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Lorsque Ie document est trop grand pour &tre reproduit en un seul cliche, il est fiimi A partir de I'angie supArieur gauche, de gauche A droite. et de heut en bes. en prenant Ie nombre d'imeges nicessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent Ie mAthode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 ^i I il \ \l I I ■'^■■rfffp'-tH^ifVflffl*:^^ "■? ?■ r"'«ir;v''" ': /, t* ■■^ai IJ r-c. THE ;;-•% ■ ATH EN I A N A RC HONS A 4 *^.1 a OV THE ..THIRD AND SECOND CENTURIES :v,V» BEFORE CHRIST. - ■ v^ ' 'v.. '■' ■'■". <. ,i '. y;,, . .V*'^^^' i '^Vv WILUAM SCOTT FERGUSON, A.M. ■' ■ ■ a" ■ ■ . ■* . , :. v '{-::: '' kki.i.ow ok cornell tjnl versity ', - -»;r ■-■ .;.^--;'i:?V ,.-.•';!_' ' r:,> v';'' ■I'- V-v. > V '-^ "■ ^;"»: A TUKSIS I'RF.SIiNTEl) TO THK FACULTY OF CORNKLL ItNl VKHKIIV 1 OR Tfir i>L(,Ri-y- m dolior oi run osoi'n v •■,•-- > ■< « J''NI IV;9 ■ ' , . . '•; ■ ;^ • ' :'■*■'- s '""- -. w.j -A. 4 >■> f 1 I 1 II AC A, N Y PRtss o^ ANDRrs & cmmcH, 1899 1 1, ' .;' •' ;:,i ,. i^l ■ *■ ■* -,■■(■',-; * .-.: Ut^\ .„^.-^- ..i J£f . .S^,^ ^^••^n■7A•^ ■' *■'!. "V r>..' ^> f>. r*i 3; kV t ^;?^-.- ''''Wf<^m<'^U^&^: ' , ■ ' ■ ' ' 'V 'V' ■\l '■' <■ ■'^T \\/- y ' ' ' ■S 1*: 'A^'- 4f-^c^'t^ y\^i -',.■■..« w;'> ft\.?i^. r^'i^H-:-' i ^■>' ■4^ <'i ;>•.;.■ i* ,:-U>^ ■'47 "'t-* fW^i:-^* 'H :E »*■''" ,C-'.' V..".?^i i^'«s 'itj-''^'. ■ I- m^'?!' fc-'-^^'ir ':«s(r V;>. j;4»? rV ; ■• i.> ,, Ife ##:• :f) V ! ''^ ' '- '.^■;:,fi:; il .iVkj'ail^r M.\.:::--ir ■i ■',>■: »^>" T THE ,. ATHENIAN ARCHONS ■!| OF THE THIRD AND SECOND CENTURIES BEFORE CHRIST. BY WIIXIAM SCOTT FERGUSON, A.M. FELLOW OK CORNELL UNIVERSITY A THESIS PRESENTED TO TIE FACULTY OP CORNELL I^NIVERSITY FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY JUNE, 1899. ITHACA, N. Y. PRESS OF ANDRUS & CHURCH, 1899. 7)/^^^ .^3 5 ^-^ NOLClIG-nTIl- PnoPERTY OF COLUMBIA U.-lVEllSllY, Errata. On page 21, note i in place of p. 29, n. 4. write p. 18, n. 4. ; on page 21, note 4 in place of p. 44. write p. 27. ; on page 26, on page 29 ^^ 20 and 21 (in three places) and on page 43 (! 32 in place of Arrhenides write An-heneides. COPYUIOIIT, 18^9, 1!Y CORNHIJv UNIVKRSITY AT.l, UlOUrS RUS15RVI51). K>-^ . < p mnrmNBRn ' Vt. ' " ■ i UO > k PREFACE. During the thirty-one years of the fourth century B.C., from 352/1 till the end of the Lamian War, the prytany secretaries at Athens followed one another in the official order of their tribes.' The oligarchy introduced a new arrangement for the short period of its government. It is not clear how the secretaries were chosen under Demetrios of Phaleron.'' After 307/6 B.C., how- ever, the democracy returned to its earlier practice, and for every one of the following two hundred and eleven years we know which tribe furnished the secretary. This knowledge we owe to the fact that throughout this period the official order of the secretaries' tribes remained unbroken. The use of the official order is assured for the years between 303/2 and 299/8 B.C. After 299/8 B.C., wherever we know the sequence of a group of secretaries' tribes, that sequence is the official order.' This proves that the official order remained in u.se throughout the period. In .seven years,* well distributed over the two centuries, we are able, by means of connections es- tablished with external systems of chronology, to demonstrate that the tribe which held the secretaryship was the one which the official order demanded. This proves that the official order remained in continuorcs use throU'j;hout the period. Moreover, there are cases in which several secretaries are confined to a period of a few years by events recorded in inscriptions passed during their terms in office. Had it been possible for a tribe to hold the secretaryship in au}^ or every year, it could only be due to an extraordinary coincidence that in none of these -< 'Cornell Studies, VII (1898), p. 34. 'Ibid., ? 12. "__".> 'Ibid., p. 44 ff. ^ *Four of these are discussed in Cornell Studies, VII, p. 60 ff., two in A. J. P. ■ XIX (1898), p. 314 f., and one below, p. 74 f. CO 29SG02 «i?i£65 IV The Athenian Archons. periods the secretaries helotig to tribes forhicUicn by the official order. The official order was demotistrably used in determining the secjtience of the secretaries to the treasury board of Athena in the fourth century B.C.' According; to it the priests of Serapis at Delos in tiie second century B.C. held office.' In tlie latter part of the fifth and the begnniing of the fourth century B.C. the reverse of the official order determined the sequence of the secre- taries to the joint treasury board of Athena and The Other Gods.* It was no strange thing, therefore, to find the official order em- ployed in the ca.se of the prytany .secretaries. In the face of this evidence careful .scholars might still suspend judgment, if, in con- structing an archon list by means of the official order, events had to be so arranged that well attested historical facts were contra- dict-^d. Unfortunately well attested facts of Athenian hi.story are rare 'n this period. Were they more numerous, vtndoubtedly they would supplement those we already have, not in contradict- ing, but in confirming, the arrangement of events neces.sitated by the new archon list. It is simply because we do know the tribe which held the .secre- tarysbp in every one of these two hundred and eleven years, that it is jjssible to draw up a new archon list. My predecessors in this \\ ork could claim to do no more than a.ssign an approximate year to five-sixths of their material ; whereas I have here at- tempted to determine the precise year in all cases in which the secretary is known, and then, with the help of archons fixed in this way, to approximate in the cases in which the secretary is not known. The resulting list can be only provisional ; for every secretary hereafter found will have a two fold value. It will add another archon to the list and will at the same time eliminate a possible year for archons already known. Hence a revised list will be necessary in a very short time ; " ea enim est discipliuae epi- graphicae condicio ut dies diem doceat." >Cornell Studies, VII (1898), p. 74, 'Ibid., p. 46fT. 'Ibid., p. 72. im^^ I Preface. v III coniieotion with each archon name, from Lysias on, I have given in the foot-notes a reference to all the passages I conld find in which the name occurs. My indebtedness to my predecessors is acknowledj;cd in the frecpiency with which I have cited their works. Of the careful treatise by Schtschoukareff, I could use only the proper names, and the parts which were not in Russian, i. e., the references. Reviews of his book have, however, been consulted. Koehler and Homolle deserve to be especially men- tioned, the former for his masterly treatment of the Attic inscrip- tions of this period, the latter for his careful articles on the Delian contributions to Athenian chronology. Professor B. I. Wheeler's unceasing interest and as.sistance have done much to make this .study what it is. Professor G. P. Bristol and Dr. F. O. Bates have read the proofs and given me many valuable suggestions. To all three I here express my heartiest thanks. W. S. F. Ithaca, N. Y., April 24th, 1899. TIIIC ATHENIAN ARCHONS OF THE THIRD AND SECOND CENTURIICS HEFORE CHRIST. I ' ii ■ lj I § I. Anaxikrates, Koroibos, Euxenippos, Pherekles, Leo- stratos, Nikokles, Klcarchos, Hegemachos, Euktemon, Mnesidemos, Antiphates, ('Xvapx'M), Nikias, Nikostratos, Olympiodoros, aii'l Philippos. 307/6-293/2 B.C. Dioiiysius of Halicaniassus' assigns to these archoiis tlie posi- tions tiiey occupy iti this list and with him Diodorus vSiculus' and tlie Parian Ciironicle, ' as far as they go, agree. The only prob- lem in connection with them is to decide whether or no there is one lacking between ICnktemon and Pliilippos. The ])resump- tion that there is such a lacnna re-^ts upon the following statement of Dioiiysius' : iirii 8' avay kum tt^o? ravra 17 twc ^p6v(ov Stayfoifris, tous ' Xdi'ivrjcnv ap^i the fact that in f the group in i a 'suffectus', " the list, his two names are lis and not the '.sins ? raised by the suggested by ukarefF/ and "or was made ■old tliat after arsin Atliens ^'le, Anaxi- "sic activity, ^iiig Archip- ting Anaxi- ' get an ap- asthenes and S this thirty rchos (361/0 enty. Such ict that the " period in- " that be- -vene.* For in Dionysi- ! ever were "ay be dif- second per- i "o prede- >pointed at Cent. B.C. ^). P- 314. 7ff. joj!6-2pjl2 Before Christ. 3 the end of the six months' term to which Lachares is supposed in 296/5 B.C. to have limited the tenure of oifice. There is no clearer evidence needed that Nikias was the recognized eponymos for his year than the fact that, when in 282/1 B.C. another Nikias be- came archoii, the deme-name of this second individual was offici- ally added to his surname. Between Antiphates and Nikias I have indicated a period of dmpxta. Its duration coincides with that of the tyranny of La- chares, which seems to nie to be correctly placed before the ' later archonship ' of Nikias. That Lachares was a genuine tyrant who overthrew the magistracies and legislative bodies and was not a con- stitutional reformer can now, I think, be proved conclusively. The tyranny began in the winter of 297/6 B.C. and continued un- til the month of Elaphebolion' in the year 296/5 B.C. It included the last half of the archonship of Antiphates and the first eight months of Nikias' year. This view is based upon the following construction of the pertinent material : In the winter of 297/6 B.C. Lachares, the dominant politician of Athens, at the instigation' of Kassandros, King of Macedon, at- tempted to make him.self tyrant of the state. While the internal strife which followed was .still raging, Demetrios Poliorketes, who had shortly before destroyed the city of Samaria,^ heard of it,* and thinking, because Kassandros was now dead,** the time all the more opportune for regaining his hold on Athens he crossed the Aegean with nis fleet in the spring of 296 B.C." However, having 'Unger, Phil. XXXVIII (1879), p. 446; Droysen, Gesch. d. Hell. IP, 2, P- 394. » Pans. I, 25, 7 ; cf. Pohlmann, MuUer Handb. Ill, p. 445. »Euseb. ed. Schoene II, p. 118; cf. Droysen, Gesch. II», 2, p. 243, n 2 ♦ Phit. Demet. XXXIL. . 4 ff. 5 Nineteen years from the accession of Kassandros, in the spring of 316-5 B.C., (Diod. XIX, 50, 51 ) take us to the .spring of 297-6 B.C. It is unlikely that the chronographers who give us months in other cases here used a round number. *If the • four-years war ' occurred in the years 306-302 B.C., as Ladek (Wien. Stud. XIII (1891), p. in ff.) has made probable, there is no longer any reason to fix with Droysen (Gesch. I^^ 2, p. 247) Demetrios' voyage in 298 B.C. ; cf. also Wachsmuth, Die vStadt Athen, I, p. 615, n. 2 ; Schubert, Hermes, X (1876), p. in ff. ; Wilhelm, Gott. gel. Anz. 1898, p. 222 ; Unger Phil. XXXVIII ( 1879), p. 477 ff. and esp. p. 479. 4 The Athenian Afchons. lost most of his sliips in a storm off the coast of Attica, he was un- able to effect anytliing ogaiiist the city for the moment. He therefore proceeded into the Peloponnese to which his possession of Megara and Corinth ga\e him ready access, and while his offi- cers were getting together a new fleet, passed the sunnner in vari- ous military enterprises before Messene and elsewhere. It was prol)at)ly in the same fall that accompanied by the ships already collected he made his second attack on Attica. His fleet seized Aegina and Salamis' and cut off all approach to Athens by sea, while his land force, using as its bases tlie two captured villages Eleusis and Rhamnus, did the same by land. Lachares, now firmly established as tyrant, made a lor.g and vig- orous defense, but was hampered by the machinations of a party within the city'' which preferred a Macedonian king to an Athe- nian tyrant. A reign of terror ensued, and pul)lic sentiment, .shocked l)y such acts as the application of the gold from Athena's statue-' to what were regarded as party purposes, was before spring came already in favor of Demetrios. The clo.seness of the l)lock- ade' made the entrance of provisions impossible, and as a restilt extreme need prevailed in the city. Accordingly when the hope of relief which Ptolemy's fleet^ brouglit with it, had to be aban- doned on the appearance of the rest of Demetrios' .ships from Cy- prus and the Peloponnese, Lachares, disguising himself in coun- tryman's clothing, made his escape from the city. Thereupon the Athenians threw open their gates to ' the l:)esieger ', and .sent an embassy" to arrange terms with him. Tlie entrance of Deme- trios marked the restoration of the democracy ; for amidst the plaudits of the assembled citizens their 'deliverer' bade them revert to the magistracies' so dear to them. This was done in the ' Polyaen. IV, 7, 5. 'Ibid. 3 Pans. I, 25, 7 ; Athen. IX, 70 ; Pint. Is. et Osir. 71. i- t joyi6-2pjl2 Before Christ. 5 latter part of 296/5 B.C./ and the arclioii appointed for the remain- der of the year was Nikias uorepos. When in 319/8 B.C. the oli- garchy was overthrown, it is generally agreed that, at the apX'upepaKToi there mentioned are the ships of war which in!287 B.C." attacked Demetrios' possessions in Greece. ' Unger, 1. c. p. 472 ff. ''C.I. A. II, 310 has an archoii — ros. The secretary was apparently — epc[ p} aa- — . The only archon between 307-6 and 278-7 B.C. whose name ends in — ros is Olympiodoros (294-3 B.C.). »Plnt. Demet. XL ; cf. above p. 6. *Dion. Hal. De Dinarcho, p. 651 (Reiske). •^ Note to C.I.A. IV 2, 309 b. « Plut. Demet. XLIV. 4* L r 28(^\8-287\6 Before Christ. 9 § 4. Diotimos,' Isaios,' and Euthios.' 289/8-287/6 B.C. Those who assi(j;ii Diokles to 287/6 B.C. give to Diotimos, Isa- ios, and Enthios llie three yes ^X^'*'']''''"^' (coTa[\]i/ei[i'] MaK£[56vas], ois T[6]r€ ^jr' ['lo-aj/ou 7/3(i[0ei]-. In 288-7 B. C. the subject of revolt from Macedon was evidently being can- vassed. Even Epicurus was interested. ^ C.I.A. II, 314, Add. 314 b ; IV 2, 314, 314 c. ♦See C.I.A. II, 567 and 314. 5 Died. XX, 100. *The word used, iarv not 7r6Xts, is noteworthy; cf. C.I.A. II, 385, 1. 11, 379. 1- 15- lO The Athenian Archons. C.I. A. IT. 311 (289/8 B.C. January). [en Si Sn-dprJoKOs atftiKoixivr]'! Trpeo-^ti'as [wap' ' \Or)vaiu>v dfjoutras oTt 6 S^jotos KiA(o/LH(TT[ai TO doTu fTui'>/(r]^>; Tois eiTii;<>;/i(ifr[i] tou «5»;[/iou Kai Sc- 8wKiv (riVjow ^wpeov fivpiovi Kul 7rt[vruKi(T;^t\tovs |it]8ip,i'ous. C.I. A. II, 312 (289/8 B.C. June). e[7rtt]8^ 6 IlMovmv /3[tt(r]i\£us [A]i'8w[A«(u]i' ck tc tw;/ €/n[n']po(7d< p^povox/ t[il|/]ovs iarlv tw 8>;/xu) to)[i] ' A6»;i'a[i Jwv ;^pti'as 7rap«;(o/xti'o[sJ Kai i' €1? Tr)V e\evd«p[i]av Tfl [7r]oA,; t[o]is yiy(vr)fi(voi<: €VTV)(^fia(Ti voixil^uiv ilvai Koivij/ KUL ai'T[w]i tjiv t^s 7roA.«tus (TOiTjjpiav , ''■ap[£ Jx£Tu[iJ 8« ;(p«ius K«t iSui Toi[s] T£ 8uiTpL^ov(nv ' A6r)viuu)v ■"'"[p]' eai^'of K'lt TOis d<^"c»'ov)U.eVo[i]s «ts T^v \u>pav, B(8u>Ktv Si Koi [cr]i'[T]ou Soypiav to? oryjuu) /u,«S(.'/oii'[ou]s tTTTaKio-i^iXtovs Kal 7r«»'ra[»<]o(rt'ov? MuKeSoi/ia? rots t8i'oi[s] &vaXu)fxaaiv /caTaoTT^cras «ts [toJu? A(p.eVa$ Toiis t^s ttoAcws, e7r[aji'ytAA«rai 8f /cat «i? TO Aot7ro[i'J Trape^tfr^ai \piLa<; (Tvvipymv [«]t? TC tt/i/ tou Iletpateu); K0/xi[8^]i' Ktti T^i/ T^s TrdAtws cAeu^ept [aji' dya^ci Tu\tt StSox^ui ktA. C.I. A. II, 314 (287/6 B.C. August-September). Kui KOfitaafiivov tov hrjfjLOv rrjv eKivOeptnv HiaTtT(\iKC Ac'ywv koi TrpaTTwv TO. crvpiffiepovTa riX t^s TroAews a-uyrrjpia Kal TrapaKuXwv tov fiadiKia. (3or]6tlv Koi y^prjfxacriv koX atVo) o^rws av Biafxevu 6 S^/xo; eAev^epos oji/ Kal tov Iletpixia KOfiiarjrai Kul to. (fipovpia tjjv Ta^^LtTTrjV, Kal virtp TovTotv 7r[d]i'Ta)v TToAAttKis iJ.