briRht red. alm<h<t all over. Flesh, crisp, juicy, acid, of fair flavour, 
 slightly n»trinKent. Season, b«-KinninK to end of September. This variety has blighted 
 badly, and hence cannot be recommended. 
 
 No. 2. Carleton. P. hat rata with Wiultby.— Tree, a stronjf Rrower and a heavy 
 bearer. Very ornamental when in bloom ; flowers deep red in bud and very large anil 
 pinkish-white when open. Fruit. siz(!. 1 ,'„ inches across and J of an inch deep. Calyx, 
 persistent. Stem, IJ inches lon^'. Colour, chiefly red with some oranRc; deep red in 
 parU. Flesh, firm. cri>p, juicy. mo.Urutely acid, distinctly astrinRcnt; of fair flavour. 
 Season, latt<-r part of SeptemU-r am! October. This was one of the earliest to fruit, 
 and has borne reff uhir crops tor many years without showiuR any tendency to bliwht ; 
 valuable as an oriiHniental variety. 
 
 No. n. Dean. F. havmla with Wealthy.— Tree, a fairly stronsf grower and a free 
 bearer. Fruit, too small to be of viiliie. 
 
 No. 4. Derby. P. harrata with Trunscendcut.— Tre»'. a .stronjf grower and a frc.^ 
 lieare-. Fruit, size, U inches across. U in<-hcs deep. Caly.x, .small. Stem, about 1-5 
 inches lonjf. Colour, a hat.dsouie brijtht red. Flesh, firm, crisp, juicy, rntlier ii.id. 
 sliKhtly astriuKcnt. Flavour, fair. Although inferior in size and <|u»lity. its colour 
 is very attractive. As the fruit is very jiii.-y, it would no doubt make >food jelly, and 
 
 the tree, when laden with fruit, i- very oruui itul. Smwou. luiildle nf September to 
 
 December. 
 
 No. .5. Eve. /'. Iiuoalu with Simbirsk Xo. !».— Tree, n rather slow Kfowcr and a 
 fairlH'arer. Fruit, sixe. IJ indie- across and 1] iiielie~ diep; ribbed. Caly.K, prominent, 
 without basin, persistent. Colour, bright red. brightest and dwiJcst on the sunny side! 
 Stem, j to I inch lonjf. Flesh, yellowish, fairly juicy, of pleii-nnt flavour. Quality. 
 Kood. Season, September. Thus far free from blijrht. 
 
 No. (i. Hunter. P. hnmila with Ked Aiiis.— Fruit, -nuill. of n«""l quality fir 
 jelly. Too .small to be of general value. 
 
 No. 7. lizzie. P. lixrrala with Herren.— Tree, a medium grower. Size of fruit, 
 li'fi inches across and \\ inches deep. Stem, 1 inch lon^-. Calyx, persistent. Colour. 
 rather deep red. Quality, medium. l?ipe nlnHil the miilille of Septenilier. This is to'> 
 small aiul astrinRcnt to lie of vnlue. 
 
 No. 8. ManitOU. P. Inndta with Mi'.Maluin White.— Tree, a sfood grower ;ind a 
 heavy bearer. Fruit, size. IJ inehe- across. 1^ inches de.p; nearly round; ril)bcd. 
 Calyx, prominent, ribbed. Stem, t to Ij inches loufr. Colour, yellow, stri|)ed with red 
 over almost the entire .surface, becominn: deep red where exposed to the sun. FK-sli. 
 nearly white, juicy, sprightly, with a rather pleasant flavour. Of fair qnalit.v! 
 !-'c.nson, latter part of Sr|.teniber iiiid OctulM^-r. Tlils vmieiy is subject to blight, aiid 
 •inee it is of inferior quality it is not recommended for cultivation. 
 
10 
 
 No. 0. Hortheni Qbmii. P. harmla with IIy*Iop Cr«b.— Tree. • medium Rrower. 
 riilhpr itpiiihiloii!) in hahit. Fruit, umiill but BbiiiKlaiit. Quality fairly itood but ruthcr 
 iistrinKPiit. HiiMMi* parly. Sta«on, lant wppk in AuRUit and Spptpnihpr. Too nmall 
 to Ix- of value. TliuM far friM> from bliuht. 
 
