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i 1

i 3

Une

Dr. T.

ON THE ESTABLISHMENT

OF A

BOTANIC GARDEN

AND

ARBORETUM

IN MONTREAL,

Under the Auspices of the Montrf.ai. Horticultural Society and Fruit
Growers' Association of the Province of Quebec.

REPRINT FROM 10th ANNUAL REPORT.

OFFICERS OF THE SOCIETY
For 1888.

Dr. T. STERRY HUNT, President, D. P. PENHALLQW, B. Sc, Vice-President.

II. S. EVANS, Secretary-Treasurer.

BOTANIC GARDENS.

Thoso articles were contributed by Prof. Penhallow, of McGill Upivorsity, as
editorials to the Dnily Star, and a))i)earod in that paper during the mc~th of March,
1885, an'' will form part of the Annual Report of the Montreal Horticultural Society.

Among those who are fortunate enough to know our fair city, either bypeivsonal
acquaintance or through indirect channels, Montreal enjoys a deservedly high repu-
tation for hci many attractions, not the least of which is our unequalled Mount Royal
Park. It now appears that initiative steps have been taken in a movement which,
if successful, will augment these attractions in a most important manner by the
establishment of a botanic garden with suitable conservatories. The scheme is a
most comprehensive one, and is of such importance, not only to the city but to the
Dominion at large, that we feel it desirable to lay it before oui* readers in all its
aspects.

It has long been felt by tlie Horticultural Society that Canada was placed at a
great disadvantage among other n:it.ons, in not having a suitable garden where plants
could be tested in their climatic iiJ.aptations, and their economic value accurately
determined. This found expression in the annual report of the Secretary for 1880 ;
and in his report for 1884, submitted at the annual meeting in December last, he
again called attention to the necessities of the case, and hoped that action might be
taken at some future date. At an early meeting of the directoi-s, it was decided that
the question was one of such importance, and the necessities so obvious, that it was
deemed desirable to at once take decisive steps. A plan was therefore elaborated
for the establishment of a botanic garden and arboretum, which, while distinct as to
locality, should, in a measure, at least, be under the same general management.
Negotiations were at once opened with the proper authorities, looking to the estab-
lishment of a garden for herbaceous plants, together with proper conservatories and
propagating houses, in a central location. These negotiations are now pending, and
the results will bo announced in due season.*

Within a few days the city authorities have been approached with reference to
establishing the arboretum on Mount Royal, as a feature of the Park, and it was then
learned that a gai'den was contemplated in the original park plan, but that its reali-
ization has been delayed for want of funds to meet the expense. The proposition of
the Society, however, met with such favor that a special committee from the Boai-d

'Since this was written the plan has been somewhat modified, and the ^intention now is to combine both garden
and arboretum in one, within the limits of the Pa'k.

of Directors wiis invited to moot the Pari. Committoo of the ("ily C^oiim-il on tho
afternoon of Fel)rnary llilli. A general statement of the proposed plans was pre-
sented, and important facts were cited to show tlje great valiU' of such an institution
both io the city and the Hominicm. The Society was rejircscnted liy Dr. T. Sti-i'iy
Hunt, I'resiili'ut ; Prof Petdialiow, Vico-Pi-esident. and David II. .McCord, Escj. As
the meeting was a preliminary one, no definite results were leaclied, but the inter-
change of views led to the suliject being referred for more careful tonsidei'ation at
an early date, when it is to be hoped decided moasui'es may be ado])tcd for the proper
execution of this most desirable scheme. The general features of the plan tor the
e>tablishment of jin arl»oretum are as follows: —

As the natne indicates, it is designed to utilize a cei-taiti tiaet of land — we will
say ten acres or moi-e as necessity nniy re(]uire--for the growth of trees and shrubs,
not only from all parts of the Dominion but li'om other parts of the woi'ld. Tho
arrangement of all theditVeront species and varieties introduced, should bo such as to
exhibit in the best manne?*, the natural relationships, and if in addition to this, each
tree and shrub has a suitable label, the whole garden will be a most valuable source
of instruction to u very largo class of citizens who could obtain tho information in no
other way. As a means of popular insti-uction, then, the arboretum would be i.nvalu-
able, while it shoukl also admit of very substantial advantages lieing derived by the
various educational institutions of the city for tho benotit of their students, since it
is designed that the grounds shall bo free to the public, as are other parts of the
Park.

In its practical aspects, it is contemplated to make the arboretum a place where
the climatic adaptations ami economic values of plants may bo accurately detorm
ined, and this at once displays a very large tield of usefulness in which tlio whole of
Canada has an interest, since by such means it will be possible to avail ourselves at
comparatively short notice, and upon the basis of reliable and authoritative informa-
tion, of numbei's of trees and shrubs from other parts of the world which may prove
of great value here as elsewhere.

