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1 2 3

HiisaroR.^x'

OK THE

Prtvliii

(UPPER CANADA.)

<;ONTAIM.\<i

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X SKRICH 01' FB.VNOO-CANADIAN HISTORY, — THK HLOODV BATTLKS OF THK
FRK.VCH AND INDIANS, — THE AMKRIt'AN RKVoLUTTON, — THK SETTLEMENT OF
THE COUNTRY BY U. E. LOYALISTS,— TRIALS AND IlARD.SlIirS INCIDENT
TO HONKER LIFE,— THRILLING NARRATIVES OF ADVENTIRES W ITH
INDIANS AND WILD BEASTS, — STHUOGLEH FOR THE ESTABLISH-
MENT OF CHRISTIANITY AND SCHOOLS,^ — AGRlCULTirRE AND
MANUFACTURES, — THE WAR OF 1812,— BATfLE SCENES,
CAPTURE OF BUFFALO, — SUBSEQUENT GROWTH
AND PROSPERITY OF THE COUNTRY,

INCLUDING

BIOGRAPHIES OF PROMINENT FIRST SETTLERS.

i ■
i

i ■

THE CENSUS OF 1871.

WM. CANNIFF, iM.D., F.R.C.S.E..

PROFESSOR OF SURGERY, UNIVERSITY VICTORIA COLLE(.E, CONSULTING SUfiOEOM

TO EYE AND EAR INFIR.MARY, PHYSICIAN AND SURGEON TO THE

TORONTO GENERAL HOSPITAL, AUTHOR OF "PRINCIPLES

AND PRACn-ICK oF SITRGERV," etc.

rOKONTO. ONT. .
PUBLISHED EY A. H. HOVEY, 34 KING STREET WEST.

I«752.

f6hoV

AGElffTS mrANTED

In every County to sell this and other popular sub-
scription books. Exclusive territory .i^iven and liberal
inducements offered.

Address for circulars and full particulars.

A. H. HOVEY. Pim.isHKR,

No. 34 Kin^ Street West,

Toroiuo. Ont.

BY HIS RESPECTFUL ADMIRER,

WILLIAM CANNIFF.

1'.

i It
1'

TO
THE HONORABLE

SIR JOHN ALEXANDER xMACDOxNALD, K.C.B., iD.C.L., M.P.,

PREMIER OF THE DOMINION OP CANADA,
THIS VOLUME IS BY PERMISSION RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED,

A RECOGNITION OP HIS ABirjTIES AS A CANADIAN STATESMAN, -
AND A3 A TRIBUTE TO A LONG STANDING INHABITANT OP BAY QCINTE, WHO HAS GIVEN
HIS TALENTS AND ENERGIES TO LAY A SURE FOUNDATION FOR
•'a GREAT NORTHERN NATION."

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PREFACE.

In the year 1861 a meeting was convened at the Education
Office, Toronto, with the view of establishing an Historical Society
for Upper Canada. The writer, as an Upper Canadian by birth,
and deeply interested in his country with respect to the past as well
as the future, was present. The result of that meeting was the
appointment of a Committee to frame a Constitution and By-Laws,
and take the necessary steps to organize the proposed Society, and
to report three weeks thereafter '

The Committee consisted of the Hon. Mr. Merritt, Eev. Dr.
Eyerson, Col. Jarvis, Mr. DeGrassi, Mr. Merritt, J. J. Hodgins, Dr.
Canniff and Mr. Coventiy. For reasons unknown to the writer,
this Committee never even met. The following year the writer
received a printed circular respecting an " Historical Society of
Upper Canada " which had been established at St. Catharines, of
which Col. John Clarke, of Port Dalhousie, was President ; Hon.
Wra. H. Merritt, Vice-President, and George Coventry, of Cobourg,
Secretary. ''

"HONORARY MEMBERS."

» Chief Justice Sir John Beverley Rob-
inson, Bart.,
Colonel Jarvis, Toronto,
Doctor Canniff, "
Henry Eccles, Esq., Q.C.,
William H. Kittson, Esq., Hamilton,

Henry Ruttan, Esq., Cobourg,

The Venerable Lord Bishop of Toronto,

Alfio DeGrassi, Esq., Toronto,

J. P. Merritt, St, Catharine!.,

Thomas C. Keefer, Esq., Yorkville,

Hon. George S. Boulton, Cobourg,

David, Burn, Esq., Cobourg."

At the request of this Society the writer undertook to prepare
a Paper upon the Settlement of the Bay Quinte. Having been
induced to take up his abode for a time at Belleville, near which ho
was born, the writer availed himself of every opportunity he could

n PREFACK.

create wliilo cn^ii^od in his profossional duties, during u period of
five years, to collect laets pertaining to the subject. After somo
months of labor, he was advised by friends, in whoso judgment ho
had confidonco, to write a History of the Bay Qninte, for publication.
Acting upon this advice, ho continued, with increased energy,
to collect and elaborate material. In carrying out this object, ho
not only visited dirt'cront sections of the country and many indivi-
duals, but consulted the libraries at Toronto and Ottawa, as well as
availed himself of the private libraries of kind friends, especially
Cannift' Ilaight, Esq., ofPicton. As the writer proceeded in his
work, ho found the subject assuming more extended proportions
than he had anticipated. lie found that, to write an account of
the Settlement of the Jiay Quinte, was to pen a history of the
settlement of the Province. Finally, he has been induced to desig-
nate the work " A History of the Settlement of Upper Canada,"

. The labor, time and thought which has been given to the
subject need not to be dwelt upon. Every effort has been made,
consistent with professional duties, upon which tho writer's family
is dependent, to sift a mass of jiromiscuous material M-hich has
come under investigation, so that grains of truth alone might fill
the measure which this volume represents.

Various sources of infoi-mation have been duly indicated in
the text; but there are a large number of individuals, from whom
information has been obtained, whose names could not be recalled.

This work has been one of love as well as labor ; yet time and
again the writer would have relinquished it had it not boon for the
words of entouragemont, volunteered by his friends.

The writer has explained the cause of his writing this volume,
lie now presents it to the reader — to Canadians — to the world.
He loves his country so well, that he regrets an abler pen had not
undertaken the task, that justice might be more fully done to the
worthy.

Fault may be found because of repeated and earnest protests
against the attitude assumed by the United States : the comments

PRKFACR.

made in rospoct to their history: tho contrnst drawn upon tho
sultjcct of LiHERTY and FiiEEnou. Tlio writer offerH no'oxcuse.
IIo IwiH endeavored to iwlherc to truth. It is true theso pa^ros have
boon written during a period of'f^reat irritation to Canadians, from
tlic hostile and aggresbive 6j)irit whicii tho United States have din-
phvyed towards us ; but a record has been made whiojj, it iB trusted,
will stand tho tost of the closest examination.

As to the work, apart from its historical character, no remark
is oflt'ei'ed, except that tho writer is perfectly conscious of errors
and imperfections. Time has not been allowed to polish; and
while tho pages have been going through the press, other necessary
duties have prevented that close and undivided attention which tho
work demanded. But subscribers to the volume were urgent in
their requests to have the work without further delay. The reader
is referred to a page of Errata. '

A concluding chapter it has been found necessary to omit, in
consequence of the size already attained. In this it was intended
to discuss the future prospects of the Dominion. The writer has
unbounded faith in tho Confederation scheme. Before this scheme
was initiated, the writer, in a lecture delivered to a Toronto
audience, uttei'cd these words. Pointing out the elements
which constitute the fabric of a great nation, ho remarked that ho
" loved to contemplate the future, when all the British American
Provinces would bo consolidated into a grand whole ; when, from

the summit of the Eocky Mountains, would be seen — to the East
along the magnificent lakes and river to the Atlantic, and down
the western slopes to the Pacific — tho ceaseless industry of the
Canadian beaver, and the evergreen Maple Leaf overshadowing tho
peaceful homes of Canada." The prospects now are far brighter
than when those woi'ds were spoken ; and notwithstanding the
obstacles — an unpatriotic company of Englishmen, the unscrupulous
designs of covetous Americans, and the apathy of the British Gov-
ernment — the belief is broad and strong that the dream of the
i\iture will be realized. There is life in tho tree whose seed was

vui

PREFACE.

planlotl eighty years ago, und an it has in the past continued to
grow, 80 it will in the future.

In concluding these prefatory remarks, wo desire to tender our
thanks to all who have assisted us directly or indirectly, by sup-
plying information, and by encouraging words. Particularly wo
thank those gentlemen who gave their names as subscribers, some
of them voluntarily, years ago, before the work was fairly com-
menced ; also the Hon. Lewis Wallbridge, for procuring for us,
when Speaker, copies of manuscript in the Parliamentary Library,
at Ottawa.

Finally, we express our obligations to the Publishers and
Printers.

Toronto, 27th March, 1869. : ' ■■

[Copy Right tecured.

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CONTENTS.

'■-): ...... '

and

A SKETCH OF FnANCO-CANADUN III8T01IV.

CHAPTER I.

v\\'

AntiquarianiRm — Records of the Early Nations — Tradition — The Press—
The Eastern World — The Western World — Importance of History —
Colnmbus — Colonization — Canada — America — Cartitr — French Cano.
dian writers — Cartier's firnt visit — Hugiunots — Carticr's second visit-
Jean Francois — Sir Ueorye E. Cartier — Establishment of the Fur Trade
— Champlain — Discovery of Lake Ontario— Hay of (Jiiinte — Quebec
founded — First flghtinjr with Indians — First taking of Quebec by th«
British — Returned to Frimce — The Recollets and Jesuits — Death of
Champlain — Foundation of Jlontreal — Emigration fr-^ni France — The
Carignan Regiment — DeCourcelle— Proposal to found a Fort at Lake
Ontario — Frontenac — Fort at Cataraqui — La Salle — Fort at Niagara-
First vessel upon the Lakes — Its fate — Death of La Salle, the first
settler of Upper Canada — Founder of Louisiana — Discoverer of the
mouth of the Mississippi

PAOI

CHAPTER II.

Cataraqui Fort strengthened — Kente Indians seivied and carried captive to
France — Massacre of Lachine — Commencing struggle between New
England and New France — Siege of Quebec by Sir Wm. Phipps — De-
struction of Fort Cataraqui — Its re-erection — Treaty of Ryswick —
Death of Frontenac — Iroquois in England — Another attempt to cap-
ture Quebec — Decline of French power — Population of Canada and of

New England — Continuation of the contest for the fur trade Taking

of Fort Louisburg — Col. Washington, dishonorable conduct — Inconsis-
tency of Dr. Franklin — Commencement of seven years' war — Close of
first year — Montcalm — His presentiment— Taking of Fort Oswego—

Of Fort William Henry — Fearful massacre — The state of Canada

Wolfe appears — Taking of Frontenac — Duquesne — Apathy of France
— The Spring of 1759 — Reduced state of Canada — Overthrow of French
power in Americo — The result — Union of elements — The capture of
Quebec — Wolfe —Death of Montcalm — Fort Niagara — Johnson— Effort
to retake Quebec — Wreck of the French army — Capitulation at Mon-
treal — Population — The first British Governor of Canada — The Cana-
dians as British subjects^The result of French enterprise — Rebellion

i .

(Ill'

CONTENTS.

DIVISION I.

TUB RKnRI.MON OV 1776 — THE TFIIBTKEN COLONIK?.

CHAPTER ITI.

■ 1 '■ •
i ■ ■

I'Ana

First American rebi-Uion — Indupeiulenct' — Traitors made heroes— Loyalistfi
driven away to found another colony — The responsibility of rebelling
— Treatment of the Loyalists — The several colonies — The first Eng-
lishman in America — Receives X'lO — p]nglish colonization — Virginia
— Convicts — Extent of Virginia — First Governor — Virginians not
willing to rebel — Quota supplied to the rebel army — New Yor); —
Hudson — The Dutih — New Netherlands — Price of New Ajnsterdam
(New York) — First Legislative Assembly — Not quick to rebel— Quota
of rebel troops — Gave many settlers to Upper Canada — New Jersey —
Its settlement — A battle ground — Gave rebel troops ; also loyal troops
— Furnished settlers to Upper Canada — Massachusetts — Captain Smith ,•
— New England Puritans — The " Mayflower " — First Governor — Cruel
treatment of Indians — Massacliusctts takes the lead in robclling—
Troops — liOyalists — New Hampshire — Troops — Delaware — Settlement
— Uiuta of rebel troops — Connecticut — Education — Troops— Roman
Catiiolics — Toleration — Rhode Island — Providence— Inconsistency of
the Puritjvns— Roger vVilliams — North Carolina — Inhabitants — South
Carolina — Many Loyalists— Pennsylvania — William Penn — Conduct
toward Indians— The people opposed to rebellion— Georgia — Ogle-
thorpe— Policy of Now England — New England 32

A 8J

*H ■. rs — ii'.i.Mi.,

CHAPTER IV.

American writers— Sabtne — Loyalists had no time to waste — Independence
not sought at first — Adatns- Franklin — Jay — .Jefferson — Washington
—Madison — The British Government — Ingratitude of the Colonists —
Taxation — Smugglej's — Crown officers — Persist"uce — Superciliousness
Contest between Old £n|j;land and New Englnnr'. 41

i-iiv •'i.>jo4~«'»'"i''''>Ji^ --^ii'sia''

CHAPTER V.

' ii(t>C'

The signers of the Declaration of Independence — Their nativity — Injus-
tice of American writers for 80 years— Cast back mis-statements— The
Whigs had been U. E Loyalists — Hancock — Oftice-seekers — Malcon-
tents stir up strife — What the fathers of the Republic fought for —
Rebel committees- -Black mail — Otiij, John Adams, Warren, Washinjr-
ton, Hsnry, Franklin — What caused tlifim to rebel — What the American
revolutionary heroes actually were — Cruelty, during and after the war
—No Freedom— The political mistake of the rebels in alienating the
loyalists — The Consequence — Motives of the loyalists — False charges
— Conscientious Conservatives — Rebellion not warranted —Attachment
to the old flag — Loyalists driven away — Supprcssio hc;j — Want of iiobK'
spirit towards the South— -Etfeets — Comparison between loyalists ai.d
rebels- -Education — Religion— The neutral — The professions . , ¥>

India
I
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A
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I
I

CHAPTER VI.

Republicanism— The lesson of the first rebellion — The late civil war — Th«
Loyalists ; their losses and hardships — Ignored by Americans — Unrc-
eorded^Tho world. kept in ignorance— -American glory— Englishmen
— Question of Colonial treatment — The reason why Great Britain
failed to subdue the .rabellion— Character of the rebel bravery— The

r great result — Liberty iu England and United States contraHted —

Indiv
C

r
A

I'AOH

CONTENTS.

Slavery — Tlie result to IT. K. Loyalists — rttirpjoyne — Molmrrucy —
Treiitinent from "Sons of Liberty" — Old men, wcnien and ehildren —
Instances of criioUy — IJrutality — iiiipaeity — Torture — Tiie lower clisses
— "Swamp Law" — Fiendish eruelty — Worse tliun Butler's Rangers —
Seward and the Fenians — Infamous fulsitication — Close of the war —
Reeognition of independence by (Jreat Britain — Crushed hopes of the
Loyalists — In New York — Their conduct — Evacuation day — The
position of the liOyalists — Confiscation — •• Attainting" — Seizing Estates
— Paine — Commissioners at Paris — British Ministry —Loyal' ts' petition
— King's speech — Division of claimants — Six classes — The numlier —
Tardy Justice — Noble conduct of South Carolina — Impostors — Loyal-
ists in Lower Canada — Proclamation — The soldiers' families — Joumey-
ings-

i-Aoa

-Meeting of families.

II !■

CHAPTER VII.

H'-i '■■'.^'

spjiril of strife — The French war — British American troops— Former
comrades opposed — Number of U. E. Loyalists in the field — General
Burgoyne — Defeat — First reverse of British arms — The campaign —
Colonel St. Leger — Fort Stanwix — Colonel Bauiu • — Battle of Ben.
nington — General Herkimer — Gates — SchnyhT — Braemar Heights —
Saratoga — Surrender — The result upon the people — Sir .John Johnson
— Sir William — Sketch — Indian Chief — Laced coat — Indian's dream —
It comes to pass — Sir William dreams — It also comes to pa.ss — Too
hard a dream — Sir .John — Attempt to arrest — Escape — Starving —
Royal greens — Johnson's losses — Living in Canada — Death — Principal
Corps of Royalists — King's Rangers — Queen's Rangers — Major Rogers
— Simcoc — The Rangers in Upper Canada— Disbanded — The Hessians.

* 1 II

C'3

1 I

-flv.

CHAPTER VIII.

A— J'

h, ^d-^ili^\ ,'0

Indian names — The Five Tribes — The Sixth — Confederation — Crovern-
ment — Sub-divisions — Origin — Hendrick — Death — Brant — Uirth— >
Education — Married — Teaching — Christianity — Brant elected Chief —
Commissioned a British Cai)tain — Visits England — Returns — Leads his
warriors to battle — Etl'orts of Rf'bels to seduce Brant to their cause —
Attempted treachery of the Rebel Herkimer — Border warfare — Wyom- ;
ing — Attempt to blacken the character of Brant — His noble conduct —
Untruthful American History — The inhabitants of Wyoming — T!ic
Rebels first to blame — Clierry Valley — Van Schaick — Bloody orders —
Terrible conduct of the Rebels, Helpless Indian families — Further
deeds of blood and rapine by the rebel Sullivan — A month of horrible
work — Attributes of cruelty more conspiyuous in tlie Rebels than in
the Indians — The New Englander — Conduct toward the Indians — In-
consistent — The " down trodden '" — The Mohawks — Indian agriculture
— Broken faith with the Indians — Noble conduct of Brant — After the
wax — His family — Death — Miss Molly — Indian usage — The character
of the Mohawk — The six Indians as Canadians — Fidelity <o the British
— Receiving land — Bay Quinte — "Grand River — Settling — Captain
Isaac, Captain John — At present — Mohawk Counsel 71

CHAPTER IX.

Individuals — Anderson — Bcthune — Burwell — Butler — - Canliff — Claug— •
Coffin — Douue — Jarvis — Jones — McDonald — McGill— -McGillos — Mur-
rit— Miinday — Peters — Robinson — Singleton — Rose — McNab— Allen —
Allison — Ashley — Bell — Burritt— (Josoy — Carscallion — Church — Clark
— Crawford — Dame — Daly— Diamond

CONTENTS.

CHAPTER X.

PAOB

Ferguson — Frazer — Oerollamy — Goldsmith — Harrison — Hudgins — Hicks
Howell — HoTer — Hogle — Ham — Herkimer — Holt — Jones — Johnson —
Ketcheson — Loyst — Myers — McArthur — Miller — Mordens — McDonald
—McDonnell — McDonell — Ostrom — Peterson 100

The

.i>..:»iip-

CHAPTER XI.

Bogerfl' family — Ryerson — Redner — Sherwood — Taylor — Van Dusen —
Williamburgh— Wright — Wilkins — Young — Officers who settled in
Niagara District 117

A^r; i"

DIVISION II.

TRAVELING IN EARLY TIMES— ORIOINAL ROUTES.

X • CHAPTER XII. ■. M ~~^

Indian paths — Portages — Original French routes — Merde Canada— Original
names of St. Lawrence — Ontario— Huron — Route by Bay Quints — Old
French maps — Original English routes — Four ways from Atlantic to
the Lakes — Mississippi — Potomac — Hudson — Indian name of Erie —
From New York to Ontario— The Hudson River — Mohawk — Wood u
creek — Oneida Lake— Oswego River — ^The carrying places — West
Canada Creek— Black River— Oswegotchie— The navigation — Military
highway — Lower Canada — An historic route — The paths followed by
the Loyalists — Indian paths north of Lake Ontario— Crossing the Lake
—From Cape Vincent to the Bay Quints — From Oswego by Duck
Islands — Eaet Lake — Picton Bay — Coasting Ontario — Two ways to
Huron — By Bay Quints and Trent; by Don River — Lake Simcoe —
Point Traverse — Loyalists — Travelling by the St. Lawrence — First
road — Lon^ remembered event 129

Yl^.u r-.vl-loii— -i^;>JHUf CHAPTER XIII.

rvyr-iV- itvio'P- -ifciro;

Indians traveled by foot or by canoe — Secreting canoes — Primeval scenes
— Hunting expeditfons — War path — In 1812 — Brock — A night at
Myers' Creek — Important arrival^ — The North West Company — ^Their
canov — Route-^Orand Portage — The Voyageurs — The Batteaux — Size
— Ascending the rapids — Lachint— A dry dock-^Loyalists by bfttteaux
— Durham boats — Difficulties — In 1788, time flrom Lachine to Freder-

i '^ ' ieksburg— Waiting for batteaux — Extracts from a journal, trareling in
1811 — From Kingston to Montreal — The expenses — The Schenectady
boats — Trade between Albany and Cataraqui — The Durham boat —
Duncan — Description of fl^t-bottomed boat by " Murray " — Statement
of Pinkie — Trading — Batteaux in 1812 — Rate of traveling — The change
in fifty years — Time from Albany to Bay Quiftte— Instances — Loyalists
traveling in winter — Route*— Willsbury wilderness — Tarrying at Com-
wall-^The " French Train " — Traveling along north shore of Ontario
—Indian path — Horseback — Individual owners of batteaux — Around
Bay Quintfe — The Last regular batteaux— In 1819 — "Linen" from
magazine t. 136

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CONTENTS.

XIU

CHAPTER XIV.

PAGE
IS

.. 100

117

PAOS

The first Vessel— The French— La Salle— The Grlflfon— Vessels in 1770— ..
During the Rebellion — Building at Carleton Island — Captain Andrews
The Ontario — Col. Burton — Loss of the Ontario — The Shcehans — Hills
— Givins' — Mumey's Point — Schooni^r ' Speedy ' — Mohawk — Missis-
sauga — Duke of Kent — Capt. . Bouchette — Paxton — McKenzie —
Richardson — Earle Steele — Fortiche — The Governor Simcoe — Sloop
' Elizabeth ' — First vessel built at York — Collins' Report upon
Navigating the Lakes — Navy in Upper Canada, 1795 — Rochfoucault
— Capt. Bouchette — Officers' Pay — York, the centre of the Naval Force '-■
— Gun Boats — The Loss of the " Speedy" — Reckoner — Dr. Strachan —
Solicifor-Gen. Gray — Canada took the lead in building VeBsels — First
Canadian Merchant Vessel — The York — A Schooner on runners round
the Falls — Sending Coals to Newcastle — Upon Bay Quints — The Out-
skirts of Civilization— "The Prince Edward" built of Red Cedar— In
1812— Schooner " Mary Ann "—1817— Capt. Matthews 147

.t.-.i-iUK »,»•;-■.!!*<> -BiUii VJ;;Aij Hi x!>:i . :• /.nt

DIVISION III.

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THB LOYALISTS AS PIONEERS — THE ORIGIXAL SIIRVKV. ' •■' •

CHAPTER XV.

Major Gen. Holland — Surveying on Atlantic Coast — An adherent of the
Crown — Removal to Montreal — Death — Major Holland — Information
" Maple Leaves " — Holland Farm — Tach6 — First Canadian Poem —
Head Quarters of Gen. Montgomery — Hospitality — Duke of Kent-
Spencer Grange — Holland Tree — Graves — Epitaphs — Surveyor Wash-
ington — County Surveyor — Surveyors after the War — First Survey in
Upper Canada — Commenced in 1781 — The Mode pursued — Information
in Crown Lands Department^The Nine Townships upon the St.
Lawrence — At the close of the War — Non-Professional Surveyors —
Thomas Sherwood — Assisting to Settle — Surveying aronnd the Bay
Quinte — Bongard — Deputy-Surveyor Collins — First Survey at Fron-
tenac — Town Reserve — Size of Tqirnship — Mistakes — Kottye — TufFy
— Capt. Gkass — Capt. Murney — Surveying in Winter — Planting Posts
— ^Result — Litigation — Losing Land — A Newspaper Letter — Magis-
trates — Landholders — Their Son's Lawyers — Alleged Filching — Spec-
ulators at Seat of Government— Grave Charges — Width of Lots-
Mode of Surveying — Number of Concessions — Cross Roads — Survey-
ors Orders — Numbering the Lots — Surveying around the Bay — The
ten Townships — Their Lands — The Surveying Party — A Singer — State-
ment of Gourlay 154

.^t.Kl,(l

CHAPTER XVI.

,. 135

The term Concession — First Concession of Land in Canada — The Carignan
Regiment — Seigniories^ Disproportion of the sexes — Females sent
from France — Their appearance — Settling them — Marriage allowance
— The last seigniory — New Longeuil — Seigniory at Frontenao — ^Grants
to refugees — Officers and men — Scale of granting — Free of expense-
Squatting — Disbanded soldiers — Remote regions — A wise and benefi-
cent policy— Impostors — Very young officers — Wholesale granting of

§1

XIV CONTENTS.

land — rvopnbliiiins roniing over — Clovctous — False pretensions — Gov-
ernment had to discriminate — llules and regulations — Family lands —
Bounty — Cortiticates — Selling claims — Rear eoncesnions — Transfer of
location ticket — Land board — Tardiness in obtaining titles to real
estate — Transfer by bond — iJobbing — Sir Win. Pullency — Wasbington
— (living lands to fuvorites — Reserves — Evil results — The Family
Compact — Extract from Playti^r — Extract from Lord Durham — From
(Jourlay — Recompense to Loyalists — Rations — Mode of drawing land
— Land agent — 13rokeu front — Traitor Arnold — Tyendinaga

CHAPTER XVII.

Lines — Western Settlement, 1783 — Population — Settlement upon St. Law-
rence and Ba}' — Number, 1784 — Proclamation to Loyalists — Society
disturbed — Two kinds of Loyalists — St. Lawrence and Bay favorable
for srttlemcnt — Goverimient provisions — State of the Loyalists — Serv-
ing out rations — Clotiies — Utensils for clearing and fencing — Tlii^ axe
— Furniture — Attacking a last enemy — Tents — Waiting fortheir lots
— "Bees'" — Size of dwellings — Mode of building — Exchanging work
— Bcilsteads — Clearing — Fireing trees — Ignorance of pioneer life —
Disposing of the woid — No beast of burden — Logging— Determina-
tion — .Ml settlers on a common ground — Addilioual refugees — Advance
— Simcoe's proclamation, 1792 — Conditions of grants — The response —
Later settlers — Questionable Loyalists — Yankees longing for Canada
— Loyalty in 1812 .•

PAQB

164

181

,,..,. ..V, . DIVISION IV.

-.J •'. iiit«'

•.!i7i-J. In . THB FIRST YKAR8 OF ITIM'KR 0.\NADA. ''" ' •■^i-'^-

.(•i.^nl,'^,.! CHAPTER XVIII.

Father Piequet — Provision of Forts in Upper Canada just^ before conquest
— Frontenac — Milk — Brandj' — Toronto — The several forts — Detroit —
British garrisons — Grasping rebels— Efforts to starve out Loyalists in
Cauada — Worse treated than the Abadians — Efforts to secure Fur
Trtvde — The frontier forts — Americans' conduct to Indians — Result —
Conduct of British Government — Rations for three years — Grinding
by hand — "Hominy blocks" — "Plumping mill" — The women — Sol-
dier farmers — The Hessians — Sutfering — The "Scarce Year" — Charge
against the Commissariat officers — Famine — Cry for bread — Instances
of suffering — Starvingvhildren — No salt — Fish — Game — Eating 3onng
grain — Begging bran — A common sorrow — Providential escapes —
Eating buds and leaves — Deaths — Primitive tisliing — Catching salmon
— Going 125 miles to mill — Disconsolate families — 1789 — Partial
relief — First beef slaughtered in Upper Canada — First log barn — A
" Bee," what they ate and drank — Tea introduced — Statements of
Sheriff Sherwood — Roger Botes— .Tolm Parrott — C'ol. Clark — Squirrel
swimming Niagara — Maple sugar — How it was made — Women assist-
ing — Made- dishes of food — Pumpkin loaf — Extract from Rochefoucault
— 1795 — Quality of grain raised — Quinte Bay — Cultivation — Corn
exported — The grain dealers — Price of flom- — Pork — Protits of the
merchants 191

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164

cnNTBNTS.

CHAPTER XIX.

PAGB

Kingston Mills — Action of Government — The Slilhvriplit — Situntion of the
ftrat Mill — Whv Selected — Th<> Machineiy — Put up by Loyalists — No
Toll— Only Mill for three years— Going to Mil], 1784— The Napance
Mill — Coninieneed iTSr) — Kohort t'liirkc — And old Book — "Apjienca"
Fulls — Price of eel tain articles — What Rum cost, and was nsed for —
The Mill opened 1787 — Sergt.-Major Olarke in chaipe — Indian Corn —
Small Toll — Surveyor Collins in chnrgc — Becomes the property of R.
Cartwright, 1702 — Rebuilt — Origin of Napanee — Price of Butter, 1788
— Mills at Four Mile Creek, Niagara Falls, Fovt Erie, anil Grand Rivei"
— Mills on the St. Lawrence — The Stone .Mills— -VanAlstinc — Lake of
the Mountain — 1796 — Natural Beauty, vermis Utility — The Mill — Van
Alstine's Death— Wind Jlill— Myer's Mill— Mill at Consccon 206

181

CHAPTER XX.

Clothing — Domestic and Farming Implements — Stylo of Dress eighty years
ago — Clothing of the Refuges — Disbanded Soldiers — No Fresh Supply
Indian Garments of Skin — Deerskin Pants — Petticoats — Bed Coverings
— Cultivating Flax — Sheep — Home-mode Clothes — Undc Implements
— Fulling — French Mode — Lindsay Woolsey — The Spinning-wheel —
Young men Selecting AVivcs — Bees — Marriage Portion — Every Farmer
his own Tanner and Shoemaker^ — Fashions — How did hours win- si)ent
— Home-made Shoes — What Blankets were made of— Primitive Jied-
steod — Naktidness — Bridal Apparel — No Saddles — Kingston anc,! No^\'ark
— Little Money — Bartering — Merchants from Albany — Unable to buy
— Credit with Merchants — The Results — Itinerant Mechanics — Amer-
icans — Become Canadians — An old Stone-mason — Wooden Dishes —
Making Spoons — Other Hardships — Indians Friendly — Eft'ects of
Alcohol upon the Mississnugas — Groundless Panic — Drunken Indians
— Women, defending Themselves — An erroneous Statement about
Indian Massacre in " Dominion Monthly Magazine'' — Statement of an
Old Settler, Sherwood — Wild Beasts — Few Fire-aims — Narrow Es-
capes — Depredations at Night — Destroying Stock — An Act of Parlia-
ment — " A traveller's Statement — The Day of Small Things — Settlers
Contented — The Extent of their Ambition — Reward of Industry — Po-
pulation in 1808 — Importations — Money — The Youth 211

CHAPTER XXI.

Sweat of the brow — No beast of burden — No stock — Except by a few —
Horses and oxen — From Lower Canada — York State — Late comers,
brought some — No fodder — First stock in Adolphustown — Incidents
— Cock and hens — " Tiplev" — Cattle driving — First cow in Thurlow —
First house in Marysburgh — The first oxen — No market for butter and
cheese — Sheep — Rev. Mr. Stuart, as an Agriculturist — Horses at Nap-
anee — An otter for a yoke of steers 220

191

CHAPTER XXII.

Old channels of trade, and travel — Art and science — New channels — The
wilderness — Loyalists Travelling on foot, from Kingston to York —
Formation of roads — Act of parliament— 1 793 — Its provisions — (.rooked
roads — Foot-path — Bridle-path — King's highway from Lower Canada
—When surveyed— Road from Kingston westwanl— Its course — Simcoe's
military road — Dundas street — Asa Danforth — Contract with gov-
ernment — Road from Kingston to Ancastcr — Danforth road — 1799— •
Misunderstandings — Danforth's i)ami)hlets — Slow improvement —

sii

CONTENTS.

PAOB
Cause — Extract from Ooiirlay — TliomaH Markland's report — Ferries —
179(> — Acts of parliament — Statute labor — Money grants — Commis-
sioners — Midland district — Distrib'ition — The Cataraqui Bridge Com-
pany — The petitioners — An act — The provisions — The plan of build-
ing — The bridge — Toll — Completing the bridge — Improvements of
roads — McAdam — Declines a knighthood 224

CHAl'TER XXIII.

Ode to Canada — Early events— First English child in America, 1587— In
New England— First French child, 1621— First in Upper Canada, 1783
— In Prince Edward — Adolphtistown — Ameliasburgh — North of the
Kideau— Indian marriage ceremony — Difficulty among first settlers to
got clergymen — First marriage in America, 1608 — First in New Eng-
land, 1321— First in Canada, 1621 — Marriageable folks— No one to tie
the matrimonial knot — Only one clergyman— Officers marrying—
Magistrates empowered — Legislation, 1793— Its provision — Making
valid certain marriages — Further Legislation, 1798 — In 1818 — 1821 —
1831 — Clergymen of all denominations permitted to marry — Methodist
ministers — Marriage license, 1814 — Five persons appointed to issue —
A noticeable matter — Statements of Bates — Mode of courting in the
woods — Newcastle wedding expeditious — Weapons of defence — Ladies'
dresses — Tiie lover's " rig "—A wedding ring — Paying the magistrate
— A good corn l)asket — Going to weddings — " Bitters" — Old folks stay
at home — The dnuco, several nights — Marriage outfit — Frontier life —
Morals in I'pper Canada- -Absence of irregularities — Exceptional
instances — Unable to get married, Peter and Polly — A singular witness
— Rev, Mr, Stuart -Langhorn— McDowell — How to adorn the bride —
What she wore — A wedding in 1808— ^On horseback — The guests — The
wedding — Tlie banquet— Tlie game of forfeits — The night— -Second day
wedding — The young folks on horseback— Terpischorean — An elope-
ment by canoe— Tlie Squire — Tlu; chase — The lovers successful — 1'he
Squires who married 232

' .. ,., CHAPTER XXIV. ,,

Burying places — How selected — Family burying place — For the neighbor-
hood — The Dutuh — Upon the Hudson — Bay Quintc — A sacred spot to
the Loyalists — Ashes to ashes — Primitive mode of burial — The coffin
—At the grave — The father's remarks — Return to labor — French Bury,
ing-place at Frontenac — Its site^r-U, E. Loj'alists' burying place at
King8t(m — The " U. E. burying-groimd," Adolphustown — Worthy sires
of Canada's sons — Decay — Neglect of illustrious dead — Repair wanted
— Oldest burying.ground in Pvince Edward — Ross Place — At East
Lake — Upon the Rose farm — " The Dutch burying-ground " — Second
growth trees — In Sophiasburgh — Cronk farm — In Sidney — Rude tomb
stones — Burial-place of Captain Myers — Reflections — Dust to dust-
In Thurlow — " Taylor burying-ground " — The first person buried —
Lieut. Ferguson — An aged female — Her work done — Wheels stand
still 343

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DIVISION V .

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TlIK KAnr.Y CI.KUflYMKN AXU CHUUCIIK«.

224

(JIlAl'TMIl XXV

rAQR

French misBiouaiios — First in Ifil") — Recollcts — Witli Cliiiniiilivin — .Fosnits,
in 1025 — Valiml)li! ri'dinU — r.isiiopiii' t)f' Qik'Ikm,-, ltM4 — I'Mrst UiHliop
of Canada, Laval — Rivalry — I'ow.t of .iisiiits — NiiniluM' of missiona-
vicB — Tlifir '-relations" — First mission lluM ; Hay Qiiiiild rui^ion —
" Antient mission " — How t'onnded — First missionaries — KIouh, Abbo
D'Urff — La Salle ti> Imild a cliurch — Tlu; ornatnentH an<l sacred vessels
— The site of the " Chapiicl ' uncertain — I'.ald BlnfT, Carryin^' Place —
Silver trosscH — Mission at Geor^jian Uiiy — The ''(Miristian Islands" —
Chapel at*5Iiclii!micinac, 1C79 — riu- natives attraeted — Snltjects «j1' the
French King — Francois Piccinet — La Presentation — Sori/uMi — The
most important mission — The object — Six Nations — The missionary's
livinj^ — " Disagreeahlt! expostulations'' — PiutinK stomach in order —
Tront — Picqnet's mode of tea-'nin.t; Indians — The saini! afteiwnrds
adopted by llev. W. Case — Piccinefs sue 'css — Piccinet on a voyaife —
At Fort Tt)ronto — Mississauijas' reiinest — Picfim-t's reply — A slander —
At Niagara, ()swet;(i — At Frontenac — Urand receptioti — Ketnrn to La
Pres(!ntation — Pic(piet in the last Freiu h war — Returns to France —
By Mississippi — "Apostles of Peace" — Hnseemly strife — Last of the
Jesuits in Cana<la 24j

232

343

CHAPTKU XXV J.

First church in New York, 1(333- First Dominic, Rev. F.verardns I?o,t,'ar-
dus — The Dutch, Hn^^uenots, Pilgrims Transportini,' ministers and
churches First KoctorofNew York, \Vm. Vesey- Henry R.'irclav, 1746
— First Catholic fiishop in America, 1780- Kpiscoimlian Bishop, 1796
— Moral state of Pioneers in Canada— Jieligion -No ministers — No
striking immorality — Feared (iod and honored their King -The Fath-
ers of Upper Cimada Religious views— A hundred years ago— "Ca-
rousing and Dancing " -Uev. Dr. .Folm Ogilvic • First Protestant
clergyman in Canada- ('haplain, 1750, nt Niagara — A Missionary Suc-
cessor of Dr. Harcla}', New York — Death, 1 774- -Rev. John Doughty —
A Graduate ordained— At Peekskill -Schenectady- A Loyalist — A
Prisoner — To Canadiu- Chaplain —To Kngland- Returns — Alissiouary
Resigns — Rev Dr. John Stuart -Fir}»t clergyman to settle — His memoir
— The" Father of the V. C. (Miurrh "—Mission work -Tl.e live nations
— The Dutch - Rev. Mr. Frtioman— -Transhitor— Rev. Mr. Andrews-
Rev. Mr. Spencer WoodV)ridge, Howley — New Knglnnd missio.iaries
— Rev. Dr. Whelock — The Imlian conv<'rts — -The liOmion society
— Rev. Mr. Inglis — .Fohn Stuart selected missicmary — A nativ; ofPenn-
8_ Ivania — Irish descent — A graduat*, Phil. Coll. — Joins Church of
England — To England — Ordination — Holy Orders, l77o — Enters upon
hfs >vork. 255

CHAP'J'ER XXVII.

At Foit Hunter — 5Ir. Stuart's first sermon, (Christmas — Ofticiatiss in Indian
tongue — Translates — The rebellion — Prayers for the King — The John-
sons — Rebels attack his house — Plunder — Indignity — Church desecra-
ted — Used as a stable — A barrel of r(nn — Arrested — Ordered to como
before rebel commissioners — On Parole — Mmit.s — Idle two years — To
Albany — Phil — Determines to n.-move to Canada — Not scene — F,x-

ZVltl

C0NTBNT8.

PAOB

clianging — Security — lieal estate forCcitcd — Route — Negroes — The
journey, three weeks — At St, John's — Charge of Public School — Chap-
lain — At the close of the war — Three Protestant Parishes — Determines
to settle at Cataraqui — Chaplain to Garrison — Missionary — Bishop of
Virginia, Dr. Griffith — Visits Mr. i^tuart — Invitation to Virgina declin-
ed — " Ilivettcd prejudices," satisfied — " The only refuge clergymen " —
Path of duty — Visits the settlements, 1784 — Mohawks, Grand river —
Reception of their old pastor — First church — Mohawks, Bay of Quintc
—Remains in Montreal a year— Assistant — Removes to Cataraqui, 1785
— His land — Numlicr of houses in Kingston — A short cut to Lake
Huron — Fortunate in land— 5000 settlers — Poor and happy— Indus,
trious — Around his Parish, 1788 — Two liundred miles long— By batteau
— Brant— New Oswego— Jlohawk village church,steeple,and bell — First
in Upper Canada — Plate — Organ- -Furniture — Returns -At Niagara —
Old parishioners — Tempted to move — Comfortjible, not rich — Declines
a judgcaliip -New Mecklenburgli -Appointed Chaplain to first House
of Assembly — Mohawk Mission — At Miiiysburgh — Degree of D.D.—
Prosperity — Happy— Decline of life -His duties— Illness, Death, 1811
— His appearance — " The littlcgentleman"— His manners —Honorable
title— His children—Rev. O'Kill Stuart 260

CHAPTER XXVIII.

Missionary— ("hnplain at Niagara -Pastors to the settlers — Chaplain to
Legislature — Visits Grand river— Officiates — A land speculator — Re-
ceives a pension, jC50— 1823 — Rev. Mr. Pollani — At Amherstbnrgh —
Mr. Langhoru — A missionary— Little education —Useful — Odd— On
Bay Quintc in Ernesttown — Builds a church — At Adolphustown —
Preaches at Hagerman's — Another church — A diligent pastor — Pioneer
preacher around the bay — Christening — Marrying — Particular— His ap-
pointments — Clerk's Fees — Generosity — Present to bride — Faithful to
sick calls — Frozen feet — No stockings — Shoe buckles — Dress— Books
—Peculiarities— Fond of tlie water— Charitable — War of 1812— Deter-
mined to leave Canada — Thinks it doomed — Singular notice — Returns
to Europe — His library — Present to Kingston — Twenty years in Canada
— Extract from Gazette — No one immediately to take his place — Rev.
John Bethunc- Died 1815 — Native of Scotland — U. E. Loyalists —
Lost Property — Chaplain to 84th Regiment — A Presbyterian — Second
Legal Clergymen in Upper Canada — Settled at Cornwall — Children —
Tlie Baptists — Wyner — Turner — Holts Wiem — Baptists upon river
Moira — First Chapel — How built — Places of preaching — Hayden's
Corners — At East Lake — The Lutherans — Rev. Schwerdfeger —
Lutheran settlers — County Dundas — First cliurch east of Kingston —
Rev. Mr. Myers lived in Marysburgh — Marriage — His log churcli — Re-
moves to St. Lawrence — Resigns — To Philadelphia — Mr, Weant —
Lives in Ernesttown — Removes to Matilda — Not supported — Secretly
joins the English cliuroh — Re-ordained — His society ignorant — Sus-
picious — Preaching in slurt sleeves — Mr. Myers' return, by sleigh —
Locking church door — Tlie thirty-nine articles — Compromise — Mr,
Myers continues tlireo years a Lutheran — He secedes — The end of both
seceders — Rev. I. L. Sundcrling — Rev. Herman Hayunga — Rev. Mr.
Shorts — Last Lutheran minister at Ernesttown, McCarty — Married 267

CHAPTER XXIX,

Bishop Strachan — A teacher — A preacher — A student — Holy Orders — A
Presbyterian — Becomes an Episcopuu.'vn — A supporter of the " Family
compact'' — Sincere — His opinion of ihe people— Ignorant — Unprepared
for self-government — Strachan's religious chart-— He was deceived —

CONTENTS.

PAOB

PAOI

260

The Methodists — Anomalous counoctiou — A fiUilmKtoriiig people —
Republicanism egotistical — Loyalty of tlie Methodists — American
ministers — Dr. Strachan's position — His birth place — His education —
A.M., 1793— Studying Theology — C'omes to Canada — A student of Ur.
Stuart's — Ordained Deacon — A missionary at Cornwall — Rector at York
— Archdeacon— Bishop of Toronto — Coadjutor — Death— A public burial
Rev. Mr. McDowell — First Presbyterian at Bay Quintc — luvitetl by
VanAlstine — On his way — At Urockvillc — Settles in a second town —
His circuit — A worthy minister — Fulfilling liis mission — Traveling on
foot — To York — Marrying the people — His death — His descendants —
Places of preaching — A Calvlnist — Invites controversy — Mr. Coate
accepts the challenge — The disputation — Excitement — ITie result —
Rev. Mr. Smart — Called by Mr. McDowell — Pres. clergyman at Brock-
ville — Fifty years — An earnest Chrlstinn — A desire to write- " Obser-
ver"— A pioneer — A cause of regret — Not extreme— Mr. Smort's views
on polit' —The masses uneducated— The '• Family Compact" — Rise
of responwiblft government — The Bidwell's— Credit to Dr. Strachan —
Brock's funeral sermon— Foundation of Kingston gaol — Maitland —
Demonstration — Sherwood's statement 273

CHAPTER XXX.

The Quakers — Among the Settlers — From Penn — Duchess County — First j/
Meeting-house — David Sand — Elijah Hick — Visiting Canada — .James .
Noxen — A first settler — Their mode of worship — In Sophiasburg — The
meeting-house — Joseph Leavens — Hicksites — Traveling — Death, aged .
92— -Exti-act, Picton Sun — The first preaching places — First English
church — In private houses — At Sandwich — The Indian church at the
bay — Ernesttown — First Methodist church — Preaching at Niagara —
First churcli in Kingston — At Waterloo — At Niagara — Churches at
Kingston, 1817 — In Hallowcll — Thurlow — Methodist meeting-houses,
1816 — At Montreal — Building chapels in olden times — Occupying the
frame — The old Methodist chapels — In Hallowell township — In tlie
fifth town — St. Lawrence — First English Church, Belleville — Mr.
Campbell — First time in the pulpit — How he got out—The ol<l church
superseded — Church, front of Sidney — Rev. John Cochrane— Rev. Mr.
Grier — First Presbyterian Church in Belleville— Rov. Mr. Ketcham— ■ •
First Methodist Church in Belleville — Healey, Puffer — The site of the
church— A second one 279

' Mi

1 } «

V !

•.■i.\i'0[)Kr\ f, :\jr

CHAPTER XXXI.

I^e.i. irfUA. If': — •■i9ini

267

The first Methodist Preachers— The army — Capt. Webb — TufTey — (>eorg(i
Neal — Lyons— School-teacher — Exhorter — McCarty— Persecution —
Bigotry — Vagabonds— McCarty arrested— Trial— At Kingston —
Banished — " A martyr"— Doubtful— Losec, first Methodist missionary,
1790 — A minister — A loyalist— Where he first preached — " A curiosity"
—Earnest pioneer Methodist — Class-meetings — Suitable for all classes
Losee's class-meetlngs — Determines to build a meeting-house— Built in
Adolphustown — Its size— The subscribers — Members, amount— Em-
bury — Those who subscribed for first church in New York — Same names
— ^Thc centenary of Methodism — New Y'ork Methodists driven away —
American Methodist forgetful — Embury and Heck refugees — Ashgrove
— No credit given to British officers — Embury's brother — Tlu; rigging
loft, N. Y. — Barbara Heck — Settling in Augusta — First Methodist
Church in America — Subscribers — " Lost Chapters" — The Author's
silence— What is acknowledged — " Severe threats" — Mr. Mann — To
Nova Scotia — Mr. Whateley " admires piety" — Not " loyalty ' — Second

CONTENTS.

PAOB

fhiipil, N. V. — Adolphimtowii Hul)Hcril)L'r« — Ooiimd Viin Dusen — Elia.
Iloblin — Hurt' — Rnttiin — 'i'lie hi coikI Mt'thoiliHt cluvpel — The Hubscribors
— Coiumoiiccd Jliiy, ITi);") — Curptntorn wiim^H — Mombors Catiiinqui
Circuit — Ooiiig to Coiiforeutc — Ketiinis — DuritiH Dunbtuii — riiVKiiiiin —
First (imirtt;ily nu'i-ting — A uciilotts — UriiiginK iv " «liKh tlotli" — " Olcaii
up'' — Th(,' now inmli; scjuirt- — Ashch — Unth'iin «pirits — Lohou (iJHCon-
tinucs prLULliiiiK — (Jaimc — Disiippointuii-iit — lloturn to New York —
Dunhiiiu urtL'ful — Sittles — Preachers trivvi^I ling — SiiddltvbagK — Metliod.
isiii iimung luytilistH — Cainp-inuetingK — Wlicre first li<'hl in (junada —
Worshipiiing in tlie woods — Breaking \i\) — Ivilliug tlio Devil — First
Canadian preacher — .Journey from New York 285

Henry Hyan — RyaniteK — He conies to Canada — His associate, ('asc — At
Kingston — A singer — Preaching in the market-place — Their treatment
— In otWce — His circuit — 100(» miles — What he received — PMder —
Superseded — Probable cause — A JJritish subject — During the war of
1812— President of Conference—" High-minded"— Useful — Acceptable
to the people — ])esired independeiico by the Canadians — How he was
treated — His labors — Brave — Witty — " Fatherless children' — " Impu-
dent scoundrel '' — Muscular — " Methodists' bull " — " Jfagistrate'sgoat"
— Uyan seeks separation — IJreckcnridge — Conduct of the American
Conference — Ryan's agitation — Effect upon tiie Bisliops — First Canada
Conference — At Hallowell — Desire for independent^ — Reasons, cogent
— Fruit of Ryan's doings — The way the Conference treated Ryan —
AVithdraws — No faith in the United States Conference— Ryan sincere
—"Canadian Weslej'ans" — The motives of tlie United Stites Confer-
ence questionable — The wrong done Ryan — Second Canada Conference
— Case, first buperintendent — Visit of Bishop Asbiny— Account by
Henry Bahm — Asbury an Englishman— During tl>e rebellion — A
Bishop— His Journey to Caiiatla- Crossing tlie St. Lawrence— Travel-
ing in Canada — An upset — "A decent people" — His opinion of the
country — The Bishop ill — At Kingston — Bu?hm at Embury's — A field
meeting — Riding all night — Crossing to Sackett's harbor — Nearly
wrecked 205

The Six

(J OS I

Visit

to til

Diiri

artic

missi

Mr.

Tyeii

(eiieli

(iorf-

ger—

neyii

—Mi

I'liild

(,'aiiac

from

hager

liinin

niotli

liecoi

Cease

salary

cattle

CHAPTER XXXTI.

McDonnell— First 11. Catholic Bishop— A "Memorandum" — Birth-phice--
in Spain — A jjriest- In Scotland — Gletigary Fenciblcs — Ireland, 1798
— To Canada — Bishop — Deatli in Srothmd — Body removed to Canada
— Funeral obsequies — Buried at Ivingston— Had influence — Member of
Canadian Lrgislative Council -Pastoral visitations, 1806 — A loyal
man — A piojieer in his churdi -Tlie Bislio|('s Address, 1836 — Refuting
Mal-i'harges — Numl)er of the R. C. clergy in 1804 — From Lake Supe-
rior to Lower Cimada — Traveling horseback— Sometimes on foot —
Hardships — Not a politicuin— Expending private means — Faithful
services — Acknowledged — Roman Catholic U. E. Loyalists — First
church in Ernesttown — McDonnell at Belleville — Rev. M. Brennan —
First church in Belleville — -What we have aimed at — The advantages
to the Engli.sh Church —The Reserves — In Lower Canada— Dr. Moun-
tain — Number of English clergymen, 1793 — A Bishop — Monopol}'
initiated— Intolerance and exclusion swept away — An early habit at
Divine Service

CHARTER XXXIII.

First Sabbath teaching— Hannah Bell, 1769 — School established, 1781 —
Raikes— Wesley — First in United States — First in Canada — Cattrick
— Moon- -Common in 1824 — First in Belleville — Turnbull — Cooper —

303

The first C
— Gov
The t
Scenci
-Refle
the Sa

Missisfiaugi
— Thei
A druE
Their
sions—
The F(
Island-
structii
Island-
singinf!
Barnes
ernmei]
at New
1829—]

:iii

CONTENTS.

Miivsluill- ]'ri/A'H, wlio won tlicin—Mr. Tmiiliiill'Hdcn'ti-IiitL'mpiTiiiico
— FiiKt tciii|K'r..:it:L'socii'tii>i ('hnii>,'(! of custom Rmn Itureisiti!; in-
tcinpcrii'KH' 'J'lii' (iisti'S iit'tlm pioni'i'vs -'rciiiinTniKc, utA ti'rtdtulisin
First Hocii'ty in Cm n ml a - DriiikH nt iiiiKingH and Iiooh — Hotitly at Hiil-
lowcl

yai

I'At^E

I'.OS

285

2J)5

CirAl'TEll XXXIV.

Tlic Six Niilioiis - Fftitlifiil Kii^;lisli Allion- -Society fur Pro|insation of
(Josi)c'I- I'^irst nilHsioiiiiry to Iit)(]ii()is — lolm Tiiomas, fiist convert —
Visit otCliiofs to i;n;,'liiiiLl - -Tliuir nunii's Their iiortruits^^Attention
to tlieni— Aslviuii for iiistriutor- (iuuen Amu — 'Jtniimunion ^',ervil■y—
During Ihe Ketu'llion — Diiryin^i; the plate -lli'eovtred ^-Division of tliu
articlcH — Saerih'gii of tiie lijUels- Ro-jirinting I'liiyrr Hook I\Ir. Stuart,
missionary — The women and chiidr.ii - At La( hine — Attaelnaent to
Mr. Stuarl — Toiieliing instaiue -Mr. Stuart's Indian sist.ir— Ciiureh at
Tyendina;,iv- School teaelier to tlie Mohawk — John IJiningui' l''i;'st
teaelier— 'J'he r>inintri.rliiifti!y -Th'; Moravian Society - (/ount Ziuzen-
(lorf — Moravian ciiureli at New Vork — I''irst minister, Aliraiiaiii I'lnin-
f^er — Friend of I'hnhnry — \n old account liook — John I5inini;cr Join-
neying to Canada — Living at liay (Jiiintu— Hemovi's to Moli.awk village

— Missionary spirit — Ahraliam P.ininger's letters — The directions

Children pleasing parents — " (ialloping tlioughts'' — Chritstianity—
(,'aiuulian Moravian luissionaries — Moravian loyalists — Wluit was sent
from New York—" JJcst Treasure "— TIk^ " Dear Flock ''—David 'Ah-s-
liagor at the Thames ,f. JJininger aceeplahle to Mohawk — Abraham
I'.iiunger c'osires to visit Canada — Deatli of Mrs. Jiininger — " Tender

niotluT " — Biningerand We.'^ley — " (Jaritson " — " I.osee '' — " ])unoii ''

Keeonciied to Methodist.s— I'ityiug T.osco — I.OHee leaving Canada-
Ceases to 1)0 teacher— Appointing a successor — AVilliam Hell — The
.salary — The Mohawks don't attend school — An improvement — The
cattle ni€%y not go in Siliool-house — Tiie school discontinued r!12

CHAPTEU XXXV.

Tho first Church at Tyondinaga grows old — A Council — Ask for assistance
— Gov. IJagot — Laying first stone of new Church — The Inj^cription —
The Ceremony— The new Chinvh — Tlieir Singing — The surrounding
Scenery — .John Hall's Tomh — Pagan Indians — lied Jacket — His Spcocli
--IJcfk'ction upon Christians — Indians had nothing to do with murdering
the Saviour .'' 319

I ;

781—
.ttrick
)per —

303

' •' CHAPTER XXXVI. ...:,.,

Mississftuga Indians — Father Piciiuet's opinion — lleiunant of a large trilie
— Their land— Sold to Govornment — liev. Wni. Case — John Sunday —
A drunkard— Peter Jones — Baptising Indians— At a camp-meeting —
Their department — Extract from Piayttir — William lieaver — Conver-
sions — .Jacob Peter — Severe upon white christians — Th^ir worship—
The Father of Canadian mission.s — Scheme to teach Indians — Grape
Island — Leasing Islands— The parties — "Dated at ISelleville" — Con-
structing a village— The lumber — How obtained — Encamping on Grape
Island — Tho method of instruction — The nmnber — Agriculture — Their
singing — School house — The teacher — Instructions of women— Miss
Barnes— Property of Indians — Cost of improvement.s — A visit to Gov-
ernment — Asking for land—" Big Island " — Other favors— Peter Jacobs
at New York — Extracts from Playtcr — Ntnuber of Indian converts,
1829— River Credit Indians — Indians removed to Alnwick

323

sxii

rONTENTS.

DIVISION VI.

ii )

KA1II,Y EDCCATIOV IN I'PI'KIl CANADA.

CHAITEU XXX VII.

EduDUtion aiiKiiiK tlus I.oyaliHts — Kffi'ct of the wnr— No opportunity for
Edui litiou — A fuw Kdui'ftted— At Hath — A coinmoH holicf— Whut wbh
requisite for funiiiu^' — Leivrning iit hoinu — Tlio Bchool tcacliiirH — Their
• inalitliiitionH— ]lfv. Mr, ^Stuart as a tcucliur — Acnil(!my at KingHton —
First ('ami(liiin 1). D. — Mr. (lark, Teacher, 178C— Donovan — Oarriwon
.School*— Coikcrell — Mycru — Blaney — Michael — Atkins — KinRston,
1 7!)6— LyouH - MrH. Cranahan — In Adolphustown — Mordeh — Faulki-
ncr — Tho si hool hooks — Evening Hchools — McDougall — O'Reiloy —
McCormick — Klog<j:ing — Salishnry — Fames — Potter — Wright — Watkin
— (tibson — Smith — VVhelan — ArticleH of Agreement — Recollections—
liourding round — Amoricuu teadiorH — Sdiool bookH — The letter 'I, ...

PAOB

329

(mAPTER XXXVITl.

Mr. Stuart's school -Simcoe— State Clinrch and College- (Jrammar schools
—Hon. ]l. naniilton— Clmlniers— Strachan — (lomcs to Canada — Edu-
<ational liistory — Arrival at Kingston — Tho pujiils — Fees — Removes
to Cornwall — Pupils follow — Strachan,aCana<lian — Marries — Interview
with lUshop Strachan — His disappointment — A stranger — What ho
for8ook — 300 pupils — Their success — Stay at (Jornvitll — Appointments
lit York — A lecturer — At Kingston — Member of Legislative Council —
Politician — (Jlergy Reserves — Founds King's (College — The thirty-nine
articles — Monoiwly swept away — Voluntaryism — Founds Trinity Col-
lege — Brshop Strachan in 1866 — Whot he liad accomplislied — Those ho
tntored — Setting up a high standard — "Reckoner " — Sincerity — Legis-
lation, 1797— Address to tho King — Grammar Schools — Grant, 1798 —
Boartl of Education — Endowment of King's College — Its constitution
— Changes — Upper Canada College — Endowment — " A spirit of im-
provement" — Gonrlay — Tho second academy — At Eniesttown — The
trustees — Bidwoll — Charges — Contradicted — Rival school — Bidwell's
son — Conspicuous character — Bidwell's death — Son removes to Toronto
— Academy building, a barrack — liiterary spirit of Bath — Never re-
vived—York 334

.v.A

'.;u>i»;/. >! i'i)j

CHAPTER XXXIX.

Extract from Cooper — Educational Institutions — Kingston — Queen's College
— Own'H Real Estate — Rcgiopolis College — Roman Catholic — Grammar
School — Attendance — School houses — Library — Separate School — Priv-
ate Schools — Tho Quaker School— William Penn — Upon the Hudson —
. ear Bromtield — Origin of school— Gurnay — His offer — Management of
school — The teaching— Mrs Crombie's school — Piction ladies' Academy
— McMullen, proprietor — Teachers — Gentlemen's department — Popular
— The art of printing — In America — Book publishing — First in Amer-
ica—Books among the loyalists— Few — Passed around — Ferguson's
books — The bible — Libraries at Kingston and Bath— Legislation — In
Lower Canada — Reading room at Hallowell — Reserves for education-
Upper Canada in respect to education — Praiseworthy— Common School
system bill introiluced 1841— Amended, 1846 — Dr. Ryerson's system-
Unsurpassed 341

CONTENTS.

XXIU

(HAl'TKIt XL.

PAOK

PAOB

329

I'iist NowMpiipi'VH, UTiT— Year, (KJ — I'.iinliHli NowspiiiuTM— In Amerird— In
C'linadft— ' (iii/itiu' — Kuuiidrr— rupfis in I'M — (^iuImc 'lltmld' —
Moiitrciil 'dii/ctto' — ' Lc Ti'MipH' — (JiU'licc ' Moi'cnry ' — ('unndiiui
•t'ouiunt' — ' Itoyul (iiizittc '— KiiHt in XcwfiPuiiiliiiMii — ' U. ('. (Jii/.ftto'
— Frst pii|icr — Siilisirilii IK — I'jipti- Ciinmlii '(inardiiin' — Wilmx — Mr.
'rhorpf — ()j)positii)n — I.ilicl — Kici ted to riiiliiini( iit — Vorlv .luil —
Leader — In 1812— Discitcd — Voiit ' dn/.cttc' — KinKNtou ' Oajiittf ' —
Only Paper — News sixty yiiirw ns,'(i — In Midland i)iH(riit — llnv. Mr.
Mik'K — I'ionctT i)f .loiuiiiiliNin — His Itirtlipliicc — IjOiirnn the printing
liusinoNH — M()w<r — Montrc nl ' lia/ctti! ' — KtiidHll — riirtnjTidiii)— To
Kingston in iSm — Tlic printinj^'ottlcc — Kin^nton ■ (iiizitto' — Mr. Milen
sells out — The conrprn piirclinsod — Mr. MileM nsked to lie K<litor —
i'linir kindness — (Jratitiide — (Second Vohuni' — Kxtrnet tVoni '(inY.otUt'
— The rriir — Kin^nton Mhrnnifle' — I'pper Cimnda ' Hcrahl ' —
'Canadian Watchman' — Mr. Miles at rr(^s(ott — Keturns to Kinggton
-•Kntors tlie Ministry — Loyal Snhjeet — In IHIl' — On Duty — Arch-
deacon Stiinrt — Col, ('artwrii;ht — Contributors to 'Ortzettii' — Our
Thanks — A Wat; h — I'aithfnlness — " A (Jood Chance " — Kuliscribers at
York — Kingston ' Spectator ' — ' I'atriot ' — ' Ar>;u8 ' — ' Coniniercial A<1-
vertizer' — ' Mritish Whi^?' — 'Chronicle ' and 'News' — First Daily in
Upper CimHtlo — I'aper Boxes — Urockvillo' Kecorder ' — A Ucform paper
— McLeod — Urenvillo ' Gazette ' — I'roHOott ' Telegniph '— ' Christian
Uuardian ' — Ucform Journals ^60

334

341

«'HArTKR XLl.

First paper between Kingston and York — HallowcU "Free I'resB"— The
Editor — " Recluse " — Fnutluss effoits — Proprietor — Woollen press— Of
iron — "Free Press," independent — The "Traveller'' — Press removed
to Cobourg — " Prince Kdward CiO/ette " — " Pictou Gazette " — " Picton
Son " — " Picton Times"—" New Nation " — " Cobourg Star " — " Anglo-
Canadian '• at Belleville— The Editor— Prieo— The " Ph«euix '—Slicer
— "Canadian Wesleyan" — "Hastings Times" — The "Ueformer"--
The "Intelligencer" — George Benjamin — The "Victoria Chronicle"
— "Hastings C'hroniclo" — Extract from Playter — "tJolonial Advocate"
— "Upper Canada Herald" — "Barker's Magazine" — "Victoria Maga-
zine"— Joseph Wilson — Mrs. Mootlie — Hherift' Moodie — Pioneer in
Canadian literature — E.xtract from. Morgan — "Literary Ciarland" —
"Roughing it in the Bush" — " Eclectic Magazine" — " Wilson's Expe-
riment" — " Wilson's Canada Casket' — The " Bee" at Napancc — " Em-
porium "—The " Standard "—The « Reformer "— " North American "—
"Ledger" — " AVeekly Express'' — "Christian Casket" — "Trenton Ad-
vocate "— " British Ensign "-The " Canadian Gem "— " Maple Leaf"
— Papers in 18.'^3 — Canadian papers superior to American — Death at
Boston — Bcrczy — ('anadian idioms — Accent — Good English— Supersti-
tion — Home education — Fireside stories — Traditions 358

^^•Mit>ii:

(*vr.!}.7 — jf'f r'< <-dT-~s' A;o'r

■"-' •• >- •"■:.■■■ -I .-.. ,.1, .. ........ h'\^.f Hip ::»•'<'"

XXIV

CONTKNTS.

I) i V I S I N All.

TIIK TEHlHTOllY OF rpriill lANAliA — THE HAY VI 'MK.

illi.:

(HAl'TElt XLll,

The Indians — Tlioir orijrin — rro-liistoiic C'liuftdn — Indiun ivlics — Oiiitinal
inlml)itaiits — Loh Iroquois dii i.ord — C)ri,u:in!il iinnu's — I'oninsula of
Upper Ciiniuid — Clianiiilain t'xj)iorin.u' — Ascends tlic Ottawa — His route
to Lake Niiiissinf,' — To Lake Huron — Frenoli river — The country —
Georgian liny — Lalso Sinicoe — IV.-vn the Trent — A grand trij) — Bay
Qninte and l,ako Ontario diseovered — AVar demonstration — AVintering
at tlio ]{ay — A contrast — Uoundahout way — Erroneous impressions . , .

I'AOK

36G

The Fn
of r

lAli

— F
Fro

CHAITKIlXTJll.

Name — Letter, " Daily News" — "Omega" Lines — Tlie writer — Conjectures
— Five Bays — Indian origin — Kentes — Villages — J^ea Couii — Slodes ol
spelling — Canty — The occui)ants, 1 78;? — Mississaugas — Origin — With
ttie Iroquois — The Soiiler — Mississaugas, dark — At Kingston — Bay
Quiute — Land hought — Ueserves — Claim upon the islands — Wiippcxwe
Island — Indian aucnt — Indians hunting — I'p the Sagonaska — ]\laking
sugar — reaeeal'lc — To Kingston lor presents

<7I

CHAl'TEH XLIV.

Appearance — Mouth of I5ay — Lengtli — The Peninsula of Tiince Edward —
AVidth of Itay — Long Ueaeh— Course of Hay — The High Shore — Division
of hay — Eastern, I'entral, western — 'J'akinga trij) — Through the Reach
— A picture — A (juiet sjiol — Lake on the nuiuntain — A description —
Montreal Ua/.ette — Beautiful view — Hhine, Hudson — Contrnst — Classic
ground — A Hketch — Birth place of celebrated CUinadians — Hagerman —
A leading spirit — Sir J. A. McDonald — liellections — A log house —
Relics of the past — Lesson of life — In the lower hay — llemiuiscences —
The front — Cradle of th'; province — Shore of lilarysburgh — In the
Western Bay — Cuthbertson — Up the bay — A battle ground — Devil's
Hill — In the dei)ths — I'rosjierity — Geological supposition — Head of hay
- -The past ." '. :i8.5

CHAPTE.U XLV,

The " big- IJay '— Musketoe Bay— Mohawk Day— Hay Bay—" Eastern Bay'
— Site of Ancient Kentes — The name — Old raniilies — An Accident,
1819 — Eighteen Drowned — Extract from Play ter- -Searching for the
Bodies — Burying the dead — I'icton 15ay — Appearance — The " Grand
Bay" — Upper Ciap — Lower Gai> — Kingston Bay — A Tictur" — Herol lec-
tions — A Contmet — Ship Yards — Extract from Cooper — Iniau.l Lakes. 31.»r>

Islands — Posfiessed by Indians — The " Thousand Islands ' — Carloton Is-
land — History of Island — During the rebellion — Wolfe Island — The
name — Howe Island — Old name — County of Ontario — Gai-den Island —
Horseshoe Island — Sir Jettry An.herst — The size — Indian name —
"Tontine" — Johnson's Island — The Island M'on — Present owner —
First settler — The three brothers — Small Islands — Hare Island — Nut
Island — Wappoose Island — Indian rendezvous — Captain John's Island
— Bartering — Hunger Island — Big IslarV— First settlers — HutPs
Island — Paul Huff — Grape Island — Hog Island — Smaller Islands —
Mi88iss<uigtt Island — A tradition — The carrying place — Its course —
Onginal survey — History — American prisoners — ('ol Wilkins 402

Cooper's
Niai
The
Yor
Can
hok
harl
— 'i'
lowi
the
The
tilic

Tlu' situi
hist(
Kini
Surr
— B(
Wat
Coll
masi
Cum
Shei
smM

The seco
Erni
corp
Tow
—01
— Q>
corp
lay-
Flcc
ship
A pi
tioni
aerv

,M\

CONTENTS.

ixv

DIVISION VIII.

THE FlltST TEN TOWNSHIPS IN THE MIDLAND DISTRICT.

I'.^GK

(JHAPTEB XL VI.

PACiB

3G0

Tlic French — Their policy — Trading posts — Cnhiaqiie — Variations — Name
of river — Foundation of Fort Frontonue — A ehaiige — Site of old fort —
La Salle's ))ctition — A 8eif;niory — (Jovernors visiting — War Expedition
— Fort (lestroyetl — Kebnilt^ — (.,'olonial wars — Talking of Fort Oswego —
Frontenac talien — End of Freneh domination 410

374

■:.a^

CHAl'TKR XLVn.

Cooper's Essay — Loyalists naming i)laces — King's Town — Queen's Town —
Niagara — Spanish names — (Jataraqui from IT.O'J to l78;i — Desolation —
The rebellion — Stivtion, Carloton Island — Settling — Refugees at New
York — Miehael (.Jrass — Prisoner at Catara([ui — From Ni'W Yor'-' to
Canada — tJaptain (Irass takes possession of lirst township — First land-
holders — A letter by Captain (irass — Changes — Surveying forts and
harbors — Report to Lord Dorchester — Kingston, femis Carleton Island
— The defenses — Troops — King's township — First settlers — "Plan of
township Ko. 1 '' — First owners of town lots — Names — Settlers upon
the front — First inhabitants of Kingston — A naval and military station
The Commodore — Living of old — Kingston in /a»t century — New for-
tifications 419

CHAPTER XLVIIl. ,. .,

The situation of Kingston — lender military influence — monopolist — Early
history of legislation — In 1810 — (Jourlay's statement — Police — Modern
Kingston — Lord Sydenham — Seat of government — Pcranilmlating —
Surrounding eountiy — Provisions — An appeal for Kingston as capital
— liaiTietield — Pittsburg — Ruilding of small crafts — Famous — Roads —
Waterloo — (-'emetry — Portsmouth — Kingston Mill — Little Catftraqui —
CoUinsby — Quantity of land — Early and influential inhabitants — Post
masters — "Honorable men" — Deacon, JIaeaulay, CJartwright, Markland,
(;ummings, Smiths, Kerby — Allen McLean, tirst lawyer — .\ gardener —
Sheriff McLean — " Chrys " Hagerman — Customs — Sampson, shooting a
smuggler — Hagerman, M.P.P. — Removes to Toronto 430

3yr>

402

CHAPTER XLIX.

The second town — Ernest's town — King George — His children — Settlers of
Erncsttinvn — Uislianded soldien — .lohnson's regiment — Major Rogers'
corps — The "Roll" — Number — Ry whom enlisted — An old book —
Township surveyed — Settling — Traveling — Living in tents — A change
— Officers — Names — Occupants of lots — Mill Creek — The deseondants
— Quality of land — Village — The settlers in 1811 — The main rtmd — In-
corporation of Bath — Trading — P'airliold — The library — Dathby Gour-
lay — Bath of the present — Bath jw*«« Napanee — In 1812 — American
Fleot — Wonderful achievement— Safe distwnee tVom shore — Thirtl town-
ship— Fredericksburgh — After Duke of Sussex — Surveyed by Kotte —
A promise to the disbanded soldiers — Johnson — Freiicrieksburgh addi-
tional — A dispute — Quantity of land — Extract from Mrs. Moodio— Re-
serve for village — Second surveys 439

XXn CONTENTS.

CHAPTER L.

" PAflB

The fourth towusliip — Adolphustown — After Duke of Cambridge — Quantity
of Land — Sur>'ey — Major VanAlstinc — Refugees — From New York —
— Time — Voyage — ^Their Fare — Names — Arrived — Hagerman's Point —
In Tents— First Settler— Town Plot— Death— The Burial— A Relic-
Commissary — Dispute of Surveyors — The Settlers — All things in com-
mon — An aged man — Golden rule — Old map — Names — Islands — The
township — Price of land — First " town meeting " — Minutes — The Of-
ficers Record — Inhabitants, 1794 — Up to 1824 — First Magistrates —
Centre of Canada — Court H: Id in Barn — In Methodist Chapel — " A Den
of Thieves " — Court House erected — Adolphustown Canadians — Mem-
bers of Parliament — Tlic Courts — Where first held — Hagerman — Travel-
ers tarrying at Adolphustown 448

CHAPTER LI.

Marysburgh — Origin — Once part of a Seigniory — Survey — Hessians — Old
map — The lots — Officers of the 84th Regt. — Original landowners —
Indian Point — McDonnell's Cove — Grog Bay — " Accommodating Bay"
— " Gammon Point" — Black River — " Long Point" — Reserves — ^Course
pursued by the Surveyor — Number of Hessians — Their suflferings — Dark
tales — Discontented — Returning to Hesse — A suitable location — Not U.
E. Loyalists — Received land gratis — Family land — Their habits — Capt.
McDonnell — Squire Wright — Sergt. Harrison — The Smith's — Grant to
Major VanAlstinc — Beautiful Scenery — Smith's bay — "Tho Rock" —
Over a precipice 458

CHAPTER LII.

Sixth township — Name — Survey — Convenient for settlement — First settlers
— A remote township — What was paiti for lots — " Late Loyaliat8"r—
Going to Mill — Geological formation — ^Along the fronts — High shore —
Grassy Point — Its history— Marsh front — Central place— Stickney's
Hill — Foster's Hill — Northport — Trade — .lames Cotter — Gores — Dem-
erestville — The name — " Sodom" — First records — Township meetings
— The Laws of the township — Divided into parishes — Town clerk —
Officers — The poor — The committed — Inhabitants, 1824 — Fish Lake —
Seventh Township — The name — Survey by Kottc^ — At tho Carrying
Place — Surveyor's assistant — No early records — First settlers 466

.K\

CHAPTER LIU.

Prince Edward — The name— Rich land — Size of peninsula — Shape — Small
Lakes — Sand hills — The Ducks — Gibson's rock — The past — First
settler — Col. Young — Prospecting — Discovery of East Lake — West
Lake — Moving in — Settlers in 1800 — East Lake — Capt. Richardson —
" FrinCe Edward Division Bill" — Office seekers— Township of Hallowell
— The name — Formation of Townshlii — First records 1 798— The officers
—The laws — Magistrates— Picton — Its origin— Hallowell village— Dr.
Austin— Gen. Picton— His monument— Naming the villages — A con-
test — The Court house — An offer— Enterprise — Proposeed steamboat
—Churches — Rev. Mr, Macaulay— Rev. Mr. Fraser— Rev. Mr. Lnlor..

476

PAOB

448

458

465

476

OONTBNTe.

CHAPTER LIV.

xmi

p&oe

Eighth Township — Sidney — Name — Survey — Settlement, 1 787 — Letter
from Ferguson — Trading — Barter — Potatoes — Building — Cows — ^No
salt to spare — First settlers — Myers — Re-surveying — James Farley —
Town Clerk at first meeting — William Ketcheson — Qilbert's Cove —
Coming to the front — River Trent — Old names — Ferry — Bridge — Tren-
ton — Its settlement — Squire Bleekcr 485

CHAPTER LV.

Ninth town — Thurlow — Name — When surveyed — Front — Indian burying
ground — Owner of first lots — Chisholm— Singleton— Myera— Ferguson -
Indian traders — To Kingston in batteau — Singleton's death — Ferguson's
death — Distress of the families — Settled, 1780 — Ascending the Moira —
Taking possession of land — F'ifth concession — .Tohn Taylor — Founder
of Belleville — Myers buying land — Settlers upon the front — Municipal
record — Town officers — 1798 — Succeeding years — Canifton, its founder
— Settling — The diet — Building mill — Road — River Moira — Origin of
name — Earl Moira — Indian name — Indian offering — " Cabojunk " —
Myers' saw-mill — Place not attractive — First bridge — The fiouring-mill
— ^Belleville — Indian village — Myers' Creek — Formation of village —
First Inn — Permanent bridge — Bridge Street — In 1800 — Growth— A
second mill — McNabb's — Sad death — Captain Mcintosh — Petrie — 'In-
habitants, 1809 — Dr. Spareham — Naming of Belleville — Bella Gore —
By Gore in council — Petition — Extract from Kingston Gazette — Sur-
veying reserve — Wilmot — Mistakes — Granting of lots — Conditions —
Board of Police — Extent of Belleville — Muddy streets — Inhabitants in
1824 — Court-house — First Court, Quarter Sessions — Belleville in 1836.

CHAPTER I.VI.

Tenth township — Richmond — Origin — Quantity of land — Shores of Mo-
hawk Bay — Village on south shore — Original land holders-^Namea —
Napanee — The falls — ^The mill— Salmon River — Indian name — Source
of Napanee River— Its course — Colebrook — Simcoc Falls — Name —
Clarke's Mills— Newburgh — Academy — The settlers — " Clarkville " —
—No records ,

489

—A-'oi'j ii'>iuT-~i^h,'.

. ,..., iii3)).'o^ WiT't--- !tiiw",'rn \un:> ok' — Jfiul^rr'-'J; vxtYiyy ivi^

503

^11 vti'i — fjiif^iivoT dimt-y-'

DIVISION IX.

ilCCaf !H(Jidt THE BAKLY GOVKRNMENT OF UPPER CANADA, . -ttlBwb.} Jn'Jl. .

J-r.r'I — )W(7 Jllift/ — ftJlt.?.

r^>H—!)At\d u..~. :■. ,!. CHAPTER LVII. '. ..:^^u'i .lii. >--r !'fi:

,*_.fA?>K*'Ofl'>i^f t^!.*' f I -• .'I r' ' ,:!t--.V,« — t-t •;.fit-j'/-»|/-^-4ii ,. *

Military rule-^lmperial Act, 1774 — French Canada — Refugees — Military
Government in Upper Canada — ^Now Districts— Lunenburgh—Meok-
lenburgh — Nassau — Hesse — The Judges — Duacan — Cartwright— •Ham-
ilton — ^Robertson — Court in Mecklenburgh — Civil Law — Judge Duncan
—Judge Cartwright — Punishment inflicted — First execution — New
Conatltution of Qaebec--l791, Quebec Bill passed-— Inhabitants of
Upper Canada 506

■ i'

\ i:

xxvm

CONTENTS.

:■ ■ ' CHAI'TEU LVIII.

Simcoc — His arrival in ('anada — Up the St. Lawrence — ^Au old house —
'•Old Breeches' River" — Sinicoe's attendants — The old veterans —
"Good old cause" — "Content" — Toasting — Old oflicers — Executive
Council of Upper (Canada — First entry — Simcoe inducted to office —
Religious c'rcniony — "The procx'edings " — Those present — Oath of
office — Organization of Legislative Council — Assembly — Issuing writs
for elections — Members of Council — Simcoo's difficulty — At Kingston
Division of Province — The ({overnor'. officers — Rochfoucault upon
Simcoe — Simcoe's surroundings — His wife — Opening I'arliament in
179.5 — Those present — Retinue — Dress — The nineteen counties — Sim-
coe's designs — Visit of the Queen's father — At Kingston — Niagai-a — A
war dance

PAOK

Mil

no'j

CHAPTER LIX.

General Hrmter — Peter Russell — Francis Gore, 1806 — Alex. Grant — Brock
— 1812 — United States declare war — Prompt action — Parliament — Pro-
clamation — The issue — Second i)roclamation — (Jencral Hull — His pro-
clamation — Horn bast and impertinence — The Indians — Proclamation
answered — Hull a prisoner — Michigan conquered — To Niagara — At
(iuec^iston heights — " Push on York Volunteers " — Death of Brock —
McDonnell— War of 1812, the Americans— Extract from Merritt— What
(Canadians did — Brock's monument — General Sheaffe — General Drum-
mond — Invading tlie States — What Canada will do — Lord Sydenham
— A tribute by Dr. Ryerson — Union of the Provinces. . .

..V .. • ., CHAPTER LX.

Kingston — First capital — First act of government — Nhigara — Selecting the
capital — Niagara in 1788 — Carrying place — Landing place — Newark —
In 1795— Mr. Hamilton— The inhabitants— Little York— The Don—
The Harbor — Survey — De la Trenche — LoTidon — Inhabitants of the
Don — Yonge street, a military road — Governor at York — Castle Frank
— I'ork in 1798— The Baldwins— In 1800— Buifalo— York, 1813—
Taken by the Americans — The Conibatjints — Toronto — " Muddy York '■
— A monument required 526

In]

The

CHAPTER LXl.

Parliament — Simcoe's Proclamation — Nineteen .-.ountics formed — Names
and boundaries — First elections — Names of members — Officers of the
House — A Quaker member — Chaplain — Meeting of Parliament — The
Throne, a cam]) stool — Address — To both houses — C'losing address —
Acts passed — Simcoe's confidential letters — A contrast — A blending —
2nd Session — The Acts — Quarter Sessions — 3rd, 4th, 5th Sessions — New
division of Province — 1798 — Modes of punishment— Burning the hand
— Whipping — Salaries of olficers — Revenue first year — The members of
Parliament — Education — Ottering for Parliament — A " Junius " — Early
administration of justice — " Heaven-born lawyers'' — First magistrates.

533

Caua
<

]

526

CONTENTS.

DIVISION X

THB BARI.Y MILITIA OP UPPER OANADA.

CHAPTER LXII.

XXIX

PAOE

Militia Act, 1792 — Simcoe — No faith in the Americans — His views — Mili-
tary Uoads — Division of Districts — Military purposes — The nihcers —
Legislation — The expenses — Repeated Legislation — Aggressive spirit
— The Enrolment — Hastings Battalion — " Something l)rewing " — List
of Officers — Col. Fergusoa— Col. Hell — Leeds Militia — Oliii'ers' clothing
— The Midland Di.-jtiict — Prince Edward — Training Places 534

CHAPTER LXIIL

In 1812, around Bay Quinte — The declaration of war — The news at King-
ston — The call to arms — Hastings — Events at Kingston — In 1813 —
Attack upon Sacket's Harbor — Oswego — American fleet hefore King-
ston — Royal George — Kingston prepared — Chrysh.r's farm — A " Post-
script" — Along the St. Lawrence — Ribaldry — The (Jommissarj — Capt.
Wilkins — Quakers — Rate of pay — American prisoners — The Wounded
— Surgeons, Dougal, Meacham — Jonathan Phillips — Militiamen's
reward — Militia orders — Parliamentary grants 551

■■■•:- > CHAPTER LXIV. ' ;

The Six Nations in 1812 — American animus — "Manifest Destiny' — Mo-
hawk Indians — A right to defend their homes — Inconsistency —
American savages — Extract from 1-layter — Brock's proclamation —
Indian character, conduct, eloquence — Deserters in 1812 — Few of
them — Court-martials— The attempts at conquest by the Americans —
The numbers — Result of war — Canadians saved the country — And can
do 80— Fraternal kindness 564

DIVISION XL

ADVASCR OP CIVILIZATION.

CHAPTER LXV.

533

Canada's first step in civilization — Slavery in America — By whom intro-
duced — False charge — Slavery in Canada — Historj- — Imperial Acts —
Legislation in Canada — The several clauses — In Lower Canarla —
Justice Osgood — Slavery at the Rebellion — Among the U. K. Loyalists
^Those who held slaves — Descendants of the slaves — " A British
slave" — "For sale" — "Indian slave" — Upper Canada's Record —
Compared with the States — Liberty — Why the United States abol-
ished slavery — Honor to whom honor is tlue

669

zzz

C0NTINT8.

CHAPTER LXVI.

Returns to the Pioneer— Bay Region — Qurden of Canada— Clogs— False
views of settlers — Result— New blood — Good example— Anecdote—
The "Family Compact" — Pardality — Origin of the Com;)(ic<— Their
conduct — The evil they did — A proposed Canadian Aristocracy — What
it would have led to — What mav come — " Peter Funks"

PAOI

580

CHAPTER LXVll.

Agriculture — Natural Products — Rice— Ginseng— Orchards — Plows — Reap-
ing — Flax — Legislation— Agricultural Society organized by Simcoe—
A Snuif Bex — Fogies — Silver — Want of help — Midland District taking - ''
the lead — Societies— Legislative help — Prince Edward — ^Pearl Ashes-
Factories— Tanneries— Breweries, Carding Machines — Paper — Lumber
— First vehicles — Sleighs — Waggons — Home-made — Roads — First
Public Conveyances— Stages — Fare — Building Greater — Siiwing Mills
introduced by the Dutch— First Brick Building — Myerts' House— -Its
past history — Furniture from Albany — Currency — Paper Money —
Banks — First Merchants — Barter— Pedlars — On the Bay 587

Chara
I
r
n

P
P

Notice
G

Si
St
kl

CHAPTER LXVIIT.

Steam vessels — Crossing tlie Atlantic in 1701— First Steam Vessel— Hud-
son — The second on the St. Lawrence — First across the Atlantic —
In Upper Canada — Frontenac — Built in Ernesttown — The Builders- -
Finkle's Point — Cost of Vessel — Dimensions — Launched — First Trip
— Captain McKenzie — ' Walk-in-the-Water' — Quein Charlotte — How Built
— Upon Bay Quints — Capt. Dennis — First year — Death of Dennis-
Henry Gilder. . ve — What he did — Other Steamboats — Canals — First
in Upper Canada — Wellaijd Canal — Desjardin — Rideau — Its object —
Col. By — A proposed Canal — Railroads — The first in the world — ^Pro-
posed Railway from Kingston to Toronto, 1846 — In Prince Edward
District — Increase of Population — Extract from Dr. Lillie — Compari-
son with the United States — Favorable to Canada — False Cries — The
French— Midland District, 1818 ...^ 599

Roll of
The Go
Indian

DIVISION XII.

THE I'.NITED EMPIRE LOYALISTS — THE FATHERS OP UPPER CANADA.

CHAPTER LXIX.

Definition — A division — Theii principles — Our position — ^Ancestry — Dutch
—Puritans — Huguenots — New Rochelle — English writers — Talbot —
Falsehoods — Canadian and English ancestry — Howison — Maligner —
Gourlay's reply — Palatines — Old names 616

C0NTINT8.

XXZl

CHAPTER LXX.

PAOI

Character — Ilospitality — At home — Fireside — Visitors — Bcos — Raisings —
Easter Eggs — Dancing-^ Hovington House — Caste— Drinks — Horse-
racing — Boxing — Amusements — La Crosse — Duels— Patriotism — An-
nexation — Freedom — Egotism— The Loyalists— Instances— Longevity
— Climate of Canada— A quotation — Long lived— The children— The
present race — A nationality — Comparison — " U. E. Loyalist " — Their
Privileges — Order of Council — Dissatisfaction 624

••ac->.

lUic.i ;i ;r'iAir :

CHAPTER LXXI.

;'i Jn'.ui;.-

Notice of a Few — Booth— Brocli — Burritt — Cotter — Cartwright — Conger ',
— Colo — Dempsey — Detlor — Fraaer — Finkle — Fisher — Fairfield — •
Grass — Gamble — Hagerman— Johnson's — " Bill " Johnson— Macanlay )
— ^The Captive, Christian Moore— Parliament— Morden—Robl ins— -*
Simon — Van Alstine — Wallbridge — Chrysler -White — Wilkins —^ '
Stewart — Wilson— Metcalf — Jayno— McIntosh^Bird— Gerow— Van-
kleek — ^Perry — Sir William Johnson's children 642

Vl.41 'iU

-.i3^UiU—>i!(\r.n >vyiA t?i) i-~iji«ntj

-~ biiiifp. "ft j«oi <s a- i—:-nT>vfDA M '>if.'»fl') hnoi5« ^dT'-— iii»

ij[!j r :-;(H--'!«o;t Jrt.w.' ■ ' in- .1V4>— inro'i ?''«!iai'i

i.iiri'i <.mB— ;.5K.s1^ft■:> APPENDIX. '•"--i-;ini.iI>W.ai.5q»'.''

Roll of the 2nd Battalion King's Royal Regiment , 667

The Governors of Canada 670

Indian Goods 671

^ ..,..,.....,.,., ,. , --^yi ii-^i'itatKl iniiiliiiK:— -il.i'i^i 1

AVI. '/x (} I >. .1 V I a

.=1*Viv tffyif H-— <itr.li-i,'M— *

•Vjlla^lt^ifL iX\.-eAnjU'- 'i

.1 If
i Ir V!

E E R A T A

Pago 29, 12th line from toj,, instead of " 1859," read " 1759."

Pago 80, 4th lino from botton, instead of " are equally," read " were equally."

Page 102, ICth line from bottom, instead of " removed to tlie town," read "to
the fifth town. '

Page 104, instead of " Hodgins," read " Hudgins."

Page 104, IGth line from top, instead of " 1859," rend " 1809."

Pago 130, 4tli line, 2nd paragraph, instca*! of " South," read " North."

Pago 138, heading of page should be " Voyaging."

Page 192, bottom lino, instead of " dispersed," read "dispossessed."

Pago 25'.', 19th lino, " gloomy," read " glowing."

Pago 288, 19th lino, " glowing a picture," should have " of" following.

Page 293, instead of " Wesleyanism," read " Wesleyans."

Page 371, 14th line, instead of " 181 5," read " 1G15."

Page 437, 10th lino from' bottom, instead of " Lawer," read •' Lawyer."

Page 585, 16th line, after " Governor," read they -were generally. * '*

Page 596, 3rd line, after " often," read. «/j/e)»or.

HISTORY

THE SETTLEMEiNT OF UPPER CANADA,

WITH SPECIAL RKFEIIKNCK TO THE BAV OF QUINTE.

t 1\

CHAPTKR I.

INTUOUUCTION.

A SKETCH OF FRANCO-CANADIAN HISTORY.

Contents — Antiqiiarianisni — [ici/ords of tlu' flarly Xiitions — TriKiitioii — The

ProsK — The Eastorn Wmlil — Th'; VVestfrn World — Importance of History

ColinnbuK — Colonization — (Janada — America — ('artier — French C'unadii, \
writers — Carlier's first visit — HiiL,'uen(its — Cartier's second visit — Jean
Francois — Sir Georjfc E. Cartier — Estahlishment of tlie P'lir Trade — Cham-
l>lain — Discovery of Lake Ontario — 15ay of Ouint^ — Qtie})e> founded — First
li)?htinf!: with Indians — First talking of Quebec by the Krilish — Uetnrned to
Fram e — The Ilecollets and Jesuits — Death of Cliamplain — Foundation of
Montreal — Emigration from France — The Carignan Rcginient— Di'Courcelle
— Proposal to found a Fort at Lake Ontario — Frontenac — Fort at Cataraqui
— La Salle — Fort at Xiagara — First vessel up(m the Lakes — Its fato
— Death of La Salle, the first settler of Upper <.'anada — Founder of Louisi-
ana — Discoverer of the mouth of the Missi.ssij)pi.

Thei'e exiHts, as one characteristic of the nineteenth century,
an earnest desire on the part of many to recall, and, in niiixl, to live
over the days and years that are past; and many there are who
occupy more or less of their time in collecting the scattered relies
of by-gone days — in searching among the faded records of departed
years, to eagerly catch the golden sands of facts which cling to
legendary tales, and to interpret the hieroglyphics which the foot-
steps of time have well-nigh worn away. To this fact manj' a
museum can bear ample testimony. The antiquarian enjoys intense
satisfaction in Ids labors of research, and when he is rewarded by
the discovery of something new, he is but stimulated to renewed
exertion. In. the old world rich fields have been, and are now being
explored ; and in the new laborers are not wanting.

i I

Vfrm^

i»l.SC<»VKUY OF AMERICA.

Hinco the days when man first trod tlio virf.";!!! soil of this
glolu', ho has over been aeeiistoinod to preserve the more iinportani
oventH of liis life, and, by tradition, to hand them down to his chil-
dren.s' children; anil lilcewiso has it been with eommunities and
naliuris. Kvery people who are known to have oeeiipied a ])la(e
iipiin the earth, have left some indication of their ori^'in, and the
part they jdayed in the world's great drama. In recent days, fads
]>ert;uinng to nations and particular individuals are preserved in all
their ttmj)litude, throug-h the agency of the Press. But in fl)rmer
centuries, only a few symbols, porhajts rudely cut in solid stone,
conuuemorated events of the most im[)ortant kind. The historian.-?
of Kastern nations have had to look tjir back into the misty past,
to learn tho fads of their birth and infant days; while the dark
days of barbarism hang as a thick veil to obstruct the view. The
middle ages, like a destructive ilood, swe])t away, to a great extent,
tho records previously in existence. But out of the debris has been
exhumed many uprociou.s relic; and tho stone and tho marblo thus
oblainod, have supplied valuable material on which to base trust-
worthy history.

In rocordiug tho events which belong to tho Western world —
this broad American continent — the historian has far less of toil
and i-esoarch to undergo. It is true the luitive Indian, who once
])roudly ruled the va.st extent of the now world, has a history yet
undeveloped. An impenetrable cloud obscures the facts appertain-
ing to his advent upon this continent. The luiture of his origin is I
buried in the ocean of pro-historic time. But in reference to the
occui»ation of America by Europeans, the subjugation and gradual
extei-mination of the Indian, tho lite of the pioneer, the struggle.-^
for political independence, the rapid growth and development ol I
nations; all these results, embraced within the space of a foM-
centuries, are freely accessible to the American historian.

The importance oi history cannot be questioned; the light ill
affords is always valuable, and, if studied aright, will supply thi'
student with material bj' which he may qualify himself for any I
position in public life. In the following chapters it is intended to
draw attention more particularly to the new world, and to examine I
a few pages in the history of North America.

In the absence of any data upon which to base statement:! I
relating to the aborigines, we may say the history of the new
world begins with the memorable and enterprising adventures oil
Christopher Columbus, in 1492; although there is evidence that!

i I'

CANADA — AMERICA. 9

America had been previously visited by the i)Coplo of Northern
Europe, about the year 100(K The wtcady^flow of emi^'rants wliich
commenced a century later, from the old world to the new, of bold,
energetic peojde, is a spectacle of j^rnnd import.

Almost every nation of Kurope lias contributed to the coloniza-
tion of America. All, however, were not at first actuated by the
same motives in braving' the perils of the decii — then fur greater
than at the ]n'esent day — and the dan<,'ei's of tho wildorriLvs. The
Spaniards wore searchin;^ for the ])recious gold. The English
desired to acquire territory; the Dutch sought to extend tlu'lr
commerce; and the French, it is said, wore, at first, intent oidy on
converting the pagan Indians to Christianity. — (Garneau.) Spare
will not permit to trace the course of events in connection with
the first settlements in America; the history of the several colonies,
the bloody Indian wars, the contentions between the ditVerenf
colonizing people, the rebellions of the colonies and their achieve-
ment of independence. We shall mainly confine ourselves to those
evcntH which led to, and accompanied the settlement of Upper
1 Canatla.

Canada, tlie coast of which was first discovered by John Cabot.
I in 1497, is an honorable name, far more so than America. It has
been a cause of complaint with some that the United States should
[appropriate to their exclusive use the name of America. I'ut it is
Luite right they should enjoy it. It is after a superficial impostor,
lAmerigo Vespxicci, who availed lumself of the discoveries of
IColumbus, to vaunt himself into renown.

The word Canada is most probably derived from an Iroquois
vord, signifying Cabin. It has been stated on the authority of a
^astilian tradition, that the word vCas of Sjjanish origin. The
Spaniards, looking after gold, ascended the St. Lawrence, but failing
[to find the precious metal, exclaimed " Aca nada," (Here is nothing.)
[ho natives hearing the land thus called, when Europeans again
nsited them, upon being asked the name of their country, rejdied
['Canada," in imitation of the Spaniards. Again, Father Hennepin
asserts that the Spaniards, upon leaving the land, gave it the appel-
lation " El Capo di nada," (Cape nothing,) which in time became
changed into Canada. But Charlevoix, in his " Histoire de la Nou-
^elle France," says that Canada is derived from the Iroquois word
I'Kannata," pronounced Canada, which signifies " love of cabins."
aponcion, in the "Transactions of the Philosophical Society of
Philadelphia," founds his belief of the Indian origin of the name

I'l,

1 JACQUE8 CABTIER.

Canada, on tho ftiot that, in the traiiHlation of tho GoHpol by St.
Matthew into tho Mohawk tongue, hy Urant, tho word Canada i»
alwayH made to nignify a viUago. Tailing tho wl. )lo matter into
consideration, there appears tho best of reasonH to conoludo that
Canada, a name now properly bestowed upon tho Dominion, is of
Indian origin, and Hignifies tho country of a people who aro
accustomed to live in villages or permanent cabins, instead of in
tents and constantly changing from one place to another.

The history of French Canada is one of unusual interest — from
tho time Jacques Cartier, in 1534, with two vohsoIh of less than 60
tons burden each, and 122 men in all, entered for the first time the
Gulf of St. Lawrence — up to the present day. It was not until tho
lirst decade of the 17th century, nearly a hundred years after
Cartier first landed, that successful colonization by the Frond
was accomplished. Novortholoss, Canada has as early a plact
among tho cohmies of America as New Netherlands or Virginia
which aro tho oldest States of tho neighboring Union. Virginia
was planted in 1608; Now Netherlands (now Now York,) was not
pottled until 1614. Prior to that, in 1609, Hudson had ascended
the river now bearing his name, as far as the jjresent site ol
Albanj' ; but at tho same time the intrepid Champlain was travors
iiig the wilds of tho more northern part of the territory to the
south of Lake Ontario.

Although the history of Now France is one of great interest
yet, in this local history, space can only bo allowed to glance at
tho course of events in connection therewith. But French Canada
is not in danger of suffering for want of historians to pen the
events of her life. Already onthusitistic countrymen have doiu
justice to tho patriotism, valor and ability of the Franco-Canadianl
race. And, at tho present time, earnest workers are in the field,
searching among the records of the past, stowed away in Paris,
with the view of making known all that can bo learned of their
sires. We find no fault with the intense love they bear to their
language, their laws, their religion, their institutions generally
Such is characteristic of a high-spirited race; and, as commor;
Canadians we rejoice to have so devoted a people to lay with us tht
foundation of our northern Dominion.

It has already boon said that Jacques Cartier first landed in
Canada in 1534. At this time the pent up millions of Europe
lying in a state of semi-bondage, were prepared to strike off the
chains which had hitherto bound them, both in mind and body, t(

the sole

and to a

lecovoro

of the m(

most ci)l

field for

])rintiiig

mind, iiii

was be in

1(1 gi!fmi

In M

World, ii

b}' two (

Eeachini

John's P,

applied t

two nati)

d'Orloanf-

Hpirit.

vessels in

cone u[)Oi

with a sn

found a CO

long, and

agod and ^

after whit

ho gave tj

given to t

the Domii

Carti(

much dist

while mos

by the nn

to France,

later bofoj

and roligi

enacted ai

so many n

Britain, Ij

flows in th

from the

FIRST WINTER IN CANADA.

ipol by St.
Ciiniula in I
mttor into
cludo that
inion, irt of I
ii who arc
itoad of in ]

roHt — from
3H.M than 60
Kt time the
5t until the
^'oars after
ho Prone li
•ly a place
ir Virf^inia.
Virginia
k,) was not
(.1 aHCcndod
ent site ot
viXB travel's-
tory to the

it interest,

glance at

ich Canada

pen th

have don

o-Canadian

n the field.

ly in Paris,

cd of their

ar to their

generally

IS commor:

with us the

landed in
of Europe,
ike off the
d body, to

the Moloc't ones, wlio cluiincd that prerogative, aw of Divini' origin,
and to avail thetnsolvoM of the vast territory whirh Colunibns had
recovered from oblivion. Then was the future pregnant with events
of the most startling nature — events fraught with intorcMts of the
inoHt collo.ssal magnitude. While America was to open up a now
tield for active labor, wherein all might pluck wealth, the art <if
printing, so soon to bo in active o])eration, was to emancipalo the
mind, and cast broadly the seeds of universal liberty. Already
was being broken the fallow ground, in the rich soil of which was
to germinate the great truths of science.

In May, l.^US, Cartier set out on his second voyage to the Nev
World, in ''La (Jrando Jlermitn,'' a vessel of llo tons, accompanied
by two other vessels of smaller size, with 110 men altogether.
Eeaching Labrador in July, he on 8t. Laurence Day entered St.
John's IJiver; and thus arose the luimo of St. Lawrence, afterward
applied to the mighty river now bearing that name. Guided by
two natives, Cartier ascended the St. Lawrence as far as the Isle
d'Orloans, where he was received by the Lidians in a friendly
spirit. Cartier having determined to sta}' the winter, moored his
vessels in the St. Charles River, with tiie Indian village of Stada-
cone u})on the heights above hitn. The same autumn ho ascended
Avith a small party to visit Ilochelaga, now ^Montreal. Ilei-e he
found a considerable village of tifty wooden dwellings, each lifty ])aces
long, and twelve and tifteen broad. This village was fortified. An
aged and withered chief accorded Cartier a distinguished reception ;
after which Cartier ascended to the top of the mountain, to which
he gave the name Mont Ileal, or Eoyal Mount, a name subsequently
given to the village which has become the commercial capital of
the Dominion, and which is destined to rival even Xew York.

Carticr's stay in Canada during the winter was attended with
much distress, and the loss by death of twonty-six of his men ;
while most of the rest were almost dying, being, it is related, saved
by the medical skill of the natives. In the Spring he returned
to France, carrying with him several Indians. It was live years
later before another visit was made to Canada, owing to the civil
and religious Avars existing in France. It was the cruel laws
enacted and put in force at this time in Franco that expatriated
80 many noble Huguenots who were dispersed throughout Great
Britain, Ireland, and afterward America, the blood of whom yet
flows in the veins of many of the descendents of the loyal refugeas
from the rebelling States of America. In the Summer of 1541

FAILl'RE TO COLONIZE.

Cartier again set sail for llic St. liawi-cnco. Ho was to have been
accompanied b}- one Joan Francois do la Roqno, a bravo and faithful
servant of the king, to whom had been conceded the privilege of
raising a body of volunteers to form a pojrmancnt settlement upon
the St. Lawrence. But unforsoen diflficultios prevented his sailing
until the following j-ear. In the meantime Cartier, to whom had
boon given comnland, Avith five ships, had, after a tedious passago>
reached Canada, and ascended to Quebec, The intending colonizers
immediately wont ashore and commenced the work of clearing the
land for cultivation. The winter was passed in safety, but in the
spring, tired of waiting for the Govornor, Avho ought to have fol-
lowed him the year before, and dis(t)vering signs of hostility on
the part of the savages, ho determined to return to France. So ho
embarked all the men and set sail. Before ho had reached the
Atlantic, however, ho met la Koque, with some two hundiod more
colonists, who desired Cartier to return, but he continued his course
to France. Joan Francois landed safol}' at Quebec. In the autumn
ho sent home two vessels for provisions for the following year,
Avhilo ho prepared to undergo the severity of the coming winter,
a season that brought severe trials, with the death of fifty of his
men. The following year he sot out with seventy men to seek
fresh discoveries up the river, but lie was unsuccessful. Francoi
again immersed in war, paid no attention to the request for succor
in the New "World, but ordered Cartier to bring back the Governor,
whose presence as a soldier was c'esired. With him returned all
the colonists. Thus the attempt to establish a settlement upon the
St, Lawrence failed, not, however, through any want of courage,
or ability on the part of Cartier, the founder of Canada, The name
thus immortalized and which disappeared from the history of
Canada for many years, again occupies a place. And, Sir George
Eticinio Cartier, of to-day, although not a lineal desccndent of the
first Cartier, holds a position of distinction ; and, as one who
has assisted in effecting the Confederation of the provinces, his
name will ever stand identifiod, as his great predecessor and name-
sake, with tho history of our Canvada,

In 1549, Jean Francois a second timo, set out for Canada with
his brother, and others, but they all perished on the way, This
disaster prevented any further immediate attempt at settlement in
Canada,

The commencement of the seventeenth century found Franco
again in a state suitable to encourage coloni.il enterprize, and shc»

CIIAMPLAIN — FOUNDATION OP QUEHEC.

ilement in

in common with other Eiiro])OJin nations was (lirectini? her attention
to the yet unoxpK)re(l Xew VVorkl. At this time one Pont-Grave,
a merchant of St. Malo, conceived the idea of establishing" a fur
trade between Canada and Franco ; and to tliis end he connected
himself with one Chfuivin, a ])erson of some inlliuince at court,
who succeeded in obtaiiiinu; the appointment of icovernor to Canada,
with a monopoly of the peltry traffic, These two adventurers, with
a few men, set out for Canada, but arrived in a state of destitution.
Chauvin died, while the others were preserved alive by the kind-
ness of the natives. Chauvin was succeeded by Dc Chastes,
(rovornor of Dieppe; and Ca))tAin Samuel Cham))lain, who had
distinguished himself as a naval otticer, was appointed to command
an expedition about to proceed to the Now World.

The name of Chumplain is indelibly fixed upon the pages of

Canadian history. It was he wlio traversed trackless forests
"^ >

ascended the most rapid rivers, discovered the Lake of Oi;tr>r',o,
by way of }3ay (iuinte, and gave his name to another lake. It was
in 1603 that Champlain set out upon his voyage, lie had but throe
small vessels, it is said, of no more than twelve or lifteen tons
burden. He ascendetl as far as Sault St. Louis, and made careful
observations. He prepared a chart, with which ho returned to
France. The king was well pleased with his report, and DeChasto
having died. Governor do Monts succeeded him, to whom was
granted, exclusively, the fui trade in Canada. But their operations
were confined, at first, to Acadia, now Nova Scotia, In 1(J07 Do
Jlonts abandoned Acadia and directed his attention to Canada.
Obtaining from tho king a renewal of his pr vilegos, ho appointed
Champlain his lieutenant, whom ho despatched with two vessels-
The party arrived at Stadacone, o;i the 3rd of July. The party
commenced clearing land whore the lower town of Quebec now
stands, and erected cabins in which to livo. Having determined
to make this tiio head-quarters of his establishment, he proceeded
to build a fort. Thus was founded tho ancient capital of Camida
upon tho Gibraltar of America. Tho powei's granted to Champlain
were ample, whereby he was enabled to maintain order and enforce
law. During tho well nigh one hundred years that had passed
away since Cartier attempted to colonize, gx-eat changes, it would
seem, had taken place among the Indians. Altogether different
tribes occupied the Laui-e-itian valley ; and tho former Indian
villages of StadoconcJ, and Hocheliiga had been entirely destroyed,
Champlain found the Indians of this place, tho Algonquins, at

.iff

DISCOVERY OP LAKE ONTARIO.

enmity with other tribes to the west, the Iroquois. The Algonquins
wore glad to form an alliance with him against their long standing
enemy. It suited the purpose of Champlain to thus ally himself;
but the policy may well be questioned ; at all events it inaugurated
a long course of warfare between the French and the Iroquois,
which only terminated when Canada became a British dependency.
He, no doubt, was ignc 'ant of the great power and superiority of
the confederated five nations which formed the Iroquois people.
The first encounter between Champlain and the Indians took place
the 29th of July, 1609, by the lake which now bears his name,
which had been known by the Indians as Lake Corlar. The
Iroquois, who had never before seen the use of fire-arms, were
naturally overwhelmed with surprise at this new mode of warfare,
by which three of their chiefs were suddenly stricken to the earth:
and they beat a hasty retreat, leaving their camp to the pillage of
the enemy. The following year Champlain again set out with his
Indian allies, and a second time drove them from the well contested
field by the use of fire ijrn - It was on this occasion he first met
the Ilurons, which were to become such fast allies, until almost
exterminated. But the time came when the Iroquois, supplied
with arms and trained to their use, by the Dutch, became better
able to cope with the French. In 1(J12 Count de Soissons succeeded
De ilonts. Champlain, who was -'\fj;ain engaged in war, was at the
same time endeavoring to advance the peltr}^ traflic, a trade that
had many vicissitudes, owing to the changing o})inions at home,
and the uncertain support of merchants. He commenrod the
erection of a fort at Montreal, and formed an alliance with the
Huron Indians.

In the year 1615, the Iroqifr;is were collected near the foot of
Lake Ontario, a body of water as yet unseen by Europeans. At
the request of the Indians, it has iuMiu said Champlain set out to
attack them, after having ascen i' • fiio Ottawa. The course
taken by him, and the disastrous it .sul*. are given in connec-
tion with the discovery of tiie Bay (^uute. The year 1028 saw
Canada, as well as the colony of Florida, pass under the power of
the "Company of the Hundred Partnefs." The same year saw
(Juebec in u state of grer-t distress, the inhabitants almost starving,
and a fleet of British war vessels at the entrance of the St. Law-
rence demanding the surrender of the fort. War was then existing
between England and France, arising out of the intestine war of
France, between the Huguenots and the (/atholics, which had

'^ II

FOUNDATION OF MONTREAL.

resulted in the subjugation of the former, many of whom had
sought refuge in Enghtnd smd entei-ed her service. Two of the
vessels now threatening French Canada were commanded by
Huguenots, one Captain Michel ; the other David Kcrtk. The
latter demanded the surrender of Quebec, butChamplain concealed
the great straits to which he was reduced and bravely withstood the
famine and cold through the long winter, in the hopes of relief in
the spring, which was destined never to reach him. Instead of
relief, the spring brought three vessels of war, commanded by
Kertk's, two brothers, Louis and Thomas. The demand to sur-
render could no longer be refused, and upon the 29th July, 1618,
the English took possession of Quebec. Louis Kertk became
Governor, while I'hamplain accompanied Thomas Kcrtk to Europe.
Quebec remained in British possession until the treaty of St-
German-en-Laye, signed 29th March 1632, by which England
renounced all claims upon New France.

(Juobec was governed by Louis Kertk during the throe years
it was in possession of England, and he returned it to the French,
it was alleged, a heap of ruins. On the ensuing year, the "Ilun"
dred Partners" resujned their sway, and Chamjilain was re-ap-
pointed Governor, who came with much pomp and took possession
of Fort St. Louis with the beating of drums. Hereafter emigration
from France was accelerated. Even some of the higher classes
sought in Canada, repose from the troubles incident to religious
and domestic war, although Catholics. The Jesuits were now
superseding the order of Recollets, and were earnestly seeking to
convert the Hurons ; and at the same to secure their trusty allegi-
ance. For two years prosperity continuetl to smile upon the pro-
vince, and in 1635 the Jesuits iaid the foundation stone of the
College of Quebec. But the same year took from New France its
chief and its greatest friend. Champlain died on Christmas day
in (Jiiebec, after " thirty years of untiring efforts to establish and
extend the French possessions in America." This great discoverer,
and founder of Quebec left no children, his wife rcmaineil in
Canada tour years, wlien she returned to France.

Following the death ot Champlain was the terrible onslaught
by the Iroquois upon the Hurons, whom they entirely destroyed as
a nation, leaving but a remnant under the ijrotectionof the French.
In 1642 M. de Maisonneuvo laid the Ibundation of Montreal, the
village consisting of a few buildings with wooden palisades, was
then called " Vilio-Marie." Maisonneuvo gathered here the con-
verted Indians to teach them the art of civiliiiation.

! ■;

SrJ

GOVERNOR FRONTENAC.

! I

Tho succcHsor to Champlain was M. do Chateaufort: but wo
cannot continue to ovon sketch tho history of tho several Govci-norii>
and the successive steps in Canadian development only so far as
they bear upon our subject.

In 1663 the pojiulation along tho St. Lawrence numbered to
between 2,000 and 2, .500. In 1665 the number was increased by
emigration, and by the arrival of the Carignan regiment, a veteran
bod}' of men who became permanent settlers, and who aided much in
controlling the Indians and maintaining the power of the French.
The same year live stock was introduced, and horses for the iirst
time wore seen in Canada. About this time commenced, in earnest,
the struggle between England and France for the supremacy of the
fur trade. Tho viceroy, M. de Tracy, began to erect regular forts
upon the Eicheleu. In 1671 there was a rendezvous of Indian Chiefs
atSaultSt. 3[arie, and through the influence of Father AUouez, the
several tribes consented to become subjects of France. In the same
year M. do Courcelles, now Governor, in pursuance of the attempt to
govern the fur trade, conceived the idea of planting a fort at the
foot of Lake Ontario. But he left befoi'o the work had commenced,
and was succeeded by Louis de Buade, Conte de Frontcnac, after
whom the fort, subsequently erected, was called.

As the founder of tho tirst settlement in. Upper Canada, whose
name is now so familiar, as belonging to a County, we may make
space to say of Frontenac, that he was a gentleman of good birth,
and had gained great distinction, having attained to tho rank of
Brigadicr-Gonei-al. He was iomowbat proud and haughty, but
condescending to his inferiors. lEis instructions trom his master,the
King, on coming to the Canada, were to secure the aggrandizement
of France. Imigration in large numbers from France having been
foi'bidden, he was to seek tho increase of numbers in New France
by stimulating early mai'riages. And to this daj', the rate of
increase by birth, among the French, is considerably greater than
with the Anglo-Saxon.

He Avas to foster agriculture, the raising of stock, to increase the
fishing operations, and the trade abroad ; and he was instructed to
take measures to construct a highway between Canada and Acadia, a
plan which is only now about to be accomplished in the Intercolonial
Railroad. Frontenac, likewise received very explicit instructions as
to his procedure towards the Jesuits and Eecollects; and he was
charged ** to administer Justice with the strictest impartiality." The
Colony being at peace, Frontenac's principal difficulty was in dealing

FIRST LAND-HOLDER OP U. C.

with the Cliurch, and he found it necessary to take high-handed steps
to bring tlie Clergy into subjection to the State. There had been for
years a strtiggle with respect to the liquor traffic among the Indians ;
the Bisliops being opposed to it, while the Governor favored it for
the purpose of furthering the trade in furs. The dissentions between
parties became so great, and representations to the home authorities
became so frequent and vexatious t'lat Frontenac and the Intendant
were both recalled in 1682. But during tlie incumbency of Frontenac,
explorations had continued in the west, and the fort at Cataraipii
had been fully estal)lished ; and the Mississi])pi had been discovered
by Pere Marquette and M. Joliet, in 1673. That same year Frontenac
set out 29th of June, from Montreal, with an ex])edition for Cataraqui,
arriving there 12th July. There was at this time one Eobert Cavalier
de la Salle, a nati\'e of Eouen, who had contfc to Canada when a young
man, full of a project for securing a road by a northwestern passage
to China, lie was a man of ability and energy, but without means.
But he managed to obtain the f avoidable notice of Governor Frontenac,
who regarded him as a man after liis own heart.

In the time of de Courcelles he opened a trading post near Mon-
treal, now Laehine, so called from La Salle's belief that a pathway to
China would bo found thence across the Continent by the waters of
the Ottawa or Upper Lakes. The discovery of the Mississippi caused
no little sensation in Canada ; and La Salle lost no time in asking per-
mission and assistance to contimie the western explorations, declaring
his belief that the upper waters of the Mississippi would, if followed
to there source, lead to the Pacific Ocean. He consequently submitted
a petition for a certain grant of land at Cataraqui to the king, Louis
X. (See under liistory of Kingaton.)

Thus it seems that La Salle, a name greatly distinguished in
connection with the discovery of the mouth of the Mississippi, stands
connected very intimately witli the foundation of Kingston. For
him a Seigniory was here erected, and from this point he went forth
on his eventful voyage. He was a man of much energy and lost no
time in setting out. His boats laden with goods, and likewise with
material for constructing a brigantine, and a fort, set sail for the
Niagara River. The first stejjs La Salle prepared to take was to erect
a second fort at Niagara, and then to build his vessel upon the waters
of Lake Erie.

The construction of the defensive work of the fort, liowever,
suited not the views of the Indians, so he satisfied himself with a
palisaded storehouse. In the winter the vessel was commenced, six

■i Si

i ;

TUB MISSISSIPPI.

milcH above tlio Falls. By the middle of summer it was ready to bo
lauucLed, which was doue with a salute of camion, and the chanting
of a Te dcum, amid great rejoicing. There was also great demonstra-
tion among the Indians, who designated the French " Otkou," or
" men of a contriving mind." The vessel was named Griffon, and on
the 7th August, 1679. with seven guns, and small arms, and loaded
with goods she entered Lake Eric. A few day's sail and Detroit, or
the strait was reached ; and on the 2;Jrd August, she was cutting
the waters of Lake Huron. In live days Michilmicinac was gained ;
then the voyageur proceeded to the Avestern shore of ]Michigan,where
lie cast anchor. The wonder of tiie Aborigines, as they witnessed
this mounted craft, and heard the thunder tones of the cannon, may
be conceived. But this tiist vessel upon the western lakes, which had
at first so prosperous a .voyage, was doomed to early destruction.
Men of enterprise uiid success invariably have to encounter enemies
born of incapacity and jealousy, who in the absence of the victim,
may sow the seeds of evil. La Salle had not a few of such enemies,
it woTild seem, to encounter. After his departure his creditors had
seized his possessions, and he, as soon as he heard of it, loaded the
Griffon with peltries and despatched her for Niagara. But the Griffon
never readied Detroit, the waters of Lake Huron swallowed her "up,
and all on board. La Salle proceeded with thirty men to the
lower end of I ake Michigan, and laid the foundation of another fort.
He then continued westward to the Illinois Eiver, and formed still
another foil. But this chain of forts thus established by La Salle,;,
was not destined to accomi)lish the great end aimed at. Among the
opponents of La Salle, were not only those jealous of liis success, but
likewise rival merchants, who were ill pleased to see the fur trade
monopolized by one ; and then, there, was the growing trade by the
English. These many obstacles and the loss of his vessel with its
cargo, and of a second one, in the Gulph of St. Lawrence, about this
time, valued at .£22,000, had the elfect of seriously crippling him ;
yet his was a, nature not easily overcome. Leaving Father Hennepin
to explore the Illinois Ri^;er and the L'pper Mississippi, he set out
March 2nd, 1680, for Montreal, accompanied by four whites and an
Indian guide.

Two years later and the indomitable La Salle, nothing daunted,
who )'id compounded with his creditors, and suffered repeated disap-
pointments, is found traversing the forest, for the Mississipi^i, to descend
that stream to its mouth. He reached the Mississippi, Cth Feburary,
1682. Descending the stream he stopped at the mouth of the Ohio

FRKNCH TERRITORT, 1G84.

fort. He then

itinued his easy cotirso down the Father
of rivers, and reached its mouth on the 5th April, and took formal
possession of the territory in the name of the king, calling the place
after him, Louisiana. The glory thus won by La Salle, was not to
be crowned with the success, financially, that ought to have followed.
At this juncture Governor Frontenac, seemingly the only friend La
Salle had, was called home to be followed by M. de la Barre. A con-
tinuation of the persecutions and misrepresentations of his conduct,
led to the sequestration of Fort Frontenac, as well as Fort St. Louis,
and in the following year he was called upon to defend himself at
court, which lie was able to do. The result was an order to reinstate
the founder of Louisiana on his return, in Fort Frontenac, and to re-
l)air all damages which his property had sustained ii that locality.

La Salle was graciously received by the king on account of his
discovery of the mouth of the Mississippi, and was commissioned to
begin a colonization of Louisiana. The same unfortunate luck con-
tinued to attend him. He sailed July 24th, 1684, from La Rochelle
with two ships of war and two other vessels, having some 500 persons
in all. The fleet was commanded by M. de Beaujeu. Between the
commander and La Salle, a misunderstanding arose which ended in
decided aversion. One of the ships was capture(l by the Spaniards,
and the others overpassed the mouth of the Mississipjii by many
leagues. The commander instead of assisting to carry out La Salle's
object, did all he could to thwart him. One of the vessels was run
upon the reefs and lost. Finally Beaujeu left La Salle with his people
upon a desert shore without provision, and put out to sea. Although
120 leagues distant from the Mississippi, in Texas, La Salle set some
of his people to cultivate the land, and began to construct a fort. But
the craftsmen were deficient. The seed sown did not grow, the
savages became troublesome, and one evil after another rapidly suc-
ceeded until his men were mostly all dead. As a last resort La Salle
det^jrmined to set out for Canada to proceed to France. It was early
spring and the indomitable discoverer found but slow progress ; at
last some of those accompanying him, mutinied together and resorted
to force, during which La Salle was moi'tally wounded. Thus per-
ished the discoverer of the mouth of the Mississippi, the founder of
Louisisina, as well as the first land owni r of Upper Canada. It is
worthy of note here how great was the territory of France in America
at this time. It was a vast region, embracing within its limits the
Hudson's Bay territory, Acadia, Canada, a great part of Maine, por-
tions of the States of Vermont and New York, with the whole of the

I HI

FRENCH FORTS.

valley of the Mississippi. And a great portion of this ought, to-day,
to form part of Canada, some of wliich would, were it not for the
indifference, or stupidity of English commissioners, and the con-
temptible trickery of Americans, such as the act of concealing the fact
of the existence of a certain map by Daniel Webster, which -.vould
prove adverse to his pretentions.

It has been deemed ap])ropriate to follow La Salle in his steps,
not alone because he was the first settler in Upper Canada, Avho held
land property ; but because we learn of the way in Avhich the French,
originally struggling to gain a footing in the Lower St. Lawrence,
gradually extended westward, carrying in one hand the Cross, and
with the other, planting forts for the purpose of trade, and erecting
such defences as the uncertain character of the natives rendered neces-
sary. We learn how it came, that fort after fort, whose ruins may
yet be traced across the continent, were planted along a route which
commenced at the mouth of the mighty St. Lawrence, extended along
the western lakes, and then turning southward terminated at the
mouth of the majestic Mississippi.

iWi/!

INDIANS DECEIVED.

INTRODUCTION.

(CONTI.VUKD.)

CHAPTER II.

C'cuitents : — Catamqui Ibit Rtrenf,'tliL'n(Hl— -Kciito Indians seized and carried cap-
tive to France — Massacre of Laciiim — Ciinnicncinf,' strnjiKle between New
England and New Fran(u; — Sj.ge <il' Qu'luc li3- Sii \Vm. Pliipps — Destruc-
tion of Fort Cataraqui — Its rc-inclidn — 'I'liaty of ilyswick — Deatli of Fron-
tenac — Iroquois in Entrlaiui — Anotinr atti iiipt to ui])ture (Quebec — Decline
of Frencli power — Population of Canada and of Now England — Continuation
of the contest for the fur trade — Taking of Fort Loiiisbing — Col. Washington,
dishonorable conduct — Inconsistency of Dr. Franklin — Coinniencenient of
seven years" war — Close of first year — Montcalm — His presentiment — Taking
of Fort Oswego — Of Fort William Henry — fearful massacre — The stat' of
Canada — Wolfe apjtears — Taking of Frontenac — Duipiesne — Apathj of
France — Tlie spring of nf)!) — Reduced state of Canada — The overthrow of
French power in America — The result — l^nion of elements — The cai>ture of
(Juel)ec — Wolfe — Death of Montcalm — Fort Niagara — Johnson — Effort to re-
take Quebec — Wreck of the P^rench army — Capitulation at Montreal — Popu-
lation — Tlie lirst British (Jovernor of Canada — The Canadians as British
subjects — The result of French enterprise — llebellion.

In 1685 Marquis DeNonville becuine Governor, and brou^'li.t
with him to Canathi 600 roguhir troops. Tho Iroquois liail I)ocomo
aljios of the English, with whom thoy preferred to trade. DeNon-
villo ascended to Cataraqui with two thousand men. Arrived at
Cataraqui, he tried, by gentle means at first, to obtain certain
terms from them, but the Iroquois Avore insolent, being supported
by the English traders. DeNonvillo wrote to Paris for more
troops, and, in the mean time, proceeded to accumulate stores
at Cataraqui, and to strengthen the fort at Niagara. The King sent
to Canada, in 1687, 800 soldiers, to assist in subduing the Iroquois.
DcNor.v"ilc becoming bold, and in his increased strength, pursued
a course of trickei y which has been branded by all writers as anti-
christian, and more savage than anything pertaining to tho savages
(so-called) of America. Pdre Lamberville, a missionary among
the Iroquois, caused a certain number of chiefs to congregate at Fort
Frontenac, to confer with tho governor, and when thoy were within
the precincts of tho fort they wore seized and carried captive in
chains, even to Franco, and there sent to tho galleys. Draper t^ays
that these wore Indians of the tribes called Ganneyouscs and Kcntes,

INDIAN MASSACRE.

and that about 40 ov 50 mon, and 80 woinon and children wore
seized, who wore forwarded to Franco. The attitude of tlio Indiann
under Huch trying circumstances, towards the missionary among
them, stands out in prominent contrast to the vile conduct of the
French governor. The missionary, summoned by the chief, was
thus addressed : '* Wo have every right to treat thee as our foe, but
we have not the inclination to do so. We know thy nature too
well ; thine heart has had no share in causing the wrong that has
been done to us. We are not so unjust as to ]>unish thee for a crime
that thou abhorrest as much as we." Then the aged chief informed
him that the young men of the tribe might not feol so lenient, and
that lie must leave, at the same time causing him to bo conducted
by a safe path from their midst.

For a time DeNonville somewliut curbed the lror|Uois; but in
the end he failed completely to hold the ground which had pre-
viously been acquired. For four yearn he continued to govern ;
matters continually growing worse, until, in the spring of 1089,
1,400 Iroquois made an onslaught on the island of Montreal.
The inliabitants, in the depth of sleep, knov*' nothing of their
danger, until the fearful whoop and the bloody tomahawk and
scalping knife were already at work. The butchery was most
fearful ; the cruelties to women and children most revolting.
Besides those instantly killed, 200 were burnt alive, and others
died under prolonged torture. This was called the massacre
of Lachine. The governor was paralyzed, and no stop was taken
to redress the great evil.

It was under such circumstances that lie was recf.iled, and
superseded by De Frontenac, who had again been roquestod to be-
come governor. Frontenac landed at Quebec on the 18th October,
1689, and was received with every demonstration of joy.

Frontenac entered upon his duties shortly before the renewal
of hostilities between England and Franco. All of Pi'otestant
Europe, indeed, wore enlisted in the war which had, to a great
extent, arisen from the cruel course pursued by France towards the
Huguenots. Frontenac, whoso master foresaw the war, which was
declared in the following year, brought with him full instructions
to prepare for a vigorous warfare all along the frontier of Now
France, even to tho Hudson Bay tei'ritory. By this time the Eng-
lish settlements upon the Atlantic coast had attained to no incon-
siderable strength, and were already engaging in trade by water,
as well as with the Indians iu peltries ; and already it had become

FRONTIER T.IFR.

a question of con(|nosl by Now En^laiul or \>y Now FniMco. Tho
present jiiticluro Kcomod ono favoraltio for bold mojiHuros on tho
|)artot'thi' Antrlo- Americans. Tlioy bad rapidly advanced in ma-
terial Ktrcn^lb, wbile tlio Ki-oncb had ratlior declined, owini^ to tho
want of immigration and to tho frequent destructive incursions of
the Iro(|Uois. Tho declaration of war between Kiiirland and France,
in June, 1680, saw tho colonists prepared to contest the ground for
sui)renmcy, and monopoly f)l"tlio fur trade. The Fri'nch. notwitit-
standing their limited numerical strength, hesitatt'd not to enter
the Hold, and made up tbeir want of numbers by superior and do-
tei-mined bravery. Uefore J)e Frontenac had arrived, everj'thing
was going on badly with the Canadians. \r. DeNotiville had, be-
fore his departure, instructed Sonor do Yali'ouve, commandant at
Catarafpii, to blow u]) tlie fort, which liad been accordingly done;
and the country, abandoneil to the Indians, who now ranged the
country, to the very entrance of Montreal. Hut Fi'ontcnac deter-
mined to take bold and active measures to carry tlio war into tho
enemies country, notwithstanding tlio odds against the French.
Organized plans of attack, at different points, were arranged, one
of which, in its carrying out, was quite as cruel and barbarous as
tho Lachine massacre, which it was intended, as attei-wards stated,
it should revenge. A pai-ty of French and Indians weri' led in tho
directicm of Albany. On their \vay,ono night, about eleven o'clock,
they attacked tho sleeping town of Schenectady, and put the de-
fenceless inhahitants to the sword. Those acts cannot be justified
in Europeans, and show the fearful spirit of barbarit}' which reigned
in those early days of America. The effect produced by the bands
of raiders that swept over the British colonics along the frontier,
and here and there, into tho very interior, was salutary to tho
French interests, and the spring saw the French flag much more
respected by the Indians than it had lately been: j'ot the Iroquois
earnestly and boldly .-itrovo to carry death to the door of oveiy Ca-
nadian hamlet. Tho energetic measures adopted by Frontenac
frustrated all their attempts; yet it was unsafe for tho husbandman
to go to the field, so that famine began to appear. The spring of
1691 saw, however, instead of a repeated invasion of Now England,
extensive preparations in the latter country to invade Canada. Sir
William Phipps was preparing to sail from Boston, with a squad-
ron, to capture Quebec, and General Winthrop, with forces from
Connecticut and New^ York, was mustering his militia, to invade
by land. The latter marched to, and encamped upon, the banks of

VUriTLEHS KIEUE8 OK QirRUKC.

