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 61 
 
 :?^' A^ 
 
MANUAL OF DATES 
 
 Vi, 
 
 4\ i 
 
 4\i 
 
 ■k 
 
 WITH BEIEF NOTES, 
 
 IN 
 
 : II 
 
 CANADIAN, ENGLISH, ANCIENT, 
 AND MODERN 
 
 FOR THE USE OP PUBLIC SCHOOLS IN THE 
 DOMINION OF CANADA. 
 
 PREPARED BY ARCHIBALD MAGALLUM, M. A., 
 
 Principal and Local Superintendent of the Public Schools, 
 
 Hamilton, Ont. 
 
 v^-:\c; 
 
 HAMILTON: ;^ 
 
 PUBLISHED BY DUNCAN, STUART & CO. 
 
 7BINTED AT THB SFBCTATOR STBAM PBINTINa HOUSE, JAMES A HAW BTS. 
 
 1870. 
 
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 . . ' .. 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 rrh/^*- — ;« ♦'he year IB*?!) 
 
 m the oificc of tac, Jsa 
 
 . »w ...•icB iti past history, cventa have tranepircd that arrested tho 
 attention, and affected tlxo dosliny, of a greater or less portion of our race. 
 Sometimes the event has been so great, as to give a coloring to all subsequent 
 history. The bondage in Egypt, which has, to this day, Icept the Israelites a 
 distinct people ; the Crusades, in which at least two continents were 
 engaged; and the Advent of our Saviour,— the greatest event that haa yet 
 taken place on our planet,— arc familiar examples. 
 
 The use of History is not to load the memory with facts, but to store the 
 mind with principles ; to collect, from the experience of past ages, rulee for 
 our conduct as individuals; and especially as we learn the origin and 
 character of our country's laws and institutions, and the sources of ita 
 prosperity, so we become acquainted with our duties as citizens in advancing 
 its interests. The history of our own country should receive special atten- 
 tion ; after that, the history of the Empire to which wc belong ; and then, 
 
 as time permits, other important portions can be taken up. 
 
 " ■ ' ' fc ■ ■''. . 
 
 To place the great events of all ages distinctly before the mind of the 
 student, is the object of History, which, it has been said, is philosophy 
 teaching by example. To show how it should be studied, is the great object 
 of the Teacher. It is also his duty to present these events in such a pleasant 
 manner, as will give the learners the knowledge deemed requisite at present,, 
 and lead them to continue the study in after life. 
 
 This can be most easily accomplished by placing before the pupils the 
 leading events of any portion of time under consideration, and grouping 
 around them the minor events, in their order and importance. 
 
 The great events are the leading features of the ages in which they occurred, 
 and may conveniently be taken as landmarks, in studying the history of 
 those times. ., . 
 
 15P I 16 
 
 Hi5& . 
 
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 IfOPYIildllT SECUIiMIL^ 
 
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 INTRODUCTION 
 
 * * 
 t 
 
 ...i -V 
 
 f 
 
 The importance of History can Imrdly bo over-estimated ; for ho who add* 
 to his knowledge tlio experience of paut a^es, lives the life of tho world. 
 However, comparatively little of it can bo tnught in our Common Schools 
 but that little ^liould bo perfectly mastered, and thus a taste and interest for 
 the study can bo dovoK^ped. 
 
 At various times in past history, events have transpired tliat arrested the 
 Attention, and affected tluj destiny, of a greater or less portion of our race. 
 Sometimes the event has been so great, as to give a colorint; to all subsequent 
 history. The bondage in Egypt, wlilch has, to this day, kept the Israelites a 
 distinct people ; the Crusades, in which at least two continents wero 
 engaged ; and the Advent of our Saviour,~thc greatest event that has yet 
 taken place on our planet,— arc familiar examples. 
 
 The use of History is not to load tho memory with facts, but to store tbo 
 mind with principles ; to collect, from the experience of past ages, rules for 
 our conduct as Individuals; acd especially as wo learn tho origin and 
 character of our country^s laws and institutions, and the sources of its- 
 prosperity, so wo become acquainted with our duties as citizens In advancing 
 its Interests. Tho history of our own country should receive spcoiul atten- 
 tion ; after that, the history of tho Empire to which wc belong ; and then, 
 as time permits, other important portions can be taken up. 
 
 To place tho great events of all ages distinctly before the mind of the 
 student, is the object of History, which, it has been said, is philosophy 
 teaching by example. To show how it should be studied. Is the great object 
 of tho Teacher. It Is also his duty to present these events In such a pleasant 
 manner, as will give tho learners the knowledge deemed requisite at present^ 
 and lead them to continue the study in after life. 
 
 This can be most easily accomplished by placing before the pupils tho 
 leading events of any portion of time under consideration, and grouping 
 around them the minor events, in their order and importance. 
 
 The great events are the leading features of the ages in which they occurred, 
 and may conveniently be taken as landmarks, in studying the history of 
 those times. 
 
 15^ I 16 
 
 ^mm 
 
"W 
 
 History ^n colleges is taught by lecture. In schools, the oral method is 
 far preferable. The teacher prepares carefully, and always places a map 
 "be^'ore his pupils, when about to give tliem a lesson. An idea of the distance 
 of time Is imparted by drawing a line on tlie blackboard to represent, say, 
 ten years, and another long enough to represent the ages that have elapsed 
 Bince ihe event, to which reference is maile, occurred. Instead of writing 
 the datc3 in a note book, the student flnds them in this little manual. As 
 mucii of the interest that invests this subject centres in individuals, so 
 Biography forms a principal topic of ordinary history ; and the great epochs 
 into which it naturally divides itself, and which must be indelibly fixed on 
 the memory, if associated witli the great actors of the time and place, will 
 be easily remembered. Very little should be said before the Teacher asks 
 fluch questions as who J when ? whc^e ? or what ? Thus the interest will bo 
 kept up ; and it is confidently believed as raach can be accomplished on this 
 plan in half an hour, as the pupil himself could eflfect with text books in 
 three or four hours. Let the lesson for the day be thoroughly mastered 
 before proceeding to the next, let reviews bo frequent and complete, .and 
 success will be placed beyond dubiety. History, Chronology and Geography, 
 should be taken up together, as they are intimately connected ; and the 
 Teacher must always endeavor to strengthen the attention, to elevate the 
 moral taste, and to improve the power of narration, of his pupils. 
 
 A 
 
 M 
 
 The following dates and notes have been p'^eparcd with some care. la 
 Canadian History, Dr. Hodgius' very excellent work has been, to a great 
 extent, followed. This treatise should be in the hands, not only of teachers, 
 but of every person who wishes to have accurate information on many 
 subjects connected with our Dominion. 
 
 I 
 
 In English History, Collier has had the preference in dates and spelling ; 
 while in Ancient and Modem History, no one author has been taken as a 
 guide. 
 
 Hamilton, Ontario^ 
 1870. 
 
 fe ■ J; 
 
'V t'f,. 
 
 IMPORTANT DATES WITH NOTES 
 
 IK 
 
 HISTORY 
 
 OCNTBAL SCHOOL) HAMILTON. 
 
 -•^•- 
 
 -, „ CANADIAN. ■,,.:■ 
 
 OHniSTOPHEB Columbus born at Genoa, 1443. Discovered W. Indies, 1492 ; 
 S. America, 1498. Died, 1506. 
 
 Ambricus Vespucius, or Amekigo Vespuccio, bom at Florence, 1451. 
 Sailed from Portugal under Ojeda, 1498.— For Emanuel, 1501 and 1503. 
 Entered service of Spain, 1505. Gr. Pilot, 1508. Died, 1516. 
 
 John and Sebastian Cabot, Venetians, sailed from Bristol and discovered 
 Prima Vista, 1497. S. Cabot, 1498 and 1517 ; entered service of Spain, 
 1526 ; created Gr. Pilot by Edward VI. Died, 1557. 
 
 I. PEEIOD. 
 
 Began 1535; ended 1759. Duration, 225 years. 
 
 Leading features, — Adventures, colonization, French rule ; 
 Canada called New France. 
 
 1497 
 
 . . Henry YII Charles YIII. 1483 
 
 John Cabot (Venetian Navigator). Labrador, Newfoundland (St. Johns), 
 Hudson^s Bay, Gulf of St. Lawrence, and as far south as Virginia, visited. 
 
 1500 
 
 n 
 
 Louis XII, 1498. 
 
 Gaspeb Corterbal (Portuguese). Followed the irack of Sir John Cabot. 
 Kidnapped fifty of the natives. Was lost on the second voyage. 
 
1507 Homy VII Louia XII. 
 
 H. Elliott and T. Ashubst (Merchants of Bristol). Unsuccessful In their 
 ttttenopt to establish colonies. 
 
 The iSiglish, French, Spaniards, and Portuguese, carried on a successful 
 fishery at Newfoundland in 1517. 
 
 1523...... Henry VIII Francis L, 1515. 
 
 Giovanni Vebazzani. Visited the coast north of New York. Called it 
 New France. 
 
 1534 '' 
 
 Jacquks Oartier. Visited the Bays of Cl\aleur and Gaspd. Brought two 
 
 of the natives to France, who afterwards acted as interpreters. 
 
 \ 1535.— Visited the Isle of Orleans, Stadacona (Quebec), Village of Hoche- 
 
 - laga (Montreal) ; was kindly received. Indian Cum cultivated. Wintered 
 
 at St. Croix. Carried oil' the Indian Chief and several of his tribe to 
 
 ^ France. 
 
 1510.— Built a fort at Cap Rouge, where he wintered. 
 
 ic 
 
 it 
 
 1541 
 
 RoBSRVAL. Met Cartier at Newfoundland. Wintered at Cap Rouge, and 
 left a few men there on his return to France in the Spring. 
 
 1547 Edward VI Henry 11. - 
 
 RoBZRYAL. Was lost with his brother Achille. 
 
 15*76 Elizabeth Henry III, 1574. 
 
 Martin Fbobishbr. Discovered Elizabeth's Forland and Strait of Frobisher. 
 1577.— Brought home 200 tonrfof talc. 
 1578.— Sailed in search of gold ; procured nothing but mica. 
 
 1598 '' '' 
 
 De la Roche. Left forty men on Sable Island. They were neglected for 
 seven years. The twelve survivors brought back. "" 
 
 1599 " " 
 
 Chauvin. Made two successful voyages to Tadousac. Died on the third 
 voyage. First permanent settlements established in Canada. Fur trnde 
 a monopoly. 
 
 1602 '' " 
 
 Bartholomew Gosnold. Visited Massachusett's Baj% Cape Cod, Elizabeth's 
 Island, and Martha's Vineyard. 
 
 1603 James I " 
 
 Champlain, Samuel. (DeChaste, Viceroy.) Ascended the St. Lawrence 
 to the Sault St. Louis. Visited Mont Royal (Montreal). 
 