Other directions of usefulness suggest themselves, and if in the future it should
be found desirable to extend the functions of the arboretum beyond those indicated,
it will be very easy to increase its usefulness by following somewhat in the same
lines pursued by older establishments of a similar kind, such as those found all over
Europe and in the Arnold Arboretum at Brookline, Mass. The distribution of seeds;
the distribution of authoritative information as to the care of trees, the proper method
of pruning, transplanting, etc., etc. ; dissemination of information concerning
improved methods of arboriculture ; popular instruction in subjects relating to
general horticulture ; and as a repository of information for the benetit of garden-
ers, who could feel sure of gaining authoritative information on subjects connected
with their calling ; all those are directions in which an enlarged and legitimate, as
well as very important tield of usefulness may be found.

The history of similar institutions elsewhere, shows that their usefulness in all
these directions is meeting with greater recognition and appreciation every year,
and their importance as a means of popular instruction to a very large class of

IS,

I (II) the
rt'as pro-
stitution
r. StiTiy
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ai'h

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ion in no
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i, since it
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y (loterna
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it should
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of seeds ;
3r method
3ncerning
lating to
)f garden-
connected
itiniate, as

noss

in all

ery year,
je class of

peuj)lc. who neither have the time nur nioiujy to spend in ;special elucation, is very
great, and, as in tho case of the Kow Gardens, is gaining greater recognition from
this pai'ticular dns.s.

The gardens at Kew, Knglan<l, are without doubt the largest and most fully
i'(|ui]i|icd in the world, and lioth in this and in the amount and cliaracter of tho work
perloriMcd, may bo taken as tho type which other gartlcns may well follow; wo shall,
therofoio, in our endeavors to show good and substantial reasons for the estalilish-
tnent of a similar institution here, have fro(iuont occasion to oito the results which
are now lioing obtained at Kew; not. however, that wo aspire to surpassing or even
e(|ualliiig them, but that so far as the special needs of this country and (dimate are
concerned, otlorts should always be directed towards thorn nf^ the standard which it
might be jiossible to i-oalize.

The (picstion of maintenance is a very important one in this connection. An
establishment of this character re(iuires to be independent, while at the same time
the interests of the public demand that the grounds should bo open to all without
restriction, and that there should bo no necessity for resorting to tlio sale of proiluce
for a revenue. It is very essential that there should bo nothing of the nature of a
commercial enterj»riso, and whatever material is distributed to other gardens oi- to
tho city, should be in tho nature of exchanges, and this would bring ample compen-
sation in new material for planting. To secure this, it is essential thn* a fund should
be provided, from which a reliable and adequate revenue could bo drawn.

GARDENS OP THE WORLD.

The first (juestion which naturally arises in dealing with a problem of this kind
is, is there a trustworthy })rocedent ? The answer is to be found in the example
which most of tho civilized nations of the earth have already sot us, and in which
ample justification will be found foi' all that is contemplated in tho plan now propos-
ed for Canada. From the most trustworthy information ai hand, the various countries
of the world have been classified according to the botanic gardens which they sup-
port, as foUows :

1. Germany, 82 ; II. Italy, 24 ; III. France, 22 ; IV. Austria, British Islands
and immediate dependencies, Eussia, 12 each ; V. British India, 9 ; VI. Belgium, 6 ;
VII. Switzerland, 5 , VIII. Australia, Cape Colony and Natal, Holland, Scandinavia,
West Indies, 4 each ; IX. Portugal, I'nited States, 3 each ; X. Algeria, French
Indies, Roumania, Spain, 2 each ; XI. Brazil, British Guiana, Canary Islands, Chili,
Denmark, Dutch Indies, Kgypt, Equador, Guatemala, Greece, Hong Kong, Japan,
Maui'itius, New Zealand, Peru, Philippines, Servia, Siberia, Tasmania. 1 each ; XII.
Argentine Republic, Canada, Colombia, Mexico, Paraguaj-, Turkej', Uruguay, Vene-
zuela, none.

It is thus seen in the first place, that Canada is placed in a most unenviable
position as compared with the other progressive nations, since she is forced into the
list with those nations of least enterprise and in the lower scale of civilization. She
oven stands lower than Japan.

