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Les diagrammes suivants lllustrent la mdthode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 MICROCOPY RESOLUTION TEST CHART (ANS! and ISO TEST CHART Nc. 2) I.I 1^ li£ 1" tarn 1^ i^ 2.2 Hi tii. 1^ IS n& 12.0 1& ~ u ., GiUu II 1.8 l!!il= ^ >IPPLIED IfVHGE 1653 East Main Street Rochester, New York 14609 USA (716; 48? - OJCO - Phone (716) 288 - 5989 - Fax Inc MEMORANDUM belwc n Q„ehrc and A^„nl,r.d Olal.U,^ in uunlev) and dnnunllc (Fraarr). calling at Ihe Ulan., of St I'urn- and m.,uelon, and ,.re.ent.:d loth. Uunorald7 * J, A. Lhapleau, /rime Mintxirr of th,: Province of Quebec, bi/ M. Foursin-hJseande. By Htimuluting unci oxteiKlin;^' its i'oroigii tnido, FiiUKo, throiif;h tlic instniimintiility of itK nicichaiit navy, wtiivcH to iucruaso lior pitwi»nrity, and extend her inlluence. The new Mercliant Navy hill passed hy tlie Chamher of Dei>uties, at its last session, shows that tiie Governnunt of tlie Ue|)ul)lic means to cairy out siuli a policy in the fiitmv. The establislin ent of a line of steamers between Fiance and Canada will be cueof itsHrst results. Jn undertaking it, M. Foursin-Es'.aude has two chief objects in view : — ^ I. The intrwluction of Canaila to the French trade, and the importation into France of the i)roducts of that country, more especially its phosphates and live cattle. II. The reorganization of the codfish trade on the banks of Newfoundland, by placing the islands of 8t. Pierre and Micjuelon in direct steam comnuinicatiun with France, thus doing away with the present service that is the principal cause of the decline of tliat trade. because they are sold by English or Ameri- can dealers. The following table, represent- ing articles which are almost exclusively French, will sulliciently prove this: DENOJIINATIO^. in 1879 me imports to Canada were 400,- 894,945 francs; French products included therein, 7,(560,955 fr. ; products through St. Pierre Miquelon, -52,805 fr.; toUil, 7,(]93,7(J0 fr. ,, , .. ,, I'Vancs. Exports lor tlie same year &)7,15i) U75 T( ) Franco direct, y,571,.i7.") Cr. To Wt Pierre Mi(iuelou 807,1!M) " 4,3.S1,5()5 " III 18 rS, 8,576 vessels entered the dillerent ports of Canada, representing a tonnage of 3,0-.. and crews of 104,;!90 men.' Of th'ese V a, 153 came from L' ranee and 88 were Canadian and 13ritish. Only ,n»} ?l>«ep 308!oii;{ Jf «« 5,440,822 dozen s. gl'^'««- • 2:t,0(H),(ioo kilograms. Butter 7.000,000 " l.()it7,819 numbers. 15.5,i!H <'ords. 1!»,57!» liarrels. 10,62!» numbers. 4«,50!) ncqcl . sr - ^.-^.^ ,rj ■T)" \n consequeonco of the ru-w fiHial iH.li.y of thoir unlont dcHne to .sue mow tnulu rolu- tioHH estHhliHlu.,1 between the two c.unt.ieH, rtsnItH, have been undertaken in 1880 1st. LuHanqiiedo Paris et des Pays JJas hHs negotmtedat the I'aris Uour.se a loan of twenty nullionH(,f francH on account of tl,e Provinc.al Parhament of Quebec, whi h loan at 5 j)er tent, to DH net. 2nd. A Franco-Canadian Credit Foncier and M ' p'f "^"'I'f' ^'y *'^^' "*""^' '"^titution ' twenty-hve nullion francH, and (here is al- leady question of doubling that caj.ifal. 3nl. In athhtion to a liigh protective tariff, the Government of Quebec have allotted a Zlifi *" ^'^*''*-«"«'"- *'*^tory, at.,1 French mdnu hcturer8 are at present engaged in es- tabhsh.ng six of these factories 4th. The grant to the house of Dior rS'T' ,"'. «™'^'"«. "f "''•I' phosphate, apatite beds. lymg in the Province of (/uebec. 90 on";""' *"' '"'P^'tation of no less than' 20,000 tons a year of a fertilize], which must provo ot great utility to French' agricultl.Ie 1 he Government ot Quebec have, in addition granted a subsidy to the above lirm, to secure Z/^^'/l'f P';oductiou of che„;i.aUom- posts, and they have bound them.'-elves, in the name of their Agricultural societies lo purchase at a rate determined on beforehand ?nrS hJ'.?'""'