 1604 , " " 
 
 )••• • •••••< 
 
 SiBUR DbMoicts. Landed in Nova Scotia. Erected a fort on an island at 
 the raouth of the river St. John, in New Brunswick, where he wintered. 
 Bay of Fundy. New Brunswick and Nova Scotia called Acadia. 
 
 m" > \ 
 
1608 " Louis XIII, 1610. 
 
 Obamflain. Founded Quebec. Sailed up the Richelieu. Visited Lakes 
 Champlain and Ocorgo. Assisted the Algonquius. Beginning of tho 
 Indian wars. ^ 
 
 1610.— Visited Canada for the encouragement of the fur trade. 
 
 1611 . " *' / . 
 
 Champlain. (Count DeSoissons, Viceroy.) Selected Montreal for a new 
 settlement. 
 
 « 
 
 C( 
 
 1613 
 
 Champlain. (Prince of Conde, Viceroy.) Sailed lor the encouragement 
 of the fur trade, which was still a monopoly. 
 
 i( 
 
 u 
 
 1615 
 
 Champlain. Four priests brought to Canada. Went up the Ottawa. Visited 
 Lakes Huron and Nipissing, also Georgian Bay. Wintered in Upper 
 Canada. 
 
 a 
 
 ti 
 
 1620 
 
 Champlain. (Due de Montmorency, Viceroy.) Settled with his family in 
 New France. Canada, at this time, and for a considerable time previously, 
 was governed by a Viceroy at home, who sent out an agent to represent 
 him. 
 
 (Due de Ventadour, Viceroy.) Three priests and two lay brothers sent out. 
 
 (Sieurs DeCaen, Viceroy.) Savage wars between the Hurons and Iro^iuois. 
 The chief settlements were the fort at Quebec, a few huts on the island 
 of Montreal, as many at Tadousac, and a settlement just commenced at 
 Three Rivers. 
 
 1627 
 
 ■J- 
 
 '' Louis XIIL, 
 
 (Cardinal Richelieu.) 
 
 Company op 100 Associates. New France ceded to this Company on con- 
 dition of supplying the settlers with various kinds of assistance, inclu- 
 ding religious instruction. They were allowed to appoint judges, build 
 forts, cast cannon, confer titles, and take whatever steps they deemed 
 necessary for the advantage of the settlement. 
 
 1629 Chajrles I « 
 
 Sir David Kebkt (French Refugee). Quebec and all Canada surrendered 
 by Champlain to the English admiral, Sir D. Kerkt. ■ , , .-'' 
 
 1632 « « 
 
 '",U 
 
 Champlain. Canada restored to the French. Death of Champlain, 1635. 
 The Iroauois very powerful. Religious establishments founded. The 
 site of Montreal consecrated, 1643. The island of Montreal became the 
 property of the St. Sulpicians, in Paris, 1644, who conveyed it to th© 
 seminaiy of the same Order at Montreal. 
 
 1635 " " « 
 
 H. DeMontmagny. Biectel a fort at ths Richelieu. Peace with the Indians. 
 
8 
 
 1647 •* Louis XIY., 1643. 
 
 (Colbert.) 
 
 M.D'AiLLEBOUST. Brought out a reinforcement of 100 men. The institution 
 of the Daughters of tlie Congregation at Montreal foipded. War renewed 
 by the Iroquois. The christianized Indians and missionaries destroyed. 
 The French bloclted up in Quebec, Montreal, and Three Rivers. The 
 Iroquois absolute masters of Canada, 1650. Partial peace with the 
 Iroquois. 
 
 1658 " « ' 
 
 D'Abgenson. Abbd Montigny, Apostolic Vicar, arrived at Quebec, 1659. 
 Curacies established. 
 
 1661 Charles II 
 
 (( 
 
 -I 
 
 D'AvANGOUR. His decisive measures seem to have saved Canada. 
 
 1663 « " 
 
 M. DeMksy. In 1663 a remarkable successio7\ of earthquakes took place^ 
 which lasted for six months. A council of regular officers appointed to 
 assist the Governor. The Company of 100 Associates dissolved, and the 
 laws of Paris established. 
 
 1665.. 
 
 a 
 
 u 
 
 M. DbTbact. a large body of troops sent out. Its officers became signeurs. 
 Settlers increased rapidly. Several forts erected on the Richelieu to awe 
 the Indians. General peace, except with the Oneidas and Mohawks. A 
 party of Mohawks Icilled the Governor's nephew. A great expedition 
 Bent out by the Governor effects nothing. The Indians fleeing to the 
 woods. The Governor keeps great state. 
 
 (( 
 
 cc 
 
 1668 
 
 M, DbOourcelles. The colony improves. A cargo of women sent out. 
 Quebec made a bishopric, 1670. Smallpox. Governor visited Cataraqui 
 (Kingston). 
 
 1672 
 
 (( 
 
 u 
 
 DbFrontenao. Able and energetic. Fort Cataraqui built. Various parts 
 of Canada explored. Mississippi discovered by way of Canada, 1682. 
 Father Marquette. 
 
 1682. 
 
 tt 
 
 a 
 
 M. De la Barrb. The Iroquois threatened another war. The Governor led 
 an army along the north shore of Lake Ontario. Was obliged to with- 
 draw it. V 
 
 1685 James II 
 
 C( 
 
 Dk Denonville. Built a fort at Niagara. Sent off to France a number of 
 chiefs. The whole country plundered by the Iroquois. The fort at 
 Niagara destroyed. Affairs desperate. The colonists almost destroyed 
 by war, famine, and disease. Vessels burned. 
 
 I- 
 
 !■■• 
 
643. 
 
 titution 
 enewed 
 stroyed. 
 8. The 
 ith the 
 
 c, 1659. 
 
 z place, 
 nted to 
 and the 
 
 gneurs. 
 
 to awe 
 fks. A 
 edition 
 
 to the 
 
 it out. 
 ^araqui 
 
 parts 
 ,1683. 
 
 iOT led 
 with- 
 
 )er of 
 
 >rt at 
 
 Iroyed 
 
 1689 William and Mary... « 
 
 DbFrontenac. Brought back eome of the chiefs previously carried off. 
 The Iroquois assume a high tone in consequence of the war between tho 
 French and English. Some of the English settlements surprised and 
 burned. In 1690 Quebec attacked unsuccessfully by EnRlifh colonists 
 under Sir William Phipps. In 1692 the laiius were cultivuted and the 
 fur trade carried on. 1696, great expedition apcninsl the Iroquois. A 
 large portion of the country ravaged. 1697, peace between the French 
 and English, including the Indians. Froutenac died, 1698. 
 
 i( 
 
 a 
 
 1698 
 
 M. DeCalliebes. Governed successfully. Mutual restoration of prisoners. 
 
 1703 Anne '' 
 
 M. DeVaudrbuil. a combined sea and land expedition against Canada, 
 1711. The Iroquois endeavored to remain neutral between tlio French 
 and English. Peace of Utrecht, 1713. Acadia and Newfoundland ceded 
 to the British. Tlio Province prosperous. 
 
 1715 George I Louis XY. 
 
 M. DbVaudreuil. Upper Canada a mere forest. Death of Vaudreuil, 1725. 
 
 1726 George IL, 1727 " 
 
 M. DeBeauhaknois. Governed for twenty years. 1745, Cape Breton taken 
 by the English. Nova Scotia attacked sliortly after by iiie Canadians- 
 unsuccesstully. 1748, peace of Aix-la-Chapelle. Canadian Commissioners 
 sent out to mark the boundary which called forth hostile feehngs. 
 
 1747 << <' 
 
 Count De Galissonniere. 
 
 1749 " 
 
 SlEUR DE LA JoNQUIERE. 
 
 1752 " 
 
 Baron de Longueuil. 
 
 it 
 
 (( 
 
 -r J 
 
 M. DuQUESNB. Built a fort in Virginia. The English built Fort Necessity, 
 and sent a garrison thither under General Washington, who was after- 
 wards obliged to surrender. 1754, a general union of the Provinces to 
 resist the French, proposed by Benjamin Franklin. A fleet sent out to 
 reinforce Quebec. 
 
 1755 George III., 1760.... '^ ' 
 
 SlEUR DkVaudreuil. Last French Governor of Canada. General Braddock 
 defeated in the A^lleghany Mountains. Remnant of his army saved by 
 General Washington. French commander-in-chief, M. DeMontcalm. 
 Gained several successes over the British. Surrender at Fort Edward. 
 Two thousand English prisoners murdered by the Indians. Several forts 
 captured by the British. 1759, Quebec taken by General Wolfe, who, 
 With Montcalm, was killed on the Heights of Abraham. The other forts 
 were gradually subdued, and all Canada reduced by the British. Montreal 
 capitulated. Quebec attacked unsuccessfully by the French, 1760. Indian 
 tribes, their names and localities. 
 
 ■ .f 
 
 \y\ 
 
10 
 
 ,• II. PEEIOD. V ^ 
 
 Began 1759; ended 1791. Duration, 42 years. 
 
 Leading features, — Conquest of French America by the Brit- 
 ish ; called British America. 
 
 1760 Gcorgelll Louis XV. 
 
 Gon. Murray, Gov. Gen. Treaty of Paris, 1T63. Bouquet's relief of Fort 
 Pitt. Population, 80,000— converted Indians, 7,400, included. British 
 suarantoe. Fate of late Intendant Bigot. Pontiac and liis plan. Now 
 Brunswick and Labrador separated from Canada, and itself aivided into 
 
 > three districts, Quebec, Three Kivers, and Montreal. Stamp Duties Act, 
 1765. 
 
 1766 
 
 ii 
 
 n 
 
 Gen. (afterwards Sir Guy) Carlton, Gov. Gen. Stamp Duties Act repealed. 
 Tea thrown into the sea at Boston, 1773. Complaints of grievances sent 
 to England. Quebec Act. American War began. Battles of Lexing- 
 ton and Bunker Hill. Ticonderoga, Crown Point, and Montreal taken. 
 Quebec attacked by Gens. Montgomery and Arnold, 1775. Declaration 
 of Independence, 1776. Gen. Burgoyne surrendered, 1777. American 
 Independence acknowledged by France, 1778, by Spain '79, by Holland 
 / "II, by Britain '83. Gen. Cornwallis surrendered, 1782. United Empire 
 Loyalists (U. E. L.) 25,000 leave the States ; and of these, 10,000 came to 
 Canada, a great blessing to it. The part of Canada afterwards Upper 
 Canada divided into four districts, Lunenburg, Mecklenburg, Nassau and 
 Hesse, 1788. In 1792 changed to Eastern, Midland, Home and Western; 
 abolished in 1849. Population of L.C., 130,000 ; of U.C, 50,000. Duke of 
 Clarence (William Iv.) visited Canada, 1787. Revolution in France ; 
 reign of terror. 
 
