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KlUKU ^ DKOTHER. *^ ^ TREATY OF WASHINGTON OF MAY 8, 18 71, A8 SUnMITTED TO THE THIiaNAI OF A.UUTRAT.ON AT «ENE.'A. ■Hf II ■^PIET-*-- i4*'l!SSfc.-. ■■•»*««i*wi*wUtes, the course adopted in relation to thi'm by Lngla^d, the protracted negotia- tions lii'twei-n the two governments to device a mode fur thei"- aband(^nnient, or whether we take into view the iniervention of the arbitrators, who, availing themselves 6f a motion of adjiuirnment, in anticipation of any regular judg- ment, and without ileciding the nuestion of their own jurisdiction, removed these claims from the records of the tribunal. We give, having receivetl the lust publications of the two governments, incluiling the recent proceedings of the Arbitrators at Geneva, a rapid synopsis of what occurred subsequent to the date of our communications to the Jinnnal. It has been deemed expedient to precede the claims for indirfrt losses, by a letter, wliich was originally prepared for the New York World, wliile Uie treaty itself was slill before the Senate. It was alsti piiblishe.: in the/oKniu/. This letter will not only show that our views on the nature and oliject of the convention, formed before a discussion respecting its meaning hail arisen, were the same as we have ever since maintaint>d, but it will serve to eluci- date the points in controversy. jJ^ttff^^ ^9^*^^^lf^tf^h^: W: w^ w I- I ^x 4 The " Aiiiprlcan case," which riiniain,,.! >i ^ «e„toc, ., ,he Arbitnu.,.:!'!. :.::'' ^J-l;*;;-^'*; -<-, wa, pre to a telegraphic i„ti,„atl,.n fro,,, 0,.,...ral .Sche, cL ., ". ' "T l'"'' ^''""«'' Fl.h ha.l n.plie.l tl.a,, " ,h..,e ..u.st ^^ ,. S "'f "'' "^ ^"bmary. .Mr. claims p„.o..te.ir it i, i,. a ,.o,o Tr o, ^ / , \t," n; '^^ T "'*''' of the. i,! of ,!.„, ,„,„„1,. ti.at we (i,.,| the r,/. r '"•"'*' ■^*^''""'^'*' Cal-ns I,. .,|p,..„.,ue cor'respo..:.;;:.' 'u '2:^" "*""^' '"' ^"^' """-'=' THb!;:L^?!::s:;s:~r;:iS :- '^ »"' r""'- "- '-'^"- '^^ «•- and hUuries. p.u fi.rwanM, Z" ' '^ iirfl^'l^'Tf "^ "^^ """-' losses I" the tra,.Hfer of the An.erica.. eo me^wl ''"""''• '"^"'"'""^ "'« ''«» enha,.cedpay,.u.,.,s„f i„surr.rr. , ;""" '" "'" """^^ ila«. the .d;.i..onof aiar«esu..,t:;;rc;; ' ::c"r;'^ t '-"* '"" rebellioii." '^"'^ *'"' •"•' snpiiressioii of the <»!> the opening of Parliament on the .1,}, of V,.h.,. nou,,ci,.g that the tir.,,neHin.M.f 11^1 irrf^,-^^^ "'" '^'''"'' '" «»■ 1eclare.l that in ,he An,e,ic n cVse the '*'''"''"''" ''''''^^« "^ ''«''^v«. opinion, were not within the juris^li .[i ,, ' ' Zl '^'■^' ''"'""' ^'"^•''' '" '"^^ ca..se,l « friendly repre.entullou o ,a ..? f '''""•^'ors, an.l that .he I,,,,! of the l'ni,e,l Slates. "*' '"^^■'•■' '" '''-' '»»'•'* '" "«« government Mr. Fish, in his note of Fehriiarv -'7 iHT) . . r - gard to the clHi,„s refe.re.l to bvTl:i r 'm ."'.""" '^'^'^'''^' '^i''' '" ^e- t"at he could not a.,ando . f. ' ^' Z "''V ""l "^7^"'"" '^ "^ """""» arbi.ration.- He thus proceeds- ' '""' """*'"" ''^ »" "«I'«'-'-al po^ti^'MiS^i'':^;::::;:::^:':''*' ''"'■'" '^'*^"""-" "« "-ere,. a"<. has n..v..r e-aertai;:,':;:: tiZ; nL^^r*'' r''"''••'^''^-"-' Inoasure ,,/ .la.nages .•« fin.Is rxi.res.i . ! ., " *"'■'' •'"' •■■^"•'vai.'ant Press, and see.ns most .... !;:'': .''r ''*■'' '-'''-.^« <^'"- I'ritish of so.ne even of „.e s.a.esn...,. Jlvl^ nZ!^^"" ''"^^♦'-'-' ^'^ "- """J» .;.en:;:;:i:^::;.s.r:;:::-^-----M,.r..h ., .., wi... the "'^' clai,ns for indireet |o..s,. a," of "''•"''"'ati.... of ,1,,. origin of answered at mnch l^n-tl. I.v'm, f, . I "',""""" "'"' """'•">• This was General Sehenei. uhiW . ^..^ ;„ '' j l^""' 'J'- '" »" i-'n.etion to 'ne«sureof,i.,,n,,,,,,,,^^,.,;;;; > ' ' -•'''5,^-I.at " '1'- ."Xten, and the Trib..nal of A-hiu-ation ., ( ',^.. ' . ^ ' "'"' '" " ''•"•'^'"" ^-^ "'«^ ^'•■''''"'-''-awa,vn,,utlH. n : ; ; T^^ '" ""' '"•'"-' ^'-"'.s; for 'l<'«ired a m„n,.y au u.l „„ accoun of h! '■'■""""" "-"'"'•• -■MH-e,...! nor 'v-e ,nite as ,n„eh mt,.,esSro ! ^ ^ ^ ' ?"' """ '*'" ^'""•"' ^'"'«» a.i g **»-- -- ■■ i 5 natter, was pre- ; last. ThoiiKh ' Februitry, >Ir. n.V part of>lie neial Sclu-iick, to the iiidiroct •oviiice of the iii'liiect losses lulling' the loss ili^h Hag, the war, and the essioii of the ^lopii, in an- ee at (Jeneva, ^hk'h, in her lliat she had governuient . says, in re- Is of opinion an iu'part'al w never ex- K'ir account, t'-xtravaiiant I" the Uritish the minds ■', with the It' origin of This was '•notion I,) III and the »e supreme I ■'■", 1-^72, General s snrj>ri.>te '"• I'V the laini.'s; for •^'ctfd nor '•''I States '• triliiitidi ■ ilanis lutL 1 there be \ would convince your Lorilsliip, though unotllcially, that he was entirely oi>- posed to the principle of claims for conse<|uential damaKes." He added : " Hut, Uuring the whole conversation, Mr Fish betrayeil anxiety that the treaty should not he allowed to break down, and fre(|uently expressed his hope that your I.ordship would siiRRest some means of dis|M»sinK of the indirect claims, which wouhl at the same time sal isf\ Her M.^esty's (tovernment and would be possible for that of the I'nited Slates; for he said that, even if the latter was not Justified in ever having pr(;»ented those claims,— which lie could not admit,— It was Impossible for It now to recede or withdraw them, unless it shouhl obtain a arried out, wliich I earnestly assured him was certainly the case, why, he asked, shoubl not your Lordsliij), in your answer to his despatch, now on Its way, stale that, as the I'nited Stales (iovernment had made it evi- uch indirect claims, uiiiler similar circumstunces, wlien Knijiand niiglit happen to Ije a beliij^erent, and wo;k for a money award on the indirect claims, from the Tribuii.il at Geii«!va." The attempt thus initiated by Mr. Fi>h to cause the ( bjecli U'.iteil States to disappear, without the ijovernment seeming to with- tlraw I' Jill, resulted, after various discu>sioiis between Lord tiranville and tli'i-e tor tlu' iialiuiial losses stateil in the case, piesenteil on ilie part of the (Government ot tlie United Stales to the Tribunal of Arbitration at Uriueva, to have been sustained by the loss in the transfer of the American commercial marine to the Drilisii tlai{; the enhanced payments ol iiiiuraiici' ; the prolonitaiion of Ihi' w.ir: and the addition of a lante sum to ihe cost of the war, and the su|>pression of tlie rebellion; tirstly, were not included in fact in the treaty of Wasliini;to;i ; and further, and secondly, slioiild not be adinilted in piinciple as urowinv; out o! the acts Committed i)y particular ves>els aliej;ed to have been enabled to commit de|)redations on the shipping of a l)eiligereiit by reason oi >ui-li a waul of due diligence in the periornnuice of neutral oblig.\l ions as that wliieh is imputed by th.- United States to (ireat IJritain. "And, whereas, the (iovinnient of her iiritaiiic Majesty has al>o dtclarcd that the priiii'ii le iiivohi'd in the M-cond of the coulentions, herein before set forth, will guiile their conduct in future. And, whereas, th,; Pre>ident of the United States, while adlierini; to his contention that the said claims werf in- cluded in the treaty, adopts for the future Ihe princi|>le contained in the second of the said contentions, so far as to declare that it will hereafter guiile the conduct of tlie (Jovernment of the United States, and the two countries are therefore agreed in this respect. If ; i Wi ■ i**9*^'''*«»(8S**' ^.. "f the Unite.; sue,''-'"'^''""- «' ".H-m..: ..;/":>• '"'^"Ver. «„...,1. ,"f; ,•'•"• ■« ' ,r ,,";:, rr' "' "*■!.. „„„ ,t ;,;'■' ■■■■' <« re„„„,;' ,:" frpafv,.f...i: . "•^'' '"W'ssihl,. ,,. „,..., . ''*'" »'••. I>y ai.,1 H nil n» c'alii, oi, tlje '■'^^wi.l before U,e "• as to be j,ib. «^ aiiU'iKle.j /t "«--lu.Jt.(l i„ the '"■'"f'l'le, iliat «re»iikoftJ,o '*'"' hereHrter «'»'•'» other. ' cimnges of ^'* to under. C'ongres.«, it "" ""' one '"". of May Kloii of tJie 'H ;- Rrrive 'Snlaily to- 'orrl (iraii- ^♦' ilU'Iosc,} «"■ "tating '"«•', thus ■<'»«« Js to '"""liiioii. "Hour to •' iitates, '?"" Spnntr, iroiiM or woulil not excUitle the claims for national expt'ndlturps in piin^itit nP the coiitetleratt^ cru.iiers. He ailiN, " lli-r MiO"!'ty'n OoveriiniPiit are of opinion that the deflnilion, a> therein »>xpr»"llere that It would only lead to future niisunder' standings." In Ills note nfi'iith Marrh 1S7J, Lord (iranvllle thus alludes to those claims: "Nor did llt'r Majt'sty's (i vt'rntniMit olijfct to tin- introdui'tion of claims for the pxpenst'of the pursuit and rapture of tin* Al.thuna and other vessels, notwithstanding the doulit how far tho<>ecl.ilnis, though intMitiiuu-d during the conforetioesa"* dircrt claiuH, canii' within the proiwr >vi<\»' of tlu' arldtratlon." Thii* is <|uo|ed l»y (iciK-ral Sohenck in his note to Karl Uranvillc, May '.'"^th, 1S7l', in reply to the refusal of the latter to say whether tlu-y woulil bo ex- cluded hy the supplemental article pro|H»ed by the Senate, — lie aild.s; — "The (toveninieiit of the I'nileil Stiiic> i» nf opiMion thiil tin l.mi^uage of the Senate cannot lie iiiierpreted to cxcluile those claims; l>ut I atn now in- structed to Miy that the Article, in whatever form adopted, as to the pioceeil- ings before the Arbitrators Ht (ieneva, juust be unileritoiMl to prevent only the presentation of the clniius enumerated in the second contention of Iler Mi\i- esty's (Jovernineiit.''* The great piolileiu how to get the indirect claims out of the case wliidi Imth liarties ardently desiretl, and which months passed in ne;:otiiitioiis, at London and Wiishingtitn, bad faileil to acconi|ilisli, wan tinally solved by the action of the Ariiltraiors. Availini; themselves of the motion of the English ic^^eiit for ai> adjournnienl, they incidentally pionoinio'd, on the I'.ith of ,lune, an opinion on the uierils ot the claims, which, the parties assumed, left no excuse for their longer embarrassing the operations of the Tiil>inial. The I'resident, Count "lopis, premising that the application for adjourn- meiit was before the Arbitrators aiid that it was based on the dilference between the two tJovernments, a.s to the competency of the tribunal to deal with certain claims advanced in the ciise of the United Slates, which he enu- merated, proceeds:— -The Arbitrators dt> not pro|)ose to express or iini>iy any opinion tii>ry tii'iilie.-" ui« k'umI'v streii){lti,'?n>y wluil Ik salil In tin' l."iiil..ii SiilicitDm' Joiinnil, «( Slav II. IST'J. in n imllrf «lil, h (.rweiles an rxtriut If mi «i\t teller of .Aiirll 20, ISTJ. " Piil.llc .>|'l'ii'iii st-.'iiis now ho ilwhlfil In Anii'rli-» »« <r, iin>l mm ii|> to ilils tlni« tliat |>,trt of tlieiMsf lotal'v bliM'k* th«- pfottrfss ol Ihi' artiitriilioii. A iHfiiMisil was iii.eh- .ill iIik pari ol iln; ijnn'rii- nient >>r 'he I'lilttsI StHics to lin ilie iirhiiiiillon o\t'r the olistH< le |>ri'srMte>'iit iliit thrsf t'laitiis ulimilil ii>>t hti for- mullv n-ithilrnnn. loil that tlm arhllratl'ii shoiiM \v iiriHvf'li'il with an iho«i;li thoy were wltliilrawn, an RKreenii-nt l»-lin nimh' at llio saim' time, tietwcn the two Pow.t" that Urrai Inilaiii will iicvt-r iiiakr xlnillitr cIhIiiis 'Oi aii> Iiiluro mrasloi). when Wtf iiiay havs li^uii Ixlltgrrfiil anil ihi) I'tillisl .SiHtrs iit'iiti.il Siuli nil Hrraiigtiiiriit as this Ik ojK-n to all the ilistiilVMiitaKfK ot an " uii'lcrslaiiiliinj" w hi. Ii. as «very lawyer kn.iws, is lliu tVuit- fiil pHfenl ol iniaiin-lerstaiKliiitfs; while the sli|>ny „„ft,| ,.,r«rt. a,„| uft-, . ..ea.V..( ...any mo,„hH.,|„rl„8 which l^.th ,.«llo„, „,hv (k. kept Ir, a «ta,.. of pai,.f..l M..,,K.,.«.. n.ay .n.l h. a .vs„|,, wh .-h. It 1. to I.. pr..„„n..l. ,H,th ...y. ..mine,,,, woul.l e,,„«lly .leplore, ,hal of „,akl..