IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) ^ "-y «p / ^} ^^^ %' ^^^v.. %• 1.0 I.I 11.25 Its 3.2 M 12.0 1^ I 1.4 mil 1.6 ISOmm /IPPLIED^- IM4GE . Inc ^^ 1653 East Main street .^s^ ^ Rochester, NY 14609 USA J^^J=. Phone: 716/482-0300 .:^='.S== Fax: 716/288-5989 O 1993. Applisd Image. Inc . All Righu Rasarved s-T. t^'*. ^6'^ V^^ '^ .<> ^ % "^ & CIHM Microfiche Series (l\Aonographs) ICIMH Collection de microfiches (monographies) Canadian Institute for Historical l\Aicroreproductions / Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques \\ i\ f\e\ Technical and Bibliographic Notes / Notts tachniques et bibliographiques The Institute has attempted to obtain the best original copy available for filming. Features of this copy which may be bibliographically unique, which may alter any of the images in the reproduction, ot which may significantly change the usual method of filming, are checked below. Coloured covers/ Couverture de couleur Covers damaged/ Couverture endommagie Covers restored and/or laminated/ Couverture restaurie et/ou pelliculie I j Cover title missing/ D D n D Le titre de couverture manque Coloured maps/ Caites giographiques en couleur Coloured ink (i.e. other than blue or black)/ Encre de couleur (i.e. autre que bleue ou noire) Coloured plates and/or illustrations/ Planches et/ou illustrations en couleur Bound with other ^material/ Relie avec d'autres documents Tight binding may cause shadows or distortion along interior margin/ La reliure serrte peut causer de I'ombre ou de la distorsion le long de la marge interieure Blank leaves added during restoration may appear within the text. Whenever possible, these have been omitted from filming/ II se peut que certaines pages blanches ajouties lors d'une restauration apparaissent dans le texte, mais, lorsque cela itait possible, ces pages n'ont pas ete fiimtes. L'Institut a microfilm* le meilleur exemplaire qu'il lui a kxk possible de se procurer. Les details de cet exemplaire qui sont peut-4tre uniques du point de vue bibliographique, qui peuvent modifier une image reproduite. ou qui peuvent exiger une modification dans la mithode normale de f ilmage sont indiqufa ci-dessous. □ Coloured pages/ Pages de couleur □ Pages damaged/ Pages endommagies □ Pages restored and/or laminated/ Pages restaurtes et/ou pellicultes Pages discoloured, stained or foxed/ Pages dteolories, tachetees ou piquees □ Pages detached/ Pages ditachtes 0Showth rough/ Transparence □ Quality of print varies/ Qualite inegale de I 'impression □ Continuous pagination/ Pagination continue □ Includes index (es)/ Comprend un (des) index Title on header taken from:/ Le titre de I'entCte provient: □ Title page of issue Page de titre de la □ Caption of issue/ Titre de depart de la I I (Masthead/ livraison depart de la livraison d/ Generique (periodiques) de la livraison Additional comments:/ Commentaires supplementaires: Pagination Is as folloHs: p. 17-37. This Item is filmed at the reduction ratio checked below/ Ce document est filme au taux de reduction indiqui ci dessous. 10X 14X 18X 22X 12X 16X 20X 26 X 30X 24 X J 28 X H 32 X The copy filmed here has been reproduced thanks to the generosity of: Nationai Library of Canada L'exemplaire film* fut reproduit grflce A la g^n^rositA de: Bibliothdque nationale du Canada The images appearing here are the best quality possible considering the condition and legibility of the original copy and in keeping with the filming contract specifications. Original copies in printed paper covers are filmed beginning with the front cover and ending on the last page with a printed cr illustrated impres- sion, or the back cover when appropriate. All other original copies are filmed beginning on the first page with a printed or illustrated impres- sion, and ending on the last page with a printed or illustrated impression. The last recorded frame on each microfiche shall contain rhe symbol ^^ (meaning "CON- TINUED"), or the symbol y (meaning "END"), whichever applies. Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate tho method : Les imeges suivantes ont 6t4l reproduites avec le plus grand soin. compte tsnu de la condition at de la nettet4 de l'exemplaire film6, at en conformity avec les conditions du contrat de filmage. Les exemplaires oiiginaux dont la couverture en papier est imprimis sont filmds en commen^ant par le premier plat at en terminant soit par la derniire page qui comportb une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration. soit par le second plat, salon le cas. Tous les autres exemplairas originaux sont filmis en commenpant par la premidre page qui comporto une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration at en terminant par la dernidre page qui comporte une telle empreinte. Un des symboles suivants apparaitra sur la derniire image de cheque microfiche, seion le cas: le symbols — ^ signifie "A SUIVRE ". le symbols y signifie "FIN". Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc.. peuvent Atre film6s A des taux de rMuction diffirents. Lorsque le document ast trop grand pour dtre reproduit en un seul cliche, il est fiimi A partir de I'angle supArieur gauche, de gauche A droite, et de haut en bas. en prenant le nombre d'images nicessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mithode. 1 2 3 3;x 1 2 3 4 5 6 ^■^^^^^f^^^«W«*|Mtf T ■^» -^*^-4»l*'-*n!*^ ^*- mn ARTIFICIAL PROFOGATIOX OF MARINE FOOD FISHBS AND EDIBLE CRUSTACEANS. REV. MOSES HARVEY, LL.D. ■JttiM^- Section IV., 1892. ( 17 Tkans. Koy. Soc Canada. II.— The Artijidal PiupugatUn, of Murine Foml Fishes and Etiihit Cruslaeeam. By Rev. Moses Harvey, LL.D. (Read June 1st, 1891'.) The art of pisciculture, in its modern restrictt'd sense, commenced a century and a half ago with the discovery of an artificiiil method of fecun dating and hat.hingtheovaof fish. Fish culture of a simple elementary character, had been known and practised long before, indeed from a remote antiquity. Thi.s however, does not appear to have gone further than the inclosing of fish in artificial aquariums, or in ponds where they were fed and tended till required for use. The art of aclimatization as regards fish, was understood to a limited extent. Favourite breeds of dillereut kinds of fishes wer..