 III. PEEIOB. 
 
 Began 1792 ; ended, 1840, Duration, 50 years. 
 
 Leading features, — Canada divided into Upper and Lower 
 Canada ; progress in civil liberty, great discontent, rebellion. 
 
 Constitutional Act. Canada divided into Lower and Upper Canada. 
 Col. Clarke, Lieut.-Gov. of Lower, and Col. J. G. Simcob, Lieut -Gov. of 
 Upper Canada. Parliamentary Government inaugurated, Clergy Reserves, 
 1791. Site of Toronto (York) surveyed. Slavery abolished in U.C. 1793 ; 
 in L. C. 1803. In 1792, the Duke of Kent (father of our Queen) visited 
 Canada. 
 
 1796 , 
 
 . . George III Napoleon, 1st Con, 
 
 Emperor 1804. 
 
 Gen. Prescott, Gov. Gen. Period of quiet. Considerable improvement. 
 , War with the States foreshadowed. Seat of Qovemmeni removed from 
 
 Newark (Niagara) to York (Toronto) 1796. Talbot Settlement began 
 
 1803. 
 
.*»..> A I 
 
 11 
 
 1807 " « 
 
 €iii James Cbaio, Gov. Gen. Judges exclnded from the LeG;i8lature. First 
 legislative provision for education. First Steamboat (Accommodation) 
 on the St. Lawrence, 1800; the second (Swiftsure) 1813. Population of 
 U. O. in 1811, 80,000 ; of L. C, 200,000. Indian tribes, names, localities, 
 doings. * 
 
 loll 
 
 <t 
 
 Louis XVIII. 1813 
 
 Sir Gkorob PnEVOST, Gov. Gen. War of 1812. Detroit taken. Gen. Hull 
 surrendered to Gen. Brock. Battle of Queenston Heights. In 1813 
 Wilkinson surrendered tu Proctor. Frequent changes of Qovernors. 
 York and Fort George talien. Americans defeated at Stoney Creek, 
 near Hamilton, which was founded this year,— at Beaver Dams, at 
 Chrysler's Farm, and at Chateauguay. Proctor and Tecumseh defeated 
 at Moravian To^vn. Lewiston and Buffalo burnt. In 1814 Fort Erie 
 was lost. Battles of Chippewa lost, of Lund> 's Lane gained. Washing- 
 ton taken. In 1815 battle of New Orleans lost. Peace, — Treaty of Ghent. 
 Canadian Loyalty. Bank of Montreal opened, 1817. Welland Canal 
 projected, 1818. Discussions about the Clergy Reserves. 
 
 1818 « 
 
 Duke op Richmond, Gov. Gen. 
 
 1820 George IV. 
 
 (( 
 
 Died of hydrophobia, 1819. 
 
 Earl op Dalhousie, Gov. Gen. Site of London surveyed, 1826. 
 Canal commenced by Col. Bye, 1827. Discontent in L. C. 
 
 Rideau 
 
 1829 " Charles X. 
 
 Siu James Kesipt, Gov. Gen. Sir John Colbornb, Gov. of U. C. 
 
 1830 William IV Louis Pbillippe. : 
 
 Lord Aylmer, Gov. Gen. Population of L. C. 898,000; U. C. 274,000,— in 
 1831. Riot in Montreal. Asiatic choleral832; the latter again in 1834. 
 York changed to Toronto. Family Compact treated Reformers unjustly. 
 Ninety-two resolution in L. C. 
 
 1835 Vic oria, 1837 « / r 
 
 Earl op Gospord, Gov. Gen. 57 Rectories established by Sir J. Colborne* 
 1836. Rebellion in U. and L. Canada. Battle of St. Dennis, 1837. Pap- 
 ineau, Mackenzie, &c. Steamer Caroline burnt. 
 
 1838 « 
 
 Sir John Colborne, Gov. Gen. 
 
 Earl op Durham, Gov. Gen. Able report. 
 Union of the Provinces, &c. 
 
 1839 , ^[ ,...., " 
 
 Lord Sydenham, Gov. Gen. U. and L. C. united. Responsible Govern- 
 ment introduced. Kingston seat of Government 1841. Municipal system 
 introduced. 
 
 (t 
 
 Strong recommendation on 
 
i 
 
 12 
 
 IT. PERIOD. 
 
 
 ;> 
 
 If' 
 
 > Began 1841 ; ended 1807. Duration, 28 years. 
 
 The Canadas United. Loading features, — Municipal and educa 
 
 tional progress ; railroads introduced. 
 
 Education encoiirnprcd, Curroncy, customs, &c., arranged. The Gov- 
 ernor died from a fall from his horno. (iucon's College, Klnffston, and 
 Victoria C)olk'f?e, C'obourg, 1810. Legislative provision for Eduoation 
 greatly extended, 1841. 
 
 1842 •* ** 
 
 Sib Chakles Baqot, Gov. Gen. Died at Kingston 18-13. Reform Govom- 
 meut. 
 
 1843 " " 
 
 Lord Metcalfe, Gov. Ocn. Differences and dlfllcuUies with his Ministry. 
 Government rcnmved to Montreal, 1844. Dr. Ryerson appointed Chief 
 Superintendent of Education for U. C. 
 
 1845 '' '' 
 
 Eabl CATiicAnT, Gov. Gen. Great fire in Quebec, 1845. Common Schools 
 extensively established in U. C. by Dr. Ryerson, 184(5. 
 
 1847 ** Kapoloon III. 1848 
 
 Eabl of Elgin and Kincabdine, Gov. Gen. Normal Scliool for U. 0. 
 - opened. Peace and prosperity very general. Parliament Buildings 
 burnt by a mob, 1819 Toronto and Quebec alternately the seat of 
 Government. Chea]) postage adopted, 18.51. Central School in Hamilton 
 opened. Members of House of Assembly increased from 84 to 100, 1868. 
 Reciprocity Treaty arranged, 1854. Clergy Reserves settled. 
 
 1854 " " 
 
 Sib Edmund Head, Gov. Gen. Victoria Bridge commenced, 1850. Crimean 
 War— the 100th Regiment raised. Decimal currency, 1858. University 
 Buildinga, Toronto, completed. Ottawa the capital of Canada, ,1858. 
 Prince of Wales visited Canada, 18G0. ♦ / i, 
 
 1861 « « 
 
 LOBD Viscount Monck, Go^'. Gen. Southern Rebellion — Trent affair- 
 Canadian Volunteers. Fenian troubles. Battle of Ridgeway. Murder 
 of Hon. T. D. McGee. 
 
 Y. PERIOD. ' 
 
 Began 1867. Leading features, — Confederation, and represen- 
 tation according to population. Confederation of the British 
 Provinces — Upper Canada, Lower Canada, New Brunswick, and 
 Nova Scotia to constitute the Dominion of Canada. 
 
 Upper (called Ontario) and Lower Canada (called Quebec). 
 Sib John Young (Baron Lisgar), Gov. Gen. Red River Rebellion, 1869. 
 United to Canada, 1870. 
 
Jk.,^.^ 
 
 13 
 
 
 GOVERNORS OF CANADA. 
 
 1.— New France. 
 
 Jean Frangois do la Roque,Sieur 
 
 de lloborval Vice lioi 1540 
 
 Marquis do la llocho, Vice llol. 1598 
 
 2.— Canada ; Royal Qoveunment 
 establisukd. 
 
 Samuel do Clmmplain, Viceroy. 1G12 
 Marc Antoino do 13raa do Chat- 
 
 eaufort 1(535 
 
 Chevalier do Montmagny 1G30 
 
 Chevalier d'AillcbouBt de Cou- 
 
 longo 1G48 and 10.57 
 
 Jean do Lauzon KBl 
 
 Charles do Lauson Chaniy 1()5(> 
 
 Viscount de Voyer d'Argonson. Ki.'jS 
 Baron du Bois d'Avangour .... 1()<)1 
 
 Chevalier do SaflVay Mdsy 1(M)3 
 
 Alexandre de Proville Tracy.. . 1003 
 
 Chevalier de CourcoUes KiCtS 
 
 Count de Frontenac. .1672 and IGSO 
 
 Bieur de la Barro ltiS2 
 
 Marquis do Denonvillc 1G85 
 
 Chevalier do Calll6res 1098 
 
 Marquis de Vavdreuil 1703 
 
 Marquis de BeauhamMs 1720 
 
 Count do Gali88onni6ro 1747 
 
 Marquis de la Jonquiftro 1749 
 
 Marquis du Quesnd do Menne- 
 
 ville 1752 
 
 Marquis de Vaudreuil Cavagnal 1755 
 
 3.— PfioviNCB or Quebec. 
 
 Gen. James Murray, Gov. Gen. 1765 
 Paulus E.Ii*ving,E8q., President 1766 
 Gen. Sir Guy Carletoa (Lord 
 
 Dorchester) Gov. General 
 
 1766, 1774, 1776, and 1793 
 
 Hector T. Cramahe, President. 1770 
 
 Gen. Frederick Haldimand 1773 
 
 Henry Hamilton, Lieut. Gov... 1774 
 Henry Hope, Esq., " ...1775 
 
 4.— Lower Canada. 
 
 Colonel Clarke, Lieut. Gov 1791 
 
 Gen. Robert Prescott 1796 
 
 Sir R. S. Milnes 1799 
 
 Hon. Thos. Dunn, Pres.1805 and 1811 
 
 SIrJ. II. Craig 
 
 Hir Goorj^o TrevoHt 
 
 Sir G. Druminond, Adm 
 
 Gen. J<hn Wilson, " 
 
 Sir J. Coapo Sliorbrookc 
 
 Diikc of Richmond 
 
 Sir James Monic, President 
 
 Sir Porcyrlno Miiitland 
 
 Earl of Dalliousie. . 1S20 and 
 Sir F. N. Burton, Liout. Gov... 
 
 Sir James Kompt, Adm 
 
 Lord Ayliiier, Administrator. . . 
 
 p:arl of Gosford 
 
 Sir J. Oolborno (Lor.l Seuton). 
 
 Earl of Durham 
 
 0. Poulott Tl»(»inpsou (Lord Syd- 
 enham) 
 
 5.— UrPEii Canada. 
 
 Col. J. G. Simcoe, Lieut. Gov.. 
 Hon. Peter Itusst'll, President.. 
 
 General Peter Hunter 
 
 Hon. Alexander Grant, Pres.. . 
 
 Hon. Francia G.>ro 1806 and 
 
 Sir Isaac Brock, President 
 
 Sir R. Ilale Shoafle, President. . 
 Baron F. de Rottenburg, Pres. 
 