€fiapTvpr]Ktv uvtoj o (3a Ilapaifiis kui ra povpiii. were not yet in the po.ssession of the 87/ios. Therefore it was not till after the month of August 287 B C. that tile Athenians under the command of Olympiodoros diove the Macedonian garrison from the Mu.seion, and revolted from Demetrios. And indeed an earlier date is haidly possible if we pay any regard to Plutarch's narrative." Had Kuthios been archon in 285/4 or 284/3 B.C., there must have been Macedonian garri.sons in ' the Peiraieus and the forts' for more than two or three years after the expul-iion of Demetrios from Macedon. The difficulties of this supp()sitif)n were so palpa- ble that Zink vainly denied the fact, and Koumanoudes placed Euthios before 2S7/6 B.C.' The most apparent of those difiicul- ties are : I. Pausanias in speaking of the .storming of the Museion says : ' A6rjvai fikv ovrua airo MuKcSovtuv ^\cvOepu)Or](Tav .** It waS ' Hermann, Lelirb. I", p. 776. 5 Hermes, H (1867), p. 285 ff. ' op. cil. p. 777. * Phil. Unter. IV, p. 257. * Die Stadt Atheii, I, p. 620, n. 2. «Cf. Unger, Phil. XXXVHI (1879), p. 476. ' See Ditlenberger, Hermes, II ( 1867), p. 2S6 and 294. * I, 26, 2; of course this expression may mean no more than the " Anti- gonus Atheniensibus rursus dedit libertatem " used by Eusebius (II, p. i2o( in reference to the events of 256 B.C. • A t • 4 2S9!S-2S'yl6 Before Christ. 13 .. . i ^' itideed a doubtful freedoiu that was theirs when the Peiraieus, Muiiycliia, vSahiniis, Pauaktoti, Phyle,' Eleusis,'' etc., were held by hoslik' iitid now agj^ravattd j^arrisoiis. 2. When Pyrrlios followed Denietrios into Greece in 287/6 B.C. he forced him to abandon the siej^e of Athens l)y backinjr the sup- plications of the philosopher Krales with his victorious army. It is iiiconceivai)le that he should have made a triumphal entry into the city without havinj; first driven the j;arrisons of Deme- trios from Munychia and the Peiraieus. To be sure his advice to the Athenians to receive no more kings within their gates would have been under these circumstances anything but accept- able.^' 3. The fact that not only the Peiraieus but also ra (jipovpia* were not yet in tiie hands of the Athenians presents flifiiculties under the current hypothesis. P\)r although both Plutarch and Pausanias are unusually explicit in describing how it came about that Munychia, the Museion, and Peiraieus were occupied,' we nave no knowledge that Denietrios ever had garrisons in Attica in more than these three places. As the Must-ion was recovered in 287/6 B.C., Mu- ni'chia is alone left to be designated to. tftpovput. Nor can we sup- pose wilh Wachsmuth" that Denietrios did occupy Salamis, Pa- nakton, and Phyle, although no record of such an occupation is extant ; for in the years 292/1, 291/0, and 290/89 B.C. we find not Macedonian but Athenian garrisons in Panakton, Phyle, and Pileu- sis.' That Ttt (^poupia meaii Munychia, Salamis, Sunion, etc., is unlikely, and indeed that Denietrios put a garrison in Salamis or Sunion, and left the other places unguarded, is as imjirobable as it is unattested. When Antigonos Gonatas, at the termination of the Chremonidean War, did garrison Salamis and Sunion, as well as the Museion and Munychia, we have explicit testimony to_the fact.** ' Wachsmuth, Die Stadt Athen, I, p. 620, n. i. ' Wilatnowitz, riiil. Uuter. IV, p. 255 f. 'Phit. I'yrrhos, XII ; cf. Unger, Phil. XXXVIII (1879), p. 476. *See above, p. 10 ; cf. C.I. A. II, 3.35, 1. 11 ; IV 2, 591 b, 1. 8 f. * Plut. Deniet. XXXIV ; Pau.s. I, 25, 7. *Die vSladt Athen, I, p. 620, 11. i. 'C.I. A. IV 2, 614b. « Paus. II, 8, 6 ; cf. Ill, 6, 6 ; C.I. A. IV 2, 591 b. saa 14 The Athenian Archons. 4. Ill or shortly before the month of June of the year 286 or 285 B.C. (according to the current chronology) the gift of corn from Audoleon, King of the Paconians, Wiis landed in the harbours of the stated Of course it may be urged that the peace made i)y Pyrrhos with Denietrios' stipulated for the Athenian.^ free use of the Peiraieus and Munychia for commercial purposes ; but we have no evidence that the Athenians were parties to this peace at all, and the least likely thing for a hostile garrison in the Peiraieus to do, would be to admit provisions into the revolted city. If the peace is held to have gained for Athens this privil- ege, how did the gift of corn from Spartokos,^ which according to the calculations of Unger* reached Athens long before the peace was made, get access to the city and that without any apjiareiit difficulty ? Or if this is thought to be dated by Unger, Wilamo- witz, Ladek, Schtschoukareff, Spangeid^erg, and others a year too early, how came it that a like facility of admittance was found for the corn which the unprotected transport ships of Ptolemy* brought in the first month of the year 287/6 B.C., according to the chronology of Koehler, Schoeffer, Dittenberger, Droysen, and others ? Before the storming of the Museion on the other hand, garrisons in Munychia and the Peiraieus could have had no rea- son for preventing the free entrance of provisions. The following passage from Plutarch has been cited to prove the continuation of Demetrios' garrisons in Athens after its re- volt : o 8c ArjfjLT^Tpioi (V Trj Toiavrrj tiI^^j; ytyoi'ws (when made prison- ers by Seleukos in 285 B.C.) cVt'o-TtiAe tois wtpl toi/ vlov Kal toTs ntpl ' AOi^vai Kal KopivOov ^y€fi6(Ti Kal i\oi.<: /x»/t£ ypap-fiaaiv avrov fn^re v\dTTciv.^ The leaders of the pro-Demetrian I ty at Athens may be all that is meant, or the ^ye/xoi/ts may >C.I.A. II, 312. ■■•Plut. Pyrrho.s, XII; in May 286 B.C. according to Wilamowitz (Phil. Unter. IV, p. 248). 'C.I.A. II, 311. *Phil. XXXVIII (1879), P- 476. * C.I. A. IV 2, 309 b ; in the fall of 286 B.C. Demetrios was still in control of the sea (Plut. Demet. XL,VI). • Plut. Demet. LI. t 2S9l8-2fi7;6 Before Christ. «5 have been at Corinth aiul the <^i'\oi at Athens. Ta« ^rd^«^« could not inclncle Athens on any interpretation. The situation at Alliens after 296/5 H.C. may l)e sninnied up as follows: All parties rejoiced alike at their deliverance from the oppression of Lachares," and with good reason, for the city was promised, and we now know actually obtained, complete auton- omy.' Few however l)(>re patiently the presi-nce of the garrisons of Demetrios in Mnnychia and the Peiraiens. As a resnlt the distinguished general Phaidros was sent on an embassy to De- metrios' enenjy Ptolemy Lagos, ^ and an attack was actually planned against the garrisoti in the Peiraiens, but treachery caused it to fail.* The disclosure thereby made of the aims of the popu- lar leaders probably had something to do with the returti in 293/2 B.C. of Deinarchos and the other aristocrats who had sup- ported Demetrios of Phaleron,'* It may have been in consequence of this attempt also that the Museion was garrisoned by De- metrios." Then came the war with the Aetolians, during which the Athenians defended their territory from pillaging expeditions' by means of garrisons at Panakton, Phyle, and ICleusis." In 290/89 Demetrios came to Athens, was received with ostentations joy, and celebrated the Pythian games there. In the .same year Demochares his inveterate opponent returned from exile. A vivid picture of the position and feelings of the Athenians during this year and the two which follow is presented to us in the de- crees." Demochares was closely in touch with the kings op- po.sed to Demetrios, and had tiie people with him.'" He went in * Pausanias (I, 25, 7) uses of this event the phrase At/ahJ^pios 5^ 4 ' kvrxribvov Tvpdvvuv i\ev6epiiii' [e]is t£ ttjv tov Ilctpiitetos KC/xi[Sr;Ji' Kal rrju t^s ttoAcws i\tv6ipilii^v. Wilamowitz. remarks: " miissen doch bedeutendere geldmiltel und ein ziemlich dL:rchdachter plan vorgelegen liaben, als im .sommer 287 die nachricht von dem sturz des Demetrios nach Athen kani und ein .sofortiges aufflammen der emporung zur folge hatte." ' Of these we now have plenty of evidence. Meanwhile the soldiers in tlie garrisons either did not attempt, or did not suffice to intimidate the people. The disaffection with Demetrios, which so signally manifested itself among the Mace- donian troops when Pyrrhos invaded their country in 288/7 B.C., was also prevalent among the men in garrison at Athens. Indeed Strombichos, one of the two captains, was on intimate terms with the Athenians, and when the citizens rose in arms under Oh'ui- jiiodoros in 287/6 B.C., he deserted his fellow leader Spintharos and aided in the storming of the Museion.'' The apathetic attitude of the gfirri.sons' and the ab.sence of Demetrio.s* explain the apparent boldness of the Athenians in carrying on negotiations with 3'et a,pxT)v ovdefiiap Apx^i" KaraXeXi/Kiros tov dy'i/xov is .imply that the democracy was between 296-5 and 2S7-6 B.C. completely in control of the governmeiit. ' Phil. Unter. IV, p. 205 ; cf. Unger, Phil. XXXVIII (1879^ p. 484 IT. ^C.I.A. 11,317. ^Cf. the expression nsed in C.I. A. IV 2. 371 c, 1. 12 (246-4 B.C.) : [(c]a2 IMvelav dtaTer^lX^eKtv ( 'ApurrA/iaxos ) 7ro[ioi/];uei'os 7re[pi rijs i^\tv[^O^fplas [r]oO S'nfjLov Tr]v a.picT\^Tri']v ifx wavrll KOipv], The garrisons in the Peiraiens., Salainis, Mnnychia, and Snnioii did not succeed, at this time even, in stifling the expression of their desire for liberly. N(.)r did they pre ent the Athenians from negotiating with .\ttalos I in 237-6 (C.I. A. II, 384), and with Ptolemy III in 234-3 (C.I..\. H, 381), and in 23;> i P.C. ('E<^. 'Apx. 1897, ]). 42 ff., no. 13), both enemies of the Macedonian King. ' It has leen thought, on the basis of Plutarch, Deniet. XLII, that Deme- trios was never in Athens after 290-89 B.C.. 1 ^^d/5 Before Christ. ^7 Ptolemy and Lysimachos. It is noteworthy, however, that in none of the decrees of tlie years 290/89 and 289/8 B.C. is there the slightest reference to Demetrius. It is only in Aug. -Sept. of 287/6 B. C. , after the expulsion of Demetrios from Macedon and before he had gathered his forces together again, that the Atheni- ans refer to him in terms that might be thought at all uncompli- mtntary.' At the time at which the Museion was stormed, De- metrios was again formidable. He at once moved into Attica to support his garrisons in Munychia and the Peiraieus, but the ad- vent of Pyrrhos with his powerful army forced him to retreat. It was most probably at this time that he withdrew such of his troops as remained loyal to him at Athens ; for to leave them there, be- tween the citizens on the one hand and Pyrrhos on the other, would have been only to sacrifice them. We have sufficient proof that these places were evacuated. Otherwi.se the capture of Munychia and the Peiraieus, not that of the Museion alone, would have been cited in the list of Olympiodoros' achievements. The most noteworthy service too, which Strombichos rendered to the city — indeed the only one singled out for specific commenda- tion — was his assistance in storming the Museion. Had Muny- chia and the Peiraieus been taken by force that fact would surely have been mentioned in our decrees^ of the year 282/1 B.C. §5. Xenophon.' 286/5 B.C. In C.I. A. II, 331, 1. 3off. we read as follows: \upcnovr]Buwvtos apxovTOL'] Se Kai 'ETTiKoupos [vrpos] Mt^/o^v. The conjunction of Urios and Isaios is not the only indication of date. The mention of the name Mithras is also significant.' As a result of a correspondence carried on with this individual it was, says D" genes Laettius,^ maliciously asserted of Kpicurus that he '' MiOprjv al(T)(p!jjiwft'H«. .'KnHT^utuA'.s a>kiH'(s .siri'a ^M.i:':!^x:^.mm-.\tm:t!:%.m^m'^^:mm^tm<'^m 22 T/ie Athenian Archons. § 9. Aristonymos.' 281/0 B.C. An epistle of Kpicurus i:; dated in Aristonymos' archouship. Since Epicurus died in 271/0 B.C., and thesecretary for Aristony- mos' year belongs to the iribe Antigonis, Aristonymos must have been archon in 281/0 B.C. This is the name therefore that njust be restored in the preamble of C.I. A. II, 614 ; for this decree was pas.sed in the archonship of Nikias' successor. § 10. Gorgias.' 280/79 B.C. Plutarch places Gorgias in the tenth year before Pytliaratos, i.e., before 271/0 B.C.'' His year is therefore 280/79 B.C. §11. Anaxikrates* and Demokles.'^ 279/8-278/7 B.C. Tiiese archons are dated by Pau.sanias in the second and thiid years respectively of the i2.f,th olympiad, i.e., in 279/8 and 278/7 B.C. The statement of D'ogenes Laertius that Metrodoros' death occurred .seven years before that of his master Epicurus (271/0 B.C.), when supplemented by the testimony of Philodemos that Metrodoros died in Demokies' archonship, vouches for the correctne.ss of Pausanias' assertion. § 12. (.)... laios." 277/6 B.C.? A letter was written by Epicurus in tins archonship. It there- fore belongs .somewhere between 278/7 and 271/0 B.C. § 13. Kleomachos.' 276/5 B.C. ? At the time of Kleomachos' archonship the tribe Ptolemaishad not yet been created. The possibilities allowed by the secretary's tribe are 276/5 and 240/39 B.C. For 252/1 B.C. Thersilochos is a preferable candidate. In two inscriptions, one belonging to the middle" and the other to the latter half of the fourth century, u ' C.l.A. IV 2, 331 b ; II, 614 , Usener, Epicurea, p. 134. ' [Pint.] X Orat. Vitae, p. 847 D. 'See below ? 17. ♦C.l.A. II, 1 193; Paus. X, 23, 14. ''C.l.A. II, 321 ; IV 2, 615 b ; Paus. X, 23, 14 ; Usener, Epicurea, p. 368 ; cf. Gomperz, Hermes, V (1871), p. 387. • Usener, Epicurea, p. 134. 'C.l.A. II, 336. » C.l.A. II, 870. » C.l.A. II, 1028. ^75l4~^74l3 Before Christ. 23 there are found the names of two persons, one of whom may be the father of the fourth o-v/xTrpotSpos and the other the father of the secretary of C.I. A. II, 336. If this is so, there exists a slight reason for preferring the earlier year for Kleomachos. § 14. Polyeuktos' and Hieron.' 275/4-274/3 B.C. That Polyeuktos and Hieron held office in the order given is shown by C.I. A. IV 2, 323b. In the earlier year, on the thirtieth of the 9th prytany, the Athenians pas.sed a decree accepting the invitation of the Aetolians to take part in the Soteria, nut-iic d and gymnastic games which they were instituting in commemoration of the repulse of the barbarians from the sanctuary of Apollo at Delphi." A Chian decree of similar purport, passed like the Athenian in the generalship of Charixenos in Aetolia, was found by the French at Delphi. It is thought too that a sepulchral vase from Alexandria bears the epitaph ot a Delphian who died while at the court of Ptolemy Philadelphus for the purpose of extend- ing a similar invitation to him. In 279/8 B.C. the Gauls were driven with great loss from Delphi : in the following year bands of them still roved through Greece*; in 277/6 B.C. their last inroad was checked by An- tigonos Gonatas,^ but not until their main body had got defi- nitely settled in Central Asia Minor* could Greece feel secure. The secretaries demand for Polyeuktos and Hieron the years 275/4 and 274/3 B.C. Since it was in the latter part of the year 275/4 B.C. that the request was made at Athens, it is likely that it was not till the following year that the Soteria were first cele- brated. Indeed if, as is probable, the Soteria were held in the month Bukatios (Metageitnion) at the same time as the Pythia and under the same presidency as the Pythia, it was with peculiar >C.I.A. ir, 322, 323, 324 ; Ditt. Syll. 150. ' C.I. A. IV 2, 323 b ; for the general location of Polyeuktos see Dumont, Essai, p. 20. * vubfiutjixa. [tiJs avrwu eicre^elai Kjai rrji uUrit Trjt yevon^vrji irpdj roiii Pup^ipovi rods [iirKXTpareuffavras i]irl t6 Upbv rod 'Av6\\ujvos rd KOivbv tQiv 'E\Xt)vwi' (cai ^[Tri Toi>s "E\\r;vas]. v Ka9' iKd(TTr]V ircvTaiTr}pi8a orav K[ai oi eis ra Ili'^ta «u^io-T]aii/rat — goes far to prove.' Hence the games to coiumemorale the defeat of the Gauls at Delplii were instituted only when all the states composing the Amphictyonic League could breathe freely again. The pre- ceding Pythia came in the midst of the danger. But the Soteria were a penteteris ^ and on one known occasion (197/6 B.C.) were held in the fourth year of an olympiad. Therefore the first celebration must have been iti 277/6 B.C. So scholars have reasoned, following Dittenljerger \ But Ditten- berger himself has shown that in the time in which this 'one known occasion ' falls, tlie Soteria were no longer a quadr.nnial but an aiurial festival. He therefore withdrew his statement that the games came in the fourth year of an olympiad *. F'urther it is now pretty evident that the Soteria were never a penteteris at all; tor, since Dittenl^erger's Sylloge appeared, Reiscli ^ and Pomtow* have shown that the 'one known occasion' is not known, and that in place of being in the year 197/6 B.C., it be- longs in the neiglil)orhood of 270 B.C. What the Chians do, when they accept the invitation extended by the Aetolians, is to select theoroi Kad' (Kaa-Trfv TrtvraiTrjp iSa for the included years not for each fourth year. Few, however, have noticed these facts and the earlier assertion of DiLtenberger forms the basis for dating the Alexandrian vase inscription referred to. This reads as fol- lows : L StuTio)!