« fattened and flavoured in order to gratify the palates of epicures. The luxurions Romans spent enormous sums on their fish-ponds and oyster-beds. The ancient Egyptians are known 10 have reared fish in artificial inclosures on an extensive scale If we may believe what is told us of the Chinese, it would appear that for many centuries fish-culture of an ingenious kind has been carried on in China by collecting fructified fish eggs from lakes and rivers, carrying them to the interior, and selling them to proprietors ofcanids or ponds in which they are hatched and grow to maturity. The result is stated to be an abundant supply of fresh water Ibod fishes in many portions of China. » With the discovery of the process of artificial fecundation of fish ova, pisciculture took a new departure, and by slow and painful steps has reached its present sta<'e. wliich renders it an art of high national importance and gives promise of its becoming a potent factor in the future for securing sustenance for the teeming populations of the world. As in the case of many other valuiible dijcoveries, some doubt exists as to who is to be credited with the honour of this discovt'ry. The French claim that Joseph Remy, a peasant of the Vosgee, was the discoverer about the year 1812; and that with him originated that artificial system of fish-breeduig which extended over their chief rivers, and at length culminated in the celebrated establishment of Huningue, near Bale, for the collection, hatching and distribution of fish ova. There can be little doubt that Remy's was an independent rediscovery, and that he carried it into a practical application which proved fruitful in results. lie had been anticipated, however, by almost a century, by Ludwig Jacobi of Westphalia, in Germany, who, about the year 1748, carried out successful experiments in breeding salmon and trout. For eighty years he and his sons carried on the enterprise, on his own estate, as a commercial speculation, with great success. He also wrote an elaborate essay on the art offish-culture which attracted the attention of many scientific men. His discovery was the result of keen observation. He found that the fecundation of salmon ova was an estorual act that couid be leadiiy imiluted by careful manipulation, and that by this 8m. IV., 18tt2..^3. //37 18 KBV. MOSKS HARVEY ON method fish could be multiplied to an unlimited extent. To Jacobi then must be awarded the houour of first discovery. There is little doubt too, that in ISST, John Shaw, of Druraldurig, Scotland, a lorcster of the Duko of Buccleuch, independently rediscovered the process. He had undertaken to prove that parrs were the youngof salmon, and conducted a long series of experiments with this view, in the coarse of which he fecundated and hatched the eggs of salmon. Me did not, however, go farther than to establish scientifically the principle involved* while Jacobi and Remy turned it to practical economic account. Shaw's experiments however, were completed and reported to the Royal Society of Scotland before Remy's discovery. To France, however, must be accorded the honour of erecting at Huningue the first Hsh-breediiig establishment in which the art was turned to practical economic account, and Its usefulness to the general interests fully established. The advantages of the arti- ficial method, in the rapid multiplication of fish, and in the preservation of the ova and young fry from the destruction inevitable in the natural process, became speedily apparent. The Government of France speedily took the new discovery under its fostering care, and immediate and substantial success followed. The rivers and lakes of France were soon extensively cultivated, and fish ponds of considerable extent were constructed. The system quickly spread over the whole continent of Europe, and every- where aqui-culture began to yield highly profitable returns. About 1850 the fine breeding establishment of Stormontfield, on the river Tuy, near Perth, commenced operations and was conducted with admirabl<> skill and marked success. lu the same year Norway embarked in the enterprise under government patronage. Three years later ( 1 853) the United States entered on the work, and developed it with characteristic energy and on a scale previously unknown. In 1863, Canada com- menced public fish-culture, and can now boast of possessing a thoroughly organized system, skilfully conducted on scientific principles, fully abreast of the age and yielding most satisfactory results. The evolution of fish-culture has tbus been a very slow process. Though almost co- eval with civilization in its inception, it made no marked progress till JacoM's discovery, inl'(48; and afterwards it required a century before it attracted the attention of the world and received any general acceptance. Even now it encounters much opposition, and in many civilized countries is 3till regarded with su(;h doubt and distrust that it makes little progress. This, however, is the fate of all new ideas which have to do battle with apathy, ignorance and self-interests, and the innate indisposition of men to leave the beaten paths. As a rule, mankind know not their benefactors, and regard all innovators as disguised enemies or open destructionists. At first fish-culture was generally carried on as a private enterprise for individual profit. Gradually, however, its importance was discerned, and its promotion and control were, in some countries, assumed by the State for the benefit of the whole community. If lakes and rivers which were open to the public, and in which no one could claim the right of property, were to be stocked artificially, the work must be done, not by private enterprise which was inadequate, but by governments, ont of the public funds to which all contribute. Thus fish-culture on an extensive scale, with costly apparatus and a staff of officials and employees, became, in time, to bo regarded as a funetioa of the State. !S«*M»J«V^fe, MARINK Foot) PI.S1IR8. Id ScientiHc men and skilled experts could aloue conduct operations successfully : and as these were performing a work which was designed for the benefit of the community at large, it was felt to be right that the cost should be met out of the public funds. National fish-culture has thus obtained a recognized place, and is steadily advancing in most civilized countries. Water-farraing may, in the near future, under the guidance of science, approach the dignity and im|wrtance which are now attached to the cultiva- tion of the soil. Food-factories will no longer be confined to the land, but, at the bidding of science, the waters will " bring forth abundantly the moving creature that hath life," and with fresh emphasis the ancient precept will be repeated, " cast thy bread • (or seed) " upon the waters, thou shalt find it after many days." The first efforts of fish-.ulturi8ts were limited to fresh water food fishes, such as trout, or to the anadromous species such as the salmon. By far the most extensive operations were conducted in the artificial breeding of salmon as being a money-yielding fish of great commercial value. Strikingly successful results were reached, both in Hurop.^ and America, in resto.iking exhausted rivers with salmon, in keepingup thesupply when- heavy drafts threatened scarcity or depletion, and even in establishing fisheries in wat-rs where salmon were previously unknown. Of course, due protection was combined with artificial breeding. Judicious legislative enactments were adopted to resulate the times and modes of fishing and to secure the removal of obstructions to the ascent of the fish to their spawning grounds. The salmon rivers of S.;otland, such as the Tay, where salmou- .