 Sir Gordon Drummond 
 
 Sir George Murray 
 
 Sir Frederick P. Robinson 
 
 Uon. Samuel Smith, Adminis- 
 trator 1817 and 
 
 Sir Peregrine Maitland. 1818 and 
 Sir J. Colborne (Lord Seaton).. 
 
 Sir Francis B. Head 
 
 Sir George Arthur 
 
 
 1807 
 1811 
 1815 
 1810 
 1810 
 1818 
 1819 
 1820 
 1825 
 1824 
 18-28 
 1830 
 ]a35 
 
 ia38 
 
 1838 
 1&39 
 
 1792 
 1792 
 1799 
 1805 
 1815 
 1811 
 1813 
 1813 
 1813 
 1815 
 1815 
 
 1820 
 1820 
 1828 
 1836 
 1838 
 
 C. — Province of Canada. 
 
 Baron Sydenham and Toronto. . 1841 
 
 Gen. Sir R. Jackson, Adm 1841 
 
 Sir Charles Bagot 1842 
 
 Sir Charles (Baron) Metcalfe. . . 1843 
 
 Earl Cathcart 1845 
 
 Earl of Elgin and Kincardine.. 1847 
 Sir Edmund W. Head. 1854 and 1857 
 Gen. Sir William Eyre, Adm. . . 1857 
 Lord Viscount Monck.1861 and 1866 
 
 Gen. Sir John Michel, Adm 1865 
 
 Sir John Young (Baron Lisgar) 
 
 Gov. Gen 1867 
 
 '-.t* 
 
 7 
 
 1 
 
Ill 
 
 <i\ 
 
 III 
 
 Hi: 
 
 mi 
 
 14 
 
 NOVA SCOTIA AND CAPE BRETON. 
 
 Extent, 10,050 sq. mtlce Population, 881,000. 
 
 Capital, Halifax; Population, 30,000. 
 
 Nova Scotia, including New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island, 
 
 visited by Cabot 1497 
 
 Sir Humphrey Gilbert took poBsossion in Queen Eiizabetlfs name. . . . 1588 
 
 Marquis do la Roche attempted to settle convicts on Sable Island 1508 
 
 Port Royal founded by tlie Baron do Poutrlncourt 1604 
 
 Port Royal and settlement destroyed by Sir S. Argall 1618 
 
 Granted to the Earl of Stirling by James I. (In tho patent the name 
 
 Aca<lia was changed to Nova Scotia) 1631 
 
 Ceded by Charles I. (treaty of St. Germaln-cn-Lavc) to tho French. . . 1682 
 
 Cromwell sent a force, and captured the colony from tho French 1664 
 
 Charles II. ceded it to France (treaty of Breda) 1687 
 
 Sir Wm. Phipps and Col. Church captured It again 1600 
 
 England restored It to France (treaty of Ryswick) 1697 
 
 France restored it again to England (treaty of Utrecht) 1718 
 
 The French took possession of Cape Breton 1714 
 
 The Indians masnacre many whites, but are subdued 1720 
 
 Louisbourg fortifled by the French at an expense of $5,500,000 1720 
 
 Loulubourg captured by tl»c Fnglisli 1745 
 
 The whole Province cc<lod flnally to the Britlt»h, except Capo Bn-ion, 
 
 which was restored to France (treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle) 1748 
 
 Halifax founded 1749 
 
 Final capture of Louisbourg 1750 
 
 Indians of Nova Scotia submitted to the British 1761 
 
 Cape Breton, formerly called Isle du Cap and Isle Royalo, annexed to 
 
 Nova Scotia 1763 
 
 Prince Edward Island separated from Nova Scotia 1770 
 
 Cape Breton separated from Nova Scotia. 10,000 U. E. L. (United 
 
 Empire Loyalists) settled in these Provinces., 1784 
 
 Cape Breton united to Nova Scotia. Dalhousie Collogc founded 1820 
 
 Responsible government introduced 1848 
 
 Visit of ills Royal Highness the Prince of Wales 1800 
 
 Confederation 1867 
 
 " NEW BRUNSWICK. 
 
 Extent, 2r,T0O sq. miles Population, 252,000. 
 
 Capital, Fuedektcton; Population, 6,000. 
 
 Separated from Nova Scotia 1784 
 
 Great fire in Miramlchi 1825 
 
 Ashburton treaty. By it the disputed boundary between Maine and 
 
 this Province was settled 1842 
 
 Responsible government introduced 1848 
 
 Confederation 1867 
 
 PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND. 
 
 Extent, 2,134 sq. miles Population, 80,800. 
 
 Capital, Charlottetown ; Population, 7,000. 
 
 Discovered by Cabot. Called St. Jean till 1800 1497 
 
 Claimed by New England 1745 
 
 Restored to the French 1748 
 
 It ! 
 
15 
 
 , 881,000. 
 
 nd, 
 
 
 
 1497 
 
 
 1688 
 
 
 1508 
 
 
 1604 
 
 • • • 
 
 1018 
 
 ime 
 
 
 
 leai 
 
 
 1682 
 
 
 1664 
 
 
 leet 
 
 
 1600 
 
 
 1697 
 
 
 1718 
 
 
 1714 
 
 
 1720 
 
 • • • • 
 
 1720 
 
 
 1745 
 
 ion, 
 
 
 
 1748 
 
 
 1749 
 
 • • • • 
 
 1760 
 
 • • • • 
 
 1761 
 
 (I to 
 
 
 .... 
 
 1763 
 
 . • • • 
 
 1770 
 
 ited 
 
 
 
 1784 
 
 
 1820 
 
 
 1848 
 
 
 1860 
 
 .... 
 
 1867 
 
 Taken again by th BrlHsli 1768 
 
 Ceded by Franco to the Hrltlnli Crown 1768 
 
 Nearly all the island divided nmonf; diitbanded officers 1767 
 
 Erected Into a separate government 1770 
 
 Capital taken by Americans 1775 
 
 Called Prince E<lwnrd Island 1800 
 
 Befiponsible government introduced 1H61 
 
 NEWFOUNDLAND. 
 
 Extent, 57,000 sn. milos Population, 123,000. 
 
 Capital, St. John ; Po;)ulation, 80,500. 
 
 Discovered by Sir John Cabot 1497 
 
 Gaspard Cortorcal, a Portuguese, visited it 1600 
 
 Fisher tes eHtablishcd by the Portngueso 1602 
 
 John Veraz7.ani visited the island, and explored a part of the const . . . 1525 
 
 Jaequ( s Cartler 1684 
 
 Sir Hi mphrey Gilbert took possession of it in Queen Elizabeth's name 1583 
 Sir Francis Drake visited the island, and captured some PortugucBc 
 
 vessels laden with flsh, oil, and furs 1685 
 
 James 1. granted a patent to Lord Bacon and 40 others to colonize It. . 1610 
 
 Capt. Whitbourne sent to hold courts, empanel juries, «&c 1615 
 
 Sir David Kertk established a settlement in it 1654 
 
 War between England and France to gain possession 1694 
 
 France restored, by treaty of Ryswlck, all places taken by them 1697 
 
 War again 1703 
 
 Treaty of Utrecht ; whole island ceded to England 1713 
 
 Newfoundland made a distinct Province 1728 
 
 A French flcoi captured St. John 1763 
 
 Treaty of Paris ended this war 1763 
 
 Dreadful storm destroyed vessels, property,'and 300 persons 1775 
 
 French declare war against England ! 1198 
 
 Famine on the island 1813 
 
 Peace again 1814 
 
 St. John destroyed by Are ., 1817 
 
 First mail steam packet entered St. John harbor 1844 
 
 Ocean telegraph with Europe established 1858 
 
 H. R. II. the Prince of Wales visited the Province I860 
 
 BRITISH COLUMBIA, VANCOUVER'S ISLAND, 
 AND RED RIVER. 
 
 Vancouver's Island (extent 14,7.30 eq. m.; cap. Victobia) discovered. . 1778 
 
 North-West Company of Canada organized 1784 
 
 Fraser River discovered by Simon Fraser 1806 
 
 Lord Selkirk's settlement (Red River) purchased, settled 1821 1811 
 
 Hudson Bay Company and North- West Company amalgamated 1821 
 
 Rebellion in Red River 1869 
 
 Red River (Province of Manitoba) united to Canada 1870 
 
 " V ■ f. 
 
I \ 
 
 ■«!i 
 
 
 
 II. 
 
 lU 
 
 ENGLISH 
 
 ENGLAND UNDER THE HOMANS. 
 
 Begun IV C. r)r)— eiuU'd A. J). 110: diirntlon, 505 yoars. Lvn«linp; fonturcB,— 
 Tlio (lawn olclvlll/titlon, and llic tiitruductiuii o( Clirintlunity. 
 
 Britain Invadi'd by iIiiUuh CiuHur B. C. 65 
 
 FlautluH iindor (Claudius A. D. 43 
 
 OHluriuH S(a)Mda 60 
 
 CaruclaciiH rurricd to Uoinu 63 
 
 BcntoniiH I'autinut* 69 
 
 Jielx'lllon and «l('ath ol' Jtoadic(>a, (^iieon of llio Iconl 61 
 
 JulluH AKilt;*»l'K!<'">P'»^'^i'^* tim Conquoal 78 
 
 Chrlntiaiilty tlrnf. introduced about 100 
 
 Wall of Adrian (Tyno to Solwiiy Fritli) 130 
 
 Wall of AntoninuH i>lurt (Clyde to l-Orlli) 188 
 
 Wall of Sfveriis or Agrlcolu (Tyue to ISolwuy Frllli) Ciruhain's Dyke 210 
 
 RomaiiH leave Brltaiti 410 to 44t 
 
 Invasion of IMctn and Hcota 410 to 449 
 
 Saxoua called over 440 
 
 IJNDElt THE SAXONS. 
 
 Began A. 1). 440— ended 1013: duration, fjfil years. Loading features,— Es- 
 
 tabllHliment of the Ilt^ptarcliy, bloodHhed, and change. 
 The Ilentarcliy (Kent, Huptiex, VVessex, Easex, Northumbrla, East 
 
 Anglia, and Mercla) founded 440— 600 
 
 ChriBtiaidly again introduced, by St. Augustine 606 
 
 Cambridge University founded by Sebert 644 
 
 Egbert of Wessex unites tlie Heptarchy 887 
 
 Ethel wolf, pon 886 
 
 Ethelbald, son 867 
 
 Ethelbert, brother 860 
 
 Etbelred I., brother 866 
 
 Alfred the Great, brother 871 
 
 Oxford Ilnlverislty founded by Alfred 886 
 
 Edward the Elder, son 901 
 
 Atheletan, son 9S5 
 
 Edmund I., brother 941 
 
 Edred, brother 940 
 
 Edwy, nephew 965 
 
 Edgar, brother 969 
 
 Edward XL, (the Martyr), son 975 
 
 Ethelred II., half brother 978 
 
 Massacre of the Danes 1002 
 
 Edmund II., son 1017 
 
 Leading author?,— Gildas, Bede, Scotus, Caedmon, Alfred. 
 