/ KAcwvo; Ae/\;s y(.ipoTovt]Oex% ($aT8pos) vtto toC Sr;/xou eVt NiKt'ou a.pyovJO'i (TreficXrjOt) rmv n Ovcriiitv kt\. — Kill v(TT[(pov] Tov iov &vixo)(^a.pov aywyoOerov )(^(.ipoTovr)9iVTO»jyuttrs. One of the ephebes for Piiiloneos' year was Y\.oK\iivkto% 'A — to? *»;yaitv(s). The number of letters in his father's name is uncertain, but judg- ing from the certain completion of the tribe-name nuv[8tovt'8]os which must be made in the line immediately following, 'A[i'Tti']Tos would suit the lacuna admirably. Among the thes- mothetai^ for 221/0 B.C. was Em/cos 2[<^j7t( rtosj] who, no doubt, is the ephebe Euvikos 'A[ - - 2]<^>Jttios of C.I. A. II, 338, just as the kingarchon" for 229/8 B.C. AlvrjmBrifjioi ^viT(a\-^TTio<:) is the ejihebe All^v^rjatSrjfxo'} ' AyaOoKKtovt 2u7ruAT)T(Tios) of Pliiloueos' year. A grandson of Tti[o-]ias *wkio8ov 'EA.eu(nVto[s] of C.I. A. II. 338 is to be recognized perhaps in the Teio-tas 'EAtvcnVios of 183/2 B.C.' All these data point to the neighborhood of 275 B.C. for Philo- neos, and he may be provisionally assigned to 272/1 B.C. § 17. Pytharatos.'' 271/0 B.C. Diogenes Laertius says that Epicurus died in this archonship, in the second year of the one hundred and twenty-seventh olympiad, z. e., in 271/0 B.C. 45 18. Philokrates." 268/7 B.C. In one of the Herculanean fragments we read :'" To[v n]o[A€'|u<"vo] Kara ^iXoKpaTTjv iy\nri[lv^ tov /3iW. ' Avrtyovo^ ^[e] y[pja«/»£i, 8[i6]n »C.I.A. II, 337, 33S. 'C.I.A. 11,316. ' C.I. A. II, 324 ; cf. also II, 339, 340, 341 ? * C.I. A. II, 329. *C.I.A. II, 859. 1. 40. « C.I.A. II, 859, frg. d, 1. 6. ' C.I. A. II, 983, col. I, 1. 58. "CI. A. II, 1292, 1293 ; Diog. Laert. X, 15 ; [Plut.] X Orat. Vitae, pp. 847 D, 851 D ; Cic. De Fato, 9. "C.I.A. II, 278, 1332; IV 2, 331 c; Gomperz, Jenaer Literatur. 1875, p. 603, note ; Suidas s.v. IIoX^'";^ iXoioii of Kusebius' is CduikI : I'dIi-iuo filosoliis iiioiiUir post (inetn Arche- silas t'l Crates clari liabeiitur. Uiultr the same year the Greek version' has : \\u\i\LMv QvI\(iku u t^iAocrotjbos fitO' or 'AAKtras kui K/juT»/? yvmiHCovTui. Under the year 273/2 B.C. the Armenian ver- sion' has a similar notice. The secretary for riiiU)krates' year beiiii; from the tiihe Demetrias the best attested hjcation of Polemon's deatli is undonI)te(lly correet. § 19. Peithidemos.* 267/6 li.C. In tliis arclionshij) the alliance formed by the Athenians with Areus I of Sparta and his allies, to cooperate with Ptolemy Philadelphns in resisting the a};<;ressions of Anti^onos Oonatas, was ratified at Athens. Xpt^j. 11 ; cf. Diod. XXIII, 7 ; Wachsmuth, Die Sladt Athen, I, p. 628, n. 2. j6;l6-j6^jj before Christ. 29 DitteiihetxtT,' is rightly rc-jfctc-d hy Koeliler' iis loo near tlic death of Areiis to Ik- tlu; year in wliicli the Greek states united to ward olTtlu- exiiected ;ittack ol Aiili^^oiios. Tlie war had hetn in proKress for a considerable time hefoie Areiis was killed. 267/6 B.C. i.s therefore much the more probable date for Peithidemos.'' J^ 20. Diognetos,' 264/3 l^-^'- The calculations of Hoeckh,' by which I)io<;iKtos was assij^ned to 264/3 B.C., are am})ly confirmed by the new fraj;ment of the Parian Chronicle." The ar^aiments of those who would assign Arrhenides to 264/3 ^-^ "'iv considered under the head of the archon following. S 21. Arrhenides.' 263/2 K.C. In this archonship Zenn the founder of the Sloic school died. Hioronymos ascribes that event to the year of Aliraham 1753/ which, as Johannes Toepffer" pointed out, coincides with the Attic year 263/2 B.C Tiie Armenian version of Eusebius'" assigns it to 268/7 I^-^- l»»l tl'c same authority assigns the death of Polemon to 273/2 B.C. which certaiidy happened in 268/7 B.C.; so, however it may have come about, the death of Zeno" is, like the death of Polemon, placed exactly five years too early. The testimony of the Armenian version is therefore indirectly in favor of 263/2 B C. for Arrhenides. Nevertheless several scholars" have preferred the year 264/3 I^C. for the reason that Hierony- mo.s ascril;es the death of Zeno to ol. 129, i. This he undoubtedly ' Hermes, II (1867), p. 306; cf. however p. 301. '■"NoteloC.I.A. II, 332. ' For the hlerature on the Chreinonideau war see Holm, ET. IV, p. 207 f. ♦C.I.G. 2374, 1.3; C.I..\. IV 2, 333 b. »C.I.G. II, p. 305f. •Mitth. XXII (1897), p. 1S3 ff; cf. p. 184, n. i. ' Diojr. Uert. VII, 10 ; C.I. A. II, 325 ; cf. IV 2, 325. " Euseh. II, p. 121. * Griech. Alter, p. 106 ff. '"Euseb. II, p. 120. " See above p. 28. "Wilamowitz, Phil. Unter. IV, p. 252; Rohde, Rhein. Mus. XXXIII (1878), p. 622 ff. ; Susemihl, N. Jahrb. f. cl. Phil. (1882), p. 744, n. 39. ;i ,- I ! ,J| I 30 The Athenian Archons. does, but, apart from the fact that Diognetos certainly occupied that year, the year of Abraham and the year of the olympiad given by Hieronymos do not coincide : one must be wrong. Then there comes \\\ the further consideration tliat the successor of Zeno, Kleanthes, was head of the school for thirty-two years' and died in Jason's archonship/' Thirty-two years from 264/3 ^C. take us to 232/1 B.C. in which year Antiphilos was archon ; thirty-two years from 263/2 B.C. take us to 231/0 B.C. and that year alone of tlio.se between 237/6 and 227/6 B C. lacks an archon.'^ It is true that the birth of Kleanthes is assigned on good authority to Aristophanes' archonship (331/0 B.C.)* and that he is said to have lived ninety-nine years ; but the ninety- nine comes from less trustworthy .sources'* than the other data. He may have been born in the latter part of 331/0 B.C. and have lived slightly over ninety-nine years, or the year of his birth may have been assigned by some one who carelessly calculated ninety- nine years back from Ja.son.* § 22. Olbios.' 259/8 B.C. The secretary belongs to the tribe Aiantis. In C.I. A. II, 602 — a decree of the Me.sogeoi passed in the year of Olbios or in that of his succes.sor — the motion was made by Amynomachos, son of Philokrates, of Bate, whom we know as one of the heirs and executors of Epicurus." Amynomachos was accordingly in his ^Gomperz, Rhein. Mus. XXXIV ( 1879), p. 154 flF. Gomperz and Meier (Conunt'ii. Epig. p. 81 ff. ) resort to the desperate expedient of supposing a public funeral decreed and a tomb built for Zeno before his death (Diog. Laert. VII, 11 ; cf. Toepffer, Griech. Alter, p. 106 ff. ). ' Conrjaretti, Papiro Ercolanese inedito. Riv. di Filo. cl. Ill (1875). col. XXVIII f p. 502 f. ; cf. Gomperz, Jenaer Literatur. (1875), p. 605. ' See below \ 29 ff . * Rohde, 1. c. '^Lucian, Macrob. 19; Val. Max. VIII, 7, extr. 11. * Cf. Gomperz, J. L. p. 605 : Tritt die letztere, vorlaufig minder werthvolle Nachricht mit positiver Bestimmtheit auf, so ist die erstere vielleicht das Ergebniss einer Rechnung,— ist doch das Geburtsjahr bedeutender Menschen aus naheliegenden Griinden oft um so vieles unsicherer als die Zeit ihres Todes. 'C.I. A. II, 602; IV 2, 345 b. * Diog. Laert. X, 16. 2^pl8-2^SI/ Before Christ. 31 prime in 271/0 B.C. The tribe of the secretary allows us the choice of two years, 259/8 and 247/6 B.C. Of these the earlier is preferable. § 23. Kallimedes' and Thersilochos.' 254/3 ^"(i 252/1 B.C. ? The .secretaries show that one year came between the.se two and give us as po.s,sibilities 254/3, 252/1 and 242/1, 240/39 B.C.; for C.I. A. II, 308 and 307 (IV 2, 307 b) show that we have to do with an ordinary year of twelve prytanies only. To decide be- tween these two pairs of years is difficult. Two facts bearing upon a decision may be noticed : (i) Lines 8 and 9 of C.I. A. II, 306 read as follows : [ orj/aaro? o 7raT7^[p ] /Sao-tAews t^r)}k\y]rpiov ]. As far as one may judge, it is here .said that the father of the person eulogized in the decree did some .services to Athens during the reign of Demetrios Poliorketes. If the de- cree was passed in 254/3 B.C., thirty-four, if in 242/1 B.C., forty- six years had already elap.sed since Demetrios was driven from the throne. The shorter interval is preferable. Two years after the withdrawal of the Macedonian garrison from the Museion is a likely time at which to find the father oi" Antigonos mentioned in an honorary decree. (2) In Thersilochos' archonship a disagree- ment between Athens and the Confederation of Boeotia was re- ferred for arbitration to the city of L,amia.^ Of this I can make no use. §24. Diogeiton.* 248/7 B.C. In C.I. A. II Add. Nov. 352 b, in which this archon is found, the motion was made by 'AKpo'rt/xos kla^lov 'Ixapieu?. This indi- vidual appears among the dedicators to Asklepios mentioned in an inscription drafted in 228/7 B.C. In it the donations are grouped according to the years of the priests in which they were given." There are extant the li.sts for fifteen years out of what 'C.I.A. 11,306,307. 'C.I. A. II, 307, 308 ; IV 2, 307 b, c. 'C.I.A. II, 308 ; IV 2, 308 b ; cf. 373 h. * C.I.A. II Add. Nov. 352 b. * C.I.A. II, 836, lines 80 and 87 ; cf. IV 2, 1190 b and Merriam, 7th Annual Rep. of the Am. Sch. at Athen.s, p. 85 t. 'See Girard and Martha, B.C.H. II (1878), p. 441 ff. '■\\: 32 T/ie Af/icnian A)chons. ■ii i ;S5 t in. I r ? seems to ine to he a possible of about twenty'.' In the decree which antliorized the making of tlie catalogue the object set forth was, OTTWS oZv Koi rj fiovX[r) kuI o 8^/ios T]tu OeiS KaOdirep Kal irporlepov — ]. This I take to mean that a custom susjiended during the Macedonian occupation of the city was to be revived. The list perhaps began after the Chremonidean war ended. The third priest remaining in the catalogue was Ai;fTtK[A]^s 2w7raA.»/rT( los) who is certainly to be identified with tlie a.KovTL(TTrii-Tpoir(rj9ev) who in the fif- teenth and last extant priestship" made a dedication is probably the grandson of the eVi/icXr^Trys nofjLTrrj^ for 282/1 B.C.'", ©coyeVv;? Iloo-etSaji/tov ' ApcfjiTpovrjOev. The dedication of Akrotimos would seem to have been made after 235 B.C. Koehler" thought that Akrotimos, inasmuch as he was treasurer when the demos made a dedication, had hold the office of Ta/xtus tov 8rjfiov. Girard and ' The other nine priest;- mentioned in the list were presumably in office earlier than the date of the earliest extant annual catalogue. ■'C.I. A. II, 329. 'C.I. A. II, S36, 1. 36. ♦C.I. A. 11,953. ■■^C.I.A. II, S36, 1. 39. "C.I.A. II, 334, frg. d, 1. 25. 'C.I. A. II, S36, 1. 82 ; cf. II, -489. •* Indices to C.I.A. II, p. 44. "C.I.A. II, 836, 1. 102. '"C.I.A. IV 2, 318 h ; for Evayluv who made a dedication (1. 45 and 1. 56), see under Metrophanes. " CIA. II, 836, note on p. 318. I 246I5-24SI'/ Before Christ. Zl M;irtlia' with equiil right thought of 6 eVt t^ Sioiki/o-ci. There existedin the third century B.C. the ra/iius riv o-tputiodtikwi/ who seems to me quite as likely to be meant as either of the other two.' The secretary gives us as possibilities for Diogeiton 272/1, 260/59, and 248/7 B.C. Because of the tangencies of Akrotiinos the latest year is to be .selected. § 25. C.I.A. IV 2, 371 c.'' 246/5 or 245/4 B.C. This is an inscription passed while Aristomachos was tyrant of Argos and therefore earlier than 240 B.C.*: it however was later than the revolt of Alexandros, son of Krateros, from Antigonos Gonatas, and consequently subsequent to 250 B.C." The archon is lost, but the deme of the secretary is extant as follows : E 1 1 . There are only two denies which begin thus, Eirtalos (Antiochis and Antigonis) and Ei/aeo-i?;;? (Akaniantis). The re- mainder of the third letter, as reproduced in the Corpus, is too far distant from the Iota to be the ha.sta of a Rho : it is best taken as the upstroke of a Tau. Further, between 250 and 240 B.C. Akamantis did not have the secretaryship, while Antiochis and Antigonis follow one another in 246/5 and 245/4 B.C. In either one of the.se two years C.I.A. IV 2, 371 c was passed. Hence the war between Antigonos assisted by Athens and Argos, and Alexandros, his nephew, occurred between 250 and 245/4 B.C.* In it Alexandros was apparently successful. ^ 26. - mon and ' 245/4-244/3 B.C. The only places possible for - mon and his success-or are 257/6, 256/5 and 245/4, 244/3 B.C. ; for C.I.A. II, 330 was passed in an B.C.H. 1. c. ''■ ' ilbert, Grk. Const. Ant. ET. p. 248, note i. Wilhehn has made some further, as yet unpublished, additions to this inscription ; see also 'E^.'A^x- 1S92, p. 127 ff. * Holm, ET. IV, p. 222 f. ; Wilcken, Pauly-Wis.sowa, II, p. 945, s.v. Aristomachos (16). ^ Plut. Arat. XV ; cf. Koehler, C.I.A. IV 2, p. 95. "Cf. C.I.A. IV 2, 591 b. ' C.I.A. II, 330 ; the restoration of the name [K/j/iwpos in frgs. b-e, 1. 7 has no warrant. w 34 T/ie Athenian Archons. intercalary year at the time of the twelve tribes. The nanit » of the ephebes for the earlier of tlie two archoiiships are given. Among them are found : (i) A son of Dromeas of Ercliia. The same name appears along with his father's among the contributors for state defenses in the year 228/7 B-C His father was like- wise a member of the sacred board in Glaukippos' year." (2) Two sons of Heliodoros of Paiania. A Heliodoros was archon in 237/6 B.C.'^ (3) A son of Kichesias of Aixone. In C.I. A. II, 1047 (c. 125 B.C.; there is found along witli Mikioii and Eurykleides, sons of Eurykleides of Kephi.sia, Leon, the .son of Kichesias, of Aixone.* This would make our .son of Kichesias contemporary with Mikion, the son of Eurykleides, of C.I. A. II, 379, 1. 3 (c. 228 B.C.). Also in C.I. A. II, 859, 1. 30(222/1 B.C) Kicliesias of Ai.xone himself was one of the thesmothetai. Mani- festly 245/4 B.C. is preferable for - mon. § 27. Glaukippos' and (•?)." 241/0 and 238/7 B.C. Glaukippos was archon in an intercalary year at the time of the twelve tribes.' The secretary was from the tribe Pandionis. Conceivable are the following years : 277/6 ?, 265/4, 253/2, and 241/0 B.C. Dromeas, son of Diokles, of Erchia, one of a board of religious functionaries commended in this archonship, was very prominent among the contributors for state defenses in 228/7 B.C. This fact excludes 277/6 and 265/4 B.C. Diokles, the .son of Dromeas, was an ephebe in what we have determined to be 245/4 B.C. This favors 241/0 B.C. Had the decree been passed in 253/2 B.C. it is not unlikely that in it mention would have been made of a sacrifice offered on behalf of Antigonos »C.I.A. II, 334, 1. 37f. ■ C.I.A. II, 305. 'C.I. A. IV 2, 3S5 b, c ; see below p. 39. *Cf. C.I.A. II, 448. »C.I.A. 11,305,344?; IV 2, 305 b. « C.I.A. IV 2, 373 c. ' See Wilhelm, Hermes, XXIV ( 1889), p. 327 f. The fact that the board commended in C.I.A. II, 305 consisted of thirteen inembers signifies nothing, inasmuch as the tribes were totally disregarded in their selection. II 24i\o~238\'] Before Christ. 35 Gonatas.' A similar omissiou is to be noted'^ in C.I. A. IV 2. 373 c which probably belongs to 238/7 B.C. Here the secretary is from the tribe Oineis. The thirteenth tribe had not yet come in. The pos.sibilities are: 262/1, 250/49, and 238/7 B.C. Of these 238/7 is to be preferred for epigraphical rea-sons." The epistates of the proedroi was ZwiAos Zm.