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ONTARIO AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE jf j

EXPERIMENT STATION

BXJX.LKTIN LXV

«T

GINSENG

J. H. P4NT0N, M.A.. FBOFE890R OP NATliiAI. HISTORY AND ©.OLOOY.

rUBLMHED BT IHJB DEPABTMBlfT OF AOKICULTURB
. June 18, lH»t

TORONTO

PRINTED BY WARWICK * SONS

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MlNlSTaa OP AOBIOOLTUBB

Hon. John Dryden, Toronto.

ORtario Agrricultural CoUefire and Experimentol Farm, Guelph
uiiuer control of the Minister of Agriculture.

OFFIOBB8.

Jamm MttUB, M.A.

H. H. Dkam. B.S.A. P«>'e«»' of Veterinary Science.

.OA«ArWA.«ro^;^. •• ^»-^-»«-^^-J;"«iM.then.tic.,M.teT
•0. A. Zavitz. B S a * ■ ■ ; ■ . ^""™«»°' •» l^*^ •"<» Gymnastic.

^«>BO.CocHt BSA. •• •• ^"'•°*8«P«-*-»<»»t of Experiment..

A. MoOallum, AMutMtOhemirt.

Bunur.

ADVI80BT BOABO.

l^T^Z\ 1^-P-^M^i.ter of Agriculture. Toronto.

John McMillan. M.P. Mcborough County of Wellington.

Edwabd J„„ .. ^*rV ^-*yo' Huron.

J.8.8MtTH .. BoBdHe^.Oo-.:.tyofSimcoe.

O B BoTOi A»l»Or»ig, County of Middlewx.

D.A. DowLiNO.. Norlum^ County of Northumberland.

Wk. DONALDSON.. W^Tl^''''''^"^'^'

W«od«toek» Oe«!jty of Osfofd.

Chairman of Board .... John I. Hobbon.
a^or^tarj, of Bo^ ' • •. ■ • 0. 0. Jahbb, M.A.

BULLETIN LXV

GINSENG (ARALIA QUINQUEFOLIA).

An Act of Parliament, having been passed at the laRt meeting of
the Ontario Legislature, for the protection of the plant ginseng, the
Minister of Agriculture has thought it advisable ti have the fol-
lowing bulletin published, containing a description of the plant, so
that the people of Ontario may be better acquainted with a plant of
so much economic value and to a certain extent comparatively
common throughout our province, though unknown to many.

The following are the clauses of the bill, from which it will be
seen that the plant can lOt be picked before September 1st, so as to
onablo it to ripen its fruit :

1. Except for the purpose of clearing or bringing land into cultivation, no person
shall, between the first day of January and the first day of September in any year,
cut. root up, (father or destroy the plant known by the name of ginseng whenever
such plant may be found growing in a wild or uncultivated state. <

2. Any person who contravenes the provision of this Act shall, for every euoh
oifenoe, uiMn summary conviction before any justice ot the peace, be subject to a
penalty of not le<is than $5 or more than $20, together with costs for prosecution,
and one half of such penalty shall be paid to the prosecutor, unless otherwise
ordered by the said justice convicting.

Botanical Description. Ginseng (Arali'a quinquefolia
formerly Panax quinquefolium) belongs to the order Araliaceae, a
family of plantH closely allied to the order in which we find such plants
as the carrot, parsnip, and celery. Root large and spindle-shaped, often
forked, four to nine inches long, aromatic ; stem one foot high, her-
baceous, bearing a whorl of three palraately, 5-7 foliage leaves ; the
leaflets long stalked, mostly five in number, arge and thin, obovate-
oblong, pointed and serrate ; a simple umbel of flowers upon a
single, slender, flower stalk ; flowers from June to August with
small yellowish flowers, followed by fruit as bright red berries.

P^OPULAR Description. Main stem about one foot long,
branches into three stalks at the summit, each three and one-half
inches long ; on the end of each of these are arranged five leaflets
borne on slender stalks an inch in length. The leaflats are thin,
smooth below and of delicate structure ; two in each cluster are
about two inches long and the others almost four, oval in general

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epecie., though of Z Lme geJu. "*"" *° "' """''' '««"™»
ratWr Zrt°,'.W 'f?''T', '« 'i' College herbarium i. quite fleshy

•nd popular, toother whhTh.. "'"'■ <'«''"?«''■". tohnical

re.di^^entivr^pLr;!;,.tVf3S"«i:ii;th'r^i:[4:

GiNSKNO (^r/^^io quinquefolia).

the plant, among both the Chinese and the Nnrfh 1 • rT °^

in it and hence aret.rtl^et'r.'t "'^^^t^™ °"^""''^. ^"'''°'
at u„t monopolised the right of colfectlug S ;;:;t,:"^.rwhT,