« thi, Arbltrailor, who ,, a..or,lv.. Thi,, .H.in« .o. the Ar..i,rat..r, think it rl«h. ,o ^ta ,e C ^%T 'l upon tf.e priun,,l,'.,y Menu,nonal ,„„ appllrahU fo such cas.., .ood Zn'. n„ion» MouM.pon .nch princlplr. ,.„•/..„ ,, ,jrclu,l..l fnnn the cZ sUcn,tion of n,c Tri>.unnl in ,nakin., it. a,r„r.l, e.en if tUn. ,«.r. .o // yrfM M,reen the t,co ,orenu,.n,t.-, ,m (c the competency of the TrilJmt to ileculf thtrtoii. '" On .h..,a,no .lay. th„ .•m.n,..| ..f H.e I'm.e.I Sta,.., infor.no.l their a^ent that lulhel,opni..n. ,he announeenmnt ina-ie hy the Triln.na! .n.ist here- C...V.H hy ,he nl,e.l Sta.es a. .Ie,..nnina,ive of its .|.,.|g„,o„ ,p., , « .,...sil.„. of publl. law involved. ..,«.„ whi.h ,h., Unitc.l Stales have l,.M. eU iil»on taki.ig th6 opinion of thi- Tilhiinal. ".Msted The .leel.ratlon of the Trihu.ml was s.ate.l hy the A«ent... after r,.fere,K-o to he.r respect.ve «overn,ne„ts, ,o be sallsfactory to In,,!, of the.n. Th.-Tl ,n IHK entry was acronllngly n.a.le In the protoc-ol of the .'Tih ..f J„ne I.7' M.-. Hancro,, Davi. .aid that he made no ohj,.etlon ,0 ,he ^^raniing „f"u,e re,ue.t .nad- hy I,..rd "l Vn.enlen, t,. he per.nio.-d ... wl.hdraw l.i,a 1 , o ! for an adjoun.n.en,, and to ,ile the ar«,.„,ent of Her Hritanic Vai.4y' ' ern„.en,. Co„„t .S.-lo,u... o -half ..f all the A, hi.raton. then d .-lafe I ,hat" he.MUd sev,>ra clahns fori re.,-t losses, mentioned in .heMa,e,.,e,uie 1 the A«en ..f the Pnited S.ate, .,n ,he ..-,„. l„„ant. an.| r.. er , t "t ^J .Ha,e,nen ,,ust ma.le by the Av-ent of Her nri.anic M.i.'stv. are IT A l..ncH,.rth w, I he. wholly excluded f,.,„ the con,ldera,|..n Z. Tl e T. bn^d ::':';^r:^;:;: ""^^'"^^ '- ^-""^ ^'"^ ^-'-- - .vot..oo,":;:;;i; Thus ended this dl|.lumalio opisod... The American journals, which favored the Ad.„ln,stra,i,.n.d..e,ned i, a «reat lriu,..ph that we had ecZ UjuT ».ent aga.MMourseive.: while the gucen. in her pr,.n.«a,i,.,. s^ee ,Sr August. n,o.c..s to infurn. Parliament ,ha, the c.-.wro^er.vjn .-o^l one. of the pr..sen.al.„n of the A.nerican ol.dms for indire.H damages 1.1 i^n co.„p..sed by a s,v,ntane.,us decla.a.ion of the Arhitrators.en irel> c n i ten" w.th the views announcd by her a, the opening ..f the session The . .(Terent understandini; o, the two .governments ,.n a ,na„er so essen tml to ,he . .Je,-, of ,he .rea.y as ,.u. extent of ,he elal.ns ,0 ..ri ^ .^t d would seen, n.exphcal.le, were i, not for the .act tha,. ,hon,h um,., t .T ll la ...age. .cane any conventional arran.e.nent has l.e^n u.l ZZ^. Z 9 [•■> them obvloui, • tli« two KovfiT)' ilms In (|iipaiiun Ut« Afbliralort; > <'■> thiH (Miiiit J«t't, Mini Hrter a •■pt In a Htato of 'iMne.l, iMith xov. I>itrai|,)n wholly « thaf, a/ler the ' lite ijorcrnmrnt rrirnl, indhiilH- > »ol rouHUtuli; iiMfn, i/oud foun- •I ff»m the con- )f were tin ills- of the Tril.iinal M'll llu'ir iiKOTit ml must be re- iienl up< the 9 have hiKhted ter reference to •• The follow- JiiiK', Is":;. triintinK of the hitH|)|llic;,t|,,Il V'it.i<'»ly'« «;.>v- 1 ih'cliirpil that "•••III made by ■rc4 to In »Le ore, and from tlie Tribiiiiuj; otocol of this uliieh favored ciiri'd ajudg. |>^'ecli, lotli of c'(>n.sor|(i(>nc« «es, ha* been fly consistent II. ler so essen- Ijtisfed would Ik' same lan- bftweon tilt' United 8lat<-ii and Kni^laiid. In the Interpretation of which th« iiartiea a(r«ed. Ill the preM-nt ca • somethint; may be Imputed to the fact, which we learn fpxn the rirll.i tary I>ei>aleii, that uo part of the treaty, except the "three riileii," had been submitted, as is iiaiwl iu ^uch caaes, to the law offlcen of the Crown. Though the Indirect claim* were not iUUxi in lo many word* k> b« with- drawn, they were merged, a« we Ijave elsewhere had occaaion to remark, " in the amicable settlement" effected by the treaty. Tliat such liaa been the declaration of tlie Uritish ComuiinHioners Is admitted, as to four of them in the .Vmerican aruument — by the Manjiiiit of KIpon and Sit Stalford .Vortlicote lit their places in I'ttrliament, and l)y Sir K. Thornton and Mr. liernard on public occasions sought by tlieniselves. .Sir John A. Mac- donald conlines himself, in his speeeh of ltd of .May |s7a, lieforo the Uomi-- Ion Parliament, to the article!i reKardine ( anada. but we know from that Minister himself, in |M>rsoiial intercourM*, that he, in no wine, dilfers from his coileiiijucs ivs to the AUbama Claims. Nor do wu understand that any thing, ill a contrary sense, was expressed at any meeting of the I'lenlpotcntiaries Ijy our Secretary of Stale, a.s the orijaii of the American Commissioners: while our Envoy In KiiKland, himself a Cominissloner, listened to the siatetnents ot Mln'stcrs In both houses of rarliamenl, in which the fact of tlie aban- donment ot till' indited claiiii!) wa.s assumed, without, in liis suli3e<|Ueiil iiiter\iews Willi Lord (iraiiviile, K>vii>»( any intimation ot llie mistake uf the Uiitlsli government, if any existed. Our present .\tl< riiey Ueii- eral, who was likewise a I'leni(>otenliary, and who, in siicli cases as the coiistiuctioii of u treaty would, under ordinary circumstances, be ap|»;aled to as the law oflicerof tlie governiiu-nt, lias given no opinion. Nor have the vtewbof the " Aniei'icaii case" received any sanction from ine venerable Jus- tice Nelson, or, as far as the ptiblic^are apprised, fioiii the leinainiiig uieiulj«T of the Ciimiiiissioii, oil the part of the I'lilied States, the iale Attoniey (ien- eral lloar. We have, as we were preparing this introduction, received the Uritish and .\merican arguments, laid bel'me the lo-neva 'i'riliunal in June last. The chapter In the Atnerieaii ari^iinietit relative to Indiieet claims, as separately pulilisheil, bail previously readied us. The action of the Tribunal, in removing these claims wholly from its coii- slderatior. conlines the last papnr to an exclusively historical interest. It Is y our government, founded on the preinaline recognition of lielllgerency, and which it admits were abandoiietl by I'lesident Grant, and those which, it is maintained, resulted from the escajie of the Confederate cruisers. II ,<#:■ fm^L I a 10 It is .leni d that to pay tli« prho of c.-rUin ships .loslroyo,] is ,l„o ronara ^«n C«nH.i.ral,o,.. of international obligations forl.i.I the rou el Ttho I'tHtcl Maten to press for extren.e d.nuiges. on account of the t ' in .h.n.« su. R.red b> the nation itselt. ...onsh the neg,|«enoe of r Hr • i " buttheydes.rothejudifinentorthe Trilmna! on this „„.i.„i "''»•"». their own guidance in their m.ure Mations^i;; Z^^:::^: """""" '" All the counsel not only indon ., but reiterate the statemen;, so o.lensive to England, assumed to have been written by Mr. Hancroft Divis in l,"^ '" case, thereby absolving that gen.len.an frL exchlZ Its ;^, ^^' ^'^ No only are the tnotives of «;reat r.ntain. as evinced in the ,> ecle o i^" dividual Jl.nisters and the acts of ibe governnirnt , iurU, ii. recognition of Con.Wlerate belligerency th:;;;;'-^:^ !1 1' r;;:!':; claims,) reterre-ke and MawUns. why up to ,8.0 Engl.;, had no':";;;!;';:::"''^" The subject of indirect claims is not toiicberl ,>n i., n. , n • • > ..I* l,.sollK.r „■, , the ,w„„ f„r ,..,„, i„„|,,„, ,„ ,„,,, .. 1-. tl„ i„,m,.i,.„,y „f „„ ,,,,„, , , ,, . ',,;"■ " '' "■ I" •''■■"•> »'" CI "lie 4 .,iiw.ir.u.. criisieis t, t,e atlril.»t.-.l. ^ •nent. and which a.lerwards w I .f ,/;;;' '^^^ service, a..tually armed for w.r." hi I'd L '" '"'""'''" «1io c^,.,« • ,. '" '"s" 'o a'-coril.uice, as w< couee ve with •.«.., ii« 1.11.1,..^. „,„, „„ ,-,,i,i,„„„„j,^ „ ,„ ,,,,1^.,, ,, _^ ^^_^^^^^_^^ 11 tl is due ro|)«ra- e couiisol of llio tli« nationiil in- >f (Jreiit IJiitain, iilar quest ion for Aill. ts .«(> (tflensive to s, in tln> original sibility for t.lieiii. I jipceclies of iri- ig flifi premature ' be shown tliat i.ilber tlian to rolouged career e part of Eng- sisted on, a^ a were not the. >t N) l)e within ncurreJ in the [I'lieric tt^Mi of ill clalrnt (niut i Alabama, the lits that tliese ve their armj- in any otiier couotMve, witli ilirect ciaiius, iinitt<.«il by all licaled t ) the ' the volumes I ihe counter- c, belitie the ;unient" how- unnnjj! within , the Itetribu- i>w attempted to prove that Great Britain failed to fulfil her duties to the United Stales. The claim from these vessels is mainly put on facilities alleged to have been afforded them iii British colonial iwjrts. The high character of Mr. Adams and his eminent (|ualifications have hitherto prevented any allusion to the anomalous jKisition, which he occupies as an Arbitrator or Judge, after having advocated before the British govern- ment, as our resident Miiiisl;-r in Kngland, those claims on the validity of which he is now called to prontmnce. Nothing is better iniderstood than that a lawyer, when raised to the bench, shall not decide the case.n which ho argued •OS counsel at the bar. The assertion that the indirect claims had bt?en persistently urged on England, previously to the treaty, rests mainly on tJie despatches of Mr. Adams: while he unite* with the other Arbitrators in de- claring that '• after the perusal of all that has been urged on the part of the government of the I'nited .'states, li\ re.s|iect to these claims, they have ar- rived individually and collectively, at the conclusion that thwse claims do not constitute upon the principles of internatiimal law .ipplicable to such cases, go(Kl foundal on for an award of co3ni>ensation or comput.^tion of damages between nations." If arbitration is hereafter recognizetl as an international institution, it is essential for the success of a system, which it is proi)osed to substitute for an appeal to arms as a pacific solution of all controversies, that the constitution of those tribunals should be distinctly understood, and that it should be known whether the arbitrators named by the parties themselves should be the adviK-ates of their n'spective countries, or whether they should, equally with those apjKjinted by foreign powers, decide impartially as judges. We have no otlicial publication of the Tribunal sinct the withdrawal of the indirect claims, aun if it be correct, ;is the public journals of to-day announce, that thequestions of law there mejitioned are still under adjudication, it is evident, in as much as they reach the very foundation of the controversy, that no decision as to the merits of the cases, confessedly within tueir juris- 4iiction. has as yet been arrived at by the arbitrators. W. B. Lawukncb. Ochre Point, ffewport, tihoilt-. lalami, \-Ht of August, l«72. 5S5^WP?" S^ii#.m.*J^S,«-., mmmamm il;i ! \ X. i 0/^.*-' TRKATYiOF WASHINGTON. m \ Ochre Point, Newpout, R. I., ) MayJl, 1871. ) To the Editor of the World: Sia: I h.'ul intendtvl to {»re|>aie a memoir, tracing to tlioir ori- gin tJio several points of -""-' >-')• '^••""■ive.r ^,arJa ,ro™ Z Somhirn'sl!!'.' 1"""'' ,'":;, '^"^""««" '"'"^« al*.l..,.ly .okno«le.|g«.,. .t M. «irW ,Uv, th« 8mthernS.a..^H,«Mil«ere,.t party. Were they .vrouj iu ,i«h.» ^.■.--man,„HiU- Op,n,on imparihUe sur la qutttiun ,U f Atabanm. \m^* infliifiice, and tioiis, ought to our comitiy, iich from what I'production in oiitaiiis an au- IS rcganls tlie Science C'on- liout inourrinrr a views then t. I am well ?n to ilu' f()m- of neutrality, ce of the tlis- ylits and the ons cannot ho iw of a State, I sense of the tions of ttni- \ e iiitercourso ec()giiiti(jn in .'inherH of the 1 of the ma<'- d a heliiger- ■ constituted a! hostiliiifs. 