Lakfdfoi'^c, wlionr lio waited for llic uj)]H'aniii(0 of IMiipjis, Ity tlu*

Si. Lawront'C! ; hut, in tlio ineiintinu>, iIIhcu?

c Jittac'ki'il Ills I roups,

uikI iio was obliijotl to rot race Ills htcps to Alliatiy. Scarcely liml
Wintlirop tlcpai'lcd wlieii the fleet luuior I'liipjis entereil the walcrH
oftlieSt. I^awreiice, and anccnded, to invest the City of (Quebec,
appcariii;;" in si^ht on the KJth of Octoltor. I'hipps demanded a
Hurrendur ; but Frontonac, allhoui^li with an inferior garrison and
but tew troops, j^avo a spirited refusal ; and ultimately, before the
close of the month. I'hipp.s found it exi)odiont to retire. Thus ter-
minated tlie tirsl sic'jj;e of t^ueliec.

The ensuiiiij: four years presented one continuous scene oj' bor-
der warfare. While hostilities in Kuropo were exliiiu.stin^ the
resources of J'Vaiice, (Canada, under Fi-ontenac, was more than
holdiiiu' its own. TIu' British Americans vainly tried a!i;uin to be-
siege (Quebec, maUiiii,' an attack by land ; but each attempt was at-
temled with disaster. Frontonac, recotjnizin^ the importance of
Cataraiiui as a place of defence, scut 700 men to re-eroct the fort.
In this he was opposed by the Intendant, M. de Champigny, and
cvi'ii by the homo governmont; lait lie had the work completed in

16l>5, before

ibsti

'.), Deiore orders came to aDstaiu irom ercctmi^ it. ri'ontcnac
had submitted a report <(ivin^ the reasons wliy the fort should
exist, namely : in * of peace for trade, and to repair hatchets
and arms ; and in )f war to atiord a place of retreat, and to

give succor and provisions ; also a place to organize expeditions
against the Iroquois, and to receive the sick and wounded on re-
turning from exj)editions. On the other hand, Do Champigny re-
ported that the trade would not be much in time of peace, as the
IroijUois would prefer to deal with the English, who would give
more; that the Indian should carry the beaver skin to the French,
not the French go for it ; that the fort was out of the direct course
of trailo, some thirty or forty leagues ; that the foi'ce necessary to
earrv provisions would at any time be capable of proceeding against
the enemy. It would be better to take a more southerly course
from Montreal into the enemy's country, while Cataraqui is situated
U])on the opposite side of the lake ; that it was an unfit place for
sici-; and wounded, being " very unhealthy, eighty-seven having
died there in one year, out of the hundred who composed the gar-
rison." "The swamp poih^ons the garrison," which is so situated
that it affords no protection except to the men within it, who might
as well bo in a pri.'-on. He counselled that the fort should be
abandoned, as it was useless and cxj)cn8ive. Frontonac, however,

DKATII OK t'UONTENAr.

lmviii>^ ori'ftcd tln' fort, garrisonril it with 4H soliliors. Tlio oxjioiiso
of ro cMtulilishiii;;; tlio fort ami Mi])])lyin^ tlio ncci'.xMnry ])n>vision.s
cost somo £700. At tliis jiiiuturo tlio Kri'iifli liaii I'litortuiiiiMl tlic
idcn of rulliii;.; in tlio ()Ut|K)^<ts alonj; the wostcni lalvos and upon
the MiH,siH>iij))>i, hut it was roproHontod that to do so whm to opon
tho way for tho oxelusivo trailo of tho Indians with tho Enitlish.
But Frontonat' advised no such moasuros. Jlo, liy liis dctornunod
hravory, sucfocdt'd in iirint'inu; tho Icocjuois to rospoct tiic KnMich
nanio, and lio ofton carried tii-o and doatii into tiioir vory country.
When tlio war terminated, the ohl houndaries of tho Provinces had
boon fully ro-estahlished, and honors wore coiiforivd upon the ^-ov-
onior by his royal master. In llJUl the war lerminaled liy tho
treaty of llyswick, signed Soptemhor 11, hy wliii-h the Froiu-h
were to restore all jjlacos taken from tho British in America; and
it was stipulated that u commission should ho appointed to deter-
mine the respective lioundaries of tho Pi-ovinces.

In the year 1(598, on the 28th November, Count do Froiitenjic
died, aged 77, much l)eloved by the (/'unadians, aitor having raised
2^ow Franco from a low condition to a high state of material ud-
vanceiuont. But against him was too truly said that he encouraged
tho drcadtul tratttc of liquor among tho Indians, in order that
advantageous trading, in which the governor allowed himself to
meddle, might be carried on.

On 26th May, 1703, M. doCalliere, who had been tho successor
of Fronlenac, died, and tho governftr ot' Montreal, who was tho
Marquis deVaudreuil, was nominated ns successor.

This appointment, made at the instance of the colonists, was
conferred with hesitancy, the reason being that his (-ountess was a
native-born Canadian I Not only in that day but in later da3-s, and
under other circumstances, we have seen tho belief obtaining that
natives of Canada must, from tho nature of their birth-place, lack
those q litications for distinguished positions with which those
from home are siipposed to be so eminently endowed.

The British Colonists by this time began to entertain desires
to conquer Canada, and steps wore taken to accomplish the taking
of Quebec. Among those who took an active part by raising pro-
vincial troops, and in visiting England to obtain assistance, was
General Nicholson, whose descendants to this day live in the vici-
nity of the Bay Quinte, and in the Lower Provinces. In 1710
he visited England, in company with five Iroquois chiefs, veho were
presented to Queen Anne, and w^ho received distinguished attention^

« !i

2V TREATY OF UTEECHT.

being conveyed to the palace in royal ooachoji. It was following^
thia that the Queen presented those interesting pieces of Commu-
nion plate to the five nations, part of which may bo seen at Tyen-
dinaguu, and part at (he Grand Eivcr. A futile attempt was made
by Xicholson, with a fleet under Admiral Walker, in 1711, to take
Quebec. The whole enterprise not only failed but was attended
with groai disaster. General Nicholson, with his anny at Loko
Champlain, had t» give up his desire to capture Montreal and
Quebec.

On March 30, 1713, was signed the treaty of Utrecht. In this
treaty abridgement of French territory in America was effected'.
Acadia, Hudson's Bay territory and Newfoundland were coded to
Britain. French power was on the decline both in America, and
Europe. Vainly the French tried to regain what they had lost in
Newfoundland and Acadia, by founding an establishment at Cape
Breton, and in the foundation of th' historic fort of Louisburg,

In 1714 Governor Vaudi'euil went to Franco, where he
remained until September, 1716. He then returned to Canada, and
set about improving the state of aifairs generally. Quebec, at the
present day such an impregnable fortress, was not, in any respect,
I'cgularly fortified before the beginning of this century. To the
natural strength of the place was first added artificial aid, in 1702.
To this again were added, in 1712, other defences, and in 1720, by
the approval of the homo government, the fortification was syste-
matically proceeded with. At this time the colony was divideil
into three distinct govei'nments, those of Quebec, Three Rivers,
and Montreal ; and the whole was sub-dividided into eighty-two
parishes. The whole population was estimated at 25,000 ; whilst
at the same time the British colonies had 60,000 males able to bear
arms. The governor, aware of this, already began to fear a success-
ful invasion of Canada.

M. de Vaudreuil died October 10, 1725, having been governor
twenty-one years. He was succeeded by the Marquis de Beauhar-
nois, who arrived at Quebec in 1726. The contest for the supre-
macy of the fur trade continued. The British seeing the advantage
of the line of forts held by the Fi-ench determined to erect a fort
also, and selected the mouth of the Oswego for its site. As an off-
set to this aggression on the pa/t of tho British, against which the
French vainly protested, the French fort at the mouth of the Nia-
gara was erected, with defences ; and orders were given that m
stone fort should replace the one originally constructed of wood, at

PORT LOUISBURG.

bllowing-
Commii-
at Tyen-
v^as made
, to take
attended
at Ls)ke
real and

In this
eftected.
coded to
rica, and
lid lost in
t at Cape
burg.
?^here he
rtada, and
30, at the
y respect,
I To the
in 1702.
720, by
ras syste-
divided
Rivers,
ghty-two
whilst
to bear
a success-
governor
Beaiihar-
10 Bupre-
dvantage
ct a fort
S.S an off-
«rhich the
the Nia-
n that u
wood, at

Cataraqui. In 1731, Fort Frederick was also erected, at Crown
Point, on Lake Chaniplain. This year, Varrennes, Sieur de la Ver-
endrye, urged by the governor, set about to discover a route to the
Pacitic ocean ; but he only reached the foot of the Rocky Moun-
tains, being the first white man to discover them. About this time
the fort at Toronto (Lake) is, for the first time, referred to. For
more than a decade the strife for the peltry traffic continued to be
waged, yet without any actual warfare. It was seen by all that
peace could not continue, and New England and Xew France were
all the time anticipating the conflict. In 1745 war broke out in
Europe, and immediately extended to America. It will be remem-
bered that the Fi-onch were dispossessed of Acadia, but had subse-
quently erected a fort upon Cape "Breton, Louisburg. From this
naval stronghold they were able to send privateers and men-of war.
The English, in the meantime, seeing this evil, and that this was a
protection to the only entrance to French territorj-, determined to
possess it promptly, if it were possible. To carry out this project,
which originated with Governor Shirley, of Massachusetts, 4,000
militia, levied in Mass., New Ilampshii-e, Maine, and Connecticut,
under Colonel Pepperel, sailed froni Boston in March. The attack
upon this strong fort was so well planned and carried out, that full
success was the result. Admiral Warren arrived with ships to give
assistance, and captured a French ship of 04 guns, with 5G0 soldiers
and supplies. Already the Anglo-Americans were beginning to
display the energy (derived from an energetic race) which was to
overturn British domination in the Atlantic States. But in the first
place it was necessary that England should extinguish French
power. The brilliant nature of the attack and taking of Fort Louis-
burg Wiis recognized by the granting of baronetcies to Governor
Shirley and Colonel Pepperel. This success hastened the determi-
nation to conquer Canada — a ilesire already existing in the hearts
of the Anglo-Americans ; and Goveriior Shirley applied to the
British government for regulars and a fleet for that purpose.
Meanwhile, a fleet, with several thourjund troops, sailed from
France, with a view of re-taking Cape Breton and Acadia; but tem-
pest and ilisciiso destroyed the force, until it was no longer able to
invade.

From the year 1745 Iwrder warfare continuallj- blazed along
the frontier. The French, with their savage allies, carried the
scalping-knifo and the torch into the British settlements, i-aptui-ed
Fort Massachusetts and Fort Bridgman, and gained other victories,

•i :

.i :

MASSACRE BY WASHINGTON.

and the luckless settlors huJ to seek safety in the more largely-set-
tled parts of the country.

Again came temporary peace to the colonists. In 1748, upon
the 7th of October, the treaty was signed at Aix-la-Chapelles, by
the terms of which Cape Breton reverted to the French. This
ti-eaty was, however, but a lull in the struggle in America, which
was destined to end in conquest.

The French continued to strengthen their outposts. Detroit
was garrisoned, and forts of stone wex*o built at Green Bay, Toronto,
and La Presentation. In 1756, Fort Duquesne, at Pittsburgh, was
established. It was in this year that Washington first came before
the public as an actor. He led a considex-able force to the wost,
with the view of destroying Fort Duquesne, and encountered a
small body of French. The man who subsequently became a hero
by concurring events, as well as by his own energy, did not, on this
occasion — if wo may credit history — act a very honorable part. In-
formed of the camping ground of the enemy, lie marched all night,
to attack them in the morning. Junonville, the commander, when
aware of the proximity of Washington, made known to him by a
trumpeter that he had a letter to deliver, and when Junonville had
begun to read his letter firing was suddenly re-commenced. The
painters of Washington's character have tried to cover this stain ; but
imbiassed recorders think he was by no means blameless. But Wash-
ington's humiliation rapidly followed this unmanly procedure.. The
main force of the French, hearing of the massacre by Washington,
advanced to revenge it ; and, attacking him in his own chosen posi-
tion, succeeded, after ten hours' fighting with muskets alone, against
cannon, in driving Washington from his position, and compelled him
to make an inglorious retreat.

At the beginning of 1 755, England sent out additional soldiers
and means of war, and appointed General Braddock, who had distin-
guished himself as a soldier, to act as military chief.

At this time, " Dr. Franklin estimated the whole English provin-
cials ut a total of 1,200,000; whilst the whole number of people in
Canada, Cape Breton, Louisiana, &c., was under 80,000 souls."—
{Gameaii). At the same time France was weak, by the presence of
an indolent King, who allowed himself and kingdom to be governed
by a courtesan, Madame de Pompadour. Religious diisensions and
stagnation of trade, all contributed to place France in but a poor posi-
tion to engage in war. Great Britain, on the contrary, was in all
respects prosperous. At such a favorable time it was that the Anglo-

THE SEVEN years' WAR.

Americans urged th« motlu'r country to cany on, with tlie utmost
rigor, a war for tlie subjugation of Canada. Franklin, as astute a
politician as clever in science, was their principal mouthpiece. He
who, twenty-five years thereafter, repaired to Paris, to arouse the
public feeling of France and entire Europe against Britain; the same
Avho came to Canada to revolutionize it in 1776, was, in 1754, the
greatest promoter of the coming invasion of the French possessions
iu North America. " There need never be permanent lepose exi)ected
for our thirteen colonies," urged he, " so long as the French are mas-
ters of Canada." Tluis was inaugurated what is known as the seven
years' war.

The respective combatants marshalled their forces for the con-
flict. The French, nothing daunted, took energetic measures to
repel the foe, and strike blows here and there, as opportunity afforded.
A force was sent to take Forf. Oswego from the English, while John-
son, a name to be mentioned hereafter, was despatched to attack Fort
Frederick. The first great battle was fought in the Ohio valley, by
General Braddock. Here the French gained a signal victory, with
but a few men, and utterly put to rout their enemy. At Fort Ed-
ward, the French, under General Dieskau, were less successful
in an encounter with Johnson, the French commander bfeing taken
prisoner.

The close of the first year saw Forts Frederick, Niagara and
Duquesne, still in the hands of the French, while bands of savages
and Canadians traversed the British settlements, massacreing ar^d
burning all before them.

The ensuing year witnessed more elaborate arrangements to con-
tinue the war. France sent to Canada soldiers, provisions, war
material and money; and, also, the Marquis de Montcalm was selected
to take charge of the army. Montcalm had seen service, and with
him came other officers likewise experienced.

Proceeding to Montreal, he conferred with the Governor, and it
was determined to form two principal camps, one at Ticonderoga,
the other at Frontenac, and a battalion was despatched to Niagara.

The British, at the same time, made extensive preparations, both
in the colonies and at home, and the Earl of London was appointed
generalissimo.

It is a remarkable fact that Montcalm had from the first a fatal
presentiment as to the issue of the war ; yet he, all the same, took
every step that prudence and energy directed, to secure the success
of hia army. Tliere was also a coolness between him and the Gover-

^ ma

tia

CANADIANS IN DISTRESS, BUT SUCCESSFUL.

nor, who ..manifested a determination and energy worthy of him. It
was determined t!.st fresh attempts should be made to possess Fort
Oswego, and General Montcalm arrived at Frontenac for that pur-
pose on the 29th of July. Upon the 11th August they reached
Oswego and invested the Fort, which was obliged to surrender on the
14th, the commander, Colonel Mercer, having been killed. The Fort
was razed to the groimd. The Canadians then withdrev/ to their
homes carrying the prisoners of war, and the guns of the Fort, and
provisions with them. This was the principal event of this yeai*. The
winter saw the Canadians suffer from famine and small-pox. During
the winter 175V-8, there was continued hostility, and in the following
year Montcalm succeeded in taking Fort William Henry, after a siege
of four days. Colonel Mnnroe commanded the Fort, and he trusted for
support to General Webb, who failed to afford it, but instead sent a
message to Munroe to retire, which note fell into the hands of Mont
cahn. Munroe on the morning of the 9th, displayed his flag of truce
The events of this capitulation have ever been held in remembrance,
because of the fearful massacire which the Indians made of the Enj;-
lish, who had surrendex'ed, and who marched out without their arms,
in full confidence in the integrity of the victorious besiegers. Stern
history has cast no little blame upon Montcalm, for at least remissness
of duty ; and the pen of historic Action has found it a fruitful theme
with which to weave a storj', and record thrilling events.

The ensuing winter was one of great privation to the Canadians*
the harvest had failed ; and everything began to look dark indeed for
the devoted French ; yet four years of war had given all the advantage
to their arms. The continued ill-success of the British, caused them
to raise incroased numbiirs of men, so that by numerical force they
miglit overwhelm the French. In the spring of 1758, 80,000 British
combatants were ready to march. Wliile ^such was the condition and
war-like spirit which obtained upon the British side, a far different
state of artairs existed with tlic French. Success had so far attended
the galliiut feats undertaken by tliem. All along the lengthened
border the foe had been defeated, or had gained but scant victory-
Again, the Iroquois nation, impressed avImX the success thus obtained
by the French, and gratiiied to have the Fort of Oswego, always
impleasent to tliem, destroyed, seemed inclined to take sides with
them, certainly did not favor the English. But, when so much has
been said the extent of French power in America has been stated.
Canada was no longer receiving support from France. The colonists
had been weakened by continual warfare and repeated crop-failures.

< 1

THE STRUGGLE.

But untleteiTcd by the dark clouds that continued to thicken,
the Canadians buckled on their armor to fight till the very last.
Says Montcalm to the Minister at home, " We shall fight and we shall
bury ourselves, if need be, under the ruins of the colony." Again the
tide of war ebbed and flowed with fearful power. Carillon was made
red with British blood, as vain endeavors were made to capture that
French strong hold. Against Louisbuig, Cape Breton, Carillon, Lake
Champlain, : .:d Duquesne in the Ohio Valley, the Ejglish arrayed
their fleets and ai'mies. In the attack now made upon Louisburg, for
the first time appears the name of Wolfe, who distinguished himself
by scaling a rock, with a hundred men, which had hitherto been
regarded unaccessable. After a spirited defence, the French surren-
dered the Fort, a perfect wreck, July 26. About this time Cape
Breton passed into British hands, and thus was opened to the English,
the Fort of Quebec.

In the mean time the attack upon Fort Oarillon by General
Aborcromby, with a strong army, had proved a complete failure.
The French, although few, desperately met the repeated assaults
mjule during half a day, and Abercromby, cut up and ashamed, was
forced to relinquish the matter. This battle was fought July 8th)
in which 3,600 men struggled successfully for six hours against
15,000 picked soldiers. (^Gameaii). De Levis, who had been in com-
mand at Fort Frontcnac, was called by Montcalm to take part in
the defence of Carillon. This left Fort Frontenac comparatively
weak, and Abercromby, having learned +^e fact, despatched Colonel
Bradstreet, who had taken an active part in the battle, to capture
the Fort. Bradstreet set out with 3,000 men, 11 guns and mortars.
The inviKling force reached its destination August 35. The Fort
had been left with 70 men under the command of M. de Noyan,
notwithstanding, the Fort was bravely defended for a time. " The
victors captured many cannons, quantities of small arms, boats of
provisions and nine newly armed i)arques, — part of the trophies
brought from Oswego when captured. After loading his barges to the
waters-edge, Bradstreet released his prisoners on parole, burnt t^c
Fort, also seven of the barks, and returned to his countrj^."
(Garneau.) This was a severe blow to the struggling Canadians.
The Governor had ordered the farmers from the field, and all the
savages he could command, to march to the assistance of Fort
Frontenac ; but when the party reached Fort Presentation, (Ogdens-
burg), it was learned that Frontcnac was already destroyed. To
add to the misfortune of the French, the same autumn. General

■ f

1- !

. i It

THE SPRING OF 1759.

Forbes, notwithstanding a part of his force had been previously
defeated, secured the destruction of Fort Duquesno on the Ohio.
This closed the engagements for the year 1748, and everything
looked for the French, most discouraging. The winter was
spent by the English in preparing for a still more detei'mined con.
tinuation of the vnxr; while the French wasted their energies in
domestic dissentiou. The Governor M. de Vandrouil and Montcalm
ceased not to quarrel, and to charge each other with incompetency)
and even crimes. At the same time the means of the country was
absorbed by unpatriotic merchants, who availed themselves of the
circumstances of the country to amass fortunes by illegal traffic in
furs with the Indians.

The Government at home, although informed by Montcalm that
Canada would bo conquered if help were not sent, took no step to
assist the devoted^ Colonists, who, although disheartened were not
disposed to surrender allegiance to their native country, even
when all but forsaken. The spring of 1759 beheld them standing
to their arms with calm determination, awaiting the onset of the
foe. The British as in previous years prepared to invade Canada
simultaneously at three different points. There was no fortress in
the Lower St. Lawrence to obstruct their advance by water, so
Quebec was the point at which, to the east, the attack would be made.
A corps of 10,000 men commanded by General Wolfe, who wo have
seen, distinguished himself at the taking of Louisburg, prepared to
ascend the St. Lawi-ence to invest the capital. Another fbrce
12,000 strong under General Amherst, a name we shall have to
speak of hereafter, was to pass by Lake Champlain to descend the
Eicheleu and to join Wolfe at Quebec. And a third force, under
Genei'al Prideaux, with savages under Sir William Johnson, were
to possess Fort Niagai"a,and then descend to the capture of Montreal.
Opposed to the numerous and well appointed armies of invasion,
there was, according to Garneau, all in all of Frenchmen, between
the ages of 16 and 60, capable of beai'ing arms, but a little over
15,000. In the early spring, one M. de Corbiere, ascended with
the view of rebuilding Fort Frontenac. 300 men were also sent to
repair and defend Niagara. But it soon was deemed expedient to
recall them and to concentrate their forces. Every man from even
the more remote parts, presented himself to the nearest place of
rendezvous. In the latter part of May, word came that the enemies
ships were coming.

\. :■

WOLFE BEFORE QUEBEC.

The events connected with the overthrow of French supremacy
in Canada cannot fail to impress the student of Canadian historj'.

The capture of Quebec, and, as an inevital)le result, the con-
quest of Canad* are events of great interest ; but the Hi)ace cannot
be allowed hero to more than refer to the thrilling scenes of valor
displayed by the victors and the vanquished. As Canadians of
Britisli origin wo recognize the event as one not to be deplored, how-
ever Franco-Canadians may regard the question. The conquest of
Canada, was to add a now element to that of the British American
which was destined to grow, and to act no moan part in respect to
British interests in America, and we believe, iltiniately to completely
amalgamate with a portion of the older elements, and thus to beget
a race, under Confederation, none the less noble, none the less
stable, and none the less glorious, than that race (a prototji^o of
this) — the Original Anglo-Saxon derived from the Norman, who
came to England with William the Conqueror, as well as the Saxon
elements.

More than a hundred years have passed away 8in< e the fall of
Quebec. The centenary anniversary of the event has been cele-
brated with an amount of enthusiasm which probably Quebec never
witnessed before. Since the American Revolution, when the
French Canadians fought by the side of the American Loyalist to"
defend Quebec, the former have ceased to be a conquered people —
Sequestrated from France, they haveeocapod all the horrors which
have since swept over that people, while they have retained theii*
language, religion, and laws. A hundred years has eradicated or
rather changed all the feelings which burned so fervently in the
Fi'ench Canadian heart, except their love of Canada ; and they
have joined heartily with the Anglo-Saxon to erect a joint monu-
ment which commemorates at once the heroism of Wolfe, and the
gallantry of Montcalm.

Although the forces invading under Wolfe, exceeded in num-
ber those who defended the citadel, yet, the greatest heroism was
displayed in its taking. The British fleet of " 20 ships of the line
with frigates and smaller war vessels," and transports, reached the
Isle of Orleans, June 25, where the land force disembarked and
proceeded deliberately te invest the stronghold, finding a more
difficult task than had been expected. Repeated attempts and
assaults were made with the result of showing Wolfe how strong
was the position his youthful ardor would fain secure. Not alone
was he baffled thus, but a severe illness prostrated him to death's

UPON THE PLAINS OF ABRAHAM.

door, whoso portals wcro so soon to be oponod to him, by another
moans. In his moments of discouragement he had written homo
in a spirit not calcuhvtcd to uti'ord liopo. The plan which resulted
in success, it is said was suggested by his three faithful Generals >
Monkton, Townshend and Murray.

The night before the 13th of September, 1750, the day upon
which Wolfe was to win imperishable laurels, and to lay down hi s
life, he felt a presentiment that his end was near, and carefully ar-
ranged all his Avorldly ati'airs. On the evening of the l2th he invited
Captain John Davis (afterwards Admiral, Earl St. Vincent), of the
Porciqnne sloop of war, to spend an hour or two on board tlie Suth-
erland," TVolfe, in the course of their conversation, said that he knew
he should not survive the morrow ; and when thev were about to
separate, he took from his bosom the picture of Louther and delivered
it into the hands of his friend, whom he requested, should his fore-
boding be fulfilled, to restore the i»ledge to the lady on his arrival in
England."

Having previously made disposition of his forces to prepare
the way for the tinal attack, and, as well in some instances, to
deceive the enemy as to his intentions, Wolfo finally, at one o'clock,
upon the morning of the 1.3th September, sot out in flat bottomed
•boats to make his landing at Fuller's Cove, thereafter to be called
after himself. The night was dark, and other circumstances being
favorable the landing was safely effected, the heights ascended, and
at the break of day Montcalm learned with the utmost astonish-
ment that the enemy was upon the heights of Abraham in battle
array. Montcalm hastened to drive away the venturesome foe, but
this was not to be accomplished ; a lew hours brought a realization
of his early presentiment. After a spii*ited struggle the French
were to be seen running, the announcement of which made Wolfo
die hapi)y; and, Montcalm was wounded unto death. lie died on
the 14th. The defeat of Montcalm secured the captaro of Quebec,
yet it was not until the 18th September that tho city surrendered,
and French writers would make it appear that oven then it wore
not necessary.

Tho command of the Fi'onch army after the death of 3Iontcalm
devolved upon Gen. de Levis, who had been absent up the St. Law-
rence. He retui-ned to Monti'cal only in time to hear of Mont-
calm's defeat. He hastened to the rescue of tho beleaguered city,
but he reached the vicinity, not until Quebec had passed into the
hands of the British.

CAPTURE OP FORT NIAGARA.

During tho time those exciting scones had boon transpiring ut
Quebec, Gen. Amherst had boon confronting Bouhiniaque, upon
tho shores of Lake Champlain; whom he had compelled to return,
and to destroy Fort Frederick and to retire to Islo Aux Nois. In the
west, at Niagara Gen. Pridoaux and Sir Wm. Johnson had been
euccossful in taking the Fort from Pouchot. By this, Lake
Ontario with its northern shore, as woU as the region of the Bay of
Quinte came into tho possession of the British.

The expedition to capture Fort Niagara, taken at the urgent
request of tho Governor of New York, was under the command of
General Pridoaux. Tho attacking party landed at Four Mile Creek
almost four miles east of the Fort, on tho 6th July, 1859. Fort
Niagara was garrisoned by 486 men according to Pouchot, the
French commander, but according to English statements 600.
General Pridoaux forces numbered, according to Capt. do Lancy,
1,200, and 1,000 Indians, as said by Sir William Johnson. Pouchot
discovered their approach the following day. " lie despatched
couriers to Presquo Isle, to Fort Machault, at tho mouth of French
Creek, Ph., and to the commander of the Fort at the " Carrying
Place " for assistance. Eeinforcoments were sent, numbering about
600 Fi'onch, and 100 Indians. Thoy resembled when passing down
the rapids, " a floating island, s< lack was the river with batteaux
and canoes." They landed a ... w miles above thp falls and pro-
ceeded to Lewiston and thence to relievo Pouchoi. In the mean
time the siege had been pressed with vigor. Pridoaux, the English
General, had been killed and the command had devolved on Sir
W. Johnson. The English learned of the approach of the reinforce-
ments, and Captain James de Lancy was despatched to a position
in ambuscade above the present site of Youngstown. The French
discovering the English in ambush, made an impetuous attack upon
them, but the English withstood tho assault, and eventually turned
the tide against the enemy, who were put to flight, 200 being
killed, and 100 taken prisoners. Pouchot learned of the disaster
about two o'clock; and, two hours after Sir W. Johnson demanded a
surrender. That same evening, or on the following morning he com-
plied ; but he has stated that he would not have dono so had it not
been for the mutiny of the Germans who formed a part of the
garrison. On the 26th the garrison left the fort to be transported
to New York. Thus was the power of the French broken in the
west, and the English became masters of the key to the North-
west.

K 1

1 !

■

'■

■'

1 !l

■/ i

SURRENDER OV CANADA.

Tho t'(»IIi)\viiii^ Hprinj^ (ten. do LoviH dotormined to mako an
eftbrt to roUvke (iuoboc, and upon tho 28th of April, tho ])lains of
Abmhain woro again rod with hlood, and tho liritish, under Gen.
Murray, woro eonipollod to sock safoty within thcv;alls of tho city,
whero thoy wero Ijosiogod until tho 9th, whon a JJritisli frigate
arrivetl and gave suoeor.

On tho 14th July (Jon. .Murray, with a largo sailing force,
commenced the ascent of tho St. Lawrence. At (he same time
Gen. Amherst. Avith a eonsideral)Io force was commoucingadoscont
from O.swogo. The two were thus a<lvancing towai'd Montreal,
each subduing on the way such forts and garrisons iis wero deemed
of sufficient importance. By tho tirst of September, tho city of tho
Royal 3Iountain, containing tho wreck of the French army was
encompassed on either hand. Tho Governor, upon tho night of the
6th, held a council of war, at which it was determined to capitulate.
Tho celebrated a-t was signed on tho 8th September, 1760, and the
samo day tho Knglish took possession of tho city. Thus Canada
passed into the ])0!>ises8ion of tho British. The terms of capitula-
tion were more favorable to tho French than they had any reason
to expect, and those terms have over boon fultilled.

Tlio Governor, Gen. do Levis, tho otiicors, and a large number
of men, women aiul children returned to Franco. At tho time of
tho taking of Montreal, there remained at Detroit some three or
four hundred families. This Fort and others around the lakes yet
held bj' the French were surrendered to Major i.ogorH, a person
again to be spoken of. The population according to tho Governor,
left of French origin, was 70,000.

The Canadians who did not return to France repaired to their
homes and renewed their peaceful avocations.

The tirst British Governor, Sir Jett'ry Amherst, entered upon
his functions 1763.

We have now very cursorily indeed, noticed the history of the
French Canadians up to the time they became British subjects.
"We have seen they did not willingly become such ; yet scarcely
filYeen years were to ]>ass away before their loyalty to the British
flag was to be tested ; not indeed to decide whether tiit.y should
again become a part of France, rather than remain British, but
whether their condition as British subjects was so intolerable that
they should seek other protection of a foreign origin.

We shall see that although promises were held out of great
political advantage they preferred to remain as they were. There

TUB FRENCH IN AMERICA.

iviiiuined in the hourts of tho Canmliun Froru-Ii, not .>?o much a dis-
like to England uh a dotostution to tho Xew Knghmder. IIoiu-o it
was that when the rebel banner was unfurled in 177(J, with tho
declaration of American Independence upon it, no Canadian rallied
around it. Although commissionerfci from tiio rebel congress viaited
them with honied words and fair promises, they received no friendly
welconio. The C-anadians regarded their old encmiefl as enemies
still, and they turned their backs upon the revolting provinces and
their faces toward old England fur protection. The commissioners
to the Canadians, composed of Dr. Benj. IVanklin. Sanmel Chase ajid
Charles Carrol, with his brother, a Jesuit Priest were appwinted to
this mission, on the 15th February, 17TG. The same Franklin
who now oflered tho French "freedom," had urged upon the
British in 1753 the expediency of reducing Canada ! !

For a century and a half France endeavored in vain to erect
a power in America; but shall we say that it was all in vain ?

The monument although broken, so far as Franco is concerned
yet stands a lasting memorial of French energy, of religious fervor,
stern determination, and indomitable valor. And, when the wave of
revolution passed over tho thirteen British Colonies, the column was
conspicuous enough to be seen by refugees ; the protection Canada
offered was sufficient tor the homeless familii's of U. E. Loyalists.
Canada was a sacred spot, although P'rench. It constituteil a
nijclous, around which collected those Avho jireferred order to
rebellion. Those who had fought as opponents at Duquesne, at
Niagara, at Frontenac, at Tyconderoga, and upon the Plains of
Abraham, were joined together. Tho heel, which had assisted to
crush the Canadian French, now sought and found a resting place
among those who had been overcome. Thus was to bo laid tho
ibundation of the Dominion of Canada, whose future is to be great.
Stretching from seaboard to seaboard, it is destined to become, ere
it has reached the present age of the United States, the Eussia of
America, with the purest principl«s of government the world has
ever known. ,

Wo now approach the period of time when another element of
discord was to appear among the races which inhabited America.
Bloody Indian wars had in the past swept back and forth across
the woody land, llival colonizers had resoi'ted to strife, to extend
territorial power. European weapons had been transported to
wage wars of extermination. Conquest and subjugation of Indians
and rivals had been witnessed ; but now Eebellion, a term that has

REBELLION OK 1776.

received fve8h significanco in the lato civil war in the United
States, was to be initiated. The British hloodnnd money wliich had
been lavishly wpent for the Anglo-AmoricanH, had only prepared
those colonists to xeok other advantages. The Indians hehi in suh-
jection, the French conquered, the mother country itself must now
be coerced to give full rein to the spoiled and wayward ottspring.

-»••

DIVISION I.

THE REBELLION OP 177G— THE THIRTEEN COLONIES.

CHAPTER III.

Contents : — First American Rebellion — Independence; — TruitorH made Heroes —
Loyalists driven awny to found another Colony — The responsibility of
rebelling — Treatment of the Loyalists — The several Colonies — The first
Englishman in America — Receives £10 — English Colonization — Virginia —
Convicts — Extent of Virginia — First Governor — Virginians not willing to
rebel— Quota supplied to the rebel army — New York — Hudson — The Dutch
— New Netherlands — Price of New Amsterdam (New York) — First Legisla-
tive Assembly — Not quick to rebel— Quota of rebel troops — Gave many
settlers to Upper Canada — New .Jersey — Its settlement — A i)attle ground —
Gave rebel troops ; also loyal troiijjs — Furnished settlers to Upper Canada —
Massachusetts — Captain Smith — New England Puritans — The " Mayflower"
— First Governor — Cruel treatment of Indians — Massachusetts takes the lead
in rebelling— Troops — Loyalists — New Hampshire — Troops — Delaware-
Settlement — Quota of rebel troops — Connecticut — Education — Troops —
Roman Catholics — Toleration — Rhode Island — Providence — Inconsistency
of the Puritans — Roger Williams — North Caroli" t — Inhabitants — South
Carolina — Many loyalists — Pennsylvania — William Penn — Conduct toward
Indians — The people opposed to rebellion — Georgia — Oglethorpe — Policy of
England — New England. ,

In the introductory chapters a brief sketch has been given of the
settlement of America. We now approach the important events
which belong to the first great American rebellion, which culminated
in the Declaration of Independence by the thirteen British American
Colonies, and terminated in the recognition of their independence by
the parent State. The rebellion had resulted in a revolution, and
traitors were made heroes !

THE TIIIRTF.EN COLONIES. 88

It forniH ft part of tlio j»res((iit uudortakins; to rooord some of the
lactH relative to the steps by whicFi the now powi-rful United States
wore, as a wh(»le, ushered into the arena of nations, and by which a
large class of Americans, true to their British allej;iance, were com-
pelled to leave their native country to found another colony in the
northern wildernesH. To be justified in rebellini; ajfainst the consti-
tuted authorities there must be the most cogent reasons ; to take up
arms against the State — to initiate a civil war, is asstuning the most
fearful con8e<p>ences.

To present even a brief account of the circumstances which led
to the settlement of Upper Canada, it becomes necessary to dwell for
a time upon the great rebellion of 1776, the result of which was ad-
verse to those Americans who adhered to the old flag under which
they had beeti born, had come to the new world, and had prospered ;
a rebellion which was attended and followed by persecution and vio-
lence, imprisonment and confiscation, banishment, and, too often,
death; which caused a stream of refugee loyalists to set in toward the
wilderness of Canada.

At the time of the rebellion of the English colonists in America,
they consisted of thirteen provinces. Massachusetts, with her colony
of Maine, New Hampsliire, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York,
New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North
Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia. It may be well to briefly
notice these several states, and the part each took in the war for In-
dependence.

The first Englishman to set foot upon the continent of America
was John Cabot, who discovered Newfoundland, and probably the
adjacent mainland, June 4, 1497. The event is noticed in the Privy
Purse expenditure thus : "1497, Aug. 10 — To hym that found the
new Isle, £10," which seems to have been a grant for his services.

VIKQINIA.

In the year 1578, Sir II. Gilbert endeavoured to establish a set-
tlement at the mouth of tlie Roanoke. Failing in his undertaking,
his half brother, Sir "Walter Raleigh, made a similar effort the follow-
ing year, which likewise failed. It was Sir Walter Raleigh who gave
the name to Virginia, in honor of Elizabeth, the virgin Queen. A
third and successful effort was made to colonize in 1607-8, at James-
town. This dates the commencement of English colonization of
America. Some time later, America was looked upon as a country

l^-y]

VIRGINIA — NEW YORK.

quite beyoud the pale of civilization, even as Botany Bay vvas at a
Btill later period; and in the year 1621, the British Government
transported to Virginia 100 convicts. But notwithstanding, "Vir-
ginia," to use the words of Morse's Geography, " the birth-place of
Washington, has given six Presidents to the Union."

Tlie colony of Virginia was originally indefinite in its boundary;
and, judging from old maps, it would seem to have included all of
North America. But a map dated 1614 shows the more northern
part as New England, 'llie first Governor of Virginia entered upon
his duties in 1(519.

This State was 1 y no means quick to sever the connection with
the mother country. Many of her sons stood up for the crown, and
very many families became refugees. Washington »aid of Virginia,
iu a letter, that " the people of Virginia will come reluctantly into the
idea of independence." But in time, by the specious representations
of Washington and others, the State produced a certain number of
rebels. The quota demanded by the rebel congress was 48,522. She
supplied, in 17V6, 6,181 ; and afterwards 20,491.

NEW TORK.

In the year 1609 Hendrick Hudson, an Englishman, in the
employ of Holland, first explored the great river running through
New York State, which now bears his name. He, on behalf of the
Dutch took possession of the country. Settlement first took place
in 1614, and by 1620, a considerable colony was planted. The
island of Manhatton,where now stands New York City, was honeL>dy
purchased of the Indians for twenty-four dollars. The village thus
founded was called New Amsterdam, and the colony was designated
New Netherlands.

Having been taken by the English in 1674, the name of the
territory was changed to New York, after James, Duke of York,
brother to Charles II. The first Legislative Assembly for this
Province, met in New York, 17th October, 1683, just one hundred
years before Upper Canada began to be settled.

The State of New York was not among the foremost in rebelling.
The Dutch element which prevailed, was not given to change.
Some of the most exciting events and battles of the war were
enacted in this State. Eight royally did the people take up arms
against the rebels and drive Washington from Manhatten. Batta-
lions and regiments were repeatedly raised and organized in this
State. The valleys of the Mohawk and Hudson became historic

grounds.
Campaign,
power ; an(
occupied
famished t
and subseq
Of all
pioneers to

New J
Having bet
the Duke o
by Wm. Pe
East Jerse,
In 1702 th*
received th

Upon 1
decisive ba

Of the
required af
Jersey also

New J(
of whom
Many of th
their Jersey

The te
Cabota inU
was said to h
States of M
ticut, and
Puritan Fai
from Bosto]
The " Mayll
only 180 t(
emigrant*,
first year,
who as chicj
called the H
granted by

NEW JERSEY — MASSACHUSETTS.

jbelling.

change.

lar were

lup arms

Batta-

in this

I historic

grounds. Here was witnessed the ignoble failure of Burgojnie's
Campaign, which was the commencement of the decline of British
power ; and the City of New York was the last ground of the States
occupied by British troops, until the war of 1813. New York
famished troops for the rebel cause, in 1775, 2,075 ; in 1776, 3,629 ;
and subsequently 12,077.

Of all the States, New York gave the largest number of
pioneers to Upper Canada.

NEW JERSEY.

New Jersey was settled in 1620 by the Dutch and Swedes.
Having been taken by the English, it was given by Charles II. to
the Duke of York. Ketaken by the Dutch in 1673, it was bought
by Wm. Penn and his friends. At one time it was divided into
East Jersey and West Jersey, East Jersey belonging to Penn.
In 1702 the two Jersies were united under one government, and
received the name ofNeia Jet'sey.

Upon th' ^'rounds of this State were fought some of the most
decisive battles of the war.

Of the Eebel troops Jersey supplied in 1676, 3,193. The quota
required afterwards was 11,S96 — of which she granted 7,534. But
Jersey also ga\ e a large number of Royal troops.

New Jersey furnished a good many settlers to Upper Canada,
of whom one of the most distinguished is the Ryerson family.
Many of the settlers along the bay retain interesting traditions of
their Jersey ancestry.

MASSACHUSETTB.

The territory of this State was originally discovered by the
Cabota in 1497, and visited by Capt. John Smith in 1614, by whom it
wassaid to have been named New England. Itconsisted of the present
States of Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Rhode Island, Connec-
ticut, and Massachusetts. In 1620, upon 22nd December, the
Puritan Fathers landed upon the Plymouth Rock, some 30 miles
from Boston, and planted the first of the New England States.
The " Mayflower," by which they had traversed the Atlantic was
only 180 tons burden. She sailed from Southhampton with 102
emigrunts. Half of this number died from cold and hardship the
first year. Th^y selected for their firet Elder one John Garner,
who as chief officer had great control. He has consequently been
called the first Governor of New England. The territory had been
granted by J*mes I. to the " Plymouth Company." Although the

■I<

NEW HAMPSHIRE — RKLAWARE — CONN.

Puritans had loft their homes because they did not enjoy their
rights, they forgot the Golden Eulo in their forest homes. They
failed to remember that the Indian had rights. The untutored
native thought he had a right to the soii, and as the Puritans,
unlike Penn, were unwilling to recognize his rights, but undertook
to appropriate the territory, there ensued bloody Indian wars.
The Puritan revenged himself, and the native retalliated. So, for
many years boi'der massacres were common and terrible.

Massachusetts with the other New England States, took the
lead in rebellion, and by great pains succeeded in indoctrinating
the midland and Southern States. The tirst blood of the rebellion
was shod in this State, at Lexington and Bunker Hill. The State
supplied troops in 1775, 16,444 ; in 1776, 13,372. Tho quota subse-
quently required was 62,728, of which 38,091 was furnished.

But Massachusetts had not a few true-hearted loyalistHri^ whom
a considerable number became settlei-s in Upper Canada, tt the
evacuation of Boston " 1,100 retreated in a body with the Eoyal army.
Altogether there left Massachusetts at least 2,000 United Empire
Loyalists." The Colony of Maine also had a good many adherents
of tho crown — (^Sabine.)

NEW HAMPSHIRE.

This Province was first colonizetl by omigi'ants from Hamp-
shire, England, in 1623. Subsequently it was peopled by English
from other parts, and by Scotch.

Now Hampshire supplied in 1775, 2,824 troops; in 1776, 3,012.
Her quota was 10.194. Granted 6,653. We are at the same time
assured by Sabine that New Hampshire had many and powerful
opponents of rebellion.

DELAWARE.

Delaware was originally settled by Swedes and FinI mders in
1627. Became a part of New Netherlands in 1655. and in 1664 fell
to the English. It was included in tho grant of Wm. Penn in 1682.
In 1701 it wa.s erected into a colony for legislative puqx)ses.

She supplied rebel troops in 1776, 609. Her quota fixed was
3,974. Supplied 1,778.

CONNECTICUT.

Connecticut was first occupied by emigrants in 1631. The
Charter was gi-anted by Charles II., which continued in existence
until 1818, when it was superseded by tho existing constitution.
Connecticut " has uniformily been a nursery Df educated men of

' I-

MARYLAND — RHODE ISLAND.

«very class " for the Union. And, it may be added, a number found
their way to Upper Canada, as school teachers, subsequent to the
Revolution. And there was a certain number of the people of Con-
necticut among the Loyalists. Sabine says a good many.

This State furnished for the rebel war in 1775, 4,507 ; in 1776.
6,390. The quota fixed was 28,336, of which was given 21,142.

MARYLAND.

Maryland was granted to the second Loi-d Baltimore, a Eoman
Catholic, by Queen Mary, in 1632 or 4. He colonized the Province
with a company of Co-religionists of the higher class of English
gentry. It was named after the English Queen, Henrietta Maria.
" In 1649, it was made, as has been well said, ' a land of sanctuary,'
by the toleration of all religious denominations, but the Puritans,
expelled from Virginia, made great trouble in the Colony."

The State supplied troops in 1776, 637. Quota fixed by congress
26,608, of which she supplied 13,275.

RHODE ISLAND.

Massachusetts, planted by Puritans, who came to secure liberty
of conscience, would not allow certain individuals in their midst to
oiijoy like religious liberty, and hence the foundation of Ehode
Inland. Providence, its original name, wap thus significantly called,
because here the Baptists, under Eoger Williams (oppressed by the
Puritans cf Plymouth), found a providential asylum. This was in
1636. In how short a time (16 years) had the oppressed learned to
act oppressively !

A charter was granted to Roger Williams in 1642. The govern-
ment continued to exist under this charter until 1842, a period of 200
years.

liliodc Island gave troops to the number of 1,193 in 177.5, and
-')8 m 1776. Quota demanded, 5,694 ; furnished 3,917.

NOIITH CAROLINA.

This colony was planted in 1653 by the older colony of Virginia
iTlie colony at first included both Nortli and South Carolina, which
continued until 1693, when the south part was erected into a separate
[colony, under the name of South Caiolina. The inhabitants of North
[Carolina consisted, in part, of refugees from England at the overthrow
[of the Stuarts. These mainly remained loyal to the crown, and were
[destined to again become refugees. At the commencement of the

(if

!, >

CAROLINA — PENNSYLVANIA.

h( 1

rebellion the people of this colony were about equally divided between
the adherents of the crown, and the rebels. The loyalists were a
devoted band. At the same time, the rebels — at least some of them—
took extreme steps. They formally demanded a separation from
Great Britain in May, 1776, fourteen months before the 4th July
declaration of 1776. The State provided, in 1776, 1,134 rebel troops.]
The quota asked for was 23,994, but only 6,129 was granted.

SOUTH CAROLINA.

South Carolina was first settled in 1670.

"The great body of the people were emigrants from Switzerland, I
Germany, France, Great Britain, and the northern colonies of America. I
and their descendants, and were opposed to a separation from the I
mother country ;" yet South Carolina furnished troops for the rebel-
lion, in 1776, to the number of 2,069. Subsequently she gave 4,348;j
although her quota, as fixed by Congress, was 16,932.

In this colony were many who could not see the justice of al
rebellion. Yankee descendants may say they "bowed their necks tol
the yoke of colonial vassalage," but it was a wise spirit of conservaf
tisnx which is expressed in the desire to " look before you leap."!
" Persons who had refused to enlist under the whig banner, flocked tol
the royal standard by hundreds." " Sir Henry Clinton informed thel
British (Tovernnient that the whole State had submitted to the royall
arras." This general attachment to the British crown made the rebekl
vindictive and bloodthirsty, and they sought to drive away the loyall
and i)eacable by a vengeful shedding of blood. Consequently, the
torios retaliated, aiid Chief Justice Marshall said, ^the whigs seeii:
determined to extirpate the tories, and the tories the whigs ; some
thousands have fallen in this way in this quarter." " Being almost
equally divided, reciprocal injuries had gradually sharpened their
resentment against each other, and had armed neighbour agains;
neighbour, until it becarao a war of extermination." Now, it is sul>
mittcd that rebellion can hardly bo justified when the people are so
equally divided. Sabine remarks that " after the fall of CharlestoR
and until the jteace, the tories were in the ascendant."

PENNSYLVANIA.

Tl)is splendid colony was granted to William Penn, the Quaker
and philanthrophist,who was the son of Sir William Penn, an eminent
English admiral. Sir William held a claim against the British
government for £16,000 ; and, some time aft«r his death, his sob

19,689.

SYLVANIA.

t conserva-

having his attention <li!'ecto(l to the new world, ohtaineil, in lieu
of that amount, tlie grant of laud now forming this State. The
charter was granted by Charles II. in 1681. Penn sought the new
world to escape the persecutions inflicted upon him at home. This
he had brought uj»on himself, by freely expressing his decided sec-
tarian views, and by writings, disseminating the teachings of George
Fox, also by attacking the Established Church. He was repeatedly
imprisoned in the Tower, and even in Newgate for six months. Penn,
on procuring the grant of land, determined to make it " a home for
his co-religionists, where they might preach and practice their con-
victions in unmolested peace." To the territory he gave the name of
Sylvania ; but afterwards King Charles insisted that Penn should be
prefixed, making it Pennsylvania. Penn sailed from Englan<l, with
several friends, in August, 1682. On reaching America he found
that some Swedes amd Finns had settled along the banks of the Del-
aware. Although Penn had a charter by which he could possess the
land, yet, as an European, he did not forget the original and rightful
owners of the soil. Penn's conduct in this respect stands out in stink-
ing contrast to the course pursued by the Puritans. It was on the
30th November, 1682, that William Penn held his famous interview
with the Indian tribes, when he effected a straightforward treaty
with them, never to be broken or disturbed, so that he secured per-
petual peace and respect. By this humane course with the Indians,
and by encouraging emigration of all classes, securing to them the
fullest liberty of conscience by a wise constitution, he succeeded,
with his co-religionists, in building up a most flourishing colony.
Subsequently the population was enlarged by numerous accessions
from Scotland and Germany.

The government of Pennsylvania was proprietary, and continued
such until the revolution swept away the charter, and made the chil-
dren of William Penn outcasts from the land they and their fathers
had made fertile. At the time of the revolution, John Penn, son of
Richard Penn, who was the grandson of William Penn, a\ as the Gover-
nor of the colony. He, with the masses of the people in the middle
States, was opposed to the rebellion. It is said there were thousands
of loyalists in this State who desired and offered to serve the crown,
but whose serv^es were lost through bungling by those in office.
Yet the State gave troops to the rebel cause ; 400 in 1775, and in the
following year 6,519. The quota allotted was 40,416 ; granted,
19,689.

OEORQIA — NEW ENGLAND.

GEORGIA.

This was the last of the thirteen colonies established. The
founder was Oglethorpe, who effected a settlement in 1773, and who
lived to see the colony a State. The colonists landed at Charleston in
January, 1783.

When the rebellion broke out, this colony w is ** justly regarded
as highly loyal." She refused to send delegates to the first rebel
congress ; "and that she was represented in the second was owing to
the zoal of a native of Connecticut, Dr. Seymour Hall. It required
time and labour to organize a party of * liberty men ' to complete the
Confederacy." The number of troops supplied in 1775 was 350 ; the
quota was fixed at 3,974, and there was supplied 2,328.

The history of England between the periods when Virginia and
Georgia, the oldest and youngest of the colonies that rebelled, were
founded, was one of turmoil and strife, of religious contentions and
civil war ; and the colonists cast off during this hundred years car-
ried with them, across the Atlantic, heartfelt bitterness, and many of
them no little passion for evil. Notwithstanding, wo have seen that
the Southern States, with Pennsylvania ami New York, did not seek
to divide their connection with the parent State. It was generally
admitted that the policy of England towards them " had been mild —
perhaps liberal." But, as we have seen, New England, with a few
malcontents in other states — envious oftice-seekors, managed to dissem-
inate the principles of rebellion — j)rinciplo.s that New England has
quite forgotten in her treatment of the South.

XKW KNGLANI).

Of the aforemenlionoil colonies, they all had received and had
secured to thorn [by charter, from an indulgent mother country, gov-
ernments of the most liberal nature. Civil and religious liberty were
fully eiyoyed. Says Mr. Sabine : " Virtually, republican charters ;
subject only to the appointment of a governor on the part of the
Crown. Every colony was, jiractically, a Slate within itself ; and it
is a suggestive fact that the vjry earliest assertion of legislative supe-
riority on the i)art of the mother country only operated negatively,
by forbidding every colony to make laws repugnant to those of
England."

Certain of the liritish colonies were, together, called " New
England," and since the. Independence they are known as the New
England States. They consist of New Hampshire, Vermont, Massa-

AMERICAN WRITERS.

chusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, and Maine, wliicli was then a
colony of Massachusetts. This region was granted by James I. to
the Plymouth Company in 1006. It was called North Virginia, but
it was changed some years later, before it was actually settled. It
was the people of those States to whom the term •' Yankee" was ori-
ginaHy applied ; and now, in the United States, this epithet is used
solely in reference to these States ; but in Canada and England the
word is applied very generally to all Americans. Tlio origin of the
word Yankee is probably traceable to the Indian appellation " Yengee"
for English, or Anglais, after tiie French.

CHAPTER IV.

C'oNTKNTS : — American Writers — Sabine — Loyalists liad no time to waste — Inde-
jiendencc notsout^ht at first — A<laniR — Franklin — J.iy — Jcfftirson — Washing-
ton — Madison — The British Uovernment — Inftratitiide of the Colonists —
Taxation — Sinngglt-rs — Crown Otficera — Porsistancc — Superciliousness —
Contest between Old England and New England.

It is most refreshing to one who htw been accustomed to soo
American school books, and even religious American tracts thickly
strewn with the most fulsome self-praise, and wordy accounts of Bri-
tish tyranny, and of American purity and valor ; toreiul the speeches,
anil listen to 4th of July orators, who, with distorted history and
hifalutin panegyrics, have not ceased to wrap their country in a
blazing sheet of ijlory. After suti'ering all this, ad nmtsetim, it is most
as^reoahle to road the writings of one American author upon the
(subject of their Independence, who can do some justice to the
Loyalists. Reference is made to Lorenzo Sabine, the author of
"Royalists of the American Revolution." Considering the
prejudices which exist throughout the Unitcil States against every
thing British, and the over-wcening vanity of the people in respect
to the success which crowned their efforts to dismember the British
Empire; it is a matter for grateful recognition that a native of
Xew England should take up his jien to write redoeming words on
behalf of the Loyalists whom they had been taught to stigmatize,
to be read by his follow countrymen. Living ujjoii the borders.

,; .

WHAT THE PEOPLBTWISHED.

If !• ••

111

beyond which ho could soo the settled refugees working out their
destiny, under adverse circumstances, and laying the foundation of a
nation, ho took up his pen, while the Upper Canadians were yet
Bt.'Uggling with the forest, and without time to gather up tho records
of their wrongs, their losses, their persecutions, and more than all,
the malicious charges against them ; and hurl them back at«their
traducors. On behalf of those who will accept the writer as a
representative of tho United Empire Loyalists, he thanks Lorenzo
Sabine, for what he has said. He has said nothing but the substantial
truth in our favor, and in saying that, ho has said very much. In
his prefatory remarks, after referring to their deficiency of know-
ledge of tho " Tories " ho says . " The reason is obvious. Men who,
like the Loyalists, separate thernsolvos from their friends and
kindred, who are driven from their homos, who surrender the hopes
and expectations of life, and who become outlaws, wanderers, and
exiles, — such men leave few memorials behind them. Their papers
are scattered and lost, and their very names pass from human
recollections."

Before considering tho question, whether the American colonies
were justified in taking an extreme stop ; it is most necessary to
state that, at the first there were but an insignificant number of the
colonists who held tho belief that armed rebellion was demanded.
Even among those who, with no mild-toned language denounced the
mother country for enacting laws oppressive to tho commerce and
industry of tho Americans, no one was found to advocate separation ;
on the contrary to use tho words of Sabine " Tho denial that inde-
pendence was the final object, was constant and general. To obtain
concessions and preserve the connection with England, was affirmed
everyAvhero ; and John Adams, years after tho peace, went further
than this, for he said ' There was not a monwit during the Revolution,
lohen I would not have given everything I possessed for a restoration to
the state of things before the contest began, provided we could have had a
sufficient security for its continuance.' Again, Franklin's testimony,
a few days before the alfair at Lexington, was, that he had " more
than once travelled from one end of the continent to the other, and
kept a variety of company, eating, drinking, and conversing with
them freely, and never liad heard in any conversation from any person
drunk or sober, the least expretsion of a wish for separation, or a hint
that such a thing loould be advantageous to America^ Mr. Jay is
quite as explicit. "During the course of my life and until the

RELATION BETWEEN PABENT STATE AND COLONY.

second petition of Congress in 1775, / never did hear an American of
any class, of any description, express a wish for the independence of the
colonies. It has always, and still is, my opinion and belief, that our
country was ])romptcd and impelled to independence by necessity,
and not by choice^ Says Mr. Jefferson, " What, eastwai-d of New
York, might have been the dispositions toward England before tho
commencement of hostilities, I hnow not, but before that I never
heard a whisper of a disposition to separate from Great Britain, and
after tliat, its possibility was contemplated with affliction by all,"
Washington, in 1774, sustained these declarations, and, in tho
"Fairfax County Resolves" it was complained, that "malevolent
falsehoods " were propagated by tho ministry to prejudice the mind
of the king ; particularly that there is an intention in tho American
colonics to set up for independent States; and Washington expressed
a wish that the " dispute might be left to posterity to detennine."
Mr. Madison was not in public life until May, 1776, but he says,
" It has always been my impression, that a re-establishment of the
colonial relations to tho parent country, as they were previous to the
controversy, was the real object of every class of the people, till the
despair of obtaining it."

The testimony of these Fathers of the Eepublic, cannot be
impeached ; and, we must, therefore, seek for the cause of tho
rebellion in some other place. Wo have seen how the British
colonies were planted. In connection with them, two leading
influences may bo discovered constantly at work, one of a personal
nature ; ..he other referring to tho State. Individuals would not
sever tho ties of homcship and brave tho wide ocean, to expose
themselves to the varied dangers of the wilderness, did they not
have good reason to expect due returns. Tho Government would
not afford ships and means to send her sons to distant shores, unless
the colony v/ould become serviceable to tho parent State. The
British Government had enabled many a hai-dy son to lay tho
foundation for substantial wealth. More than all, the colonies of
America had been assisted to put under their feet their French
rival. For their benefit the Crown expected, and undertook to
enforce some tribute. But the colonists would not recognize the
right of the Crown to tax them for their labor. Forall the British
Government had done for the colonies, for all the money spent,
she required that the colonists should be taxed. Laws were
enacted, and officers and r^evenuocoUectoi-s appointed to enforce the
laws. It was required that these colonies should not trade, with-

■ li

SMUOOLINO.

out certain rostrictionH, with foi*eign nations ; but tho merchants
of MassachusottH, having tasted tho swoots of unrestricted trade,
wore unwilling to pay reveniu,' to tho Crown, although trading
under the protection of tho British flag. And so it camo that when
royal collectors of customs were sent out; when men of war
coasted the shores of Massachusetts to prevent* smuggling, by
Hancock and others, there was nodisposition to submit to Imperial
taxation. For years tho law relating to revenue had been a dead
letter almost, the smugglers having used hush money. But at last
Government dottn-niined to put down illicit trade. It is true tho
colonies did not object without a special plea, which was •' no taxa-
tion without roprosontatlon." But the real point ) at issue wore,
whether ontralmnd commerce should continue and increase, or
the C'i*own receive the dues domandcd by law. "Nine-tonths
probably, of all tho tea, wine, fruit, sugar, and molasses, consumed
in the colonies wore smuggU-d. To put this down was the deter-
mined purpose of the ministiy. The commanders of the ships of
war on tho American stii' ion were accordingly commissioned as
officers of tho customs ; and, to (juicken their zeal, they wore to
share in tho proceeds of tho confiscations; the courts to decide
upon the lawfulness of seizures, wore to be composed of a single
Judge, without a jury, whoso cmoluuionts wore to bo derived from
his own condomiiatious; the CJovornors of the colonies and the
military officers were to be rewarded for their activity by swear-
ing also, cither in tho ])roporty condemned, or in the penalties
annexed to tho interdicted trade." And was not tho Crown correct
in enforcing laws intended for the public weal ? Had hostile fleets
approached Boston harbour to invade, instead of smuggling crafts,
freighted with luxuries, would not tho colonist have called loudly
for Imperial help to protect ? But if the Government had tho best
of rights to enforce the laws, it certainly displayed mucli want of
judgiiiont in the mode adopted to carry out its demands. Tho
foregoing, from Sabiiu", recalls to us at once tho causo why resist-
ance was strenuously made. Tho mode of paying their Crown
officers was well cnNulated to kindle feelings of the most deter-
mined opposition on the part of the illicit traders, such as John
Hancock, John Langdon, Samuel Adams, William Whipple, George
Clymer, Stephen Hopkins, Francis Louis, Philip Livingston,
Eldridge (Jcriy, .Fosojdi Ilewes, George Taylor, Roger Sherman,
Button Gurnet t, and Koliert Morris, all signers of tho declaration
of inde2)ondenco, — all smugglers !

BEAL CA( -K OP REBELLIO.V.

And thus it camo about. Tho Crown wuHdotorminod to exact
taxes, jiuil ignorant <^l' tho reoiings of tiio coloniHts ; and tho
colonists, grown rich by unrestricted trade — by Huiuggling, entered
into a contract, which wu.t only to end in diMincmbormeut of tho
British Empire. Side issues were raised, cries of oppression
shouted, tho love of liberty invoked and epithets bmdied; but
they were only for offoct,to inflame tho public mind, of which (hero
was much wavering. Of course, there wore other things which
assisted t< ripen rebellion, at least were so represented, that thoy
added to the growing discont<mt. Colonies, when they have
become developed by ago, and powerful by local circumstancos,
will naturally lose tho iutorost wiiich aiiimutes tho subject at home.
It is in tho nature of things that the love of country should gradu-
ally change from tho old home to the new. The inhabitants of the
colonics wore in many cases but descendunts •' Kuro[)0an nations,
who could nc' bo expected to retain the wai nest attachment to
tho parent cou'.itry. Tho tide of war had changed tho allegiance
of many a one. Tho heterogeneous whole could not bo called
English, and honco it was more easy to cast iusidc tho noble feeling
called patriotism. Then there wore jealousies of tho Crown officers,
and overvthing undertaken by the homo government, having tho
appearance of change, was promptly suspected as being intended
to degrade thom. Tho oxclusivoness of tho regular army and
superciliousness to tho provincial ti-oops, during tho French war,
( ausod many a sting, and the thought of insult to tho provincial
officer remained to rankle and fester in the mind of many a mili-
tary aspirant. Tho proposal to introduce Episcopal Bishops, to
give precedence to tho Established Church, had its etfect upon
many, yet many of the non-conformists wcro equally loyal.

Tho contest was originally between New England and Old
England. While tho Middle and Southern States were for peace,
or moderate measures, tho north sedulously worked to stir up strife
by disseminating specious statomonts and spreading abroad partisan
sentiments. Massachusetts took tho load. Founded by Puritans,
(who, themselves wore tho most intolerant bigots and became the
greatest persecutors America has soon,) these States possessed the
proper elements with which to kindle discontent.

Thus wo have learned that indopondonco was not the primary
object of revolt, and we have soon that the leaders in rebellion
were principally New Englandei-s, and were actuated mainly by
mercenary motives, unbounded selrishnoss and bigotry.

1 ..

. .

I !l

THE M0TIVK8.

CHAPTER V.

ContentH :— Tho Hinnoin of the nttlunition of Imlcpondcncc— Tlieir nativity—
InjUHticc of Anu'rioan writers for 80 yenrs — Cn«t limk miH-Htati'mi'nts — Tl>e
wiiigH had Ituen U. E. Loyalistit — Hnmoolt— Ottice-seelterH — MalcontentH stir
up Htrif( — What the fatliors of tl>e Republic fouj?ht for— Rebel con»mittoe«—
Black mail — Otic, John Adainn, Warren, Wanhington, Henry, Franklin —
What taused them to rebel — What the American revolutionary heroes actu-
ally were — Cruelty, during and after the war — No freedom — The political
mistake of the rebelH in alienating the loyali«tH — The consequenre — Motives
of the loyalists — False charges — ('onscientious conservatives — Uebellion not
warranted — AttJichment to the old tlag — Loyalists driven away — Suppretiio
veri — Want of noble spirit towards the !;!outh — Eftects — Comparison between
loyalists and rebels — Education— Religion— The neutral- Tho professions.

Of tho fifty-six signers of tho Declaration of Indoponclonce
nine were born in Massachusetts, seven in Virginia, six in Mary-
land, five in Connecticut, four in Now Jersey, four in Pennsylvania,
four in South Carolina, throe in Now York, throe in Delaware, two
in Bhoclo Island, uiio in Maine, throe in Ireland, two in England,
two in Scotland, and ono in Wales. Of these twenty-one wore
attornios; ton merchants; four physicians; throo farmers; one
clex'gyman ; ono printer ; and ton men of fortune.

THK M0TIVK8.

But lot U8 more cai'ofully consider tho motives in connection
with tho I'obollion of "76. So assiduously have our fathers, the U.
E. Loyalists, been branded by most American writers as altogether
base, that it becomes us to cast back the mis-statements — to tear
away the specious covering of tho American revolutionary heroes,
and throw tho sunlight of truth upon their character, and dispel
tho false, foul stigma, which the utterances of eighty years have
assayed to fasten upon the noble band of Loyalists.

Up to 1776, the whigs as well as the tories wore United Em-
pire Loyalists ; and it was only when the king's forces required
taxes ; when the colonists wore requested no longer to smuggle ;
when they could not dispossess the tories of the power and emolu-
ments of office — it was only then that the Declaration of Indepen-
dence was signixi by those mere particularly interested. John
Hancock, whose name stands first upon the document, in such bold
characters, had been a successful smuggler, whereby he had
acqi^ired his millions, and no wonder he staked his thousands on
tho issue. Evidence is not wanting to show that many of the
leaders of the rebellion, had they been holders of ofSce, would have

REVOLUTIONARY HRROIS.

* I

been us tnio to the liritiah Crown ns woro tlioHo whom tliey onviod.
Every man who took part on tlio rebel side haw boon writton a
hero; but it is asking too much to roquo^t uh to boliovo that ail the
holdcrN oi'oflic-o woro buNC, and lost to tho toelingH of natural indo-
pondonco and patriotism ; more especially when a large proportion
of them woro, admittedly, educated and religious men ; while, on
the contrary, the rebels alone wore actuated by patriotism and tho
nobler feelings of manhood. Apart from tho merits or demerits of
their cause, it must bo admitted that tho circumstances of the
times force upon us tho thought that a comparatively few needy
office-seekers, or lookers-after other favors from tho Crown, not
being able to obtain tho loaves and fishes, began to stir up strife.
A few, possessed of sufficient education, by tho aid of the wealthy
contraband traders, wore enabled, by popular sensational spoeches
and inflammatory pamphlets, to arouso tho feelings of tho unedu-
cated ; and, finally, to create such a current of jmlitical hatred to
tho Crown that it could not be stayed, and which swept away the
ties that naturally attached them to Great Britain.

Wo may easily imagine tho surprise which many experienced
in after days, when the war had ended and their independence was
acknowledged, to find themselves heroes, and their names com-
memorated as fathers of their countiy ; whereas they had fought
only f(U" money or plunder, or smuggled goods, or because they
had not office. In not a few cases it is such whose names have
served for the high-sounding fourth of July orators ; for the bun-
combe spoechifier and the flippant editor, to base their eulogistic
memoriams. Undoubtedly there are a few entitled to the place
they occupy in the temple of fame ; but tho vast majority seem to
have been actuated by mercenary motives. We have authenticated
cases where prominent individuals took sides with the rebels be-
cause thoy were disappointed in obtaining office ; ^nd innumerable
instances where wealthy persons were arrested, ostensibly on sus-
picion, and compelled to pay large fines, and then set at liberty.
No feudal tyrant of Europe in the olden times enforced black mail
from the traveller with less compunction than rebel " committees"
exacted money from wealthy individuals who desired simply to
remain neutral.

It has been said that Otis, a name revered by the Americans,
actually avowed that he '* would set MassachosettA in a flame,
though he should perish in the fire." For what ? Not because he
wanted liberty, but becau/se his father was not appointed to a vacant

8 :r|

REBELS AND TORIES iN THE BALANCE.

judgeship ! It is alleged that John Adams was at a loss which
side to take, and finally became a rebel because ho was refUsod a
commission in the peace ! It is said that Joseph Warren was a
broken-down man, and sought, amid the turmoil of civic strife, to
better his condition, And the immortal Washington, it is related,
and has never been successfully contratlicted, was soured against
the mother county because he was not retained in the British army
in rewai-d for his tervices in the French war. Again, Richaiii
Henry was disappointed in not receiving the office of stamp distri-
butor, which he solicited. Franklin was vexed because of opposi-
tion to his great land projects and ])lans of settlement on the Ohio.
Indeed it is averred that mostly all the prominent whigs who sided
with the rebels were young men, with Tiothing to lose and every-
thing to gain by political changes and civil war. Thus it will bo
seen that the so-called American revolutionary heroes have not al-
together clean hands, however much they may have been washed
by their descendants. The clothing placed ui)on them may conceal
the dirt and dross and blood, but they are indelibly there.

It is not alone the motives which constituted the mainsprings
of the rebels' action that we place in the balance, but theit* conduct
towards those who dili'ered from thom. Individual instances ot
cruelty wo shall have occasion to introduce; but it may hero be
said that it was the tories who acted as the conservators of ])eace
against a mobocracy, and consequently were made to sutt'er great
afflictions. It was because of this they were forced away to live
and die as aliens to the land of their birth. The tories were Ameri-
cans as well as the whigs; and when at last Groat Britain ceased
to try to coerce the colonies, and their independence was secured,
then a nobler spirit should have obtained among the conquerors,
and no one, because he had conscientiously been a conservative,
should have been treated with opprobrium. It always becomes the
victorious to be generous ; and we, with all respect to many Amer-
ican friends, submit that, had patriotism alone actuated the revolu-
tionary party, the American loyalists would have been invited to
join with the whigs in erecting a mighty nation. IIiul freodotn,
indeed, been the watchword then, as it has flauntingly been since,
it would have been conceded that the tory hiul a right to his opinion
as well as the whig to his. Do the Americans descant upon the
wisdom and far-seeing policy of those who signed the Declaration
of Independence and framed the constitution of the Union ? Mon-
roe, we doubt not, had a different opinion when he begot the doc-

MOTIVES OV LOVALIHTS.

trine "America for the Ainoricans." IIn<l tlie IT. E. l-oyalists hoen
treaUnl lionomhly ; hail tiu'y hi'i-ii alIo\ve;l hut their ri^lits ; had
tiit'V not l)een driven away ; then the name lin'tish Awcrican would
forever have passed away; and instead of a holt oi'brilisii provinces
on their north, to eonstitulc a ceaseless cause of misunderstanding
with Kn^land. the star-spaiii^led hanner would, doulillcss. lonj^ ago,
iiavo peacefully floated over all our land. Looking at tlx! suhject
from this (an American) s<and-)»oint, we see that a shortsighted
policy — a vindictive fet'iing, a covetous desire for the property of
the torios — controlled the movements of the hour; and when the
terms of peace were signed the hirthright of the American tory was
-igned away, ainl he became forever an alien. J{ut,' a-; we shall see.
lie, in consequence, becatn*' the founder of a Province which, like a
rock, ha.H resisted, and ever will resi.st, tlie northwanl extensioa
(if the Tri.ited .States.

MOTIVES OK THE I-OYALhST.S.

Wh;itover may have been the incentive's to rebellion, yielded
to by those who revolted, there cannot rest upon the mind of the
honest reader of unbiassed hisiory a doubt as to the motives of the
loyalists. The home-spun eulogists of the United Slates revolution-
ary soldiers have never ccic^ed to dwell upon the principles which
tired the lu'eiwts of the patriots, and nerved their arms to deeds of
daring and successful warfare; all the time observing silence ros-
peoting the bravery of those who, from the same walks of life,
engaged in the strife as the determined antagonists to rcltellion.
They have again and again charged upon tlie "king's men" that it
was because they were servants of the Crown and feeders at the
government stall that loyalty was assumed and fought for. Hut
fiicts, when allowed to stand out uncovered by the cant of
liboratists, declare, in wonls that may not bo gainsayed, that there
were a vast number who held no ajipointment under the Crown, yet
who, from first to last, were true — naturally true— to their king and
I country. The groat mass were essentially conservatives, called
'torio.s." They held the opinion that to rebel was not only unno-
ji-ossary but wi-ong. They believed that the evils of which tho
colonists had just reason to complain were not so great as to Justify
the extreme stej> taken by the signers of the Decdaration of Inde-
pendence; that !iny injustice existing was but temporary and would,
rtiien ])roperly and calmly represented to the home government, be
[remedied ; t!mt to convulse the colonies in war was an unjustifiably
4

FEELINGS OF NATIONALITY.

■ I ■ I ■

^■1:11:

harnh procedure ; and, cntertainiiifj; .sudi a belief, it is submitted
that they were noble indeed in Htandiiifij \\\> for jjeacc — lor more
moderate measures. Moreover, not unlikely, many were impressed
with the view that the disatt'eeted were laboring under an errone-
ous idea of oppression ; that the traininj^ incident to pioneer life,
the previous wai-s with the French Canadians, the constant conten-
tions with the Indians, Inul begotten false views of theii- rights, and
made them too quick to discover supposed wi'ongs. Candidly im-
pressed with such thoughts, they could not be otherwise than true
to the natural instincts of their heart, and refuse tg take part, or
acquiesce in throwing overboard the government of England, and
so becomo aliens to the flag under which they were born and had
lived, and for which they had fought. Not many may cast aside
their tbelings of nationality ; i»ot many can forget the land of their
birth ; not a large number will bury the associations of a life-time
without the most potent causes. And, doubtless, tho Anglo-Ameri-
can who faithliilly adhered to tho old flag possessed all the ardor of
a lofty ]iatriotism. J}ut the American writer has forgotten all this.
In the broad sunlight of national success he has not discovered the
sacred longings of the U. E. Lt»yalists for tho Union Jack. Looking
at the events of '7tj by the lurid glare of civil war, his eyes are
blinded to the fact that a noble band, ])Ossessijig equal rights with
tho rebels, loved Kugland, notwithstanding all her faults, and for
that love saeriticed their all of worldly goods. The citizens of the
United States would ]>refer to have it said in liistory that the U. E.
Loyalists, in ever}- instance, voluntai-ily left their homes during the
war, or at its dose. The loyalists are tlicrcby, no doubt, made to
appear more devotedly attached to tho British Crown. But it is
right to have it distinctly staled that American writers mostly
make themselves guilty of suj)pressio ceri The latest instance of
this is soon in a report to the Hon. Hugh McCullough, Secretary ot
the Treasury, jn-epared by K. IL Derby, Commissioner of the Trea-
sury Department, tlated January 1st, ISGti, who, in remarking upon
the British Colonial policy from n7() down to 1830, takes occasion
to say that, "at first there was little fellowship between tho United
States and tlie Provineialists, many of whom were ilescended from
the loyalist- who followed the (ii'itish troops from our shores." Tlie
tact is, however, that many oi' them were driven away. The tories
were not loyal without sense ; an<l when tho lortune of war had ttirued
against them, they would, in great mimbers, have made tho best of
their changed condition, and liave lived to become true citizens of tho

THE EnUCATEI), LOYALISTS.

new-born nation. But this was not to bo. The loyalists were to be
made feel that thoy were outcasts. It is the same ignoble and uti-
stntesnianliko course which is now being pursued toward the subdued
South. They must needs be made to know they are rebels. It is a
shortsighted policy, even as the former was. Tiie I'ormer led to tin-
establishment of a nation to their north, which will stand, even after
the Union lies in fragments ; the latter fosters a feeling of alienation,
which will speak upon the first opportunity, in the thunder tones of
war.

If a compari.son is instituted between the rebels of 1776, and those
who were conservators of peace, the contrast is found to bo very
great. It is charged against the loyalists that all office-holders were
torios ; but is this more worthy of remark than the fact that many
became rebels because thoy could not obtain office. Nay, the latter
is infinitely more lieinous in its nature. If we look at the two par-
ties, with res))ect to.education and, it may be ailded, religion, it is
found that the great bulk of the educated and retined, the religious
classes, especially the clergy, the leading lawyers, the most prominent
medical men, were all loyalists. It was not because they wer« office-
holders, it was because they possessed a moral and elevated mind,
etlucated to a correct standard. TJien, again, there was a large class
of citizens who loved retirement, and who begged to be allowed to
remain neutral, but who were .actually compelled to take siilcs with
the rebels or be driven away.

The jieaceably inclined, who looked for guidance to their spiri-
tual instructors, generally behehl them, if not actually advooati'ig the
interests of the crown, at least setting an example against rebellion,
and they were thus strengthened in their feelings of loyalty, or deter-
mination to remain neutral. The fiamo of i)atriotism was kept aglow
in many a heart by the earnest prayer of the gospel minister. Says
Sabine: '^From what has now been said it is evident that a very con-
siderable proportion of the professional and editorial intelligence ;uid
talents of the thirteen colonies was arrayed against the poptilar move-
ment." Again : " a large number of the clergy were United Empire
Loyalists." Also, '' the giants of the law were nearly all loyalists."
The physicians were mostly tories, l)ut were, as a general thing, not
molested. '*A few were banished; others became surgeons in the
army."

• 1

f;i!/

THE RESULT.

CHAPTER VI.

Contents : — RcpiiMiciinisni — The lesson of the first reliellion — The late civil war
— The Loyiilirttrt ; their losnes nnd hiinlshipK — l^^nured by A' rieans — V,n-
recordud — Th<! world kept in ignorance — American glory — Engliflh-
meii — Question of Colonial treatnu-nt — The reason why (treat IJritain
failed to subdue the rebellion — (!lmraeter of the rebel bravery — The
great result — Liberty in Knghind and I'nited States contrasted — Slavery —
The result to I'. K. Loyalists — I'm-goyne — Mobdcracy — Treatment from
" Sons of Liberty" — Old men, women and children — Instances of cruelty —
Hrutulity — Rapacity — Torture — The low('r classes — " Swamp Law" — Fiend-
ish cruelty — Worse than liutler's Rangers — S.•^vard and the Fenians — Infa-
mous falsification — Close of the war — Recognition of independence by Great
ISriUiin — Crushed hopes of the Loyalists — In New York — Their conduct —
Kvacuation day — The position of the lioyalists — Confiscation — "Attainting"
— Seizing estates — Paine — Commissioners at Paris — British Ministry — Loy-
alists' petition — King's speech — Division of chiimunts — Six classes — The
number — 'i'ardy justice — Noble conduct of South Carolina — Impostors —
Loyalists in Lower('ana(la — Proclamation — The soldiers' families — Journey-
ings — Meeting of fitinilies.

TIIK KKSULT.

Almcst a ImiKlrod years have passed away since the war-cloud
.irose wliioh swept away thirteen of Britain's colonies upon the uncer-
tain and totnpest-tossed ocean of llepublicanism. That storm is long
since stilled, as well as the hearts of those who took part therein.

While the statesman and jmlitician may, with advantage, study
the lesson then read, and which has been but lately annotated i)y tlie
Unitetl States civil war, by the determined subjection of eight mil-
lions of Southerners, who desired freedom to establish a new govern-
ment, Lit it be our hund)le occupation to record some of the immediate
individual results of that great tempest, of which American writers,
with but few exceptions, have never sj)okcn fairly. Writers among
them are not wanting to give lively |»en pictures of their revolutionary
heroes ; not only forgetting the sufferings of the loyalists — the devo-
ted ones, who gave \ip all — pro}»erty, homes, friends, all the associa-
tions of a birth-place, rather than bow the knee to Baal ; but who have
wilfully misrepresented them ; have charged them with crimes, at
once atrocious and unfounded. Tlie sufferings, the losses, the hard-
ships, incident to j)ioneer life, with the noble purposes and undevia-
ting loyalty of the British American tories, have never been fully
related — never engaged the i)en of the faithful historian. American
writers, on the contrary, have rec(»rded in glowing colors the deeds
and actions of the "fathers of the Republic." To this no objection
can be made; but may we not ciuirge those historians with unchari-
tableness, with unnecessary neglect of the ciaims of the loyalists to

CAUSE OP SUCCESS.

pure raotivos, with ignoring tiieir brave deetls, their devoted suffer
jngs, and with unduly ascribing to the "king's men" motives base
and cruel. But th,' >v.fVt!rings of the U. E. Loyalists are unroconled.
The world has raroly been told that they were persecuted, thoir liomes
pillaged, their persons maltreated, their valuables seizeil, their houses
made desolate, tlu '.r real estate taken from them, without legal pro-
ceedings. The world has been so Hooded with the writings of Ameri-
cans, describing their own excellencies and eulogizing their own
cause, that no space has been found to do simple Justice to the noble
ones who preferred British rule to the uncertain and untried.
Indeed, so strongly and for so long a time has the current been flow-
ing to swell the ocean of American glory, that hardly a voice or pen
is found doing service for the unfortunate loyalists, who chose to
endure a little rather than rush into the vortev of rebellious strife.
Even Englishmen have so long listened to one-sided statements, that
no one of them can be found to say a word for the old tory party o^
America. Hence it is that the U. E. Loyalists are very imperfectly
known; their history unwritten, their tales of sorrow unattended to,
thoir noble doings unsung. Had there been a hand to guide a describ-
ing pen, — to picture the doinj^js, the sufterings, the self-denying
heroism of the loyal barty ; to recount the motives underlying all
tliey did ; and had there been ears a'( willing to listen, and eyes to
read, and hearts to receive the facts us those of a contrary nature have
obtained, then a far ditVerent impression would have been made, and
fixed upon the world.

That the British (Tovernment was right or wise in its tvpatment
of the American colonies we now have every reason to doubt. At the
same time, that England might have subdued that rebellion, had she
put forth her undivided strength, there is but little reason to (juestion.
Had she not been engaged in a formidable war with France ; or even
with that, had her statesmen accpiired a correct knowledge of America
as to topography, and as to the feelings and wishes of the peo|)le and
their just complaints; or liad ablo gcnenils been entrusted with the
command of the armies, instead of incompetent favorites ; or had a
little diplomacy been practiced, and the ringleaders of the whig fac-
tion — often hungry agitators — been conciliated by office ; in either
event the rebellion might have been nipped in the bu<l, or easily over-
come. The American Bepublic owes its independence to the circum-
stances in which Great Britain was then placed, and the incapacity of
a few of the British Generals, rather than to superior bravery, extra-
ordinary military t4ilont, or any high-toned longing for liberty. No

t -i V i

EFFECT UPON THE LOYALISTS.

doubt many ot ic robollino; party were bravo ; but it was often the
bravery of tlie <;, rilla, or tl»e desperate adventurer.

Of the great reHult — the recou^iiition of tlie indejiendenco of the
rebelling jtrovinces by the mother comitry — we design not to speak
at length. It will always remain a (pu'stion, whether it would not
liave been better for the States themselves, and the world at large, if
they had remained a part ofjthe British Empire. That the evils of
which they complaiiuMl would, in due time, have been removed, upon
pro})er representation, there is no substantial reason to doubt. Tiiat
the prineiples of true freed<tni would have advanced and spread quite
as rapidly, and that, to-day, liberty, in the broadest sense, wftuld have
reigned in the world I'uUy as triiiinpliant, the whole history of Eng-
land and the United States sutbeieni:y attest. It was many long years
after IJritain iiad struck otl'tlic chains of slavery before the United
States reached the same point ; mid llvn only l)ccause it l)ecanu' a
"military necessity." Looking at the two tiations to-day, ami Judging
by the utterances of the two respective ))eopIe, whether enunciated in
the halls of legislature, by the head fif the nation, by the bar, in the
pulpit, by the press, or I'roni the platform; or if we be guidetl by the
public deeds of each, it is submitted that the more genuine ring of
tl' ' metal sounds from beneath th»' wide-spreading bamu'r of old
iinglaiid.

The etteot of the successful rebellion, to Avhicli it is intended to
refer, h.'is reference to the Unitud Empire Loyalists of Anu'rica. And
first, the etfect tipon them during the war.

The defeat of Burgovne was the first event which imnu>iliatelv
led to severe disavtei «»f the loyalists. This general, with more assu-
rance th;m foresight, and ]H'rh;ips more cour;ige tli.iii military skill,
succeeiled. not only in K-Jiding his army to destriu'tion. but in placing
the friendly inhabit.'mts .in his route in such a position that no nu'rcy
was sul'setptei'tly exteixleil to them by the ruthless re'iiels. When hi'
surrendered, instead of securing for them immunity from any h.-UMU,
be entirely neglected their interests ; notwithstanding they had su]t-
plied his troops with pro\ision. The relentless conduct of the rebcN
in arms and the whig govenunent was bloodthirsty ai\d vindictive.
Their hate towards those Avho wiuild not take sitles with them,
whether in arms for the Crown (u* not, was baibarous. Persons sus-
pected of sympathy M'ith the lories were subjects of continued moles-
tation. Moboeracy reigned. Vagabond bodies of nu'ii were sent
abroail to range the country, to lay waste and destroy the property of
the loyalists, imprison tlu' suspected, aiul seize the goods of the un-

THE." SONS OP MBEnTV." 55

j»rotocte<l. Tarrincr hikI IV-allicnni; was of conMiioii orciiriTiioc.
Massaoliusotts es|H'(inlly gained a iiamc for cnu'lty far cxcciMliiitj any
which lias hceii a|iiil'u'(l to tiic Tmlians, with all Ihcir l)arl»arisin.
Thoro was a villainous band who cariotl thcinsi'lvcs tlio "Sons of Lib-
erty,'" wlio carrit'tl file an<1 sword — not ajjainst an «»]»on oncniy in tlu'
li<flit of day, but to )u'act'f\il lirrsidos in the darkness of niijht. Their
victims wore the old men, the women and ehildren. and tlu' defence-
loss. f)l<l men and children were driven to the woods for shelter, or
])laced in a closed riioiii, and. with chinmey slo|>|ted, smoked to snlVo-
cation. Females were subject to iisnil ;md the niosl fii'n<lish treat-
tnent. Dv.clliniis vere tired a( niuht. ;uid their oecnpants left house-
less, and exposed to the inclemency of the weather.

Siispeeted persmswere arrested ;md put to terrible torture, such
as attachitiji; a rope to the neok an<l h.aiilin;!: the imlividual ihrougli
the w.ater till insensil»li' ; or si:spi'ndinir him to a tree till life was al-
most icone. This was fre(|uently done with the ol>ieet of extnietinfj
information as t(» the whereal)oiifs of a father or a brother, or .as to
th« place where money and valii.ables were i-oncealed. The tales of
enielty the writer has iieard related coiieernini;- the treatment the
loyal p.arty were exposed to. wtnild harrow up the soiil of any one
possessiiiLT feelings ol pity and commiseration.

The loyalists who immedi.attly suiVered, that is. while the war
was in j)ro<;ress, were ni;my. Military forts vere established lierc
and there, to which many tleil preeipilati'ly from the sever.al Stales.

it is a matter of «'Xtreme astonishment how men who sot
uj) the standard of revolt nndfr the saered name of liberty,
conid so far ignore the tirineiples of liberty in the treatment of
iimoeent old men. wonten and ehiltlri'u. us we find slated by honest
witnesses. The darkest tales of savage dealini:; eomo lo ns from
our fathers. Families, whose sole otl'enci' (>onsistod in being unwill-
ing to robol. and in bt'jng desirous ;o remain i'ailhfully neutral,
were the obji'cts of the rapacious jney ol a brutal soldiery. Their
sid)slanco when not availal>le tor tlu- reliel horde, was sealtered to
the winiis. Devouring tire was east into ]ieacelul homes. Ifow
gross the hypocracy. how l>ase the ntolives that actuated very many
of the adventurers in robollion. The most hellish means were
iulopted at times, to force nvvny persons of pro])erly, that the .so-
calleil "Sons of Liberty" might onjoy their substance and Iiomes.
Attending these Meiios o{' desolatimi and refined erully. their
imprisonments and torture, were incidents of thrilling interest, of
fearful suffering, of hairbreadth oscupt's, of forlorn re<iues.

CnT:ELTV TO WOMEN.

Tliu lower clussos of ihoso who roltollod woro mtMi of bold and
lawli'SH iiuturo : wliothor wt* jkiss alon^ (Ins slioroM of Now Kiiffland,
ai.>oiif^ tlic tisliornn'ii, or travol thoroui^li llii" woods of Maine and
New llani|ishin', and l»eeon»c a('<|uaiiiU'd with woodmen of the
forest, or as they were called "Lo<;^ers and Sawyers." The spirit
that animated tlii' merchants of Boston and Salem, in theircxtonded
operations of snai^^liiif^, lived, also, in the ri'cklcss fishermen and
woodmen ; and Ibr years before the rel)ellioii really commenced they
had been ri'sistin^, even by physical force, tlie revenue officers,
who were ofleii expelletl from the woods l)y what was called
" swamp law." Men with such nature, findin;^ that their lawless-
ness liad bec(»me ]»opiilar, and that steps were bcin/^ taken to resist
the government on a <:;enoral plan, were not slow to a* t their part.
One result of the rebellion was a determined and systematic course
of retaliation upon those who had reco^ni/.ed the mj^jeKty of the
law. A continued an<l uncomjnomisin;^ j)ersecuti()n was entered
Hl)on towanl them.

No history can parallel the deeds of atrocity enacted by \W
villanious "Libert}- men." Sai 1 an ohl lady, on the ver^'(^ of the^jrave,
and with voice tremulous in i-emembrance of fiendish ai'ts she had
witnessed. "The Rebels, on one occasion entered a housii and
stri])ped it of overytliiiiii", even the bed on which lay a woman on
the point of confinement. Hut a sin<^le sheet was left to cover the
woman upon a winters nii^ht, who, before morning became a
raothqr." In 1776, there arrived at Fort (ieoi'/jje, in a starving
state, .Mrs. Nellis. 3[rs. Secord, Mrs. Young. Mrs. Buck and Mrs.
Boniuir, with thirty-ont; children, whom the circumstances of the
rebellion had driven away. Talk about the cruelty of Indians and of
Tory oppression. The un})rincipled ivkds did well to try to hide
their ignominious <leeds behind the fabrieations respecting the
doings of Butler's Rangers, and the noble-minded Brant. May we
not cease to wonder that the descendents of the rebels in the yeai'
1860, endeavour to hcnmil on a jiaek of thieves and murderers to
possess themselves ofthe homes our fathers sought out for us. The
8elf-aj)plau(ling writers of the revolutionary war, found it convenient
to forget the doings ofthe " S(msof Liberty " and of Sullivan, while
they laid to the charge of Butler s Rangers and the Lidians, acts of
inhumanity (which we arc informed on goofl authority arc unfounded,
Butler having never abuse<l woman or child.) In thesame manner,
Secretary Seward found it desirable to falsify dates, by saying the
Fenians invaded Canatla i>n the 6th of June, that it might appear he

RECOGNITION OK INDEPENDENCK.

hiul vhidiciitod promptly tln'ir lu'ulrulity laws ;" wijoreiiH they actu-
ally iTossod. and oiiji;a^ed in Itattlc, on tlie inoniing of the 2nd.
But an tinio will fully bring out tlu' facts connected with tiie first
American robollion, and place tlioni fm^o to face with one-sided
history, so will faithful history record the whole truth of the
infamous invasion of our country by a band of American citizens
with United States arms in their hands. Those deeds of blood,
enacted by men under the hypocritical cry of liberty have not been
forgotten by the United Kn\pire Loyalists, but have been handed
down to us, to place on n <onl against tln' iruel actors.

Hostilities reused l!»th April, 17S3, and on the 20th September,
the independvMce of the United Stat> , was a< kiutwledged.

The ivcvvmiiintn {>{ independence by Great Britain, was the
death knell ^vk the cherished ht)peM of the loyalistH. Many had
escaped it\Ut the provinces, and many were in the army, and not a
few were ity Kiiglanvl. Althougli the niannrity of them bad been
driven aw*^,)', a few still remain d in tho.-" plsices, yet lield by the
Hvitish threes, as New York. " When thi: jjows of pca<;e became
K\\v»wn, 'he city presented a scene of distress not ea.sily dewribed.
Adherents to the Crown, who were in the army, tore the lappels
from their coats and stamped them under their ft*et, and < x 'aimed
that they were ruined; others cried out they hswl sacrificed every-
thing to prove their loyalty, and were now loft to shift for thenv-
sclves, withcmt the friendship of thiir king or country. Previous to
the evacuation, and in ^'eptember, Uj)wards of 12,000 men, wmnen,
and chiilren, embarked ai the city, at Long and Staten Islands, for
Nova Scotia and the Bahamas. ' and for Canada. "Some of these
victims to civil war tried to make merry at their doom, by sayiug
they wore bound to a lovely country, where there are nine months
winter and three months cold weather every year, while others in
their dcs])eration tore down their houses, and had they not iK'en
pvevcnteil, would have carrie<l otf the bricks of which they were
built." The British had possesseil New York since 15th So])tember»
177(5, and on the 25th November, 1783, yielded it up to the .
Americans. This \h " Evacuation day."

When Cornwallis surrendered he vainly tried to obtain a
promise of protection for the Ijoyal Americans, who, in part, formed
his army. Failing in this, he Hont an armed vessel away with a
largo number.

At this time, beside the many who had becomo refugees, there

CONFISCATINO PROPRRTV.

woi'o sotni" loynlistr* Hcnttorod thvont;li tlic Stntos. Many of tlioso
ri'niaincil in tlio now lMdoj)tMi<lt'iit Stalos. and man}- of thorn
would have rot urnod, tolioooino faitlifiil cifizons tnidorlho now order
of tliinf^s, had they boon allowod so to do. IJut thoyonn^ RopuMio
know not how to hi- lyai^naniinous to (hoso wlioni tlio fortunos of
war had loft in i^roat distross — whoni thoy had comiiiorod. and tho
Unitfd Knijiiro Loynlisls woro niado alions from tln-ii nativo
honu's. Their property must ho contisoated, and man}' I'oinjjf larj^o
land owners, rich j)rizos wei-o thus sociiri'd. While tin confliot
(■i>ntinued to rnj^e there was some oxeiiso, hut when war had eeaxed,
and everythini; had hoen a('f'oni))lishe(l that tlje most cravinif rebel
eould wish, it was a ruthle-s. an uni;;eueious, nay, a l'a?-<' proceed-
ing on tiio part of the revolutionists, to force away their very
brethren, often related by the ties of oonsani^uinity. Hut it was a
Hpirit as unprincipled as this, which instiii'ate<l the ndiollion. and
which oharacti'rized the vast majority of those who fou<;]it
under the sacred name of liberty, and such was llio spirit of the
conquerors.

Tho HUecossful rebels determined to posso»» themselves of the
lands and property of tlie loyalists, oven in vicdation of treaty. The
action of Compress was sufHciently hii;h-han(led and wantint; in
i^onerosity ; but the ))rocecdin,iCs of the State liOtfislatures, with a
few exceptions, were oxeenible — characterized by ignoble and
vindictive passion.

The Legislatures of each stalo took onrly stojis to ]»unish tho
adherents of Britain, to disposses> them of their ])roporty, and to
lianish them. Massachusetts took the lead in dealing severely
against the loyalists, A rebel magistrates' warrant was sutHoienl
to banish one. Hundreds of Massacliusetts Loyalists woro prohi-
l»ited frctni rolurning on jteiudty of imjirisonment and even ileath.
And the other States were active in '' attainting" and conliscatiiig,
often without tho foi-m of trial. Kach State carried on its function
as a government, and tiials ought to have boon granteil, in common
'justice to every one. But tho Whigs were intolerent, hot-headed,
malevolent, unforgiving. It has boon said that "if it be coneoded
that I't'bollioM against Kngland was right, then every step necessary
to suc«ess was justitiable. It we grant all this there remains the
fact that after success had crowned rebellion, persecution and con-
fiscation continued. Xew York, on the 12th May. 1784, passed " An
act for tho spcodj' sale of tho eonfiseatod and forfeited estates

TUB TRBATY OP PAHW.

within tho StatoH." Tho powers consiHtcd in Iho apjiointmonl of
•'( nniniissionors of I'orti'itnn's." Amoni; tlioso wlio lost tlioir liind

was one

Dav

OIV

JIo iuul ;J0(( acres n«'ai' Now York, Iwciilv inilca,

wliicli was contisciitod and ^ivi-n lo liio notorious Tom l'ain«\ tlio
iiilidcl, wliosc oxtronjo libi-rul vioWH oxprosHt'd in his worl<. ''Com-
mon Soise," made hin» tho trii-nd of Wasliintcton, mid rovoliitionistH
".'oiu'rally. I'aino, aflor takini^ part in thf Fn-nch KovoliitionH,
oanio, in 18l>2, to his jilacc in Now York, wImmv ht> onjoyod tho
IdValists' conlisc-atod propoi-ty until his doalh, Hth Juno, 1S(»!).

In till' lornis (if poaoo si^nod at Paris, thoro was . > security
ctlectod ti)r tho losses sustained l>y tho American Loyalists.

As Hnri^oyne at hir> ini^lorinus Hurrondor at Saratoga, thought
not of tho innocent inhahita'nts of the Mohawk uud Hudson, who
had indontiticd tliemsolves with tho loyal ciuse, and supplied his

troops with provisions,

iiid li'ft them to ihe mereilo;

Sons

of liihcrty," to he desj)oiK'(l of their all, an<l exposed to fearful
cruelty, so at tlu' la>l. when tin- Hi'itish (lovornmonl r*din<|Ui>hod
the attempt to suhdur rclii'llion, the American Loyalists were of
rcnioti' consideration. We can natlier now hut the outlines of this
trreat wrong done unto nohlo men. Tlu" particulars are hurled in
the wreck of fortune, and of hap|)iness, respecting all worldly
matters. The after life of tfjo loyalists was of too earnest a nature
to allow time to j)hice on record the suffi'rings, and the wandering.s
of the disiidierited. The lost cause did not stimulate men to draw
upon imagination, such as may bo fcmnd in gaudydniod descrij)tions
of American revolutiomiry heroes, male and female. IJiit there is
<ufflcieut of facts recorded, and engraven by the iron pen of
extreme anguish upon hearts, that were of flesh, to stamji the
persecutors with infamy, and^ mark the refugees, that clustered
around the border forts, and found hi.m«'s at Sorel, La(dune, and
Montreal, with the highest attributes of jiatriotism and love of
country.

Thee induct of the ministry, and the conunissioners at Paris is
open to the severest censure. They left tho (daims of the loyalists
to he ilecided by tho American Congress. We may allow them
the credit of having lield the belief, that this body would bo
actuated by a feeling of justice and right, but tho error was ft
grave oiu', the wrong grievous and hard to be endured. In pursu-
ing this course, the British ministry did not escape condemnation
liy members of Parliament, and a feeling of sympathy was evoked

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33 WIST MAIN STREIT

WEBSTER, N.Y. MSSO

(716) •72-4503

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THE BRITISH PARLIAMENT.

I Mi

Ij:!:.:

1 1 ;

that led to a tardy dispensing of justice. Loi"d North said " that
never were the honor, the principles, the policy of a nation, so
grossly abused as in the desertion of those men, who are now
exposed to every punishment that desertion and poverty can
inflict, because they were not rebels." Mr. Sheridan " execrated
the treatment of those unfortunate men, Avho, without the least
notice taken of their civil and religious rights, were handed over
as subjects to a power that would not fail to take vengence on
them for their zeal and attachment to the religion and government
of the mother country," " and ho called it a crime to deliver them
over to confiscation, tyranny, resentment and oppression." Lord
Loughborough said that " in ancient nor modern history had there
been so shameful a desertion of men who had sacrificed all to their
duty and to their reliance upon British faith." Others, in terms
of equal severity, denounced the ministry in Parliament for their
neglect. The ministry admitted it all, but excused themselves by
the plea that " a part must be wounded, that the whole of the
empire may not perish " — that they " had but the alternative,
either to accept the terms proposed, or continue the war."

" A number of loyalists in England, came to the United States
to claim restitution of their estates, but their applications were
unheeded," except to imprison, and bjjnish them.

The treaty of peace signed, without any provision for the
suffering loyalists, they at once took steps to petition the Imperial
Parliament for justice. " They organized an agency, and appointed
a Committee, composed of one delegate, or agent from each of the
thirteen States, to enlighten the British pnblic." " At the opening
of Parliament the King, in his speech from the throne, alluded to
the ' American sufferers ' and trusted generous attention would be
shewn to them.' " An act was consequently passed creating a
"Board of Commissioners " to examine the claims preferred. The
claimants were divided into six classes.

^' First Class. — Those who had rendered service to Great
Britain."

" Second Class.— Those who had borne arms for Great Britain.
" Third Ctos.— Uniform Loyalists."

« Fourth Class. — Loyal British subjects residents in Great
Britain."

" Fifth Class — Loyalists who had taken oaths to the American
States, but afterward joined the British."

TARDY REMUNERATION.

" Sixth Class. — Loyalists who had borne arms for tho American
States, and afterwards joined tho British navy or urmy."

The claimants had to state in writing, and specifically tho
nature of their losses. Grreat and unnecessary caution was observed
by the Board. The rigid rules of examinations caused much dissat-
isfaction and gave the Board the name of " Inquisition."

The 26th of March, 1784, was tho latest period for presenting
claims, which was allowed, and on or before that day, tho number
of claimants was two thousand and sixty-three. A " second report
which was made in December of the same year, shows that one
hundred and twenty-eight additional cases had been disposed of."
In May and July 1865, one hundred and twenty-two cases more
were disposed of In April 1786, one hundred and forty more
were attended to. The commissioners proceeded with their inves-
tigations during tho years 1786 and 1787." '• Meantime " and to
her honor be it said " South Carolina had restored the estates of
several of her loyalists."

Years passed away before tho commissioners had decided upon
all the claims, and great and loud was the complaint made by the
claimants. The press was invoked to secure a more prompt con-
cession of justice, pamphlets were published on their behalf, and
one printed in 1788, five years after the peace, contained the
following: " It is well that this delay of justice has produced the
most melancholy and shocking events. A number of the sufferers
have been driven by it into insanity, and become their owp
destroyers, leaving behind them their helpless widows and orphans
to subsist upon the cold charity of strangers. Others have been
sent to cultivate a wilderness for their subsistance, without having
the means, and compelled through want, to throw themselves on
the merOy of the American States, and the charity of their former
friends, to support the life which might have been made comfortable
by the money long since due from the British Government, and
many others, with their families are barely subsisting upon a
temporary allowance from government, a mere pittance when
compared with the sum due them."

The total number of claimants was 5,072, of whom 924 with-
drew or failed to make good the claim. The sum of money allowed
was £3,294,452. We have ne-m there was, in addition, given to tho
widows and orphans, between 20,000 and 30,000 pounds.

Thdre is no doubt that a certain number of tho claimants were

In :

CK -.'■if'i

isil '. . i; Vi '

LOYALISTS IN CANADA.

impostors, while many asked remuneration above what their losses
had actually been, and this caused the commissioners to examine
more closely the claims prott'ered. But it is submitted that they
ought, in dealing with the money already granted by a considerate
Parliament, to have leaned on the side of clemency.

At the close of the contest there were a large number of
Refugees in Lower Canada, especially at Fort St. John, about
twenty-nine miles from Montreal. In the main these were Ameri-
can born, and principally from theNe>v England States; j-et there
were representatives from England, Ireland, Scotland and Germany.
Besides the Refugees, there were several Provincial Corps, which
were no longer to be retained in the service, but to he disbanded.
Of these there was the S-lth, often called Johnson's regiment, this
was 800 strong, mostly Datch, from the Mohawk, and Hudson,
descendants of the old stock. This regiment consisted of two corps,
one under Major JesHup, stationed at St. John's, and the other
under Rogers, a part of which at least, was stationed at Fort
Oswego, Jessup^i corps became the first pioneers iipon the St. Law-
rence, and Rogers among the first along the Bay of Quint«5. Both
settled in 1784. There wei-e other troops stationed at St. John's,
and likewis'- not a few who had discharged irregular, but important
duties, as scouts, and in other ways.

It has been generally estimated that at the close of the struggle,
and as a result, there were distributed of American Loyalists upon
the shores of Canada, about 10,000. At the first, most of these
were in Lower Canada, but there were likewise a few at the
frontier forts upon the Upper waters, and a few detached squatters.
Then, " there was not a single tree cut from the (present) Lower
Province line to Kingston, 150 miles ; and at Kingston there were
but a few surrounding huts; and from thence all around Lake
Ontario and Lake Erie, with the exception of a few Indian huts on
some tlesolate spot of hunting ground, all was a dense wilderness."
(Ex Sheriif Sherwood.)

"A proclamation Avas issued," says Croil in his history of
Dundas, "that all Avho wished to continue their allegiance to Britain,
should peaceably rendezvous at certain points on the frontiers.
These were, Sackets Harbour, Carleton Island, Oswego and Niagara,
on the Upper Canada confines ; and Isle Aux Nois, on the borders
of Lower Canada. Jessup's Corps was stationed at Isle Aux
Nois, and late in the autumn of 1783, the soldiers were joined by
their wives and little ones, who had wandered the weary way on

AMERICAN TROOPS. ^

foot, to Whitoluall, through swamps unci forest, — besot with diffi-
culties, dangers, and pi'ivations innumerable. The soldiei's met
them there with boats, and conveyed them the rest of their journey
by water, through Lake Champlain. Imagination fails us when
wo attempt to form an idea of the emotions that filled their hearts,
as families, that had former'y lived hapjjily together, surrounded
with peace and plenty, and nad been separated by the rude hand
of war, now mot each others embrace, in circumstances of abject
poverty. A boisterous passage was before them, in open boats,
expogcd to the rigors of the season — a dreary prospect of the
coming winter, to be spent in pent up barracks, and a certainty
should they be spared, of undergoing a lifetime of such hardships,
toil and privation, as are inseperable from the settlement of a new
country." As soon as the journey was accomplished, the soldiers
and their families, were embarked in boats, sent down to Eicholieu
to Sorel, thence to Montreal, and on to Cornwall, by the laborious
and tedious route of the St. Lawrenoo. (See settlement of Ernest
town.)

CHAPTEE VII.

Contents : — A spirit of strife — The French war — British American Troops — For-
mer comrades opposed — Number of U. E. Loyalists in the field — General
Burgoyno — Defeat — First reverse of British arms — The campaign — Colonel
St. Lcger — Fort Stanwix — Colonel B:vume — Battle of Bennington — General
Herkimer — Gates — Schuyler — F.raemar Heights — Saratoga — Surrender —
The result upon the people — Sir John Johnson — Sir William — Sketch — In-
dian Chief — Laced coat — Indian's dream — It comes to pass — Sir William
dreams — It also comes to pass — Too hard a dream — Sir Jolm — Attempt to
arrest — Escape — Starving — Iloyal Greens — Johnson's losses — Living in
Canada — Death — Principal Corps of Royalists — King's Uangera — Queens
Rangers — Major Rogers — Simcoe — The Rangers in Tipper Canada — Dis-
banded — The Hessians.

•

The seven years' war between Canada and New England, in
which a largo number of the Colonists were engaged, had created
not a few officers of military worth and talent, while a spirit of
strife and contention had been engendered among the people gen-
erally. The Colonial war, carried on with so much determination,
was stimulated, not so much by the English nation at home as by
New Englanders. It was they who were chiefly interested in the

I;:;-

INCOMPETENT OENERALS.

i : -

overthrow of French power in Canada, Wlnlc money and men had
been freely granted by the Imperial Government, the several colo-
nics had also freely contributed. They "furnished in that war quite
twenty-eight thousand men, in more than one of the campaigns,
and every j-ear to the extent of their ability." "On the ocean, full
twelve thousand seamen were enlisted in the Eoyal Navy and in
the Colonial Privateers." In this manner Jiad been formed a taste
for military life, which waited to be gratified, or sought for food.
When, therefore, the unsavory acts of England wounded the Colo-
nial vanity, and demagogues traversed the country to embitter the
feelings of the mass against the king, the hot-headed were not slow
to advi.se an appeal to arms. At the same time, the loyal in heart,
the conservators of Imperial interest, viewing with wonder and
alarm the manifestation of fratricidal war — of rebellion, felt it their
duty to take up arms against the unprincipled (and often dishonest)
agitators, and endeavor to crush out the spirit of revolt. And thus
it came, that very many wlio had fought .side by side at Ticonder-
ago, Crown Point, Du Qucsne, Niagara, Oswego, Frontonac, Mont-
real, and around Quebec, under a common flag, were now to be
arrayed in hostile bands. Not state against state, nor yet merely
neighbor againti neighbor, but brother against brother, and father
against son ! Civil war, of all wars, is the most terrible : in addi-
tion to the horrors of the battle-field, there is an upheaving of the
very foundation of society. All the feelings of brotherhood, of
christian love, are paralyzed, and the demon of destruction and
cruelty is successful]}' invoked.

Behold, then, the British Americans divided into two parties ;
each buckling on the armor to protect from the other, and sharp-
ening the weapons of warfare to encounter his kindred foe. The
contest of 1776-83 is most generally looked upon as one between
the English and Americans ; but in reality it was, at first — so far
as fighting went — between the conservative and rebel Americans.
In an address to the king, presented by the loyalists in 1779, it is
stated that the number of native Americans in his service exceeded
those enlisted by Congress. Another address, in 1782, saj's that
" there are more men in his Majesty's provincial regiments than
there is in the continental service." Sabine says that " there were
25,000, at the lowest computation." If such be the case, the ques-
tion may well be asked, how came it that the rebels succeeded ?
Looking at the matter from our distant stand-point, through the
light of events we find recorded, there seems but one conclusion at

BURGOYNE S CAMPAIGN.

which wo ma'" arrive, namely, that the disaster to the British arm^i
was due — altogether due — to the incapacity of certain of the gen-
erals to whom was intrusted the Imperial interests in America.

THE COMBATANTS — BURGOYNE.

The most notable instance of mistaken generalship was that of
Burgoyne. His campaign in the summer of 1777, and the tinal
overthrow of his army and surrender at Saratoga, will engage our
particular attention ; inasmuch as it was the first decided reverse
to the British arms, and by giving courage to the rebels, assisted
much to further their cause. Thereby their faith was strengthened,
and the number of rebels increased from no inconsiderable class,
who waited to join the strongest party. Again, the scene of this
campaign was close to the borders of Canada, and there followed a
speedy escape of the first refugees from the Mohawk valley and
the Upper Hudson to the friendly shores of the St. Lawi-ence.

A year had elapsed since the Declaration of Independence,
and England had sent troops to America, with the view of assisting
the forces there to subdue the malcontents. In the early part of
July, Burgoyne set out from Lower Canada with about 8,500 soldiers,
500 Indians, and 150 Canadians, intending to traverse the country
to Albany, possessing himself of all rebel strongholds on the way,
and thence descend along the river Hudson, to New York, to
form a junction with General Howe, that city having been captured
from the rebels the 15th Sep timber previous. Passing by way of
Lake Champlain, he encountered the enemy on the 6th July, and
captured Ticonderoga and Mount Independence, with 128 cannon,
several armed vessels, a quantity of baggage, ammunition and pro-
visions. "This easy conquest inflamed his imagination." The first
step towards the defeat of his army was the unsuccessful attempt
of Colonel St. Leger, with 800 men, who ascended the St. Lawrence
to Oswego, and thence up the river, to take Fort Stanwix (Rome),
intending to descend the Mohawk and join Burgoyne with his main
force, as he entered the head of the valley of the Hudson. Colonel
St. Leger arrived at Fort Stanwix on the 3rd Auguct, 1777. For a
time he was the winner; but for some reason, it is said that the
Indians suddenly left him, and his troops, seized with a panic, fled.
In the meantime, General Burgoyne was pursuing his way, having
driven General Schuyler from Lake St. George to the mouth of the
Mohawk river.

Burgoyne, flushed with this renewed success, after his late cap-
5

1? t

; i\

twf/m

mmmmi

AT SARATOGA.

I i V

ture of Ticondoroga and Mount Indopendonco, vainly supposed he
could advance steadily down the Hudson. He sent a body of men,
500 strong, under Colonel Baume, into the interior, eastward, with
the view of encouraging the inhabitants to continued loyalty, and
of arresting the machinations of the rebels. Near Bennington the
rebels had an important post, with magazines, and a large force
under General Stark. Baumc, ignorant of their strength, rushed,
headlong against the enemy. Nothing daunted, he led on his 500
brave men. For two hours he contended with the unequal foe,
when his troops were almost annihilated, and he fell from his horse,
mortally wounded. But few escaped to tell the tale. Meanwhile,
Burgoyne, apprised of the danger surrounding Baume, had sent
assistance under Colonel Breynan. Unfortunately, they had not
much ammunition, and, after fighting until all was exhausted, they
had to flee. These throe reverses paved the way for the final over-
throw of Burgoyne, He was still marching forward, bent on reach-
ing Albany, to accomplish the object of the campaign— a juncture
with the army of General Howe. But now in his rear, to the west,
instead of Colonel St. Leger descending the Mohawk, was General
Herkimer, who had dispersed St. Leger's force ; and to the east
was General Stark, flushed with his victories over Baume and
Breynan. Burgoyne" met Gates at last on Braemar heights,- and
again, and for the last time, led his ti'oops on to victory, although
the contest was well sustained. General Schuyler had intrenched
his forces at the mouth of the Mohawk, and Burgoyne, having
waited until his provision was exhausted, at last resolved to make
an assault. It was bravely made, but without success ; and before
night-fall the army was retreating. Night, instead of enabling
them to regain their spirits and renew their ardor, only brought
the intelligence of the defeats previously sustained at Stanwix and
Bennington. This was the Tth October. Flight now was the only
possible chance for safety. The tents were left standing ; his sick
and wounded forsaken. But the enemy now surrounded him ; the
places he had taken were already re-taken ; and upon the 10th of
the month he found himself helpless upon the fields of Saratoga,
where he surrendered. The whole of the men were sent to Boston
and other places south, there to languish in prison.

Thus it came that the inhabitants in this section of the country
came under the power of the rebels, and those who had adhered to
the loyal side were mercilessly driven away at the point of the
bayonet. The writer has heard too many accounts of the extreme

cruelty
questio
rebels i
away (
fered g
entered
ledge o
engagen
the bord
of the ai
story gO(
supplies,

Amo
Sir John
first to be
Upper Ca
"His
whom it
hawk rive
a consider
inhabitant
he had lea
and affabil
affairs, on
soul of all
Of Sir
wise 8hrew(
that on his
hawk chief
in the splepc
have dream(
decorated g£
avoided, the
pleased with
shortsighted
dream, to th(
acres of land,
William, 'I

li'

SIR WILLlASt JOHNBOM.

cruelty practised at this time to doubt that such took place, or
question the fiendish nature of the acts practised by the successful
rebels against, not foes iii arms, but the helpless. Many thus driven
away (and those wore the first refugees who entered Canada) suf-
fered great hardships all through the winter. Most of the men
entered the ranks subsequently, while not a few, from their know-
ledge of the country, undertook the trying and venturesome
engagement of spies. The families gathered around the forts upon
the borders had to live upon the fare supplied by the commissariat
of the army. A large number were collected at Mishish ; and the
story goes that a Frenchman, whose duty it was to deal out the
supplies, did so with much of bad conduct and cruel treatment.

SIR JOHN JOHNSON.

Among the officers who served with General Burgoyiie was
Sir John Johnson, who had been the first to suflPer persecution, the
first to become a refugee, and who became a principal pioneer in
Upper Canada.

" His father, Sir William Johnson, was a native of Ireland, of
whom it was said, in 1755, that he had Jong resided upon the Mo-
hawk river, in the western part of New York, where he had acqxiired
a considerable estate, and was universally beloved, not only by the
inhabitants but also by the neighboring Indians, whose language
he had learned and whose aflTections he had gained, by his humanity
and affability. This led to his appointment as agent for Indian
aifairs, on the part of Great Britain, and he was said to bo ' the
soul of all their transactions with the savages.' "

Of Sir William's talents and shrewdness in dealing with the like-
wise shrewd Indian, the following is found in Sabine : "Allen relates
that on his receiving from England some finely-laced clothes, the Mo-
hawk chief became possessed with the desire of equalling the baronet
in the splendor of his apparel, and, with a demure face, pretended to
have dreamed that Sir William had presented him with a suit of the
decorated garments. As the solemn hint could not be mistaken or
avoided, the Indian monarch was gratified, and went away, highly
pleased with the success of his device. But alas for Hendrick's
shortsighted sagacity ! In a few days Sir William, in turn, had a
dream, to the eflTect that the chief had given him several thousand
acres of land. 'The land is yours,' said Hendrick, 'but now, Sir
William, * I never dream with you again, you dream too hard for
me.'"

'.:.

! Ill

mma

•i

SIR JOHN JOHNSON.

I i i'

t-Vi

At the breaking out of the revohitionary war, Sir John, who liad
succeeded to his father'H title, appears, also, to have inherited his influ-
ence with the Indians, and to have exerted that influence to the
utmost in favor of the Royal cause. By this moans he rendered
himself particularly obnoxious to the continentals, as the Americans
were then called. Accordingly, in IIIQ, Colonel Dayton, with part
of his regiment, was sent to arrest him, and thiis put it out of his
power to do further mischief. Receiving time'/ notice of this from
"his tory friends at Albany, he hastily assembled a large number of
his tenants and others, and made i)reparatiou8 for a retreat, which he
successfully accomplished.

" Avoiding the route by Lake Champlain, from fear of falling
into the hands of the enemy, who were supposed to be assembled in
that direction, he struck deep into the woods, by way of the head
waters of the Hudson, and descended the Raquette river, to its con-
fluence with the St. Lawrence, and thence crossed over to Canada.
Their provision failed soon after they had left their homes. Weary
and foot-sore, numbers of them sank by the way, and had to be left
behind, but were shortly afterwards relieved by a party of Indians,
who were sent from Caughijawaga in search of them. After nineteen
dayis of hardship, which have had few parallels in our history, they
reached Montreal. So hasty was their flight, that the family papers
were buried in the garden, and nothing taken with thom but such
articles as were of prime necessity." Soon after his arrival at Mon-
treal he was " commissioned a colonel, and raised two battalions of
loyalists, who bore the designation of the Eoyal Greens. From the
time of organizing this corps, he became one of the most active, and
one of the bitterest foes that the whigs encountered during the con-
test. So true is it, as was said by the wise man of Israel, that ' a
brother offended is harder to be won than a' strong city, and their
contentions are like the bars of a castle.' Sir John was in several
regular and fairly conducted battles. He invested Fort Stanwix in
1111, and defeated the brave General Herkimer; and in 1Y80 was
defeated himself by General Van Eensselaer, at Fox's Mills."

The result of his adherence to the Crown was, that his extensive
family estates upon the Mohawk were confiscated ; but at the close of
the war he received large grants of land in various parts of Canada,
beside a considerable bul of money. He continued to be Superin-
tendent of Indian affairs, and resided in Montreal until his death, in
1822.

THE ROYAL REGIMENTS.

THE I.OYAI, COMHATANTS.

The following are the principal corps and regiments of loyalists
who took part in the war against the rebels, and who wore mainly
Americans :

'* The King's Ringers ; the Royal Fencible Americans ; the
Queen's Rangers ; the New York Volunteers ; the King's American
regiment ; the Prince of Wales' American Volunteers ; the IMaryland
Loyalists ; De Lancey's Battalions ; the Second American regiment ;
the King's Rangers, Carolina ; the South Carolina Royalists ; the
North Carolina Highland Regiment ; the King's American Dragoons ;
the Loyal American Regiment ; the American Legion ; the New
Jersey Volunteers ; the British Legion ; the Loyal Foresters ; the
Orange Rangers ; the Pennsylvania Loyalist? ; the Guides and Pion-
eers ; the North Carolina Volunteers ; the Georgia Loyalists ; the
West Chester Volunteers. These corps were all commanded by colo-
nels or lieutenant-colonels; and as De Lancey's battalions and the
New Jersey Volunteers consiste<l each of three battalions, there wore
twenty-eight. To these, the Loyal New Englanders, the Associated
Loyalists and Wentworth's Volunteers, remain to be added. Still
further, Colonel Archibald Hamilton, of New York, commanded at
one period seventeen companies of loyal Militia."

Respecting the officers and more prominent men of the corps,
who settled in Canada, we have succeeded in collecting the following
account.

THE queen's rangers.

This corps acted a very conspicuous part during the war. It
was raised by Major Robert Rogers, of NewHampshire, son of James
Rogers, He had served during the French war, with distinction, as
commander of Rogers' Rangers, and was, "in 17T6, appointed
Governor of Michiliraacinac. During the early part of the rebellion
he was in the revolting states, probably a(!ting as a spy, and was
in correspondence with the rebel Congress, and with Washington him-
self. He was imprisoned at New York, but was released on parole,
which, it is said, he broke (like General Scott in 1812), and accepted
the commission of colonel in the British army, and proceeded to raise
the corps mentioned." About 1117 "he went to England, and Simcoe
succeeded him a» commander of the Queen's Rangers."

Sabine, speaking of John Brown Lawrence, says he was impris-
oned in the Burlington gaol. New Jersey, and that " Lieut. -Colonel
John G, Simcoe, commander of the Queen's Rangers, was a fellow-

frsf

lilt

THE FOREIGN LEOION.

prisoner, and when exclianged said, at parting, 'I sJiall never forget
your kiiulncHS.' He did not : and when appointed Lieiitenant-Gover-
r.or of Upp<'r Canada, he invited Mr. Lawrence to settle there," and,
through the Governor, he acquired a large tract of land.

The Queen's Eangers v*'ere disbanded in 1802, having Dcen asso-
ciated with the evcntH of the first government of Upper Canada, their
colonel (Simcoc) having been the first Governor. A detachment of
this regiment were stationed upon the banks of the Don^ before there
was a single wliite inhabitant where now stands Toronto.

FERaUSON's RANGERS.

This corps formed a part of Burgoyne's army at the time of sur-
rendering, and, " with other provincial prisoners, retired to Canada,
by permission of Gates."

THE HESSIANS.

The British Government, during the course of the war, jtrocured
some foreign troops from one of the German Principalities upon the
Ehine, mostly from Hesse-Hamburg, '"his foreign legion was under
the command of General Baron de Re lese!, of their own country.
It would seem from the testimony of theii- descendants in Maryaburgh,
that the British Government employed the men from the Government
of the principality, and that the men did not voluntarily enter the
service, but were impressed. These Hessians wore drilled before
leaving their country. They were composed of infantry, artillery,
and a rifle company, "Green Yongers." They wore embarked for
Canada, by way of Portsmouth, and reached Quebec in time to
join the British army, and meet the enemy at Stillwatei'. Conrad
Bongard, of Marysburgh, informs us that his father was one of the
company under General Reidesel. He was in the artillery, and
accompanied Burgoyne in his eventful campaign ; was at the battle
of Tyconderoga ; and, with the rest of the Hessian troops, was taken
prisoner at Saratoga. They were taken down to Virginia, and there
retained as prisoners of wai* for nearly two years. Being released on
parole, many of them, with their General, were conveyed back to
Germany ; but some of them, having the alternative, preferred to
remain in America, to share with the loyalists in grants of land. (See
Marysburgh, where the Hessians settled). Conrad Bongard became
the servant of Surveyor Holland, and was with him as he proceeded
up the St. Lawrence, to survey. Bongard married a widow Carr,
whose husband had been in tlie 24th reghnent of Royal Fusiliers, and

had dic(
settled i
His wif<
of the L

TJie
«8ting re

Contents.-

Oovon

Educa

misRioi

to Imti

treachc

blacker

History

Valley-

Hclplei

Sulliva

ciious i

toward 1

Indian

Brunt —

Tlie cha

the Erit

Isaac, C

This 01
also, they 8
which signi
from a peci
as the Five
term. Thi
were the

Subsequent
Carolina, a
authority, t
However, w
lish, inspeal
seem, at oi
inserted in t

THl IROQUOIS.

had (lied while the prisonerH were retained in Virginia. He eventually
settled in the fifth Uiwnship, where ho died, January, 1840, aged 89.
His wife, Susan, died February, 1840, aged 08. Both weronicmbers
of the Lutheran church. Mrs. B. was a native of Philadelphia.

Tlie wife of th*- General, Baroness de Reidosel, has left an inter-
osting record of the battles prior to Burgoyne's surrender.

CHAPTER. VIII.

Contents. — Indian Names — Tho yivo Tribes— The Sixth — Confederation—
Oovornment — Subdivisions — O'igin — Hcndrick — Death — Urnnt — Birth —
Education — Married — Teaching — Christianity — Brant elected Chief — Com-
missioned a British Captain — Visits Enghind — Ri turns — Leads his warriors
to battle — EiTortH of Rebels to stuuce Brant to their cause- -Attempted
treachery of the Rebel Herchimer — Border warfare — Wyoming — Attempt to
blacken tho character of Brant — His noble conduct — I'ntruthful American
History — The inhabitants of Wyoming — The Rebels first to blame — Cherry
Valley — Van Schaick — Bloody orders — Terrible conduct of the Rebels,
Helpless Indian families — Further deeds of Mood and rapine by tho rebel
Sullivan — A month of horrible work — Attributes of cruelty more conspi-
cuous in the Rebels than in tho Indians — Tho New Englander — Conduct
toward the Indians — Inconsistent — Tho " down trodden " — Tho Mohawks —
Indian agriculture — Broken faith with the Indians — Noble conduct of
Brant — After the war — His family — Death — Miss Molley — Indian usage —
The character of tbe Mohawk — The six Indians as Canadians — Fidelity to
the British — Receiving land — Bay Quinto — Grand River — Settling — Coptain
Isaac, Captain John — At present — Mohawk Counsel. . .

THK SIX NATIONS.

This once powerful Confederacy styled themselves Kan-ye-a-ke ;
also, they sometimes called themselves Aganuschioni or Agjianuschioni,
which signifies united people. The Fi'onch designated them Ii-oquois,
from a peculiar sound of their speech. The English knew them
as the Five Nations, and Six Nations, more generally by the latter
term. The original five tribes that formed the Confederacy,
were the Mohawks, Oneidas, Cayugas, Onondagas, and Senecas.
Subsequently in 1712, the Tuscaroras came from the south. North
Carolina, and made the sixth nation. But according to some
authority, there were six nations before the Tuscaroras joined them.
However, we learn from several sources, that up to 1712, the Eng-
lish, in speaking of them, referred to only five nations. The Oneidas
seem, at one time, to have been omitted, and the Aucguagas
inserted in their stead. The oldest members of the confederation

::^lt:

ORIGIN OF THE SIX NATIONS.

wero the Mohawks, Onondagas, and Senecas. Tho union of those
three tribes took place prior to the occupation of America by the
Europeans. Tho time at which the confederation of tho five
nations was formed is uncertain, but it is suppose*' to have been in
tho early part of the sixteenth century. Tho league binding
them together was rather of a democratic nature.

Each tribe was represented in the great council of the nation
by one principal sachem, with a number of associates.

They wero always deliberate in their councils, considerate in
their decisions, never infringing upon the rights of a minority,
and dignified in their utterances. They were noted, not only as
warriora, but as well for their agriculture, their laws, and their
oratorical ability.

Each tribe was subdivided into classes, and each of these had a
device or " totem," namely, the tortoise, the bear, the wolf, the
beaver, the deer, the falcon, the plover, and the crane.

They were for hundreds of years the terror of the various
Indian tribes peopling North America, and most of the time could
at will, roam the wide expanse between the Hudson Bay and the
Carolinas. Other tribes, too weak to oppose them, were from time
to time completely ex'oi*minated. Of these was the Erie tribe,
which had entirely disappeared by the year 1653. Of those
who stubbornly resisted the Six Nations, were the Hurons, the
Adirondacks, of the north, the Dolawaros, the Cherokees, and the
Mohicans.

Smith, an historian of New York, says that in. 1756 "Our Indians
universally concur in the claim of all the lands not sold to the
English, from the mouth of Sorel Eiver, on the south side of Lakes
Eri'^ and Ontario, on both sides of the Ohio, till it falls into the
Mississippi ; and on the north side of those lakes, that whole
territory between the Outawais Eiver, and the Lake Huron, and
even beyond the straits between that and Lake Erie."

•' When the Dutch began the settlement of New York, all>the
Indians on Long Island, and the northern shore of the Sound, on the
banks of the Connecticut, Hudson, Delaware, and Susquehannah
rivers, were in subjection to the Five Nations," and in 1756, "a little
tribe, settled at the Sugar-loaf Mountain, in Orange County, made
a yearly payment. of about £20 to the Mohawks."