*'*^ ''*' "^" l^'"^"''^^ 'uanufac' tiued by the same. r/n?H *^r*"^' **'''. ^'''^''"'^ Government Of Canada have bound themselves to grant a subsidy of 250 0000 francs to thepronioter of the 8 eamship line which forms the subject n fix "if""''"idum, on the understanding tha the Fj^^nch Government, on their s/dc^ fn?AV'" v'"""f ', '"^'"^y «^' ^««'000 francs and they have taken the initiative in this re- gard through the Consul-General of France Ihe immense riches of Canada— natural' muimg, lumber and agricultural-arid the wants ot Its population, which is constantly on the intTease, bid fair to create a consid- erable traffic on this line. Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia, New RHHir'n'^', '^"'^'^'' ^"^«"«' Manitoba and Wiitihh Columbia— each having a separate Sd'a'T T'.?"'"^' '"^^ DomSirof Canada. Up to the nnisenf N«xvf«,.^,ii„„.j remains out of the Confederation, but tlTere IS reason to believe that it will eventually be o?XKn' m'? ^".^^«gland's possession of British North America will be united into one. The Fe.leral Oovernment is composed ot a Governor-tJcncral, representinjr the JIJeenoM. „,,,,,, ,,,s.natl.app;.;;;^^^^ ' o, o a House ..f Commons and a rosponsN '•'0 ftl.n.stry. The Parliam-ntary dilates are earned on in the two languages, /uu a| he laws and public actsare published I ' two o hual tongues. Th-/ (j„Htoms a iff o Canada applies to Knglan.i equally wit all other nations. An Act pass id in TsS an honz,« the use of the Frelich met c sys tem, but up to the pre.sent the Knulish standards are employe.l. The in H.rv H.vs em is an exact counterpart . t'tl t u,e United States. The unit is' the ,1. vbt H wo ,h 5 iran.s (less the e.xchang S |« -'ocen lines m tavor ot the dollar) and it IS suhd.vided into loo cents. ^ The Cana.lian (,'on federation e.vtends from the Atlantic to (he Pacilic. to the nor( of and parallel to tl.e United States/ an its eintor.v is larger than that of theAmcr can 1 ul^'i^'^r '"' it is.as vast as the whole" ,' Ijuiope. Ihe soil is for the most part woll wooded from the Atlantic to hake i, pe o and horn Lake Supe.ior to the Pacitic wih he exception of the llocky Mounta I I.,) . f t IS composed of sparsely wo.ded plTtins' Ihe country is well watered au.l the c in te Tm 'Z. ,''. '•"'^''^- ^'^'"^"^^•' *'- -'"^ ■ « aic ..eveie, heir rij^or has been verv much exaggerated. As a whole Canada is ext e nj^ mile it :'""' '' ^'"'^' '"^"''^ *«''Hl>itant"to make It as prosperous as the United States by 2o0 miles, and nearer Chicago, thecentril entrepot of the West, by 140 mUes « othu Western products than the port of New Navif,^ation between Chicago and Mon treal, through the great lakes and the sV Lawrence canals, is shorter by seven or eigl.t St I ../ """ ^""'*'- f^'"«lH!rmore, the bt. Lawrence canals are wider and adn it ,f ' vessels of double the tonnage. New w -ks nowbei^ig executed, will ^still f^^.'t: crease these facilities, allowing stean ^ « of 1,500 tons to load in Chicago, whi e the ton nage of vessels on the Erie'canal can'ot ex-' ceed a maximum of 240 tons. The Canadian canal system will then rival the g'eat vvo ks of the Suez Canal and the future Panama Canal m the grandeur of its coSeption Zt the importance of the sums expended m!!!,! The river St. Lawrence is an admirable highway. Its width between MontiCl Ind Quebec, a distance of 180 miles, is frorS 2 to 3 kilometres, and its depth is 'such tlTat the d I lait,'ost Ht<'(iin«;ifl am iwoeiid to Montreal. At Quebec, which would be tlie fineHt port in tile world, if ice did not interrupt navigation for four (iiid a lialf to livt; niontlis every year, the least (hjpth of water is fifty feet. From Quebec, which is 4M) miles from the sea, the river suddenly widens, and below tlie Island of Orl(!ans reaches a width ot J 8 to 20 miles, Tlie current is very weak, but the tide is felt as tar up as Three Rivers, !)0 miles below Montreal. A jiei feet system of lifrhts