1 be augmen- the conli'St it tlie ruit's I'liich, as it is lout horn CoiiM- to tve Mm Uiiinii iwliiU preiHimler i'l the |iremnlure Iiiimieil Iruiii tlie m early tUy, tii« '••—UtitHlitHili— well said hy Vattol, "civil wars, breaking the bonds of society and of the government, give rise in a nation to two independent parties who acknowledge no common judge." In our late civil war, so fir as the parties directly involved in it were concerned, the apprehension of retaliation, always appealed to when the two sidKs approxiniute to one another in strength, prevented the ap[)lication of measures which were threatened in the first proclanntion of the I'resident. Tiiough some privateers- men were subjected to a trial for piracy, a cartel was signed in July, 186-2, by a general ofticer of the United States, and a general officer of the Confederates, described as " having been commis- sioned by the authorities they respectively represented," for a general exchange ot prisoners, and in this were included prisoners taken on board of private armed vessels. Though all other countries, with the exception, ])orhaps, of China and Turkey, eipially with Great Ibitain, recogni/ed the belligerent rights of the confederates, and though any other course would have justly exposeil her to the reproach of having violated all the safe precedents of international law, the instructions, which Mr. Adams constantly evaded, to deiiuunl the revocation of the proc- lamation were incessant, and all the injuries resulting from the maritime operations ot the confederates were attrilmted to the recognition of l)clligerent rights — in other words, to England liaving reluscd, what the United States tlu'inselves did not dare to do, to treat the confederates as out of the protection of the law of nations. A«< Mr. Canning, in the analogous case of the Greek rev- olution, explained, tliere is iio alternative, if the belligerency of the revolutionary party was not acknowledged, but to reg.ard them as pirates and lioM the ancient government responsible for all in- juries inflicted by them. It was in vain that (Jreat lintain showdl that the United States liail given to the world the strongest eviilence of the existence of actual war by the establishment, .imong other acts, of ;i block- ade which Could only exist as .in inciileiit of w ir ; wliiie, unless there was belligerency, there was no excuse for the search of neutral vessels, much less for their condeiniiati(>n for viol.iting a blockade or carrying contral)and. The blo.'Uade w.is only one of the conseipiences of the existence of war; and whether it was officially announceil or not to the IJritish government, l»efore the issue of the tiueen's proclamation, as I have elswhere had fretpient -* il "*'^***siwr"! :^?? rr"wi« » i ii u. i . . uw>>*,» ^: 16 occjision to rem;\ik, was wholly imiivUorial, piovilo.l .i civil war then e.\i.stect:on from the m)st eminent of our own publicists President Woolsey having rejecte.l it as altogether untenable. It was state.l bv the publisher. Little, in his te-tinDny in the case of Lawrence t-v. Dana, that Mr. Seward had refuse-l to take copies of the secon.i edition of Lawrence's Wheatin, as Mr. M.ircy haci)>;nitioii of eoiifeiioiate belligerency are to be fuiin.i in the notes of Mr. DaiiuV eigiith edition of Wheaton.'" A still more important ciroiimstance, in this connection, is the view imiformly taken of the matter by oiir minister in London. J have already referred to Mr. Adams's despatch, showing that the recognition of rel>el belligerency was not without its advanta- ges for us. Li .mother of 15th of April, IStJT, he fully relieves himself from all responsibility for the policy enjoined on him. Having been asked his opinion by Mr. .Seward, "in regard to what appears to be the only obstacle to arbitration left," he tells him lliat it the i|ue>tion of recognizing belligerency co dd be sus- ceptible of being submitted to umpirage the doing so would not be advisable for us. •'The concession ot a possibility that the exercise of that sover- eign right of a .State could be drawn into ipiestion might have the erteet of tying our own hands in future cases." lie adds: " As it is, the very agitation of that , allowed her to carry her prizes into our ports, while those of lii-r enemy were forbidden to enter except f<»r stress of weather; and the ditficulties which it occasioned are familiar to all conversant with our early diplomatic history. It does not seem very easy to explain why a sale of munitions of war ill !i neutral country, by individuals, to a belligerent should be free from .•my violation of neutr.il duties, while the sale of a ship should not i)e so. IiKh-ed, it has been held by the Supreme Court of the United States thai an armed sliip may be sent abroad to seek a market like any other commo lity, and, when abroad, sold to ii bolligereiit. The simplest rule for obviating all dilJieuIties between neutrals and belligerents would undoubtedly be to impose on the neutral governineut the ol»lig ition of preventing contraband from ever being shipped by its own citizens ; au(l this would have the further advantage of abolishing the right of search, which, since the general adoption of the rule that neutral goods are safe in enemy's .ships and enemy's goods in neutral vessels, only exists for contraband. This, it may be added, is the course advocated by many eminent publicists, and mo far as vessels are concerned it would seem to have been adopted in the recent IJritish Neutrality act. By the law of nations, as now understood, though munitions of war may be sold in a neutral country to be useil ai:ain>t a State at peace with it, yet it is.held, and all the late controversy turns on considerations connected therewith, that a ship is not in the same \ii I ^"<*^»B«. 1^ 20 ciilegoiy, and that tliuHgh,aN we have saiil, she may he »eiital)i<.a«l to 8eek a purchaser, slie cannot Iw nohj nt home to a helligeifnt. I have not l.een ahlc to see any other gioniid for the di-^tinetion than that whiili connects it«eir with the well recorrnized rule which forbids, in all cases, a neutral to permit his territory to be used as the Itase of hostile operations. There is here no difJerence as to the breach of neutrality, whether the .^i.tiin. 1... made in neutral waters by a vessel wherever fitted out, or on the liiijh seas, wIk-m the cruiser has been built or fitted out in a neutral port. It is the power of carrying on war, when le..vi„g the neutral port, which essentially distinguishes the sale of a si,:;, in the neutral country from the sale of munitions of war, which, by hemscivt's wculd be of no avail. It is unneccessary to say that a mere technical evasion —as by sailing unarmed and taking the guns on bjard outside of the port— in nowise alters the position of the parti.'s, according to tlie law of nations, whatever its effect may Ik- in construiirg a municipal statute. 1 would not. however, l)e understood to contend that it would be the duty or even tiie right of a neutral to pursiR. the (.rt'ei.ding belligerent beyond his own territorial limits t„r a violation of neutrality within his iurisdicti..n, and ..ur own courts have held that thougli restitution would be ma-le ..f the property uidawfuljy taken, wlien bruught within our power, we have not the jinht to award damages .against the c!»ptor, or to p-oceed against a~voss*.l itsi-lt; whether a public ship or a privateer, having the sovereign's C(,mmission. wiiich had (.ffeiided against our neutrality. The coursf of England, in following the i'ortugese expe.btion.'in ]h-2<), to Terceir.'i, was condemne.l, in his place in I'.arliamen', bv that eminent expounder of international law. .Sir .Fames .Mackintosh. Viewed in the light in which wi- have been ciisidering it, there is no difference in j-nnciple between uiir duty to Kngland, >o promptly recognized at the commencement of the French revo>a. tion. and the obligations of that country to us during the lato civil war, though the circumstances were ditrerent. I particularly refer to what occurred in the time of \V.ishi„gton, because the I'nited States then h.-id no neutrality laws,— the first act havin.' been passe.l in 1 TIM,— and whatever was d.u.e was based on the law of nations. The Tnited States were then neutral, but thev were bound by the treaty of 177S with Kr.ance, made long Ijeforo the existing war, and which has been alluded to as giving to her the \ \ d imt;^^,'!'' th;it it woiiM 21 riglit, cxclnsivi' of licr fnotnieH, of bringing her prizes into the portt <»f thf Uiiiteut it was onlv through the exorcise, by our adniiralty courts, of a power, for which Si" Travers TwIsh says no Eiiu'lish precedent can be found since the time of Sir Lionel .FenkiiH, that the restitution was crtected. Such an exercise of power by our courts was conlV'ssedly an exception to the general lulc, that the trial of captures on the high seas belongs evcliixively to the courts of the nation to which the captors belong. Our courts, however, helo, and continue to h:)ld, that if the eapture be made within the territorial linuts of a neutral count ly into which the prize is brought, or by a privateer wliieh has been iliegally e.|iiippe propriety of that course, with- out the intervention of his government, has been <|uestioned by .lu-lge Story. Not only was restitution nnide where the prizes wert- within our territory, whenever that couhl be done with- out involving us in a contlict with France, but where it could not, compensation in speeilied '/ases was nnele bv us under the i i II ^vlj '""^'''ymtm'-- 22 tronty of 1791 : iliii'li will artonl t-t tl.o Uriti«li High d #- " I '] ! ■ I iniHsioiiiTN a prcceiU'iit, if tliuir cmiiihu hIkjiiM I»u (|uuHliuiitMl in their own country. The o<)rie!«|M»iiiK'ncp hetwt'cn the two govcrnmentH after the Ahtb'.iina eseaiied in ISO'.', intorf<|i('rHe(l with ('un)|ilaints ahoiit pre- mature recognition, was mainly taken up with aecoimtH of Mr. A(iamH*M eAortH to in;lruction, produced an irritation in the minds ol' the American people which neither the decision, in a contrary sense, of a Scotch court, nor even the interposition of the g.»vern- ment in the purch.ase of the Anglo-Chinese sipiidron, supposed to he intended for the South, h;id any effect in allaying. In our di- ]ilomatic correspondence, if it be permitted iiere to make any comment on it, it would seem to be a matter to bo noticed that we allowed ourselves to be drawn into a discussion whether the Kn- glish laws hail or had not been executed, thus apparently w-th- drawingtheca.se from its only true test, the law of nations. That the United States had at le.ist a ftn'mti fttcie cl.iim for indemnity is admitted by the preamble of the first article of tly> treaty, expressing the regret of her .Majesty's government " for the e8caj)e, under whatever circumstances, of the Alab una and other vessels from Hritish ports, an i the other •< to international adjudication. A proposition tor a treaty to settle gener.d claims was made by Mr. Seward in 186"-J, before the Aliibaiuu matter arf the American States which retained the common law, would be necessary. A c(mven- tion which had been prece led by a protocol, in order to await the i: •iit^'^.imit.iiSSM^i^. ~.:^ . -■■. aa;*i»ii«i*i.' i-tiC^**! '^^fmmti^l. \i n\ i I 24 action of Pailiiuciit, w:is cuticIiKlod, Murcli 13, 1S70, a statute making lliu rutjuiiod changes in tlit- law having pa.sseil tlu' pri'ceed- ing (Jay; yot it would aj)j)ear from ;lio ilehales in tiie Now Vork Sunuto, that, when an act was introiiuced at the late session to make the laws of liiat Stale conform to tiie treaty I>y mlopting an act founded on the Kiiglisij statute, the Senator, whose argu- ment had a controlling iiitluenoe, was ignorant alike of the con- vention, and of the Expatriation act ot Cvuigress, wliich had induced tlie Federal government to (Conclude it.