 UNDER THE DANES. 
 
 Began A. D. 1013— ended 1041 : duration, 28 years. Leading features,— En- 
 gland divided between the Saxons and the Danes. 
 
 Sweyn, King of Denmark 1018 
 
 Canute the Great, son 1017 
 
 Harold I. , son 1086 
 
 Bardicanute, half-brother 1089 
 
 ill 
 
 Ell' 
 
17 
 
 'onturcB,— 
 
 Ity. 
 
 
 . . n. < 
 
 [\55 
 
 ..A.D.43 
 
 t • • • 
 
 60 
 
 • • • • 
 
 69 
 
 
 69 
 
 
 61 
 
 
 78 
 
 bout 
 
 100 
 
 .... 
 
 190 
 
 
 188 
 
 )yke 
 
 SIO 
 
 U to 
 
 44T 
 
 10 to 
 
 449 
 
 • • • • 
 
 440 
 
 ures,- 
 
 -Es- 
 
 East 
 
 
 149— 
 
 000 
 
 ■ • • • 
 
 506 
 
 
 644 
 
 
 827 
 
 • • • « 
 
 886 
 
 
 867 
 
 • • • • 
 
 860 
 
 
 866 
 
 • • • • 
 
 871 
 
 .... 
 
 886 
 
 ■ • • * 
 
 001 
 
 • • • • 
 
 925 
 
 ■ ■ • • 
 
 941 
 
 • • ■ • 
 
 946 
 
 • • • • 
 
 955 
 
 • • • • 
 
 969 
 
 ■ • ■ • 
 
 975 
 
 • • • • 
 
 978 
 
 • • • • 
 
 1003 
 
 • • • • 
 
 ion 
 
 SAXONS RESTORED. 
 
 A. D. lOll— 1000: duration, 25 years. LendlnerfeoturOf—VcglniiiD^' of French 
 
 influoncc. 
 
 Edward the Confessor, «on of Ktholrod 1041 
 
 Harold II., sou of Earl Uudwln. Buttle ol' llastliigH 1066 
 
 NORMAN MONARCHS. 
 
 A. D. 1006— 116-i: duration, 88 yfrnvH. Loading Icaturc,— Introduction of 
 
 tho Feudal Syslcin. 
 
 William tho Conqueror 1066 
 
 Domeoday Book 1080 
 
 William UuluB, son 108T 
 
 Crueades hvftun . . 1095 
 
 Henry I., brothor 110« 
 
 Deoth of I'rinco William 1120 
 
 Stephen, Henry's Ni'phew 1135 
 
 Matilda crowned. 8tcplien restored 1141 
 
 Leading aulUort*,— Ingulf, aud other Chronlclcra. 
 
 HOUSE OF PLANTAGENET. 
 
 A. D. 1151—131)9 : duration, 215 years, Leading feature,— Feudal System In 
 
 its prime. 
 
 Henry II. Plantagenet, Matilda's son 1161 
 
 Council of Clarendon 1164 
 
 Bocket murdered 1170 
 
 Conquest of Ireland 1172 
 
 Richard 1., Henry's pecond son. Thinl Crusudo 1189 
 
 Richard made prisoner 119a 
 
 John, Rlchard'H brother 119(» 
 
 Prince Arthur murdered 1203 
 
 The Interdict 1208 
 
 Magna Charta . 1216 
 
 Henry III., son. Foreign favourites 1210 
 
 Battle of Lewes 1264 
 
 Battle of Evesham. First House of Commons. Decline of Feudal 
 
 System began 1205 
 
 Edward I ., pon 1272 
 
 Conquest of Wales 1282 
 
 War with Scotland 1295 
 
 Edward II., son, (23 years of age) 1807 
 
 Oaveeton murdered 1312 
 
 Battle of Bannockhiini 1814 
 
 Rebellion of Lancaster 1822 
 
 Conspiracy of Isabella and ^lortimcr 1325 
 
 Edward II. murdered 1827 
 
 EdwardllL, eon, (15 years of age) 1847 
 
 War with Scotland and France 1840 
 
 Battles of Cressy— of Nevil's Cross 1846 
 
 Battle of Poictiers 1856 
 
 Richard II., grandson 1871 
 
 Rebellion of Wat Tiler and Jack Straw 1881 
 
 Hereford and Norfolk banished— (Lollards) : . . . 1889 
 
 Richard deposed and murdered by Hereford 1899 
 
 Leading authors,— Layamon, BaRton, Qowcr, Chau' 3r, Mandoville, Wycliffe, 
 
 Barbour. 
 
18 
 
 ■i , * 
 
 i,-;.. > 
 
 mh 
 
 HOUSE OF LANCASTER. 
 
 A. D. 1399—1461 : cMiration, 62 years. Leading features, —Foreign M'ars. 
 
 Wars of tlic Roses began. 
 
 Henry IV., Duke of Lancaster, grandson of Ed. Ill 
 
 Rev. William Sauter burnt for his religion 
 
 Battle of Shrewsbury 
 
 Henry V., son. Reformed.) 
 
 Battles of Harfleur and Aglncourt 
 
 Sir John Oldcastle burnt 
 
 Henry YL, son, (1 year of age) 
 
 Joan of Arc burnt 
 
 Printing invented by Faust 
 
 Insurrection of Jack Cade 
 
 First Battle of St. Al'mrs, (wars of the Roses began) 
 
 Battle f^l Wakefield Green 
 
 Battles of Mortimer's Cross and St. Alban's 
 
 HOUSE OF YORK. 
 
 A. D. 1461—1485 : duration, 25 years. 
 Edward IV., Duke of York. Claim from Ed. HI 
 
 1399 
 1401 
 1408 
 1413 
 1415 
 1418 
 1422 
 1431 
 1442 
 1450 
 1455 
 1460 
 1461 
 
 1461 
 
 liiii i 
 
 Rebellion and Death of Warwick. Battle of Bamet 1471 
 
 War with France. Printing introduced by Caxton 1474 
 
 Edward V., son, and Duke or York murdered 1483 
 
 Richard III^ uncle. Duke of Gloucester, last ot ihe Plantagenets 1483 
 
 Battle of Bosworth Field 1486 
 
 Wars of the Roses— Lancaster, red ; York, white. Began 1455 ; ended 
 1485 ; lasted 80 years : 12 battles, in which 80 princes and 100,000 
 men lost their lives. 
 Leading authors,— James I., of Scotland, Lydgate, Walsingham, Fortescuc, 
 
 Caxion. 
 
 ^ ■■ HOUSE OF TUDOR. 
 
 A. D. 1485—1608: duration, 118 years. Leadii^ features,- -The Rise of 
 Protestantism ; the Revival of Literature ; the Extension of Commerce. 
 
 Henry VII., Earl of Richmond, great great grandson of Ed III 1487 
 
 Lambert Simnel, (Stoke) 1485 
 
 Perkin Warbec executed 1497 
 
 Henry VIIL, son, (18 years of age) 1609 
 
 Battle of Fiodden. War with France 1613 
 
 Cardinal ^olsey died 1680 
 
 Bloody Statute 1589 
 
 War with France v 1643 
 
 Edward VI., son of Lady Jane Seymour 1547 
 
 Somerset (Protector) beheaded 1651 
 
 Hary, sister, daughter of Catharine of Aragon 1663 
 
 Execution of Dudley and Lady Jane Grey 1658 
 
 Execution of Cranmer 1666 
 
 Calalslost 1668 
 
 Elizabeth, sistei, daughter of Anne Boleyn 1568 
 
 Execution of Mary, Queen of Scots 1587 
 
 Defeat of Spanish Armada. First Newspaper 1688 
 
 Bxecntion of Earl of Essex 1601 
 
 Leading authors,— Sir Thomas More, Earl of Surry (Thomas Howud), 
 Tyndale, Coverdale, Dunbar, Douglas, Sir Philip Sydney, Spencer, 
 Bbakspere, Raleigh, Francis Bacon. 
 
19 
 
 James I., ereat-great grandson of Henry VII 
 
 Gunpowder Plot 
 
 Logarithms discovered by Napier, 1C14. Sliakspero died 
 
 Sir Walter Baleigli executed. Tliirty years' war began 
 
 Charles I., son of James I 
 
 Ship money levied 
 
 Petition of Right. Circulation of the blood discovered by Harvey. . 
 
 Trial of Hampden 
 
 Long Parliament began 
 
 Battle of Edgehill— (Essex) 
 
 Battle of Chalgrove 
 
 Battle of Marston Moor 
 
 Battle of Naaeby 
 
 Charles executed 
 
 Commonwealth under Cromwell, 1649. Battle of Dunbar 
 
 War with the Dutch 
 
 Long Parliament expelled 
 
 War with Spain. Jamaica taken 
 
 Richard Cromwell, Protector 
 
 Long Parliament dissolves Uself 
 
 Charles II. restored by General Monk, Duke of Albemarle. .~. 
 
 Execution of Argjle— Clarendon 
 
 Plague in London. War with the Dutch. New York taken 
 
 Fire in London 
 
 War by thv> English and French on the Dutch 
 
 The Test Act 
 
 Milton died 
 
 Popish Plot 
 
 Mealtub Plot. Habeas Corpus Act 
 
 Ryehonse Plot 
 
 Lady Ann married to George of Denmark 
 
 James II., Duke of York, brother of Charles II 
 
 Monmouth and Argyle rebelled. . . 
 
 Trial of the Bishops. The Revolution. William Prince of Orange 
 
 invited over. Declaration of Rights 
 
 William III. and Mary, nephew and daughter of James 
 
 Battle of Killicrankie 
 
 Battle of the Boyne 
 
 Peace of Ryswick 
 
 Ann, second daughter of James II 
 
 Battle of Blenheim. Gibraltar taken 
 
 Battle of Ramilies 
 
 Legislative Union of England and Scotland 
 
 Battle of Oudenarde 
 
 Battle of Malplaquet ; 
 
 \ Marlborough and the Whigs disgraced 
 
 Peace of Utrecht 
 
 1688 
 1689 
 1689 
 1690 
 1697 
 1702 
 1704 
 1706 
 1707 
 1708 
 1709 
 1711 
 1713 
 
 Leading authors,— Beaumont and Fletcher, Ben Johnson, Masslnger. Drnm- 
 mond, Jeremy Taylor, Milton, Earl of Clarendon, S. Butler, Bunyaiif 
 Baxter, Bnmet, Dryden, Locke. 
 
 Leading artists,— Jones, Reubens, Vandyke, Lely, Wren, and Kneller. 
 