In tho lon;^ li.st of gaiduns — ono liuiulrtHl and ci^hty-sovon in all — hero givon,
thero is abundant evidence that they must Hcrvo a mrwt useful purpose, and what
theii" value in, wo shall nee later on. Hut it is intorestin^r to note that in Gerniany,
the country which loads the world in science, there are not loss than thirty-two <;ar-
• lens, or 17.1 por cent, of the whole numltor, and thero nuist be very substantial rea-
sons indeed, reasons which are not based upon sentimental views, to lead such an
oniinontly practical ])eoplo to maintain so many similar establishments at a large
annual ontia}'. In Europe, these gardens are divided botwoen educational institution!*
— chiefly universities — and tho State. In the former case they are maintained
because of their value in technical education ; in the second case they are su|ipoi-ted
to promote special industrial interests, and in both cases thoy serve a most imjtortant
purpose as a means of popular education and as men' ornamental grounds. In the
Uniteil States, of tho voiy meagre number of properly established botanic gardens
thero found, ono is maintainal at Washington by tho Central tiovei-inucnt, for experi-
mental and ornanu'ntal jiurposes, while the othei- two, tho garden at Cambridge and
the arboretum at BrooUline, bel(»ng tollai-vard University; and they serve a most im-
portant purjiose. not only in technical otiucation of a high order, but in the ditlusion
of knowledge of the greatest practical value to tho country at largo. In other conn,
tries, as in the tropics, the gardens are not generally connected with educational in-
stitutions, and their functions are of a moro practical nature, since they are designed
chiefly to tost the economic values, and determine tho characteristics of the jdants
growing in that region, thus permitting the acciuisition of exact knowledge in much
shorter time anil with greater reliability than would bo possible otherwise.

As one of the largest of the British colonies, occuj)ying a veiy impoi'tant geo-
graphical position, and with most important anil extensive resources which demand
an accurate knowledge of plants with reference to climatic adaptations and economic
value, Canada should at least be on a par with the other colonies, and should be able
to effect interchange of desirable vegetable growths with all other countries where
similar climatic conditions obtain, but as tho case actually stamls, she is to-<^lay bo-
himt even the most remotecolony of Oceanica, and cannot claim eipiality with Japan,
a count ly which is generally consitiered to have been half civilized until within a
very few years, but which, nijtwithstanding, maintained a botanic garden for tx num-
ber of 3'ears befoi-e tho present European contact. It may be urged in this connec-
tion that no other cobmy has an e([ually severe climate, and this we are disposed to
grant, but as will appear later, this fact does not constitute an actual obstacle. To be
sm'o, we cannot adopt the same methods or reap the same advantages as in tropical
countries where vegetation is moro spontane<ms, nor can we expect so rich a collec-
tion as would bo possible in England, but tho character of tho vegetation, as well as
its distribution in Canada, most conclusively show that a botanic garden would have
as legitimate purpose and definite value for the necessities of this country and climate,
as elsewhere. Indeed, it may with reason be urged that the necessity of a garden is
fully as great, if not greater, as wo proceed farther north into those latitudes where
the range of desirable species is more limited, and in consequence of which it becomes
impoi'tant to secure as many valuable exotics from similar climates as possible.

edi

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ich a collec-
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Another argument wliich might very properly ho brought forward in tluH con-
nection, irt to be found in the relationn between institutionM of this character and the
advancement of a people in culture and all the higlior elementrt of jin advanced civili-
zation. Tho influence which .springs from the habitual contemplation (»f and rofloc-
ti(m U])on natural objects is well defliUMl and is known to be a most imjxrtant factor
in individual education ; and whero boauty is one of tho chief jlomcnts in tho object,
the etVect must bo of a high ordt^-. Thus, through the individual, tlu! national char-
actor is directly etVocdod in a way and with a strength whi«'h legislation would bo
powerless to accomplish, and if wo ])UHh this argument to its logical conclusion, wo
at once soo that, other things being 0(pial, tho number of gardens and similar institu-
tions supported by a people becomes a direct index of their dogree of civilization. An
examination of the classiHcation given makes this obvious, as also does the history,
both ancient and modern, ol" those nations which have at various times led tho world.

From the facts and statements bore jiresonted, therefore, it is obviotis that in
justice to herself, Canada can hardly atibrd to do less than those nations ovoi* whom
she claims superiority, while her interests actually deniand that she should be
among the foremost of nations in hor maintenance of such gardens.

EDi:CATI0NAr, VALUE.

Of tho ono hundreil and eighty-sovon gardens of the world, it a|)pears that at
least tlfty-eight, or 31 per cent, of tho whole number, are directly connected with and
maintained by educational institutions, most of which rank as Universities. This
maybe taken, therefore, as a direct measure of their value and importance in higher
education. Of tho remaiiung sixty-nine per cent., however, we must bear in mind
that, while maintained chiefly lor practical results, many of them undoubtedly atlord
valuable means of instruction to students of those colleges ami smaller institutions,
which could not maintain gardens for themselves, so tliat we may reasonably consider
their value in this direction more properly re))resentod by a much higher percentage.