* The requisite protocols having been signed on both the other subjects, Mr. Johnson attempted an arr.ingenient of a Claims con- vention, in a mode by which to avoid any mention of the appar- ently irreconcil.ible views of the two countries. This, Mr. Johnson tells us, was accomplished as well in the treaty of November 10, 1868, wliidi was rejected by the President without being sub uit- ted to the Senate, as in that of the 14lh of January, lS<;;t, by the general terms of the reference ot all claims arising since Isfj.'J of the citizens of the one State on thegovernment of the other, whether oi not arising out of the civil war. A clause was inserteilat Mr. Se- ward's .special suggestion, in the second arliehf of the treaty of January 14, lSt)l>, reecl«lly with tluiHo 11.' Ilie Sum it N.!» V>rl«, rel*tivo lo i)i« trinisuii». liy Itui iire«.'nl writer, in I1TI Tim iitVirl w.»s *•> fur •iHceHHiiil nR 111 iBR.I.oti lli« ra •.iiiiiin.iiijuli.in nl'tlif O iveriH)r M.itl'iii.iin ti tti« rein i»»l oC >lli>al>iiitlc'» friirii Aiin;rli:«ii wniiien iiririii-U iitirnail. .\ii mt wim i.,i^HO.I, Marrli M. r<7l, l)y tlic LfiKiitliiture of Now Yn l(. tn autliorize tliu etit iif laiii e*Ulti to f.iuiln rlli«.in» of tlio I'lilto-I Slates iinl lln-ir il«t.'«ii laii('<, nolwitliHiainlliiij tlutlr miiriiiij.i wlili iilltinii. Kurllior lt'i;liilaliiiii. Imwivtr. in iiwi-Kiiiiry. to iiialiu llie lam ot tliat Slat.s M|i«i:ii»lly m (o tlie ilemeiit lit re:il e..tatu, li »riii mi/..- witli tli« tru^nii'ii witti Kii^l.iinl (iiul .itiiBi poworn. It wiiiil.l m-eiii lliut .'ViTi till' KiiKli»li naliirsllz itl.ni ai:t. iihuhcI In aniliiiutlon ot tin- trcnty with the riilirl Stale:., Iiua not iiii>l all Ihi- roiithitiiiucloii lur wliirh it wiu iiilumlu.l to provide.— .V« Solicitori' Journal, fnl. .VJ7. /).i727. \ z-) the autlior of tlio ooiupliiiiit, it wms no. so hv the vory ar'roin|ilish- cmI Hoholar tlicii at thu licul of tliu Committei' on Foreign Aftairn, ami to whom it is impossible to impute ignorance, either of politi- cal history or of the rules of internntional law. As Mr. Sumner's speech, presenting a n\ost formiilalile hill of imlictmeitt against Great liritain, at the head ot which ho jilaces the Queen's proi-Ia- ination of neutrality, anil from t'n* conseoueni-e of which he de- duces cl-'ims, not only for Mie destruction of property by the confederate cruisers but for untold millions foi the expenses of tlie j>rotracted war, was pnbhsheil with the I'onsent of the Senate, we are bound to ascribe ti> his reasoning tlie nearly unanimous rejec- tion of .Mr. Johnson's treaty. Mr. Mi)lley, moreover, in his earlier intercourse with li )rd Clarendon, statcil, with respect to the treaty: ''The tinu' at which it was signed «.is thought most in- opportune, as the late President and his government were virtual- ly out lif ofhcc ami their successuis could not be consulted on this grave (piestion. The conventinn w.is further objecteil to because it embraceil only the claims of individuals and had no ivference to those of the two governments on each other; and lastly, that it settled no (|Ueslion and l.-iid down no principle." Nor did till' prospects of :idjnslment seem to have been much imprcved by the inauguration of the new administration. While not basing our rights to redress tor the Alabama claims solely <>n the artion of tiie IJiilish governiuent at the commencement of the secession, the American gmeinment continued to consider the rei'ognition as ;iu unfritHidly proeeeding and leading to other con- seipiences for which claims for indemnity were due. The course of the American Minister at London in exaggerating his instruc- tions on I'lis point, and in .assuming, as it were, the prerogative of m.iking war in his menaces to the IJritish government, had induced .1 state of things which seemed to render any further attempt at negotiations impraiticable ; but the reasons assigned for his recall, and in wliich hi-* co\irse was fully disivowed, having salistien war as ab(n-e, such vessel fiaving been speciallv adapte.l, in whole or in part, within such jurislielion to warlike use. "Secondly, not to permit or sufTer either b.-lligereiit to make use of its p.n-ts or waters as the base of naval operations against the other, or for the purpose .,f the renewal or augmentation of mili- tiry supplies or arms or the recruitment of men.* -^ Si mm ^ MMW It rest all those igry discussions 1 of Lord Stan- Ills. Five arbi- 1 States, Great visa Confedera- lission of either i)f Sweden and ssel separately >s set forth by if so tlioy may ifod States, or pointed by the i? of Italy, shall what ainoiiiit I'liited States, ure, ns to each lecided by the if the treaty to te adjudication govrnnient in was Secretary (hem entire. 'irst, to use due i|)pinj;, within able ground to t a power with to prevent the ?d to ('ruise or oially adapted, rlike use. Ill to ni;ike use ns against the ation of inili- liKi hImi I)«>ii iiiaile 'iicrBl pMlilliMloii iif I", w.- ililiik iliere la ' lli«f llie('lniii^> mn K-rnilcinK. nl wlil,li ttmt cUiiw in cull- 27 "Thirdly, to exercise due diligence in its own waters, ami ait to all persons within its jurisdiction, to prevent any violation ot the foregoing oldig.itions ami iluties." ' Though it is dedareil in the treaty that the British government cannot admit that the rules which are thus established were in force at the time when the claims, to which it is agreed that they should apply, arose, yet they are not only to be recognized as liereafter bintliiig between the two nations, but their intluencc is jdedged to have them acknowledged l»y all the other Stales. The sanction of the English gi)vernment has been, indeed, given to meaHure.s even more >tringenl. So far back as January 1807, a commission was appointid consisting of some of the most emi- nent Knglish jurists, including I'liillimore, Twiss, and Vernon Ilarcourt, all high authorities in international law, and to which Mr. Abbot, (now Lord Tenlerdcii) was attached in the capacity that he at present holds to ihe High Commission at Wasliington. The result of their labors was eui'iodied in the act of Dlh of August 1870, tiie passage of which was hastened by the Franco- I'russian war. This .act prohibit.s the building, or causing to be built, by any j»erson within Her Majesty's dominions any ship with infi'iit or knowledge of its being eiujiloye 1 in the military or naval ser- vice of any foreign Slate, at war with any tVien Uy Stale; issuing or delivering any commission for any such ship; etpiipping any such ship, or dispalcliiiig or causing any such slii|i It) be dispatcheil for such purpose. It is dfserving of notice tliat Mr. Vernon Ilarcourt dissented to that portion of the report of the commis- sioners that applied to the prohibition of sliip building. Jurisdiction in cases uii ler the act, is given to tlie Court of A Imiraiity, which is not the least important amendment of the law.* Tlie propo.sed reference, in istij, liy Mr. Sewanl, to a mixed commission reache I all claims of the cili/ens or .subjects of the one country on the government of the other smee ISnl}, and such also was the provision of the convemions negotiated by Mr. John son. It does not appear why the authority of tlie commis.sion lor the cl.iinis, ()ther than the Alabima claims, is now less comprehen- sive, though its practical etfect is to pteclude any claims tor the •sir K«i er Plilllimort-, In (lie »ecmii| eilltimi nf liiii ruinint'iifcirlen, reoenlly |iublii>htHl, !n iiotlfiiia !»'> iiu-og .ltf.l(le I 1') liiiii. miller llm lureiijii iMilintiiu'iil m ul 1870, rite* lbs wiiriUur our loxi a|>|ir( the (raimltir »( juriwilctiuii tn tlie Cuurt 'l Ailoiiralty, l^ i «. >>^lmmim^:^ mm* ■•***,»?»****•'■■ H- 28 Fenian raids into Canada, whith were presented by the British Commiijsioners, but withdrawn. They did not orcur till 18GG. Sir Edward Thornton, in his note to Mr. Fish, of February 1, 1871, only refers to claims arising out of acts conunitted duiing the civil war. By the terms of the Convention, it applic-s to claims arising out of acts committed "against persi.ns and proj^erty" .luring the period between the 13th of April, IHGI. and the 9th of April, 1865 These claims are referred to a con.mission of three members, one to be appointed by the Queen, one by the Presi.ient, ant.ia and If-isMa iT.ter- vened ..„ behalf of those States. The answers of the English g.,v- ernment to their subjects ii, France during the FrancoTprusIian war, eschewed all interve;ition for losses snAl.vined bv them : and the views there expressed w.-uld be applicable to anv similar i le- tetis.oMs of Englishmen fur pn.perty t..ken or destr-ved in our civil war, as the result ..f hostilities. So far as regards mariiime pn/.es,it IS a well recognized priiMipl... th.at no elaim can be m.ide on the guvernment of the captor, till ail the remedies provi.led 29 tliroi gli till' Trize Courts liavo been oxliauNted, anil then only in case of a "ci/nre contrary to the law ol' nations. With ro»|.ci-t tr) tho fi>lK.iieH. As in 1818, liberty was snbstituted \\>Y n'w, nor was there when the reciprocity treaty was neg.itiated by Lord Klvtin and Secretary Marcy in 1854, any longer a question of princi|.le involved, but a mere matter of bargain, tlio details of which it is not necessary to e.vaniine here. This last remark is a|.|.liea)»le to other [Mirtinns of the treaty, as those ro- s|iectiiig the transit of <,'oo Is and other ficilities of tnnle.* The articles, as to the fisheries, as well as the one resi^ectiiig the re- ciprocal transit of goods between the Llnited States and the British North American possessions, nre not to go intoetVect till the neoes- sary laws shall be passed by the Imperial Parliament, the Parlia- ment of Canada, annt. the Legislature of Newfo.u.dland, and the Con- gress of the I'nited Stat. vs. It will be recollected that a conven- ti..n made between France and Kngland, in iSoT, on the subject of Mt 1,*1 bwii cnmen.lfl l.y Ameri. .„■ ,mt.lki.ls, tlm,,^,], ,|„. ,.„|,„ ,|.,e« „„, ,^,, ,„ ,„ ,, ,^.^ Lw-n ,|i*.,u!Hsl l«.r..r.. »„. .■..„>.ni,.i,m,.rH tl,i». tlir CmoutU.u ..( HJ8 «„. »I,r,v,,„.,| l,v ,1,9 treaty.,! 1154 »n.l il„.t >vl ,1,hi trralv wn,, t.Ti„mHtr,| i„ ISfifl. th.- treaty of Ms ,v,w n.t rov,,x..l, but th, treaty .,r ITV. «»,. the hitter l.e,.,tf a troaty .,f ,,artai.,n it wa* not Rrteetcl, It wi.» chiliiie.1, even l.y the wa. ..f ISU'. The |.r.,vM,.n.«Motho extent .,t the tixherie. ,»re the »amo in the treaty ..t IsTl a. in that.. I,s54 In«tea.K.f >« reei,.r,«ity a. f. the n,u„er.,n. ;,rti.I,.»en,„nerate.l in the treaty ..t 1S.M, he prenent treaty r„„.lnes the ritfht , f a.l.niasi,.,,, .|„tv fr.v, In ea.h .;..nntrv ro- sKetively ,„ ,i.„ .,11 „n,l H,h. 1, reover pn.vi.Ie, („r the a,.,„,in,n,e,>t ,.f e.Mntnisar'.t.ers . . etertnine. hav,,,,. re„ar,l ,,. the ,,riyileKes .,r,|„.i hy the fi,l,e,l State, ... the snl.Jeet o !a , i "" ;■ ,•'•"!• ."'" ' '"■ '"" -■'■■">--'„„. whi, h, in thel, .,,,i, .,4ht edut 'V ;:.•''>: .:''''■"•''''"•'• "^''"'"' '" -•'-" <- "■«■ ...ivlle,.e.aceonie.l ,o ''^4>..?^^_ , ^V-.*i%s: H^aaws^jw"*- 30 I! .'.J n ^i I ^ the fishorios, was renrl»MC(l of no effbot on aroonnt of tlie refusal of tlie colony of Nt'wfoiinrllaml to givo its assi-nt, hut flii" action of that colony will not, on the |iic,senl occasion, allcct the rest of tlie treaty. The northwestern honmlnry (as well as the northeastern, which was in conf.Minity t a convention then made, reterre.l to the King of the Xelherlaiitis) and the navigation of the St. liavvrence are old ac(pi!iintances, having heen included in the negotiations of 1^20—7, originally confided to Mr. IJiifiis King and Mr. (Jailatiii, but which, owing to the illness of Mr. King, ilcvolved exclusively on the latter. The right.s of the United States in all these cases were made the suhjects of elaborate memoirs, with the preparation of which, as the secretary of the mis>ioii, I became familiar, while many matters connected witli these discussions were conliilcsed April 'JTtli, iS-lCi. The convention of June l^ith following, eitablisjiing the boundiry line between the United States and the I'.ritish possessions west of the liocky mount.'iins, only l.