Among the traditions of this people is one that they had a
supernatural origin from the heart of a mountain, that they then
migrated to the west, where they lived for a time by the sea shore.

THAYENDINAQEA.

Then, in time returned to the country of the lakes. A country
now passed into the hands of the white man, who paid no just
price. But the names of many places yet indicate the history of
the ancient owners of the soil.

Among the Mohawks, in the beginning of the eighteenth
century, was a chief known as Old King Hondrick, or Soi-euga-rah-
ta, renowned for eloquence, bravery, and integrity. He was
intimate with Sir William Johnson, and it was between them
that the amusing contention of dreams occurred, that has been
narrated.

In 1755, a battle was fought at Lake George, between the
French, under Baron Dieskau, and the English, under Johnson,
resulting in the defeat of the French. The Fi-ench and English
were supported by their respective allies. At this engagement Old
King Hendrick, then seventy years old, but still full of energy and
courage, was killed. Strangely enough it was at this battle that
Brant, then only thirteen years old, first took part with his tribe
in the contest. The mantle of Soieugarahta fell upon the youthful
Thayondinagea.

Thayer linagea, or Joseph Brant, was born upon the banks of
the Ohio, in the year 1742, while his tribe was on a visit to that
region. According to Stone, his biographer, he was the son of
" Tehowaghwengaraghkwin a full-blooded Mohawk, of the Wolf
.ribe."

After the battle at Lake George, Brant continue<l with his
people under Johnson till the close of that bloody war. At its
close, about 1760, Brant, with several other young Indians, was
placed by Johnson at Moor ^chool, Lebanon, Connecticut. After
acquiring some knowledge of the loidiments of literature, he left
the school to engage in active warfare with the Pontiacs and
Ottawas. " In 1765, we find him married and settled in his own
house at the Mohawk Valley. It is said he was not married, except
in the Indian mode, until the winter of 1779, when at Niagara,
Beeing a Miss Moore, a captive, married, he was also thus married by
Colonel John Butler,to a half-breed,the daughter of Colonel Croghan,
by an Indian woman. Here ho spent a quiet and peaceful life
for some years, actin«? as interpreter in negotiations between his
people and the whites, and lending his aid to the eiforts of the
missionaries who were engaged in the work of teaching and
converting the Indians.

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GENERAL HERKIMER.

"Those who visited his house, spoke in high terms of his
kindness and hospitality." Sir "William Johnson died in 1774, and
was succeeded by his son-in-law. Colonel George Johnson, as
Indian agent, who appointed Brant his Secretary. The same year
Johnson had to flee from the Mohawk, westward, to escape being
captured by a band of rebels. He was accompanied by Brant and
the principal warriors of the tribe. The rebels vainly tried to win
the Indians to their side ; but excepting a few Senecas, thBy pre-
ferred their long tried friends. The regular successor of Old King
Hendrick, was " little Abraham." It is said he was well disposed to
the Americans, probably through jealousy of Brant. At all events.
Brant, by universal consent became the principal chief. He pro-
ceeded with the other chiefs, and a large body of Indian warriors
to Montreal, where he was commissioned as a captain in the British
array. " In the fall of 1775, he sailed for England to hold personal
conference with the officers of govei-nment. Ho was an object of
much curiosity at London, and attracted the attention of persons
of high rank and great celebrity." Brant returned to America in
the spring following, landed near New York, and made his way
through his enemy's country to Canada. He placed himself at the
head of his wan*iors, and led them on to many a victory. The
first cf which was at the battle of " the Cedars."

But the rebels did not cease endeavoring to seduce Brant to
their cause. In June, 1777, General Herkimer of the rebel militia
approached Brant's headquarters with a large force, ostensibly to
treat on terms of equality. Brant had reason to suspect treachery,
and consequently would not, for some time, meet Herkimer.
After a week, however, he arranged to see General Herkimer, but
every precaution was taken against treachery, and it appears that
not without cause. Brant and Herkimer were old, and had been
intimate friends. Brant took with him a guard of about forty war-
riors. It would seem that Herkimer's intention was to try and
persuade Brant to come over to the rebels, and failing in this to
have Brant assassinated as he was retiring. Says an American
writer, Brownell, "We are sorry to record an instance of such
unpardonable treachery as Herkimer is said to have planned at
this juncture. One of his men, Joseph Waggoner, affirmed that
the General privately exhorted him to arrange matters so that
Brant and his three principal associates might be assassinated."
Well does it become the Americans to talk about savage barbarity.
Brant thwarted the intentions of his old friend by keeping his forty

warriors i

the Moha'

old treati(

sustained

The 1

the Susqm

advancing

In the atto

In the sur

engaged pi

that the ai

extravagan

and vilify i

was noble,

" many an i

conflict, to I

It was i

the settlem

Brownell sp

Brant was tl

was mustorc

this campai^

his name. [

scenes that 'j

"Nopoi

distorted in t

the valley of

rians have sti

sionsof indig

their imagini

the exagerati

nient and bio

Wyomin

hostility bot\

those from Pe

upon a small

and treachorj

obtained the i

who were gen

tion. We can

only mention

WYOMING.

'warriors within call. During all of the repeated attempts to get
the Mohawks they never swerved, but reminded the rebels of their
old treaties with England, and the ill-treatment their people had
sustained at the hands of the colonists.

The head-quarters of Brant was at Oghkwaga, Owego, upon
the Susquehanna. During the summer of 1777 while Bnrgoyne was
advancing, the Mohawks under Brant rendered important service.
In the attempt to capture Fort Stanwix, they took a prominent part.
In the summer of 1778 the Indians, with Butler's Hangers were
engaged principally in border warfare. It was during this season
that the affair at Wyoming took place, which event has been so
extravagantly made UHe of to blacken the chai>acter of the Indians
and vilify the " tories." That Brant was not inhuman, but that he
was noble, let recent American writers testify. Brownell says :
" many an instance is recorded of his interference, even in the heat of
conflict, to stay the hand uplifted against the feeble and helpless."

It was in the latter part of June that a descent was planned upon
the settlements of Wyoming. Of this event, again we will let
Brownell speak : — " It has been a commonly received opinion that
Brant was the Chief under whom the Indian portion of the army
was mustered, but it is now believed that ho had as little shai-e in
this campaign as in many other scenes of blood long coupled with
his name. There was no proof that he was present at any of the
scenes that we are about to relate."

" No portion of the whole history of the revolution has been so
distorted in the narration as that connected with the laying waste of
the valley of Wyoming. No two accounts seem to agree, and histo-
rians have striven to out-do each other in the violence of their expres-
sions of indignation, at cruelties and horrors which existed only in
their imaginations, or which came to them embellished with all
the oxageration incident to reports arising amid scenes of excite-
ment and bloodshed.

Wyoming had, for many years, been the scone of the bitterest
hostility between the settlers under the Connecticut grant, and
those from Pennsylvania. Although these warlike operations wore
upon a small scale, they were conducted with great vindictiveness
and treachery. Blood was frequently shed, and as either party
obtained the ascendency, small favor was shown to their opponents,
who were generally driven from their homes in hopeless destitu-
tion. We cannot go into a history of these early transactions, and
only mention them as explanatory of the feelings of savage

■ ■ 5 I

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ENQAGEMENT AT CHERRY VALLEY.

V i-:

animosity which were exhibited between neighbors, and even mem-
bers of the same family, who had espoused opposite interests in tho
revolutionary contest." Such, be it noted, was the character of the
inhabitants of Wyoming valley, who have been so long held up as
innocent victims of Indian barbarity, By the above, we learn that
prior to this, there had been contentions between the loyalists and
rebels. The party who entered Wyoming to attack the Fort, were
under Colonel JJohn Butler, and was composed of some 300
British regulars and refugees, and 500 Indians. Now, it
would seem that the depredation which was committed after Colo-
nel Zebnlon Butler, the rebel leader, had been defeated, and the
Fort had capitulated, w^as to a great extent due to retaliatory steps
taken by the loyalists who previously had been forced away, and
had seen their homes committed to the flames. Such was the bor-
der warfare of those days. It was not Indian savagery, it was a
species of fighting introduced by the "Sons of Liberty." And if
we condemn such mode of fighting, let our condemnation rest first,
and mainly upon those who initiated it. Not upon the Indians, for
they were led by white men — not upon Brant, for he was not there
— not so much npon the loyalists, for they had been driven away
from their homes ; but let it be upon those who introduced it.

The rebels were not slow to seek retribution for their losses at
Wyoming. Aided by a party of Oneidas who lent themselves to
the rebels, " Colonel Wm. Butler with a Pennsylvania regiment,
entered the towns of Unadilla and Oghkwaga, and burned and
destroyed the buildings, together with large stores of provisions
intended for winter use." In turn, Walter Butler led a party of
700, a large number being Indians under Brant, to attack a fort at
Cherry Valley which was "garrisoned by troops under Colonel
Ichabod Alden." It will be seen that the Indians and loyalists
did not enter an unprotected place to burn and destroy. They
attacked a garrison of troops. But the Indians exasperated by the
cruel procedure at Oghkwaga, became ungovernable, and about fifty
men, women and children fell by the tomahawk. This was the
retaliation which the Indian had been taugJit to regard as justifia-
ble for the wrongs which had been inflicted upon his own tribe—
his little ones ; yet be it remembered, and later American writers
admit it, that the commanders, Butler and Brant, did all they could
to restrain the terrible doings of the exasperated men. " Specific
instances are reported in which the Mohawk Chief interfered, and
successfully, to avert the murderous tomahawk."

THE REBEL SULLIVAN.

And now begins the bloody revenge which the rebels deter-
mined to inflict upon the Indians, without respect to tribes. In
April, 1779, Colonel Van Schaick was despatched with a sufficient
force for the purpose, with instruptions " to lay waste the whole of
their towns, to destroy all their cattle and property." "The
Colonel obeyed his orders to the letter, and left nothing but black-
ened ruins behind him." It was merely a march of destruction, for
the Indians were not there to oppose their steps. The villages
and property that were destroyed belonged to the Onondagas,
although, they had not taken a decided stand with the loyalist
party. It was enough that they were Indians, and would not join
the rebels. But this was merely a prelude to what was preparing,
in pui'suance of a resolution of the rebel congress. The infamous
duty of commanding this army of destruction, town destroyers the
Indians called them, was entrusted to General Sullivan, whose
nature was adequate to the requirements of the command.

On the 22nd August, 1779, five thousand men were concen-
trated at Tioga, xipon the Susquehanna. The men were prepared
for their uncivilized duty by promises of the territory over which
they were about to sow blood and fire. The Indians had no ade-
quate force to oppose their march westward over the Six Nations
territory. Brant with his warriors, with the Butlei-s and Johnsons
made a gallant resistance upon the banks of the Chemung, near
the present town of Elmira. But, after suffering considerable loss,
the vastly superior force compelled them to flee, and there
remained nothing to arrest the devastating rebel army, and during
the whole month of September they continued the work of des-
poliation.

It has been the custom of almost all American historians to
give the Indians attributes of the most debasing charatt/er. At
peace, unworthy the advantages of civilization ; at war, treacherous
and ferociously cruel. For this persistent and ungengrous proce-
dure it is impossible to conceive any cause, unless to supply an
excuse for the steady course of double-dealing the Americans have
pursued toward the original owners of the soil, and provide a cov-
ering for the oft-repeated treachery practised toward the credulous
Indian by the over-reaching new Englander. To the Mohawk
Nation particularly, since they proved true allies of the British,
have American writers found it agreeable to bestow a character
noted for blood and rapine. Nothing can be more untrue than the
character thus gratuitously portrayed, nothing more at variance

i*v*

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f: 1 ,

f i'\

Mi^

f/-l

■ .<■

CONDUCT TOWARD THE INDIANS.

with the essential nature of the Indian, when free from European
intrigues, and the cursed fire-water. The aboriginal races of
North America are not by nature, blood-thirsty above Europeans.
That they are honest, just and true, capable of distinguishing
between right and wrong, with a due appreciation of well-kept
faith, is well attested by the conduct which has ever been observed
by them toward, not alone the Pennsylvanians, but every man
found to be a quaker. No instance can be found recorded through-
out the long bloody wars of the Indians, where a hair of the head
of a single man, woman or child of that denomination was injured
by the Indian ; and thus because the upright Penn never defrauded
them. The Americans, while British colonists, with the exception
alluded to, made themselves obnoxious to almost all Indian tribes.
They never secured that hearty and Ijtituful alliance that the
French did. There seemed to be something in the air, especially
of the New England States, which in a few generations blinded
the eye, by which the golden rule is to be observed.

The Americans, who have ever set themselves up as the cham-
pions, par excellence, of liberty, to whom the " down-trodden of the
old world " could look for sympathy, if not direct support, have
signally failed to observe those lofty principles at home toward
the natives of the soil, while they continued for eighty years to
keep in chains the sable sons of Africa. They have found it con-
venient and plausible to prate about the political " tyranny of
European despots ;" but no nation of northern Europe has shown
such disregard for the rights of their people as the United States
have exhibited toward the original owners of the soil. Avarice has
quite outgrown every principle of liberty that germinated ere
they came to America. The frontier men, the land-jobber, the
New England merchant, as well as the Southern Planter, have
alike ignored true liberty in defrauding the Indian, in sending out
slavers, and ill cruel treatment of the slave. Then can we wcndev
that the noble-minded Indian, naturally true to his faith, should,
when cheated, wronged, — cruelly wronged, with the ferocity
natural to his race, visit the faithless with terrible retribution ?

The unbiassed records of the past, speak in tones that cannot
be hushed, of the more noble conduct of xhe natives, than of those
who have sought to exterminate them. The Mohawks, although
brave warriors, fought not for the mere love of it. They even at
times strove to mediate between the French and New Englanders.

To the Mohawks, the American writer has especially bestowed

THE TOWN DESTROYERS.

a name bloody and ignoble. And all because they listened not to
their wily attempts to seduce them to join the rebels, but pre-
ferred to ally themselves with the British. No doubt the Indian
had long before discriminated between the rule of British officers,
and the selfish policy of local governments. And hence, we find, in
every scrap of paper relating to the Mohawks, unfounded accounts
of savage doings. But taking, as true, the darkest pages written
by the Americans against the Six Nations, they present no parallel
to the deeds of brutal vengeance enacted by the American army
under Sullivan, when he traversed the fruitful country, so long the
home of the Iroquois. Says an American writer : " When the army
reached the Genesee Valley, all were surprised at the cultivation
exhibited, by wide fields of corn, gai-dens well stocked, their cattle,
houses, and other buildings, showing good design, with mechanical
skill, and every kind of vegetable that could bo conceived. Beau-
tiful as was the scene in the eyes of the army, a few days changed
it to utter desolation ; neither house, nor garden, grain, fruit tree,
or vegetable, was left unscathed."

Says Stone: "Forty Indian tc'vns were destroyed. Corn
gathered and ungatherod, to the amount of 160,000 bushels, shared
the same fate ; their fruit trees were cut down ; and the Indians
were hunted like wild beasts, till neither house, nor fruit tree, nor
field of corn, nor inhabitant, remained in the whole country."
And the poor Indian women, and children, and old men, were thus
left at the approaching winter to seek support at the British
garrisons. Truly the rebels of '76 were brave and civilized !

Thirteen years after, one of the chiefs said to Washington,
"Even to this day, when the name of the town-destroyer is hoard,
our women look behind them and turn pale, and our children cling
close to the necks of their mother ; our sachems and our warriors
are men, who cannot be afraid, but their hearts are grieved with
the feai-s of our women and children." Thus the brave Sullivan,
with his thousand rebels, made war against old men, women and
children, who were living in their rightful homes. This was
fighting for liberty !

The blood of the Indian, as well as the slave, has risen up to
reproach the American, and it required much of fresh blood to
wash away the stains remaining from their deeds of cruelty and
rapine, inflicted during their revolutionary war, under the name of
liberty. The soldiers of Sullivan wore stimulated in their evil
work by promises of the land they were sent to despoil ; and the

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PWT"

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INDIAN CIVILIZATION.

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III ' I-

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close of the war saw them return to claim their promises, while the
rightful owner was driven away. A certain portion of the Six
Nations having received pledges from the United States Govern-
ment for their welfare, remained to become subjects of the new
nation. But excepting Washington himself, and General Schuyler,
not one heeded their promises made to the Indian. The most
unjust proceedings were begun and ruthlessly carried on by indi-
viduals, by companies, by legislators, by speculators, to steal every
inch of land that belonged by all that is right, to the Senecas.
How unlike the benignant and faithful conduct of the British
Government in Canada.

Brant continued during the war to harass the enemy in every
possible way, and in the following year, August, planned a terrible,
but just retaliation for the work of Sullivan's horde. It was now
the turn of the rebels to have their houses, provisions and crops,
despoiled. But all the while "no barbarities wore permitted upon
the persons of defenceless women and children, but a large number
of them were borne away into captivity." Again, in October,
Johnson and Brant, with Corn Planter, a distinguished Seneca
chief, invaded the Mohawk Valley. In this foray, the same conduct
was oLtierved toward women and children. On one occasion.
Brant sent an Indian runner with an infant, that had been uninten-
tionally carried from its mother with some captives, to restore it.
Still, again the following year, the Indians under Brant, and
the Eoyalists under Major Boss, were found over-running their
old homes along the Mohawk and Schoharie. On this their last
expedition, they were met by the rebels in force under Colonel
Willet, with some Oneida warriors, and defeated them. Colonel
Walter N. Butler, whom the rebels have so often tried to malign,
was shot and scalped by an Oneida Indian, under the command of
the rebel Willet.

We learn by the foregoing that the Iroquois were not only brave
as warriors, but they had attained to a much higher position in
the scale of being then other tribes inhabiting America. They
were not ignorant of agriculture, nor indifferent to the blessings
derived therefrom. The rich uplands of the cotntry lying to the
north of the AUeghanies, were made to contribute to their wants, as
did the denizen of the forest. They are equally at home, whether
upon the war path, the trail of the deer, or in the tilling of land.
The plow of the Anglo-Saxon has not in seventy years completely
effaced the evidences of their agricultural skill. And not less were

brant's dbath.

their aachemp noted for wisdom in council, and for eloquence. Not
only corn, but beans and other cereals were cultivated, particularly
by the Six Nations. Fruits and edibles, introdued by the Euro-
peans, were propagated by the natives, and when the rebel
Sullivan, in accordance with orders from Washington, swept over
their country, large orchards of excellent fruit, as well as fields of
grain, were met with and ruthlessly destroyed, as were the
women and children, with their peaceful homes.

According to Rochofoucault, Brant'o manners were half
European ; he was accompanied by two negro servants, and
was, " in appearance, like an Englishman." Brant visited England
in December 1785, and was treated with groat consideration.

After the close of the war, Brant settled Wellington Square,
upon land conferred by the Crown, where he lived after the English
mode. Ue died here 24th November, 1807. His wife, who never
took to civilized life, after her husband's death, removed to the
Grand River, and lived in her wigwam. Some of her children
remained in the " commodious dwelling," and others accompanied
her to the life of the wigwam. According to Weld, Brant had at
one time thirty or forty negro slaves, which he kept in the greatest
subjection. He also says that Brant's half pay as a captain, and
his presents yearly received, amounted to £500.

His last days wore made unhappy by a debased son, who,

after threatening his father's life, was at last killed by him, in self

defence, by a short sword which Brant wore at his side. Respecting

another of his sons, tho Kingston Herald, September 5th, 1832, says :

" It is with unfeigned sorrow that we announce the deatii of Captain
John Bkant, Chief of the !Six Nations Indiiins. He died of Cliolera, at Brant-
ford, ou the 27tl'. ujt., after an illness of only six hours. Mr. Brant was the son
of the celebrated Indian Chief, whose memory was unjustly assailed by Campbell
the Poet, and for the vindication of which tlie subject of this notice some years
ago purposely visited England. Possessing the education, feelings, and manners
of a gentleman, he was beloved by all who had the pleasure of iiis acciuaiutance,
and his death cannot fail to be deeply and very generally regretted."

We have spoken of the intimacy that existed between the
Mohawks and Sir William Johnson, the Colonial Agent of England.
This, be it remembered, was more than a hundred years ago, and
great changes have taken place in the opinion of many with
regard to certain irregularities of society. We cannot excuse
the conduct of Sir William, when he had lost his European wife, in
taking the sistor of Brant, Miss Molly, without the* form of matri-
monial alliance ; but we must concede every allowance for the
times in which he lived. But while grave doubt may rest upon
6

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THE LOYAL MOHAWKS.

MM.!.!

tho moral principle displayed by him, we see no just rcawon to
reflect in any way upon tho Indian female. Miws Molly took up
her abode with Sir William, and lived with him as a faithful spouse
until he died. Ilowovor, this must not be regarded as indicating
depi'avity on the part of tho simple-minded native. It must bo
remomborod that the Indian's mode of marrying consists of but
little more than tho young squaw leaving the father's wigwam,
and roparing to that of her future husband, and there is no reason
to doubt that Miss Molly was ever other than a virtuous woman.
And this belief is corroborated by tho fact that four daughters, tho
issue of this alliance, were most respectably married.

Of the Six Nations, this tribo always stood foremost as brave
and uncompromising adherents to tho British Government, not-
withstjinding the utmost endeavors of the rebels to win them to
their side. It bocomoB, consequently a duty, and a pleasing duty
to refer more particularly to this race, a remnant of which yet
lives upon tho shore of tho bay. Among the Mohawks are, how-
ever, remnants of some of the other tribes.

The tribe is so-called, after tho river, upon whose banks they
so long lived. They did not formerly acknowledge the title, but
called themselves by a name which interpreted, moans "just such
a people as wo ought to be." This name is not known, unless it
may be Agniers, a name sometimes applied by tho French.

This tribe was the oldest and most important of the Six
Nations, and supplied the bravest warriors, and one of its chiefs
was usually in command of tho united warriors of all the tribes.

It must not be forgotten that tho Mohawks, who came to
Canada, and other tribes of the Six Nations, were to all intents,
United Empire Loyalists. At the close of the struggle, wo have
seen elsewhere, that tho commissioners at Paris, in their unseemly
haste to contract terms of peace, forgot how much was duo to the
loyalists of America, and urged no special terms to ameliorate
the condition of tho many who had fought and lost all for the
maintenance of British power. Likewise did they forgot the
aboriginal natives who had equally suffered. The fact that tbepe
Indians were not even referred to, gave Brant a just cause of com-
plaint, which ho duly set forth in a memorial to the Imperial
Govei-nment. But, as tho British Government and nation subse-
quently strove to relieve the suffering condition of the refugees,
80 did they afford to the loyal sons of the forest every possible
facility to make themselves comfortable. Indeed, the British

ofHco]
lost s
Carle<
1779,
con fin
issued

Ai
tompoi
vicinitj
seem t(
to the ]^
of the U
States.

Bra

Johnson
upon wl
Bay do
wish, pu
and con
returned
old and i
than upo
tribe to
time to
Senecas.
square, u
Mississau
The abovi
infer fron
Captain
portion of
granted w

In th(
from their
where the
in their Ci
winter of
command
years.

In the

LAND GRANTS TO MOHAWKS.

oiHcers in command, at tho firHt, gave a pledge that all that thoy
lost should bo restored. Tho promise thus given by Sir Guy
Carloton, was ratified by his successor, Gononil Ilaldimand, in
1779, Captain General and Commander-in-Chiof in Canada, and
confirmed by Patent, under the Great Seal, January 14, 1793,
issued by Governor Simcoe.

At tho close of the war, a portion of tho Mohawks wore
toraporarlly residing on the American side of Niagara River, in tho
vicinity of tho old landing place above tho Fort. The Senccas, who
seem to have been at this time more closely allied than other tribes
to tho Mohawks, offered to thorn a tract of land within tho territory
of the United States. But the Mohawks would not live in tho United
States. They declared they would "sink or swim with England."

Brant proceeded to Montreal to confer with Sir John
Johnson, Genei*al Superintendent of Indian atfairs. "Tho tract
upon which the chief had fixed his attention, was situated upon tho
Bay do Quinto." General Haldimand, in accordance with this
wish, purchased a ti'act of land upon the bay from the Mississaugas,
and conveyed it to the Mohawks. Subsequently, when Brant
returned to Niagara, the Senecas expressed their desire that their
old and intimate friends, the Mohawks, should live nearer to them
than upon the Bay de Quinte. Brant convened a council of the
tribe to consider the mattei*, the result was, that he went a second
time to Quebec to solicit a tract of land less remote from tho
Senecas. Haldimand granted this request, and the land, six miles
square, upon the Grand Eiver. was accordingly purchased from the
Mississaugas, and given to them, forty miles off from the Senecas.
The above facts are taken from Brant's MS. and History. We may
infer from this fact, that the party who did come to tho bay under
Captain John, felt less attachment to the Senecas than the other
portion of the tribe. The quantity of land on tho bay originally
granted was 92,700 acres ; but a portion has been surrendered.

In the early part of the rebellion, tho Mohawk families fled
from their valley with precipitation. They mostly wont to Lachine,
where they remained throe years. Thoy then ascended the river
in their canoes, and probably stayed a winter at Cataraqui, the
winter of 1783-4. The whole tribe was under Brant. Second in
command was Captain John, a cousin of Brant, and his senior in
years.

In the spring, a portion of the tribe entered the Bay Quinte,

»i^ ,. 1

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ill

fl MOHAWKS UPON BAT QUINTB.

and passed up to tho prosont township of Tyondinft^ja. The majority,
lod by Brant, paHsoil up along tho south ulioro of Lake Ontario to
Niagara.

THE MOHAWKS AS CANADIANS.

Descendants of the bravest of all tho bi-avo Indian warriors of
America, wo Hndthom peacoiiblo and in mo.st respects imbibing the
spirit of the day. Ever since the jturty settled on the bay,
they have manifested no turbulent spirit, none of those wild
attributes natural to tho wild-woods Indian, toward their white
neighbors. Among themselves there has been one occasion of
disturbance. This arose from the quarrelsome nature of one
Captain Isaac Hill. This Chief, with his people, formed a part of
Brant's company that settled on the (ii-aiid River. After a few
years, having disagreed with his nation, and become exceedingly
disagrooahio from his ofHclous and selfish conduct, ho removed to
the bay, and united himself with (Japtain John's party, which
received him. But he failed to live peaceably with them.
Eventually tho disagreement resulted in a serious hostile
engagement between tho two branches, who fought with tomahawks
and knives. But one person was killed, a chief of Capain John's
party, Powles Claus, who was stabbed in the abdomen. But
subsequently Captain Isaac Hill became a worthy inhabitant. His
house still standing, then considered large, was frequently open to
the more festive, across the Bay in Sophiasburgh.

Out of tho six hundred Indians, now living upon the Rcsci'vo,
there is only one with pure Indian blood. His name is David
Smart. It has been elsewhere stated, that tho custom pre-
vailed among tho Mohawk nation, to maintain the number of the
tribe, by taking captive a sulilcient number to fill the vacancies
caused by death of their people. The result was, that these
captives marrying with lndians,thoy gra'lually underwent a change,
and the original ap2)earance of the Mohawk has lost its character-
istic features. The circumstances of tho Indians during the
revolutionary war, and subsequently in settling in Canada, led to
frequent unions between the white men of ditferent nationalities
and tho Indian women. Therefore, at tho present day there
remains but little more than a trace of the primal Indian who
lorded it, a hundred years ago, over no inconsiderable portion of the
North American Continent.

When visiting the Indians, on our way, we met some eight or
ton sleighs laden with them, returning from a funeral. We were

much s
which
thomsel
Wh
is pleasi
their iia
sight ol'
land. T
Tho
3fr. And
bear anc
indicate,
tho highc
grade.

Contents: — I
—Coffin
Mundiiv
AHliley
Dame —

Tho in
Jn Upper C

"At th
York, went
and was a
Cornwall, ii
civil offices
ciate Justic
continued t
until his d
property in
" Josep
At the peac
West, in 181
seventy yea
loyalists."

INT)fVn)CAr, COMBATANTS.

much struck with tl»o appcunini'ie of solid, furmer-Iiko comfort
which thoii' hornes and convoyiuweH exhibited, aw well uh they
thomselvort did in their hnif Cumuliun droMrt.

While drunkenneHH has prevailed amon<5 the older Indians, it
is plenHiiij^ to know that the youn/ijor onoH are far moi-e regular in
their habits. For this, much credit is duo to the Christian over-
sight of (heir former and present pastors. They have 1800 acres of
land. They number G30, and are Increasing yearly.

The seal of the Mohawk Counsel may bo soon with the I?ov.
Mr. Anderson. The armorial bearings consist of the wolf, tho
boar and the turtle. These animals, in the order here given,
indicate, not tribes, nor families exactly, but rank. Tho wolf is
the highest class, tho bear next in rank, and the turtle tho lowost
grade.

CHAPTEE IX.

Contents: — Individuals — Anderson — Uotliune — Biirwcll — Butler — Canliff — Olaus
— Coffin — Doune — .Tarvis — Jones — McDonald — Mcdill — McOilles — Mcrrit —
Munday — Peters — Uobinson — Singleton — Koss — MeNab — Allen — Allison-
Ashley — Hell — Bunitt — Casey — Carscnllion — Church — Clark — Crawford —
Dame — Daly — Diamond.

i' >

I .

INDIVIDUAL COMBATANTS.

The immediately following notices of tho combatants who settled
in Upper Canada are extracted from Sabine.

"At the beginning of the revolution, Samuel Anderson, of New
York, went, to Canada. He soon entered the service of the Crown,
and was a captain under Sir John Johnson. In 1783 he settled near
Cornwall, in Upper Canada, and received half-pay. He hold several
civil offices : those of Magistrate, Judge of a district court, and asso-
ciate Justice of the Court of King's Bench, were among them. He
continued to reside upon his estate near Cornwall, in Upper Canada,
imtil his decease in 1836, at the age of one hundred and one. His
property in New York was abandoned and lost."

"Joseph Anderson, lieutenant in the King's regiment, New York.
At the peace he retired to Canada. He died near Cornwall, Canada
West, in 1858, aged ninety. He drew half pay for a period of about
seventy years. One of the last survivors of the United Empire
Loyalists."

wlfi

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i ifWr.

JOHN BUTLER.

"John Betnune, of North Carolina, chaplain in the Loyal Militia.
Taken prisoner in the battle at Cross Creek in 1776. Confined in
Halifax gaol, but ordered finally to Philadelphia. After his release,
his continued loyalty redxxoed him to great distress. He was appointed
chaplain to the 84th regiment, and restored to comfort. At the peace
he settled in Tapper Canada, and died at Williamstown in that colony*
in 1815, in his sixty-fifth year."

"James Burweil, of Ne'iv Jersev, born at Eockaway, January 18,
1754. Our loyalist enlisted in his Majesty's service in the year 1776,
at the age of twenty-two, and served seven years, and \vas present at.
the battle of Yorktown, when Lord Comwallis surrendered, and was
there slightly wounded."

" Came to Upper Canada in the year 1796, too late to obtain the
King's bounty of family land, but was placed on the United Empire
list, and received two hundred acres for himself and each of his child-
ren. He removed to the Talbot settlement in the year 1810. He
died in the County of Elgin, Canada, July, 1853, aged ninety-nine
years and five moi-ths."

" John Butler, of Tyron, noAV Montgomery county. New York.
Before the war, Colonel Butler was in close oflicial connection with
Sir William, Sir Jolm,rand Colonel Guy. Johnson, and followed their
political fortunes. At the breaking out of hostilities he commanded
a regiment of New York Militia, and entered at once into the mili-
tary service of the CroA\Ti. During the war his wife was taken
prisoner, and exchanged ^or the wife of the whig colonel, Campbell.
Colonel John Butler was richly rewarded for his services. Succeeding
(in pai-t) to the agency of Indian aflfairs, long held by the Johnsons,
he enjoyed, about the year 1796, a salary of £500 stg. per annum,
and a pension, as a military oflicer, of £200 more. Previously, he
had received a grant of 500 acves of land, and a similar provision for
his children. His homo, after the war, wa^ in Upper Canada. He
was attainted during the contest, and his property confiscated. He
lived, before the revolution, in the present town of Mohawk."

** Joseph Canliff, in 1781 a lieutenant in the first battalion New
Jersey Volunteers." This person is probably of the same lineage as
tha writer of this work, great confusion often existing with regard to
the spelling of names in the early days of America.

" Daniel Claus. He married a daughter of Sir "William Johnson,
and served for a considerable time in the Indian Department of
Canada, under his brother-ir-law. Colonel Guy Johnson."

COFFIN — DOANE.

"William Claufl, Deputy Superintendent General of Indian affairs,
was hia son."

Coffin — There were several of this name who took part in the
war against tlio rebellion. Of these, the following are connected
with Canadian history :

*' Sir Thomas Aston Coffin, baronet, of Boston, son of William
Coffin. He graduated at Harvard University in 17'72. At one period
of the rebellion he was private secretary to Sir Guy Carleton. In
1804 he was Seci'etary and Comptroller of Lower Canada." After-
wards Commissary General in the British army.

" Nathaniel Coffin, of Boston. After the revolution ho settled in
Upper Canada." Served in the war of 1812. " For a number of
years was Adjutant-General of the Militia of Upi)er Canada. Died at
Toronto in 1846, aged 80."

" John Coffin : was Assistant Commissary General in the British
anny, and died at Quebec in 1837, aged 18."

" Doane, of Buck.^ County, Pennsylvania. Of this family there
were five brotliers, namely : Moses, Joseph, Israel, Abraham, Mahlon.
They were men of fine figures and address, elegant horsemen, great
runners and leapers, and excellent at stratagems and escapes. Their
father was respectable, and possessed a good estate. The sons them-
selves, prior to the war, were men of reputation, and proposed to
remain neutral : but, harassed personally, their property sold by the
whigs because they would not submit to the exactions of the time,
the above-mentioned determined to wage a predatory warfare upon
their persecutors, and to live in the open air, as they best could do.
This plan they executed, to the terror of the country around, acting
as spies to the royal army, and robbing and plundering continually ;
yet they spared the weak, the poor and the peaceful. They aimed at
public property and at public men. Generally, their expeditions were
on horseback. Sometimes the five went together, at others separately,
with accomplices. Whoever of them was apprehended broke jail •
whoever of them was assailed escaped. In a word, such was their
course, that a reward of £300 was ottered for the head of each.

" Ultiiiiately^ three were slain. Moses, after a desperate fight, was
shot by his captor ; and Abraham and Mahlon were hung at Phila-
delphia.

" Joseph, before the revolution, taught school. During the war,
while on a marauding expedition, he was shot through the cheeks,
fell from his horse, and was taken prisoner. He was committed to
jail to await his trial, but escaped to New Jersey. A reward of $800

f/i

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wmf

I ' ^ ■ M ;

JARVIS — JONES — m'dONALD.

was offered for his ajiprehension, but without success. He resumed
his former employment in New Jersey, and lived there, under an
assumed name, nearly a year, but finally fled to Canada, Several
years after the peace he returned to Pennsylvania, ' a poor, degraded,
broken-down old man,' to claim a legacy of about £40, which he was
allowed to recover, and to depart. In his youth he was distinguished
for great physical activity."

The only separate mention of Israel is, that " in February, 1783,
he was in jail ; that he appealed to the Council of Pennsylvania to be
released, on account of his own sufferings and the destitute condition
of his family, and that his petition was dismissed."

"Stephen Jarvis, in 1782 was a lieutenant of cavalry in the South
Carolina Eoyalists. Ho was in New Brunswick after the revolution,
but went to Upper Canada, and died at Toronto, at the residence of
the Eev. Dr. Phillips, 1840, aged eighty-four. During his service in
the revolution he was in several actions."

"William Jarvis, an officer of cavalry in the Queen's Eangers.
Wounded at the siege of Yorktown. At the peace he settled in Upper
Canada, and became Secretary of that Province. He died at York in
1817. His widow, Hannah, a daughter of the Rev. Dr. Peters, of
Hebron, Connecticut, died at Queenston, Upper Canada, 1845, aged
eighty-three."

" David Jones was a captain in the royal service, and is supposed
to ' have married the beautiful and good Jane McCrea, whose cruel
death, in 1777, by the Indians, is universally known and lamented.'
According to Lossing, he lived in Canada to an old age, having never
married. Jane V. ''rea was the daughter of the Rev. James McCrea,
of New Jersey, loyalist."

" Jonathan Jones, of New York, brother of Jano McCrea's lover.
Late in 1776 he assisted in raising a company in Canada, and joined
the British, in garrison, at Crown Point. Later in the war he was a
captain, and served under General Frazer."

McDonald — ^There were a good many of this name who took
part as combatants, of whom several settled in Canada.

Alexander McDonald was a major in a North Carolina regiment.
" His wife was the celebrated Flora McDonald, who was so true and
BO devoted to the unfortunate Prince Charles Edward, the last Stuart,
who sought the throne of England. They had emigrated to North
Carolina, and when the rebellion broke out, he, with two sons, took
up arms for the Crown."

Those who settled in Canada were " Donald McDonald, of New

M 'gill — MKRRIT — ROBINSON .

y»rk. He served under Sir John Johnson for seven years, and died
at the Wolfe Island, Upper Canada, in 1839, aged 97."

" Allan McDonald, of Tryon, New York," was associated ^nth
Sir John Johnson in 1776. " He died at Throe Rivers, LowerCanada,
in 1822, quite aged."

"JohnMcGill. — In 1V82 he was an officer of infantry in the
Queen's Rangers, and, at the close of the war, went to New Bruns-
wick. He removed to Upper Canada, and became a person of note.
He died at Toronto, in 1834, at the age of eighty-three. At the time
of his decease he was a member of the Legislative Council of the
Colony."

" Donald McGillis resided, at the beginning of the revolution, on
the Mohawk river. New York. Embracing the royal side in the con-
test, he formed one of a ' determined band of young men ' who
attacked a whig post and, in the face of a superior force, cut down
the flag-staff, and tore in strips the stars and stripes attached to it.
Subsequently, he joined a grenadier company, called the Royal
Yorkers, and performed efficient service throughout the war. He
settled in Canada at the peace ; and, entering the British service
again in 1812, was commissioned as a captain in the Colonial corps,
by Sir Isaac Brock. He died at River Raisin, Canad#i, in 1844, aged
eighty years."

" Thomas Merrit, of New York, in 1782 was cornet of cavalry in
the Queen's Rangers. He settled in Upper Canada, and held the
offices of Sheritt of the District of Niagara and Surveyor of the
King's Forests. He.received half pay as a retired military officer.
He died at St. Catharines, May, 1842, aged eighty-two."

"Nathaniel Muuday, in 1782 was an officer in the Queen's
Rangers. lie was in New Brunswick after the revolution, and
received half pay ; but left that colony and, it is believed, went to
Canada."

"John Peters, of Hebron, Connecticut; born in 1740. A most
devoted loyalist. He went to Canada finally, and raised a corps,
called the Queen's Loyal Rangers, of which Lord Dorchester gave
him command, with the rank of lieutenant-colonel."

" Christopher Robinson, of Virginia, kinsman of Beverley. En-
tered William and Mary College with his cotisin Robert ; escaped
with him to IjTew York, and received a commission in the Loyal
American regiment. Served at the South, and was wounded. At the
peace he went to Nova Scotia, and received a grant of land at Wilmot.

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SINGLETON — ROSS — M'NAB.

He soon removed to Canada, where Governor Simcoo gave him the
appointment of Deputy Surveyor-General of Crown Lands. His
salary, half pay, and an estate of two thousand acres, placed him in
circumstances of comfort. He was the father of several children,
some of whom were educated in the mother-country. He died in
Canada. His widow, Esther, daughter of Rev. John Sayre, of New
Brunswick, died in 1827. His son, Beverley Robinson, who was born
in 1791, was appointed Attorney-General of Upper Canada in 1818 ;
Chief Justice in 1829 ; created a Baronet in 1854; and died in 1863."

" Singleton — A lieutenant in the ' Royal Greens,' was wounded
in 1777, during the investment of Fort Stanwix." Probably Captain
Singleton, who settled in Thurlow, Upper Canada, was the same per-
son.

" Finley Ross, of New York, was a follower of Sir John Johnson
to Canada in 1776. After the revolution he served in Europe, and
was at Minden and Jena. He settled at Charlotteburgh, Upper Canada,
"•^here he died, in 1830, aged ninety."

"Allan McNab, a Lieutenant of cavalry in the Queen's Rang-
ers, under Colonel Simcoe. During the war he received thirteen
wounds. He accompanied his commander to Upper Canada, then
a dense, unpeopled wilderness, where he settled. He was appointed
Sergeant-at-arnts of the House of Assembly of that Province,
and held the office many years. His son, the late Sir Allan
McNab, was a gentleman who filled many important offices in Upper
Canada."

The Hamilton Spectator, speaking of the death of Sir A. N. Mc-
Nab, says : "The Hon. Colonel Sir Allan Napier McNab,Bart., M.L.C.,
A. D. C, was born at Niagara in the year 1798, of Scotch e^ctrac-
tion, — his gi-andfather, Major Robert McNab, of the 22nd regi-
mert, or Black Watch, was Royal Forester in Scotland, and resided
on a small property called Dundurn, at the head of Loch Earn.
His father entered the army in her Hajesty's 7(h regiment, and
was subsequently promoted to a dragoon regiment. He was
attached to the staff" of General Simcoe during the revolutionary
war; after its close he accompanied General Simcoe to this country.
When the Americans attacked Toronto, Sir Allan, then a boy at
school, was one of a number of boys selected as able to carry a
musket ; and after the authorities surrendered the city, he retreated
with the ai-my to Kingston, when through the instrumentality of
Sir Roger Sheaff", a friend of his father's, he was rate'd as mid-ship-
man on Vjard Sir James Teo's ship, and accompanied the expedi-

CAPTAIN JOSEPH ALLEN.

tions to Sackett's Harbor, Genesee, and other places on the Ameri-
can side of the lake. Finding promotions rather slow, h«^ left the
navy and joined the 100th regiment under Colonel Murray, and
was with them when they re-occupied the Niagara frontier. He
crossed with the advanced guard atll.e storming and taking of Fort
Niagara. For his conduct in this affair he was honored with an
ensigncy in the 49th regiment. He was with General Eyall at
Erie, and crossed the river with him when Black Eock and Buffalo
were burned, in retaliation for the destruction of Niagara, a few
months previous. After the termination of this campaign. Sir
Allan joined his regiment in Montreal, and shortly after marched
with them to the attack of Plattsburg. On the morning of the
attack he had the honor of commanding the advanced guard at the
Saranac Bridge. At the reduction of the army in 1816 or 1817,
he was placed on half-pay. ^

It is impossible at this time to give anything like a history of
the disbanded soldiers who settled on the shores of the Bay and the
St. Law^renoe. There could not be allowed the space necessary to
do justice to the character of each. But even if such were possible
we are wanting in the essential matter of information. We pro-
pose, however, to insert the names of every one known to have
been a loyal combatant, whether an officer or private, with such
stater^ents relative to his history as wo possess. We shall not con-
fine ourselves to this particular region of the Province, but include
those who settled at Niagara, and in Lower Canada. And while
we may not supply a complete account of any one, it is trusted
that the instalment will not bo unacceptable to the descendants of
those to whom we refer. We shall arrange them alphabetically
without reference to rank or station.

Captain Joseph Allen, formerly Captain Allen of New Jersey,
held a commission in the British Army at New York for some
time during the war. He ownea extensive mill property, and was
regarded as a very wealthy person. All his possessions wex-e con-
fiscated, and he in 1783, found his way, among other refugees, first
to Sorel, whore he stayed a winter, and finally to Upper Canada.
His family consisted of two sons, John and Jonathan, and three
daughters, Rachel, Ursula, and Elizabeth. Captain Allen was one
of the first settlors in Adolphustown, and his descendants still live
in the township, among whom are Parker Allen, Esq., J.D.Watson,
Esq., and David McWherter, Esq. Captain Allen had extensive
grants of land in Adolphustown, and in Marysburgh, and olse-

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ALLISON — ASHLEY.

whero ; as well as his children. Jonathan Allen, succeeded his
father upon the homostoad, and was for many years an acceptable
Justice of the Peace. His brother, Joseph Allen, moved to Marys-
burgh, and was a Captain of militia during the war of 1812. Cap«
tain Al'en brought with him several slaves, " who followed his for-
tunes with peculiar atta'.'hmont, even after their liberation."

Wo have see n that the rebellion led to the divisions of families.
It was so with the Allison family of Haverstraw, New York.
Tlioro wort) seven brothers, two sided with the rebels. One Ben-
jamin, being a boy, was at home, Avhilo the other four took part
with loyalists. One settled in Now Brunswick, probably the
Edward Allison Sabine speaks of, who had been captain in De
Lancoy's third battalion, and who received half-pay, and after
whom Mount Allison is called.

Joseph Allison was living at Haverstraw, New York. lie was
for a time engaged in the navy yard at New York. At one time
he and another entered the rebel camp, and after remaining a few
days availed thomselves of a dark night and carried off tivo excel-
lent horses belonging to a troop of cavalry. They wore pursued
and barely escaped. Allison took these horses in return for the
loss of his house and other property' v/hich the rebels had ruthlessly
burned. Ho was at the battle of White Plains, and had narrow
escapes, his comrade beside him was shot down, and his canteen
belt cut in two by a ball. As he could not carry the canteen, he
took time to empty that vessel of the rum which it contained.

His neighbors at Haverstraw were excee ^iigly vindictive
against bin;. After several years, he visited there to see his aged
mother, when a mob attempted to tar and feather him, and he had
to hide in the woods all night. Allison came to Canada with Van
Alstino, and ilrew lot 17, in Adolphustown. A strong, healthy and
vigorous man, ho contributed no little to the early settlement.
Died upon his farm, aged eighty-eight. His wife's name was Mary
Eichmond, of a well-known quaker family. His descendants still
occupy the old homestead, a most worthy family. Benjamin Allison,
the youngest, came to Adolphustown in 1795.

William Ashley, sen., was born in the city of London, Eng-
land, in the year 1749, and joined the army at an early age.

During the American Revolotionary war, he came out under
General Howe, serving in all his campaigns until the close of the
struggle. He had two brothers also in the army with him, one of
whom returned to England, and the other settled somewhere in the

i ii:

THE A8HLETS.

United States, the exact locality not now being known. General
J. M. Ashley, Republican member of Congress from Ohio, is, so
far as can be ascertained, a descendant of this brother.

After the termination of the war, William Ashley came to
Canada, and first settled in the township of Loborough, county of
Frontenac, where he married Margaret Buck, the daughter of a
U. E. L., and one of the first settlors in this part of Canada. He
resided here until about 1190, when he removed to Kingston,
where he followed the employment of a butcher, and was the first
butcher in Kingston, a fact he often mentioned in his old age. He
built a house of red cedar logs, cut troni the spot, which continued
to stand until 1858, when it was taken down and a small brick
building, the •' Victoria Hotel," built on the site. When removed
the logs were found in a pei'fectly sound condition, they having
been covered with clapboards many years ago, which presei'vod
them from the weather.

This house stood on Brock street, near the corner of Bagot
street. At the time of its erection there wore scarcely twenty
residences in the place, and that part of the city now lying west of
the City Hall was then covered with a dense forest of pine, cedar
and ash. William Ashley lived to see this pass away and a flour-
ishing city spring up. He died in 1835, leaving a family of ten
children — Margaret, Mary, Elizabeth, William, John, James,
Thomas, Henry, Adam and George: all of whom are now dead
excejjting Thomas, who resides near Toronto.

James also died in 1835, and Henry, who was the first gaoler
in Pictcn, died in 1836, at the early age of thirty-one.

William Ashley, Jnn., married Ann Gerollamy, daughter
of an officer in the British arm}', serving thi'ough the
Revolutionary War, and acting as Orderly in the war of 1812.
He left Kingston in 1830, and resided until 1842 near the mouth of
Black River, in the township of Marysburgh, and then returned,
and continued to reside there-, teaching, and tilling various offices
until his death, August 16, 1867.

The British Whig new paper when recording his death,
remarked, "Mr. Ashley was one of our oldest citizens, and has
lived to witness many changes in his native place. He was born
on the very spot where the British Whi(f office now stands." The
last sentence is a mistake, he was not born in the city, but iu the
township of Loborough; although the building containing the
British Whig office still belongs to the ' Ashley property' on Bagot
Street."

■' If

;!. t

i i-

,i .i

BELL — BURRITT.

Ill j :!.:.'

I! Hi:;.

John Ashley was gaolor in Kingston for a number of years
when the gaol stood near the site of the present Post OflSce, and
filled public situations from the time he was nineteen years of ago
until his death in 1858. He was a prominent member of the
County Council for nearly twenty years, and was Colonel of the
militia at the time of his death.

Adam and George Ashley both died in 1847.

William Bell — We shall have occasion to speak of William
Bell in different places in these pages. lie was born August 12,
1758, in County of Tyrone, Ireland.

At the time of the Eevolutionary War he was a sergeant in
the 53rd regiment of the line. Some time after the close of the
war, he succeeded in procuring his discharge from the service, at
Lachino, and came to Cataraqui, sometime in 1789. He was on
intimate terms with John Ferguson, and, we believe, related by
marriage. It was at Ferguson's solicitation that Bell came to the
Bay. We have before us an old account book, by which we learn
that Ferguson and Boll commenced trading on the front of Sidney
in the latter part of 1789. They remained hero in business until
1792. Subsequently Bell became school teacher to the Mohawks,
and seems to have done business there in the way of trading, in
1799. In 1803 we find him settled in Thurlow. Ferguson, who
was living at Kingston, had been appointed Colonel of the Hast-
ings Militia, and Bell wjvs selected by him to assist in organizing
the body. He was commissioned captain in December 1798, Major
in August 1800; and in 1809 Lieutenant-Colonel. Colonel Bell
was well known as a public man in Thurlow. He was appointed
to several offices — Magistrate, Coroner, and finally Colonel of the
Hastings Battalion. As magistrate he took an active part in the
doings of Thurlow and Belleville for many years. He was also an
active person in connection with the agricultural societies, until a
few years before his death, 1833. The papers left by Colonel Bell
have been of great service to us. His wife's name was Rachel
Hare, who died 1853, aged eighty-one.

Colonel Stephen Burritt took part in the war against the
rebels, being seven years in the army, in Roger's Rangers. He
settled upon the Rideau, the 9th of April, 1793. In the same year
\yas born Colonel E. Burritt, who was the first child born of white
parents north of the Rideau. This interesting fact was given to.tho
writer by Colonel E. Burritt in 1867. Colonel Burritt is a cousin
of the celebrated Learned Blacksmith.

CASEY — CARSOALLIAN — CHURCH.

Willet Casey was born in Bhode Island. His father was killed
in battle during the war. At the close of the war ho settled near
Lake Champlain, upon what he supposed to be British territory,
but finding such was not the case, and although he had made con-
siderable clearing, he i*emoved again. Turning his steps toward
Upper Canada with his aged mother and wife, he reached in due
time, the 4th township. The family, upon arriving, found shelter
in a blacksmith's shop until a log hut could be built. Three months
aftcrwai-ds the old mother died. Willet Casey had a brother in a
company of horsemen, who fought for the British. He remained in
the States and went South. It is probably the descendants of this
Casey, who took an active part in the late civil war in the United
States.

The writer has seen the fine, erect old couple that came to
Canada, when on the verge of eighty, and two nobler specimens of
nature's nobility could not bo imagined.

Luke Carscallian was an Irishman by birth, and had served in the
British array; he had retired and emigrated to the American colonies
prior to the rebellion. He desired to remain neutral, and take no
part in the contest. The rebels, however, said to him that inas-
much as he was acquainted with military tactics he must come and
assist them, or be regai'ded as a King's man. His reply was that
he had fought for the king, and he would do it again, consequently
an order was issued to arrest him ; but when they came to take him he
had secreted himself. The escape was a hux-ried one,and all his posses-
sions wore at the mercy of the rebels — land to the amount of 12,000
acres. They, disappointed in not catching him, took his young
and tender son, and threatened to hang him if he would not reveal
his father's place of concealment. The brave little fellow replied,
hang away ! and the cruel men under the name of liberty carried
out their tnreat, and three times was he suspended until almost
dead, yet he would not,tell, and then when taken down one of the
monsters actually kicked him.

Oliver Church was Lieutenant in the 84th regiment. He set-
tled with the many other half-pay officers, on the front of Freder-
icksburgh, three miles west of Bath. He had three sons, and throe
daughters, who settled upon the Bay, but are now dead except one
daughter. Lieutenant Church died in 1812, and his wife some
years later. They were both very old when they died,

A grand-child of the old veteran, Mrs. H. of Belleville informs

ipt^

I '.I

CLARK — OBAWFOBD — DAHB.

US that nhe has often hoai-d about her grandfather having to crush
grain by hand, and spending a week going to the Kingston mill.

Robert Clark, late of the Township of Ernest town, in
the County of Addington, was bom March 15, 1744 on Quaker
Hill, Duchess County, Province of New York. He learned
the trade of carpenter and millwright, of a Mr, Woolly. Ho left
his family and joined the British standard in the revolution-
ary war, was in General Burgoyne's army, and was requested by
the Genei-al that ho and other Provincial volunteers, should leave
the army and go to Canada, which place he reached after some
weeks of great siitt'oring and privation. The day after he loft
(October 17, 1777,) General Burgoyne capitulated, and suiTcndered
his arms to the American Generals Gates and Arnold. Robert
Clark subsequently served two years in his Majesty's Provincial
Regiment, called the Loyal Rangers, commanded by Major Edward
Jessup, and in Captain Sabastian Jones' company, and was dis-
charged on the 24th December, 1783. He owned two farms in
Duchess County, one of 100, the other of 1.50 acres, both of which
were confiscated. Ho was employed by the government in 1782-3
to erect the Kingston mills, (then Cataraqui) preparatory to the
yettlement of the loyalists in that section of Upper Canada, at
which time his family, consisting of his wife and three sons, arrived
at Sorel in Lower Canada, where they all were afflicted with the
small pox, and being entirely among strangers they were com-
pelled to endure more than the usual amount of suffering incident
to that disease, their natural protector being at a distance, and in
the employ of the government, could not leave to administer to
their necessity. In 1784, his family joined him at the mills, after
having been separated by the vicissitudes of war for a space of
seven years. In 1785 ho removed with his family to lot No. 74,
Ist cpncession Ernost town, in which year he was again employed
by government to erect the Napanee mills. He was appointed
Justice of the Peace for the district of MecWenburgh, in Julv 1788,
and a captain in the militia in 1809, and died 17th December, 1823.

John C. Clark was married to Rachel Storer, and had a family
of ten sons and three daughters.

Captain Crawford, of the Rogers corps, settled on lot No. 1 of
Fredericksburgh. Became a magistrate, and lived to be an old
man, was also colonel of militia.

George Dame was the son of Theophilus Dame, evidently a
veteran soldier, from the copy of his will now before us. He gave

to his <'i

Dover, H

books, g

and one i

Frederic]

carriage (

grandson

trunk. 1

By i-efore

have been

His s(
in piirHiiiii
ment, date
tlic 8th or
the linrgh
the whole
this comm
years latoi
Majoj'-GoDc
iho Pi'oviiK
him "Ensii
manded by
"Given iin
the city of
ii commissi^
, (rovernor-in
Rangers ra
whereof Joli
After tl
Lower Cana
n92, Mured
Kivors, A])r
An oftioi
ter, authoriz(
fortlnvith to
Canada, as ni
coiaj)juiy, to
company to I
to serve for t
shall continue
I^ewis, Quebe
7

TKE DAMES.

to his "son, George Dumo, tlio ono-half of my (HIm) roiil t'state in
Dovor, England, to hold to him Ibrovcr," also his wearing apj»ai*ol,
books, gold watch, gilt-headed cane, hoi'HOs, sleigh and harness,
and one hundred dollars." He bequeathed to his grandson, Johti
Frederick Duine, his camp bedstead, and curtains and valence lor
carriage of camp bedstead, and his silver-moantod hanger. To his
grandson Augustus Dame, his fusee, gorget, and small seal skin
trunk. To another grandson ho loft his double-barrelled pistol.
By reference to those items we learn that Theophilus Dame must
have been a British officer of some standing.

His son, George Dame, followed in the footsteps of his father
in ])ursuing the profession of arms. We have before us a docu-
ment, dated 1765, which declares tliat " Knsign (reorgo Dame of
ihc 8th or King's Own Eegiment of foot, was admitted burgess of
the Jiurgh of Dumfries, with liberty to him to exorcise and enjoy
Ihc whole immunities and privileges thereof, ^.c." For some reason
this comniission in tho 8th regiment was relinquished ; but ten
years later we find he has a commission from General Carleton,
Major-General and Commander-i)i-chief of His Majesty's fort-es in
the Pi'ovince of (Quebec, and upon the frontier tliereof, appointing
him "Ensign in the Royal Regiment of Highland Emigrants com-
manded by Lieutenant Colonel Commandant Allan McLean."
"Given under my hand and seal at the Castle of Saint Lewis, in
the city of Quebec, 21st gf November, 1775." In 1779 he received
ii commission from Frederick Haldimand, Captain-Genoi-al and
^ (rovernor-in-Chief, &c., appointing him '-Captain in a corps of
Rangers raised to servo with the Indians during the reb.dlion,
whereof John Butler, Esq., is Major Commandant".

After the close of the war, Captain Dame lived at Throe Eivers,
Lower Canada, whore wo find him acting as Returning OtHcer in
1792, Mured Clarke being Lieutenant Governor. He died at Threo
Rivers, April IGth, 1807.

An ofticial paper before us sets forth that " Guy, Lord Dorches-
ter, authorizes Frederick Dame, 'by beat of drum or otherwise,'
forthwith to raise from amongst the inhabitants of U]iper and Lower
Canada, as many able-bodied men as will assist the completing of a
comi)any, to be commanded by Captain Richard Wilkinson. This
company to be mainly provincial, and for the service of Canada, and
to serve for tho space of three years, or during the war. This order
shall continue in force for twelve months." Dated at the Castle of St.
Lewis, Quebec, 2l8t June, 1706. This is signed " Dob(;hestku."
7

■* ■

'*!' *:l|l

CAPTAIN DALY.

The Haine yunr, bt'uriiig dutc tho 1 7th Docombci*, in a ooinmitisiou
from llobert Prescott, Esq,, Lioutonant-Govtiriior, appointing Frod-
erick Dame cnHi}»n to the second biittnlion Itoyal Canadian Volunteers.

In the year 1802 John Frederick Dame received his commission
as Surveyor of Lands in Upper and Tx)wer Canada, from Robert Shore
MilneH,Lieuti'nantrGovernor, upon the certificate of Joseph Houchotte,
Esij., Deputy Surveyor-General. Up to this time it wouM seem he
had been living at Three Kivcrs.

Allan Dame, a son of the aforementioned, is now residing in
Marysburgh, not far from McDonald's Cove. He is now in the neigh-
borhood of sixty : this is his native place. He is a fine specimen of
an English Canadian farmer; and well he may be, being a descendant
of a worthy stock, of English growth. He is married to the grand-
daughter of Colonel McDonald.

Daly — P. K. Daly, ^sq., of Thurlow, has kindly funiished us
with the following intere.sting account :

Captain Peter Daly, tny grandfather, was the son of Caj)t. Daly,
of an Irish regiment, that was stationed in Now York for some years
before the outbreak of the old revolutionary war, but was called home
to Ireland before the commencement of hostilities ; and finally fell a
victim to that cruel code of honor which obliged a man to fight a
duel.

At the earnest solicitation of a bachelor friend, of the name of
Vroman, he had I )een induced to leave his. son Peter behind. Mr.
Vronian resided upon tho banks of tho Mohawk, where tho city of
Amsterdam now stands. He was a man of considerable wealth, all of
which he promised to bestow upon his son, Peter Daly ; a promise he
would, in all probability, have kept, had circumstances pennitted ;
but he was prevented by tho stern realities of the times — those stern
realities that tried men's souls, and called upon every man to declare
himself. Tlie subject of this sketch could not dishonor the blood
that flowed in his veins, and, although but 16 years of age, he clung
firmly to the old flag that, for " a thousand years had braved the bat-
tle and the breeze." Jie joined a company, and followed the destiny
of his flag along the shores of Lake Champlain, where, in one night,
he assisted in scaling three forts. He assisted in taking Fort Tycon-
deroga, and gradually fought or worked his way into Canada. The
war closing, he, in company with other loyalists, came up the Bay of '
Quinte, and subsequently married and settled in the second concession
of Ernest town, in the vicinity of the village of Bath, whei'e, by culti-
vating his farm, and by industry, he secured a comfortable living.

and his ;
byterian
definite,
exile, to
It is
perty to
of it, but
forest hii
TJiero arc
live on th
is still livi
at Oak Sh
I>avid, tlu
Lewis live
of Ernest (
Diarriod a
Their desc
John J
elder broth
was distasti
hed. The
visited by i
clothes so a
detected, h
father to gi
while sick!
but Was cau
place to ano
the head, an
would somei
opposite Mid<
finally escape
by the rebels
army when c
and enlisted
dose of the
burgh.

John Di
whose ances
^oman, durirl

DIAMOND — I.OYST.

Ilo wrtH remarked throucli life for his Htrietly lioiioruMo deuliii^,
and his mlhercnce to " the old Hui^." In religion he was ii firm Pres-
byturiiui. From \m ohl protector, Vroman, he never henrd nnything
definite. He cnrod hut little for the land that liad <lriven him into
exile, to d'. 'II amon^ the wiM heustH of th«( nnhroken forest.

It is supposed that Vroman, in his deeliMini? years, gave his pro-
perty to Hojno other favorite. IJe tliat as it may, Peter Daly saw none
of it, but came into this country naked, as it were; earved out of the
forest his own fortune, and left a numerous ami respected family.
There are now only two of his sons living, Thomas and Charles, who
live on the old farm, near Buth. His oldest daughter, Mrs. Aikens,
is still living, in Sidney. My father, Philip, was the ehlest. He died '
at Oak Shade, in Ernest town, in 1861, in the 71st year of his age.
David, the next son, lived and died at Waterloo, uear Kingston ; and
Lewis lived and died at Storriugton. The first wife of Asal Uockwell,
of Ernest town was a (hmghtcsr of his. Jacob Shil)Iy, Esq., e.v M.P.P.,
married another daughter ; and the late Joshua Boatte another.
Their descendants are numerous.

John Diamond was born in Albany, with several brothers. An
elder brother was drafted, but he tried to escape from a service that
was distasteful to him ; was concealed for some time, and upoji a sick
bed. The visits of the doctor led to suspicion, and tht; hoiiso was
visited by rebels. Although he had been placed in a bed, and the
clothes so arranged that, as was thought, his presence would not bo
detected, his breathing betrayed him. Thoy at once recpiired his
father to give a bond for $1,200, that his son should not be removed
while sick. He got well, and, some time after, again sought to escape,
but was caught, and handcuffed to another. Heing removed from one
place to another, the two prisoners managed to knock their guard on
the head, and ran for life through the woods, united together. One
would sometimes run on one side of a sapling, and the other on the
opposite side. At night they managed to rub their handcuft's off, and
finally escaped to Canada. Of the other brothers, two were carried off
by the rebels, and never mdre heard of, John was taken to the rebel
army when old enough to do service ; but he also e8caj)ed to Canada,
and enlisted in Eogers' Battalion, with which he did service until the
close of the war, when he settled with the (iompany at Fredericks-
burgh.

John Diamond married Miss Loyst, a native of Philadelphia,
whose ancestors were German. She acted no inferior part, for a
>voman, during the exciting times of the rebellion. They maiTied

til

m '•■

I''

™w

8 ; ,

I'
/■■it

100

JOHN KFHniTSON.

ill LoworC.'iii.'iil.i. 'riu>vs|)(>ii( their first sinumor in ITppcr rjtn.-iil;!, in
clonnin: :» little spot, of l.-uxl. ;miiI im tito fall jv.tt :\ litilo uniiii in tho
ijround. Tlu'v slept, diiriti^ the sininiier. under a tree, hnt ereeted
a smiill hill hefor*' winter set in.

CHAPrKU X.

Tkn I IMS. — l''(i;;ii;-i>ii — I'lMzi'i — (ii'iellciuv — tiiiKismilli — lltiniM-n— - Iloil.;;iiis —
Hii'Us- Hewi-ll — ll<i\('r — ?1(i.!5li' — Umiu — lli'iUiiiu'r — Holt — .lencs— .N^lmsiMi
— Ki't<'lu>seii — I.evst — Mv< tk — MiArtlnir — Millvr — Menli'iis — MoDonuld—
\I- Peiinrll — MrDoiu'll — Cstnim — I'l-tcrsoii.

' " INinVlin Al, ('<V\in\TANTS CONTINI-KI),

Amoiiv ilie i'.'iilv and inlhiential settlers niu>n the hav. was
.lolin l'Vrt;iis(>ii. il h.-is lu>en our i;'oiid I'ortune (o eonie into pos-
session ot' a jn'ood many puMie jnid private letters penned hy his
hand, and invalnaMe inlormation has thus been (dit.ained. 'I'he
t'ollovvinj;" lell(>r will intorm tin* readiM- ot' the p;irt hi' totd< in the
servile duriiii;- llie war. It is addressed lo .Mr. Anu'ustiis .lones.

wns rth
sarv's
appoint
tlii.'i no
hein^ i
lio was
I'ollowiji

Th,

.Mehean

j'eiil to (

-'Hh .In.

<Voin (he

I'oniainei

mom, an

others, ,si

spent my

Von

t'oniniissa

ollieo lit

poiinitted

h' "oxt o

:iii

l\i\()ST(»N, H'Jnd .InU. IT'.il

1>J'-,AU Sin, —

liH'lo>ed is in\- old ai>plienlion lor the land on the earrvinir

nia> e. w nieit

seiii

ree.'UMe [o vour desire

need not attemnl

lo i>\pl:".in il hotter, as yon Unow so well wh:U 1 want. 1 wish, it
ei'iisistenl. that Kind. iMtl) aeres. Mrs. l'\>r,''us(ni is entitled lo.

niiulil i>i' joined to il

lai

ir 1 eannoi ;xo{ a ;x^"Anl ot' the earrviiii:
von he so rs^Mii] ;is lo Km me Unow wlrM terms il mav lu

had on. 1 h.ave ii in n>«- pi>wer lo settle the ]>lai'e immediately,
had I any seeurily t'l.r ii. i ;iin eerlain Mr Hamilton will interest
himseir li>r me. luit ! am lolh to .Mi^jily to him at ]>resent, as in all

oh.'ihililv he has loo miieh hiisiness to think »)f' hesides

hoiild

it he asked liow and where I served. 1 will mention the partieular-
Tho 2tth .Iiiiie. 1771. I was appoinli>d, and aeled as h.arraek

usier until 'Jlih Mareh. 177.">i. wlu>n I was ovder»vi to ("arlelt

Island, heinu' :'l^^^ eommissary at tln> post.

Tliirteenili

Api'.il, \1^'2, I was appointed harraekinastet ot' (>ntari(», wl»ere 1
remained until i>i>iered to l'alara(|ni in Sepfemher, \~i\\, and aeted
as harraek-inaster Tor holli posts, until 24th .Inne, 1785, wlien 1

Knsijr
<>*' Krnest

Th*

tpson

'*'^'. .\n<Ire
Prjwer. w
was ono ot
''i** nanu>,
will 1)0 reii
'■'^lOMjporai
was t h(> y,i
>^t«(e of Ne
'•ut tipon f
liiinNelfto

Honnintvfon
Albany jni

liiLsteniHl l>i

VRA7KK.

101

w«8 oMijJod to roliiujuisli it. haviuij inoro l>usim»ss in tlu> ooinmis-
s{ii'v'« dcparlnionl thnn I ooulii woll tunuiiijo. with th»> olliov
tt})]tt>in(inont. <H'ort>'ionoil by tho iu<'ivnso of lovnlists sotilinB; in
this noiij;l>lH)rliiH>(i. T\v<Mity-li|1lli I'Vbnvavy. 1778, my latlior (h<M)
bcini; ("onuuissary oC Oswoijotoliio. dolivovoiJ tlu> sioros l<> nnv .".s
Ijo was (inaMo to (1>> tho <luty himsolt', llo tiici! Kith Maivh,
tbUowijiiT, whon 1 was appoiiHod his suocossor.

Tho \'M\\ April. I was onloroil to (^>rloton Islsjiul to !ussi^t Mr.
MoliOan in tho tnmsporl husii\oss. In Nt^vonvhor. 1718. I wasasrain
r-onl (o Oswoirolohio. whoro I ron\ainod oonuuissaryot'lho post until
■J4th Jnno. 17S'J. whon ! wjij* sont to ()ntario to tako oharijo tlioro.
ft\)Jn lluMU'o 1 was sonl to this plaoo, lJ4th Soptonihor. 178;?. whovo I
roinainoil tmtil a rotorn\ation to^^k ]>laoo in tho oouvn\issarv <lopart-
inoni. and I was on tho 'Jith .liino. 1787, sorvod liko a i<ival n>any
othors, sont about my business without any pn)visii)n. al'tor Inn ing
spont tny host days in His Majosty's sorvioo.

You soo 1 was olovon years barraok ntastor. ai\d nino years a
i'0!nn\issarv. I was also six years in the (\>n\nnssary (.toneral's
ofliee at MiuUreal (^a elerk.) duriuiv whioh time n»y lather was
permitted to do n>y duty as barraek-mastor. I will write you a,i;;ain
by next opportunity.

Your very hntnblo servajit.

(Sif^ned) .loHN l*%;noisoN.

Ki\siijn Fray.or. ot' tho the 84th reu^inuMU settled at tie poitit
ot' Krnost town. Ifad throe sons. Mis '.vid»)W nnn-rioil l\)l(mel
Thon\pson.

Tho (^>rnwall Fnrhoihr, notioes the death of Mr. Krazer. oC
St, .Andrew's, (\ \V,, the diseoveror ol" Kra/.er river, ami of Mrs,
Fraic.er. wlu> departed this lite a tew hours alllerwanls. Mr, Krar.vr
was one ol" the few stirvivors ot tho tind old " Northwesters," ami
Ids name, as (he first exphirer ot" the ivolden stream whieh bears it,
will be ronuMnberod with hotior long at^or most ol" tin' provineial
I'oteinporaries are torgotton. Tho /■>•(>/«;.'./(';• says : "Mr, Krazer
was tlu> y«mni»osl son ol" Mr, Snnon !•' razor who emigrate«l to the
State ot' New York, in 177H. Ho puroha.sod land near lUMUiinu:l«)n ;
hut iipon tho bivakiny; <mt ol"tho revolutionary war. ho attaehod
himself to the nnal oause, and ."-orved as eaptain, at the battle »)r
Heuniiigton ; where lu'i wasoaplured by the rebels, lie died \\\
Albany jiiil. alnnU thivtoen nn>n(hs jitliorwawls, his end being
hastenoii by the rigol^n^s nature of iht> in>prisonmont. Ho was

102

OKROLLAMV.

'•11

married to Isabella Grant, daughter of Daldregan, and had issue,
four sons and five daughters. The widow, with her children, came
to Cansvda after the peace of 1783. Simon Frazer, the elder, the
father of the object of this notice, was the second son of William
Frazer, the third of Kilbockie, who, by his wife, Margaret, daughter
of John McDonell, ol Ardnabic, had nine sons : — 1st. William, the
fourth of Kilbockie : 2nd. Simon, who came to America, as we have
seen ; 3rd. John, who was captain in Wolf's army, shared in the
honors of the capture of Quebec, and was subsequently, for many
years. Chief Justice of the Montreal district ; 4th. Archibald, who
was Lieutenant in Frazer's regiment, under General Wolfe, was
afterwards captain of the Glengany Fencibles, and served in Ireland
during the rebellion in '98 ; 5th. Peter, a doctor of medicine, who
died in Spain ; 6th. Alexander, who served as captain in General
Caird's army, and died in India; 7th. Donald, a Lieutenant in the
army, who was killed in battle in Germany; 8th. James, also a
Lieutenant in the armv, and one of the sufferers in the Black Hole
of Calcuttji, in 1756 ; 9th. Roderick, who died at sea."

Mr. J. B. Ashley, a native of Marysburgh, to whom mrr-h
valuable information we possess is due, says: "My great giand-
fathcr, James GeroUamy, was but seventeen years of ago when he
joined General Clinton's army in 1779, and remained in the service
until the virtual close of the war in 1782, when he came from New
York to Quebec, and thence to Bath, where he settled, on what was
until lately known, as the " Hichcock Farm." He afterwards
removed to the town, and settled on lot No. 11, 1st concession, lake
side. He received from government certain farming implements,
the same as before mentioned. A part of them coming into the
hands of my father, Augustus Ashley, of Marysburgh. The
hatchet, I have often used when a young lad in my childish
employments. It is now lost. The shai-e and coulter belonging to
the plough, remain among a collection of old iron in my father's
woodshed until the present day. James GeroUamy, married Ann
Dulmage, the daughter of Thomas Dulmagc, who came with him
to Canada and settled near him at Bath, in the second town, and
subsequently moved to lot No. " B," at the head of South Bay, in
the township of Marysburgh, where he died. The graves of himself
and wife being still under a large maple tree, close to the site of
his house.

James GeroUamy, and his two sons, James and John, served
through the war of 1812, under General Provost, Brock and

GOLDSMITH — H ARRISO N .

103

Drummond. The old man holding the i*ank of Orderly, and hi?
son James that of Lieutenant. The latter received a grant of
1000 acres of land for services as a " spy," he was one o( the
number who planned the successful attempts upon Oswego, Black
Rock and Buffalo, and at the battle of Niagara, generally known
as "Lundy's Lane." He fought in the company or regiment
known as " Grenadiers," which, in their manceuvcring were
compelled to run and wallow over a field of corn with mud ankle
deep.

The whole family were remarkable for large size, being over six
feet in height,of great 8trength,and heal thy, with robust constitutions
The old gentleman was acknowledged the surest marksman in this
section of the country, and his "fusil," was his constant companion.
He died abciit ten years ago, aged about ninety-five years, being
in full possession of his faculties until the last. I can well remem-
ber seeing him sauntering thiough the garden, bent with his
weight of yeai's, and leaning on his staif.

Thomas Goldsmith, a native of Ulster Co., Montgomery town,
New York. He was engaged as a spy, and discharged important
and successful duties, in carrying information from Gen. Burgoyne to
Lord Cornwallis, and returning with despatches. He frequently pass-
ed the guards of the Continental army, and often was subjected to a
close search, but succeeded in eluding detection. Goldsmith owned
one thousand acres of land, on which was a flouring mill with two
run of stones. Also, a sailing vessel launched, but not entirel}'
finished, for the West Lidia trade. The boat was sacrificed. The
pre luce of his farm was paid for in Continential bills. The maila-
ble iron of his mill was taken to make a chain to put across the
Hudson to stop boats. His neighbors, the rebels, catching him one
day from home, covered him and his horse and saddle, with a coat of
tar and feathers. After the close of the war, he was compelled to part
with his land to get away. It was sold for a mere trifle. He came
into Canada in 1786, bringing with him some cattle, most of which
(lied for want of something to eat. He was accompanied by David
Jonger, and reached Kingston, June 24. Settled at first in the
fourth township; but soon after removed to Holliwell, where he
received a grant of 400 acres of land, Ist. cor,., lot 9. Here he
lived and died, aged ninet-y.

Sergeant Harrison was a native of Ireland, and served for
many years in the fifty-third regiment. For some time during the
revolutionary war, he was in the Quarter-master's store, and post

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1I0DUIN8 — HI0K8.

office. Ho was nlto^cthor twonty-eight years in the service. At
the close of the war, ho settled in Marysburgh, with the first band,
not connected with the JEeasians, and was probably under Wright
in the coinmiHsary department for the settlement. lie settled on
lot nine, east of the Rock.

William llodgins was born on a small island, known as Ginn's
Island, lying about three and a half niiles from the Virginia shore,
in Chesapeake bay, where his father, Lowiti Hodgins, had a farm
of two hundred acres. He joined the Royal army with his younger
brother Lewis, in 1778, serving in the regiment known as the
Queen's Rangers, under Lord Cornwallis; where he held the rank
of sergeant, and his brother that of corporal. At the battle of
Yorktown, he was wounded and taken prisone", and his brother was
killed. After his exchange he came to New Brunswick, and settled
about thirty miles above Froderickton, on the St. John's river,
where he lived until 1859, when ho removed to Canada. First
settling in Adolphustown, near wliat is known now as Cole's Point.
Ho joined the incorporated militia during the war of 1812, serving
imder Colonel McGill. and Colonel Shaw. He received the right
to considerable land ; but after the capture of York, now Toronto,
by tho Americans in 1813, and the consequent destruction of pro-
perty, the documents pertaining to the same were burnt, and he
could not, as a consequence, get his grant. Immediately after the
Avar of 1812, he removed to Marysburg, where ho remained until
his death.

The above information is received from Mr. William Hodgins,
son ot the above mentioned William Hodgins, who is now an old
man, he having sei-ved with his father in the war of 1812.

" It would have done you good to have hoard the old gentleman,
with his silver locks flowing in tho wind, whitened with the frosts
of four-score winters, as he descanted upon fcccnes and incidents in
connection with tho war, through which he served, and to have
witnessed his eye twi)dcle with pride, when ho referred to tho
loyalty of his honored parent." — (Ashley.)

Edwai'd Hicks, who settled in Marysburgh, was jilaced in
prison with his father. His father was taken out and hanged
before his window upon an apple tree, (a piece of refined cruolty
worthy a rebel cause). This aroused Edwai'd to a state of despera-
tion, who with manacled hands, paced his cell. To carry out
his intention, he feigned illness, and frequently required tho guai"d
to accompany him to tho outer yard. At nigl:<^ fall he went out

HOWELL.

105

accompanied by tiio guai-d. Watohinj? tho opportunity, ho drew
up hia handH and struck a furious blow upon tlio head of tho
soldier witJi Jiis hand-cuffs, which hiid tho man prostrate. Edward
dai'ted away to a stream which ran near by, and across which was
a mill-dam and a slide. He rushed under this slide, and before a
cry was raised, he concealed himself under tho sheet of water. lie
could hear the din and tumult, as search was everywhere made
through the night. Cold, wet, benumbed, hungry and hand-cuffed,
he remained in his hiding place until the following night, thirty-
six hours, when ho crept out and escaped to tho woods. After nine
days of fasting he reached tho British army. Edwaitl Hicks did
not forget the death of his father. Ho " fought the rebels in nine
battles afterward, and still owes thoni grudge."

Joseph, Joshua and Edward, belonged to Butler's Rangersj and
saw no little sei'vice. They wore from Phihulelphia, and left con-
siderable property. They had granted them a large tract of land
west of Niagara, where sprung up Hicks' sottlemetit. Joseph Hicks
afterwards settled on lot six, Marysburgh, west of the Rock. —
(Ashley.)

Edward Hicks is rej)resentcd as having been a very powerful
man, often performing remarkable feats of strength, such as lifting
barrels of flour and pork to his shoulders, and such like.

Ho went to Boston in 1778, in the character of a spy, and w.as
detected by the Americans, and taken prisoner. He represented
himself as a young man searching for his mother, who had
removed to that section of tho country ; but it is supposed that his
captors considered him as rather too smart looking a young man
to bo lost in any enterprise, he being of tine build, standing good
six feet, and possessing an intelligent countenance, and at his trial,
condemned him as a spy to be dealt with accordingly. — (Ashley.)

John Howell, a son of Richard Howell, from Wales, was born
in New Jersey in 1753. When 24 years old he took up his residence
at Jo.uistown, on the Mohawk river. At the commencement of hos-
tilities, in 1776, he joined Sir John Johnson's 2nd battalion, and was
raised to the position of serjeant-major. His name appears as such
upon the battalion roll, now before the Avritcr. He remained in the
army during tho war, doing duty at St. Johns, Coteau du lac, and at
many other places. When his company was disbanded at Oswego,
in 1782, he came immediately to Kingston, and thence to Fredericks-
burgh, where he settled upon his lot of 200 acres. By adhering to
the loyal cause, Sergeant Howell suffered serious loss in real estate.

H-

■';■■ i-

106

THE WINDMILL.

The pleasant town of Rome now stands upon the land which was his.
His valuable i)ro])erty was not yielded up to the rapacious rebels
without a legal effort to recover possession. The case -was in court
for many years, and Sergeant Howell spent $1,400 in vain efforts to
recover. No doubt it was pre-judged before he spent his money.
An event in Howell's life during the war is not without a touching
interest. Uefore joining the regiment, he had courted and won the
heart of a fjiir lady at Johnstown. While stationed at Coteau du lac
he obtained permission during the winter, when hostilities were sus-
pended, to go to Johnstown to obtain his bride. Guided by seven
Indians, he set out to traverse a pathless wilderness, on snow-shoes.
The wedding trip had its perils, and almost a fatal t<;rmination. C.i
their return they lost their way in the interminable woods, and soon
found themselves destitute of food. For days they were without
anything to eat. One day they shot a squirrel, which, divided among
them, was hardly a taste to each. The thongs of their shoes were
r o.isted and eaten, to allay the pangs of hunger. At last they suc-
ceeded in shooting a deer, which had well nigh proved the death of
some, from over-eating. Two of the men were left behind, but they
subsequently came in.

Sergeant Howell's loss as a loyalist was great ; but, so far a.s
could be, it Avas made good ly Government. He drew 1,200 acres of
land as an officer, and the same quantity for his family. At an early
date after his .arrival at the Bay he was appointed Commissioner in
the Peace ; and subsequently he was made Colonel of the Prince
Edward Militia.

Soon after settling in Fredericksburgh he built a windmill, pro-
bably the first mill built by an individual in the Province. He after-
wards sold it to one Russell. The remains still mark the spot.

He finally settled in Soiihiasburgh, while it was yet considered
by the infiint colony as the backwoods of the settlement. He was a
man of liberal etlucation for the times, and was conversant with the
Dutch and French languages, and understood the Indian dialect.
From his former connection with the Johnson settlement upon the
Mohawk, and his close contiguity to the Mohawk Indians upon the
Bay, he held a high place in their regai'd. He often visited them ;
and their chiefs as often paid him state visits. They often called
upon him to settle their disputes, which he never failed to do by his
sternness and kindness combined. His presence was sufficient to in-
spire awe amongst them when disposed to be troublesome, which was
increased by his long sword which he would hang to his side.

,ti !!

HOVER — HOGLE.

107

Honry Hover was quite a boy wlien the relx>llion was progressing,
being about sixteen when the Declaration of Independence was signed.
Living along the Hudson, near New York, he went out one day for
the cows, when he was caught by some rebels and carried to Lancas-
ter jail. After being in prison for some time he wan released, and
permitted to go to New York. He some time after, by some means,
enlisted in Butler's Rangers, and set put, with four others (one his
brother), to traverse the wide country on foot, from New York to
Fort Niagara, the head-quarters of the company. Lying one night
under the tiees, they were suddenly attacked by a scouting party of
rebels, by being fired upon. One was killed, and the rest taken pri-
soners. Heniy Hover remained in prison, in chains, until the close of
the war, nearly two years. The hardships and cruelties he endured
were, indeed, terrible. When ho was taken prisoner he had on a pair
of linen trowseis ; no others were ever given him ; and when he was
released these were hanging in shreds upon him. They had nothing
to lie upon but the cold brick ifoor, two pei'sons being chained
together. Years after, a stranger called one day at Hover's in Adolph-
ustown. Hover not being at home, the man wrote liis name, " Green-
Avay," the man to whom Henry had been chained for many a weary
day and month in prison. Hover being released at the close of the
war, reported himself at Niagara, and was discharged with the rest
of his company. He received all his back pay, while in jail, and a
grant of land at St. Davids ; but his father, Casper Hover, a refugee,
had settled in Adolphustown, having come in Major VanAlstine's
corps. Henry wished to see his parents, from whom he had been so
long separated, and sought a chance to go down from the Niagara
frontier. He entered on board an old " hulk," an old French vessel
coming down the lake, and so got to Kingston, which place he reached
soon after VanAlstine's com])uny had settled in the fourth Township.
Henry set out from Kingston on foot, along the bay, through the
woods. In time ho arrived at the third township. He was misdi-
rected across to Hay Bay. Following its shores, he met Holland's
surveying party, who told hiin that he 'as .astray, and put him on the
correct track. Henry Hover determine'l to remain at the bay,
and was inchided among the original settlers under VanAlstine,
drawing land like the rest, beif)g the only one who did not belong to
that company. He sleeps from his warfare — from his long life of
well-spent industry, in the " old U. E. burying ground," .-it the front,
in Adolphustown.

Among those who fought the unequal battle of Bennington was

;v t

-'i:

108

IIARTMAN — HAM — HERKIMEU.

Captain Hocjlo, who was shot dead. Ko was a native of Vermont,
He loft a willow and three sons, who wore yet younj?. They won>
under the necessity of lenvinpj their valuable possessions and rcmovino-
to Canada. Tlu-yji buried plate in the Q;;ir(l(^n, which was never
regained. At the expiration of the war they settled in Ernest town.

David Hartnian — was present at the battle of Bennington, and
was shot through the chest. Notwithstanding, he lived for many
years. Ho settled in Ernest town.

John Ham,' tho foiuider of the Ham family of Canada, so well
and so favorably known in dift'erent sections of tho Province. He was
born near Albany. His father was a native of Germany, although of
English parentage. John Ham was a soldier during the war, and in
one of several engagements; was wounded in the l^g. The ball, lodg-
ing in the calf, was cut out, and, at the request of the suffering but
brave hero, was shot back at the foe. He was one of the company
who settled in Ernest town. He ha«l a family of ten children, eight
of them being sons, namely : John, Henry, Peter, G. Drge, Jacob,
Philip, Benjamin, and Richard, all of whom lived and died in Canada.

The name of Herkimer is engraved upon tho history of America,
both in the United States and in Canada. "Colonel Hanjost Herki-
mer , or John Joost, was a son of Johan Jost Herkimer, one of tho
Palatines of the Gorman Plats, Now York, and a brother of the
rebel general, Nicholas Herkimer." "His property was confisca-
ted. He went to Canada, and died there before 1787." — (Sabine.)
Prior to the war he had occupied several public offices. He served
as an officer in Butler's Rangers. We find his name inserted for
lot 24 of Kingston, on which now stands part of tho city. His son
Nicholas settled tipon the Point now bearing the family name. Ho
married a Purdy, and had several children. His end was a sad one,
being murdered by a blacksmith, named Rogers, who escaped. A
daughter was married to Captain Sadlier, another to an officer in
the army, and a third to Mr. Wartman.

Tho old family place in Now York State is yet indicated by the
nam<> of Herkimer County.

" William Johnson Holt was ensign in Ferguson's Rangers. Thi^
corps formed part of tho army of Burgoyne at the time of his sur-
render, and, with other provincial prisoners, retired to Canada, by
permission of Gates. The subject of this notice settled in Montreal,
where he held the lucrative office of Inspector of Pot and Pearl
Ashes, and received half pay for nearly fifty years. He died at
Montreal, in 1826. By his first wife (Ruah Stevens, of Pittsfield,

'Hi

HOLT — JONBH — JOHNSONS.

100

MiiHHJVt'huHotts), ho was tho iUthur of a lar^o (iunily of sons unci
(lau/^htors ; by liis socoml wife (Klizubotlt Ciiyler) he left no issue.
Ill's sixtli son, Charles Ailolphus, iilono has surviving male children,
of whom the eldest, Charles Gates Iloll, is (18(54) a distinguished
t'oiinsellor-at-law, and a gentleman oi' the highest resjjcclability, at
(|)iiebee. In Fobrnar}-, 1864, he was appointed one of •' Her Majesty's
Connsel, learned in the law," and thus entitled to wear tho "silk
rohe."

'• John Jones, of Maine, captain in Itogers' Hangers. Being of
a (lark complexion, he was called ' Mahogany Jones.' Prior to tiio
war he lived at or near Pownal borough, and was Surveyor of the
I'lyniouth (.'ompany. As the troubles increased, the whigs accused
liini of secreting tea, and broke open his store. Next, they fastened
liim to a long I'opo, and dragged him through the water until he
was nearly drowned. Finally, to put an end to his exertions against
the popular cause, he was committed to jail in JJoston. Ho escaped,
wont to Quebec in 1780, and received u commission in the Hangers.
Ill Maine, again, befoi-e the peace, ho annoyed his jjcrsonal foes
ropeatedlj'. Among his I'eats was tho caj>lure of his 'old encniy,'
General Charles Cushing, of Powiial borough. Jones, immediatel}'
after the peace, was at the Hay of l\indy, and interested in lands
granted on that island to loyalists. In 1784 he resinned iiis l>usiness
as surveyor, on the river St. Croix. *.j At lengtli, 'his toryism
forgotten,' he removed to the Kennebec. lie died at Augusta,
Maine."

Captain William Johnson, of the King's lioyal regiment, after-
wards colonel of the Militia of Addington. Besides the celebrated
Sir John Johnson's family, there were a large number of combatants
and loyalists of this name, and mostly ;ill of them were cons])icuous
lor their gallant deeds inarms. Captain William Johnson settled
^ome miles west of Kingston, on the fi-ont. Loft one child, a daughter,
who married McCoy. They removed to Toronto. It is said by Mr.
Finklo that the tirst militia musl"red in Upper Canada was by Col.
William John.son, at Finkle's tavern.

The name of Johnson has become somewhat iamona in Canadian
history. James Johnson, an Irishman, was a soldier in Kogers'
Battalion. Ho came to Upper Canada with tho first settlers of
Ernest town, and was captain of the cattle-drivers that came at that
time, or a year later, lie got his location ticket at Carloton Island.
He had a family of seven sons and six daughters. Six of the sons
names were : Daniel, James, William, Matthew, Jacob, Andrew.

^ 4

1:1

n ■ I

KETOIIKHON.

TIjo liwt-nioiitionod supplii's iih with the a\mvi' iiifbnTmtioii. llo iw
now upwunlH ofono huiulrod yonrs ofiij^o. — (Soo U. K. lioyulistH).

V, illium Kotdlu'Hoii, ot'Kitlnoy, wlio wuh born SoptiMulMir, 1782,
ul JkHlfonl, Now York, HiiyN thai IiIh fudicr, Williiiiii KolcilicNoii, was
a iiativo of Kn^laiul, and canio to America with liis^raiidfalluM', his
(iithor boin^ dond. Tboy sotilod in Sontii Carolina, and lived tboro
until the robollion bniUo out. William KotcbcHon, .son., wuh (lion
about Hovontoon years of h/^o, and ontorod tlio HritiHli Horvio(> as a
ilra^oon, nmlor liord Cornwallis. Ho sorvod <inrinfj; tlio war; took
part in many oim;Hnomcn(w, and was woundotl in llio thii^li. Siiortly
iK'foro tho i'l«)so of liostililios bo wa.s marriod to Mary IJull, dau^btor
of Jobn Hnll, a loyalist. Aftor tho poaoo Ijo wont to Nova Sootia,
and on^jfa^od in fisbinfj: 'or a whilo ; livod in a shanty at a rook-bound
placo, calloil Portoon. A tiro ran ovor tho place, burning upnjostly
everything, and almost our informant, who was then only about 18
months old. llo and his mother wero put on board a boat and
tukon to New York. Tho father remained to sotthi bis affairs at
Nova So »tia, and thon eame on into (!anada, alone, in 178(J. He
worked n farm on shares, in tho third township, b»'longing to John
Miller. Jlaked in the grain ; went for bis famil}', a'ld then subso-
quontly worktH.1 Sptmoe's farm on shares for many years. Kiiuilly
movinl to Sidney, in 1800, and settled in the fifth concession.

" John Waltormoyer a tory partisan load«'r. Ho was noted
for ontorpriso and daring, but not for oruolty or ferocity, fn 1781,
at tho head of a band of Tories, Indians, and Canadians, ho
attempted to carry ott' tJonoral Schuyler, whoso abode at that tinio
was in tho suburbs of Albany. The party entered tho dwelling,
commonced packing up tho plato, and a search for the (ionoral.
But that gentleman opened a window, and, as if s))eaking to an
urmod force of his own, called out, — "Como on, my bravo follows;
surround tho bouse, and socxiro the villians who aro j>lundering."
The happy stratagem caused Waltormoyer and his followers to
betake thomsolvos to flight."

The foregoing statement is taken from Sabine, wo shall now
give information derived from Captain Myor's desi-endants, and
others who knew him well. It is without doubt correct.

Captain Myor's father and brother identified themselves with
the robel party, and we have hoai-d it stated that he was at first, a
rebel also, but not receiving promotion as he expected, forsook the
cause, and upon the offer of a captaincy in the British forces allied
himself to them. That this was the pure invention of his enemies

CAPT. MYRIIH.

Ill

in Hufticiontly plain. At tlit^ liuf;iiiiiin^ of tho robollion Cnptuiii
Ky«.*rH, wilh his IhIIkm', wuh a tiirinur in llio vicinity of AUmny,
an<l could liuvo hnd no rouHon tor protnolion. Ah to tho (^npttiiiKty,
wo tind that, ho did nol rocoivo it. nntil 1782, whon tho war had
virtually iloHtHl, as tho following shows;

FrodorioU llaldiniand, Captain-lionoral and (rovornor-in-C'hicf
ol' tho Provinco of (^uohoe and torritorios (h^pondin/^ thoroon,
&c., &c., it.o. Gonoral and Conimandor-in-Chiof of Jlis Majosty'n
I'oroos in said Provinoo and torritorios thoroof, Ac, iVc. Ac.

TO JOHN WAI.TEU MYKRS, E8g. :

By lOWucof tho pow(*rand authority in mo vostod, I <lo horohy
constituto, appoint y<m to ho captain in tho corps of Loyal lian^orH
whoroof Kdward Jossup, Es(|., is iVfajor-f commandant. You nro
thorol'oro oarofully and dili/^ontly to disohar^o tho duty of
captain hy oxoroisinu; and well disoiplinin/^ hoth tho inforior otficors
And Holdiors of tho corps, and I do horohy command thorn to ohoy
you iVA thoir captain, and you aro to ohsorvo and follow such orders
and directions as you shall "rom tinio to time nicoivo from mo your
Major, Major-Commandant, or any other of your supori(n' olHcors,
accoi-dinj^ to tho rules and discipline of war. In pursuance of tho
trust horohy reposed in you. Given under my hand and seal at
Arms, at tho Castio of «S'<. Louis, at Quebec, this tliirtieth day of
May, one thousand seven hundred and eighty-two, and in the
twenty-second year of tho roign of our Sovereign, Lord (roorge
the Third, hy tho Grace of God, Great IJritain, Franco and Ireland,
King Defender of the Faith, and soforth.

(Signed) Fkkd. IlAf.niMANi).
By His Excellency's Command,

R. Mathews.

It Ib true that during tho war he made the attempt to take
General Schuyler a prisoner. He wont with ton men to Albany for
tho purpo.se of seizing the General, and carrying him away cap-
tive. On entering tho yard at night, they looked through tho
window and saw the object of tho expediti(m, but when they had
entered the house he could no where bo found, although search wan
made from cellar to garret. But in the garret were a number of
punchoonfi turned up side down. Some of thom wore examined,
but not all. After the war had clo.sed, tho Governor called on
Myers and told him that had he turned over the other punch.

■

iiii^f

112

M ARTHUR — MILLER.

cons ho would havo found hhn. A faithful female hIiivo had
placed him there. The men with Myoi'H had inntruction to touch
none of the (lovoi'nor'H j)ropoi'ly, after leaving the place, however,
ho found one of the men in poHHOHsion of a silver cuj). This was
sent hack to the Governor afterward.

During the war, Myers on one occawion, pcrhapw when ho was
returning from his attemjit to take Schuyler, was nearly starved to
death. Ho had with him a favorite dog, which became sick for
want of footl. lie carried the dog for days, not knowing but ho
would have to kill him for food. But they all got safely out of il.
and he retained the dog for many a day, and on one occasion ho
showotl him to Schuyler. After the war Captain Myers enjoyed a
pension of 5s. 6d. a day. lie lived in Lower Canada two years. A
certiticato of Masonry informs us that ho was in Quel»oc in 1780.
He frequently carried despatches to Now York, in the first years of
the war; ujton one occasion ho was in a friend's house when the
rebels came np, ho jumped out of the back window atid ran to the
woods, he was seen, uud ])er8on8 on horseback came rapidly to the
woods, and tied their horses, to pursue him on foot, which they
liastily ilid ; Mj'ors had, however, hidden himself close by, and
when they had fairly entered tlie woods in pursuit of him, lie
jumped up and deliberately selected the best horse, upon which he
mounted, and so made an easy escape to New Yoi'k.

JIc came np the bay at an early date, and it seem

squatted on the front of the ninth town before it was surveyed.
lie then moved up to Sidney where he lived until 1790, when ho
returned to the Moira River.

Caj^taiu Myers was a bold man, with limited education, Inil
honest, and, like many others of the Dutch Loyalits, given to great
hospitality. lie was a 'pioneer in mill building, in trading, and in
sailing battcaux and schooners, up and down the bay.

Charles McArthur, a native of Scotland, came to America
befoi-e the rebellion, and settled upon the Mohawk River. Took
part in the war, in Burgoyno's army. Lived for some time atOswc-
gotchie, when he removed to head of the bay. There were living
then west of the Trent River only the following farailios : Peter
Huffman, Donald McDonell, John Blocker, Esq., and John
McArthur. A daughter of Charles McArthur still lives at Belle-
ville, having been born at Oswegotchie, now aged 78, (Mrs.
Maybee.)

Ensign Miller, of Jessup's corps, was a native of Duchess

OaDEN — MORDBN — M DONAM).

113

County. Ho hud n brother nil onsigii, who lived and died at Mon-
tr<'al. Settled in Frodericksburgh, adjacent AdolphuHtown ; drew in
all 2,000 acres of land, in different places. Died 1806, aged forty-
soven. Another brother came to the Province the year afler the
U. E. list had cloued. He was the father of Rev. Gilbert Miller of
Picton, and died at the age of ninety. Mr. G. Miller informs uh
that two groat uncles, named Ogden, wore with the BritiHh troops
at the taking of Fort Frontcnac.

All of this name (Ogden) are supposed to bo related. They wore,
it is thought, of Welsh origin. One of that name settled upon the
Delaware River previous to the rebellion. It is not quite certain
whether this first Ogden died by t.' > banks of the Delaware, or as is
thought came to the Bay Quinte. Ho had throe sons, one of whom
died before their removal, leaving four sons. They, with their
uncles, came at a very early date to Hamilton, but the four nephews
removed to the Bay Quinte about 1790. Their names were James,
John, Joseph and Richard. The numerous body living around the
bay of this name, have all sprung from these four brothers. (Mar-
shal R. Morden.)

Mr. James Morden was a private in His Majesty's Provincial
Regiment, King's Royal of Now York, Sir J. .' )iin8on Commander.
Discharged 1785 at Montreal, at the ago of twenty, having served
three yeors.

Colonel McDonald, as he was subsequently called, as an officer
of militia, sei-ved under Sir John Johnson. He was one of the first
settlors of the fifth township at the Bay Quinte. Ho landed first
in the cove bearing his name, near Mount Pleasant, 1784. W©
have stood upon tho spot whore ho first set foot upon the land, and
pitched his tent. This cove is marketl upon some of the old map**
as Grog Bay, but in reality. Grog Btiy was a small inlet from the
cove. Colonel McDonald lived to bo eighty-five yeai's old. He
drew large quantities of land, besides rece-'"ing many other favors
from government. He left but one offspring, a daughter, who
married a native of France named Prinyea, whose descendants are
worthy inhabitants of the place.

Wo find the followiug newspaper record : " Died on the 3rd
1 October, 1815, Sergeant Alexander McDonald, in his 78th year.
This worthy veteran enlisted in 1767 in the 78th or Prazer's regi-
ment, in which he served at the taking of Louisburg and Quebec.
In 1763 he was drafted into the 60th, and served in the active casa-

paigns during the American war, under the late General Provost,
8

iii-h'

114

J. m'donenll.

II w ^

in Carolina and Georgia. In 1799 ho was drafted frc-ra the 60th
into the 41st regiment, in which he served till August 1811, when
he was discharged, after a faithful service of fifty-five /ears."

The Canadian Gourant spoke of J. McDonnell, as follows : —
" The subject of this memoir wus born in C lengary, in the High-
lands of Scotland, about the year 1760. His father was principal
tackmau on the estate. The spirit of emigration prevailed very
much in Scotland, and particularly in the Highlands, a little before
the commencement of the American war. The father of Mr. R.
McDonnell partaking of the feelings of his clan, and anticipating
many advantagef, in this new world, accompanied a considerable
emigration from Glengary estate, of which he was one of the prin-
cipal leaders. Mr. R. McDonnell landed at Now York with his
father, and a number of the same name, in 1773, but the dis-
putes betweeii Great Britain and the colonies having assumed a
very serious appearance, it was thought prudent to send him into
Canada. Being designed for commerce, he was placed in a count-
ing house, but the war breaking out, the spirit of his ancestors burst
forth with an ardor which could not be restrained. He joined the
Royal Standaixl, and waa immediately appointed to an ensigncy, in
the 84th regiment. In this subordinate situation he did not fail to
distinguish himself by his bravery and good conduct, and on one
singular and trying occasion he exhibited the greatest intrepidity
and coolness. He was advanced to the command of a company in
Butler's Rangers. Many of your readers still retiiember that the
services required by this regiment were of the most arduous kind.
They were sent out on scouting parties, and employed in picking
up intelligence, and in hairassing the back settlements of the
enemy. As their marches lay through pathless forests, they wore
frequently reduced to the greatest necessities, nor had they even,
while on service, any of those comforts which are so common in
rcgulai' camps. In the many expeditions and contests in which
this regiment v/as engaged, during the war. Captain McDonnell
bore a distinguished part, but the great hardships which ho had to
surmount, undermined a constitution naturally excellent, and
entailed upon him a severe rheumatism which embittered the
remaining part of his life.

During some time he acted as Pay-master of the regiment,
and by his own care and attention he found himself at the end ot
the war in the possession of a small independence. This he con-
sidered equally the property of his father, brothers and sisters an

his ov

brothe

it was

the gr<

raised s

having

Colonel

and in U

ments ht

ance of t

he marrii

obliging

ier acqui

that has t

promising

iis father.

and exper

"Tho]

^oing a kir

"In 18
^ttalion,
cumstancof
means aflJu

"Heh

the sev^ere <

t'on. Certj

able charac

^'old in the

violent cou

dangerously

constitution

twenty-firs

" Such

'•especting i

^ho became

was known i

" He wai

'" his youth,

^'s appearan

u'donnell.

115

his own, and proved by his generosity that his filial love and
brotherly afteotion wore equal to his other virtues. In 1794 when
it was thought proper to levy a regiment in this country to remedy
the great desertion which attended regiments from Europe, he
raised a company.

" In 1795 he was promoted to the majority, and the regiment
having been divided into two battalions, he became Lieutenant-
Colonel of the 2nd, in 1796.

" He commanded at Niagara during the building of Fort George,
and in 1802 he again retired on half-pay, the Royal Canadian Regi-
ments having been most injudiciously reduced during the continu-
ance of the ephemeral peace of Amiens. While at Port George
he married Miss Yates, a lady from the States, whose amiable and
obliging manners gained the esteem of all who had the honor of
her acquaintance. By this lady, in whom the Colonel enjoyed all
that has to bo wished in a companion and friend, he has a son, a
promising boy, who, it is to be hoped, will inherit the virtues of
his fkther. The Colonel's active benevolence was known to all,
and experienced by many of his friends.

" There was something so generous, so noble in his manner of
doing a kindness of this sort, as to give it a double value.

" In 1807 he wat appointed Paymaster to the 10th Royal Veteran
Battalion, a situation certainly far below his merits — but his cir-
cumstances, which, owing to his generous disposition, were by no
means affluent, induced him to accept it.

"He had been exceedingly infirm for many years, and perhaps
the severe climate at Quebec was too much for his weak constitu-
tion. Certain it is that this city has been fatal to several respect-
able characters from the Upper Province. He caught a severe
cold in the beginning of November, 1809, accompanied with a
violent cough and expectoration ; he was not, indeed, thought
dangerously ill, till within a short time of his death, but his feeble
constitution could not support the cough, and he expired on the
twenty-first.

" Such are the scanty materials which I have been able to collect
respecting the life of a most excellent officer and honorable man,
who became dearer tq his friends and acquaiatances the longer he
was known to them.

" He was rather below the middle size, of a fair complexion, and
in his youth, uncommonly strong and active. For some time past
his appearance was totally altered ; insomuch that those who had

i. "1

Mijl

IIH

NICHOLSON — OSTBOM — PETERSON.

not seen him for many years, conld not recognize a single feature
of f he swift and intrepid captain of the Rangers.

An acute disease made it frequently painful for him to move a
limh, oven for days and weeks together, but though his body suf-
tcrcd, his mind was active and benevolent, and his anxiety to
promote the interests of his friends ceased only with his life."

Among those who took part in the unequal engagement at
Eciiuington, was Alexander Nicholson, a Scotchman, who came to
America shortlj' before the war broke out. He enlisted as a
private under Burgoyne; but befbi-o the close of the war, received
a commission. He was one of a company which was all but anni-
hilalod at Bennington. He stood by his Colonel when that
officer was shot from his horse. Vainly trying to get him re-horsed,
that officer told him it was no use, that he had better flee. The
day being evidently lost, he proceeded to escape as best he could.
Witli his arm wounded, he managed to escape through a field of
corn to the woods. Coming to a river, he was arrested by an
Indian upon the opposite bank, who, mistaking him for a rebel, fired
at him. The Indian being uncicceived, he forded the river.
Making good hiw escape, he, with many others, wandered for days,
or rather for nights, hiding by day, as scouts wore ranging the
woods to hunt out the tories. There were, however, friends who
assisted to conceal them, as well an to furnish them with food.
He often spoke of his sufferings at that fearful time; lying upon the
cold ground without covering, ami sleeping, to wake with the hair
frozen to the bare ground. Subsequently Nicholson was attached
to Rogers corp's. lie settled in JVedericksburgh, at the close of
hostilities, and subf«equently removed in 1809, to the township ol
Thurlow.

Ostrom was engaged to carry despatches through the enemy's
line. On one occasion he had the despatch in a silver bullet, which
he put in his month. Having resison to believe he would be dili-
gently examined, he took it from his mouth as he would a quid of
tobacco, thrcAv it in the fire and thus escaped.

Nicholas Peterson, with his thi'cc sons, Nicholas, Paul and
Christopher, were living near New York, and took a part in the
war.

They assisted in fighting one of the mostr remarkable battles
of the revolution. It took place on the west side of the North River)
opposite the city of New York, when seventy-five British Militia-
men resisted an attack made by 5,500 rebels, for several hours.

TheBi

ration

would 1

three <

Peterso

York.

the ene

Nic

concessi

C0NT8.VTS.-
— Wii

Undc
Rogers, d(

cured fron
New Yorl
.years, pra

Rober
James Ro^
of land tl
Rangers,
were empl
taking of Q
was oi"doi'(
possession
west as D(
1760; and
journal kep
nei, whicl
book, giviii
My grandfa
the revoluti
was proclai
I have hear<

TIIP ROGERS' FAMILY.

117

The British had a Block House, modo of logs, with a hollow uxou-
ration bohind, and in this hollow they loaded their guns, and
would then step forward and discharge them at the enemy. Only
throe of the British were slain ; the rebels lost many. These
Petersons lost everything of any importance, when they left Now
York. Some of their valuables they bui-ied to pi'cserve them from
the enemy, and the rest they left to their use.

Nicholas and Paul settled on lots No. 12 and 13, in the first
concession of Adolphustown, south of Hay bay.

CHAPTER XI.

CoNTK-NTS. — Rogers' family — Ryerson — Rcdncr — Sherwood — Taylor — Van Diiseu
— Williftinburgh — Wright — Wilkins — Young — Officers who settled in
Niagara District.

Under Queen's Hangers will be found some account of Major
Rogers, derived from Sabine. We here give further information, pro-
cured from Robert D. Roger8,E8q., and Ih\ Armstrong, of Rochester,
New York, who is a native of Frodericksburgh, and who, for many
years, practised his profession in Picton and Kingston.

Robert D. Rogers, of Ashburnham, writes : " My gi-andfather,
James Rogers, settled first in Vermont, and had several largo tracts
of land there, he, and his bi'othors were officora in the Queen's
Rangers, of which his brother Robert was the chief officer; they
were employed in the wars of the French and Indians, until tho
taking of Quebec by the British, after which tho said Robert Rogers
was oi-dored by General Amherst to proceed westwai-d and take
possession of all the forts and i)lace8 held by the French, as far
west as Detroit and Michilimicinac, which he did in the fall of
1760; and he afterwai-ds went to England, where he published a
journal kept by him during the Fi-ench and Indian wars, and up to
1761, Avhich was published in London 1765. Ho also wrote another
book, giving a description of all the North American Colonies.
My grandfather continued to reside in Vermont, until the time of
the revolution, when he joined the British army, and after peace
was proclaimed, settled near the East Lake in Prince Edward.
I have heard that he was buried in Predericksburgh, but do not

! ■

'5.'.

\ \ .]

Tw-llw ■ ■ ''

II: iC'

li^*^

R00EB8.

know the place. My father rcprosonted Prince Edward in the first
Parliament of Upper Canada, of which he was a memV»»r for twenty-
six years."

From Dr. Armstrong, we learn that " Major Eogers was bom
in" Londonderry, New Hampshire, about the year 1728. His wife
was the daughter of the Eev. David McGregor, pastor of the Pres-
byterian church, Londonderry, of which his father, the Eev. James
McGregor, formerly of Londonderry, Ireland, was the founder,
April 12, 1719. Major Eogers was the father of three sons and
throe daughters. Ho removed with his family to Vermont,
where he had become the proprietor of a large tract of land.
Hero he lived until the breaking out of the rebellion, (see Queen's
Eangers.) After the conclusion of the war. Major Eogers, aban-
doning his property in Vermont, much of which had been destroyed,
his herds of cattle driven off SLXid appropriated to their own \xse by
his neighbors, removed with his family to Canada and settled in
Fredericksburgh. That he had been thei-e previously and explored
the country, and that he had taken with him a corps of soldiers, is
altogether probable, for I well remember to have seen in my
earliest boyhood, evidences of previous military strife, such as
numerous broken guns, swords, and other worn-out weapons. At
Fredericksburg, Major Eogers erected, as ho had done before at
Londonderry, Vermont, the first frame house in the township.
How long ho remained here I am unable to say, but probably
sevei'al years. My own birth-place, August 29, 1789, was in a
little village one or two miles below his residence, and as I was
one of his legatees, he probably remained there for some time after
that event. I find no record of his death, but it prooably took
place about the year 1792. He was buried in Fredericksbi^rgh, as
wore his widow and eldest daughter (my mother), 1793. His
eldest son James, rctui'ncd to Vermont and recovered a con-
siderable portion of the land in Londonderry. He afterward, in
1819, removed with his family to Huldimand, where he died several
years ago. His second son, David McGi'egor, familiarly known also
as " Major Rogers," remained in Canada up to the tjme of his
death, about 1823. While quite a young man, he was elected a
member of the first Parliament of Upper Canada. He then resided
at Little Lake in the township of Hallowell. He j^ftcrwards
removed to Cramahe, where I found him in 1803, engaged as a
merchant, holding the office of clerk of the Peace, clerk of thr
District Court, <>nd Eegistrar of Deeds, besides bpjng a member of

Parlian
identifif
of grea
respectt
ing in J
(James)
was the
hood ha(
New En,
the Quec
He after
the Littl
Cramahe
Jose]
fifty volu
good con(
miles intc
Prince of
battles, ar
wick, ther
the militia
against th
in 1854, i
Empire L<
One
bay, says,
in his cor
Ryerson, c
he was em
officers, an
walked bol
immediate
companion
pursuit,
most dete
country nip
danger to
Samue
Royal Stan
Battalion o
the peace,

PETBRg — RYERSON.

119

Parliament, and carrying on a farm. His name ia pretty closely
identified with the early history of Upper Canada. He was a man
of great energy of character and sound judgment, was highly
respected and esteemed, and died greatly lamented. After remain-
ing in Fredericks burgh several years, the family of the late Major
(James) Kogers removed to ihe " Little Lake," so called. This
was the scene of my earliest recollections. In the same neighbor-
hood had resided Mr. Peters, and his family. He was a native of
New England, remained loyal to the Crowii, became an officer in
the Queen's Eangers, and was among the early refugees to Canada.
He afterwards became sheriff of Newcastle, having removed from
the Little Lake, first to the Carrying Place, and afterwards to
Cramahe, about the year 1804, whore he died many years ago.

Joseph Eyerson, of Now Jersey, one of the five hundred and
fifty volunteers who wont to Charleston, South Carolina. For his
good conduct in bearing despatches one hundred and ninety-six
miles into the interior, he was promoted to a Lieutenancy in the
Prince of Wales' Volunteers. Subsequently he was engaged in six
battles, and once wounded. At the peace he went to New Bruns-
wick, thence to Canada, where he settled and became a Colonel in
the militia. In the war of 1812, he and his three sans were in arms
against the United States. Ho died near Victoria, Upper Canada,
in 1854, aged ninety-four, one of the last of the "old United
Empire Loyalists." — (Sabine.)

One of Captain Ryerson's old comrades, Peter Redner, of the
bay, says, he was " a man of daring intrepidity, and a great favorite
in his company." He often related an instance when Captain
Eyerson, commanding a scouting party, for which peculiar service
he was eminently fitted, ventured to crawl up to a tent of American
officers, and discovering one standing in the door who saw him, he
walked boldly up, thus lessening suspicion, and drawing his bayonet
immediately ran him through the . body, and escaped before his
companions had sufficiently recovered from the shock to give
pursuit. Ho represented Captain Eyerson as being one of the
most determined men he ever knew, with the service of his
country "uppermost in his mind, he often exposed himself to great
danger to accomplish his desires.

Samuel Ryerson, of New Jersey, brother of Joseph, joined the
Royal Standai-d, and received a commission as captain in the Third
Battalion of New Jersey Volunteers ; went to New Brunswick at
the peace, thence to Canada, where he settled.

'iA\

: \

120

REDNER — RUTTAN.

Potor Eednei', a native of New Jersey, was connected with tlie
service for some time. He was in the same division as Captain
Byeraon, and during his subsequent life was always delighted to tell
of the incidents in connection with the several campaigns through
which he passed, especially suoh as related to "his friend Byerson,"
to whom he was much attached.

At the close of the war he went to Nova Scotfa, where he
drew land ; but not liking the place, he disposed of his land and
came to Canada. He purchased lot ninety-four in Ameliasburgh
for a small consideration, frcttn William Pox, a United Empire
Loyalist, of Pennsylvania, who had drawn it. — (AiMey.)

Walter Eoss — He arrived, an emigrant from Scotland, at Que-
bec, the night before the fall of Montgomery. He, with others
from the ship, immediately took up arms, and assisted to repulse
the enemy in a most distinguished manner. He subsequntly lived
with Major Frazer, and became so great a favorite that the Major
assisted him to an ensigncy. After the close of the war he
married Miss Williams, of Ernest town, and settled in Marysburgh,
on the lake shore.

The Euttans wei*e descendants of the Huguenots. Says
Sheriff Euttan : "My grandfather emigrated to America about the
time of Sir William Johnson, Bai't., in 1734, and settled at a town
called New Eochelle, in Westchester county. New York. This
town, or tract of land, was purchased in 1689, expressly for a
Huguenot settlement, by Jacob Leister, Commissioner of the Admi-
ralty, under Governor Dongan of New York. It soon increased,
and in 1700 had a vast number of militia officers, loyal to the back-
bone. To this settlement ray grandfather repaired soon after his
arrival. My father and uncle Peter were born here about 1757,
and 1759. Both entered the army in the 3rd battalion of Jersey
volunteers, one as Lieutenant, the other as Captain. This was
about the year 1778. In the year 1778, my uncle Peter accom-
panied Brant from New York to Western Canada, on a tour of
observation, being a great favorite, so much so that he named his
son Joseph Brant Ruttan,as a token of his friendship. As a further
token of his esteem, Bx-ant, at parting, pi'esented him with a hand-
some brace of pistols, which he valued highly. At his decease,
they came into my possession. My father and uncle had grants of
1200 acres of land each, at Adolphustown, in the Midland District,
this was in 1783 or 1784."

Sheriif Euttan, when a child, met with a slight accident which
probably turned the current of his life from one of comparative

LU,4,- il'.l ':sg

SCHERMERHORN — SPENCER.

121

obscurity to notoriety. Henry Buttan went out with his brother
one spring morning to tap trees for sugar making. Accidentally
two of Henry's fingei*s were severed fVom his hand by an unto-
ward stroke of the sharp axe. This loss led his father to send him
to school, as he could not perform manual labor. Bespecting his
education, the reader is referred to the division on "Early Educa-
tion." With the education obtained in Adolphustown, ho went to
Kingston and was apprenticed with John Eerby, a successAil mer-
chant. By industry as well as talent, Henry advanced to he a
partner, and was entrusted to open a store in the "new township "
near Grafton, in Newcastle. Subsequently, he distinguished him-
self as a soldier, in 1812, then as a member of Parliament, as
Speaker, and for a long time as Sheriff. Latterly his name is
associated with inventions for ventilation of buildings and cars.

Captain Schermerhorn was among the first settlers upon the
bayQuinte. Respecting the nature of his services during the war we
have no record, nor have we learned in what regiment he served ;
but most probably in Johnson's. The writer has in his possession a
portion of an epaulet which belonged to this officer. He drew
large quantities of land in the western part of the Province, as
well as a lot in Fredericksburgh. He died in 1788 when on a visit
to Montreal to procure his half-pay. His widow and eldest son
died soon after. His youngest son, John, settled on lot 95, 9th
concession Ameliasburg. — (^.7. B, Ashley.)

" Colonel Spencer " was an officer in Boger's Battalion, settled
on lot 9, Ist concession Fredericksburgh additional. He died
shortly after the commencement of the war of 1812, having been
Colonel of the militia, and active in preparing to meet the foe. He
was buried, with military honors, upon his own farm.

His brother Augustus was an ensign, and settled at East Lake^
on half-pay. His wife, Sarah Conger, lived to be ninety-four years
old.

In the former part of last jentury there were born three
brothers, Seth, Thomas, and Adiol Sherwood, in old Stratford, in
the Province of Connecticut. The three brothers removed, 1743,
to Now York State, five miles north of Fort Edward, within a
«hort distance of the spot where Burgoyne surrendered. At the
commencement of the rebellion, Seth and Adiel identified them-
selves with the rebel party, becoming officers in the army, while
Thomas adhered to his Sovereign. It was probably after the defeat
of Burgoyne, when he proceeded to St. John, Lower Canada, and

f i\

I*.:?

122

8HXRW00D — TAYLOR.

was subsequently employed by the British Government on secret
service in the revolting State. Hit knowledge of the country
enabled him to bring from the territory of the enemy not a few who
were desirous of serving in the British army. In 1779 his family
removed to St. Johns, and he received an appointment as subaltern
in Major Jessup's corps.

At the close of the war, Thomas SJierwood came with his corps
to the St. Lawrence, and became the first actual settler in the
county of Leeds. He was well known as an active public man,
'* he was ever ready to give assistance and instructions to the new
comers.'* He also assisted in the first survey of that part. He was
among the first magistrates. Ho lived on his farm forty-two years,
and died, aged 81, in peace.

Adiel Sherwood, from whom we receive the foregoing fkcts, was
the son of Thomas, and was born at the homestead in New York
State, 16th May, 1779, shorty before the family left for Canada.
He says : <' I remained with the family at St. Johns until May,
1784, when 've came in the very tii'st brigade of batteaux to the
Upper Province, where my father pitched his tent, about throe
miles below Brockville, so that I may say I saw the first tree cut,
and the first hill of corn and potatoes planted by an actual settler."
Mr. Adiel Sherwood at an early date, 1796, was appointed an ensign
in the first regiment of Leeds Militia. He was promoted from
time to time until he became Colonel. He was commissioned ii
Magistrate, Clerk of the Peace, Commissioner of Land Board, and
finally Sheriff for the district of Johnstown. He was connected
with the militia fifty years, when he retired on full rank. Was
Treasurer of the District twenty-five years, and Sheriff thirty-five.
Mr. Sherwood still lives, an active, genial, and christian-minded
gentleman, and we take this occasion to expi'ess our feelings of
gratitude for his assistance and sympathy in this our undertaking.

There were a good many of the name of Taylor among the
loyalists residing at Boston, New York, and New Jersey. They
were all in the higher walks of life, and some filled high public
stations. One family, consisting at the time of the rebellion, of a
mother and three sons, has a tragic and deeply interesting history.
For many of the particulars I am indebted to Sheriff George
Taylor, of Belleville, a descendant of the youngest of the
brothers.

Sheriff Taylor's father was named John, and was born upon
the banks of the Hudson, of Scotch parents. He was fourteen

A SPY OF THB RVVOLUTION.

tts

years old when the robolllon broke out. His two brothers were
officers in the British army, and were employed in the hazardous
duties of spies. The only knowledge he has of his uncles, is that
they were both caught at different times, one upon one side of the
Hudson and the other the opposite side ; both were convicted and
executed by hanging, one upon the limb of an apple tree, the
other of an oak. John Taylor was at home with his mother upon the
farm, at Kindcrhook. But one day he was carried off while from
the house, by a press gang, to Burgoyno's army. He continued
in the army for seven years, until the end of the war, when he
was discharged. During this time he was in numerous engage-
ments, and received three wounds at least, one a s^bre wound, and
a ball wound in the arm. It is stated on good authority, (Petrie)
that he once carried a despatch from Quebec to Nova Scotia, fol-
lowing the Ba}' of Fundy. His mother in the meautime was
ignorant of his whereabouts, and hold the belief that he was dead,
or carried oif by the Indians. At the expiration of the war he
went to Now Brujuswick by some moans, subsequently he under-
took to walk oil snowshoes, with three others, from St. Johns to
Sorel, which he accomplished, while the three others died on the
way; he saved his life by killing and eating his dog. He procured
his discharge at Sorcl. In 1783 he came up the St. Lawrence to C^ta-
roqui, and thence walked up the bay as far as the mouth of tb''
Moria Kiver, occompanied by one William McMnllen. Ascendi:
the Moria ho chose the land, where is now the 4th concession of
Thurlow, the " Holstoad farm." He lived here j^ few months, but
the Indians drove him away, declaring the river belonged to them.
He then bought lot No. 5, at the front, of Captain Singleton, pro-
perty which yet bears his name. John Taylor married the da^:ight«r
of a U. E. Loyalist by the name of Russell.

Two or three years after he came to Thurlow, he visited his old
home at Kinderhook, to see his mother, who knew not he was alive.
She accompanied him back to Canada, although hard on ninety years
old. She did not live long in her new home.

Two intimate comrades of John Taylor in the army, were
Merritt and Soles, father of D. B. Soles, formerly of Belleville.

Eespecting the brothers o^ John Taylor, the following appeared
in the Hastings Chronicle of Belleville, 13ti- November, 1861.

"A Spy o tub ^.kvolution. — In the year 1716, when
Governor Clinton resided in Albany, there came a stranger to his
house one cold wintry morning, soon after the family had breakfasted.

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GEN. CLINTON AND TAYLOR.

He was welcomed by the household, and hospitably entertained. A
breakfast was ordered, and the Governor, with his wife and daughter
employed in knitting, was sitting before the fire, and entered into
conversation with him about the affairs of the country, which natur-
ally led to the enquiry of what was his occupation. The caution
and hesitancy with which the stranger spoke, aroused the keen-sighted
Clinton. Ho communicated his suspicion to his wife and daughter,
who closely M'atched his every word and action. Unconscious ot
this, but finding that ho had fallen among enemies, the stranger was
seen to take something from his pocket and swallow it. Meantime
Madam Clinton, with the ready tact of a woman of those troublesome
times, went quietly into the kitchen, and ordered hot coffee to be
immediately made, and added to it a strong dose of tartar emetic.
The stranger, delighted with the smoking beverage, partook freely
of it, and Mrs. Clinton soon had the satisfaction of seeing it produce
the desired result. From scripture out of his own moutli was he
condemned. A siver bullet appeared, which upon examination was
unscrewed and found to contain an important despatch . from
Bnrgoyne. He was trieu, condemned and executed, and the bullet
is still preserved in the family."

" The foregoing article we clip from the Boston FYee Flag of the
2nd November, 1861,this,there is reason to infer, is a special reference
to a relative of one of the oldest families in this part of Canada.
John Taylor in his life time, well known to the first inhabitants of
Belleville, had two brothers employed upon secret service for the
British Government during the American revolutionary war, their
names were Neil and Daniel. At different times they were each
apprehended and suffered the .severe penalty of the law. A tradi-
tion of the Taylor family of this place, agrees in all particulars with
the above article, and points to one of the Taylor brothers as the
person therein alluded to."

Sabine says that " Daniel Taylor in 1111, was dispatched by Sir
Henry Clinton to Bnrgoyne, with intelligence of the capture of Fort
Montgomerj', and Avas taken on his way by the whigs as a, spy.
Findmg himself in danger, he turned aside, took a small silver ball
or bullet from his pocket and swallowed it. The act was seen, and
General George Clinton, into whoso hands he had fallen, ordered a
severe dose of emetic tartar to be adminis- tered, which wused him
to discharge the bullet. On being unscrewed, the silver bullet was
found to contain a letter from the one British General to the other,
which ran as follows :

service, and

, li'

VANPUSBN — WILLI AMSBURQII.

125

Fort Montoomkry, October 2, 1777.
Noui void — and nothiDg between U8 but Gales. I «incei'oly hope
ihiM little success of ours may facilitate your operations. In answer
to your letter of 28th of September, by C. C, I shall only say, I
cannot presume to order, or even advise, for reasons obvious. I
heartily wish you success.

Faithfully yours,

H. Cl.INTOK.

To General Burgoyne.

Taylor was tried, convicted, and executed, shortly after his
detection."

Conrad VanDusen was a native of Duchess County, N. Y.,
bom 23rd April, 1751. llis father was Bobert VanDusen. At the
commencement af the rebellion he was in business as a tailor, in New
York City. He served during the whole of the war, seven years, in
Butler's Rangers. During this time, his wife, who was also from
Duchess County, formerly a Miss Coon, carried on the tailoring
business in New York, and succeeded in saving fifty-three
ij;uinea8. On leaving for Canada with VsmAlstine, they brought
with them two large boxes of clothing. They also had some
jcwellry.

During the war VanDusen was sometimes employed upon secret
MU'vice, and upon one occasion was caught, and condemned to be
hanged. Upon leaving the room in which he had been tried, he
managed t. convey to a woman present, whose earnest demeanor
led him to believe she was friendly, a gold ring, u keep-sake of his
wife. By some means VanDusen escaped, having concealed himself
in a swamp under water, with his face only above water, and in after
years he was surprised and rejoiced to receive by letter the identical
ring, which had been sent to him by the woman into whose hands he
had so adroitly placed it. She had directed the letter to Catai-aqni.

The close of the war found VanDusen at New York, and he
joined VanAlstine's band of refugees, and settled in Adolphustown.
Subsequently he removed to Marysburgh, lot No. 9, where he died,
aged seventy-six years and seven months. He lies buried in the
U. E. burying ground, Adolphustown.

Frederick Frank Williamsburgh, at the time of the war lived
upon the Susquehanna, and owned a thousand acres of land. He
was a sickly man. His family consisted of a son eleven years old»
and three daughters. One day he went some distance to a mil!.

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WRIOHt— WILKINfl.

taking his children with him, and leaving \m wife and mother at
homo. That day the rebeh made a raid, and he wan talccn prisoner
from hia children on the road ; and coming to his barn, it, with all
his grain was burned up. Hin wife and old mother sought safety in
the woods, and the house was stripped of everything. The children
arriving home without their father, found no mother, or grand-
mother, only the smoking ruins of the barn and the dismantled house.
Frightened almost to death, and expecting to be killed before mor-ii
ing, they lay down on the floor. About midnight came a knock at
the door, after a time they summoned sufficient courage to ask who
was there, when it was found to Ims neighbor who had been hunted
in the woods for three days and who was almost starved. He was
admitted, and having slept for a short time, he proceeded to prepare
a raft upon the river ; upon this he placed some flour he had con-
cealed in the woods, and the children, with himself, and floated
down the river. But the morning brought the enemy, and they were
taken. The children were couveye<l to a place where they found their
mother ; but the father having been thrown into a prison, in three
months his weak constitution succumbed to the cruelty of his prison
house.

The family found their way to Lower Canada, after a time, living
upon the rations dealt out from day to day from the commissariat
department. They, after a time, went to Montreal, and one son,
when twelve year old, enlisted. For a time he acted as tailor to the
regiment, but subsequently became a favorite with the Colonel and
was promoted. The descendants of this William Williamsburgh now
live in Belleville.