gives a
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districts were carefully guarded against any one gathering it, except
ihp 10,000 he employed for the purpose. Each of these collectors in
■the year 1709 was bound to furnish two ounces free, and then was at
liberty to sell the rest to the emperor for its weight in silver. If
. the root had the form of a human being it could be sold for its
weight in gold. Even to-day great prices are paid for large and
•curiously shaped specimens, especially if they resemble the human
figure. It was first discovered in Canada, near Montreal in 1716,
by Father La6tau, a Jesuit missionary among the Iroquois, and in
1718 a description of it was furnished. The French ooon engaged
in collecting and exporting it to China, and so great did the trade
become that it gave quite an impulse to the commerce of Montreal
for a number of years. At one time great numbers of Indians were
engaged in gathering it a')OUt Montreal and Quebec and large
quantities of it were sent to China. In 1832 the shipments of
ginseng from the United States amounted to 407,067 pounds,
valued at 199,303. In one county in Wisconsin the trade is
reported to have reached, in 1858 $40,000 and in 1859 880,000,
Immense quantities have been exported from Minnesota. At
present the chief sources of the plant in the States are Ohio, West
Virginia and Minnesota. About the close of the eighteenth century
it was discovered also in Massachusetts, its exportation commenced
and large returns obtained. During the last year 75,000 pounds
were sent from America. In the forests of Tartary, where it was
once plentiful, it is now almost extinct and hence has arisen the
demand for it from America. It is not regarded of any value in
this country as a medicine. Some are fond of chewing it as the
taste is rather agreeable, being sweet, bitter, somewhat aromatic
and pungent. The fact that Chinese doctors claim, that the roots
of different shape possess widely different medicinal properties
indicates, that its healing virtues are more of an imaginary char-
acter than real. But faith in its virtues continues, and as yet a
great demand for it exists. The Chinese physicians introduce it
into almost all their prescriptions for the nobility, to heal the sick
and increase the vigor of the healthy.

A traveller in China remarks, he never entered a drug shop but
ginseng was being sold. Volumes have been written by Chinese
doctors upon its medicinal powers, asserting that it gives ready
relief in extreme fatigue, renders respiration easy, strengthens the
stomach, promotes the appetite, relieves all nervous affections and
gives a vigorous tone of body, even in extreme old age.

The following figures taken from the Canadian Pharmaceutical
Journal, April, 1891, will give some idea of the trade in ginseng in
Canada :

The quantity sent out of Canada last year is stated to represent

1 (

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flnnJ f?' "i^ T retail draggi.t exported $1,600 worth. Prom
•long the Kingston & Pembroke Kailroiwl fully $20,000 worth
WM shipped. The price realised was from $3 to $3.60 per pound
^Lfr 1 The question is now being considered whether it

XJ^^aXK^^ ^ T^'"'"''^'' \ ^"°** " '*°"« >" Bomepartsof the
-Vi^J^ 1. J^"'/"^ "\.°'"***'' ^^"^ ^^^"^ °' *»>« bulletin may under-
stand how to do It, the writer inserts a description of the procesa
token from the December issue of the Apierican AgrioultunJi

Cultivation. " It appears to thrive best in loamy soils, such as.
•re usually found in sugar maple and oak forests at the North.
Shade seems also to be essential, for when the plants are exposed to
the direct rays of the sun they soon die out, and for this reason
open held or garden cultivation of the plants han rarely or never
been attended with success. The proper way to start a plantation
18 to select a piece of land at the edge of some forest where the
plants are found growing wild. Then clear out all the underbrush
•nd small trees, leaving just enough of the larger ones to afford the
Bhade required. This should be done in spring or during the sum-
mer, then break up the surface of the soil with a harrow, steel
rakes, hoes, or other implements to the depth of two or three inches,
removing all weeds, grasses and their roots. 'Ihe bed thus prepared
will be ready for the reception of seeds alid small unsaleable roots as
collected m the autumn, the season of ripening depending some-
what upon latitude. «^ o r a

" Ginseng berries are of a crimson color when ripe, each containing
two Heeds, produced in small clusters at the top of a central peduncle
elevated above the principal leaves. When gathering the seed the
roots may also be dug up, and all small and unsaleable ones preserved
and replanted in the prepared bed. The seed should be rubbed
from the pulp very carefully with the hand, and then sown, or
better pressed into the ground with the finger about half an inch
deep, and one every six inches along the row. The rows should bo
irom one to two feet apart for convenience of removing weeds
should any appear. Both seeds and plants should be in the ground
before hard frosts occur in autumn, for when these come the leaves

re uired ** ^^^^'^ ^''* '**" ""^ ***® ^*'^*'''* ^'""^ *^® "*'"^*^ protection
"The following season no cultivation will be needed— if the bed is
thinly covered with leaves— except to cut out sprouts and remove
any large coarse weeds which may spring up from seeds or roota
left m the ground. If winds* blow away the leaves needed as a
mulch, a few olu dead branches of trees may be scattered about to
ho d the mulch in place. At the end of the third season the roota
will have reached a markntahlA ai-ra anA «,ov ♦*•"- ^~ -'■■- -^J -^-
same bed worked over and restocked with seeds or small plants.

8ome
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uinall;
It app
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favora
gives i
Mount
Bright
Woodi
occurs

Some who have tried it say that raising ginieng oau be made profit-
Able where a man haa suitable land in a forest or grove near at
hand. The cost of preparing a bed cannot be very much and the
Med can be obtained from the wild plants in our forests."

Distribution. Ginseng has a wide distribution, and is found
usually in upland woods and not in swamps, or low lying districts.
It appears to thrive well in localities where limestone abounds. It
frequently occurs in beds from which several pounds of roots may
aometimea be gathered. As cattle are fond of the leaves it soon
becomes scarce in woods to which they have ready access. It is
comparatively common in Ontario where conditions are found
favorable to its growth. Macoun, in his report on Canadian plants,
gives it as found at the following places : Near Montreal, Beloeil
MounUin, Prescott, Kingston Mills, Picton, Belleville, Seymour,
Brighton, Sydney, Owen Sound, Amberstburg, London, Hamilton,
Woodstock and OtUwa. It has lately been found near Toronto and
occurs in many places as yet unreported.

ITTT