renders the navigation of the St. Lawrence quite safe tor steamers as well as sailing vej-sels, and, in pnrsuance of the plans of Mr. Fortin, a member of thi^ Jlouse of Commons, the (Jov(!riiment have this year established tele- graphic comniiinicatior between all the is- laiKls and coasts of the river and gulf of the St. LawieiK •. In France the Minister of Marine has directed the ^ commandant of our colony of St. Pierre and Miipielon, to have an under- standing with M. Fortin, and it is probable that those islands also will soon \w included in the system. The establishment of tliese telegraph lines secures the .salety of naviga- tion in those part.saiid leaves nothing to be desired. The inhabited portions of Canada are ad- mirably supi)lied with raihvuvs and canals. The Grand Trunk extends from Quebec to Chicago, 1,200 miles; the Intercolonial Co. from Quebec to Halifa.x, 720 miles, and is the property of the Federal (Jovernment, while a number of secondary lines, belonging to the Provincial Governments or to private com- panies, unite all the different cities of any im- portance. After tiie (Tinted States, Canada is tlie country that has the largest railway area in proportion to its population— I mile for every 090 inhabitants. With .5,700 miles of railway in course of construction, it held in 1878 the eighth place for total length of lines, coming after France that had then only 12,700 miles. From the ports ot Quebec and Montreal several direct lines of railway to New York, Boston, Portland and Halifa.x keep up communication with Europe, and amply compensate for tin; close of navira- tion on the St. Lawrence during the winter. The canals and railways of Canada offer such a competition to the canals and railways of the United States as will require great sacri- fices on tile {»art of the latter to sustain it. Beside the many single steamers that fre- quent the ports of Montreal and Quebec, seven great lines of steamships keep up a weekly service with Great Britain. A new line will be inaugurated next year between Brazil and Canada, and another to Buenos Ayres is contemplated. It is indispensable that a regui.ir line of steamers between France and Canada should I take advantage of this development of navi- gat ion, J The Canadian Government have bound themselves to suppress a supplementary duty ^ of ;{0 jier cent aJ valorem on French wines i entered in Canada, so soon as the duties of ' Canadian vess^ds in French ports are reduced to 42 francs, the rate of Knglish built vessels, , that is to sav, two francs a ton lor wooden ships, I As the new French tariff, now before the Senate, proves satisfactory to the Canadian j Government, we may <()uiit upon this sup- I pression as certain to lower the price ot our I wines in the Ciinudian market. I The Camulian Government have been prosecuting a great enterprise during the |)ast ten years— the construction of the (Ca- nadian Pacific llailway— a gigantic work of nearly 2,700 miles, binding the Pacific to the Atlantic, overiuimen.se plains and tracts of recognized fertility. Theadvimtages of that e- ing depended upon, no other activity is dis- played than that which is required to till ; the official conditions and win the proposed gratuity. No industry is worthy of encour- agement unlehr, it can find within itself the means of self-support. The.se means are to be found in improved materials and modes of transportation, rather than in subsidies, and thus alone is it deserving of public assist- ance. No amount of Government helj) has sntficed to secure the prosperity of our fish- eries. They have continued t(» decline, and are at present in a low condition. It has been found impossible to compete with for- ! eign fishermen, and a further reason ft)r this I is the distance of their fisheries from their ! market. As France has only the light ot ' taking and drying fish on the Newfoimdland