 No. 10. Prairie Gem. /'. hacratn with Tetofuky.— A slow and tomewhat slendur 
 Krowcr. but n m«Kl Uaror. Vi-ry subject to blight, and hence is not recommended. 
 Fruit, red, but loo nmnil to be of value. 
 
 No. 11. Tngnu. /'. bacrala with Wealthy.— Tree, a vijforoua and upright 
 Krowcr and n k" .«! U-nrcr. Fruit, size, 14 inchcn across and 1-2 inches deep. Cnlyx. 
 pernistent. Stem, lonjf niid (.lender. Colour, red with some yellow, and a dark red 
 cheek. Flcnh, very firm, crixp, subacid, juicy, very sliKhtly astrinaent and of fair 
 flHvo\ir. Suwou. middle of September to middle of October. Ilns blinhted a little. 
 
 No. 1:J. Btiby. P. harmla with Wealthy.— Tree, a strong grower and n rather 
 lifflit bearer. Fruit, Nmall in size. No indications of blight. Hipe early in September. 
 Too small to compare favourably with some other sorts, and of inferior quality. 
 
 No. 1.1. Stork. /'. harrala with nuchess.- Tree, small, of compact habit; a 
 Rood bearer. Fruit, size, lH iiuhen aerosM, depth Ift inchei". Calyx, closed, persistent, 
 with flat basin. Stem, about 1 inch long, slender. Colour, red, deeper in shade on the 
 sunny side. Flesh, yellowish, firm, not very juicy, rather astringent. Quality, medium. 
 Season, late in August and September. 
 
 Crowei of P. baccita oonocarpa and P, B. lani^inea. 
 
 Within recent .vears crosses have been made with the-se varieties of larrata, using 
 them as female and the following varieties as male :— Simbrisk No. 9. Yellow Trans- 
 parent and Wealthy. 
 
 Of crosses of P. B. r&nocarpa. there are six with Simbirsk No. 9, five with Yellow 
 Transparent and one with Wealthy. 
 
 Of the crosses of P. B. ganguinea. there are one with Simbirsk No. 9, one with 
 Wealthy and four with Yellow Transparent, making eighteen crosses in all belonging 
 to this group. These have not yet fruited. 
 
 Crosses of Pyras pmnifolia with some of the Best Cnltivated Apples. 
 
 Of those, ten have shown aufflcient points of merit to justify a more extended 
 test. 
 
 No. 1. Dawn. Pyrus prunifoUa with Simbirak No. 9. — Tree, a good grower and 
 productive. Fruit, size, IJ inches across and Ijj inches deep. Stem, about one half 
 inch long. Colour, red, brighter and deeper on the sunny side. Flesh, white, juicy, 
 crisp, distinctly subacid, of pleasant flavour. Quality, good. One of the largest and 
 licst from this pirentage. Ripe about September 20th. Has blighted a little in some 
 instances. 
 
 No. 2. Frank. P. pmnifolia with McMahon White. — Fruit, size, 2} inches across, 
 \l inches deep; nearly round, slightly pyramidal. Calyx, small, closed, rather shallow. 
 Stem, medium to long, in a fairly deep basin. Skin, yellowish-white with sometimes a 
 faint reddish blush. Flesh, white, juicy, crisp, fine-grained, subacid, with a slight 
 astringency. 
 
 No. 3. Golden. P. pmnifolia with Golden Russet. — Tree, a fair grower and 
 quite productive. Fruit, siee, 1} inches across, lA inchea deep; round, somewhat 
 flattened at the ends. Calys. persistent in a shallow basin. Stem, } inch long, rather 
 stout. Colour, bright yellow. Flesh, fairly juicy, rather sweet, very slightly astrin- 
 gent. Quality, good. Season, last week in Augrust to the end of September. 
 