\ov ^Aucu's. Among the ephebes for Tychandros" archonship (172/1 B.C.) was NiKoxparTjs ZwiAov *Au£iJs.* A comparison of the stemmata given below under Diomedon shows that the grandfather of a man who was an ephebe in 172/1 B.C. could not very well have been matured earlier than 239/8 B.C. § 28. Unlocated archons. At this point an alphabetically arranged list of the archons of the third century B.C. as yet unlocated may be inserted. The probability is that most of them belong to the period of the Macedonian domination. A--. C.I. A. IV 2, 373 g, 1. 10. Because of an erasure in the inscrip- tion Koehler judges that it precedes 229/8 B.C. Agasias. C.I.G. 2035; Dumont, Essai, p. m; Schoeffer, Pauly- Wi.ssowa, II, p. 589. Early part of the century. Alexandros.'' Eubulos, the .son of Antenor, who upon the death of Moschion in 185/4 I^-C.* came to the front for a short time in the Academic school, wa?; born in the archonship of Alexandros. One may therefore with considerable certainty ascribe Alexandros to the last half of the third century B.C. Biicheler as.signs him to the neighborhood of 230 B.C. ' Cf. C.I.A. IV 2, 323 b ; II Add. Nov. 373 b ; II, 307, 374 ; IV 2, 374 d. »In C.I.A. II, 325 (263-2 B.C.) it is also wanting. •Koehler, note on C.I.A. IV 2, 373 c. * C.I.A. II, 1224 ; cf. 'kdiiv. IV, p. 461 ; Cornell Studies, VII, p. 46. ' Biicheler, Index Herciilanensis Acadeniicorum Philosophoruni, Gryphis- waldiae, 1869, p. 17. ' See below p. 57, n. 2. 36 The Athenian Archons, Alkibiades. C.I. A. II, 374; Pollux, X, 126; cf. Wilhelm.Pauly-Wissowa, I. P- 1533- Willielm assigns him to the .second half of the third century B.C. Schoeffer, Pauly-Wissowa, II, p. 589, places him between 260/59 "1"^ 241/0 B.C. C.I. A. IV 2, 323 b does not allow the earlier li.uit to be imperative. Antipatros. *A^»Jv. VIII (i879),p. 231 = C.I. A. IV 2,6i6b. Koumanoudes assigns him to the third century B.C. on the basis of the letter- ing ; cf. Pauly-Wissowa, I, p. 2501. (.?)... bios. C.I. A. II, 335, 1. 5. Among the (nTwvat in office in this arclion- ship was ['Ept]toTos \y]n.o^iXov [MeAirc]!;? who in 228/7 B-C. con- tributed 200 drachmae for the .safet\' of the city and the defense of the country.' It therefore belonged to the latter half of the third century. Pos.sibly the name should be restored Olbios (see above p. 30) though the stone shows a greater lacuna. Hagnias. C.I. A. II, 372, 617. The secretary's name is IIoTa/xwv Ao- v[aKos ?] . Koehler places this archon near the middle of the third cent. B.C. Lysiades. C.I. A. II, 345, Add. Nov. 373 b. This archon probably be- longs to the time of the twelve tribes and to the reign of An- tigonos Gonatas. The erasure in C.I. A. II Add. Nov. 373 b of itself indicates that it is earlier than 229/8 B.C. Koehler assigns him to the middle of the third cent. B.C. or a little later. The secretarj' was 'Apio-To/taxo? ' Apio-To [8J 1; [jixov - ] . The chairman of the proedroi was [E] i;(apia-Tos XapT^ros 'Ai^iSwios. In C.I. A. II, 403 (207/6 B.C.) one of the members of the Areopagus was Xap-qq 'At^iSvaTos. Are they father and son ? In C.I. A. II, 835 A, 1. 28 (320-317 B.C.) one of the persons to dedicate things to Asklepios was [Kp]a[i/]ads - . The Kpumos Krr^o-i^ [w;/tos] of CI. A. II Add. Nov. 273 b, lines 4 and 32 was evidently a votary of A.sklepios. Are they grandfather and grandson ? •C.I.A. II, 334, frg. d, 1. 20. A ■| '.'-*y»»« »,iH«t^ll f U.lUJ.I Unlocated Archons. 11 I ■.,0 Lysitheides, C.I. A. II, 620; IV 2, 620 b; cf. Foucart, B.C.H. VII (1883), p. 68 ff. Both Koehler and Foucart think that the lettering be- longs to the third cent. B.C. Foucart suggests that the Sokles of C.I. A. IV 2, 620 b is tlie same as the Sokles of C.I. A. IV 2, 6ri b, 1. 45 (300/299 B.C.), in which ca.se Lysitheides vvould be- long to the early part of the century. Among the contributors in 228/7 B.C. (C.I. A. II, 334, frg. d, 1. 32) there was a \vuLdtih-q;s. In C.I. A. IV 2, 251 b (3054 B.C.) anion^ the ephebes from Knonymon, a brother in all probability is fonnd. Becanse of these identifications made by Kirchner and Rci.sch," Sosikrales has been assigned by the former to the neighborhood of 290 B.C. Inasmuch as there is no place for an archon before 278/7 B.C. (assuming Telokles as certain for 284/3 B.C.), a more likely location would be at about 275 B.C. Theophemos. C.I. A. II, 373. The secretary was n/30K[\]^s 'Att — . Theo- phemos is assigned by Kirchner (Indices to C.I. A. II) to the middle of the third century B.C. A Theophemos was (?;■«/(?/• in C.I. A. II, 334(228/7 B.C.). Thymochares. C.I. A. II, 371. We are still at the time of the twelve tribes. In C.I. A. II, 371 the tribe in the prytany mu.st have been Deme- trias, and the a-vfjiirpotSpoi, — Aa/nrTpcvi, mu.st have belonged to Krechtheis. The secretary was 2wo-Tparo[s] 'A[/oi]o-t[ - ]. Koehler places the in.scrij)tion at about the middle of the third century B.C. In Eubulos' archon.ship (273/2 B.C.?) a man of this name, son of the general Phaidros, was agouothetes. In 229/8 B.C. a Thymochares occurs among the contributors. All three belong to the same family. It is possible that they are the same penson. C.I. A. II. 390. The secretary was [ — «« K]t^8wv of the tribe Erechtheis. On the basis of the lettering Koehler (Hermes, V (1871), p. 335) thinks this itiscription hardly later than the second half of the third century B.C. The archon being gone, the po.ssibilities would .seem to be 255/4, 243/2, 231/0, and 218/7 ^^^• C.I. A. IV 2, 407 b. iPomtow, N. Jahrb. f. cl. Phil. CXLIX (1894), p. 506; Reisch, Demusicis Graecorum certamiiiibus, 18S5, p. 88 ff. ^ Kirchner, Rhein. Mus. LlII (1S98), p. 387 f. ; Reisch, op. cit. p. 85, n. i. I 2j7l6-220jig Be/ore Christ. 39 TUe genitive of the archoti's name ended in sigtna. The in- scription is ascribed by Koehler to the latter half of the third century B.C. 4^ 29. Heliodoros' and Archelaos.' 237/6 and 220/19 B.C. In Archelaos' archonsiiip the 3d day of the fourth prytany fell in the third month, Boedroniion." Only when the prytany had less days than the month, i.e., when there were thirteen tribes and twelve months could this happen. The fact that in this year a fj.r}v e/i/JdAi/ios was added* points to an intercalary year, and therefore to thirteen months also : but on the other hand the insertion of this month after Anthesterion, and not after Posideon as was usual, is a mark of some irregularity or unknown regularity. The year began as though it were going to be an ordinary year of 354 days. After Gamelion had be^nui, for some cause or other it was decided to add an intercalary month. A precedent for inserting another month than Posideon was found in the year 307/6 B.C.* That it marks the introduction, in 307/6 B.C. of the tribes Antigonis and Denietrias, or in 220/19 B.C. of the tribe Ptolemais, does not follow.* Part of C.I. A. IV 2, 385 c was passed in Heliodoros' archonsiiip, and part in Archelaos', but since Heliodoros belongs to the time of the twelve tribes, and Archelaos to that of the thirteen, there is found at once a reason for believing that some years intervened between them.' Further, that in Archelaos' year certain honors decreed in Heliodoros' year** to a distinguished Cretan were rati- fied a second time, suggests that in the meanwhile a new party had come into power. We see from the decree that this new 'C.I.A. II, 3S4; IV 2, 385!), c. 'C.I. A. 11,431 ; IV 2. 385 c. »Cf. Bates, Cornell Studies, VIII (1898), p. 27. * C.I.A. IV 2, 385 c, 1. 48. "C.I.A. IV 2, 733. "See Koehler's note to C.I.A. IV 2, 240 b. ' Cf. Homolle, B.C. II. XV (1891), p. 362 : "on imagine volontiers que le rappel des decisions indxecutees a du se faire dans I'ann^e menie qui en suivit le vote ; mais le vague du mot irpbrtpov appliqu^ a ce vote, I'interven- tion d'un orateur nouveau, les cliangements apportes au premier d^cret semblent itnpliquer un plus long delai." ** C.I.A. IV 2, 3S5 c ; the Bukris of this decree has been identified with a Naupaktian who figures in a Delian decree which Philios, the son of Charilas, moved. I see no reason why this Philios is not the father, rather than the "1^' 40 The Athenian Archons. 1! pi.rty was led by Eurykleidt-s and Mikion, wlio upon the with- drawal of the Macedonian garrison in 229 H.C. became the lead- ing men of the state. Archclaos mnst have been archon between 229 8 and 2132 H.C. ; for in the latter year luirykleidcs and Mikion were poisoned by order of Philip V of Macedon.' The secretary is from Antigonis, and in this period in only one year could Antigonis have had the secretaryship, viz., 220/19 B.C. The link between Archelaos and Heliodoros is the recurrence in a decree of each archon^ of the name Eu/xapt'Sas ITavKXtous of Ky- doiiia. Since even before Heliodoros' year this individual had been active in Athens' interest, and since he continued rendering services up to Archclaos' year, it seems to me that one of the alternatives presented for Heliodoros by the .secretary, viz., 249/8 B.C. is to be rejected as too early. Indeed the reference in C.I. A. II, 384, 1. II to /8aa-iA€ws 'A [TTa'Aou] should perhaps have excluded this year from our consideration altogether ; for the first Attalos became King only in 241 B.C.' Tiie only other year for Helio- doros is 237/6 B.C. ; for in 224/3 B.C. there were thirteen tribes, whereas in Heliodoros' year there certainly were only twelve.^ 4^ 30. Leochares,'' Theophilos/' Ergochares,' Niketes," son, of Charila.s II who was archon at Dclos in 220 B.C., Uiouf.^h for my pur- po.se it is innnaterial. See B.C.H. XV ( 1S91 ), ]>. 359 i. Hnkris is also men- tioned as hieromnemon at Delphi in two inscrijitions, one of which Pomtow (Rhein. Mns. LI (I'Sge), j). 356; cf. Wilhehn, Gott. gel. .\nz. KS98, p. 224) assigns to a time a little later than 230 B.C. ' Pans. II, 9, 4. ^d.-'l. IV 2, 3S5 c. HomoUe (B.C.H. XV (1891), p. 362) places Helio- doros in 217-6 B.C. and interprets this decree in the light of the giinip.se of Cretan affairs given us by Polybius, IV, 53-55 and VII, 11. It might he so interpreted if it were known that ?Ieliodoros was archon in 217-6 B.C., but the circumstances necessary for the understanding of the decree jibe so clo.sely with the normal situation in Crete that I do not .see how they can serve to date Heliodoros. "See Wilcken, Paulj-'Wissowa, II, p. 2159 ff. The restoration 'A[TT(iXoi;] is of course uncertain and disputed ; cf. Phil. Unter. IV, p. 253. ♦C.I.A. IV 2, 3S5b. ^ C.I. A. II, 1102 ; for the whole group see C.I. A. II, S59. ^C.I.A. IV 2, 381 b ; the secretary's tribe must have been Aiantis and the deme began with 'A. 'A(/)t5vatos is the onlj' one possible. 'C.I. A. II, 381. "C.I. A. II. 1216; cf. IV 2, 1216. ^J^lj-JJOJK^ Ihforc Christ. 4i Antiphilos,' — , , Menekrates,' fDiomedlon, , .s, Diokles," Euphiletos,' aiul Herakleitos.* 236/5-221/0 H.C. Tlu'sc iU-L- tlic- archoiis given us by C.r.A. II, 859. After Antiphilos there is a break in the stone anJ another after [ ^on. The number of the archons which intervene in either interval is unknown. It is limited however by the size of the stone. To assume that between Diokles and Antiphilos there intervened twenty-one years would be extremely bold, if not im- possible ; for to each year there belonged a list containing ten lines. In Krgocharcs' archonship the tribe Ptolemais" had not yet been created : in Menekrates' archonship it was in exi.stence. For Krgochares' archonship the secretary was from Antiochis, for Diokles' from Hippothontis. The oidy conceivable possibili- ties for these two secretaries are 234/3 or 221/0 and 223/2 or 210/09 B.C. Of these the alternatives 221/0, 210/09 '^re impossible ; for otherwise the whole subsequent scheme of the ofificial order would have to be drav/n back one year, because Ttolemais could not then have had the secretaryship in 227/6 B.C. But the com- plete coincidence' between the tribes of the secretaries for 168/7, 125/4. ii2/i,and loi/o B.C. and the tribes which should furnish the secretaries in those years if it were not so drawn back, proves conclusively that to draw it back is impo.ssible. Therefore the only years for Krgochares and Diokles arc 234/3 and 223/2 B.C. By this means Leochares is fixed to 236/5, Theopliilos to 235/4, Niketes to 233/2, Antiphilos to 232/1, [ ].y to 224/3, K"pki- letos to 222/1 and Herakleitos to 221/0 B.C. J5 31. Chairephon" and Aischron." 225/4 and 217/6 B.C. ' 'E0. 'Apx- if^gy. p- 42 ff. ••C.I.A. II, 618, 1195, 1591 ; '£0. 'kpx. 1897, P- 42 ff. 'C.I. A. II, 839; IV 2, 385 (1, 619b, 1. 18. < C.I.A. II, 619 ; cf. 'E^. 'Apx. 1897, p. 39 f. ? <* C.I.A. II, 619; IV 2, 3856. « Bates, Cornell Studies, VIII (1898), p. 28 flF. ' Cornell Strdies, VII ( 1898), p. 44 ff. ; A. J. P. XIX ( 1898), p. 314 f. «C.I.A. IV 2, 619 b; II, 622. ••C.I.A. IV 2, 619 b. 42 The Athenian Archons. ii' !! ij 1 \\^ To such a date for Diokles the following passage from C.I. A. IV 2, 619 b, 1. 2411. luiglit be tlioilgllt to be hostile: ywo\kivy\% hi Kixi Tr;s iravTi] [yi5p«] *»« toiv 'EAtu(r [i] vto) \y\ toi/a ^ktyaXiov iv Tois irttnv, oU icrTparr'iyrjKiv ( ^rjfiaivtro'i ) , iOvcriv TaU OiaU fxira rmv i^ EKivinvot ■mpi T [^ ] S Tov hr'ifiov iTu)T7ifnupovpM under the command of the (rrpari/jyoi inl ttjv \iopav rrjv iir •B.C.H. XII (1888), p. 74 ff. 'Feste derStadt AthenimAltertum, ( 1898), p. I79ff ; cf'E.^. 'Apx- {1896), p. 26, no. 5. 'Cf. 'E.^. 'Apx. (1897), p. 4r f. no. 12. ■' vSchtschoukareff, B.C.H. XII (1S88), p. 71. I. "'I J. 2jilo-2jol29 lie/ore Christ. 43 ''EKtv&ivo'i. In it, before proceeding to recount the services ren- dered to themselves hy Deniainclos tiieir general in the three archonships mentioned, they refer to the rewards bi stowed upon him by the people of Athens for his public services. These public services were undoubtedly performed by him in and be- tween the years in which he was general. The present ten.se SiartAu u.sed in reference to them, as contrasted with the aorist huTiXKTiv used in reference to his past private services, makes this the only fair interpretation of the passage. His public .services are mentioned first in the decree becau.se of the precedent atid con- firmation found in the state's recognition of them for the recogni- tion liis soldiers arc about to give of his services to themselves in his capacity of general. Tliey consisted in his numerous em- bassies to Philip, and to the Aetolian League with the object of securing peace with both, and of preserving Attic territory from injury at the hands of either. They are such, as vSchtschoukareff' shows, as could have been performed only during the Social War ( 2 21/0-2 1 6/5 B.C.). The year assigned for the tli . id generalship of Demainetos, 217/6 B.C., accords well with this fact. 45 32. Jason.' 231/0 B.C. Jason was archon thirty-two years after Arrhenides. therefore in 231/0 B.C. g 33. Kalli-» 230/29 B.C. The evidence favors the year immediately preceding Menekrates for Kalli- . From C.I, A. II, 1591 it seems that a girl was arrhe- phoros in these two archonships. vSince that was an office open only to maids when between seven and eleven years of age* — otto ^Twv iwra fiixpi) •■ t t ■ ! ! 1 I '111 t II! 51 > I !i '\ ; n M ! I 'i ' i IJ 1 \ '*'^. I 44 T/ic Athenian Archons. % 34. Menekrates.' 229 8 B.C. See under Dioinedoti. i^ 35. Diomedon.^ 228/7 ^■^■ If one tries to complete the dating of C.I. A. II, 334 it is found that only at the time of the thirteen triDes and in an ordinary year is that possible. Before the €/li/3o\i/xos day of Elaphebolion there must have jxissed 266 days. At the time ot the thirteen tribes the 267th day corresponded to the fourth of the tenth pry- tany. The decree should therefore read as follows; Tu/xt'as crrpaTiw [TtKoJc] EvpvKAet'Sijs MiKtwi/os [Kt^c/ho-ievs] ['EJTri Aio/xc'Soi'ros apypvTO'i iirl T^s [Ar;/w.7;rpia8os ' ScKa.rrj'i tt/o] vravetas, ^ ^opv(TKiSr)i 'ApKTTOfiivov 'A [A.iju,oi;cno5* iypafifidrejvev 'EAa7;/8oAia)vos fvu KOL via ift.