Sergeant Daniel Wrijht was born in the city of London, 1741.
He was sergeant in the 7 -r \ regiment. Sergeant Wright was presoui
at the battle before Quebec, when Montgomery was killed. He
settled in Marysburgh in 1784. He was commissary officer for the
fifth township, and was subsequently* appointed magistrate and then
registrar, which office he held for upwards of thirty years. Was Lieut.
Colonel in the Prince Edward Militia. " Old Squire Wright " was a
man of education and gentlemanly deportment, strictly religious, and
noted for his urbanity ; he obtained the soubriquet of " Squire civil."
It is said he was never known to smile. Unlike other retired officers,
it is said, he did not seek to acquire extensive tracts of land. Died
April, 1828, aged eighty-seven.

The following is from the Kingston Chronicle : '* Died at the Car-
rying Place, 27th February', 1836, EobertWilkins, Esq., in the ninety-

COL. TOUNb.

IIT

fourth year oi' his age. He entered the amiy at the early ago of
Moventeen, iu the 17th Light DragoonH, then commanded by the late
Colonel Hale. Soon ntter he joined the regiment it wan ordered to
Scotland. There it did not long remain ; the " Whitehoy " con-
npiracy had been formed in Ireland. From Ireland he sailed with
the same distingaishcd regiment for the Britinh Amoricnn Colonies,
then raising the standard of revolt, landed at Boston, and a few days
after bore a conspicuous part in the battle of Bunker's Hill, on which
occasion he had two horses shot under him. He was present at
most of the engagements in the northern colonies. At the battle of
White Plains, he was one of the foi'lom hope, where he received fl
severe contusion on ti»e breast, and lost the thumb of his right hand.
After recovering from his wounds, he retired from the army, and
entered into mercantile pursuits in the city of New York. There he
carried on a prosperous business until peace was concluded ; but
when that city was evacuated by the British troops (in 1788) he was
too strongly attached to his king to remain behind. He then accom-
panied them to Shelbnme, Nova Scotia. In the improvements of
that luckless place, ho expended a large sum of money, but finding
that the place would not succeed, he left, and in 17^9, returned to
his native country, from which, three years after, he was induced to
follow Governvi • Simcoe to this colony, just after it had received its
• oaslitutioi , "nd became a distinct government. From that time he
remained i:. Upper Canada, and most of the time at this place. Of
Christian doctrine and Christian duty, he had a much deeper sense
than was obvious to occasional visitors. His hospitality was prover-
bial, and never under his roof was the poor refused food or shelter.
His remains were followed to the church, and thence to the house
appointed for all living, by not less than .300 of his friends and
neighbors."

For an account of the son 6i the above, see notices of U. E.
Loyalifts.

Col. H. Young — His father was a native of Nottingham,England,
and came to New York when eighteen years old, and settled at
Jamaica, Long Island. He was a gunsmith by trade. Subsequently
he removed to Husack, northern New York. Ho had four sons,
CTeorffo, Henry, William, John, and two daughters. His second son
Heni*y,was bom at Jamaica,10th March, 1737. At the age of eighteen
he joined the British army, as a volunteer. He was present at the
battle of Tyconderoga, under General Aborcrombie. Ho was also
with the army under General Amherst, which went from Albany

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F!R8T SETTLKR8 IN UPPER CANADA.

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to Montreal, to join the army from Qaebec, undor General Murray.
Continued in the army until 1761, when ho returned home, married
a Miss Campman, and lived in peace until the rebellion broke out.
Ho again joined the Britioh army as a private, and was at the
battle of Bennington, but he so distinguished himself that he was
promoted to an ensigncy in the King's Boyal Regiment, of New
York. During the war he took part in seventeen battles, but
escaped with one wound in the hand. In the year 1780, he was
sent with Major Ross to Carleton Island. For three years he was
at this pli.^e, or Oswego. In 1783 he was discharged on half pay,
and received grants of land — 3,000 acres, with the pri 'ilege of
selecting the place. Immediately after his release he set out,
sometime during the summer or a utumn of 1783, to prospect for
land. In a small canoe, he, with a brother officer, named, it is said,
McCarty, proceeded up the bay Quinte, and into Picton bay to its
head, thence to East Lake. Having decided to take land here, he left
his son during the winter. In the following spring 1784, he brought
his family from St. Johns, where they had been staying. (See
settlement of Prince Edward). Colonel Young died at East Lake,
3rd December, 1820, aged eighty-three years and nine months.

Daniel YouJig was in the Engineer Department during the
latter part of the revolutionary war. Ho died at East Lake, 30th
September, 1850, aged eighty-five.

Henry Young was Lieutenant of Militia in the war of 1812.
Went to Kingston on duty, where ho died, latter part of December,
1812.

Among the firet settlers of the Upper Province, especially upon
the St. Lawrence, and who took part in the war, may be mentioned,
Captain Thomas Pi-azer, Captain William Prazer, Lieutenant
Solomon Snider, Lieutenant Gideon Adams, Captain Simon
Covelle, Captain Drummond, Ensign Dulmage, Ensign Sampson,
Lieutenant Farrand, Captain Amberson, Lieutenant McLean,
Lieutenant James CampbeU, Lieutenant Alexander Campbell,
Sergeant Bononi Wiltsie, Ensign E. Bolton, Captain Justus Sher-
wood, Captain John Jones, Lieutenant James Breakenridge, of
Roger's corps.

Colonel Clarke, of Dalhousie, gives a " list of half pay officers
who settled in the Niagara Dintrict after the rebellion of the
colonies :"

Colonel John Butler, originator of Butler's Rangers, an Irish-
man, a connection of Lord Osmore; Captain Andrew Brant,

TRAVELINO BY THE INDIANS.

120

Butler'B Bangers ; Captain B Fry, Captain P. Hare, Captain Thos.
Butler, Captain Aaron Brant, ^Captain P. Paulding, Captain John
Ball, Captain P. Ball, Captain P. Ten Brock, Lieutenant R
Olenoh, Lieutenant Wm. Brant, Lieutenant Wm. Tweeny,
Lieut. Jocal Swoos, Lieut. James Clements, Lieut. D. Swoos, all of
Butler's Rangers^ Captain* James Brant, Indian Department;
Captain H. Nelles, Captain James Toung, Captain Bubert Nelles,
Captain Joseph Dockater, Captain C. Byman, Lieut. J. Clement,
Lieut. W. B. Shnhm, Lieut. A. Chrysler, Lieut. S. Secord, Lieut.
P. Stevens, Surgeon R. Kerr, Commodore T. Merritt, father of the
late Hon. W. H. Merritt, all of the Indian Department.

DIVISION n.

TRAVELING IN i^ARLY TIMES-ORIGINAL ROUTES.

CHAPTER Xn.

CJoNTiMTs^-lAdian paths— Portages — Original French rontes— Mer de Canada*
Original names of St. Lawrence— On tario^Huron— Route by Bay Quints-
Old French maps — Original English routes — Four ways from Atlantic to
the Lakes — MissisRippi — Potomac — HudHon — ^Indian name of Brie— Fron
New York to Ontario— The Hudson River — Mohawk — Wood creek — Oneida
Lake — Oswego Rivpf — The carrying places — West Canada Creek — Black
River— Oswegotohie — The navigation— Military highway — Lower Canada.«-
An historic route — The paths followed by the Loyalists — Indian paths north
of Lake Ontario — Crossing the Lake — From Cape Vincent to the Bay
Qaint^ — From Oswego by Duck Islands — East Lake — Picton Bay — Coasting
Ontario— Two ways to Huron — By Bay Quints an<l Trent ; by Don RivcT'^
Lake Simcoe — Point Traverse — Loyal istfr— Traveling by the St. Lawrence-
First road— Long remembered event.

Although the European found t he American continent a vast

unbroken wilderness, yet the nati , <> Indians had well defined

routes of travel. Mainly, the lonjj jonrneyn made by them in their

hunting excursions, and when upon tho war path, were by water

up and down rivers, and al6ng the shore* of lalces. And at c iirtain

places aronnd rapids, and ftrom one bodv of water to another, their
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frequent journoyings created a well marked path. These portages
or carrying places may even yet, in many places be traced, and
are still known by such appellations. The arrival of the European
in America was followed by his penetrating, step by step, to the
further recesses of the north and west. The opening of the fur
trade with the Indians led to increased travel «long some of the
original paths, and probably to the opening of new ones. While
the French by the waters of the lower St. Lawrence, found it con-
venient to ascend by the grcatstreams. the English had to traverse
the high lands which separate the sources of the rivers which
empty into the Atlantic, from those which rise to flow to the lakes
and rivers of fresh water to the north.

The original routes of travel taken by the French were up
the St. Lawrence, at first called the •* Grand Eiver of Canada,"
while the gulf is marked Galpo di Canada O'S Larenzo. The
water of the Atlantic, south of the Chesapeake Eiver to Newfound-
land and the gulf, was known as the Mer de Canada. From the sea-
boai-d the traveler sometimes, having ascended to the mouth of
the Sorel Biver, turned west to lake Cbamplain, and thence into
the western part of the present New York State, or continuing up
the St. Lawrence to its confluence with the Ottawa, or as it was
sometimes called Grand River, selected one or the other of these ma-
jestic streams, by which to continue the journey westward. Follow-
ing the Ottawa, the way led to the north as far as Lake Nippissing,
and thence westward to the Georgian Bay. Sometimes the voyager
would continue to ascend the St. Lawrence to Lake Ontario, a por-
tion of the St. Lawrence sometimes called Cataraqui River, or the Iro-
quoin River, that is to say, the river which leads to Cataraqui, or the
Iroquois country. Lake Ontario was called by Champlain, Lake
St .Louis, and subsequently for a time it was known as Lake Fronto-
nac. According to a map observed in the French Imperial Library
the Indian name of Ontario was Skaniadono, 1688.

From Lake Ontario to Lake Huron, at first named Mer Douce,
and, then after the Huron Indians, who were expelled from that
region by the Iroquois in 1650, a ver}' common route was up the
Bay Quinte, the River Trent, Lake Simooe, and to Georgian Bay.
That this was a not unfrequent way is well exhibited by the old
French maps, which, prepared to indicate the principle water ways
to the traveler, had the waters of the Bay and Trent, even to ita
source, made broad, so that the observer might imagine that the
bay and the river were one continuous bay of navigable waters.

ROUTES FROM ATLANTIC TO ONTARIO.

131

As this route was adjacent to the territory of the Iroquois nation, it
was only when the French "were at peace with them that this
course was taicen, until the establishment of the fort at Cataraqui.
Again the French occasionally followed the south shore of Lakv,
Ontario to the Niagara Eiver iind ascended it to Lake Erie, and
thus approached the far west.

While the French with comparative ease, reached the vast
inland seas, the English by more difficult channels sought the
advantages, whichjintercourse with the lake Indians afforded. An
early writer of American history, Isaac Wold, says : ** There are
four principal channels for trade between the ocean and the lakes.
One by the Mississippi to Lake Erie, a second by the Potomac and
French Creek to Lake Erie. (Lake Erie was at first called Oks-
wego, and the territory to the south of Lake Erie was sometimes
called Ontario Nou^.) A third by the Hudson, and a fouith by the
St. Lawrence.' A lu writer says: " It is worthy of notice, that
a person may go from Quebec to New Orleans by water all the
way except about a mile from the source of Illinois River." The last
mentioned route we have seen belonged to the French, and was the
best to follow, as well as the most direct to Europe. Of the other
three, we have only to speak of that by the Hudson.

The distance from New York to Lake Ontario ip laid down as
being 600 miles. From New York Bay to Albany, the Hudson is
navigable, 180 miles. Ten miles north of Albany the river divides
into two branches. The western branch is the Mohawk and leads
to liome, formerly Fort Stauwix. A branch of the Mohawk, Wood
Creek, leads toward Oneida Lake, which was reached by a portage.
A branch of Wood Ci*eok was called Canada Creek, and led
toward Lake Champlain. From Oneida Lake, the larger lake,
Ontario, is reached by the Oswego River. Weld pi-obably refers
to this route when h< says that the distance over which boats had
to be hauled by land, (perhaps from New York to Ontario) was
altogether thirty miles. This n no doubt the most speedy route
by which to roach Upper Canjulu from the Hudson. Frequent
reference is made to it, in the accounts of journeying, by the U. E.
Loyalists, which have come under notice. It was by I'ar the most
commonly traveled way, i»ken by those who carao into Canada
after the close of the war. And, it is stated, 1796, that tJie chief
part of the trade between Now York and the lake is by this way.
But sometimes, the traveler up the Mohawk, instead of turning into
Vilcrik, or Wood Creek, would continue to ascend the Mnhiiwk,

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DIFFERENT ROUTES — LOYALISTS,

which turned more towai*d the east; and then into a branch some-
times called, 1766, West Canada Creek, by which he was brought
contiguous to the head waters of the Black Eiver, which empties
into the lake at Sacket's Harbor. But the Black River was some-
times reached by ascending the Hudson, above the mouth of the
Mohawk, away eastward to the Mohegan mountains, where the
Hudson rises. Crossing these mountains he would strike the
Moose River, which is a tributary to thr Black River. Occasion-
ally, instead of Moose River, the Oswegotchie was reached, and fol-
lowed to its mouth at La Presentation, the present town of Ogdens-
burgh. That this route was well known, is shown fW)m the state-
ment of Weld, that, " It is said that both the Hudson and Oswegot-
chie River ai*e cafblc of being made navigable for light batteaux
to where they approach within a short distance, about four miles."
All of these branches of the Hudson are interrupted by fklls.

Still another way was now and then taken, after having
crossed the Mohegans, namely, by Long Lake which feeds Racket
River, that empties into the St. Lawrence, at St. Regis, opposite Corn-
wall. Again, numerous accounts have been ftirnished the wi'iter, in
which the traveler followed the military highway to Lower Can-
ada, by Whitehall, Lake Champlain, Port Ticonderoga, Platts-
burgh, and then turning northward proceeded to Cornwall. But this
way was the common one to Lower Canada, and by the Sorel. This
historic route was no doubt long u>ed by the Indians, before the
European trod it, and Champlain at an early period penetrated to
the lake, to which his name is forever attached. Along this road
passed many a military expedition ; and during the wars between
the colonies of France and England, here ebbed and flowed the
tide of strife. The iebellion of 1776 witnessed Bnrgojiie with his
army sweep by here westward to meet his disastrous fhte ; and
thereafter set in the stream of refugees and loyalists, which ceased
not to flow for many a year, along this path.

While the great majority of the loyalists who came to Canada,
followed one or other of the routes above mentioned, there were
some who came around by the Atlantic, and up the St. Lawrence.
There were at least two companies, one under the leadership of
Captain Grass, and one under Captain Van Alstino, who sailed from
New York in ships under the protection of a war vessel, shortly
before the evacuation by the British forces in 1783,

Directing our attention to the territory north of Lake Ontario,
and the Upper St. Lawrence, we find some interesting facts relative

INDIAN ROUTES AROUND BAY QUINTE.

133

to the oi'iginal Indian paths ; somotimes, followed on hunting and
fishing expeditions, and sometimes in pursuit of an enemy. There
is evidence that the Mohawks, upon the southern shore of Lake
Ontario, were accustomed to pass across the waters, to the northern
shores by different routes. Thus, one was from Cape Vincent to
Wolfe Island, and thence along its shore to the west end, and then
either to Cataraqui, or up the Bay QuintC; or perhaps across to Am-
herst l8land,where, it seems, generally resided a Chief of considerable
importance. A second route, followed by them, in their frail bark
canoes, was from a point of land somewhat east of Oswego, called
in later days Henderson's Point, taking in their way Stony Island,
the Jallup Islands, and stretching across to Yorkshire Island, and
Duck Island, then to the Drake Islands, and hnally to Point
Traverse. Following the shore around this point, Wappooso Island
was also reached*, or, on the contrary, pi-oceoding along the shore
westwai'd they reached East Lake. From the northernmost point
of this lake they directed their steps, with canoes on their heads,
across the carrying place to the head of Picton Bay, a distance of
a little over four miles. It is interesting to notice that upon the
old maps, by the early French navigators, the above mentioned
islands are specified a "aw des Couis;^'' while at the same time the
Bay of Quinte bears the name of Couis, showing unmistakably that
the Mohawk Indians passed by this way to the heal waters of
the bay and to the Trent Eivei*. Ilcrriot designates one of those
islands, isle de Quinte. Two maps in the Imperial libnu-y of Paris,
give these islands, above mentioned, the name of Middle Islands,
and the watex's east of them are named Cataraqui Bay. It is
not at all unlikely that Champlain, when he first saw Lake
Ontario, emerged from the water of East lake. Again, in^tead of
entering the Bay Quinte \vith a view of passing up the River Moira,
or Trent, they would continue along the south shore of Prince
Edward, past "West Lake and Consecon Lake, and proceed westward,
sometimes to the river at Port Hope, sometimes further west, even
to the Don, and ascend some one of the rivers to the head waters
of the Trent or Lake Simcoo. The early maps indicate Indian
villages along at several points. Owing to the dangerous coast
along the south shore of Prince Edward, sometimes they chose the
longer and more tedious route through the Bay Quinte to its head.
That here was a common carrying place is well attested by the state-
ments of many. Indeed, at this point upon the shores of the lake
was an Indian village of importance. An old graveyard here, upon

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FROJI ONTARIO TO HURON.

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being plowed, has yielded rich and important relics, showing that
the Indians were Christianized, and that valuable French gifts had
been bestowed.

It would seem from a letter of DeNonville, that there were two
ways to reach Lake Huron from Lake Ontario : one by the Bay
Quintc and the Trent ; the other by the way of the Don Eiver and
Lake Simcoe, called by him " Lake Taranto." In the selection of
routes they were guided by Indians.

The route by the Trent and the Bay Quinte was for many a day
regarded as the most direct, and the best route to Lake Huron, even
since the settlement by Europeans. Its supposed importance was
sufficient to lead to the attompt to construct a canal with locks, to
make it navigable. Gourlay says, sometime after the war of 1812,
that " in course of time it may become an object of importance to
connect Rice Lake by a canal with Lake Ontario' direct, instead of
following the present canoe route by its natiiral outlet into the Bay
Quinte."

The Marquis DeNonville, in 1685, moved on the Five Nations
with his little army in canoes, in two divisions. On the 23rd June,
one-half proceeded on the south side from the fort Cataraqui, and
the other on the north side of the lake, and met near Oswego.
Now, there can be no doubt, that the latter party crossed the bay
to Indian Point, passed along its southern shore, then across the bay
by Wappoose Island, and then around, or crossing Point Traverse
struck far into the lake, by the islands which constituted the guides
of this early Indian route. It may be that this was bo commonly
traveled that the old namefof Point Traverse was thus derived.

We have indicated the several i-outes followed by the Indians,
the French, the English, and finally by the Refugees, so far as
relate to the territory now comprising Upper Canada, that is by
which it was originally reached and settled. Beside, there were
some who found their way by land from the head waters of the
Susquehana to Lake Erie and Niagara. But the vast majority of
pioneers of Upper Canada entered by the channels aforesaid.

For many years, the only road from Lower Canada was by the
St. Lawrence, ascending wearily up the dangerous rapids in canoes
and batteaux; and it will be found that the lots in the first town-
ships were surveyed nairow in oi*der to secure a water frontage to
as many as possible, because there was no other means of transit
than by water. But those who settled in the second concessions, a
year or two later, were obliged to tread the length of the long front

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TRAVELING BY CANOE.

136

lots, in order to reach the water. At the same time the com-
manication with Lower Canada, np and down the rapids, was
attended with many hazards and inconveniences. It consequently
became a matter of no little importance to have a road through
the settlements to Montreal, which might be traveled by horse,
a King's highway from the eastern Provincial line. It wae^
however, some years after the first settlement before this was
secured. The original survey for a road was made by one
Ponair, assisted by one Kil borne. "The opening" Sherwood
says, " of this road from Lower Canada to Brockville and thence to
Cataraqui, a distance of 145 miles, was an event long remembered
by the pioneers. At the end of each mile was planted a red cedar
post with a mark upon it indicating the number of miles from the
Provincial line." — (See First Years of Upper Canada — Construction
ofBoads).

CHAPTER XIII.

CoMTBNTS — Indians travclod by foot or by canoe — Secreting canoes— Primeval
scenes — Hunting expeditions — War path — In 1812— Brocli — A night at
Myers' Creek — Important arrival — The North West Company— Tiieir canoes
— Route— Grand Portage— The Voyageurs — The Batteaux — 8ize — Ascending
the rapids — Lacliine — A dry dock — Loyalists by batteaux — Durham boats —
DiiHcultics — In 1788, time from Lachine to Fredericksburgh — Waiting for
batteaux — Extracts from a journal, travelling in 1811— From Kingston to
Montreal — The expenses — The Schenectady boats — Trade between Albany
and Cataraqui—The Durham boat — Duncan — Description of flat-bottomed
boat by " Murray "—Statement of Finkle— Trading— Batteaux in 1812— Rate
of traveling — The change in fifty years — Time from Albany to Bay Quirttd
— Instances — Loyalists traveling in winter — Route — Willsbnry wilderness
— ^Tarrying at Cornwall — The " French Train " — Traveling along north
shore of Ontario — Indian path — Horseback — Individual owners of batteaux
—Around Bay Quints — The last regular batteaux — In 1819—" Lines " from
magazine.

TRAVELING BY CANOK.

Having pointed out the several general routes by which the abori.
gines and the first Europe ans in America, were wont to traverse the
country from the seaboard to the far west ; and indicated more parti-
cularly the smaller paths of the Indians around the Bay Quinte and
Lake Ontario, we purpose glancing at the means by which they made
their way through the wilderness.

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BROOK TRAVBLIMQ BY OANOE.

The Native had but two modes of transporting himself from place
to place ; namely, by foot and by the canoe. He was trained to make
long expeditions upon the war-path, or after prey. When his course
lay along a water way, he employed his birch canoe. This being
light, he could easily ascend rapids, anf< when necessary, lift it from
the water, and placing it, bottom upward, upon his head, carry it
around the faUs, or over a portage with the greatest facility. When
upon the chase, or about to attack a foe, the canoe was so carefully
secreted, that the passing traveler would never detect its whereabouts.
The French and English at the first followed this Indian mode of
traveling. From the graphic descriptions which are given to us by
the early writers, of this Indian mode of traveling in America, ere
the sound of the axe had broken upon the clear northern air, and
while nature presented an unbroken garment of green, it is not diffi-
cult to imagine that scenes of Indian canoe traveling wore in the
extreme picturesque. It is not necessary to go beyond the Bay
Quinte, to find a place where all the natural beauty was combined with
the rude usages of the aboriginal inhabitant, to create a picture of
rare interest and attraction. In those primeval times there was no
regular passage made between one part of the country and another.
The Indian in his light canoe glided along here and there, as his
fancy led him, or the probability of obtaii ing fish or game dictated.
At certain seasons of the year there was a general movement, as they
started off on their hunting expeditions; and at other times the
warriors alone set out, when only intent upon surprising the hated
foe. On these occasions one canoe would silently and swiftly follow
in the wake of the other, until the place of debarkation was reached.
For a long time the birch canoe was the only mode of traveling, and
when the French came with their batteaux, the canoe continued for
a long time the principal means of transit. Even bo late as the war
of 1812, canoes were employed, and many of the gallant ones who
fought and conquered the conceited and unscrupulous Yankee
invader, foimd their way to the front by the swift birch bark.
Company after company of Eed Coats were to be seen plying the
trim paddle as the canoe sped on its way. We have it on good
authority that Major General Brock, at the reception of the intelli-
gence, that the United States had declared war against iJreat Britain,
set out from Lower Canada in a birch canoe, and with a companion
and thdr boatman, journeyed all the way to York, followed by a
regiment of soldiers. Incidents of this passage are yet related by
the living. He reached Belleville, or as it was then called

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BBOOK AT MYERS CREEK.

137

Myers' Creek, lato one night, after having been traveling for some
time without rest. With his companion, he went ashore and sought
a place to sleep. They entered the public house of Captain Mc^— •,
and after examining a room, decided to sleep there the night. But
the host, hearing an unusual noise, rushed into the room demanding
who was there. The General's companion, with the quickness, and
in language somewhat characteristic of the army of that time, told
him he would kick him to h-U in a minute. Captain Mc some-
what disconcerted at the threat and tone of authority walked out,
and meeting the boatman, ask him who the parties were. Upon
being informed, he rushed away in a state of great alarm, not daring
to shew himself again to the General. The house is still standing.
The following notice is from the Kingston Gazette.

"York, April 20, 1816."
" On Sunday evening last arrived in this town from Burlington,
in a birch canoe. Lieutenant General Sir George Murray Knight,"

BATTEAUX — SCIIKNECTADT BOAT.S — DURHAM BOATS.

Gourley, speaking of Lachine, says tiiat " from Lachine the
canoes employed by the North West Company in the fur trade take
their departure. Of all the numerous contrivances for transporting
heavy burthens by water, these vessels are perhaps the most extra-
ordinary : scarcely anything can be conceived so inadequate from the
slightness of their construction, to the purpose they are applied to,
and to contend against the impetuous torren of t'.ie numy rapids that
must be passed through in the course of a voyage. They seldom
exceed thirty feet in length, and six in breadth, diminishing to a sharp
paint at each end, without distinction of head or stern ; the frame is
composed of small pieces of some very light wood ; it is then covered
with the bark of the birch tree, cut into convenient slips, that are
rarely more than the eight of an inch in thickness ; these are sewed
together with threads made from the twisted fibres of the roots of a
particular tree, and strengthened where necessary by narrow strips of
the same materials applied on the inside ; the joints in the f ragiU
planking are made water-tight, by being covered with a species of
gum that adheres very firmly, and becomes perfectly hard. No iron-
work of any description, not even nails, are employed in building
these slender vessels, which, when complete, weigh only about five
hundred weight each. On being prepared for the voyage, they

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VOYAOINO TO THB PAR WB8T.

receive their Indiiig, that for the convenience of cnrrying across the
portages is made \\\t in packaged of about three-quarters of a hundred
weight each, and amounts altogetiier to Ave tons, or a little more,
including provisions, and other neoesoaries for the men, of whom from
eight to ten are employed to each canoe ; they usually set out in
brigades like the batteaux, and in the course of a summer, upwards
of fifty of these vessels are thus dispatched. They proceed up the
Grand, or Ottawa River, so far as the south-west branch, by which,
and a chain of small lakes, they reach Lake Nippissing ; through it,
and down the French River into Lake Huron ; along its northern
coast, up the narrows of St. Mary, into Lake Superior, and then, by
its nortliern side, to the Grand Portage, a distance of about 1,100
miles from the place of departure. The diiiiculties enoount/cred b
this voyage are not easily conceived ; the grc.-t number of rapids in
the rivers, the diflferont portages from lake to lake, which vary from
a few yards to three miles or more in length, whera the canoes must
be unladen, and with their contents carried to the next water,
occasion a succession of labors and fatigues of which but a poor
estimation can be formed by judging it from the ordinary orrupa-
tions of other laboring classes. From the Grand Portage, that is
nine miles across, a continuation of the same toils takes place in bark
canoes of an inferior size, th*' ugh the chain of lakes and streams
that run from the height of lu i westward to the Lake of the Wo )d8.
Lake Winnipeg, and onwards to more distant establishments of the
company in the remote regions of the north-west country. The men
are robust, hardy, and resolute, capable of enduring great extremes
of fatigues and privation for a long time, with a patience almost
inexhaustible. In the large lakes they are frequently daring enough
to cross the deep bays, often a distance of several leagues, in their
canoes, to avoid lengthening the route by coasting them ; yet, not-
withstanding all the risks and hardships attending their employment,
they prefer it to every other, and are very seldom induced to relin-
quish it in favor of any more settled occupation. Thn few dollars
they receive as the compensation for so many privations and dangers,
are in general, dissipated with a most careless indiiference to future
wants, and when at an end, they very contentedly renew the same
series of toils to obtain a fresh supply."

"The battoaux," says Ex-Sheriff Sherwood, "by which the
refugees emigrated, were principally built at Lachine, nine miles
from Montreal. They were calculated to carry four or five families,
with aliout two tons weight. Twelve boats constituted a brigade,

BATTEAUX ON TUB 8T. LAWRKNrE.

180

»nd each brigade had a conductor, with ti^'0 men in each boat, one of
which steered. The duty of the conductor was to give directions for
the Hafe management of the boats, to keep tlicm together ; and when
they came to a rapid they left a portion of the boats with one man
in charge. The boats ascending were doubly manned, and drawn by
a rope fastened at the bow of the boat, leaving four men in the boat
with setting poles, thus the men walked along the side of the river,
sometimes in the water, or on the edge of the bank, as circumstances
occurred. If the tops of tribes or brnsh were in the way they would
have to stop and cut thti^n urt-ay. Having /eached the head of the
rapid the boats were left with a n^nn, and the others went back for
others," and so they continued until all the rapids were mounted.
Lachine was the starting place, a place of some twenty dwelling
houses. Here Mr. Grant had a dry dock for battcaux.

It was by these batteaux, that the refugees, and their families,
as well as the soldiers and their families passed from the shores of
Lake Cham plain, from Sorel, and the St Lawr. ice, whore they had
temporally lived, to the Upper Province. It was also by these, or
the Skenectady, or the Durham boat, that the pioneei's made their
transit from Oswego.

Thus it will be seen that to gain the northern shore of the St.
Lawrence and Lake Ontario, was a task of no easy nature, and the
steps by which they came were taken literally inch by inch, and were
attended with labor hard and venturesome. Records are not wanting
of the severe hardships endured by families on their way to their
wooded lands. Supplied with limited comforts, perhaps only the
actual necessaries of life, they advanced slowly by day along danger-
ous rapids, and at night rested under the blue sky. But our fathers
and mothers were made of Ptem stuff, and all was borne with a noble
heroism.

This toilsome mode' of traveling continued for many a year.
Jolm Ferguson, writing in 1 788, from Fredericksburgh to a friend
in Lower Canada, Lachine, says of his journey, " after a most tedious
and fatiguing journey I arrived here — nineteen days on tlie way —
horrid roads — sometimes for whole days up to the waist in water or
mire." But the average time required to ascend the rapids with a
brigade was from ten to twelve days, and three or four to descend.

One can hardly conceive of the toilsome hours formerly spent in
passing from Kingston, or the seventh and eight townships of the bay
to Montreal, and back. Before setting out, the traveler would make
elaborate preparations for a journey of several weeks. There was no

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A TRIP IN 1811.

regular traffic, nnd only nn ocoasiooal battoaux, ladon with simple
articles of merohamliHe, would start for the head waters of the bay.
Individuals would often wait^ sometimes a long time, for these oppor-
tunities, and then would work their passage, by taking a hand at the
oarH. Bven up to the present century, it was the custom.

The following is a most interesting instance of batteaux traveling
which has been placed in our hands by the Rev. Mr. Miles. It gives
one an excellent idea of traveling at the beginning of the present
century. "I left Kingston on the 0th of April, 1811, but as the
traveling then was not as it is now, I did not arrive in Montreal till
the IStli. I will just copy verbatim, the jounial I kept on my pass-
age. Durham boats were scarce on the Canada side at that time,
but it was thought if I could get to the American shore, I would fiud
one on its way to Montreal. Well, I found a man in Kingston, just
from Grindstone Island, who had brought up some shingles and tar
to sell, and ho told me if I could get to Briton's Point, several miles
down the river from Cape Vincent, and to which place he would take
me, that he thought I would find a Durham boat there, and the
the following is my journal on that route.

"Grindstone Island, April 11th, 1811. — Left Kingston yesterday,
April 6th, at 3 p.m.. in an open skiff, with B. Watson, a clerk in
Dr. Jonas Abbott's storu,and two hands belonging to the skiff— head
wind — rowed hard till about eight in the evening, when having
blisteied both hands, and being very much fatigued, we drew our skiff
on shore, and camped on the shore of Long Island, about five miles
above Grindstone Island— wind strong from the north — very cold
and without victuals or fire — feet wet — slept some, walked some, and
by daybreak was somewhat chilled. Strong head wind. Stuck close
to our dear lodgings till about eight, when the wind abated, and we
stuck to our oars till about eleven oV'look, when we made Grindstone
Island, weary, and very hungry — eat a hearty dish of " sapon " and
milk — rested about an hour —set off for Briton's tavern on the
American shore, where we arrived about 4 p.m., the water being
entirely calm. Had not been on shore ten minutes, as good luck
would have it, before we engaged a passage for Cornwall in a Durham
boat, and a breeze coming up directly from the south, our American
boats immediately hoisted sail and proceeded about thiity miles,
when the wiud changed, and we put into a bay on Grenadier Island,
about nine in the evening—eat some supper at a house owned
by Mr. Baxter — spread a sail upon the floor, and seven boatmen and
four passengers camped down before the fire. In the morning I felt

HCIIENIOTADT AND DURHAM BOATS.

141

my bones ns though they had been lying on the soft side of a Imrd
rough floor. April 8, heiid wind still. Wishofl myself cither at
Kingston or Moiitrcnl. April 0, still n head wind. Mu.st take it as
it conies. Heading and writing the onler of the day. At 7 p.m.,
hoisted sail. At one a.m., arrived at a house on the Canada shore,
and slept on the floor till doylight. April 10, left for Ogdensburg,
where wo arrived at 3 p.m. Found an old acquaintance and passed
the afternoon quite agreeably, ^pril 11, had a good night's rest.
Still a head wind. Found the printing oflice and composed typos the
greater part of the day. April 12, still a head wind. April 13, left
Ogdensburg and arrived at Cornwall. April 14, left Cornwall ond
arrived at M'Gcc'h, Lake St. BVancis. April 16, left M'Gee's and
arrivetl at Montreal about 8 p.m. Traveling expenses from Kingston
to Montreal $0 15."

With the later coming refVigoes was introduced another kind
of flat bottomed boat. It was generally small and rigged with an
ungainly sail. It was generally built at the Town of Schenectady,
and hence the name. Schenectady is a German word, and means
pine barren. Families about to come to Canada would build ono or
more to meet their reqirements. There was never a largo number
of this particular kind of boat. Those that were to bo seen, were

upon the bay.

' With the opening up of trade between Albany and Upper Can-
ada, was introduced still another kind of vessel, which was adapted
to the use of merchants, engaged in the carrying trade. One of the
earliest traffickers fVom the Mohawk Biver to the lakes by the Dur>
ham boats was Puncan, of Augusta, who was, as will be seen, one
of the flrst Legislative Councillors of Upper Canada. He finally re-
moved to Schenectady. It is said that he introduced the trade
between the Mohawk and Buffalo which led to the construction of
the Erie Canal.

A writer, speaking of the boats used by the Canadians, says,
the largest boats used by the Canadian boatmen is called the Durham
boat, " used here and in the rapids of the Mohawk. It is long,
shallow, and nearly flat bottomed. The chief instrument of steerage
is a polo ten feet long, shod with iron, and crossed at short intervals
with small bars of wood like the feet of a ladder ; the men place
themselves at the bow, two on each side, thrust their poles into the
channel, and grasping successively the wooden bars, work their
way toward the stern, thus pushing on the vessel in that direction."
(Murray).

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FIRST TRADE WITH YORK.

Mr. Finkle remarks that " the first mode of conveyance for
travelers fVom Montroal to Kingston, after the settlement of Upper
Canada, was by Canadian battoaux laden with merchandize (at this
time there was no separate conveyance). The return cargo con-
sisted of barrels of flour, peas, potash, north-west packs of furs,
&o. ; the men and conductors employed in this business were Lower
Canadians. This moiie of conveyance continued without inter rup-
tion until 1809, when the Durban^ boats came fh>m the Mohawk
Bivor and embarked in the carrying trade only between Montreal
and Kingston. Being of commodious size, far above the batteaux,
they materially interfered with them and lessened the trade by the
batteaux. The men v/ho managed the Durham boats came with
them fh)m the Mohawk Iliver, these boats were entirely manned by
men from that country.

The flat bottomed boat continued in use until some time after
the war of 1812. Uutil the canal along the St. Lawrence was
constructed it was the only way by which merchandize could be
transported to the Upper Province through the rapids of the St.
Lawrence. After the establishment of York as the capital of Upper
Canada, there sprung up naturally, a trade between Kingston and
the " muddy" capital, and regular batteaux communication was, after
a little, established. Once a week the solitai'j boat left Kingston,
and slowly made its way by oeva, up the bay to the Carrying Place
over which it was hauled by Am Weller, a tavern keeper, upon low
wheels or trucks drawn by oxen, and then continued its way along
the shore of Ontario, to its destination. These boats carried not only
merchandize but passongors. Beside the regular batteaux there were
occasionally others, owned by small merchants and pedlars. It was
by the flat bottomed boat and canoe that many of the troops
ascdhded to the head of the lake in 1812, and by which many of
the 1000 prisoners taken at Detroit were convoyed to Quebec. The
rate of speed of the batteaux or Durham boat, as well as the
Skenectady boat, can be approximated from the statement ot " A
travellorj" writing in 1835. He says, " the line of boats which start
froqi Albany to Skenectady, on their way to Upper Canada, go two-
and-a-half miles an hour, taking in stoppages — charging one-and-a-
half cents per mile, including board. This mode of traveling is
preferred by large familicH and prudent settlers.

The conveniences of traveling then, as well as the time required,
are so widely dift'erent from what we are accustomed to in this day,
that we have to pause and wonder at the change which even fifty

REFUOEES TBAVBLINO.

143

and sixty years have wrought. Even after Uppor Canada had bo-
come somewhat settled, it was a momentous matter for a family to
sot out fVom the Hudson for Cataraqui, or the Bay Quinte, as they
generally called the settlement in those days. For instance, Mr.
Lambert, of Sophiasburgh, who came in 1802, was six weeks on the
way between Albany and the bay, coming by the Mohawk and
Oswego Rivers, and crossing from "Gravelly Point" to "Isle
Tanti." We will give another instance : — Nicholas L., came from
Now Jersey with seven sons and two daughters. It took a month
to come. Having reached Schenectady they waited to build a
battoaux. This completed, they stored away provisions to last them
until Cataraqui was reached. They also brought with them iron
kettles, with which to make maple sugar, and "a churn full of
honey." Mr. L., being a fanning mill maker, he brought also a
quantity of wire guozo. At Oswego, the fort there being still held
by the British, they were strictly questioned aa to the use intended
to bo made of the kettles and gauze. Satisfaction being given on
this })oint, the family continued their tedious journej' along the
shore toward Kingston. Boi'ely escaping being wrecked off Stony
Island, they at last reached the north shore. Three days more of
weary rowing up the bay, and Hay Bay was reached, where they
settled.

The loyalists not alone came in summer, by battoaux or the
Schenoctady boat; but likewise in winter. They genoraMy followed,
as near as possible, some one of the routes taken in summer. To
undertake to traverse a wilderness with no road, and guided only by
rivers and creeks^ or blazed trees, was no common thing. Several
families would sometimes join together to form a train of sleighs.
They would carry with them their bedding, clothes, and the nocos-
sary provisions. Wo have received interesting accounts of winter
joumoyings from Albany along the Hudson, across to the Black
Biver country, and to the St. Lawrence. Sometimes the ti'ain would
follow the ** military road " along by Charaplain, St. George, and
as far as Flattsburgh, and then turn north to the St. Lawrence, by
what was then called the Willsbury wildernesH, and "Chatagueo"
woods. At the beginning of the present century there was but one
tavern through all that vast forest, and this of the poorest character.
Indeod it is said that while provision might be procured for the
horses, none could be had for man. Those who thus entered Canada
in winter found it necessary to stay at Cornwall until spring. Two
or moi*e of the men would walk along the St. Lawrence to tho bay

144

TRAVELINO ALONQ LAKE ONTARIO.

Quinte, and, ot tho opening of navigation, having borrowed a battoanx
descend to Cornwall for tho women, children, and articles brought
with them. Often, indeed generally unacquainted with the use of
tho boat, the passage up and down the river was tedious and toil-
HOme. While the families and sleighs were transported in the
batteaux the horses were taken along the shore by the larger boyg,
if such there were among them. The " French train " was occa-
sionally employed in their winter travels. It consisted of a long
rude sleigh with several horses driven tandem style, this allowed
tho passage among the trees to be made more easily.

Many very interesting reminisences are known of traveling
along the bay by the pioneers. A few are adduced.

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TRAVSLINQ TO YORK AND QUBBNSTON.

Travelers from Montreal to the west would come by «
batteaux, or Durham boat, to Kingston. Those who had businees
ftirtlier west, says Finkle, " were conveyed to Henry Finkle's in
Ernest town, where they commonly stopped a few days. Thence
they made their journey on horse back. A white man conducted
them tf) the River Trent, where resided Colonel Bleeckor who was
at' the head, and had control of all the Mississauga Indians, and
commanded the entire country from, tho Trent to Toronto. At
this place the traveler was furnished with a fresh horse and an
Indian guide to conduct him through an unsettled country, tho road
being little bettor than a common Indian path, with all its windings.
The road continued in this state until about the year 1798. Some-
times tho traveler continued his way around the head of the lake on
horse back to Queenston, where resided Judge Hamilton.

During the time the surveyors were laying out the townships
of the bay, batteaux occasionally passed up and down, supplying
the staff ^vith their requirements, or perhaps with some one look-
ing for a good tract of land

In 1790 a batteaux was owned by Mr. Lambert, of the eighth
township, and Mr. Ferguson, writing from Kingston to Mr. Boll,
wished him to borrow it, to come to Kingston.
' Among the first to use batteaux as a motie of traffic, was Ca])-
tain Myers. He sailed one up and down the bay to carry, not only
his own freight, but for the accommodation of others. He fre-
quently went to Kingston, and now and then to Montreal, tho
mode pursued, was to charge for freight down, and then give tho
passenger a ft-eo passage back. This was followed for many years,

THE LAST OF THE BATTEAUX.

145

with great profit. The Captain was accustomed to make the
journey as pleasant as possible to the passengers, lie always kept
his grog in his "caboose," and would deal it out to all. There was
no doubt much of jollity an'jl pleasant yarn-spinning, during the
long passages upon the tranquil waters of the bay. Captain Myers
subsequently owned a schooner."

A letter written 11th November, 1790, by John Ferguson, to
Wm. Bell, of Sidney, says, •' As I suppose Mr. Lounsbury's boat is
idle, I would be glad that you would endeavour to bon-ow or hire it
and Sherrard's son and come down to the third township.

When persons had gone down the bay, and were expected to
return upon a certain night, there would often be a fire kindled on
the shore to guide them homeward. In dark nights this was really
necessary. Many were the expedients resorted to make short cuts.
The feat of swimming horses over the bay was now and then
resorted to by the Wallbridgos after they settled in Ameliasburgh.
Wishing to go to Kingston, they would go down to the point where
the bay is narrow, and swim the horses across to Ox Point, and then
ride to Kingston by a bridle path. It would now and then happen at
a late period, that a traveler passing to his place of settlement would
have a lumber waggon. This would be ferried across the bay by
placing it across two log canoes. Referring to swimming the bay by
a horse, a colored man, yet living within the neighbourhood of
Belleville, remembers when a boy, to have been put upon a horse,
and then to have obeyed ordei-s to swim him across the bay. This
occurred near Belleville. ,

Long after steamboats were started on the bay, the batteauz
continued to ply between BoUoville and Montreal. Tho'last to sail
these was Fanning and John Covert. In 1830, Fanning arrived at
Montreal from Belleville so early as to present his bills of laden
upon the first of April. The following business noticojjcannot fail
to be interesting :

"The subscribers having established a line of Durham Boata
from this place, propose forwarding from the different ports of the
lake to that of Montreal, on the following terms, viz. :

" From York, Niagara, Quoenston, and the head of the lake, for
each barrel of Flour delivered at the Port of Montreal, 5s. and 6d.

" From Kingston, to the Port of Montreal, for each barrel of
Flour, 48. and Gd.

" From York, Niagara, Quoenston, and the head of the lake, for
each barrel of Potash delivered at the Port of Montreal, 12s. and 6d.
10

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CANADIAN BATTEAUX.

"From Kingston to the Port of Montreal, fijreuch barrel of
Poturtli, lOs.

"From York, Niagara, (Jucenston, and the head of the lake, for
ouch barrel of Pork delivered at the Port of Montroal, 8s. and 3d.

"From Kingston to the Port of Montroal, for each barrel ol
I'ork, 6s. smd Oil.

"Merchandize will be tniusported by the csamo means from
Lachine to Kingston, at the rate (jf 5s. per cwt.

" An elegant Passage Jioat will also leave Kingston every tenth
day for Montreal, which will be titled up in the most commodious
manner and prevent any delay to passengers leaving the upper j)art
of the lake in the Steam Boiii J^Yontcnac, it having been built for the
pui'pose of leaving this place immediately after her arrival.

" These arrangements will take elfect at the opening of the uuvi-
gatioD, and bo continued during the season.

" Thomas ALarkland.
" Peter Smith.
" Lawrence IIerklmer.
" John Kerby.
" William Mitchell.
" Kingston, February, 1819."

Eespocting the Canadian Batteaux, the following is from the
Boston Weekly Maoazine of an old dale.

"Lines ■'VTitten while at anchor in Kingston Harbour, Lake
Ontai'io, on houring from several Canadian boats entering from the
St Lawronco — their usual songs.

Hark ! o'l ; tlio lakos unrufried wave,

A di.^tiuit soli'inii fliiiiit is «j)c(l ;
' Is it sciine rcquifiM nt tliu m-ave?

Sonio last kind lionor to the dead?
'Tis Kiloiit all — iigaiii Luf^ii; ;

It is the vcnried Ijontmiiu's lay,
Tliat liailK alike the rising ^uii.

And his last soft departing ray.

Forth from yon j.sland's dusky side,

The train of l>atteaTi.\ now appear,
And onward as they slowly glide,

More loud their chorus greiits the ear.
But, all ! the clmrni that distance gave,
1 ' I When first in solemn Rounds their song

(.'rept slowly o'er the linii)id wave,

Is lost in notes full loud and strong.

IJow, brothers row, with songs of joy.

For now in view a i)ort appears ;
No rapiils here our course annoy,

No hidden rocks excite our fears,
Be this sweet night to slumber given.

And when tlie morning lights the wave
We'll give our matin songs to heav'n,

Our course to bkss, our lives to save ' '•

FIlENCIl SAIl.IXC VESSELS.

147

CHAPTEK XIV.

CoKTENTH. — Tlip lirst VlssoI — Tlio Freii.l> — Ln Snllc — The '>i«^(in — VosslIs in
1770 — 1 luring the UtlK'llioii — I'liildins^'iit Ciirk-ton Islanil — < iii'tain Andiows
ThtJ (' tiiiio— ("dl. Burton — Loss of tlio Onturio — Tln' Sluciians — Hills^
Uiviiiu — Murnt-y's I'oint — Stliooner ' Spotily' — Jloluiwk — Missisriuuga —
Duko of Kent — Cnpt. Uondiottf — I'lvxton — Mc'K<'n/.io— llii'lmr'lson — Eiirlo
Steele — Forticlic — The Uovernor Siincoe — Sloop ' Eli'iibeth' — Firnt vessel
built tit York — Collins' itcport upon Niivigiiting the Lat;oH — Navy in I'ppor
Canada, 1705 — llochfoUiiiuU — Cupt. Utmrlictte — OHicers' Pay — York, the
centre of the Naval Force — Oiin HoatK — The Loss of the " Spceily" — Iteck-
oner — Dr. Strachan— Solicitor-Gen. Gray — Canada took the lead in building
Vessel.s — First Canadian Merchant Vessel — The York — A Si lionueroii run-
ners nround the Falls — Sending (,'oals to Xewenstie— Upon Hay Quinti- —
The Outskirts of Civilization — " Tiie Prince Kdward' built of lied Cedar —
in 1812— Schooner" Miuy Aun"-.1817--Capt MattlicwK.

THE FIRST SAlMNCt VKS8ELS.

The lirst vessels, with sails, which navigated the waters ol the
laices, were built hy the French, to inirsue tlu'ir discoveries, and to
carry on tho I'ur trade. The Hrst sailin;,' vessel laiinehed upon tho
Lakes, was built by LaSalle. lie, witli Father Ucnnepin and Che-
valier de Tonti, set sail I'rom Cataraqui, on the 18th November,
1678, for tho mouth of tho Niagara river, having on boainl his bark
goods, and material fo»' building a brigantine on Lake Erie. During
tlio winter the vessel was eoninicneed, six miles above the Falls,
and was launched by the middle ol .summer, amid great display and
ceremony. The vessel was named " (Tritlbn," according to Garnoau ;
but Father Hennepin says " Cataraqui." " She was a kind of brig-
antine, not unlike a Dutch galliot, with a broad elevated bov,- and
stern, very flat in the bottom ; she looked much lar.i^er than sho
roully was. She was of sixty tons burilen. With the aid of tow-
lines and sails tho Niagara river was, with difficulty, ascended ; and
on the 7th August, 1(570, tho first vessel that over sat upon tho
lakes, entered Lake Eric." The end of this vessel was a .sail one.
(See Introduction).

We are indebted to tho Detroit Tribune lor tho following inter-
esting statements:

"In 17(iG four vessels plied upon Lake Erie. Those were the
"Gladwin," "Lady Charlotte," "Victory," and "Boston."

"Tho two latter laid np in the fall near Navy Island, above
Niagara Falls, and ono of them was burned accidentally, November
30, of tho same j'ear. A vessel called tho " Brunswick." owned and
commanded by Captain Alexander Gi-anl. made her appeantnce on

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LOSS OF THE "ONTARIO.

tho lakes during tho year 1767, and was lost s'>me time during tho
season following. Captain Grant was tho Coi lodoro of the lakes
for two or three years. In 1769 Sterling and i\ . toous built a vessel
at Detroit, called tho " Enterprise," Bichard Cornwall, of New York,
being tho carpenter. The boatmen, who went from Schenectady
with tho rigging and stores for this vessel to Detroit, were to have
each £20, and ton gallons of rum. They were seventy days on
Lake Erie, and two of tho number perished from hunger, and their
bodies were kept to docoy eagles *nd ravens. Thoy returned to
New York in February, 1760, by way of Pittsburg, then called Fort
Pitt.

*' In May, 1770, a vessel of seventy tons burthen was launched
at Niagara, called the "Charity." The same year the Duke of
Gloucester, Secretary Townsend, Samuel Tutchet, Henry Baxter,
and four others, formed a company lor mining copper on Lake
Superior. In December they built at Point Aux Pins, a barge, and
laid the keel for a sloop of forty tons burthen. Of tho success of
this enterprise we are not informed. Subsequent to the above
period very little was accomplished in the construction of craft for
lake navigation, and the few that came into commission were used
solely as tradei-s, as were in fact, all those previously named. A
fihoi-t time after, 1770, batteaux'rom Montreal and Quebec, employed
by the Hudson's Bay Fur Company, made their annual tours west-
wai-d, gathering large quantities of furs, and returning homeward
in the fall. It has been stated that the first vessel built on Lako
Ontario was in 1749, but this, wo have reason to believe, is not
correct."

During the Revolutionary War, the British Government built
at Carleton Island, a few vessels to carry troops and provisions from
place to place along the Lake, from Carleton Island to Niagara.
Tho first Commissioner at the Dock Yai-d was Commodore James
Andrews, Lieutenant in the Royal Navy. The " Ontario," a war
vessel of considerable importance, carrying 22 guns, was built at
Carleton Island. This vessel was commanded by Capt. Andrews.
Some timo between iV'Oand 1783, as the " Ontario" was proceeding
from Niagara to Oswego with a detachment of the King's Own
regiment, commanded by Colonel Burton, with other officers, a
storm arose at night, and the vcsbol was lost with all on board. Col.
John Clark, in his memoii-s, whose father belonged to the dth regi-
ment, says this event happened in 1780 or '81, in which belief he is
supported by Mr. Shoeban, a descendant of Capt. Andrews: but other

FIRST SURVEY OP LAKES.

149

authority has it that the ovont took place in 1783. At all events,
the occurronco produced a melancholy effect, which long remained
in the minds of those acquainted with the circumstances. Captain
Andrews left a widow, a son, and two daughters. The son returned
to Scotland, the daughters married and settled in Canada. The
Sheokan's, Hill's, and Givins' are descendants of Captain Andrew**'
daughtore, whose husbands had been in the amjy.

After the settlement of Kingston, the Government built vessels at
Mumey's Point, and at Navy Point Among the first built hero was
the Schooner " Speed}'," and also the " Mohawk" and •'Missisagua,"
and " Duke of Kent." Among the first commanders of vessels,
most of whom were of the Royal Navy, wore Capt. Bouchotte, Capt.
Paxton, Capt. McKenzio, Capt. Richardson, Capt. Earle, Capt.
Steele and Capt. Forticho.

" The first vessel built for trade ujion Luke Ontario," that is
after Upper Canada was settled, " may have been the * Governor
Simcoe,' for the Nortli West Company; after she was worn out and
laid up. Judge Cartwright, who was agent for the Company at
Kingston, built another for that Company, and one for himself, both
built at the same time, side by side, on Mississauga Point, at the
mouth of Cataraqui Creek. Both were launched on the same day ;
the one for the Com])any named " Governor Simcoe," and the other
" Sloop Elizabeth." These were built during my stay with Judge
Cartwright, in 1808.

" The first, and only vossol for many years, bniltatYork, was a
small schooner about forty-five tons. Built by two brothers named
Kem\rk-k."—(Fin}de).

The survey made by Deputy Surveyor-General Collins, at the
requcHt of Lord Dorchester, in 1788, included an examination of
the lakes and harbors ft'om Kingston to Miehilmicinac. In refer-
ence to the lakes and vessels, the Surveyor says; — "Vessels sailing
on those waters being seldom for any length of time out of sight of
land, the navigation must bo considered chiefly as pilotage, to which
the use of good natural chTts are essential and therefore much
wanted. Gales of wind, or squalls, rise suddenly upon the lakes,
and from the confined state of the waters, or want of sea-room, (as
it is called), vessels may in some degree be considered as upon a leo
shore, and this seems to point out the necessity for their being l>nilt
on such a construction as will best enablw them to work to windward.
Schooners should, perhaps, have the preference, as being rather
safer than sloops, they should be from 80 to 100 tons burthen on

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ROYAL NAVY IN 1795.

Luke Ontario, nml 50 tons burthen on Luko8 Krie and IIui*on ; but
if not intended to communicate between these two lakes, thoy may
then be the name wizo ns on Lake Ontario ; and if this system is
approved tliore can bo no necessity *o deviate from it unless an
enemy should build vessels of greater magnitude or force ; but
08 the intent of bringing any such forward, at least the building of
them can never remain a secret, there may be always time to coun-
teract such a design by preparing to meet them at least on equal
terms. It does not seem advisable, nor do I know any reason to
continue the practice of building vessels flat bottomed, or to have
very little draft of water, they are always unsafe, and many of the
accidents which have happened on the lakes, have perhaps, in some
degree been owing to that construction. On the contrary, if thoy
are Imilt on proper principles for burthen as well as sailing thoy
will be safer, and will find sufficient depth of water proportioned
to any tonnage which can l»e requisite for them upon these lakes."
Eespcctiiig the navy in L'^pper Canada, Kouchfoucault writes
in 1705: " The Eoyal Navy is not very lbrmi<lablo in this place;
six vessels compose the whole naval force, two of which arc small
gun-bou(s,1;\vhich we saw at Niagara, and which are statio/ied at
York. Two ^iimll scliooncrsof twelve guns, viz., the " Onoadago,''
in which wo took our passage, and the " Mohawk," which is just
finished ; a small yiichl of eighty tons, mounting six guns as the
t^vt) schooners, which has lately been taken into dock to be repairotl,
form the rest of it. All these vessels are built of timber fresh cut
down, and not seasoned, and for this reason last never longer than
six or eight years. To preserve them, even to this time, re(piiresa
thorough repair ; they must he heaved down and caulked, which
costs at least from one thousantl, to one thousand two hundred
guineas. This is an enormous price, and yet it is not so high as on
Lake Krie, wliithor all sorts of naval stores must be sent from
Kingston, and w hero the price of labor is still higher. The timbers
if the Mississawga, which was built three years ago, are almost all
rotten. It is so eus} to make provision for sliip-timler for many
years to come, as this wouM require merely tlu' lolling of it, and
that too at no givat distance iVoni the place whi-ro it is to lie used,
that it is difficult to account for thi ; precaution not having beei;
adopted. Two gun-boats, which are destined by Governor Sinicoe
to servo only in time of Avar, are at present o)i the stocks; but tlie
carpenters who wcn-k at tlieni are Itut eight in number. The extent
of the dilapidations and embezzlements, committed at so great a

CAPTAIN BOUCIIETTE.

151

distance from the motlicr country, may bo easily conceived. In
the courso of last winter a judifial enquiry into a charge of this
nature was instituted at Kingston. The Commissioner of the navy
and the principal ship-writfht, it was asserted, had clearly colluded
against the Kin;^'s interest; hut interest and protection are as
powerful in the now wor' :is in the old: for both the Commissioner
and shii>wright continue in their places.

•' Captain Bouchotte commands the naval force on Tj;iko Ontarioi
and is at tlie licad of all thi' marine cstiildishinents, yet without the
least power in money matters. Tliis irt>ntleman possessos tlic con-
tidence lioth of Lord Donihcstcr nnd ({overnor Slmooc ; he is a
Canadian by bi,rth, but entered the Uritish Norviee wlim C':n\;ida
fell into tin* power of Kn'^land.

" While Arnold ami INlonl'jronuM y Were b\\>i»'j;iui; l^iu'bec, honl
Dorchester, di'^ifuisi'il us a Canadian), NtoU^ v\n bo'ud hU stdp into
tiiat city, on which occasiim he display«M\ \\\\w\\ a<'ti\ju, intiv|»odity,
and oouraf,'e. It is not at alia maHer of HUrprisc that Lord lV)r.
cliesler should bear in mind this luiinent tewicc. By all ;if<'ount«i
lie is aitoycther incorvupublc, iuid M\ v^tHeer who treats his inferiors
with ijreat miUhicss and Justice,

" In regard to the pay of the Koynl Marine force on i^nko. Ontario,
I captain lias \\\\ shillings a day, a lieutenant six, and a second lieu-
tinant three shillinu's and sixpence. The sean\ei\'s waifis are eijjht
ilollars per month. The masters t«l' meivliant-incii liavi' twenty-five
dollars, and the sailors from tunc to ton dollars a month.

"Commander Bcmchette is amonp; those, who most streimonsly
(ipj)ose the project of movi;i'4 to York, the central ])oint o*^ the force
on the lake; but his finiily reside at Kint|;ston, an<l his lands are
situated near that place. Such reasons are frequently of sufficient
weii^ht to determine political opinions.

Again, says t!!e same wrijrr, '■ (Tovenior Simcoe intends to make
York the centre of the naval foree on Lake Ontario. Only fonr ^un-
lioats are at present on this Lake, two of which are constantly employed
m transporting merchandise; the other two, which alone are fit to
carry troops and guns, and have oars and sails, are lying luxler
shelter until an occasion occurs to convert them 'o their intended
purpose. It is the Governor's intention to build ten smaller gun-
boats on Lake Ontario, and ten on Laki; Erie. Tlie ship carpenters,
who construct them, reside in the I'nited States, and return homq
every winter."

"On the Tth Octoljcr, 1807, Mr. Justice Cochrane, Mr. Gr.-iy, the

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TRK LOSS OF THC '* SPCEDT.

Solicitor Gonerol, and Mr. Agiins McDonald, embarked at York,
with Hovoral other passcnj^crs in the Speedy, a jiovornment schoonor,
commanded Vjy Captain Paxton, for the puri)080 of goinj? to Ncwoafltlc
whore the AshIzcs were to bo hold on the 10th. The vessel was Hcon
a few miles from her destined port on the evening of the 8th. The
wind commenced to blow, and the schooner was never heai-d of more.
There were pieces picked up on the opposite shore. Mr. Cochran ■
was young in years, but not in piety." The alK've is extracted from
the Kingston Gazette, written by " Reckoner," which M'as the name
imder which Dr. Strachan contributed to that paper. Colonel Clark,
of Dalhousie, says " I recollect the lo.ss of the Speedy,''* and he
remarks of Solicitor General Gray, that he was " a noble character,
noted for his sympathy on behalf of abolishing slavery." He says
that there were upwards of twenty passengers, among them he
mentions Jacob Herkimer, a merchant of York.

It will be seen that Canada took the lead in building the early
vessels upon the lakes. The first American ship that navigated Lake
Erie, was purchased from the British in 1 798. She was called the
Detroit. The first vessel built by the Americans, for the lakes, was
constructed in 1707. Tl»e first Can.idian merchant vessel built upon
Lake Ontario, was by Francis Crooks, brother of the Hon. James
Crooks. It was built to the east of the present United States fort, at
the mouth of the Niagara river, in 1792, and was called the "York."
She was wrecked at Genesee river. In 1 800 a schooner of about 75
or 100 tons, was brought to Clifton, and during the winter of 1801 she
crossed by the portage road on immense runners to Queenston, where
she again found her native element in the Niagara river." She was,
in 1804, lost in brijjging a cargo to Niagara, M-ith all on board.—
(^Clark).

It is a curious fjict that in the American war of 1812, the British
"Admiralty sent out the frame work, blocks, «fec., of the Psyche fri-
gato, which could have been procured on the spot in the tenth of the
time and a twentieth part of the expense. At the 8.ime time there
was furnished to each ship of war on Lake Ontario, a full supi)ly of
water casks, with an apparatus for distilling sea water," forgetting the
faet that the waters of the lake were of the purest quality.

Directing our attention to the waters of the bay Quinte, it is found
that until after 1812, but few sailing vessels entered the upper waters,
although found east of Picton Bay. Strange as it may appear at the
present day, there was a time when the head of Picton Bay, or Hay
Bay, was regarded as the head of the bay, and the very outskirts of

A RED CEDAR SCHOONER.

153

civilication, wliile going up the Ix>n<jc Reach, to thoMohnwk tract wm
look upon like going to the Beil Uiver nt the prfsent day. The
settlers above were too few, and their, roriuirements too limited for a
Bailing vessel to anccnd, unIo88 occusionally to the Napanec mills.
But as time passed, sloops and wchooncrs, ns well as bationux found
employment alon^ the western townships.

In the first year of the present century, there was built in the
township of Marysburgh, a short distance weut of the Stono mills, a
schooner of some celebrity. It M'as built by Captain Murney, father of
the lato Hon. Kdward Murney, of Belleville. C.iptuin Murney came to
Kingston in 1797, at the solicitation of Mr. Joseph Forsyth. It was
constructed for himself, and was made altogether of red cedar, a kind
of wood formerly very plentiful along the bay, and whi' I? possesses a
most agreeable odor, and is extremely durable. The vessel was
named the Prince Edward John Clark, of D.ilhousie, says of this
vessel, that he was on board the following year of her building, and
that she was a '* staunch good ship, with an able captain." Her size
was sutRciont to allow 700 barrels of flour to be stowed beneath her
batches. She ran u|ion Lake Ontario for many years, and nmde for
her owner a small fortune. She was in good condition in 1812, and
was employed by governinent as an amie<l vessel. A schooner called
Prince Edward, probably the same, Captain Young, was the first
vessel to land at the pier when erected at Wellington.

The ICingston Gazette, April 12, 1817, says: "On Tlmrsday,
20th inst. at three o'clock p.m., arrived at Emesttown, in the Bay of
Quiuto, the schooner Mary Ann, Captain J. Mosier, in twenty hours
from York, and at this port yesterday afternoon with fourteen pas-
sengers, of whom eleven were members of tbe Provincial Parliament.
This is the seventh voy.age this vessel has made tliis season, to the
great credit of her master. The Mary Ann sailed again in about
half an hour for the Bay Quinte.

One of the early vessels upon the b.ay was commanded by
Matthews, father of the rebel of 183G, who was executed.

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23 WEST MAIN STREET

WEBSTEJi.N.Y. 14580

(716) 872-4S03

•NS

DIVISION III.

THE LOYALISTS AS PIONEERS— THE ORIGINAL SURVEY.

CHAPTER XV.

Contents — Major Gen. Holland — Siu'veyinp; on Atlantic Coast — An adherent of
the Crown — Removal to Jlontreal — Death — Jrajor Holland — Information
from " ^Maplo Leaves" — Holland Farm — Tuche — First Canadian Poem —
Head Quarters of Gon. Montgomery — Hospitality — Duke of Kent — Kpencer
Grange — Holland Tree — Graves — Epitaphs — Surveyor Washington — County
Surveyor — Surveyors after the War — First Survey in Upper Canada —
Commenced in 1781 — The Mode pursued — Information in Crown Lands
Department — The Nino Townships upon the St. Lawrence — At the close of
tlie War — Non-Professional Surveyors — Thomas Sherwood — AsEisting to
Settle — Surveying around the Day Quints — Bongard — Deputy-Surveyor
(,'ollins — First Survey at Frontenac — Town Ilcsorve — Size of Township —
Mistakes — Kottie — Tutfy — Capt. Grass — Capt.Murney — Surveying in Winter
— Planting Posts — Result — Litigation — Losing Land — A Newspaper Letter-
Magistrates — Landholders — Their Sons' Lawyers — Alleged Filching — Spec-
ulators at Seat of Government — Grave Charges — Width of Lots — Mode of
Siu'veying — Number of Concessions — Cross Roads— Surveyors Orders — Num-
bering tlie Lots — Surveying around the Bay — The ten Townships — Their
Lands — The Surveying Party — A Singer — Statcmant of Gouvlay.

THE FIRST SURVEYS IN UPPER CANADA.

Amoiig those who distinguished thcmsolve.'j at Louisburg and
on the PhiiiiB of Abraham uiitler General Wolfe, was Major Samuel
Holland. Sabine t^ays, he was " Surveyor-General of the Colonies
north of Virginia." In 1773 he announced his intention to make
Perth Amboy, neai* Jersey, his head-quarters, and wrote to a gen-
tleman there to inquire for houses to accommodate himself and his
assistants. He then completed the surveys as far west as Boston.
Proposed in 1774 to get round Cape Cod, and to New London, and
said it would be at best six years before he should be able to finish
his labors. In 1775, he wrote Lord Dartmouth that he was ready
to run the line between Massachusetts and New York. By a com-
munication laid before the Provincial Congress of Massachusetts in
July, 1775, it appears that lie had loaned to Alex. Shepard, Jun.,
who was also a surveyor, a plan or survey of Maine, which Shepard
disliked to return, fearing that it might be used in a manner pre-
judicial to tht Whig cause, as Holland was an adherent of the
Crown, and then in Now Jersey. Congress recommended to

THE HOLLAND TREE.

155

Shepard to retain Holland's plan. Major Holland went to Lower
Canada, where hcre.sumed his duties of Surveyor-General, in which
capacity he served nearly fifty years. He died in 1801, and at the
time of his decease he was a member of the Executive and Legis-
lative Councils."

It was under Surveyor Holland that the first surveys were made
upon the banks of the St. Lawrence and the Bay of Quinto. Major
Holland was a gentleman of education, arid known for his social and
amiable qualities. Wo are indebted to the author of "Maple
Leaves," J. M. LeMoine, Esq., for information respecting Surveyor
Holland. Extending from the brow of St. Foy heights along St.
Lewis Road at Quebec, was a piece of land of 200 acres which was
known as the Holland Farm. This form had belonged to a rich
merchant of Quebec, Mon. Jean Tache, who wi-ote the first Cana-
dian Poem, "Tableau de la Mer." He was the ancestor of the late
Sir E. Tache. About the year 1740 he built upon an eminence a
high peaked structure, which, during the seigo of Quebf^c, was the
head quarters of Gen. Montgomeiy. This place was bought by
Gen. Holland in 1780, who lived there in affluence for many years,
subsequent to tlie close of the war, 1783. The elite of Quebec were
wont to resort here to enjoy his hospitality, and in 1791, he enter-
tained Edward, afterward Duke of Kent, the father of our Queen.
This place is now known as Spencer Grange; but the old building
has long since been removed to be replaced by the present well-
known mansion. Fi-om the St. Foy Road may be seen a fir tree
known as the Holland Tree. Under that tree are several gi-aves,
which some years ago were inclosed with a substantial stone wall,
with aw iron gate. But now only the foundation remains. Two of
the graves had neat marble slabs, with the names of Samuel Holland
senior, and Samuel Holland, junior. "Hei-e rest Major Surveyor
Holland, and his son, who was killed in a duel at Slontreal, by Major
Ward of the 60th Regiment," by a shot from one of a brace of
pistols presented to Major Holland by Gen. AVolfe. This farm is
now in possession of the military authorities.

At the time of the rebellion the land of the thirteen Colonies
was, in many cases, still unsurveyed, or so imperfectly laid out that
frequent demands were made for the professional surveyor. In the
very nature of things pertaining to the settlement of America, there
was a general demand for survej'ors. The country was constantly
being opened up. Some of the most prominent men of the day had
been s^urveyors. Gon. Washington commenced life as a country

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SURVEYING UPON THE ST. lAWBENCE.

surveyor. In tho war, both on the rebel and British sides, were to
bo found professional surveyors engaged in fighting. Consequently
when tho war terminated, there was no lack of surveyors to caiTy
on the work of surveying the wildernest; of Upper Canada. Wo
have seen that Major Holland hold the position of Surveyor-General,
and there was duly appointed a certain number of deputies and
assistants.

Even while the war was in progress, steps seem to have been
taken to furnish the refur^ee Loyalists with new homes, upon the
land still lying in a state of nature. The land in Lower Canada being
in the main held by the French Canadians, it was deemed expedient
to lay out along the shores of the upper waters a range of lots for their
use. In pursuance of this, the first survey of land was made by order
of Gen. Clarke, Acting Governor, or Militaiy Commander, in 1781.
Naturally the survey would commence at the extreme western point
of French settlement. This was on the north bank of Lake St.
Fi'ancis, at the cove west of Pointe au Bodet, in the limit between
the Township of Lancaster, and the seignioiy of New Longueil.

We have reason to believe that the surveyor at first laid out
only a single range of lots fronting upon the river. In the first
place a front line was established. This seems to have been done
along the breadth of several pi'oposed townships. In doing this it
was desirable to have as little broken front as possible, while at the
same time the frontage of each lot remained unbroken by coves of
the river or bay. We are infoi*med by the Ci'own Land Department
that in some townships there could, in recent days, be found no
posts to indicate the front line, while the side lines in the second
concession were sufficiently marked.

The original surveyor along the St. Lawrence evidently did not
extend his operations above Elizabethtown, which was called the
ninth township, being the ninth laid out from New Longueil. This
is apparent from the fact that while Elizabethtown was settled in
1784, the next township above, that of Yonge, was not settled until
two years later. The quality of the land thence to Kingston was
not such as would prove useful to the poor settler, and therefore was
allowed for a time to remain unsurveyed. Hence it came that Cat-
araqui was the commencement of a second series of townships dis-
tinguished by numbers only. These two distinct ranges of town-
ships, one upon the St. Lawrence numbering nine, and one upon the
Bay numbering ten, were, when necessary, distinguished apart by
the designation, the " first," " second," or " third" Township " upon

8UEVEY AT PRONTENAC.

157

the St. Lawrence," or "upon the Bay of Quinte," as the case might
be.

It is impossible to say how far the work of surveying had pro-
gressed from Lake St. Francis westward, before the close of the
war ; it is very probable, however, that only a base line had been
mn, and scn.e temporary mark placed to indicate the corners of
each township. Such, indeed, is shown to be the case by the state-
ment of SheriflF Sherwood, who says that his father Thomas Sherwcod,
who had been a subaltern in the 84th Reg., and who actually located
on the first lot in the first concession of Elizabethtown, " was often
called upon to run the side lines of the lots" for the settlers' as they
came one after another, and " to shew them their land." Mr. Sher-
wood was not a professional surveyor, but '• ho had the instruments
and practically knew well how to use them, and ho was ever ready
to give his assistance and instructions to the new comers."

SURVEriNO AROUND BAY QUINTE.

In the year 1783, Major Holland, Surveyor-(ieneral of Canada,
received instructions from Sir Frederick Haldimand, Governor of
the Provmce of Quebec, to proceed on duty to Western Canada.
Prior to this, we have observed, there had been commenced a range
of lots laid out at the easternmost limits of what now forms Canada
West, to the extent of nine townships. Yet evidence is w^anting
that this range had been completed at the period stated. Holland
set out with a sufficient staff of assistants and attaches, to simul-
taneously lay out several of the proposed townships along the St.
Lawrence, and the Bay of Quinte. The party passed up the St.
Lawrence, ascending the rapids in a brigade of batteaux manned by
French boatmen. Surveyor Holland had, as his personal attendant,

Bongard, who had been in the artillery under General Beidezel,

of the Foreign Legion. From the son of this person, now living
in Marysburgh, valuable information has been obtained, much of
which has been substantiated by legal documents, published in con-
nection with the law report of the trial respecting the Murney estate
and the town of Kingston. Mr. Bongard says that Holland, as he
passed up, detailed a deputy to each of the townships, stopping first
at Oswegotchie, opposite Prescott, and that he passed up as far as
the fourth township upon Bay Quint6, where he pitched his tent,
and where he continued to hold his head-quarters, receiving the
reports of the various Deputy-Surveyors as they were from time
to time brought in. While it seems most probable that Holland

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158

TROUBLE ABOUT LOT TWENTY-FIVE.

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camo to the Upper Province in 1783, it is pos-sible tlial he remained
in Lower Canada until thewi)riiig of 1784, having deputed Surveyor
Collins to commence a survey westward from the fort at Fron-
tenac ; or perluips ho vifsited that place wMth Collins whom he loft
to carry on the work during this first year.

Whether Surveyor-General Holland visited Fort Frontenac in
the year 1783, or not, it was Deputy-Survej-or John Collins wlu>
made the first survey of the first township, and of the original town
plot of Kingston.;* According to the sworn testimony of Gilbert
Orser, who, assisted Collins, in the year 1783, as well as others, tlu-
township was surveyed first, and the town plot afterward ; although
it appears that Holland's instructions w^ere, first "to layout proper
reservations for the town and fort, and then to proceed and lay out
the township, six miles square." The lots were to contain each
200 acres, to be 25 in number, each range. Mr. Collins placed ;t
monument, it is averred, " at the south-east angle of lot 25, from
which a lino was run Jiortherly the whole dfepth of the Township,
six miles, where another stone monument was placed, making {;
lino of blazed trees throughout." I'Vom this, it would seem, he con-
tinued to sxu'vey the township, leaving the land for the town, which
he, no doubt, thought extensive enough, to be laid out into town
lots, and leaving 40 feet of land, which was to form a road between
the town and township. Inspecting this line and lot 25, there has
been a great deal of litigation. As nearly as the facts can be
gathered, the following statement may he regarded as coi*rect :

After Collins had completed the survej^ of the tow^iship, and
had even made his returns, to the effect that it contained 25 lots, of
200 acres, he was importuned, or ' induced by the Commanding
Officer at Fort Frontenac,' to make lot 25 contain only 100 acres,
that more gi'ound might thereby be had for the proposed town-
More than this, it seems that there was some mistake in the said
eastern side lino, so as to subsequently liriiit lot 25 to even loss
than 100 acres. And, Capt. Michael Grass, when he took possession
of this lot, in 1784, found that this line was inaccurately run.
Deputy-Surveyor Kotto was requested to examine it ; and finding
there was an error, made representations to Government, who sent
persons to correct it. One Deputy-Surveyor Tutfy was directed to
ro-8urvey the line, and he gave more land to lot 25. However,
there was yet some error, which was a source of great trouble.
Capt. Michael Grass sold this lot to Capt. Murney, who, subsequently
finding it did not contain the amount of land which the patent
assumed, applied legally for his rights.

IKKEGULARITIES IS SIDE LINES.

159

Tlio surveying party, among whom were 8onic of those who
oubaoquontly settled in the township, and who must have I>oloiigcd
to Capt. Grass' company of refugees, returned to Sore I, whei-o they
epent the winter. At least this is the testimony of one of the
grand-children of Capt. Grass. But if the surveying party did,
this winter of 1783-4, retire from their work to Lower Canada, it
appears unlikely they did the following winter. Indeed there are
indications that surveying went on during the winter. In laj'ing
out the Townships, special attention was given to make the lots
front squarely upon the Bay. In the winter the base line could bo
more closely run by the water edge upon the ice, than in summer,
through the woods. Wo are informed, at the Crown Lands Dei)art-
ment, that in some townships no posts or other marks had at first
been lound in the rc-survey, although such were to be found in the
2nd concession. The inference was, that the posts planted in
winter by the water, had, in the spring or summer been washed
away, in the course of time. This, as may be supposed, led in time
to groat confusion, and no little litigation. For many years there
was much trouble to establish the land marks all along the front ;
and cases are not wanting whore it has been charged that fraudu-
lent removals of posts were made. The straightforward settlor,
while engaged in his daily and yearly round of toil, thought not of
the side lines of his farm, fully believing that a sm-vey had been
definitely fixed by marks that could not be altered, and too often
when plenty and comfort had come, he was startled to find some
one claiming some of his cleared or uncleared land. Although con-
scious that such and such were the boundaries of the land granted
to him, it was not so easy to prove that such was the case. The
annoyances of thcso direct and indirect attempts to disinherit,
may easily be imagined. In this connection, the following letter
may be given as exemplifying the feelings, if not the facts — per-
haps both — which belonged to those days. It appeared in the
Kingsion Gazette in 1816, over the signature "A."

"Sir, — The situation of the old settlers in the Province of
Upper Canada, is truly deplorable. These people settled in the
wilds of Canada, then the Province of Quebec, under the surveys
made by the acting Surveyor-General. Landmarks being estab-
lished for the guidance of their improvements : no deeds were given
them until tho Parliament of Great Britain altered the Quebec bill,
arranged a new constitution, similar to that thoy had lost during
tho rebellion, in tho Province of New York, from whence they

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160

ALLEGED FRAUD.

chiefly camo to settle at Prontenac, now Kingston. After cultiva-
ting the country agreeably to those surveys for twenty years or
more, deeds are issued to cover those lots, drawn and cultivated as
above mentioned. The Surveyor-General, David William Smith,
Speaker of the House of Assembly, knowing that these deeds were
filled up by guess, the survey never having been made complete,
wisely provided an Act of the Legislature to prevent the
deeds from moving the old land-marks. This Act provides that
when thirty freeholders apply to the Magistrates in session thoy
shall make an assessment and collect the money to enable the
Surveyor-General to erect monuments, in order to preserve their
ancient land-marks and boundaries. What is the reason that this
Act has not been complied with ? Are the Magistrates all land-
holders and their sons Lawyers ?

" An order from the Governor has lain in the Surveyor-Gen-
eral's office ever since the year 1801 for monuments to be erected
in the Township of Kingston, agrooablo to the intention of that Act.
Why will not the Magistrates do their duty ? The consequence
is, that the licensed Surveyor, John Ryder, is running new lines every
day, and moving the land-marks of the old settlers. People who
have come into the country from the States, marry into a family,
and obtain a lot of wild land, get John Ryder to move the land-
marks, and instead of a wild lot, take by force a fine house and
barn and orchard, and a well cnltured farm, and turn the old Tory,
(as he is called) out of his house, and all his labor for thirty years.

" These old settlers have suffered all that men could suffer ; first
in a seven years' rebellion in the revolutionized colonies ; then came
to a remote wilderness, some hundred miles fi*om any inhabitant —
not a road, not a cow, or an ox, or a horse to assist them ; no bread
during the winter, they wintered first at Cataraqui. A little pease
and pork was all they could get until the ice gave way in the spring
of 1785.

" The King, as an acknowledgment and mark of his approbation
for the loyalty and sufferings of his faithful subjects, ordered lands
to be granted them free from expense, and marked each man's
name with the letters U. E., with a grant annexed to each child as
it became of age, of two hundred acres of the waste lands of the
crown.

" Now these children cannot get these lands agreeably to the
intention of Government. They must sell their right to a set of
speculators that hover round the seat of Government, or never get

THE CONCESSION.

101

located. Or if thoy should havo the fortune to got a location
ticket, it is Hituatcd on rocks, and lakes, and barrel? land.s, where
thoy are worth nothing at all; the good lots hciiig marked by tho
Surveyors, and located by those U. E. rights thoy have so purchased.

" Now, Sir, was I a scholar, I might dr.iw you a much bettor
description of this wickedness. But 1 have lived to see thirteen
colonies, now States of America, severed fi-om tho British empire by
the mal-administration of justice in the civil government of those
colonies; tho people's minds were soured to that degree that a few
designing men overthrew tho Government."

" After tho conquest of Canada, the king ordereil a thousand
acres of land to be granted to each man. The laud was granted ; but
the i»eople to whom it was granted were deprived by a set of specu-
lators, from ever getting a foot, unless they becanie tenants to those
who, in a manner, had robbed them of their rights."

While the lots were generally made twenty chains in width, a
few of the first townships were but nineteen, and consequently of
greater depth to make the 200 acres, and tlic concessions were pro-
portionally wider.

Tho base line being established, a second one, parallel thereto, was
made at a distance generally of a mile and a quarter, allowance being
made in addition, for a road. It is more than likely that in many
townships the second line, or concession, was not immediately run out.
The settlers could not easily traverse even a mile of woods, and for a
time accommodation was made only at the front. But within a year,
in most townships, the second row of lots had been surveyed and
partially occupied. At the front line was always an allowance for a
road of sixty feet, as well as at thq second line for ono of forty feet.
The range of lots between the front anil the second lines as well as be-
tween the second and third, and so on, was called a Concession, a term
derived from the French, having reference to their mode of conferring
land in the Low or Province, and pecuHar to this counrty. Each conces-
sion was divided into lots of 200 .acres each, tlie dividing lines being at
right angles with the concession lines, and a quarter of a mile distant
from each other. At intervals of two or three miles, a strip of forty
feet between two lots was left, for a cross road. In Ameliasburgh it
seems that this was neglected. The number of concessions depended
on circumstances. Along the St. Lawrence, they numbered to even
fifteen or sixteen. Along the bay they were seven and eight. Adolphus-
town has only four. The irregular course of the Bay Quinte, and the
fronting of the townships upon its waters, gave rise to great irregu-
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162

THE SURVBTOR's COURSE.

larity in the interior lots, and produced o large uuniber of Gores.
This may bo noticed more especially in Sojdiiasburgh, and indeed
throughout all of Prince Edward district.

Respecting tlio provision made for cross roads, Ale.\. Aitkins,
who was Deputy Surveyor of Midland district for many years, says
under date, 1797, in respect to the township of Soi)hia8burgh, " Mr.
Kotte's orders 1785, were from Deputy Surveyor General, Mr. Collins,
who was then at Kingston, lo lay oft' cross roads between every six
lots as lie had done in the of.stern part of the province, from town-
ship number one, now Charlotteburgh, to township number eight
Elizabethtown, and, of no doubt, they would be foimd at the waters'
edge on the Bay Quinte."

By looldng at the township maps of the bay, it will bo seen that
the lots of the first three townships, are numbered from west to east,
while as we have seen, the townships were numbered from cast to west.
It is inferred from this fact that the surveyor conducted his survey along
the front, planting posts to mark the division of lots, and leaving
allowance for roads, but did not complete the concessions until the
breadth of the townships had been determined, when it was done
from west to east, the lots being numbered accordingly.

The surveyor continued to chain the front, upon the north shore of
the bay, until he reached the turn in the bay at the western point of
Adolphustown. This portion of territory was divided into four town-
ships.

The surveyor then crossed the bay and proceeded from the
Upper Gap, to lay out lots in an irregular manner upon the water, along
the bay and the lake to, and around Smith's Bay, and along Black
Creek; also upon the east sliore of Picton Bay. This constituted the
fifth township. Following the bay shore of Prince Edward peninsula
from Picton Bay, along the High Shore and around Green Point, an-
othei*, the si.xth township, was laid out ; the lots always fronting on the
bay. Still following the bay, the seventh township was created, the
westei'u boundary of wliich brought the surveyor to the head of the
bay, or Carrying Place.

Turning eastward along the north shore of the bay, the eight
town^^hip was laid out. Likewise, the ninth township, which brought
the surveyor to a tract of land which had been reserved for, and given
to the faithful Mohawk Indians. Passing by the present townsliip of
Tyena.naga, still another township was laid out fronting upon the
Mohawk Bay, and Napanee River. This constituted the tenth town
ship, Richmond. Thus the surveyors had made a complete circuit of

j;il

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THE TBN " TOWNS.

lO.'i

the bay. These tow ships wore, for many a day, «lt'.si£Tnnto(l l)y the
numeral prefix; even yet may he found gray haired iiulividnals who
Hpeak of them in no other way. Subsequently, however, these town-
shipH had given to thorn respectively, tho royal names of Kingston,
Ernest town, Fredericksburgh, Adolphiistown, Marysburgh, Amulias-
burgh, Sophiasburgh ; and the noble ones of Sidney, Thiirlow,
and Kiolunond.

There would at the present time, be nothing ho interesting to tho
settlers of the bay, than to read a diary of the events connected with
the original survey. Surveying the wilderness is weary work at any
time; but when ihe persons who take part in striking the linos
and fixing the boundaries, have constantly in mind that when their
survey is completed, they cannot return to civilization and the com-
forts of a home, but that they have to remain to become citizens of
the forest, they must experience many a heart pang. Yet
there seems to have been a lightheartedness with most of them. Tho
camp fire at night witnessed many pleasant liours of jovial passtime.
Singing, storytelling, wiled away agreeably many an liour. Accom-
panying Collins' surveying party, was one Purdy, who gained no
little renown as a capital singer.

Wo will close our remarks upon tho original survey by giving
tlie statement of Gourlay. He says that " such was the haste to get
land surveyed and given away, that ignorant and careless men were
employed to measure it otit, and such a mess did they make of their
land measuring, that one of the present surveyors informed me that
in running new lines over a great extent of tho province, he found
spare room for a whole township in the midst of those laid out at an
early period. It may readily be conceived, upon consideration of
this fact, what blundering has been committed, and what mistakes
stand for correction."

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164

THE CARIONAN REGIMENT.

CHAPTER XVI.

(.'oNTENTs — Till' ttTiii ( 'oiKfMsion — Firnt ('((iiccHHion of Laml in C'nnado — Tlie
(.'HriKi*"" HcKiniciit — SiignidiiuH — l)iH|iro|iortion of the hi'xok — Kitinalis
Rfiit from Fraiirt' — Tlnir aiiiicinnncc — Sc'MinK' tliPiii — Mnrriuf?'' (illownpci: —
Tlic liiMt Kt'ijfiiiory — Niw l.oiiKL'nil — S. inniory at Frontcimr — Orantn to
Uc•fll^,'l•t•H — Otlicci'H niul men — Siiili' of griintiiiK — Free of cxpenHi! — KqiiattinK
— I)iHl>an(1t'(l HolclierH — llcniutf i(.'nionH — A wise and bencftcent poliry —
Impowtois — Very youn^; olTicrrs — WliolcHnle Ki'iintiii^' of lnn(i---Uepul)li('aiiii
c'(>ining ovctr — (Jovi^toim — FalHe pretcntioiiH — (ioveinnit^ut hml to diKcrinii-
nftte — KuIi^H and r('>{uliktionn— Fiiuiily lands — Bounty — {'oitificatcH — Sclliiifr
dainiK — Hear conci'UKionH — TrnnHfer of location ticket — Land board — Tardi-
ni'KH in olitaininK titles to real estate — Trannfer by bond — iJobbin),' — Sir
Wni. Ptilli'iKy — Washington — (iiviug lands to favorites — HoHcrves — F^vil
rt'snlts — 'I'he Family Conipact — Kxtract from IMaytcr — Kxtract from Lord
iMuhani — From Oourlay — Ueeompense to LoyaliHts — Hations — Mode of
drawing land — Land Agent — Broken front — Traitor Arnold — Tyendinn^a.

i i''!^

CONCKSSIOX OK LANDS TO THE FKKNCII.

It liiiH been stated that the term concession, as well as the syHteiii
of granting land to disbanded soldiers, was derived from the French.
The first concession of lands to soldiers took place in 1665, to the
Carignan Regiment, a name derived from a Prince of the house of
Savoy, which came to Ncav France with the first Viceroy. It was a
distinguished corps in the French Infantry, having won renown on
many a bloody field, and carried death to many an Iroquois Indian.
The Indians having sought peace from the French, leave was granted
to this regiment to permanently settle in the New World. Titles to
laud was conferred according to rank, and as well, sums of money to
assist in the clearing of land. " The officers who were mostly
noblesse obtained seigniories with their late soldiers for vassals." Tlie
settlement of this body of men increased the disproportion between
the males and females in Canada. The home government consider-
ately took steps to remedy this abnormal state of things and despatched
" several hundred from old France." They *' consisted of tall, short,
fair, brown, fat and lean." These females were offered to such of
the nien as had means to 8U]>port a wife. In a few days they were
all disposed of. The Governor-General then distributed to the newly
married ones "oxon, cows, hogs, fowls, salted beef," as well as
money.— (Smith.)

The original grants of land by the French Government under
the feudal system, was into seigniories, lliese were subdivided into
parishes, " whose extents were exactly defined by I)e Vandreuil and
Bigoii, September 1721." For tliese grants of seignioral tenure, certuiu
acts of fealty were to be perfoinied. pursuant to the custom of Paris.

REMOTE I'ARTH.

1G5

After tlie Hrit'iHli Huproiuacy, i^nuits of land wi-ro ntill made hyjjovi'rn-
iiu'iit in Lower Canntla. Tho last seigniory was coiifiTrod l)y the
F'reiioh in Ajiril, 1734, to Chevalier <le Lonti^enil, and is known as
New Longeiiil. It constitutes the western boundary of the Lower
Province.

t;0NCK8SI0N OK LANI)8 TO TUB I,OVAI,ISTS.

Wehave elsewhere seen that the first i»erson,othorthnp. the natives,
to possess land in Upj)er Canada, was l)e la Salle, the discoverer of
the Mississippi Eiver, to whom was granted a seigniory at Cataraijui,
of four leagues, including the fort, and the islands in front of the
four leagues of territory. Wolfe, (irage and Amherst Island.s

At the '-lose of the war in 178.'}, it was deternjined hy govern-
ment to confer j^rants of land to the refugee loyalists in Canada, on
the same scale to officers and men as hail been done after the coiupiest
of Canada, 176.'3, with the exception that .all loyalists uiulor the rank of
subaltern were to receive 200 acres. Tht grants to tlio disl/anded
soldiers and loyalists, were to be made free of every cxjiense.

Li some of the townships, the settlers were squatting along the
St. Lawrence and Bay Quinte, until late in the summer and fall of 1784,
waiting to know the location of their lots. This might easily bo, as
filthough the forest had been surveyed, the lots liad not been numbered.
So, although the refugee soMier had his location ticket for a certain
lot, it was often a long tedious time before he could know its j)rccise
situation.

The front part of the first, second, third, fourth and fifth town-
ships upon the bay were definitely disposed of to disbanded soldiers
and refugees, formed into companies, lint tlie lands, then considered
more remote, as along the north shore of Hay Bay, in the third and
fourth towns ; in some parts of the fifth ; and more particularly filong
the shores of the western extremity of the bay, were at the service of
any one who might venture to settle. It was considered quite in the
remote jtart of the earth. Even the head of Picton Bay was considered
a place which would hardly be settled. The result was, that many of the
choice lots were taken up in the eight .and ninth towns, before they
were surveyed.

The policy pursued by the British CTOvernment, in recognizing the
services of those who served in the British army against the rebelsi
and in recompensing the losses sustained by those who adhered to the
British Crown in America, was most wise and beneficient. There
were a few deserving ones in suffering circumstances, who failed to get

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166

YOUfO OFFICERS.

the bounty so wisely granted. This sometimes was the result of the
Indlvulunl's own neglect, in not advancing his claims ; sometimes the
fault of an agent v\ ho, too intent in getting for himself, forget those
entrusted to his care. While a snmll number thus remained without
justice, there ■\\'ei'e on the other hand, a large number who succeeded
unworthily in obtaining grants. It is no cause for wonder, that out of
the large mmiber who composed the U. PI Loyalists, there would be
found a certain number who would not hesitate to so represent, or mis-
represent their case, that an undue reward would be a corded. Finding
the goverimietit on the giving hand, they scrupled not to take advan-
tage of its parental kindness. In later days we have seen the United
States, when in the throes of a great civil war, bleeding at every point
of the body politic, by the unprincipled cor.ti actors and others, who
the most loudly proclaimed their patriotism. In 1783, when a rebel-
lion had proved successful, and so had become a revohition, and the
nation, from which a branch had been struck off, w^as most anxious to
repay those who had preferred loyalty to personal aggrandizement,
we may not wonder that there wore some willing to take all they
could get.

It is also related that certain officers of the regiments were in
the habit of putting each of their children, however young, upon the
strongti of the regiment, with the view of securing him land, and
hence ai'ose an expression tho " Major won't take his pap," and
" half pay officers never die," as the officer placed on half pay
when a year old, would long enjoy it. But it will be often foimd
that this mode was adopted by those in authority, as the nost con-
venient to confer favors upon tho chief officers, although a very
ridiculous one.

For many a year no strict rules for discrimination, were
observ'ed in tho gi"anting of lands in Canada, and the petitions
which iiterallj- crowded upon the governmciit, were, in the main,
promptly complied with. The time came, however, when more
care had to be observed, for not a few of those who had actually
rebelled, or had sympathized with the rebels, finding less advan-
tagos from republicanism than had been promised, and with chagrin,
learning that those, whoso homesteads and lands they had assisted
to confiscate, hail wrought out new homes upon land, conferred by a
government more liberal, and of a nobler mind than the parvenu
government, Avhich had erected a new flag upon American eoil,
looked now with longing, covetous eyes toward the northern country,
which those they hud persecuted, had converted from a wildcrnesp

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IMPOSTORS.

167

to comfortable liomes. The trials of the lirst settlenioiit had been
overcome. The occasional visit of a Canadian pionoer to his old
home in the States, where he told the pleasing tale of success, not-
withstanding their cruelty, caused some to envy their hai'd earned
comforts, and even led some who had been tlie worst of rebels, to
set out for Canada with a view of assorting their lo^-alty and, thereby
of procuring lands. Not a few of such unworthj' ones succeedeii for
a time in procuring lands. It therefore became necessary, on the
part of the government, to exact the most searching examination of
parties petitioning for land. Xo reference is here mjide to those
who came into the province in response to the invitation proclaimed
by Governor Simcoe ; but to those who entered under false colors,
prior to the time of Upper Camvla being sot apart froni Lower
Canada.

Extracts from the Rules and Reg^dations for the conduct of the Land
Office Department, dated Council Chamber, llth February, 1789,
for the guidance of the Land Boards.

" 4th. The safety and propriety of admitting the petitioner to
become an inhabitant of this Province being well ascertained to the
satisfaction of the Board, they shall administer to every such person
the oaths of fidelity and allegiance directed by law; after which the
Board shall give every such petitioner a certificate to tiie Surveyor
General or any person authorized to act as an Agent or Deputy
Surveyor for the district within the trust of that Board, expressing
the ground of the petitioner's admission, and such Agent or Deputy
Sui'veyor shall, within two days after the pi-esontment of the certi-
ficate, assign the petitioner a single lot of about two hundred acres,
describing the same with due certainty and accuracy under his
signature. But the said certificrate shall, nevertheless, have no
c^'ect if the petitioner shall not enter upon the location, and begin
the improvement and cultivation thereof within one year from the
date of such assignment, or if the petitioner shall have had lands
assigned to him before that time in any other part of the Province.

"7th. The respective Boards shall, on ])etition from the Loyalists
already settled in the Upper Districts for the allotment of lands
under the instructions to the Deputy Surveyor General of the 2nd
of June, 1787, or under prior or other orders for assigning portions
to thbir families, examine into the grounds of such requests and
claims, and being well satisfied of the justice thereof, they shall
grant certificates for such further qualities of lands as the said

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168

DUTY OP LAND BOARDS.

instructions and oi*clors may warrant to tho acting Surveyors of
their Districts respectively, to be by them made effectual in the
manner before mentioned, but to be void, nevertheless, if prior to
the passing the grant in form, it shall appear to tho liovernment
that such additional locations have been obtained by fraud, and that
of these the Boards trarismit to the office of tho Governor's Secre-
tary, and to each others, like reports and lists as hereinbefore, as
to the other locations directed.

" 8th. And to prevent individuals from monopolizing such spots
as contain mines, minerals, fossils, and conveniences for mills, and
other similar advantages of a common and public nature, to the
prejudice of the general interest of the settler, tho Surveyor-Gene-
ral and his Agents or Deputy Sui'vcyors in the different districts,
shall confine themselves in the location to be made by them upon
certificates of the respective Boards, to such lands only as are fit
for the common pui'i)0se of husbandry ; and they shall reserve all
other spots aforementioned, together with all such as may be fit
and useful for ports and harbours, or works of defence, or such as
contain valuable timber for ships, building or other purposes, con-
veniently sitiiated for water carriage, in the liands of the Crown,
and they shall, without delay, give all particular informat^ion to the
Governor or Commandei'-in-Chief for the time being, of all such
spots as are hereinbefore directed to be reserved to the Crown, that
order may be taken respecting the same. And the more effectually
to prevent abuses and to jmt individuals on their guard in this res-
pect, any certificate of location given contrary to the true intent
and meaning of this regulation is hereby declared to be null and
void, and a special order of the Governor and Council made neces-
sary to pledge the faith of Government ior granting of any such
spots as are directed to be reserved.

FAMILY LANDS AND ADDITIONAL BOUNTY.

" Certificate of the Board appointed bj' His Excellency the Gov-
ernor, for the District of , in the Province of Quebec, under

the rules and regulations for the conduct of the Land Offico
Department.

" Dated, Council Chamber, Quebec, 17th February, 1789.

" Tho bearer , having on the day of , pre-
ferred to the Board a Petition addressed to His Excellency tho
Governor in Council, for a grant of acres of land in the Town-
ship of in the District of . We have examined into

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SELLING CLAIMS.

169

his character and pretentions, and find that he han received-
acres of land in the Township of , in the District of-

and that ho settled on and has improved the same, and that he is

entitled to a further assignment of acres, in conformity to

the seventh articles of the rules and regulations aforementioned,

-day of-

" Given at the Board at this —
seven hundred and .

"To ,

" Acting Surveyor for the District of-

one thousand

CERTIFICATE OF THE ACTING SURVEYOR.

"I assign to the bearer the lot No. in the Town-
ship of , in the District of , containing acres,

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chains, which lands he is hereby authorized to occupy and improv*. ,
and having improved the same, he shall receive the same grant
thereof, to him and his heirs or devisee in due form on such terms
as it shall please Ilis Majesty to ordain, and all persons are desired
to take notice that this assignment and all others ofa similar nature
arc not transferable, by purchase, donation or otherwise, on any
pretence whatever, except by an act under the signature of the
Board for the District in which the lands arc situated, which is to
be endorsed upon this Certificate.

" Given at , this day of , one thousand

seven hundi'ed and .

Acting Survej'or for the District of-

But there were many a one who drew land, and never even
saw it. It Avas quickly, thoughtlessly sometimes, sold for little or
nothing. Sometimes for a quart of rum. The right jolly old sol-
dier would take no thought of the morrow. A few did not retain
their lands, because they were of little value for agricultural pur-
poses ; but the ninjority because they were situated in that remote
region in the -4th or 5th concession of the third town, or away up
in the 2nd concesssion of sixth town, or a long way up in the
eighth town. IJcar concessions of even the first and second
townships were looked upon doubtingly, as to whether the land was
worth having. Often the land would not be looked after. It not
unfrequently was the case thatsetthn's upon the front who had drawn
land also in the rear townships, disposed of the latter, not from any
inditt'oronce as to its future value, but to obtain the immediate

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LARQB LAND OWNERS.

necessaries of life, as articles of clothing, or stock, or perhaps food,
or seed grain, and now and then in later days to pay taxes. The
certificates of the children, entitling them to land when of age, were
often disposed of. Even officers found it convenient, or necessary
to sell rear land to new confers, for ready money.

Thus it came to pass* that a good many never took possession of
the land which a prudent Government had granted them. The
statement has been made that persons holding prominent positions
at the time, and ])ossessed of prudent forethought, as to the value
which would in the future attach to certain lots, stood ready not
onl}'^ to accept otters to sell, but to induce the ignorant and careless
to dispose of their claims. Consequently when patents were issued,
several persons became patentees of large tracts of land, which had
been drawn by individual Loyalists, whoso names never appeared
in the Crown Land Office. The transfer of a certificate or
" location ticket," consisted in the seller writing his name
upon the back of the ticket. Occasionally a ticket would
exchange hands several times, so that at last when it was presented
to obtain the deed, it was difficult to determine who was the owner.
The power to thus transfer the certificates, was allowed for several
years. But in time Government discovered the abuses which had
arisen out of it, and decided that all patents should, thenceforward,
be in the name of the person who originally drew the land. Not
unfrequently these certificates were lost. The losers, ujjon claiming
land, could not establish their rights ; but Government, to meet
this misfortune, created a Land Board foi each Township, whose
duty it. was to examine and determine the claims of all who pre-
sented them. , .

The following extract of a letter will explain itself:
" For the Kingston Gazette, June 1st, 181(5."

" It has long been a subject of deep regret in the minds of
judicious persons, that the inhabitants of this Province should be
so neglectful as they are in securing their titles of real estate.
When the country was first settled, the grants of land from the
crown, on account of the existing state of the Province, could not
bo immediately issued. The settlers, however, drew their lots and
went into possession of them, receiving only tickets, or certificates,
as the ovidenccof their right to them. In the meantime, exchanges
and sales wore made by transfers of the possession with bonds for
conveyances when the deeds should bo obtained from the Crown
Office.

RESERVES — EVIL EFFB0T8.

171

" This practice of transferring land b}- way of bond, being thus
introduced, was continued by force of usage, after the cause of its
introduction was removed. In too many instances it is still con-
tinued, although, by the death of the parties, and the consequent
descent of estates to heirs under ago, and other intervening priva-
tions, many disappointments, failures, and defects of title, are
already experienced ; and the evil consequences are becoming still
more serious, as lands rise in value, become more settled and
divided among /issignees, devisees, &'c. In a few yeai-s this custom,
more prevalent perhaps in this Province, than elsewhere, will pi'ove
a fruitful source of litigation, unless the practice should be discon-
tinued."

In connection with free grants of land, and a certain degree of
indifference as to the value, there must necessarily arise more or
less speculation or land-jobbing.

Sir William PuUency has been called the first land-jobber in
Canada. In 1791, he bought up 1,500,000, at one shilling per acre,
and soon after sold 700,000 at an average of eight shillings per acre.
But land-jobbing is not peculiar to Canada, nor has its practice
militated against the public chai'actcr of eminent men, either here
or abroad. General Washington was not only a Surveyor, but an
extensive land-jobber, and thereby increased immensely his private
fortune.

Wo have seen elsewhere, that a few private individuals were
wont to buy the location tickets of all who desired to part with
them, or whom they could induce to sell. In this way a few indi-
viduals came to own large quantities of land, even from the first.
Afterward, there was often conferred by the authorities, quantities
of land upon those connected with influential persons, or upon
favorites. Subsequently the mode of reserving Crown and Clergy
lands increased the evil. And it was an evil, a serious drawback;
not alone that, but favorites procured land without any particular
claim or right. The land thus hold in reserve, being disti'ibuted
among the settled lots in the several townships, was waste land, and
a banner to advancement. Each settler had to clear a road across
his lot; but the Government lots, and those held by non-residents,
remained without any road across them, except such paths as the
absolute requirements of the settlers had caused them to make. In
this wa}', the interests of the inhabitants were much retarded, and
the welfare of the Province seriousl}' damaged. The existence of
the Family Compact prevented the removal of this evil, for many

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172

INVESTIGATION PREVENTED.

a year, while favorites enjoyed choice advantages. In 181",
"The House of Assembly in Upper Canada took into consideration
the state of the Province, and among other topics, the injury arising
from the reserve lands of tlie CroAvn and the Clergy." In laying
out the townships in later years, " The Government reserved in
the first concession, the 5th, 15th, and 20th lots ; and the Clergy
the 3rd, 10th, 17th, and 22nd. In the second concession, the Crown
reserved the 4th, 11th, 21st, and 23rd; and the Clergy, the 2nd,
9th, and 16th. And thus in every two concessions, the Crown
Avould have three lots in one, and four in the other, or seven in all;
and the Clergy the same; or 14 lots reserved in every 48, or neai-ly
one-third of the land in each concession, and in each toAvnship. Tho
object of the reservation was to increase the value of such land by
the improvements of the settlers around it. The object was selfiah,
as the reserve lands injured all those who did them good. It was
difficulty enough to clear uj) tho forests ; but to leave so many lots
in this forest state, was a difficulty added by tho Crown. To have
one-third of a concession uncleared and unoiltivated, was an injury
to the two-thinls cleared and cultivated. Large patches of forest,
interspersed with cultivated land, obstructs the water courses, the
air, and the light; nurtured wild animals and vermin destructive to
crops and domestic creatures around a farm house; and especially,
are injurious to roads running through them, by preventing the
wind and the sun from drjnng tho moistui-e. Besides, no taxes
were paid by these wild lots for any public improvements ; only from
cultivated lands. The Assembly, however, wei-e cut sliort in their
work of complaint, by being suddenly prorogued by the Gover-
nor, whose Council was entirely against such an investigation.
Here was the beginning of the Clergy Eeserve agitation in the
Provincial Parliament, which continued for many years."—
(Flayter).

In this connection, the following extract x'rom a report of Lord
Durham, will be found interesting:

" By official returns which accompany this report, it appears
that, out of about 17,000,000 acres comprised within the surveyed
districts of Upper Canada, less than 1,000,000 acres are yet unap-
propriated, and this amount includes 450,000 acres the reserve for
roads, leaving less than 1,200,000 acres open to grant, and of this rem-
nant 500,000 acres are required to satisfy claims for grants founded
on pledges by tho Government. In the opinion of Mr. Radenhurst,
the really acting Surveyor-General, the remaining 700,000 consist

RETARDING IMPROVEMENTS.

173

for the most part of land inferior in position or quality. It may
almOHt be said, therefore, that the whole of the public lands in
Upper Canada have been alienated by tlie Government. Tn Lower
Canada, out of 6,169,963 acres in the surveyed towuHliips, nearly
4,000,000 acres have been granted or sold; and there are unsatisfied
but indisputable claims for grants to the amount of about 600,000.
In Nova Scotia nearly 6,000,000 acres of land have been granted,
and in the opinion of the Surveyor-General, on!}' about one-eighth
of the land which remains to the Crown, or 300,000 acres is available
for the purposes of settlement. The whole of Prince Edward's
Island, about 1,400,000 acres, was alienated in one day. In New
Brunswick 4,400,000 acres have been granted or sold, leaving to
the Crown about 11,000,000, of which 5,500,000 are considered fit
for immediate settlement.

" Of the lands granted in Upper and Lower Canada, upwards
of 3,000,000 acres consist of ' Clergy Keserves,' being for the most
part lots of 200 acres each, scattered at regular intervals over the
whole face of the townships, and remaining, with few exceptions,
entirely wild to th's day. The evils produced by the system of reserv-
ing land for the Clergy have become notorious, even in this
country; and a common opinion I believe prevails here, not only
that the system has been abandoned, but that measures of remedy
have been adopted. This opinion is incorrect in both points. In
respect of every new township in both Provinces i-epervos are still
made for the Clergy, just as before ; and the Act of the Imperial
Parliament which permits the sale of the Clergy Reserves, applies
to only one-fourth of the quantity. The select committee of the
House of Commons on the civil government of Canada reported
in 1828, that " these reserved lands, as they are at present distri-
buted over the country, retard more than any other circumstance
the growth of the colony, lying as they do in detached portions of
each township, and intervening between the occupations of actual
settlers, who have no means of cutting roads through the woods and
morasses, which thus separate them from their neighbours. This
description is perfectly applicable to the present state of things.
In no perceptible degree has the evil been remedied.

" The system of Clergy Eeserves was established by the act of
1791, commonly called the Constitutional Act, which directed that,
in respect of all grants made by the Crown, a quantity equal to
oi'C-seventh of the land so granted should be reserved for the clergj'.
A quantity equal to one-seventh of all grants would be one-eighth

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174

DURHAM 8 OBJECTIONS.

of each township, or of all tho public land. Instead of this propor-
tion, the practice has been, over since tho act passed, anil in tho
clearest violation of its provisions, to sot apart for the clergy in
Upper Canada a seventh of all the land, which is a quantity equal
to a sixth of tho land granted. There have been appropriated for
this pur])Ose 300,000 acres, which legally, it is manifest, belong to
the public. And of the amount for which Clergy Eosorves have
been sold in that Province, namely, £317,000 (of which about
£100,000 have been already received and invested in the English
funds,) tho sum of about £45,000 should belong to the public.

" In Lower Canada, tho same violation of tho law has taken
place, with this difl'erence — that upon every sale of Crown and
Clergy Reserves, a fresh reserve for the Clergy has been made,
equal to one-fifth of such reserves. Tho result has been tho appro-
priation for the clergy of 673,567 acres, instead of 446,000, being
an excess of 227,559 acres, or half as much again as they ought to
have received. Tho Lower Canada fund already produced by salei*
amounts to £50,000, of which, therefore, a third, or about £16,000,
belong to the public. If, without any reform of this abuse, the
whole of the unsold Clergy Eeserves in both Provinces should fetch
the average price at which such lands have hitherto sold, the public
would be Avronged to the amount'of about £280,000 ; and the reform
of this abuse will protluce a certain and almost immediate gain to
the public of £60.000. In referring, for further explanation of this
subject, to a paper in tho appendix which has been drawn up by
Mr. Hanson, a member of the commission of inquiry which I
appointed for the colonies. I am desirous of stating my own convic-
tion that the clergy have had no part in this great misappropriation
of the public property, but that it has arisen entirely from heedless
misconception, or some other error, of the civil government of
both Provinces."

" Tho great objection to reserves for the clergy is, that those
for whom the land is set apart never have attempted, and never
could successfVilly attempt, to cultivate or settle the property, and
that, by special appropriation, so much land is withheld from
settlers, and kept in a state of waste, to the serious injury of all
settlers in its neighborhood. But it would be a g^i-eat mistake to
suppose that this is the only practice by which such injury has
been, and still is, inflicted on actual settlers. In the two Canadas.
©specially, the practice of rewarding, or attempting to reward,
public services by grants of public land, has produced, and is still

THE QUANTITY GRANTED.

175

producing, a degree of injury to actual settlers which it is difficult
to conceive without having witnessed it. The very principal of
such grants is bad, inasmuch as, under any circumstances, they
must lead to an amount of appropriation beyond the wants of the
community, and greatly beyond the proprietor's means of cultiva-
tion and settlement. In both the Canadas, not only has this prin-
ciple been pursued with reckless profusion, but the local executive
governments have managed, by violating or ovadiivtr the instructions
which they received from the Secretary of State, to add incalculably
to the mischiefs that would have arisen at all events.

" In Upper Canada, 3,200,000 acres have been granted to " U.
E. Loyalists," being refugees from the United States, who settled
in the province before 1787, a I their children ; 730,000 acres to
Militia men ; 450,000 acres to discharged Soldiers and Sailors ; 225,-
000 acres to Magistrates and Barristers ; 136,000 acres to Executive
Councillors, and their families ; 50,000 acres to five Legislative
Councillors, and their families; 36,900 acres to Clergymen, as
private property; 264,000 to persons contracting to make surveys;
92,526 acres to officers of the Army and Navy ; 500,000 acres for
the endowment of schools ; 48,520 acres to Colonel Talbot ; 12,000
acres to heirs of General Brock, and 12,000 acres to Dr. Mountain,
a former Bishop of Quebec ; making altogether, with the Clex'gy
Kesorves, nearly half of all the surveyed land in the province. In
Lower Canada, exchisively of grants to refugee loyalists, as to the
amount of which the Crown Lands' Department could furnish me
with no information, 450,000 acres having been granted to Militia-
men, to Executive Councillors 72,000 acres, to Governor Milne
about 48,000 acres, to Mr. Cushing and another, upwards of 100,000
acres (as a reward for giving information in a case of high treason),
to officers and soldiers 200,000 acres, and to " leaders of townships"
1,457,209 acres, making altogether, with the Clergy Reserves,
rather more than half of the surveyed lands originally at the
disposal of the Crown.

" In Upper Canada, a very small proportion (perhaps less than
a tenth) of all the land thus granted, has been even occupied by
settlers, much loss reclaimed and cultivated. In Lower Canada, with
the exception of a few townships bordering on the American frontier,
which have been comparatively well settled, in despite of the pro-
prietors, by American squatters, it may be said that nineteen-
twentieths of these grants are still unsettled, and in a pei'feotly wild
state.

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176

LAND SPECULATORS.

" No Other result coiilil Imve been expected in tlie cfwe of those
classes of grantees whose station would itveclude them from settling in
the wilderness, and whose means would enable them to avoid exertion
forgiving immediate value to their grants; and unfortunately, the
land which was intended for persons of a poorer order, who might be
expected to improve it by their labor, has, for the most part, fallen
into the bands of land-jobbers of the class just mentioned, who have
never thought of settling in person, and who retain the land in its
present wild state, speculating upon its acciuiring a value at some
distant day, when the demand for land sha'l have increased through
the increase of population.

" In Upper Canada, says Mr. Bolton, himself a great speculator
and holder of wild laud, " the plan of granting large tracts of land to
gentlemen who have neither the muscular strength to go into the
wilderness, nor perhaps, the pecuniary means to improve their grants,
has been the means of a large partol' the country remaining in a state
of wilderness. The system of granting land to the children of U. E
Loyalists has not been productive of the benefits expected from it.
A very small proportion of the land granted to them has been
occupied or improved. A great proportion of such grants were to
unmarried females, who very readily disposed of them for a small con-
sideration, frequently from £2 to £o for a grant of 200 acres. The
grants made to young men were also frequently sold for a very small
consideration ; they generally had parents with whom they lived, and
were therefore not disposed to move to their grants of lands, but
preferred remaining with their families. I do not think one-tenth of
the lands granted to U. E. Loyalists has been occupied by the persons
to whom they were granted, and in a great proportion of cases not
occupied at all." Mr. Riuidenhurst says, " the general price of these
grants was from a gallon of rum up to perhaps £6, so that while
millions of acres were granted in this way, the settlement of the
Province was not advanced, nor the advantage of the grantee secured
in the manner that we may suppose to ha\e beeti contemplated by
government." He also mentions amongst extensive purchasers of
these grants, Mr. Hamilton, a member of the Legislative Council, who
bought nbout 100,000 acres. Chief Justices Emslie and Powell, and
Solicitor General Gray, who purchased from 20,800 to 50,000 acres;
and states that several members of the Executive and Legislative
Councils, as well as of the House of Assembly, were " very large
purchasers."

FURTIIKR IRREOULARITIES.

177

"In Lower (.'anadn, the irnuits to " L";ul«<rs rtn«l AHHociaU's "
were niaile by an eva.sioii i>l iuNtruclions wliicli (lescrvc a particular
description.

"By inHtructions to the Locr.i Executive immediately after the
passing ot tiu^ Constitutional Act, it was directed that " lte<'auso
fjreat inconveniences ha<i theretofore arisen in many of the colonies in
America, from the jjrantinj* excessive quantities of land to particular
persons who have never cultivated or settled the same, and have
thorol)y j)revented others more industrious, from improvint; such
lands ; in order, therelore, to prevent the liko inconveniences in future,
no farm-lot shoidd he i^nmted to any person being master or mistress
of a family in any township to Vtelaid out which should contain more
than 200 acres." The ifistructions then invest the governor with n
discretionary power to grant additional quantities in certain cases, not
exceeding 1,000 acres. Acconling to these instriietions 200 acres
should have been the general amoimt. 1,'JOO the maximum, in special
cases to be granted to any individual. The greater i»art, liowevei',
of the land (1,457,200' acres) w.'is granted, in fact, to individuals at
the rate of from lo,ooo to 50,000 to each person. The evasion ot
the regulations was managed as follows: A petition, signed by from
10 to 40 or 50 jiersons. was presented to the Executive Coimoil,
praying for ji grant of 1,200 acres to each i)erson, and promising to
.settle the land so ai>plied for. Such petitions were, 1 am informed,
always granted, the Council being perfectly aware that, under a pre-
vious agreement between the apjdicants (of which the form was
prei)ared by the then Attorney General, .and sold publicly by the law
stationers of Quebec), five-sixths of the land was to bo conveyed to
one of them, termed leader, by whose means the grant was obtained.
In most cases the leader obtained the most of tlie land which had been
nominall}' applied for by fifty persons."

Upon this subject wo further give as worthy of attention, although
wo will not endorse all that is said, the remark's made by Mr. Kohert
Gourlay in his " Statistical Account." He says, " when wo look
back into the historj- of old countries, and observe liow landed pro-
perty was first established ; how it was seized upon, pulled about,
given away, and divided in all sorti of ways, shapes, and quantities;
now it was bequeathed, burthened, entailed, and leased in a
hundred form;. ; when wo consider how dark were the days of
antiquity, — how grossly ignorant and savage wore our remote fore-
fathers, we cannot be so much surprised at finding ourselves heirs
to confusion ; and, that, in these old countries, entanglement con-
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OOrRTAY's HTATKriKNTH.

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timu'S to bo tho order of (ho dny. J5ut whon oivi!i7:o<l men woro
quiotly und jiouconbly lo cntor into tho oociipttiicy of a now iv^ion,
wlioro all could bo adjusted by tho nquaro and eoniiiass ; and when
order, ft-om tho beginning, could liave prevented for over all pos-
sibility of doubt, and dis])Uto, and disturbance; how deplorable in
it to know, that in Iohh than a lifo-timo, ovon the HimpleNt affnirH
should got into confusion ! and so it is already in Upper Canada,
to a lamentable degree. Boundaries of land are doubtful and diti-
putod : deeds have been mislaid, lost, unfounded, forged : they have
boon passed again and again ifi review before commissioners: thoy
have boon blotted and blurred: they have got into the repositories
of attornios and pettifogging lawyers ; while courts of justice arc
every day adding doubt to doubt, delay to delay, and confusion to
contusion; with costs, charges, cheating.

" Things are not yot beyond tho reach of amendment, ovon in the
old Bottlomonts. In tho now, what a glorious task it is to doviso
plans for lasting peace and prosperity I — to an-ango in such a way,
aa to bar out a world of turmoil in times to come I

" Tho present very unprofitable and comfortless condition of
Upper Canada must bo traced back to tho first operations of Sinicoc.
With all his honesty, and energy, and zoal for settling the Province,
he hatl really no sound views on tho subject, and he \yas infinitely
too lavish in disposing of tho land — infinitely too much hurried in all
his proceedings. In giving away land to individuals, no doubt, ho
thought he would give those individuals an in1»rost in tho improve-
ment of the country, — an inducement to settle in it, and draw to it
settlers; but he did not consider tho character and condition of
most of his favorites; many of them oflBcers in the army, whoso
habits did not accord with business, and less still with solitude and
the wilderness ; whose hearts were in England, and whoso wishes
wore intent on retirement thither. Most of them did retire from
Upper Canada, and considering, as was really the case, their land
grants of little value, forgot and neglected them. This was attended
with many bad consequences. Their lands became bars to im-
provement ; as owners tho}' were not known ; could not bo hoard
of; could not be applied to, or consulted with, about any measure
,j^or public advantage, x'heir promises under the Governor's hand,
their land board certificates, their deeds, were flung about and
neglected. But mischief greater than all this, arose, is, and will
be, from the badness of surveys. Such was the liaste to get land
given away, that ignorant and careless men were employed to

'•'. 'U <

UIUT.iSIl (U)VEUNMKNT ruNBIDKHATK,

iti>

meuwiiro it ont, mid kur-Ii u iuomm did tlioy maki' of ilioh- linid-moiisiir-
\ng, that out' of tho ]>roM-iit siirvryors infornuvl nu', that in riiiinirig
new linoH over a i^rout extent of the Proviiici', hu Jound 8|iiiro room
for ft whole township in the midst of tlioso laid out at an ornly
period. It may remlily ho I'oni'idvi'd, upon oonttidoration of this
fact, what hlundorin^ lias been committed, and what mi>lakes stand
for correction. Boundary lines in the wilderness are marked by
blazing, as it is culled, that is, cho|)j)in<j; otf with an axo, a littlo
bark from such trees as stand nearest to the line. Careless sm*-
voyors can readily he supposed to depart wide of the truth with
this l)!a/ing: their measuring chains caniiot.run very straight, and
their compass needles, where these are called in aid, may he greatly
diverted from the right direction by ferruginous substances in tlio
neighbourhood, as spoken of. In sli<»rt, numerous mistakes and
errors of survey have been made and discovered: much dispute has
arisen therefrom; and 1 have been told intinite mischief is still in
Btorc. It occurred to mo, while in Canada, and it was one of the
objects which, had a commission come home, I meant to have
pressed on the notice of government, that a complete new survey
and map of the Province should be executed ; and at the same time
a book, after the manner of Doomsday-book, written out and pub-
lished, sotting forth nil the original grants, and describing briefly
but surely all property both public and private. I would yet most
Beriously rocommend t>uch to bo sot about. It might be expensive
now, but would a.ssuredly save, in time to come, a poutid for every
penny of its cost."

We have soon elsewhere that, in the terms of peace made at Paris
when hostilities ceasetl, justice was not done to the American Loyal-
ists. But subsequently, when their claims became known to the
British public, there was uttered no uncertain sound, upon the floor
of Parliament, respect! ng the duty resting upon England towards tho
devoted but distressed loyalists who had laid all upon the altar of
patriotism ; and to tho honor of i^Jngland bo said, every step was now
taken to provide some roconiponso for tho United Empire Loyalists.
It is true, the old homes with their comforts and associations could
not be restored; tho wilderness was to be their home, a quie^ con-
science thoir comfort, and their associations those of the jr'v/i «ur for
many a day. But, what could be done, was done by the Crown to
render their circumstances tolerable. Extensive grants of land
ware granted, not alone to the disbanded soldier according to rank,
but to every one who had become a refugee,. Three years supply

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180

THE BROKEN FRONT.

t> f-- ■■■ ^ ■-

of rations wore allowed to all, as well as clothing; and certain imple-
ments were furnishod with which to clear the land and prepare it
for agriculture. The scale of /'jranting lands was, to a field officer
5000 acres, captain 3000, subaltern 2000, private 200. The loyalists
were ranked, with the disbanded soldiers, according to their losses,
and services rendered, having taken the usual oath of allegiance ;
and all obtained their grants free of every expense. In 1798, com-
plaints I.civing ^een made to the Imperial Govei*nment respecting
the profuse manner of gran ting lands, royal instructions were given
to Gen. Hunter to limit the allowance to a qu.intity from 200 to
1,200. The grants of land when large, were not to bo in blocks; but
few secured more thart 200 acres upon the front townships. The
original mode of granting lands, at least to the soldiers, was by lot.
The process was simple. The number of each lot, to be granted in
each concession, was written on a separate piece of paper, and all
were placed in a hat and well shaken, when each one to receive
land, drew a piece of paper from the hat. The number upon the paper
was the number of his lot. He then received a printed location
ticket. In 'Irawing lots, no one felt any particular' anxiety. Tlioy
were yet unacquainted with the country, they hat! not seen the
land, and one number was as likely to prove as valuable as another.

It would seem that the Survej'or acted m Land Agent. Having
surveyed the lots, he prepared the ballot, and arranged the time
and place for the settlers to draw. It was no doubt this original
mode of drawing by lottery, which gave the provincial term draw-
iiuj land. Wo have the testimony of Ex-Sheritf Sherwood, that the
Surveyor discharged this oflSce. He recollects " Esquire Collins;"
lie was at his father's house, and his father assisted in the matter of
drawing with those who had assembled for the pui'pose. The Sur-
veyor had '.i plan by him, and as each drew his lot, his name was
written immediately upon the map. Many of the plans, with names
upon them, may be seen in the Crown Land Dojiaitmont. Some of
the settlers upon the front acquired much more land than others by
reason of the "broken front.". It often happened that the base line,
running from one cove of the Bay to another, left between it and
the water a large strip of land. This " broken front" belonged
to the adjacent 200 acres, so that often the fortunate party possessed
even 50 or 100 acres extra.

One of the noted individuals to whom land was granted in
Upper Canada, was Arnold the Traitor. 18,000 acres was given
him, ami £10,000.

tii'

TYENDINAGA.

181

Tho trnct of land now constituting the Township of Tyendi-
naga, having boon purchased from tlio Mississaugas, was deeded to
the Mohawks. The deed bears the date of 1804. Tlie land is
granted to " the chiefs, warriors, people, women of tho Six Nations."
The chief, at tho time they settled, was Capt. John Doserontyon.

CHAPTER XVtl.

Contents — Lines — Western Settlement, 1783 — Population — Settlement upon St.
Lawrence and Bay — Nimiber, 1 784 — Proclamation to Lo)'alist8 — Society dis-
turbed — Two kinds of Loyalists — St. Lawrence and Bay favorable for Settle-
ment — Government Provisions — State of the Loyalists — Serving out Rations
— Clothes — Utensils for clearing and farming — The Axe — B'nrniture — At-
tacking a last enemy — Tents — Waiting for their Lots — " Bees" — Size of
dwellings — Mode of building — Exchanging work — Bedsteads — Clearing —
Fireing trees — Ignorance of Pioneer Life — Disposing of the Wood — No beast
of burden — I^ogging — Determination — All Settlers on a common ground —
Additional Refugees — Advance— Simcoe's Proclamation, 1792 — Conditions of
Grants — The Response — Later Settlers — liuestionable Loyalists — Yankees
longing for Canada — Loyalty in 1812.

THE SETTLEMENT OP UPPER CANADA.
"CANADA."

BY ALEXANDER M'LACHLAN.

Land of mighty lake and forest !
Where the winter's locks are hoarest ;
Where the summer's leaf is greenest ;
And the winter's bite the keenest ;
Where the autumn's leaf is searest.
And her parting smile the dearest ;
Where the tempest rushes forth.
From his caverns of the north,
With tlie lightnings of his wrath,
Siveeping forests from bis path ;
Whci'e the cataract stuj)en(lou8
Lifteth up her voice; tremendous ;
Where uncultivated nature
Rears her pines of giant stature ;
Sows her jagged hemlocks o'er,
Thick as bristles on tlie boar ;
Plants the stately elm and oak
Firmly in the iron rock ;
Wheie the crane her course is steering,
And the eagle is careering,
Where the gentle deer are bounding.
And tho woodman's axe resounding ;
Land of mighty lake and river,
To our hearts thou'rt dear forever !

til

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Hi life

182 THE POPULATION, 1783.

•

Thou art not a land of story ;
Thou art not a land of glory ;
No tradition, tale, iior soug,
To thine ancient woods belong;
No long lino of bards and sages
Looking to us down the agts ;
No old heroes sweeping by,
In their warlike panoply ;
Yet heroic deeds are done,
Where no battle's lost or won —
In the cottage, in the woods.
In the lonely soIitud-,s —
Pledges of aflfection given.
That will be redeemed in heaven.

In 1783, when a regular survey and settlement of Western
Canada commenced, the inhabitantb of the Lower Province exten-
ded westward, only a few miles above Coteau du lac, upon the St.
Lawrence, at Lake St. Fi-aucis ; but not a house was built within
several miles of the division line of the two Provinces, which is
above Montreal, about 40 milos, on the north shore. On the south
side there was the Fort of Oswegotchie. Besides the squatters
around the military posts at Carleton Island, Oswego, and Niagara,
there were a few inhabitants at Detroit and Sandwich, of French
origin, where a settlement had sprung up in 1760.

The entire population of all Canada at this time, has been esti-
mated at 120,000, including both the French and English. Al-
though refugees had squatted here and there upon the frontier, near
to the several military posts, it was not until 1784 that the land,
now surveyed into lots, was actually bestowed upon the Loyalists ;
yet it was mainly disbanded soldiers that received their " location
ti' kets" in the year 1784. The grants were made to the corps
under Jessup, upon the St. Lawrence, and under Rogers upon the Bay;
and to Butler'fc) Rangers at Niagai-a, at the same time, or very nearly.
Luring the same season, a settlement was made upon the Niagara
frontier and at Amherstburgh, by the Loyalists who had found
refuge at the contiguou.s Forts. It is supposed that the number
who became settlers this year, 1784, in Upper Canada was about
10,000. Thus the Province of Upper Canada was planted ; thus the
Refugees and disbanded soldiers found themselves pioneers in the
wilds of Canada. Was it for this they had adhered to the Cro\vn —
had taken up arms — had sacrificed their all?