The re([uirements of tho present day necessitate a broad and liberal fotmdation
in education, no matter in what particular direction a man's tistos or circumstances
may afterwards load him in tho choice of a profession, and now that we are slowly
beginning to recogni/e the superior advantages of more practical methoils in educa-
tion, and of that system which, ihi'ough its practical methods, will best tit a man to
cope with tho general pi-oblems of life, we have to admit tho natural sciences as most
important features of our system. For the general student, no less than the future
specialist, a botanic garden thus becomes a most important element in liberal culture.
By its collections from various parts of the world, it gives the student a new insight
into nature and tends to most healthy mental expansion. To tho intending specialist,
it is tho source of material which could be obtained elsewhere only with gi'cat
difficulty, if at all.

Aside from their more special value for tho education of students, they are indirectly
of great service to the public at large, through the opportunities which they attbrd for
gardeners of all kinds to gain fresh and valuable information concerning their occu-

patioii. Tiicy ni-c rcp)»iloi'iu.s of lelinliK! iiifonnutioii and ailviiii(-t><l iii(;lliuils, aii>l an
inti'llij^ont ;;anlonor is sure In <U'riv<! tjieat iK-ntslit iVoni thcni, not only Irotn ()l»c'rva-
tii'iioI'lliK |ilanls ijrown and tlioir parlicMilaf arran^'cnuMilN, lail lio i> alilo to scciiic al
lir.si hand, (U'linitu and ivliaMc knowludi^o with rolorence to the piopi'i' treat niunt ol
ti'oos and plants in all rDspi-cts, ami for a country with hir^o tbrestry interests to ei:rt'
i'or, thiis is a inont important consideration, in various parts of Miiropo, where the
care of forests in eoiuhicleil U|)<)n scientific principles, and ]tlace<l in the hands ol a
8uit:d>ly e(|u(*ated person, all such details as ]»runinj,', trans]ilantin;i^ and thi' treatment
of dise!»se aic i'e<fardc<| as nuitters ol'^reat importance, which must he carefully looUed
aftt'r. And thus, while it ma}' not he a necessary function of a ,i,'arden or ar!i(jretum
to Lfive special instruction in such matters, yot it can exert a most potent inlhience in
this direction, in a (piiet way ami without s])ecia! ellort.

Kew, however, affords a most valuahle example of what such a ^ai'den may do in
educatin;,' <,'ardeners to abettor understandini^ of their calling, wliile the re-tdi> of
their work also demonstrate, not oidy the need li)r cctnsideralion of the necessitio of
this class, hut the appreciation with which it is rt>ceived at their lumds, as well. For
some years it has heen the custom there, to hold classes two eveniiii^s iu the week
dui'inic 'due months of the year, foi- instruction in elementary chemistry, |»hysics and
meteoroloj^y. The attendance has been j^ood from the first, but acconlin;^ to the ollicial
rejtort, it would ap|)ear that in 1S80, these locturcs had become so populai' in mectin,^
an actual want, that the accommodations wore insutHcient to meet the demand.

A tldrd aspect of the educational value of such institutions in any community, i.s
to be found in their influence upon the public at lur,i:;e ; and this comes not oidy
through rendering scientific work and names po{)ular, but thi'ough a constant moral
and social elevation. The habit of roHoction, which unconsciously springs from the
fre(pient contemplation of natural objects, particularly when the ])revailing laws are
well defined, engenders higher ideals, a cloarei- moral perception and a loss morbid
disposition, and there is thus a constant tendency to turn men from the commission
of deeds which are a disgrace to humanity, to the performance of tluit which is worthy
of a noble manhood. It is unquestionably true that, in communities having frequent
access to such institutions, there is the greatest intelligence and rofinomont, and we
doubt not that, no more certain means of reducing the long list of crimes now annually
recorded, could bo adopted, tlian l>y gradual education of the lower classes through
popular channels of this kind. If wo examine the record of annual visitation at Kew,
we will doubtless see this more clearl}'. Taking four years at random, we find in
187'J a total visitation of 569,13-i, which, from unusual causes, represented a decrease
over the previous year, of 15(1,288. In 1880, there was 72;{,G81, or an increase of
154,547 over 1870. In 1881, there was an increase of 112,995 giving a total of 83(5,-
676; while in 1882, there was an increase of 407,490, giving the surprising total of
1,244,166 visitors for the year. Furthermore, the maximum visitation for any one
day in the foui- years, was 95,300; the avei-age dsiily visitation for the whole poi'ifxl
was 2,310, and for the year 1882, it was 3,409.

We next turn to the special bank holidays of which there aro four mentioned in
the official report, in order to determine what particular class is aft'ected and to what

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r jirlioreUiin

intluuiico ill

n may tlo in
10 ro-uli> «»r
iei'Ossitii'> ol'
as well. For
ill the week
, physics ami
lo tlio otHc'ial
iv ill meet 1 11,^
omarul.