\_/3oXLfJHi) rtrdpret. t^s] TrpvTavet'as • iKKXrjcria' twv TrpoeSpwv iirt\j/Ti'](f>i^tv aros TcAeo-tVou 'Ep;^t£[vs kJcu cru [/XTrpdeSpoi] • [®e]6r)p.o<; Tip.oKkeovs Mapa6(i)vioi £t7r£[v] ktX. Tlieopliemos' motion was to the effect that voluntary contribu- tions — not under 50 drachmae nor over 2co to be accepted from anyone — be solicited, in order that the treasurer of the military department might have the wherewithal to insure an unmolested harvesting of the crops. Then followed a list of at least one hundred and twenty names of those who had responded to the appeal, and very prominent among them were those of Euryklei- des a!id Mikiou of Kephisia. There is now no reason to doubt the identity of the.se two individuals with the statesmen mentioned by Poly bins, Plutarch, and Pausania.s" as dominating Athens be- tween 229 and 213 B.C. The many correspondences of names found in the list referred to with those found in inscriptions of the lasi half of the third century B.C. is strong corroborative evidence. One has only to mention Hieroklesof Sunion," Niketes ' See above p. 41. 'C.I.A. II, 334. «36. 8.'59. frg- d- L iS ; IV 2. 618 b. ' See Koehler's remark on C.I. A. II, 836. ♦ See below p. 47. '''See below p. 45, n. 4. "C.I.A. II, 982. fl "M B gaww— r ag 229\S-22S\'j Before Christ. 45 of Pergase/ Eriotos of Melite.' Aischroii of Paiauia, Thymo- chares of Spliettos, lyysitheides of Erchia, Chairephon of Eitea, Sosigenes of Paiauia, and Tlieophemos of Marathon— the last six of whom were perhaps archons. More conchisive still is the evi- dence of names which belong to well known families. Compare the following stemmata : I. Deme = Kephisia. Mikion^ (c. 250 I3.C. )• Mikion. * Eurykleides^ (c. 225 B.C.). i^Iikion^ (c. 200 B.C.). Hurykleides" (c. 175 B.C.). Mikion' (c. 150 B.C.). Eurykleides* (c, 150 B.C. Habrylli,s.» Eurykleidcs '" (c. 125 B.C.). Mikion" (c. loo B.C. ). Lysistrale'2 (c. 75 B.C.). ' C.I. A. II, 550, Add. 1392 b ; IV 2, 385 d, 1. 44 (223-2 B.C.) ; 'E0. ' kpx- 1S97, p. 40, no. 9. ^C.I.A. II, 335. 'Otherwise unknown. ♦ Pint. Aral. XU ; Polyb. V, 106 ; Pans. II. 9, 4 ; C.I. A. II, 334, 379, S58 ; IV 2, 385 c. The activity of these two brothers is included within the limits 229 and 213 B.C. »C.I.A. 11, 379 (c. 228 B.C.), S58 (c. 225 B.C.), 966 B, 1. 21 (c. 190 B.C.). 982 (c. 200 B.C.), 9S3 (183-2 B.C.); IV 2, 1161 b (c. 210 B.C.); Head, Historia Nunioruni, p. 319. "CI. A. II, 966 A, 1. 39 (c. 190 B.C.), 983 (183-2 B.C.) ; Head H. N. p. 320. 'C.I. A. II, 966 A, 1. 44 (c. 190 B.C.; at this time he is .styled ceuiTepos;- Jr. ) ; 1047 (c. 125 B.C.) ; Head, H. N. p. 321. ''C.I.A. II, 970 (c. 150 B.C.), 1047 (c. 125 B.C.) ; Head, H. N. p. 321. 9 C.I. A. II, 1388, 2169. '"C.I.A. II, 1047 (c. 125 B.C. ; his r.ame is among the later additions to this list but probably the first names were inscribed earlier than 125 B.C. ). " Otherwi.se unknown. " C.I.A. IV 2, 477 d. This .stemma disagrees in some respects with that given by Kir-'.iner in his Prosopographiae Atticae specimen, 1890, p. 8. For my purpose here the value of both is equal. The years oppo.site the names in my stemma indicate the approxiii ate time at which each flourished. I 1 i I: 1 'i" H •V. 11 a l^ I i II l!i. I-; ' 46 77/^ Athenian Archons. II, Deiiie = Erchia. Dickies' c. 260 B.C.). Dromeas- (c. 235 B.C.). Diokles' (c. 210 B.C.). Dromeas* (c. 185 B.C.). Diokles'^ (c. 185 B.C.). Diokles" (c. 160 B.C.). III. Denie= Plivle. Dromeas' (c. 160 B.C. ). Asklepiades. * Xenon'' (c. 260 B.C.). Asklepiades'" (c. 225 B.C.). Xenon" (c. 190 B.C.). Asklepiades'" (c. 150 B.C.). Philanthes" (c. 150 B.C.). Xenon" (c. 120 B.C.). Asklei)iades'^ (e. 120 B.C.). Apollophanes"' (c. 80 B.C.). So the great-grandson of Paiisiniachos of Kolonos" appears to have lived in the neighborhood of 150 B.C. ' Elsewhere unknown. "C.I. A. ir, 305 (241-0 B.C.), 334 (228-7 B.C.). ' C.I.A. II, 330 (245-4 B.C. ; Diokles was an ephebe in this year), 334. *C.I.A. II, 9S3, col. II, 1. 82 (1S3-2 B.C.). * C.I.A. II, 9S2 (c. 200 B.C.). "C.I.A. II, 1047 (c. 125 B.C.). 'C.I.A. II, 444. 1. 73 (161^ B.C.), 445, 1- 53 (158-5 B.C.). ** Elsewhere unknown. 'C.I.A. II, 334 (2^8-7 B.C.). "C.I.A. II, 334 (22S-7 B.C.), 1216; cf. IV 2, 1216 (233-2 B.C.; in Niketes' archonship Asklepiades was general). "C.I.A. II, 9S3, col. I, 1. 98 (183-2 B.C.), 420 (186-5 B.C.). "C.I.A. II, 983, col. I, 1. loi (183-2 B.C.), 1047 (c. 125 B.C.). "C.I.A. II, 983, col. I, 1. 102 (183-2 B.C.); B.C.H. XVI (1892), p. 376f. (132-1B.C.). '♦B.C.H. VI (18S2), p. 320 (1 18-7 B.C.); Ill (1879), P- 37i ("8-7 B.C.); XV(i89i), p. 252 (c. 135 B.C.). '^ Elsewhere unknown. '"C.I.A. II, 465, 1. 74 (105-4 B.C. ; Apollophanes was an ephebe in this year). "C.I.A. 11, 334; cf. II, 1047,1. 28. WW- wmmm ■ I I T-rm iii 229l8-228ly Before Christ. 47 to Not only do the members of these families whose names are found in our inscription of Diomedon's j'ear appear in other in- scriptions of the latter part of the third century, but they are all four generations earlier than those who represented tiie same families at about 150 B.C. If .six generations had intervened, som- traces of the fourtli and fifth should have remained. Every- thing points to the last part of the third century for Diomedon, a fact, as Koehler states, now generally conceded: "nemo hodie dubitat quin Diomedon archon non ad tempora belli Chremonidei sed ad ultima decennia saeculi tertii referendus sit." ' Now, when we come to consider the secretary, we find that his deme-name was A[ ]. A careful consideration'^ of all the deme-names extant shows that only four are possible, 'AAwn-eK^^ev, 'A^o^avrevs, 'AAiyuouVios, and 'A/iw/xwveevs. The last name must be rejected at once, inasmuch as it is found only in late Roman times.' The two first have to be rejected al.so, and for this reason: between 229/8 and 213/2 B.C. — the year in which Eurykleides and Mikion were murdered — there is no place for a secretary from either Hippothontis or Antiochis. 'AAi/xouVtos alone remains. For the tribe to which it belongs, Leontis, there are two possibilities, 228/7 a'-id 215/4 B.C. But in the list of con- tributors already referred to* there is found the name of Lykon, the philosopher, who according to Diogenes Laertius succeeded Straton as head of the Peripatetic school in the one hundred and twenty-seventh olympiad, and remained head for forty-four years. ^ Hence the very latest date at which he could have been alive is 225/4 B.C. This leaves 228/7 B.C. as the only possible year for Diomedon. 'NotetoC.I.A. IV 2, 618 b. "That given by me in Cornell Studies, VII (1S98), p. 51, was not careful enough. It is now easily possible by means of Bates' lists (Cornell Studies, VIII ( 1898), p. 64 ff. ) to make such a consideration. * It belonged to Hippothontis at any rate and hence is liable to the same objection as 'A/itofovTei)s. *C.I.A. II, 334, frg. d, 1. 29. * V, 68. ':rBi! 48 The Athenian Archons. 'ii.i !■ w ) I The successor of Menekrates in the archouship was [ ]wv.' Menekrates came between 230/29 and 224/3 B.C. With KalH - and [ ] wvlie forms a compact group of three within the interval. Assuming for Diomedon 228/7 B.C. ascertain, and for Chairephon 225/4 B.C. as probable, we have then two positions for Mene- krates, according as we fill up [ jtuf with Aio/ie'Swv or Xaiptcftutv, via., 229/8 or 226/5 B.C. The latter however is impossible ; for it would force Kallaischros^ into the position of innnediate pre- decessor of Diokles, whereas C.I. A. II, S59, frg. b, 1. 3 .shows that the predece.ssor of Diokles had only seven letters in his name. The contributions made in Diomedon's archouship with a view to the preservation of the city and the defense of the country, find now a ready explanation. We see how it was that the Athe- nians, upon the witlidravval of the Macedonian garrison through the judicious use which Aratos made of Ptolemy's money, were not forced to throw in their lot with the Achaean League.* The citizens themselves came forward, the rich with their money,* and the poor with their .services. The expen.ses were met by vol- untary contributions, and the cotnitry was defended by citizen- garri.sons in Kleusis, Phyle, Panakton, and in the open country. The fortifications of the harbours were strengthened and the walls of the city repaired.^ Tlie new era was marked by a new •C.I. A. II, S59, frg. (1, 1. 15. •^ This name is largely restored but it certainly had at least eleven letters ; cf. 'E. 31 f. * The pojjularity of the movement for independence is shown by the large number of citizens who in the .space of one month in 228-7 B.C. contributed for state defenses the maximiun amount of two hundred drachmae ; cf. C.I. A. II, 379 for a case of individual patriotism. ''C.I. A. II, 379, 3S0 ; in 380 there are several references which suggest C.I. A. II, 334, e.,l^., ^i' ^7ri56(r€[u)s], els rrjv (Tu)Tr)pla.v tw^ 7r[o\iTcD>'], [iliriSijiKev Kai virip eav^ToO Kal uwip tw^v i;to[>'] ap.(poT4puv bcov w\€i']0[i' rov St^/uou et's tt/v dxij]p<^cnv ToO ^v 7Jq. Xi,ti^i'o[s i/'770i(ra^^i'oii ivlSoaiv'] which nuust be connected with the Kal Toiii \ip.^vas uixijpi^(y[e] of C.I. A. II, 379 (after 229 B.C.), is a confinnation for the location of C.I.A. II, 334, /. e., Diomedon, in the neighborhood of 228-7 B.C. ! I I'/ 22S\y-22'/l^ Before Christ. 49 series of Attic coins with an appropriate device.' The period was one of religious activity as well. In Diomedon's archonship a sacred table and ewers were placed in the Asklepieion, and a list of the donors and their dedications to its god was published." In Diokles' archonsliip a committee appointed by the people to take down and re-adjust the material in the temple made its report,* and in Thrasyphon's year the gold and silver offerings to the hero-phy,sician were made over into an oinochoe to be dedicated by the senate to the same god.* A new temenos was consecrated to the Demos and the Graces,^ and the two men, to whom the liberty of Athens was mostly due, Diogenes and Ptolemy, were honored, the one by the institution of the Diogeneia, the other by the introduction of the Ptolemaia. Guided by the wiie coun- sels of Eurykleides and Mikion. Athens looked towards Rome, Attalos, and Ptolemy as guarantors of her neutrality, and during the stormy close of the third century, when tlie whole Mediter- ranean basin, Italy, Spain, Carthage, Egypt, Syria, Asia Minor, Crete, Rhodes, Byzantium, Macedonia, Aetolia, Acliaia, and Sparta resounded with the din of war, Attica enjoyed a season of comparative peace. §36. [Ka]lla[ischros] ?.* 227/5 B.C. Theophrastos, a gymnasiarch in Antiphilos' archonship and a hipparch in Menekrates' archonship was promoted to the general- ship of Eleusis in that of Kallaischros. This points to a close connection between the three archons. The years intervening between the la.st two can hardly have been as marv as ten, especially since the inscription lacks any indication of such an interval. The Ptolemy mentioned in connection with Theo- phrastos' functions as gymnasiarch was Ptolemy Euergetes.' Had » Head, H. N. p. 316 flf. ' C.I. A. II, 836 ; cf. above p. 31 f. 'C.I.A. II, 839. *C.I.A. II, 403 ; cf. Add. 405 b. * Koehler, note to C.I. A. IV 2, 385 c. * 'E0. 'kpx. 1897, p. 42 ff. no. 13. 'Cf. C.I.A. II, 381. :ibMtiikM,iiiiiiiMjmi C.I. A. II, 303, 304, 1349 ; cf. 496. 'Indeed it is difficult for nie to see why 191-0 and 179-8 B.C. should be excluded. Perhaps the lettering determines that much. 'In C.I. A. II, 304 Auko/utJStjs Ai-made the motion : in C.I. A. II, 983, col, II, 1. 59 {183-2 B.C.) [A]u/co/ii)[5Tjs] contributed [on behalf of himself and son and also] on behalf of a second son Aio»'i/[>■ ■■!) fwrMf'^!* 56 The Athenian Archons. W ) I I I i li \ Ktesoii, of Prohaliiithos, who in Syinmadios' year ninvt' os 'A^z/i/aSou 'Pu/utvov'irtos of 105/4 B-C." (4) Xenon, the son of Asklepiades, of Phyle, who made the motion in Zopyros' year* must have been a com- paratively y(mng man in 198/7 B.C. In 183/2 B.C. his two sons were still minors.' Among the contributors in 183/2 B.C." is found [M] ei'£/ia;(os ' AvOivTrfpiov iy Muppivo[vT]T»;s who was an epime- letes in Zopyros' archonship. A .son of Menemachos named An- the.sterios was still vigorous in 138/7 B.C." A grandson or grand- nephew of the epimeletes 'AyadoxX^s Avo-iaSou B£peviKi[8]7;s is to be seen in the ephebe — os Avo-ioSov B£p(e)viKi8»/s of 119/8 l.C.'" One ' C.I. A. II, 420 ; all the epimeletai for Zupyros' year below mentioned come from this inscription. ' C.I. A. II, 953, 1. 16 ; .see below p. 62 fT. ' C.I.A. II. 953, 1. 28. *C.I.A. II, 953, 1. 14. »C.I.A. II, 465. 1. 67. •C.I.A. II, 420; cf. p. 45. ^ C.I.A. II, 983, col. I, 1. 98fr. •C.I.A. II, 983, col. I, 1.43. •See below p. 71 ; cf. for a brother of Menemachos C.I.A. II, 952, 1. 8. "C.I.A. II, 469, 1. 125 ; cf. C.I.A. II, 952, 1. 16 for the brother, and C.I.A. II, 1047, 1. 20 for the son or nephew, of Agathokles. i /Sdlj^-zStyl^ Before Christ, 57 of the cpiinek'lai in C.I. A. IV 2, 952 b, 1. 12 (c. 125 B.C.)' was Eu/3ios 'HpaKuii/To? u\a[(Tt]os , tile soil ot 'HpuKwi/ Evfiiov 4>vAafnos the epimeletes tor Zopyros' year. (1^46. Eupolemos." 185/4 IJ.C. Denietrios, the son of Ktesoii, of Prii!)alintho.s, who made a motion in ICnpolemos' year," performed a like fnnetioii in Symmacho.s' year (188/7 B.C.).* Simon, the .son of Simon, of Poro.s, wh ) was amon;^ tlie Dionysiastai in Kiipolemos' archon- ship,* made a motion in Hermojjenes' year (183/2 B.C.).* Diony- .sogeiies, the son of Dionysios, of Paiania, one of .the Dionysiastai just mentioned, was among the contriljutors in 183/2 B.C.^ Dionysios I, the son of Agathokles, of Marathon, who in Knpo- lemos' year was priest of Dionysos, and had already been treas- urer to the Dionysiastai for several years, (irKtiat irri), aii;' way m that year specially commended for his services," made a contri- bution for himself and his two .sons, Agathokles and Dionysios II, in 183/2 B.C." In Hippakos' archonship (176/5 B.C.) he died and his son Agathokles succeeded'" to his position as priest. Dionysios II won two running races in Phaidrias' archonship (c. 150), and Agathokles' son, Dionysios III, appears in C.I. A. II, 1047 (c. 125 B.C.). When Dionysios I died in 176/5 B.C., ' The date is determined by the fact that another of the » piineletai was ^ocpoKXrjs AritirfTpiov 'l(pi this minor was an ephebe appearing in C.I. A. II, 1224 as HsvoKpoTT;? ' ApT€fii8(apov 'EXfucrmos. His uncle or cousin Etvo- Kpa.Tr)'; "SivoKparov 'EAeuo-tVios was tlie mover of two decrees one in 169:8 and the other in 165/4 B.C.' C.I. A. II, 436 was passed on the 27th of Posideon in Tychandros' year. It ends as follows : [tTTttS^ 6 Sciva oikJuos &V tov [/8J atriXe'tos Eu/LieVtw[s \uei5j is the priest Z;s with the son of Arteniidoros of 183/2 B. C. is correct then 1 72/ 1 B.C. must certainly be chosen ; for an ephebe in 160/59 B.C. could not have been born in 183/2 B.C. Finally it is all but certain that Aristaichmos wa.s archon in 160/59 B.C.' Tychandro.s should therefore be assigned to 172/1 B.C. and his successor, De — , to the year following. 8 51. Eunikos' and Xenokles.' 169/8-168/7 B.C. C.I. A. II, 975 show- that ICunikos innnediately preceded Xenokles. For Xcnokle.-. . repeat from Cornell Studies, VII (1898), p. 60 f. " In the papyrus rolls from Herculaneum, Col. XXVIII (Phil. Suppl. II, 1863, p. 543» quoted by Dumont, Fastes Hponymiques d' A.thcncs, p. 18), we read : 'Aya/ii/o-Tw/a Se [LtTo. rrjv n.cf)(reo}<; [aKjoxriv Ai-as vios wr Tlo\v$€vov inl 'S.evoKX.iov; T7]v aTroXvaiv ToO /3t'ov eTTotT/o-aTo. The battle of Pydna was fought on the Roman' 4th of Sept. , or on the 22nd 01 June of the Julian calendar, in the year 168 B.C. (Mommsen, History of Rome, \'ol. II, p. 355), and Perseus was captured a short time afterwards. This wuulu be in the Attic year 168/7 B.C., and surely the Greek quoted above means nothing, if not that Xenokles was archon in that year. The secretary for the year of Xenokles' archonship was ^BeviBrjixo'i 'Ao-/<(A jr^TriaSou TaOpdaioi of the tribe Aigeis (C.I. A. IV 2, 441 d.). According to the unbroken official order Aigeis should have the secretaryship in 16S 7 B.C." In Xenokles' archonship Eumenes II was on the thi >e of Pergamon.'' Since Xenokles nece.ssarily followed Timesianax after an interval of one year or more, the only place possible for a secretary from Aigeis before the death of Eumenes is in 168/7 B.C. ' See below p. 65 fl. »C.I.A. II, 975; IV 2, 441 b, c. ' C.I. A. II, 975 ; IV 2, 441 (1 ; Biicheler, Index Here. Acad. Pbal. p. 17. * This date is determined by an eclipse of the sun 'vSee C.I. A. IV 2, 441 d, 1. 