banks, she could not form establishments i thereon. The islands of St. Pierre and j Miquelon, being small and barren, did not ' offer any field for colonization, and French • fishermen could not settle on them as Eng- liHh tishermen from Jersey, for instance, settled on the coasts of Canada and the Gulf of the St. Lawrence. They are, therefore, obliged to come from France and thus cross the Atlantic twice. Further- more, and what is a very grav(! drawback, they are obliged to employ large vessels, unfit for lishing purposes, but indisj)ennable for their pas.sagc and the transportation of thi^'r provisions. Ity the new lin(* of stc-amers, which will call,atthe islands of St. Pierre and Miquelon, we believe — 1. That our fishermen will be able to tise the same boats and tlu! same imitn.vcid ma- chinery as the Canadians, the Americans and the Newfoundlanders, and will be placed on a looting of c(|uality with them in the way of matei ial ; 2. That the transportation by the steam njore rapid and more regular; ;{. That a new demand will be created on the French markets by weekly consign- ments ()f cod k(!pt fresh in refrigerators. 1. 'J'he schooners used exclusively by for- eign fishermen, and especiallv bv tlu^ men of Gloucester, Massachusetts, an* admitted to be the type of a fisliijig boat. They are light, of low tonnage, but «'asily managed, and can thus be readily directed to all points where the catch is the most advantageous. These schoontMs carry a numb<'r of bouts, fitting I one into another, which being taken out and distributed ovtrr a large surface, enable a number of men to secure anabundant harvest of fish. French tisliermen have not ceen their way to employ these schooners, being en(Mimbere(l, as we iiave said, bv tiie lieavy ; vessels which convey tlicMii from home, but when these vessels will be replaced by the steamers of this line, our tisheimen will not , hesitate to adopt the model schooner. j When the new Customs tariff will be pro- mulgate.l and the duty on Canadian built vessels will be reduced to two francs in I French ports, these schooners can be con- structed at (Quebec one-half cheaper than in I France, owing to tlie cheapness of labor in that city. Jl. 'Pile annual importations from J'^jance to St. Pierre and Micpielon reach actually aljout 7,000 tons. The cost of freight is from ;^0 to 3.J francs per ton, which is a high iirice and could lie reduced. iJesides. the goods carried l)y steamer will pay less insurance,and the shipper, being able to export as the con- sumption requires, will not need any great stock, and will not lose interest on capital employed for the purpose. Out of 15,183 tons of salt imported in 1879. 1.3,non tn..u came Horn Cadix. The Cadix salt being fess strong than our Western salt, is preferred for salting fish. The Newfoundland, French, American and Canadian fisheries, put to- gether, import 40,000 tons of it yearly. Tlio matmK(,ineiit of Uio new lino will Imvo to mt'ot the .|iicHtion of tin- tnuispoitiition of this impoihmt arti(l(! uiid find out tlio mt'iiiiH of Kc.iriin^ to itHcIf IIks tianspoitu- tionoftluiso 10,000 toHH of fivifrht. Tii.-or. (Iinary froif,'lit cents per gallon, say iO centimes per litre, the sale will jr,ow considerably. As to the Rrinding stones, of wbich there appears to exist only ont^ (|uarry in the entire world, that of La Ferte-sous-Joiunre. the exports to Chicago and the Western Amerbim States will be mad.