At the close of hostilities, a proclamation was issued to the
Loyalists, to rendezvous at Sacket's Harbour, or Carleton Island,
Oswego, Niagara, and Isle aux Mois, the principal military posts
upon the frontier.

iiv

■3

FAVORABLE PLACES FOB SEITLEMENTS.

183

The tempest of war which had swept aciosH the American
Continent, severing thirteen Colonies from the parent trniik, had
roughly disturbed the elements of society. It resulted that the
cessation of hostilities lelfc a turbulent ocean, which lequired time
to compose itself. There wore Loyalists who would not live under
a flag alien to Britain. There were those whoso circumstances
would have induced them to abide the evil thai, hiul overtaken them
in the dismemi.ermont of the British Empire; but the fierce pas-
sions of tlie successful rebels rendei-ed a peaceful or safe existence
of the Loyalists among them impossible. Driven they were, away
from their old homes. There were those who had been double
minded, or without choice, ready to go with the successful party.
Such wandered here and there looking for the best opportunity to
secure self aggrandisement. It is of the first two classes we speak.

Forced b}'' ci'uel circumstances, to become pioneei's in a wilder-
ness, there could not be found in America, a more favourable place
whereupon to settle than along the banks of the St. Lawrence, and
around the irregular shores of Bay Quinto, with its many indenta-
tions. Thej' had to convert the wood-covei-ed land into homes.
The trees had to be felled, and the land prepared for grain, and the
fruit of the soil to bo obtained i'or sustenance Avithin three years,
when Government provisions would be discontinued. It can readily
bo understood that a water communication to and from the central
points of settlement, as well as access to tihhing waters, was most
desirable^ Tho smooth waters of the upper St. Lawrence and the
Bay Quinte constituted a highway of the most valuable kind,
for the only mode of ti'avel was by the canoe, or flat-bottomed
batteau, which was supplied by the Government in limited num-
bers ; and in winter by rudely constructed hand-sleighs, along the
icy shores.

THE FIRST SETTLERS.

The settlors of Upj)or Canada, up to 1790. may bo divided into
those who were tbrced away from the States by persecution, during
and after the war ; the disbanded troops ; and a nobler class, who
left the States, being unwilling to live under other than British
rule.

To what extent were these pioneers fitted and prepared to
enter upon the truly formidable woi'k of ci'eating homes, ai?d to
secure the necessaries of life for their families. But low of them
possessed ought of worldly goods, nearly all were depending upon

■ 1- \i

184

OOVEUNMBNT IMPLEMENTS.

mim

tho bounty of Govornmont. In the firHt pluco, thoy woro .supplied
■with rutioiiH ; which consiBtod of flour, pork, unci n limited
quantity of hoof, a very littlo butter, aiicl an littlo hjiU. Wo find in
Kov. Mr. Carroll 's " Past and Present" that "their mode of Horving
out rations was rather peculiar." " Their plan was, to [>rovent tho
appearance of partiality, for the one who acted a.s Commis.sr.ry,
cither to turn his back, take one of the articles, and say, ' who will
have this?' or else tho provisions wei'c weij^hed, or assorted, and
put into heaps, vvhen the Commissary wont around with a hat, and
received into it something which ho would again recognize, as a
button, a knife, &c. ; after whick he took tho articles out of tho hat,
as thoy came uppermost, and placed one on each of tho ])ilos in ro-
tation. Every person then claimed the parcel on which he found
the article which he had thrown int*) the hat."

Thoy were also sup])liod with " clothes for throe years, or until
they wor<i able to provldo these articles for thomsclvos. They con-
sisted of coarse cloth for trowsers and Indian blankets for coats, and
of shoos ; beside, each received a (juantity of seed grain to sow
upon the newly cleared land, with certain implements of husbandi-y.
To each was allotted an axe, a hoe, and a spade ; a plough, and one
cow, wero allotted to two families; a whip and cross-cut saw to
every fourth family; and, oven boats were provided for thoir usv,
and placed at convenient points ;" and " that nothing might seem
to bo wanting, on the jiart of tho OJovernment, oven portable corn
milU, consisting of steel ])lates, turned by hand like a cotfee-mill,
wero distributed among the settlers." Wo have learned they were
also supplied with nails, hand-saws and other materials for building.
To every five families wero given a " set of tools," such as chisels
and augers, of various sizes, and drnwing-knives;'also pick-axes,
and sickles for reajiing. But, unfjrtunatoly, many of tlioso imple-
ments woro of inferior quality. The axe, with Avhich tlie burden
of tho work was to bo done, was unlike the light implement now
in use, it was but a short-handled sliip axe, intended for quite a
diH^^'orent use than chopping trees and clearing land. Notwith-
standing, these various implements, thoughtfully prf)vided by Gov-
ernment, how greatly must tliey have come short in meeting
tho varied wants of tho settler, in his isolated clearing, far
separated from places whereat things necessary could bo procured.
However, tho old soldier, with his camp experience, was enabled by
tho aid of his tools, to make homely and rudo articles of domestic
uso. And, in farming, ho constructed a rough, but sorvicable plow,
and harrow, and made handles for his scythe.

INSTITUTION OP " UEE8.'

185

TluiH provisioned and clothed, and thuH arnunl witli iniplcincnts
of industry, tho old Holdiors advanced to the attack ofa last onotn}-,
the wild woods. XJr'iko any jn-ovious warfare, was this lifetime
Htrng/^lo. With location ticket in hand, they fded into tho battoaux
to ascend the rapids. A certain ninnlier of batteaux joined together,
generally about twenty or tv/enty-tivo, formed a brigade, which was
placed xindor tho command of a suitable officer; if not ono who had
in previous daj'H, led them against the foe. It is quite impossible
to conceive of the emotions which found a place in tho breasts of
tho old veterans as thoy journeyed along wearily from day to day,
oach ono bringing them nearer to the spot on which tho tent was
to bo pitched for the last time. Eagerly, no doubt, they scanned
the thickly wooded shores as they passed along. Curiously
they examined tho small settlement, clustering around Cata-
raqui. And, it cannot bo doubted, when they entered tho
waters of tho lovely Bay Quinte, the beauty of the scene created a
focliugof joy and reconciliation to their lot, in being thus cast upon
a spot so rich in natural beauty. These disbanded soldiers, at least
each family, had a canvass tent capable of accommodating, in a
certain way, from eight to ton persons. Those were pitched upon
tho shoro, at first in groups, nntil each person had learned the situation
of his lot, when he immediately removed thereto. JJut there were
by no means enough tents to give cover to all, and many had only
tho friendly trees for protection. The first steps taken wore to clear
a small space of trees, and erect a place of habitation. We have
scon what woi'o the implements ho had to work with — the materials
he must use to subdue the forest tree standing before him.

Here, at. tho very threshold of Upper Canadian history, was
initiated tho " institution" of " bees." " Each with his axe on his
shoulder, turned out to help tho other," in erecting a log shanty.
Small and unpretending indeed, were these humble tenements first
built along the shores of the bay. The size of eacli depended upon
tho number to o(K'upy it. None wore larger than twenty by fifteen
foot; and an old man tells mc that his father, who was a carpenter,
built ono fifteen feet long and ten feet broad, with a slanting roof
seven or eight feet in height. The back-woodsman's shanty, which
may yet be seen in the outskirts of our country, is the counterpart
of those which were first built; but perhaps many of our readers
may never have seen ono. " Round logs." (generally of basswood,)
"roughly notched together at tho corners, and j)iled one above
another, to tho height of seven or eight feet, constituted tho walls.

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186

THE OLD LOO HOUSE,

0])eniiig8 for a door, and one small window" (always bosido the
door) "do.sip;nod for four lights of glass, 7x9, wore cut out," (Gov-
ornment had supplied thorn with a little glass and putty) ; " the
spaces between the logs were chinked with small splinters, and
carefully plastered outside and inside, with clay for mortar. Smooth
straight poles were laid lengthways of the building, on the walls,
to servo as supports of the roof. This was composed ' of strips of
elm bark, four feet in length, by two or thi'oe feet in width, in layers,
overlapping each other, and fas<tei;iod to the poles by withs."
(The roof was some ti mos of black oak, or swamp oak, bark, ) " with a
sufficient slope to the bo'^k, this formed a roof which was proof againpt
wind and weather. An ample hearth, made of flat stones, was then
laid out, and a fire back of field stone or small boulders, rudely built,
was carried up as high as the walls. Above this the chimney was
formed of round poles, notched together and plastered with mud.
The floor was of the same materials as the walls, only that the logs
were split in two, and flattened so as to make a tolerably even sur-
face. As no boards wei'e to be had to make a door, until they could
be sawn out by the whip saw, a blanket suspended from tiie inside
for some time took its place. By and by four little pains of glass,
were stuck into a rough sash, and then the shanty was complete." —
(Croil.)

Furniture for the house was made by the old soldier ; this was
generally of the roughest kind. They had the fashion of exchanging
work, as well as of having bees. Jome of them had been mechanics
in other days. A carpenter was a valuable acquisition, and while
others would assist him to do his heavy work, he would in return do
those little nicer jobs by which the household comforts would be
increased. No chests of drawers were required; benches were made
of split bassw^ood, upon which to sit, and tables were manufactured iu
the same style. The bedstead was constructed at the end of the
cabir, by taking poles of suitable size and inserting the ends between
the logs whicli formed the walls on either side. These would be
placed, before the cracks were filled in and plastered.

. * CLEARING THK LAND,

A log hut constructed, wherein to live; and such plain rough arti-
cles of furniture as were really necessary provided, the next thing was
to clear the land, thickly covered with large trees and tangled brush.
Many a swing of the unhandy axe had to be made ere the trees
could be felled, and disposed of ; and the ground made ready for the
grain or root. *

1 1.

THE WORK OF CLEARING.

187

A few years later, and the settU^r wouM, in the dry summer season,
fire the woods, so as to kill the trees. IJy the next year tlioy would have
become dry, so that by setting lire again they would burn down. In
this way much labor was saved. J3ul sometinies the tiro would prove
luimanageable .'iiid threaten to destroy the little house and log barn,
as well as croi)s. Another mode of destroying the large trees, was to
girdle them — that is, to cut through the bark all ai'ound the tree,
whereby it was killed, so that the following year it would likewise
burn down.

A portion of the disbanded troops, as well as other loyalists, had
been bred to agricultural pursuits ; and some of them, at least those
who had not been very long in arms, could the more readily adapt
themselves to their new circumstances, and resume their early occu-
pation. The axe of the woodsman was soon swung as vigorously
along the shores of the well wooded river anU bay, as it had been in
the forests years before, hi the backwoods of New England.

It is no ordinary undertaking for one to enter the primeval forest,
to cut down the tough graine«l trees, whose boughs have long met the
first beams of the rising sun, and swayed in the tempest wind ; to
clear awJiy the thick underbrush, which impedes the step at every
turn ; to clear out a tangled cedar swamp, no matter how hardy may
be the axe-man — how well accustomed to the use of the huplement.
With the best mode of proceeding, with an axe of excellent make,
and keen edge ; and, combined with which, let every other circum-
stance be favorable ; yet, it requires a determined will, an iron
frame and supple muscle, to undertake and carry out the successful
clearing of a farm. But, the refugees and disbanded soldiers, who
formed the pioneers of Upper Canada, enjoyed not even ordinary
advantages. Many of the old soldiers had not the slightest know-
ledge of the duties of pioneer life, while others had but an imperfect
idea. Some scarcely knew how to fell a tree. Hardy and deter-
mhied they were ; but they possessed not the implements requisite to
clear oft* t)ie solid trees. We have seen that the axe furnished by
government was large and clumsy, and could bo swung only with diffi-
culty and groat labor, being nothing )dore than the ship axe then in use.
Slow and wearisome indeed, must have been the progress made by the
unaccustomed woodsman in the work of clearing, and of preparing
the logs for his hut, while he had, as on-lookers, too often a feeble
wife and hungry children.

The ordinary course of clearing land is pretty well known. At
the present day the autumn and winter is the usual time, when the

188

CONQUERING.

i ^

wood is cut in sleigh lengths for home use, or made into cord wood
for the market. The brush is piled up into huge heaps, and in the
following season, when sufficiently dry, is burned up. Now, wood,
except in the remote parts, is very valuable, and for those who can
part with it, it brings a good income. But then, when the land was
everywhere covered with wood, the only thought was how to get rid of
it. Tlio gi-eat green trees, after being cut down, had to lie until they
had dried, or be cut into pieces and removed. Time was necessaiy
for the first. To accomplish the second, involved labor with the
unwieldly axe ; and there were at first, no beast of bin'den to haul the
heavy logs. The arm of the pioneer was the only motor power, and
the trees had to be cut in short lengths, that they might be carried.
To overcome the more heavy work connected with this, the settlers
would have logging bees from place to plac(;, and by united sti'ength
subdue the otherwise obiftinate forces. Mainly, the trees were burned;
the limbs and smaller portion first, and subsequently the large trunk.
The fire would consume all that was ilamable, leaving great black
logs all over the ground. Then came " logging," that is, piling these
black anci half burno<l pieces into heaps, where, after a longer time
of drying, they might be consumed. A second, perhaps a third time
the pieces would have to be collected into *' log he."-ps," until finally
burned to ash«s. It was by such means, that slowly the forest along the
St. Lawrence, and surroundng the Bay Quinte, as well in the adjacent
townships melted away before the daily work of the aggressive settler.
Although deprived of all those comforts, which most of them had en"
joyed in early life in the Hud80n,and Mohawk valleys,and fruitful fields
of Pennsylvania, they toiled on determined to conquer — to make new
homes ; and, for their children at least, to secure comforts. They rose
eai'ly, and toiled on all day, whether long or short, until night cast
its solemn pall over their rude quiet homes. The small clearing of a
few acres gradually widened, the sound of the axe was heard ringuig
all the day, and the crash of the falling tree sent the startled wild
beast to the deeper recesses of the wild woo<i. The toilers were not
all from the same social rank, but now in the main, all found a com-
mon level ; the land allotted to the half pay office ) was as thickly
covered with wood. A few possessed limited means, and were able
to engage a help, to do some of the work, but in a short time it was
the same with all ; men of education, and who held high positions,
rightly held the belief that it was an honor to be a refugee farmer.

At the close of the war a considerable number of the refugees
found safety in New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. But a certain

h-m

simcok's proclamation.

189

number, not finding such prospects os tlioy had hopcnl, resolved to try
Canada. Consequently, for five or six years after the peace, this class
continued slowly to tiow, to swell the number of nihahitants <»l' Tapper
Canada. Some of them tarried, or remained in L .»wer Canada ; but
the majority ascended the Bay Quintc, and settled the new townships
at the head of the bay ; not a few would remain for a year or two in
the townships already settled, working farms on siiares, or 'living out,'
until the future home was Felected. A good many of the first settlers
in the sixth, seventh, and eight townships, liad previously lived for a
while in the fourth township.

The advance of the settlements was along the bay, from Kingston
township and Ernest town, westward along both sides. When
the settlers in the first, second, third and fourth townships,
had, to a certain extent overcome the pioneers first difficulties, those
in the sixth, seventh, eight and idnth, were yet undergoing mostly all
the same hardships and trials. Far removed from Kingston, they
could, with difliculty, procure necessities, and consequently endured
greater privation, and experienced severer hardships ; but in time these
settlers also overcome, and ended their days in comparative comfort.
Gen. Simcoo, after he became the first Governor of Upper
Canada in 1792, held the opinion that there remained in the States
a large number of Loyalists, and conceived the idea of alTording
them an inducement to again come under Britisli rule, as they were
British in heart. He, b}'' proclamation, invited them to free grants
of the rich laud of Upper Canada, in the following words ;

" A PROCLAaiATioN, to such as are desirous to settle on lands of
the Crown, in the Province of Upper Canada, By His Excellency
John Graves Simcoe, Esquire, Lieutenani -Governor and Com-
mander-in-Chief of the said Province, and Colonel commanding His
Majesty's Forces, &o., &c. Be it knowii to all concerned that His
Majesty, both by his royal commission and instructions to the Gov-
ernor, and in his absence, to the Lieutenant-Governor of the said
Province of Upjier Canada, gives authority or command to grant
the lands of the Crown in the same bj' patent under the great seal
thereof. I do accordingly make known the terms of grant and set-
tlement to be:" &c.

Without introducing the somewhat lengthy terms given under
the heaiis, it is sufficient to say that they wore most libei-ai ; in the
meanwhile reserving what was necessary to maintain the rights
previously granted to Loyalist settlers. No lot was to be granted
of more than 200 acres, excejjt such as the Governor might other-

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190

PERJURY BY YANKEES.

wise desire, but no one avuh to rccfivc a quantity exceeding 1000 acres.
Every one had to make it njipear that he, or she was in a condition
to cultivate and improve the land, and " beside taking the nsiial
oaths, subscribe a declaration, vix : I, A, B. do promise and declare
that I "ft^ill maintain and defend to the utmost of my power, the
authority of the king in his parliament as the supreme legislature
of this province." These grants were free excepting the fees of
office, " in passing the patent and recording the same." The
proclamation was dated 7th February, 1792, Thomas Talbot, acting
Secretary.

It was obligatory on settlers to clear five acres of land, to build a
house, and to open a road across the front of his land, a quarter of a
mile.

Whether Siracoe was right in his opinion, that many loyalists
remained in the States, ready to avail themselves of a judicious
opportunity of becoming citizens of British territory, may be (pies-
tioned ; that there wore some, cannot be doubted. Not a few res-
ponded to his invitation, and entered the new province. The
recall of Simcoe led to the abrog.ition of the terms specified in
the aforementioned proclamation, and some of the new comers were
doomed to disappointment. As may naturally be supposed, these later
comers were not altogether regarded with favor by the first settlers,
who now regarded tlieniselves as lords of the soil. The old staunch
loyalists were disposed to look upon them as Yankees, who came only
to get the land. And it seems that such was often the case. We
have the impartial statement of Eochefoucault, that ther ^ were tome
who " falsely profess an attachment to the British monarch, and
curse the Government of the Union for the mere purpose of getting
possession of lands." Even at this early day, they set about taking
possession of Canada ! Indeed, it was a cause of grievance in Wal-
ford township, Johiistown district, that persons from the States
entered the country, petitioned for land, took the necessary oaths-
perjured themselves, and having obtained possession of the land resold
it, pocketed the money, and left to build up the glorious Union.

But, while so much has to be said of some Americans, who took
land in Canada for mercenary motives, and committed fraud, it is
pleasing to say likewise, that a large number of settlers from the
States, who came in between 1794 and 1812, became worthy and
loyal subjects of the Crown, How far all of them were at first
Britons in heart, may be questioned. But the fact that the first
settlers regarded them with doubtful eye, and often charged them

Hi'

YANKCE CANADIANS.

with being Yaiikei-s, led many, for very jteaoe-mUvC, to display their
loyalty. But at last, when tlie warof 1812 broke out, tluy exhibited
uumistakeable attacliment to tlie British Crown. To their lionor bo
it said, they were as active in defendinjjj tlieir Iiour-s as any elass.
The number who deserted from Canjida, was (|uite insignificant. As
would bo expected, the war of 1812. arrested the stream of emigration
from the States. The Government of Canada thereafter discoun-
tenanced it, and instead, made some efforts to draw Britisli European
emigrants.

} ' m

DIVISION IV.

THf' riRST YEARS OF UPPER CANADA.

CHAPTER XVIII.

Contents — Father Pitqiiet — Provision of Forts in Upper Canada Just before C'oii-
quest — Fronteiiiic — Milk — Brandy — Toronto — The Several F-orts — Detroit —
British Garrisons — Grasping Uel)els — Efforts to Starve out Loyalists in
Canada — Worse Treated than the Aeadiaiih: — EHorts to Sectne Fur Trade —
The Frontier Forts — Amerieans Conduct to Indians — Result — Conduct of
British Government — Rations for Three Years — Grinding i)y Hand — I'Honiiny
Blocks" — "Plumping Mill" — The Women — Soldier Farmers — The Hessians —
Suft'ering — The "Scarce Year" — Charge against the (.Commissariat Offleers —
Famine — Cry for Bread — Instances of Suffering — Starving Children — No
Salt — Fisli — Game — Eating Young Grain — Begging Bran — A Common Sor-
row — Providential EscnpcH — Eating Biuls and Leaves — Deaths — Primitive
Fishing — Catching Salmon — Going 125 miles to mill — Distonsolate Fami-
lies — 1789 — Partial Relief — First Beef Slaughtered in Upper Canada — First
Log Barn — A Bee, what they Ate and Drank — Tea Introduced — Statements
of Sheriff Sherwood— Roger Bates — John Parrott — Col. Clark — Squirroll
Swimming Niagara — Maple Sugar — How it 'was made — Women assisting —
Made Dishes of Food — Pumpkin Loaf — Extract from Rochefoucault — 1795
— Quality of Grain Raised — (juinte Bay — Cultivation — Corn Experted — The
Grain Dealers — Price of Flour— Pork — Profits of the Merchants.

MODE OF PROCURING FOOD.

We have seen with what spirit and determination the loyalists
engaged in the duties pertaining to pioneer life ; how they became
domiciled in the wildei^ness and adapted themselves to their new

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EFFORTS TO STARVE THE LOYALISTS.

and tryiiif? Hilimtion. ThuH, was laid tho foundation of Iho Province
of Upper Canadu, now Ontario. Upon tliiw foundation was to Ix-
erected tlio HiipiTHtnictuni. Lot us proceed to examine tlio cir-
cumstances of the first years of Uj)per Canadian life. And tirst
with respect io food.

Father Picquet visited the Bay and Lake Ontario, from La
Pn'sm^a^wi— Ogdenshurgh, the year of the Conquest. lie sponl<n
of his visit to Fort Frontonac, and remarks, "The hread ami milk
there, were l)ad ; tliey had not even brandy there to staniich n
wound." \\y which wo learn that tho French garrison had a oow,
althoui!;h she ;^avo inditt'erent milk; and that even brandy lor modi-
cinal purpOMcs could not be had. The missionary proceeded to Fort
Toronto which was situated upon Lake Simcoe, no doubt ascond-
ing by tho bay (iuinte and Trent. Hero ho found "good bread and
good wine "and " everything ro(juisite for trade" with tho Indians.
The cessittn of Canada to the Brilif^h by the Frentdi had been fol-
lowed by a withdi'awal of ti'oops from many of the forts, around
which l;:id clustered a few hamlets, specks of civilization in a vast
wilderness, and in most places tilings had lapsed into their primid
state. And, when rebellion broke (»ut in the Coloiues of Britain, there
were but a few posts whereat were stationed any soldiers, or where
clustered the wliite settlors. There were a few French living at
Detroit, and at Michilmicinac, and to tho north-oast of Luko Huron.
We have seen that during tho war, refugees found safety at the
several militar}' posts. The military rations were served out to
these loyal men in the same ])roportion as to tho soldiers, and when
the war closed the garrisons continued to dispense the necesKaries
of lite to the settlors upon tho north shores of the lake, and St.
Lawrence.

For ten years, after the terms of poaco was signed between
England and the Independent States, tho forts of Oswego, Niagara,
Detroit, and Michilmicinac, with the garrison on Carleton Island,
reviiained in the possession of the British troops. To this tho
grasping Americans warmly took exceptions. Although it M'ould
have been next to impossible to supply these places with provisions
for troops of their own, they nevertheless wished to dispossess the
Eoj'al troops ; wo learn that tho object was to starve out the refugees
who had found shelter upon the borders, and who would bo depend-
ing for years to those forts, for the very necessaries of life. In this,
their cruelty exceeded that practised towards tho Acadians. Having
driven away the loyalists and dispersed them at homo, they would

I? ! ; : ,

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TOWNSHIP COMMISSARY.

193

havo followed thom to thoir now wiklornoss homo, there to cnt off thoir
supplies and loavo thom to perish. They wished to obtain possos-
gion of the forts not only t0|,'lut their vengeful fcolin-,' against the
torios, but to soouro tho tratfic carried on with tho Indians. Dreams
of aggrandizement floated through their avaricious minds. It was
reganlod an excellent stroke of policy to turn the current of the
fur trade fr6m the St. Lawrence, and starve out by degrees tho
refugees, and tho French who would have noneof Mc<> "Liberty."
Honco their dosiro to got possossioik of tho frontier forts. Hut it
was destined that this valuable traffic should never come into the
hands of tho United States; or rather it should bo said, tho Ameri-
cans had determined to pursue a course which would com])lotoly
alienate tho Indian tribes from thom. Under such circumstances
no possession of tho forts could havo turned tho trade from its
natural channel by tho St. Lawrence, across the continent to New
York.

Tho British Government never desired to stint the loyal refu-
gees and tho disbanded soldiers. At tho clo.se of ho.stilities it was
determined that both alike, with thoirfamilies, should rocoivo while
traveling, and for a period of three years, such rations as are allowed
daily to the private soldier. And the Commissariat Department
was instructed to make tho necessary provision to have transported
to each township by battoau, what should bo requisite. Depots
were established, in addition to the different garrisons, in each town-
ship, to which some prominent and trusted refugee of thoir number,
generally a half pay officer, was appointed as Commissary, and at
which ample provisions of tho spocitiod kind, as well as certain
implements, it was ordered should bo stored, to bo dealt out with
regularity and fairness to each family, according to the number of
children. In some of tho townships two butteaux were provided to
bring the provisions from Montreal. Besides tho food thus
obtained, they wore often enabled to freely supply themselves with
game of different kinds. The greatest trouble of all was to get tho
grain supplied to them, ground into flour. According to Carroll and
Croil,the townships upon tho St. Lawrence, were supplied with steel
mills for grinding grain ; but no word of such ^indifferent conve-
nience for the settlers of tho Bay,has by us been received ; the settlers
had to get the grain crushed as best they could. Various modes were
adopted to do this ; but in all cases tho work was done by hand.
Sometimes the grain was crushed with an axe upon a flat stone.
Many prepared a wooden moi*tar, by cutting a block, of suitable
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194

PRIMITIVE CORN MILLS.

length, about four loot, out of the trunk of a lai'go troo, oak or
maple. Sometimes it was the stump of a tree. In this a cavity
was foroiod, generally by heating a piece of iron, and placing it upon
the end. In some quarters, u cannon ball from the Garrison was
used. By placing this, red hot, upon the wood, a hollow of suffi-
cient depth could bo made. These mortars, sometimes called " Hom-
iny Blocks" and sometimes " Plumjiing Mill," varied in size; some-
times holding only a few quarts, sometimes a bushel, or oven more.
TiiC pestle or pounder, was made of the hardest wood, six or eight
feet long, and eight inches in diameter at the bottom end ; the top
bufficieatly small to be spanned by the hand. The pestle was some-
times culled the stamper ; and tho stump or block, with the pestlo,
was called the stump-mortar. Generally, it was by the unaided
hand that the grinding was done ; but after a time a sweep pole was
arranged, 'similar to a well pole, and a hard weighty substance being
attached to the pole, much less strength was required to crush tho
grain ; at the same time a larger quantity could be at once done.
The work was generally done by two men. The grain thus pounded
was generally Indian Corn, and occasionally wild rice. To crush
wheat required much more labor, and a small mortar. Tho bran
was sepai'ated from tho flour by a. horse-hair sieve, one of which
generally served a whole community, as thoy were possessed only by
a few. Tills rude method continued for many years, especially in
those townships remote from tho tiouring mills. Frequently, an
individual would possess a large mortar, that would bo used "by a
whole neighborhood. 'Mv. Diamond, of Belleville, a native of
Fredericksburg, remombers when a boy, to have accompanied his
father *' to mill." The mill was one of these larger mortai-s which
would contain a bushel of grain when being ground, but which
would hold, even measure, two bushels. The grain was crushed by
a sweon with a weight attached, of ten or twelve pounds.

Lut grinding grain i'.i this rude manner, was very frequently
done by the women; and was but one of tho difficulties attending
the production of meal. It was a hard task to prepare fbr use the
corn supplied by Government; but when that supply was cut off, and
the settler had but his own raising, it became much worse. Else-
whore we have seen the difficult process by which seed was planted,
and tho fruit of the soil reaped, and then thrashed. It had been
thought by the Government that three years would suffice to give
the settler ample time to reap sufficient grain for their sustenance.
In most cases, industry and aright application of labor, enabled the

«OV£RNMENT RATIONS DISCONTINUED.

195

Ijirmer to accomplish what was expected of him. But the habits
which some of the soldiers had acquired during the war, were highly
detrimental to regular industry. When the tliree years' supplies
were discontinued, many found themselves unprepared to meet the
requirements of their new condition. It is said that some of them
entertained the belief that " Old George," as they familiarly called
the King, would continue to feed them, for an indefinite period of
time, upon the bread of idleness. The Hessians, who had settled in
the fifth township, who had no idea of pioneer life, were great suf-
ferers, and it is stated that some actually died of starvation. Again,
there was a considerable class who had not had time to prepare the
land, and reap the fruit of the soil, prior to the supplies being stop-
ped ; or who couh' not procure seed grain. These wei-e likewise
placed in the most distressing circumstances. The fearful suffering
experienced in consequence will be mentioned under the head of
the "Scarce Year."

Notwithstanding, that Government sup])lied the settlers with
provisions for three years, and also with spring wheat, peas, corn,
and potatoes for seed, and took steps to furnish them, first with one
mill atKingston, and then a second one at Napanee, at the expiration
of the three years, there were many unprepared. The mills were
almost deserted, and the hearts of the people were faint because
there was no grain to grind, and famine began to rest upon the
struggling settler.*^, especially along the Bay Quinlo. It has already
been said that with some of the disbanded s(>ldiers, there was some
degree of negligence, oi, n want of due exertion to obtain home,
raised grain before the Government supplies were discontinued ; also^
that there was a certain number, who came with their families two
or three years after the first ^'ettlement, who were not entitled to get
Government rations, and Avho had not had time to clear the land.
Many of these brought provisions with them, but the long distances
traveled by them through a wilderness, alloAved no large quantity
of stores to be transpoi'ted. And within a few months, or a year
their store of food was exhausted. But the greatest evil of all
it is aveiTed, was the failure on the part of the Commissary Depart-
ment to bring up from Lower Canada, the supplies which were
required by those yet in the service, and who rightly looked to that
source for the bread of life. And, it has been alleged that some
who had charge of military stores forgot this public duty, in their
anxiety to secure abundant supplies for their own families. And a
spirit of cupidity has been laiil to the charge of one or two for
retaining for '^a-ivato use the bread for which so many were famish-

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THE "SCARCE YEAR.

At this remote period it is impossible to arrive at positive
conclusions relative to the matter. Wo can only examine the cir.
cumstances, and judge whether such a thing was likely. Of coux'se
the Commissary officers, whoso duty it had been to distribute food
in the several townships, would not bo likely to disburse with a
hand so liberal, that they should themselves become destitute ; yet
the fact that such had food, while others had none, would naturally
create an erroneous impression. But thr famine was not limited
to the Bay region ; although, being remote from Montreal, it was
here the distress was most grievously felt. Throughout Lower
Canada the pinch of famine was keenly experienced. Even there, in
places, corn-meal was meted out by the spoonful, wheat flour was un-
known, while millet seed was ground for a substitute. Still more, the
opinion is given, that the accusation against certain parties is con-
trary to the spirit which pervaded the refugee settlers at that time.
That they had laid up stores, and looked indifferently upon the
general suffering, is contrary to the known character of the parties
accused. In after days, as at the present time, thei'O were arou.sed
potty jealousies, as one individual excef*'Jod Jmother in prosperity.
Family jars sometimes rise to feuds, and false surmises grow into
untruthful legends.

The poriod of famine is oven yet remembered by a few, whose
memory reaches back to the immediately succeeding' years, and the
descendants of the surt'erors, speak of that time with peculiar feelings,
imbibed from their parents ; and many are the touching stories even
yet related of this sad first page in the history of Upper Canada,
when from Lower Canada to the outskirts of the settlemen was
heard the cry for bread ! bread I bread !

The year of the famine is spoken of sometimes as the " scarce
year," sometimes as the "hungry year," or the "hai*d summer."
The extreme distress seems to have commenced in the year 1787.
With some, it lasted a part of a year, with others a \ ftiir, and with
others upwards of a year. The height of the dists'^j "-as during
the spring and early summer of 1788. But plenty !,o :*1!- did not
come till the summer of 1789. The writer has in his possession
accounts of many^ instances of extreme suffering, during the famine,
and for yeai'8 after, through the ten townships. A few will here
be given, as briefly as may be possible.

One, wlio Bottled in the Sixth Township, (who was subsequently
a Member of Parliament for twenty years,) with wife and childi-en,
endured great suftering. Their flour being exhausted ho sent

WHAT THEY LIVED UPON.

197

money to Quebec for some more flour, but his money was sent back;
there was none to bo had. The wife tried m an experiment to
make bread out of some wheat bran, which wr.s bought at a dollar
a bushel. She failed to make bread, but it was eaten as a stir-a-bout*
Upon this, with Indian Cabbage, or " Calo," " a plant with a large
leaf," also wild potatoes or ground-nuts, the family lived for many
a week. In the spring they procured some potatoes to plant, but
the potatoe eye alone was planted, the other portion being reserved
for food. One of the daughters, in her extreme hunger digged up
for days, some of the potatoe rind and ate it. One day, her father
caught her at it, and seized hold of her arm to punish her, for for-
getting the requirements of the future, but he found her arms so
emaciated that his heart melted in pity for the starving child.
Others used to eat a plant called butter-nut, and another pig-weed.
Children would stoal out at night with stolen potatoes, and roast
them at the burning log heap, and consider them a great treat.
One individual has left the record that she used to allay the pangs
of hunger by eating a little salt. But the majority of the settlers
had no salt, and game and fish, when it could bo caught, was eaten
without that condiment. Even at a later date, salt was a scarce
and dear article as the following will show : " Sydney, 20th Novem-
ber, 1792 — Eeceived from Mr. John Ferguson, one barrel of salt,
for which I am to pay nine dollars." (Signed), John German.
Often when fish or game was caught, it was forthwith roasted,
without waiting to go home to have it dressed. As spring advanced,
and the buds of the trees began to swell, they were gathered and
eaten.. Eoots were digged out of the ground ; the bark of certain
trees were stripped off and consumed as food. One family lived
for a fortnight on beech leaves. Everything that was supposed to
be capable of alleviating the pangs of hunger, whether it yielded
nutriment or not, was unhesitatingly used ; and in the fifth township
some were killed by eating poisonous roots. Beef bones were, in
one neighbourkood, not only boiled again and again, but actually
carried from house to house, to give a little taste to boiled bran,
until there remained no taste in the boiling water. In the fourth
township, upon the sunny side of a hill, was an early field of grain,
and to this they came, from far and near, to eat the milk-like heads of
grain, so soon as they had suflElciontly grown, which were boiled and
eaten. The daughter of the man who owned the field, and gladly
gave to all, still remains with us, then, she was in the freshness of
girlhood ; now, she is in the autumn of a green old age, nearly a

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DIVIDINO THE LAST LOAF.

hundred. She romomber.s to have woen Ihcm euttiiif? tho youni^ sue
culoiit grain, to uho hor own woiils " as thick an stumps." Tliis young
gi'ain was a common dish, all alon^ the Hay, until it became ripe.
Ono family lived several months solely on boiled oats. One day, a
man camo to the door of a house in Adoljthustown, witli a bag, and
a piece of " calamink," to exchange for flour. But the flour was low^
and tho future dou])tful, and none could be spared. Tho man
turned away with tears of anguish rolling down his face. Tho kind
woman gave him a few pounds of flour ; he begged to bo allowed ta
atld some bran lying on the floor, which was permitted, and ho
went his way.

There were, scattered through the settlements, a few who never
were entirely out of i>rovisions,l)ut who had procured some from Lower
Canada, oi Oswego. ]Many of thwe, even at the risk of future want,
would give away, d;ij' after day, to those who came to their door,
.often a long distance, seeking for the very broad of life. A piece of
bread was often tho only thing to give ; but thus, many a life was
Bavod. These poor imfortanates, would offt-r various articles in
exchange for flour or food. Even their lands — all they had, were
oftered for a few pounds of flo\n-. But, with a few execrable exceptions,
tho last loaf was divided ; and when flour was sold, it was at a fair
valuation. A common sorrow knit them together in fraternal rela-
tionship. The names of sonic are li.anded down, who employed others
to work all day fi)r their board, and would give nothing for their
famishing ones at home. One of tliem also, sold eight bushels of
potatoes for a valuable cow. In some instances, families living
reinotely, forsook their houses and sought for food at Kingston. Onf
family in Thurlow, set out for Ivingston, following the bay shore on
foot. Tlieir only food was lu'an, which, being mixed with Avater, was
cooked by the way, by heating flat stones ajul baking thereui)on. As
before stated, the settlers of the flfth township suffered fearfuUv, and
it is stated, that some of them actually died. Mr. Parrott says, that
he has heard it stated that persons starved to death. And the extra-
orduiary statement is found in tho M.S. of the late Mr. Morritt, that
one old couple, too old to help themselves, and left alone, were pre-
served providentially from starvation, by pigeons, which would
occasionally come and allow themselves to be caught. The fact is
stated by others, that pigeons were .at times, during the first years
of settling, veiy plentiful, anJ wore always exceedingly tame. Another
person remarks, that although there was generally plenty of pigeons.
wild fowl, fish and partridge, yet, they seemed to keep away when
most wanted.

DEATH FROM STARVATION.

199

Ono family, four "m nutnbcv, subsistod on tlio small quantity
of milk given by a younjij cow, with looks, buds of ticos, ami often
leaves were added to the milk. A barrel of 1)ran served a good
purpose for baking a kind of cake, which made a change on sitociiil
occasions. At one time. Rood, of Thurlow, oftererd a three year old
horse for 50 lbs of flour. This family would, at one time actually
have starved to death, liad not a door l)een miraculously nhot. They
often earned grain, a little, it is true, to the Napanee mills, following
the river, and bay shores. And when they liad no grain, articles
of domestic use were taken to exchange for flour and meal.
A woman used to carry a bushel and a half of wheat ten mile; to the
Napanee mills, and then carry the flour back.

Ex-Sheriff" Ruttan say.s of liis father's faniilv, with whom his
nncle lived, "We had the luxury of a cow which the family
brought Mith them, and had it not been for this domestic boon, all
would have perished in the year of scarcity. Tlie crops had failed
the year before, and the winter that followed, was most inclement and
severe. The snow was unusually deep, so that the deer became an
easy prey to their rapacious enemies, the Avolves, who fattened on
their destruction, whilst men were i)crisliing for want. Five indivi-
duals, in difterent places, were found dead, and one poor woman also,
with a live infant at lier breast ; which was cax*ed for and protected."
"Two negroes were sent to Albany for corn, who brought four
busliels. This, with the milk of the cow dealt out day by day in
limited quantity, kept them alive till harvest." "The soldiers' rations
were reduced to ono biscuit a day." lloferring to otlier days after the
famine he says : " Fish was plentiful" — the " fishing tackle was on a
primitive plan ; sometlung similar to the Indians, who fixed the bait on
part of the back bone of the jtike, which would catch these finny trilje
quite as expeditiously a& the best Limerick hook ; but our suiijily was
from spearhig by torchlight, which has been practiced by the Indian
from time inmiemorial ; from whom we obtained a vast dealof ])ractical
knowledge.''

Roger Bates, near Cobourg, s]»eaking of tho first years of Upi)er
Canada, says that his gf-andfathcr's family, living in Prince Edward
for a while, "adopted many ingenious contrivances of the Indians
for procuring food. Not tho least simple and handy was a crotched
pole, with which they secured salmon in any quantity, tho crcek.s
being full of them." Ho removed to the township ot Clarke,
whore he was the first white settler, and for six months saw no
white person. "For a long time he had to go to KiJigston. 125

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FIRST UPPER CANADIAN BEEF.

miles, with his Avheat to be ground. They had no other conveyance
than battoaux; the journey would sometimes occupy five or six
weeks. Of an evening they put in at some creek, and obtained
their salmon with ease, using a forked stick, which passed over
the fisli's back and hold it fast. Sometimes they were so long gone
for grist, in consequence of bad weather, that the women would
collect together and have a good cry, thinking the batteaux had
foundered. If their food ran short, they had a dog that would,
when told, hunt a deer and drive it into the water, so that the
young boys could shoot it."

The summer of 1789 brought relief to most of the settlers,—
the heaviest of the weight of woo was removed. But, for nearly a
decade, they enjoyed but few comforts, and wore often without the
necessaries of life. The days of the toiling pioneers were numbering
up rapidly, yet the wants of all were not relieved. Those whose
industry had enabled them to sow a quantity of grain reaped a
goodly reward. The soil was very fruitful, and subsequently for
two and three years, repeated crops were raised from a single sowing.
But flour alone, although necessary to sustain life, could hardly
satisfy tho cravings of hunger with those who had been accustomed
to a different mode of living. It was a long way to Montreal or
Albany, from which to transport by hand, everything required, even
when it could bo had, and the settler had something to exchange
for such articles ; beside the journey of several weeks. Game,
occasionally to bo had, was not available at all seasons, nor at all
times ; although running wild, ammunition was scarce, and some
had pone. We have stated tint Government gave to every five
families a musket and forty-eight rounds of ammunition, with some
powder and shot, abo some twine to make fishing nots. Beef,
mutton, &c., wore unknown for many a day. Strangely enough, a
circumstantial account of the first beef slaughtered along the Bay,
probably in Upper Canada, is supplied by one who, now in her 90th
year, bears a distinct recollection of the event. It was at Adolphua-
town. A few settlers had imported oxen, to use in clearing the
land. One of a yoke, was killedj^by the falling of a tree. Tho
remaining animal, now useless, was purchased by a farmer upon the
Front, who converted it into beof. With the hospitality character-
istic of tho times, iho neighbors were invited to a grand entertain-
ment; and the neighborhood, be it remembered, extended for thirty
or forty miles. A treat it was, this taste of an article of diet, long
unknown.

INTRODUCTION OF TEA.

201

Tho same person tells of the occaBion when the first log barn
was raised in Adolphustown, it was during tho scarce period. Tho
'<bee" which was called, Lad to be entertained, in some way. But
there were no provisions. Tho old lady, then a girl, saw her mother
for weeks previous carefully putting away the eggs, which a few hens
had contributed to their comfort ; upon tho morning of the barn rais-
ing, they were brought forth and found to amount to a pailful, well
heaped. The most of tho better-to-do settlers always had rum, which
was a far different article from that sold now-a-days. "With rum and
eggs well beaten, and mixed with all the milk that could be kept
sweet from the last few milkings, this, which was both food and drink
was distributed to the members of the bee, during the time of
raising the bam.

Tea, now considered an indispensable luxury by every family,
was quit« beyond the reach of all, for a long time ; because of ita
scarcity and high price. Persons are yet living who remember
when tea was first brought into family use. Various substitutes
for tea wore used, among these were hemlock and sassafras ; there
was also a plant gathered called by them the tea plant.

Sheriff Sherwood, in his most valuable memoirs, specially pre-
pared for the writer, remarks, " Many incidents and occurrences
took place during the early settlement which would, perhaps, at a
future day be thought inci'edible. I recollect seeing pigeons
flying in such numbers that they almost darkened the sky, and so
low often as to be knocked down with polos ; I saw, where a near
neighbor killed thirty at one shot, I almost saw the shot, and saw
tho pigeons after they were shot." Ducks were so thick that when
rising from a marsh " they made a noise like the roar of heavy
thunder." "While many diflScultios wore encountered, yet we real-
ized many advantages, we vrore always supplied with venison,
partridge, and pigeon, and fish in abundance, no taxes to pay and
plenty of wood at our doors. Although deprived of many kinds of
fruit, we had the natural production of tho countiy, strawberries,
raspberries, gooseben'its, blackberries, and lots of red plums, and
cranberries in tho various marshes all about the country, and I can
assure you that pumpkin and cranberries make an excellent substi-
tute for apple pie." Mr. Sherwood refers to their dog "Tipler,"
which was invaluable, in various ways, in assisting to procure the
food. He also speaks of " Providential" assistance. "After
the first year we raised wheat and Indian corn sufficient for
the year's supply for the family; but then we had no grist mill

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202

ABUNDANCE OF GAME.

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to grind it; we made out to get on with the Indian corn very
well by pounding it m the mortar, and made what wo called (<amp,
which made coai'se bread, and what the Dutch called snp-pawn ; but
let me tell you how wo made our mortar. Wo cut a log off a large
tree, say two-and-a half feet through and about six feet long, which
wo planted firm in the ground, about four feet deep, then carefully
burnt the centre of the top and scraped it out clean, which gave us
a large mortar. We generally selected an iron-wood tree, from six
to eight inches thi-ough, took the bark off clean, made the handle to
it of suitable length, this was our pestle ; and many a time have 1
pounded with it till tho sweat ran down merrily. But this pound-
ing would not do for th*e wheat, and the Government seeing tho
difficulty, built a mill back of Kingston, where the inhabitants, for
fifteen miles below Brockville had to get their grinding done. In
our neighborhood they got on very we'^ in summer, by joining two
wooden canoes together. Three persons would unite, to carry each
a grist in their canoes, and would perform the journey in about a
week. But in winter this could not be done. After a few years,
however, when some had obtained horses, then a kind Provi-
dence furnished a road on the ice for some years until a road was
mado passable for sleighs by land. And it has not been practicable,
indeed I iViay say possible, for horses with loaded sleighs to go on the
ice from Brockville to Kingston, fifty years past."

Eoger Bates says that "the woods wei'o filled with deer, boars,
wolves, martins, squirrels, and rabbits." No doubt, at first, before
fire-arms were feared by them, they were plentiful and very tamo.
Even wild geese, it would seem, Avere often easily sliot. But powder
and shot wore expensive, and unless good execution could be made,
the charge was reserved. Mr. Sherwood gives a trustworthy account
of tho shooting of thirty pigeons at one shot ; and another account
is furnished, of Jacob Parliament, of Sophiasbui'gh, who killed and
wounded at a t^ingle shot, tour wild geese and five ducks. These wild
fowl not only afforded luxurious and nutritious diet, but their
feathers were saved, and in time pillows and even beds were thus
made. Mr. John Farrott, of Ernest Town, descendant of Col. Jas.
Parrott, says, " there were bears, wolves, and deer in great abund-
ance, and there were lynx, wild cats, beavers and foxes in every
directions ; also martins, minks and weasels beyond calculation. In
this connection, we may record a fact i-elated by Col. Clark, respect-
ing the migration of squirrels in tho early part of the present cen-
tury across the Niagara river, from the States. He says, "an

8U0AR MAKING.

203

immense immigration of Bqulrreis took place, ami so numerous wore
they that the people stood with Mticks to destroy them, as they
lauded on the British shore, which by many was considered a
breach of good faith on the part of John Bull, who is always ready
to grant an asylum to fugitives of whatever nation they may
belong to."

MAPLE SUGAR.

" Soon the blue-birds and the bees

O'er the stubble will be winging ;
So 'tis time to tap the trees

And to set the axe a-ringing ;

Time to sot the hut to rights,

Where the girls and boys together
Tend the furnace lire o'nights

In the rough and rainy weather;

Time to hew and shape the trough,

And to punch the spile so hollow.
For the snow is thawing oflf

And the sugar-thaw must follow.

Oh, the gladdest time of year

Is tlie merry sugar-making,
When the swallows first appear

And the sleepy buds are waking !"

In the great wilderness were to l>o had, a few comforts and
luxuries. Sugar is not only a luxurj^, but is really a necessary
article of food. The properties of the sap of the maple was under-
stood by the Indians, and the French soon availed themselves of the
means of making s igar. To the present day, the French Cana-
dians make it in considerable quantities. At first, the settlers of
Upper Canada did not generally engage in making it; but, after a
time a larger n"r!iber did. The maple, the monarch of the Cana-
dian forest, \\ hose leaf is tfle emblem of our country, was a kind
benefactor. In the spring, in t)ie first days of genial sunshine,
active operations for sugar making were commenced. Through the
deep snow, the farmer and bis sons would trudge, from tree to tree,
to tap them upon their sunny side The " spile" would bo inserted
to conduct the precious fluid into the trough of bass-wood, which
had been fashioned during the long winter evenings. A boiling
place would bo arranged, with a long pole for a crane, upon which
would be strung the largest kettles that could be procured. At
night, the sap would bo gathered from the troughs, a toilsome job,
and put into barrels. In the morning a curling smoke would rise
from amidst the thick woods, and the dry wood would crackle

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204

CANADIAN FOOD.

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cheerily under the row of kottlos, all the sunny spring dfty ; and
night would show a rich dark syrup, collected in one smaller kottlo,
for the more careful work of being converted into sugar. Fre-
quently the fire would be attended by the women ; and the men
would come to gather the sap in the evening. In this way many a
family would be provided Avith abundant sugar, at all events it had
to serve them for the year, as they felt unable to purchase from
the merchant. In another place, wo have related how a few made
a considerable quantity of sugar and sold it all, to pay for a farm,
doing without themselves.

The absence of various articles of food, led the thoughtful house-
wife to invent new made dishes. The nature of these would depend
in part upon the articles of food most abundant, and upon the habits
peculiar to their ancestry, whether English, Dutch or some other.
The great desire was, to make a coijimon article as tasty as possible.
And at harvest time, as well as at bees, the faithful wife would
endeavour to prepare something extra to regale the tired ones.
There was, for instance, the " pumpKin ioaf," a common dish. It
consisted of pumpkin and corn meal made into a small loaf, and
eaten with butter. Another dish which seems to have been derived
from the Dutch, was Pot Pie, which was always, and is even yet in
many places, made to feed the hands at bees and raisings, and even
was generally made to grace the board on a wedding occasion.
"We cannot give the space, if we felt prepared to speak, of the
several made dishes commonly in use among the older Canadians of
Upper Canada. Many of them are truly excellent in taste and
nutritious in quality. They are often similar to, or very like the
dishes in the Now England and Midland States.

This subject will be concluded by giving a few extracts from
Eochefoucault who wrote of what he s%w and learned in Canada in
1795, and who may be regarded as quite correct.

He says, "It is asserted" (by Simcoe) "that«all Canada, pro-
duces not the necessary corn for the consumption of its inhabitants,
the troops are supplied with flour from London, and with salt meat
from Ireland." But Simcoe then thought that Canada was capable
not alone of feeding her inhabitants, but of becoming the granary
of England, and receiving commodities in Exchange. Speaking of
Forty Mile Creek, he says : " Before it empties itself into the lake,
it turns a grist mill and two saw mills, which belong to a Mr. Green,
a loyalist of Jersey, who, six or seven years ago, settled in this
part of Upper Canada." "Land newly cleared yields here, the

PRODUCE OK BAY QUINTE, 1795.

205

first year, twenty bushels of corn. Thoy plough the land after it
has produced throe or four crops, hut not very deep. The price of
flour is twenty-two shillings per hundred weight, that of wheat fVora
seven to eight shillings per bushel. Laborers are scarce, and are
paid at the rate of six shillings a day. Wheat is genfrally sown
throughout all Upper Canada, but other sorts of grain are also cul-
tivated." " Mr Green grinds the corn for all the military posts in
Upper Canada."

Approaching Kingston by water ho remarks that " on the left
is Quinte Bay, the banks of which are said to be cultivated up to a
considerable extent. The eye dwells with pleasure once more on
cultivated ground. The country looks pleasant. The houses lio
closer than in any of the new settled parts of Upper Canada which
wo have hitherto traversed. The variegated verdure of the corn-
fields embellishes and enriches the prospect, charms the eye, and
enchants the mind."

" This district not only produces the corn requisite for its own
consump..on, but also exports yearly about 3 or 4000 bushels.
This grain, which, in winter, is convoyed down the river on sledges,
is bought by the merchant, who engage, on the arrival of the ships
from Europe, to pay its amount in such merchandise as the sellers
may require. The merchants buy this grain for government, which
pays for it in ready money, according to the market price at
Montreal. The agent of government causes part to be ground into
flour, which he sends to the different ports in Upper Canada, where
it is wanted ; and the surplus he sends to England. The price of
flour in Kingston is at present (12th July, 1795j six dollars per
barrel. The district of Kingston supplied, last year, the other parts
of Canada with large quantities of pease, the culture of which,
introduced but two years ago, proves very productive and successful.
In the course of last year, 1000 barrels of salt pork, of 208 pounds
each, were sent from Kingston to Quebec ; its price was eighteen
dollars per barrel. The whole trade is carried on by morchants,
whose profits are the more considerable, as they fix the price of the
provisions which thoy receive from Europe, and sell without the
least competition." Indeed, the profits of the dealers must have
been immense. They sold to the military authorities at a rate
which would remunerate them when tho provisions came from
England ; and when the farmers of Canada began to raise grain to
sell, they bought it, or exchanged merchandise for it, upon which
they fixed the price, and continued to sell the flour at the same
price to the military authorities.

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206 THE MILL AT CATAUAQUI.

CIIAPTKR XIX.

t'oNTBNiH — Kingston Mills — Aitioii of Govtrnmunt — 'Die Millwriplit — Sitimtlon
of tlic tiist Mill — Wliv Sclect'ii — 'I'lic M(i(liiii(.My — I'ut up \<y I-oyiiliHts— No
Toll— Oi#>- Mill for tiiive y.iUK— (iiiinjc to Mill, 1784— The Niipamt! Mill—
Coiumcuct'il 17H5 — Uolart (Jliirkf — An old Hook — •' AppcniiH" Falls— Price
of curtain artick'is — M'liat Kiini cost, and was used for — The Mill oponud
1787 — ScrfJtt.-Major Clarke in (•httr^'( — Indian Corn — Small Toll — Surveyor
Collins in charge — IJeidines the Property of U. Cartwright, 1702 — Rebuilt —
C'rigin of Napanee — J'riie of liuttcr, 17HH — Mills at Four Mile Creek, Niagniu
F'alls, Fort Erie, and Orand lliver — Mills on the St. Lawrence — The Stone
Mills — VanAlstine — Lake of the Mountain — 1706 — Natural Donuty, vfrmn
Utility— The Jlill- Van Alstines Ueuth— Wind Mill— Myer's Mill— Mill ut
Conseeon.

THE FIRST FLOLOINO MILLS.

Government was not an indifferent upoctator of the difficulty
npokon of as to the grinding of grain — the procuring of flour, and
at an early day, ordered means to meet the reqniremontH of the
pioneers. We have the certain statement of John C. Clark, of
Ernest town, now dead, written ten years ago, that his father,
Eobert Clark, who was a millwrighl, " was employed by Govern-
ment, in 1782-3, to erect the Kingston Mills preparatory to tlio
settlement of the Loyalists in that section of Upper Canada." The
place selected for erecting the mill, w oon the Cataraqui Eiver,
seven miles north of the Fort, now the nco of the Rideau Canal,

where are situated the tirst locks of that artificial water way.
When in a state of nature, the place must have been strikingly
beautiful ; it is so at the present time, when the achievements of
art give variety of attraction. This situation, selected for the first
flouring mill, was central to the population strung along the banks
of the St. Lawrence, and Bay Quinte. Every thing required for
the construction of the mill, was furnished by Government, such as
the mill stones, and the machinery. The rougher work, the walls
of the building, was done by men detailed for the purpose, from the
company of soldiers. The structure consisted of logs, or timber
roughly squared, and was erected, as well as the mill house, by the
combined efforts of the soldier settlers, collected for the purpose.
All the settlers had their grists ground without paying toll. The
original building was standing as late as 1836.

For nearly three years, the Cataraqui Mill was the only one in
Central Canada. The settlers came from Cornwall in the east, and
the most remote settlement up the Bay. At the present day, when
railroads and swiftly running steamers assist so materially to anni-
hilate space as it were, and bring distant places into close relation"

i f

RAI8INO THE NAPANEE MILL.

207

bhip, it would be rogiirdcd a mutter of no littlo I rouble ami iiicon-
vonieiK'O, to curry grain Irom Cornwall on tlio ono bund, und Sitlnoy
on tbe othor, to Kingnton, und wait to bavo it ground into (lour;
but how intinitoly groutor tho diflSculty, wben a trackless wo(kIk
covered tbo intervening Hpucos, when tbe only mode of carrying
anything was upon tho buck, or in a canoe, or batteaux, or upon a
rnl't, in summer; and uj)on a hand-sleigh in winter, drawn through
deep snow, following tho windings ol" tho shore along many a dismal
luilo.

Tho increasing populution around the Buy, cnused the autho-
rities to seek a proper site for a second mill. Tho Nupuneo River,
with its nuturu. fulls, offered an advantageous place upon which to
erect a second mill for the settlors, upon the Bay. We have been
fortunate, through tho kiudnoss of ^h\ ,P. Clark, of Collinsby, in
being permitted to examine an account book kept )>y IJobert Clark,
tbo millwright, of both tho Kingston and Napanoo mills. By this,
wo learn that in tho year 1785, llobert Clark, who had completod
tho Kingston Mill, removed to tho second township, and, according
to instructions received from Government, pi'occeded to construct a
mill upon tho Napaneo Eiver, at tho site of the natural falls. In
the absence of tbo full ]>;' Liculars relating lo the building of tho
Napance Mills, the following cannot fail to be of interest. In tho
account book aforementioned, tho following references to the build-
ing of tho mill, are found rocoiiled :

"An accompt of articles bought for tho use of tho works, No-
vember 8." " To 4 Augers of diti'erent size, from Mr. Phillips, car-
penters at Catariqui, 138. 8d. To 3 quires of Writing Pajier, 58.
December 6, To 20 lbs. of Nails, £1 ; December .22, To (J Whip
Saw Files, 3s. 9d." Omitting some items, and coming to March 23,
1786, wo find " For Kaising tho Saw Mill," "2 gallon.s and 3 pints
of Rum, 178 Gd." " April 20th, To 1 quart of Rum, 2s." On tho
"25th May, To 4 gal'.is and 1 quart of Rum, for Raising the Grist
Mill, at 78. 6d." Tho " 26th, To 1 quart of Rum for tho People
at work in tho water at the Dnm." By this wo loju-n the day upon
which the Napanoo mill was erected. On the 20th July, Govern-
ment is again charged with " 3 pints of Rum for raising tho
fomlorpost," &c. On the 27tb, a pint was again required, but
for what special purpose is not mentioned. In December, 178G, wo
find "To making Bolt Cloth 15s." "To Clearing one aero and
throe-quarters of Land for a mill, at seven dollars per acre, £3."
And wo find that the iron or smith work for the mill was dono

4* .

208

APPENEA.

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by David Palmer and Conly. From t'ao fact that the bolting cloth
was not made until December, 1786, we may infer that the mill
did not commence operations until the beginning of 1787. The
mill was a great boon to th:" inhabitants around the Bay Quint<5,
not only because they had a shorter distance to travel, but the
amount of work pressing upon the Kingston mill, made it very
uncertain'as to the time one would have to wait, to get his gristing
done. Consequently many came from the Lower Bay, and the
dwellers upon the South Bay in Marysburg, who followed the
shores around Indian Point and up the Bay Quinte, To those living
in Thurlow, Sidney, and at the Carrying Place, the mill was a great
blessing.

The father of the late Col. John Clark, of Port Dalhousie, who
had been Sergeant Major in the 8th Eegiment, and who had, from
1777, been clerk and naval storekeeper at Carleton Island, removed
to within three miles of Napanee, the same year the mill was built,
to take charge of the works, in addition to his other duties. John
Clark, who was then a small boy, says in his memoirs ; the grain
principally brought to be ground, was Indian corn ; but as the
clearances increased, wheat became more plentiful. He also speaks
of the great industry which characterized the settlers. " A small
toll was exacted to pay for the daily expenses of the mill, but this
was a mere trifle, considering the advantages the settlers derived
from loss of time in proceeding to Kingston." From this we infer
that no toll was demanded at the Kingston mill. "When my
father," continues Col. Clark, " was ordered to Niagara, the mill
was doliverea up to surveyor Collins, under whose directions it
was continued in operation for many years, and then the mill site
became the property of the Hon. E. Cartwright of Kingston." But,
we find the statement elsewhere made that the land was originally
granted to Captain McDonald of Marysburg, who sold it to Cart-

wiight.

Robert Clark, in his account book, says, " Commenced work for
Mr. Cartwright at the Napanee mills, the 28th August, 1792." This
was probably the time when Cartwright became the owner. In the
same year, reference is made to timber, for the "new mill," by which
we learn that Mr. Cartwright found it desirable to re-build. The
iron work for the new mill came to £14.

By the book, from which we have i (lade extracts, we see that
the name is spelled in different ways, the first being Appenea. For
many years the name was spoUod Apanee. It has been said that it

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FIRST FLOURING MILLS.

209

was an Intlian name, signifying flour, and was given by the
?£is8i88augas, from the exirttencc of the flouring mill. Napanee may
signify flour, in the Indian language, but the inference drawn
cannot bo correct, as we find the name Appenea Falls given to the
place in 1785, before the mill was commenced.

Cartwright having rebuilt the mill put in one run of stone at
first, shortly after two, and then three. Eobert Clark M'as the
millwright, and one Prefect was in charge of the works. The mill
seems to have been constructed with some care, and Gourlay says,
in 1817, that the Napanee mill is the best in the Province. The old
account book from which we have gleaned, gives the price at which
certain articles were vended. Thus, we learn that in June, 1787,
and July 1788, butter sold at Napanee for Is. per pound.

Some time after the erection of the Kingtston and Napaned
mills, others were erected in other parts of the Province ; one
at Four Mile Creek, one at the Niagara Falls, one at Fort Ene,
another at the Mohawk Village, Grand Eiver; and still later,
one at Twelve Mile Creek. "In the j'ear 1788, the first grist
mill in Dundas was built by Messrs. Coons and Shaver in Matilda.
It contained but one run of btone, and had a saw mill attached. It
stood about a mile above the present village of Iroquois. It could
grind 100 bufshels of wheat per day, and turned out good flour.
Soon after, another mill was built on a much larger scale, by John
Munroe, also in Matilda, which had thi'ce run of stone." There was
also a gang of saws. The machinery was driven by the St. Law-
rence waters. At a still later period Van-Alstine's mill was erected,
at the Lake on the Mountain.

The events connected with Captain, afterwards Major Van-
Alstine, as a settler, are recorded in the settlement of Adolphnstown.
Directly opposite the rich and sloping lam I on the north shore, on
which he settled, is a high prominent hill, which sta ids boldly up
against the bay. This "mountain" is iiimous on account of the
lake upon its summit, a particular account of which is given else-
where. It is referred to hero in a practical sense. While, upon the
hill-top is the work of nnture, presented in a striking manner; at
its feet is the work of man, which, particularly in thu past, was of
no little consequence to the well-being of the settlors of the Bay.
About the year 1796, the third flouring mill of the bay was erected
at this place by VanAIstine, to whom had been granted a large tract
of land. The siu-plus waters of the lake, in primeval da3'8, made
their escape over the clift", falling into the bay, and forming, it must
U

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A WINDMILL.

havo boon ut times, a, bcautilUl cascade. But, if Captain VanAlstiuu
had u taste for the beautiful in nature, lie also had a just appreci-
ation of the wants of the people, and ho proceeded to utilize the
falling water. A canal was cut down the mountain side, to form a
channel for the water to descend, and at the bottom was erected a
mill, the machinery of which was to be propelled by the descending
stream. Prom that day to this the work of grinding has been
carried on. However beautiful the lake above, and delightful the
prospect, they cannot exceed in interest the foundation of this mill.
Imagination would almost give words to the sound of the mill,
which 80 peacefully clicks the daily round of work. The down-
rushing waters by the artificial channel would seem to utter reminis-
cences of the pa.'?t — regrets that they may no longer tumble headlong
over the hill-side to form a lovely cascade ; but the water-witch has
been driven away by the spirit of utilitarianism. This conspicuous
hill has often been the point of hope, the goal to which the farmer
turned his little bark, containing, it is true, but a few bushels of
grain, yet so prooious, and about which the hungry ones in the little
log house, thought so frequently, with bodies long accustomed to
suflfer for the want of enough to eat. And, often this mountain
stood up as a guide to the settler, as he trudged along wearily
through the thick snow with a bag or two of grain upon a hand-
Bleigh. Although not the very first mill, it dates back to the la-st
century.

The Kingston Gazette of the IGth April, 1811, contains an
advertisement, signed by the executors of the deceased Major Van
Alstine's will, namely, George W. Myers, Cornelius VanAlstine,
and Thomas Borland, in which it is stated that the mill contains
two run of stone, one superfine and two common bolts.

A windmill was built at a somewhat early period, by Sergeant
Howell, nearly opposite the Upper (lap, in Fredericksburgh. It
was sold to one Hussell, who wiis an Engineer in Kingston, in the
war of 1812. The wind-mill was never much used, if at all.

About the beginning of the century, 1802, Capt. Myers built a
flouring mill upon the Moira. (Sec Thurlow.) It seems to have
been a good mill, for persons came a long distance to get grinding
done. For instance : Isaiah Tubs, who lived at West Lake, would
come, carrying a bag of grain upon his back.

In the year 1804, Mr. Wilkins says, a gristing mill was built ai
Consccon, to the south of the Carrying Place. Consocon is an Indian
name, from Con-Cou, a pickerel.

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PRIMITIVE ELEGANT ATTIRE.

211

CHAPTER XX.

Contents — Clotliinir — Domestic and Farming Implements — Style fif Drcsi
eighty years ago — Clotlrng of the Refugees — Disbanded Soldiers — \o Frvsli
Supply — Indian Crnrm''nts of Skiu — Deerskin I'ants — IV'ttieuat.-i — JJed Lkiver-
ings — Cultivating Flax — Sheep — Home-made ('lot lies — Uude Jiiiplenicnts —
Fulling — Freueh Mode — Lindsay Woolsey — Tiie Spinning-wheid — Industiy —
Young men Selecting Wives — Bees — Jlarriage Portion — Every Farnn'rhis own
Tanner and Shoemaker — Fashions — TIow odd hours were spent — Home-mado
Shoes — What Blankets were made of — Primitive Bedstead — Nakedni'ss — r.ridal
Apparel — No Saddles — Kingston and Newark — Little Money — Butering—
Merchants fnmi Albiiny— ITna'o'e tolmv — Credit with Merchants — Tlie llesults—
Itinerant Mechanics — Anle^ican^;~Be(•ome Canadians — An old Stone-mason—
Wooden Dishes — Making Spoons — Other IIardshi[»s — Indians Friendly —
Effects of Alcohol upon the Jlississaugas — Grtyundless I'anic — Drunken Indians
— Women, tlefending Themselves-'-An erroneous Statement about Indian

. Massacre in "Dominion Monthly Magazine" — Statement of an Old Settler,
Sherwood — Wild Beasts — Few Fire-arms — Narrow Escapes — Depredaticms at
Night — Destroying Stock — An Act of Parliament — "A Traveller's" Statement
—The Day of Small Things— Settlers Contented— The Extent of their
Ambition — Reward of Industry — Population in 1808 — Importations — Moui)- —
The Youth.

CLOTUINQ — FURNITURE — DOMESTIC AND FARMING IMPLEMENTS.

The stylo of clotliing worn by the refugees and disbanded
soldiers was such as prevailed eighty years ago in England. A
certain dilferenco, no doubt, existed between the English and the
Colonists, yet niainl}^ the stylo was the same. Among the first
settlers upon the bay were those who had fetched with them, and
wore, at least occasionally, garments of fashionable cut and appoint-
ments. Tight knee-breeches and silver buckles would decorate the
bodies of some, who had in other days mixed in the fashionable
throng, perhaps luxuriated in the gay city |of New York, whore
the presence of British soldiers always gave life and gaiety. Indeed
some of the inhabitants had been commissioned officers in the
regular army. Dr. Dougall, who had been in theg^navj-, and who
had settled in the sixth Tow iiship, is remembered as a wearer of
"tights" and silver buckles. Also, Major Van Alstino wore this
elegant attire, and the M'Leans, of Kingston. Those who left their
homes hurriedly during the course of the war, and fled to Lower
Canada and the several British Forts, brought only what was upon
their backs. Those who came more leisurely might have a little
more; but the distance to travel on foot would deter ft'om under-
taking to bring more than supplies of food. The disbanded soldiers
had no more than what belongs to a soldier'sjjkit, and no doubt the
close of the war loft many of them with well worti garments. A
few year's of exposure to the wear and tear of pioneer life would

212

PRUirriVE USEFUL ATTIRE.

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quite destroy the best suiiplied war'robe, however carefully hus-
banded, or ingeniously mended by the anxious wife. To replace
the clothing was far from an easy matter to the settlers, many of
whom had no money, certainly no time for a long journey to Mon-
treal or Al bany . After a few years, Kingston became a place of
trade, but the supply of clothing was scant and dear, placing it
bej'ond the roach of mostly all. The result was that the vast
majority of the inhabitants hiul to look to the production of their
lands wherewith to cover the nakedness of their families. Those
living up the bay continued to want lor clothing for a longer time,
being unable to exchange with the merchants of Kingston, until
peddlers began to visit the more remote settlors.

The faded garments, patched until the original material could
no longer bo distinguished, ultimately succumbed to the effects of
time and labor.

The Indians, who as a general thing were friendly and kind,
when they visited the settlement, gave to the settlers the idea of
manufacturing garments out of deer skin. They, now and then
exchanged skins for articles, the settlers could part with, and taught
them how to prepare the fresh pelt so as to make it pliable. The
process consisted in removing the hair and then working the hide
by hand with the brains of some animal, until it was soft and white.
Trowsors made of this material were not only comfortable for
wintci", but very durable. A gentleman who recently died in
Sophiasburgh at an advanced age, remembered to have worn a pair
for twelve years, being repaired occasionally, and at the end they
were sold for two dollars and-a-half. Petticoats for women Mere
often made of the same material. Koger Bates says " My grand-
mother made all sorts of useful dresses w^ith these skins, which
were most comfortable for a country life, and for going through
the bush, could not be torn by the branches." Also, moccasins wore
procured from the buck-skin, and some had enough deer-skin to
make covering for beds. But deer-skin was not sufficiently abun-
dant to give covering to all, such as it was ; and, certain clothing was
required, for which it was unlit. Thus left to their own resources
the sottleiTi commenced at an early period to cultivate flax, and as
soon as jjossible to procure sheep. For many years almost every
family made their various garments, for both sexes, of the coarse
linen made from the flax, and cloth from wool raised at home and
carded by hand. Preparing the flax for weaving, as well as spinning
were done by hand, with inferior implementw rudely made. But

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WANTING CLOTHING.

213

in later years, occasionally spinning wheels and looms were brought
in by settlers. There were no fulling mills to complete the I'abric.
Even the mode adopted then, in Lower Canada, was not practised,
which was as follows: A meeting of yoxmg folks, similar to a bee,
was held from house to house, at which both sexes took part. Tho
cloth to be fulled was placed in largo tubs, and bare-logged youths
would step in and with much amusement dance tho fulling done.
•In Upper Canada, both high and low wore glad to be able to dou
the home-made linen, and the linsey-woolsey petticoat.

"The growth of flax was much attended to as soon as lands wove
cleared and put in order." " Then spinning-wheels were all the go,
and home-made linen, the pride of all families, manufactured substan-
tial articles that would last a lit'etiiue." Tho young men of industry
would look for the spinning-wheel and loom before solecting a wife.
" A young farmer would often be astonished to find on his marriage
that his fair partner had got a good supply of linen for her marriage
portion. I have known as much as sixty yards spun and manu-
factured at one bee or gathering." — Clark.

When tho skins of sheep, and of calves and beef become avail-
able, every farmer became his own tanner, and dressed his leather ;
and then his own shoemaker. Fashions did not change, except as
the continued practice of making for an increasing family, gave the
maker abilit}' to make something more like a boot than a moccasin.
Eainy days, and the nights, wore spent in doing such ^'ind of work,
not by candle light, but by tho hearth fire. It was at the same
time that an axo-hclvo, a wooden plow, a reaping cradle, a wooden
fork, &c., were made. But m.aay a child, whose gi'and children are
now occup3'ing positions of wealth and influence, stayed in the log
cabin the winter through, because he had nothing with which to
protect his feet from tho snow. The writer's father was not a shoe-
maker by trade ; but he remembers when a boy to have worn shoes
made by him. They were not conspicuous for thoir beauty, but it
was thought by the wearer they would last forever; within his
recollection there was not a shoemaker in Thurlow.

Much ingenuity was displayed in making clothes and blankets.
What was called the " Kearsy " blanket was n»ade at an early date ;
the writer has seen the first one said to have been manufactured in
Upper Canada, certainly the first on the Bay Quinto. It is yet in
use and belongs to one, nearly one hundred years of ago, who is tho
daughter oi tho maker, whom wo remember to have seen when a

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214

NO FURNITURE.

boy, who, although then in the Bear and yellow loaf, was as tall and
erect as if untold hardships had not crowned her life. Within fifteen
miles of Be'leville, across the Bay, was a log cabin, the occupants of
which had for th.eir first blanket, one made ont of hair, picked out
of the tanner's vat, and a hemp-like weed growing in the yard. The
hair was first cleaned by whii>ping it ; then it was carded and
worked up with the hemp, and then ,?pun. It was afterward doubled
and twisted, and finally woven into a blanket. The individual whose
wife did this, and whose descendants are among the most wealthy
farmers, bought his farm for a horse. For many a day, they liad no
furniture, not even a chair, and tho bedstead was made out of two
poles, driven between the logs of the shanty ; and basswood bark Avas
twisted so as to bind them substantially together. Clean straw upon
this, was really the only thing they had in the house. And so it was
with very many, the exceptions being, some half pay officers, who
had brojight a table, or a chest of drawers. In 1V90, the brother of
an individual, holding an important post in Kingston, was near the
head of the bay, staying at a house in a state of nakedness ; in which
condition his brother writes, " he must remain until I am able to go
uji." " I have agreed to put him to trial Avith a carpenter to learn
the trade," he must therefore have been a large boy.

It was not until the close of the last century, that wearing arti-
cles, other than those made out of flax and wool, were to be obtained*
A calico dress was a decided luxury. The petticoat, and short gown
of linen, was more common. A long chintz dress to go to meeting,
was the height of many a damsel's ambition, or a grogran dress and
short petticoat. As years passed away, and a grown up daughter was
about to be married, efforts would be made to array the bride in
fitting costume. Often a dress, worn by the mother in other days,
amid other scenes, which had been laid carefully away, was brought
forth to light, and made by suitable alterations to do renewed servicei
although the white had assumed a yellow onst, and had lost its lustre.

As late as 1816, a farmer owning land in Sidney, and who died rich,
made in winter a journey to Kingston with flour, wearing noth-
ing on his feet, but a pair of shoes, and who had his trowsers strapped
down to keep his anklf>'^. warm. Leg boots took too much leather-
It was many years before a bridle and saddle were known, and theut
but a few possessed such a convenience. Bare-back, or on a deer skin
was the primitive mode.

After the erection of Upper Canada into a separate province ;
both Kingston and Newark, where there were always troops, and Avhere

THE PEDLARS.

215

articles of clothing were to be i)urchascd from a few, who li.i<l gone
into the mercantile business, exhibited a degree of comfort and even
gaiety in dress.

At the first there M'as but little money in circxilation. But few
of the reiugees, or disbanded soldiers had any when they entered the
wilderness. The government were constantly paying a certain sum
to the troops at Kingston and Newark, and likewise to the retired
half pay oliiccrs. The few who could command money, were placed
in a position of greater comfort, as soon as articles of provisions
and merchandise, were brought to the new settlement. Mainly,
however, trading was carried on by exchanging one cc. imodity
for another. Probably the first articles for trade, was the ticket
for grants of land in the back concessions, often parted with so
cheaply. The settlers required clothing, grain for sowing, and stock;
these wants in time, led to tradej two kinds of which were introduced*
One carried on by merchants established at Kingston, the other by
pedlars, Yankee pedlars, who would cojnefrom Albany with their pack
in a canoe or small bat.eau, and who plied their calling along the bay
shore from clearing to clearing. Both the merchant at Kingston, who'
waited for his customers to come to him, and the pedlar who sought
cnstomers, asked for their wares, only grain or any other produce.
But wheat ^vns desired above n\\ others. It was an event of no little
interest to the back woodsman's family, when the pedlar's canoe or
batteau came along, and halted before the log house, by the shore.
And, even when their circumstances would not permit them to buy, it
was a luxniy to have a look at the things, which wei'e so temptingly
displayed. The toil-worn farmer, with well patched trowsers, would
turn with an inward sigh from the piece of cloth, which although so
much wanted, could not be got. The wife looked longingly at those
little things, which would just suit baby. The grown up daughters
gazed wistfully,but hopelessly at the bright calico prints, more valuablei
in their eyes than the choicest silks are to their descendants to day.
Bnt a calico dress was a thing not enjoyed, but by few, until it was
bought for the wedding dress. Frequently some articles of family use
was exchanged for goods, which were deemed of more use. The trade
of merchants at Kingston steadily increased ; but not a cash business.
A credit system was initiated and carried on. Goods would be
purchased with an engagement to pay in wheat or potatoes, or some-
thing else, at a certain time. Here and there along the bay were
Indian fur traders. They, also, began to exchange with the settlers.
While this was a great convenience, and gave immediate comfort to

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216

TRAVELLING MECHANICS.

many a family, it, at tlio same time, led to serious results v/ith many.
Disappointed in the return of crops, or in soino other way, the pay-
ment could not he made. Promissory notes were jj;iven at interest;
and, afl(.r a few years, sueing and seizing of stock was the result.
Sometimes even the farm went to tatisfy the creditor. Unfortunately,
there are too many such Ci.ses in tl e records of the settlers of the bay.
Not alone did pedlars come from the States, to j)ick up the fruit of
the industry, of those they had driven away ; but there were itinerant
Yankee mechanics who would occasionally come along, looking for a
job. Carpenters, ]\Iasons, &c., after a few years, found much to do.
We would not speak disparagingly of these Americans, because they
served a good turn in erecting buildings, aa houses, barns, &c. They
also introduced many valuable articles of husbandry and domestic use.
And finally, many of them forsook their republican government, and
permanently settled under the King, and became the best of subjects.
Even in the first decade of the present century, mechanics would go up
and down the bay seeking work. For instance, there Avas one
Travers, a stone mason, who found employment along tlie bay, and
even up the lake. Of this we are informed by one of his apprentices
who is now upwards of eighty years old. (Wo make place in oui'
Eoviow to state that John W. Maybeo, referred to, aged 88, died
7th February, 1869.)

A hundred things enter into the list of what constitutes home
comforts; But spare, indeed, were the articles to be lound upon the
kitchen shelves. Plain enough, was the spread table, at which the
family gather ed morning, noon, .ind night Many had but one or
two dishes, often of wood, rudely made out of basswood ; and spoons
of the same material. Knives and forks la many families were
unknown. A lew families had brought a very limi .ed number of
tirticles for eating, relics of other days, but thest. were exceed-
ingly scarce. The wooden spoon was the most common table
article with which to carry food to the mouth. By and by the
pedlar brought pewter spoons, arid once in a while the settler procured
pewter and moulds and made sjtoons for himself.

VARIOUS IIAUDSUIPS.

Apart from the suffering arising from want of food, and clothing
to wear, and furniture to make the house comfortable, tliere were
Others of more or less magnitude. It would naturally be expected
that one of the first dangers in entering a wilderness, would be from

ALCOHOL AND INDIANS.

217

tho Indians, whose tei'ritory was beinuf occuitied. But in tiie main
this evil was not added to tlicir other distress. The considerate and
just policy pursued by the Hritish Government, left the Indians
no cause of complaint, and they did not at any time assume
an hostile attitude toward the infant colony. But that curse of
tho human race, — baneful curse to the Indians, alcohol, came with,
tho white man ; and, too often, the unscrupulous trader, and merchant
would, not only sell the fire water to them, but rely upon its intoxi-
cating qualities, to consummate more excellent bargains for furs.
The evil thus inflicted upon the Indian, returned in some cases, upon
innocent pioneers. Tho Indians under the ii.i'.uenco of liquor are par-
ticularly savoge and ungovernable ; prone to exhibit their wild nature.
Thirsting for tho liquor, they would sometimes enter dwellings, when
they new the men were absent, and endeavour to intimiduie the women
to give them rum. A few instances of alarm and actual danger, come
to us, among the bay settlers. At one time particularly, there arose
a wide spread alarm, (long remembered as the " Indian alarms,") that
the Indians were, upon some fixed night, when the men were away to
Kingston mills, going to massacre the settlers. This arose from some
remarks, let fall by a half drunken Indian. A few of the settlers, did
actually leave their homes, and sought protection in a more thickly set-
tled locality, while active steps were taken to defend .\eir homes against
the Indians. Mrs. Dempsey, of seventh townshi| , gathered up what
she could, and with her children crossed in a canoe to the eight town-
ship. On another occasion, when her husband was absent, several half
dnuiken Indians came to the house, and one stepping up to where she
sat, trembling with fear, and with hor little ones nestling close to her,
drew his knife, and cutting a piece from the palm of his hand, held
the bleeding wound before her face, crying cut " look, look, Indian
no fraid." ^ Then he brandished his knife in the most menacing man-
ner. She hearing the sound of a passing team, got up and slowly
walked backwards to the door, looking the savage bravely in'the eye
all the time. Her husband had opportunely arrived, in time to save
his family, which he did by a free use of the horse-whip. On another
occasion, JNIrs. D. saved her life and the childrens from drunken
Indiaiis, by r' shiug. up a lr.dder with them, into the garret, which
could only bo reached by .' small opening through the ceiling, and
then hauj'ng the ladder up. The Indians endeavoured to assist each
other up, and through the entrance, but she having a knife succeeded
by cutting their fingers, when they attempted to get up, in keeping
them back. These hostile attempts were exceptions, and always the
result of intoxication.

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218

WIM) IlKAHTN.

Hinro writiiii: tlio nbovo, nn nrtiolo hnn l>(>f>n publtHliod in th©
Dominion Monthly Moijazine, in whicli it is Htafod tlint n faniily of
wtllorM wrrc niasNuonMl Ity ll»»> Indians upon tlio ItanlcH of \hv St.
TiU\vn'n«'o in 1 705. This Ntntonirnt iw at varianoo witli facts known
to u«, and with llio (I'Stiniony of ono who cannot bo niiNtakon. Uin
.Htntcniont is as follows:

Kkockviu.u, mth April, IHOK
Mv l>KAi{ Sin, —

I am in receipt of your noto of lliis date, advcrfinc; to the
stntomcnt «<f tlic uiassaori' of a family In Fpprr ('anada, l)y tho
Indians in 17!'5. T noticed tho same stateniont in somo paper I have
lately read, and at the time I thouf»ht it to be a mistako in the date,
or an entire fabrication. I am not awiiro of the least hostility shewn
by the Intlians to any of tho IJ. K. Ijoyalisfs since 1784, eleven years
previous to date stated, and I do not believe a syllable of it.

Yours truly,

Adiki. SiiKRwoon.

Althoiip:h tho native Intlians did not, .ns a pfenernl thing, alarm
the settler, there were wild bejists tliat did. For years the wolf, and
the bear, an«l other ferocious animals were n source of terror and
siifFering. These animals, imaccustomed to the sight of man, wore at
first exceedingly tamo. Tho settlers ha<l but fow^ fire-arms, and
nmmunition was very scarce ; and the beasts knew no terror of them.
They would even by day, como to the very door of the cabin, ready to
seize the little child, or the .scanty stock of poultry, pigs, or sheep, or
calves, or salted provisions which liad been left exposed, government
stores, itc. And at night thej made the most hideous and incessant
howls, until morning. Many instances of their rapacity in robbing
tlie scanty yard of the settlers, and of hair breadth escapes of indivi-
duals f I'om wolves and boars, are mentioned. The destruction of stock
by the wt)lf especially, caused the government of Canada, at an early
date, (1793,) to legislate, with a view of gr.-idually exterminating thcni;
and an act was passed, granting a premium of four dollars to every
one who should bring a wolf's head to the proper otHccr ; and two
dollars for a bears. It was withdrawn with regard to bears, in 1796.
" A traveller," writing in 1835, remarks that in Kingston, resided n
person who privately bred wolves to obtain the reward. But whether
such an enterprising citizen did actually live in the good ohl town the
writer saith not. Instances of narrow escapes from the wild beasts
are still remembered, for instance, Lewis Daly, of Ernest town, was

COMKOIlTa.

210

sikIiIciiI)' attackt'il Ity a licai' williiii ii inili> of Ii<miu>. Ho Nprnn^ tip
a sraall (roc, wliicli l»oii(liii]Lj ovor, lio was in iiioinoiitnry tlaii^or of
l>eint^ roacliccl. His cricH hroiij^lit h('l|i.

In tlioHo oarly <layN, tliu Mottlor, lookod not for gront tliingH ;
wIiooUmI by tlio lianlsliipH of civil war, nn«l inurc<l to want, and half
stnrvation, tlicy aKkofl not for liclics. i'hiou^li to cat, nn<l to bo
warmly clad, an<l boiiscil IVoni tlio wintcr'H (!ol<[, was tlm prcnt jtoint
to whic.li tlicy Hlictclictl tlioir lon;^in^ hopes. Plenty in the futuro for
tlio little ones, atxl for themselves, when they had grown old, was tho
oiiigio purjioso of their toilson\o lite. A doHCcnchint of n firni
settler npon the front of Sidney, tells of his grandmother whom ho
liad heard say, that her gi-oat ambit i<»n at first, was to raise vogotablo,
oiiluns and other usclid articles in her gardtm bod ; to have poultry
then, about her. After years she got the fowls ; but a minlt, in ft
single nifht killed tliem nil. Then, again, they had got a brooding
sow, and one morning a bear walked ont of tho wooils, and with ono
hug destroyed all their hopes of future pfirkors.

Graihrnlly, as years passed away, ormifijrts began to Howard tho
patient and industrious pioneers ; aca-o after a(!rc was l)rought under
cultivation, Tho log hoiiso received an addition, a little stock was
procured, and the future briglifeiie(l up before thom, and by th(! year
1808, tho sottlcmonts in TTppor Canada wore increasing in number,
and spreading in every direction. "Tho frontier of the country was
fast tilling up. Persons wore taking tip land several miles from tho
water's edge. Some liad vonturod to take up land in tho second tiet
of townshi)>s, in the midst of the wilderness, and many miles from
any habitation. The population was now increased to about 70,000
souls. The iui|»ortations was chietly li(|uors and groceries, which by
the St. liawronco and tho United States, brought a rcvonuo of nearly
.£7,000. The bulk of the inhabitants manufactured and wore thoir
own clothing. Tho way of trade was mostly by barter, as gold and
silver were scarce, and there wore no banks to isstu; papel" currency.
Intoniporanco was very prevalent, and schools wore scarce. Tho
youth wore too fond of foolish amusements." — (Playtcr.)

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iiRAHTf) ov nrnnKN,

CIIAPTKIt XXI.

CoNTKNTM — Swciit of till' Iti'ow— No Hi'iiMt of llMnltn — No stock — Kxci'pt by »
l>'('w — IFiMHi'H ami <t.\cn — Kroiii I.nwcr CiiiukIii — Voik Stuff — F.iitcr <'(iini>rK,
liroiiKlit Hiiiiii' — No Koililrr — KirHt Stock in AilolpliUHtowti — InciiliMitM — Cock
lUtil lliii — "Tiiiltr" — C'lilllo Driviiin — I'Mrnt (nw in 'rimilow — Firnt IIoiiho in
Mulysliurt;!! — 'I'lic KiiHt Oxen — No Miirkct for Mutter and ('Iicchc — Slii'i'p--
Il(!V. Mr. Stiiart, ax an AKrirHlliirint — llorHCM at Napanco — An olVi-r for « Voki'

»»f StoiTH.

INTRODUCTION op HTOPK AND HKASTH OK lUrnDKN,

Wo liavo Hoon tiuit tho rol'iij^ooH jviul (liHlmiidiMl HoldiorM who
ontoi'ud ('uhikIu, brought Imt ii liniiUul iiuinluu' of itu|)leinuntH, imd
thoHO ot' ail iinporloct iialiiro. Tlio most of tli«Mn liiul no niouns or
loNsoiuMjLj Ial)or, no bojwts of bullion. All tho work liml to bo dono
by tho Htiirdy arm, and Ivy tho swoat of tho brow. For yours,
mostly all aliko tliiiH labored, and for many yoarM tho incroat<iiiir
number oontiniiod to toil, bolni^ unable to jvrocuro boastH of burden,
or any htocU. Tho distance t«) go for them was too far, and (ho way
too ditlioult to bo undorlakon easily. IJiit, a greater diflleulty, un
iuHurmountablo reason w:m that they had not tho moaiiH to ))urcha»e,
until years of struggling had extraoted from the ground, oovcrod
with stumps, imxluco to oxehaiigo for tho much roqufrod helj), in
tho form of beasts of burden. Some of the half-pay officers, and
other persons, favored by those holding some situations in tho gov-
ernimMit, were enabled to get beasts of bunion at first, or within a
year or two. There wore a few old soldiers who had a little money,
recioived at being discharged ; and again, some sold their location
tickets of a portion of their land, and thereby wore enabled to
make purchase of cows or oxen.

F beasts of burden, they, as a general thing, prcfori'cd oxon
in preferenco to horses, to work among the stumps with. IJoth
oxon and hoi-ses were brought from Lower Canada and York State.
Tho later corners, especially, fotchod with thorn horses, oxen i.ad
cows from tho latter place.

A few of the very first settlors, perhaps, brought ono or more
cows. We tind it stated that tho disbanded soldiers had a cow
allotted to every two families ; thoso must have boon procured at
Lower Canada, perhaps a few by way of Oswego, where \»ere
stationed some troops. Sheritf Kuttan, sjioaking of tho famine,
says : "Wo had the luxury of a cow which tho family brought with
them." Thomas Goldsmith came in 1786, and drove a lot
of cattle to the Bay : but he could not got enough for them to eat

KIIIST IIORHKH ANI> CATTI-K.

221

nnd IhoyHtnrvod to dimth, oxcoptin/^ oim hi'ilor uiid a yol<»f of oxiin.
Tlio IVtorwMiH, wiMi Kottlod ill tliu Foiii'ili Town in ITHfi, and rhuii'od
a Nniall IdL of land, woiil " Iho following yuar (o Monti-oal and
hroiif^ht up Noinu hoi'HOH and thnut convh, which c.oiniti'iHud thu piin-
ci])ul Mtouk thun in tliu TownHhip."

Afltcr u fi>\v yoai-H, when the HotllorH hud hticonio Homowhat
I'NtaliliHlit'd, MtopH w«'ro takon nioro f^onorally, to procure Htock, ho
ncccHHary to ^ivt' ordinary comfort to tlioir faniiliuH; wliiid thoso
wiio now cntorod tho country brought cows with thum. Altliou/^li
the cowH and oxon worn procured ocruHionally from liowor Canada;
till) inoHt of thum wuro obtainvd from thd Statos ; but tho horsoH
woru in iiiu main at HrHt, brought from Lovvor (/'ana(hi. Many iiici-
(lontH attending tho h)njL( and doviouH jonrnoy throu/^h the wildornoHH,
arc still told. ThomaH (ioldHmith, before mentioned, who settled in
Prince Kdward, came into Caniula by way of the Mohawk, Wood
Crook, Oneida Lake, and Ohwc/^o river, thence (o (,'iilaraqui. IIo
undertook to drive some cattle through the woods to ('ape Vincent,
piloted by a friendly fndian, to swim them acnwHthe St. Lawrence.
In this journey he sutfored almost every privation — hunger, fatigue,
exposure. Hosting one night in the ordinary manner, wilh his
head slightly raised, upon the root of a tree, with no other covering
than the tree's branches, and sleeping very soundly, after a day's
walking, he became benumbed from exposure, and know not of tho
rapidly descending rain, which had actually covered his body when
he awoke. Yet this man lived to be ninety years old. J)riving
cattle through tho woo<ls was no easy matter, and dogs were often
employed for that purpose. Kx-Sherifl" Sherwood, in his valuable
memorandum, relates an incident which throws light upon thoso
primitive days. After remarking how well he recollects tho
pleasure, ho and an older brother exjierienced from a present made
thorn of a cock and hen, no common luxuries then, and with what
care they watchod over them, ho says: "let mo tell you tho tragic
»tory of our little ' Tipler,' she had become famed for driving
cattle, and wo thought much of hor. Two persons, one named
Urohart, from tho Bay Quinte, and tho other Booth, started to go
through the woods to Fort Stanwix for cattle, and prevailed upon
my father to let thorn take poor little * Tipler.' Wo saw them safe
across tho rivor; but, sad to say, neither the men nor Tipler were
ever heard of after."

John Ferguson, writing from Sidney, in July 1791, says that
ho cannot get hoi'sos for tho farm until winter.

>i I

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THE CATTLE, 1795.

In tho summer of 1787, Elisha Miller and Col. Richey brought
from Saratoga County several cattle and horses. They were driven
by way of Black River, and iswam the St. Lawrence at Gananoquo.

The Reedn, who settled in Thurlow, in 1789, had a cow, which
afforded tho principal moans of sustenance. This, with basswood
loaves and other greens, constituted their food for many a day.

Mr. Harrison, now living in Marysburgh, tells of the first
horse " below the rock." Jt was brought, and owned b}' Colonel
McDonald. This, and another were the only ones for many years.
Afterward, oxen were brought in, as \ ell us cows, by drovers from
Lower Canada.

Rochfbucault says, 1705: "The cattle are not subject to con-
tageous distempers; they are numerous, without being remarkably
fine. The finest oxen are ])rocurod from Connecticut, at the price
of seventy or eighty dollars a yoke. Cows are brought, either from
the State of New York, and these are the finest ; or from Lower
Canada ; the former costs twenty, and the latter fifteen dollars.
These are small in si a^ but, in tho opinion of the farmers, better
milch cows, and are, for this i-eason, preferred. There arc no fine
bulls in the country; and the generality of farmers are not sensible
of the advantages to be derived from cattle of a tine breed. In the
summer, the cattle are turned into the woodsy in winter, that is, six-
months together, they are fed on diy fodder. There is no ready
mai'ketat which a farmer can sell that part of his cheese and butter
which is not wanted fur the use of the family. Of cheese lUid
butter, therefore, no more is made than tho family need for their
own consumption." Sheep are more numerous hova than in any
pai't of tho United States, which we have hitherto travei-sed. They
are either procured from Lower Canada or tho State of New York,
and cost three dollars a head. The)' thrive in this country, but arc
high-logged, and of a very inditt'erent shape. Coarse wool, when
cleaned, costs two shillings a pound." »

The above information was derived, the writer says, from Mr.
Stuart, the Curate of Kingston, " who cultivates, himself, seventy
acres of land, a part of 2,000 acres which had been granted him as
a Loyalist. Without being a very skilful farmer, ho is perfectly
acquainted with the details of agriculture." Those statements refer
no doubt, to the settlements of the Bay. There is reference to
horses, by Col. Clai.*ke, whose father, living at the Napanee Mills in
1788, had two favorite horses, Jolly and Bonny.

In an old account book, now before us, for which wo arc

■*i'«r

THE FIRST HORSES.

223

indebted to Mr. P. C. Clarke, of Collinsby, and which boioiigod to
his grandfather, Robert Clarke, who built the Napunoe Mills, wo
find the following entry.

" Apponea Fall.-i, 23rd November, 1785.

" Acct. of work for Adam Bower with his horses. Dec. 3, To
"day's work, do., &c. lie continued to work for sixty-two days
with his horsi's."

The following supplies valuable information :

" Appanne Mills, 3nl Aug. 1788.

" Messrs. Collins and Frobisher, Dr.". &c. (They must have been
agents for the Government).

*' Aug. 21st. To David Bradshaw, one day with his oxen, 6s.
"June 11. To Samuel Bi-owson, Jun'r,, 2 days work with two
"yoke of oxen, at 10s. "'arch28ih. To lljdays, Adam Arehart,
" with a span of hoi-ses, ut 6s.

" 1789. Oct. 1. To Asa Richard; 9 days work with a pair of
"horses and a woman, at 9h.

There is a memorandum in Robert Clarke's book, as follows:
" M;. Joseph Crane got at Canada" (it will be remembered that the
first settlors spoke of the Lower Province as Canada) " a bay horse
six y. ars old. A brown mare four years old. Second Township,
13th March, 1787."

The Dempsey's drove in, 100 miles, some cattle in 1789 to
Ameliasburgh. lie was offered 200 acres of land for a yoke of
four-year-old steers, which offer he refused. At another time he
\vas offered 100 acres for a cow.

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224

ROADS.

CHAPTEE XXII.

Content? — Old Channels of Trade, and Travel — Art and Science — New Cha.inels
— The WildernesK — Loyalists Traveling on Foot, from Kingston to York-
Formation of RoadK — Act of Parliament — 1793 — Its Provisions — Crooked
Roads — Foot-path — Bri<lle-i)ath — Kinj^'s Hijrhwa)- from Lower Canada —
When Surveyed — Uoad from Kingston Westward — Its Course — Sinicoe's
Military Road — Dundas Street — Asa Danforth — Contract with Government
— Road fron. Kinj^ston to Ancaster — Danforth Road — 1799— Misunderstand-
ings — Danforth's Pamphlets — Slow Improvement— Cause — Extract from
Uourlay — Thomas Mark land s Report — Ferries — 1796 — Acts of Parliament —
Statute Labor — Money (trants — Commissioners — Midland District — Distri-
bution — The Cataraqui Bridge Company — The Petitioners — An Act — Tlie
Provisions — The Plan of Building — The Bridge — Toll — Completing the
Bridge — Improvement of Roads — McAdam — Declines a Knighthood.

i^U'"'

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THE CONSTRUCTION OP ROADS THROUGH THE WILDERNESS.

The channels followed by the Europeans, as they penetrated
the unknown wilderness of Amorica, were those indicated by the
Indians, who had themselvc for centuries followed them, in their
pursuit ti.ter the chase, or when upon the war path. The great
routes mentioned elsewhere, are the natural ones, and no other
could have been pursued. It was only when art and science fol-
lowed emigration to the new world that new channels were opened
up, and the canal and railroad superseded the old devious ways
along the windings of rivers.

Prior to the visiting of Europeans, the Intlian paths wore more
or less trodden as the requirements of food and the. existence of
prey led the hunter hen^ or there, or the war cry led them to the
deadly encounter. But when the Europeans initiated trade by
giving lor furs the attractive trinkets, and such articles as contri-
buteil to the Indian taste of comfort and grandeur, then there were
more regular and frequent travelings from the sea-board to the far
west.

The occupation ol' Western Canaila Ibund the country in its
primeval state; a vast wilderness, and no roads. The only way
of traveling from one clearing to another was by the canoe and
battoau, or by foot through the trackless woods, guided by the
banks of the bay, or a river, or the blazing of the trees. For
a long time not even a bridle -path existed, had there been horses
to ride upon. Even at a late date, journeys were made on foot
from Kingston to York along the lake shore. The tornialion of
roads Avas a very slow ])rocess. In the year 170.3, an act was passed
" to Regulate the Laying out, Amending, and Keeping in Re])air,
the Public Highways and lioads.' The i-oads were i<> be not loss

■i'j'

HOW R0Al>8 WERE FORMED.

225

than thirty feot, nor more than sixty wide. Each settlor was under
obligation to clear a road across his lot ; but ""here was the reserve
lands for the Clergy and Ci'own, which were not provided with
roads. Any one traveling the older settled districts will be struck
with the devious character of the highways. The configuration of
the Bay Quinte, and the mode of laying out the lots to secure a
frontage upon the water, tended to cause this irregularity. The
settlements being apart, when a communication took place between
them the shortest cut would bo taken, so far as hill, and marsh, and
crock would permit. The consequences were that many of the
roads were angular with the lots, or running zigzag. In later
yeai's, some of these roads were closed up, but many remain to
mark an original foot-path. The banks of the bay and of creela
1 rivers were naturally followed, as sure guides, or perhaps as an
1, ian path. And thus sometimes the road was made not direct,
but round-about. In the survey of the concessions, provision was
made for roads between the concessions, and cross-roads were to be
left between every fifth and sixth lots.

Many of the main roails were at first marked by the blazing of
the trees, when made through the woods, after a while a foot-path
could be srf-n, and then boughs were trimmed off, that one might
ride on horseback ; and in time the sleigh was driven, and finally a
waggon road was made.

Government was slack in giving funds to open up the country,
and the legislation, for many years, in reference to the subject,
seemed as if it was intended to do as little as possible, forgetting
the fact that "the first improvement of any country should be
the making of good roads." But it soon became important to
have a mail road between Montreal and Kingston, and between
Kingston and York, and then by way of Dundas to the Thames, and
to Niagara, '-'ayi* Mr. A. Sheorwood, " I recollect when the King's
highway was i lablished from the Provincial line to Kingston, the
lino was run by a surveyor named Ponair, with a surveyor under
his direction by the name of Jcweph Kilborne. The distance from
the Provincial line to my lather's farm, three miles below Brock-
ville, was ninety-five miles, and from Brockville to the fort, this
side of Kingston, fifty nules, at the end of each mile was planted a
rod cedar jiost. niarUed on it the number of miles from the Pro-
vincial line, this line of roatl was made some years after the first
settlement, but I have forgotten the year." The original mail road

between Kingston and York did not altogether follow the present
15

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226

THE DANFOUTH HOAl),

■;;::{

i:^-''i

line. At first, from Kingston, the road ibllowcd tlio buy shore to
Bath, and continued along the shore to Adolphiistown to Borland's
Point, where was established a ferry to communicate with Marys-
burg at the Lake of the Mountain ; thence the road followed the
shore to the head of Picton Bay, and soon to Bloomfold, Wellington,
Consocon, by the Carrying Place, and continued to closely follow the
lake sliorc. Subsequently this great highway was called the Yorit
Eoad when going towards York, and the Kingston Road when
goinsj towards Kingston.

Gen. Simcoe intended to have a grand military road from onu
end of the Province to the other. This he lined out and gave it
the name of Dundas Street. But he left the Province before his
intentions were carried out, and but a small portion was then con-
structed ; while settlers had located hei'o and there along the pro-
posed road, and had cleared land and built with the full expectation
that the great thorough I'arc would shortly be opened up. But
years passotl away, before this was done. Piece after piece was
hero and there made passable, until at last the road wns made
through the length of the Province.

The late Mr. Finkle of Ernest Town writes: "An American
gentleman came into Canada, 1798, by the name of Asa Danfortii,
and made a contract with the Upper Canada Government, to open
a road from Kfngston through to Ancaster, at the head of Lako
Ontario, which roud ho completed. Danforth's honio was at my
fathers (Henry Finkle), before and after the contract was taken.
The work commenced in 1798, and was finished in three years
time." This road jiasscd through Prince Edward by Wellington.
iMiilbrth " became dissuiisHed wilii the government when the settle-
ment took place, and left Canada with a bitter feeling, so much so,
that lie, some time after, sent to my father a package of pamphlets,
he had published to shew the injustice of the government transac-
tion, lie desired they should be circulated through the country
along the road. However, the pamphlets were not distributed, ami
the fact never l»ecame generally known.' For many years the main
road was called the Danfbrth lload.

As time advanced, the road between York and Kingston wab
gradually im])roved. The great hindrance to road making is suffi-
ciently indicated by the following, taken from Gourlay. It is the
expression of a meeting of yeomen, hold at the village of Waterloo,
Kingston, February 2, 1818, Major John Everett in the chair
Among other things it is asserted that what retaixis the progress i^

.. w

ACTS OP PARLIAMENT.

227

that "great quantities of land in tlio fronts and public situations,
that remain unimproved, by being given very injudiciously to
persons ^vllO do not want to settle on them, and what is most shame-
ful and injurious, no law is made to compel then\ to make or work
any public roail ; but this is to be done by industrious people, who
settle around. Such lands remain like a putrid carcass, an injury
and a nuisance to all around : at the same time, to the owners, this
land increases in value, without their being made to contribute
towards it, at other men's expense. Our worthies, a few years ago,
passed an act, that required a poor man to work three days up<jn
the public roads, anu these ovorgorgcd land-owners but twelve
days, and others, with twenty times as much property, doing no
more. It would excite surprise at Governor Gore's signing ^uch a
bill, if it was not known that the Parliament voted him £3,0U0, to
buy a piece of plate."

Says Thomas Markland. in a General Report of Midland
District :

"The same cause which has surrounded Little York with a
desert, creates gloom and desolation about Kingston, otherwise most
beautifully situated ; I mean the seizure and monopoly of the land
by people in office luid favour. On the east side, particularly, you
may travel miles together without passing a human dwelling ; the
roads are acconlingly most abominable to the very gates of this,
the largest town in the Province; and its market is often supplied
with vegetables from the United States, where property is less
hampered, and the exertions of cultivator's more free, acconlingly.'"

In 1797, Parliament passed an Act, which was the first " for the
regidation of lorries."

In 1794, an Act was passed " to make further provisions
respecting Highways and Roads." An Act was passed. 1798,
i*especting " Statute duties on Highways and Roads." In 1S04 an
Act was passed "granting £1,000 for repairing, laying out new
roads, and building bridges in the several districts." Again, in
1808 £1,600 was granted for the same purpose; and again the same
sum in the following yeai*. In 1811, £3,450 was granted. In 1812,
an Act was passed " to prevent damage to travelers on the highwaj-s
of the Province, All ]icrsons meeting sleighs or waggons to turn
out to the right, and give half the way. Two or more bells to be
attached to every sleigh.

In 1812, it was found that "many roads wore unnecessarily

228

COMMISSIONERS, 1826.

laid out ; to remedy this, everyone had to be confirmed by Justices
of the Peace, and if this were not done, the party who applied for
the sur\ey should pay for the same.

In 1814, £6,000 was granted for Highways and Bridges; and
the year following, "£20,500 to be appropriated," and Commis-
sioners were appointed on the road, to receive £25 each. Again,
the year after, £21,000 was granted.

In 1819, Parliament passed an " Act repealing and amending
certain portions of previous Acts," by which a more elaborate pro-
vision was made to secure statute labor. This was again amended
in 1824. In 1826 was enacted to grant £1,200 for making ^nd
reparing roads and bridges — Item : " In aid of the Society for
improving the Public Eoads," in a part of Ernesttown and Kingston.
In 1830, £13,650 was granted "for the improvement of Roads and
Bridges," of which the Midland District received £1,900, to be
expended as follows, by contract after public notice: "On the
Montreal rond, between the Town of Kingston, and the limits of
the County of Prontenac, the sum of fifty pounds. Joseph Fi-anklin,
Elijah Beach, and James Atkinson to be Commissioners for expend-
ing the same : On the road leading from the Town of Kingston, to
the Village of Waterloo, the sum of fifty pounds ; and that Sarauel
Askroyd, Horace Yeomans, and Benjamin Olcott, be Commissioners
for expending the same. On the leading road from Kingston to the
Village of Bath, the sum of one hundred pounds, and that Henry
Lasher, Joseph Amy, and Prentiss J. Fitch, be Commissioners for
expending the same. On the road leading from the Village of
Waterloo to the Napanee Mills, the sum of three hundred and fifty
pounds ; and that the Ti-easurcr and Trustees of the Kingston and
Earnesttown Road Society be Commissioners for expending the
same. On the road leading from Loughborough to Waterloo, the
sum of fifty pounds ; and that Samuel Aykroyd, John Campbell,
and Henry Wood be Commissioners for expending the same. On
the road leading fi'om the fifth Concession of Portland to the thiid
concession of the Township of Kingston, fifty pounds ; and that
Jacob Shibly, Byron Spike, and Thomas Sigsworth, be Commissionera
for expending the same. On the road leading from Bath to the
Township of Catudcn, the sum of fifty pounds; and that Ebenczer
Perry, Benjamin Clarke, and John Perry, be Commissioners for
expending the same. On the road leading from Wessel's Ferry, in
Sophiasburg, to Demorc^t's Mill, the sum of one hundred pounds;
and that Abraham VanBlaricxim, Daniel B. Way, and Guilliam

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MONEY EXPENDED.

229

Pomorostjbo Commissioners for expending the same. On the roml
between the widow M'Cready's and the north-oast of Chrysler's Creek
Bridge, in the seventh concession of Thurlow, the sum of twenty-
five pounds. On the road in the township of Huntington, leading
to the township of Madoc, and surveyed by W. Ketcheson, in one-
thousand eight hundred and twenty-eight, seventy-five pounds, and
that Jacob Jowngs, of Thurlow, Garret Garritson, of Huntingdon,
and James O'Hara, of Madoc, bo Commissioners for expending the
same. On the road leading from the Napanee Mills to Belleville,
the sum of eight hundred pounds, and that Allan McPherson, John
TumbuU, William Post, David B. Soles, and John Mabee, of Tliurlow,
be Commissioners for expending the same. On the road leading
from VanAlstine's ferry to the Carrying Place, the sum of two
hundred pounds, and that Simeon Washburn, Esquire, Charles Biggar,
Esquire, and Jesse Henderson, be Commissioners for expending the

same.

During the same session, " there being leason to believe there
would not be enough means on hand to meet the grant, " an Act
was passed to raise by loan £8000. The year after another Act
wjis passed to raise by debenture the sum of £40,000 more to bo
appropriated to the several districts. The Midland district to
receive £2,200. Among the specifications, were "in the Indian
woods" £200 for the bridge at the mouth of the little Cataraqui,
£50 " to assist in erecting new bridge across Marsh Creek, near
William Brickman's, in Amcliasburgh," £20. " To erect a bridge
across East Creek, at the east end of East Lake, £50." " On the
road leading from Belleville to the Marmora Iron Works, £250.

In March, 25, 1828, there was passed an Act respecting "a
road between Ernesttown and the Gore of Fredericksburgh."

The Preamble says, " whereas, in consequence of a dispute
having arisen between the Justices of the Peace of Ernesttown and
IVodoricksburgh, respecting the right of either party to take
charge" of the road, and to which party the right of repairing it
belongs, "in consequence of which dispute, the aforesaid road
though much traveled from necessity, is dangerous and difficult to
travel, on account of being left, in a great measure, for a long time
past, without being mended," &c. It was enacted that the two
townships should equally take charge and keep in repair the said
road, certain portions being allotted to each.

In 1827 an act was passed to incorpoi'ate "The Cataraqui
Bridge Company." Up to this time the communication between

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230

CATABAQUI BRIDGE COMPANY.

Kinfj;.ston and tho opposite point of Froderiek, was only by bout.
The Act, or some portions of it cannot but be interesting : " Whereas
John II. Glover, John Marks, John Macaulay, John Kerby,
Christopljor Alexander Hagcrman, Michael Sproatt, John P. Ilaw-
kinn, Robert Mooro, Charles Jones, Stephen Yarwood, Augustus
Barter, George Calls, Richard Williams, James B. Forsyth, George
McBeath, Adam Krieu, John S. Cartwriglit, Robert D. Cartwright,
Alexander Andci'son, George O'Kill Stuart, Laughlin Currin,
Donald McPlieiBon, James Jackalls, the younger, Francis Archibald
Harper, John Gumming, James Sampson, Elizabeth Ilerchmcr,
Catharine Markland, Anno Macaulay, John Jenkins, and Edwai-d
Forsyth, have petitioned to be incorporated," &c. (This furnishoa
us with tho names of the more prominent pei-sons at that time
interested in Kingston). "And whereas, they have represented,
by their agents, that they have made arrangements with His
Majesty's Government, in case tho object above recited bo carried
into oti'ect, for the passage of Military and Naval stores, and of tho
officers and men belonging and attached to tho various Military
and Naval departments, for a certain consideration to be annually
paid by the Government, and that for the purpose of this incorpo-
x'ation, they have subscribed stock to the amount of £6000."

The Act of Incorporation provided that " the said Company are
authorized and empowered, at their own cost and charges, to erect
and build a good and substantial bridge over the great river Cata-
raqui, near the town of Kingston, from tho present scow landing
on the military reserve, opposite to the north-east end of the con-
tinuation of Front Street to the opposite shore on Point Frederick,
at the present scow landing on the Military Reserve, adjoining tho
western addition of tho Township of Pittsburgh, with convenient
access thereto at both ends of tho bridge, to and from the adjacent
highways, at present in use ; that the said bridge shall be at least
twenty-tivo feet wide, and of sufficient sti'ongth for artillery car-
riages," &Q., &c. ; they shall also be at liberty to build toll-
houses, and toll-bars; Provided always, that there boa draw-bridge
not less than eighteen feet, in some part, for the passage of all
vessels, which bridge shall be opened at all hours required without
exfcting toll, and a space for rafts between the piers, forty feet."

The amount of toll to be demanded from man and beast, and
vehicle, was fully specified in tho Act.

The Company was to be managed by five Directors, Stock-
holders to hold office for one year from each last Monday in January.
The bridge was to bo completed within three years.

M APAM.

281

It wns provided thai no ferry HhouUl be allowed, nor other
bnrf,'0

The final clause enacted that after fifty years hi.s Majesty
might assume the possession of the bridge, upon paying to tho
Company tho full value thereof, to bo ascertained by three arbi-
trators.

March 20, 1829, an Act was passed extending tho time for
completing tho bridge, two years from the passing of the Act.

Wo have seen how the roads throughout Canada, were gradually
constructed. As time advanced steps were taken, sometimes how-
ever very tardily, to place public thoroughfares in a more passable
condition. Wo believe the road from Kingston to Napanee, was
the first to bo macadamized, which for many long years was tho
exception in an execrable road, stretching between Kingston and
York. Tho originator of macadamized roads was Jolm Loudoun
McAdam. Ho was born in Scotland in 1756; emigrated to New
York when a lad, and remained in that City throughout tho Eevo-
lution. Under tho ))rotoction of tho British troops, lie accumulated
a considerable fortune, as agent for tho sale of prizes. At tho
close of the war ho returned to his native land, with tho loss of
nearly all his property. His system of making roads is too well
known to require description. The British Government gave him
£10,000, and tendered tho honor of knighthood, which ho declined,
but which was conferrf 1 on his son, James Nicholl McAdam. Ho
(lied at Moffat, County of Dumfries, in 1836, aged eighty years.

232 ■ CANADA

ciiAiTKii xxni.

(\>NTKNTH — l>(|rtl><'Mlllulll — Elirly CVrlltn — Fil'Kt I'lll^lihll I'llllll III AllKTicft, iriHV—

In New Kni^liiiiil- -KirHt KhmiIi i liild, I(>2I — Kitnt in I'liprr Cniiailu, I7hi
— In I'riiuc I'.ilwuiil — Atl(>l|iliiis(iiwii— AiuiliiiHlniiuli — Noitli ol' llii' Uitliuu
— Iixlinn nmiriiiKi' <i'rfni(iny — liitlii iillv aiiioiiK llrsl HrtllciM (o kcI i Irr^^y-
inni — l''irn( iiiiiriiikKi- in Anit'iiiii, ItldH — KiiHl in Nrw KiikIiuiiI, Ki'JI — Fir»t
inCiinutlii, ICi'JO — MiiniitLrcaliJi' IhIUn — No niit' to tii' (lie inalrinioniul knii|~.
Only tiiii' <'l<>rt;ynwin — (illii'ci-H niaiTvinf; — Map:iNtrat('M riniiowcri'tl — I,rniHlii.
tiiin, li'.i.'l — ItH proviNinn — MaiiiiiK valid t'tiluin niarriuKt h — Kui'tlici' IcKiHia-
(Ion, 17'js— In IHIS — \h''\ — Ih;ii — ('l«ixyimnorall(liii.>iiiiimtionK|iciiuittn|
to niuny — MrtliodiKt ininiKtorn — MuriiaKc licciist', 1814 — Vivv ixtnoiim up.
pointci! (i> Iksiic — A luillci'iiblt' inaltrr — Slati-incnts oC HiitcH — M(nltM>f coiirl-
iiiK In tilt- W4mm|h— Ni'wi hhMo wedding cNpcditionN — WrnpoiiH of dcl'ciirc-.
Liuitt'N' div iHCN — Till' lo .TH " i\n -A wt<ldinK rinK-l'i»ylnK tJio nm(j;iKtm)c
— A ytood (•«)in liu>ki't — <ioiiiK to widdin^^H— " JlHtcrH" — Old IoIUh stay nt
honif— 'I'lii' daiuo, sivcml niglitH — Marriage outlll — Kioiiticr lilf — Moraln in
U|>p<-r ('iiniida — Al>wrnr«' of irn'ffidaritifH — Kxo-ptionnl liiHtancoH — I'nalijrto
KOt !n»rii(>d, I'ftcr and I'olly — A HiiiKulai wIIiuhh — Ucv, Mr. Slimit — \mu\;-
horn — Mi'Powidl — How (o adorn llu- bride — WlialRlu' wore — A wi'ddiii^ la
1808 — On liorsidiark — 'I'lio frncHtw — Tlii) wrddlni; — 'I'lio Immiiiot — 'V\w hmw
of forfcitH — Tlii^ nii;ht— ISiM'ond <lay wcddiiiK Tlio youiiKlolkHon liorRclntok
— Ti'rpisclioivun — An idoprnifiil l>y Canoi' — Tlio Squire — The ihase — Tlic
lovoTH HiiiieHsfiil — The Squlren who niurried.

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«'ODE TO CANADA."

ii !

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Canada faitlifiil ! Canada fair!

Canada, heautifiil, Mooiiiin^' and rnro I

Canada, happiost land of the carlli I

Hail to tliee, CaiiHila! land of my Mrtli !

Land of fair freedom, where li<iiii;lit not and sold,

Are sinewi and Borrows, for silver and jjoldl

Land of broad lakes, sweet valleys and plains !

Land where justice for rich and poor reigns I

Land of tail forests, famed rivers and rills!

Lnnd of fair meadows, bold moiint^iins nnd hills!

Land where a man is a iiiiiii, though he toil !

Land where the tiller is lord of the soil I

Land \\ here a |>eople are happy and free —

Where is the land that is like unto thee?

Thou hast for the straiiKer that seeketli thy fihoro

A smile, and a ehoor, and a weleoine in storo ;

The needy, relief: and tin' weary repose;

A home for thy friends : i.iid a jfiave for thy foos.

Thy nobles are tlu)se wliose riches in store

Ih the wealth of the soul, and tlu^ heart's hidden lore ;

They criiiKo to no niaster, they bow to no lord

Save Heaven's, each ni(?ht and each niornin<i: adored.

Laud of swift rivers, sweet-nlidinp; along !

Land of my pride, and land of my song I

Canada, prosperous I Canada, true I

Canada loyal, and vi'tuoiis, too !

Canada, happiest land of the earth !

Hail thee, forever, sweet land of my birth I

NATIVE CANADFANS.

rilK KIliHT NATIVKS Ml' UI'I'KU JAVAHA.

233

We turn l'n»m the mv\ pictiirrs vvlilcli linv«' liccii Iriilliliilly, !•
im|K'rl(('tly <loiu', wli'u-li rfpn'Kfiil, flic diirki'i- h'hIo of thu jiioncer
lift' of Ou» rcfiiUfCM. to otIuM'M luon) )»lr(i>.iiiij. [ii th(tm> |>riiiiitiv<'
timoH, i'vciitH wliicli now nciiii trivial t<» a p'licnil |iiil)li<% wm- <»f
pt'iu'r.il iiitci'fsl, and tlic rc( 'ilicction clicriHlicd hy a wlioUt coiinnimily.
In tlu .ihsciuio of tluiM Htirriii^ events wliidi cliaraoteriw^ tlie jnTKent,
incidents of eoinparative uniiiiportanee, liei-arne lioiiMciiold words,
and rcfoileetions. Jlciice, it cohm's that, iiosferity may, in some
inHtaiiees, know who were firHt niurried in certain pluces in America,
uf tliu iirHt l)irth, and who lirtit died.

"The firnt, child horn of Ki'^lish parents in Anieriea, was a
(laiiijliter of Mrs. Dore, of Vir^'inia, O.ilolxr IH, 1587." "There
iH now Hlandint; in Marsh. Ifield,, Cape Cod, a portion of a house
huilt hy Perif^rinj^ VViiite, the first male child horn of Kiif^lish pareuts
in New Knj^land.' Accordin<» to the t(!Htiiiiony of tho rcpislrar
of (iuchec, the first* white child horn in (>anada, was upon the 24th
Octoher, KI'Jl, which was christened the saine day hy tlie name of
EuHtatihe, heinj? the son of Aliraham and Margaret L'Anj^loiH ;
Abraham was a Scot<!hman, named Martin Abraham. He was king'w
pilot, and married to Eustaclic. The jdains of Abraham derive their
name from him.

In the obituary notice of Rev. Mr. Pringle, a Methodif-t ])reachcr,
it is stated tliat he was born in Prince Kdward, in 1780, but this must
be a mistake. There is Hufficient ]iroor that the first settlement at
Smith's Bay commenced in 1784, when the first part of Prince
Edward became settled. Perhaps, indeed, very likely, the first
chiMrcn born of European parents, was the late Colonel John
Clark, of Dalahousie, and an elder brother and sister. I lift father, an
Englishman, came to Quebec, attached to the Hth regiment in 1708.
From a sergeant-major, he was !ipi)ointed in 1770, clerk and naval
store keeper at Carleton Island. Here, Sarah and William Clark
wore born during the progress of the war. Col. Clark says, " I was
horn at Frontenac, now Kingston, in 178.'}, and was biiptizcd by the
Rev. Mr. Stuart.

The Rev. Mr. Pringle, before alluded to, was the first, or among
the first -born in Prince Edward.

A son of Thon.'is Borland, claimed to be the first white child
born in the fourth township ; but the lionor was disputed by Daniel
Peterson. Mr.9. Wm. Kctcheson, now living in Sidney, daughter of

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234

THE FIRST MARRIAQE.

Elizftbetli Roblin, of Ailolpliustown, was l)om there in \1%\. Slio
imiHt liHve I)i'on oiiu of llii? very first, as the first settlers came that
same year. On the 16th January 1VH5, Henry VanDuseii was horn
ill Adolphustown, beinj? one of the first natives.

Upon the 2«tl» April, 1H08, was bnricd Mrs. Bush, she was the
first female born in An\eliasb«n'f?h. Mr. IJIeeker, yet livinpf at Tren-
ton, was the first male eliihl born in Ameliasburgh. Mrs. Covert,
was also one of the first jiersons born in Ameliasburgh.

The first person said to have been born in Toronto, was Mr. J.
Cameron, of Yonge Street, in 1708.

The first child born of white parents north of the Kideau, was
Colonel E. Burritt, IJurritt's Rapids, a relative of Elihu Burritt.

MAUnVI.VO IN EAKI.V TIMKS.

The native Indians of America practiced no important ceremony
in connection with marrying. Certain steps had to bo taken by the
one who might desire to have a certain iemale as his partner, and
those proceedings were always strictly attended to. But the final
ceremony consiste<l in little more than the afii.anced one, leaving the
wigwam of her father and repairing to that of her future lord and
master. In many cases the first settlers of America experienced some
difficulty in ol)taining the services of a Christian minister to solenmizc
matrimony. In French Canada there was not this difficulty, as from
the first the zealous missionary was ever beside the discoverer as ho
pressed on his way.

The first Christian marriage solemnized in America, took place
in Virginia in 1008, between John Loyden and Ann Burras. Tho
first marriage in New England was celel)rated the 12th May, 1021,
at Plymouth, betsveen Edward Waislow and Susannah White. The
first marriage in the colony of French Canada, was between Guillaume
Couillard and Guillmet Ilebert, July 1020. This is found in the first
parish register, which was commenced this year, 1020.

Among the pioneers of Upper Canada, were persons of every
class as to age, from the tender infant at the breast, to tho gray-headed
man. There were young men and young women, as well as the aged,
and as hopes and desires exist to-day in tlio breast of the young, so
did till y then. As the gentle influence of love animates at the pre-
sent time, so it tlid then. But there was a serious drawback ; the
consummation of courtship coidd not easily be realized. Throughout
the vast length of the settlements there were but few clergymen to
celebrate matrimony, and many sighing swains had to wait months,

WHO PERFORMEO THE CEREMONY.

885

and evi'ii yearw of wcariMome time to Imvo i)t'rfoniu><l tlic inntriinoniid
ceremony. At tho first, wlit'ii a chnplain was attaohctl to a regiment,
he was called upon, but wlien the settlers commencetl to clear, there
was no chaplain comiecte<l with the re,L,'linent. Luleeil, Mr, Stuart, of
Kingston, was tho only clergyman in all Tpjier Canada for a few
years. IJut the duties of tho chapl.'iin were fre(|iU'ntly attended to by an
officer, es])ccially at Niagara, and many of the first marriages in tho
young c(»lony were performed by a colonel, an adjutant, or a surgeon.
Subse(|uently, magistrates were appointed, who were commissioned
to tie the nuptial knot.

In tiie second session of the first Parliament, 170.1, was passed
" An Act to confirm and make valid certain marria<jes heretofore con-
tracted in the country now comprised within the Province of Canada,
and to provide for the future solemnization of marriaye icithin the
same."

" \Vhorea.s many marriages liavc been contracted in this Province
at a time when it was impossible to observe the forms prescribed by
law for tho solemnization thereof, by reason that there was no Pro-
testant i)arson or minister duly ordained, residing in any i)art of tho
said Province, nor any consecrated Protestant church or chapel
witliin tho same, and whereas tlio parties having contracted such
marriages, and their issue may therefore be sniyected to various
disabilities, in order to quiet the minds of such i)ersons and to pro-
vide for the future solenmization of marriage within this Province,
be it enacted and declared by tlie King's Most Excellent Majesty, by
and with tho advice and consent of tho Legislative Council and
Assembly of the Province of Upi)er Canada, that the marriage and
marriages of all persons, not being un<ler any canonical dis(jualifica-
tion to contract matrimony, that h.ive been publicly contracted l)efbro
.iny magistrate or commanding officer of a post, or adjutant, or sur-
geon of a regiment, acting as chaplain, or any other person in any
piiblic oftice or employment, before tlie ])assing of this Act, shall bo
confirmed and considered to all intents and purposes as good and
valid in law, and that the parties who have contracted such mar-
riages, and the issue thereof, may become severally entitled to all
the rights and benefits, and subject to all the obligations arising
from marriage and consanguinity, in as full and ample a manner as
if the said marriages had respectively been solenmized according
to law.

"And be it further enacted, that in order to enable those persons

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236

GIVING NOTICE.

who may be tlesirous of preserving the testimony of such marriage.
and of the birth of their chiUlren, it shall ami may be lawful at any
time, within throe years from the passing of this Act, for any magis-
trate of tlie district where any such parties as may have contracteil
matrimony as aforesaid, sliall reside, at the request of either of said
parties, to administer to each an oath that they were married on a
certain day, and that there is now living issue of the marriage. This
attestation to bo subscribed to by the parties and certified by the
magistrate. The Clerk of the Pe.ace recorded these certificates in a
register for the purpose, which thereafter was considered sufficient
evidence of such matters.

It was.', lurther enacted, "That until there shall be five parsons
or ministers of the Church of England, doing duty in their respec-
tive parishes in any one district," persons '* desirous of intermarrying
with each other, and neither of them living within the distance ot
eighteen miles of any minister of the Church of England, may
apply to any neighbouring Justice of the Peace," who should aflLx
in some public place, a notice, for which he should receive one
shilling, rtnd no more. The purport of the notice was that A. B.
and C. D. were desirous of getting married, and there being no
parson within eighteen miles, if any person knew any just reason
why they should not bo mari'iod, should give notice thereof to such
magistrate. After which a form of the Church cf England was to
bo followed, but should a minister reside within eighteen miles of
either parties the marriage was null and void.

It is related that these notices of marriage woro often attached
to trees by the road side, and as it was considered desirable in tbos^c
days to keep intending marriages secret, not unfroquently the in-
tending parties would watch and remove the notice which had
been put up.

In the year 1798, an Act was passed to extend the provisions
of the fii-st Act, which provided that " it shall be lawful for the
minister of any congregation or religious community of pei*sons,
professing to be members of the Church of Scotland, or Lutherans,
or Calvanists" to marry accoiiling to the rights of such church, and it
Was necessary that one of the persons to bo married shoidd liavc boon
a member of the particular church six months before the marriage.
The clei'gyman must have been regularly ordained, and was to
appear before six magistrates at quarter sessions, with at least
seven members of his congregation, to prove his office, or take the
oath of allegiance. And then, if the dignitaries thought it expo-

LEGISLATION.

237

dient, thoy might grant him a oortiticato that ho was a settled
minister, and thoroforo ronld marry, having published the intended
marriage upon three Sundays previous.

In November, 1818, a brief act Was passed to make valid the
marriages of those who may ha\e neglected to preserve the testimony
of their marriage.

In the year 1821, an act wsis passed " for the more certain pun-
ishment of persons illegally solenmizing marriage, by which it was
provided, that if persons, legally qualified to marry, should do so
without the publication of banns, unless license be first had, should be
guilty of a misdemeanor."