:)mmuitity, i.s
ncs not only
nstant moral
iigs from the

ing laws are
I loss morhid
i commission
ich is worthy
Miig frcfiuent
nont, and we
now annually
isses through
ition at Kew,
n, we tind in
,od a decrease
in increase of
I total of 830,-
;i8ing total of
1 for any one

whole period

mentioned in
)d and to what

oxtont. It is safe to say tlial upon such spocial days of freedom, any particular
increase in nuirilior of visitors, woiijil repres(>iit directly tiie very cla>s it is most
desiraltle to reach, vi/.., (he clerks, arfi/.ans, etc., etc. And we may, thi-i efor*-, laUo
llie visitation at such times iih practically an index of the degree to which this chiMM
is alfecti'd. I'"(tr each of the four hank holidays, theri'fore, the visitation in ISSO
ranged from >s(H to (;i,S:n ; in ISSl from l.l.'H to fiO.tiSS. ami in 1HH2 from 1, l»i<» to
It'), ."{(((I in a single day. U" we then examine the relation wlii(di this visiljilion on
special •laV'^ hears to that for the same year, wegol the following values ; lor 1SS(I it
was 1»!.2 |)er cent. ; IH.^I, 17 per cent., and for I.SS2 it was IS. 4 ; and these ligiires are
the niori- impressive, since we find with increasing visitation I'lich year, the visitors
fr(tm the working class iioi only held their full percentage proportion, hut actually
increased from year to year at the rate of aluuit one per cent, if we now hear in mind
that these ganleiis are hut one-twelfth of all similar institutions in (treat Hritain. we
will realize that they appeal to a very largeconslitueiii y.of which a vi'iy considerahle
jiercentage represi-nts the class which it is most desiralde FH-acii. Also, the annual
increase in numlier of visitors is a most convincing j)roof, um only that the work of
those gardens is meeting with increased appre<'iat ion, but tlia iheiretl'orls are directed
in a way which Jippeals to and meelw the popular wan'-*.

HCIENTIFiC VAI.IK.

Aside from their specific value in ]u*omoting theditViision of scientific knowledge
through the education of students, hotanie gardens may very properly '>e regarded
as caj)ahle of exerting an important influence ujnui the advancement of purescieiuo,
by the encouragement to original research which they otVer, part icnl;irly in tho.se
vhieh are liberally endowed, and thus able to embrace a wide tielil of usefulncs.s.

One of the first and most obvious directions in which their eftorls may thus be
turned, is to be found in the exact determination and classification of jilants from all
parts of the world. It thus becomes one of the most imperative <luties of a garden
of high order, to give authoritative information concerning, not alone plants which
are new to science, but those which are new to the ))articular region in which the
garden is situated, as well, since such (dassitii-ation is a most necessary ju-eliminary
t(j, it is in i'iU'A a basis of, other knowledge of a more ]»raclical character. The plants
of a region once accurately described ; their ])eculiar habits of growth, geographical
distribution and jtarticularassociationscarefully determined, all other factw concerning
them will follow in natural order and have far more significance. As a neces.sary
outcc no of Huch studies, large herbaria gradually accumulate and ultimately come to
Serve as most important moans of reference, when (piestions arise with reference to
tlie flora of a given region, whether from a purely scienlitic or practical point of view.

Ah the direct outcome of concentrated advantages thus placed at the disposal of
the competent student, wo may cite such imiiortant works as IJentley & Trimen's
Medicinal Plants ; Watson's voluminous Flora of California; the various works on
fcotany by Dr. Gray ; the invaluable Tenth Census Report by Prof. Sargent, on the
Forestry of North America, and the indispensable Genera Plantarum of Bentham

and Hooker ; and while wo unhesitatingly admit the great value of euch workw, wo
cannot but feel that thoa* realiza' on would be very difficult, were it not for the
special facilities for such work afforded by the gardens at Cambridge, U.S., and
Kew, England, from which they have emanated.

A second direction of scientific utility, is readily found in promoting study and
research in those fields where the results obtained ultimately come to have a definite
practical value in their appli nation to the sohiticm of questions bearing upon important
industries ; and this is chiefly to be found in the encouragement to, and opportunities
for I'csearches in vegetable physiology. It is not essential or desirable that a botanic
garden should assume the functions of an experiment station proper — although in
one sense it is such — but in questions of a purely botanical nature, it offers a stimulus
to the prosecution of such researches, which might not be found elsewhere. It is,
first of all, desirable to keep in mind that all botanical questions, however practical
it is desirable their ultimate bearings may become, must first of all be approached
in their scientific aspects. When these are clearly understood, the application of
the principles thus made clear, follows naturally and with comparatively little
difficulty. Thus studies relating to the potato disease, diseases of fruits, grape
mildew, the cortcc disease, and many others of a similar nature, may be cited as
conspicuous examples. All of these, however, first re(iuirc to be dealt with from a
purely scientific point of view, as the exact knowledge thus obtained afibrds the only
certain basis for further operations to combat and overcome. But we are well aware
that the ultimate bearing of such studios must have a most important industrial
aspect, as is readily seen in the case of the cotfce disease, where a large and most
im])ortant industiy is threatened with destruction.