* with advantag(! bv the canals of the St. Lawrence, by the new line, and will add greatly to the general importfitions of Canada. If we want to increase the service for the (onsiderable freight that will bo crtMited in a tew vears, for the trips from Canada to France, a'o will necessarily have to make sun; by all means, if oven as ballast,tho transportation of the Span- ish salt used for the (isheries. At the present time this transportation is made from Cadi/ to St. I'ierre at a cost of from 25 to :iO trains per ton; we must do this cheaper. We believe that with a coasting trade, crea- 0(1 by the management of the line, or even organized by it, between Cadiz and St. Pierre, and the creation of powerful means of loading and unloading, economical and rapid, this object would be attained. The coasting trade could be made in a few years by the line's steamers, the increase! of traftic and passengers needing roplacinfr • n the line from fJranville to Quebec, ]ie^; .* .; the Cadix salt and 2,r)00 tons of fruit and 4,- 320 hectolitres of wine that Canada imports from Spain, the coasting trade could also take wines and brandies at Bordeaux and La Kochelle and call at St. Malo. The freight for St. Pierre and Canatia would then be centred at Granville and St. Pierre and Miquelon would become a storehouse for salt for ail the North Ameriry .10 ..;;;■'■ M'" Codllshnll 'u.f-l |.| •■••-••••••til..,, Ottt )l\ci's products •2[s In consignment for; — 1«,;*W (ons. Horde.'uix |(|'>S7 I'orl iltf Itone l's from the I'nited States, and which reaches about 10,000 tons, will Ix^ imported directly from Canada. Hut the most salient advantage will consist in the rapid transport- ation of the French fishermen. P.v the sailing vessels employed at present, wh'ich are slow and badly arranged generally, the voyage be- tween France and St. Pierr<( is not done in less than a inonth-and-a-half at the mini- mum. The return voyage, more favored by the wind, can be accomplished in one month; total, 75 days. Packets, with an ordinary speed will not take more than 15 days for the two trips, making a saving of CO days. If we consider that the passengers (of which the number at this moment has fallen to Tt.OOO, formerly reached 25,000) are nearly all farmers in Normany and Britanny, and wbn coul'.! hjive gained at least 2 francs 50 centiraes a day during tbese two months, it will be found that on this point alone an economy of 450,000 francs will be realized annually in favor of these 3,000 fishermen. The perusal of the message of the Minister of Marine (3rd Div., iHt uilici') iliitnl nth DccemlKT, IHT'.t, 1111(1 ifliUiriK' to till' " tiiiii><|p(irtiiti(>(i of piiHSfii- i^j'iK whol'iMli ( odilt NowtoiindlaiKl, "NiiHi.cH to hIiow till! il(t|il()riil)l(! conilltioii in witicii IIiih tmnhpoitatioti in m liiali\ nmtto. In iiiiHwur to iniiniiiiM wliicli liuvr U:v,u niiulc on tliiH Hnlijrrt, till! MiiilMtiir II' kriowitiilKts timt ' ri'ilaiii (•xi^!;(!ii(ii's pt'it'ciny ii'i^itiiuatu lor ordinary tMniKiantu, wonM lin lu-rn iixceHHJvo nnd tivi^n lnipoNHil)lo, for tho strirt (iconotny wliiili iiiiposi'K itsi'lf on tliir* kind of opcrationn and wliicli is not li'Hs inilisiii'nsal)li' to niarim-rs tlian to Hliippi-rn." W'liat lanniitaltlf wpfctaric that of tlii'sii Mnfortnniilc lisln-rini-n, cxpoKt'd dnrin^' two nionllis and a half to tin* danK<'>'M of till! si-a, in hoatH wliich ^rjvt! no Hociirity, parkud onii ovoranotlu'r, in tin; olisiiirt- and ink'ctml liold. All tlioso who liavi- travclli'd on piukt'ts rarrviii),' oniinrantH, know till' iniHcrabli! condition in whidi they art; onboard; it Ht'cnis aH if it was inteinhd on all Hu! lines to treat like lattlc, thi-so nn- fortiinad'K exiled by iniHery, or|dianH of the mother eoniitry, wlm lose the pruteition of their k'ountry, before tindini,' the protection of the eoiintiy wliieli adojilH them. Kvery- boily agrees in sayin;,' that this is a shame for liutnanity and that tin; frovernnients of oivili/.ed coiinlries onuht to take international measures to that elfeet. Keasons of economy render theKu exi|u;e,ncies legitimutt* for .the ordin- ftry emigrants, excessive or even ini- possible, for our lisliernicn, who, at- tached to this servieeof tin military marine, as sol.iiersin barracks, prepared to defend the country in i!xe('iiting their rough trade. Is it tolerulile ? 