There was no further legislation until 1831, when provision was
again made to confiym mari-iages contracted " before any jiistice of
the peace, magistrate, or connnanding officer of a post, or minister
and clergyman, in a maimer similar to the previous acts. It was at
tiiis time enacted that it should be lawful for ministers of the church
of Scotland, Lutherans, Presbyterians, Congregationalists, Baptists,
Indcpondants, Methodists, Menonists, Tankers, or Moravians, to
solenmize matrimony, after having obtained certificates from the
quarter sessions. According to the act of 1V98, only tho church of
Scotland, Lutherans, and Calvinists, beside the English church, were
permitted to marry persons. So it will be seen hy this act of 1831,
important concessions were made to difterent denominations. Tliis
act was by the Methodists, especially regarded as a deserved recogni-
tion of the constantly increasing number of that denonunation. It
certainly, at this time, seems remarkably strange, that so obvious a
right, was for so long a time withheld, not alone from them, but other
(lonominations. But the etfort was strong, and long continued to
build up the chui'ch of England to the exclusion of all others.

The restriction upon the Methodist ministers was to them greater
from the fact, that for a long timo they were nienxbers of a Conference
existing, where all denominations were alike endowed with the povser
to perform the marriage ceremony. And it is recorded, that in a few
instances, tho ministers stationed in Canada, either forgot the illega-
lity of marrying, or felt indisposed to submit to the unjust law, and
(lid actually nmrry some persons. Elder Eyan was one, and was
consequently banished ; but was shortly }>ardoned by government,
because of his known loyalty. His son-in-law, Hev. S. B. Smith, w:w
another ; but he defended himself at the triiU and got free. Another
was tho Eev. Mr. Sawyer, way av once, on beuig accused, fied the
lountry for a time.

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238

COURTING IN THE OLDEN TIME.

It appears thai on tliu 31st IMay, 1814, government appointed
five jtersons to issue marriage licenses. One at Quecnston, one at
York, one at Kingston, one .'\t Wiliiamsburgli, and one at Corinvall.
John Cunnning was apjiointed for Kingston. Prior to tliis, licenses
had been occasionally issued, jtrobably, however, only by application
to government. Marrying by licenst- was so noticeable an event, that
it was considered elegant to state in the marriage notice, " married
by license."

According to a letter in our jwssession, sometimes the issuer of
'.icense Mould be without any, when he would give a certificate to the
ap'tlicant, l)y wiiich the j>arty could get m.arriod, and subsequently he
wouUl furnish him with the license.

I'^aving given the legal and legislative facts relative to marrying
in early times, it may not be inappropriate to adduce some items of
a social nature.

Eoger Bates, of Newcastle, in his memoir at tlie parliament
library, speaks thus pleasantly and gi-aphically in referring to his
father's court.ship and marriage, Mhich took place at the commence-
ment of the present c.iitury. " The mode of courting in those dnys
was a good deal of the Indian fasliian. Tlie buxom daughter would
run through the trees and bushes, and pretend to get away from the
lover ; but somehow or other he managed to catch her, gave lier a kiss,
and they soon got married, I rather think by a magistrate. Time
was too valuable to make a fuss about such matters." Whether this
mode of courting was jiracticed elsewhere, than in Newcastle, it
may be doubted. Speaking of the weddings, and the journey to
get the knot tied, he says, " they generally furnished thomsolvcs
with tomahawks and implements to defend themselves, and to
camp out if required. The ladies had no white dresses to spoil, or
fancy bonnets. With deer skin petticoats, home-spun gowns, and
perhaps squirrel skin bonnet, tlsey looked charming in the eyes of
their lovers, who were rigged out in similar materials." Again,
about the wedding ring, wiiich could not then be procui'cd, ho saj'S,
" I have heard my mother say, that uncle Ferguson, a magistrate,
rather than .disappoint a happy couple, who had walked twenty
miles, made search throughout the house, and luckily foi^nd a pair
of old English skates, !o which was attached a ring, with this he
proceeded with the ceremony, and fixing the ring on the young
woman's finger, reminded her, that though a homely substitute, she
must contiinie to wear it, otherwise the ceremony would be dis-
Bolved. That curious token was greatly cherished, and is still
among the family relics."

PRIMITIVE WEDDINGS.

31r. Sheriff Shcnvood, speaking of his father, one of the first
magistrates appointed by Simcoo, says " ho prol)ably joined more
individuals together in the happy bonds of matriinon}'. than any
other person ever has, in the county of Leeds. 1 liave often heard
him mention the circumstance of a young man asking liim lo marry
him, but who said, I cannot get the money to pay you, but 1 will
make you a good wheat fan, which he readily accepted, as it was an
article much used at that time. At another time an old man camo
on the same errand, and said to him, I cannot get the money to pay
you, but I will make you a good corn basket, with oak splints, and
.so tight that I will warrant it to hold water, and the old man
punctually fulfilled his promise."

We have some interesting information from an old lady who
settled in Ameliasburgh, and who still lives. Getting married at
the beginning of the present century was a great event. The
Carrying Place was the usual place of resort. " They placed in a
lumber waggon, a number of chairs, and each gallant was supposed
to support his partner upon his knee, and thus economise room.
"Bitters " were indulged in, but no fighting alloAved. If one began
that, ho was put out. Keeping good naturod was a point of duty
insisted upon. No old persons went to the wedding, but they joined
in the dance, when the youngsters got back. A wedding without
a dance was considered an insipid affair ; and it was generally kept
up two or thi*ee successive nights at different places. Francis
Weosc's was a half-way liousc between McMan's corners, (Redncr-
villo), and the Carrying Place. Weose was a distinguished player
upon the fiddle, and the wedding parties often stayed with him tho
first night.

"A yoke of steers, a cow, three or four sheep, with a bed, table,
two dozen chairs, was regarded a very decent setting out for the
bride. And if the groom was heir to 50 or 100 acres of land, with
a. little cleared, he was thought to have the worldly "gear," to
constitute a first-rate match."

The history of frontier life; of the advance body of pioneers
in the far west, frequently exhibits great irregularitiy in moi-als ;
a non-observance of God's commandments. But the record of the
first settlers of Upper Canada is remarkably bright. When it ia
recollected that they were but scattered settlements in a wilderness;
far away from civilized life ; excluded from the world, and removed
from the influence of the salutary power of public opinions, it is a
matter of wonder, that great and frequent violation of God's law,

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240

AN EXCEPTION.

with regard to marring did not take place. But such was not the
case, as a general thing; the holy bonds of matrimony, were
employed to bind man and woman together, whether through the
officer, the magistrate or the clergyman. For years there was br.i
few clergymen to marry, and also but few magistrates, and thorn
wore secluded settlements where the clergyman or magistruic
came not, and from which the inhabitants could not go, perhaps for
many miles to get married. But a few, and they are very
few instances, are recorded where parties deviated from the right-
eous way. Upon the shore of the bay, in a remote locality, about
the year 1796, lived two individuals, whom we will call respectively
Peter and Polly. They were living in the same family, she has a
"help," and he has a hired man upon the farm. This couple had
desired to enter the bonds of matrimony ; but the ministers and
squires lived some distance off, and they could not get away to bo
married, so they had to wait for the coming of one who would marry
them; llicy had to wait, it would seem for several years, in tho
mean time they consoled themselves with genuine, and no doubt
honest love. At last it came to pass that a Squire visited thut
neighbourhood, and stopped at the house where they lived.

The family bethought them of the wishes of Peter and Polly;
and that now was the time to have tho legal knot tied. So Polly
was called from the kitchen just as she was, and Peter from tho
field besmeared with sweat, and clean dirt, and the two were made
one. Among the witnesses of the interesting ceremony, was a
bright eyed boy who trotted unceremonously from the bride to tho
groom, calling them respectively "mozzer" and " faddei*." The
time cando when this same boy was the owner of the land whereon
ho had been born. This fact, from excellent authority, stands out
as an excei)tion to a general rule, although there is not about it
that flagnint violation of moral principle which is too often seen
at the present day, under other circumstances which att'ord no
excuse.

The Eev. Mr. Stuart, living at Kingston, was not often called
upon to marry, by persons outside of that village, and persons
rarely found time to go all the way to him. When Mr. Langhorn
came and opened a church at Adolphustown, and Bath, a more
central place was supplied, and he consequently was often employed.
But Mr. McDowell was the one who most frequently was required
to marry. Being a minister of the church of Scotland, ho enjoyed
the privilege of marrying, and unlike Langhorn, lie would marry

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A WRDDING IN 1807.

241

ilium at their homes. So when making hi^ rounds ihrougli the
fouiitry, on hi.s proiu-hing oxcurrtionH, lie vvasfroquontly cuIKhI upon
to ofliciato in this ca])sicity.

In the Kigioji of tho Bh) , were some who hail in previous
days, lived in comtort, had n(>t wanted all that holongod to the well-
to-do inhahitants along the Hudson, and at New York. In some
caweH, tho.se families brought with them the rine clothes thai had
adorned their bodies in former times. Not only was it difficult for
them, in many ca.ses, to get some one to perform the marriage eoro-
mony; but to the female, espoeially, it was a grave matter how to
adorn the bride with that a])parel wliich l)ecomes the event. In
those cases where rich clothes, which had been used hy parents,
wore stored away, they were brought forth, and by a little altera-
tion, made to do service ; but by and by these relics of bettor days
were beyond their power to renovate, and like others, they had, if
married at all, to wear the garb mentioned b^' Roger Bates, or
Homo other j)lain article ; a calico print, bought of a pedlar, or a
calatnink, or linsey-woolsey petticoat, or a woolen drugget, were
no common luxuries in the wilderness hon\e. An old lady who is
still living, tells us that she was married in 1807, and wore the last-
menlioned; and was thought very extravagant indeed. A voner-
ablo lady, a native of the IJay, and now wellni^,'h eighty, remem-
bers to have attentjed a wedding about the year 1708, up the river
Moira. She was living with her uncle, Col. C. The M-edding was
one of some importance, as both parties were well-to-(.lo. There
was but a path along the banks of the river, and they went on
hoi"se back. At that time riding on horseback was u common
practice, not a single person merely, but in couples. It was no
unusual thing to sec man and wife riding along together, ul.so
brother and sister, and as well lovers. The guests to this wedding
all came on horse back, generally in pairs. They a.ssemblod eail\-
in the forenoon, and the hap])y pair were soon united. The bride's
dress was unusuall}' grand, being of lawn ; the two bridesmaids
graced the occasion by being dressed in muslin. She bears a dis-
tinct i-ecol lection of the entertainment. The bancpiel was crowned
with a majestic chicken pie, in a pan capable of h.olding .some
twelve <iuarts; by roast goose, and with pies and cakes of all sorts,
in aliundance. The bride's father was the deacon of a church, and
did not allow dancing, but the afternoon and evening wore spent in
joyous mirth and jovial '' jjlays'' in connection with which forfeits
were lost and redeemed. Jiut, howcvei' much these plays may have
16

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AN EI.OPEMr.NT.

do^rrnoratotl in rccoiit day' they wore thori coniliu'tcd with (mrit\-
of thought, aiifl iiinororu'c soul. The party did not hroak u|> tho
iii'hl day. Hall' <»!' l\w coinpuii^ repaired to tlio hoUHo of the groomV
father, wlion; Ituds wore arranged tor them. In the inorninj; thcv
went liack to the hcene of the wedding, Ujwn the bank.softhc river,
which at this jioint is partieiihirly attractive. After hreakfuHt, tho
young people, with the newly married pair, set out for tho front, to
the month of tiio river. They formed a Joyoiis, and it mnst have
been a picturesque cavalcade. Kach gentleman selected his liiii'
]iartiK'r, and h.-iving moimtod his horse, she was duly seated heliirni
liini. And thus they set out for their destintition. Pleasant,
iiidi'tMl, must have been the ride; striking the .scene, as thoj-
Avended their v/ay along the running water, M>d the bright autumn
sun .shone upon them through tho variegated leaves which dothoil
the thickly standing trees. This night was spent at Myers' Crock.
in following the notes of the fiddle with the nim'de feet. Thi,'<
terminated (he wedding party. This is adductnl as an illustration
of marrying in early times. Another will 1)0 briefly given, it wh>
u case of elopement, and occurred many years l)efore tho wedditii;
above mentioned. A certain Squire h.nd been for many years in tho
enjoyment of wedded bliss. His wife was the daughter of Capt.

, a half ^ :ty ofHcer, an honest but wayward Dutchman. The

Squire's \vi(bdie<l, and, in due time, he sought tho hand of another

daughter of the ('aptains. But this the latter would not listen to;

ho was determined they should not marry ; because she was his

late wife's sister. The worthy Scpiire could not see the force of Hie

objection, and the lady in (juestion was likewise blinded by love

They resolved to run away, or rather to psuldle away, in a convc

nient canoe. Clandestinely they sot out upon the hesul waters of thr

buy, intending to go to Kingston to obtain the services of a clergy

man. Hut the ('ai)tain leariied tlie fact of their departure nml

started in pursuit with his batteau and oai-smen. Acconling to

one account, the tlying wtmld-bo groomsman, who was])addling his

own .'anoe, saw the augry parentcoming, and made haste toquickcn

hib -toed, but tinding that they would be overtaken, they landed

upon an island in the l)ay, and hauled up the canoe ; and conceaioil

it, with ihem.seives, in a cavity upon the island ; and, after thr

Cuplaii\ had jtassed, returned homeward and procured the service?

of a Squire to marry them. But, according to another statement,

the lovers set out while tho Captain was absent at Montreal, and

arrived at liingston, unfortunately, as ho was returning home,

DEATH AMOrfO IMONRRRS.

24.}

Seeing tho Squiro, h« had his Hus]>icionH aroused, iiitd begun to look
al)OUt for his duiightor. She hud, howovor, coni-enled hei-soH" l»y
throwing an Indian blanket alniiit hor person, urn! over her head,
and by sitting down among some si^uaws. The statement goos,
that it waH well tho (captain did not find iier, as ho would, as soon
as not, hayo shot the S(|Uire. Tho end of it was, they wore married,
to live a long and happy domestic life. Although thor»' may W> u
little doubt as to the detJiils of this early elopement on the bay,
there is no doubt that it took place in some such manner as described.
Among the Squires upon tho Bay, tho following wt^re tho most
IVcquontly called upon to marry : Young, of the Carrying Place;
Bleokor, of tho Trout; Jiazier, of Sophiasburgh. The magistrates
residing nearer Kingston and Adolphustown had Ichs of this to do,
as clergymen could there bo more easily obtained.

CHAPTER XXIV.

C'oNTKMTH — Bnrj'ing I'ltircs — How Seliictod — Fdinily ttiiryinj; I'lafis — For tlii'
Ndinlibourhood — Tho Dutch — Upon the HniiHon — Hay Qiiintt' — A Sfund
Spot to tht' LoyalistH — Asho.s to AhIh'h — I'ritnitivo Moilc of l>iiri;il — Ttii-
Cottin — At the (Jrave — The? I"')ith('i',s Itiiimrks — llftiiin to L.ilxir — Kr iicli
RuryinR-plHce at FrontejuK — Its Site — V. E. Loyalists Hnryin,?-pliu e at
Kingston — Tlie'T. E Unrying (liouud,' Ailolpliiistown — VVoitiiy Sires of
Canada's SoiiK — Decay — Nc<:le<tof Illnstrioiisdoad — Itcpair Wmitid — ONlcst
IJurying ({round in Prince I'Mward — Floss Place — At East Lake — Ujion the
UoHC Farm — "Tlic DutcJi Uurying Uround" — Second (irowth Tnic* — In
Sophiasburgh — (.'nmk Farm — In Sidney — llude Toiali Stomis— -Huriiil-placi-
ofCapt. Myers — llifl.'ctions — Dust to Dust — In 'I'hurlow — "Taylor P.nryini:
Oround" — The First Person Buried — Ijicut Ferguson — An Aged Female—
Her Work Don.-— Wliei^U StAnd Still.

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THE EARLY BURYING PLACES i;PON THE BAY QL'INTE.
" Your fathers, whrre urr thi'f/f"

Burying ]>laccs in all the now settlements were, as a general
thing, selected by tho family t<i which dcatli might first come.
This was true of every part of America. Ere the forest had fallen
before tho hand of the axeman, or while the roots and Ktum])s of
tho trees yet thickly encumbered the ground, before the scythe had
boon used to cut the first products of tlic soil, the great reaper
death passed by, and one and another of the number were cut

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244

A DUTCH CUSTOM.

down. Some suiliiblo pluco, unilor the eircunistniiceH, was selected
for the grave, and quietly the l)()dy was hvid away. In time, a
neighbour would lose a member of the family, and the body would
be brought and laid beside the first buried. And so on, until a
certain circle would bo found burying in a common place. But
^omotimes families would prefer to have a private burial ground,
i<omo conspicuous spot being selected upon the fai*ni, where the
ashes of the family might be gathered together, as one after
another passed away. The Dutch are particularly attached to thih
custom. This may be seen even yet in those old sections of New
York State, where the Dutch originally settled, espociall}- at
Hoboken, opposite New York City. Sacred spots wore appropriated
by each family upon the fiirni, in which the family was buried. The
descendants of tliose Dutch who became such loyal subjects, and
sutfering refugees who settled around the bay, followed the same
jjractice. These spots may be seen along the Hudson, and the Bay
Quintc, which may be regarded as the Hudson of Canada, and arc
indicated by the di*oopiug willow, or the locust or cj-pross. Sonic
from whom ixsliablo information has been receive<l, state that the
s]>ot selected on the Bay Quintc was often that, where the family
had first landed — where they had rested on the bare earth, beuwalli
the trees, until a hut could be erected. This spot was chosen by the
I'efugee himself as a suitable place to take his last rest. Indeed,
the devotion of the settler to the land where he had wrought out
his living, and secured a comfortable home, was sometimes of au
exalted character. One instance by way of illustration : — There
came to the shores of Hay Bay an heroic woman, a little rough
perhaps, but one whose soul luui been bitterly tried during the con-
flict between her king and the rebels. Her husband had been on
many a battle-field, and she had assisted on many an occasion to
give comfort to the British troops. The log hut was duly erectetl,
and day after day they went forth together to suIhIuo the wilder-
ness. In the scar and j'cllow leaf, when competence had been
secured and couUl bo bequeathed to their children, when the first
log tiueniout had fallen to decay, she caused her children to promise
that her body should be laid upon the spot where that old hut had
stood.

The mode of burial was often simple and louchisxg, often there
was no clergyman" of an\- denomination ; no one to read a prayer
over tiio dt'ad ihr tJio benefit of the living. Frequent 'y, in the hush
of suspended work, through the quiet shades of tlie trees whoso

ILMfHTRIOUS DKAD.

245

l)ougha sighed a rcquiom, like ns if angels whispered j)caco to the
sad and tearful mourners who silently, or with HUj)preKHC(l solw,
followed the coffin of the plainest kind, often of rough eoiistruction,
which contained the remains of a love<l one to the gravo, in some
spot selected. The rude coffin being placed in the grave, thosi-
pi nt would uncover, and the father, in sad tones, would make u
few remarks respecting the departed, offer a few thoughts which
the occasion suggested, ami then the coffin was hidden out of sight.
The men would return to their lahors, and the women to their
duties.

We learn, on oxeellent authority, that the burial place for
the French, at Fort F»x>ntonac, wan where the liiirrackf* now stand
near the bridge. But nvx| unllkel\ the French, when one Jiwl away
from the fort at any dt"»tHuce, con\nutt»>d the ilead to the *arth in
Indian burial plnoes, The tlr>*( ^»\U'irtl \>hwv for the V. K Ix)yali8t:^
in Kingston, was sifuatv d wheiH' St, Paul'^ (^hurch iiow stan(!><. on
t^iieou Street, which was fonnerlx- called dr'n'o Strc«?.-t.

No township in more rich in historic matters, j»ertaining tr.
the U. E, \,\\)rtlist8 than Adolphustown. Hero settled a worthy
band of ivtVjgoes wliose lim^ige tun be traced back to noble name-
in France, Germany and Holland. Here was the birth-place of
many of Canada's more prominent and worthy sons, and her**
repose the ashes of a large number of t!»e devoted pioneers.

As the steamboat enters to \he wharf at Adolphustown, the
observer may notice a short distar.ce to the w»^st, upon the summit
of a ridge, a small ondo.sure in \.'hich are a number of second
growth trees, maple and oak. He may even see indistinctly a few
marble tombstones. If he walks to the spot he will find that the
fence is rough, broken, and falling <lown. Casting his e3'e ovei-
the ground he sees the traces of numerous graves, with a few
marble head-stones, and a long iron enclosure within which are
buried the dead of the Casey family, with a nmrble slab to the
head of each. The ground generally is covered with the tkbris oi
what once iormed enclosures of individual graves or family jdots.
When visited by the writer, one grave, that of Hannah Vandusen,
had growing out of its bosom a large poplar tree, while the wooden
fence ai-ound was falling and restitig against the tree. The writer
gazed on these evidences, not alone of decay but neglect, with
great regret, and with a sigh. For here, without any mark of
their grave, lie many who were not onlj' noble U. E. Loyalist,-*,
but who were men of distinction, and the fathers of men well

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REQUIEf»CAT IN PACE.

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known in CiinaUiun IIir«t(>iy. Al*'. Joseph B. Allison, ucconipaniod
U8, und ])0inU'il out tlio Kovoral npols whor<^ ho had woon buried
these illustrious dead.

In the north-wi'st corner oJ'tlie gn)Unil, with no trace oven of u
grave to mark tlie spot, lii-s tlio old Major who commanded the
company. Mr. Allison was present, although a little boy at hia burial.
The event is fixed upon his mind by the faet tli<' militia turned out
and buried him with military honors. We stotxl on the spot over-
grown with thorn trees, and felt a pang that his name was thus
forgotten, and bis name almost unknown. C'Ioho by is a neat
niarble headstone to a grave, upon whieh is the following;
"//f/iry Iloi'ir, Ucjmrttfl this life, Auffmt 23n/, 1842, aged 79 yetirs, 5
months and M days." Nobleman! Imprisonmont with chains for
nearly two years, with many hardships during, and after the war.
•lid- not make his life short, and wo wore thankful ho luul loft des-
cendants who forgot not to mark his resting-place. For account of
this person see under " Koyal Combatants."

The entrance gate to the ground is at the east Hide. To the
right on entering, a short distance ot^', is an oak tree. Between the
gate and tn-e w;is laid the body of Nicholas llagerman. Sad to say,
nothing imlicales the resting-place of the earliest lawyer of the Pro-
vince, an<l the father of Judge llagerman. (See distinguishe<l Loy-
alists). In the middle of the groun<l rests the dea«l of the Casey
family. The two ohl couple whom we remendter to have seen when
!j boy in tlieir green old age, lie here. " Willet Casey died aged SO.
Jane, his wife, aged 03." We would sny to all here buried, Reqaiescat
in poci'. ]Jut the very CI und>lings of the enclosures which were put
arounti the graves by sorrowing frien«ls when they died cry out against
the neglected state of the gr()un<l. The ettbrts M'hicli have repeat-
edly been made to i»ut the jdace in repair ought to be repeated, and
a stone wall at least ma<le to ettectually inclose the sacred dust.

The oldest burying ))lace, we believe, in Prince Edward, is some
distance from Indian Point, upon the Lake Shorc,and east of the Hock,
commonly known as Ross's Jiurying Grotuid. In this spot arc
buried some of the tirst and most distinguished of the first settlers
of ilarysburgh.

Another old burying |»lace in Prince Kdward is .'it East Lake,
at the commencement of the C'ai lying Place. Here may be found
the graves of some eighteen persons who made the first settlement of
East Lake. The lot upon which it is situated belonged to Mr.
])yse. It is no longer used, but is partially in a ploughed field, ;uid
partially co\ered by a second growth of trees.

OI,n nCRVINd PLACKS

247

U|)t'r) the road aloii^ tho Houth Hlioro of Mniyshnrji^, n hIioi'I
dinUmcu wo»t of the I{o<k, \i]>o(\ tho JJost- fhrin, uiv to be hcoii tho
liiijioriii/;^ romaiiiH of the firHt church ol" this lowiinhip. It wu>*
iR'i'tod at an early dut«), and wtw twenty-four fout sijuurc Ui-rc
Weniit was wont to jtreuch to Win (!ofk or IiUlh»'raii>, uutl liero ut
liinuH Lnii^liorii t'i*otn Jhitli uIho hcl.l lorth. Tlie ^«itnatioii is
jilfHsant, upon tho brow of u coni]mrutively slcup hill, ovorlookini;
u plotinant low-land, with the Khinin^ Ontario, and Long I'oinl
strotchini; away into its waters ; while to the ri^ht is Ihi^ well
»holtorod Wappooso Fsland. But another (dijoel attracts our allen-
tion. Almost ininii'dialoly fronting us U])on a sandiiill close by thv
water's edge is to be soon "the old Dutch burying ground. " It is
about hali-u-niile from the roud, and we will descend tho hill and
tuko tho road through the fields along the fenco, the way by whirb
•*o many have passed to their li>ng honu". I'he old graveyar 1 is
uvui*Hhadowod by good si/ed second growth pim-s, wh»<~e waving
tups sigh not unharinoniously over the ashes of the old Hessian and
Dutch settlors. The adjacent shore washed by tho ever throbbing
liike gives forth to day the gentlest sounds. These old Iturying
places remind one that Canada is .vor growing old. I[ere lie, not
alone the early pioneers, but their grand-children; and over the spot
cleared are now good sized .second growth trees. Tho head boards
are fallen in decay, the fence around the plots have crumbled in
the dust.

Tho oldest bur^'ing place in So])hiayburgli is upon the Cronk
farm east of Norlhport.

Nearly midway between Belleville and Trenton is situated
the oldest burying ground of Sidno}'. It is pleasantly located
upon an eminence! by the bay shore, and nttbrds a tine view of the
bay, and oj)posite shore. The visitor will be struck with the
irregularity of the graves in the place jirimarily used, as ii the
graves had been dug among the stumps. Some of them are almost
north and south. At the ends of mostly all are jilaced stones, rough
they are, but lasting, and have, in a large number of cases, more
permanently indicated the position of the graves. Upon some ot
these rough stones are rudely cut the initials of the oeeupant of the
grave. In a great number of cases tablets jiaintod (mi wood have
been placed to commemorate the individai dcd'a-^ed l>iit these are
totally obliterated, and the wood is falling to decay. Probably the
temporary mark of afl'ectionate sorrowing was as lasting as tli»' life
of the bereaved. We lingered among the graves here, and they

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23 WEST MAIN STREE;

WEBSTER, N.Y. 14S80

(716)S73-4S03

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TAYLOR BURYING GROUND.

aro niimoi'ous. Wo sco the name Myers. And we know that old
Capt. Myors was buried hero, after an oventinl life. Around him
also repose his old acquaintances and friends — and enemies. The}-
aro gone with the primeval woods that covered the slopes by the
Bay Quintd — gone with the hopes and aspirations, and prospect^,
and realizations that crowned their trying and eventful life — gone
HO that their ashes can no longer be gathered, like tho old battcau
which transported them thither — gone like their old log housoH
whoso very foundations have been plowed up — gone like their
rude implements of agriculture — gone by the slow and wearisome
steps of time which marks the pioneer's life.

It is gratifying to see that while the ground has been extended,
ft new fence has been built, and elegfvnt tomb-stones, 1868.

The first place set apart in which to bury the desul, in the town-
ship of Thurlow was the " Taylor Burying Ground." It is situated
in Belleville, at tho east of the mouth of the Moira, in view of the
bay. The first person committed to the earth here was Lieut-
Ferguson, who had been associated with Capt. Singleton. The
second individual is supposed to have been tho mother of John
Taylor. She had been brought to the place by her son, her only
son, two having been executed by the rebels during the wai", when
almost ninety years of age. But her stay on earth had almost
ended ; not long after, she was one day engaged in spinning flax, and
suddenly ceased her work, and told them to put away the wheel,
as she would spin no more. A few minutes after she ceased to
live, and tho \yeary wheels of life stood still. For many years this
ground was the repository of tho dead, about tho mouth of Myers'
Creek.

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DIVISION Y.

THE EARLY CLERGYMEN AND ClIUECHES.

CHAPTER XXV.

•}

Co.NTBNTS.— French Missionaries — First in 1615— Recollets — With Champlain—
Jesuits, in 1623 — Valuable records — Bishopric of Quebec, 1674 — First
Bishop of Canada, Laval — Rivalry — Power of Jesuits — Number of Mission-
aries — Their " Relations" — First mission field ; Bay Quinte region — " Antient
mission" — How founded — First missionaries— -Kleus, abbe D'Urfe — La
Salle, to build a church — The ornaments and sacred vessels — The site of the
"Chappcl," uncertain — Bald Bluff, Carrying Place — Silver crosses — Mission
at Georgian Bay — The " Christian Islands " — Chapel at Michilmicinac, 1679
— The natives attracted — Subjects of the French King — Francois Picquet —
Lb Presentation — Soegasti — The most important mission — The object — Six
Nations — The Missionary's living — " Disagreeable expostulations — Putting
stomach in order — Trout — Picquet's mode of teaching Indians — The samo
afterward adopted by Rev. W. Case — Picquet's success— Picquet on a voyage
—At Fort Toronto — Mississaugas request—Picquet's reply— A slander — At
Niagara, Oswego — At Frontenac — Grand reception — Return to La Presenta-
tion — Picquet in the last French war — Returns to France — By Mississippi —
" Apostles of Peace " — Unseemly strife — Last of the Jesuits in Canada.

THE FIRST FRENCH MISSIONARIES. ^

In introducing this subject, wo pi-oposo first to glance at the
original French Missionaries, and then at the first Protestant
Missionaries and clergymen, who labored in the Atlantic Provinces.

The first missionaries of Christianity to America, came to
Canada in the year 1615. They were four in number, and belonged
to the order of Recollets, or Fi-anciscans, of Spanish origin, a sect
who attended to the spiritual wants of the people without accepting
any remuneration. Four of these devoted men attended Champlain
on his second visit to Canada in 1615. Three years later the Pope
accorded the charge of missions in Canada to the Recollets of Paris.
In 1625 members of the society of Jesus likewise entered the mis-
sion of America. Ignatius Loyola founded the Jesuit society in
1521. These two orders of Roman Catholics, especially the Jesuits,
contributed much to the advancement of French interests in Canada,
and by their learning assisted greatly to elevate the people. Side

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FIRST MISSION FIELD.

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liy sido they travorHed the vast wildcrnoss of America, with the
intrepid explorers, and by their close observations, committed to
paper, they have left most valuable records of the country in its
primeval state ; and the diflferent tribes of savage.^ that held posses-
sion of the country.

Canada was "constituted an apostolic vicariat," by the Pope, in
1651 ; and became an episcopal see, named the Bishopric of Quebec,
about 1G7.3. Tlie first bishop of Canada was Francis de Laval, of the
distiiiguished house of Montmorency. The rivalry which existed
between the Jesuits and the Rocollots, led to the withdrawl from
the country of the latter. But they i-eturned again about 1669.
They were welcomed by the people, who preferred their self-sup-
porting principles to the Jesuits, under Laval, who required susten-
tation from them, which was exacted by a system of tithes. The
Jesuits became a very powerful ecclesiastical body, and commanded
oven sufficient political influence to secure the recall of the Governor,
who was obnoxious to them, in 1665. Yet the people did not like
them, in their usurpation of temporal power. The second bishop
of Canada was M. de Saint Vallier, who was elevated to that position
in 1688.

"Between the years 1635-1647, Canada was visited by eighteen
Jesuits missionai'ies." It was due to those missionaries, who
remained with, and adapted themselves to the Indian tribes, thai
Canada held such a position among the Aborigines. The relations
i)f these missionaries are of thrilling interest, and deserve the
attention of all who desii-o to become a student of history.

When there were no moi'e than sixuy inhabitants at Quebec, in
1620, the Eocollets had begun to erect a convent and chai)el upon
the banks of the St. Charles River.

The Bay Quinte region may be regarded as the earliest mission
field in America. Of the four Missionaries who came with Cham-
plain from France, in 1615, one at least accompanied him in his
journey uji the Ottawa, across to Georgian Bay, and down the
Trent to the Bay. This was in July, and Champlain was under the
necessity of remaining in this region until the folloAving spring,
in the meantime visiting several of the tribes all along the north
shore of Lake Ontario. During this period the zealous RecoUet
earnestly labored to lay the foundation of Christianity among the
natives, and planted the " ancient mission" spoken of by fiUher
Picquet, 1751. We have positive statement to thisett'ect. Probably
when Champlain returned to Montreal, in the spring of 1616, he was

" THE ANTIENT MISSIONS.

251

not accompanied by the missionary ; who staj'ed to establish the
work ho had commenced. We find it stated that the earliest mis-
sionaries to this region were M. Dollievo de Kleus, and Abbe
D'Urfo, pri(*sts of the Saint Sulpice Seminar3^ Picquet remarks
ihat the ancient mission at the Bay Quiiitt' was established by
Kleus and D'Urfe.

In June, 1571, DeCouioelles, as we have seen, visited Lake
Ontario, coming directly jup the St. Lawrence. On this occasion, it
i< recoi-ded, he sent messages from Cataraqui " to a few mission-
itries residing among the Indians." Two years later, when Fron-
tenac came, with a view of establishing a fort, we find it stated
that as he approached Cataraqui, he was met b}' a canoe with the
•Abbe D'Urfe, and the Captains of the Five Nations." The fol-
lowing year, 16T4, LaSalle, in his petition for the grant of Fort
Fi'ontenac. and adjacent lands, proposed " to build a church when
there will be 100 persons, meanwhile to entertain one or two of the
Recollet Friars to perform divine service, and administer the sacra-
ments there." In the reply to this petition by the King, it was
ftipuldted that LaSalle should " cause a church to be erected within
six years of his grant."

When Bradstreet, nearly a hundred years later, in 1751, cap-
tured FortFrontenac, the Commandant, M. do Moyan, obtained the
promise from Bradstreet, to " permit the ornaments and sacred
vessels of the chappel to bo removed in the luggage of the Chaplain."

By the foregoing, we learn the interesting fact, that for 150
years before the capture of Canada by the English, and nearly 170
before Upper Canada was first settled, there existed at the Bay
Quiute an active mission of Eomnn Catholic Christianity. The exact
location of the " chappel ' cannot be fixed ; but there is every reason
to suppose that it was upon the shores of the Bay, at some distance
westward from ' Cataraqui, inasmuch as reference is made to the
chapel as quite apart from the Fort, at Cataraqui.

From the nature of the relics found in the Indian burying
irround, near the Carrying Place, at Bald Bluff, by Weller's Bay, it
might even have been situated there. Silver crosses, and other
evidences of Roman Catholic Christianity-, have been found in this
place. Father Picquet remarks that the land was not good, but the
'luarter is beautiful.

There seems every probability that not munj' yeai-s after the
estiihlishment of the mission by the Bay Quintc, another was estab-
lished in the neighborhood of Lnke Huron, or Georgian Bay.

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LA PRESENTATION.

Upon the river Wye, some six miles north of Pcnetanguishone,
Po-na-tang-q[ue shine, so calle<l by the Indians upon first seeing the
sand banks, moaning " see the sand is falling," was established a
French fort, at an early date, the foundation of which may yet be
seen. It appears likely that at this point, at the Christian Islands,
(a significant name,) situated between the Manitoulin Islands and
the mainland ; and also at Michilmicinac, woi'e commenced mis-
sionary labors by the Rccollets and others". We find it stated that
in 1679 there was a chapil at Michilraickinac, which may refer
to the Christian Islands. Here LaSalle, on his way westward,
stopped and attended masS; with the celebrated Rccollet, Pere
Hennepin.

The natives were strongly attached to these French mission-
aries. Presents of porcelaino bonds to make wampum, with a kind
demeanor, soon won many of them to become Eoman Catholics ; and
the cross was set up in their midst. And the time came when they
were willing to acknowledge themselves under the protection of,
and subject to the French King.

At the present site of Ogdensburgh, in the year 1748, "Francis
Picquet, Doctor of the Sarbonne, King's Missionary, and Prefect
Apostolic to Canada," began to found the mission of ia Presenfaiion.
By the river Osw6gotchie, then called by the Indians Soegasti, he
succeeded in planting a mission, which became the most important
in all Canada. The object was to convert the Six Nations to Eoman
Catholic Christianity, and thereby to win them from their connection
with the English. M. Picquet was a devoted man. *' He received at
that time neither allowance nor presents. From the King he had
but one half pound of pork a day, which made the savages say,
when they brought him a buck and some partridges, " We doubt
not. Father, but that there have been disagreeable expostulations
in your stomach, because you had nothing but port to eat. Here
is something to put your affairs in order." They sometimes brought
him trout weighing eighty pounds.

In 1749, when French interests were declining in the new world,
and when every effort to secure the alliance of the Iroquois was
devised. Governor do Veudx'euil sent the Rev. Abbe Picquet of the
missionary house at La Presentation, he being well and favorably
know among the Five Nations. The object was to draw within the
botmds of La Presentation many of the families, where they should
not only be taught the Catholic religion, but also the elements of
husbandry. It was somewhat the same idea as that which led the

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L ABBE PXCQUET.

253

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Rev. 'William Case, in later duy.s, to domesticate the Mississnugus on
the Grape Uland. L'Abbe Picquet was successful in his mission,
and in 1T51, he had 396 heads of families living at the place.
Among these were the most distinguished and influential families
of the Iroquois. The settlement was divided into thi-ee villages,
and much tasto and skill were displayed in the planning. Great
attractiveness characterized the place up to the conquest of Canada.

In the month of June, 1751, Father Picquet set out upon a
voyage up to Fort Frontenac, and thence up the Bay Quinte, and
the Kiver Trent to Fort Toronto, and so on around Lake Ontario.
Ho embarked in a King's canoe, accompanied by one bark, in which
were five trusty savages. The memoir of this trip is curious and
edifying.

Proceeding to Fort Toj-onto, by way of the Trent, then an im-
portant trading post with the Indians, he found Mississaugas there
who flocked around him ; they spoke first of the happiness their
young people, the women and children, would feel, if the King
would be as good to them as to the Iroquois, for whom he procured
missionaries. They complained that instead of building a church,
they had constructed only a canteen for them. Abbe Picquet did
not allow them to finish, and answered them, that they had been
treated according to their fancy ; that they had never evinced the
least zeal for religion; tliat their conduct was much opposed to it; —
that the Iroquois, on the contrary, had manifested their love for
Christianity, but as he had no order to attract them to his mission,
he avoided a more lengthy explanation," (Paris Doc). This con-
duct on the part of Abbe Picquet must be regarded as heartless in
the extreme. Such language ought not to come from the lips of a
missionary. It shows that the Iroquois, because of his relationship
with the English, had souls of far more importance than the Mis-
sissauga, whose character for peace rendered him of minor import-
ance. The reflection upon the character was uncharitable; and,
judging by the ligl.t supplied by later days, it was untrue — shame-
fully untrue. That the Mississau.ga Indians acquired a taste for
the brandy vended to them by the French trader was certainly a
fact; but that did not indicate an unAvillingness on their part, to
become christians. Missionaries, of the present century, have
succeeded in raising the Mississauga, not alone from paganism, but
from a degrading love of spirituous liquors acquired of the Fi'onch,
to a distinguished place among converted Indians.

Abbe Picquet went from Foi-t Toronto, probably by the River

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254

THE LAST OF THE JESUITS.

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Don, and thciico acrosH tho lako, to Fort Niagai'ft, to negotiate with
the SenecaH. PusHing along tho mouth slioro, he visited tho En£,'li^ll
fort at the mouth of tho ]{i%'er Oswego, culled Choueguen. lie al>,
visited the River Gaseoufhogou, ((reneseo) and rotut-ncd to Frm-
tenac, where a grand reception awaited him. " Tho NippiHsings anil
Algonquin^ who were going to war, drew \ip in a lino of their own
accord above Fort Prontcnac, where three standards were hoisted.
They fired several volleys of musketry, and cheered inccssantlv.
They were answered in the same style from all tho little crafts of
bai'k. M. do Verchere, and M. do la Valtrie, caused tho guns
of the fort to be discharged at tho samo time, and the Indians,
transported with joy at tho honors paid them, also kept up a con-
tinual fire with shouts and exclamations which made every ont-
rejoice. Tho commandants and officers received oixr missionary at
the landing. No sooner had ho landed than all the Algonquins and
Nippissings of tho ]:i!ce camo to embrace him. Finally, when he
returned to £a Presentation, he was received with that affection,
that tenderness, which children would experience in recovering a
father whom they had lost." Three years later war was, for the
last time, in progress bctAvoen the French and English in America.
Father Picquet contributed much to stay the downfall of French
domination. He distinguished himself in all the principal engage-
ments, and by his presence animated tho Indian converts to battle
for the French King. At last, finding all was lost, ho retiral on
tho 8th May, 1760. lie ascended the Bay Quinte and Trent by
Fort Toronto, and passed on to Michilmicinac, and thence to the
Mississippi ; and then to New Orleans, where he stayed twenty-t\v,i
months. Died 15th Jul}', 1781, called the " Apostle of the Iroquois.'
During the Fi-ench domination in Canada, the dissentions
between the Eecollets and Jesuits Avere almost incessant. Now
the one was sustained and patronized by the governor regnant, now
the other, and many were the struggles between Church and
State. Tho closing days of F^-ench rule witnessed scenes of un-
seemly strife between the clergy and the governors. The last ol
the Jesuits in Canada, Father Casat, died in 1800, and tho whole of
their valuable possessions came to the government.

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PROTESTANT CLERGY. 065

CHAPTER XXVI.

C().NTK.ST».—Ki rut Church in New York, 1633 — First Dominie, Kiv. Evomnlin
JJogiirdiis — The Dutch, Huj^uenots, PilgrimH — Tranaportinjr iniiiisttis and
churches — First Rector of Now York, Wm Vesey — Henry Barclay, 1746 —
First Catholic Bisliop in America, 1789 — Episcopalian JJishop, 17!)G — Moral
state of Pioneers in Canada — HeliRion — No minister-s — No striking immo-
rality — Feared Ood and honored their King — The Fathers of Upper Cunudii

Religious views — A hundred years ago—" Carousing and Dancing'' — Uev.

Dr. John Ogilvie — First Protestiint Clergyman in Canada — Chaplain 1759, at
Niagara — A Missiouarj' — Successor of Dr. Barclay, New York — Death, 1774
Rev. John Doughty — A Graduate Ordained — At Peekskill — Schenectady —
A Loyalist — A Prisoner — To Canada — Chaplain — To England— Returns —
Missionary — Resigns — Rev. Dr. John Stuart — First Clergyman to settle —
His Memoir— The " Father of the U. C. Church"— Mission Work— The Five
Nations — The Dutch — Rev. Mr. Freeman — Translator — Rev. Mr. Andrew,-* —
Rov. Mr. Spencer Woodbridge, Howley — New England Missionaries — Rev.
Dr. Whelock — The Indian Converts — The London Society — Rev. Mr. Inglis
— John Stuart selected missionary — A Native of Pennsylvania — Irish des-
cent— A Graduate, Phil. Coll— Joins Church of England- -To England-
Ordination — Holy Orders 1770— Enters upon his work.

THE FIRST PROTESTANT CLERGYMAN IN AMERICA.

According to the Rev. J. B. Wakley, "The Reformed Dutch
Church was the first organized in New Amsterdam, (New York).
This year, 1633, the first church edifice was ert^oted on this island,
(Manhatton). It was built on what is called Broad Street. It was
a small frail wooden building. The name of the first Dominie is pro-
served, the Rev. Everardus Bogardus. He came over from Holland
with the celebrated Wanter Van Twiller. The Dutch and the Hugue-
nots, as well as the Pilgrims, brouglit the church, the schoolmaster,
and their bible J with them. They erected a dwelling for the Rev.
Mr. Bogardus to reside in. This was the first jiarsonage built on
the island, if not in America. This first minister in New Amsterdam
met with a sad end. After spending some years in the new world,
in returning to his native land, lie, with eighty-one others, was lost
off the coast of Wales. The Bogarts are probably descended from
this pioneer minister, he having left children behind him in America,
or some near connection. The first Rector of the Church of England
in New York, was tiie Rev. William Vesey, pastor of Trinity Churcli.
The Rev. Dr. Henry Barclay was the second Rector, who had j)re-
viously been catechist for ten yeai's to the Mohawk Indians. He
became Rector October 22, 1746. "He was the father of the late
Thomas Barclay, Consul-General of His British Majesty in the
United States, and grandfather of Mr. Anthony Barclay, late British

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I'lETY.

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Consul lit Now York, who whs untliT tlic necessity of returning home
(luriiiij: tlie UuHslan wnr, in (ionscfiuenci' of the Jealousy un<i partialitv
of the Anierieaii (Toveniment.

We find it stated that J)r. ('arroll, of Maiylan<l, was the first
Catliolic Bishop in America, llHiK

Dr. Seabury, Bishop of Connecticut, was the first Episcopalian
Bishop of that State, he died in 1 790.

The circumstnneoH of the hottlors in Up])er Canada wore not
such as would conduce to a j^rowth of religion and morality. Apart
from the ott'oct upon thorn resulting from a civil war,and being driven
uway from home — isolated in a wilderness, far removed from civiliza-
tion ; tlicro were circumstances inimical to the observance of religious
duties. The earnest contest for life, the daily struggle for food,
and more especially, the absence of ministers of the gospel, all
combined to create a feeling of inditferenco, if not a looseness of
morals. In a few instances, there was on the pai't of the settlors,
a departure fi*om that strict virtue, which obtains at the preHoiil
time, and in which they had been trained. But on the whole, there
was u close adherence, and a severe determination to servo the God
of their father's. From many a log cabin ascended the faithful prayer
of the followers of Luther ; of the conscientious Episcopalian, and the
zealous Methodist and Baptist. Yet, for years, to some the word of
life was not preache<l ; and then but rarely by the devoted missioniu-y
as lie traveled his tedious round of the wilderness. After ten years,
the average of inhabitants to the square miles, was only seven. This
paucity of inhabitants, prevented regular religious sermons by cilergj-
men, as it did the formation of well taught schools. This absence ot
educational and religious advantages, it might be expected, would
naturally lead to a demoralized state of society, but such was not the
case with the settlers of the ten townships. This sparseness of popu-
lation, arose in part, it must be mentioned, from the system pursued
by government, of reserving tracts of land, of granting to the clergy,
and to non-resident owners, all of which remained to embarrass the
separated settlers, and prevent advance of civilization, l)y begetting
ignorance and indifterence to religion.

Wlien it is remembered how great had been the trials of the
refugees during the continuation of the war ; when we call to mind
the school of training belonging to a camp life ; and stili more, when
it is taken intc lonsideration to how great an extent the settlers were
removed from the salutary influences of civilized life, it at once strikes
the thoughtfid mind as surprising, that the early colonist did not

FIR8T PROTESTANT CLEBOVMAN.

257

relapse into a Htnte of non-religu .j and gross immorality. Hut it is a
remarkable fact tnat the loyalists who plantetl Upper Cana<la, not
only honored their King, but feared God, and in a very eminent
degree fulfilled the later connriundnu'nt to love one another. Cer-
tnluly there were exceptions. Kven yet are remotibered the namesi
of a few who availed themselves of their neighbors' necessities to
acquire property ; and the story still floats down the stream of time,
that there were those who had plenty and to spare of govonnnent
stores, while the people were enduring the distress of the " Hungry
Year." But even these reports lack confirmation, and even if true,
are the more conspicuous by their singularity. There is no intention
or desire to clothe the founders of Upper Canada with a character to
which they are not entitled, to suppress in any respect facts that
would tend to derogate tlie standing of the loyalists. This is uime-
cessary to place them upon an elevated ground, but were it not, it
would be contrary to the writer's feelings, and unfair to the reader.
There will be occasion to allude to a few instances, where gross evils
manifested themselves, yet after all, they are but the dark corners
which only serve to bring out tho more gloomy colors of the picture
presented. In ai-riving at a just estimate of their state of morals, it
is nccessaiy to take into consideration, that many of the views held
by truly religious men a hundred years ago, differed widely fi-om
those held by many to day. Eeforence is made to certain kinds of
amusements then unhesitatingly indulged in, which to-day are looked
upon as inimical to sound Christianity. One of these is the habit of
using intoxicating liquors. It was also charged against them, that
they were " wofully addicted to carousing and dancing.''

REV. JOHN 0<iILVlE, V.V.

This divine was probably the first Protestant clergyman that
ever officiated in Canada. He did so in the ca])acity of chaplain to a
British Kegiment in an expedition to Fort Niagara, in 1V50, when
that French stronghold was surrendered. Dr. Ogilvie, was a native
of Now York, and a graduate of Yale college. He was employed by
the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign parts, as a
missionary with success. In 1765 he succeeded the Eev. Dr. Barclay,
as Eector of Trinity Church, New York. He died in 1774. "A
portrait of him is still preserved in the vestry office of Trinity Church.''
The next Protestant clergyman we believe, was the llev. John
Doughty.

"An Episcopal minister. He graduated at Kinc's College, New
17

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258

IlKV. JOHN HTUART, H.D.

York, ill I77(>. Iit< was onlniiUMl in Kii^lninl for tlio cliiircli atl*(it>|<H.
kill, Imt wiiN H»n)ii tniiiril'frrcti to Sj-ln'iurtnily. In ITVT), |iolitic,||
troiihli's put nil cikI to *liviiu> N(>rvi«'(', ami ho MitloriMl niiicli al tlio
liaiitiH of tlic popnlai' |iarty. In 1777, lio ohtainctl lcavi> to depart to
Caiiuilii, (aftor linvin^ Ik'i'ii twico a prisoner,) w.ii'rc lu> Ix'onnu; clui|i.
lain of llu'" Kings JJoyai l{»'fj;iiiu'iit," of New York, In 17HI Ik.
wont to Knglaml ; Init ictnrnctl to (^anada in l7Ht, and ottieiatnt :ih
niis»ionary Ht Sori'l, Ho roHiijncd liiw connootioii with tho sooioty tor
tlio jtropagation of tho jjowpol in foroi>j;ii parts, in 1H();J." — (^Sobiiu.)

Tho tirst cloi\Lryniaii to sottio in Canada, and ono uf tho rofu^oc
pi«)noors at tho first sottloinont of Kiiip;slon, was tho Uov. John
Stuart. Wo aro fortuiiiito in having hoforo uh u truuMoript of the
inonioir of this distingiiishod person.

" Atcmoirs of the Rev. John Stuart, D.D., father of the fl)>j)er Camida
Chureh. He opened the Jimt aeadenn/ at Cataraqui — Kingston HStJ.
The last 7nissionary to the Mohai''l<s."

"The oonvorsion and eivili/.ation of tho Anioricnn IiuliaiLs,
ougiigod tho attontion of Knropo.'ins at an early date.'' Tho JeHiiits
first gave attention to tho INK lawks, 1«)4'2, a few years lat'M", fnlliiT
Joynes Ijiid down his life on ii'o Mohawk liiver. Tho lirst coloiii/crs,
tho Duteh did not give tho suliject much attention. "Tho govern-
mont of Now York, did not make any oHbrt to christianize tho tivo
nations, furtlu'r than to pay, for some time a sin.nll salary to the oler^'y-
man, at Alhany, to attend to the wants of such Indians, as niiglit
apj>ly to him." Tho Uov. Mr, I'^roeman, tr:inslatod into tho Mohawk
language, the (Miurch of England Prayer Hook, with somo passages
of tho Old anti New Testament. " In 1712 Mr. Andrews was sent jus
a missionary to tho Mohawk, hy the society, for propagating tlic
gospel, and si church was built at tho mouth of tho Schohurrie creek,
but that missionary soon abandoned tho jilaec. As ho was tho first, so
he was tho last that rosi«lod among them for a great many years,
After that the only ministration was at Albany. In 1748, tho Kev.
Mr Spencer, Mr. Woodbridgo and llowly, were sent Huccossively by
the people of New England," to this field of labor.

Tho French war soon interrupted this, and not until 1761, wats
anvthing more done, when the llev. Dr. Wlieelock, directed his atttii-
tioii to that cpiartor, with missionaries, and schoolmasters. Tho testi-
mony mainly of all these montionod, who labored among the Indians,
is to the effect that, although they were quick to learn, and would for
a time live a christian life, tliey mostly all lapsed into their former

il 1 1

RR(;KIVKK irol.V OIIDKUS.

259

»av(iLC«< Htfttc. " Tlio nci^csNily <>l' liaviii^ missiMnniifs <il' the (/hunOiof
Kiik''"i<Ji n's'nlcnt aiiioiif^ tlic MoliiiwUs, was uyaiii i»roiiL;lit before
tlu' society for |»r(>ni<»tiii;^ of the jioMpel, a lew years Itet'ore tlu- revo-
lution, l»oth Ity Sir William .lohnson, aixl the Itev. Mr. Inj,'liM, of
Nmv York, tir: 'ri ,1 of whom also lai<l the Hul»je(!t before the n«»verii-
iiienl of Kn^laixl, in the form of a memorial. In 1770 ffie society
ii!j;!iiii conHenteil to onlaiii a missionary lor the exclusive service of the
Mohawks. John Stnart, who was selectt'd foi this purpose, was horn
ut Ilarrishur^xh, in Pennsylvania, in I7:ii). The family mansion in
which he was horn was still standing in IH.Itl." Mis fathor, an Irish-
iimii, cnnu! to America in 1730. John Stuart had two brothers wlio
sidcil with the Americans. When he " ^radnatetl at the colletje of
I'liihulelphia, ho tumU' up his min*l to Join tlu; communion of the
Church of England." His father being a I'resbyterian, this was
extremely diNtaHti^ful to him. But his fathor (inally (M)ns(>nting, he
|irocot'ded to England for ordination, and received Holy Orders in
1770, and was appointetl missionary to tho Mohawks at Kort
Hunter.

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260 A MISSIONARY.

CHAPTEK XXVII.

CoNTKNTs — At Fort Hunter — Mr. Stuart's first sen ,oii, Christnia.s — Officiates in
liuliiin touffuc — TrftiislatfH — The Uebellion — Prayers for the King — Tlio
Johnsons — Rebels attack his house — Plunder — Indignity — Church dcw-
cratt'd — Used as a stable — A barrel of ruin — Arrested — Ordered to come ln'.
tore Rebel Commissioners — On Parole — Limits — Idle two year.s — To Albany
— Phil — Determines to remove to Canada — Not sec.ire — Exchanging — Secu-
rity — Real estate forfeited — Route — Negroes — The journey, three weeks—
At St. Jolin's — Charge of Public School — Chaplain — At the close of the war
— Three Protestant Parishes — Determines to settle at Cataraqui — Chaplain
to Garrison — Missionary — Bishop of Virginia, Dr. Griffith — Visits Mr. Stimrt
— Invitation to Virginia Declined — "Rivetted prejudices," satisfied — "Tin
only refugee clergyman" — Path of duty — Visits the settlement, 1784 — Mo-
hawks, Grand River — Reception of their old Pastor — Fi'-'^t Church — Mo-
hawks, Bay of Quints — Remains in Montreal a year — Assistant — Removes
to Catarnqui, iTS.'i — His land — Number of houses in Kingston — A short tut
to Lake Huron — Fortunate inland — 5000 settlers — Poor and Happy— Indus,
trious — Around his Parish, 1788 — Two hundred miles long — ByBatteau—
Bmnt — New Oswego — Mohawk Village church, steeple, and bell — First in
Upper Canada — Plate — Organ — Furnituie — Returns — At Niagara — Old Pa-
rishioners — Tempted to move — Comfortable not rich — Declines a Judgeship
— New Mecklonburgh — Appointed Chaplain to first House of Assembly—
Mohawk Mission — At Marysburgh — Degree of D. D. — Prosperity — Happv
— Decline of life—His duties — Illness, Death, 1811 — His appearance—
" The little gentleman" — His manners — Honorable title — His children-
Rev. O'Kill Stuart.

MEMOIKS OF DR. STUART CONTINUED — " FATHER OP THE UPPER CANAD.\
• "' CHURCH."

Mr. Stuart inimctlintcly roturnccl to America and proceeded tn
his mission, preaching hib lirst sermon to the Mohawks on Christ-
mas of the same year, 1770. He preached regularly eveiy Sunday
after the service had been read in Indian. In the afternoon he
officiated in the Mohawk chapel to the whites, mostly Dutcli. "In
1774 he was able to read the liturgy, baptize and marry in the
Indian tongue, and converse tolerably well with them. He subsc^
qucutly, assisted by Brant, translated parts of the Bible. After
the commencement of the rebellion, until 1777, Mr. Stuart did not
experience any inconvenience," although in other places the clergy
had been shamefully abused ; he remained at Fort Hunter even
after the Declaration of Independence, and constantly performiHl
divine sei'viee without omitting praj'crs lor the king. Mr. Stuart's
connection with the Johnson famil}', and his relations to the Indian?
rendered him particidarly noxious to the' Whigs. Although they
had not proof of his being active in aiding the British, overythini.'
Avas ilonc to make his home unbearable. " His house was attackoii.

;R CANADA

SACRILEQK BY RBBELS.

261

his property plundered and every indignity offered h\n pei-son.
His church was also plundered and turned into a tavern, and in
ridicule and contempt, a barrel of rum was placed in the reading
desk. The church was afterwards used as a wtable, July, 1778.
He was ordered by the Board to detect conspiracies, to leave his
home and repair forthwith with his family to Connecticut until his
exchange could be procured." He was to leave within four days
after receiving the oi*der8, or be committed to close confinement.
"Mr. Stuart appeai*ed before the Commissioners two days after
receiving the above order, and declared his readiness to convince
them that ho had not corresponded with the enemy, and that he was
ready and willing to enter into any engagement for the faithful
performance of such duties as may be enjoined him." The Board
took his parole, by which he was obligated to abstain from doing
anything against the Congress of the United States, or for the
British, and not to leave the limits of Schenectady without per-
mission of the Board. Soon after he writes there are only three
families of my congregation, the rest having joined the King's forces,
nor had he preached for two years. In the Spring of tVSO, the
Indians appeared in the county infuriated because of the conduct of
Greneral Sullivan the previous year. Mr. Stuart had to abandon his
house and move to Albany. So imminent was the danger tliat the
fleeing family could see the houses about in ilames, and hoar the
report of arms. At Albany, Mr. Stuart received much civility from
General Schuyler, and obtained permission to \mt Philadelphia.
Having returned, he made up his mind to emigrate to Canada, and
communicated his resolution as follows : *' I arrived liere eight days
from the time I parted with you (at Philadelphia) and found my
family well, and after being sufficiently affrighted, the enemy having
been within twenty miles of this place, and within one mile of my
house in the country, considering the present state of aflairs in this
part of the Province, I am fully persuaded that I caimot possibly
live here secure, either in rcgai'd to ourselves or property during the
ensuing season ; this place is likely to be a frontier, and will pro-
Itablv be burnt if the enemy can effect it. For these and other
weighty reas^vus, materially weighed, 1 have resolved, with the appro-
bation and consent of Mrs. Stuart, to emigrate to Canada, and having
made an application for an exchange, which I have reason to believe
will be granted.

Mr. Stuart applied by letter to (Tovernor Clinton, to be ex-
changed, March 30, 1781. His application recinved pro!;'.nt attention.

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EXCHANQED — THE CONDITIONS.

antl he wad the same clay allowed permission on certain conditions,
which are stated by Mr. Stuart in a letter to Rev. Mr. "White, of
Philadelphia. The letter is dated Schenectady, April 17, 1781.
" Being considered as a prisoner of war, and having forfeited my
real estate, I have given £400 security to return in exchange for
myself, ono prisoner out of four nominated by the Governor, viz.:
one Colonel, two Captains, and one Lieutenant, either of which will
be accepted in my stead ; or if neither of the prisoners aforesaid can
be obtained, I am to return as a pi'isoner of war to Albany, when
reqiiired. My personal property I am permitted to sell or carry with
me, and I am to procce<l under the protection of a public flag, as
soon as it will be safe and convenient for women and children to
travel that course. We Jire to proceed from here to Fort Arin in
waggons, and from thence in Batteaux." The danger of the journey
was adverted to, and the probability of obtaining a chaplaincy in
Sir William Johnson's 2nd Battalion of Royal Yorkers, which is
neai'ly complete on tlie establishment. " My negroes being personal
property, I take with nie, one of which being a young man, and
capable of bearing arms. I have given £100 security to send back a
white person in his stead."

" Mr. Stewart set out with his family, consisting of his wife
and three small children, on his long and tedious journey, on the
19th of Sept., 1781, and arrived at St. Johns on the 9th of the fol-
lowing month, thus accomplishing the journey in three weeks,
which is now done in twelve or fifteen hours. As there was no
opening in Montreal, ho took charge df a public school, which, with
his commission as Chaplain, gave him support." In a letter to Dr.
White, dated Montreal, October 14, 1783, he says : " I have no reason
hitherto to dislike my change of climate ; but, as reduction must
take place soon, my emoluments will be much diminished, neither
have I any flattci'ing prospect of an eligible situation in the way of
my profession, as there are only three protcstant Parishes in this
Province, the Pastors of which are Frenchmen, and as likely to
live as I am. " Soon after, Mr. Stuart determined to settle at Catar-
aqui, where was a garrison, and to which & good many loyalists had
already proceeded. He was promised the chaplaincy to the garri-
son, with a salary of one thousand dollars a year, and he writes, " I
can preserve the Indian mission in its neighborhood, which, with
other advantages, will afford a comfortable subsistence, although I
wish it laid in Maryland. After the acknowledged independence of
the United States, and the separation of the Episcopalian Church

A TRUE LOYALIST.

263

of America from the mother Church, Dr. Griffith, the Binhop elect
of Virginia, invited Mr. Stuart to nettle in his diocese ; but Mr.
Stuart declined. He writes, "The time has been when the chance
of obtaining a settlement in that part of Virginia would have
gratified my utmost desire ; but, at my time of life, and with such
rivetted principles in favor of a (Tovornraent totally different, ' it
is impossible.' " Though Mr. Stuart did visit Philadelphia in
1786, he never seems to have repented his removal to Canada. Yet
the isolation in which ho sometimes found himself, would sometimes
naturally call up memories that could not fail to be painful. " I
am," he writes, " the only Refugee Clergyman in this Province,
&c." As a relief from such thoughts, he turned to the active duties
of his calling. " I shall not regret," said he, " the disappointment and
chagrin I have hitherto met with, if it pleases God to make me the
instrument of spreading the knowledge of His Gospel amongst the
heathen, and reclaiming only one lost sheep of the house of Israel."
In this spirit he set out on the second of June, 1784, to visit the new
settlements on the St. Lawrence, Bay Quinto, and Niagara Falls,
where he arrived on the 18th of the same month. Already, 3,500
Loyalists had left Montreal that season for Upper Canada. His
reception by the Mohawks, ninety miles from the Falls, was very
affectionate, even the windows of the church in which he officiated
were crowded with those who were anxious to behold again their
old Pastor, from whom they had been so long separatnl." This
church was the first built in Upper Canada, and it must have been
commenced immediately after the Mohawks settled on the Grand
Kiver. He officiated also at Cataraqui, where he found a garrison
of three companies, about thirty good houses, and some 1,500 souls
who intended to settle higher up. He next proceeded to the Bay
of Quinte, where some more Mohawks had settled, and were busy
building houses and haying the foundation of their new village,
named Tyendinaga. Though Mr. Stuart had now received from
the Society, whose missionary he continued to be, discretionary
powers to settle in any pai't of Canada, he remained in Montreal
another year, as assistant to the Rev. Dr. DeLisle, Episcopal Cler-
gyman of that town. He finally removed to Cataraqui, in August,
1785. His share of the public land was situated partly in Catar-
aqui, and partly at a place, which, in memory of the dear old place
on the Mohawk River, was now called New Johnstown. Sometime
in 1785, Mr. Stuart says, "I have two hundred acres within half a
mile of the garrison, a beautiful situation. The town increases fsist ;

UI8 PABISH.

there aro already about fifty houHes built in it, and some of them
very elegant. It is now the port of transport fi-om Canada to
Niagara. Wo have now, just at the door, a ship, a scow, and a
sloop, beside a number of small crafts; and if the communication
lately discovered from this place by water, to Lake Huron and
Michilmackinac proves as safe, and short as we are made to beliovo,
this will shortly be a place of considerable trade." Refei-enco here
must bo made to the route up the Bay and Eiver Ti-ent. " I have
been fortunate in my locations of land, having 1,400 acres at differ-
ent places, in good situations, and of an excellent quality, three
farms of which I am improving, and have sowed this fall with thirty
bushels in them. The number of souls to westwai-d of us is more
than 5,000, and we gain, daily, new recruits from the States. We
are a poor, happy people, industrious beyond example. Our gracious
King gives us land gratis, and furnishes provisions, clothing, and
fsirming utensils, &c., until next September, after which the gene-
rality of the people will be able to live without his bounty." The
above must have been written in 1786, as in May, 1786, he opened
an academy. In the summer of 1788, he went round his Parish,
which was then above 200 miles long. He thus describes his voyage
on this occasion. " I embarked in a batteau with six Indians, com-
manded by Capt. Brant, and coasted along the north shore of Lake
Ontario, about 200 miles from the head of the lake ; we went
twenty-tivo miles by land, to New Oswego, the new Mohawk village
on the (irand River ; these people were my former charge, and the
Society still styles me their Mohawk Vill. Missionary. I found
them conveniently situated on a beautiful river, Avhex'O the soil is
equal in fertility to any I ever saw. Their village contains about
700 souls, and consists of a groat number of good housei^, with an
elegant church in the centre; it has a handsome steeple and bell,
and is well tinished within." By this we learn, that not only was
the tirst Protestant Ciiurch built at the Grand Kiver, but as well
here was the first steeple to contain a boll, which was the tirst to be
heard in Upper Canada. Brant, when in England, (iollected money
for all this. With the above, they had the service of plate, pre-
served from the rebels on the Mohawk ; crimson fui-niture for the
pulpit, and " the Psalmody was accompanied by an organ." "This
place was uninhabited four years ago." " I returned by the route
of Niagara, and visited that settlement. They had, ivs yet, no
clergyman, and preached to a very large audience. The increase of
population there was immense, and indeed I was so well pleased

HIS PROSPERITY.

265

with that country, where I found many of my old Parishioners,
that I was strongly tempted to remove my family to it. You may
suppose it cost me a struggle to refuse the unanimous and pressing
inritation of a large settlement, M'ith the additional argument of a
subscription, and other emoluments, amounting to near £300, York
currency, per annum moi*o than I have here. But, on mature reflec-
tion, I have determined to remain hero. You will suppose mo to
be very rich, or very disinterested ; but, I assure you, neither was
the case. I have a comfortable house, a good farm hero, and an
excellent school for my children, in a very healthy climate, and all
these I could not have expected had 1 removed to Niagara. But,
that you may be convinced that I do not intend to die rich, I have
also declined an honorable and lucrative appointment. Our now
settlements have been divided into four districts, of which this place
is the capital of one, called New Mecklonburgh, and Courts of Justice
are to be immediately opened. I had a commission sent me, as first
Judge of the Court of Common Pleas. But, for reasons which
readily occur to you, I returned it to Lord Dorchester, who left
this place a few days ago."

In 1789, Mr. Stuart was appointed Bishop's Com missionary for
the settlements from Point au Boudette to the western limits of the
Province, being the district now constituting Canada West. Though
this appointment ailded nothing to his emoluments, it increased
considerably his duties. At the meeting of the first Session of
Parliament in 1T92, ho was named Chaplain to the Upper House of
Assembly, an appointment which required for a time his presence
at Niagara. " He occasionally v isitod and officiated for the Mohawk
Village, at the Bay of Quinte. But, notwithstanding the laudable
exertions of the society, and the partial indulgence of the British
Government to this tribe, no flattering accounts can be given either
of their religious improvements, or approach to civilization ; on his
return ho usually stoi)ped at Col. McDonnell's, Marysburgh, and
preached in his house. In the year 1799, the degree of D. D. was con-
fen-ed on Mr. Stuart, by the University of Pennsylvania, his Alma
Mater, a complement he appreciated from his native state. About
the same time he received the appointment of Chaplain to the
Garrison of Kingston. " He had secured about 4000 acres of valu-
able land to which ho occasionally made additions." In his pros-
perity and wealth he exclaimed: " How mj'-sterious are the ways
of Providence ! How short-sighted wo are! Some years ago I
thought it a great hardship to be banished into the wilderness, and

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would luivo imagiiiod mywolf complotoly happy, could I have ox-
C'haii^od it lor a place in tlio City of Philadelphia, — now the best
wish wo can form for our dearest Irionda iis to have them removed
to UH." It must bo remarked that the above is taken from letters
written to a friend in Phila<iel])hia, and no doubt, being private niul
social in their nature, there is often a coloring favorable to thy
States which eminatod from no love to that country, "The re-
mainder of Br. Stuart's life seems to have passed in the routine of
his duties, interrupted however by attacks of illness, to which the
increase of years, and the fatigue attendant on a mission in no new
n country, could not fail to subject him." Dr. Stuart departed this
life on the 15th of August, 1811, in the seventy-first year of hisi
age, and wivs buried at Kingston, where he lives (says one of his
cotemporaries) in the heart of his friends. " He was about six I'eet
four inches in height, and from this circumstance, was known among
his New York friends Jis " the little gentleman." His manners wore
quiet and conciliating, and his character, such as led him rather to
win more by kindness and persuasion, than to awe and alarm them
by the terrors of authority. His sermons were composed in plain
and nervous language, were recommended by the affectionute
manner of his ilclivery, and not unfrcquently found a way to the
conscience of those who had long been insensible to any real ro-
ligious convictions. The honorable title of Father of the Upper
<..*aniula Church, hivs been fitly bestowed on him, and he deserves
the name not more by his ago and the length of his services, than
by the kind and paternal iuivico and encouragemoat, which ho was
ever ready to give those younger than ho on their first entrance on
the mission." " By his wife, Jane O'Kill, of Philadelphia, wlio
was born in 1752, ho had five sons and three daughters." All of
his sons subsequently occupied distinguished positions. His elilcsl
son George O'Kill, graduated at Cambridge, England, in 1801,
entered Holy Oi-doi's, and was appointed missionary at York, now
Toronto, from whence he returned on his father's death to Kingston,
where ho became Archdeacon. He died in 1862, at tbo age of
eighty-six.

■■X

REV. MR. ADDIBON. 267

CIIAPTRR XXVllI.

C0NTBNT8 — A Miswionary — Chaplain at Niagara — PaKtor to the Settlers — (.'haplain
to Lt'giHlaturo — ViaitB Grand Uivcr — Offioiatcn — A Land Speculator — Re-
ceives a pension, X"50 — lH2;i — Uev. Mr. Pollard — At Ainherstburgh — Mr.
Langhorn — A Missionary — Little Education — Useful — Odd — On Hay Quint6
In Ernesttown — Builds a (Jhiireh — At Adoli)hus£own — Preaches at Hagor-
man's — Another (Jhnrch — A Diligent Pastor — Pioneer PrtacluT around the
Bay — Christening — Marrying — Particular — His Appointments — Clerk's Foes
— OeiioroBity — Present to Bride — Faithful to Sick Calls — Frozen Feet — No
Stockings — Shoe Buckles — Dress — Books — Peculiarities — Fond of the Water
-.CLarit4ihle — War of 1812 — Determined to leave Canada — Thinks it doomed
-—Singular Notice — Kcturns to Europe — His Library — Present to Kingston
— Twenty Years in Caniula — Extniet from (Ja/.ette — No One Immediately to

take His Place — Uev. ffohn Rethune — T)\v*l 1815 — Native of Scotland

U. E. Loyalists — Lost Property — Chaplain to 84th Regiment — A Presby-
terian — Second Legal Clergyman in Upper ('anada — Sisttled at Cornwall —
Childrtm — The Ba|)tists — Wyner — Turner — Holts Wiem — Baptists upon
River Moira — First Chaptd — How Built — Places of Preaching — Hayden's
Corners — At East Lake — The Lutherans — Rev. Schworrtfeger — Lutheran
Settlers — County Dundas — First Church East of Kingston — Rev. Mr. Myers
Lived in Marysburgh — Mnrriagc — His Lfig Church — Removes to St. Law-
rence — Resigns — To Pliiladeli)hia — Mr. Weant — Lives in Krnesttown —
Removes to Matilda — Not Sui)portet! — Secretly Joins the English Church —
Re-ordained — His Society Tgnoi ^t — Suspicion — Preaching in Shirt Sleeves
— Mr. Myers Returns, by Sleigh — Locking Church Door — The Thirty-nine
Articles — Compromise — Mr. Myers continues Tlwee Years a Lutheran — He
Secedes — The End of botli Seccder.s — R(^v. I. Ij. Senderling — Rev. Herman
Hayimga — Rev. Mr. Shorts^Last Luthemn Minister at Ernesttown, McCarty
— Married.

THE FIRST EPISCOPALIANS, CONTINUED — PREHByTERIAN.S, UAPTI8TS,

AND LUTHERANS.

The Rev. Robert Addison civme as a misHionavy from the
Society for Propagating the Gospel in Foreign Parts, in 1790. He
probably discharged the duties of chaplain to the troops stationed at
Niagara, and also was Clergyman, and officiated as such, to the
settlers. When the government was formed at Niagara, in 1792,
Mr. Addison, was appointe<l Chaplain. He occasionly visited
the Grand River Indians, otltciating through an interpreter, and
baptizing and marrying. Col. Clark says, Mr. Addison was a land
speculator. In 1823, an act was passed by Parliament, granting
Mr. Addison a pension of £50 per annum during life, for service
rondorcd as Chaplain to the llou.'O of Assembly tor thirty years.
Another Episcopalian Clergyman, who came to Canada about the
same time, was the Rev. Mr. Pollaitl, whose station was at Am-
herstburgh.

A fourth Church of England Clergyman, and one with whom

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REV. MR. LAMGIIORN.

we must bccoino more familiar, was the Rov. Mr. Langhoru. Ac-
cording to the statement made to us by the late Bishop Strachaii,
Mr. Langhorn was sent to Canada as a missionary by a Society in
London, called "The Bees," or some such name. He was a Welsh-
man by birth, possessed of but little education or talent, yet a
truthful, zealous, artd useful man. Odd in his mannei*, he never-
theless worked faithfully among the settlei-s from Kingston to
Hay Bay. Upon arriving he took up his abode in Ernesttown,
living at Hoyts, the present site of Bath. Here he was instru-
mental in having, before long time, erected an English Church.
Soon after coming he visited Adoljihustown, and preached ul Mr.
Hagerman's, where Mr. Stuart had previously occasionally held
service. Steps were at once taken tio build a church also at
Adolphustown, and Mr. Langhorn came to hold service^ regularly
every second Sabbath. Mr. Langhorn was a diligent pastor in his
rounds among his flock, over an extensive tract with great regularity.
and once in a great while he went as far as the Carrying Place,
where it is said he preached the first of all the pioneer mini^^to^'s.
He likewise occasionally visited Prince Edward, and preached at
Smith's Bay, and at Congei-s, Picton Bay. He was very careful to
have all the children christened before they were eight days old, and
never failed to question the larger in the catechism. Marriage he
he would never perform but in the church, and always before
eleven in the morning. If the parties to be joined failed to reach
the church by the appointed time, ho would leave ; and would
refuse to marry them,2no matter how far they had come, generally
on f(X)t, or by canoe. Sometimes they were fi'om the remote
townships, yet Avere sent away unmarried. After performing the
mai'riage ceremony, he would insist on receiving, it is said, three
coppers for his clerk. For himself he would take nothing, unles,'*
it was to present it to the bride immediately. Seemingly he did
not care for money ; and he would go in all kinds of weather when
wanted to ofl&ciate, or administer to the wants of the sick. One
person tells us that he remembers his coming to his father's in
winter, and that his feet were frozen. No wcmder, as Mr. Langhorn
never wore stockings nor gloves in the coldest weather. But his
shoe buckles were broad and bright ; and a broad rimmed hat turned
up at the sides covered his head. Upon his back he generally carried
in a bag some books for reading. We have referred to his pecu-
liarities; many extraoi'dinary eccentricities are related of him,
both as a man and clergyman. He was very fond of the water, both

RBV. JOHN BETHUNS.

269

in summer and winter. "In Hummor," (Piayter suy.s,) " ho would,
at times swim from a cove on the main wlioro to a cove in the
opposite iHhind, three milea apart, and in winter, he would cut
it hole in the ice, and another at some distance, and would dive
down at one hole, and come up the other. He had Home eccentrici-
ties, but ho seemed to bo a good and charitable man."

Mr. Langhorn, when the war of 1812 commenced, acquired the
belief, it is said, that Canada would be conquered by tlio ITnited
States, and so determined to escape. The following somewhat
(iingulav '' Notice" ai^peared in the Kingston Gazette : — " Notice —
To all whom it may concern, — That the Rev. J. Langhorn, of
Enicsttown, intends returning to Europe this summer, if ho can
find a convenient opportunity ; and all \v\o have any objections to
make, arc requested to acquaint him witji them, and they will much
oblige their humble servant, — J. Langhorn, — Earnesttown, March,
1813." The Rev. gentleman did go home, and some say that he was
again coming to Canada, and was shipwrecked. iJefore leaving
Canada, ho made a valuable present to Kingston, as tho following
notice will show :

" The Rev. Mi-. Langhorn, of Ernosttown, who is about return-
ing to England, his native country, has presented a valuable collec-
tion of books to the Social Librar}', established in this village. The
directors have expressed to him the thaiiks of tho pr()i)rietors for
his libci-al donation. Many of the volumes are very elegant, and,
it is to be hoped, will, for many years, remain a memorial of his
liberality and disposition to promote the diffusion of useful know-
ledge among a people, with whom he has lived as an Episcopal
Missionary more than twenty years. During that period his aets
of charity have been frequent and numerous, and not cojifinod to
members of his own church ; but extended to indigent and merito-
rious persons of all denominations. Many who have shared in his
Iwunty, will have reason to i-ecollect him with ^gratitude, and to
regret his removal from the country." — (Kingston Gazette).

AtU'r his departure, the churches where he had preached wcrp
vacant for many a day; and, at last, the one in Adolphustown went
to decay.

There died, at Williamstown, IT. C, 23rd September, 1815, the
Kcv. John Bethune, in his 65th year. He was a native of Scotland. •
Came to America before tho rebellion, and was possessed of pro-
perty, all of which he lost, and was thereby reduced to groat distress
for th«! time being. The foundation was then laid for the disease of

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270

BARLY OLBROTMIN.

which ho died. During the robollion, ho wuh appointod Chaplain
to the 80th liogimont. At the oIoHoof the war ho settled in Canada.
Ho loft a widow nnd nuniorous family.

Ex-Sheriff Sherwood, of Brockvillo, nays that "the Rev. Mr.
Bethune, a Presbyterian Clergyman, was the second legalized Cler-
gyman in the country. He settled at an early period at Cornwall.
He was father of the Rev. John Bethune, now Dean of MonlronI,
(1866)."

BAPTISTS — WYNER, TURNER, HOLTS, WIEM.

The tir.tt Ministers of this sect were Elders Wyner and Tamer,
a brother of Gideon Turner, one of the first settlers of Thurlow.
One, Elder Holts, also preached around the Bay, but a love of brandy
hindered him. Yet ho was an attractive preacher. This vis pro-
bably about 1794.

A (onsidorable number of Baptists settled up the river Moira,
in Thurlow. The tirst chapel built hero was for thatdonomination,
in the fifth concession. Its size was thirty feet square. But, prior
to the building of this, a dozen or so would meet for worshij) at the
house of Mr. Ross. The chapel was mainly built by each member
going to the place and working at tho building, from time to time,
until it was completed.

Mr. Turner traveled through different sections, preaching
wherever ho found his fellow communionists. He occasionally
proachod at Capt. Mcintosh's, at Myor's Creek, and now and then
at the head of the Bay. The Baptists were, probably, tho first to
preach at Sidney, and Thurlow. Myer's Creek was not a central
place at which to collect the scattered settlers until it became a
village. Boibre that, the preaching place of the Baptists, and after-
wards of tho Presbyterians and Methodists, was up at Gilbert's
house,, in Sidney, or at Col. Boll's, in Thurlow. When the village
grew, services wore held at Capt. Mcintosh's and Mr. Mitz's, at the
mouth of the river, by different denominations, and still later, in a
small school house. Preaching also was held up the river, at Reed's
and Haydon's Cornei-s.

The first Baptist Minister that preached at East Lake, Hallo-
well, was tho Rev. Joseph Wiem. Not unlikely, ho and Elder
, Wyner are the same.

THE LUTHERANS— 8CHWERDER.OER, MYERS, WEANT.

Among the early ministers of religion who attended to the
spiritual interests of the pioneers, were several of the Lutheran

Ihaplain
Canada.

,ev. Mr.
50(1 Clor-
ornwall.
lontronl,

\ Tamer,
Thurlow,
)f brandy
vw pro-

or Moira,
mination,
3ut, prior
hip at the
I member
to time,

n-cachinji;
casionally
and then
10 first to
a central
became a
and after-
Gilbort's
,e village
;'s, at the
ator, in a
at Reed's

Hallo-
Ind Elder

[A to the
jutheran

8ECK88ION.

271

Church. Of this denomination, there was u connidernblo number
in the County of Dundaw, chiefly Dutch. There wore also a com-
munity of them in Kmentlown, nrd another in Murynburgh. The
first church built in Upper Canada, caet of Kingston, perhaps the
next alter the one built at Tyondiniiga, was erected by the Luther-
ans. It was put up in 1790, named Zion's Church, and a Mr.
Schwordfeger, who resided near Albany, was invited to be their
Pastor. This invitation was gladly accepted, aa he and his family
had sutt'ered severe persecution from the victorious rebels. He died
in 1803.

At an ealy period, indeed it would seem probable before Mr.
Schwei-dfeger came to Canada, although the time cannot be posi-
tively fixed, the Rev. Mr. Myers, from Philadelphia, lived in Marys-
burgh and preached to the Lutheran Germans of that Township.
Ho married a daughter of Mr. Henry Smith, one of the firstsettlei's
there, where stood his log church, about twenty-four feet square,
upon the brow of a hill overlooking a lovely landscape. Mr. Myers
removed to the St. Lawrence, and " in 1804 became Pastor of the
Lutheran churches there." (History of Dundas). Ho resigned
in 1807, not being supported, and removed to Pennsylvania.

The second Lutheran clergyman to preach upon the Bay, was
the Rev. Mr. Weant. Ho lived a short distance below Bath, and
went every four weeks to preach at Smith's Bay ; and, in the mean-
time, preached to the Lutherans of Ernesttown, where he built a
log church, the first there. In 1808, he received a fall from
the Lutherans of Matilda, "which he accepted, and for some time
preached acceptably, residing in the parsonage. He, too, seems to
have been inadequately supported by the people, and yielding to
inducements, too tempting for most men to resist, he, in 1811,
secretly joined the Church of England, and was re-ordained by
Bishop Mountain, in Quebec. Upon his return, he pretended still
to be a Lutheran minister, and preached, as u^ual, in German exclu-
sively. Suspicions, however, soon arose that all was not right, for
he began to use the English Book of Common Prayer, and occasion-
ally to wear the surplice, practices which gave such olfence to his
former friends, tliat they declared they would ro longer go to hear
a man who proclaimed to them iu his hhirt sleeves. A few were
pei-suaded by him to join the Church of England. The majority
remained faithful. In 1814, the Lutherans again invited the Rev-
Mr. Myers j upon his consenting to come, they sent two sleighs, in
the winter, to Pennsylvania, and brought him and his fainily to

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.I'TIICRANH.

BuiuluH. But Mr. Wcant would not ^ivo up the pni-Honn^o and
globe, uiiil put ft imtllook on the church door, and iorhadf* any ouv
to enter, unloss acknowledging tho thirty-nine articles of the Chuivh
of Kn><land. A compromiHC roHulted, and the LuthcrauH wore jior.
mitted to use the building once in two weeks. For three ycarH.
Mr. MyerH continued his miniHtrationH an a Lutheran, in the moan-
time being in straitened circiunstanceH. In 1817, rttrangely
enough, Mr. MyerH also tbrHook the Lutheran Church, and con-
formed to the Church of England. (Hist, of Dundan. ) The oiul of
Mr. Weant and Mr. Myers, ai'cording to accounts, was not, in either
case satisfactory. The latter died suddenly from a fall, it is siiid,
while he was intoxicated, an<l the former was addicted to the same
habit of intemperance.

The successor of M r. Myers was the Rev. I. L. Sbnderlinu. Ho
came in 1826, and stayed only a short time.

In 182(5, Rev. Herman Hayunioa became the Pastor ; and sue.
ceeded, after many, years, in restoring to the church its former
prosperity, notwithstanding much that opposed him. Ho had a now
church erected. His successor was tho Rev. Dendrick 8hort«.

The Kingston Ga:ctte contains a notice of perhaps tho last
Lutheran Minister at Ernest town. "Married. In Ernesttown,
29th Jan, 1816, tho Rev. \Vm. McCarty, Minister of tlie Lutheran
congregation, to Miss Clarissa Fralick."

■:*■•■ •

BTRAniAN H BRMClIors CHART,

CHAITKfl XXIX.

278

Contents — I(ii»lw>ii Stmclmii — A tcachi'i' — A incuclirr — A Htiidml — Holy Oi'iIitm

A I'ri'Mliytcrian — Uct^onicK nii KiiiHcoimliim — A siiiiportiT of tlic •' l''amily

coinpiict '-—Sincere— His (ijiinidFi dI' tlio in'oplr— lyiioriiiit — rii|irr|iiiri(l Tor
sclf-jjDVL'rniuciit — Stmclmn'H rdigiuiis <lmi( — Ifc wns ilcccivod — Tin' Mi'tho-
(list — \nonmItms comicctioii — A tUIiluistfriin,' in'oplo — ItcpiililiriiiiiMin t no
tiHtii'ikl — liovulty of Jli'thodists — Aniciiinn iiiiiiiNti'i.s — Dr. Stiiiiiumn |>iiNi-
tion — His Mrtli place — IHh i'(lu<'iiti<pii — .\. M., iTtK! — StiidyiiiiL; TlndluLiy —
CoincH toCaimdrt — A studi'iit ot'Pr. Stiiavts — ()rdaini'(! pci-con — .\ iiiiKsioii-
urv ut (Joinwall — lU'i tor at York — Arriultacoii — HiKJuip of 'I'ovoiiti) — Coad-
jutor — Death — A puMii- burial — llcv. .Mr. McDowell — Fjrut I'risliytiriuii at
Jiay Qiiinte — Divitcd liy VaiiAlstinc — On liin way — .\t lirockvillf— Srtlli-n
ill Kt'pon<l town — His circuit — .\ wortliy niiiUNtcr — Kultlllini;' liis mission—
Travcliic-v on foot — To York — Marry in;,' the |icoph' — lli.«i death — His desn'U-
danth — l'hu(,'s of rreacliiui,' — \ CalviniHt — fuvites controversy — Mr. Coate
acco|>tM tho(liallenj{i' — The di.sputation — Kxoitcment — The result — llev. Mr.
Smart — Called hy Mr. McDowell — I'res. deryyinan at Ihockville — Fifty
years — An cariieHt Cliristian — A desire to write — " (tti.server"—-A pioneer —
A cause of rcffrc't — Not extreme — Mr. Smart's views on politics — The masses
uneducate<l — The "Family Compact'' — Uiso of responsihle j;(>vernnient
— The liidwelU — Credit to Dr. Struchan — Hrock's funeral sermon —
Foundation of Kingston p;t\o\ — l^faitland — Demonstration — Sh. rwoinl s
statement.

msiior STUACMAN — Kiev. Mil. M<'I>OWKM, AND KKV. .MK. SMAKT.

Having clsewliere spoken of this (Hstinguislied man ns tlio first
teacher of Iliglier K«lu('atii»n in Upper C'nnndn, it is intcjided to givf
hun a proper place among the first wlio preached llie Gosjiol. Dr.
Stvaclian, wlio had studied Divinity at Kingston, under tlie guidance
of Mr. Stuart, took Ifoly Orders wltile engaged in teacliing at Corn-
wall. Although he had been brought up in the Presbyterian faith, lie
deliberately connected himself with the Church of England, as the
church of his choice.

From the first, Dr. Strachan took a decided stand in favor of the
e.vdusive power claimed by tiie government and the " Family Com-
pact." This step was no doubt, deemed by him the very best to
secure the interest of the rising country, believing as he did, that the
people generally were unfitted by want of edtioation to perform the
duties of legislation and self-government. His devotion to the
government, led doubtless, in some instances, to errors of Judgment,
and on a few occasions placed him in a false j)osition. Yet he Avas
always seemingly conscientious. The coiu'se juirsued by him, in pre-
paring, and sending to the Imperial Government [a religious chart,
which subsequent investigation proved to be incorrect, had, at the

time, an unfortunate effect. But it is submitted, that it lias never
18

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AMERICAN METUODIST MINISTERS.

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been shewn, that Dr. Strachun was otherwise than ilecoived when
preparing the document. lie made statements of a derogatory
nature with respect to the Methodist body ; but can it be shewn that
there was no reason whatever for his stattmients. The history of the
Methodists of Canaiia, exhibits a loyalty above suspicion. But was
there no ground on which to placo doubts respecting the propriety of
any body of Canadiiuis receiving religious instruction from men who
were subjects of another country — a country which was ever threat-
ening the province, and who had basely invaded an inoftending
people — a country that co.istantly encouraged her citizens to pene-
trate the territory of contiguous powers with the view of possessing
'\K While there is sufficient proof that the Methodist ministers who
came into the comitry were actuated by the very highest motives, it
cannot be denied that any one taught in the school of republicanism,
will carry with him wherever he goes, whether among the courtly of
Europe, the contented and happy Canadians, or the blood-thirsty
Mexicans, his belief in the imniaculate principles of republicanism.
He cannot, oven if he wouhl, refrain from descanting upon the Kupe-
riority of his government over all others. The proclamation of Gen.
lltill, at Detroit, and of others, shews that the belief was entertained
in the States, that many Canadians were favorable to the Amerii::uis-
AVhcnce could have arisen this belief ? Not certainly from the old
U. E. Loyalist**, who had been driven aw.'iy from their native country?
N*)t surely by the English, Irish, or Scotch ? Dr. Strachan, with the
government, could not close tlieir eyes to these facts, and was it
unnatural to infer that American-sent Methodists had something to do
with it ?

Bishop Strachan was a man of education, an»l iis such, he must
be judged in reference to his o])inion that Methodists were unqunl-
ifietl to teach religious tni'li, from their imperfect or deficient
education. We say, not that much book learning is absolutely
essential to a successful expounding of the plan of salvation, although
it is always luoht desirable. But having taken our pen to do justice
to all of whom we have to speak, we desire to place the reader so
far as we can upon the stand of view occupietl by the distinguished
Divine and Scholar.

Dr. Strachan was born at Aberdeen, Scotland, I'ith April, 1778.
lie was educated at the Grammar School, and at King's College, at
tliat city, wiiore he took the «legree of M. A., in 1703. Ue tiieii
removed to the neighborhood of St. Andrews, and studied Theologyt
as a l*rtsbyteri;vn. As stated elsewhere, he came to America in 1 799,

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FIRST PRESBYTERIAN MINISTER.

275

renctiing Canada the last day of the year. Disappointed in his expec-
tations respecting an appointment to establish a college, he beciime a
school teacher in Kingston, and at the same time n student of Divinity,
under the guidance and fritindship of Dr. Stuart. He prosecuted his
Theological stiidies during the thi-ee years he was in Kingston, and
in 1803, was ordained Deacon, by Dr. Jlountain, the tirst Protestant
Bishop of Quebec. Tlie following year he was admitteti to Holy
Orders, and went as a missionary to Cornwall. Here he continued
nine years, attending diligently to his duties as a minister, all over
hi8 widening parish ; and also conducted a (irrammar School. In 1812
he recciveti the appointment of Keetor at York, the capital, and in
1825 he was m:ule Archdeacon. Enjoying political appointments with
these ecclesiastical, he finally, in 18;M), was elevattul to be the first
Bishop of Toronto. Dr. Strachan discharged the «luties of his high
office with aoce))tability. In 1800 Archdeacon Hcthune was a])poiuted
as Coadjutor Jiishop, the venerable prelate beginning to feel that bis
time was almost done, lie died 1st November, 1807, having attained
to his ninetieth year, and was accorded a public funeral. No higher
marks of esteem and veneration could have been exhibited than were
displayed by all classes at the death of this Canadian Divine.

Tlie most of the settlers from the Hudson, not Lutherans, were
Presbyterians, or of the Dutch Reformed ('hurch. Mr. McDowell
was the first Presbyterian minister to visit the Bay. lie came about
1800, perhaps btd'ore; when yet there were but few clergynjen in
tlie province. We have seen it stated that he was sent for by
Major VanAlstine, Avho was a I'resbyterian. On his way he tarried
a day in the Neighborhood of Broekville. Adiel JShorwood was then
teaching school, in connection with which he was holding a public
exhibition. Sir. McDowell attended, and here tirst took a part as a
niiuister, by ottering his first public prayer in the country. He pro-
ceeded to Kingston, ami settled in the second township. But his
circuit of travel .anil places of preaching extended from lirockville
to the head of H.ay tjuinte. The name ol tliis worthy individual is too
little known by the inhabitants of the bay. No man contributed more
tiian ho to fulfill the Divine mission " go preach ;" and at a time when
great spiritual want was felt he came to the iiardy settlers. The spirit
of Christianity was by him aroused to no little extent, especially among
those, who in tlieir early «lays ha«l been accustomed to sit muler the
tetwliings of I'resbytcrianism. He tniveled far and near, in all kinds
of weather, and at all seasons, sometimes in the canoe or batteau, and
sometimes on foot. On one occasion he walked all the way from Bay

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REV. MR. SMART.

Quiiite to York, following the lake shore, and swimming the rivers tluit
could not be otherwise forded. He probably married more persons
while iu the ministerial work than all the rest in the ten township:?
around the bay. This arose from his being the only minister legallv
qualitied to solemnize matrimony, beside tlie clci-gj'mcn of theEnghsh
Church, Mr. Stuart, of Kingston, and Langhorn, of Fredericksbnrgli.
Persons wishing to be married repaired to him from all the region of
the bay, or availed themselves of his stated ministerial tours. The
writer's parents, then living in Adolplnistown, were among thosf
married by him, the ceriiieatc of Avhich now lies before him. Mr. A.
Sherwood thus ppealcs of him, " He lived to labor many years in
the seivice of his Mast(>r, and after ;m honorable and good old age
he died highly esteemed by his friends and much respected by all who
knew him." '• Mr. McDowell had at least two sons and a daughter.
The last is Mrs. C/arpentcr, now living at Demorestville. One of his
sons removed to New York and there established a Magdalene Asv-
lum. Mr. McDowell, used to pass around the bay twice or thrco
times a year. He Mas one of the first, to preach at the extreme
head of the bay, tlie Carrying Place, and for that purpose occnpie<l
a ban:. Another of liis preaching places was in Sophiasbiu'gli,
on the marsh front. He preached liere foiir times a year. Ho
was a rigid Calvinist, and preaching one Sabbatli at the beginnin<j:
of the present century in the Court House at Adolphustown, lip
oft'ered to argue with any one publicly the question of Calvanisni,
The Methodist minister of the bay, the Eev. Samuel Coate, was urged
by his society to accept the challange, and after a good deal of hesi
tation did so. So a "day was appointed for the discussion. Tlic
meeting to ' place at a convenient ])lace, three miles from Bath, in
the Presbyterian church. The excitement wa.? great ; the inhabitants
coming cv*^n trom Sidney and Thurlow. Mr. McDowell spoke first,
and occupied half a day. Then followed Mr. Coate. After he had
spoken two hours Mr. McDowell and his friends left ; why, it is not
said. Mr. Coate continued speaking until night. We have the state-
ment of the iMethodists, tluit Mr. Coate had the best of it, but mc
never learned the belief of the other party. Mr. Coate's sermon was
publisr.ed by request, and thereafter, it is said Presbyter! anisni
waned in the locality.

Ekv. Mr. Smart, — This truly pious man, and evangelical minister,
came to Canada in 1811. He never actually lived within the pre-
cincts of the Bay; but he was called to the wilderness of Upper
Canada bv the Rev. Mr. McDowell, at least he was chiefly instru-

•' THE FAMILY COMPACT.

277

mental in bringing him out, even before his student <lays were ended.
For upwards of fifty years bo discharged the duties of Presbyterian
clergyman at Broekville, the first clergyman of any denomination
within fifty miles. We shall ever remember the kind genial person
with whom we spent a few pleasant hours in the evening of his
eventful life, a life spent earnestly in the service of his Master,
and for the Avelfare of his family, for, to use his own words, "In his
(lay it was no easy matter to live and rear a family." Tliis he said
not complainingly, but because it hindered him from indulging a
desire he once felt to do something with his pen — to record, as he
was desired to do, the events connected with his early life in Uj^per
Canada, and his cotemporaries. At first he did coiitriliute to the
Kingston Gazette, over the cognomen "Observer." But other things
pressed upon him, and when repose came he fancied the fire of his
early days, for scribbling, had too far sunk. This is much to bo
regretted, foi* as a close observer and upriglit man, and living in
eventful times of Canadian history, ho Avas pre-eminently qualified to
treat the subject. Mr. Smart was always distinguished for mod»!rate
and well-considered views upon Religion, Political Government and
Education. He lived when the battle commenced between the
■'P"amily Compact" and the people. While he firmly set his face
au;ainst the extreme stand taken bv the Rev. ^Ir. Strachan, he never
identified hiniself with the party that o{)posed that worker for, and
with the Government. On this point, Mr. Sniart makes judicious
remarks. In speaking of the rise and first days of the Province, he
says, "it was necessary the Government in Council shouM create
laws, and govern the peoi)le, inasmuch as the vast majority of the
inhabitants were unlettered, and unfit to occupy i)laces which required
judgment and discrimination. Tliere were but few of the U. E.
Loyalists who possessed a complete education. He was personally
acquainted with many, especially along the St. Tiawrencc, and Bay of
Quinte, and by no means were all educated, or men of judgment;
even the half-pay ofticers, many of them, had but a limited education.
Many of them were placed on the list of oflicers, not because they
had seen service, but as the most certain way of compensating them
for losses sustained in the Rebellion. And there were few, if any,
of them fitted by education for ofiice, or to serve in Parliament
Such being the case, the Governor and his advisers were at the first
necessarily impelled to rule the country. Having once enjoyed the
exclusive power, they became unwilling to share it with the repre-
sentatives of the people. But the time came when the mass, having

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brock's FtlNBRAL SERMON.

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acquired some idea of Eesponsible Go^'cmmont, were no longer to
be kept in obscurity, and thence arose the war between the Tory and
the Eadical. In all the contentions arising therefrom, Mr. Smart
held an intermediate position with the Bidwe^'s and others. lu
speaking of all this, Mr. Smart -is particularly anxious to give credit to
Dr. Strachan for his honesty of purpose, saying that the Colony is
much indebted to hitn in many ways.

Mr. Smart was called u])on to preach the funeral sermon of
Canada's great hero, General Brock.

Ho also delivered an address on the occasion of laying the foun-
dation stone of the gaol in Kingston, in presence of the Governor,
Peregrine Maitland, who was down from York, on which occasion
there was great demonstration of Free Masons, and the farmers of
the Bay.

Mr. Sherwootl thus speaks of Mr. Smart : " On his arrival, he for
some little time made his home at my house, he was then 23 years
old, he has now (1866) entered his 78th year, has retired from a
public charge, and is now residing quietly, and I trust comfortably,
at Gananoque ; and I feel quite sure, all that know him throughout
the whole Province, will join with mc, in wishing him long life and
happiness, bolb here and hereafter."

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CHAPTEE XXX.

CoNTiNis — The Qiiakprs — Among tho Settlers — From Penn. — Duchess County —
First Meeting-ljousc— David S' d — Elijah Hick — Visiting Canada — James
Noxen — A first settler — Their mode of worship— In Sophiashurgh — The
meeting-house — Joseph Leavens — Hicksit'S — Traveling — Death, aged 92 —
Extract, Picton Sun — T?'o iirst preaching places — First English church —
In private houses — At Sandwich — The Indian church at the bay — Ernest-
town — First Methodist church — Preaching at Niagara — First church in
Kingston — At Waterloo — At Niagara — Churches at Kingston, 1817 — In
HoUowell — Thurlow — Methodist meeting-houses, 1816 — At Montreal —
Building chapels in olden times — Occupying the frame — The old Methodist
chapels-f-In Hollowell township — In the fifth town— St. Lawrence — First
English Church, Belleville — Mr. Campbell — First time in the pulpit — How-
he got out — The old church superseded — Church, front of Sidney— Rev. John
Cochvane — Rev. Mr. Grier — First Presbyterian Church in Belleville — Rev.
Mr. Ketcham — First Methodist Church in Belleville — Healey, Puffer — The
site of the church — A second one.

THE EARLY CLERGYMEN AND CHURCHES OF UPPER CANADA.
QUAKERS. — NOXEN, LEAVENS, HICKS, SAND.

-THE

Among the early settlers of the Bay were a goodly number of
the Society of Friends Some of them were natives of Pennsyl-
vania; but the majority were from the Nine Partners, Duchess
County, New York, where had existed an extensive community of
the followers of Fox. The first meeting-house built by the Quakers
in Canada was in Adolphustown upon the south shore of Hay Bay,
toward the close of last century.

About 1790, two Quaker preachers of some note visited Canada,
they were David Sand and Elijah Hick. By appointment they
held service in Adolphustown ; it is uncertain whether this was
before, or after the building of the meeting-house. The first and
principal preacher among the Quakers was James Noxen, one of
the first settlers of Adolphustown, under whom the Society was
organized. lie subsequenJly in 1814 removed to Sophiashurgh,
where he died in 1842.

The worship of the Quakers consists in essentially spiritual
meditation and earnest examination of the inmost soul, a quiet
holding of the balance, to weigh the actions and motives of every-
day life. To the proper discharge of these duties no place can be
too quiet, too far removed from the busy haunts of men.

The sixth township, or Sophiasburg had among its settlers a
good many of this sect, which at first had meetings at Jacob Cronks,
until the year 1825, when they erected a meeting-hou.se upon the
northern front of the township.

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JOSEPH LEAVENS.

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Two milos below the village of Xorthport, iwMitutitod a Friends'
mcctiiig-houso. Here twice a week, on Thursdays and Sundays,
congregate few, or many of the atlhorents of this persuasion, to
ponimuno with their God. The mee ting-house, reposing upon the
very voi'ge of tlio shore, and half shadowed by beautiful maples and
evergreens, is a tit place in which to submit oneself to strict solf-
examination. There is nothing here to disturb the supreme quie-
tude of the place, unless, the gentle ripples of the water, or tho
more restless murmuring of the wave.

Joseph Leavens "was an early settler of Canada, an emigrant
from New Yoi-k," he was for many years an esteemed preacher of
the Ilicksitc branch of Quakers, and was accustomed to travel from
place to place, to talk to his ';o-roligionists. He had a place for
preaching in a loft of his brother's stove in Belleville. Ho was one
of the iirst (Juaker preachers in Canada and travelled thi-ough all
the townships at the Bay, and to East Lake.

•'Died in the township of Hallowell, about the 2-l:th of May,
1814, i.he venerable Joseph Leavens, in the !)2nd year of his age.
He was amongst tho early settlers of the Cana<lian forest, and
emigrated from New York State, and probably was a native ot
Nine Partners District. He had long been a Prcachei- in tho
Ecligious Society of Friends, and though not possessed of more than
one talent, yet it is believed that, as lie occupied that to his Maker's
glory, his reward will bo as certain as though he had i-eceivcd ten
talents. He was a diligent reader in the sacred volume. He was
much beloved both by his neigh l)0ui's and friends, and it is desired
that his gospel laltours may be profitably i emembered by them and
his relatives." — (Picton Sun.)

In speaking of the individual clergymen who first came to
the Province v.-e have referred to many of the first preaching
places and churches: but there remains to be added s(niie further
rcnuu'ks.

\Ye have secv; that the first church erectetl in Western Canada
was at the JMohawk settlement, Grand liiver, which was built the
firnt year of their habitation in that i)lace — 1785-6. Strange that
the natives of the wood, should take the lead in erecting places of
worship. It was several years later before even log meeting-
houses wore put up by the loyalists. For many years the pioneer
clergymen or preachers officiated in private houses. Now tho ser-
vice would be at the house of one, to which a considerable number

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THE FIRST C?IURCIIES.

281

cowlcl come fi-oma circuit of ton or fil'tooii miles, then it would be at
the place of Home settlor whoso larger io^ house ufibrded a more
commodious place of worship.

A church was built at an early date at Sandwich, but the year,
wo know not. Tho first church erected U])on the Bay, the Rev.
Mr. Smart thinks, was at the Mohawk village, Tyendinaga. At an
early period a loy church was built in I'iruosttown by tho Lutherans
and another on South Bay ; one also for Mr. Lanf^horn to
preach in, and then another in Adolphuslown. The first Methodist
church was built in Adolphnstown in 1T!)2, and a second one a
month later in Ernesttown.

The Rev. Mr. Addison, wont to Niagara in 1792. When
Governor Siincoe lived in Navy Hall, tho Council Chamber a
building near tho barracks it was said, was used altornatoly by tho
English Church, and Church of Rome.

The first KngliKh Church was erected in Kingston in 1793, and
up to 1810 it was the only one. A 3lethodist church was built at
iivery early date at Waterloo, it was never finished, but used for
many years. The first at Niagara, was in 1802.

In November 28, 181T, there wore in Kingston. •• four
churches or meeting-houses, vix: 1 Ej)isci)palian, 1 iioman Catholic
and 2 Methodists ; there were 4 professional i)reachers, viz : 1
Episcopalian, 1 Presbyterian and 2 Method iMt:j. This enumeration
Joes not include a cliaplain to the army, and one to the royal navy."
In Ernesttown there was one resident professional preacher, a
Methodist.

In Soj^hiasburgh there were no churches ; but the (Quakers,
Methodists and Presbyterians had meetings at private houses.

In Uoliowell, saj's Eben. Washburne, "we have one Methodist,
undone Quaker meeting-house ; preparations are making also for
a Presbyterian mooting-house. The tbrmer is attended by a circuit
preacher overy two weeks; the latter by a (Quaker every Sabbath.

In Thurlow, "the Gospel is dispen.sed almost every Sabbath of
the year, in dillerent parts of tho township, b}"" itinerant preachers
of the Methodist and Baptist sects.

In 1816, there wore eleven Methodist meeting-houses in
Canada. Those were all of wood excepting one in Montreal, built
in 1806, which was of stone. "The mode of building chapels in
tho oldon times was by joint labor, and almost without the aid of
money. Tho first stop was tor scores of willing hands on a
given day, to resort to tho woods, and then foil the trees, and

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square tho timber ; others, with oxen and horses, drawing the
hewed pieces and rafters to the appointed place. A second step
was to call all hands to frame the building, selecting the best genius
of the carpenter's calling for superintendent. A third step was a
"bee" to raise the building; and the work for the first year was
done. The next year, the frame would bo enclosed, with windows
and doors, and a rough floor laid loose. As soon as the meeting
house was thus advanced, it was immediately used for preaching,
prayer meetings and quarterly meetings. Some of the early
chapels would be finished inside ; others, would be used for years
in their rough, cold, and unfinished state. The people were poor,
had little or no money, but loved the Gospel, and did what they
could."

Tho oldest of the eleven chapels is tho Adolphustown, on the
south shore of the Hay Bay, and on the old Bay of Quinte circuit.
'* The next for ago is the chapel in the fourth concession of
Ei'nesttown. It was not erected here at first, but on the front of
the township, lot No. 27, and close to the Bay of Quinte. After
some years, (some of tho principal Methodists moving to the fourth
concession), the frame was taken down, drawn to the present site,
and put up again. It stands on the public road, leading fh)m
Napanee to Kingston, and near the village of Odessa. A rough-
cast school-house, now stands on the old site, east of Bath. Some
challenge the antiquity of the Brnesttown, with tho Adolphustown
chapel; but both were commenced at about the same time, by
William Losee; the latter was first erected. As the traveler
passes, he may look on this old and useful meeting-house, still used
for public worship, and see a specimen of the architecture of the
pious people settled in the woods of Ernesttown sevent}' years ago.

" About nine miles from Odessa toward Kingston is the village of
Waterloo, and on the top of a sand-hill, formerly coveretl with lofty
pines, is a well proportioned and good looking Wesleyan stone
church. It is on the site of an ancient frame meeting-house, decayed,
and gone, which boro an antiquity nearly as great as the other two
chapels. The meeting-house in the Township of Kingston was an
unfinished building, a mere outside, with rough planks for seats.

" Two miles from the ToAvn of Picton, and in the first cor ession
of tho Township of Hollowell, is still to be seen one of the oldest
Methodist chapels in Upper Canada. The ground and the lumber
were the gift of Steven Conger. The first work was done in June,
1809; An account book, now existing, shows the receipts and pay

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FIRST CHURCH IN BELLEVILLE.

283

monts fox* the building. Some paid subscriptions in money, some
in wheat, some in teaming and work ; and one person paid one
])Ound "by way of a turn." The tirst trustees wore named Conger,
Valioau, Vanblaricura, Dougal, German, Benwon, Wilson, and Van-
dusen. They are all dead, but children of somo'of them a 'e still
living in the vicinity. The building is square, with pavilio;i roof,
of heavy frame timber, yet sound, having a school-house on one
side, and a mill on the other. Here is a bui-ying ground attached,
in which lie many of the subscribers to, and first worshippers in,
the chapel. It is still used as a place of Avoi'ship, and for a Sabbath
school. These four chapels wore all in the old Bay of Quinte
circuit.

" In the fifth township east of Kingston is another relic of the
times of old, called the Elizabethtown chapel. It is now within the
boundaries of the village of Lyn, alx)ut eight miles from Brockville,
and near the river St. Lawren?e. A chapel particularly remark-
able for the assembling of the Genesse conference in 1817, and
the great revival of religion which there commenced."

The first English Church erected west of Adolphustown. wa.s
at Belleville. It was commenced in 1319, and finished the next
year. The Rev. 3Ir. Campbell was the first clergyman, and came
to the place some little time before the building was completed.
An anecdote has been related to us by one who saw the occur-
rence, whif^h will serve to illustrate the character of those days.
Mr. Campbell one day entered the church, when near its comple-
tion, and walked up a ladder and entered the pulpit ; immediately
one of the workmen, named Smith, removed the ladder, leaving the
ficv. gentleman a prisoner ; nor would they release him until ho
had sent a messenger to his home for a certain beverage. This
church when erected was an ornament to the place, and is well
remembered bj^many, having been taken down in 1858, the present
handsome structure being completed. Mr. Campbell continued in
charge until his death in 1835. During this time he caused to be
erected a church at the front of Sidney, midway between Belleville
and the Trent, and he held services there every second Sabbath, in
the afternoon, for a time ; but the congregation was never large.
Methodism seemed to take more hold of the feelings of the people.
Mr. Campbell's successor was the Rev. John Cochrane, who was
pastor for three years, when the present incumbent, the Rev. John
Grier, who had been at the Carrying Place for some yoai's. took
charge.

■I , !

1 '

111.

284

FIRST WE8LEYAN CUURCU.

!fe

The rir.st Presbyterian clor^yman of Bollcvillo, wns Mr,
Kotoham, undor Iiiin llio Hr.st. church was built.

The first Methodist church to bo built in the wostorn part of
the Hay country was at Belleville. It was probably about the
beginning of this century that the itinerant Methodist liegan to
visit the head of the Bay Quinte. They wore accustomed to prcaoli
in private houses, and barns, bore and there along the front, and
up tlie Moira Eivor, and at Napance.

llealy and Piift'er wore accostoined to preach at Col. Bell's,
Thurlow.

Bellevillo was laid out into lots in ISlfi ; Mr. Ro.sh applied to
government for one, as the society was disqualified from holding
landed pro])erty until 1828. Tho land was accordingly granted to
him. ajid recorded, January 7, 1819. A frame building was im-
mediately commenced 50 by 30 feet. Before it was inclosed, service
was held within the frame. The building was never completed.
The pulpit WHS of rough boards, and the seats were of similar
material, ]»lacrl upon blocks. In 1831, a second chapel wns com-
menced, and the old one removed.

li <■'■-

METICODIST HniTISir OFFIf'Ell«;.

285

CIIAPTKH XXXI.

Contents. — 'I'hc fii«t Methodist Pn-acluirs — The army — (.'apt. Wolib — Tuflcy —
Oeorgc Noal — Lyonn — Scliool-toaulicr — Kxliortt-r — Mc(.'iirty-— — -r(.'r8i.'c'ntii>n
—Uigotry — Vagalioiuls — MtCi.ity anuHted — Trial — At Kiiifisloii — i!aiii(*lu'd

"A martyr'' — Doubtful — IjOBec, lirst McthodiKt iniKsionary, n'J'i — A miu-

istdr — A loyalist — Wliero he fuHt prcachfd — " A (Muiosity" — Earnest pioiu'cr
McthodiHt — ClasH-mectings — Suitiilile for nil classes — Loscc's I'lass-iAcx'tiugs
Dctcrmint'S to build a nierting-housi! — liuilt in AdolphuHtdWii — Its sizt —
The subscribers — Momburs, nniouut — Kmbury — Tliost; who subscribod for
iirst church in New York — Hanio names — The centenary of Mclhudism —
New York Methodists driven away — Aniericnn ^letliodist forgetful—
Embury and Heek refugees — Ashgrove — No credit given to Uritislj
otMcers — Euiliury's brother — The rigging loft, N. Y. — Barbara Heck —
Settling ill Augusta — First Methodist (,'l[iii< li in America — Subscribers —
" Lost t'liapters" — The Author's silence — What is acknowledged — " Severe
threats" — Mr. Mann — To Nova Scotia — J|r. VVhatcly "admires i)iety" —
not "loyalty'' — Second chapel, N. Y. — Ad(dphu.stown subscriliers — (,'oii-
radVanbuscn — Elisi. Roblin — Huff— Ruttan — The second Methodist chapel —
The subscribers — Commenced May, 1792 — Carpenters wages — Members,
Cataraqui Cncuit — (Joing to Conference — lleturns — Darias Dunham — I'hy-
sieian — First quarterly meeting — Anecdotes — Pringing a " dish cloth" —
"Clean up" — 'J'he new made squire — Asses — Unclean spirits — Losee discon-
tinues preaching — Cause — Disappointment — Return to New Yorii — Dunham
useful — Settles — I'rcachcrs traveling — Saddle- bags — Methodism among the
io}'alists~Camp-meetings — Where first held, in Canada — Worshipi)ing in
tlic woods — Breaking up — Killing the Uevil — First Canadian prcadier —
.Journey from New York.

TlIK FIRST WKSl.EYAX METIIOIHSTS IN CAXADA.

The first Metlio<3ist rreachcrs both in Lower and l''pi)er Canatla
were connected with tlie British Army ; also, the second one in
America, who was Capt. Webb. "lu 1780, a Metho<list Local
Preacher, named Tufley, a Commissary of tlie 44th, came with his
regiment to Quebec. He commenced ])reaching.soon after his arrival,
and continued to do so at suitable times, while he remained," or
until his regiment was di.sbanded in 178;>. Tlie second Methodist
Preacher in Canada was George Neal, an Irishman. During the
Avar he was Major of a cavalry regiment. lie " crossed the Niagara
river at Queenston on tho 7th October, 178G, to take j)Osscssion
of an officer's portion of land, and soon began to preach to the
new settlers on tho Niagara river — his labours were not in vain."
-(Play tor).

" In 1788 a pious 3'oung man, called Lyons, an exhorter in
the Methodist Episcopal Church, came to Canada, and engaged in
teaching school in Adolphustown." He collected the people
together on the Sabbath, and conducted religious services. '• In
the same year came James McCarty, an Irishman, to Ernesttovvn."

286

WILLIAM LOSES.

'^^1 te

"r''i:

ilowufl a follower ofVVhitriold, hiitactcd with Iho Mothodist, hoMiiijr
religioHH inet'tinuH. IUh prouchiiig caiiHud sovoro iHM'HCi'Htion
agftinHt liim on tl>o pui't ofeiM'tain loj-aM^tH, who litdd tho doctrino
that none vouhl bo triio Hubjet'tH who adhoivd unt to tho Church of
Rnghind ; but to ojipoMO tho (.hurch wtw to oppono tho Kinjf.
Advantago was taken ol' this loyalty to try to provent the intro-
duction of any other religious denominations. A law had bcun
enacted l»y tho (Jovernor in Council, that jjorsons wandering altout
the country might be banished as vagabonds. McCarty was arrested
on a charge of vagabondism in Adolphustown, and brought bctbro
a magistrate at VanDuson's tavern, at tho front, who remanded
him to Kingston. According to Playter, ho was preaching at
Robert Perry's when arrested ; our informant is tho Rev. C. Vim-
Dusen, at whoso father's he was first arraigned. After l)eing
released on bail, ho was tinally tried before Judge C, and was wen.
tonced to be banished, tradition says, upon an island in tho St.
Lawrcnc'c. At all events Lc was placed in a batteau and taken
away hy French lK>atinen. McCarty has obtained the name of
martyr, but it is tho belief of unbiassed persons that ho was not lotl
upon the island, but was conveyed to Montreal.

William Losec was tho first regular preacher of the Methodist
denomination in Canada. He first visited the country in 1790,
preached a few sermons along the Bay of Quinto and St. Lawrence,
and returned with a petition from the settlers to the Conference, to
send hitn as a preacher. In February, 1791 ho again came, as an
appointed minister from the Methodist Episcopal Church of the
United States. "Losee was a loyalist, and know some of the
settlors in Adolphustown, before they left the United States. He
desired to see them and preach to them the glad tidings of salva-
tion. Had he been on the revolutionary side, the warm loyalists
would not have received him — rather would have driven him from
the country." — (Playter). One of tho first places at which he
preached, was at tho house of John Carscallian, in Frodoricksburgh.
The tavern of Conrad VanDuaen, in Adolphustown, was another,
and at Paul F'.if's, on Hay Bay, another. "A Methodist Preacher
was a curiosity in those days, and all wore anxious to see the phe-
nomenon ; some would even ask how he looked, or what he was
like ! A peculiarity in Losee, too, was, that ho had but one arm
to use, the other being withered." A true pioneer Methodist, he
set earnestly to work to form class-meetings and organize societios,
and "during the summer his circuit embraced the settlements in

,. n,i

THE BMBUHY M.

287

tbo Towiwhip of KingHton, Krnetittowii, FrodorickMburgh, Marys-
burgh, and ovon SophiuHburgh. Cbws-inootings form tho corner
Btone of WoHloyan MothodjHm. Jlut littlo undorsUMnl, ofton
ontiwly miHundorstood by others thun MothodiHtis, they uro gener-
ally regarded us the abode of cunt or of prioHtly control. No greater
erroi could exist. Rightly conducted they uro invaluable us »
means of training the religious mind, und entablifshing it upon the
Bock of Ages. It has been said that they are only suitable for the
uneducated; not so, they are alike beneticial U> the peusunt und the
noble, the clown und the litterateur. Losoo, in ftcconlunce with the
principles of Methodism, ut once sot to work to create classes, und
on the Sabbath of February 20, 1792, in the 3rd concession of Adol-
phustown, at Paul llutf's house, he established the Hrst regular
class-meeting in Canada. The second class was formed on the
following Sabbath, in Krncsttown, four miles from Bath.

A third class was formed in March, at Samuel Dotlor's, throe
miles from Napanee. The following year the congregation hud so
increased, which met at Paul llutf's house, that a determination
was formed to erect a meeting house. A paper was drawn up, in
which was set forth the groat blessing of God in sending u minister
to their wilderness home, thut a " Meeting-houso or Church" is
requisite. Then follows un agreement of the subscribers to build
a Church, under the direction of Losce; to be thirty-six feet by
thirty feet, two stories high, with a gallery. "Said house to bo
built on the north-west corner of Paul llutl's land, lot No. 18, thii-d
concession, Fourth Town; " and promising to pay the sums of
money annexed to their respective names. This interesting docu-
ment, with the names of subscribers, and the subscription of each, is
to be found in Playter's History of Methodism, a work thutought to be
in the hands of every Canadian, no mutter what his creed, because
of the /und of general knowledge upon Canada it contains. The
total number of subscribers was twonty-two; the amount subscribed
was £108. Among the names are those familiar to every inhabi-
tant of the Bay, some known throughout Canada. To one, espe-
cially, reference must bo made, Andrew Embury, a name of historic
interest in connection with Methodism in America. It is u remark-
able fact, that this and other names are to be found among those
who planted Methodism in New York. The celebration of the
centenary of Methodism in America, in 1866, was marked by fre-
quent und glowing accounts of those who introduced Methodism
into Americn. Too much credit, too much honor could not be given

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288

AMERICAN METHODIST ORATORS.

to tho Emburys, the Hocks and others, which wiis was quite correct.
But no reference was made in the United States, nor in Canada for
that matter, to tho dark days of the infant Society in New York,
when the cruel rebellion internipted the meetings in that plaee;
and whore persecution followed the retirement of the Bi'itishlbrces,
1783. It is a page of history in connection with that body, which
American writers of Methodism endeavor to wi])e out, when the
very founders of the Church in America were made to flee from
their homes ; and had all their property saci'ificod. The names of
Embury and Heck ; of whom so much was said, were among the
refugees from rebel oppression. No word has been said of the
cause of the renioval of these persons to the wilderness of Canada.
Barbara Heck, who enjoys the everlasting honor of causing Philip
Embury to begin Preaching, was driven away from his Methodist
home. Philip Embury was not likewise treated, because deathhad
sealed his eyes a year before the declaration of independence, ere
the demon of retcilion was evoked by the spirit of ra<^licalism, and
unhallowed desire foi' neighbor's goods; otherwise his bones, the
resting place of which they have given so glowing a picture, Avould
likewise be sleeping in our midst, in the quiet shades of the Cana-
dian forest, as do those of Paul Heck, who died in 1788 ; and of his
wife, Barbara, who died in 1804. The remains of Philip Embiuy,
instead of being urnod, as they were, in 1822, in Ash Grove, Wash-
ington County, New York, after lying buried for lifty-seven years
in the old buryir.g ground of Abraham Beninger, should have
found a burying place on Canadian soil, where rests his widow, the
place to which his bi-othor and the Kecks were driven. We have
listened to some of the American orators, and read moi-e of dicir
speeches, and could not help ijoticing that they forgot to mention
that their impetuous rebellion drove away from them the founders of
Methodism ; they forgot to give any credit to Capt. Webb, Avho was
the second Methodist preacher in America ; forsooth, because he
was a British of^cer, and it would be unpleasant to associate such
with centenary orations in this the ir day of Anglophobia.

Uljon the north shore of Hay Bay, in Fredericksburgh, settled
David Embuiy, brother of Philip, who oificiated as a Jdcthodist Minis-
ter in New York, in a Eigging Loft^ on William St., about 1766. To do
this he was urged by Barbara Heck, wife of Paul Heck, both of whom
were among the first to settle on the St. Lawrence, in Augusta, in 1785.
The first Methodist Church erected in America, was in 1768, on John
Street, New York. Among tho 250 subscribers, was the name of

correct,
nada for
w York,
t pltiee;
jb ibrces,

which

i'hen the
[lee from
names of
nong the
id of the
f Canada.
ag Philip
Methodist
death had
lence, ere
ilism, and
bones, the
lU'C, would
the Cana-
and of his
) Embury,
ove,AVa8li-
on years
lould have
idow, the
Wo have
c of .heir
mention
bunders of
who was
cause he
iiato such

gb, settled
[list Minis-
fee. To do

I of whom
[a, in 1785.

B, on John
name of

THE LARGEST CONTBlBrTOR.

289

David Embury, the same who settled on Hay Bay; he gave £2.
Also, the name of Paul Heck, who contributed £3 5». Twenty-four
years later, and among the twenty-two subscribers to build the first
Methodist meeting-house in Canada, again appears the name of
Embury — Andrew, son of David Embury. Tho author of the " Lost
Chapters of Methodism," gives interesting accounts of the forma-
tion of the Methodist Socict}' in New York ; but he is remarkably
si'ent in this instance, as others are, about the treatment they
received from the Americans ; not a word to make it known that
they were driven into the wilds of Nova Scotia and Caniula by a
relentless people. Yet, at the conclusion, ho acknowledges this
much : He says, " At tho conclusion of the Revolutionary war,^
severe threats having been thrown out against tho Loyalists who
had taken refuge within tho British lines, Mr. Mann thought it his
duty to embark, with a considerable number of the Society, for the
wilds of Nova Scotia." Mr. Mann was a class leader, and local
preacher, and, during tho war, at the request of the Trustees, kept
the chapel in John Street open, after the regular preacher had left,
■'We see what became of a part of the Society, in John Street.
Some of them had been so loyal to their sovereign, they were afraid
they would suffer if tliey remained." Of course they were, and
had they not suflicient reason from the "threats" which hud been
" thrown out." Mr. Wakoly, tho author, continues, " We can
admire their piety without endorsing their loyalty." How kind.
The secord Methodist Church of New York was built, on the land
of DeLancy, who had his immense property conliscated.

Of tho subscribers to the chapel in Adolphustown, Conrad Van
Dusen gave the largest amount, £15. He had been a Tavern
keeper on tho front, and was one of the first fruits of Losee's
missionary labors. "He lived u little east of the Court Houko. Of
him many pleasing and amusing anecdotes are told ; though a
tavern-keeper, as well as a mei'chimt, he opened his house for the
Gospel, and when thai. Gospel entered • his heart, he deliberately
took his axe and cut down his sign posts." — (Playter.)

The second largest contributor, Avas Elizabeth Koblin, who gave

i:i2. She was the widow of Philip Uoblin, who died 1788. They

had been among the first settlers of Adol[)hu>town. (See U. E.

Loyalists.) Mrs. Roblin afterwards became the wiib ol' John

I'anniff, the founder of Canifton, and her remains now rest on tho

hill in the old family burying ground, in that village. She was the

i^rand-parent of John P. Eoblin, of Picton, '-a man who has served
19

■ i !

I 'li

III

i'i

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/€

I. I

l!f

; !!

i t >l

■^;

^i M

, , t-'fcfa -• i

290

FIRST METHODIST CHURCHES.

hi8 country in several Purliainciits ot'U])por Cmiadii. Her (luughtt-r
Nancy, born in 1T81, is the motlior of a hu-ji^e itranch of tlio
Kolchcson family in the County of Hastings.'" — (Playter.) SIk',
witlf her liusband, still live in the tifth concc-ssion of Sidney, yei
halo and hourty, in the autumn of their genial, though toilsome,
lite. '' The subscription of the widow was liberal ; indeed, the
Eoblins of the Bay of Quinto have always been a hospitable and
liberal minded people." Paul Ilutf and William Ruttan, each gave
£10. The others gave smaller sums; but, considering the date, ii
is noteworthy that so much was contributed.

The sanio montli, it is said, Losee undertook to build a second
Church in Krnesttown, a short distance below Bath. "The prin-
cipal persons who aided in building this meeting-house were Jame>
i'arrot, John Lake, Eobert Clarke, .Facob Miller, and others. There
is evidence in the account book of Eobert Clarke, who was a car-
penter, that the chapel was commenced May, 1192. Ho credits
himself with then working twelve and a-half days;* and with
working in October twelve and arhalf days, at five shillings and
six-pence per day, which shows carpenter's wages at that time. But
like a good hearted man, seeing the building fum I rot too full, he
reduced his wsiges to two shillings and nine-pence per day. His
payment to the chapei was £10. James PfUTot received the sub-
scriptions. The two buildings were to be of the same size and form.
As soon as thcso two chapels were inclosed, the congregations sat
on boards to hear the preaching. They woi-e the first Motliodist
Churches in Canada. At the end of the year Jklr. Losce had
165 members enrolled in the "Cataraqui Circuit." He sot out
on his long journey to attend conference at Albany. Mr. Losoi'
returned the following year, accompanied by Eev. Darius Dunham.
The latter took charge of the Bay of (^uinte district — the " Catar-
aqui Circuit," while Losce went to the St. Lawrence to organize a
new society — this was called the *' Oswego tchie" circuit.

On Saturday, September 15, the first "Quarterly" in ■'ins
was held, in Mr. Parrot's barn, 1st Con., Ernesttown, to whicu iirny
of the settlers came from the six townships. Darius Duiihi.. > > >
a Physician by protession. "He was a man of strong mi id
zealous, firm in his opinions." He labored well on the Cataraqui
Circuit, and was in high repute by the people." — (Playter).