-ft to be di'tmnincd a question, which the convention itself created, as to the channel intended to bo indicated, separating Vaneouver'.s Islanirnment ha lliai tlie inclosed nicmorandnin may not be without interest to your readers. It estal»li>h('s tVotn the notes of Mr. Jef- ferson to tlie Kiiglisli and Frcncli ministers, the accordance, before any neutralty act was passed by Congress, of the principles of in- teriiutional law, as maintained in (teiieral Washington's admistra- tion, with the rules laid down in the late treaty for the adjudica- tion ot the Alabama claims. \y. H. Lawuexce. Oi HKE Point, Newport, June 1, 1871. ]Mr. Jefferson, Secretary of Slate, writing to Mr. Hammond, IJritish Minister, under , 179:5, after ^tating that an alleged condemnation of a IJritish prize by the French Consul at Charleston was a legal nullity, and can make no part in the title of a vessel, though it was an act of .lisrespect towards the United States, a.sserts tltat the purchase of arms and military accoutre- ments l)y an agent of the Kn-nch government, in tirs country, with an intent to export them to France, is permitted by ihe law of r.^ MHM ■ \V ] a\ ; !3 !i nl I! 84 nntioriH. " It (the law of n.itiotiM) is HntiNfieil with the external penalty |noii. " It < It'inns, in the hijjfhi'st degree, the conduct of any of our citizens wild may personally engage in committing InistilitieH at .«ea against any of the nations, parties to the present war, and will exert all the means with whiih the laws and Con^titutinn have armed them to iliscover such as ot!end herein, and hring them to condign punishment. "The practice of commissioning, ei|uippini,'nuN case, he iline to <;reat IJiitain. Hut still, if any eases shall arise suhse<|iient to that 'lite, the oireiinistances of whieii shall place them on similar ;,'roun. Is witli those hefore it, the Presi-U-nt wtJiiM think eompens;itioii eipially iiicnmhent on the rnitoil States." [.letr-ison's Works, \„\. III., pp. -J-JK, liO.'i, -JS;').] Ily Art. V 11, treaty of ItUh N'ovemher. 1791, ( Jay's treaty:) "It is agiee.l that in all sueh eases where restitution shall not have been ma.le au'rceaidy to th- tenor ,,f the letter from Mr. JeUeisoii to .Mr. Ilamm .iiI, .laleil ;it I'hilailelphia, .Septeml.cr .'i, IT'.i.J, a copy of whieh is annexeil to this treaty, tin. ,...inpiaiMts of the parties shall he, ami herehy are, ret"erre.l to the eommissioners to he ap- pointe.l hy virtue of this artiele, who are herehy authorized ami re<|uirecl ti) proeeeil in like manner relative to these as t.i the other cases coinnillecl to iheiii." [Uiiite.l States Statutes at Lan'e, Vol. Vfll, p. IJI. -j! I i tUll^-i -^mitm m ^ ii : V J '■i-^?!"-.t;"^^'?ft.-";^!Sl?i>.^i,^.-J ini)Iim;ct claims. «>rl|llK I'ulM, NkWI'iiUi, I{, 1.) April 'Jdtli, I >:•_'. j" Ti> titi I'JdItitr iif' thr /'I'liriifi'tirf Joitniill : Yoiir n':i.li|iiiii.'ton. ,i,|,h,.s^,.il l.. ih,. \\'„rfni- mi>>i.. tiers ..I'liniJi .■..iinlrit's, antia(i.)ns \\ hi.-h ha-I j>recoiK'.l it, l.nl ti.>m an attontivc perusal <.f thi' trt-aty ilHelf. In my remarks . Ml that portimi ..t it which ivlaleil to the Alu/xniut i/in'iim, s.. ealle.l. I expresse.j niy ;4iatiti.'ation at the witlwlrawal ..( all pretensions t.. imlemnity fur injuries gr.nviiii,' .(ut .nrr.„r,'M ]V/,>,it(m. It is to hi> remeniheie.l in this c..nmeti..ii, that it was ..n this reeou'nition ami not speeideallv on account of the vio|,iti..n of nentra! oliliiiations in allowiriiith.' etpiip- meiit of .diife.lerat.' .rniscis in Uritish ports, (which was only ff- U'rinl.il as oi!.- ol the eonse.pienees ..f the a.imissi.Mi.) that the tlc- mnn.l for iixlelinite i. .lamalions ha" '^ ;il«''l that such was the gr(.nne,| a stale of thinjfs thai would have ren.leie.l any Inrlher attempt at nenuliation impracticable, ha.i not the recall of tint minister satislie.I the yo\ crnmenl of ( Jreal Brit- ain that a cliaiiye of policy had oceurretl at \Vashingt.)n. I I " H W i 'ii K -^i^T-mmmss: 4>m .,:^:*ii*i::-V./ St S8 In my iiiukMstanding of the treaty, wliati'vcr injuries tlio Unitetl ate8 hiul sustained, otherwise tlian by tlie «lirect Hpoiialion of individual proptrty, in cunsecpienfe of the eseHpeoftho Aialiima and otiuT vessels from IJiitisIi ports, was condoned l»y the expi-ss. ion of t)ie regret of Iler .Alajesty's noveriMnenf, wliiie it was deemed a j^reat (loneession to the United States t!iat England slioiihl allow to he applied to the adjudication of eases that bad already occurred, principles of international law, which slie lia American case" are • 1st Those tbrdiivci losses growing out of the destrueti.ui of vessels and tneir cargoes by the insurgent cruisers. These, which were estimated at «14.li(M.,(l..o, during the session of the Commissioners are stated in the do.ui.ents .annexed to the "case" at *l!Mf>l .p>j,' 01._ The second el.ass is fur national expenditures, in pursuit ".('th,. eruiseis, esuni.ated by the Navy Department at ^T.ltsO.ITS 7() I hese latter do not seem to have been the subject ot special dis eussion, nor are they mentioned in the piote.st against the indirect •|5 . J » ^te«*;mi:i .unl oljici' vessels, iiotwitlisimdiiiLr tlic ddubi, liow liir tlu'sc chiims tli()Ui»l» iiieiitioin'(l (luiii)i^ llu' cotili'ioii'i's asdiioct claims, eamo ivitliin (lio I ro]iorsco|;c ol tlic aibitralion " Time is in the "case" ai^eneia! claim .or the (lestniction of vessels and property of the i^ovcin- iiient of the I'nited Stales, liiit in looking,' into vol. vii. of the "Claims of the I'niled Stales ajjfainst (Jreat I'nilain," p. 117, to which reference is given dn' details, no instance of any kin.(l(M». * The other claiin> are those which present the obstacles to the further progress of the arl»itraliirs. 'I'hey are "the loss in the transfer of the .\merican eommerc-al marine to the Dritish Mac, the enhanced payn\ents ol insurance, , he proloui^ation of the war and the ad.lition of a larLfe sum to the cost of the war and the sup- I'lessi if the reheliion." TIh-si. are indeiin'te in ainounLaml may well exceed the whole indemnity paid or paynhle to (Jerniany hy Fr.inee, on ac( >)unt of the recent wa. hetween those countries for war is carried (,n heie at a vastly greater expense than in Kn- repe. '{'he "case" says— what we insert as a specimen of the indirect claims — " The Tribunal will see that after the battle of (letty.xbmi; the olfensive operations of the in>urL,'ents were con- ducted only at sea, through these crui>.er>, and observing that the war was jirolonged fi-r that purp.se, will be able to determine whether (Jreat I'.iilain ougit not, in e thereby entailed Upon them." It, instead of de!i'i||ii,iii|.jr ||n. pen ling (piesii(»n, .•iccorat a treaty cannot lie controlled liy a prntucdl, unless the proto- col, as w.as done in tin- case of the nalurali/ ili..u convention with iJavaria, is itsell, in terms, latilied liy the Staiale. •Tlifil.M.liii.lli.n III (ho Hiir-KltaiiMT Ualtcius liv llu. Al.ii>iiiii;t, iiHulsmil' u luiiiil.- of baikH luiltii Willi uiul, IhuIIiiiIciI iu hi lilt' liillihli coiinler iuko. n TIr" sccdiid :ir(icl.- ,.(■ tlic treaty provi.lcs tli;,l f li(*iirl.iirat(.rs " slijill i-\-:imiiM" aiHl i/ f/i", nevenil vessels wliieh have -^'iven rise to the claims ijcencrically known as the Alal.ania c'aiiiis," that is to say, to acts of tiicse vessels in the |(lunUv:isi} A/af>'nn'( (7aiinn is understood hy Her Uritannic M.ijesly'.s i,'ovfrniiieiit to enihracu diiins "irrowinij out of acts coinniittcd J»y this vessel and other vessels, which are allcL,'. d to hive hoen pruciiri' I, like the Ala- nia, from Miitish |ioils diiriiiL;- the war, and under circumstances more or less similar, and to he conliucd to such claims."' It is a received princi|.le of the Jurisprudence coannon (,, Ki,.^'- land and the Cniti'd States, that d iiun,'es must alwavs he " tin; natural and proxlmatj couse(|ucn('i' of the act Ci);n]>laiiu'd of." Had thislH'cn.a controversy hel ween individuils, wouM the idea of couscijiienlial damages ever su'4'.^c>ted itself? Wp have had since the coiiimencemenl of our LTovi'mmeut numerous cases dd' reclamations (111 li.'llit;erent powers fitr the vio- lation of our neutr.al rights, thouy a neutral to a helliu'crent. 1 refer to that of 17!M, with <}icat Hritain, where the cl aims on us were an doijfous to those which we now make ..ri Kui;land. IJiit neither on that occasion, n, ■• Wluaoas Hit ISritaiiiili- M.iji'siy liaMiiilli.iriz.'.l liiT lliirli <,',.iiiiiiiH»i,,in.r!i ami I'l.'iil|. )t.Mi»laiir» ti.r\pivs< in alil.Mi.lly M'lot, tl.e r.-uril I, ll l,y ll.r .M .j. HlyV ti,i\,inimnl t.ir llie eg-'ape iiilIit «l,al«ver rlr.MiiiHlaiirfi., ,il' ihf .\latiama uii.l iilliei- v.•■.H.■l^ lidiii ISritiali IVrls ami /.)■ Mr ./r/ire- dalioni ci'iiiiiiiltiil l^y tlmw visu'ls : nun in nr.lcr," Ac. '•rmi^i ■*Ss> -mmmmc:::::^^.. R-«E£iMiHNH ■smmmm I I K 42 Tt nmy 1* woll t(i rociill to mind tlint ll,o indirect d;irnnge« dniiiu'd l)y our " (•:is(.," jis ^^rrowint,' ..iit of tlie nets roimnittcd by tlic Alahaina .-md oflicr oniiscis, mo jnocisoly of tlii" same cliarar- tcr, it'iiot idiMilical with those put forward 'dining the whole of Mr. Seward's ailmiiiist ration of the State Departinnit, as a eonse- qiienceofthe premature reeo^rnilion of Confederate l.ellit,'erenev, « ground of complaint which, thou-ii u>\v reproduced in'the hill' of in.\ictment against Great Britain, was suppose! to have been abandoned l)efore the negotiations of the recent High Commission were comtnenced. The only light, wliich ca.i be derived frf)m the terms of the treaty itself, as to tlic nature of the damages to which the ITnite.l States may be entitled, is from the provision in tlic 7tli article which r(?(inires that the tribunaUhall//v7 .letermine as to each vessel "whether Great Britain has by any act or omission faile.l to fulfill any of the duties set fcu'th in the foregoing throe rules or rocognizo.l by th<> principles ,.f international law not incon- Nistent with such rules, and shall certify such facts as to eac/i of the naid vessels.'''' As in each case determined against <;roat Britain, the Bo-.r.l of Assessors are, by the 10th article, to ascertain and determine the amount which shall b.-paid by (J.eat Britaii, to the irnitcl States on account of the liof>ilif,/ '.xvUU,cr from surh f.ijuie as to v.wh vcsmoI according to the extent of such lial.-lity as decided bv the arbitra' tors, there wouM seem to be n(, room for in.lirect' or nation ,1 damages. B.^sidos the ditlicuUy of deciding on a .lain, indetor minable in its n.'.turo, there would be the further endnrrassment of apportioning the amount ofinjury growing out of the a,-ts of each vessel m the general acco.mt. Is it possible that the assessors are to decide wh.at part of ihe prolong.ation of the war is to !„■ assi-r,, ed to e.ich vessel V Are they to apportion to them re.sp.M-livd y The u.nom.t of |o>, conline our claims to the direct damages, iind the in- ference would be that, when used elsewhere, the term was to have the same s<-ope and no (Uher than when originally suggested. . Such a mode of sett'ement would in any event be a desirable ar- r.angement. In ease of a decision in ourtiivor in respect to am por- tion of our claims, it wouhl termin.ite the responsibility of Kngland, and leave the distribution to be made, as has been flic casein most ot our treaties for indemnity, by the United States among their own citizens. The cl.aim of the United States for indirect d.images has been attempted to be dediu-er enumerating our grievances, it is said : "In the hope of an (trnirablr KittUtnent, no estimate was ma le of the indirect losses, without prejudice, however, to the right to in lemuilieation (ui their account in the event of no .inch .ttff/i >iu ii(."