'I'lie Minister could not, in the present state, but give the following de- cision: — "I have decided, in (Onseriuiiice, that these ships shall not in the futurt! take more than ont! pasiienger for each two tons of tonnage, crew not comprised, either •n France or at St. l*i- pers to ordain one meal a week of codlish h>r the troops, refuit» \>y II riKMt ii;,'i(i and cinrHiinical ad- tnini.stiatiori tlial llu! line will |ii> umd,. (,, pay and naii/.c the hopes piactd in it by tin- trade of iioth CLuntricN. A Kicat itH|ion.siliility will nst njion llu« iidniiniHtratoiH, Iumuiiso a laihiiu would rliwk for rti'viial years any other attcinpl. It is with tliis ohjeet that we imipose |o orjj;ani/,e and ruanaue tlie line, (iranville, tor xDVeral reasons, hcenis to ns the nioMt huitablu port tor thiH line (Jranville, beinj,' ineonnut-tiun hy railway with I'aris an,Mdarity of the postal ser- vice ,vhii h would be conlided to them. When the traflic shall have attained hu|;er proportions we will reipiire larj^'er steamers, and by e.xcavations made near the approach of the |)ort we will easily reach a greater duijtli and have a <;i)()d harbor. In conclusion, we tliaidi Mr. Lefaivre, Consul-General ol l'"ranceat <,>uebec, who has been, wemijihtsay.the inspiiinj,-o;,;tiiu8ofour l)roject and who has ^iven it the aid of his studies, to.i^'elher with iaiiiortant information and his constant support. We also owe the expression of deep ^(nititude to the Hon- orable Mr. Chapleaii, I'rime Minister o^ the I'rovince of (Quebec, who },'ives the sup- l)ort of his talent and his hi^h aptitudes us a Htatesnian, to the work of the commercial antl tinancial union between France and Ca- nada, which is so desirable and will beuetit his country as well as our own. We hope tliat the negotiations entered in- to between the Canadian (Government j and the Kreii. h (Jovernm.nt will i «oon be terminated and that the J I'arliament of the tw.i o..iiiitries will, at their • •arliest Hes,sions vote the pioniised sul.,-,idir8 lor a period of ten yeaisas follows : Canada, 2r.0,oiMi fmms yearly or $r)(),oo(i, and Fraiu e, .')(»o,(Mio irancs yearly, or $|(((i,u(((), i'nu. formahly to the theory which we have ourselves stated in this memorandum, on the subject of the stale HubMilics to tlie li.slieries and industriis, wt; hopir to be able to do withoiil these subsidies alter tlu; above ptriod. Created and directe(| by us, • the '■ Lino Camidienne-I''rancaise, ' will then be able to support itstdl. 'lli. re is a final con- sideration, althoii^'h |iolJtical, whit h we de- sin; to make known ; it is not strange to the creation of the liie , but it is attached to it closely. When Krunce was jdai ed in jiosses- Hion by the treaty of Itrecht and other treaties more reiciit, of the exclusive riKhtot the tisheiiesoii one-half of the coast of New- foiindland, that island did not [lossess any inhabitants. Sin.e then a considerable popu- lation has established ilselfand thate.\clusive ri^'ht has become very vexations to them. In I H,"i7, under tlie pressure of a riot, it vis attempted to abolish this riKht, but the t»!Xt of the treaty was formal, and lliif^land was compelled, on the request of France, to re- cojrnizo it. If the Frendimen had not thiw exclusiverihiit,tisliin;.'- would become im|)o.ssi- ble for thttiii, owing to (he inferior numbers in which they are a( tually phu ed ; but after the transtormation of their gear which the new service will entail, they will be |. laced on an equal footing with their competitoiH. Under this new condition we believe that u solution advai /ageous to all will be attained and given to this question by arbitration. France would relimiuish her exclusive right, and her subjects would in time be allowed to tish on all the lishing |ioints, is are the Americans to-day. Canada would make it the conditi(m on the entry of Newfoundland into the Confe