■<^:,^>V>i ' 
 
 ,i! I 
 
 20 
 
 "it I 
 
 H'i • 
 
 m 
 
 m ^ 
 
 HOUSE OF BKUNSWIOK. 
 
 A. D. 1714—1870; duration already 156 years. LoadinK features,— House of 
 Commons supreme ; improvement of the people ; rebellions and revolutions. 
 
 Georcel., great grandson of James 1 1714 
 
 Rebellion in Scotland. Riot Act 1716 
 
 South Sea Bubble : 17S0 
 
 Sir Isaac Newton died 172ft 
 
 George II. crowned " 1727 
 
 War with Spain 172» 
 
 War with Franco. Battle of Dettingen 1748 
 
 Battle of Frontenoy 1746 
 
 Battle of Culloden 1746 
 
 Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle 1748 
 
 New style «f reckoning time 1762 
 
 Calcutta taken by Cllvo. Battle of Plassey 1767 
 
 Quebec taken by Wolfe. 1760 
 
 George HI., grandson of George TI 1760 
 
 War with Spain 1763 
 
 Peace of Paris 1763 
 
 Stamp Duties Act 1765 
 
 Battles of Lexington and Bunker Hill 1775 
 
 War with France, Spain, Holland and United States 1781 
 
 American Independence acknowledged 1783 
 
 Trial of Hastings began 1788 
 
 Battle of the Nile. Irish Rebellion 1798 
 
 Battle of Marengo 1800 
 
 I'nion of Gieat Britain and Ireland 1801 
 
 Treaty of Amiens 1802 
 
 Battle of Trafalgar 1805 
 
 London lighted with gas. First steamboat launched 1807 
 
 Peninsular War (Duke of Wellington) 1808 
 
 War with the United States ^ 1813 
 
 Battle of Waterloo. Peace of Paris 1815 
 
 George IV. crowned 1820 
 
 Panic in the Money Market 1824 
 
 Battle of Navarino 1827 
 
 Emancipation Act 1820 
 
 William IV. crowned. First English railway .... 1830 
 
 Reform Bill passed 1833 
 
 Abolition of Slavery (Wilberforce, Lamb, &c) 1884 
 
 Victoria, grand-daughter of George III., crowned , 1837 
 
 Rebellion in Canada (Papineau and Mackenzie) 1837 
 
 Hong Kong taken ($21,000,000) 1842 
 
 Caffre War. Corn Law repealed 1846 
 
 Revolutions in Europe 1848 
 
 Industrial Exhibition 1861 
 
 Death of Wellington 1853 
 
 Turko-Russian War. Battles of Alma, Balaklava and Inkerman. . . . 1854 
 
 Battle of Tchernaya. Sebastapol taken 1855 
 
 Peace of Paris, March 30 18B6 
 
 War with China and Persi^i. Indian mutiny 186i7 
 
 First at'empt to lay the Atlantic cable. Jews admitted to Parliam't 18£i8 
 
 Sonthern Rebellion began. Death of Prince Albert 1861 
 
 Leading authors under Geo I.- 
 Under Geo. II.— Defoe, Pope, 
 Artist, Thomhill. 
 
 -Addison. Newton. Steele. 
 Swift, Thomson, Joseph 
 
 Butler, Ramsay.- 
 
21 
 
 Under Geo. 11.^.— Hume, Blackstonc. S. Johnson, i^mith, Robertson, Gibbon* 
 G. Campbell, Bums, Burke, Cowpor, Blair, Wesley, Paley. Artist^— 
 Beynolda. Inventors,— Brindley, Arkwright, Wedgwood, and Watt. 
 
 Under Geo. IV.— Byron, Stewart, Brown. Artists,— West, Flaxmaa, and 
 Lawrence. Inventors,— Wm. Ilcrschel and Davy. 
 
 Under William IV.— Scott, Clarke, Coleridge, Hemans. 
 
 Under Victrria.—bouthey, T. Campbell, Wordsworth, Thomas Moore, Lln- 
 gard, Rogers, Macaulay, Alison, Breweter, Lytton, Carlyle, Dickens, 
 Knowles, Tennyson, Thackeray. Artists,— Wilkie, Chantrey, Turner, 
 Inventors,— Brunei, Stephenson, and Taxton. 
 
 ANCIENT. 
 
 I. PERIOD. 
 
 Begins 4004 B. C. (Before Christ) ; ends with the Deluge, 2348 B. C. This 
 
 feriod embraces 1656 years, and its leading, features are all antediluviak. 
 t embraces iho following principal events. 
 
 €reation of Man 4004 
 
 Transgression of Adam and Eve, about 3874 
 
 The murder of Abel about 3974 
 
 Translation of Enoch .3017 
 
 The Prediction of the Deluge 2468 
 
 Distinguished characters,— Adam, Eve, Enoch, Methuselah. 
 Government,— Patriarchal. ' 
 
 II. PERIOD. ^' ■ 
 
 From the Deluge, 2348, to Call of A.braham, 1931 ; embraces 427 years. ' ' 
 Leading feature,— Confusion of Languages. 
 
 The Deluge 2348 
 
 The building of the Tower of Babel 2248 
 
 Foundation of Babylon and Nineveh 2218 
 
 First Dynasty (Hia) of Chinese 2207 
 
 Menes (Mls'raim) founds Egypt .' 2188 
 
 Sic'yon founded by -^gialus 2088 
 
 Abraham born in tJr 1996 
 
 Distinguished characters,— Noah, Nimrod, Ashur, Menes, Semeramis, 
 Government,— Patriarchal and Monarchical. 
 
 III. PERIOD. 
 
 Extends from Call of Abraham, 1921, to the departure of the Israelites from 
 Egypt, 1491; embraces 430 years. Leading feature,— The Egyptian 
 Bondage. 
 
 Call of Abraham 1921 
 
 Destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah 1897 
 
 ArgoB lounded by In'achus 1857 
 
 Letters invented in Egypt 1822 
 
22 
 
 ;il 
 
 Joseph sold into Egypt '"W* 
 
 The birth of Mosos 1871 
 
 Athens'foundcd by Cecrops 1BB6 
 
 Troy founded by Dar'danua ... IMft 
 
 Job supposed to have flourished l^l^ 
 
 Thebes in Boeotia founded by Cadmus 140» 
 
 Distinguiehed characters,— Abraham, Melchis'idcc, Sesos'tris, Joseph. 
 Government,— tlie same. -■ — •"'^ 
 
 IV. PERIOD. 
 
 Extends from the departure of the Israelites from Egypt, 1491, to the dedica- 
 tion of Solomon's Tempie, 1004 ; embraces 487 years. Leading features- 
 Children of Israel leave Egypt, and the Trojan War. 
 
 The Exodus and giving of the Law 1491 
 
 The entrance into Canaan — Josliua 1461 
 
 The Argonautic Expedition— Jason 1268 
 
 Tyre founded by the Sidonians 1252 
 
 8idon founded by Sidon. Gideon judge of Israel 1245 
 
 War of the Seven against Tliebes 1225 
 
 Troy destroyed 1184 
 
 Sampson flourished 1165 
 
 Return of the Heracli'<lae. Sparta founded bv Lr.cedemon 1104 
 
 Saul, first king of Israel '. 1096 
 
 Co'drus slain. Athens governed by Archons 106* 
 
 David begins his reign 1055 
 
 Solomon succeeds David. Homer flourished 1015 
 
 Distinguished persons,— Moses, Joshna, Orpheus, Hercules, Sampson, David. 
 Government,- Monarchical and under Judges. 
 
 I] 
 
 V. PERIOD. 
 
 From the dedication of Solomon's Temple, 1004, to the founding of Rome by 
 Romulus, 753, embracing a period ol 252 years. Leading feature, — The- 
 period of Homer and Solomon. 
 
 Solomon's Temple dedicated 1004 
 
 Shi'shak, king of Egypt. Revolt of tJie ten tribes 97fr 
 
 Benhadad, King of Syria 94a 
 
 Translation of Elijah. Jehosaphat 896 
 
 Introduction of Homer's poems into Greece. Lycurgus reforms the 
 
 republic of Lacedemon 884 
 
 Carthage founded by Dido 869 
 
 Kingdom of Mucedon founded by Cara'nus. Jonah the Prophet. 
 
 Ninevah. Jeroboam II 80& 
 
 The first Olympiad, 776. Pul king of Assyria 771 
 
 Isaiah flourished. Jotham king ot Israel 768 
 
 Distinguished persons,— Solomon, Homer, Ile'siod, Lycur'gus, Orpheus, 
 Isaiah. 
 Government, — Monarchical and Republican. 
 
 ; \ 
 
 
 VI. PERIOD. 
 
 From the founding of Rome, 753, to the battle of Marathon, 490, embracinsr 
 263 years. Leading feature,— Establishment of a Monarchy at Rome. 
 
 Rome founded by Romulus. Decennial Archons at Athens 753 
 
 Era at Nabonasser 74T 
 
The first Messenlan war 74» 
 
 Syria subdued by Tlfflathpllcser, king of Assyria .... 740 
 
 The Ten Tribes "-rried away and lost 721 
 
 Annual Archons at Athens 682 
 
 Nineveh taken by Nebuchadnezzar 612 
 
 Jerusalem 606 
 
 Solon, 694. Jndah carried away, 588. I isis'tratus collects the Homcrio 
 
 poems 661 
 
 Babylon taken by Cyrus. First Decree 586 
 
 Distinguished persons,— Romulus, Sap'pho, Solon, Tha'le8,Cy'ru8, Anac'- 
 cron, Pisis'tratus. 
 
 Government,— Monarchical and Kopublican. 
 
 VII. PERIOD. ^; 
 
 Extends from the battle of Mar'athon, 490, to the birth of Alexander, 8B6 ; 
 embraces 134 years. Leading feature,— The culmination of Grecian 
 glory in arts, science, and literature. 
 
 Battle of Marathon. Milti'ades, Darius 490 
 
 Xerxes king of Persia 486 
 
 Battle of T^ermopylaj— Leon'idas. Battle of Salamis— Themis'tocles. 480 
 
 Battle of Platoea— Aristi'dcs and Pausa'nius ) m^ 
 
 Battle of Mycale— XanthippuB and Lcotych'ides f 
 
 Third Decree by Artaxerx'es. Ezra 4B8 
 
 Dictatorship of Cincinna'tus at Rome 456 
 
 Peace between Greece and Persia— Alcibi'ades, Ci'mon, and Pericles. 449 
 
 The Pelopone'sian war began (lasted .30 years) 431 
 
 Retreat of the " ten thousand " under Zen'ophon. Socrates put to 
 
 deith 401 
 
 Bren'nus, kinsr of the Gauls, took Rome 390 
 
 War between Thebes and Sparta— Epaminondas and Pelopidas Battles 
 
 of Lcuc'tra and Mantinea 871 
 
 Philip king of Macetlon *. 359 
 
 Distinguished persons.— Confu'cias, Herodotus, Pindar, Thucyd'ides, 
 Hippoc'rates. 
 Government much the same. " V 
 
 ■ .1 
 
 VIII. PERIOD. >o 
 
 Extends from the birth of Alexander, 356, to the destruction of r'srthage, 146, 
 embracing 210 years. Leading feature,— Roman military renown. 
 