^ulture has been carried on for many years, present the most striking instances of the value of artificial breeding ; while the DoohuUah Lakes in Ireland furnish an example of the creation of a valuable fishery by placing artificially bred salmon fry in waters where no salmon had been previously seen. Similar successful results have been reached in many of the rivers of Europe. Still more remarkable have been the results of lish-cultu' Atlantic. Every state in the Great Republic has now its Fi, numerous hatcheries with qualified experts in charge; while in United States Fishery Commission— a national institution— a band of scientific men devote their energies to the investigatiou offish-life in all its varieties, and a study of the physics of the sea. The work accomplished by this commission has culled forth the admiration of the civilized world. The founder-the late Professor Baird-a man of the highest attainments as a naturalist—has been succeeded by Colonel Marshall Macdonald, whose great ability and matchless zeal are admitted on all hands. The Canadian Depart- ment of Fisheries has accomplished a work only second to that of the United States Commission; and in the intelligent organization and guardianship of the iisheries, and the practical improvements it has introduced, it ha* shown what science and practical skill can do in the guidance of these great national industries Under the veteran iish- culturist, Mr. S. Wilmot— a man of European reputation— Canadian pisciculture now line which must be regarded with feelings of apprehension in looking to the future In view of these facts, the question, can science provide a remedy ? presents itself with I'resh emphasis. In 1878, I'rofessor Baird entered on a lengthened series of experiments designed to determine the practicability ot the artilicial propagation of cod on a large scale. In one of his earliest reports he remarked : " Whavever may be the importance of increasing the supply of salmon, it is trilling compared with the restoration of our exhausted cod fisheries;" and should these be brought back to their original condition, we shall find within a short time an incretvse of wealth on our shores, the amount of which it would be difficult to calculate." Great difficulties were encounter^a in hatching the cod ova, but they were overcome ; and after the experimental stage had been passed. Professor Baird was able to report that the feasibility of the artificial propagation of the cod family was fully established. "It is now " he said, " believed to be possible, not only to greatly increase the supply of the cod where it is at present found, but by carrying the young to new localities, to establish cod-fisheries so far south as the coast of North Carolina, where the fishermen may find regular occupation during the winter, now their poorest senson in capturing these fish in large quantities, and supplying the adjacent markets, and even exporting them." At a later datt> he said, in reference to the artificial breeding of marine food fishes : " We have at our command the means of so improving and increasing the Amt^rican fisheries as to obviate .he necessity, in the future, of asking a participation in the inshore fisheries of the British provinces, and thus of euabling us to dispense with fishery treaties or fishery relations of any kind with the British or other governments." The progress of the ai tilicial breeding of marine food fishes since these words were written, proves that Professor Baird was not over-sanguine when thus prognosticating the -•f=*-B*Wi^«to^? MARINE FOOD FISUEfil. 28 fatare. The success of th.. Glou.estor, Wood's Hall, and Ten Pound Island hat.hories is now a m.ttor of history. Many millions of codlish have bwn hat.h.-d and - planted ' and the beneHt is already folt in the fishini? grounds olf Cape Ann, and at Nanluck.'t Shoak where we are told, on the best authority. " millions ,.f these species, of one and two years' growth, are reported us being on theiishinfr grounds near the roast, while young cod have been taken in trap.> and otherwi.se, where the o. lest lisheruien have no reeol- le.t.on of seeing them before. The restocking of the «hore grounds is proving a bonanza to the local fishermen, their .atehes being greatly increased ' The «had li.shery from Connecticut to North Carolina is reported to have increa.sed twenty-live per cent iu live years, in consequeme of artificial propagation. .Not less remarkable has been the success of cod-hat.hing in Norway, where it was. carried on in the Flodevig hatch.'ry simultaneously with the work iu the United Slates and with equal skill and perseverance. In the spring of ]?(l litres of .(-pawn were dealt with, representing 279,000,000 eggs. At a part of the Norwcijian coast betvve..n Soruskill and Hambo, Ifi6,o00,000 cod-fry were planted, in addition to 20,000,000 in other places. From 1884 till 1890, there were hatched in all 140,000,(»(io .,va As a consequence of these satisfactory results, the hat.hery at Flodevig has been doubled in size, an.l a large pond has been constructed in which the .od are placed and allowed to spawn in the natural way, instead of undergoing the " stripping " process as formerly. The ,Mrjr.s when fertilized by contact with the milt iu the pond, are skimmed oifand placed in theliatching boxes. By this improved method, there is a gain of irom twenty to forty per cent in the number of eggs hatched, the injury to the ova through handling the lish being avoided Thecoulidenceof the Norwegians in this mcthui' „rin. reusing their sea-lisheri... may he Judged from the ia.t that this year (1802) they are engug. d in the erection oiunother cod-hatchery at Dobak, sixteen miles from Chrisliauia, sulHciently large to turn out four hundred millions of cod-fry annually. This is d..ne with the view ol restockin- the Christiama Fiord, where there has been a great falling ollof late in their number ; ami the supply of fresh cod to the markets of the capital and .,ther towns on the Fiord, has b.-en getting shorter every year, and the prices for codfish exceedingly high. In connection with this hatchery there will be erected a Biological station, where students from the University of Christiauia will have an opportunity of studying, and of obtaining a pra.tical and scientific knowledge of Ichthyology and Marine Biology, in all their brunches and where fresh specimens of marine fauna will be constantly on hand. This is not all Another hatchery, with a fishing school attached, is in course of erection at Bodo and will be in full operation in 1803. As Bodo is only a short distance (ten miles) from the I^foden Islands, where the greatest of the Norwegian cod-fisheries is carried on in winter and early spring, it will be an easy matter to furnish the hatchery at Bodo with spawn from Lofoden, as all the fish caught there are spawning fish. When we compare the work done in the United §tates, Canada and Norway in connection with fish-culture and the improvement of the fisheries, with similar work in llreat Britain, the contrast is surprising. In all matters relating to fish and fisheries Britain is far behind the countries named. At one of the Fishery Conleren.es