The rapid denudation of vast areas, through consumption of the timber which
once covered them, is already leading to many interesting antl difficult problems for 4- .
solution. As a moans of checking the disastrous results which may well be _ 1
anticipated from this cause, attention is being directed to the special planting and j„„j^p
care of trees, and to the better care of those yet undisturbed. The natural outcome .
of this has been a careful and scientific study of trees, with reference to the best j
methods of repairing injury and treating the diseases to which they are subject. yfU[^,,
Germany haw already made great pi'Ogress in this direction, and wc may reasonably ^ .
ex]iect other countries to follow at no distant day. Hero again, we have the purely - ,
scientific and the practical meeting on common grounds. Important prr ^tica! ^g ^
I'esults are achieved, and large industries are directly effected thi-ough the application ^^^
of principles derived from scientific methods in the consideration of each particulai ^^^ r
case, and all these must be i-egarded as springing primarily from the stimulus am' ajj^.^
opportunities afforded by gardens and similar institutions. ^j. ^^^

These facts then, may be taken as indicating the direction in which such institulattei
tions may be of groat scientific value, particularly where there is a pi-actical applica distri
tion in the end. It would hardly be wise to expect one garden to actually undertake dent
all the work here indicated, and, indeed, it is apparent that to do so would require ai garde
extensive plant. Each garden should actually undertake only such parts of t
work as is justified by the requirements of its location and the strength of

the
work

h works, wo
t not for the

je, U.S., and

rig Btudy and
ave a definite
»on important
opportunities
that a botanic

resources. The facts brought forward, however, render it fairly clear that, however
much the functions may be limited to one or more of these lines of usefulness, the
garden must exercise a very sensible and important, though silent influence, in every
direction.

PRACTICAL VALUE.

The value of a botanic garden, so far as practical results are concerned, may be
considered from several standpoints. Perhaps the first and most obvious of these is
found in the distribution of seeds and plants. In this connection, we may reasonably
— although in guppose this material to be first of all distributed to various parts of the country in
■ers a stinmlus -^vhich the garden is located, and for which it essentially becomes the testing ground,
where. It is, -^yg ^]J^y ^^y have valuable shade or timber trees <piickly brought to the notice of a
ever practical yQyy large constituency through channels which give the information thus conveyed,
be iipproached i^j^^ fy^j weight of authority. After these wants are supplied, the surplus material
upplication oi ^.jjj i-cadily find ample outlet in distribution to more remote countries, where it will
iratively little ^q likely to have specific value. We may also assume with reason, that this distri-

fruits, grape i)ution does not alone concern those plants which have been introduced and found to
ay bo cited as ^q adapted to the climate and popular needs, but that it involves indigenous species,
t with irom a t^j-ough the wide dissemination of which, by such means, the native flora becomes
iftbrds the only ^oj-c generally and favorably known. Usually such distribution takes the form of
are well aware exchange, by which means the least burden of expense is imposed upon all concerned,
tant industrial ^.j^jj^, j^ j^jg^ secures reciprocal advantages. Exumjiles of this are to be found in all
large and most ^j^^ larger and older establishments of this kind, now found in various parts of the
world.

timber whicli jj^ certain cases, when the garden derives a irieasurc of support or other 8ul)stan-

ilt problems tor ^j,^j advantages fi'om the city or district in which it is located, it may offer an efiui-
1 may well be talent by supplying such trees as may be rciiuiied for street purposes, and bedding
;u planting anu j^aterial for public grounds, thus directly extending its value as an educator of the
latiiral outcome pjii^ij^.^ ju jj^ ^y^y which will bring the most permanent good to the greatest number,
nee to the best j^^ x]^q^q respects, as in so many others, the gardens at Kew have set an example
:hey are subject, •^^}ii(.ii jnay well be followed by all others. From the official reports, it would appear
may reasonably ^^^ fy^. ^j^^ ^q^^j. y^^^^.^ f^.^j-,^ jg-g ^^ i^go inclusive, there were distributed 8,703 pack-
have the purely ^g^.^ of seeds ; 20,167 stove and greenhouse plants ; 4,817 herbaceous plants, and 12,-
ortant prr'-tica; ^g trees and shrubs, to a total of 730 recipients. If we bear in mind that the par-
h the applicatioi; j^^,^ receiving this material were in all parts of the world, we will at once perceive
f each particulai ijJj^j fjxr-reaching and great value of this work. Individuals frequently receive their
the stimulus am gju^^.g^ but the larger portion constantly and primjirily goes directly to other centres
fbr study, propagation, trial and redistribution. It appears, however, that during the
hich such institii- latter three years of this period, the London parks were directly benefitted by this
nractical applicu distribution, since 7,730 trees wont to them aloi.o. Cities, as a rule, are far too defi-
itually undei'tak(Oient in shade trees for the public health and comfort, and in this one direction alone,
would rcfiuire ar gardens may accomplish much good.