 Battle of Chaeronea ; Greece subdued 338 
 
 Persian empire overthrown. (Battles of Grani'cus, Is'sus, and Arbe'la) 830 
 
 Ptolemy Lagus king of Egypt 823 
 
 Bra of the Seluci'dffi 812 
 
 The Romans mastera of all Italy 266 
 
 The first Punic war began (lasted 24 years) 264 
 
 The second Punic war began (lasted 18 years) 218 
 
 Temple of Janus closed ; first time since the founding of Rome 200 
 
 The Jews revolt under the Maccabees 166 
 
 The third Punic war (lasted 3 years) 149 
 
 Greece and Carthage reduced to Roman provinces 146 
 
 Distinguished personages,— Alexan'der the Great, Pla'to, Demos'thenes, 
 Ar'istotle, Eu'clid, Theocritus, the Maccp.bees. 
 
 Governments chiefly monarchical. ■ i;. 
 
lU 
 
 »■" il 
 
 w 
 
 24 
 
 _ IX. PERIOD. 
 
 Extends from the destruction ofCarthaf^e, 146, to the flriit campaign of Julius 
 Caesar, 80 ; embraces a period of 6U years. Leading features,— The ci¥il 
 wars betwecen Marlus and Sylla. 
 
 War between the Patricians and Plebeians. The Orac'chi. Agrarian 
 
 laws 183 
 
 Jngurthine war. Ma'rius Ill 
 
 Muhrida'tes conquered by Lucul'lus 89 
 
 Civil war between Marlus and Sylla 88 
 
 Sylla Dictator 88 
 
 Distinguished persons,— Polyb'ius, Lucil'ius, Sylla, John Hyrca'nus. 
 
 Government much the same. « 
 
 ^ X. PERIOD. 
 
 From the campaign of Julius Cuesar, 80, to the advent of our Saviour, or the 
 commencement of the Christian Era ; continued for 80 years. Leading 
 features,— Roman literature, and the Advent of our Saviour. 
 
 Jerusalem talten by Pompcy, and Syria reduced to a Roman province. 05 
 
 The first Triumvirate— Cassar, Pomoey, and Crassus 00 
 
 Cicero banished 58 
 
 Britain invaded by Julius Ciesar 55 
 
 Battle of Pharealia 48 
 
 Julius Caesar assassinated — Brutua , . . . 4*1 
 
 Second Triumvirate— Coesar Octavianus, Mark Antony, and Lepidus. 
 
 Battle of Phillipl 43 
 
 Battle of Aciium 31 
 
 Egypt a Roman province CO 
 
 Augustus Emperor of Rome 27 
 
 Dniversal peace. Temple of Janus closed, second time since the found- 
 ing ot Rome. The birth of the Saviour of the M'orld 4 
 
 Distinguished persons,— Lucretius, Julius Cfe'sar, Cicero, Varro, Virgil, 
 Horace, Sallust. 
 
 Very little change in Government. 
 
 MODERN. 
 
 '\ 
 
 I. PERIOD. ; * 
 
 Begins with the greatest event that has yet transpired on our planet, the 
 Advent of our Saviour four years before the Christian era, ana ends with 
 the reign of Constantino, 306 A. D.; duration, 310 years. Leading fea- 
 tures,- Spread of Christianity and persecution of the Christians. 
 
 Augustus emperor. Universal peace. Temple of Janus closed. Our 
 
 fcaviour appeared on earth, in Judea B. 0. 4 
 
 Tiberius Caesar emperor. Pontius Pilate governor of Judea. Our 
 Saviour crucified. Population of Rome about 6 millions ; of the 
 empire about 120,000,000 A. D. 29 
 
 i- i i.S 
 
GaligalA, 87. Claudlos, 40. Caractaous— Siluros ftt 
 
 Nero, very bad. Persecuted CbriHtians 64 
 
 Bosdlcea, Queen uf the Iceni, died Bt 
 
 Galba, Otho. Vitellius, (spent 7 millions Btorling in 4 months) 68 
 
 Vespasian, 69. Jerusalem destroyed by Titus ; l300,000 Jews perished 70 
 
 Julius Agrlcola, 18. Titus 79 
 
 Pompeii and Hcrculaneum ovcrwbolmed 80 
 
 Domitian. Persecution of Christians ; 40,000 put to death 81 
 
 Nerva, 96. Trajan, " Father of his Country." Persecuted the Christ- 
 ians. Built Trajan's Column, 128 feet hi^h, 10 ft. by 12 ft 9» 
 
 Adrian. Persecutiou of Christians. Built wall between Carlisle and 
 
 Newcastle Ill 
 
 Persians defeated by Beve'rus 228 
 
 Bnllt wall from Clyde to Forth (.32 miles) 20» 
 
 Dioclesian, 2&1. 10th persecution : 144,000 perished in Egypt ; 700,000 
 
 throughout the empire. Partition of the empire by Dioclesian. . . . 292 
 
 DistlnguiPhed characters,— Our Saviour, the Apostles, Livy, Sen'eca, 
 Plin'y the Elder, Tacitus, Plutarch, Quintllian, and Origin and Cyprian, 
 commonly called FafJiers. - 
 
 II. PERIOD. 
 
 Extends from the reign of Constantino the Great, 30G, to the extinction of the 
 Western Empire, 470 ; duration, 170 years. Leading features,— The Ro- 
 man Empire broken up, the northern invatiions, Christianity the religion 
 of the empire. 
 
 Toleration of ChriBtianity 806 
 
 The seat of empire removed to Constantinople (Byzantium) 880 
 
 Julian the Apostate 865 
 
 The Bible in the Gothic tongue 378 
 
 Paganism abolished by the Senate 884 
 
 Kome plundered by Al'arlc. Stilicho. Boniface 410 
 
 Vandals, under Gcnseric, found a kingdom in Africa 
 
 Bomans leave Britain. Ae'tius defeated At'tila "The scourge of God" 426 
 
 Saxons under Hengist and Horsa invited over 44!) 
 
 Distinguished persons,— Lactantiui?, Os'sian, Euse'bius, Julian. Claudian, 
 and St. Chrysos'tom and St. Augustine, learned Fathers. 
 
 . III. PERIOD. 
 
 Beflji'ns with the extinction of the Western Empire, 476, and extends to tho 
 flight of Mahomet, 622; duration, 140 years. Leading features,— the 
 Justinian Code, wars of Belisarius, rise of Mohammedanism, and the 
 Bishop of Rome becomes Universal. 
 
 Rome taken by Odo'acer, Prince of the Her'uli 47S 
 
 (The empire had lasted i^om the battle of Actium, 507 years from 
 
 founding of Rome, 1224 years.) 
 
 Odoacer and all Italy conquered by Theodoric the Great 488 
 
 Justinian emperor of tho East. Pandects and digests of laws. Belisa- 
 
 rius and Narses generals. Mosque of St. Sophia 527 
 
 Defeat of the Vandals in Afiica by Belisarius 538 
 
 Conquest of Italy by the Lombards under Alboin 568 
 
 St. Augustine with forty monks introduced Christianity into Britain. . 59T 
 Distinguished men,— Pi-o'clus, Boe'thlus. Casslodo'rus. 
 
 y 
 
i 
 
 M 
 
 h 
 
 I ■ 
 
 h 
 
 •jt 
 
 
 :^ 5 
 
 26 
 
 IV. PEBIOD. 
 
 Begins with thellefflra or flight of Mahomet, G23,and extends to the crowninfc • 
 of Charlemagne at Rome, 800 ; continues 178 years. Leading features,- • 
 Establishment of the Saracen Empire ; the Popes acquiring temporal 
 authority ; feudal system coming into use, and science and literature 
 almost extinguished. 
 
 The Hegira or flight of Mohammed from Mecca to Medina 693 
 
 Mahomet or Mohammed died 6SI 
 
 In 60 years liis aucccHsor had overrun Arabia, Syria, PhcDnlcia, 
 
 Mespotamia, Chaldea, Persia, Egypt, Libyla, Numidia, Bactriania. 
 
 Alexandrian Library, containing 000,UiX) vols., destroyed 640 
 
 Siege of Constantinople by the Molmmmedans or Saracens 67S 
 
 Conquest of Spain ; death of Rodrigo, its Qothic king, by the Saracens 
 
 under Tarik 718 
 
 Defeat of the Saracens under Abdoramc, their chief, by Charles Martel 
 
 at Tours ; 875,000 of the Moors said to Imve fallen 782 
 
 Termination of ihe Lombard Kingdom in Italy by Charlemagne 774 
 
 Remarkable characters of this period,— Ma'homct, Bede, Charles Martel', 
 John Damasce'nus. 
 
 The Cennans, Bavarians, Swiss, Bolgae, Saxons and Huns, by this time 
 had cnxbraced Christianity. 
 
 V V V. rERIOD. 
 
 Begins with the crowning of Chnr]ema?ne at Rome, 800; continues to the 
 first Crusade, 101)5 ; and embraces a period of 295 years. Its leading 
 features are the new Western Empire and the Norman conquests. 
 
 Crowning of Charlemagne on Christmas Day, being then the first day of 
 
 the year, at Rome oy Pope Leo III 800 
 
 A degree of lat. measured on the plain of Sinjar by Almaman 818 
 
 Philosophy, Astronomy, Mathematics, Medicine, Chemistry and 
 Architecture, studied by the Saracenw at this time. 
 
 The Saxon Heptarchy united by Egbert, kin^ of Wessex 827 
 
 The Danes, Northmen, or Normans, defeated by Alfred the Gre"t 890 
 
 Arithmetic introduced into Europe, 941. Sweyn in England 993 
 
 A globe of Are appears, 999. Surnames introduced into Scotland 1061 
 
 England conquered by William Duke of Normandy 1060 
 
 Remarkable personages of this period,— Charlemagne. Pho'tius, Alfred the 
 Great, Aviccnna Sul'das. 
 
 Manufactures of iron, wool and glass attended to with success. Judicial 
 combat, and ordeals common. Christianity introduced among theMoeslant, 
 Bulgarians, Sclavonians, Swedes, Russians, Danes, and Norwegians. During 
 this era the Greek Church separated from the Latin Church 
 
 VI. PERIOD. 
 
 Begins with the let Crusade, 1096, and continues to the founding of the 
 Turkish Empire, 1299; continues 203 years. Leading features, — The 
 Crusades, extension of liberty in the British isles, dawn of English 
 literature, founding of the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem, and the deTel< 
 opment of the principles of monarchy. 
 