durin- the' London Exhibition of 1883, Professor Huxley remarked that " if they were -oin-r to°deal seriously with the sea-fisheries " (of England) " and not let them take care of themselves, as they had done for the last thousaud years or so, they had a very considerable job before k 24 BEV. MOSRS HARVEY ON l! ! liiem ; iiud unless ihey put into their oigauization of fisheries, the euergy, the ingenuity, the scientifio knowledge and the practical skill which characterized Professor Baird and his assistants, their etforts were not likely to come to very much good." At the same conference, Mr. S. Wilmot, of the Canadian Ui*partment of Fisheries, expressed his surprise that " in a vast and intelligent country like Great Britain, the Government had not taken up this question of protecting, improving and advancing the interests of the fisheries." He was of opinion that this was a work rather for the State than for private persons, and he was supported in this view by Professor Brown Goode, the Director of the United States Exhibit. It is no doubt true that in England, for years past, successive Fisheries Commissions have been appointed ; but these have devoted their energies to taking the evidence of fishermen and others engaged in the fisheries, cud embodying it in voluminous reports, from which nothing of a practical nature came. Professor Huxley, who took part in this work, in his inaugural address at the London Exhibition of 1883, expressed the astonish- ment he felt on discovering that fishermen know nothing about fish except the way to catch them. " In answer to questions," he remarked, " relating to the habits, the Ibod and the propagation of fishes— points of fundamental importance in any attera;>t to regu- late fisheries rationally— I usually met with vague and often abi^urd guesses in the place of positive knowledge." Very different has been the method adopted in Norway, the United States and Canada. In Norway, instead of appointing a commission to take the evidence of fisher- men, a body composed of four distinguished men of science was appointed to investigate the biology and physics of the sea; and on their reports was founded that organization of the fisheries which has led to such important results, and those experiments in the culture of marine food fishes which are yielding such abundant fruits. One brilliant outcome of this commission which has been carrying on its operations for more than twenty years, was Professor Sars's great discovery that the eggs of the cod, the haddock, the gurnard, and most food fishes with the exception of the herring, instead of resting on the bottom, as had been previously universally believed, floated, in almost invisible globules, at or near the surface of the sea. This discovery laid the foundation of the scientific culture of marine food fishes. ^ In the United States, the same method was followed. A distinguished naturalist- Professor Baird— was, in 1871, placed at the head of a commission who wasted no time in taking the evidence of fishermen, but set to work on an investigation of the causes which had broiight about a diminution of the commercial fishes and of the remedies adapted to remedy the evil. The result has been a thoroughly equipped department, with a large stall" of scientific and skilled men, having the means of carrying on hatching operations on a large scalt>, both in fresh and salt water fish, and for studying the whole natural history of the various fishes. The splendid reports of this commission, issued annually since its commencement, are of inestimable value. Up till V883, Congress and the various State Governments had appropriated over two and a quarter millions of dollars for the work of the Fishery Commission. Since that date there has been no diminution in the liberality with which the work has been sustained. It would seem that at length Great Britain has been roused to the necessity of regu- lating and improving its fisheries on the same scientific lines as other countries. The f mmms mmmi' MARINK FOOD FJSIIKS. 28 mauguratiou of a Kishory Board lor Scotland a lew years ao-o, marked th. co.nmencement of a new era. Under sneh eminent naturalist, as Dr. We,nyss Fulton, Se.reta y f" scien ,fic mvestigataons, Professor Mcl.itosl, LL.D.. Mr. J. H. Fullerton and 1) J uL d excellent work ,s done in the investigations of the life-history of the various food fishes from whach nnportant results will follow. The Annual Reports of the Scottish itheries Board contain matter of profound interest to the scientific fish-culturist Last year, th.s Board decided on adopting the artificial breeding of valuable sea-Hshes v.th a vjew to the .mprovement of the Scottish fisheries. They had been for some time losely ol.ervu.g the work carried on at Flodevig, Norway, in cod-hatching, and Z received olCc.al reports from time to time. The issue was a resolution to take up t e same enterpr.se By an arrangement with Mr. Dannevig, manager of th- Flodevi.- ha hery.a wooden hu.ld.ng wi.h a complete hatching apparatus, was constructed a" A.endal Norway and has recently been shipped to Scotland, where it will be in operation eorethc end of the present year, ^ ... Governments of France, Jiussia, Italy and Belgium, have been in communication ..i.h Mr. Dannevig, with the view of procuring from him plans and directions for fitting up and working similar establishments ; and it is possible that these countries will shortly have marine hatcheries in active operation England is at last moving in the same dire. tion. At a conference held in the Fish- mongers^ Hall, London, in March last, tfie following resolution was unanimously adopte.l • That this conference, in view of the diminution of food fishes, is of opinion that sea^ hsh hatcheries should be established, as in Norway, the LTiiited States, Canada and New- found land, for the purpose of increasing the fish supply ; and that it is of the greatest impor ance to the fishing industry that marine laboratories should be established at sui able points round the coast of the United Kingdom, with a view of affording infor- mation to practical fishermen and others, regarding the habits and life-history of food fishes^ At Liverpool a marine laboratory has been established, and another at Tlymouth Sir Ldward Clarke M.P., said, at this conference, that the Plymouth Institution had shown that hsh could be hatched in large numbers ; and he thought that the Government would be doing a gr-eat public servi.e if it assisted in establishing hatcheries, so as to produce results similar to those produced in America In France, M. Gobin, Minister of Fisheries, has recently expirssed strong opinions as to the diminution offish around the shores, brought about chiefly by the incn-ase of populations, the larger and better equipped boats and the application of steam and trawls He looks upon the artificial hatching of sea-fish as the best remedy, combined with the protection ofareas as nurseries. The State alone, he thinks, can undertake such work' and he urges the establishment of hatcheries in which the propagation of sea-fish can be' systematically carried on upon an extensive scale. Physical research, respecting marine and inland waters, is now extensively carried out in France, with a view to its practical application m the increase offish by oulture. It is thus evident that the culture of sea-fish is established on a solid scientific foun- dation. Ihe day is gone by for assailing it as insanity, and its advocates as wild, specu- lative enthusiasts. In all civilized countries having an interest in fisheries, sciientific investigations are in progress; and the improvement, regulation and extension of these great industries are becoming more and more objects of national importance. Enirland's colonics, one alter another, are entering on the work. Sec. IV., 1892. 