11 
 
 X". 4. Oordoa. T. pmnifoUa with {Ji.ld.-n Kiwdi-t.— Tiw, n fiiir jirDWpr nnd 
 mcdiiiiii liearpr. Fruit, size, IJ inrhot norm* by 1} iiu-hrs .lecp. <'o|oiir, ru-*it.v- 
 yellow. Hkin, rather thirk. Flesh, yellowiith-white, t<np-Kraine<l, juicy, pIvBiantly «iii)- 
 mi.l with a mere trn™ of astriiiKency. Quality, good. Kipe September 20th. Hu* *o 
 fur lio'ti fn-c from blight. 
 
 So. r. Joti*. (Plate III. tig. 4.) P. prunifolia with Simbir*k No. 0.— Troo. a fnir 
 Kfowcr ami productive. Fruit, »!«, 1} to 2 inche* acron* hihI IJ inches deep. Stem, ..f 
 medium IciiRth. Colour, Kroi-ni-K-yeilow, BliiuMt covered with briwht red in strcaku mid 
 pntche»; a handsome looking npple. Kic^h, white, fairly juicy and of a pleaiiiiit 
 flavour, with very sliKht n»triii»tency. Qunlity. good. Season, midtlle of September 
 to middle of Octolwr. Ua» »o far been free from blijfht. 
 
 No. 6. Liigar. /'. pnmifoUa v.ith McMuhnn White.— Trc««. n gwA grower ami 
 proiluctive. Fruit, size. 2 inrhe* acroM and 1) inchc» in depth. Colour, yellow and 
 bright red. Flesh, ycllowiih-white, juicy, with a pleasant flavour; rather astringent. 
 Promising for siie. but rather inferior in quality. Season, October. Much of the 
 fruit in bunches of from f> to 10. hanging from the ends of the bran.hes. A cluntcr 
 of these apples is shown on Plate I, where the fruit is represented of natural size. 
 
 No. 7. Madge. P. prunifoUa with Oolden Russet.— Tree, a fair grower and k 
 heavy bearer. Fruit, aize, 1j inches across and li incJies deep. Stem, ) inch long. 
 Colour, dtnp red. Flavour, mildly nc^id, pleasant thsugh peculiar; slightly astringent. 
 Qiialit.v, above medium. Ripe about the middle of September. No indication yet of 
 blight. 
 
 No. 8. Xagnni, P. prunifoUa with Simbirsk No. •>.— Tree, a strong grower and 
 a fair bearer. Fruit, size, 1-8 inches across and 1-7 inches deep; nearly round. Calyx, 
 l)ergistent. Stem, about ) inch long. Colour, orang- and scarlet. Flesh, firm, rather 
 juicy, fairly cri^p, subacid. Flavour, aromatic, very slightly astringent. Quality, 
 vor>' goo<l. One of the largeot yet fruited of the P. prunifoUa crosses. Ripe, Si-ptember 
 20th to ,10th. No indications of blight so far. 
 
 No. 9. Buth. (Plate III. fig. 1.) P. prumfoUa with Pewaukee.-l'l.sntcd in orchard 
 in spring of 1!>00.— Tree, a fair grower and has bonie well for several years. Ilui so 
 far shown no signs of blight. Fruit, 1? inches across, IJ inchou deep; nearly round. 
 Calyx, open, riblwd. Stem, 1) inches long, slender. Colour, deep crimson, with dots, 
 moderately numerous, white, distant. Flesh, fine-grnined, yellow stained with red, 
 bnnkinsr. Flavour, pleasant, subacid, with no astringency. Sea.son, October to 
 November. A handsome cross-bred apple of good appearance and quality. Promising 
 on account of lateness and size. 
 
 No. 10. TeMy. P. prunifoUa with Oolden Russet.— Tree, n fair grower and a 
 medium heart r. Fruit, size. IJ to 2 inches across and IJ inches deep. Calyx, per- 
 sistent. Stem, abiut half an inch long. Colour, dull red with streaks and spots of a 
 brighter shide, covered with dots of a paler hue. Flesh, yellowish, crism, fairly juicy 
 with a pleasant flavour. Skin, thin; fairly free from astringency. Season, latter 
 half of September and early in October. 
 