* il.ciitUniwii [. Willi i!„ ,,,i„o t,.iiii„lilie» «.s ii •■n.inriiiii.ii." or •■ tfaiy" mi.l „i,il,.„il. IK.rl!, t,. 1.0 i„..u'l> a ;.■■...■,,,•,, 7.1/ ,.( il„. ,„„ii,,, .li„,i»w,| „t tli,. filling,. iIiuml-Ii ,,i .irawu „,. I,. ,„„«> i.Mh.y. llH.I it 1,0,.,,. tl„..,. «„„l,|, |„„l,„l,h, hiu-llJulu'^Z^^^^^^^ u,r,' Zoiu,' ^ ,":' '"',' 'r\" ''"■'-• •■•..''^•'•;-""" '""I""-- " >«iHH ;!.i/s,;,,»r,; ;*,r „fi .. r? . '•<- <;ivt'ii to tlif |in>titc(il, \vli;il is (lio lliCMH- ill!,' nt'(^////h oC a claim, or, ('s]ii'cially in a • asc wlicic a party is under no oliliiritioii to siilmiit liis cuise to any fUnmi, reter- ciice is voluntarily made to arliitrators to deteiiiiine tlie amount, it'any. wliicli is to 1- ■' -" account ot'an existiuL; y the 1st article o| the Treaty of Wash- iiiLitoii. 'fills misiiiider>laiidiiiLC relale>, it i^ said, to claims for indirect losses under the several heads ot' '•1st. The losses in the transfer of the .\merican commercial nvirine I . the IJriiish llaj^: 'Jd. The enh nice I insurance; .'M. The lirolon.r:ition of i! e war an I th ■ alliiion of a lartre sum to thi> cost of the war an I the suppression of the relielliou, which cluims for indirect losses are not admillei! lo I.e within the scope or the inleiilioii o| the h fereiice to arbit latioii," \\\\v\\ the r.ritish protest was delivered, .Mr. ll.iicrotl Divis, the au'eiil on the part of the rnited Slates, .adijresseii a note to tlie aihitraiors, siatiii^r that '• hi.«j instructions not lia\ iiii,' contem- plated tli(* prohaliility of sucli :i coiiise on the part of Her .Majes- ty's >,'overnmenl, lie reserve! to his t^'overmiicnt its full rii^ht liere- ■atler to \ indicate 1 c fore the Trilniiial the .•luthorily, which it mi- der.staiids the Tiiliiiiial ac.piired under the treaty in this respccl." ■ T; *tf<^ttt i >it n.if , «m ' iyn '*-~-^-tmi>.^f p iti .f ^ - ^^ 45 It wouM siM-m tliut, within a few days. ilu. point in (li^piue rod'it'nci' to th in •' mcaiiing ot'tht.' treaty lias occnpied the atttMiliuii of ConLfivss. and that it lias bc-n sn^f.^'osted that the I'nitcd States 8h()uid withdraw tlu'ir claim tor indirect dainai,'es. While it is nniversally cnccdcd that no one has ever had "the most renioto idea that any award will he made on their account, it has been, as we conceive, very absurdly contended that liaviiis,^ pnt forward' a claim, however prepu^icroMs we oinselves may deem it, our di!,'iiiiy re.|uires that ilshdiild be pa^^,.,! nn by the arbitrators. To extricate ourselves from the dilemma in which we are now placed, it has been suu'u'e-t -d ihut t|,e iJritish yovernmenf sh,,uld albnv the claim to go forward, with a pledge on our part that our arbitrator woul-l cneiir in a decision rejecting it; and it has been alleged, in support of thi> view, that a similar course hul been pur-ued by the Commissioners sitting at U'a>hiiii.'- ton, in relation to the Confederate loan. Hut it is said that i'l the case of the Washington Commissioners, the parties owning the claims were individiials ; while in the present case the government of the I'uitcd States i. a direct party. For our own part. believiiiLr that the claim t"or indirect daina.ges was unwisely pres?iite 1 in the first instance, we cannot but think that ... ■ nn!,'n minioas policy for the ruited States to adopt would bo frankly to -My ^,,. We cannot but believe that such a declaratiim would be pre!-. ruble, in every point of view, to bringing the matter f>rm:illy bef.e,. ,i,i. jl ,:,rd, with lli.' understanding beforehand that it xhfild be unanimously rejected, even if, since the recent action ot the IJritish government, such a course should now be open to us. The dispute practically would seem to have resolved itselt into a mere .piestion of eti.piettc. The I'nited States do not make the demand with the expectation of getting' anvthin-', ami all that England insists ,,„ is tl,;ii this little ceremony of re- jecting the claims tormally may not be '_'..ne thron«;h. An abrupt termination ofthe (ieiieva Arbitration is to be ilepre- cated, not merely on account ot the several other matters in- volved in the treatv, which was adopted as a whole, but the tailnre of the tribunal f .r the Alabun i claim- would go nigh to destroy all ihose t'ond hopes, which philaul lu-opi-ts have entertained, of sulistituting inteniational arbitr.ation lor war. Whatever may happen with regard to the Alabama arbitration, or iis to the etitire Treaty of Washiuglon, the historv ol our diploma- (3 \i 46 tic relations witli Kntjlah I cmloMfiis n-* to s.-iy llia'„ no rntisp- qiionct s, scrionsly all'i'dinu tlif inatiTi.il iiiti'icsts i>\ citlicr coiiMtry, niv liki'ly to cnsiic iVoni it. Tlic tlirt, as far as our iiivcstiijalions liiivi- cxti'ii'lcil, ilocs not pooni to lia\<' Ix'i'M ailvcrlt'il to, tlial tlic prcscnl is not llic dnly arbitration tiiat lias lu-cn snbmillcil to a sovcn-iifn |>o\vi'r Cor tlio scttliinicnt olMifU'rcnci's liotwccn tlic I'niti'il States Mini Kii^lainl. In tliL' two wiiii'ii prcccilc'l tln' Treaty ot Wasliiii^luii, tliouiili nwanls were in hotli iii>laiiccs maijc, iifiliicr ol'tliciii was carrlcil into oxocution. It so liapin'iieil that liotli ot" tlie t'oriiit'r cason wore, to a greater or less evteiit, inaltcrs of iliseiissioii iliirinstil on my nieinoiy. The orii^in ot' tlie first ease ijcoes l»aek to tin? sti|nilitioii in tlio Treaty of (ilieiil of l^I I, tliat the •• |>laees taken "IniiiiiX the war w(Mc> to he restoieil without earryint; oil' any slaves or other jiro- |ieity." DitVerenees ha\inij; arisi-ii as to tlie esleiit of this provis- ion respecting; slaves, it was aj^reeil, hy the treaty of 181^, to refer them to the arhitrainent of a frienilly sovereii;n. In IX'J'J, an award was niaile hy the Emperor of Uussia, ami Commissioiu'rs on lioih sides were appointed who met at Washington, to carry tht> award into cU'eit, Init di-a'jfieeiiiLT as they did from the hegin- ninga.s to till' meaning of the award, no |>rogress had iieeii matlo in the settlement o( the hiisiness, when Mr. (Jallatin wont to London in Is-JlJ. At .in early confereni'e with Mr. ('aiming, the latter, seeing that the discussion waslikidy to he intermiu.alile, pro- posed a compromise, providing the I'liited St.ites would accept n rcasoii.ihli' >-uiii enblnc,uuA ;in .irnuigemcnt to that etlect was ac- complished hy a convi'iilion, which abrogated the treaty .«f St. I'etersburg .and gave to the I'liitiMl States sl.-jd |,!m;|, J happen toh.ive heiore nil' the statement of the sctilcmcnt, showiiiii tli.'it ihel'iiiled States received the full ariioiitit of their c|:iinis, abating one-half of the interest. To a similar arrangement of tlie pending dispute, we have heard no objection made, except that (Jreat Ibitiin ileiiics that there is any el.iini against her, and tire- \\ a^ also the ilecl.irod re.i-on why till' En',dish commissi. mer-. refused during the negotiation-, to entertain the suggestion of a gross sum. She has, however, to sav nothing of the indirect claims, assented to a reference, which admits the existence of claims mi the part ot'the I'liitcil States and which mtiy le;id to the award of large damages. .\ss'-,redly il 11 47 I .rly \.y ).:iyiiii.' iuoik y to luiv liis peace ari-l jiveil tin- .l.-m.'rr ..f lu'liii; calliMl oil lor hiiii:'!' sums, .Iocs not aliiiit tijc valiilitvof Haim au'aiiist liini. In the iiistiuctions to tl.p iJiiti^l, ConiiniH- sioners lai.l l.i'foi.' I'ailiamciit. it is sai.l Mnt. "alilio,i-li H.r Ma- Jenty'H(;(.v..rniiiri,t me .>f npinim, (|,:,| ai l.il laij,.,, is tlic most at.- ITopriate mo.],, of s^tilemeiil, yoii arc at lilu-rly to tr.iiismit for their eoi.si I,. ration any other |.ro|.osal which may lie stiu'„'cste.| for I.efueeii us •ami Kii^lan.l, is only toprepaiv matteis for .lireet settlement. Hav- iiii,' ha.i eohti.le.j to me, as the rep.esentative of the rnile.] St,ale> in I-oii.|on, the sehetinii nf ,an arhitrator to whom t|,e 1 „,l..|,.v .litlioiilly sIk.uI.I be relerre.l, aiel uliieh resultr.J. i .e.pi.aiee of the evjness iiisti netioiis of my LTovernnient. in the <-hoiee of the Kiii.L; of the Neiheiiaiels, I w.is iiejuer.l to ex inline elos-ly every Miil)se(|iieiit p''oeee.ii„ir eoniireteil will, t),,. matter. It will her.". (•o||...'te.l that our mini-lerat tim il.i^Mie prot.M.M], without aw.iit- iiii; tli»> or.l.Ms of iiis Lcoveriim.'iit. a-:.iin>t the aw.inl, p| u-iiii,' his oliJ.M'tions ..11 tlie faet that the Kh.is. iiiste.a.l of .leehlim,' whieh weiv th.' '• hi-hlan.ls" ..fil,.. tiv.ity, h.a.l pn.pose.l a eonvention.il lin.'. I,..r.i I'aiim'rst.mimme.liately iiiMriiele I the IJiiti-h Minis- ter .If Washin-ton (Kel.riiary !>, ISIU ) to s.ay th n -His .M.-.i..sty ha. I II. .t Insitate.l to a<-.,ui.M.e i„ tin- .leeisj,,,, in fiillillmeiit of the ol.li-.ili..ns whieh Ills .Maj..sty,'oii>i,|,.r> himself to have e..iitraete.i hy the terms of tlie C'.mventi.tii of .\il»iti.itiun .if ih." 'Jiith ot Sep. temher. |s-J7. Mis M;ijesty is persiia.le.] th.it >n.'h will l,e the rnm-r .1.1. .pi. . I l.y the i;..venim.iit ..f the Tnile.l States." Thai II w.is miwoMliN .,f ;, mv:it iiati..n t.. iv-urt to th.' t.'elmi.-aiit v .if .an .i.Mit.' ;itt..riuy, in or,!, r io:i\(,i,l !,n\ iie,r ,.tr,.et to ;i s,,vi.rei-_Mi awanl whi.li it h.nT s..lieil..!, I w ■> .a>M!ie.| some years .atteru :ir.|s l.y <;..v. rn..r Tazewill, ,at the time Chairman of the Senate ('..nimit- ' f I-'oivi.jli h'elatioii,, «,,> th.' .!.M'hir:iti..n ..f th.^tiieii IVesi- y a direct negi.tialion, as in the otlier case that, in 1^42, our Northeastern boundary line was stttled. It is proper to state that, tiiongh long familiar witli the (.rigi- iial American and Kiiulisii " castw," the preci'dini,r ,vm irks have hi'fU nride in entirr i-iioramv ,.(' what the American counter case may contain, an 1 with no ..ther knowlodge of the Kuu'lish than has been ilerived from tlie newspimers <.f the day, Krom them, however, we learn that tlir " <'uunter-eaM'" lu'gms by aunnuiici„J that, to the American imputations of hostiji. motives and insin" cere neutrality, no reply will be otlered, that England refuses to enter info a discussion ..f those insinuations, In-causf it would be inconsistent with her self-respect, irrelevant to the main issue, and would tend tn inllame ll.c controversy, that no relcrcnce will be made to indirect damages. It is insisted that the onlv losses wliich the arbitrators may in any event take into account, are those arising from thecapturc or dcstructimi of ships or pn.p,. it v. 'I'his paper, as well as the (uiginal "case," is said to be the production of Lord ChancelliM' Ilatlu rh . ' . ' ,_ __ W. li. LAWK'KNrE. • We Imve, binre the oriijliial iml.li.atlnii „f tlil» letter, «i'oii the text u( l.,>Vli tli. AiiTTrTl cnn HtM Kiik'Hsli •■.■ounterM.M.s." n iiiav 1... |.ru|„.r, i.h l..arii,K' on li.e miI.j.m nf il.i, |„i. tor, t,i Kivtf th.> .•Mn,liis|..i. ..Itlio Ani.'h.-,.ii,,ipjr. AKur roDrin,' f. ilio cUlm „r it W.Uit. rent to W- Itulfnjnilio.l l„r 1,.»h,.s ,Kr«»Mnt-l l,y tlu. nfKllt;,.|i.o ,.| „ neiitrul Knv,.n,inent It tl.u!. i.r.Kee.j. :-•••),.,*«<.,, ,rwl.l,l, mi.1. .KKllk-nioi. 1^ ili,. ,lir,.. t .Uhl |.r..xlu.«(f c«uh,. um.l Il l» in reni'O' ! - . .^n. Ii ..nly ilw.l .•.,ii,i,..M..iilon iMJiiMly Ixj (.wnnlwl, nre cuinin.ml'v i.gt easy to sei«inilf Imm tli<><<0 »i.rliigiiii.' tromcfluT ciiuh's.' '• Tlie l-hiliKl Sl.it.-, ouu'ur will, llor M>M.'My', Uiveriiuietil in tlio <,|,iniMn lli.l • a -IhIm, on til.' pnrt nf ,, MllgenMit to N- in.leim.ille.l iit tlie evpenw. ol ,, ne'itril i„r |.