4. ri 'rm =1 26 RRV. MOSES HARVEY ON improvement. Thfs w^rl^ h w" t T ""f Z"™!' ^-^ -tifieial propagation for their appointment of a Fi^hr!:' Crj iorUVTat Zar t "'T ''''' ''''' '' ''' measure of succesH, and are engaged in ;rJa„linL. 7^ fV^ " "''^ ^'""'^'"^ fail to secure beneficial results T.de if "f Pl"^ ''''"''''' '" *'^" f"''"^'- <'^»"«t mission, as described in the" ranuuar^^n^^^ T , ^ ^-"-"^1-^ Fisheries Com- of the Atlantic, and wonth coZe ,hT f '' ''^^ '"™"*"' ""*^»^'"" °'^'>«*'^ «id- in similar work elseXr^ 7^^^::":^ j^f '■-^•"-;.-" -^^^ - -gaged tbundland is ahead of all other countries ^^^ *^^*""^f l^'-«P'*»-t-o» "f lobsters-New- Nielsen-theableSuperintondtt fT l:^^^^^^^^^ ''^ ^ Adolph it is found practicable. Cod-hatchinn- Z ll I !^ "^""^^"'^ generally wherever has made good progress and ' vesH? ^'f t?'^' '^° ^""«»« "' -«-« "P^'-'^tion. exhaustedLys Ud^shiCXT ^ ^^ :t^^ -«';; ^^ -Peking the partially pamphlet on " The cure of codfish nnH ), .^ . ^ "''" ^'' mentioned that a by the commission has b a trTntdbTf' """ ?''''''■ ^'^^^—^^ Published Ireland, and widely^irculateLrgih'fiXrr The ^^^^^f ^^^^™^"^ °^ lated into French and circulated at sl Pierre an^erwhere ""^ ""' '" '^^" *""^- Hshe:;:Ztrirrr:fl;Sr^^^^^ i^ Newtbundlan. the i^^r^i:^:^^^::;^;^^:--^^^^ of any definite k ow elg t h fi Ird £h^W^ ,""' '""'' ^"'''"^^'"^ = ''' «^-»- the utter neglect of anyLanl :ftg::L g ^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^"^«;. "^-^'-^ ' -^ resulted in an alarminr. decline of the cirfJ r^^ ! ' ^'*'"^'"^"'*"^'«''^*'«"g'h fishing grounds, and a mark ^de ^rta tfoHh ^ 7 '' ^," ^'^ ''''' '^^^ ^"^ "'^^-« The present writer may ment: ^ : ego i^ Th^ H" T ''''''■' ''''''''■ after year, in pressing these matters on pub if attll „d "^ '\l'''" '"'' ^^"^^ appointing a Fisheries Commis«mn „«^ u ''"^'"'""- '"'^ "•'g'"? the necessity of appointment took X^ ^Ts ^nd t! T'"" "f ''" '^'"'^^ '"^"^•'^ '^'^ •^»«-<^- The Fortunately the servLel ^ e^lj^n^JZ^:^;;^'''''' "^ *^ ^^'^ ^'^^"^ '-- ofMr. Adolph Nielsen, formerly anTn p o'^f ll '"^ character, and possessing a thorough s 2 fie and ^''r^'" ^'^'''''' ' ""'"' ''^ ^'^'^ ments of fisheries. A brief acToimt of hf Ia "T'f "^''l"^"'^*"^*^ with all depart- propagation of codfish anflobt;! may 'irLtT^' '"^ '^T"'"'^'^ ^" ^^« •^'*'«-' topic under consideration ^ ^ interesting as a further illustration of the are 80 prolific that even the most destrrr °^ ^he sea-fish-such as the cod- impression on their numb ' T^tllT o^,' ?' "", '^'""^ '^^^ n.ake little or no two to nine millions of eggs eac h elZ Thl " 1 '"T '^^ '-""''"^ '' ''''' ^'^'^^ ''^-^ pound of its live weight The sol 2"' ^^V'^T ^''''''''' ' ^'^^^^^"^ '^^^ ^'^ <^very ' aMiJiaiiiMitfwi i t ? :' :iys'»jh^T - ;s Marine pood pishes. a? birth annually to a number of eggs varying from half a million to a million. Tho female lobster yields from twelve thousand to twenty-five thousand ova each season. Crabs, periwinkles, mussels, have an amazing fecundity. 8uch being the case, it appears at first sight an absurdity to attempt to add, by artificial arrangements, to the population of the sea, when the natural rate of increase is so prodigious. There is, however, another side to be heard from. The more extended th.' studies of naturalists regarding fish-life, the more apparent does it b.-come that the waste and destruction constantly going on in the sea, of life in all its stages, from the spawn to the full-grown fish, is enormous. If nature produces with reckless prodigality, her destruc- tive processes are on a corresponding scale. If there is no .-conomy observed in the arrangements for the maintenance of life in the sea, neither are there bounds set to the destroying agencies. A silent war is ever raging in the ocean, and the slaughter is beyond all calculation. One race preys on another ; and life can only be sustained by the destruction of some other form of life. In the great world of waters, with its shallows and Its depths, its vast plains, its hills and mountain ranges, how marvellous the diver- sities of life ! But there death and terror are ever raging, under the most pla.^id surface. The inhabitants live " A cold, sweet silvor life, wrap|)eil in round waves, Qiiicl""' «U Pro,Lj f I:; :«''• !«' -.' o, ,be ov, jJtlTZ'lf'' *"' "'"' - life-Sran, on, „f = """• " "»' '«>» than amoii., ,1, , j . i "''"'' »■• «""i the of /atari,, i°i:i"rr "'.""'f* "■'"« »' 'k™ it S '"";:■ '■'■» -""i of o„e »- -t '.: '::. o'; ';.;':?r^° '- '"-^ ^-'-ft:r;:r«'r '■';;'"*" and life rendered imn« l, '^ '*''''*" wo"ld have been l -^ ^'''' ^^ this 't bas been comp„tTb; , • !"" '^' *^^' -« of the salmo" ■! "h' """ r"-^^^"'^'«<^- P-ducin, river-: he Uniedl 'T"'' ''''' *^« ^-Ty yi ,';:;r^*"^^«'>-lc ," of from 15 lbs to 20 ]L ^'"Sdom is about equal to LZa . "^''* ''^^'"ou. Sometimes an ill-tin df "V'""'' '''' P^°^"- of „1 ^h^ ^f. k" °'""^ ''""''' ^^h- tbegravela dl :^1^^^^^^^^ milHon of I . ^7 '"' "'' "««^^'^- It beeomes a^pplCThett: tla^th ! '^" ^^^-"^'^ ""' '''"" '^"' the valuable sea-fishes n.. .k ^"^ argument against the nrf.r • , »ta„.i., tbundatior""' °" "" «'»""<• »' "- -"Pen^Jd ' J *d'v''T"'''°" '''' Thccod-«.h„ie«ofN. f '"""""y. k«. uoanb- the shores o 1 llnd k" "'f "" ^"' "^ ^^^If the Imo, : b' n^ Sl.'^''''*^ "^ «-« In roirard t« ./'''^''""^„''*v« been fished, mainlv h„f T ""^*^" ^^ters around J-, auti tiiat the decline, though ds and cnrrents, r eggs or young ^' devouring the lie young burst olk-sack which ty among these 7 hungry foes, its actual yield «ea survive to that out of a I's destructive hav(> reached ut cod-fishory the coasts of will nature's id ogg taken -he milt, and ire cared for to take care ie cod being waters can we find the I'ival of one 's fhe stage '!»• If this populated, the brook," st salmon- 'male fish, '!■ wasted, hem from igation of s no sub- 'oregoing fvas once i around tor cod. ! supply though MAKINE Food KISUKS. 