ich parts of tin- rpj^g special interchange of trees and plants, with a view to directly utilizing
le strength of i''tehatever desirable qualities they may possess, presents a second phaze of the practi-

cal value of such gai'dcns. This we at once recognize if we call to mind the rcsour-
ccH now placed at the disjiosal of the landscape <j^ardencr through the introduction of
valuable ornamental plants from abroad. What is true in this resjiect, i.s also equally
true in the case of those plants which are the source of valuable timber ; which yielu
valuable fruit; whioh possess important medicinal properties, or Avhich serve as tlu
source whence is obtained valuable textile, cordage or paper material. The result^
of Mr. Gibb's effoi'ts for the introduction of Russian fruits into Canada, oiler a very
strong argument in favor of our statement. In fact, such interchange at once open-
up a very wide and important lield of usefulness.

Each year witnesses important additions to our economic plants, and doubtles-
many still remain to be discovered to the general public. Such acquisitions, how
ever, require to be carefullj^ and systematically tested, not only in their climatii
adaptations, but in the direction of their special applications. Were it not for thi>
the introduction of new plants might be left largely in the hands of the horticultui
ists ; but men of this class, following such a business for a livelihood, have little timi
or inclination, and fai- less preparation for the work required. They I'ather dejieni
upon seeking their knowledge of the plants they raise, from authoritative centres.

Yet another aspect of the question, is found in the possibility of distributing thi
knowletlge thus obtained, with all the weight which authority can give. The par
ticular mode of distribution may be largely determined by circumstances. Specia
publication should be issued, as is frequently the case ; or by consultation and obser
vation on the part of those desiring special information, or by means ofcorrespoii
dence. The best evidence to be adduced in support of these statements, is to bt
found in the work actually performed in this direction.

During the four years from 1879 to 1882 inclusive, the gardens at Kew issued
or were the direct means through which their preparation and publication were rea
lized, no less than fifty-eight (58) separate works, some of them of a very volumiii
ous character, conveying the information there accumulated concerning a greai
variety of subjects. At the same time, correspondence and special examinations, oi
the results of continued observations upon trial plants, have been published from timt
to time, and thus has been given a veiy wide distribution of information upon agrea;
variety of subjects and of the most valuable character.

An idea of this may be gained from the following summar}^ for 3 years, in whiel
the figui-es indicate number of plants examined or number of reports made, or boll
togethei". We thus have, woods and timbers, 14 ; textiles, 7 ; paper materials, 20 : fod
products, 34; perfumes and oils, 8; diseases, 7; fodder plants, 13; resin and wax, 5; Indi;
rubber, 39; medicinal plants, 23 ; dyes, 1 ; poisonous plants, 1 ; sundries, 5. In cor
elusion, it is only necessaiy to direct attention to the very important bearing whiol
this information has upon large commercial enterprises, since it deals directly witl
the distribution, adaptation and special value of plants and trees, which are th
source ol mahogany, india rubbers, gutta percha, chinchona alkaloids and their sul
stitutes, indigo, textile and paper materials and important food products, no les
than with the diseases which often exert a most serious influence upon many of thes
industries.

iov a

vious
maim
sever
bnrgl
paris(
tiaiia,
and ^
mean
modii
ifiotht
Stock
and s<
thus 1
F. I
direct
to thf
there
are n(
severi

May,

veget

lior(

sumn

Othei

diffic

tant

and

a nee

tion

accli

sligh

beg

less

won

need

Bom

ml the ro-^our-
introduction oi
is also ccjually
r ; which yiolci
ch siTve us thi
il. The rc.^ull>
hi, oiler a ver\

CONCLUSION.

Any ([uestion which may have arisen with i-efei-ence to our hoing too far noi-th
for a tjardcn to moot with success, has already been met in a general way in our pre-
vious considoratioMs, and it only remains to point out that gardens are successfully
maintained in other parts of the world, where the climatic conditions are equally
sevei-e. AVe find that there are gardens at Christiana, Stockholm, Upsala, St. Peters-
e at once open- jj^^j.^^^l^^ Kasan and ^loscow, as well as at Helsingfoj-s ; let us, then, institute a com-
parison with theso places. Montreal is situated in about 45°IJ0' N. lat. ; while Chris-
■;, and doubtless ^juia, Upsala, Helsingfors and St. Petersburgh lie close along the parallel of 00° N.
piisitions, how gnd Stockholm at about 5()"20'. Latitude alone, however, does not afford a safe
their climatii means of comi)arison, as is well known, since other considerations have an important
it not for thi> modifying influence upon the climate of particular localities. The mean annual
the horticultui igotherm of ^rontrcal is 4F F., and this is found to pass through Christiana and
have little tinii Stockholm, but considerably to the south of St. Petersbui-gh, Helsingfors and Kasan,
y rather depou' avid somewhat to the south of Moscow. Quebec, in a latitude of about 46^49', and
ative centres. thus more than a degree north of Montreal, lies in the mean isothermal lino of 36°
distributino- thi ^' ^^^'^ latter passes avcII to the north of Christiana and Stockholm, but passes
• rpjjg pjjj, directly through St. Petersburgh. It then bends to the south and passes somewhat