Many anecdotes are told of Dunham. On account of his quick
and blunt way of speaking and rebuking evil doings, he acquired
the name of " Scolding Dunham." Withal, he was witty, and ho

DARIUS DUNHAM.

291

HUghlLM-
of tllO

■.^ Shf,
loy, yei
loilsorae,
Bed, the
iblc and
ach gave
i date, il

a sec'oml
rhc priii-
ii'e Jamc>
■s. There
I'as a car-
lo credits
and with
lings ami
time. But
too full, he
day. His

the sub-
and form,
ations sat
Motliodisl
joscc had
sot out
Mr. LoKce

Dunham.
18 "Catar-
n'ganizc a

in ■''.'.njr
hiti. i^^^y

jng mind
Cataraqui

his quick

acquired

ly, !\nd ho

loved, it would seem, next to Godliness, cleanliues.s, .*o he would, if
at a house, where it were not observed, according to his idea fund as
there was only the one room, he could see the whole i)rocess of
preparing for the table,) he would tell the housewife that the next
time he came he would •' bring a dish-cloth along," or perhaps, ho
would bluntly tell the woman to "clean up." Carroll relates the
following story, yet often told and laughed at by the old settlers of
the Bay. '■ His reply to the newly appointed magistrate's banter
ing remarks, is widely reported. A new-made 'Squire' rallied
Dunham before some company, about riding so fine a horse, and told
him he was very unlike his humble Master, who was content to
ride an ass. The preacher responded with his usual imperturablo
gravity, and in his usual heavy and measured tone:;, that he agreed
with him perfectly, and that he would most assuredly imitate his
Master in that particular, but for the difficulty of finding the animal
required — the Government having made up all the asses into magis-
trates." " A person of the author's acquaintance, informed him
that he saw an infidel, who was a fallen Lutheran clergyman, endea-
voring, one night while Dunham was preaching, to turn the whole
into ridicule. The preacher affected not to notice him, but went on
exalting the excellency of Christianity, and showing the formidable
opposition it had confronted and overcome ; when, all at once, he
turned to where the scoffer sat, and fixing his eyes upon him, the
old gentleman continued : " Shall Christianit}- and her votaries,
after having passed through fire and water," &c. — " after all this,
I say, shall the servants of God, at this time of day, allow them-
selves to be frightened by the braying of an ass.'^ In those days it
was believed, by some at least, that unclean spirits and devils might
be cast out by the power of God through the faithful Christian, and
Dunham had the credit of having, on several occasions, cast out
devils.

Mr. Losee remained a preacher only two years, when ho
became mentally unfit, having encountered a disappointment of a
crashing nature. The uncertainty of the cause of his dis-
continuing to preach, has been dispelled by Playter, in the
most touching language, " He was the subject of that soft, yet
powerful passion of our nature, which some account our weakness,
and others our greatest happines-*. Piety and beauty were seen
connected in female form then as well as now, in this land of wootis
and water, snows and burning heat. In the family of one of his
hearers, and in the vicinity of Napanee river, wjis a maid, of no

A •:.

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T
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IS.

292

A TRUE LOVE STORY.

little moral and personal attraction. Soon Inn (Losoo's) attention
was attracted ; soon the seed of love was planted in his bosom, and
soon it germinated and bore outward fruit. In the interim of
suspense, tis to whether he should gain the person, another preacher
came on the circuit, visits the same dwelling, is attracted by the
same fair object, and finds in his heart the same passion. The two
seek the same pei'son. Oho is absent ou the St. Lawrence ; the
other frequents the blest habitation, never out of mind. One, too,
is deformed, the other a person of desirable appearance. Jealousy
crept in with love. But, at last, the preference w^as made, and
* disappointment, like a thunderbolt, overset the mental balance of
the fii'st itinerant minister in Canada." He subsequently removed
to New York, where he continued to live for many years, aud
recovered his mental health. He hod purchased lots in Kingston,
which he returned to sell in 181(> ; at this time he was perfectly
sound in mind, and was a good man. He visited Adolphustown,
and other places, j^reaching here and there, and tlually returned to
New York.

Mr. Dunham proved a useful man, especially among the settlers
of Marysburgh. He ultimately in the year 1800, retired from the
ministry aud settled near Napanee, having married into the Dotlor
family. But he continued to actus a local preacher.

The eai'ly preachers often traveled from place to place on
horseback after a bridle-path had been made^ with saddle-bags,
containing oats in one part, and a few articles of wearing
apparel in another, pei-haps a religious book; thus the jsoulous
preacher would travel mile after mile through interminable Ibi'ests.
Indeed there are plenty to-day who have done likewise.

There is onefactconnectod with the early Methodist preachers,
which requires a passing notice.

The settlers were all intensely loyal; yet when the Yankee
Methodist preacher came in their midst he was gladly received ; it
is true Losee the first who came was a loyalist ; but many who
followed were Americans and republicans. Although the Lutheran,
Presbyterian, and English churchmen had preceded the Methodists
into Canada, neither seemed to obtain that hold upon the hearts of
the plain U. E. Loyalists, that the Methodists did. The people
of every denomination as well as those belonging to none, floclced
to hoar them, and many stayed to become followers. These
Americans were always regarded with suspicion by governiuent,
and serious doubts were entertained whether those who became

ORIGIN OV CAMP-MEETINOS.

293

Methodists were loyal. But the war of 1812, oxhihitcd in a thrill-
ing manner the old fire of attachment to their sovereign the King.
Their seemed to be an adaptability between the Methodi.st mode of
worship and the plain old settlers, and for years there were many
who left the ehm-ch of tlieir Others, and joined the more demon-
strative society of Wesleyanism. Not only was this mode of
ordinary worship followed by the Methodist congenial, but
especially the camp mooting engaged their hearty attention. This
mode of worshipping in the woods was first known in Kentucky in
1801, and was initiated by two brothers named McGee, one of whom
was a Methodist, the other a Presbyterian. There are many who
regard the holding of camp-meetings as very questionable, even in
the past. Whatever may bo said about the necessity of such
meetings at the present day, thoy wore it is thought, highly appro-
priate in the infant da^'s of the country. At the first, and for many
long years, there were but few churches of any size. Then, the
inhabitants had been buried as it were in the primeval forests, left
to meditate in its deep recesses, far away from the busy haunts of
men. No doubt the solemn repose, and silent grandeur awoke in
their minds feelings of awe, and of veneration, just the same as
one will feel when gazing along the naves of some old grand
cathedral, with its representations of trees and flowers. It is not
difficult to understand that the mind, trained by habit to meditation
in the woods, with its waving boughs telling of other time-, and of
a mj'sterious future, would naturally find worshipping in the woods,
congenial to the soul, — find it a fit place for the higher contempla-
tion and worship of the great God. The first camp-meeting held in
Canada was in 1805, on the south shore of Ila}* Bay, near the chapel.
The meeting was attended by some from the distant townships,
who went down in batteaux. This was a great event to the settlers.
Its announcement, says Dr.Bangs, ''betorohand excited great interest
far and near. Whole families prepared for a pilgrimage to the
(jround, ])rocession8 of Avaggons, and foot passengers wended along
the highways." The ministers present were Case, Ryan, Pickett
Keelor, Madden and Kangs. The meeting commenced on the 2Tth
of September; the whole was characterized by deep rcli.
gious feeling as well as decided demonstration, and the joy and
comfort of believing, which ought always to be present with the
Christian, was generally experienced, while there was an absence
of that outside exhibition, too often seen in later years, around the
camps. Wo quote from Carroll respecting the ending of thi* meeting.

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294

END OF A OAMP-MBETING.

Tho account is from Dr. Bangs, " Tho time was at hand at last for
the conchision of tho mooiing. Tho last night was tho most
awfully impressive and yet most delightful scene my ejos ever
beheld. There was not a cloud in the sky. The stars studded tho
Urmament, and the glory of God tilled the camp. All the neigh-
bouring forest seemed vocal with the echo of hymns. Turn our
attention which way we would, we heai-d the voice of prayer and
praise. I ^vill not attemjit to describe the parting scene, for it was
indescribable. The preachers, about to disperse to their distant
fields of labor, hung upon each other's necks, weeping and yet
rejoicing. Christians from remote settlements, who had here
formed holy friendships, which they expected would survive in
heaven, parted probably to meet no more on earth. As the hosts
marched oil' in different dii'eclions the songs of victory rolled along
the highways."

Apropos of Methodist camp-meetings, Carroll tells an anecdote
characteristic of the times, and as well of the honest Dutch. One
of these old settlers was speaking of a recent camp-meeting from
which he hail just come said, " It was a poor, tot tuU time, and no
goot was tone, till tat pig Petty (the Rev. Elias Pattie) come ; but
mit his pig fist, he did kill to tuval so tet as a nit, and ten te work
proke out. The Methodists of that day were fond of the demon-
strative."

In the year 1806, a native of Prince EQ>vard district entered
the Methodist ministry. He was the fix'st native Canadian iireacher
of an}'- denomination, hi» name was Andrew Pi'ingle.

The same year Thomas Whitehead was sent by the New York
Conference. He was six weeks on the road through the woods
with his wife and six children, "and during most ef the time they
sulisisted on boiled wheat."

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THE RYANITES. 296

CHAPTKR XXXI.

Contents — Henry Ryan — llyiinitt-s — Ho eoincH to Caniwlo — His asKOciato, Cuso —
At Kingston — A Singer — Prcacliiiig in tlic Marlict-place — Tlifir treatniont
— In office — His circuit — lOOP miles — What be reccivtd — Elder — (Super-
seded — Probable cause — A British subject — During the war of ISri-^Presi-
dent of Conference — ''Higli-minded" — Useful — AcceptaMe to the peoiilc —
Desired independence by the (Canadians — How he was treated — His labors-
Brave— Witty — " Fatherless children " — " Impudent scoundrel '" — Muscular
— "Methodists' Bull" — "Magistrate's (Joat" — Ityau seeks separation —
Breakcnridge — Conduct of tlic American Conference — Ryan's agitation —
Effect upon the Bishops — First Canada (Jonference — At Holloweli — Desire
for independence — Ueasons, cogent — Fruit of Ryan's doings — The way the
Conference treated Ryan — Withdraws— No faith in the United Htates Con-
forence— Ryan sincere—" Canadian Wesleyans" — The motives of the United
States Conference questionable— The wrong done Ryan— Second Canada
Conference — Case, fir«t Superintendent — Visit of Bisliop Asbury — Account
by Henry Bcehm — Asbury an Knglishraan— During; the rebellion — A Bishop
— His journey to Canada — Crossing the St. Lawrence — Traveling in Canada
An upset — " A decent people " — His opinion of the country — The Bishop ill
—At Kingston — Boehm at Kmbury's— A field meeting — Riding all night-
Crossing to (iacketts harbor— Nearly wrecked.

SOME ACCOUNT OF HENRY RYAN.

A sketch of tho early ministersi who pi-eached around the Bay
Quinte, would be incomplete without a somewhat extended notice
of Elder Ryan, after whoir was called, a certain number of non-
contented Methodists, .ffyamVes.

Henry Ryan, an Irishman, "of a bold enori?etic nature, with a
powerful voice," commenced preaching in 1800. Ho was for five
years stationed in the States. In the year 1805, he, with tho Rev.
Wm. Case, was appointed to the Bay Quinto circuit. It was they
who arranged and conducted the first camp meeting. Carroll, writ-
ing of that period, says, " there was no society (of Methodists) then
in the Town of Kingston, and its inhabitants were veiy irreligious.
The market house was the only chapel of tho Methodists, Case and
his colleague (Ryan) made a bold push to arouse the people. Some-
times they went together, Ryan was a powerful singor too. They
would ride into the town, put their horses at an inn, lock arms, and
go singing down tho streets a siirring ode, beginning with ' Come
let us march to Zion's hill.' By the time they had reached tho
market-place, they usually hiul collected a largo assembly. When
together, Ryan usually preached, and Case exhorted. Ryan's sten-
torian voice r jsounded through tho town, and was heard across the
adjacent waters. They suffered no particular opposition excepting
!i little annoyance from some of the baser sort, who somotimes tried

111

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29G

DLIUNO THE WAR OF 1812.

-ilit'v

to li'ip them oft" the Imtclier's block, whicli constiliitcd their rostnnn ,
net fire to their hair, and then blow out their cuiullo if it wore in
the night season." Proof was suksequcntly given that this prcaih-
ing was not without effect.

Mr. Kyan continued ten years At the Bay Quinte, and then throe
years in the west at Long Point and Niagara. In 1810, he wi^
presiding Elder. His duties, as such, was to visit every part of
the Province, from J)etroit to Cornwall. " Allowing lor his roturn>
home, ho traveled about 1000 miles each quarter in the year, or
4000 miles a year. And what was the worldly gain ? The pre-
siding Elder was allowed $80 fen* himself, $60 for his wife, and
what provisions he would need for his family. His entire allow,
ance might have boon £60 a year. Such was the remuneration,
and such the labors, of the presiding Elder" of the Methodists titty-
throe j'cars ago — (Playter).

Ilcnry Ryan continued a presiding Elder, for many years, in
tho whole of Upper Canada, a few j^oars in lower Canada, and then
when the Bay of Quinte district was set a}tart by division, he was
appointed Elder to it. But in 1834, for some reason, Mr. IJyan
was superseded in office. The reason of this can only bo guessed.
He was an Irishman by birth, and although sent to Canada by an
An\erican botly, he soems to have been more a British subject, a
Canadian, than American. During the war of 1812, he remained
in Canada attending to his duties, with three other faithful men.
Bhodes, Whitehead, and Pringle. More than that, as presiding
Elder, he assumed the oversight of tho proachcrs at tho close of the
first year. Others had been stationed in Canada who were British
subjects, but they ceased before tho war hiwl closed, to dischai\<,'e
their duties. The Americans feared to come, or, having come, weiv
warned off bj' proclamation. Those who continued in the mini.s-
terial field met under the presidency of Ryan. In the your of tho
commencement of the war, the conference was to have mot at
Niagara, in Upper Canada ; 1)ut war was declared by the United
States a month jn-evious, and instead of venturing into the country
where their fellow countrj-men were about to cfuny the midiiiv'b.t
torch, they turned aside to another place to hold their conference.
"None of the brethren laboring on the Canada side went over. It
is probable, althotxgh we are not certain, that they mot at the p'aco
appointed, where some sort of deliberations would take place."
The Rev. John Ryerson says Mr. Ryan " hold a conference, and
held three conferences during the war, the principal busines;* of

HIS CHARAOTEK.

297

which was employing proftchors, and appointiii;if thoni to their
dittorent fields of labor." The Itcv. Kzra Adams mays, tlio second
conf'orenco was held at Matilda," and '' in 1814, it was liold at
the Bay of Quinte, at Second or Foui-th Town " — Carroll. Mr.
Kyan was im])ulsivo and authoritative, at least the ministers
thought so, and the rule of " Harry Kyan " was called " hi,{<h-hftnded."
The end of it all was that, althouf^h ho was usel'ul and liked bj- the
people, I is ministerial brethren in Canada did not like him, and
the conference seemed glad to supersede one. who no doubt already
mnnifestou his desire that the Canadian Methodists should become
independent of the Americans. In view of tho political state of
affairs, tho objection folt by tho government to have American
preachers giving religious instruction to Canadians, — in view of
tho course pursued by llyun during tho war of 1812 — in view of liis
whole career up to this time, the belief is forced upon the mind
that it was not, only when Eyan had been sujierscded tliat he began
to agitato for a separation. His labors during the war were severe
and continuous, says a ]>reachor of the times, " Ho used to travel
from Montreal to Sandwich, to accomplish which ho kept two horses
in the Niagara district, and ono lor the upper ])art of the Province.
and another for the lower. As his income was very small, ho eked
out tiio bum necessary to support his family by peddling a nianu-
fiicluro of his own in his extensive journeys, and by hauling with
his double team in winter time, on his return from Lower Canada,
loads of Cvovex'nment stores or general merchandise. Mx. Ilyan, by
his loyalty, gained the contidencc and admiration of all friends of
British suj/remacy, and by his abundant and heroic labors, tho
att'octions of tho (iod-i'earing part ot the community." Much move
might bo said in tho same vein, but ]irobably enough has been said
to establish his claim to the .sympathy of every Bay of Quinte in-
habitant, where he so long luborod and where most of his subsequent
followers lived. It may ba added that ho was bravo and witty, and
" had a reatly answer fur every bantering remark. Some wicked
fellows are said to have asked him if ho iiad hcai-d the news ? What .
ucws ';:' Why, that tho devil is dvad. Thv^ii ..aid ho, looking around
on the compau3^ ho has loft a groat many iatiicrle,3s chiUlren. On
another occasion, on entering a public house, a low follow, knowing
him to be, from his costume, a minister, roniarked aloud, placing
his hand in his pocket, " There comes a Mothodist preachor; 1
must take care of my money." Eyan promptly said, " You are an
impudent scoundrel." "Take care," said tho man, "I cannot

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298

FIR8T CANADA OONFEBENOE.

'U'

swallow that." "Then chow it till you can," wuh tlio foarloss reply.
— (Can-oil). At camp meotin<rH, when it cnmo to paws that indi-
viduals camo to croato diHturbanco, and whon thure waHno polieo to
tako care of rowdioH, Mr. Ryan has boon known to dis^jilay hit)
tiuiscular j)owcr by actually throwing tho guilty individuals over
the oncloHiire to tho camp ground.

Mr Kyan preached occasionally at Vandusens' tavorn in Add-
phustown. Atlor <mo of hi;* thundering sermons, a neighboring
squire who was a daily visitor at the tavern, and who had recently
attempted to cut his own throat, wrote upon the wall of tho bar-
room, "Elder Ryan, tho Methodist bull, preaches hell and damnation
till the pulpit is full ;" whereupon some one wrote below it, "Bryan

C d, the magistrate goat, barely escaped hell and damnation by

cutting his throat."

Mr. Ryan, upon his return from tho General Conference in
1844, commenced an agitation for indepemlence of the Canadian
Methodists, ami from Port llopo Creek to tho Ottawa, he contin\iod
to urge tho necessity of such an end.

" While not much liked by the preachers, Ryan was very popular
among the people," especially along the Bay Quints Captain Brcak-
enridge, a local preaidier, living on the St. Lawrence, joined him, in
holding conventions, and in procuring largely signed petitions, pray-
ing for separation. Ryan and lireakenridge, went to the (general
Conference, bearing these petitions, and were not received. But
these petitions were the commeneoment of the separation, which it
was quite time should take place for the well being of both i)arties.
Concessions were made— a Canada conference was formed throup;h
the instrumentality of IClder Ryan ; but under the superintendency
of the United States conference. This did not satisfy Kyan, and his
followers in the Bay Quinte circuit. Meetings were held at which it
was resolved they would " break ofi"" from the American Chin-cli
without permission. For four months Ryan energetically appealed
to the people. To allay this the Bishop had to come and say to the
Canadians, that if they wished independence, the next general confer-
ence, which would meet in 1828, would no doubt grant it. Tlie
following year the first Canada conference was held at the village of
HoUowell, (Picton). It was opened on the 25th August. There
were thirty preachers present, and they continued in session five
days. The agitation initiated by Ryan, had done its work, " a gen-
eral desire existeil, that the Canada body should become an indepen-
dent body, not later than the general conference of 1828," and a

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A NEW SpClETV.

299

nienioriiil wns iirepnrod to be Huhinittcd to thut bmly. Aftor ru<iiiest-
ing to bo HC't iipiU't an iiHlepciulciit body, Iho followiiij^ reaKoti, with
otIierH \v»H ufivon. ♦' Tho state of society ro(]iiiros it. The first
nettlorH Imviiiij^ claimed tho protection of Uis Uritannic Majenty in the
revohitionary war, were driven from their former posscssionH to
endure great hardslupH in a remote wihlernesM. Time, however, and
a friendly intercourse, had worn down their asperity and jtrejndico,
when the hite unhai)py war revived tlieir former feelings ; allording
what they considered, new and grievous occasion for disgust against
their invading neighbors. ITio prejudices thus excited wouhl prob-
ably subside if their ministry were to become rosi<lents in this country,
as would be the case in tlie event of becoming a separate body."
The fact that government regarded with dislike the connection was
adverted to, also that they were not allowed to solemnize matrimony.
Such was the fruit of Elder Ryan's proceedings, and to him belongs
great credit, however much his motives may have been impugned.
It lias been acknowledged that he was disliked by tlie preachers, and
this dislike was manifested this year by sending hinj as a missionary
to the Indians. No 'vonder he was dissatisfied. Not because he was
placed in a humble position, after acting nearly a quarter of a century
as presiding Elder ; but because of the animus of those who did it.
And moreover, he entertained the belief that the general conference
did not intend to give iiidependence. The next year Ryan was placed
among the superannuated ministers, and thus remained two years, the
next year 1827, he withdrew, and resumed the agitation for indepen-
dence. Uc had no faith in the United States conference, tlie cry was
raised, Loyal Methodism against Republican Methodism. In this
Ryan was countenanced by (-irovernment and the English Church, and
Playter says. Dr. Strachan s<!nt him £60 to carry on tho work of
separation.

The whole previous life of Ryan, lead us to believe that he
was sincere and honest in his movements and statements, but
it is said he was greatly mistaken. The people generally said, wait
till we see what the general conference does. The prejtchers have
said they will give us independence, pause till we see. The result
of the conference was as had been promised ; while already
Ryan had separated, and, Avith a limited number of followers, mostly
along the bay ,and St. Lawrence, hatl formed a new body with
the name of Canadian Wesleyan Methodist Church. But it will always
remain a question whether the general conference would have con-
ceded the independence had it not been well known that Ryan would

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300

SFPA«ATI()N.

tako almost all if tliry woro not inailo free. It is not an r.nlci.own
tliinjf for a iterson wlio has workctl for some public tjood to Ito voMiod
of tlu.' crodit ill a surreptitious niaiiiHtr. Ryan was (hu'civc*!, ami lijs
kind, tlioiijxli inipiilsivj> natiin' rcscntod tho^^Tonf» donoliim. Tiioiinh
liis name lias ln'on placed under a shadow l»y those who wore iiideljfcij
to him, yet his ujcmory is <'veii yol j.'jreen imd sweet in the hearts of
some of the old settlers. Well niii^ht KId<'r Ryan, select as his text
at the time, " I havi- raised up children ami they have rebelled."

The general conference asscmhiod at Pittsburpfh, Ist May, 1828.
The nu'incrial from the Canada conference was duly considered, and
whatever may have been the reasons, they 'granted in the most kindly
spirit, the <U'cided re<pu'st of the Canailian Methodists, liyan, it is
said •\vh(M» he heard of it, "looke<l astonished, trembled and couM
scarcely utter a word."

The second ('anada eonferenci' met at Krnesttown, the 2n(l
October, 18i2H, in Switzer's cha|)el. "Bishop Heddincj came for the
last time, and presided over the conference. No United States l)islio|».
no Bisho]) at all, has ever ju'esided since." This year, Andrew I'riiifjlc,
the lirst native Methodist preacher, was ]>laced on the superannauttnl
list. After due deliberation the conference resolved to organize into
an independent body, and adopted tlu; discipline of the Methodist Epis-
copal Church, as the basis of their own. The Uev. Wm. Ca^e was
appointed General Huperintendeiit until the next c^iference.

It is not possible, nor would it be jtroper ive a coiineclpd
history of Methodism, or any other reli'/tous dei. .tion. But the

aim of the writer is to su])ply facts ri'Iative to those who have lived
and acted :i ])!irt in connection with the early history of the bay, with
such other facts as :vill throw li,t!;lit upon the matter. With this
object in view, we will here introduce, in conclusion, a brief notici; of
the visit of Bishop Asbury to (.'aiiada in 1811. The account is from
the ]ieii of the Eov. lEeiiry liiehm, with remarks by Mr. Carroll,
lieading this account, it called to our mind the account jjjiven to us
by Father Bu'hin, in 1854, while sojourninjjj at Staten Island, Now
York, where we had the great pleasure of frequently meetinc; liim
and of 'eiijoyinu,' the hospitality of his genial family. Mr. BaAm
was the traveling companion of Bishop Asbury when he visited
Cai'.ada.

liishop Asl)ury, the cotemporary of the Wesley's, being one whom
Wesley ordniiied to pre.aidi, he came to America in 1711, as a lais-
sionary, being 'J5 years old. Of all the English preachers in the
revolting colonies, he alone remained during the revolutionary war.

niHiiop AHiiiriiY.

.'{01

iU)<l wnH iiikU'I' tiiu iiorcHHity of t^oiuH'tkliiiji; hiiiiNcIf in Dvliiwure.
Creati'tl a BiHlu>|) by Dr. CnUv, in 17H5, ho continui'il lor many yt-arH
ill tlio ovvrMigiit uf tliu Mi!tlio<liHt Clnncli in AnuTica anti in Cana<la.
But altlioii^h MetiiutliNin wuh planUil in Canaila in 17tiv!, it. wuh not
until tlio yuar muntioneil that a liiHlinp fonixl hiH way to thu roinoto
sottluincntH of (Janatla. liiuhop AHbury, liowovcr, had lor yoai-H a
(iesire to hco Canada. Two years bclorc hu caniu ho wrote, " I nhall
SCO Canada bet'ons I die." Sayn Itujlnn.

" Wo had a Hovoro liino on our journoy. Wo crossod Luke
Cliampliiin, and Mr. Anbury proacluMl in u bar-room in !Mutt«biir^h.
The roadn through tho woods, over rocUs, down gullcyH, over
stumps, and through tho mud, woro indoMcribablo, 'J'hoy wore
enough to jolt u hulo \ntilt. p to duutli, lot ulono a poor, infirm old
man. noar tho «^ravo." "On ontorin;^ tho village (of St. iJoj^lH)
as Mr. Asbury was loading bin borso ucroHH u bridge nindo of
poloH, tho animal got hits loot botwoon Ibom, and Hutik into the
mud and water. Away wont tho saddle-baga; tho books and
ilotliort woro wet, and tho Iioi'ho was last. Wo got n ]»olo under
him to pry him out; at the same time tho horse made a lea]), and
caiuo out .sale and sound. Wo crossed the St. Lawrence in romantic
stylo. We hired tour Indians to puddle us over. They lashed
throo canoes together, and put our he ses in them, their tore loot
in one canoe, their hind loot in another, it was a sin^qilar load;
three eunoes, three passengers, the bishop, Smith and myself,
three horses and four Indians. They were to take us over for three
dollars. '• it was nearly throe miles across to where wo lanilod" —
"did not roach tho other side till late in tho evening." The
bidiaus claimed another dollar, because throo could not be easily
divided between tour, this was "cheerfully paid." "We arrived
in Canada on July 1st, 1811, landing at Cornwall, and about mid-
night reached the hospiUiblo house of Kvan Koiso, who hailed tho
bishop's arrival with joy, and gave him and his companions a
welcome worthy of patriarchal t- s." "Wo found it warn\ in
Canada, and the Bishop surtered greatly. Here Henry liyan.
Presiding Elder of Upper Canada, mot us. The next day Bishop
Asbmy preached," the day alter the Bisho]) preached again and
there was a lovo-foast, and tho Lord's Supper." PnK'eeding up
tho River St. Lawroneo, arrived at the eastern line of iMatildu,
"tho Bishop rode in Brother Glassford's close carriage, which ho
called a ' calash,' and ho inquired how they would get out if it
iipsot. llo had hax'dly asked the question before over went the

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302

A LAND THE LORD HATH BLESSED.

carriage, and the venerable Bishop was upset, but fortunately no
bones were broken ; the saplings along side tho road broke the fall.
On Friday tho Bishop preached in Matilda chapel, in what was
called the Gorman settlement. I followed, praaching in German.
The Bishop was delighted with the people, he wrote, "here is a
decent loving people. I called upon Father Dulmage, and Brother
Heck." We tarried over night with David B/eackenridge. Ho
married and baptised a great many people, and attended many
funerals. In 1804 he preached the funeral sermon of Mrs. Heck,
who died suddenly, and it is said she t^aimed to be the person who
stirred Philip Embury to preach the Gospel. On Saturday we
rode twelve miles before breakfast to Father Boyce's, where we
attended Quarterly Meeting. Bishop Asbury preached a thrilling
sermon. " The Bishop greatly admired the countrj'' through which
we rode. Ho says ' Our ride has brought us through one of the
finest countries I have seen. The timber is of noble size; tho
cattle are well shaped, and well looking ; the crops are abundant
on a most fruitful soil. Sui*ely this is a land that God, tho Lord
hath blessed.'" (Such was the testimony of one who had trav led
all over the United States, concerning a country eighty years
younger than the older States of the Union. Such the testimony
respecting the pioneers of the country who twenty-five years pre-
vious came thereto into an unbroken wilderness — respecting the
men the Americans had driven away and stigmatized by the appli-
cation of the most degrading names). "On Monday we proceeded
i^ Gananoque Falls, to Colonel Stone's. Father Asbury was very
lati.e from inflammatory rheumatism. He suffered like a martyr.
On Tuesday we visited Brother Elias Dulmage, a very kind family,
and Bishop Asbury preached in tho first Town Church" (Kingston
Church). E. Dulmage, one of tho Palatines, lived afterward a long
time us jail-keeper." — (Carroll). The Bishop was so poorly he
could not proceed on his journey, and was obliged to lie up and
rest. He remained at Brother Dulm.age's, where he found a very
kind home, and 1 we!<t with Henry Eyan to his Quarterly Meeting,
in Fourth or Adolphustiown, Bay of Quinte. On Friday we rode
to Brother John Embury, Hay Bay. He was a nephew of Philip
Embury, the Apostle of American Methodism. On the Lord's day
wo had a glorious love-feast, and at the Lord's Supper Ho was
made known to us in the breaking of bread. In a beautiful grove,
under the shade of trees planted by God's own hand, I preached
to two thousand people, John Reynold's, afterward Bishop Eey-

\.l

atoly no
3 the fall,
/hat was
German,
hero is a
i Brother
dgo. Ho
ed many
rs. Heck,
fson who
urdaj' we
tvhere we
thrilling
igh which
jne of the
size; the
abundant
the Lord
,d trav led
;hty years
testimony
years pre-
ecting the
the appli-
proceeded

FIRST ROMAN CATHOLICS.

303

nolds, of Bollevillo, and Henry Eyan exhorted. (Exhorting after
sermon was a common practice among the Methodists in those
days). Mr. Boehm had to return to Kingston the same night, in
oi*der that the Bishop might get to the Conference to be held in
the States immediately. To do so they rode all night — 35 miles.
"To our great joy wo found Father Asbury better" — " he hud sent
ai'ound and got a congregation to whom ho preached in the chapel.
Ho also met the Society and baptized l.wo children. We were in
Canada just a fortnight. The Bishop was treated everywhere as
the angel of the churches. The Bi^hoj) preached six times in
Canada, besides numerous lectures which he delivered to societies."
The Bishop and Mr. B(thm set out on the Monday for Sackett's
Harbour, in a small sail boat. There was a heavy storm, and they
were nearly wrecked. On the water all night without a cabin.
Spent a fearful night, and reached Sackett's Harbour the next
afternoon.

CHAPTER XXXIl.

Contents— McDonnell— First B. Catholic Bishop— A " Memorandum" — Birth-
place — In Spain — A Priest— In Scotland— Glcngivry Fcncibles— Ireland,
1798— To Canada — Bishop — Death in Scotland— Body removed to Canada —
Funeral obBequies— Buried at Kingston — Hud influence — Member of Cana-
dian Legislative Council — Pastoral visitations, 1806— A loyal man — A
Pioneer in hisCliurch— The Bishop's Address, 1836— Refuting mal-chargew
— Number of tlic 11. C. Clergy in 1804 — From Lake Superior to Lower
Canada— Traveling horseback — Sometimes on foot — Hardships— Not a
Politician — Expending private means — Faithful services — Acknowledged —
Roman Catholic U. E. Loyalists— First Church in Ernesttown — McDonnell
at Belleville — Rev.M. Rronnan— First Church in Belleville — What we have
iumed at— The advantages to the English Church — The Reserves — In Lower
Canada — Dr. Mountain— Number of English Clergymen, 1793 — A Bishop-
Monopoly initiated— Intolerance and Exclusion swept away — An early hal it
at Divine service.

THE ROMAN CATH0LI08 — BISHOP SiCDONNELL.

Wo are much indebted to J. P. McDonnell, Esq., of Belleville,
for a " Memorandum of his grand-parent, the Rev. Alex McDonnell.
first Bishop of Upper Canada."

" He was born in the year 1760, in Glongavy, in Scotland,
educated for the Priesthood at Valladolid College, in the Kingdom
of Spain; for, at this time no pci-son profes^^ing the Roman Catholic

^'t

304

BISHOP M DONNELL.

faith could be allowed to be educated in any part of the British
empire. He was ordained Priest before the year 1790. Then
came back to Scotland, his native country, and officiated as a
Priest in Badenoch, a small district in North Scotland, also in
the city of Glasgow; afterwards joined, in 1798, the Glengaiy
Fencibles, then for dutj' in Ireland, under the command of Lonl
McDonnell, of Glengary, who was Colonel of said Fencible Regi-
mont. He came to Canada in the year 1804; was consecrated tirst
Bishop of Upper Canada in the year 1822, titled as the Bishop of
Kingston." Ho died in Dumfriesshire, a County bordering on
England and Scotland, in the year 1840. His body was laid in St.
Mary's Church, PM in borough, until removed to Canada, in 1862.
His i-emains was taken from the cars at the station at Lancaster.
and carried to St. Kaphael's Cathedral ; in which Church he had
spent some of his most useful day,**, administering the consolations
of his ivligion to his numovou.s co-ioligionists throughout the Pro-
vince oi' Upper Canada. His remains were escorted by thousands
of i)eople, of all denominations, from St. Raphael's Church to Si.
Andrew's Church, and thence to Cornwall depot, in order to convoy
his remains to Kingston, the head of his See ; where his I'cmains
now lie in the vaults of the Cathedral of that ancient city, in which
he, jis Bishop, officiated for years, a favorite of both Protestants
and Catholics, i may here remark, that no other man, either
clei'gyman or lay. over had more influence with the Governmonl,
either Imperial or Colonial than Bishop McDonnell. In fact he
established the Catholic Church in Western Canada. All the land>
that the church now possesses were procured by his exertions. The
Bishop was a meml)er of the Legislative Council for years in con-
nection with the Venerable Bishop Strachan, of Toronto. About
the year 1806, he passed on his way from Toronto, thi u York, to
Kingston ; celebrated mass at his relation's. Col. Archibald Chisholm,
whose descendants are now living on Lot. Nos. 8 and 9, 1st Con.,
Thurlow, adjoining the Town of Belleville — carried his vestments
on his back most of the way from Toronto to Kingston ; and he
took passage in a birch canoe ft-om his friend's. Col. Chisholm, to
another relation, Col. McDonnell, (McDonald's Cove,) on his way
to Kingston.

" Although his religion was then proscribed by the Briti.>jh Gov-
ernment, and he was compelled to go to a foreign country to he
educated, no more loyal man to the British Crown lived; no other
man ever conduced more to the upholding of British supremacy in
North America than he, and helped to consolidate the same.

tho British
90. Then
ciated as a
id, also in
Grlongary
id of Lord
cible Regi-
crated tirst

Bishop of
I'dering on
1 laid in St.
, in 1862.
Lancaster.
xh he had
onsolatioas
t the Pro-

thousuiuls
I'ch to 8t.
• to convoy
is remains
', in which
'rolestants
an, either
vernniftnt,
I fact he
I the lands
tions. The
."s in con-
K About

York, to
Chisholm,

1st Con.,
vestments
1 ; and ho
sholm, to
I his way

ADDRESS TO SIR PRancIS BOND HEAD.

.e.tscore:i;^;rrho"^'horrr^^^^"'^^

Church in Upper Canada. Atlri '"'T^ '^' ^thorof his
denomination in the Bay remon T. "^"^ *" J""""®*'^ of that
the earlj history of his Church Th! ^ ^T *'''*"'^' ^'« ^'«torj ig
himself; When at%he advane"o reltr'"^ 1" ^^^^^ ^-
nnder circumstances which precfud^thl^KMr' ""'^ ^« «Poke

.»ent accidentally creeping rwh7o^,r'''''''*^"^ ""3^ «*«*«-
tiated. P "^ '"' ^^^^^h eould not be fully substan-

Referring to an address of fl,« tt

rtich hi, character h.^dbeoHpltefTd^'"'^"""''''^'' '«3«. '"
'" «'"«»■• •» Si' F™nci» Bond hS^^C 4^ Tk "' '"'""''■'• '«•

'V. "As to the charges bron A* " " ' ''"'°"«<"''e'- things

«F»tintheWthn,ldisfha,^e:fl"'j:;^ '''^'' '•■" «% years
have established my character npT. fj . "^ ^"'' *° "^ """"^y,
Aaken by the malicious cahmrs "/r"""'"'" '<"> solW to ^
y. the charge that ho W „ 1„1^T° "°"'™>» ^'"ndcrers."
■lejote his time andtalen*,^ pSc h " ^^ "?'°"'''"'=*"» ^o
refiitc, their "malicious charge "sS ^!' ,^ P'"'" •'""tation
.f* '" "■« '»»"-y ft^m tT^ear hi ''°!''.'°"'"S '■«<''». >vhich
There were then but two CathoHc .1 "' ^^' n« «ays

1'pperC.nada, One of these cwtlnruT '" ""> '"'»'«^
fte other resided in the TowmhiT^fT7 '"'"^ ^'"I^t: ""i

B.«tnc,,i„d never went beyrdtL^elil^Tu."' '■" "-» Ve ter.
"!»"entering„p„„„yp^^J* ™«« of ^ mission , so that

nnce beside in charge and wit^r . ' ^ ""> *''ole of tho Pm
;« yp. luring .tt TerrXlwr T''''r° *"■ "° 'P-« ^
« lake Superior to the ProwJce »„„ „??"" """■ ""■ ™''"fy.
rtargc of my p„s,„,.,,f„„,y^^»'™°fWer Canada, to the
omeliBM on horseback sometir..' ""^'"S '^o ™ored vestments
Wi.n birch canoes, liwLg w»b "" "'■'' '"«•''' ""■" ''omotimTs t
-oomfert, but wh.Ub"^* 3."--'-''>o«t "nyothe "he. ^
ke trees afforded ; crossin "X Tttl "l./'"''"' "'"' ""= ">™»ohos rf
'landing the rapid, „f the St fl """ "™'^. «"<! oven

'"'tohed crafts. Nor we^ .h ' htr.""" '" """^ "^"g'^rol IZ
™ "red among the now settled f''" ""'' l'"™'™"' wh ch r
W to encounter amongTh s.™l '!' ""'*'""'» '"»'■ ">» wTa. {

— ■ ,'" *. way : have been .p::!"^;:^^ ^fhS

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LOYAL ROMAN CATHOLICS.

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year after year, wince I liave been in Upper Canada, and not
clinging to a seat in the Legislative Council and devoting my time
to political strife, as my accusers are pleased to assert. The erec-
tion of five and thirty Churches and Uiipels, great and small,
although many of them are in an unfinished state, built by my
exertion ; and the zealous services of two and twenty clergymen,
the major part of whom have been educated at my own expense,
afford a substantial proof that I have not neglected my spiritual
functions, or the care of the souls under my charge; and if that be
not sufficient, I can produce satisfactory documents to prove that I
have expended, since I have been in this Provuice, no less than
thirteen thousand pounds, of my own private means, beside what I
received from other quarters, in building Churches, Chapels, Pres-
byteries, and School-houses, in roaring young men for the Church,
and in promoting general education. With a full knowledge of
those facts, established beyond the possibility of a contradiction,
my accusers can have but little regai-d for the truth, when they tax
me with neglecting ray spiritual functions and the care of souls.
The framors of the address to Ilis Excellency knew perfectly well
that I never had, or enjoyed, a situation, or place of pi-ofit or
emolument, except the salary which my sovereign was pleased to
bestow upon mo, in reward of forty-two years faithful services to
my country, having been instrumental in getting two corps of my
flock raised and embodied in defence of their country in critical
times, viz., the first Glengary Fencible Eegiment, was raised by
my influence, as a Catholic coi-ps, diu'ing the Irish rebellion, whose
dangers and fatigues I shared in that distracted counti-y, and con-
tributed in no small degree to repress the rapacity of the soldiers
and bring baci; the deluded people to a sense of their duty to their
Bovei'eign and submission to the laws. Ample and honorable testimo-
nials of their services and my conduct may be found in the Govern-
ment office of Toronto. The second Glengary Fencible Eegimcni
raised in the Province, when the Government of the United States of
America invaded, and expected to make a conquest of Canada, was
planned by me, and partly raised by my influence. My zeal in the
service of my coimtry, and my exertions in the defence of this
Province, wore acknowledged by his late Majesty, through Lorl
Bathurst, then Secretaiy of State for the Colonies. My salary wa>
then increased, and a seat was assigned for me in the Legislative
Council, as a distinguished mark of my sovereign's favor, an honor
I should consider it a disgrace to resign, although I can hardly

:l ii-'

I, and not
g my time

The cree-
and small,
lit by my
clergymen,
n expense,
y spiritual
d if that be
jrove that 1
less than
iido what I
apcls, Pros-
Lho Church,
aowlcdge of
)ntradiction,
nen they tax
ire of souli*.
jrfectly well

of profit or
is pleased to
, services to

corps of my
in critical

as raised by

THl FAVORED CHURCH.

307

expect over to sit in the Council, nor do I believe that Lord Gicnoli;,
who knows something of me, would expect that I shouUl .show so
much imbecility in my latter days, as to relinquish a mark of honor
conferred upon mo by my sovereign, to gratify the vindictive
malice of a few unprincipled radicals. So far, however, from
repining at the cruel and continued persecutions of my enemies, I
pray God to give me patience to suffer, for justice sake, and to
forgive them their unjust and unmerited conduct towards me. I
have tht) honor to be Sir, — Your most obedient and very Tiumblo
servant, — (Signed) — Alex. McDonnell. To T. Joseph, Esq., Sec'y
to His Excellency, Sir Francis Bond Head, &c., &c., &c."

There were a number of Roman Catholics among the U. E.
Loyalists. Among them were the Chisholm's on the front of
Thurlow, to whose house Mr, McDonnell came to preach as he made
his annual round. I am told by an old settler, that a very old
Roman Catholic Church existed in Ernesttown west, a short distance
fi*om Bath. Probably Mr. McDonnell travelled all around the Bay,
visiting members of his Church. There were several in Marys-
burgh. He was the first to preach in Belleville, when it had become
a village. But the Rev Michael Brennan, who still lives, and is
highly respected by all classes, was the first priest located in Belle-
ville; he arrived in 1829. The frame of a building which had been
erected for a Freemason's Lodge, was moved to the lot which had
beeen received from Government, and was converted into a Chnrch.
The present Church was commenced in 183T, and completed in
1839.

We have now adverted to the several early clergymen of the
different denominations in the young colony of Upper Canada, and
have dwelt upon those facts, and related thoso events, which apper-
tain to the woi'k we have in hand. We have essayed to simply
write the truth, w^ithout reference to the interests of any denomina-
tion, either by false, or high coloring, or suppression of facts.

Pi'om what wo have recorded, it is plain that the Church of
England stood the best chance of becoming the rel'gion of Upper
Canada. The seventh part of the lands wore reserved for the clergy,
and it was determined to erect an Ecclesiastical establishment in
the Province. In Lower Canada the Roman Catholics had been
secured by Act of Imperial Parliament. In Upper Canada it was
resolved that the English Church should occupj-a similar position.
The Rev. Dr. Johoshaphat Mountain was sent out from England in
1193, having been consecrated the first Bishop of Quebec, to take

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308

AN IRREVERENT HABIT.

charge of the English establishmont in all Canada. There wore
then in both Canadas five clergymen of the church. The monopoly
thus instituted continued for many years, and other denominations
could not even hold land upon which to build a place of worship.
But time swept all intolerance and exclusiveness away. In the
year 1828, was passed " An act for the Relief of Religious Societies"
of the Province, by v.hich it was authorized "That whenever any
religious congregation or society of Prjsbyterians, Lutherans,
Calvinists, Methodists, Congregationalists, Independents, Ana-
baptists, Quakers, Mononists, Tankers, or Moravians, shall have an
occasion to take a conveyance of land, it shall be lawful for them to
appoint trustees," which body should hold perpetual succession, &c,
But it was also enacted that no one Society should hold more than
five acres.

This subject will be concluded by the following, the writer of
which Avo fail to remember. It is within our own recollection when
this habit still existed :

An early writer, a visitor to the Province of Canada, speaking
about religious denominations says, " The worshipping assemblies
appear grave and devout, except that in some of them it is custo-
mary for certain persons to go out and come in frequently in time
of service, to the disturbance of others, and the interruption of that
silence and solemnity, which are enjoyed by politeness, no less
than a sense of religion. This indecorous practice prevails among
several denominations."

CHAPTER XXXm.

Contents— First Sabbath teiiching— Hannah Bell, 1769— School established, 1 "81
— Raikes — Wesley — First in United States— First in Canadar-Cattrick,Moon-
Conuuon in 1824 — First in Belleville — Turnbull — Cooper — Marshall— Prizes,
who won them— Mr. Turnbull's death— Intemperance— First Tempcranw
Societies— Change of custom — Rum — Increasing intemperance — The tastes
of the Pioneers— Temj)erance, not teetotalism— First Society in Canada-
Drinks at Raising and Bees— Society at Hollowell.

SABBATH SCHOOLS.

The earliest attempt known to teach children upon the Sabbath
was in 1769, made by a young lady, a Methodist, by the name of I
Hannah Bell, in England, who " was instrumental in training many
children in the knowledge of the Holy Scriptures. In 1781, while

FIRST SABBATH SCHOOLS.

309

another Methodist young woman (afterward the wife of the cele-
brated lay preacher, Samuol Bradburn) was conversing in Gloucester
with Robert Haikes, a benevolent citizen of that town, and publisher
of the Gloucester Journal, ho pointed to groups of neglected children
in the street, and asl^cd: "What can we do for them?" She
answered : " Let us teich thora to road and take thom to church ! "
"He immediately proceded to try the suggestion, and the philan-
thropist and his female friend attended the first company of
Sunday-scholars to ihe church, exposed to the comments and
laughter of the populace as they passed along the street with their
ragged procession. Such was the origin of our present Sunday-
school, an institution which has perhaps done more for the church
and the social improvement of Protestant communities, than any
other agency of modern times, the pulpit excepted. Raikes, and
his humble assistant, conducted the experiment without ostentation.
Not till November 3, 1T83, did ho refer to it in his public journal.
In 1784, he published in that paper an account of his plan. This
sketch immediately arrested the attention of Wesley, who inserted
the entire article in the January number of the American Magazine
for 1785, and exhorted his people to adopt the new institution."

In 1786, they wore begun in the United States by the Methodist
Bishop, Francis Asbury, in Virginia. In 1790, the Methodist con-
ference "resolved on establishing Sunday-schools for poor children,
white and black," since which time they have beoii in operation.

The first notice found of a Sabbath-school in Upper Canada, is
in Juno, 1817, when a Rev. Mr. Cattrick proposed at Kingston to
organize one. A communication from Wm, Moon, in the Gazette,
expreses great pleasure thereat, and Mr. Moon offers for the purpose
his school-room, and likewise his services. In 1824, " Sunday-
schools wore common in the old settlements, and were valued and-
encouraged by all classes of people. Not only did private benevo-
lence contribute to the schools, but the Upper Canada Parliament
granted £150, for the "use ami oncouragomeut of Sunday-schools,"
and of indigent and remote settlements, in the purchase of
books and tracts — (Playter). A Sabbath-school was established
in Belleville about 1826, by John Turnbull, Dr. Marshall, and
Dr. Cooper who taught in the school. Some religious society
granted books and tracts to schools. Four prizes were granted for
good attendance and behaviour, consisting of two Bibles and two
i Testaments. They were awarded, the first to J. H. Meacham, who
is now Postmaster of Belleville ; the second to his sister, Anna

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THE QUESTION OF TEMPERANCE.

Meacham, tho third to Matilda McNabb, tho fourth to Albert Taylor,
While thcHO pages arc going through tho press, we receive tho sad
intoUigonco that John Turnbull, Esq., last living of the three men-
tioned, has passed away at the beginning of this new year, 1869,
after a life of well-merited respect, and honor. The writer feels he
has lost a friend.

iNTEMPERANrE, — Total abstinence or teetotalism was unknown
when Upper Canada was tirst settled. Tho first temperance
societj' ever organized was at Morcau, Saratoga, County, New-
York, in 1808.

To taste and drink a glass of wine or grog, was not regarded
as a sin by any one of that day. To the soldiers and sailors grog
was dealt out as regularly every day as rations. Rum was the
liquor more generally used, being imported from Jamacia, and infi-
nitely jturer than tho rum sold to-day. It has to be recoi*dcd that
at a comparatively early date, breweries and distilleries were
orcctod, first in one townshij) then in another, so that after a few
years the native liquor was much cheaper than rum, and then fol-
lo'7ed the natural result — namely, increasing intemperance. It is
not difficult to understand that the old soldier would like his regular
glass of grog. In tho long and tedious journeys made by boat, when
food perhaps was very limited in quantity, the conveniently carried
botlle wotikl take its place, and extraordinary labor and severe
exposure would be endured by the agency of unnatural stimulus.
The absence of teetotal principles, the customs of the day ; want
of food; frequent and severe trials and exposures, would lead
even the best of men to partake of spirituous liquors. As we see it
to-day, so it was then, abuse arose from moderate use, and thoM
who had no control over the appetite, or who loved to forgst the
bitterness of the day by inebriation, would avail themselves vf the
opportunity to indulge to excess. The mind naturally crfives a
stimulant. If this desire be not fed by legitimate food, it is too
likely to appropriate the unnatural. The excitement of war had
passed away ; but had left in its wake the seeds of longing in the
breast of the old soldier. The educated man shut out from the
■world, had but little to satisfy the usually active mind. With some,
the remembrance of old scenes — of old homesteads, and their belong-
ings, were forgotton in the stupifying cup. When all these facts
are considered, is there not abundant reason to wonder that intem-
perance did not prevail more extensively. But it is a question
after all, whether the loyalists became more addicted to the cup

'• r 1

PIR8T SOCIETIES IN CANADA.

311

after they ko tiled, than when at the old hometi. Those who have
charged the old settlors with the vice of drinking, huvo forgotten to
look at them in comparison with other countries at that day, instead
of the light sot up at a later period.

But while thepionooi's preserved themselves fi-ora unusual indul-
<'once, it is to be regretted that their children too often forsook the
path of sobernosH, and in losing their right minds, lost the old farm
made valuable by their fathers' toil. It was often a repetition of
what occasionally occurred when the soldiers were disbanded.
They would often sell a location ticket, or two or three acres of
land for a quart of rum; the sons would sell the fruit of a father's
hard work of a life time.

One of the first temperance societies formed in Canada was in
Atlolphustown, on the 4th January, 1830. On this occasion the
Rev. Job Deacon, of the Church of England, dolivoi'od an address,
after which a respectable majority and three out of five magistrates
pa'sent, adopted resolutions condemning tlio use of ardent spirits,
and unitodly detei'mining not to use or furnish drink for raisings,
bcos, and harvest work. At the same meeting a temperance
society was formed and a constitution adopted under the title of
"The Adolphuptown Union Sabbath School Temperance Society."
They pledged thomsolvos not to use ardent spirits for one year.

According to the Hollowell Free Press, a tempercnce so.- ty
was formed at Hollowell, in 1829 ; for it is announced tha. the
"Second Anniversary " will bo held 3rd June, 1831. It is announced
April 12, 1831, that a temperance mooting will bo held in the
Methodist Chapel, when addresses will be delivered by Dr. A.
Austin. The officers elected for the ensuing year are Asa Wordon,
Esq., M.P.P., President ; Dr. Austin, Vice President; P. V. Elmoi'O,
Secretary and Treasurer.

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312 IROqUOM IN ENQLAND

CIIAl'TKIt XXXIV^

CoKTKNTB — The Six NfttionH— Fftithfiil IOhkHsIi Allies — Socioty for tli<^ l'ro[)ii;,'ii.
tion of (iosprl — First mlHsioniiry to Iro(]iioiH — .John Tlionins, flrrt coiivcit-.
Visit of ChiofH to Hngland — 'I'lmir immcn — TImmv pnrtriuts — Atteutioii ti.
tliem — AHkiiig for iiiHtriictor — Qiicfii Anue — ('oiiuniinioii >Servi(:o— DiiiJuj;
tlie Iteliellion — Hiiryin>< tlm Plntc — Roc ovrred — Division of tlui nrticIcM—
Sa(>rilc),'e of tho Itcliols — Kc-priiiting Trayir Ilool; — Mr. Htimrt, misBioiiftry
— Tho womiin and ihildren — At Liuliinc — Attutlnncnt to Mr. Stnmt—
Touching instance — Mr. Stuart's Indian sister — Clnirch at Tyondiniign—
School teacher to tho Moha-.vit— .lolin I'.iningor — First tcmihor — The MiningiM
family — Tho Moravian Society — Count Zinzcndorf — Moravian church ut Ni w
Yorl< — First minister, Abmham Hininfter — Friend of Embury — An old
account hook — ilohn Uinin^cr journeying to Canada — Living at Bay Qiiiiit<^
— Komovcs to Mohawk villa{,'e — Slissionary spirit — Ahrahain Hininijtrs

letters — The diroctiouH Children pleasing parents " Oallowpiiif;

thoughts " — Christianity — Canadian Moravian misHionaries — MoravlHu
loyalists — What was sent from New York — " llest Treasure " — The " Dear
Flock " — David Zieshager at tho Thames — I. Hininger acceptable to Mohiwi;
— Abraham IMninger desires to visit Canaila — Death of Mrs. Biningoi—
" Tender mother "— Biningernnd W<'sley— " (laritaon " — " Losec " — " Duiion"
— Reconciled to Mothotlists — Pitying Losco — Ijosuo leaving Canailo— C'eiias
to he teacher— Appointing a successor — William UoU — The salary — Tlio
Mohawks don't attend school — An improvement — The cattlo may not go in
school-house — Tho school discontinued.

THK SIX NATIONS — CONVERSION TO CHRISTIANITY.

From tho first occuputioii of New York by tho English, the
Six Nations had almo.st always hcon thoiv faithful allies. This
devotion did not remain unnoticed. Returns wore made not only
of a temporal nature, but in respect to things npiritual. So early
as 1702 the Society for tho Propogation of the Gospel in Forcigii
Parts, the next year after its organization, sent a Missionary
(Jlev. Mr. Andrews) to tho Mohawk Valley. Under his diroclinu
in 1714, the Church of England Common Prayers, was translated
into their tongue. Tho fix'st convert to Christianity was christonod
John Thoma«, who died in 1727, aged 119.

It is said tho .KngHsh in their determination to secure thu
alliance of the Iroquois against the French prevailed upon certain
chiefs to visit the Court of Queen Anne, in 1710, thinking that
the greatness and splendour of England, would tirmly fix theii
attachment.

There were four of them who crossed the water, and who
wei-o ti-eated with distinction. Their names woi-e " Te Yee I^een
Ho Ga Prow, and Sa Ga Yean Qua Proh Ton, of the Maquas ;
Elow Oh Roam, and Oh Nee Yeath I'on No Prow, of the River
Sachem. Portraits were taken of these four kings and placed in

■!«$'.

THE QUEEN S OIFT.

313

the BritiHh Musoiim. When proHcntod to tho (Jiioon Ihoy imido an
olaborato Hpooch, in which they Hpoko of thoir dosire to hoo their
" groat Qucon ;" of tho long tedious French war in which tlioy had
taken a part ; thoy urged tho no(H'sHily of reducing Canada, and
closed byoxprossing a wiwh that thoir "great Queonwill bo pioaHed
to Bond over some perHon to inhitruet " thorn in a knowlodgo of tho
Saviour. Consequontly tho Qucon caiiHod to l>e sent to tho Mohawk
church juHtoroc ted among thorn, a valuable isacraniontal service of
plate, and a coinnninion cloth. Thin royal gift was over hold in
tho most fervent esteem by tho tribe. Tlio part taken by tlio
noble Iroquois during tho cruel rebollion of 1776-83 is elsowhero
detailed; but in this connection is to bo noticed an incident of a
touching nature. Tho rebel commander of a blood-thirsty gang,
stimulated by promises of tho land which they wore sent to despoil,
came upon tho tribe at an unexpected moment. The valuable —
tho costly — the revered gift from tho Queon was in danger of being
seized by tho lawless liordo which was approaching. Not forget-
ting them — not unmindful of things sacred, some of tho chief
monibcrs of tho tribo decided to conceal them by burying thorn in
the earth, which was accordingly done, (ho plato being wrapped
in tho communion cloth. Those doubly valuable articles remained
buried until tho close of tho war, when they wore rocovorod. Tho
plato had suffered no injury, but tho cloth had been almost
destroyed by tho damp earth. These precious relics wore divided
between those who settled upon the Grand River, and tho smaller
brf ch that remained at tho Bay. Thoy arc to this day used on
sacramental occasions. U])on each of the articles, sacred to
memory, and sacredly employed, is cut the following words :

"Tho Gift of Her Majosty Queon Anne by tho Grace of God of
Groat Britain, Franco and Ireland, of ller Plantations in North
America, Queen of Ilcr Indinn Chappel of tho Mohawk."

When the lawless rebels camo into thoir settlement, they
destroyed the translated Pi-ayor book. The Mohawks appi-ohensive
that it would be lost, asked the Governor (llaldimand) to have an
edition published. This was granted by printing a limited number
in 1780 at Quebec. In 1787 a third edition was published in Lon-
don, a cop3' ?f which before us, supplies those facts. In connection
with it there is also a translation of tho Gospel acciu'ding to St. Mark
by Brant. It is stated in tho Preface that a translation of some
other parts of tho New Testament may soon bo expected from
Brant. But such never appeared.

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INDIAN ATTAniMENT.

Tho inir-riioiiftiy omploycd ut the coinmciifoinotit of tho rebel-
lion, by tho Society for tho Propoj^ntion of tho (Johik!! in Foreign
Pjirtf, WHS the I{ov. John Stuart. "In 1770, ho wm uppointed to
tho Mission at Fort Hunter. Ho xmin prepared a Moliawk ti-nuNla-
tion of tho (lospel by Mark, an exposition of tho Churcli catocIiiHin,
and a t'0inpondion.s History of the Uiblo. Ho wart undisturbed in
his labors, until after after tho Heclarntion of Indopendenco, though
" he constantly performed divine service without omitting prayera
for tho King."

Tho women and children of the Indians when hurri«'d away from
thoir homos repaired to Lachino, where they mostly remained until
tho end of tho war. Tho particulars of tho history of their mis-
sionary is elsewhoro given. There was a sincere attachment
between him and the tribe, an instance of which is supplied by tho
conduct of a si.stcr of Captain Johns. Mrs. Stuart had an infant
child Avhich was deprived of its natural food. The Indian woman
woaned her own child that she might thereby be able to supply tho
missionary's child with food. This child was Charles O'Kill Stuart.
When he became the Venerable Archdeacon, ho did not tbrgct tho
act of motherly kindness bestowed upon him. The faithful breast
upon which ho had nestled, had long since closed its heaving by
death ; but the daughter whom she had put away from the breast
still lived. Dr. Stuart visited the Indian woods every year, and
invariably wont to see his sister, as ho called her.

Early stops were taken to have built a church in which they
might worship. Tho Rev. John Stuart had his homo in Kingston,
yet he often visited tho Indians.

Tho first cliurch was erected on Grand River by Brant in
1786, and as nearly as wo can learn tho plain wootlon building at
the settlement upc •; the Bay was, at tho same time, or shortly after
erected.

The Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts,
not only employed tho Rev. ]\Ir. Stuart, as a missionary, to labor
with the Mohawks, but likewise set apart a sum of £30, as a salary
to a teacher to instruct the children of the Indians upon Bay
Quinto. Mr Stuart lived at Kingston, however, and could but
visit the Indian village occasionally. Biit a catechist was employed
by him to supply spiritual instruction. Mr. Stuart also had the
appointing of a school-teacher. The precise time when tliis school
was opened, it is impossible to determine. The first reference we
find to it is in a letter, (one of numy kindly entrusted to us by Mi's.

THE MORAVIAN BOCIETV.

315

Biningcr of l^llovillo) written l>y John Bin'mgor, tlu'ii livinj? in
AfloIphuMtown, to hiH fntlior, tho Jlev. Ahraliani llii>iin?cr of (■anidon,
Now York, Moravian misHionary. Tlw U'tl«'r is datcil IHtli St'jttciubGr,
1702, and Rays, •' boinj; at Kingnton, 1 hoard ns it wt-ri' acoich'iitly,
that the Rov. Mr. John Stuart wanted, on hehnlf of tlie Noeioty in
England, to hire a teacher for tho Mohawks up this hay, accordingly,
I made an offer of my Hervices." This may have been liu* eonnnenco-
mont of the school. Mr. Stimrt, not long after, accepted the offer,
and John Ulnlnger says he gave his employers notice that he should
leave them. Wo learn that he was at that time, or hnd been n short
time before, engaged ns a book-keeper in Kingston. He was detained
for two months before his employers wouhl release hini, inmiediately
after which he removed to the INIohawk village.

Before jiroceeding with the record of tho Mohawk s-hool, wo
shall ask tho reader to listen to a few of the facts in the histoiy of
the Biningcr family.

The Moravian Society was fotmded by Count Zlnzcndorf. He
visited New York in 1741, and seven years later, 1748, a Moravian
Church was established in New York. The first or principal Mora-
vian minister was Abraham Biningcr, a native of Switzerland, from
the same town where the immortal William Tell lived. — (Wakeloy.)
He was the intimate friend of Embury and the other early Methodists
in America.

Of the sons of the Rev. A. Biningcr, we have only to notice
John. Before us is an old account book in which is found tlie follow-
ing memorandum: " 1791, May 30th, IMovcd from Camden in Salem,
Wasiiinrjton County ; June 2nd, Arrived at St. John's, Canada ; June
8th, Arrived at Lachine for Kingston; 24th, arrived at Kingston,
Upper Canada ; July 2nd, Arrived at John Carscallinns, Fredericks-
burgh, Bay Kanty ; October 2nd, Moved from Fredricksburgh to
Adolphustown, 1792; November l;U.h, Moved from Adolphnstown
tr. Mohawk Village." A letter Avritten by John Biningcr to his
father, is in a fine distinct hand, and indicates both learning and piety,
and that he was actuated, in taking tho situation of teacher to the
Mohawks, by a missionary spirit. His father wrote to hira from
time to time, the letters are dated at Camden, and usually refer to
faniily affairs ; but each has a large portion devoted to Christian
'idvice, simply and tonchingly, an;l sometimes quaintly given. They
are signed Abraham and Martha. The first letter is addressed to
"Catcrockqua," and the request is made upon the corner of the
letter to " please forward this with care and speed," " also to the care

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316

bininoer's lettkrs.

of Mr. Juhn Carscallian, or Lieutenant Carscalliau.'' Tlio rest of the
letters are addressed to Adolphustowu, and the MohawU Village,
"Bay Quinte."

lu one letter he says " Remember children never please parents
more than when they are willing to bo guided by them ; self-guiding
is always the beginning of temptation, and next comes a fall that we
must smart for it ; we are to work out our own salvation (not with
high gullowping thoughts) but witli feare and trembling." In this
way every letter beams with pure and simple C'hristianity. After
his ehildrens' personal well-being, he is concjrned about the Moravian
missionaries in Canada, and alsu a considerable number of Moravian
Loyalists who ha<l settled upon the Bay Quinto, after whom lie fre-
quently iinpiires. In one letter he says "remember nie to all my
friends, in particular to old Mr. Carscalliau and wife." One letter
says, *' We send you with Mr. McCabe a lag. cheese, weight five ])ounds
anil three-quarters, about half-a-|)int of ajyple seed, from Urana's
saving. I also send you part of my best treasure, the Daily Word
and Doctrinal Texts, for the year 1792. The collection of choice
hynms and si.xteen discourses of my very dear friend, Count Zin/.eii-
dorf." lie says, " I would heartily beg to make Inquiry and friend-
ship with the brethren among the Indians. Tiiey are settled in the
Br'tish lines, I dont know the name of the place." Again he ex-
presses a wish that he shouhl iiupiirc for the brethrens' settlement,
and " make a correspondence with them," to think it his "duty to
assist them in the furtherance of the Gospel, l)oth on account of
yourself and on account of your old father. If you ciui get any
intelligence pray let me know, I am often concerned in my mind for
the dear Hock that be'ieve in the Lonl Jesus Christ. I think if any
gentleman in your parts can give infoi-mation, it is the llevereu«^ Mr.
Stuart, a minister of the Church of England, he i a gentleman that
I have great esteem for, 1 know he will give you all the intelligence
}ie possibly can." Subsequently, 1794, lie wishes hi>i son to corres-
pond witii the brethren at the river LaTrenche (the Thames). Asa
result of this I'equest, we see a letter received from David Zeisherger,
dated at Kiver Thames, 20th July, 1794, eighty miles from Detroit.

John Biniiiger was acceptable to the Mohawks of the Bay,
as an instructor. His fath'ir writes 5th January, 1794, "It was a
real satisfacrtion to me to see Mr. Ilekenalder in Now York, and
more so when I heard the good character of the Indians of your place
living among them." Writing February 23rd, he says, " was I able
to undergo the hardships, I would certaiuly join with you and tell

SENDING PRESENTS TO CANADA.

317

the poor Indians of God their Saviour, that would be the highest and
happiest employ for rae." In August, he says I wotild have ventured
the hardships of the journey, but mother and Isaac wont approve of
it , they think I am too old and feeble. I know tliat if I was with
you I should Imvo more contentment than T have here."

The last communication we have is dated Fv^bruary, 1804, in
which the good old Moravian says to his children, John and Pluebe,
that there " dear tender mother went happj' to our dear Saviour ;" at
the fimeral was so many, he wondered how so many could collect.

The Rev. Abraham Bininger was intimate with Wesley, whom
ho accompanied to Virginia. lie also was familiar with Philip
Embury, an<l Mr. " Garitson " who baptized his grand-child. The
first two Methodist preachers in Canada wore well known to him.
Several lettert-, back and forth, are " per fiivor of Loseo." In one
letter he says, '* Don forget to remember my love and regards to Mr.
Diuion (Dunham) and Mr. Loese." The postscript of another letter
says, " Isaac intends to send a young heifer, two pound of tea, a
ganunon, and a [)ise of smokt beef. ' Tother sends her love to Dunon
and Mr. Loesi'." A letter dated April l2th, 1792, says John Switzers'
son " was baptized by Mr. (Jaritson. Mr. Garitson is well approved
of in these parts. I heartily wish, as much as I love him, that he
wor<^ in yoiu* parts. I am of late moio reconciled to the INIethodists
than I was before, 1 see they really are a blessing to many j)oor
souls."

Writing 2nd August, 1704, he says"! heartily pity Mr. Lo.see
for withdrawing, his hand, he is now to be treated with patience and
tenderness. I have sent last part of a discom-se which I translated
from tho brethrens' writing. I did it chiefly on account of Mr. I^osee,
if you think proper send him a copy with a tender grecl from me."
John Bininger, writing Janmiry 12, 1705, remarks, l^fr. Losee is just
sottins: out lor the States.

Mr. John Bminger ceased to be teacher to the Mohawks some-
time in the Latter part of 1705, or first part of 1790.

There are several letters before us, written b}- Mr. Sluart, in
roferonco to tho appointment of a successor to Mr. Bininger, tho
first one is directed to " Mr. William Bell, at the head cf the Bay of
Quinto, and dated at Kingst( >, Hoj.tember 2fi, ITOfi." He says " I
received your letter respecting (lie M'diawk school ; I can give you
no positive answer at present : because I have agreed, conditionally
with a school-master at Montreal, that i.-<, if he comes nj), he is to
have tho school ; I expect daily to hear from him, although, I do

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THE MOHAWK SCHOOL.

not think he will accept of the employment. Some time ago Mr.
Ferguson mentioned you an one who would probably undertake
that charge. I told Captain John that if the person from Montreal
disappointed me I would talk with you on the subject. The salary
is £30 sterling, with a house to live in, and some other advantages
which depend wholly- on the pleasure of the Mohawks — but the
teacher must be a man, and not a woman, however well qualified."

The teacher from Montreal did not come, and Mr. Bell was

ap-

pointed. The following seems to have been a copy of Mr. Bell's
first call for payment, the half-yearly instalment.

"Mohawk Village, Bay of Quinte, July 5, 1797 — Exchange for
£15 sterling.

Sir, — At thirty days sight of this first of exchange, please to
pay to Mr. Robert McCaulcy, or order, the sum of fifteen pounds
sterling, being half-year's salary, from the 15th day of November.
1796, to the 15th day of May, 1797, due from the Society, without
further advice, from, Sir, &c., (Signed), William Bell, school-master
to the Mohawks. To Calvert Chapman, Esq., Ti-easurer to the
Society for the Propii nation "of the Grospel in Foreign Parts — Duke
Street, Westminster."

The Mohawks, it .seems, did not appreciate the advantages
which the establishment of a school among them was intended to
afford, and Mr. Stuart is found writing as follows: "Kingston.
August 18, 1799 — Sir, — Unless the Mohawks will send such a num-
ber of their children to school as will justify me in continuing a
school-master, in duty to myself, as acting for the Society, I «hall
be under the necessity of discontinuing the payment of your salarj-
after the expiration of the present year. This information I think
proper to give you, that you may govern yom-self accordingly. I
am. Sir," &c., (Signed), John Stuart,

But writing again, March 16, 1800, Mr. Stuart says, " I am happy
to hear that the school is now furnished with a dozen or more
scholai's, and it is expected you will be very strict in your disci-
jiline, and see that prayers are read night and morning ; that the
children ai-e taught the Lord's Prayer, and the Commandmentfi—
that children may not bo sent home even if their parents do not
send wood at the stated times ; that the cattle may not be allowed
to go into the school, but that it be kept clean, and the wood belong-
ing to it may not be used unless in school hours."

Writing again, September 11, 1801, Mr. Stuart says, "I have
waited with patience to see whether the Mohawks would send their

SCHOOL DISCONTINUED.

319

children more regularly to school, but if the accounts I receive are
true, the money is expended to no purpose. I am told that there
has not been a scholar in school since last spring. And, ns I never
found that the fault was on your side, I cannot, in conscience, allow
the salary of the Society to be paid for nothing. Therefore, unless
Capt John and the chief men of the village will promise that the
school shall bo furnished with at least six scholars, I must dismiss
you from their service — as soon as you receive this notification. I
hope you will see the reasonableness of this determination of mine,
and you may show this letter to Capt. John and the Mohawks, by
which they will sec that the continuance or discontinuance of the
school depends wholly on themselves."

The final letter upon the subject is dated "Kingston, 26th
August, 18(»2," and says, "I have not yet received any letter from
the Society; but, for the reasons I mentioned to you, I think it
will bo expc. nt to let the Mohawk school cease, at least for some
time. I therefore notify you that after your present quarter is
ended y«u will not expect a continuance of the salary." (Signed),
"John Stuai-t." "To William Bell, school-master to the Mohawks,
BayofQuinte."

■■-- i

CHAPTER XXXV.

C0.NTKNT8— Thu first Church at Tyeiulinaga grows old — A Council — Ask for
Assistance — Gov. Bagot — Laying first stone of nt^vv Church — The Inscription
—The Ceremony — The new Church — Their Singing — The stnrountling
Scenery — John Hall's Tomb— Pagan Indians— Rod .lackot — His Speech —
Reflection upon Christians — Indians had nothing to do with murdering the
Saviour.

BUILDING A NEW CHURCH.

Their original odifict 1 wood, having served its purpose, and
being in a state of decay; it was deemed necessary to have erected
anew and more substantial building. They, connoquently, held a
Council, at which the Chief made the following speech, after hearing
all the ways and means diwcussed — " If wo attempt to build this
church by ourselves, it will never be done. Let us, therefore, ask
oar father, the Governor, to build it for uh, and it will be done at
once." Reference hen; was made, not to the necessary funds, for
*.hey were to be derived fn>m the «ale of Indian lands ; but to the

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THE INDIAN CHURCH.

experience requisite to carry out the pi'oject. Sir Charles, Bagot,
the Governor, was accordingly petitioned. "The first stone was
laid by S. P. Jarvis, Esq., Chief Superintendent of Indians in
Canada ; and the Archdeacon of Kingston, the truly venerable G.
O. Stuart, conducted the usual service ; which was preceded by a
procession of the Indians, who, singing a hymn, led the way from
the wharf." " The following inscription was placed in this stono :

The Glory op God Our Saviour
THE EEMTANT OF THE TEIBE OF KAN-YE-AKE-HAKA,

IN TOKEN OF THEIR PRESERVATION BV THE DIVINE MERCY

THEOUGH JESUS CHEIST,

In the sixth year of Our Mother Queen Victoria : Sir Charles
Theopholus Motcalf, G.C.B., being Governor General
of British North America ;

The Eight Eev. J. Strachan, D.D., and [LL.D.,

Being Bishop of Toronto :

and

the rev. saltern givins, being in the thirteenth year

op his incumbency.

The old wooden fabric having answered its end,

THIS CORNER STONE OP

CHEIST'S CHUECH TYENDINAGA,

WAS LAID

In the preg"»ico of the Venerable George O'Kill Stuart, LL.D,,

Archdeacon of Kingston ;

By Samuel Peter Jarvis, Chief Superintendent of Indian

Affairs in Canada, assisted by various Mouibors of

the Church,

ON TUESDAY MAY SOth, A. D., 1843.

&c., &c., &c.
A hj'mn was sung by the Indians, and Indian children of the
school. The Eev. Wni. Macauley, of Picton, delivered an address,
which was followed by a prayer from the liev. Mr. Deacon."— ((Sir
Richard Henry Bmmycastle.)

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Bagot,
ne was
ians in
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ed by a
ay fvom
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1-HAKA,

ERCY

Charles
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nd,

Indian
of

311 of the

address,

1."— (iSf'r

MOHAWK CATECHI8T.

321

This edifice, with four lancet windows on each side, presents
to the eye a very pleasing iippearanee upon approaching it. While
the interior may not altogether appear so attractive, it is sufficiently
interesting. There is the elevated desk, and the more elevated
pulpit ; and upon the wall, over the altar, are the ten command-
ments, in the Mohawk tongue. Here is grandly united the Mother
Church, and the devoted piety of the once groat Mohawk nation.
Opposite the altar is a gallery, across the end of the building, in
which is an organ. Therefrom proceeds, Sunday after Sunday,
rich notes of tuneful melody, blending with the stout voices of the
singers. From this church ascends, have we not reason to believe
the adoration of hearts wanned into spiritual life by the pure
principles of Christianity.

The view from the church upon the surrounding scenery is very
pleasant, and, in the quietness of a summer day, one may linger
gazing and meditating upon the past history of tlie race whose
dead slumber hard by. The visitor's attention will be directed to a
flat tomb, of blue stone, inclosed by a low. stone wall, overgrown
with shrubs. Upon the face of the tomb r.re the words :

" This tomb, erected to the memory of John Ilall, Ochechusleah,
by the Mohawks, in grateful remembrance of his Christian labors
amongst them. During thirty years, ho served as a Mohawk
Catechist, in this settlement, under the Society for Propagating the
Gospel, adorning the doctrine of God, his Saviour, and enjoying the
respect of all who knew him. He died, generally regretted, Juno,
1848, aged 60 years." This stone also covers the rc^mains of " Eloner,
the exemplary wife of the Catechist, who died in the Lord, May 7,
1840, aged 50."

While the Mohawks always manifested a desire to learn the
truth, as taught by Christians, there were some of the Six Nations
who believed not, and steadfastly turned their backs upon the mis-
sionaries of the Cross. Among these stood prominent the Seneca chief
Sagnoaha, or Eed Jacket, one well known as an eloquent Sachem
in all the Councils of his people. A Seneca council was held at
Buffalo Creek, in May, 1811, when Red Jacket answered the desire
of a missionary that they should become Christians, as follows : —
"Brother! — Wo listened to the talk you delivered to us from the
council of black coats in New York. We have fully considered your
ta\k, and the oftors you have made us. We now retum <»ur answer,
which we wish you also to understand. In making up our minds
wo have look 'd ba"k to remember what has lieen done in our ilays,

and what our fathers have told us wii'^ done in old times.
21

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PAGAN INDIANS.

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"Urother! — Great n urn hers of black coat.s have been amoni;
the Imliaiis. 'VV^ith sweet voices and Hmilinii^ faces, they oft'orcd to
teach them the religion of the white people. Our brethren in tho
East listened tolhein. They turn from the religion of their fathers.
and lookup the religion of the white people. What good has it
done ? Are they more friendly, one to another, than wo are ? No.
Brother! They are a divided people; wo are united. They quarrel
about religion ; we live in love and friendship. Besides, thoy drink
strong waters, and thoy have learned how to cheat and how In
practice all the other vices of the white people, without inutatini;
their virtues. Brother! — If you wish us well, keep away ; don't
disturb us. Brother! — Wo do not worship the Great Spirit iw
the white people do, but we believe that the forms of worship arc
inditt'crent to the Great Spirit. It is the homage of sincere hearts
that pleases him, and wo worship him in thatmanncr." " Brother!
For these reasons wo cannot receive your offers. Wo have other
things to do, and beg you will make your minds easy, witliotit
troubling us, lest our heads should be too much loaded, and by and
by burst." At another time, ho is reported to have said to one
conversing with him upon the subject of Christianity, that tiic
Indians were not responsible for the tleath of Christ. " Brother,"
said ho " if 3'ou white people murdered the Saviour, make it up
your-ielvos. Wo had nothing to do with it. If he had come among
ds, wo should have treated him better."

it-l!

PREACHING TO THE INDIANS.

323

I ninoug
iftbrcd to
en in thi'
ir lathers,
)d has it
[iro ? ^fo,
iiy quarrel
hoy drink
[id how til

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ray -, don't

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orship arc
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"Brother!
tiavo other
(y, without
and by antl
said to one

CHAPTER XXXVI.

CoNTBMTS-Missisaauga Indians — Fatlier Pkquet's opinion — Uuninant of a largo
tribe— TJieir Land — Sold to Oovornnient — Rev. Wni. (^'iisi' — .lolin Sinulay —
A drunlcard — Peter Jonos — IJaptisinjj; Indians — At a eamp-nifetinjr— Tlioir
department — Extract from I'layter — William lUaver — Conversionij — .lucob
Peter — Severe \i\)on white tliristians — Their worsliip — The Father of Cana-
dian missions — Scliemeto teaeli Indians — Grape Island — Lcasinf? islands —
The parties — " Dated at Belleville " — (.'onstriuting a village — The lumber—
How obtained — Encamping on Grapt! Island — The method of instruction^
The number — Agricnltm-e — Their singing — School house — The tcncher—
Instructions of women— Miss Barnes — Property of Inilians— Cost of improve-
ments— A visit to Government — Asking for land— " Big Island "—Cther
favors— Peter .lacobs at New York— Extracts from Playter — Number of
Indian converts, 1820— Uivur Credit Indians — Indians removed to Alitwick.

THE MISSISSAUOA INDIANS — THEIR CONVERSION TO CHRISTIANITY.

We have learned that the French missionary, Father Picqnet
did not entertain a very high opinion, at least he professed not to,
of the moral character of the Mississaugas, and their susceptibility
to the influence of Christian religion. Wo will now see what was
accomplished by the agency of the Eev. William Case. We refer
to that branch at present called the Mississaugas of Alnwick,
and formerly known as the Mississaugas of the Bay of Quinto.
They were the remnant of the powerftil tribe, which ceded a large
tract in the Johnstown, Midland and Newcastle districts to the
Government. This block contained 2,748,000 acres, and was
suri-endei'ed in 1822, for an annuity of £642 10s.

In 1825 the Rev. William Case visited the Bay. Among tho
first to come under the influence of religion, from the preaching of
the Methodists was John Sunday. The writer has conversed with
many, who remember Sunday as a very filthy drunkard. Peter
Jones and John Crane, Mohawks who had been converted to
Methodism at the Grand River, visited Belleville. Peter Jones
with simple eloquence, soon reached the hearts of the Mississaugas.
The writer's father has heai'd Peter Jones preach to them in Indian
near the banks of the Moira, just by Xo. 1 school-house in Belle-
ville. In the spring of 182G Case baptized 22 Indian converts,
while 50 more seemed under the influence of religion. In June, a
camp-meeting was held in Adolphustown, the Mississaugas attended.
Special accommodation was attbrded them. Their arrival is thus
graphically given by Playter, and it supplies an excellent idea of
Indian character in connection with religion.

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INDIANS AT CAMP-MEETINO.

" A mossago camo that tho MissisHnuga fleet was in sight. A
few repaired to tho shore to welcome and conduct the Indians to
tho ground. Tho bark canoes contained men, women and childi-on,
with cooking utensils, blankets, guns, spears, provisions, and barit
for covering thoir wigwams. The men took each a canoe reversed
on his head, or tho guns and spears ; each squaw a bundle of
blankets or bark. Tho men marched first, the women in the rear»
and in file they moved to tho encampment, headed by two preachers.
The congregation seeing the Indians passing through the gate, and
80 equipped, was astonished. Reflecting on tho former condition
and tho present state of those natives of tho woofls, gratitude and
joy filled ovory bosom. God was praised for tho salvation of the
heathen. After tho natives hatl laid down tho buitlons, they all
silently prayed. for tho blessing of tho Groat Spirit, to tho surprise
and increased delight of tho pious whites. The Indians next built
thoir camp, in tho oblong form, with polos, canoes, and bark. The
adults numbered 41, of whom 28 had given evidence of a converted
state, and tho children were 17 : in all 58. Tho natives had private
meetings by themselves, and tho whites by themselves; but in
preaching time, the Indians sat on tho right of tho preaching
stand. At tho close of each sermon, William Beaver, an Indian
exhorter, translated tho main points for the Indians, tho other
Indian cxhorters, Sunday. Moses, and Jacob Peter spoko to thoir
people on different occcasions. Beaver's first exhortation was on
Friday, and pi*oduced a great effect on the natives.

On Sunday Beaver spoke to his people with great fluency.
Upon being asked what he had been saying, "I tell 'em," said he,
" they must all turn away from sin ; that the Great Spirit will give
'cm now eyes to see, now cars to hear good things ; new heart to
understand, and sing, and pray; all new ! I toll 'em squaws, they
must wash 'cm blankets dean, must cook 'om victuals clean, like
white women ; they must live in peace, worship God, and love one
another. Then," with a natural motion of tho hand and arm, Hi
if to level an uneven service, he added, " The Good Spirit make the
ground all smooth before you."

"On Monday, the Lord's supper w^as given to the Indians and
tho whites, of the Indians 21 were also baptized, with ton of their
children. The whole number of tho baptized in this tribe was nov
43, 21 children. As yet these Indians knew but one hymn, "Owr
a thousand tongues to sing, my great Redeemer's praise," r.vd one
tune. This hymn they sung, over and over, as if always new, and
always good. "

A REBUKE.

325

It has boon tho custom, of not nlonc tho United States, but
Bomo in our midst, to regaixi tho Indians as altogothor degraded
bolow the whites in intelligence, in natural honesty, and in appre-
ciation of right and wrong. At tho camjvmeeting above referred
to, there was a convert by name of Jacob Peter. He is described
ji8 " a sprightly youth of 18 years." At some subaoqontdate during
tho same year, the Indians hold a prayer-mooting at the village of
Domorostvillo. " Mr. Pomorest being present with other white
inhabitants, to witness the Indian's devotion, requested Jacob to
speak a little to them in Englinh; which ho thus did :

" You white people liavo tho Gospel a great many years. You
have the Bible too: suppose you read sometimes — but you very
wicked. Suppose some very good people : but great many wicked.
You get drunk — you toll lies — you break the Sabbath." Then point-
ing to his brethren, he added, " But these Indians* they hear the
word onl}' a little while — they can't read the bible — but they be-
come good right away. They no more get drunk — no more tell
lies — they keep the Sabbath day. To us Indians, seems very
strange that you have missionary so many years, and you so many
rogues yet. The Indians have missionary only a little while, ami
we all turn christians."

" The whites little expected so bold a reproof from a youth
belonging to a race which is gonorally despised." — (Playtor).

Camp-meetings were peculiarly calculated to impress tho
Indians with solemn thoughts. These children of tho forest deemed
the shade of trees a fit and true plac* in which to worship tho true
God, just as seemed to the first settlers who had for so long a time
had their homes within the quiet glados. And no more inconside-
rate step could have been taken than that pursued by Governor
Maitland, who, at tho instigation of others, tbrbad the converted
Indians at tho Siver Credit to attend camp-moetings. The conver-
sion of tho Mississaugas at Belleville, and tho Credit, soon became
known to the other branches of the tribe scattered throughout
Canada, and in time the whole nation was under the influence of
Methodist teaching. Their change of life was as well marked as it
has been la>.ting.

The Eov. William Case, " The father of Canaduin Missions,"
determined ta permanently settle tho tribe, to teach them tho
quiet pursuits of agriculture, and their children the rudiments of
education, as well as of christian knowledge. To this end the plan
was adopted, of leasing two islands, situated in Big Bay, which

|;^

I Mi. «

s,"

!• m

^i ID

326

GRAPE IHTiANO.

■ tf: ■ !i!

iii

belon^fj to tho tribo, aiul ONlobliNli tluM'cupoti i\w convortod Indiana.
Tho partioH to whom the triho ifrantod tlio lenso tor !H>9 yours, for
tho noiniiiivl Hiim of five HhillinjL^H, were "John RoynoldH, l^mijiiniin
Kotcljywoii, Pcnuel (r. Scldon, Jamos Bickfoni, and William Ko«8.''
Tho Cliiols, Warriors, and liidianH conf'orrinjf tho lease, and who
signed tho indcMiture, wore "John Sunchiy, Williiim Mouvor. John
Simpson, Nelson Snake, .Mitchell Snake, Jai-ob MuHgnashfuni,
Joseph Skunk, Paul Yawasei-n;;, Jacob Naw;^nashc'nm, John Salt,
Isa.-K.' Skunk, William Hos^^. Patto Skuid<, Jacoi» Shoe])0,<:;an^', James
Snake." It was "signed, sealed, and delivered in the presence of
Tobias IMeakei', and Pelcr Jones." Dato<l nilleville, ICth October,
1826. Tlio islands thus leased were Ilutf s Island, then known as
*• Li>i;rlm's," containing about tii'ty acres, and CJrape Island with
eleven acres.

Steps were promptly taken to ( arrv out the object aimed at by
tho ]>roi(!('tors, and !irran<^emenls were made to construct a villatjc
upon (iiapo I>land. The lumber for tho buildiiiirs was obtaiiRHJ
by cuttiMif hemlock saw loijs upon the rear part of TvendinaL,'a. by
the river Moira, under the direction of Surveyor Ettici-son, which
were floated down to Jonas Cannili 's saw mill, and there sawed
into suital)le pieces. These wore ai^ain floated down in small raftH
to the island. l)urin<; the onsuintf winter, the biiildinij;s nol beiiii^
as yet erected, a lar; numhor oncam])od upon (Ir.ape Islaml, wliile
tho rest went huMtint;. aa usual. Insti-uctions commenceil immedi-
ately. Preachers visited them from time to time. an<l two inter-
preters. William Heaver and Jacob Pctei* taught them the Loitl's
Prayer and Ten Commandments. In Jamiary the hunting ])arty
returned, and "a meeting, lasting .several day.s, was held in the
cha))el in iielU'ville, to instruct them als')." "Tho tribe mustered
about i;]0 souls, a:id llio Society embracoil every adult, about i:inoty
person ."

A l>ninch of tho tribe living in the i-car of Kingston, forty in
nmnber. came in May, tho following Spring, and joined those at the
island, ani became converts. ■• In this month the buildings were
commenced, and some land jjlounhed and ])lantod. The condition
of the people was every day improving. xVs many as 130 would
assemble for wtn'sbip. Their voices wore melodious, and delight-
ful was tho singing. A scho(d and meeting-house was built in Jul}',
30 foot by 115 ti> t. William Smith Avas the first school-teachor,
having thirty scholars in tho day school, and fifty in the Sabbath
school. Tho farming operations were under the superintendence

../I

PBPUTATION TO TORK.

327

Indians,
ourx, for
^uiijnmin
n lt(W8."
unci who
7or: John
imshi'um,
ohn Salt,
11 g, .lames
•oscnc'O of
hOotolier,
known as
land with

imod ut by
a villiiijo
s ol)tainL>(.l
idinni^a. by
!on, which
loi'o sawed
small rafts
< not iK'ing
and, wliile
imnieili-
two inter-
lu' liOnlV
ing jiarty
eld in the
nmstorcil
out ninety

forty in
loso at the
lin'j;s were
condition
1 130 would
Id dcdight-
lilt in July,
]ol-teachor,
10 Sabbath
intendenco

of R. Phclp?. Tho girls and women wore infitnictod in knitting,
sewing, making Htraw hats, and other work, by MisH K. HarncH.

" The public property of the Indians comprised a yoke of oxen,
three cows, a sot of farming tools, and nniterial for honHos, ha
lumber, nails and uhvss, — contributions of tho bonevolent. Tho
improvemontH of tin; year were oxpoctod to cost £250, to bo mot
ly benevolence in the United States ani OanjwJa. In ()(lober, tho
moeting-houHo was seated, in connection with which was a room
providi'd for a study and bed for the teacher. The botlies of eleven
log hou.se8 wore pUi up; eight had shingled roofs, antl they were
inclosed Ixjforo winter." — (IMuyter).

Soon after, a deputation from Grape Island visited York, with
.1 deputation from Kice Lake, and the Credit Indians, to seek aa
audience with the Government. A council was held with tho
Government officers on the 30th January, 1828. The speeches were
interpreted by Peter Jones. Jolm Sunday, after reterring to their
lonversion, and having settled by tho Ba^ Quinte, said, "that when
they considered the future welfare of their children, they found
that the island they claimed would not atibr<l theni sufficient wood
and pasture for any length of time, and that they had now come to
usk their great father, the governor, for a piece of land lying near
them." " He then proceeded to ask the Government in what situa-
tion Big Island was considered ; whether or not it belonged to tho
Indians? and, if it did, they asked their father to make tlioso
who had settled on it without their con.sent, ])ay them a pi*oper
icnt, as they had hitherto turned them off with two bushels of
potatoes for 200 acres of land. In the last place, In' a^ked permis-
sion of their groat father to cut some timber on the King's land
for their buildings." — (Peter Jones).

In April of this year, Mr. Case, with John Sunday and Peter
.lacobs, attended the anniversary of the Missionary Society in New
York. The manifestation of Christianity displayed by those sons
i»f tho forest touched the heai'ts of tho people present, and led to n
considerable augmentation of the contributions previously supplied
by private individuals. They visited other parts of the United
States, and returned to the bay. May 12, "accompanied by two
I'ious ladies, Miss Barnes, and 3Iiss Iliibbard." "The ladies came
with the benevolent design of assisting the lutlians in religion, in-
dustry, and education.'

''In the tour Mr. Case receivcil many presents of useful articdes
for the Indians ; and among the rest ticking for straw beds. This

t;v.'"

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328

THE NUMnER OF CIIRI8TIAN8.

wnH divided ainoiijj twenty lamilicH, and made the first beds they ever
slept upon." Among the couversionH of tliis year, was an Indian
womiUi, |)ractising witchcraft, an the people believe, and a Roman
Catholic."

The people were not only persevering in religious duties, but
made progress in industry. Mr. Case collected the Indians togethor
one evening, to show what they had manufactured in two woeks.
Tliey exhibited 172 axe handles, 6 scoop shovels, 67 ladles, 4 trays,
44 broom-handles, 415 brooms. The Indians were highly commended
for their industry, and some rewards were bestowed to stimulate
greater diligence." — (Playter).

According to the Animal Rcjiort of the Missionary Society of
the Methodist Ej)iKCopal Church of the United States, there were
"two hundred and twenty natives under the Christian instruction of
one missionary, one hundred and twenty of whom are regular com-
municants, and fifty children arc taught in the schools." Lort-nzo
Dow visited Grape Island, and writing July 29, 1820, says, "viewing
the neatness and uniformity of the village — the conduct of the chil-
dren even in the streets — and not a drunkard to be found in their
borders. Surely what a lesson for the Avhites ! "

The other communities of the Mississaugas that came under the
religious teaching of the Methodists are the River Credit Indians,
the Rice Lake Indians, and those at Schoogog, Simcoe, and the
Tliamos River.

When the Indians from the Bay (Juintc, and from Kingston, left
Grape Island, they removed to Alnwick. A Report on Indian Aflfairs,
of 1858, says, "they have now a block of land of 2000 acres divided
into 25 acre farms."

J.J

i'l

DINUSLOX VJ

'/'%

EARLY EDUCATION IN UVVVAl CANADA.
CilAFIKK XXXVII.

CoNTKNTH— Kdiunti*)!! (uuonK tlic LoyuIiNtM — Htfec
for Educiition — A tow Ktliu atcil — At Itiitli —
i'or|uiHitf fur I'lirrninK — Ltariiiii;^ iit liomc-
qiialifUatioiiK — IWv. Mr. Stimrt hh (i 'IViuliir
C'linadian D.D.— Mr. Clark, Tcuoln-r, 1780-
(.'ockorell — MyerH — lllaiiiy — Miilmol — Atk
Mrs.Craiiuliai) — In AdolpliUHtown — Monli-ii
—EvininK Scliooln — .McDoiwill — O'Rt'iliy—
bury — .iHinuH — Potter — Wrixht — WutkinH-
Articlosof Aik'rcomriib— KiuolleLtioiis — lUtiivd
— Si'hool DookH— Tim Li-ttcr Z.

t of til" U'ar — No oiiportunity
.\ <iiniiiiou lii'licf — What wan
The .School TcachorH— Their
-Aiadciiiy at Kingston — First
'Done van — Oarrison Sehools— -
iii(i — Kingston, 171'.") — Lyons—
-I'aiilkiner — The Sihool Hooks
■MiCormick — t'loKKi'iil — Salis-
- (filmun — Smith — Whelau —
in^ round — Anierii an Tea( herji

TIIK KIUhT BCIIOOLS AND TEACIIEUS.

The majority of the refugees posHCSMctl but limited education.
There were a very hinull number whose eilucalion was even
oxcollont; but the greater portion of Loyalists from the revolting
Colonies, had not enjoyed oj>portunities for even a common educa-
tion. The Htato of society, for many years, precluded the teaching
of youth. During the civil war, the chances for learning had been
exceedingly slender. Apart from this, there did not exist, a hun-
dred years ago, the same desire to acquire learning which now
prevails. The disbanded soldiers and refugees, even some of tlio
half-j»ay oflflcors, were void of education, which, even in the back
wowls, is a soiu'cc of pure enjoyment. There Avas, however, an
English seminary at (iuoboc, and at Montreal, at which a few were
educated during the war • for instance, Clark, who was a naval
store-keeper at Carloton Island, iiad his childreii there at school.
At the village of Kingston, there were a certain number of educated
persons; but around the Bay there was not much to l)oast of. As
their habitation.s wore sparse, it was difficult for a sufficient number
to unite to form good schools. Among the old, sturdy farmers, who
themselves had no learning, and who had got along without much,
if any learning, and had no books to read, there obtained a belief that
it was not only unnecessary, but likely to have a bad effect upon

330

THE FIRST COLLEQIATE HONOR.

tho young, disqualitying thoin for the plain dution ol' husbandry. If
one could ri-ad, wign his own name, and cast interest, it waH looked
upon as quite suffieiout for a farjner. But gradually there sprung
up an increased dcsii-e to aecjuiro education, and a willingness to
supply tho means therefor. In most ])lacos, the children were
glatlly sent to rcIiooI. And, moreover, in ^omo eases, elder persons,
without learning, married to one ])os.se^sed of it, would spend their
long winter evenings in learning from a willing ^nirtnor, hy the
flickering fire light. Saj's Fx-Sherilfltuttan, tlu n living at Adolpluis-
town, "As there wore no .schools at that period, what knowledge 1
acquired was from my mothei-, who would, of an evening, relate
events of tho American relM*!!ion, and tho happy lives people once
led under British laws '!:.d |)rotoction previous to tho outbrealc."
"In a few years, as the neighborhood improved, school teaching
was introduced by a few individuals, whoso individual infirmilios
prevented them from hard manual labor." We find it stated that
the first school teachers w.ero discharged soldiers, and generally
Irish.

The Rev. John Stuart, subsequently D.D., (See first clergyman)
was the first teacher in Upper Canada. So early as 1785, the yoiu-
ho settled at Cataraqui, as he called the place, he say.s, in a letter
written to an old friend in the States, "The greatest inconVcnicnco
I fool here, is theie being no school for our boys ; but, we are now-
applying to the Le;;islature for assistance to erect an aca<leiny and
have rejison to expect success ; If 1 succeed in this, I shall <lie hero
contented." " In May, 178(5, he opened an acauemy at Kingston ;"
writing in 1788, he remarks, I have an excellent school for my
children," that is tho children of Kingston. — (Memoirs of Dr.
Stuart). The degeee of J). J)., which was conferred upon Mr.
Stuart, in 17!)9, by liis Alma Mater, at the University of PcMnsyl-
vania, was tho first University degree of any kind conferred ujion
a Canadian, probably to nny one of the pn^sent Dominion of Canada.

While the IJev. Mr. StuarLwas engaged with the first .school in
Kingston, Mr. Clarke was likewise employed in teaching upon the
shores of the iia}', probabh' in Kriiesttown or Fredericksburgh.
" We learn from Miijor Clark, now residing in Edwaiilsburgh, that
his father taught the iirst regular school in Dundas. He arrived
with his family in Montreal, in the year 178(5, and ]irocecdod to the
Bay Quinte. Jle remained two years at the Bay, employed in
teaching. In 1738, ho came to Matilda, at tho instance of Captain
Frazcr, who, at his own expense, jjurchased a farm for him, at the

THE I^IRST PEDAtVXJITES.

331

cost of ono immlrcd liollars. A Cow of tho iieii^hbors usHiAtcd in
thporection of u school house, in which Mr. (!larUtaiiifI>tior several
years. He was a native of Perthshire, Scotland." — (History of
Dunduf).

One of the Hrst teachers at Kiuirstoii, was one Donovan.

As a fjelierul thin>;, all the JJritish f^arrisons had, what was
called, a garrison school, and many of the children at first derived
tho rudiments of education from these; that is, those living convo-
nient to the forts. Tlie teachers of the>e army schools, no doubt,
were of questionable fitness, probably possessing but a minimum
of knowledge, next to actual ignorance. However, Ihero may
have been exceptions. Possibly, whci'e a cha])lain was attached to a
garrison, he taught, or superi'i tended.

Col. Clark, of Dalhousio, says, " The first rudiments of my
humble educatioii I actpiired at the gan-ison school, at Old Fort,
Niagara. When we came to i ho British side of the river, I went
to various schools. The best among them was a Uichard Cockerell,
ail i'Jiglishman, fn)m the ITiiitod Slates, who left the country during
the rebellion." He al.so speaks of D'Anovan of Kingston, as a
teacher, and likewise ..Myeis, Bluney, Mr. Michael, Irish, and
another, a Scotchman. This was before 1800.

A memorandum by Kobert Clark, of Naj)ani'e, says, *'• My boys
lominenccd going to school to .Mr. Daniel Allen Atkins, 18th
January, ITOl."

Itochefoucault says, in 1705, speaking of Kingston, "In this
ilistrict are some schools, l>iit they are few in number. The children
are instructed in reading and writing, and jiayeach a dollar a month.
One of of the masters, superior to the rest, in point of knowledge,
taiiglit Latin ; but he has left tho school, without beiug succeeded
liy another instructor of the same learning."

•' In the year 178S, a ])ious .young man, called Lyons, an
e.xliorter in the Methodist Episcopal Cliurcli, came to Canada, and
t'ligaged in leaching a school in Adolpiiustown," "upon Hay Bay
iirlburth concession." — (Pluyter). K.\-Slierill" Huttan tells uk, that
• At .seven years of age, (Hi)!)), he was one of those who jialronizod
-Mrs. Cranahan, who opeiu'd a Sylvan Seminary for the young idea,
(ill Adolphustown) ; from tlu'iicc, I went to .Iniiathan Clark's, and
ihcn tried Thomas Mordeii, bisily William Kaulkiner, a relative of
the Ilagermans. You may sui»])oso that those graduaticms to Par-
nas.su.s, was carried into eti'ect, because a large amount of knowledge
foukl be obtained. Not so; for Diiworth's Spelliiig Hook, and tho

. Hi

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332

NIQHT SCHOOLS.

■■ ; ! !

)(

Now Testament, were the only l)ook8 possessed by those academics.
About five miles distant, was another teacher, whose name I ibrget ;
after his day's work was do»io in the bush, but particularl}' in the
winter, ho was ready to i-ocoive his pupils. This evening school
was for those in search of knowledge. My two elder brothers
availed themselves o^ this opportunity, and always went on snow
shoes, which they deposited at the door." It looks vevy much as if
courting may have boei; intimately txssociated with these nightly
researches for knowledge. 'Mr. Ruttan adds, "And exciting
occasions sometimes happened by moonlight, when the girls joined
the cavalcade." At this school as well, the only Iwoks were
Dilworth, and the Testament; unless it wore the girl's " looks.''
'Those primeval days I remember with great pleasure." "At
fourteen, (180C), my education was finished." We learn that at an
eai'ly period there was one McDongall, who taught school in a log
house upon the south shore of Hay Bay. Says Mr. Ilenry Van-
Dusen, one of the tirst natives of Upper Caiuida, " The first who
exercised the prerogative of the school room in Adolphustown were
the two sons of Edwanl O'lleily, and McCormick, both of whom
are Avell remembered by all who were favored with their instruction
— from the unmerciful floggings received."

About the year 1803, one Salisbury taught school on the High
Shore, Sophiasbnrgh. The first teacher upon the Marsh Front.
near Grassy Point, was John James. At the mouth of Mj'crn'
Creek, in 1807 or 8, James Potter taught school ; but, prior to that.
a man by the name of Leslie taught. About this time, there was
also a Rev. Mr. Wright, a Presbyterian, who taught school near ilrs.
Simpson's, lie preached occasionally. In 1810, in a little frame
school house, near the present market, (Belleville,) taught one John
Watkins. One of the first school masters up the Moira, fifth con-
cession of Thiirlow, was one Gibson, ilrs. Perry, born in Ernest-
town, romenienibers hei* fii'st, and her principal school teacher. His
name was Smith, and he taught in the second concession of Ernest-
town in 180(5. ile had a large school, the children coming from
all the neighborhood, including the best families.

During the war of 1812, Mr. Whelan taught at Kingston, in
tho public school. The school house stood near the block house.
It is stated, January, 1817, that he had been a teacher for ten years.

Before us, is a document, dated at llollowell, Oct. 28, 1819. It

is — " Articles of agreement between R L , of the one

one part, and wCj the undersigned, of the other part: that is to say:

AN AGREEMENT.

333

that E L doth engage to keep a regular sthool, for the

term of seven months from the first day of November next, at the
rate of two poundfi ten shillings per month ; and ho further doth
agree to teach reading, writing, and arithmetic ; to keep regular
houre, keep good order in school, as far as his abilities will allow,
see that the children go orderly from school to thoii- respective

homes. And we, the undersigned, doth agree to pay K L

the sum above named of ten dollars per month for the time above
mentioned ; and further, doth agree to find a comfortable house for
the school, and supply the same with wood fitted for the tire. And
further, to wash, mend, lodge, and victual him for the time of
keeping said school. School to be under charge and inspection of
the following trustees : William Clark, Peter Leavens, and i>aniel
Leavens."

To which is subjoined, quaintly, in Mr. L.'s hand writing:

" It is to be understood that the said R L has performed

his business rightly till he is discharged, — (Signed) H L ."

Below are the names of the subscribers, and the number of
scholars each will send.

The practice already refeiTcd to, of setting apart for school teach-
ers such members of the family as wore physically incapable of doing
hard manual labor, without any regard to their natural or acquired
capabilities, was of Yankee origin, and continuetl in many places
lor many years. The writer had, among his early teachers, one
wlio boarded round from family to family, whose sole qualification
to teach consisted in his lameness. This prostitution of a noble
calling, had the effect of preventing men of education for a long
time, from engaging in the duties of this profession.

In different places, young men would engage for throe or four
mouths, in winter, to teach school ; but, with the return of spring,
they would return to the labor of the field and wootls. After u
while, young women could be found who would teach in the con-
cession school house all the summer, to which the younger children
would go.

Some of the first school teachers were from the old country, and
some from the American States. The latter would naturally desire
to have used American school books, and, as they were the most
conveniently procured, they were introduced, and continued lo be
in use ibr many years. At least, by some schools. Dr. Noah Web-
ster's spelling book was among the first to bo used ; and the writer
commenced his rudimentary education in that book. It followed,

■V 'i

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il!

334

AMERICAN PRONUNCIATION.

from the presence of American teachers and school books, that
peculiarities of American spelling and pronunciation wore tauj^hl
to the children of Canada. For instance, take the letter Z. This
letter of the English alphabet is, according to original authority
pronouiued re(Z; but Webster taught that it had not a compound
sound, and should bo pronounced ze. This matter was brought
befon- the public, by a letter over the signature of "Harris," which
appeared in the Kuujston Herald, in 1846. After atlducing abund-
ance of authority, he concludes that " the instructor of youth, who.
when engaged in teaching the elements of the English language,
direct tlicm to call that letter ze, insteatl of zed, are teaching them
error."

CHAPTEK XXXVIII.

CONTKST.S — Mr. Stimrt'8 school — Simcoc — State Clinroli and CoHfyc — Oramiuar
Schools^Hon. U JIumilton — Chalmors — Stnuhaii — Comes to Canada—
Etiiuatioiial hitstoiy — Arrival at Kin^'.ston — The pupils — Keos — Removes U
Cornwall — PiipilH Tollow — Straclian, a (Canadian— Marries — Interview witli
Bishop Straelmn — His disappointment— A stranger — What he forsook — 300
pujiils — Their Huccussr' — Stay ni Cornwall — Appointments at York— A lec-
turer — At Kingston— Memher of Legislative Council — ['olitician — Clerfry
Iteserves— FoundH King's College— The thirty-nine articles— Mcmopoly
swept away — Vohmturyium— Foumis Trinity College— bisiiop Straclian in
1866 — What lie had accomplished— Those he tutored — Setting up a liiirli
Rtandurd — "Reckoner" — Sincerity — L<''gisiation, 1797 -Address to the King
— Grammar Scho<)l8 — Giant, 1798 — Boiutl of Education — Endowment ol
King's College — Its constitution — Changes — Upper Canada College — En-
dowment — " A spirit of improvement" — Oourlay — The second neadeniy—
At Ernesttown — The trustees — BidwcU — Charges — Contradicted — Rival-
school — Bidwell's son — Conspicuous character — Bidwell's death — Sou n.-
moves to Toronto— Acadamy building, a barrack — Literary spirit of Bath-
Never revived— York.

UI6IIEK KDUCATION— FOUNDATIOX 01'

niDWKI.L.

LrN'"EUsrriKs — stracicax-

Up to the time that Upper Canada was set apart from the Pro-
vince of Quebec, as a distinct Province, and even until 1799, when Dr,
Straclian came to Kingston, the Itev. Mr. Stuart continued to be the
only teacher who imparted anything like a solid education. But his
scholars consisted mainly of Iwys not far advanced. No doubt maii.,
of them, however, received from him the eleinents of a sound, and
oven classical education.

ks, that
taiis^ht,
Z. This
.uthorily
impound
brought
I," which
if abuitd-
uth, who.
language,
linsj them

— Grammar
to Cttuatla—
-Ut'moves t'l
tcrviow with
forsook— 300
i'ork— A k'O
ciau— Cler^'y
Is— Monopoly
Stviu'liiin ill
i<r Up a lii?li
to the King
itlowiiu-nt ot
JoUogu — Bu-
ll academy—
:tC(l — liivul-
[ith— Sou r.,-
rit of Bath—

IruACHAN—

a\ the Pro-
, when Ui"'
to be the
But his

ioubt mail;
sound, au'i

DR. 8TRA0IIAN 8 PUPILS.

335

Governor Simcoe, soon after a.ssuminir office, impresse<l witii the
importance of higlier education, even for an infant colony, took early
steps to jn'ocuro from the mother-country a competent person to j)htce
at the head of a College ''c had determined to establish in connection
with a State Church, llis scheme of education to furtlu'r that
bject, was to e.stablish a system of graiianar schools, and a Uni-
versity as the head.

The Hon. Robert Hamilton, of Quee.iston, had at thi? time a
brother living in Scotland, and it was through him that an oft'er was
made first to the celebrated Dr. (Chalmers. But not desiring to come,
although he had not yet attained to his greatness, ho mentioned the
name of his friend Strachan, to whom the otVer was then made. Mr.
Strachan decided to come. Thus it was the veteran school teacher,
the divine, the founder of Universities, who but recently passed away,
was led to Canada to become tlu; occupant of one of the most con-
spicuous places in the Province of Upj)er Canada. So intimately is
the name of Dr. Stnichan associated with the history of education, as
well as with the Episcopi^linri Church, that it becomes necessary to
supply here a somewhat lengthened account of his educational history.
He ariived at Kingston the last day of the year, 1 790, having sailed
from Greenock the latter part of August, and having been over four
months on the way. But when Strachan arrived, Simcoe had been
recalled, and his scheme was at least, in abeyance.

Col. Clark says that " a school was established at Kingston, 1800,
by the Hon. II. Cartwright for liis sons, luiving Mr. Strachan for
teacher, who had the privilege of taking ten additional .scholars at
£10 each per annum. Among those ten were the late Chief Justice
Bobinson, Chief Justice Macaulay, the Hon George Markland, Bishop
Bethune, the successor of Dr. Strachan ; the Ecv. W. MacaiUay, Picton ;
Captain England, Eoyal Engineers ; Justice McLean, Col. John Chirk,
and the two sons of Hamilton, James and Samuel. These, with four
sons of Richard Cartwright, formed Air. Straohan's first school for the
higher branches of education.

Mr. Strachan continued to teach in Kingston for throe years,
when he removed his school to Cornwall.

All of his pupils at Kingston, except John Clark, of .Niagara,
followed him to that place, and continued for years uniier his in-
Htruction.

The high standard of eilucation now set up by Mi'. Strachan had
a beneficial effect. Ho trained here fur usefulness and distinc-
tion, some of the firat men of the Province. In addition to

336

REMOVAL TO CORNWALL.

VWi

;( !>

thosn inentioncd as «listin^uislied pupils, was ChriHtoi)hcr Hagar-
man. Here Mr. Strachaii, i' may 1>(' sai«l, became a thorough
Canadian, ami began to identify hims' with the higher interests of
the country. He sliortly after man . t a lady of Cornwall, MigH
Woods, who lived to within u few years of the IJishop's death.

Dr. Strachan, in conversation with the writer, referred to the
time of his coming to Canada with no little feeling. He evi(hintly
felt the disapi)ointment arising from the departure of Governor
Simcoe very keenly, which left him quite to his own resources in the
new country, far from his home which lie had forsaken, in view of
certain promises of advancement, congenial to his taste. He was, to
use his own words, "a lonely stranger in a foreign land, without
resources or a single acquaintance." But in coming to si>i'ak of his
pupils, «)f which there li.id been al)out 300, and >vhose course in life
he had been permitted to see ; whose success he had beei; ]»rou(l to
note, he spoke of them with all tlu- kindness and regard of !• ijaront.
He dwe)i upon the character un<l hi^h position to which so many had
attained, especially the late Chief Justice Robinson. Speakinj.' of
himself, he said his " early life was of too busy a nature to allow iiuu
to keep a journal." And we find it stated that he had to sujiport a
mother and two sisters.

Mr. Strachan continued at Cornwall nine years, teaching, when
he removed to York. The Government recognised his ability, ami
to increase the sphere 'ji his usefulness, and to establisli a Provincial
College, he was requested to remove to the capital of Upi)er Canada,
and had ottered to him every advantage, pecuniary and otherwise.
In these early eftbrts to establish higher education, says the liev. Mr.
Smart, whoso testimony is imporUmt, too much praise cannot be
given to Dr. Strachan.

Although Mr. Strachan had removed to Cornwall, Kingston
was occasionally favored by his presence as a public lecturer, iw
the following notice which appeared in the 6race»e, December, 1810,
will show:

"Mr. Strachan's annual course of popular lectures on Natural
Philosophy, will commence on the second Monday in January, the
course consist i^j of thirty-six lectures, to be completed in two
months. Tickets of admission, four guineas; students taught at
any of the District Schools of Upper Canada, entitled to tickets for
one guinea. This money to bo appropriated to the pnrchaso of
scientific books, for the use of those who attend the lectures."

In 1818 Dr. Strachan was appointed a member of the Lcgis-

pher Hagar-
a thorough
r interests of
)niwall, Miss
«leutii,
erred to tlie
lie evidently
)f Governor
jurces in tlie
II, in view of
He was, to
nid, without
peak of his
ourse in life
jei; jjrond to
of i', parent.
<o many had
■jpeakinj.' of
,o allow him
to HUpport a

ORIOIN OF TBINITT COU.KOK.

lative Council, nnd also nf «i.« v

.io..how.«\.„„,: :;,^;^f-'«vo <""-"• In .1,0,0 po,i.

forgot .he „H«i„.,| v^n^ZfiiTZT,, •*■• ■"■■""■'•° "-"r

.« M wa» i„,„„j,,| „„ j^^, t " J's ^to.-. Mater. Thi, i,,,,-^
™.«cribo .0 tho Thirty.,,,,/^.™ ;■*"» "f .l«o wl,o w„„H

W. But tho ,pi,,t whie^t i ' , rr °?" ^''"■«'' "f B"^
« ho«t,io to tl,i, monopoly, „,d ti,c , '''" '"'"" ■>'' '•"'""l*
>«™tyhohrtf„„,,dodhooaLl ',',1! '■"""' "■''°" "-o Uni-
»" "<™o»„ Old „,„„, wh „ • ,S7""'r'™"- ^'"•""gh

tei!0,henovorthn„ght„fre,,i„„°.™ '•''»'< "vorcome hi, „„,.
>«;h«prinoipl„„K„i„,, voluntr,;,;'?''' ''"'','" '«««' oppo,iM„„

™.y and tho Trinity Ooll,.,C 5 t!",™ "°" "'^ """"«"■ ^n"
ta noLrinj. ,,„.,j^ „„,, - ;" "-""to „ a „.„„n,| „„mnm,.„t to

""T'';l;::i 'r'""™' '"'"' ""'" "'''"'' '""'"' '"'""'°^

'"™.«'''l^r«ffllln*"i;f,,J™;f',';'' ,'" <•><>«■■ Tim wi.lely
•■«, n, orootine to n high „n ov" i,^fl , r", ^■" "'»'"'>' "•'t'l
- whose untirin,,™?,, , „' II I ™ ,'•'' '"'"'""" "' C'a„a.la
l:"l"», ha, ,„„do him fl,; p^ "' '7 » ';""'■■"■' ""-"cot and a nob,^
"««. Tho .■e«nlt „f hi, doii!^ , '"'-''""■ "*"«"i»" in (ho C

*io" of hi, „„hi„ ,i,,, t^i^;;: r t: •;; '"" >i.o.,„, „,i,:, . :
'fr'" ^v"» ■"»* "'■ «:";,';•:;,:':; r"?' «'-" . ti:

" 0»ada', oarii,.., „„,, .,„.,„, H, ' '" ""■ «l«'-''o» of n.anv

J«"e., besides a lar«e n„,„ber >, oH ,""""' "' ""■ ^^h-rwo^J,

;«" part in the history o7,h" ° " "''" ''•■"•■• •««l - „,°°„ '
'««yetoversh«l„^,^^J,* .^"'"fy W,il,. „,„ tree. ^X

*^ «™-'-' 'p'-e- »"d z^ ; ;;: r J"™"" ■«'"• <•■■'"■%

Ii.ff

if .

lais

FIRST (iRAMMAR .SCHOOLS.

Hizt', Dr. Striiuhaii l»y pen, mul by word ol' mouth, was setting up a"
higli siuiidanl of learning; and by worttiy nieauH, was stimulating tlio
mindH of tlie future luun of Canada to attain that higli mark. lioad
the ea.sy flowing words tlia: appeared in the Kingston Gazette, over
"]?eekoner," and it will striki- one that if he took tlie Spectator as a
model, he abundantly succee«led in imitating the immortal Addison.
His 8ohool at Cornwall was jire-cminently good, " he had the wcltarp
of those connnitted to him at licart, (says the Eev. Mr. Smart,) as
well as the youth of the comitry g(.'neraliy."

Five years after the erection of Upper Canada into a distinct
Province, 17l»7, steps were taken by the two Houses of Parliament
to OHtablish schools for the higher branches of learning. A joint
address was proscntod to His Majesty, Geo. ill., asking that he
" woidd bo graciously pleased to direct his (lovernment in this Pro-
vince, to aj)propriate a certain ]K)rtion of the waste lands of tlio
Ci-own, as a fimd for the establishment and support of a respectable
Grammar School in oacli Wstrict thereof; and also a College, or
University, tor the instruction of youth in the different branches of
liberal knowledge." The Imperial (Jovcrnmont rej. lied, enqnirinfr
in what manner, and to what extent, a portion of tbo Crown lands
might be appropriated and rendoredtproductive towai'ds the formation
of a fund for t he above purposses." The Kxecut i vc Council of Cunwia
recommended "thatati appropriation of 500,000 acres, or ten town-
ships, after deducting the Crown and Clergy sevenths, would W a
BufHcieut fund for the establishment and maintenance of the royal
foundation of four Grammar Schools and one Univereity." It was
al.so Kuggosted, that the (frammer Schools bo established at Corn-
wall. Kingston, Newark (Niagara), and Sandwich, and the I'lii-
vcrsity at York." It is not known what action was taken on UjIs
recommendation. — (Lillio). Eut, in 1798, " a grant was made of
549,000 acres of land in ditteront parts of the Province, to carry out
the design of the (I rammer Schools and Univei*sity." "Of the
above land endowment. 100,573 acres wore, up to the year 1826,
assigned to i or disposed of by) a public body, known as the Boanl
of Education, the proceeds having been applied to the supjwrt of
Common and Grannnar Schools." The residue of the grant,
amounting to 358,427 acres, a])pears to have been rcgai-dcd as
proiMjrIy constituting that portion of the royal gift whi«h ha»! been
intended tor the support of the contemplated University."'

Through the influence and exertion of Dr. Stra<'han. the
Uiii\ < r.-iiy of King's College was established by Eoyal Chart t of

li.

FOINIUTION OP IPPER CANADA Cor.I.KOE.

:{39

Int'oriK)iatioii, lutli Murcli, IS27, with an oiulitwiin'iit of '• 2U5,000
aiTOH of frown land, und £1.000 for sixtoen years. Tlii- Coiuu-il or
(iovoniors woro to consist of the Clianccllor, President, and seven
Professors or (Jra<luates of tlio institution. AW were to lie members
of tlio ('liurcli of England. This exclusive fealui-o <»f tiie Colle<;e
continued to oyi t until l!^4;5, when liie charier was modilied
wherob}- pnrtie- were eligible to hold otHce hy a <lcclaration of
their " belief in the authenticity und l)ivinc incorporatiun of tho
Old and Xew Testaments, and in the doctrine of the Trinity.
Various (duniges wore mmie by Legislative eiin«'tnienl until the
present institution became established, in lH5;i, wlien tho tacultieH
of Law and Medicine were ab»>lislK'd. tiic nan\e changed fr<im Kinu;'s
College to rniversity College, and the I'nivi rsiiy anil t'oiU'^u
nuu'e two distinct institutions

The lloyal (iran\mar School w^\ merged livto I |>pM I'aiiada
College in 182!>, anil this int«(ttUUon wasopouvM the lol low i n tf y fin*.
•In tlu' years 18;i2. ISJli, and l8;t,^. \t reieivod endo • ucnts of
Iftiul, auvounting, in all, to tid^liS aeivs. irrespective of two valuable
lilocks in V(»rk— «)n one oV VvUlv^h the present ('ollege buildings
stand." '• Tho lV>llogo tUvvlier rooived an allowanci from Govern-
ment of .taOO sterling, in IK^O ; £500 in lJS;il; ami £L<'00 sterling
l»er ai\nun\ since."

ACADEMY AT ERNKSTTOWN — BIDWULI..

While to Dr. Strachan belongs the honor o'" establi«hing ;!ie
lirst school whoroat u liberal education might oc obtained tho
eltbrts and labors of others n\ust not be forgotten. Shortly after
thccommeifcoment of the ]tresent century, there arone, |)erhups hh
a result of the teaching <>f Stra<dian, a greater desire for advanced
learning. Says a writer in 181L "A spirit <>f improvi'mcnt is
I'viilontlj' spreading, the value of education, as wel' as tbf want of
it. is felt. Gentlemen of com])etent means appear to b<' -cn^iiii e of
the importance of giving their children aciwlemical learning, and
ambitious to do it without sending them abroa<l for the purpose.
Among other indicaticms of jirog'ress in literary ambition, I
cannot forbeai* referring to the academy lately erected in Krnosl-
town, by the subscri))tii>n of public-spirited inhabitant-* oi t lat,
ami the neighbouring townships, who appear to be co?ivinced that
the cidtivation of liberal arts and sciences is natu^ally conno<'tcd
with an impi'ovement of manners and morals, and a general melior-
ation of the state of society.'

ll.

I H

''m

f '* i.

, il-\

f '
1^"

,i t,

ill

^'. I I .J

340

MR. lUDWEI.L.

The ncmioiny iiIk»vo rolerrt'd to wan tho sucoixl Hchool of import-
unco u8Uil)liMhO(l in Upper Caniulu. It wuh nino hituuted upon tlio
hltorex ot the Uuy of (^uiiitt'. The following is from the Kinyston
Gazette :

•' Kknkhttown ArAiiBMY.— The HuhMiriborH horehy inform tho
friondn of learning that an Academical Sch«K)l, under the wuperin-
tondenco of an ex|K!rienced ])recoptor, in opened in ErneHftown,
near tho church, tor tho inHtniction of youth in Kn/^linh i-oaditiflr,
Hpeaking, grammar and composition, tho learned languai^cs, pon-
manship, nrithmetic, geo^rrahy, and other hranchou of Lihoral
hiduuution. Scholaris attending from a distance may ho boarded in
gooti I'aniilicH on reahonahle terms, and for fifteen hhilliiigs a year
can have the use of a valuahlo library. School Trustees : J^»l)ert
McDowel, Jionjamin Fairfield, William Fairfield, Solomon Johiw,
William Wilcox, Samuel Ncilson, tJeorge BaUor. — Kmesttown, lllh
March, IHll."

The person selected for teacluT was Afc Barnabas Bidwcll, who
had a few years j)reviously como to Canada from the State of
Massachusftts, where ho had been, according tohi writer in the
Kiiufston (iazette, Attornoy-General of that SUite. Tho same
writer nutdc charges of a serious nature agai?\st Mr. Bidwell, as to
tho cause of his leaving his country; but one of tho above com-
mittee vindicaU'd Mr. Bid well's character; by asserting that
although Mr. W. had been ''unfortunate in business, and became
embarrassed, he wjvs honest, and had left j>roj)erty to pay his debts
when he Icf; — that he luul been a tutor at tho first college in
America — that ho avoided j)olitics and devoted himself to literary
pursuits." It was about the commencement of tho present century,
when^Mr. Bidwell came to Bath to live.

Probably the academy at Bath was regarded somewhat as a
rival to the school existing at (yornwall.

Barnabas Bidwell remained at Bath about eight years when he
removed to Kingston, with his son, Marshal Bidwell, who became a
lawyer, and a very conspicuous character in ('anada. B. Bidwell
died at Kingston, .July 2r), 183;^, aged 70. His son removed to
York in 1S30, where he practised his 2^i''>leH»ion until tho eventful
year of 1837.

The academy, at the commencement of the war of 1812, was
in a |)rosj>erous stale, but very soon all was changed, — tho school
was broken up, and the building converted into a barrack. The
close of the war unfor innately saw no return of tho old state of tbingH,

roiJ,KOR« AT KfNnHTOV.

the toftclicr wuH ,iJf'»no, ftnd tho Ktn<lonts si'iitU'rod. '' hiivinj^ re<«)rt»'tl
to olhor pinci's of (Mliiciition, innny of ihoiu out nf tli*' province.
The Itiiihliii*; is now. (IH2*J). occupied usn h(»u-«' of'jmhlic wor>«liip.
And II t'lininion scliool. It is (o lio hoped, however, tiiat thy taste
lor litornry inipi*ovonu'nt may bo revivi'd, mm thi^ seminary bo
re-oHtablished." Hut those hopes woro novor roalixed. Tho literary
i^iory <'. Math liad depart<'d. Tlu» capital of York w.-is now to
bofttmo u eontro to which W(»uld <^ravitato tho more learnol, and
where would lio established the scats of learning. The limited,
thoiii^h earnest rivalry whicli had existed between Kin^Nton and
Hatli, was to be on a more important scale, between the nneient
fi'jjital, Kingston, and the more promising one of York.

CIlAlTKli XXX IX.

Cdntk.nts— Kxtrtut from Cooih'i — iMlmiitioniil iiiHtitiiiiniis— KiiiuKtoii — QiH' dh
('(illc>r<'— <lwn's Iti'iil Mstiitr — I{i'i:i<ii»)lis ('ollciri'— llmimii Catliolic — (Siuiii-
iimr Scliool — .Vtti'iuliiiR'i'— fit'liool Imiisfrt — l.ilnary— Sfpiimtc Siliools^
Privati- Kcliooln — Tlie (Quaker Scliool — William I'ciiii— I'lioii tlie llmUon —
Near nioonifiold— Orij^iii of scliool — (iiiniay — His oll'ct- — MunaprcnicDt oi
Hchool — Till? tcacliiiif; — Mi'h. ('roinliic's hiIiooIs — l'ict»)ii l.adivH' .Xcadciiiy—
McMulIcii, pioiirictor— 'rcaclicrs-(tciitlciiicii s (lc|mrtiiiciit— l'o|iiilai' — Tlic
art of iirintin;^ — In America — Hook piililisliiiin — Firnt in .America- Hookti
ainon;; tlio loyaliHts — Few — I'asKed iinmnd — Fer;.'nson's liooks — 'I'lie Bihie —
LilirarieK at KinjjHton and Hiitli— licu'islation — in Lower Canada— Iteadiii;'
n)oni at Ilallowcll — Itescrvi-s for KiliU'ution— l'|iiii'r Canada in rcspi'd lo
education — Praiseworthy — Comnion School System Jtill introduced 1841 —
Amended, 1840— Dr. Uyerson's system — I'lisuriMistcd.

IIKIIIEU EI)tCATIO.\, CONTlNTKn.

The Mnl)joine<l statement we extract from Co<»per, which wui
written in 18611. Wo Inive no doubt the last twelve years has been
attoitded with a steady increase in tho im])ortance of tho J'>Juca-
tional institution.s of Kingston.

" EurcATioNAii Inststutions. — There aiv in Kinirston two
colleges, Queen's College and Rogiopolis; the County (Irammar
School, 11 Common Schools, 2 separate J{. C. Schools, one School
connected with tho Nunnery, or Sisters of Charity, with numerous
good private schools for boys, jirivato schools for girls, infant
schools and other minor educational establishments, such as evening
schools, classes for teaching continental languages, iVc, in all
between 20 antl 30.

i i

IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)

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Photographic

Sciences

Corporation

23 WEST MAIN STREET

WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580

(716)872-4503

'i\

342

queen's college.

" Queen's College. — Queen's CoUejojc is an educational institu-
tion of very considerable importance, and from it have issxied
graduates in arts, divinity and medicine, of no despicable attain-
ments. It was incorporated by Royal Chai'ter in 1842, and is
under tlie management of a Eoard of Trustees and Senate. It has
a Principal and four Professors in Arts and Divinity, besides six
Medical Professors. It confers Scholarships of the aggregate value
of £200, the highest being worth £12 10s. It numbers during the
present year, 47 medical students, 30 in Arts, 10 in Divinity, con-
uected with it is a Preparatory School, whei'e great pains are
taken to prepare pupils for matriculation at the college. A good
library, containing some 3,000 volumes belongs to the College. A
series of meteorological observations are taken by the graduates,
with the able supervision of the Eev. Professor James Williamson,
under whose assiduous attention this branch of knowledge, so much
neglected in Canada has been carefully fostered.