„m.» |, ,il,-e.l <"■ "^■""' ■'' '■>■ »"> "' "'" "rillniiry ..|«'rnlion» oC war ' ■ in .me wliU-l, Involve- n.ave .-..n- si.len.ll..n,, an.| re.|Mi.ei. t,. I* «el>:l».| with the iitiiio»i .,.ie.' Wlthoi,- the r\,.lui„ii„r» nb^rvHll.,,,, wl,i. h her Mi^ieMy. (^,^ernnM•n. ren^rve, the ri«ht t„ m„ke in a l,.l«r -.«« 01 the pr.Hee,lli,«». tli.y ean..„t nay h.,„ far they ,lo „r .|„ not .M.n.nr In the fuiiher Mat.- nienl that ,-.mi|K.iiMti.,n ,•«» only j,i»ily !„• awar.le.l l,y the 'Irll.niial in te.pe,-t (,, l,.».e» ot whirl, the iiet;ll«en,'e ,.l the neutral in (he .lire, t an,t pruimate .aiiw. ••Itai.|H May 'JO, IsTii. ; To tfte BVtor of the ProK'lmnce Jom-mil: Sim- I n.1,1. rsscl yoii a letu-r vvwU-w 1 M.-rcssmv, as f conceived, l.y ll.p a,um,.n.-t.nK"nt th:,t th- .„i.rin;.l At„..n,.aM >'caso," indu-lin.' 11.0 ..lai... t;.r in.liivt .laina-..s l.a.l, Im.!;.,.. its pivsoMtatio,, at (ivit c-va, 1.,...,, .Ml.ini.t. ,1 ,.. ,„.. an.I inriv,..! ,„_v full api-mval, ..irnun. staiKv. luvo ...•.•Mi'vt.l. \vl,i,.l, have cans,.,! tin- ,,u-sti..i, with Kiil'. lainl, wind, tl„.„ in..nan.,la.lis,i,,.ti,,nnf tl„. tivafv, tu assume now plia^icx. It may )„■ pm,,,.,- t,, mmtin,, t!,,,, I ,„,,,.,■ saw tl.o resolution "IKtcI III tlic II.MiM. ,.f I{.-|.ii.s..ntativ.s l.v .Mr. I'.tors, tur tlio waivtr of the imlirorl daims l-otur,- .he i.ul,li,Mii..„ ofmv com- Jmnii('ati.,n, tliont'l. it was very satisfaotory to mo to timl an'ontiro OM,nd.l,Mi..,. l.rtwiTii til.' ph.|H„iti,„„ Letoiv C.n-ross ami the eon- diiM-Ms at whirl, I l.a.l arrivo.l, espeoially ns ro-Anlo.l tl.o meaning ot ,f,„;r.M s.ttl,,,..,,!, (.m|.l..yc.l in the piotoool, aiwl ns to tl.o nttor '"^ 'l-atal.ilily .,fih.. jMovisions ,.f the tioaty, for determining soparaldy ihr iial.ility as to earh ve,»el with any rlaims that couia he pie^enle.! f -r iii.lireot .!ama;j:es. (See Appendix.) Tho .admisMon. in tho e ot llepresentativos to n.lvise II, relation to our toiei;,'!! afVaiis, have -ladly availed him- self ot' the moral saiietioi, atV-uded l>y tho immediate represcnta- lives of the p.-ople, to escape from the iMteniatioiKd emi.arrassmeiits induced by the too zealous advoe.iey of nur supposed interests* by those to whom the propai'atiou of thc •• case" kdoie the Geneva Trihiinal had Ikcii .';itru>ted. Such, however, was not the view taken l.y our minister of foreign alVaiis. A negotiutioi. was initiated, tl.o apparent ol.ieet of which was tu induce Kngland to atfoid u> an r.polouy, '., recx<.le from our if il "0. ^x r --m ■f "*"*°?2"" V I' I 1 f t ' 60 iinti-ii:iltl<' |Mi^itiiiii, without n)i|ii>iU'iii^ to yi<'M uii,vtliiii hail |Mt'viiiii>ly a< iiiaittr, tht loin of which uc coiik'ns oui-:'.i'ivi'M wholly iiica|iahlc ut ci.iii|'iclu'iMliii^'. Whctln-r the ciaiiiiJ* I'nr iii.liicci (laiiia'j;c-<, as |in'H(iitci| in our " t'aso," — that Ih to wiy. lor the cnhanccil |)ayriit iits of insurance, the transhr of It lar^c |iart ot tho Auicricau coninicrcial marine to the Itrili^h tlai,',' ami llir |i|o|iuij;ati(«ii o|' tlic war, — arc avowoily u ilhilrawn, or whclluT lln\ aic ililc. has ever a|>|icarc(I to us to |ircNCMt a ilistinction without a (lillcrcncc. If, inili'cil, there wanany |»ret'eri'nfe hetween thftwo |.ro|io(*itions, it vmhiM l.e, fur that course which, at tliecailiest .jay. wouhl leniove from notici' pretensions uhich Auuiicans can lU) hui-^er re;;ar(| with sati^fiction. When we lirst saw llu' *• ease,'' we tli'l not aihiM' llie vii|»|(i(ssi..u of the matter connecleij with the iu'liieel claims, ami which emlua<'ei| in its ori^^inal >ccp|ie all injuries arisiiii; from what we deenu'"! uiifi iemlly acts of KnuianJ, ^'oiiiu; liack even lo •• the preinalure reh semis to ha\e altacheil so much importance. Amon^re/inl writiiiL."» oi that kiu>l, which ha\e re.aehe.l usuithina lew 'l.i_\s, .ami which are uncler- sloml to lie the same that are alluile>l to ill a semi-oHicial anmimue- inenl from the Depailmenl ot Slate, are aiticles from the pt>n» of two emiiieiii cMutinental writers, whose frieii.|shi|i it h.is loiiy lie.n my happiiHvs t.- enjoy, ami whose opinions I sliouM l»e the l.ist man In iiieh i \ iliic. .M. Itujin .lai"iueiiiMi>., hMU,'\er, in contend- in>; lor the Jmi-licli..n of ihe ••'I'rilMin.il," waives the questn>n of the v.arnliiy -.f the iielirecl claims, thouirh hi' h-.aves little doul.l as to his ..piliiMii nil thi' Mihject ; {<^>i,h/ii,it ,nat« stir In phis, /mitri/l' ilii. (I.i ,/ii>/.i(lon'f' /' Alihamaet le tlroit ih-i i/()IS. M itiivlliiiiir wliicli \vi> 11 In <'..nHi.|,.rin!,' IIm' iri,'l,t fu n\,}ori (.,||„. .li^rnssiuii ..fa ,■!, I'f witli'liaw fVtiiii the rati<)ii of nin or lui aw.ir.l III) a m itt.-r .I(><'ini>v ..MP i>t III.. |.,.iln-s II. .t wilhiti Ml.. <-,.m|„.|,.n .f tl„. arl.if..|N, f w.Mil.l remark tint «•<■ are n.-f t .iii;.,in.| llic Hiai-a.-t.^r of iui i.il..rniti..Mal trilnr al with a " ivl.,..,..-.." iin.|..r mm.i..i|.al law., fti till' lall.'r (•a....jii,|irial saii<'ti..n may h.. yiv.'n t.. ih.. a.l ..f f|,u parties l,y luakiiii? it, a riilo of e..tirt, an.| tl rmii ,,f Law wlii.^li III.. rofer...M iii ly mike are ojmmi to r,.viHi,,., l.v fi,,. i„i._j,.^ ,.,.vor.|- it..,' t.. est il.lislie.l »;„•„,.. I„ f|„. .. ,„. „,• , ,v.Mvi.4„"states tliere iit "" '-ilHinal l.Mt tl... ..„.■ t„ wl.i.-l. |||,.y have v..l,intarilv .♦iil.jeete.l theiiis.lv.s. aii.l if Ih.^y .Mini.. I ii,|er,„w,. a. t.. the "i.iris.|'ieti..ii, lle'iVMii-lil 1... n.. limit t. the inur|..li,,n, thi-..n-li i-„,,ranee ..r .Ie,i.,r„. „fa.l,itr.,l..rs wl,.. mij.f. i„ r..i,.|eri.i- their .leeisi.ms, Im iiilliien.v.l l.y the |,.,lili.. ,1 relation., einii-..! |.eihips sineo llio eomiiHii.-eiifiit ,,1' th.. ..■r..r..n...., (, hi.-h th.ar .s,.ver..ii,ms Lore to th.' |f>|>. .list' |.:||li..».' The only .|iie-rit jii.lLje ..f his iiiris,|ieti..n.V 'i'he re.a-iil eorrevi m,|,.||.-,. transmitie.l to the Senate, with n l.r..p..Mw| sni,|,I,Mn.niary tivaty, .iis..|,,M's m..re fully than we ha.I •Tl..Mlm|.t,-r ..I. I,int.. ,.J lTu.li,.rH-.,.|„..., i.,. «h.-,L. ,...•...,•,.,.. l,„r.l„.,„. rou.l.T.,1 wi.li.,... milll.„,i,t ...ll...0t.v..f,il,« i.,.rl,.r 11... ,uHln.!..r., .,r «!,.,.. i!;..v l.iiw ni;..U< a .1.. M,,,, ,„,.>|.|.. ,>r I'i'l I 111.' I.TIIIS .>t Itli' r i...|iroilllv. ri,.-r.. i,,,,|i„,,, ,,„,.„ |,..|„,.,.|. il„, Kr-...!. l:uv uMl ih.-l-:.,».||,i. .•..miii.i.i l.n .».. toil.,. '.■'^rt-., ,-vi.m-.M.v lii.llvi.l.ials In .iit.niitlii.;! timiii* ta nil Hrl.ili.ili..|i. IIv tlia '.>•..■■,. 111. liikttl...|H.|.,|..iii'.v„|,„i .ithltrail.ii.. iW.m:,.i w n , r.-v.H-.ii.in. ex.vpt i.y the ..imn(....u.»,-.,„«titiiii,„, vlii,.], i.s paramount to all tre.aly oMigatiun-,. pn.vides, amo,,.,. ,,ther things, that '-neitlu.r the United St.ites nor an.\ St.ate shall asMime ..r pav any debi or obligation incnrie Si a TKii. "TlitM ..iiiirii»»(.iii in .ir .•(liiii. II ijiiii Mil- Chill'.! Siiii,.« i« i,,,t tr.i.iJr-.i ve cited, which gives to defendants in criminal pn.secutions the right ot compulsory process for witnes.ses. This w.-.s not applicable to persons then exempt. As the law of nations stoo.l, when the constittition went into effect, ambassadors an.l ministers could not be served with compulsurv J>rocess to appear as witnesses, and the clause in the constitution releired to did nut give the defen lent iu enmiual prosjcutioiis the light to compel their atteiidmcc in court. IJut wlnt was the case in this respect .as to consuls"^ Tiiey h.d M„t the diplomatic privi- leges. Afterfhe adoption of the constitution, the defendant, in a criminal prosecntio,,, had the right ot com|.ui.oiy pro.^css to bring into court, as a witness, any foici-n coumiI uhat'evcr. This could not be taken .au.iv ]n treaty. ( Mr. Many, Secret:.rv of State, to Mr. >Jas.,n. .Mini>t.., in I'aris, Sepicml.ci 1 1, ls,-,t ) And in a sub- Hcpient dcsp;uch, ( October li:!, IS.'.tj Mr. Muicv savs that his con- struction is sustained by the Attorney (icneial and all the mem- bers of the Cabinet. Afi.-r the subject had been refeiie 1 to j,, the President's Mes- sage <.f December. ls.-,4, ,.,„ \ i,.^.,, ,li,,.„..,,,| ;„ ,,.,,,.,,,.,1 ^.„„„nuni. cations between tiie two governments, in w|,ieh a iiioliticatioi, of the treaty ha-l l.een pio|.oscd, to adapt it to the provisions of the constitu:ion. the m.itter w.is fi,Mlly M-tlle 1 l,v the inlerchan-e of notes between Mr. .M rs,,n and Count W.dewski. of the:j 1 and 7th ot Auifusl, Is.-..-., 1,1 accordance with a -lesp.itch of Mr. M.ircy, of the l^th oh .I.MHiarv. .\i .4 ..tlier arrangements, iiistniet'ions W(tv to beseni to the French Consuls i„ the I'mted States to attend and testify according to the treaty, and unless i„ cases of •V I H's ^'"^"'•^SMgr II iSiW%v:;-^.;M it! 64 actual iiialiility, there was to be no refusal tlicreafter.— Zt/irrericc's It would seem, therefore, that so far I'roiu tlie (liK|)osifioii whieh was made of the ease at Wasliington lu'iiigaii argument in fiivor of En"land's allowing the indireet claims to go before the triltunal at Geneva, the facts n<>\v stated show that the government of the United States. >ught t<> have ident ha\ ing through his agent, presented claims, whieli, whether teciinicaliy admissible t>r not, all parties agree can havi- no practical effect, he is the compe- tent animii.i' .it tliu ({••mitiiI liistni.'tioii^ which liml Khmi given ti> Hit .MaJi'My's aui'nt. 11 diiini uik^iih I I jhsiumI liy the m-ralleil Coiit'tHlcrale Sliitr> f.ir a "iiMi tDriiiiiiK partut'ii loan ralloil tlio ('.rtl.in I,.>an." cioilraoto.l Nv tlinne Statei' ami lor the iiaynifiil nl which iiTtaln cciltun Hoi/.ml hy the I iiileil .Slafi's wnn alleged ed ii have heeii ln|"itl ateil liy the (Ji'iit'cilerMle HMveriiiuenl. wiu lileil hi Wa»hlin{ion ; and MM Ihe 21(11, I learnt inini ymi ihal Ihe I'niled States g.iveriinient ohjeetci tu ihilnm ofthis kind l»MnKevtii jireKented. • Tiie destpatehcH Ir.'in Her Ma,ie-»t\!i aueiit, niviii),' the detaiW .it the nature of the elalm. nnil (il the demurrer made I" it hy llic I'lilleil Sialen aKeiil. did iiul reaeh rne until the Otb (.f Peeemlier. I hml in the nieaniiine awerlaliuHl tV..iii Sir K. riiornl..n, that the e\pren»- ii'li ' nets enniinilleil' had l«en used h\ ii.utiial aKreemeni in tha niKdtintiunK whieli pre- redeil the a]'|uiintliient ..I the lli|;li Om ««i..ii widi ;i view |.> exellide ehiim.x .if tlii- elan* fr.inilheciinMderatiiiii.il the lli«h CuiumlM'hinerii; tlmite wmd:. U-Iiik aluo ii>wi| In the Xntli Arliile iiltlie Treaty with ri'tjanl t.. private elaiiii!! Ihe iiiieKtti.n was liro'.ijcht l>e- turelhe Cahlnet at UK next nieeliiig .m the mii. and »im linally deeided on the Hlh. ut. re- eiirdeerty oI'lheelBlnianti', and dlreetl.mi were g\\tn lor « desimtch to Ire Sent to thin eH'cet." ■ Iiit'orniaiion reai;heeete<1 to take (ihiee. ii|>.in the inerltit ofihe elalni hy the ('.iiiinii«!'iiiiieri>, Thi» re.|uirel a re< onriderutl.'ii of tlie iiintriieilniiii and lre«li inttriirlioiig were sent hy the iiinil of the il I. and al» i l.y telegraph. In Sir I'., 'riiorntoii lu arrange with >lr. Firli that the iirewntailon ot i'laiin<> wliieh :i|i|ieared to he toatiilesily vtitli.i.ii the teriunof the ireatv should tie withheld and that when Her Majemv!! ag.ni.was ul o|iin|..n that* .laini 1 eliiiged to a elani. that lUjjht n.il to lie preseiite.!, it would I"- de^lralile ilmt »ii iHireeineiil til that ertWt slmiiM U- made and ^igllel| hy liir K. Tli.iriil..ii ai..| Mr Ki»h. Tliew iii»ti ueli..ni« were eoniiiiunii au.l t.. Mr. Kmli. ' \' \.<) eafter. — Lawrence's I (intllVilll'. ill Ills llntO ot 56 ever heretotor.., l.oe„ my s.uisfaotion to oononr, that the country would be (legra.le.l l.y with.lrawing pietonsioMH wl.ich everyone iioiv agrees were most una.lvi.se.lly i.resente.I. I am not aware that there is any .liflerenee in prineiple between the rules of pri- vate con.luet ami those whi.