 First Crusade, numbering on the plains of Asia Minor about 700,000. . 1096 
 Second Crusade 1147, third 1189, fourth 1202, fifth 1217, sixth 1238, 
 seventh 1245, eighth and last 12T0, undertaken by St. Louis. Fall 
 of Acre, the last Christian possession in Palestine, 1891. 
 
 m ' 
 
27 
 
 l)y this timo 
 
 8i|fning of Magna Charta by John, king of England, nt Runnvmede. . . 1I1& 
 
 Termination or the Saracen Empire. Bagdad taken by the Tartaro. . . 135t^ 
 Constantinople recovered by the Greeks, aner GO years' occupation by 
 
 the French and Venetian Crusaders 1361 
 
 First Parliament in England 1965 
 
 Ireland conquered 1S73 
 
 China conquered by the Mogul Tartars under Kubluy, Hon of Gengifitlian 1980 
 
 The English expelled from Scotland by Wallace 1896 
 
 Distinguished persons,— A bolard, Walter do Mapcs, Ocnglskan, Matthew 
 Paris, Roger Bacon. 
 
 Knight errantry, extension of commerce and manufacturoB. league of the 
 llansetowns, establishment of the Inquisition, passion for pilgrimages, the 
 
 gropagation of Christianity in Poracrunia, Finland, and adjacent places ; in 
 pain gaining ground, and by the Nestorians in the East— characterize thla 
 era. 
 
 VII. PERIOD. 
 
 Begins with the founding of the Turkish Empire, 1300 ; ends with the taking 
 of Constantinople, 1453; duration, 154 years. Leading features, — The 
 Papal schism, English foreign wars; dawn of the Reformation in England 
 by the appearance of Wyckliffe, decline of Christianity in the East. 
 
 Founding of the Turkish Empire by Ottoman or Othonian 129f> 
 
 Coals first used in England. The Swiss Republics established 1807 
 
 Gunpowder invented 1880 
 
 Battle of Cressy, 1848 : of Poictiers, gained by the iili^sHsh 185ft 
 
 Schism of the double Popes at Rome and Avienon 1878 
 
 Bills of exchange nsed 1381. Greenland discovered about tliiti date. 
 
 Portuguese sail round the Cape of Good Hope 1383 
 
 Bajozet taicen prisoner at the battle of Angora in Phrygia. About 
 
 1,000,000 men fouglit, and some 800,000 were slain 1402 
 
 Painting in oil. St. Andrew's University founded. Algebra introduced 
 
 into Eorope 1410 
 
 Printing, 1440. France recovered from the Englisli by Maid of Orleans 1450 
 
 Distinguished personages,— Dante', Petrarch, Wyck'lifle, IIuss, Jerome, 
 William Tell, Frois'sart, Gowcr and Chaucer. 
 
 The invention of the mariner's compass, gunpowder, and printing; tlie 
 progress of commerce and manufactures, and compelling the Jews to embrace 
 Christianity, characterize this era. 
 
 VIII. PERIOD. " 
 
 Begins with the taking of Constantinople, 1453, and extends to the Edict of 
 FantfiR, 1508; embraces 145 years. Leading features,— The revival of 
 learning, the fine ai'ts passing from obscurity to splendor, the Reformation 
 and the discovery of the New World. 
 
 Constantinople taken by the Turks under Mahomet the Great 1453 
 
 Wars of the Roses began, 1455. Vatican at Rome founded. Glasgow 
 
 University founded. Battlo^of Bosworth Field ; wairs of the roses 
 
 ended. Houses of York and Lancaster united. Casting in plaster 
 
 invented 1485 
 
 America discovered by Christopher Columbus 1492 
 
 Reformation in Germany by Martin Luther 1517 
 
 As a general rule, Tentonic races embraced the reform principles ; the 
 
 Celts adhered to the ancient faith. Battle of Pavia 1535 
 
 Reformation in Eneland. 1534. Council of Trent 1545 
 
 Books on geometry aua astronomy destroyed for magic. 
 
,,..it! 
 
 i. 
 
 ii 
 
 28 
 
 Al)dlcaUon of Charles V., Emperor of Qcnnany 15M 
 
 No coaohos, no chtmneyp in Enprland. Masnacro of St. Bartholomew. . 1673 
 81r Francis Drake olrcumnavlffattHl tlie fflobo In tliroo years, 1077 to 1060. 
 
 The Htateo of Holland uniUMl by the Union of Utrecht 1070 
 
 Mary Queen of Scuts beheaded 1587 
 
 First newftpnpcr In England. The Spanish Armada, consisting of 
 
 460 vessels, dctVated 1098 
 
 Tea first brought to Europe. 1501 ; tobacco and potatoes into England 168(t 
 
 Distingnishcd pcrsonf?,— Columbus, Ranh'nel, M. An'geio, Bras'mna, Oo- 
 per'nicuB, Luthor, Calvin, Tusi^o, Francis Xa'vier. 
 
 IX. PERIOD. 
 
 BO(!?inH with the Edict of Nantes, 1598, extends to the Treaty of Utrecht, 1713, 
 and continues 115 y<;ars. Lending features,— Reign of the Stuarts in 
 Englani, EngliHh Coiu::i'^nwealtli and revolution, great progress in civil 
 and religious liberty. 
 
 Edict of Nantes, securing f\ill liberty of conscience (revoked 1680) .... 1598 
 
 First English colony In America, 1(J()7. Jamestown founded 1608 
 
 Circulation of the blood discovered by Harvey 1018 
 
 Landing of the PurilauB 1680 
 
 Union of Protestant Princes against Charles V 1690 
 
 Battle of Lutzen, Gusiavus Adolphus killed 1682 
 
 Revolution in China by the Tartars 1041 
 
 Civil wars in England began 1642. Charles I. beheaded IWO 
 
 Treaty of Westphalia eigned at Munster, by which prisoners of war 
 
 were not to be ransomed with money 1018 
 
 Cromwell. Protector 1613 to 1668 
 
 Charles II. restored, 1600. Earthqualcc in Canada, 16((3. Plague in 
 
 London, 1665. Great fire ((iOO streets, 13,200 houses burnt) 166(i 
 
 Habeas Corpus Act, 1679. League of Augsburg against France 1686 
 
 Ths Revolution T 1688 
 
 Treaty of Ryswlck 1097 
 
 Union (Legislative) of PZnj^dand and Scotland 1707 
 
 Battles of Blenheim 1704, Ramilics 1700, Oudcnardo 1708, Malplaquot 
 
 and Pulto wa 1709 
 
 Distingnished men,— Gnllle'o, Shukspere, Cervantes, Bacon, Gro'tius, 
 Pascal', Milton, Dryden, Locke, Leibnitz, Racine, Comeille. 
 
 Literature, science and phllosiopliy made wonderful advancement durinf 
 this epocti. 
 
 X. PERIOD. 
 
 Begins with the Treaty of Utrecht, 1713 ; ends with the downfall of Napo- 
 leoUj 1814 ; continues 102 years. Leading featurc8,r-Rebellionf* in the 
 BritiHh island?, founding of the British Empires in Asia and America, 
 and Revolutions on the continents of Europe and America. 
 
 Treaty of Utrecht ; victories of the British arms led to it 1713 
 
 Rebellion in favor of the Pretender 1715 
 
 Death of Charles XII. of Sweden, 1718. South Sea scheme 1780 
 
 Mogul Empire conquered by Kouli Kan, Delhi taken 1739 
 
 Battles of Dettingeu 1743, Fontenoy 1744. Rebellion in Britain 1745 
 
 Battle of CuUoden 1746 
 
 Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle 1748 
 
 Seven Years' War began ; Austr'a, Russia and France against Frede- 
 rick the Great 1756 
 
 Battle of Plaesey. Calcutta taken by Clive 1767 
 
29 
 
 (liiebco taken by Wollc % 
 
 Dismembermont of Poland, (afcaiii la 1705) , 
 
 by Russia, TrutiBlA aud Austria. 
 
 Stamp Act passed, I'O.'). Battle of Lox'inftton 
 
 Declaration of Independence by the United 8tatch) 
 American Indepvndifnco acknowledged bv Urltain. 
 French Revolution boiran 178II. LouIh XVI 
 
 Napoleon cr«<wncd, 1804. Bnttlos of 
 Frled'land. Mohcow burnt, 1813. 
 
 Eminent 
 Johnson, Cow 
 Napoleon. 
 
 beheaded 
 
 Tralulprar, Ana lerlll/,, Juna, 
 Waterloo • 
 
 persons,— Marl'boroujfh, Addison, Newton, Pone, Chat 
 Jow'pcr, Llnmu'us, Fruuklln, Wagh'higlon, Madanio do 
 
 17P{^ 
 
 ma 
 
 1TT5 
 177tt 
 17H8 
 1798 
 
 1815 
 ham. 
 
 XI. PErJoi). 
 
 Dcgins wilh the overthrow of Napoleon, 1815, contliuios till the present year 
 1870, and has so far continued 55 years. Ijcadlng fuaturea,— Faeilltios 
 for travel ifrcnlly increft8c<l, the muasiw of the people )w\uf( educated, 
 spread of teniperanoe princlplc» in England autl the United Htates, and 
 rise of savings banks. 
 
 Atlantic flret cropped in a stenmboat 1810 
 
 Temperance reform began 18^5. Buttle of Navarino 1827 
 
 Al'ffiers colonized by the French. Kevo'ution in Franco 1880 
 
 Reform Bill nasacd. Asiatic cholera 1883 
 
 West India slaves emancipated 1834 
 
 RebellUn in Canada ; led to a change in colonial i)olicy 1837 
 
 Bteam Packets, 1^38. Texas annexed. Corn laws repealed. Morse's 
 magnetic telegrnph. Spread of life as-surancc companies about 
 the s^mo time. Penny postage system in Britain. Turkish attempts 
 
 to adopt European ideas 184.'> 
 
 Revolution in France, 1848. Great Exhibition 1851 
 
 Crimean war ; battles of Alma, Balaclava, Tchornaya, &c 1854 
 
 War with China, 1850. Great Rebellion in India 1867 
 
 Rebellion in United States began 1861 
 
 War between Prupsia and Austria ; battle of Sadowa 1860 
 
 Confederation of the British American Provinces 1867 
 
 War between France and Prussia ; battle of Sedan, &c. Italy united ; 
 
 Rome its capital. Paris besieged 1870 
 
 Great men of this period,— Fulton, Watt, llerschcl, Byron, Eli Whitney, 
 Jefferson, Adams, Davy, fcJeott, Lafayette, Macaulay, Brougham, and many 
 others. 
 
 
 O. K.