 Xethodi of Diitribntion of these Crosi-Bred Fruiti for Further Tert. 
 
 Supplies of all these different sorts wore sent first to the Experimental Farms at 
 Brandon and Indian Head, where orchards of considerable size have been established. 
 These fruits are also being tested at many different points in Manitoba and the 
 Northwest Territories, and at a few jJacee in northern Ontario. To determine their 
 hardiness on the Northwest plains it is essential that they be tried in many localities 
 from the eastern boundaries of the plains, where the altitude is comparatively low, to 
 the foothills of the Rocky Mountains, where the elevation above sea-level is much 
 greater. The question of altitude haa • most important bearing on the hardiness of 
 fruit trees. 
 
II 
 
 For M'Vrral yi'»r» h li.t wn. in i-oiirx' of |in>|iari>iioii. on which •.rr- «nUir«l 
 frmii tiiii<> III time th<> iihiiii"< of M-ttli-r* who tonic n ■iioi'inl iiiti'rot in i("' •"owitiK 
 of trrf-t unil nhriib*. From thi« li.l ■ ininilx-r of umno* wt-w <-h i»en. <li<triliut«<l 
 ovi'r u HJih- nn'ii, M'ltloiii lakiiiir nion- ihitti one or two in lucli tlinfrirt. In thi* ^*•y 
 jiloiit j.'tn» liH'utinn* wi'M' M'l«vt«Ml, ihi- I xlri'mi- |Hiiiit« of viirinlion in i-h-vitioii ranirinu 
 fn.Mi "•♦<» to 4.'JlXt fti>t. Iluvinir (•orr<'>|N>nilt'il witli fliror pnrtii-* iniil nii-ivi-d NMiir 
 nine iliiif liny .voiinjf tni* npnt thrni woiil.l U- ciinfullv lookod after, thi> firnt ilittribii 
 tioii wa- iiindc ill lINCJ. whfii four oiir-viar olil tni-* (olio trio I'liih of four ilitTi>n>nt 
 fnTt») wrro -I'nt to each i>i'r>"oii. In th<' xprinK of IIMKI a m-ooihI |m<-kaK>> wai m-nt to 
 llio Kniin- iiiiliviiliialK roiitHiiiinir two aililitional vorirti«"> of croioi-hri.l applnii, »o that at 
 •'111 li of ilic-i' pointx *\x of th«'«e yoiiiiff triTii have U-on rwt'iviil. Kcport* havi> rome 
 In from miiny who hiivi' ri<<-<'ivi><l the trwn, ami in almiwi I'vi-ry iimtHnre thry arc 
 ri'iMirtCil an iiitirily hardy, having utiKnl tlw wintrm to whifh liny have been oxiwm'il 
 without injury, and in some inntniKHM homo fruit. 
 
 OroMM with Pjmu prnnifolia intennedia, 
 
 Thi* viirii'ty of /'. itnuiifulia him \>evn cros»ed with MrInto»h Hwl. of which croiia 
 there an- now thirttnii trecu, and aluo with McMuhon White; four trw* of the latter 
 arc now livinit. Only ono trc*' of ihi^ jrroup hnn no fnr fruited, a cro** with Melntoah 
 Ke<J. Four »pc«'iincitoi wen' (ruthcri'd from the tri-e on Scpti'inbr '•I, 1910, Thrir 
 do«rription is an followi*: — 
 
 Junei (Plate H, Hit. ri.) Si«>, i; inehc« wide, Ijl inehe" ilcip; nearly round. 
 Colour, de«'p red with «tr«'aki« of dull yellowish. Fuintly rilil»il. Cnlyx, op<'n, ba«in 
 •hallow, ribliod. Stem in n mIuiIIpw euvity niid nboiit J imli li iifr. Fle-li, neiirly white, 
 cloM-iTTnine*!, rather arid, with a pleaMnt flnvoiir; •li»rlitly ii«trinfrent. 
 
 Crouea with Pyrns malui. 
 