8. ^1 62 The Athenian Archons. 'A I.. § 52. Nikomenes,' 167/6 B.C. After c7roii;o-aTo in Col. XXVIII of the Herculaiiean roll just quoted the narrative continues : €7r[i] Niko[/a£]vovs 8[e — ] 'AttoA- \ii)\y — l^PX'. Nikomenes probalily occupied 167/6 B.C., the vacant year immediately after that of Xenokles. § 53. Lysiades.' 166/5 B.C. ? We po ;.iess a list of the hieropoioi for the Romaia and Ptole- maia in Lysiades' year." Among them are : Two of the epimele- tai for Zopyros' year (186/5 B.C.), [*I]wv 'AixiTpoTrr}6tv and 'A\«'|avSpos 'Orpvytvi, and the son of another Kparep/xo? 'Pa/xvovo-ios, who is at the same time grandfather uf Kpare/j/u, < v > os 'A6rjvd8ov, an ephehe in 105/4 B-C.* ; the sf-"- of two of the contributors in 183/2 B.C., SeAev/cos AeKtAfevs and Iloo-eiStoi/ios Aa/Li7rTp£v[s],^ the latter of whom is the grandfather perhaps of [...]ocr^£vr/s no(r£i8[a)]viW Aa/x7rT[peus], an epliebe in 102/ 1 B.C."; one of the contributors of C. 180 B.C., [*Ajpt[/3a^]os Xlet/aatevV ,• [NjiKoyeVr/s <&iAai8»;!, the agonothetes of the Theseia in 161 o B.C." and hipparch in 158-5 B.C.*; ['Ai/J^eo-r^pios ey MvppLvioeT-r-riq) , the son of a contributor in 183/2 B.C. and himself m ambassador from DjIos to Atliens in i6o'5g and 1387 B.C.'"; [XIJavcrtAvTros Iletpcitevs, the father of the chairmau of the proedroi in 11 8/7 B.C." ; 'Ep/i,aiva^"Ep|U,£ios, the father of a theoros in the latter half of the second century B.C.'^ ; [^jtAiTrm'ST;? *Av«u?, the son of a con- tributor in c. 180 B.C.'^ ; [®]edSu>pos 'Pa/xvoimos , the grandfather ' Biicheler, Index Here. Acad. Phil. p. 17 f. »C.I.A. II, 95.-i; B.C.H. XVI(iS92), p. 371. 9 C.I. A. II, 95:,. *C.I.A. II, 465, 1. 67. *C.I.A. II. 983, col. I, 1. 23 amd 1 35. «C.I.A. II, 467, 1. 115. 'C.I.A. II, 952, 1. 14 ; cf. II, 636. " C.I.A. II, 444, 1. 2, 29, etc. ; haw son was 12 trr 13 years old in this yearv 1.52- "C.I.A. 11,445, 1. 15- '"See below p. 71 f. >' C.I.A. i:. 469, 1. 51. "C.I.A. II 955. 1.4- "C.I.A. 11,952, i. 19. I I J«J-'^'=Jt 't--"^l' /6y 1 6-/ 661 J Before Christ. 63 ■ I perhaps of ®«d8a>p[os] (dtoit.ivov 'Pa/u,vouo-ios, an ephebe in 107/6 B.C.' • Mr/Saos n«paiei5s, tile fatlier of M^Saos M^Setou n«/,aiev's, archoii in loi/o B.C.' ; ["Ajpecrros Mapa^aiwos, the fatlier of the paidotribes of the same name for 105/4 BC.' ; MeVavSpos n«/,atev's, the father of the thesmothete.s of the .same name for 100/99 B.C.* and grand- father perhaps of 'A7rdAr;^is \}lltv6.\v%pov Uupau^^, an epliL-be in ^5/4 B.C.- ; 'ApxiK\iji(Tp.% rov ypixp.p.aTia tov €7ri|U,c\r;roD Uvr}iK\rj<: *i\o^eVou, who even before 166 B.C. had had an international reputation as a rhapsodist, was still starring in Pelops' year.' In Eunikos' archonship (169/8 B.C. J the mover of a decree was HevoKparr;! "StvoKparov 'EAevo-tVios.' In Pelops' archonship the same individual performed a like function.* Tiie secretary was Aioi/uo-ikA^s Aiovuo-iou 'EkhKyjOcv of the tribe Ptolemais. The two years which might be taken into consideration are 165/4 and 153/2 B.C., but all the evidence is in favor of the earlier of these. i^ 55. Euerg - ,^ Erastos." Poseidonios," and Aristolas.* 164/3-161/0 B.C. The secretary for Aristolas' archonship was from the tribe Hippothontis. From C.I. A. II, 975 we learn that the four archons now to be dated came in a bunch in the order given and followed Xenokles at no very great distance. Hippothontis had the secretaryship in 161/0 and 149/8 B.C. Apart from the fact that, if the latter year were chosen, Euerg - and Hagnotheos would clash in 152/1 B.C.," it seems to me from C.I. A. II, 975 impos- ' C.I.A. II Add. Nov. 477 b ; IV 2, 477 c ; B.C.H. XIII (1889), p. 244 f. Mi.C.H. XIII (1889), p. 248 f. ■■"C.I.A. IV 2. 441 b. 'C.I.A. IV 2, 477 c, I. 30. 5 C.I.A. 11,975- "C.I.A. 11,975- "C.I.A. 11,975, 1200; B.C.H. IV (1880), p. 183. » C.I.A. II, 444. 975 ; B.C.H. IV (1880), p. 184; Mitth. XXI ( 1896). 0. 434. * See below p. 68. fSoljp and /j6lj Before Christ. 65 434- sible for sixteen years to have intervened between Xenokles and Euerg -. By the Delian acconnts published in B.C. H. IV (1880), p. i83f. , it is shown that .'oseidonios came within the nine years following 166/5 B.C. ; for a loan made before the Athenian occu- pation of Uelos, and which was payable at the outside within ten years, became due in Poseidonios' archonship.' Indeed Homolle has assigned Alkimachos, the Delian archon in whose year the loan was made, to the year 169 B.C.' Hence the very latest pos- sible year for Poseidonios is 159 B.C. For this group therefore the years 164/3 ff. B.C. are certainly to be assigned. §56. Aristaichmos ' and Nikomachos.' 160/59 and 136/5 B.C. These two archon names occur in Philodemos' life of the Aca- demic philosopher Philon : ^Ikinv h\ SiaSe^a [/At] vos K\« [to] /ia^ [ov] iytvv\jii\By] \ikv ctt' 'AptoTa6^|ao[ii, tt] apeyeVt [to] 8' cis ['A6i;i/]as [''■t]pt T«[T]Ta[/3a K]ai e[i»<]o(rtV [irou] €;(ojv €[t»;] KaTa NiKd/tiia;^ [or] , eo-;(oAaKu>s [ev] T^ TTOLTpiSi. Ka\A. [i] k\u tw Ka/j [v] edSov [yi'w] pt'/xo) irtpl ok [tw koI Sck'] fTi]' KA [«t] To/Att [;(aj 81 SeVa [K]ai T[€'T]Tap[a] (eo-;^o\ao"£i/) 'Att- [o\Ao8to] po) 8k Stwiko) Lvp] ^"'■'^^ ^' yjye^fyOai, t^ [s o"Xo] A.^s [*]""[' Ho] Auk [A] € [cTOv'' ^i(ii(r]as 8' e[.. .] kovt' " «t[7; kuI . The accession of Philon to the head of the .school being fixed in 110/09 B.C.,' the link missing in the account of his life is the number of years he spent with Apollodoros. This much is cer- tain that at least fourteen years intervened between Polykleitos and Nikomachos. Since that is so, there must have intervened at least twenty-three, since there is no place for Nikomachos be- tween 124/3 and 133/2 B.C." Consequently the least possible iB.C.H. IV (1S80), p. 184 f, 'B.C.H. X (1S86), p. 7. "C.I.G. 2270; Biicheler, Inrlex Here. Acad. Phil. p. 19. * Biicheler, 1. c. f* B.C.H. XVn (1893), p. 149. " Biicheler thinks that the numl)er of spaces in the papyrus renders ip5o/j.i/lKovTa impossible here. The fac-simile printed by Homolle (B.C.H. XVH ( 1893), p. 149, n. 2) does not bear him out. Indeed I fancy I can see the hasta of a Beta reproduced there. ' Efidon-^Kovra seems necessary. ' See below p. 84 f . " See below p. 73 ff . !! ill |j!i! \h i :'!^ 66 T/ie Athenian Archons. ■,'m I \m. , number of years Philon could have studied with Apollodoros is nine. Ou the other hand he cannot have studied with the Stoic for more than thirteen, since in that event Aristaichmos, who comes within a short interval after 166 B.C. but certainly not in 165/4 B.C., could find no place, there being no vacancy in the archon list between 164/3 and 161/0 B.C. I'.nw the number of years spent by Philon under Apollodoros is extant lu Phi'odemos as follows : Se . . Svo . /A : Sevra I .101, for which Biichekr suggests,' but does not print, 8'£[ti] hvo [rm inLTyj]hf.\j.o]T6.Ti^%TmKiii kt\. See- ing that 8vo is certain, there can be no doubt that a hina accom- panied it. The passage must therefore be restored in some such way as this: 'Att [oXAoSw] pw 8' ^[Tt] 8uo \^Kiu\ 8€[K]a [t] w Stwiko) ktA.. This fixes the archonship of Nikomachos in 136/5 B.C. and that of Aristaichmos in 160/59 B.C., since the irov and Kara of the passsge quoted, though they indicate that the writer was uncertain of the age of Philon when he came to Athens, do not indicate that the number of years between Aristaichmos and Nikomachos was more or less than twenty-four. The Delian inscription of Aristaichmos' archonshiji, published as no. 2270 of C.I.G., supports the date 160/59 B.C. (i merveille. For we find that Kubulos, the .son of Demetrios, of Marathon,' after having been the first as apxiOewpot/ e]v [^9vpt]m, and open to TralSa T^s TrpioTiji rj\iKia<;.^ The winner of the boxing match open to TTuiSes €K TrdvTtiiv in Phaidrias' archonship was Mrj^o-t^eos Mi/r/a-ideou of the tribe Oineis, who in Anthesterios' year won the same event when open to :raiSes t^s wpioTrji rfKiKM^.' From th s evidence it is seen that 1532, 151 o. and 15049 B.C. are the only years possible for Phaidrias. .^ 59. Hagnotheos.' 152 1 IJ.C. The secretary being from the tribe Akamantis, the oidy place possible for Hagnotheos is 152/1 B.C." This is shown by the fol- lowing quotation from Philodemos : 'HA^t 8' ( KAtiro/xaxos) €t[s 'A] Orjva [s er] wv nr [t] dp [w] v Trpos ci [ko] (tl ye [yoi/u>] s , [/xj tra 8c T(\T^Tapa .-ce.'-;saniy i)rovcd only that he had come to Athens before that year. Tiie view which transcended the strict inferences the facts warranlcd has jiroved correct. ' B.C.H. X ( 1.SS6), p. 33 ; XIII ( 18S9), n -09 f. ■■'R.C.H. Ill (1S79), !>. 31.V 'B.C.H. XV (1S91). p. 252 : sei- hclow p. 73. 5 B.C.H. XIII (1809), p. .;i5. «C.I.A. II, 621. 'C.I. A. IV 2, 623 d. ■^C.I.A. II, 6ji. '■•B.C.H. XVI (.1.S92), p. 481 ; XVII (1S93), p. 164. ..^... iw n 70 The Athenian Archons, ■"i;i Schoeffer ascribes him to tlie period 154-4H B.C. Taking the Simon of PliiUtn's year as a son of the Simon of 185/4 ^'^^^ 183/2 B.C., I think the archonship of Philon may be .set down to some year between 150 and 140 H.C. S 62. Antitheos.' 140 39 H.C. After telUng us tlie story of the capture of Corinth and of the subsequent setllement of Greece efTected by tlie Romans, Pausanias says : 'O Si TroAt/xos C(r;;^cr w)To/)tju.(i> [v] — nporepov yap €cr;^oAa^o[v iv] Ila [A.X] aS [I'u)] — fxera Ti]v Kapv[«a8]ov [re] A£v'[t]7;v.''' Now it was tziio years after the deatli of Karneades I that Kleitomaclios came to the Academy as is shown by the following passage quoted by Philodemos from Apollodoros : ' Ilapa [Kap] veaSov S [ «] rov YioXcy^ap^ov tov (iio\y\ iir' ETTiKXeous [tt/s] X'''''"*' [5] eyA-cAo [iTTo] ■^os [KpJaTjjs 6 T[tt]p(r€vs t[^]v j^cr]xoA^v 8[t£]8e^a70" tovtov Se 8v' «t[7;] StaxaTao-xoiros fiovov KA«- To/Aa[x]os €v [tw] [n]ttAAa8''a) [f]x°['^]^'' "" ~ tU ttjv ' A [koS] t^/u, [tiav /x.]eT^A[^]£ yi/oj [pi'/xwi/ ttoAAujv /w.«Vu]. Or as Pliilodemos puts it him- self : * [Kap] vedB [rj] v 8ta8£^a/A [£vo] s -^yrjaa [to 8] v errj, Kar[£'crTp]£i/'[£] 8k 'C.I. A. II, 408; B.C.H. XIII ( 1889), p. 250; XVI (1892), p. 374 ff« •C.I.A. II, 594; B.C.H. XVI ( 1.S92), p. 376. 'C.I. A. II, 459. 594 ; Buchcler, Index Here. Acad. Phil. pp. 16 and iS. * B.C.H. XVI (1892), ]). 376. ^ Biicheler, Index Here. Acad. Phil. p. 15. " There is no trace of another line here, Ihongh Biicheler, to get over the difficnlty this statement caused hini, was inchned lo think that one must have fallen out; see Phil. vSuppl. II (1863), p. 541. 'Biich. 1. c. ]). 18 and Sitzungsb. d. k. Akad. d. Wissens. zu Wien, CXXIII (rSgo), VI, p. 84; see Gjmperz, Jenaer L,iteraturzeitung (1875), p. 603 ; Rohde, Rhein. Mas. XXXIII (1S78), p. 622 f. ; Gomperz, Sitzungsb. 1. e. p. 83. "Biich. 1. e. p. 16. ^J3l2-ijrlo Before Christ. 75 'E [ttik] \iov [9] a.p-)(o [vro] s , k [ar] e'Ai [ttc] v Se 8ia8o [;(] ov to^ trvo- [;^] o- AacrTr/[v] Kptirr/Ta Ta/3(T[€]a to y€V[os, i7]yr;(raTo 8' [ovtos] er?; Terrapa. Therefore it must have l)eeu at the time of the death of Kanieades II, the son of Hpikomos or Philokomos, that Kleitoniachos entered the Acadenn-. This event Apollodoros, as quoted by Diogenes Laertius,' assigned to the year 129/8 B.C. Two years before in 131,0 B.C. Karneades I died and Epikles was archon. The .sec- retary for Metrophanes' year being from Erechtheis, 131/0 B.C. is the year demanded for Kpikles by the of^cial order al.so. How it came about that Karneades II resigned the headship of the school four years before his death, it is futile to enquire. His act was not without a precedent in the history of the Academic school ; for Lakydes had done the same thing before him." The blindness of Karneades must in any case have incapacitated him for work.'' Diogenes L,aertius omitted to mention the resignation of Karneades II because of its approximate coincidence with his death. Tlie fact that Kleitomachos came to the Academy at the time that event happened explains why the same writer, neglect- ing Karneades I and Krates of Tar.sos, who were heads of the school from 133/2 to 131/0, and from 1 31/0 to 127/6 B.C. respec- tively, .states bluntly^ tliat Kleitoniachos was the successor of Karneades II. Kleitomachos may indeed have been joint head of the .school from 129/8 to 127/6 B.C. just as Kuandros and Telekles were associated after the death of Lakydes.'* The following name connections support tlie general location of this group : The mover of a decree in Metrophanes' year," Aioi^avros 'EKtraLov "Ep/aetos, was one of those appointed to the charge of the sacred monies and other revenues of the temple at Delos for Kallistratos' archonship' (157-4 B.C.). One of the ambas.sadors ' IV, 65. ^ See above p. 50 f. 'Smith, Diet, of Biog. .s.v. Carneades. * IV, 67 ; SieS^Jaro rdv Kapi/edSriv. « Diog. Ivaert. IV, 60. •B.C.H. XIII (1.S89), p. 250. 'B.C.H. IV (1880), p. 186. W"'^ I?' f- 11^ i i II t 1' 76 77/^ Athenian Aniions. chosen to .l^o from Dt-los to Alhons in MetroplianL's' year' was i.\uLvdr}'i tt>u.\u(rios, a minor in i8.v- B.C." Tiu seond ambassador on the sam^ occasion was EvuyUov Ko^iokiSj;?. the same no doubt wlio appear."- in C.I. A. II, 1044 (c. 150 li.C. ), wliose fatlier, 'AA.k€'tj;s EL'a[y]/,'aji/os Ko^ojkiSt;?, was an cpit'.ieletes in the early part of tile second cent. B.C.,'' and whose uncle, [Ejuayt'tor KoOwKi8r]<; , in the neighborhood of iSoli.C, made a contribution for himself and for his .son 'AAsreVj;?.' The third ambassador was Burraxos Aa/ATrrpeu's. In Ivjliokrates' year (102 1 B.C.) \ivTTaKO<; Kafxir- T[/j]e[vs] was epimeletes of the harbour at the Peirait;U:v'' ; In Herakleit')s' year ( 96 5 B.C.) he was termed !> €'[771 t^v 8);//,] ofn'ai/ Tp [ttj TTc^ai/ r^v £1' At/ [Au>] " : in the .same year his br;)ther, \ivppoi Wvpiiov Aa/xTrrpeu'i, who in Arg.jios' lirst year (9S/7 B.C. )' had been herald of the Areopasjus, was o-Tjoarjjyos lin [to. on-Aja." The gynuiasiarch at Salamis for ICrgokles' year" was 0«o8otos Euorpoc^ou rietpaiei's, tile same who in 103 2 B.C. furnished some fittings for a templethere.'" His brother, 'Upo(f>uLVTij<; Euo-Tpd^ou ricipatev's, appears in a list of names" jniblished in the neighborhood of 125 B.C. His son wa.s an epimeletes in the vicinity of 100 B.C.'' The mover of a decree in Kpikles' year''' was ©eoysVr/s K [«] A\t/xa;^ou XevKovoev^, wh )^t la Lighter, HiUk 0, bjeaine the wife <)f 'AdrjvoSmpo^ A/'^wi'Eui." Athe:i:)doro,s was herald of the Areopagus in y8 7 B.C.,'' nnd a 'B.C.H. XVI ( 1.S92), p. 376 f. *CI..\. II, 9S;\, ci)l. I, 1. 102; st'c al)')\o ji. 46. 'C.I. A. II, 952, 1. 21. *C.I.A. 11,9X4, 1. 7S; cf. II, loiS (c. no B.C.) for ^AXK^rm Evayiuvos HepidoiSov'^. •''C.I.A. II, 9S5 !■;, col. !, I. Ti. "CI. A. 11,9X5 K, col. II, 1. 57 f. "C.I.A. II, 9S5 I), c.)l. II, 1. 16 f. **C.I.A. n, 9S5 K, c,)l. II, 1. II ; see also .M.A. 11, 451, 104S. Tiiedanghter of ryrrhus appears in C.I..\. IV 2, 477 d, 1, 32 ; see below p. 86. "C.I.A. 11,594. '"C.I.A. II, 595. '■ C.I.A. II, 1047,1. 12. '■^C.I.A. IV 2, 952 1), 1. 17: cf. gSSbJ. s, "C.I.A. II, 594. '* C.I.A. II, 2300. '■•CI A, JI, 9,S5 D, col. JT, 1. 7. /jojjp Before Christ. 71 thesmothetes in the early part of the first century B.C." His son Atlienophaiies was an epli'ibe in 119/8 B.C." i^ 68. Demostratos.'' 