29 slow is steadily going on, even in this wonderful " Home of the codfish." However this of tL Is a^r \Z ZT '^"'^ ^^ " *'^ rallingotrof thecod-fishery around The shore ot the Island The most convincing proof is the fact that though the population has doubled within fifty years, and the number of person.s engaged in lishhiTils gieaUy mcreased. while the various contrivances for taking fi..h have b^.n uiultiplied and endere that ot forty or fifty years ago, when the primitive hook-and-line was thechiefinstrumen 0^ the fisherman This decline holds good, especially in regard to the great bays around hll his boat in a few hours with fine cod within sight of his own door. Now the fish are other distant fishing grounds, at a great increase of toil and expense, the waters of thek own bays being largely depleted. Conception Bay was formerly on of the best fishi " ocalitios. and th., population there became dense. Very little fish comparat he y is now taken in its waters and there are no signs, from year to year, of any recuperator Placentia, Trinity Bonavista, Notre Dame Bays, and other fishing centres have U o suffe ed more or less, in the same way. The size of the fish too has di'minished.-a sure sign o a' ext LT 7' ?■'''''''' '"^"^'•^•' -ethod.of fishing, as well as o^.-fish ng ITd h extensive capture ot immature fish, have combined in doing the mischief No Ltraint were placed by law on the fishermen ; and cupidity did n^t stop to consider the o"s quences in the iuture. Advancing depletion now threatens the shore fishery Such was the condition of affairs with which the Fisheries Commission on their appointment had to grapple. As a first step, they de.-ided on the erect o a c^ hatchery, with the view of testing the practicability of restoring exhausted waters by artificial means. They considered that in those deep sheltered bavs, w th tCarms running ar inland, and the water possessing peculiar purity and sail li y hey hai ven ^vourable conditions for hatching and rearing young cod. Dildo Island in Trinity Bay was se ected as a site for the hatchery. The erection was on a large scale, ai d fi ed up w th al the recent improvements. It has capacity for hatching from two hund "d anS fifty to three hundred millions of cod-fry annually. ,f successful in Trinity By cod insho e fiV '"f '"' ^"^*'"'''' "^'^"^'^'^ ^^''^"^' -^"^ ^'^ »>''y--d fiordVw t'hthe n shore hshing grounds converted into great codfish preserves. It was also de iled tha fl TnZZiT/ '°'^^"^ ^'""'t '" '''"'' «" -nultaneously with that of o^ hsh. In Newfoundland, as in every other country in which lobsters are taken the fishery shows alarming symptoms of rapid decline which, if not arrested mu.teelon. end in the exterm nation of this valuable crustacean. Mr. Nielsen's invaluar in "nti n o floating incubators for hatching lobsters rendered it practicable to carry on this p" es on a very large scale, and at many different places around the Island One If r ^"*^^'"^ °P"^*7"« have been carried on during the summers of IS-.O and 1891 On of the principal difficulties encountered has been the procuringof a sufiicient nu 1!; of ripe spawning fish to supply the hatchery with cod ova. Ihe codfish aro«,"d the easern and northern shores of the Island spawn from the beginning of My tlTc end -ho period extending over six weeks. The spawners are kept in tanks in the hatchery, m •f " ' ■ ^11^ ■» -'•^ii, \:-^ - '-^ ■m 1 'fk'. T '■A ^mm mMm 30 liEV. MOSES HABVEY ON and at iutorvals aro taken out and ■' stripped " *K the male is poured over the e '''"•^'•'•"t process. Theeoo-soffh lu lower r.e.„,i„, »,.„«:.::;,. ^ ?„r Jr ;;'* '" "" ''■«>■- Sri;:!;' with the obsterfish ° '"'^°'*"-^- lieutenant Goln r V ""^ .'"''"•^^t-«. and in Nielsen's rrjntSr 1^" ^^T '^^ ^^^^ ^" ^eLnl'^ tlf 7T^^^ lobsters, or !)6 000 lbs ti; ®"PP««e the case of a oanne^v nuttin *'^7'''«« «f Mr. «how that probabl! one in H "'"'"' .^"^' '' '"'"-" Jobsterrtlnt"? "^''^^ ^^^ <>f of this and say hi 50 ^ "'. ' '"""' ' '«'-t-«-«ay oo 000 N " *7 '"'^"'"^"^ We..est.y.J i;-- ^^ .jt^ ^ -^ /^l ^^ -^^^ i^avc no less than 1.000,000.000 ova MARINK KOOn FISHKS. nk. The milt of cle with a small y.jars in which, th of thirty feet, n a temperature iJUty or twenty, and one which 'Jng membrane, '« young fish is or twelve days. y can seek food le eggs treated he fish will be )m seventy to increased, o the presence i were late in inted " in the |ly- A much 'ng immense it these were e required to fish requires 3 fecundated Is under the 'ed. At the le captured afterwards 'b&ters were ^69,880. Jt e perished, d bringing of lobsters aission are ' openings he lobster Ts, and in L-quainted lueofMr. cases of inquiries one-half ied eggs KOOO ova 81 destroyed and ,f this rule he applied to the -'O.OOO .ase-s which constitut.-d tl.. ,,rod»H ofthehsheryforthe year 188!), w.- have a number of 110,000,000,000 as the wanton destruction of ova which it is possible, by the use of this simple n.eans (Mr. Ni-lsen's incubators) to save or at any rate, in some small measure; lor even a savin-- ..fone per cent of such a total, represents a number the maunitude of whi.h ligun's lail to brin- home to the mind." " The propagation of codfish and lobsters is bnt a pari „f the work ol the Fisheries Commission m Newfoundland. They diffuse information regarding the cure of codfish he cure and packing of herrings ; and construct and enforce rules and regulations for all the fisheries designed to protect and improve them, while they aim at maintaining a careful guardianship over the salmon rivers. In the herring fishery they have already a«-compli8hed an improvement which will be of immense value to the colony The remainder of this paper may be usefully occupied with some remarks on the development of the ova of the codfish and lobster, derived from observations at the Dildo hatchery. The great majority of our marine food fishes deposit their eggs near the surface of the sea These eggs are extremely buoyant, transparent as crystal, and, while in a livino- and hea thy condition, will not sink. On the loss of their vitality, however, they sink to the bot om. rhe specific gravity of the cod ova is delicately adjusted to the salinity of the water. If the sea water -a the surface becomes mixed with fresh water, as will occur after continuous heavy rains, the ova sink down until they meet water of a suitable salinity and density. When the fresh water has ..vaporated they will rise and float on the surface, their constant tendency being upwards, so as to come under the genial influence of the solar light and heat. These delicate little ..ggs have first to mature in the ovary of the mother-fish, and when ripened in this receptacle, the .apsules which encom- pass them burst, and the ova are discharged into the water, looking like small transparent bubbles to the naked eye. and behaving in the .sea just as soau-bubbles do in the air dancing freely about when the water is agitated. The ripened milt of the male fish' containing the spermatozoa which are necessary to th<- impregnation of the eg-r is discharged into the same waters and must come into contact with the ova before they can develop into fishes. It is marvellous to look upon one of these little transparent embryos of the cod as it bursts from the egg, barely visible to the naked eye, and weighing only the fraction of a grain, and to think that from it will be developed the lordly codfish weighing foriy fifty or even .sixty pound.s. This growth takes place in three or four years, m which time it becomes perhaps half a million times weightier than at birth It surpasses even the marvellous growth of .he salmon which Frank Ruckland considered to be the most rapidly increasing of aU animals. He tells us that a salmon three days old IS wo grains m weight, and when it comes to maturity it may weigh thirty pounds and will then have increased 115,200 times the weight it had at first. But the cod surpas.se8 this, starting from an embryo which is a mere fraction of the young salmon's wei ova perish from th.ir extn-me delica. y and m i .n/ • ^" r"°'""^««« proportion of the cod hatching of cod ova ia dimcult. and requi'- rv d'r" . ' ""^ "'^^"'' *'^« "''«-''l When in the hatcherv th. .