 Three trei •< of ii iTimi of Pfinii mail's with Simbirsk Xo. nre now Krowinir, but 
 Bone of them hiis yet fruited. 
 
 Seooud Croues. 
 
 Many of the l«'-t .if the crossed pr<«liiee:l on Piinm hiiitata nnd I'linia yrunifolia 
 •ml their reliited foriiH have bten recri-iseil. thus intriHliieint; ii seeoml portion of the 
 <hnroettri~tii< of the larger apple, with the hojic of ohtninimf fruit of larper size and 
 hi^'hir fiiiiilily. From th«'»e ^eeoml eros-.s. wliieh were mndc in 1004 uiul followinir 
 years, tluri ^re now 407 trcex urowiiifr in the onliards at Ottawa, several of whieh 
 fruiteii f r the first time in 1010. The followinfr descriptions relnte to two of the 
 nifwt pri'iiiisini; of these which liave fruited: — 
 
 Margrery. (Phite III, tin. 2.) Pioneer with Spy.— Fruit ifiithcred September 22, 
 1010; fifteen «perimcn8 in all. (rrowinp in clusters, mostly of three to(fetlier; sixe, IJ 
 inches wide, l;; inches deep. Colour, yellow, with mi occasional faint tinrfo of reddish. 
 Flesh, ffrcenish-whitc, closc-tfraiiied juicy, and fairly pieamant. but not yet ripe. When 
 ti-sted a<fain in February, flesh quite matured, pleasant, subacid, fine-praineil, with a 
 i^priuhtly flavour. Caly.x. shallow, ribbed. Stem, thin, about ^ of an inch lonfc, in a 
 reirular cavity. Season, October to February. 
 
 Kartin. (Piute III, fig. .1.) Pioneer with Ontario. Crosd of 1902, planted as 
 yearliiiK in orchard, spring of 1904. — Tree, a strong grower and an abundant bearer. 
 Gathered frnit from one small tree, September 21, 1010. about il of a bushel. Fruit, 
 borne in clu«tere, 2} inches across and IJ inches deep: nearly round. Calyx, closed 
 with shallow basin. Stem, slender, placed in a medium, regular cavity, from 
 J to J inches long. Ct.brur, w.-.rin orati^^-yellow with an tir,inprrc.-l chock. Flesh, 
 white, pleasantly subacid, fine-graine<l. easily uieaking. with an ngreeablc, sprightly 
 flavour. Season, October to February. 
 
la 
 
 I.WT OV HKCOND CRfWMBI NOW IN THK OKfllAKrw (.\ niK 
 • KNTHAI. ICXI'KRIMKNTAL K.\RM. «»TTAWA. ONT. 
 
 Strrrrr 
 
 Fine «>»*. 
 
 MvniMi Cru*. Wtilk 
 
 '""' 
 
 
 1 " 
 All»rt« 
 
 air"""' 
 
 iCr»Bli»rTjr Pi|i(i(n. 
 IDwhM. 
 iWorthwn Hpy. 
 Oelulwr. 
 HoiHt'i Winter. 
 HimWrak No. U. 
 iTH.rfiAy. 
 jMcInlah IU<I 
 Hifflbink No. '.). 
 T»u4tky. 
 
 Yrllow TrMwinnnt. 
 Mclnloli H»f 
 Unurio. 
 DuehML 
 i<tidniii. 
 iDotobvr. 
 RidMu. 
 
 Hiiubink N<i. !). 
 Totohky. 
 
 Y«lknr Tr»iii.|mr»-nt. 
 Hue 
 
 Yrlkiw Tranii|«n-nt. 
 * ■ •».ii«t. 
 uberry rip|iiii. 
 
 ■■ " 
 
 
 icwb-i.m .., .'..■...;:': 
 
 1 : :::•::;: 
 
 1 » '.'.['..'..'.'.".'.'.'." 
 
 H , . ^ 
 
 
 
 Ctwrlra .'.'."..''. 
 
 
 
 j«w«iV.v. ;. ■..■■.■.■.'.':;:..■.■";.■.';■.:; ;. 
 