tances Specia ^ the north of Moscow, but well to the south of Kasan. From this it appears that
tation and obser there are at least two gardens in climates as cold or colder than Quebec, while there
lis of corresnon ^^'^ ^^ ^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^ gardens successfully maintained in climates of equal or greater
ements is to h Severity than that of Montreal.

The growing season usually opens, in the vicinity of Montreal, the first week of
s at Kew issued May, and it continues well into the autumn, thus giving five months duration to the
ication were rea vegetative period. Within that time growth is rapid, and a varietl flora is developed,
a veiy volumin Moreover, it is a well known fact that, owing to the very considerable warmth of our
cerning a *i-rea; summers, it is quite possible to bring to maturity, Indian corn, peaches, grapes and
examinations, oi Other fruits which it is not possible to ripen properly in any of the places here
jlished from timi Compared, or even in England. It thus becomes reasonably clear that, no serious
tion upon agrea; difficulty is to be met with here in climatic severity.

It is probably true that no other city ( *" the Dominion can claim so many impor-
5 years, in whicl tant educational institutions, representing so wide a range of interests as Montreal ;
rts made, or boll and thus, as the educational centre of the country, it becomes highly desirable, if not
laterials, 20 : fooi a necessity, that a garden should be established here. More than that, also, its posi-
and wax, 5; Indi; tion in many respects, makes Montreal a natural centre for all such purposes as the
dries, 5. In coi acclimatization of plants. Trees and shrubs grown here will be able to meet the
at bearing whicl slightly colder climate of all such more northern places, where they would be likely to
jals directly witl be grown, without injury. Any location farther south and west, would be of much
}», which are th' lees value, as the plants would then be adapted to warmer climatic conditions, and
ids and their sul would not be adapted to the more northern localities for which they might be
products, no ler needed. Plants grown in Montreal could be safely distributed throughout the
»on many of the<> Dominion,

Wo may now briefly recapitulate our main points, to show concisely in what
particular direction good may be expected from such an institution : —

1. In its relations to the public at large, it will serve as a means of populax'izini :
botanical science, while at the same time it will afford a most invaluable means oi
recreation and instruction to the laboiing classes, and its final effect must be i ,
graduid elevation of the public sentimont. jp

2. In its relation to special education, it will serve a most important pui'pose
both in technical and general instruction. If the present plans are successfully
executed, the garden will be so located and so managed, that all the educational
institutions of the city ma}' derive an equal measure of benefit upon commoi
grounds.

3. In its relation to the city, there should be no difficulty, under proper arrange
ments and in return for advantages such as land, etc., in the way of supplying the
city with such plants as are needed for bedding-out purposes, and such trees as arc ,
required for the streets, which at present are altogether too destitute. ■

4. In its relation to the Dominion at large, the garden may directly become i
valuable centre of information, and, under proper conditions, even a centre of experi
mentation. That it will exert a most important influence upon Dominion interests
goes without the saying ; since such a garden, unless its efforts are confined tc
exceedingly narrow limits, must, in the necessary fulfilment of its purpose, extend
its influence even beyond the boundary line of the country in which it is located
We may therefore expect forestry and its dependent industries, and whatever per
tains to the cultivation and care of trees and plants, to receive important benefitf«
Beyond this, as already shown, important industries must be largely influenced and
promoted by the information which it is within the power of such an institution t<
distribute.

Finally, we may venture to suggest that such undertakings are not to be success
fully prosecuted without the sinews of war, which, in this case, appear as dollars, am
it is earnestly to be hoped that the general public will so far appreciate the need o
such a garden here, that the efforts now being made, will meet with substantial finaii
cial encouragement from the city, the province, the Dominion, and even from private
individuals.

jncisely in what

} of popularizing
luable means oj f
Ifect must bo i ^l

)ortant pui'pose
are successfully i
the educationaH
upon commor

' proper arrange
if supplying the
ch trees as are

rectly become 8^
centre of expert |
ninion interests
are confined tc
purpose, extend
!h it is located
d whatever per
portant benefits?
7 influenced and
an institution t(

not to be success
ir as dollars, am
jiate the need o
substantial finaii
7en from private