„^ ^''^^"^^ ^ery dehcate raanipnlation. irom the tank in w^Th'; a ^^^^^^^^^^ 'T'^f -^"fi-Iiy. th. female in t.ken with pure sea-water, in such a po, ti , .Jth ' "'V^'f °"''- " ^'^-^^' P-"^"y « 1 1 d ••""al. The ova then run Ireely'^to the '^ter L Th"' 1 '''' "'"'''^ ^'^'''^ "P- the stomach of the fi«h The mal./fish, h u in/ o ™m '"7k "'''°"' "^^ P^^'^-'''' "" ^h" held over the ves.el in a similar m nner tfll he r ' ''. ^•V'u"^'^" '''"" '^^' -«^- «"d The hsh are put ba-k into the welU^L, k^l ,1 on I''"'? '"'i' ^" '^'"^^'''^ ^^'''^ '^^ «vu. the period over which the procea .Lion h fi '''''''^'' '" '*^"'* ^"'•'h^"- "IH""*"" the ova and milt i« then gentl^X r.n'Tlff '?';" ^^^"^''" ^^^ -'^^--ntaini;, entered the microphyle, a mi„ute opeui;"^ ilh "'''"? ""'' ''" «P— to.oa hav: Having entered the ova, the sperm. toZl /5'.' "'''"'''•''^"" «»"««»di"g the e.gs 'heir head or nucleus, the \Z^Zl Z^T'^'T ""^ ''^ ^""^- "^"^ '-"' '>'m pronucleus, as the germinal vesicle' te^; "^^1^: 'f 'T "**' ^'^" '^-''^ .on of these two sexually differentiated m^.-i " ^ ttti" "'' "'"" '''" '^""•J"^- hy the fusion of the male and female nuclei the ,w T,"^"'"""""''*^^"«- '■«^™<^'^ spermatozoon is capable of fertilizing an eg. ^'"'= ^"^''^ '^' ""&'"• ^^ «i«glo ana pi::: "r st^:--: t:r h-rr^r ' ^^ -^ '^ -'^^" ^^^^ --«■■. ova^.i.mustbedulypro;rtioned:r:^:t=^^^ -^^^^i^:'T.:^Z::::^ ^.^ process appears like a transparent stltLee contain: n Zo: '"' T'"' --" the yolk process of impregnation first takes place the eT f, ^n ,"""''*' '^''''^''- ^hen the again, and the numerous minute ve^X t ^m "^^^^^^^ ^^^ ^P-^i^y brightens become confluent and unite. One hour after ZjZf r .u ""'"«'-°'^«- because they seen travelling in beaded streams towards le if ^^ *^' ^'^'^^^'^'^^'^ layer can be er^.?^rhrr5r5^?^ -n, by the aid of a niic;rrtLve coX^I^"" 1 ^ ^^™'"^^ ^'«^ ^ ^e consisted of one cell, is divided into tw7ce Is t Whl^ T *'' '^^' "''^'^ -'Sinally Segmentation advances gradually by Ihe two ^r f^n .' '^r'''* °' '^^"'**«"'»1 diameter four new ones. Each of'these a/ain d ' d^into " ! t!?''' *'*^"^^^^'«« -^^ ^-^-^ come into existence. Twenty-fo^r hours a erimpr^H '" " '""'^^^"^^ «^ ««"-" -»» 80 far that the germinal disk is divided h to ;7''^"^' °"' ««&™entation has advanced through the cells. I„ two days th proce L the ," ^' "^' ''^ ""^^'^"^ «- ^^ «-» advanced and about sixty new cells can be ounteV f""^' '' ''"' ^''''' '^ «''" ^-^ber other. As the segmentation goes on t;::eli:rrit;X%rr;hT" °"^ '^^^ '^« e oy me fourth day more and more MAKINK FOOD FISHES. 88 inber of ova aru ■ggs, as a much rtion of the cod >», the artificial tmalo in taken partially filled ;sses upon the •ressureou thi- the water and with the ova. ther ripeuiiiy, lereoiitaininir inatozoa have ug th(! eggs, lut form from h the female the con juga- ileus, formed u- A siuglo leir number, ity of water, fecundation ' the process ers the yolk When the y brightens icause they lyer can be e germinal r having a es defined, isk can be originally I diameter, d forming imall cells advanced n be seen II further over the *nd more numerous, and the disk rises and assumes a convex form on the side pointing towards the yolk. After segmentation is completed, the disk sinks down and assumes a concave form, and is then termed the segmentation -^^; ^-oseope L reveJ • "-^er. The mysterious power that direet^ fh . "'*' '* «« impenetrable as ;h« in,n, <....„„ .„;a..„„i„:! i 'a,t,it irr" :'' "r ""■''■'■"" """"'■ '"-p Ihy book w,.,„ „n „,y „,,„b,.„ „ri.t™ Xr H K '?'"'"' "■ ■*"""• ■" 1«"">"> : " In In many points the ova of tho l,^k..* 'ish. and differ from them .reatly :^■:r ^^^^ ^'^'^^ -"'- ^o those of the eod- -en, are impregnated in the water aft r h^ v -u JT""* ^^'' '"^ «^'"- «« we have -fecundated within the female b e irr^^ff ^-" '^e hsh ; the lobster ova place after they have ,ul,y ,,,.overed from th p^oCi;, tr'*^ ""'""^ «'''°''«*'''- '«>-« spermatozoa of the male are deposited, by i s exu I ""• < '^""""^^'^^"''''-^ emale. and there eoming into contact with teo^rfte^r^^^^ w.tn.n the oviduct of the Ull then are the eggs extruded. They ar no howe . r H " ---P'-hed, and not cod ova. They come fron. the o^ idu.' eove,.d wUh a 'l ;""" '"1° *'' ^'''"' ''"^^ ^'^^* them to adhere to the swimmere.s or «b i s .rnl^' .K r^"/"*^"'^^ ^'^'^'^--^les spawnmg the lobster bends its tail forward Id .'^ !^'' *'"'' W^«» "' ^he act of The peculiar form of the tail, with its ^o ' b wi ^l":?' ''T' " ^'^''^ "« ^^^^^d- purpose. This process of spawning is acomplileTiTth " ""'''^' '^"^''^ '« ^^is another point of contrast to the codfish whth ocf n " '"T" "^""^ ^"y-furimhing The newly-spawned ova are of a un^orm da^I " '""'f ""^'^^ '" ^^'^-'""g- attached to the swimmerets until they hatch Xltion I -^ ''u '""'^^ ^^ the lobster, he.r development. The period thaf is oe^ .pieTfrm 7"^'''" '^^'^"' '^"^ P^°™°^">g ha ching takes place is nine months. Dur ng ^U thilT" '^^ r''"''°'^ °' '""^ '^^ *'" *he tail, and protected from foes by the rapi7motr„ 'nl I '^" °''' ''' '^''^'^^ ""^er the tail of the lobster enables it to shoot bacWds thr T ^ '''""^'•^'- ^^^ P«--fu rapidity. Mr. Nielsen, when iavestiga h^ h^^ ^ ^^^er with extraordinary occasion, to measure the distance it co W "1 bt a , "' '^' ^'''''''- ^»« «ble, on one be 25 feet, in less than a second. ^ ^' ' ""^'^ ''''^' <>' '^s tail, and found it to -n^,:::r:fS:u;r:: • t^^^ - ^^veral mo^hs a.er being ^^ - stages of development. When the la^er ^ ^^ ^ ^ -^--^ 1 hey lik'ratod in i embryo, and a birth may vary e embryo, day Every organ to pulsate and e tiny speck of it is madti in »ii'd place will devour each other, and light till tew remain alive. If, howovt-r, they are led well, their eannibulistic, piigiiatious tfndeuri.'s are greatly lessened. In the hatchery they are led on yolks of eggs, Iresh lish liver, liuely chopped meat of crabs and lish, and even tlour. Their natural food, how- ever, in this .arval stage, is vegetable matter iind minute animals found in aquatic plants. When a week old, the young lobster has its Hrst moult or casting of the skin, and a second when two weeks old. After another week it moults again and then the larval state is at an end From this time its habits resemble more the grown lobster, and the large claws })egin to develop and the shell to harden. After another wci k the lobster is completely developed. Another shelling process takes place, and the new shell becomes more and more like the colour of the natural lobster and increases in firmness. How often they shell after this period, during the lirst year, is not ascertained ; neither is it known how often they shell during each year till they arrive at maturity; but as a 10 inch lobster is reckoned to be seven years old, they must in the lirst year shell more than onc^e to reach that size. The following figures show the number of ova which Mr. Nielsen counted on " berried " lobsters : — Size.. No. of Ova. 10 inches 18,000 11 " 22,154 llj " •.