 
 
 Muiicou '.'...'.['.'.'.'.' 
 
 Nfimuin 
 
 Morlhrrn (juwB 
 
 
 
 
 
 T«tof.ky. 
 Walter. 
 W«|,hy. 
 Aufiwt. 
 
 Onurio. 
 Hinibink \ii. 9. 
 8,>y. 
 
 MclnUah K«<l. 
 
 McM»hon White. 
 
 Huiibink No. ». 
 
 Tuofaky. 
 
 y*lk)w Tr»ll«|l«^•|,t. 
 
 WllltlT. 
 
 (hiUrio. 
 
 Siiiiliiruk .\ii. !t. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I'imin-r 
 
 
 
 M ... ' " ' 
 
 
 90 
 
 II 
 
 II 
 
 I'rino- 
 
 
 31 
 17 
 
 Jj ■■■■■■■';;■■;:;;::;;::::::::::;:;: 
 
 
 ft 
 
 1 
 
 ol«l -107 
 
 •Itork ^..' .'". 
 
 Piiiiy "......'.'.''.' 
 
 
 Kilcellueoni Crosiei. 
 
 Sov..,«l promising soo.lli„K« h.ve W-vu pro<li..t..l by crossinR some hardy Russian 
 nml otluT vnr„.ti..- in the hope of obtaining sorts hanly onouBh to .n.hire tho .limatc 
 of the Cana-lian Xorthwest. Three of these, known by the following n>.me« arc 
 worthy of notice as., after a limited trial, they give promi^. „f unusual hardineW-- 
 No. 1. Eidean. Wealthy with Duchess.-Fruit. form, roumlish. angular- size 
 milium to larg,. Cavity, deep open. (^alyx. open or partly open. Colour, pnle 
 yellow, well 8pln.«hed and washed with briuht erinifon. .-sixrially on th.' «ii'ntv side- 
 do»« small, indistinct, numerous. Skin, moderately ihuk. lender ¥h^\, inicv 
 yellowwh, firm. Flavour, pleasant, not high, sprigiitly. subacid. Quality ..nod 
 bcoson, late September to February, 
 
14 
 
 . ,^"-,^- ^'^■■*«^*-, , ">-'"'' <'■•"'' "'»'' l)"«hcs3.— Fruit, size. 2 inches acros.s, IJ 
 im-I,es .leep; form, ol,lon^^ C.Iour. yellow, splashed nn.l atreake.! with bright red 
 ( al.vx. iK-rs.stent iii a ImMn .,f nuMJiuin depth. Stem, about half an ineh hug Fle-h 
 ii.-arly white, hue-prained. juiey, fender. Flavour, pleasant, very n.ild, subacid. Quality 
 above nie<liuni. Season, September. 
 
 \o. :i. Sam«on. I>uebess and Ani^.— Fruit, size, medium t.. hirne. Flesh crisp 
 luoderately J, n.-y subacid. Flavour. sprlKbtly, pleasant. Season, n.id.lle to end of 
 September. Quality, above medium. 
 
 . ^«rT!'? "r' "*■''» "^ /'■'"''"' '""•'■'''" "■''••f obtained fr,m. the Royal Botanic Oar- 
 ..en. St. ^e..Tsmr^^ Kussni. ,n IssT twenty-four year, have passed. As .shown by 
 
 lie facts subnnt ed n, th,. bulletin, .iurin^r tMs time a lar^re number of experiments 
 bave been carried on with varyinfr succss and the indieatinna are that, by pcrseverinR 
 aloujr t le lines laid d.mii. in a very few yoars a nuniber of varieties of apples -vill be 
 available. p,.<s..ss,n^. that bnrdiiu^s si.e and .piality which will commend them to 
 the settlers in all those portions of the northern .•ountry where ordinary apples under 
 avera,.. conditions ..„.not be ^-rown. The suc.-css ,li„. f,.r a.hieved U most encour- 
 af;in>t. aii.l doubtless greater triumpli.s in the future will reward persistent efforts.