130/29 B.C. A Delphian decree passed in the archonshi,- of 'A,aio-TtW 'Am^ai-- V'S", at the time of the Pythian games,* pro\ ls that Demostratos, the Athenian contemporary of Aristion, belong.^ to the third year of an olympiad. In c(mnection with his Fasti Delnhici Pomtow has on several occasion.s' discussed the location of Demostratos. From data not explicitly stated" he determines that the only two years open to him are 130/29 and 126/5 B.C. 134/3 B.C. he .specifically excludes.' Of the two years admissible he selects 126/5 B.C., but as his view in this particular is based upon Homolle's archon list his conclu.sion lacks cogency. This has been already pointed on' by Colin in his Notes de chronologie delphique who chooses 130/29 B.C. for Demo.stratos." It will be seen that if we leave out 134/3 B.C. it is necessary that Demos- tratos oecmpy 13029 B.C., inasmuch as no third year of an 'C.I. A. II, S63. "^ ^C.I.A. n, 469, !. 105. 'C.I. A. II, 551, 1. 40. HM..\. II, 551, 1. 52 f. 'Mitlh. XV (iSqo), p. 2S9; I'hil. IJV fi,S95), p. 2T5 fT., j,. 591 H. ".Vristioii 1)cloiigs to the ninth priestship. In the year 1SS9 ( Jalirh. f. cl. Phil. CXXXIX (iSS-j), p. 546) tliere were extant for the period behveeii 16S-7 B.C. and the l)ej>:inning of the 9th priestship at Delphi 29 annual archon.s besides a share of 15 others, who came between 16.S-7 B.C. and the end of the twelfth priestship (after 92-1 B.C. ; see Phil. I,IV ( 1S95), p. 591 ; n.C.H. XXII (i.SgS), p. i.)f;). On the other liand in the year 1898 there were extant between the beginning of the 9th priestship and the year 84-3 B.C. (at the latest ) thirty-five arc' mis, if we include 5 names belonging to this period but as yet unassigned . , either a year or priestship ( B.C. II. XXII (1S9S), p. 156 ff. ;. In this way the beginning of the 9th ])riestsliip -s limited to the period between 139-8 B.C. — and 129-8 B.C. +. The enPhil. LIV (1895), p. 216. = C.I.A. Ill, 1014 ; C.I.G. 2296; B C.H. VI (1882), p. 495 ; X (1886), p. 34 HM.A. Ill, 1014; C.I.G. 2296; B.C.II. VI, (1882), p. 491, p. 495; XXII (1S98). ]). 1471'. The Delphian archoii, I'j'rrhos, hehl ofllce in 12S-7 B.C. 'CIA. Ill, 1014; IV 2, 1225 b; B.C.II. X ( 1886), p. 33; cf. VI (18S21, p. 347. ^C.I..\. Ill, 1014; Lebegue, Rech. .sur Delo.s, p. 163; B.C.II. VII (1883), p. 370. '■'C.I. A. Ill, 1014 ; II, 460, 625; iMilegoi) of Tralles, .Mirabilia X, Rerun: Natiiralinrn .Scriptures, ed. Keller I, p. 75 f. 'C.I..\. Ill, 1014; WO-qv. II, )). 134 (here written Kisigenes and not acconijjanied Ijy Xikia.s) ; B.C.II. XVI (1892), j). 15.'. "CI. A. HI, 1014; II, 471, 1. 6. '-'CI. A. II, 471, 472 ; IV 2, 472 b. '"The priest of .Serapis was Atj/xt^t/jios 'Kp/aT/o-icovos .Mapa^oicios, not AijfiriTpioi 'Ep/xiaiou Mapab'uwos as I gave it in Cornell Studies, \TI ( 1898), p. 48. " Of the last name, Demetrios, Koehler read on the .stone — tJir)r — which was Dittenl>erger's sufficient warrant for reading [Ar)]/ii7T[piosj. " I have to thank Conrad Trieber ( I.iterarisches CentralbUitt, XLIX ( 1898), p. 1606) for calling my attention to the correction of the text of Phlegon made bj- Diels in his Sibyllinische Blatter, p. 2 fT. As emended the text reads: iyyevrjffr] xal ^iri Pai.arjs avdpdyvvos &pxovTOi ' kOiivqCLV 'Idcrovoj, vvartiibvTijjv iv 'VuifJLrj ^[dpKov ll\ai'T/oi<[Koi ^^^tov Kapixivlov\ "C\palov Kal MdpKou ^ovXliiov 'PXaKKOv. The explanation Diels offers for i-he presence in the MS. of the bracketed excrescence is most plausible. I refer the reader to the place cited above : cf. also Cornell Studies, VII (1898), p. 61. i2ilo-/2oljg Be/ore Christ. n 5^70. Eumachos.' 121/0 B.C. An excerpt from Apollodoros' clironicle, twice introduced by PhilodemosMn Iiis history of the Academic succession, has been deciphered by Gomperz as follows : [Tw]i Ka[p]vc 7r[av kJui tw [fSiov] /xaAio-]ru [8^] ''E;)(a,v «^[tA]oo-[o]]l Aoyo) 8" ct [tto] Aairepos. OuTOS 8' 'ApL r' oi' trfTravtoJi/ [iax6]\a[(T, alp<:']di[l<:'] [TJW [y']ayX'''o[A^] rdv8/3os [f/] Kal tw Aoyco . AcKaro) Se [tJ/]s tou Ka/afcaSou /ueraAAuy^s Yo-repoi/, e[7r'] (ipx'"''''''? ""ap' rj/xiv Evfxdxov 0a/3[yr;At]aJi'os /xi/i^os e^e'AtTrei/ — . If other things were equal, the archou Eumachos would have to be assigned to 119/8 B.C., the tenth year after the death of Karneades II. But seeing that Hipparchos occupies that year, we nuist assume that the Karneades, from whose death the reckoning is made, is Karneades I,'' and nuist assign Eumachos to 1 21/0 B.C. The context undoubtedly made it clear which was meant. 4( 71. Meton.^ 120/19 B.C. ? On the basis of a resemblance between the inscription of Melon's year and one passed in the year of Dionysios /xera 'Gomperz. Jenaer Literaturzeitung, 1875, p. 603 f. Biichclcr, Index, p. 16 read the iianie as Kugamos. Premier, Hermes, XXIX (1S94), p. 554, n. r called attention to Gomper/' correction: Pointow, Phil. LIV (1S95), p. 370 did likewise. All others have persisted in retaining the wrong form. ■■'Biich. 1. c. p. 16 and p. iS. The repetition of the jDa.ssage, like some of its contents, still demands explanation. ' See above p. 74 f. *B.C.H. VII (1883), p. 340. i f ! j i 111' i ^(r ,i 80 T/ie Athoiian Archois. AvKio-Kov (128/7 B.C.). Reinach' placed these two archons close together.' Schoeffer places Melon in the neighborhood of 142 B.C. i^ 72. Hipparchos' and Lenaios,' Aristarchos' and Aga- thokles/' Menoites' and Sarapion." 119/8-118,7, 107/6-106/5, 105/4-104/3 B.C. Several gronps of two archons each are furnished bj' certain well known epliebe lists. They are : Deinetrios and Nikodemos, Hipparchos and Lenaios, Aristarchos and Agathokles, Menoites and Sarapion, and Echekrates and Medeios. Of these the first pair belongs, as we have seen, to 123/2, 122/1 B.C., the last pair to 102 I, loi o B.C." The others require to be dated. For Lenaios, Aristarchos, Agathokles, and Sarapion we have the secretaries, and we know that Hipparchos, Aristarchos, and Menoites were respectively the direct predecessors of Lenaios, Agathokles, and Sarapion.'" ' Rev. Arch. 1S83, 2, p. 93. ^ II may be only a cuiiicidence, yet it is worth iiolin,t;, that the priest of the Crreat Deities — a cult verj- closely allied to that of Serapis, Isis, and Aniibis (B.C.H. VII (1SS3), \>. 336)— for 161-0 B.C.? belon^'ed to the lril)e Aianlis iC.I.G. 2270), and the one for 12S-7 B.C. to Oineis (Cl.Cr. 2296) : so perhaps the one for 120-ig B.C. to Pandioiij.s — ^^e ttil'i' to wliich the priest for Rletoii's year belongs. •'C.I. A. 11,469. vo% ToO Ei5/ioi'\oii Me\iTei5s Sfceiiig thai the former in- scri])li()n was posted up in 107-fi, tile latter in 1 1 i-o B.C., there was consider- able danger of confusion ; cf. B.C. II. VI ( 1S.S2), ]>. 3|i, no. 50. •'■CI. A. II, 170; IV 2, 1226 d; B.C.H. Xlli (1889), p. 269; Josephus, Antiq. of the Jews, XIV, 8, 5. ■ C I. A. II, 46,5 ; B.C.H. VI ( 1882), p. 349 ; VII ( 1883 1, p. 368. ''C.I.A. 11,465,595.1.5; H-CH. t.'t 11879), p. 294. " See below j). 86 f . "^ See th-> inscriptions fr jin \.\vt C.I. A. just cited. I: r p' 1. ^;; ■■ Vr. I ig\S-io^\j Before Christ. 8z Meiioites and Sarapioii cannot have come between 137/6 and 109/8 B.C.; for the priest of Serapi.s for Menoite.s' year was 'l7r7roi'tKo[s 'iTTTroJwKou Ai)£i)s, a name which does not occur in the hst of priests though this is complete for the period inchided.' Tlie secretary allows only two places to be considered in their connec- tion 105/4, 104/3 l^t^- ^'itl 93/2. 92/1 B.C. The finst of these is imperatively demanded by the evidence ; for in Sarapion's year the priests of Serapis still followed one another in the official order of their tribes. In loi o B.C. that order had already been discontinued.'' Furtliermore in the archonships of Aristarchos (107/6 B.C. j, Menoites, and Kchekrates ( loi/o B.C.) theoTrAo- /xax"' f*^'^ t^^*^ ep'iebes was 'H^oSotos Etrtaios and the dc^eVr;?, KuAAt'as AtyiAtcu'j.' Besides, the dKoi/TiaTr/s for Djmetrios' year, 123/2 B.C., linving been the same as for Menoites' year,' the shorter interval is preferable. 1054 and 104/3 B.C. may therefore be assigned vvitli certainty to Menoites and Sarapion. Of the other two pairs, the tangencies of Hipparchos and Lenaios are all with Demetrios and Nikodemos ( i23'2, 122/1 B.C.), and tho.se of Ari.starchos and Agathokles with Menoites and Sarapion (105/4, I04'3 B.C.), and Kchekrates and Medeios (102/1, loi/oB.C). For the (iT;]<; in Hipparclios' year, and 'lepoiv 'HpaKXctSov 'Ai/ayvpdo-ios, the vrnqpirrf^ of Demetrios* year, was a.KovTUTrri<; in Hipparchos' year.' On the other hand we have already seen that the three archons ArLstarchos, Menoites, and Kchekrates have a common ottAo/xuxos and a common dc/jcTTjs. Since therefore we are allowed by the secretaries to a.ssign either pair to ii9;8, 118/7 or to 107/6, 106/5 B.C. there can be no doubt whatever that the earlier yeans are to be set down for Hipparchos and Lenaios and the later years for Aristarchos and Agathokles. ' Cornell Studies, VII ( 189S), p. 46. 2 See C.I. A. II, 985 E, 1. 57- •'C.I.A. II, 470, 465, 467. ♦C.l.A. II, 471 and 465. 'C.I.A. II, 471 and 469. ..* a ^!y :''f" M <'-''-i» WM ^ lr\ ill !|i 5 sr; I I' '■'■■! I : # i 83 T/ic Aiheman .hr/ions. In Agathokles' year the paidotrihes was Ncoji/ 'Ai8mios.' The same imliviclnal helil the same office in Hcrakleides' archoiiship'' and in Sosikrates' year. ' Therefore it seemed to me that these four arclions, Aristarehos, Agathokles, Herakleides, and vSosikrates, formed a group which could only bodily be moved and located. It was because of the supposed fact that the common jiaidotribes linked these archons together indissolubly, that in the Athenian Secretaries* I assigned Aristarehos and Agathokles to 119/8, 1 18/7 B.C. and Herakleides and Sosikrates to the years immedi- ately following. But a man mny have been paidotribes in years widely apart. Tims in 2S3 2, 275 4, and 272/1 ? B.C. the paido- tribes was 'Ep/io8(upos 'EopTiov 'Ai(apviv<:.' No other precedent than this is needed to warrant us in assuming that Ncwi' *A<;^i8i'uios could have been paidotribes in 114/3, iii/o, and 107/6 B.C." The location of Agathokles has been a matter of much dispute.' An Athenian decree, found embedded in Jo.sephus' Antiquities of the ''ews, is dated by this archon. From the position of the document in the work'* one would suppose that its contents had to do with Hyrkanos II, high priest of the Jews from 69 to 40 B.C. Koehlf^r in proposing the period 69-62 B.C. for Agathokles had, besidts the name connections already mentioned, to contend with the difficulty that the kosmetes for Aristarehos' year, EvSo^os Evdd^oD ' Axip^ovcTioi , seemed identical with the Trals, EuSo^os Ev86$ov 'iTTTTo^wvTt'Sos <^vA^s who won a victory at the Theseia in Phaidrias' year." Salomon Reinach'" added to these difficulties another by >C.I.A. IV 2, 1226 d. 'C.I.A. IV 2, 1226 c. 'C.I.A. II, 1226. * Cornell .Studies, VII (1898), p. 57 ; cf. Homolle, B.C.H. XVII (1893), p. 153 f. * See above p. 27. 'Tf/itoK 1i.ixa.pxov BovTd5r]s the paidotribes of 123-2 B.C. (C.I.A. II, 471) was kosmetes in 102-1 B.C. (C.I.A. II, 467). * See Koehler's introductory note to C.I.A. II, 470, ' To the fact that it got misplaced may be attributed the addition to the name "TpKavdt of that of the second Hyrkanos' father, Alexandros ; see Homolle, B.C.H. XVII (1893), p. 153, n. i. ^ C.I.A. II, 470, 1. 33 and 446, col. II, 1. 76. ><*Rev. Arch. 1883, 2, p. 99 ff. //f// Before Christ. 83 drawijig attention to tlu lanj^oncies of ©eoSoros :iio8<.)poij towuv'i. Tliis individnal, who was the mover of two Athenian decrees of Agatholvles' year, was identified l)y Reinach with an epime- letcs of Delos of the same name, whom Hoinolle located in Echekrates archonsiiip,' Ilomolle added yet another difficnlty in showing that, not only was Atoi/utrios /itrii na/xi/iocoi/ (wlio is now dated positively in ri2/i B.C.) joined to Agathokles by a common chairman of proedroi, %TpaTo<^^v ^TpuTOKKfovi ^owuv'i, but also that Paramonos was linked to Polykleitos by the fact that Stoo-iW EiyeVous OtVaios fwlio is HOW known for certain to have been priest of Diony.sos in 113/2 B.C. and priest of Serapis in 1 10/9 B.C. ) was a priest at Delos in both years. •* When then in 1893" he showed fnrtlier that Polykleitos was archon in the neighborhood of no B.C., and from the text of Josephus itself made it likely that Agathokles c.i iie in the 29th year of the priestship of Hyrkanos I' or in 1005 B.C., the view of Koehlcr was pretty well demolished. It only remained to add the testi- mony of the finds at Delphi, through which we have recently learned that 'StvoKpaTtj^ ' AyrjaiXdov , the archon there with whom Aristokles coincided, belonged to the period of the three half- yearly senators, and therefore to a time earlier than 84/3 B.C.,* to make it beyond all doubt that the Hyrkanos honored by the Athenians in Agathokles' year was Hyrkanos I, high priest of of the Jews from 135 ? to 105 ? B.C* i^ 73. Nausias.' 115/^ B.C. We know that Nausias was archon at Athens in the year in which Taios Vdtov 'Axapvtvi vvas priest of the joint cult of Serapis, 'B.C.H. VIII (1884), p. 102 flf.; cf. B.C.H. XVII (1893), p. 152. 'B.C.H. X (1886), p. 25 ; cf. II (187S), p. 397 and VI (1882), p. 337 f. 'B.C.H. XVII (1893), p. 149 ff. ♦The phrase runs thus in Josephus (I.e.): ravra iy^vero iirl "TpmvoO dpxtep^ios Kal idvipxov erovi ivdrov ny\vbi YVa.viiJ.ov. Honiolle ingeniously supposes that in place of 9th it had originally been 29th. * B.C.H. XXII (1S98), p. 147 ff and p. 160. " The dates are quite uncertain ; see Homolle, B.C.H. XVII (1893), p. 156 f. 'C.I.G. 2295. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) I ^ 1.0 I.I il^|28 |25 ^ Kii 12.2 u 1114 "^ 1^ 12.0 ■luu I ■ 1.8 L25yy|u iM fliotographic Sdences Corporation 33 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. USSO (yi6)S72-4S03 m m m iii 1 km 84 T/ie Atheniaii Archons. Isis, and Anubis at Delos.' In the Athenian^ Secretaries I have shown that Gaios was priest in the year 115/4 B.C. § 74. Herakleides^ and Sosikrates.* 114/3 or iri/o B.C. Tiiese two archons are linked to each otlier and to Aristarchos (107/6 B.C.) by the common paidotribes NtW 'AM^.'ops QlvaM% (B.C.H. VI (1882), p. 33S, no. 41) I take to be the priest of Dionysos, the god to whom the dedication is made, not an ex-priest of Serapis in Paramonos' year ; cf. Homolle, B.C.H. XVII ( 1893), p. 154. "C.I.A. II, 461; B.C.H. II (1878), p. 397; XIII {1889), p. 370; XVI (1892), p. 151 f. ; XVII (1893), p. 149 and n. 2. "C.I.A. II, 461 ; B.C.H. VI (1882), p. 323. >♦ Cornell Studies, VII ( 1898), p. 46 ff. io8l7-iojl2 Before Christ. 85 Aioi/vo-ios NiKwi/os naXAT/reus.' We have abundant testimony' that Dionysios was epinieletes in Polykleitos' archonship. Therefore Polykleitos was archon in 110/09 B.C. This is the year de- manded by the secretary also, just as 109/8 B.C. is that demanded for Jason, the immediate successor of Polykleitos, by the priest of Serapis for his year. In 1893 Homolle showed that the year of the accession of Pliilon to the headship of tlie Academy was that of Polykleitos. Inasmuch as Crassus, wht.'n praetor ( 1 1 1-09 B.C. ), had attended the lectures of the predecessor of Philon, Kleitomachos, the terminus post quem was thereby fixed for Polykleitos.'' § 77. Demochares* and Theokles.-' 108/7 and 103/2 B.C. From C.I. A. IV 2, 626 b we learn that Theokles was a near predecessor of Medeios ( loi/o B.C. ).* The only vacant places at all suitable are 108/7 and 103/2 B.C. The two names [0£okA]^s and [npo>c\]^s are equally good for the preamble of C.I. A. IV 2, 477, a decree whicli belongs to about this time ; but, inasmuch as the secretary is from the tribe Oineis, Prokles is impossible. Theokles should be restored, and is thereby fixed, through the secretary in 103/2 B.C. The other requirement for Theo- kles is almost as cogent. Among the ephebes in Delos for Theokles' year' was 2t/wiAos 2t/xaAou TapavrTvos, who in Echekrates' year (102/1 B.C.) was enrolled among tlie foreign ephebes resi- dent at Athens." A man could be an ephebe in two years only. The decree just cited is in praise of the c/syao-Tivai." maidens who spun the wool for Athena's peplos in Theokles' year. The ' B.C.H. VI (1SS2), p. 337. 