>2,600 12 " -. 23,080 121 " 23,264 l-'J " 23,680 Siise. No. of Ova. 13 inches 24,10.j 13i " 24,600 14 " 2.5.00tt Hi " 25,200 15 " 25,600 The eight inch lobsters are not "berried." The European nine inch lobster carries about 12,000 eggs. As a rule, in Newfoundland waters, lobsters are not mature under 10 inches. In closing this paper the writer wishes fo point out the desirability of establishing a Biological Station for the study of Ichthyology and Marine Biology in all their branches. This is a work for the Dominion of Canada whose fishing interests are so extensive, but, if established at some eligible locality on the shores of the Lower Provinces, such an institutiou would equally benefit the great fisheries of Newfoundland, and that colony might be expected to share in the expenses of its erection and working. The undertaking, however, should be national, and must be sustained from the funds of the State, as the whole community, directly or indirectly, would share in its benefits, and private liber- ality in new countries could not be expected to maintain an institution of this kind. The scientific and practical should be so combined as to render it a Fishery School. It would include a laboratory in which the structure and habits of all kinds of marine life would be studied, especially the life, conditions, food, mode of propagation, movements, etc., of such fishes as possess an economic value. Observations would be conducted, not only on the fauna, but also on the flora of the sea, so as to improve and enlarge our Zoolo- gical and Botanical sciences, and impart accurate information to the young who might desire to investigate such subjects. Embryology would form a prominent feature at such I ^■m 89 KKV. MOSKs 11 A in ! I l>o(l. lr..Nh and ^aii w '>tt.r H8h..« At ... * .u "rlifanal propagation of general, of th. ani.na, an.. v..,ett.,le nlou / the''" r^Th r'' T''^"'"' '"''^ '" NUy or life the sea is not less ri.-h than the "and Tf n'!' TT ''"' " ^"""^^ ^^ f'>^»« -ophyte, the lowest forn.s of r^ ^ ' „I ;;^:'7 "1 ''' ''^ '" ««'^-. --tacea. resean-.hes are extended. In par ientvr h T' ' "'"™'' ™"'''^ astonishing as ;a whieh Hie is seen in its si-Xtt^^ l^li: :r"tT'T'^? of invertebrate is *-y must look for h,s materiaL. But dl ience n K T °* '"vertebrate physio- * -actical bearing in some shane ? ' '^;''*^""'^^' '" '^'^ 'o»fe' run, will be found to have fishes, our lobsterfand oy tJr/ , ou 'llir'"^ 1 ''""""^ ''^ ^-"^'^'^ "^ our food a. our regulations of our'f.shene Is 'h v th '"T ■:^«^. —-"tilio foundation, and Failing sueh accurate knowledge, our lil io!'' ' ':" '" r""'*'"'^ '^^^^ "^ ^'^^-life. Jrropinginthedark; and all eflb ts L Iht °". "° '^' ^'^''''' will be largely short of the objects ain^ed at A Ll^^^^^^ Pr-ervat.on and improvement will cLe etc.. of those fishes which constUu e slh a w" f Vl' '"""'^ '''''''' ^-elopment. -^^erica. . essential to ^- ;;:^rr ^ ^l^-^r ^l^ expand. In mo.si civilised countries kboratorie f !u '^°""'^''*^"^"> ^' ^'ouJcl be sure to are now established, and to thes ",a uraT ' '-''"'^^ "'^""'"'^ '«""'' -^d flora there ample materials for ihJZZ^ZZrT'"' """ '"^ --« -' ^^-- ""'^ of the kind is that founded at Napirsomt Me' n v "^^ ""u ''^^ "'"^* -tabil.a.n.nt Anthon Dohrn. which may now be rerrZi alt T' '^°' ^'^ ■» CJ«^»an Vo; , ,«., .V. it« support from all parts of the woXllrreTorteTr 7 f "^"*"*^''"' ^^"^« '^ ^^v- ;h.. United State, laboratories are est b'shed at Wood H,';"''' "^'^^-'^"onalities. In I>y the.Tohns Hopki.. University, and a Ne^t bv l! ' "7^^^"-*-. at Beaufort Austria has one ut T .^ro In 1884 fh M Z f^''''" France boasts of four, and Kingdom was formed. „, ^ ^^.e .s„ft ts h T" ''''''''''''' ^"°^^'^^'- °f ^he United Plymouth from which ,../ : .. ,?; at bo '^'."rf " '^''^ '-^-fieent laborato" at menofEnglandaredei^-i, t : :L^;:"*^;P^«^' f-y oft^^ too. since the establish^...' o.: '.s Fishery b": rd h„ T .^'' ^^eir support. Scotland scientific investigation of sea .ishes. Such m.. as Dr" w""' """^"* "'^'^ ''^ ^'^^^ Mcintosh andEwart.Mr. W. AndersonSmith mTnofhlh • .T"' ^"'*°"' P'°^«««°" aam^ble w.k iu connection wit. the ^^^^^^^^^ZZ^ :::::^^ MARlNi: VOOD KISIIKS M7 ure ill all its •ers of young opagation of I** inch quali. r increasing, ach summer -ular, and in iportaiice of iuHtitution. I conflicting isproved by 3ty of forms s, Crustacea, onishiug as bratc forms ■ate physio- lud to have of our food lation, and offish-life. be largely will come i^elopment, of British biese great I extensive be sure to and flora tbev Hnd bJiphinent '■'lim, Or. it derives ities. In Beaufort four, and 10 United iratory at scientific Scotland rk in the rofessors ire doingf original investigations amouir the sea fauna ; while they bring their knowl.'dff'' to bear practically on the great fishing industries of Scotland. (Jne other feature of such a Biological station as has been referred to is the aid il would render in the collection of specimens which < ould be distributed am.)ng the various museums of the Dominion, thus enriching their treasures and placing raateriah. for the study of hsh-lile within the reach of all. At present the collection of such six-cimens. in thcdi;lereut niu.^eums, is reported to be very meagre and imperfect. APPENDIX. The season for hatching at Dil.loHaU;lier.v, ill IS'.'-.', .I.^ed AuieinK four linieH as many as in 1891, and nine times the output of ISiiO. This marked success lias been partly owing to the .nslrn.tion of a salt water' pond-an improvement introer cent in the number of ova liatch..d anu a eonaiderahle saving of labour. Tlio pond is HO feet in length with an average breadth of LM feet and a de|>lli ui \2 feet. It is capable of containing from 1,000 to 1,.'^00 spawning codfish which would give an average hatching of .ur hundred niillionN in the season. In this pond it was noticed that when in the act of spawning the cod come to tlie surface, and tl, male turns on its back, the two touching each other ami their venU coming together. This is difforent from the vi. v liitherto lield by naturalists as to the mode of spawning. When the water was 42° or over the ova wer-j hatched in 14 .lays. A week after hatching the voimg had absorbed their yolk-sack and were ready for planting. The pond is supplied with fre-li sea-water pumiw-l from a depth of 30 feet by a small " Eclipse " wimlmill supplied by Kairbanks and Morse of ( liirago. \|