-h shoul.l control the action of nations. It an m.livMlual preferre-l a claim against another, which subsequent investigation showe.l him to be untenable, can anv one es it is imiiossible to foresee the subject i?liouId be remamled to the executive, either leaving it wliere the cnnstitutiun places it, to liis exclusive discretion, or with a rtcominendation similar to that embraced in the proposetablo to tlie two governments, and the objections of a contrary character raised to Xhv projet by different parties, would indicate a simple witinlrawai of the obnoxious claim-;. Xo stipidation of a permanent character cau well be made with reference to tlie indlr'X'f lo^o s, which, in the iliseus>iuns connected witli the Alabama claims, have been frei[uently ret'erred to a* synonymous with natlomd lOi*sei>, without first establishing a more accurate definition of such claim«i than any rei-ogni/.ed rule of in- terpretatioii now lurnishe<. The national e\penuit of the confederate cruisers were, of course, incurred by the United State?, and cannot be enumerated among individual losses, vet they are classed liy u< amonglho t agaiu>t in-firirf rl,ili,i.^ ji" being in- admissible. It is. intleed, saitabli>lied again>t (Jreat Ibitain. ni respect to a given vessel. al[ that has been expended l»y the I'nited .States in trying to capture her niu>t be .assumed to be chargeable against this country. IJut the British govermnent takes exceptiouv to thix cla^s of claims altogether. It cannot be admilteil that they are properlv to be taken into account l»y the arbitrators, ur that (Jreat iJrit.iin can be fairly charged, at once with the losses which a l>elligerent cruiser has inflicted during her whole carter, and with what the I'nited States m.ay think tit to allege that they vainly sjicrit in endeavor- ing to capture that ciuiser." So tar as regards the pre^ent contro- Proeidential elec- nt juuniitis iiiitler- e t'xeculivc office »■ to t.'ike advjiiitage itli, into which tlie direct reversal of us. J that instead of ■miitioiiiil iiisv, the iksmIiIl' to foresee ', either leaving it iive discretion, or 1 in the iirojuisetl .'wl, the dirtieuities Iit:iI)lo to tlie two •liaracter raised to iiui'le witliv are tht-y cnn. litii)) as hciiii^ in- ave, •• it wouM We ol duty ctiidd l>e » Liivfii vessel, ail ;ryiiig to capture lis country. Hut > chws of claims ipro|,(rly to ho at IJritain can be ■lliLterent crui.ser khat the United I'nt in endeavor- e |lre^enl contro- 57 versy, the recital, in the proposed supplementary treaty, of the indirect claims for the ^^ xadoxaUosses'' ^^hii:h are .specifically mentioned, viz: those sustained in the transferor the American commercial marine to the British rtng, the enhanced payment of insurance and the prolongation of the war, (the national expendi- tnres m pursuit of the confederate cruisers not being named,; may be sufficiently exact to show what jWiVcc^ /'Mw.", claimed by us are to be excluded from the action of the tribunal of arbitrators,' but it will not clo.se the doors against future ama claims, [;; confiiie-l to Mich cases as arose before the 9th of April, 18G5, and conse.|Uently the Fenian claims are excluded Should they be hereafter brought forwar.l a> reclamations against the Umte.l States, would the proposed rule, which applies in lerms to the a.ts committed ly particular vessels, bv reason u' ' - want ol due .iijigence imputed to Great Britain in the pertonnance of i ^ !■" '* if ^j iiiiir— ■ - """"^ \l !li neiitrnl obligations, be applicable to the .Icinands against our gov- ernmoht on accoiint ot'ilic invasion of Canada, y In tho protocol of tbe 4tli of May, 1871, " the British lligli Commissioners sai.l that (hoy wonM not uri,'e fiiillier that t'le set- tlement of these I'lainiH (claims of the jieople ot Canada for injurit.'s sutteretl from the Kenian raids.) should be included in t/w present treat;/, nnd that they had less difficulty in doinj; so, as a portion of the claims n-ere of a consfni--fir,; and ////'/v/f^V^/ character." In alluding to the nvil-enteixhi betueen the two countries, it is onlyjnst, as an evidence ot the good faith of Kn.ylan.l. to notice the recent action of the home government in profteiing to the Dominion, as a considerMion f.,r her assent to those articles of tho treaty of Washington which re.|uiivl the r.ilitication of the Cana- dian Parliament, and as an indemnity for the Fenian claims, a guar- antee tor a loan to construct a railroad to tlie Pacific. I may,''also, remark, in this connection, that it is clearly inferable from iheVecent speech of the Canadian Premier, (Sir j..hn Macdonald) himself one of the late High Commi.ssioners, that Great Britain no longer reganls those cl.iims to be of a character ti> be a.sserted by her against the Tnited States, and that the Dominion deems lurself anipiy comj.ensated by the .action ot]^ the mother country as to the loan in .juestion. The objections to the fishery arfi<-les. it may be added, do not come from the maritime provinces, but f tn those of the interior, who wishc.l to use the fisheries as a lever for the introduction of their cereals and other agricultural products into the United States, free of duty. In the English counter case, there is an examination by the e.vperts. named by the Hoard ..f Tr.ade and Commissioners .if the Admiralty to whom the subject was referred by the British govern- ment, of the extent of the direct claims, according to the ihttu fur- nished by the United States. A.-cording to the estimate made by the committee appointed by the lioar.j of Trade, the total amount claimed for priente losses is reduced from |il7,7»;:{,()|0 to I'^.OaO,- 085, and by the Report to the Admiralty all the expenditures in- curred in the pursuit of the confederate vessels as claimed in tho United States case, from *7.0KO,478 70 to *l,501),.1((o, for tiie pursuit of ihe vessels recognised as connected will, Alabama class. Thongli the British (Jovernment deny that any claim can be preferred to the Geneva Tribunal, for expenses incurred in fitting out vessels to cruise in pursuit of the Alabama and other ConttuU m '• Is agaiiiHt our gov- tlio British Iligli ithor thi.t t'ne set- ';iii.nl;i for injuries i]i'| "c may have given to ling find Mr. K\arts. W. 15. I.AWIJK.VCK i I UKufa.^ Miiiili<'i'il|>|Miiiiii I I mil ^^^-'^wiet^fs '^iS*'*r*' fl ^N. 61 42r) roxoRR.ss. '2il SeitMion. Ai>T>r:Nr)rx norsE l)F HErUKSKNTATIVES. { Mh. Doc. No. 1K(). I V ATioNs sTiti Guusa ion OIM'UKSSKI) MUKKTV. HACKS AM) Al'lill. B. I. .«3.-R..f«rre.| ,« „.„ c „.U,c« „„ K„rel«,. A..,.lr,.„,, ..r.Iere.I r., Ik, prlnte.!. Mr. Peters. <.ji !,.;,»,., imrodiicetl the following RESOLUTION. theH,itishMau%iiUhee,,hunr.. tv .. '>'."""'"' i" "."""■r^ial marine to H..,.,.re>sion •,(tl'.. r'-h"lli, 'n '•"'^'' ^""' '" "'" •^^•"^ "^ "'« *««• ainl the Mth or Marrh :s7ih^v,* .'.'"'"'' "''^""'^' ^^ ""' Alabama olai.ns. „„ the mate ...,iii„ale of ,h.; amount of tie si?./ ;«'<•. alter ,«vmi: an approxi- without prrju-lice. how-vv . I 1 ri r • '"■"}" *" "'*' '"''''•^'•< '<««''•. i"...«.-vin^..,nolr::,;i.';:^lr.:s;;;::,r''' "-'"•» -theiracccm^ «ir.-at llritain to the In ■ S « f ';"';' """".wl"eh >houl.l I... ,,a|,l \,y ini! all lial.iliiv. hn , X" ' ^^^^ .--mmi.Moner.s .l..,line,|, ,|,.ny. |«.^iii..n was i.;v,.,,t.'|, ' '^ ' '"''*' "'^" ''"*''''l'"" '" arbitration, which pri- io;^ni dl"Si:!;::i!':|.,;;:^?;;ii;:7!;lT 'vr'' ""•"•'"'"" '•"■"""- "- '-'i- .i.-Htv. hHrn: ! u"s to „ i , '^ ''"*' "' /)"'-'"/' ''"'' "'•'■ "ritannic .Ma- ^>''^:i^::-z:z,.:::.:t:i ir'^iti sS''"^ ^'-t .ii.jv— .nsen IJritannie .NLyestv a ,1 > i I .-vi' ,.. i " '" •^'^""■^ ^"I'l l'"' (J-'vernment of H.t several »e,...|s. w i V. I . iv .^^^^^^^^^ "' ""' '«•^^«•<■"»'"tt...l bv the I ' •'=^^^«|?«««flBe-3*^-< W^ ■f 02 iHI if t ill down In tlin sniit Mraty. vernm«nU; nnil by Artifin 7 it l« proviiletl as t'<)llr)w«: " 'Hifl «uiil tiiliiiiiiil shitll (Irst tlt^titrnilno nn In ciich emsel xciKKvifft//, wlioilicr (ir<-at ilrltiiiii liii.<«, liy any net i)r innlR- sioii, laili'tl to fiiKIll iiiiy oftlic (Iiilic-* nvt lorlli in tlit! fii>ri>j;oliijr three riil«'. nwh ofllf Hiiiit iirMnilH. I,: ca*** tlin trl- biiiiiil linil that (iriNit liiitaln Inis lUilcil to tulllll tiny iluty or diitii: ^*'or«- (s not award a snni in i;ross, the hiixh enntraotin;! partiiM agree that a hoard of assessors Hliall lie apjiiiinled to ascertain and determine ?p/iii/ cliiintu «it rnllit, and what anionnt or aniiiinils shall he paid li> (ireal lirltaln to the Unite*! Slates on aei'onnt o'the liahliily arising from such failure km lo ftwh Cf»iitl, ac(-iirs to he aM'ertained, either hy tho nrl)itrator« under Article 7, or hy the assessors nndi^r Article 10, are the satnt? in their >'ii,t,e and character in hi>ih cases; it Immii); providitd that the arhi- trators nniy award a sum in uross liirthe claims for or on nccoiuit of «<{ ||i« vessels, and in case of iheir fadnre to do so. that the assessors shall make out an arnninl of tin- linliililii its to iitch rrssil, according to the extent of such liahiilty, as dVciiled l>y ilie arldtralois. And wlKM'cas it is e\ idcnt that the paitios to the treaty did not intend that the assessors should deterniiiu' the /(> iiiiiiniins lit ili.ii-(i,i r nni/ iniriKixr nf ilnini/ thf ix-fs fiirhiilflin," and that tin* neutral, in case of n< ij;li;{eiice in this respect, is liahle for all the direi'l and indiiei-t losses and Injuries whicli may he sus- tained h> a heilifiereut hy reason or in conseipience thereof And wli.reas the said diK-liines which the United Slates ire tlius imtd" to assume l)V the action of iheir le<.:al lepre-entatives would Impose u|Hin tliis country new and onerous ohii'jations in lesjH'ct I i the action (d.Vnieriean citi- zens s\mpathi/ins witli oppressed races mappliiiR with tyiaimy and with na- tions lh.;htinK lor inde|H>ndeiice, an. And wherea't insts-ad of increasin:,' ihe stringency "t the ohiigations ^f neu- trals recognized hy the existing lawot nations, the higiiesi iuteresis of . ivili- Y.iitUm (leinatMl that the litM'rlie>» and li-htsof neutrals shall he ext; iiiicd, and the nrivileyes and p iwers of stales at w ar diminislied : U,H(,leril. That it is the opinion of this l|..use|iiat the said claims for indi- rect damages should 1m« held ami consi.lered to Im waiveu hy the said recited iutiniatii.n of the American itiiumissioniMs, that they would Ik? waived in case ot an amicahie settlement of th. tiialters in dispote— it lieing clear that aseltlenien! of those inalters hy am' under the awaid ,.t the said triliunal of arhiir.alion will lie an aniicalile selilemeni !lieci U)theohligai!onsof iieutr s as ahovu roiled, aic unsm-nd and incompalihle with American prece.ient* id the genius of our iusiiuitions. [ovenimenU; antl II llr!>t (l)'iitriiiliitt miY net or oiiiIn- Ufi llirve riilc.H, or «lst(>llt Willi HIK'll I>: vn*o tim irl- r tliitliv -•hrfl- tisn, to III- paid liy il to it." Ami it trIlMiiml lliiil tliut 'ori'!tlliil. Hill! (Intvs ;■<< that i\ liojtl'il ol' cldlmn are rnllil, nl» to the IJiiltetl (iH to fitfh ei'Mtl, rliitralors."' n' !« Sllilll IIIIlkR out 10 (>xtoiit of such I not liiti'iiil tliitt igtM, iisotM'tain tilt' M'l^, cliiirKiiii; on 1. tor " till' traiiH- Ih! llrilJHh lliig," would 1h' uureiM- l> (ioVITIIUKMlt of itial is liiiitud to I |ir<'vt>iit Hn cltl- lowii ill AniiUHl I- wliieli proiiiptH intrjiour itf ilnin;/ •I! ill this r<>f.pi'ci. licit may l>ii- Illflt'SlS of civili- Uti t'Xt; uclfil, uhI cliiiiiis fur iiidi- tilt! NHJd rcoitiHl Id he wnivt-d ill li('liii{ cliMr thitt I' s;iid Iriliiiiial of till' sitid I'laiiiis provisions ofihe I ciisi", in ivs|>wi lid ilK'OlllpUtillll! ilSKT '^^^^'WBfe^Sj'^''