'B.C.H. II (1S78), p. 397; XIII (1889), p. 370; XVI (1892), p. 151 f. "B.C.H. XVII (1S93), p. 149 f. ♦C.I.A. IV 2, 477 d. * C.I.A. IV 2, 626 b ; B.C.H. XV ( 1891 ), p. 261. * Theokles could not liave been a near predecessor of the Medeios who was archon in 85-4 B.C. ? and following. 'B.C.H. XV(i89i), p. 261. 8 C.I.A. II, 467, 1. 145 ; cf. Fougeres, B.C.H. XV (1891), p. 262, * That a peplos was made every year is shown by the scholiutr to Ar. Knights, 1. 566 ; cf . Sandys, Arist. Ath. Pol. 49, 1. 20, note. Koehler, i owever, maintains that it was made only for the Great Panathenaia (Mitth. VIII (1883), p. 62). !. 86 The Athenian Archons. decree extant for Demochares' year' was of like character and of the same general time. The secretary allows us as possibilities 108/7 ^>id 84 '3 B.C. The latter year, however, is occupied in Schoeffer's list. Besides, the name connections, though by no means decisive, are on the whole in favor of 108/7 ^C. ; for among the cpyaorivat for Demochares' year are : The daughter of Dionysios of Phlya, one of the Sa^a^iacrTat for Theokles' year.' The grandfather of Dionysios appears among the contributors in 183/2 B.C. ;'' the daughter of Theogenes of Lcimptrai, whose grandfather also appears in 183/2 B.C. ;* the daughter of Pyrrhos of L,amptrai, who in 98/7 B.C. was herald of the Areopagus and in 96/5 B.C. was general en-I ra ottAxx; ' the daughter of Kallias of Bate and of Mikion of Kephisia. For the family of Kallias see Koehler, C.I. A. II, 445, p. 223, and for that of Mikion see above P- 45- § 78. Echekrates," Medeios,' Theodosios," Prokles,* Ar- geios,'" Argeios," and Herakleitos.'' 102/1-96/5 B.C. An inscription published in the C.I. A." furnishes us with a list of the Delian and Athenian magistrates, who in the first ei'»'eeTi//jis contributed ctTrapp^ai to the Pythian Apollo at Delos. This list is divided into eight captions by means of the .seven archons above mentioned, and an eighth who immediately preceded Echekrates. ' C.I.A. IV 2, 477 d. ' C.I.A. IV 2, 626 b ; cf. II, 956, 1. 8. 'C.I.A. II, 9S3, col. I, 1. 140. *C.I.A. II, 983, col. I, 1. 75. * See above p. 76. "C.I.A. II, 437, 985 D, 11. 17, 20. 'C.I.A. II, 467, 985 E, 1- 16; IV 2, 626b, 1. 65; 1205 b?, 1206 b. 8 C.I.A. II, 985 A, 1. 7, E, 1. 60. '••C.I.A. II, 9S5 A, 1. 17, E, col. II, 1. 26 ; Ivcb^gue, Rech. sur Ddlos, p. 156; B.C.H. X (1886), p. 36f. >» C.I.A. II, 985 D, col. II, 1. 18; B.C.H. XXII (1S98), p. 148 and 160. " C.I.A. II, 985 D, col. II, 1. 30, 468. "C.I.A. II, [985 E, col. II, 1. 12], E, col. II, 1. 34, 468, 627, 1207 ; B.C.H. XV(i89i), p. 263. "C.I.A. II, 985. Unlocated Archons. 87 Ar- The following Delian inscription enables us to date the whole group : ' Ep/xacorai, 'ATroWwi'iao-Tai, nocreiScDwaoTai, 01 yevo/xtvoi ctti VTraTO)!/ Fvaibu Kopi/»;Xibv AevToXov Kai JloTrAt'ov AiKu/t'ov Kpacro-ov, en-t tTTi/xcAi^TOii 8e T^s vi]. 537. 'Since the Herma'isi.i were all Romans (B.C.H. VI (1882), p. 166, n. 2) and neither the ApoUoniastai nor Poseidoniastai Athenians (B.C.H. VIII (1884), p. no), it is natural to expect that the Roman consuls, not the Athenian epimeletes, defined the year. C.I.A. II, 985 D, col. II, 1. 14. * Arist. Ath. Pol. 54, 1. 32, note. 88 The Athenian Archons. t,!: ^ ' \ ' I II' Ui ■^ 88 B.C. (see Kirchtjer, Pauly-Wissowa, I, p. 2135 (4) ) and fig- ured in other connections about the turn of the second and first centuries B.C. From the common custom of making an ex- archon epimeletes at Delos, it is conceivable that Andreas, if archon, was archon in the last quarter of the second century B.C. A list of names accompanies that of this archon in C.I. A. II, 1043. Among them appears EuKD^/iwi/ Ba[r7d£i']. Euktemon was about 15 years old in Anthesterios' year (C.I. A. II, 445, col. II, 1. 7 ff. ). Hence his uk/xt/ came in about 135 B.C. Andreas was probably his contemporary (cf. Kirchner, Rhein. Mus. LUI (1898), p. 388 f.). Andronides. 'E<^. *Ap;(. 1898, p. 10. A mere name published without any chronological indication whatsoever. Antiphilos. C.I. A. II, 405. About the middle of the second century B.C. Diony.sios 6 /xtra - r^v. C.I. A. II, 418. The .secretary was ©tdAvros [ — d]ev. Dionysios 6 /xera 8am. C.I. A. IV 2, 418 b. The secretarj' was 'lao-wv 'A/oio-tok[/o -]. These both in all probability came later than the Dionysios who succeeded Nikophon (c. 200 B.C.), but I do not see how one can say more than that they belong to the second century B.C. The second, for anything I can find to tlie contrary, might be identi- fied with the Diony.sios who succeeded Lykiskos in 128/7 B.C. (.) . . enion. C.I. A. II, 623, 1. 6. The letter before the H is said by Koehler to have been a Z, T, or F. We have an archon Athenion fur- nished us by an Athenian kleruch in.scription from the island of Skyros. Dittenberger (followed by Kirchner, Pauly-Wissowa, s. v.) holds that Athenion is a local archon, and cites as parallels C.I. A. II, 469and594. These show that at Salamis a local archon existed, but C.I. A. II, 595 indicates that the Athenian archon alone might be used to date a Salaminian document. At Delos the Athenian archon alone was used and the presumption is in favor of the same being true for Skyros. The letter preceding the H ' i Unlocated Archons. 89 might conceivably be a 0. If so, Athenion would come later than 196 B.C., the year in which Athens got possession of Skyros. KA, • • ou, B.C.H. X (1886), p. 37 f. May be ascribed to the period 166-95 B-C. perhaps. -lytades. BUcheler (Index Here. Acad. Phil. p. 17, notes) places this archon in the first half of the second century B.C. -on. B.C.H. X (1886), p. 37 f. May be ascribed to the period 166-95 B.C. perhaps. - OS. C.I. A. II, 377. The man who made the motion was AaK^oT?;? Mcfi'Topos] - (C.I. A. IV 2, 377), who was chairman of the proedroi in Symmachos' year (C.I. A. IV 2, 417 b). - os should therefore be ascribed to the early part of the second century B.C. - phantes. Biicheler, Index, etc., p. 19, notes; Goniperz, Sitzungsb. d. k. Akad. d. Wissens. zu Wien. CXXIII (iSgo), VI, p. 84. At least seven years prior to the death of Karneadcs. Perhaps some- where between 150 and 140 B.C. Phokion. C.I. A. IV 2, 463 c. Ascribed by Koehler to the second century B.C. Pleistainos. C.I. A. II, 1409. His full name was IIAeiorTaivos Sw/cXeous Ke«^oA^^£v. In C.I. A. II, 840 there is the first letter II, the second perhaps A, and the third E of an archon's name. Koehler suggests IIAeioTaii/os and ascribes the inscription to the end of the second century B.C. In it /SaJo-iAe'ws 'Av[tioxou] appear.s — perhaps Antiochos VIII Epiphanes, Philometor, Kallinikos, etc. (125-96 B.C.) ; cf. Pomtow. Jahrb. f. cl. Phil. CXI,IX (1894), P- 553. n. 95. T- . Biicheler (Inde::, etc., p. 17, notes) places T- in the firs: half of the second century B.C. 90 The Athenian Archons. C.I.A. IV 2, 407 k. The genitive of the archon's name ended in - to]us. The sec- retary was from the tribe Ptolemais. Kirchner in his indices ascribes the inscription to iyyov(nos NtKwi/ &io8iopov IIAtofltvs ; Mvrjaap)^^ [os ] ov ITpo/JaAiaios I ©£otAos [Htv] o [<^(jlv] Tos Kia\rj6iv ['A vt] I [kp] ottjs KpartV [ov ' A^>;v] i [«vs] * — — 4>ttA7jpe»Js' Lysias Kinion Diokles Diotimos Isaios Euthios Xenophoii Urios Telokles Menekles Nikias Otr. Demetrias Erechtheis Aigeis jPandionis Leontis Akamantis Oineis Kekropis Hippothontis Aiantis Antiochis Htvoi^o) [v N] iKtov 'AAaievs AvaiarpaTOS [*A] pioro [/i] a;(Ov Ilaiavicvs Navo-tjuenys Nuvo-ikvSov XoAapycvs Ev^evos KaAAtbv At^wvevs Aristonymos i Antigonis Gorgias Demetrias Anaxikrates Erechtheis Demokles Aigeis {.)...laios? Pandionis Kleomachos? Leontis Polyeuktos Hieron Eubulos ? Philoneosf Pytharatos Akamantis Oineis ■Kekropis Hippothontis Aiantis ©£o8a)/oos KvuiBiov [TpiKO/j] i;o-ios 'lo-OKparr/s '\iJOKpa.rov 'AAwTrcK^^ev s AiftxAiSijs 'A [<^] B6v(\ToC)v 'Ap\e(TTpdTov KiaX!j6cv $oivvAos Ilavikov 'OrjdiV ^ From an inscription not yet published. 92 The Athenian Archons. }/■;[(' Archon. Tribe. Secretary. 270/9' Antiochis 269/8 Antigoni.s 268/7 Philokrates UciiiL'trias Hyj/criTTTTos 'Api(7To/id;(ou McAircvs 267/6 Peithidemos I'^ccluliL'is 266/5 Aigeis 265/4 Paudioni.s 264/3 Diogtietos Leotitis 263/2 Arrhetieides Akanianti.s 262/1 Oineis 261/0 Kekropis 260/9 Hippothontis 259/8 Olbios Aianti.s - [s ] OS 'PaflVOV [(TlOS 2587 Antiochis 2576 Antigonis 256/5 Denietrias 2554 Kreclithei.s 254/3 Kallimedes? Aigeis [KaA]Atas Ka< AiaSov IIAoj^tvs 253,2 Pandionis 252/1 Thersiloclios ? lyfontis Aio^oro; Aioyv?/Tou ^pidppios 251/0 Akainantis 250/9' Oineis 249/8 Kekropis 248/7 Diogeiton Hippothontis ®i6^T0i ®toi\ov KtipidSr)tAiir7ros Kr)i(To8(>)pov *A [<^i8vaTos * 234/3 Ergochares Antiochis ZwiAos Aii^i'Ao[u] 'AAwTTCK [^^ev] 233/2 Niketes i Antigonis 1 i * Uiilocaled archons of this period : Agasias, Sosistratos. ■■' Uiilocated archons of this period : A-, Alkibiades, { .?)... bios, Hagnias, Lysiades, Lysitheides, Pheidostratos, Pythokritos, Theophemos, Thyniochares. I ) Clironoloc[ical Tables. 93 Year B.C. Archon. Tribe. a^aji lAntiphilos 231/0 Jason 230/9 Kalli — 229/S Meiiekrates 228/7 Diomedoti ^J-i,. Kallaiscliros 226/5 225/4 Chairephon 224/3 s 223/2 Diokles 222/1 luipliilttos 221/0 Herakleitos 220/9 Archelaos 2i9/«' 218/7! 217/6 Aischron 216/5 Kallistratos 215/4; 214/3 213/2 CIA.IV2,385ff Akainaiitis 212/1 j Oineis 2 1 1 /o 'Nikophon ? Kekropi s 210/9 Dionysiosf Hippotliontis 209/8 1 ;Aiantis 208/7 Antiochis 207/6 Thrasyphon? Antigonis 206/5 Patiades Demetrias 205/4 C.I. A. II, 385. Krechtheis 204/3 1 Aigeis 203/2 Antimachos? Pandionis 202/1 Phanarcludesr Leonti.s Dcinctrias Krechtheis Aigeis Pandionis Leontis Ptoleniais Akamantis Oineis Kekropis Hippothontis Aiantis Antiochis Antigonis Demetrias Krechtheis Aigeis Pandionis Leontis Ptoleniais Secretary, 4>o/3uo-Ki'8»;s 'ApivTOfiivov 'A [At/xouo-ios] '-!'■ likiovva — — — Mdo-xos Mo[(rx -] Ku[&x]^r;v(aui;s) Api(TTOTf\ri;« Xupi^fVou ©u^iKtof SvTToAlJTTlOS E7riy€v»;s Motr^i'ojj'os Aajurrr/jcvs [Fo/ayjiAos VopylXov — [— — B]oDTa8j;s — 'Ava^iK/aaTou *EA«v(riVtos 'EirtyeVi/s 'E7riy«'ou Oivato; [*I](7i8wpos ' Atto [W] tovt'ou ^Kafi/SoiviSyji * May be placed in 153-2 B.C. ' Unlocated arnhons of this period : Andronides, Antiphilos, Dionysios /terA -riv^ Dionysios Mei" A Suva, (.)..enion, KX...ou, -on, -phantes. » Unlocated archons of this period : Andreas, Pleistainos. !■( ^M ■' I 96 T/ie Athenian Archons. Year B.C. Archon. Tribe. 1 14/3 Herakleides? Kekropis 1 13/2 Paranivjiios Hippothontis 1 1 2/ 1 Dionysios Aiatitis iii/o Sosik rates? Antiochis 1 10/9 Polykleitos Attalis 109,3 Jason Hrechtheis 108/7 Demockarcs Aigeis 107/6 A/istarchos Pandionis 106/5 Agathokles I^eontis 105/4 Menoites Ptoleniais 104/3 Sarapion Akamantis 1032 Theokles Oineis 102/ 1 Echekrates Kekropis loi/o Medeios Hippothontis 100/9' Theodosios Aiantis 99/8 Prokles Antiochis 98/7 Argeios Attalis 97/6 Argeios Hrechtheis 96/5 Herakleitos Aigeis Secretary. Aa/iios Tt/xoi;;^ou 'Fa/ivovfTios Ettk^qvi^s ETTK^dvOU Aa/ATTTpCUS — Aion;(ro8a)pow 'AyKvA[^6£v] TeAeo-Tiys Mi;8eiou Haiaviews [ — trJ^eVijs KAciviov Ko6ajKt[8i^s] 4>tAt'(j)v 4>tA,ta)i'os 'EAcvcriVios ' Unlocated archons of the second cent. B.C. : Phokion, E-?, Ka[l-] ?, Aristeides?. 1 r, i I! ff P: \ i INDEX OF NAMES OF ARCHONS. rpevs -]?, Aristeides?. A-, 35- Acliaios, 59. Agasias, 35. Agathokles, 80. Aischron, 41. Alexaiidros, 35. Alkibiades, 36. 'Avapxia., I. Anaxikrates, i. Anaxikrates, 22. Andreas, 87. Andronides, 88. Anthesterios, 67. Antiniachos, 52. Anlipatros, 36. Antipliates, i. Aiitiphilos, 41. Antiphilos, 88. Antitheos, 70. Archelaos, 39. Arclion, 70. Argeios (i) and (2), 86. Aristaichmos, 65. Aristarchos, 80. Aristeides, 90. Aristolas, 64. Aristonymos, 22. Arrheneides, 29. Athenion?, 88. (.?).. .bios, 36. Chairephon, 41. De-, 60. Demetrios, 78. Deniochares, 85. Demokles, 22. Deniostratos, 77. Diogeiton, 31. Diognetos, 29. Diokles, 7. Diokles, 41. Diomedon, 44. Dionysios, 53. Dionysios fieri, A6Ki. C.I.A. IV 2, 371 c, p. 33. C.I.A. IV 2, 373 c, p. 35. C.I.A. II, 390, p. 38. C.I.A. IV 2, 407 b, p. 38. C.I.A. IV 2, 385 f, p. 50. C.I.A. II,. 385, p. 52. C.I.A. IV 2, 407 k, p. <». INDEX OF TOPICS. The index refers particularly to subjects on which this study has attempted to throw new light. Alexandres, revolts from Antigonos Goiiatas, 33. Anij'iiomachos, executor to Epicunis, 30- Antipatros, King of Macedon, mur- dered, 7 f. Areus I of Sparta, killed, 28. Aristomachos, tyrant of Argos, aids Athens, 33. Asklepios, dedications to, 31 f., 49. Athens, recovers its independence, 12 ff., 48. Bithys, courtier of Lysimachos, 21. Chremonidean War, set on foot, 28 f. Crassus, praetorship of, 85. Deinarchos, career of, 2 ; returns from exile, 15. Delos, comes under Athenian control, 62 f. Delphi, archons of dated, 73 f., 77 f., 78 n. 3. Demetrios Poliorketes, captures Athens, 4 ; King of Macedon, 5 ; gives Athens its autonomy, 12, 15. Demochares, opposes Demetrios, 15 f. Kleusinia celebrated, 42. Epicurus, refers to revolt from Deme- trios, gn. 2 ; writes to Mithras, iS f; to Mus ?, 19 ; letter of, 22 ; dies, 27. Euandros and Telekles, succeed La- kydes in the Academy, 50 f. Eubulos, the Academic philosopher, is born, 35. Eurj'kleides and Mikion, come to the front at Athens, 40 ; are murdered by Philip, 40 ; manage the finan- ces, 44. Hyrkanos II, high priest of the Jews, commended In' the Athenians, 82 f . Kariieades, the son of Philokomos or Epikomos, resigns the headship of the Academy and dies, 74 f. Karneades, the son of Polemarchos, head of the Academy, 74 f. Kleanthes, head of the Stoic school, 30. Kleitomachos, the Academic philoso- pher, life of, 68 f . Kleruchs at Delos, first victory of at the Panathenaia, 66. Krates of Tarsos, head of the Acade- my, 74 f. Lachares, makes himself tyrant of Athens, 3 f . ; cruelty of , r i ; expul- pulsion of a subject of general re- joicing, 12. Lakydes, the Academic philosopher, dies, 50 f. Lennios, under Athenian control, 20. Lykon, the Peripatetic philosopher, makes a contribution, 47. Metrotloros, disciple of Epicurus, dies, 22. Miihras, controller of Lysimachos, 19, Moschion, the Academic philosopher, dies, 57 n. 2. Mus, "iave of Epicurus, [9. Museion, garrisoned by Antigonos Gonatas, 13, 21 ; by Demetrios, 15 ; slurmed by Olympiodoros, 9, 12, 16. Parian Chronicle, r, 29. Peiraieus, held by Demetrios' soldiers, 12 ff. ; evacuated, 17. Peplos, for Athena made annually, 85. Phaidros, goes on an embassy to Ptolemy I, 15 ; is general, iS. Pliilon, the Academic philcsopher, life of, 65 ff. ^povpia, held by Demetrios' soldiers, i3. Polemon, the Academic philosopher, dies, 27 f. Ptolemais, created, 41. Ptolemy Euergetes. has dealings with .Athens, 49. Pyrrhos, at Athens, 13. Roman Chronology, tangencies with, 61, 78, 84, 87. Sk3'ros, archon at, 88. .Social War, neutrality of Athens during, 43. Soteria, instituted, 23 f. Sotion, announces the Soteria at Alexandria, 24, 25 n. i. Strombichop, aids Athens, 16 ; is commended for his services, 17, 21. Telekles and Euandros, succeed La- kydes in the Academy, 50 f. Temenos, consecrated to the Demos and Graces, 49. Tenos, again admitted to io-orAeta with Athens, 18 n. 4, 20. Zeno, founder of the Stoic school, dies, 29 f. <*' ' ': i' M 'I 'I ^' ; 4'' '' I I .^i F n - ~ rw ' The Macmillan Company's New Books on Greek Antiquities, etc. The History of Greece. From its CotniiK-iicetnent to the Close of the Indepeiulence of the Greek Nation. By Adoij.- IIoi.m. In four vohniies. Price per set, $10.00 net. Just ready. Tiy-°1:-'' V,''A° "."^ *-■"',' "f."'^ •'^'■'"'' ^'^"""V. «■ C. Vol. II. The I'ifth Centurv U C Vol III 1 he fourth Century, !. C, I "p to the Death of Alr-xatulcr. Vol. 1 V The Or uc Alacedonian A Je RomanKm^ke. °' '''^-"""" '° ""^ Incorporation of the last MaVeUo;[i;;n%Yo,K.rcTi;A'ife o^^y^'i:^^, who ^;i^l