" This institution owns valuable real estate, and is aided ly an
annual grant from the Legislature of £750, and £250 to the
medical branch. i

" Eeoiopolis College is a Roman Catholic Seminary of learn-
ing ; it has three Professorshijis, the duties of which are discharged
by lloman Catholic clergymen. Beyond its own walls, and its
own community, it is little known as an educational institution.

" The Counjy Grammar School is supported as those in other
counties, that is, by a grant from Government of £100 per annum,
and the tuition fees of pupils. It possessed formerly a small endow-
ment ; this for the jjresent has been consumed in creating a fund
for the liquidation of some debt on the school-house, a plain sub-
stantial building in a healthy and elevated part of the town; it is
under the control of a Board of Trustees, appointed by the County
Council, and is managed by a head-master and under-master. It
is one of the three Grammar Schools first established in the Pro-
vince, and created by Eoyal Charter — the other two being at
Cornwall and Niagara.

" The Common Schools are, as in other places, under the
management of the department of education, and the local control
of a Board of Trustees, and local Superintendent. There is a great
want of proper and sufttcient school-houses, a want which it is
antici])ated will soon bo supplied, the Board having in contempla-
tion, the immediate erection of proper buildings. The free school
system has been adopted here ; the difficulties usually attendant on

13 •'

'I 1
I

QUAKER SCHOOLS.

343

its establishment have not been altogether escaped — the puMic
seeming loth to tax themselves to any extent, for the purpose of
general education. A marked increase in the attendance at the
city schools has taken place during the last two years, and there
are now taught as large a number of children in the common schools
of Kingston as in any other Canadian city, in proportion to its
population : the standard of education may or may not bo as high
as in Toronto, Hamilton or Brockvillc, but if it is more elementary,
it is not less sound. In free public schools, such as now established,
it is perhaps as well not to aim at a higher standard than is hero
attained to. When good school-houses are erected, it will doubt-
lessly be found necessary to adopt the Central School system, on
the model of that so successfully carried out in Hamilton, Perth
and St. Catharines, and perhaps elsewhere. When such is the case
the present schools will rank high as primaiy schools, whilst the
central schools will have to compete with other similar institutions
in the province, and will not likely be behind them in character
and value ; these changes are in contemplation, and will before
long be carried into ettect. The people of Kingston do not fail to
appreciate the benefits of sound education of its inhabitants in
elevating the position of a city. A public library, containing some
2,000 volumes, has been established in connection with the city
schools.

"The Roman Catholic Separate Schools are under the
management of a separate Boai-d of Trustees ; they are supported
as are the Common Schools, by a Legislative grant, proportionate
to the average attendance of pupils, and by a rate settled by the
Board, collected from all i-ate-payers ; in the case of the Separate
Schools, from the parents of pupils and supporters of the schools,
who are exempt from all other taxation for school purposes. The
rate in their case is usually vei-y low. The wealthier su])porter9
of the schools, with a praiseworthy zeal, voluntarily contribute
largely to the required fund. Among the private schools are many
excellent academies for both boys and girls, which afford both
ornamental acquirements and substantial, classical and commercial
education."

Quaker Schools — The noted and gooil William Penu founded
a school for the children of the Friends at an early date. Subse-
quently a Quaker Boarding School was established upon the banks
of the Hudson, near Poughkeepsie.

Toward the latter part of 1841, a school for the children of

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344

PICTON ACADEMY.

tho Quaker douomi nation, was ojioned near the pleasant village of
Bloomfield, about 4 miles from Picton. The origin of the school
we believe, was pretty much as follows : An English gentleman,
John Joseph Gurney, brother to Elizabeth Fry, a member of the
Quaker .Society, and wo believe a minister, was travelling in Canada,
and discovering the wants of that denomination, with respect to
education, ,)t!'ered to bestow a certain sum, (£500), on condition
that another specified sum were raised, a suitable place bought, and
buildings prepared. His offer being accepted, and at this juncture,
Mr. Armstrong being desirous of selling his farm of 100 acre*,
with a good bi-ick house just completed, the present site of the
school was procured. In addition to the means thus obtained there
was also a limited sum held by liie society, it is said a bequest, for
educational purposes. Additional buildings were erected, and the
school duly opened. The first teachers were Americans. The
school was managed by a committee chosen annually by the
Society, until the latter part of 1865, when it was leased to Mr,
W. Valentine, to whom we are partially indebted for the foregoing
facts. The school continues under the supervision of a managing;
committee, appointed by the Society. Its capacity does not extend
further than to receive 30 pupils of each sex, who are taught the
usual branches of a good English education, and sometimes the
rudiments of the classics and the modern languages.

In 1836, ]\Ii's. Crombie and hei- sister Miss Bi'adshaw opened a
"Female Academy" in Picton, which promised to give " substantial
and ornamental accomplishments."

The Picton Ladles' Acadamy was opened in December, 1847, by
the Rev. D. McMullen, as sole proj^rietor. It was continued by him
until May, 1851, when Miss Creighton rented the premises and took
charge of the school. It continued under her management nine months,
when it finally was closed. The first teachers were the late Mrs. N.
F. English, and Miss Eliza Austin. AfterM'ards Miss M. E. Adams
was preceptress, and Miss Ployle was teacher.

A male department was established by Mr. McMullen, with the
hope of having it connected with the Grammar Scbjol. But this was
not done. The principal of the school was C. y.. C. Cameron, now
Dr. Cameron of Port Hope, and a graduate of "Victoria College. He
was assisted by Mr. Samuel W. Harding ; the school existed but one
year. Both of these schools wei'e well attended, and were deservedly
popular. When closed it was generally regarded as a public loss, by
those most capable of judging.

iUa,u;e of
c school
itloman,
r of the
Canada,
lisped to
jondition
ight, and
juncture,
00 acreff,
to of the
ned there
quest, for
1, and the
ans. The
y by the
>d to Mr.
foregoing
managin|fj
act extend
aught the
f times the

opened a
lubstantial

r, 1B4T, by
ed by him
and took
le months,
Ite Mrs. N.
Ie. Adams

I, with the
lit this was
lieron, now
lege. He
bd but one
ieservedly
lie loss, by

FOUNDATION OF VICTORIA COI.LBGE.

UPPER CANADA ACADSMY — VICTORIA COLLEGE.

345

We have accorded to Dr. Strachan a prominent and foremost
position in connection with the subject of higher education. Wo
considered it a duty as well as a pleasure, to thus honor one whose
pniso was in all the land when Le ceased to live. But the fountain
of education opened by him did not flow, shall we say, was not
intended to flow to the masses. J)r. Strachan's educational estab-
lishment was rather created for a .select circle, for an expected
Canadian aristocracy. It remained for others to originate a stream
of learning that should water the whole land, and come within the
reach of every Canadian family — that should give intellectual life
to the whole of the country, irrespective of creed or origin. To the
Woslcyan Methodists belongs the greater honor of establishing an
institution of higher learning, whose doors were opened to all, and
within which any one might obtain learning without hindrance, no
matter what his belief. While religious oversight was to be
extended, no peculiar dogma was to be enforced, no sectarian
principle was to be inculcated.

In the montli of August, 1830, when the Wesleyan Conference
mot upon the Bay Quinte, the Eev. Wm. Case, being General Super-
intendent, and Ecv. James (now Dr.) Eichardson, Secretary, and
while Cobourg was yet embraced within the Bay Quinte District,
the following Eesolution was adopted by that body:

"That a Committee of nine be chosen by ballot, consisting of
three from each District, to fix the location of the Seminary,
according to some genei-al instructions to be given them by the
Conterence." The committee consisted of " J. Eyerson, T. White-
head, S. Belton, David Wright, J. Beatty, Wm. Ryerson, Thos.
Madden, Wm. Brown, James Eichardson."

"The following Constitution for the Upper Canada Academy,
was adopted :

" 1. That nine Trustees be appointed, three of whom shall go
into office annually.

" 2. That a Board of Visitors, consisting of five, bo chosen
annually by the Conference.'' That these two bo dies should jointly
form 1 Board to appoint the Principal and Teachers, and govei-n,
and generally superintend the institution. '■""^'- "■ '■'' •'^•^*^''«**- '^' '

The Conference, in the Pastoral Address, asked for the liberal
support of the members, in the establishment of the proposed
Academy. A general agent was appointed, and active steps taken

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346

THE FIRST PRINCIPAL.

to carry out the object. It is noteworthy, that the call thus made to
the farmers, many of whom were yet stru,i(<j;ling for the necessaries'
of life, was promptly and nobly responded to. Agents continued
to be appointed from year to year, and in the Conference address of
1835, it is said, "We are happy to be able to say that the buildins,',s
for the Upper Canadj), Academy arc nearly completed. "We trust
the Institution will soon be open for the reception of pupils." There
had been delay " for want of funds." Arrangements were making
to accommodate one hundred and seventy pupils, with board and
lodging. In 1836, it is found stated, that " the Conference and the
friends of general education, and of Wcsleyan Methodists in Canada,
have at length, by their unremittingeflPorts, succeeded in preparing
the Upper Canada Academy for the reception of pupils, and we
expect, in a few daj's to see it in operation." In 1837, we find that
Matthew Eitchcy, A. M., was the Principal of the U. C. Academy.
If wo mistake not, the Rev. Egerton Ryerson had, previously been
named to fill the office. At all events, wo have every reason to
believe that this distinguished Canadian educationist was chiefly
instrumental in securing the foundation of an abiding institution,
probably, indeed, was the originator of the scheme. lie not only
stimulated others to work; but obtained from Government a grant,
80 often begrudged. He also, as a representative to the British
Conference, was the means of procuring a donation of one hundred
pounds' worth of books, beside other contributions. In 1840, the
Rev. Mr. Ritchey ceased to be Principal. During his time of service,
it is stated, the Academy increasingly progressed in efficiency and
in increase of pupils. Mr. Ritchey's successor, in 1841, was the Rev.
Jesse Ilurlburt, A. B. Daniel C. VanNorman was Professor of
Mathematics, a post to which he had been appointed a year
previous.

The year 1842 s.iw the Upper Canada Academy changed into
the Victoria College, by Provincial Legislative enactment, posses-
sing the usual powers and privileges of a University. The Eev.
Egerton Ryerson was made Principal ; Jesse Ilurlburt, A. IVL, and
D. C. VanNorman, Professors; and James Spencer, English Teacher.
Dr. Ryerson continued Principal until 1845. In 1845, Alexander
MacNab, A. M., was appointed Acting Principal, and in 1847 ho
became Principal, and held the position until 1850.

In 1851, the Rev. S. S. Nelles, A. M., was elected to the offiee
which he now continues to hold with so much cro'dit and dignity,
having been instrumental in materially advancing the reputation
of the previously well known College.

THE ART Oi PRINTING.

BOOKS, LIBRARIES — PRINTING.

347

Tlic art of printing was not old whon the colonies of Franoe and
Great Britain were planted in America. Tlie discovery of this art,
with the avenue which the discovery of America, opened for the pent
up millions of Europe, wrought out the most striking changes which
ever jnarked the history of the human race. It struck the final blow
to the spirit of feudalism, while America sup})lied an asylum for
those who found not full freedom of conscience and an opportunity
to rise in the scale of hiunan existence.

Book publishing being once introduced into England, rapidly
became of vast magnitude, and thus everywhere scattered the food
essential for the human mind. It was in the year 1639 tiiat printing
was introduced into America ; but it was sixty-two years before it
became of any account, during which time the business was mostly
in Philadelphia. Altogether there were but four presses in the
country. Tlie first book printed in America was made in 1640. It
was a reprint of the Psalm Book, and afterwards passed through
many editions, while it was reprinted in England in eighteen editions,
and twenty-two in Scotland, being seventy in all.

Whatever may have been the state of edueation in the British
Colonies, and the general desire to read books at the time of the re-
bellion, it is quite certain that the hasty manner in which many left
their homes, tiie long distance to travel, and necessity of carrying
quantities of provision which took all the strength of the refugees,
precluded the possibility of carrying many, or any books to the
wilderness of Canada. Even after the peace the long distance to
come, and the frequent impoverished condition of the settler, allowed
not the desire, if such existed, to fetch books for instruction and
mental enjoyment. However, there were some brought by them,
but mostly by the oflicers recently out from the old country. During
the first ten years the books among the settlers were veiy few ; but
these few M'ere circulated from one township to another — from
one person to another, who had the desire to, and could, read. We
have in our possession, a letter from John Ferguson to Mr. Bell, who
was then, 1789, at Kingston, in which the latter is requested to tell
Mr. Markland, that he, Mr. Ferguson, had sent him from the Eighth
Township, by the bearei*, the History of France. The same person
writing from Fredericksburgh in 1791, desires to have sent from
Sidney to him, " some books, viz. : five volumes of the History of
England, by Horn, and the two volumes of Andrew's History of
France."

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348

FORMATION OP LIBRARIES.

;ii.l'

But while few, or no books of a secular nature, were brought by
the settler, a large number, true to their conscience, carried a copy oi
the Bible, even many of the disbanded soldiers had one, cspecinlly tlu-
Lutherans. Tiiese were often in lhe German, or Dutch language.
Some of these venerable .and sacred relics we have seen ; one in
German, which belonged to Bongard of Marysburgh.

For many years Kingston took the lead in everything that ])er-
lains to education. The history of the Kingston Gazette shows tliat,
not only did the leading men of lhe place give the patronage neces-
sary to establish and maintain a newspaper, independent of Govern-
ment support, and give interest to the columns of the j^aper by con-
tributions ; but there is evidence of early and successful efforts to
form a public libraiy. lleference is made to the "Social library
established in this village (Kingston) in 1813, when the Rev. Mr,
Langhorn presented to it a valuable collection of books, (see the
first clergyman). This librai'y had probably been in existence for
some years. Another library was established at Bath prior to this
time. Gourlay says, in 1811, "books are procured in considerable
numbers, social libraries are introduced in various places." And, no
doubt, the High School at Cornwall, under Mr. Strachan, had attacliod
to it a select library.'

The Kingston Gazette announces, August 1, 1815, that "A small
circulating library " has been opened at the Gazette office, " on the
most reasonable terms."

In 1816, an act was passed "to appropriate a sum of money ^or
providing a library for the use of the Legislative Council and House
of Assembly of this Province." The sum granted was £800 to pur-
chase books and maps.

While the growth of Upper Canada was attended by a corres-
ponding increase of private and public libraries. Lower Canada, there
is reason to believe, was maintaining the character it had acquired
under its original rulers, for educational privileges and individual
eftbrts to create centres of learning.

We find the statement " that the library of F. Flennng, Esq.,
Montreal, comprising 12,000 volumes, sold by auction, Septembers,
1833, was the largest ever offered for sale on the Amei'ican conti-
nent." '

In the Halbwell Free Press, 15th February, 1831, is the follow-
ing: "Library notice." — "A meeting of the inhabitants of the
village of Hallowell is requested to-morrow evening, at Strikers' Inn,
at seven o'clock, to take into consideration the propriety of ostab-

oufjht 1)y
a copy of
jciiiUy till-
langnuge.
1 ; ono in

; that per-
liows tliat.
lage neces-
)f Govern-
ei" by con-
efforts to
iial library
! Rev. Mr.
:8, (see the
Listence ior
•ior to this
5onsiflerable
." And, no
lad attached

[at " A small

ce,

on tlie

f money

{or

and House
p800 to puT-

>y a corres-
[anada, there
lad acqiiirod
ll individual

[niing, Ksq.,
[eptember 8,
lerican conti-

the follow-
ints of the
trikers' Inn,
ity of ostab-

ORIGIN OP COMMON SCHOOLS.

349

lishing a Eeading-room in the village." The next i«suo of the
Journal says, " we are glad to see our friends have established a
reading-room."

" At an early period of British dominion in America, blocks of
wild land were set apart, to make provision, by a futnre day, for
public institutions. Since the revolution, the United States have
followed out, in part, this practice, by allotting lands for schools, and
in Canada, whole townships have been appropriated for the same
purpose." While this foretliought respecting schools indicated a
proper desire to secure educational interests, it must be observed
that the reserves, like those of the Crown and Clergy, very materially
prevented the opening up of the cotmtry by settlers, and kept apart
tho settlers, over a wide field, and thus preventing advancement in
civilization.

Looking back at the history of legislation, relative to education,
one is struck with the fact that much, very much, was done by the
young colony of Upper Canada. The establishment of the Common
Schools especially, which first took place 1816, has been regarded as
most yfiic, and the grants of money most praiseworthy.

Tlie present Common School system of Upper Canada was in-
troduced in 1841. The Bill was brought forward by the Hon. S. B.
Harrison. The fundamental principle, being the allotment of money
to each county, on condition of its raising an equal amount by local
asses-sment. Tliis iict was amended and improved in 1843, by the
Hon. Francis Hincks, and in 1846, by the Hon. W. H. Draper. In
1849, the Hon. J. H. Cameron introduced aa act, establishing schools
in cities and towns. In the year following, these two acts were in
corporated into one, with further improvements.

The Common School system, as we find it to day, is, in a great
measure, the production of Dr. Ryerson's long continued and intelli-
gent labor. Borrowing the machineiy from the State of New York,
and the mode of support from Massachusetts, taking the Irish national
school-books for instruction, and making use of the Normal School
system of Germany, he has, by the addition of what was necessary,
bnilt up a system of Common School education in the Province of
Ontario, that cannot be surpassed, if equalled, in the whole world.

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350

,1 • I

NEWSPAPERS.

CI I APT KR XL.

I I

CoNTKNT.s — FirHt Ncwspa|)(i's, 1457 — Year fiO — EngliHli NcwHpupers — In AnuTira

— Ill Ciiimtld — '(iii/c'tc' — Fdtinilcr I'lipcrs in 175:! — QucIkm' • Ilcriild'

— Mdiitiiivl ' (iiizctte' — • T,(i 'I't iiips'— Qiiclicc ' Mfniiry ' — ('luiiulicn '('(mriiiit'
— ' lloyal <in/('tti'' — First in NcwfounilliUKl — ' U. ('. (iiizottr' — First I'lipti
— fSul)scril)t'rs — Upper ('luiiidii ' Ouurdiaii ' — Wilco.x — Mr. Tliorpc — Opponi.
tion — Lilx'l — Klortcd to I'arliiunt'nt-— York .Jiiil — J-cadcr — In 181'.;—
DcscrtidT — York ' (!a/,ctti! ' — Kinjjston ' (iazctto' — Only Paj^'r — News
sixty years (iifo — Fn Midland District — Rev. Mr. MilcR — Plonocr of .lournal-
isin — His Hirtliplac'c — LciirnH tlio I'rintin^ Unsini'MH — !\Iower — Montrwil
' (iii/,ittt(!' — Kendall — Partnership — To Kingston in 1810 — The Printing
OHite — Kingston '(iazette' — Mr. Miles soils out — The eoncorn purehased—
iVlr. .Miles asked to bo Editor — Their kindness — Gratitude — Second Volume
— Kxtraet from ' Oa/.ette' — The Priee — Kingston' (Jhronide ' — I'pperCanadii
' Herald ' — ' {'aniidian Watchman ' — Mr. Jliles at Prcscott — Retinns to Kin;^-
fiton — Knters tlie Ministry — Loyal Subject — In 1812 — On Duty — Archdeacon
Stuart — {'ol. Cartwriglit— Contributors to ' (iazette '—Our Thanks— A Watch
— Faitlifulness — "A Good Chance" — Subscribers at York — Kingston
' Spectator ' — ' Patriot' — ' Argus ' — ' Commercial Advertizer ' — ' Britiuli
Whig' — 'Chronicle' ami 'News' — First Daily in Upper Canada — Paper
Boxes — Brockville 'Recorder' — A Reform paper — McLcod — Grenville
' Gazette ' — Prcscott ' Telegrajjh ' — ' Christian Guardian' — Ruform Journals.

THE FIRST NEWSPAPERS IN THE WORLD.

ill

ill m;

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The first newspaper published in the world, says Galignnni,
bears the name of Nourcmberg, 1457. But according to Tacitus,
nowHpapers, under the name of diuma, circulated among the
Eomans ho early as the year 66. The first English newspaper was
issued in 1622, and the first French in 1631. The first in America
was the Newsletter, ptiblished at Boston, 1704. It was discontinued
in 1776. The first published in New York, was by Wm. Bradford,
in 1773. In 1775, there were but thirty-seven in the British colo-
nies. By 1801, there were in the United States 203, and in 1810,
358. The first newspaper in Canada was the Quebec Gazette, first
issued in 1776. Although now upwards of a hundred years old, it
continues to live an active and useful life. The founder of it, Mr.
Brown, brought his press from Philadelphia in 1763. By his heirs
it was sold to Mr. Nelson, who left tlie establishment by his will to
his brother, the late Hon. John Wilson, long the experienced and
able editor of the paper. There were, in 1763, not more than
twenty newspapers in the breadth and length of the then American
colonies ; and the Quebec Gazette is the oldest in the British North
American Provinces, for nearly thirty years it remained without
a competitor; but about 1788 the Quebec Herald w&a started, which
had but a brief existence. About the same time, the old Montreal

ITPEIl CANADA COM.KflK.

351

Gazcltc wa;- o.^taltlislu'il liy one Mi'^iplot, and was piililislied in
French; but was boon cliHcontinuwl until 1794. Alxiut the sanio
(into -Le Temps now.spaiter was puliii.shod nt Qnehor, in Fivnch
iviul Kn/jjHsh, and was of short life. Tho(^iicl)OC Merciti'ji, puhlislicd
in Kn,i,dish, b}' Thomas Cary, cominoncod ilsoarocr in 1804, and tho
Caiuvfien followed it in 180(J ; but was stcjppod by the M'izure of tho
press by the flovernincnt, in 1810. Tlio Canadien Courant was
founded at Monti'cal about 1808. Tho Roynl Gazette iwvX Neni'outut-
land Advertiser, tho first newspaper in Xewfoundland, a])j)eared in
no7. The Upper Canada Gazette or American Oracle, tiio first paper
ill Uppor Canada, was established by Governor Sinicoe, in 1703. It
was first published on the 18th April, by (ridoon Till'any. Naturally
its circulation was limited, as tho population was sparse, and com-
munication diftieult. It was supported mainly by (fovernmcnt.
Kochofbucault says, in 1795 it was "not taken by a single person
in Kingston. But the (Jucboc Gazette was by two."

The second journal published in Upper Canada, was the Upper
Canada Guardian, in op[)Osition to Government, at Yoj-k, by Mr.
Joseph Wilcox, an Irisbman, in 1807, wh(jsc liistory is not of tho
most satisfactory nature, lie had been a Sheriff in the Home Dis-
trict; but was displaced for voting at an election for one Thorpe.
Mr. Thorpe had been sent out from England as one of the Justices
of tho King's Bench. Notwithstanding this position, he became a
candidate for member of Piu'liament ; but, being ojipofiod by tho
Government, ho wa*i defeated. Subsequently he was recalled by
the Secretary of State, at the request of Governor Goro. Wilcox,
having lost his office, commenced publishing tho Guardian, and was
very bitter in his opposition to the Government. He was prose-
cuted for libel, but was acquitted, and becoming popular, was
elected to Parliament. Having used language considered unbe-
coming or seditious, he was arrested, and confined in York jail, a
miserable log building, " in a filthy cell fit for a pig." Subse-
quently, he became tho leader of the opposition, and had a majority
in tho House ; for a timo becoming more and more an object of
Ministerial dislike. At tho commencement of the war of 1812, he
gave up his paper, and shouldered his musket. He fought at
Queenston against the Americans ; but afterward deserted, taking
with him a body of Canadian militia, and became a Colonel in tlio
American army. He was killed, finally, at Fort Erie, by a musket
ball, when planting a guard during the soige.

Ml*. Miles remarks that " When he came to Kingston, in 1810,

I'l

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:t52

KINtlSTON (IA7,KTTr.

thoro wart Iml. onu pivpoi' puIiIInIkmI in Yoi-k, hy tlio (Jovonnnoiii,
t'ulU'il tlio York G(t:ftti\ jnitittid by CuiiuMMti iiixl Htniu'l ; undone
III Nuwiiik, l»y .loHopli Wilt'i»x. 'I'hoHo wm-o {\w only |)U|k>i'h ihon
printed in IJ|)|k>i' Ciinudii ; l>iit tiio one at Nowiirk wjih diHoontiniu'd
in IHlli, and Iho otiior wns dostroycd wIhmi York was takori l»y (lu>
Americans, in April, IKl.'J. Tin* Kin^'slon (SnzfUe. was tin- only
papoi'dii'n prinlod in Upper ( 'unnda, <.ill IHIC, wlicn the (Jovern-
niont dazcttv. was ii/^ain eoniineii«'ed. The ]lev. Mr. ('arroll siijh
of tlie York Cdzctte, the nnniber "for Noveniher l.'l, 1801, now \m
bol'oro the writer, a coarse, llinisy, iwo-leuved paper, of octavo size;
departnu'iit of news is pretty lar^e, bnt "news much older lliaii
llieir alo." On this, Noveniher 13, they have, wonderful to say!
New York dates so late asUctoher tlio 2;{rd ; ('harloston, ofOctolicr
tluj 1st; iMiiladel])hia and IJoston, of Octolter the IDth ; and a
greater exploit still, Halifax dates of Oct. 1!>, \c."

"We arc indebted to the Uov. Ste|)hen Miles, of (Camden Kast,
for the facts relating to tlio eslal»lishinent of the first newspaper in
the Alidland District, indeed tiio tirst between Montreal and York,
at Kiiig.stMii. Mr. Miles is not only the soU» pioneer of jonrnalisin
in U|tpci (Canada, now living, but he is the faithful parent of the
fourth t'stnif. in the province, and probably the oldest Journalist now
living in America or Kurope. The history of such an one cannot
but be interesting, while it is especially ajtpropriatu to the work
upon our hands. Mr. Miles, although a native of Vermont, is of
Knglish and >Velsh extraction. Horn October 19, 17H9, he was
brougiit up on the farm until 18(15, wlien ho was jilaced as an
apprentice to the printing business, at Windsor, Ver., in the ottlce
of Nahum -Mower. In the spring of 1S07, Mr. Mower moved liiu
printing materials to Montreal, liower Canada, to which place Mr.
Miles accompanied him. " At that time there was only ono
printing establishment in Montreal, under the management of Mr.
Kdward Edwanls, who was also the Postmaster there ; the paper
printed was the Montreal Gazette, of small demy-si/o, two columns
on a page, ono in French tho othoi* in English. Mr. Mowor, com-
menced printing tiic Camulian Courant, in Montreal, about the
middle of May, 1807. Mr. Mower, says Mr. Miloa, giving me three
months of my time, my apprenticeship expired on tho 10th July,
1810." Not long after " I made arrangements in connection with
an excellent young man Charles Kendall, who had worked as a
journeyman, to go to Kingston, Upper Canada, and commence
publishing a paper." Accordingly having purchased our material

AHOl'T T11K KINdHTON " MA/KTTK.

353

1(1 en Kast,
rs])U]iui' in
and York,
jottrntiliHin
rnt of tke
uilirtt now
)no cannol
the work
iiont, Ih of
It), Ito was
•0(1 us an
tlio office

lOVOcl lliH

pltic'o Mr.
only one

lont oi' Mr.
tlio papor

\o columns
iwor, c'om-
jabout the
mo three
'oth July,
ction with
Irked as a
jommence
material

I'rorii Mr. Mow«'r, we loft iMi)tih'»'al Int, Soplenilx r, IHKt, In \h^^ old
liiHhionod ('iitiiidiun li;il.t(*iiii (17 in niiinlii'M) and nn-ivod at a wharf
in Kin^Hton JiimI the west side of where the havrackH now are, on
the morning of the 13th. We took an excellent lircakfast at a
tavern opposite, and at once set alioiit to procure a suitahle room
fur a printinj^ otlicc." llpoii the 2r)lh Septenilicr, the tirst nnniher
of the Khu/sion (iazvile, was puhlishcd nnder th<» namew of " Mowor
ami Kendall," Mr. Miles not heln^ ofaf^(^ At this tinu? there were
live papers in Lower (!anada. The foliowiinc March, Mr. Milo»
Hold out his share to Mr. Keiidall, who liiiished the tirst vohimt!.
At the close of (he year, Mr. Kendal! wishin.u' lo retire, disposed of
the olUce and contents " lo the late lion, liichard ('artwriijht, the
ll.ii; Allen Mc^LtMin, Thomas Markland, Ks(|., Ijuwrenci llendiiinor,
En(i., I'eter Smith, Kscp, and .lohn Kerby, Ki-(( "' These /gentlemen
waw the necessity of having a public journal in Kinj^ston, and
became iho ])ro])rietors. They immediately wrote to secure the
services of Mr. Miles, to conduct the otHce, and oven desired him to
take it off their hands. Mr. Miles pr«)mptly came "expei^tin/j that
tlio proprietors would wish to be publishers as well, and that I
should attend only to the mechanical part, but it was their unani-
mous wish that I should take the whole concern oil tlioir handH,
continue to ))rint the ]mper, and do the best I could with it." Mr.
Miles speaks (eolin/^ly of the kindi-.ess of these ^entlemo" who
would accept no other terms than that Ik; should take possession
and pay them when convenient, " and by GtMl's hlessin^^ all were
promjttly paid." These kind frion<lH, says Mr. Miles, "have all
passed into the H])irit world, and the prayer of my heart is, that
God may greatly bless their posterity." •' After some unadvoidablo
delay, the second volume of the Gazette was commenced by mo,
and printed and published in my name, till December 31, 1818."
Before proceeding with Mr. Miles' history, as a journalist, wo will
copy from the volumes which he has kindly ])laced at our service,
such items as are appropriate.

" KiNosToN, Tuesday, November 19, 1811. — The establishment
of the Kingston Gazette, being now in the possession of the sub-
scribor, he takes the earliest opportunity of re-commencing its
publication, as ho intends that it shall be conducted in the same
impartial manner as heretofore practiced by his predecessors, he
confidently expects and solicits the patronage and support of its
former patrons, and of the public in general. He will not intrude
upon the patience of his readers by making a multiplicity of pro-
23

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THE REV. 8. MILEK.

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misosi, but will movoly observe that he asks the patronage of tho
public no longer than ho shall be deserving of it. Former corros-
pondents of tho Gazette, and gentlemen oi' science generally, are

respectfully invited t • favor us with their communications

(Signed)— S. Miles.

" Printed and published by Stephen Miles, a fbw doors cast of
Walker's hotel. Price fifteen shillings per annum, five shillings in
advance, five shillings in six months, and five shillings at tho end
of year. Exclusive of postage."

In the beginning of 1819, John Alexander Pringlo, and John
Macaulay, Esquii^cs, to whom Mr. Miles had sold his printing C8tal>
lishmont, commenced publishing the Kingston Chronicle, Mr. Miles
having chai-ge of the mechanical part for nearly three years.

In Febiirary or March, 1819, tho Upper Canada Herald, owned
and edited by Hugh C. Thompson, Esq., was fii-st issued. In 1822
Ml'. Miles took chai'go of tho work of printing of this Jom'nal, and
continued in charge until the spring of 1828.

On tho 15th of May, tho same yoar, Mr. Miles commenced
printing on his own account the '^Kingston Gazette a,nd Religiom
Advocate,'' in quarto form, which he continued till August 6, 1830.
Again, Mr. M. took charge of printing for Ezra S. Ely, who com-
menced August 13, tho Canadian Watchman, and continued it Ibr
one year. In December 1831, Mr. Miles moved to Prescott; and
on tho 3rd Juno, 1832, commenced printing the first paper in that
plfrco, and continued till April 1833. In July lie disposed of his
establishment and rerumod to Kingston, and engaged a« printer of
tho Kingston Chronicle, which was now published by McFarlano A
€k)., with whom ho remained till December, 1835. This ended Mr.
Miles' career as a printer and publisher; and he then entered upon
the calling of a Woslcyan minister.

Mr. Miles although a native of tho States was a truly loyiil
subjecl, and ])rovod himself such during the war of 1812. The
Gazette of May 5, 1813, says " our attendance at military duty pre-
vented the ])ubli8hing of the Gazette yesterday," This was tlu'
time when Kingston was threatened by the Americans, and even
man turned out as a volunteer. Mr. Miles tells of the occasion.
that ho saw, among those shouldering the musket in the market
place, the late Arch Deacon Stuai't. Mr. Miles belonged to Captain
Markland's company. " Col. Cartwright seeing him, called him
Mid desired him to go to his oflico and he would be sent for when
wanted." The principal contributors to tho Gaeettc were (Jol

coni'.ncnced
id Meliijims
;U9t 6, 1830.
:, wbo com-
inuod it Ibr
•escott; and
qwv in that
loosed of his
pi'intcr of
[cFarlano A
is ondod Mr.
Intored upon

"A (iOOD CHANCE.

356

Cartwright, who wroto a good deal, somotimos over Falkinor,
Barnabus Bidwoll, Christopher Hagurnian, generally Poetry, while
a student with McLouu, Solomon John, who kept u book store ; and
pwticularly Rov. Mr. Strachan, over Reckoner.

Wo cannot leave Mr. Miles without expressing bore our sincere
thanks and roganl for the interest, trouble, and encourugenient he
has favored us with, nor can wo tbrgo recording tlie follow!" «jr.
Says be, " the only watch I. over owned I purchased in Mi>ntreal,
ontlio Ist January 1810, price $20. It bus travelled with nie in all
myjoui'neyings from that day to the ]n'esent time, and still keeps
jjood time. It wjus made at Liverpool." A faithful man and a
faithful watch ; both for time, one for eternity.

About the year 1816 the (rozctte had the following, under the
caption of " A ijood chance:"

"A sober, honost, persevering man, would find it to his Jidvan-
tage to undertake the circulaticm of the Ki)u/ston Gazette, weekly,
on the following routi) : say, to start from Kinston every Wednes-
day morning, go through tho village of Ernesttown, from thence
toAdolphustown, and cross either at Vanalslines or Baker's* Ferry,
and so on through Ilallowell, <S:c., to the Carrying place ; cross the
River Trent, and return to Kingston by the York })ost road. The
advantages to be derived from an undertaking cf tliis kind, exclu-
sivo of tho papers, we arc persuaded would bo many; and any
honost, persevering man, who could jiroduce good recommenda-
tions as to his sobriety, &c., and will give security tor punctual
payment once a quarter, will make a good bargain by applying to
the publisher of the Kingston Gazette. There is not u doub^ but
that four or five hundred papers might be distributed on this route
to great advantage." We learn from another si)urce, that at an
oarly period there was one Shnbal Hutf, Avho wont around the IJay
every fortnight, carrying the Kimjston Gazette with other pajiers,
pamphlets, &c., and also tea and sugar.

Tho following indicates tho character of tho times when tho
Gazette was established. It is a notice from the Gazette :

"Subscribers to tho Kingston Gazette, in tho neighbourhood of
"York, will please apply at tho store of Q. St. Goorge, where their
imperB will bo delivered once a fortnight. Payments made to him
in grain, &c., will be acceptable. Ho will also receive subscrip-
tions." (Signed), Mower & Kendall.

In addition to tho papers already mentioned, there was tho
Kingston Spectator, issued about 1830, and lasting three or foui- years.

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UPPER CANADA NEWSPAPERS.

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The Patriot was commoncetl in 1820, by T. Dtilton. Subsequently
there was the Argus, Commercial Advertiser, and Churchman, The
British Whig was started in 1832, by Dr. Barker, and is still pub-
lished. The Chronicle and News began in 1S,'{0, is also still published.
The British Whig was the first Daily published in Upper Canada.

For many years the subscribers to the Gazette and other papers
were indebted to footmen who traveled through the more thickly
settled parts of the settlement, which were generally along the
front. But after a time there were scattered along in the second
or more remote concessions, subscribers to whom the footman could
not go. These individuals would often place boxes upon the path
followed by the carrier, into which could be dropped the paper,
and letters as well. These boxes wei'c attached to a tree and ni.ade
water-tight, and the owner would go for his paper at his conve-
nience.

One of the first newspapers in Upper Canada, east of King-
ston, was the Recorder. Says Adiel Sherwood, Esq., in a letter to
the writer, it was " the first and only paper of note, of early date
in this 'district. It was first got up in 1820 by one Beach, who
continued but a short time when he sold out to William Buel, Esq,
and about 18-1:8 Mr. Buel sold out to the present proprietor and
editor, D. Wylie, E,sq. It was got up as Eeforni paper, and has
ever continued as such."

The following is extracted from an American paper :
" In 1818, D. McLeod, a retired soldier, who had fought at
Badajoz, and other places in the campaign under Wellington, and
at Queenston, Upper Canada, Chrysler's Farm, Lundy's Lane, and
then under General Picton, at Waterloo, "purchased a farm in
Augusta, a few miles back of Prescott, moved on it, and commenced
the business of farming ; not succeeding well in his new avocation,
he removed to Pre-seott and opened a classical school, at which the
late Preston King received his rudimentary Greek lessons, and
subsequently accepted the appointment of Clerk of the new court
of Commissioners, for the collection of debts. He purchased a
printing establishment and commenced the publication of a paper
at Prescott, called the Grenville Gazette, taking a decided stand
against the "Toiy Compact" administration, and continued a zea.
lous advocate of reform until the insurrection broke out in Decem-
ber, 1837, when he was forced to leave the country, when bis
press, type, and the various parapharnalia of the printing office
wore seized by the Tories. A mob of Tories visited his house, after

"reform" newspapers.

357

ho left the place, at midnight, to the tei'ror of his unprotected
family, seized, and carried off his books, letters, and other papers,
and his elegant sword, as the trophies of their midnight raid. He
was chosen by the insurgents as their major-general, and acted in
that capacity during the continuance of the insurrection. At this
time large rewards were offered for his arrest on each side of tho
line, on tho Canadian side, for his rebellion against that govern-
ment ;" on the United States side for an alleged violation of the
Ifeutrality Laws,," in being supposed the leader of the party of
men who captured and burned the Canadian Steamer, " Sir Eobert
Peel," Well's Island.

McLeod settled in Cleveland, Ohio, and is yet alive, being
upwards of eighty-four years of age. The Cleveland Herald, from
which we learn the above, recoi'ds tho celebration of " General D.
McLeod's fiftieth anniversary of his marriage."

The Prescott Telegraph, " The first number " isaid an exchange
"published by Messrs. Merrell & Miles, (1831) is now Ijnng before
us. From the appearance of tho first number, and tho known
ability of the proprietors, we anticipate that the Telegraph will bo
a valuable acquisition to the best of newspapers in this Province,
and also to the principles of reform."

The Christian Guardian was established in the year 1829. Rev. E.
Eyerson being the Editor.

The following were so-called "Eeform" papers: The Colonial
Advocate, by McKenzie, The Canadian Watchman, The Brockville
Micorder, and The Hamilton Free Press, &c.

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HALLOWELL " FREE PRESS.'

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CHAPTER XLI.

Contents — First paper between Kingston and York — Hallowell Free Press — The
Editor — " Hecluso " — Fruitless efforts — Proprietor— W"'><len press — Of Iron
— Free Piess, Independent — The Traveller — Press removed to Coboiirg—
I'rince Edward Gazette — Picton Gazette — Picton Sun — Picton Times — New
Nation — Cobourg Stnr — Anglo-Canadian at Bcdlcville — The Editor — Price—
Tlie Phicnix — Slicer — Canadian Wesleyan — Hasting Times — The Reformer
— The Intelligencer — George Benjamin — The Victoria Chronicle — Hastings
c:hrouiclc— Extract from Playtor — Colonial Advocate — Upper Canada Herald
— Barker's Magazine— Victoria Magazine — Joseph Wilson — Mrs. Moodie—
Sheriff Moodie — Pioneer in Canadian literature — Extmct from Morgan-
Literary Garland — " Roughing it in the bnsh" — Eclectic Magazine — Wilson's
txperiment — Wilson's Canada Casket— The Bee at Napaneo — Emporium—
The Standard — The Reformer— North America — Ledger — Weekly Express
— Cliristian Casket — Trenton Advocate — British Ensign — The Canadian
ircm — Maple Leaf — Papers in 1853 — Canadian papers superior to Americans
— Death at Boston — Berczy — Canadian idioms — Accent — Good PJnglish-
Superstition — Home education — Fireside stories — Traditions.

NEWSPAPERS — CONTINUED.

The first newspaper published between Kingston and York, was
the JfaUowell Free Press, of demy size, the first number of which was
issued 28th December, 1830, l)y Josepli Wilson, Esq., now of Belle-
ville ; W. A. Welles, Esq., editor, a gentleman from IJtica, New
York. Attempts had been made at Cobourg, Port Hope, as well as
at Hallowell, prior to this, to establish papers, prospectus having been
acknowledged by the Kingston Gazette. A letter in the first number
of the Free Press, signed *' Eecluse," says, " a number of attempts
have been made to publish a journal in this county, proposals circu-
lated, subscriptions obtained to a considerable amount, and the ex-
[)ectations of the public wrought up to the highest degree, yet every
attempt hitherto made, has proved abortive, except the present;
repeated imposition has., no doubt, had a tendency to create in the
public mind, a spirit of indifference and apathy respecting newspapers."

Mr. Wilson had his press of wood, made by one Scripture, of
Colborne. Although a very indifferent allair, it was used for a year,
when jMr. Wilson procured an iron press from New York. Probably one
of the first iron printing presses in the Province. The Free Press w.as
continued for five years. Mr. Welles was editor for a short time only.
This journal was evidently intended for the public weal. No one
can read the first issues of the paper without being convinced that the
proprietor was intent upon renderuig service to the public. He
allied himself to no party : the contending political aspirants of the

EARLY NEWSPAPERS.

869

(lay, had equal access to the columns of the Press, and could thereby
challenge unbiased attention. " The Traveller, or Prince EiUourd
Gazette,''' published every Friday, by Cecil Mortimi r, Editor and
Proprietor, "John Silver, Printer," 12s. 6d., ])er annum, in
advance. Commenced April, 18:50, and continued about four years,
when the printing press was removed to Cobourg. In 1840,
the Prince Edward Gazette appeared, J. Dornan, Publisher. It
was continued under this name by Eev. ^Ir. Playter. In 1847,
and in 1849, Mr. Thomas Domielly became Editor and Proprietor,
changing the name to the Picton Gazette, which name it still
bears. Mr. Donnelly was succeeded as editor in 1853, l>y Maurice
Moore, and he again by S. i\I. Conger, in 1856, who still continues to
publish this old and pojiular journal. The Picton Sun, established in
1841, by IMr. J. Douglas, who was succeeded in 1845, by J. McDonald,
and he again in 1849, by Mr. Striker, who removed it to Cobourg in
1853. Tlie following year Dr. GJillespie and E. Boyle commenced the
Ficton Times, which still contimios to be published by Mr. 'Boyle.
The North American removed from Newburgh in 1861, published by
McMuUen Brothers. The New Nation succoedeil it in 1865.

The Anglo Canadian was established iii Kellcvillo in February,
1831. It was " printed and published by Alexander T. W.AVillianison,
Editor, and W. A. Welles. Printed at four dollars per annum, payable
in advance." A copy of th.is paper is before us, and is very re-
spectable as to size and (piality, and is readable. This was the
first journal published in Belleville. The Phoenix aro.se from the ashes
of the Anglo-Canadiau . It was iirst issued in the early part of July,
1831, "published every Tu^^sday by T. Slicer, Editor .and Proprietor,
at his office, AVater Street, Belleville, U. C, '20s. per amuun — if
sent by mail, '22s. Cd., payable half-yearly." A few copies before us
resemble, in appearance, its predecessor, the Aiiglo-('<inadinn. In
one of the early copies is a prospectus of the Canddian Wtshyan, the
subscribers to the announsement are "II. Ilyan," and '• .1. Jackson,"
dated Hamilton, August, 1831. — (See iirst clergyman, II. Byan).

The last number of the Phanix issued July i, 183'2, and which
was "published by William A. Welles, for the Proi>iietors," says,
'' As the present nmuber completes the year, it is intended to give
the paper a new name ; which, though less classical, may be con-
!«idered more appropriate " The name selected was the '' Hastings
Timcs^'' No. 17, of the 7'imcs now before us, was published by RoUin
C. Benedict, every Saturday.

"The Re/onner^^ of Cobourg, published evi-ry Fridiiy, J. Kadcliff,
Editor, was first issued, June, 1832.

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MAGAZINES.

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"The Intelligencer, of Belleville," was foundc ! by (Teorge Bt-njii.
min, in Septemlu'r, 1834, who continued its editor until 1848, whon
McKenzie JJowell, Esq., now M. P., succeeded him, who remains the
proprietor. Mr. Uenjumin was an Englishman, born 1790, and died
1864. lie was a gentleman of more than ordinary ability, a consis-
tent politician, and a true friend. He held the liighest municipal
offices, and was Member of Parliament from 1856 to 180.3. lie had
talent to adorn any position.

The Victoria Chronicle was founded in 1841, by S. M. Washburn
and Sutton, who had removed from Brockville. Sutton remained
partner for two years. In 1849 the establishment was purchased
from Washburn by E. Miles, Esq., who, with T. R. Mason, Esq., con-
tinues proprietor. The name was changed many years ago from
Victoria to Hastings Chrouick.

A Magiwliiu of ciuujj miscellany was issued monthly, by Setli
Washburn, &c., Belleville, l84'7 & 8.

Playter, writing of the year 1824, says, " books, periodicals, and
newspapers were scantily supplied to, and not much desired by the
people as yet, the country was not old enough togivenmch encourage-
ment and supjjort to literature. Still, in the Methodist connection,
the Magazine, (Methodist) was tolerably well circulated, no less
than seventy subscribers >\'ere among the friends on the Bay of Quinto
circuit at once. Newspapers were on the increase; nineteen were
now published in Canada, and six of them twice a week. Quebec
printed four, (of Mhlch one was French ; Stanstead one, Brockville
one, Kingston two, York two, Niagara one, (Juoenston one."

The Colonial Advocate yras issued in the latter part of 1824, by
William Lyon McKenzie.

We have a copy of the Upper Canada Herald before us, dated June
27, 1832, vol. xiv. which gives us the jteriod at which it was started.

Barker's Canadian Magazine, ijublishod at Kingston, by Edward
John Barker, M. D., conmienced May, 1846.

The Victoria Magazine, a monthly i)oriodical, was issued first in
Soptombor, 1841, by Joseph Wilson, of Belleville, formerly of the
Hallowell Free Press. Like many a one subsequently commenced,
the Magazine had but a brief existence. It continued just one year.

The editoi-s were Sheriff Moodio, and his accomplished wife,
whose writings have gained for her a European, reputation
of no ordinary standing. Mrs. Moodio may bo regarded as the
pioneer of Canadian literature, and, as a long standing inhabitant
of the Bay, she claims a brief notice in those pages, to give which

MRS. MOODIE.

361

affords tho writer but a mongre opportunity to oxpross his own
high estimation of, and j^ratitude to a ])crsonal friend, whoso kind
words of oncoura<^omont has so froquontly been a stimulus to action,
when his energies flagged in this undertaking.

Morgan, in his BihUotheca Canwkmis, a most useful compila-
tion, says : Mrs. AFoodio is " well known in Canada and/ !rcat Britain
for her works, and as an extensive contributor to tho periodical
literature of both countries. Born at Bungay, County of Suffolk,
England, sixth December, 1803. 8he is a member of tho talented
Strickland family, of Beydon Hall, in tho above County; four of
hor sisters, P)lizabeth, Agnes, (the best known), Jane, and Mrs.
Trail, have each contributed to the literature of tho day.
Both Mrs. Moodio and her sisters were educated by their ^..thor,
who is represented to have been a gentleman of education, refined
taste, and some wealth. Mrs. M. was only in her thirteenth year,
when her father died. As early as hor fifteenth year, she began to
write for tho press generally, for annuals and for periodicals, con-
tributing short poems aiid tales for children. About 1820, she
produced her first work of any pretension — a juvenile talc, which
was well . ceived by the public and the press. In tho following
year she married Mr. Moodio, a half-pay officer from the 21st
Fusileors, and, in 1832, emigrated with her husband, to Canada.
They bought a farm near Port Hope, which, however, they only
held for a short time, removing to tho back woodf.i, ton miles north
of Peterborough, whore they settled. There they remained for a
period of eight years, experiencing all the trials, mishaps and
troubles incident to early settlers, and which are so graphically
narrated and'dopicted by Mrs. M. in her " Roughing it in the Bushy In
1839, Mr. Moodio was appointed Sheriff of Hastings, (an office from
which he retired a few years since,) and, with his wife, took up his
residence at Belloville, whei'o thoy have since lived. During the
existence of tho Literary Garland, (Montreal), Mrs. M. waf: the
principal contributor of fiction to its pages. For some years she
edited tho Victoria Magazine, (Belloville). Her contributions to
these and other annuals, magazines, and newspapers, would fill
many volumes."

Tho work for which Mrs. Moodic became more especially
famous, was " li&uyhing it in the Bush ;" but other volumes are exceed-
ingly intei'osting, as "Flora Lindsay," ^'Mark Hurdlestone,'' "Geoffry
Moreton," or the "Faithless Guardian,'' and "Life in the Clearings."

" John Woddorbui'n Dunbar Moodio, fonnerly Lieutenant in

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NRWHI'A I'KHM.

tlio U1m( I{i<^. of KiiNilotM's/' hhw lu^tiori in liiitliiiid, wIioiv 1u> wiih
woniulfv! : lio wiis ii writor lt»r (lio ('nUnf Sri'i'irc •/"iirniil, Litttiwn
(itirlfinif, (Mi)iilroiil), and untlinrol'" Tni I'.cm in A/rirn," an<l " Sf>nn
and Aih'fiitini'it (tx it Solilirr iimf Siff/ri; (hiriiiij Intlf a Crittun/."

'V\h\ Vii-fon'ii MiUjiixiiir wiis Miicct'iMltMl l»y (lio /''ihrlir Miujiir.inr,
,I()H0|»1» WiLsdii lu>inii; I'lditor tiiid l'n)|ii'it>lt>i\ TliiN nioiitlily was
jiIhd ronlinut'd only om^ yoar. IMr. Wilsun now coninnMicdd a '' I'aniily
|ia|MT i-allod Wlhoii'H l%.>/>i rinn iit, and soon alhT, in connoclion with
it, WHsiiii'k (\uui,{it i\iskit. 'riioso Wen' ixsnt'd aitcrnattdy ovory
two wt'oUs, and W(M'o continnivl lor two yoarw. Tlioy had ti lurj^o
circnlulion, as Mr. Wilson avers, at tlio last, altoni (l,t)0(K TIk-
s»ilt,s<'rilioi's woro nvit only in (\nuuia, Itnt in tln> |jow(>r I'roviiicoM.
'Tlio journals woro discontinni'd. not. luH-ausc tlmydid notimy; liiil
in ('onsotpHMn'oof I'niliarassniont i'roni ollior causos.

'V\w lUv was tin' tirst nowspapi-r pid»lisliod in Napanci*, in ISf)I,
l)y tiio |{ov.(i. 1). (Jroonloaf. Ivlitor and I'ropriotor. It wasa sniiill
sltoot, and sonii-polilital, at ono tlollar por your. It. was printed on
a prosN ot" liio owner's own »'onstrui tion, ami fiHitinth'd two \iKw^,
whon it. was snrroi'iiod liy liio Kinftoriidii, puMislu>d l)y tlio
sanu> piMMin, ul tlio sanio oIVko. It was somowlial. lari^or than
llio />V(', and was two dollars a yoar. Its oxistonoo oxtondod hul
littloovor a yotir.

'I'ho Stiiiiiliinl was tlu> tliird Journal ostuhlisliod ul, Nupunoo,
isr).'{, ly a joinl-stoi'U oi>nipany. It was in the intorost dI' lln^ Coii-
sorvativt's. Its lirsl editor was Or. MoLi^an, Hn-nnM'ly t»l Kingston.
Subsotpiontly, tlio paper ranio under llie inanageinoiit of Alexaiulor
t'ainpbell. Msip, and eontinned lor a lew years. It I lien passed into
the hands ot' Mr. A. Henry. it is slill puhlished hy Henry and
IJrother.

Tlie next paper, after llie St<ni(li<ril^ to l)e issued was tlio
A\7(>«H«r, by Carnnni and Dunham. Tliere have suhsO(piently hoon
puMishod the X(>rtli Aituricdii, The Jjrdijrr, inid the Wir/v-lj/ K.rpirim.
Jiesidos the above, there was published, in IS')!, eonlinuiiiii; lot'
two years. Thr Cliristiaii (^nskct, by K. A Dunlnini.

Trenton lirsl jiossossed a nowsjiaper in 1S54. It was ])nl>lislR>d
and edited l>y Alexander 1U\!;':;\ and its name was the Tniitmi Advo-
rati: Tlie tirst number was issued Marcdj 4, 1S64. About a
year, afterward, the paper elian<ifed owners, and took Iho name ol
ot' Hn'fisli /inslipi. It was eontinued about two yearH lon;2fer.

Wo have before us several eopios of Thr Vnnitdian ({cm, and
Fnmily Visitor, piibli.shed ut Cobourg ; and edited by Joseph il.

OANADIAN IDIOMH.

8(i8

lioonunl, IHIK. It \n v«try rt<a<liil)lo, iiriil oxIiihitN no littlo-ontor*
iiriHo. AIh(», wo Imvo The Mitjtlv luaf; piihliMlMMl iil. Monlroul by
U. W. I'oy, (Hfilt. Mr. I^oy diod not. lon/^ utior itH inHiio. 'IMiIh iiIho
oontiiiiiH iimny iiitoi'oHtiii^ arlicloH of a Inral and /{onoral natllr<^

In lHf»;{, I5K |)H|Kti'H aro nionlioiKul in IImi ('nuiula Dlriifon/, of
wlii(tli) il'l-ai'M ImhuimI in Up|)iM' ('anada. At. tlio proNont iJnio tliu
nunilHM' IniH inindi incroaHod. UoH|)(>('liii^; tlio n«Wh|iapoi'H ot'(-'anada,
Ml*. HucUingliuni, wlio vinitod (Canada in 1HM>, Nayn that llioy arn
generally Hn|iorioi' to tliosd of tlio Provincial l^)wnH of tlio United
Stuti'H.

TIni lollowinji.; canntd. I'ail lo he of iidorcHt:

A iloslon papor Hays, " Diod — In the early ])art o|' the year
IHI.'l, Will. Horc/.y, Km(|,, pp^wl (iH ; a fliHtiiif^niHlied inhalntaid. of the
I'ruvince oC Upper aiuida, atid liit^ldy i-enpectcd lor IiIn litiirary
iKMjiiirenierdN. In Mie decease ol' this ijentletnan, HO(;i(dy jniiHt
HUHtain an irn^parahle Iohh, and the repuhlie ol' lettttrn will havo
(latiHe to mourn i\n> death of a nnm, «Mi\inent i'or ^eniiiH and talent."

Canakian lnroMH.--The loyalist HelllerH of Upper Canada wero
mainly <d' Anr.M'iean hirth, and those spealdn^ l*in;^lish,diHered in no
roHpeetin their mode oi'speeoh Ironi those who nwnained in theKtatos.
Kvon to this day there is some resemhianee hetween native* Upfter
(Canadians and the Ameri(^ans of the Midland States; thon^h there in
not, to any i^xlont, a likeness to th<! Vanktie of, the Nrw Kn^liind
Slates. While the Yiiidvee, and to some extent, the whoh^ of the
Anioriean p«'ople have steadily diver/^ed from the pure Kn^lish,
l)otli with resj)ect to aocotd. and idiom, m wcdl as in the nieanin^^
iittaehu<l to certain words; in (/Miiada this t(!ndency has heen
arrested hy the presence of I'ln^lish 'gentlemen, otteti hnlf-piiy
officers, and their I'amilies, hy the ollici^rs of the Army and Navy,
and as w«dl l>y the school teachei-s, high and low, whicli w»(re often
from the ohl country. The accent of Camidinns, and their idioms
to-day, are to a certain extent peculiar, tmi. (jnnr.nN, vvhi(di pocidiarity
is constantly increasintf, even us the IJritish American is assuming
ill appearance a distiiuit characteristic. Taking all classes f»f (juna-
ilians, it may ho said that for a peo|»le far removed from the source
of ])ure English, that is the CJourt, they have a very correct mode
of Kpoaking, the criticisms of Mnglish travelers lo the contrary,
notwithstanding. As education hecoines moi'o diil'iised among the
masHOH there will ensue a very decided improvement in the mode
of 8])oaking among (Janadians. Jjistoning to the children at any
school, composed of the children ot EngliBlimon, Scotchmen. Irish-

. t'f

'' hi.

364

WANT OK MKNTAL FOOD.

au'

1 1

t'& )■

Tncn, Amoricnns, niul ovon of fiormnnN, it is impossiMo to dploct
any innrliod (liUVroiu-o in tlioir accoiit, or way of oxprcssini; tliom-

SuPKRSTiTlON. — AIthoii;,'li a fow of llu> Hottlors had hooks to
road, tnany luid nono. And as there woro no school tcachorH vory
many children ijrcMv np without lioin;; ahio to road, or at mont very
littlo, and ontiroly unaldo to write, unless it mi/^lit bo tlieir name-
The writer has hoen stnieicwith theditVeroneo between tlie composi-
tion and penni.'inship of tnany of tho settlers and that of their immo-
diato children, the forinor boin^^'ood, the latter bad; while tho parent
could write a l)oId siu:nature, and express himsolf in writing a letter,
intelliijihiy, the otrsprini^ either could do nothing of the kind, orel.sc
made a vory ]io6r attempt. The result of this was, that tho mind,
starved for want of mental food of a wi.olosomo nature, did not
bocomo inactive, but sought other kinds of pabulum. They derived
ft certain amount of information from the legondery tales told and
retold of former days of hap})inoss and plenty. Excluded from tho
world of literature, and secluded in a forest of eternal silence,
except the tones nttorod by tho voice of nature, sometimes whis-
pering in the gentle murmurs of tho sighing wind, and sometimes
thundering forth in the loudest voice, — shut up with nature they
listened to her words, and not educated to understand her meaning,
they undertook to interpret her speech, and oftentimes su]>er»tition
of the deepest kind took possession of their minds. This prevailed
perhaps more especially among tho Dutch. Belief in ghosts, or
"spooks" was a common thing, ami before the bright and flicker
ing light of many a hearth tire, during tho winter nights, were
told "stories" which lost nothing in their relating. And along
tho Bay were many old houses, onco the homes of tho settler
which it was declared, was occasionally visited by the spirit of tho
builder, who returned to discharge some duty which rested heavily
upon him in the spirit world, or who desired to roveal tho place of
concealment of some hoarded gold which had been so safely buried
in some crannj' nook.

A company of neighbours spending tho evening would take
their turn in telling of what they had seen or dreamed, or heard
told ; and at last wlion the bright sparkling fire had sunk into sub-
dued embers, tho consciousness of having to go homo through tho
woods, or past a grave yai-d, would arouse the talkers. Shudder-
ing at tho thought, with imagination heightened by the conversa-
tion, they would sot out on their path. It was at such times that

TRADITIONS AND REriTAI^S.

865

the Hpirit nf'Homo rocoiidy dopui'tcti oiio \V(»ul(l \w huoii liovvriiig
over till! j^Tiivi', or tloatlng away at tlu- apin'iuu-li of foolHtcpM. St rango
v(»i(TS vttuw from tlu- midst of ilic darkiicsH, ami unnatural li;^litH
riHHhid in tlio cyos of the midnight traveler. Slioul<l no Nound or
si<j;lit jtri'Ht'Ut tlu-msclvcH on the way, there was still a cluuiee to ex-
perience much in dreams, when revelations of the jitravest import
would he made, which only had to hi- repeated three nights in kuc-
cession to ohtaiii the status of ahsolnte certainty.

The traditions nnd recitals made Unown to the children wcro
Honictimes, not alone exaggerated, but untrue. The old suldier, or
loyalist in his great hatro«l to the rehcls, would Hometimes un-
duly blacken the character of the fathers of the American Repub-
lic, for instanci', the writer ban heanl it several times, told as a
fact, that Washington was the illegitinmle son of King (J(u)rge.

By some means a Itolief obtained, that at a plaou called Devil'H
Hill, at the Indian Woods, was concealed in the earth, a quantity of
money, nnd parties used to actually go and dig for it. niere was
a huge rock hero which was Hui)posed to cover the precious metal,
and a *' beo " was formed, on one occasion to overturn it, but they
found nothing to reward them for their pains.

M I:

• mcaiiing,

I) IV IbilON V^Ll.

TlIK TEHRITORV OF ll'PKll CANADA—TIIK BAY QUINTK.

CMAPTKK XLI.

CoKTH.VTH — Tlx' liicliiuiK — Tliiiir oiigin — I'rc-biHtoiic Cftnadii — Iiulmit itiliiH —
(•ligiiiul iiilmbitaiit.s — Lt r Ir(M|iuii« tin iioiil — Original iiiiiin's — ruiiiiHiilik of
Upjur Ciiiiadn — (,'iiMiiiiiiiiiii cxiilmiiif; — AsccnilH tlio Ottawa — HiH route to
Luke Ni|)|>iniiiiin — To Liiko Hnrmi — Kix-nch llivur — Thi! couutry — Oeorjtinn
Hiiy — Liiliii Simcoc — i)i(wii tin' Trout — A unirnl trip — Hay (Juint<;, ami Lake
Oiitarii) iliHccivcrod — Wiirtlciiioiistriition — Wintering atthf Bay — A controwt
— Itoundaboiit way— Kminoiis iiupruHwionM.

If. '.

^1|

u
■in ;

CHAMI>LAJN 8 DISCOVKUY IH' TUK HAV QUINTE, AND LAKE ONTARIO.

In this work but brief referenco can bo mndo to tho genernl
history of the Indians. Pcrliajis it Ik haixlly nocossary to explain
that tho term Indian. 'ipi)liod to the aborigines of Amoriea, took itH
origin from tlio fact, tliat wlien tlio New World was discovered it
was 8U])i)0sed to bo a part of tlie Indias (East Indias), tho riches of
which had led tho intrepid navigator to neek a more direct route
thereto. And consequently tlio natives wore called Indians.

It does not lio within tho scope of this work to speak of the
several theories which have been given with respect to the origin
of the natives, nor to advance any particular view. It is sufHciont
to remark that the character of tho various tribes, their foatures,
thoir traditions, and customs, all indicate most unmistakably that
Asia was tho original birthplace of tho aborigines of America. Of
course, reference is made only to those Indians whoso representa-
tives occupied the continent when discovered by Columbus, and not
to those who had in some long past day hold posssession, who have
left here and there indications of their rude chai'actor, and primi-
tive mode of life, and who wore swept away by the more powerful
and warlike invaders — tho predecessors of the aborigines of whom
we now wr? e.

In our researches wo have collected a good many Indian relics,
of the origin of which wo have no record, and can only guess,
while science strives to explain. We offer no views of our own, but
give tho following upon

§:

K .'■■ I

(dlKIINAI, INHABITANTS.

VRK-WLsTttRIC CANADA.

367

From itho Mancliostor (hmrdian, "At umoiitin^^of tlui MaiuliostXT
Anthropolo^'icjil Hocioty, on Mpnday, Mr. IMiiiit iiuulu a c'(»iiiiiiunica-
tiou upon Monio curioiiH rolics which lio oxhibilocJ, of a racf ol" pro-
historic mon, for which ho wiw indcl^ted to Mr. J. S. Wilson, of
Pcrrytown, Canada West. Thcso objoctw wcro obtained I'roni the
soil of tho huulH which have boon cloarod of tho foroslH and
brought into cultivation. It in only in tho spring, wlion tho snow
haH disappoarod, that tliowo ohjoctH arc Ibund, tho winter snow act-
ing liko a riddlo to tho soil, and bringing to tho surface tho pobblos
and broken pieces of pottery, flint, wenponw, &c. Tho most inter-
esting features connected with these i-elics is, that the hvnlitics
whoro tlioy oi'C ho frequently found are situated on the higii level
ground of ancient terraces, or beach lines, which may be traced at
about 600ft. rdjovo tho sea level, all around tho great Canadian
lakes, or, in fact, all around the higli lands of tho River St. Law-
rence basva. Thoro are three terraces at iloscouding levels to tho
present shores of tho groat lakes. The highest torraco is tho most
ancient, and the evidences connected with this terrace all sooni to
point to tho conclusion that it belongs to an age very remote, when
the area now occupied by the great Iresh-wator lakes was filled by
ail inland ba}:, connoctod by a wide strait with tho Atlantic, and
was subject to tho action of glupier ice from tho huul, as woll as
flows of icebergs from tho current flowing from the north-east. The
high terraces are, thoroforo, of marine origin, and the pi-o-historic
objects found in them aro indicative of a race of moa whoso habits
wore consistent with tho physical features of tho land and seu; a
race of hardy fisliors, living upon tho whalo, tho walrus, tho sharks
and miirino sources of food, together with tho i-eindoor and Arctic
animals. Since this remote time, tho whole of the land about tho
lakes has risen from 600 to 1,000 feet above the sea, slowly and
evenly through a gre^t length of time, pausing twice sufficiently
long to form two low»r terraces ; and at present is. forming a
fourth on the shore lines of the lakes. The pro-historic objeotB
consist of great quantities of earthenware of rudo make, <.i;UArt*'4
arrow heads, black stono adzos and; hatches, sharp spliutors of bono
worked to * point, tooth drilled and bone ncedlos. and bowls- and
stems of smoking pipes about six inches long. These last are
singula)' and most interesting objects, and are solely coniinod to, tho
North American continent, proving that the habit of smoking some

,.; .*

'^M

;■ -1: 1

368

ORIGINAL NAMES.

narcotic plant has boon indulged in by mankind from the most
remote age» to which the geologist assigns the relics of pre -historic
man, the ago which immediately succeeded the glacial period."

All around the bay, as well as in other parts of Canada, may be
found here '.nd there indications of an extinct people whose sepul-
chral remains can be traced. Along the western poi'tion particu-
larly, aro faint traces of mounds or tumuli which have been found
to contain not only hiiman remains ; but objects of curiosity. For
a more particular account of these the reader is referred to an inter-
esting ppper in the Canadian Journal for Sejitember 1860, by T. C.
Wallbridge, Esq., of Belleville.

THE ABORIGINES OF UPPER CANADA.

" Dark as tho front- ni|)i)ed 1 iivis that strew the ground,
The Indian hunter here his slioltcr found ;
Hero cut his bow, and sha])C(l liis arrows true,
Here built liis wigwam and his barlt canoe.,
Speared the quick salmon leajungup the fall,
And slew the deer without the rifle ball ;
■ Here his young squaw her cradling tret! would choose,

« Singing her chant to hush her swart pappoose ;
Here stain hcrtiuills, and string her trinkets rude,
■ . And weave her warrior's wampiim in the wood.

Brainard."

For many long yeai's, perhaps centuries, before the white man
saw the pleasant shores of the Bay, the Indian war-whoop was often
heard, and the war dance performed along its borders. We know
but little of those primal days. We cannot estimate the cruelties
of barbaric warfare, natural to the aborigines, which have been
enacted. We cannot count uj) the number of Indian braves who
have moved upon its wood-begirted waters, as conquerors, or as
captives, nor the woman and children carried away from their
kindred — nor yet the total of the bleeding scaljis which have hung
Rt the girdle of the returning warriors, as they pursued the devious
trail.

Early French travelers, generally Jesuits, have marked
roughly the territory, which embraces in its area, the land extend-
ing from the Ottawa westward to Lake Huron, and from the St.
Lawrence and Lake Ontario, northward to the French Rivor; and
Lake Nippissing. This was named the country of Les Iroquois dit
Nord, and, according to a map in the Imperial Fi'ench Library, the
land north of Bay Quinte, was called in 1G56, Tout-hatar, and the
land west to Lake Huron, was named Conchradum. There wore,
at the same time indicated at the eastern borders, the " antient

OLD FRENCH MAPS.

369

BnAiNAnn."
e white man
op was often
Wo know
the cruelties
have been
braves who
luerors, or as
Y from their
1 have hung
the devious

Hurons" and the "Outtawas" at the west, occupying the peninsula
of Upper Canada, the Nmtre Nation dc tritife, and at the mouth ot
the French river, Misslsmgues. It would seem at tirst, that the in-
habitants wore a branch of the Iroquois, or Six Nation Indians.
But it may be that they had given to them the name Iroquois from
their peculiar mode of expression, like the Indian to the south of
the lake; — although not immediately connected. According to a
map, examined by the writer, in the Imperial library at Paris, all
the land between the Ottawa and Lake Huron was the Algonquins.
A map by Champlain calls the land north of the Bay Quinte, Lien
force cer/s. The northern Iroquois was divided into several tribes,
each of which had a distinct name, and lived in considerable com-
munities, here and there. The old maps are marked wit'a sites of
Indian villages:, where, no doubt, they lived a greater portion of
their time; probably the families remained most of the time, and
also the males, except when away up the rivers to the north, upon
hunting expeditions. Among these tribes and villages was the
Kentc3. Their village was situated at the east of Hay Bay, accord-
ing to some maps; according to others, it was placed upon the south
shore of Prince Edward, west of West Lake. Another tribe men-
tioned is Gaungouts. And along the north shore of the Mohawk
Bay near Napanee, is marked an Indian village called Gaunaroutc.
Upon another map the village here is called Gameydocs. Just above
the Carrying Place, near the harbour of Presq' Isle, is another
village called Ganaroske, and a second one designated Gonetoust,
Some of the maps hero alluded to, bear date as late as 1703, while
others are much earlier.

The waters of the bay and the lake adjacent, were looked upon
as valuable for fishing, and the land as abundant in game. McMullen,
in his History of Canada, speaks thus of the bay region. Referring
to the year 1692, he states, "the Aborigines and French ravaged the
frontiers of Massachussets, and revenged upon its helpless borderers
the injuries suffered by the Canadians; detachments of troops swept
the favorite hunting grounds of the Iroquois along the beautiful Bay
of Quinte; and an expedition from Montreal did considerable injury
to the Mohawks in their own country."

The pemnsula of Upper Canada was called, in 1686, Saquinan —
(Paris documents). Tlie " Neutre Nation" was exterminated by the
the Iroquois prior to 1660.

It is an interesting fact that Champlain arrived at Lake
Ontai-io, or " fresh water sea," as ho called it, being the tirst Buro-
24

m
m

370

THE OTTAWA.

.(::;> r

1-1- ■;

peaii to gaze upon its broad blue waters, by the way of the Bay of
Quinto. This was in 1615. Prior to that he had penetrated by
way of Sorel river, and the lake which has been named after him,
and explored some i)art of the territory to the south of Ontario lake ;
but probably was not north of the Mohigan mountains, at lea°,t he
did not then discover Lake Ontai-io. His principal object at
this time was to create terror of the French arms, on behalf of the
Six Nation Indians.

It was after a return from France, with a commission granting
him extensive powers in the i)eltry traffic, that Champlain, with the
view of p rotccting that trade, erected a fort on the site of Montreal.
This done he directed his attention to the country lying unexplored
to the jioi'th. Aware of Hudson's discovery in the north, of the
bay now bearing his name, he was led to hope that by following
the river Ottawa, of which theHurons gave him some iqformation,
to its upper waters, he would be brought into close proximity
if not actually to the bay, explored by Hudson. He accoixlingly
set out accompanied by one or more of the four Becollet mission-
aries he had brought with him from Finance, and « considerable
force of Hui'ons, with the view of ascending the Ottawa to its
source. How far he penetrated into that rugged region, or how
long a time he expended, does not appear. But it would seem that
failing in his attempted discovery, he retraced his steps down the
Upper Ottawa, until he reached the mouth o f the Mattaw^i river,
which empties into the Ottawa, and rises in the high lands to the
west, approaching Lake Nippissing. As nearly as can be learned,
Champlain was here joined by more warriors, who persuaded him
to follow them and assist in a pi-oposed attack upon the
Iroquois nation to the south of Lake Ontai'io. His course was up
the Mattawan river, through la petite riviere to lac du Touhn.
Thence aeross to Trout Lake, XJpper Trout Lake, apd traversing
the high lands, from which the waters flow in opposite directions;
SQi»(J into the valley of the Ottawa, and others towards the west,
he descended the river Xa Vase into Lake Nippissing. Crossing
this lake, he descended the French river into the Georgian Bay.
In passing it may be observed that all the names, some of which
are in French, and some in English,have a special meaning, ftnd were
applied, at least some of them, by the Indians. The Ottawa is so
called not from the fact that the tei*ritory through which it runs was
the home of the Ottawa tribe, but, bocaiiBO it was by its waters
,that they came to visit the French. The QttAWft river, that is. the
river by which the Ottawas came. On the other hand the French

■I ■ . *!i

n-i

the Bay ot
lotrated by
. after him,
:itario lake ;
at lea^/t he
il object at
ohalf of the

on granting
lin, with the
of Montreal.
f unexplored
(\orth, of the
by following
information,
se proximity

accordingly
3llet miseion-

considerable
)ttawa to its
cgion, or how
nld $0801 that
jps down the
ittawftH river,

Iftnds to the
m bo learned,

ciysujided him

ourso was up
ac du Touhi
ipd traversing
ito directions;
ards the west,
Jig. Crossing
Georgian Bay.

lomo of which
34Hg,ftndwere

) Ottawa is so
ich it runs was
by its waters
ar, thftt is, the
nd the Frencli

THE FRENCH UIVER.

371

river, which discharges into the Georgian Bay, was srt culled by
the Indians, because it was the river by which tlic French came
to their western domain. The length of French river is about 61
miles, and is a chain of lakes, connected by short rapids. Lake
Nippissing is 69 feet above Lake Huron.

Il is now 253 years since this voyage of discovery was made
by Champlaui, guided by the Indians. The appearance then pre-
sented to the intrepid navigator must have been exceedingly Avild
and beautiful, as he passed along the unknown way. Now swiftly
gliding in the birch canoe upon the glassy watox's of a lake, now
dancing down the rapids,among rugged rocks, and green-clad islands ;
and anon, threading the devious path oi'a portage, beneath the lofty
arches of the wilderness, making the first Eui'opean iootprints upon
the virgin soil.

Deputy Surveyor-General Collins, writing to Lord Dorchester,
by his command, in 1788, speaking of the French river says; "The
entrance is composed of a considerable number of small islands
and chapuels," the westernmost is the best navigable — about 250
feet wide, and has from two to three fathoms depth of water. It is
narrower ft little way up, and at about half a league from the en-
trance becomes exceedingly intricate, | on account of the small
islands and channels, which are here so numerous in every direction,
and so much resembling each other in appearance, as to make it
e;ctremely difficult without a guide to find the true navigable channel,
which, although deep in some places, is so narrow there is scai'ce room
for two canoes to pass each other. The bank in these situations, is a
steep rock, almost perpendicular, and there are very strong currents
or rapids. The term Souters, sometimes given to the INJissisaugu,
Indians by the French, means to jump up and down, in reference to
their living upon this river, and being expert in navigating iis channeln.
"The country adjoining to, and near this, (river) is a rocky desert,
nothing grqw^ing but small sciubby bushes and pine trees not thirty
feet high — the same di'eary prospect continues, I am informed, all the
way up to Lake Nippissing, which is recorded twenty^ive leagues."
He states that the coast from the mouth of the river eastward is
dangerous, for even canoes, although they may find slielter among the
islands whicrh lie along most of the coast. It is equally rocky and
barren. Such was the nature of the way by which Ghamplain was
led.

He now directed his course southward along the wild and irre-
gular shore of the Georgian Bay, through the myriad ishmds that

i ,

■'I i:

,-«),<■■

.1-

ilMKi

^HIKm

IW^^^^^B ^f!'^Iti ' I'T.iM

fflj^^H '^'iiL'i' '^':^-'iii

'^H»^lii^^r^

^^R^iil'' ^-'

■ W^^m'tMM:^ (iifejji:

I^WI

|^^n':;.!';':|:' ^H

j^wip^

372

CIIAMPLAIN 8 ROUTE.

give beauty to that coast. Arrived at the month of the Severn river
he ascended that devious stream, and entered Sj^arrow Lake. Thence
he crossed to Lake Gmoclwuching, which, at its southern extremity
approaches to Lake Siracoe. , Crossuig the portage to this Lake, he
ascencled the Eiver Talbot, in a north-east direction, and by frequent
portages reached Balsam Lake. Then, through Cameron Lake, past
Fenelon Falls, and into Sturgeon Lake. So on, by Pigeon Lake
Buck Hare Lake, Deer Lake, into Salmon Trout I-ake. Turning
south, by Clear Lake, he descended the Otanabee, or Panioduscoteong,
past the present site of Peterborough, and entered Rice Lake. Again
tuniing east, he entered the head waters of the River Trent. Around
by Heely's Falls, doAvn by Cambellford, then, by Chisholm's Rapids,
he arrived at the head of the Bay ol" Quinto, sometime in July, 1815,

Champlain took this route from the Ottawa, which had long
before been traveled by the Indians, at the request of the Indian
waii'iors who accompanied him, to make an attack upoa their bitter
enemy the Iroquois.

At the present day it wou'd be a grand trip to make, by the
way pursued by Champlain, when he visited the Bay region. But
how wonderfully magnificent must it all have been to the bold, but
educated French explorer of the primeval forest.

Champlain crossed the Lake to a point not far from Oswego.
Whether he passed through the upper, or lower gap to the opposite
side of the Lake, and coasted the south shore ; or wheth^ir he ascended
Picton Bay and crossed the Indian Carrying-place to East Lake, and
thence into Ontario, may be questioned. But in order to make an
unexpected attack upon the enemy, he had need to conceal his
advance ; hence it is reasonable to suppose he would take the nearer
route by Picton Bay, although it would involve the crossing of the
portage. This could scarcely be regarded as a serious difficulty," as
he had already passed many in the devious route by the Ottawa.

Strange enough, tiiat a European should discover Lake Ontario
by entering the head waters of the Trent River, and sailing
through the Bay of Quinte. Strange enough that a warlike demon-
stration should be made by this route, against a foe living upon the
south shore of the Lake.

Champlain, notwithstanding his caution, found his Indian foes
prepared to receive him, having well entrenched themselves, and he
suifered a serious defeat, being glad to secure a safe retreat in the
Bay of Quinte region, probably Prince Edward, after having himself
received two wounds.

[om Oswego,
the opposite
|r he ascended
it Lake, and
to make an
conceal his
the nearer
issing of the
difficulty," as
Ottawa,
lake Ontario
and sailing
irlike deraon-
ing upon the

A CONTRAST.

Failing in his eftbrts to obtain

a guide to

373

conduct him down

the St. Lawrence, to his fort at Montreal, Champlain was compelled
to spend the winter months, which were by this time ai)proaching, in
the vicinity of the Bay of Quinte. Probably six or nine months wei'e
passed by hi' ' npon the northern shores. He did not remain all the
time at the Bay, as it is stated he visited the neighbouring Indian
nations, especially the neutral nation which occupied the peninsula
between Lakes Erie and Huron, and the head of Ontario. We can
readily imagine the wide diflerence between a long winter thus spent
in 1615-16, mid the wild scenes of aboriginal life by the ice-locked
waters, and one spent in this latter part of the 19th century, with
the highly cultivated land, and advanced civilization. Then, the trees
of the forest,' in one unbroken denseness, was the sole home of the
savage, and wild beast, and waved in solemn mournfulness over the
ymiry landscape ; while few other than nature's sounds disturbed the
stillness of the wilderness. Now, the dark forest has disappeared and
human habitations of comfort and luxury thickly stud the land. The
wild beasts, as well as the original owners of the territory, have
almost disappeared. Tbe snow of the ice-covered bays and streams
no longer remain unbroken by human foot. Sleigh roads thickly
intersect the surface, and joyous shouts of the skater break npon the
light pure air, while the gingle of sleigh bells indicate the everflow-
ing stream of travelers. The strings of telegraphs sigh in the wind,
instead of the tall trees' bough. The iron horse snorts along through
the snow hills, instead of the beast from his lair. Towns and cities
rest in peaceful security, where there were thick jungles of cedar and
furs.

It was by this roundabout way that the Bay of Quinte was dis-
covere*! ; and it was fifty years later when DeCourcelles, pursuing
the Iroquois from the Lower St. Lawrence ascended for the first time
the river, direct from Montreal to Lake Ontario. But during this
time missionaries had been at work among the Indians, upon the
northern shores of the Lake— (Sec early Missionaries).

The impressions made npon the minds of these first explorers,
respecting the Bay, seem to have been very erroneous ; at least they
have left maps not only rude, but incorrect. Thus, we find upon an
old map intended to represent Lake Ontario and the Bay, with the
country north of the Lake, the Bay is made to extend northward, at
right angles with the Lake, for some distance, and then, turning west-
ward somewhat, its extremity is brought very near to another bay,
which empties into Georgian Bay.

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THE BAY QUINTE.

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I M I-

(JUAPTKU XLIII.

CoNTKNTS'-Naino- — LcUi'i-, Daily Ncwx — " Oiiicpi" LincH — Tlio writer— ('onjcr-
turi'K — Fivo Hays — Indian orifiin — Kentes — VilingCH — Lr* Couiii — MndcH of
KlR'liinK — (-'anty — Tlic niTUimnts, 17H:t — MisKiNsanKiiM — Oripin — AVitli tlie
Iroiinois— Tlio Sniiler — MiKsisHftUgaH, dark — At Kingston — Hay Quints-
Land bonplit — UcHiTvi'H — Claim npoji tlio islands — Wnppooso Island-
Indian agent — Indians linnting — Up tlio Hagonaska — Making sngar — Police-
alile — To Kingston for presentn.

THE NAME OF BAY QUINTE — THE ABORIGINAL INHABITANTS OP UPPER

CANADA IN 1783,

Tlicro appeared in the " Daily News " of Kingston, October 20,
1S5G, the Ibllowing letter and verses :

" SiB, — I send you a few lines in connection with what I believe
to bo an historical fact, though not generally known, oven in the
vicinity of the bay. When the French tirst took possession of
Canada, or shortly after, they established^ posts at Frontenac,
Niagara anil Detroit.

In the fall following their establishment, the men under Col.
Quinte, who comvaanded at Niagara, were driven out by the Indians,
and pui'sued and harrassed several days, when following the lake
shore to the west of the hay, they took the south shore of the bay
and got to the reach. The snow was falling and ice making on
the bay, without sntficicnt strength to carry them ; when, nearly
starved and cxhaustt..., Ihcy started back two or three miles to what
is known as Stickney's Hill, where (an extremely cold night com-
ing on) they nearly all perished, including Quinte himself. Only
two of the party (the ice having become strong) reached Frontenac.
Ilonco the name of the bay." — (Signed,) — " Omega."

This note was accompanietl with the Ibllowing lines :

QUINTE.

On tlic l?ay of Quinto gliding,
'■"' • O'er its smooth and tranquil breast.
Whilst the sun is fast dotlining

To its w aters in the west ; •

" And the gorgeous leaves of autumn.
In their varied gold and green,
Adds fresh glory to such beauty
As the eye hath seldom seen.

THE NAME.

:{75

rS OF UPPER

y<!t tliiH Hay lia<l onc(! itH trrrovH,

Mm tlllj l<^(l lllfll were Hlll)llll(!(i,

And tlic Hctiiii' tliiit's now ho lovely,
WivH (cirilic, wild iinil rude,
When tlic pillant (Vuiiitt- (lyin.;
From tliu KiiVdK'' ••' tl"" west.
On till! olu'crlcKS liills lay dyinH;,
With fuTcc! cold and iiiinK<'r pn'SKcd ;
And Ills lioncs wcni Idl't iinltnricd,
Hilt his nauH! won't paHM away,
While there's heaiity on thy hill-side,
Or thy waters i^'cntly i)lay.''

" StKaMKII PiAV ok (^inN'TK."

Mr. T. C. Wallbi'idgo, to whom wo aro indobtod for the foro-
•foing, informs us tlmt upon tho day tliin wuh writloti, a loarnod
judge (Robinson) now dead, was a passcngrr from nollcviiio to
Kingston, and tho inference was that he. penned the lines, which
must have boon based upon what ho considoi'od facts. The same
tradition has boon received also, from othisr sources, an<l many-
living upon tlio bay, regard it as true. But it becomes our duty
to question tho matter. In the tirst jdacc unfortunately, i'or tho
plausibility of tho statement, the mime of no such French officer
can be found.

Tho nearest approach to tho name of Quintc, held by any
Frenchman known, was that of Prince de (yonti. This person was
a particular friend of Cavalier do la Salle, to whom was coded the
Seignory of Cataraqui. •■ v!hevalier de Tonti, wont with him, pro-
|)Osing to share his fortunes," in western ex])lorations. Now La
Salle, named one of the islands near C'ataraqui, (^Amhcrst,) after
this oflBcer, and even yet may bo Ibund living, persons who call
that island, " Isle Tanta." Well, it might reasonably bo sup-
posed that La Sallo would wish to do honor to his friend the Pi-inco
deConti, and therefore named tho bay after him. From Conti, it
might gi-adually change to Canta, or (^uinte. Now, however
probable this may seem, it cannot be regarded as the origin of tho
name.

Again, it has been supposed to bo derived from tho Latin
(iuintanus, or Quinta, — tho fifth place, — having '•oferoncc to fivo
liays, namely, the Lower Bay, Picton liay, Hay Bay, tlio Reach,
and Upper Bay ; or, as some aver, it refers to five Indian stations,
formerly existing in the vicinity of tho bay. But, however much
may be advanced in support of tho plausibility of these theories, wo
think a more certain origin is perfectly intelligible.

The word Quinte, as at present spelled and pronounced, when

37G

TlIK ORKilN.

rightly done, is undoubtedly a French one, being one of the few
remaining memorials of French possession ; but its origin can bo
distinctly traced to an Indian source.

\Vc have seen olsowhoro that the country lying north of Lake
Ontario was called the '* Country of the Northern Iroquois." To
the south of the lake was the Iroquois country proper. Among
the several nations which composed the Iroquois Confederation, was
the Sonoques, or commonly called Seneca. Wentworth Greonhalgh
in the " London Documents," writing of a journey in May, 1677,
from Albany to the Indians, westward, says " the Seneques have
four towns, viz : Canagora, Tiotohalton, Canoenada," (how like
Canada), "and Keint-ho — which contiiined about 24 houses, and
was well furnished with corn." In connection with this
wo find a statement made in the documentary History
of New York, that some of the tribes belonging to the
Iroquois proper, separated from them, and removed to tho
north of the lake. Now tho Indian term, " Keint-he," be it
remembered, was written by an English explorer, and of course was
spelled in accordance with the pronunciations of the Indians.
Every one knows that the letters of the alphabet have a
diiferent sound in the French language. If therefore, a French
writer wore to write the English term Keint-he, it is not unlikely
he would spell it Kanta or Kente. Examining the old French
maps, made by some of tho early travelers through Canada, but
bearing date 8ubi.<equent to lfi77, we find marked with distinctness,
an Indian village, sometimes in one place, sometimes another,
by the name of Kente. This may be seen on quite a number of
dift'erent maps, which wo have examined in various libraries in
Canada, and in tho Imperial Library in Paris. It is not always
spelled Kente, sometimes it is Kante, and upon one it is Kenti, and
upon a map in the Imperial Libi-ary, Paris, it is Kento. This
Indian village has its loeation upon most of the maps, at the eastern
extremity of Hay Buy ; but upon a few it is placed at the south
shore of tho peninsula of Prince Hdward ; upon one map it is put
at South Bay; while in another Wappoose island, is called Isle de
Quinte. Hence it is int'en-ed, that a branch of the Seneca tribe
separated from the main body, and renoved to the north of tho
lake, and settled probably first at South Bay, and afterward, or at
certain seasons visited at Hay Bay, to which, in time they gave their
name — that of Kente, according to the pronunciation of the French.
It was an easy matter to convert Kente into Quinte. In other

ANCIENT NAMES.

877

wordw, wo find tliut AT and Qu aro used inditt'crontly among early
writers of Now Franco ; for instanco, Quebec is spoiled by early
writers, Koboc. The origin of tho word Quinto seems to bo in
this way perfectly clear.

Tho Indian village of Kento was situated at tho oastern ex-
tremity of Hay Bay, and it seem!* plain t,hat this was regai-dod as
tho head of the bay by the French, and the waters leading to tho
village, was designated tho Bay Konto, or the Bay to tho Kentos.
Tho waters above the entrance to Hay Bay were looked upon rather
as the mouth of the Rivor Trent ; and as quite another bay, to
which was given a different name. This was a water way from
Lake Ontario to Lake Huron. Travelers i)as8ing along would at
times receive imperfect ideas respecting tho names of the several
bays and lakes. Again, tho early French explorers, and tho Jesuits,
in their maps would frequently give the names, derived from the
Indians, in Latin, while later French travelers gave the names in
French. Ine consequence was that several different names were
at times bestowed upon the waters stretching between Lakes Huron
and Ontario. '

One of tho old French maps, and perhaps, it may have boon pre-
pared before tho Kontes had settled upon its shores, gives to tho
bay the name " Bayedes Couis," while several islands between the
south shore of Lake Ontario, and the north, are called " au des
Couis, as if indicating a line of travel. There is one larger island,
called Les Couis.

Tho waters west of tho Long Reach aro, in soVeral maps which
havo been examined, named Lac St. Lion, and Lionel. But whether
this name was limited to the uppers waters of the bay, or applied
to tho Trent, with Rice Lake, is doubtful, inasmuch as the maps
represent the River Trent as being very wide and seemingly navig-
able up to almost the river's source. Again, the name of Quinto
and Quintio aro found upon a few maps, and are applied to Rico
Lake. A map in the Imperial library, dated 1777, gives to
Rice Lake, Quinto, and close hy in the village of Tonnaonto ; and
the Bay (Quinto proper, is called Lake Tento. Another map names
it Kentsio. There is also a map which gives to Simcoe Luke, the
name of (Entarion Lake, instead of Lake Taronto. From these vari-
eties of names, wo discover an indistinct connection between the
words Konto and Toronto. Their origin and meaning it is impossible
to trace. Perhaps they wore names used only for a short time. It
is worthy of remark, that upon an ancient map examined in tho
Impei'ial library, w^o find Lake Erie called Lac. Conty.

;

» ' V •■:'*

! i '51 '

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ii:

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378

BAY "CANTY."

'-'$1 -

m^.

The word (iiiinto is in oii« or twopliicos sjicllocl Qulnteo, jviul iilso
Quintio. The most common niodo of pronunciation '.vsis thiit used by
tho loyalists. Tlicy s])o11(kI it ^oncrnlly Canty, or Kcnty. Such thoy
heard it called ii_) tho French and Indianis whon thoy camo hero;
and, unac(|uaintod with tho French mode of Hpcllinfj;, thoy naturally
rendered it accordinj!^ to the EngMsnli idea; and wo have found it in
letters written, by the firHt Hottlers, moHtly always spoiled 'Canty,"
or " Cante," and occasionally " Canta." Tiio last of these approadioa
tho nearest to tlie correct way of pronouncing tlio name ; and it in
a cause tor regret that some years ago there arose the belief that
it ought to 1)0 called "(iuinty." Wo would request the inhal)itant!»
of tho bay, to return to the old fashioned, and correct pronunciar
tion.

The settlement upon tho bay was sometimes identified with
Oataraqui; being known by the refugees, as well as by those who
stayed in the States, only b}- that name. Indeed, it may bo said
that all of Upper Canada was, for a few years, designated by that
name ; tho settlements at Detroit and upon the Niagara, contiguous
to tho fort, being regardocl as merely military stations. For many
years tho name Canada, was limited to tho lower Provinces. Alter
a few years the settlement along tho bay came to bo generally
called, both by tho settlors, and those who know them abroad as
that of tho Bay " Canty," Tho writer has in his possession a letter
dated from ony of tho townships upon the bay, in which reference
is made to Canada as a i)lace quite distant and distinct from tho
British settlements.

Mr. Ferguson, in a letter dated at Sidney, 23rd July, 1791, to
a person at Jiingston, says, "I'll send you a memorandum of whnt
you'll want from Canatla, and ho further s|: ^aks about taking an
Indian to Canada. By this we learn that the new townships wore
regarded as quite apart f^om Canada.

Before i^roceoding to speak of tho appearance of tho bay, a
space must be given to speak more particularly of those Aborigines
who occupied the territoiy of the bay, and Upper Canada gene-
rally, at tho time of the revolutionary war, and from whom tho
British Government purchased the land to bestow upon tho U. E.
Loyalists, namely, the Mississaugas.

The meaning of the word !Mississauga has reference to " many
outlets," or a place of settlement by tho " fork of a stream." The
first noticewe have found of this name is upon a map in tho Imperial
library, dated 1G20. It is ai)plied to a lake, — L'Missawja, or

TIIK MISHI8SAU0AB.

379

Buade. Tho location is not fkr fVom tlio Hourco of the MisHiflHippi
Rivor, and tlioro iH a flmall stream roprowontod as '•unnin^ from this
lake to empty into tho Mississippi, tho lako is doubtless tho Itasca
Lake in iMinosota. Tho Indians, then inhabiting that region, was
tho "Eastern Sioux." There is no doubt some identity as to origin and
meaning, between Mississippi and Mi^sissauga. It will be romom-
bcred, wo have in tho north of Ujipor Canada a River Mi8sissip])i as
well as River Mississauga. Tho Mississauga Indians fii*st camo into
notioo about tho middle of last century, some timo before the rebel-
lion. Thoy were then living oast of tho Georgian Bay uj)on tho lake
ntid tho rivor, both of which have derived names from this tribe.
Oapt. Anderson thinks they took the name from living by this
river, which has many outlets. It may be regarded as a question
whether the river gave a name to the tribo, or tho tribe a name to
the river.

Tho Mississangas havo been more generally regarded as a
branch of tho Otchipowas. Father Charlevoix says, they are a
branch of tho Algonquins.

Towards the end of tho soventeenth century, the Iroquois had
quite overrun tho territory formerly designated by tho French " the
country of the Northern Iroquois," and now constituting Upper
Canada. As tho Six Nations retired to their territory upon tho
south of Lako Ontai*io, the Chippowas, or Otchwas and the Missis-
sftugas descended to the north shore of Ontario, tho St. Lawrence,
and around Bay Quinte. Tho exact time at which those tribes ob-
tained possession of the land around tho ^ny, and its Islands, and
other parts of Canada, is uncertain. But, long before the settle-
ment of Upper Canada, they were the acknowledged owners of the
soil, and Great Britain purchased from them the right of owner-
ship. Tho first record wo have of surrender of land, was by tho
Chippowas, in 1781, to Gov. St. Clair. Tho Mississangas seem to
have been a neutral nation, at least, thoy never appear to have
taken any part in tho wars between the French and English. But
we find that " at a great assembly of chiefs and warriors, at Albany,
in August 17, 1746, the chief speaker of the Six Nations, informed
the English Commissioners that they had taken tho Mississaugas
a8 a seventh nation. There certainly seems to have been a very
friendly relationship between tho Iroquois and Mississaugas.

The Mississaugas were divided into several tribes, or rather,
were divided into several villages, which were scattered all along
the St. Lawrence, from the river Gananoquo to the BayQuinto, and

■I

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380

THR "HOUTKRH.

Lake Ontario. ThuH, wo find it rocordod thut " Thoy wi>ro diMporned
alon]Lf Lako Onlsirio, South of Frontonac." Thin nioatiH Prince
Edward ])artii'ularly ; but tlioy wore as well settled in little villages
at dill'cront points. Charlevoix speaks of the Mississaugas as having
a village at Niagara and upon Lake St. Clair; most likely at the
mouth of the Thames. Theyilikowisc had villages along the u^ )or
waters of the Trent, and at the Don. Their armorial bearing, or
"totem " was the crane, crow, muskrat, and boavor. The Kontos
and Gannoyousos, two tribes of tlie Mississaugas, although taking
no part in the wars against the French, had practised upon them a
base act of treachery. In 1687, M. do Nonvillo, who was then
Governor of Canada, being at Frontonac, invited those two tribo.>i
to tho fort to hold a conference, and while there, seized fortj'or fifty
men, with eighty women and children, who wore sent prisoners to
France.

The French called tho Mississauga, while living in tho west.
tho /S'oMfer, or Jumpers, because of tho numerous rapids in the river
Mississauga down which their canoes wore wont to jump.

The Mississaugas are of a darker hue than any other tribe in
the northern part of America.

The uncertainty that attaches to tho Mississaugas as to origin,
and tho fact that they were not given to warfai'o ; but seemed to bo
at peace with all native tribes, causes us tothink that possibly they
may have sprung from tho dispersed " Neutral Nation."

At the time of tho settlement of Upper Canada, tho Missis-
saugas soom to have been the pi'incipal, if not the solo aboriginal
occupants of tho land. There are a great many '* Mississauga
Points" along thotEay, even at the present day, and there was u
greater number at the tii-st, all of which indicated the site of an
Indian Village. At Cataraqui, just by the old fort, and Tete du
Pont, Avas a Mississauga point, so called from its being the site of an
Indian village. For years after the refugees entered, tho Indians
continued to dwell hero, at least during certain periods of the year.
Tho ground whereon a portion of the railway is laid, used to be tho
scene of manj^ an Indian dance, to the tune of other music than
tho screaming of tho iron horse, although no less inharmonious.
Peter Grass was wont to toll of these scenes, whereat fearful orgies
wore witnessed by the lurid glare of their rude torches. " At the
time of the peace, in 1783, the Mississaugas ceded to the Crown
largo tracts of land in the Johnstown, Midland and Newcastle
Districts."— (Eeport).

■■ <

INDIAN IHLANDH.

881

The whole of the Iniul contij^tious to the Hay was piircliiiHcd
fVom the " MiHwisMUugaM of the Hay (iuiiitu." Tho IiidiaiiM, in
reiinquiKhitig (lioir claiinH to thu land, had j{uantnt(>«'il to Uu>m
crrtaiu Mtipulatod paynicntH yearly, in proHonlH. \\v find itHtated
that "every man received two hlunkotH, cloth for one coat and ono
pnir of trowwerH, two ahirtH, several small articles, hesides a gun,
ammunition, kettles, and other things." — (Playter).

" They claim, however, to have retained the following reserves."
Mississauijn Point, six miles below Belleville, ahout 1,200 acres ;
Grassy Point — in Sophiasburgh — about 600 acres; Cape Vescy, in
Mnrysburgh, six miles oast of Wappooso Island, 450 acres; Bald
Hmd, at Wellur's Bay, Ameliasburgh, 100 acres. " They alsoclaim
the islands eastward from I'resqu Isle to Gananof^ue, Nicholsons'
Island, in Lake Ontario, 250 acres, noai- West Lake, Wellington;
Woir's or Tubb's Island, McDonald's Island, and Sugar Island, in all
about 1,000 acres. The islands from Trenton to Kingston, and
thence to (Jananoque. Also, Green's Island, Timber Idland, Falso
Ducks, with others in Lake Ontario."

The Commissioners considered that the Indians hatl claims to
(omi^ensation for thoii* lands. As for the islands, the following
extract from a letter from Sir John Johnson to the Military Secre-
tary, dated Lachine, 9th October, 1797, will show their right to tho
Islands. ''No islands were ceded to tho Crown but Grenadier
Island and tho Islands between it aiid Kingston ; two of which
were granted tome, with the lands at Gananoquo, by the Governor
and Council; together with the Island of Tontine above Kingston,
at the entrance of Lake Ontario." This was Amherst Island.

The portion of the Mississaugas to which the land belonged,
were those subsequently known as the Bay Quinte, and tho King-
ston Indians. The same that lived for a time at Grape Island, and
who now reside at Alnwick.

" Tho accejitance of tho surrender of the Indians in 1856, by
the Government, is an acknowledgment that these islands had never
boon ceded by them."

Wo thus learn that the Indian claims made to tho islands and
reserves in Prince Edward, were allowed by the Government. But
the Indians claimed also that the treaty of cession, as they under-
stood it when made, did " not include, a portion of land bounded on
the north by a line which marks where the waters flow into the
Ottawa Eiver, and thence to the south, some thirty miles, to 'the
head waters of some streams which flow towards the Lake, with a

El JI

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111 fr

nil.

)82

INDIAN RBSKRVES.

length of some sixty milo.ii." But this claim was uot considered as
tenable.

According to the testimony of the first settlers, Wappooso
Island, at the opening of Smith's Bay, was the abode of the Indian
Chief; at least, became hero yearly to receive the rates from the
settlers who had squatted upon it. The Indians went from this to
Kingston, to get their presents, which iixQy obtained from one
Lyons, who it is said, was the first Indian agent thei'c. Ho lived a
quarter of a mile from the Market Place.

Fi"om the several villages, placed by the water boii-d, tlie Mis-
sisaaugas wore accustomed to ascend up the rivers to the interior
of the country for game. Of the ditferent rivers, the Sayo^aska.
(Moira), was, pei'h.aps, more generally selected. Stoco Lake was u
favorite hunting and fishing region, so named after a famous Mis-
sissauga Chief, Stougcong. They had a lot reserved at the
mouth of the river, and al:?o lot number four, in the second conces-
sion of Thurlow,— altogether 428 acres, wliich was sold in 1816, for
£107. They gencr.illy ascended about the last of March, and
retui-ned the latter pai-t of December. The writer can remember to
have eeen their birch canoes, well ladefi, passing up and 4ow^n the
river. Before the settlement of Belleville, they had their encamp-
ment on the pl^iins by the river's mouth, but in later years they
selected grounds some way up the stream. At first the trading
post, kept by Cbisholm, east of the river on the bay, was a point of
attraction to them.

The Indifljfis would make sygar in the spring, aiid bring it to
the settlers in small basswood bags, which they would exchange for
.different articles.

The Mississa,ugp,8 being a race of naturally peaceful digpoaitipn,
the settlers never h^d ^ny reason to feaa* thein, even had the Cana-
dian Government, like the American, forgot to recognize the rights
of the natives, a^d owners of the soil. When under the influence
of liquor they might assume a mock heroic charactei" to intimidate
women and children, in order to get something; but noMtempt\yas
ever made to disturb the settlers along the Bay.

Every year the Indians would go to Kingston to receive their
presents, annually given by Government ; spraetimes there would
be a hundred canoes.

.1 !

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APPEABANCB OK BAY QLIMTK.

383

ClIAPTEE XLiy.

Contents— Ai)i)L'Hnince — Mouth of Bay — Length — Tlie I'cnins«ln of I'rinci-
Edward— Width of Bay — Long iteach— CoiirBe of Bay — The Hi^h Sijon; —
Division of bay — Enstern, central, western — Taking a trip — Throiigli the
Reach — A picture — A quiet spot — Lake on tlie mountain — A description —
Montreal Gazette — Beautiful view — Rhine, Hudson — Contrast — Ulassic
ground — A sketch — Birth jJacc of celebrated Canadians — Hagerman — A
leading spirit — Sir J. A. McDonald — Reflections — A log house — Relics of
the pant — Lesson of life — In the lower bay — Reminiscences — The front —
Cradle of the province — Shore of Marysburgh — In the Western Bay —
Cuthbertson — Up the bay — A battle ground — Devil's Hill — Stickncy's Hill
— In the depths — Prospciity — Ueological supposition — Head of bay — Thu
past.

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BAY QUINTE CONTINUED — ITS APPEARANCE.

Pernaps there is no sheet of water in Upper Canada possessed
of greater natural beauty than this arm of Lake Ontario. At the
eastern extremity of Ontario, where it merges into the St. Law-
rence, with its 1692 islands, on the northern ^hore, is found the
entrance to the ."Bay Quinte. In the early days of tlae settlement
the name was limited to the waters west of Indian Point, at the
extremity of Prince Edward Peninsula. At the present time the
Bay Quinte is understood to include the sound between Amherst
Island, and Wolfe Island, upon the south, and the mainland to the
north, . Our history is intended specially to embrace the events
connected with the settlement of this region.

The bay, commencing whe."o the St. Lawrence begins its
mighty flow, extends in an irregular manner inland to a distance
of some 70 miles, its western extremity approaching to within a
short distance of the lake ; and thus creating a lengthy ponint«ula,
varying in breadth, the greatest being about 25 miles ; but with
a nock so narrow, that the peninsula Is almost an island. The
width of the bay varies, averaging about a mile ; but in son^e
places it is two miles. Not only is the bay irregular in its direc-
tion ; but there are many indentations, some several miles in
length, which increase the irregularit}', and add beauty and variety
to the scenery.

The course of the bay from the lower gap, is at first, for some
35 miles almost due west. It then makes a turn toward the north,
tending a little to the east; while to the south is an indentation
forming the Picton Bay. This portion of the bay is called the
Long Reach, and in its length, presents some of the most striking

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UPON THE BAV.

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beauties of the whole bay. Extending to the south of the Eeach is
a lengthy indentation five or six miles long, forming Hay Bay.
At the northern extremity of the Long Eeach, is another small
bay into which the Napaneo River empties, called the Mohawk
Bay. Here the main body of water makes another turn, and again,
stretches almost directly westward, to the head of the bay. At a
distance of eight miles from Mohawk Bay there is a material wid-
ening of the water. This portion is called Big Bay. The width
does not appear so great in consequence of the existence of islands,
one of which, the Big Island, stretches along the south shore even
the whole lengti of Big Bay. At the western limits of the wide
part, the bay is very narrow by reason of two opposite points,
Mississauga and Ox Points, approaching to within a half mile of
each other. It is the ojiinion of geologists, that the channel
between these two points is of comparatively recent formation,
caused by a sinking of the land, and that the old channel was
through the marsh which divides Mississauga jjoint from the
peninsula.

The High Shore, which forms so in't)minent a feature in the
scenery of the bay, and the high 'st summit of which is at the Lake
on the Mountain, is a roiiuu'k-.ijivi formation. Commencing in
Marysburgh, near the East Lake by the shore of Lake Ontario, it
follows the course of Smith's Bay eastAvard, down the shore to what
is called " the Rock," thence across the peninsula to the bay and
80 follows the course of the bay upward, ar( und Pic ton Ba}', and
thence along the eastern front of Sophiasburgh to a point opposite
Hay Bay. Here the hill leaves the bay shore and takes a westerly
course, and stretches away toward the lake, to the south of the
Carrying Place.

The Bay of Quinte may be divided into three portions— an
eastern, a western, and a central portion. The eastern and western
portions, we have seen, run east and west. The middle portion, con-
necting these two together, is a reach of some twelve miles and
mostly north and south, from Picton Bay to Mohawk Bay.
Undoubtedly the "Long Reach" posfc ^:' • the most attractive
scenery, from the waters themselves, alojig tli<> whole sheet, from
Kingston to the Carrying Place. To obtain sor e idea of the
scenery here presented, the reader is invited to accomi)any the
writer, in imagination, upon the steamer from Mill point, Tyen-
dinaga, or the Indian Woods, to Kingston. It is upon a bright
morning in September. Leaving the whai'f at Mill Joint, our boat

IN THE LONG REACH.

385

niakos a graceful sweep and turns here prow down the bay toward
the Reach. The power of the sun is beginning to be felt, and
the mist which has rested upon the v/aters is gradually rising.
After leaving the Avharf a few minutes, an angle is reached fi-om
which we can look up through the Big Bay almost to Belleville ,
and, at the same time down the Heach, into Picton Bay. This
morning, on glancing upwards, a lovely view presents itself. Thi"
water is like glass, from which the mist, here and there, is rising
like a sheet of the purest snow. Resting in the glassy bed are
several schooners, whose white sails and rigging are perfectly
mirrored by the unrippled surface of the water. Tuniing our gaze
down through the Reach, even a more beautiftil sight is before us.
Fi'ora this stand point we seem to be looking tl.rough, as it were, a
telescope, at the distant shoi'es of Picton Bay, The sun's rays have
not yet reached the deep and narrow chanr.ol, so that a thick
covering of white mist hides the water, excepting here and there,
where its lovely blue may be seen, as it reflects the a'/.ure sky.
A vessel Avith snowy sails, seems to be resting against the high
shore, while its hull is half enshrouded in the fog. To the right,
over a point of low land, may be seen the top mast of another
vessel, which, in an indentation of the bay, is as if left upon
the dry land by a retiring flood. It has always seemed
to the writer that this is the most delightful and picturesque spot
upon the bay, and he has endeavored, in but an imperfect way. to
draw to it the attention of tourists, who may desire to seethe more
enchanting scenes connected with the bay. Proceeding on our
way down the Reach, the steamer stops at Roblin's wharf upon
the right. Here, in a little dell, leading into u peaceful valley
pleasantly wooded, whicli leads up to the high shoru, is .situated Mr.
Eoblin's buildings. For a quiet place in which to live during the
.summer, where one may forget the cold artificial world, it
is unequalled. To the right is the bold high shore, which
protects from the northern wind. Spread out before, is a beautiful
landscape. There, is another view of Adolphustown, with its many
points, and corresponding indentations, the home of peace and
plenty. There, is the entrance to Hay Bay, and more directly
opposite, the elevated shore, well cro'.»rned with trees, still ciolhed
in green.

We now continue our voyage close to the precipitous rocks which
form the shore, and presently we approach the mouth of Picton
Bay. Here again is obtained a varied and delightful prospect, ere
we leave this " Grand Bay," as it was at tirst called.
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386

THE LAKE ON THE MOUNTAIN.

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Issuing again from Picton Bay, our steamer glides along in
the shadow of the eastern shore, and approaches the Stone Mills, at
the foot of the lake on the mountain. The captain will wait until
wo have ascended, and viewed the lake, and the magnificent pro-
spect spread out around. But the brief time allowed to accomplish
the ascent affords no adequate chance to take in the exceeding
loveliness, and call to mind the historic events connected with the
country within view. So we shall detain the tourist for a days'
inspection of the scene.

The Lake of the Mountain is a curiosity of no mean order.
The following, taken from the Montreal Gazette, published in the
summer of 1834, is worthy the place we give it :

" The Lake of the Mountain is one of the most remarkable
objects in the Dfstrict of Prince Edward. This singular body of
water is about five miles distant from Hallowell, (Picton). It is
situated on the top of a lofty eminence, about one hundred and
gixty feet above the level of the Bay of Quinte. The manner in
which it is bounded is rather singular. In one direction it is only
BOpai-ated from the waters of the Bay below by a ledge of limestone
rock, about eighty feet high, and by a precipitous embankment,
which extends half way around it. In every other direction it is
skirted by a ridge which rises to the height of 40 feet above the level of
its surface. This Lake is about five miles in circumference. Its waters
are at present applied to propel only a grist mill and a fulling
machine. An artificial canal has been cut, along which the water
is conveyed to the edge of the embankment, from whence it is
conducted by a wooden raceway to the mills, which are situated
near the margin of the bay below. The original outlet of the lake
is at a few paces distance from the raceway. At this place the
surplus waters formerly escaped through an orifiCo in the precipice
I formerly mentioned, and after dashing over the rocks below,
ultimately found their passage into the Bay.

" When I first heard of this lake, the most incredible stories
were related to mo concerning it. The gentleman who first directed
my attention to it, absolutelj' told mo that it was supplied by a
subterraneous passage from Lake Erie, that there was no inlet in
the neighborhood, capable of affording it a supply, and lastly, that
it was unfathomable, or that its bottom was lower than that of the
adjoining part of the Bay of Quinte. Such information as this,
communicated by a well-informed Barrister, did not fail to excite
my curiosity, and I accordingly set out to examine it with feelings
of considerable anxiety.

" What led to the absurd idea that this lake was supplied from
Lake Erie, I am at a loss to understand. It contains no springs,
and the banks of that part especially from which it is viewed by
strangers, being all so low th^tno inlet is visible, it might, perhaps,

ITS SUPPLY OF WATER.

387

have been thought impossible to account for its source by any
other means. The absurdity of the notion is, however, so glaring,
that I would not spend a single moment in exposing it, had it not
taken strong hold of the imagination of a great pi-oportion of intel-
ligent people residing in this part of the country.

" If the liake of the Mountain were supplied from Lake Erie,
its waters should experience a corresponding rise and fall with
those of Lake Erie. This, however, they do not, for last year the
waters of Lake Erie were higher than usual, while those of the
Lake of the Mountain were very low. Again, this year, the waters
of Lake Erie were lower than usual, while those of the Lake of the
Mountain are very high.

" Further, if the Lake of the Mountain were supplied from
Lake Erie, it should be altogether uninfluenced by any state of the
weather in its neighborhood. This, however, is not the case, for in
wet weather it becomes high, and in dry weather it becomes low.
When I first visited this lake, its waters were nearly upon a level
with its banks, and when I saw it some months afterwards, they
were seven or eight feet above them. This was after a continuance
of dry weather.

" From all this it is evident that Lake Erie does not furnish the
supply of the Lake of the Mountain, and that it must be looked for
in some other quarter. Being determined to disc over from whence
this supply was derived, I proceeded along the east side of the
lake for about a mile, upon the top of the eminence which separates
it from the Bay of Quinte. I then entered the woods and began
imperceptibly to ascend, until I found, by again coming in site of
the lake, that I had reached an elevation of about forty feet above
it. Continuing to proceed for two or three miles, I descended, in
the same imperceptible manner, to the , lace from which I first set
out. In the coui'se of this journey, I crossed no less than five differ-
ent water-courses, four of which were dry at the period of my first
visit, but all of which I have since seen pouring out very considerable
quantities of water. The fifth is a beautiful stream flowing into the
lake over successive ledges of limestone rock, underneath the rich
foliage of the trees by which it is overarched. This stream alfords
the chief supply to the lake, and judging from the appearance of
its channel, it must bo sometimes upwards of a foot deep. In the
spring and fall, when the greatest quantities of water are discharged
by it, I have distinctly heard the noise which it makes at a distance
of two miles, and on the opposite side of the lake, as it dashes over
the rocks. The whole of these rivulets proceed from two extensive
Bwamps. That from which the largest arises is situated to the
south west of the lake, and is about throe or four miles in circum-
ference.

"The depth of the lake next claimed my attention. Having pro-
cured a Buflicifjnt length of line, I pushed out upon its waters in a
small scow. For a considerable distance we distinctly perceive the
bottom, which consists of dissolved, or-rather corroded lime, so loose

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388

THE VIEW.

and lii^'ht tiiat with little or no exertion one may push the whole
length of his oar into it. Continuing to look downwards upon tlio
beautiful white bottom as wo sail along, wo start instinctively upon
finding that Ave all at once loose sight of it, and that we gaze into a
deep, dark, frightful ab>ss, which is formed by the sudden apj)ear-
ance of a precipitous ridge, running right across the lake. Nothiiit;
can exceed the amazement — terror, I had almost called it — which
some people expi'ess on finding themselves surrounded by lofty, dark-
woods, and floating upon the surface of water as black as ink, over
an abyss which they have been told is quite unfathomable.

" After having sailed over the lake in every different direction,
an<l taken an immense number of soundings, I found its greatest
depth to be only ninety-one feet. The bay below I found to be eighty-
two feet. Now as the lake is about one hundred and sixty feet above
the level of the bay, it follows that the bottom of the lake is one
hundred and fifty-one feet higher than that of the bay.

" Thus, then, it appears that the Lake of the Mountain docs not
derive its supply from Lake Erie, that its source is to be found in its
immediate neighbourhood, that it is not unfathomable, and that its
bottom is not lower than that of the Bay of Quinte.

" The Lake of the Mountain is however, an object of sufficieul
interest, without adding to its wonders those of a subterraneous
communication with Lake Erie, and an xmfathomable depth. There
is, for instance, the very singular manner in which it is separated
from the Bay of Quinte, by a wall of solid rock, and the extraordi-
nary form of its basin. The fine views, too, with which the moun-
tain abounds, ought to be suflicient to attract the attention of all
those whose minds are capable of enjoying the various forms in
which beauty may be contemplated.

" Nothing can surpass the savage grandeur of the scene we look
upon from the summit of the limestone rock I have so often men-
tioned, nor can a lovelier prospect be anywhere found than that whifli
breaks upon the view, on first reaching llic top of the mountain. Tn
the north and west, we behold the Bay of C^uintc, stretching far awny
into the land, and dividing itself into many beautiful inlets. Tliort>
are too, the promising settlements and clearances all along the coast.
which (!an never fail to raise and exhilarate the spirits of every oik
Avho wishes well to the destinies of his .species. There is, howevei.
one view at this lake, which, above all others, I have most delighted
to enjoy. It is from the woods, upon the niost elevated part of llie
eminence which bounds the lake to the south. From this we behold
the deep dark waters of the lake beneath our feet, the bay of an
hundred arms, with its smiling coast, and far away we gaze upon
forest rising behuid forest, luitil we are lost in the interminable — tin
dreamy distance.

"I have visited this place when the surrounding woods shone in
all tlic gorgeousness of summer surshine. I have viewcil it again In
the pale moonlight, when the splendour and magnificence of the seem
surpassed even what it exhibited when viewed by the broad light oi

n 'i

CLASSIC OROUNI).

389

il;iy. Tliti lake Ih'Iow, anil the distant bay, appoaivtl like slioots of
molten silver, and every object was softened down by tlio mellow
li<fht under wliie.li lliey wei-o viewed. At first tlii' sky was [)errectly
(ioudlcss, but, in the course of tlie eveninti', the scene uradnally under-
went a change. On the one hand, the moon shone out with a dcii'i-ee
i,f sjilendour which no one can have any idea of, save they who have
l)oheld her chaste countenance jjeerinjj; aliove a Cana<lian forest. On
the otlier hand the thin, Heecy-looking clouds rapidly chased each
iilher u)) towards the zeintli. As the evening advanced, gleams of
|iurple lipfhtning at intervals streamed forth. At length one large
ilou<l Avhicli seemed to bu the nucleus of the wliole, shot fi'oni around
its margin siiccessive ilaslu.'s of ])uro wliiie liu-htning, unncconii)anied
by the slightest noise of thunder. j\s I ga/.ed on tlie brilliant spec-
taelo before nie, it seemed instantly to assume the shape and form of
the bust of some gigantic being. The longer I looked at it, tlie
brighter did the lightning bla/e around it, and the more forcibly was
I inipressc<l M'ifh the resemblance. It might have seemed to a super-
stitious or highly imaginative mind, as if the groat Sjjirit of nat m^
iiad deigned to reveal himself, amid the grandeur and sublimity of a
•eene so congenial to his character."

We wouhl su])plcmcnt this just trilnite of praise, and interesting
-tatemcnt; uiid wo venture to say, after having viewed man}^ lovely
-pots in the olil and new worlds, that wo know of no lovelier
lianoramic view than that to be obtained from the Lake of the
Mountii' 1, not even excepting the far-famed Hudson, and the classic
Rhino. Of course we cxccjtt the rich relics of the old feiulal days,
which so picturesquely adorn the mountain tops along the swift
running Ehine, But even here we are not destitute of historic
ivminiscences. True, we bave no embattled towers, resting on
rugged summits; no castlo keeps, with mysterious dungeons, upon
whose walls may be traced the letters laboriously cut by long re-
tained captives; no crumbling walls and half-tilled moats; no mag-
nificent ruins of graceful architoctui-e. We possess no Tintern
Abbey by the quiet waters, to tell of the olden time; no gloomy
cloisters where comfortable monies did dwell ; nor romantic cathe-
dral whose antique windows admitted but dint religious light. Still,
there is something to be said of the past, in connection with our
country. I^'om our position hero wo may examine the classic
ground of Uppji' Canada, and trace the course of settlement fol-
lowed by our fathers, the pioneers.

At our fpct is the bay, and seemingly so near, that one could
toss a stone into the clear blue water; and across, at the distance
of a mile, though apparently much nearer, lies the low rich land of
Adolphustown. To the right stretches, in almost a straight lino, the

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390

THE FATHERS OF CANADA.

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waters of the bay, along Avhich may bo soon the well settled shores
oven to Rrnosttown, and over which wo got a view of the Upper Gap ,
whei'o tho waters of the bay co-mingle Jwith the more boisterous flood
of Ontario. Upon this bright autumn day the view is almost on-
chanting. The surface of the waters of tho several indentions,
especially Hay Bay, as well as tho main channel, have imparted to
thorn tho bright blue of tho sky, while the fields of rich green ami
gold give variety to the scene. This rich landscape spread* oui
before us is really the classic ground of Upper Canada. Within
the compass of our view was for several years the western limit of
the settlement. Wo can see, whore landed tho refugee loyalists to
take possession of the land. Along that green and golden sloping
shore has slowly passed tho battcaux laden with tho settlors and
their limited household effects; there also has gone tho Skenectady
boat with its ungainly soil, and toiling rowers. There, upon the
rich land of Frcdericksburgh and Adolphustown, lived and died
many of tho fathers of Canada. In tho old homostea^ls, which there
gradually arose, were born, and spent their boyhood days, a host
of sons, who, moving further west up tho bay and lake, planted the
townships. From that spot sprang many of Canadas earliest public
men, who passed their younger days among those natural beauties
which belong to the bay. Under our eye is the birth-place of Judge
Hagerman, Sheriff Ruttan, and others, who have left a name upon
tho pages of Canadian history. There, upon tho front of Adolphus-
town stands the old Court House, where were held the first Courts
of Law of Upper Canada ; there flourished the earliest lawyer of
the Province, Judge Hagerman's father, and there pleaded McLean
of Kingston, in his robes and powdered wig. And, there yet stands
the house where lived the little boy, who, now a man, is tho loading
spirit in our enlarged Canada. Upon this hill, and up and down its
slopes, often played this, the forcrtlost man in British America, Sir
John A. McDonald. Those four townships, Kingston, Ernosttown,
Frodoricksburgh, and Adolphustown, wore the early homes of those
who faithfully served their country. How many thoughts arc
suggested as tho student of history looks abi'oad on this tho first
inhabited land of Western Canada. Many of the present inhabi-
tants here never heard of tho noble ones, ^ho have struggled, and
whose bones now decay in yon " U. E. burying ground," just across
the water.

Descending the mountain, we will continue our voyage toward
Kingston. Tho next stojiping place is Adolphustown, the history

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REMINISCBNOES.

391

of which is given elsowhero. Wo havo to cross the water, and as
•we approach the landing, we may see the splendid farm where
lived the leader of the original settlers, Major VanAlstine. The
village of Adolphustown, once one of the most important places in
Upper Canada, is now a quiet but pleasant spot, especially during the
summer days.

Proceeding on our way, we may obsei've, just west of Coles'
Point, where settled the very first person in Adolphustown, a
small log house. It is much larger than those which sparsely
dotted the bay shore seventy years ago. But it reminds one, of the
first domiciles here erected. Divided into two, one part having been
first built, and the other, when a gi'omng family made it desirable,
and means possible. This old log house close by the shore is a
lingering specimen of an almost extinct feature of the bay. See hero
and there those tall poplar trees, brought in by the early settlers from
the Hudson valley, and planted in front of the dwelling; many of
them are yielding to the tooth of time. Tlieee trees generally mark
the spot where the settler erected his second home after years of
labor had prospered him. In many places they stand erect, but with
age stricken limbs, as faithful sentinels over the ashes of the old
homestead. Ashes indeed ! For the crumbling chimney alone indi-
cates where was once the abode of the pioneer — of life's cares and
hopes, of doubt and expectation— of all the ins and outs belonging to
the home of the pioneer. We have read to us the lesson of life ;
there, are the graves of the brave old veterans and pioneers, and there,
the dust of their earthly dwellings. Ashe? to ashes ! Dust to dnst I

In the lower bay particularly have come to pass many events
of varied import, and fraught with thrilling interest. Here, in times
anterior to the French rule in Canada, did the native tribes come to
hold their councils, to make treaties, form alliances, or declare war.
Here, at the mouth of the Cataraqui ; or along the shores toward
the little Cataraqui, the French first fixed their place of meeting,
and trade with the Indians who lived afar off in the west. Over
these waters have Champlain, the French EecoUets, the first dis-
toverers. La Saiio, Fatiiur Hennepin, Chevalier de Tonti, La Barre,
Denonville, Conte do Front onac and others, passed time after time.
Over the waters here floated the English under Bradstreot, upon
the 25th August, 1750, who, at the break of day were to besiege Fort
Frontenac, and to capture it.

The close of the war in 1783, brought the disbanded soldiers
and many a refugee. Along the shores passed the whole of tho

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KIKST KVKNTS OK UPPER CANADA.

Moliuwk liidinus on tlioii- way to fhoir luiids. lloro tho Nuliitn
si|iiinitc'(l, ji small i):irty iindor Captain J dm, passing,' up llio Bay of
t^iiinto, while llio nuijority |)asst'(l uj) tho >outh ishoroot'tho lalvc to
the (iranil llivor For years alter might have been seen day at'lci'
diiy, hatteaux, singly, or in hrigade.s, and ut a later date Skoiioctmly
iioals, freighted with families old and young, and with a few pro-
eiiais household etVeots, slowly and laborously ]iulliiig their way to
their ])laee of destined settlement. In the war of 1S12, tho Aniori-
eun tleet ventured in at the upper gap and passed along at a safe
distanee from the ileld artillery that oeeu])ieil the shore at Hor-
(•himer"s Point. They were essaj'ing to capture tho Royal CJoorgo;
but this attempt was as vain as that to over-run our ]jrovimo.
Into these waters cjitered the ve>sel of war, hearing the olllcers of
Hull's army from Detroit, which tliey boastingly had declared
would conquer Canada. From these waters issued some of tho first
sailing vessels of Lake Ontario. Here was likewise built the fu'st
steamlioats upon the lake and bay, the Frontcnac and Ch<(rlott<-.

L'pon the shores of these ])leasant waters wan commenced the
survey of the ten townships arinind the bay. Here was the start-
ing point of settlement. Here, for many a year, was the centi'al
point ot Ujjper Canada. Along from Catara([ui uji to Collin's Eay
was the great front of the infant settlement. (Joiitg uj) the bay,
even to Adolpinistown, was regarded foi- several years as going
far into the backwoods.

Along the north shore of tho bay toAdolphustown, were enacted
those scenes which constituted the veiytirst eventsofU])per Cana-
dian history. Tho front of Kingston township may, indeed bo called
the birth plact\ and thefront of Adolphitstown the cradle, of the pro-
vince. Fvery farm akmg this shore has its history, wliicli if written
in the noble spirit that animated tho British American Loyalists,
would command the attention of the world. These f[uiet old home-
steads now reposing upon the gentle slopes in peace and plenty,
tell not of the hardships of the old sokliers and refugees, who, with
ticket in hand entered to commence tho earnest work of clearing,
Mainly, in the third and lourth townships, the officers settled bj
the bay, while the rank and file look up lots in the second and rear
concessions. The first four townships ai-e indeed, the classic ground
of Canada.

Xor is the south shore of tho hay, Marysburgh, devoid of
interest in an historic sense. Eesorving for another place a full
account of tho first settlement by tho Hessians, wo can but glance

i:i'ON TUB WESTKllN BAY..

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;it tlio litfl lliul a l)aiul ol' inon \vi(lii»ut any kiiowloiltco of tlio L'iiig-
lihh laii/fiia^v, and una'(|uaiMti'(l with iW first |trinc'i|»les rifpionoi'V
lite, constilutod tiic liisL sottlois. Tlioro, in MclKjnald's Covo
luiidcd Iio, aiU'i" wliom llic iiiinio is !;ivon ; and tln-iT, amid (lio
woods and upon tlio lit'i.'^ilit watiM-s, he jiassed liis days.

WiM-omnu-ncod our trip and ohsorvalions at Mill Point, and
procoodud down tho bay. TiOt us roturn, and starting; from Iho same
place prorood to the head olthc h:\y, tii<'Carryini!;iMa('0. This part
ot'llui liay possesses less ol' that picturoscjno lioauty than is found in
UiO part over whicji we have ])assed ; ^-eL there is much to eni^age
tho attention of Uie tourist.

Mill Point, alth()ni;h a name suggestive ol^ enterprise and of
the existence ol' mills; rannol he I'eganled -w illi npprohalion, and it-
is to be hoped that some approjiriate namq, commemorating sonxe
past event oi- person, connected with the place, will be bestowed
upon it. It was lor many years known as " Cnlbcrtson's wharf."
The proper name, however, was Cuthiierlson. ft was from the son
of a Scotch fur trader who became connected with the Jfohawks.
Ho lived at Kingston for many years, leaving when ho died a
.iilural son and daughter, liy a daugliter of Caj)tain John. After
his death, she and the two children removed to the Mohawk village.
It was this son who lirst built the wharf here, and hence the
original name.

Continuing our way i;p the liay, leaving to tho oast the pleas-
ant inlet stretching up to Napance, the first thing to attract our
attention is the Pai'sonagc and J ndian Church, embowered in the
beautiful forest trees. The Parsonage lirst strikes our view, where
resides the amiable and worthy clergyman Mr. Anderson. In front
of it is a solitar}- ])oplar Avith tho brancht^s partially decayed. It
marks the s})ot upon which the tribe first landed, when they camo
to the place in 1784. Here they first spread their tents. Some-
what to the oast of this stood the first English Church, the founda-
tion of which can yot be traced. Near by sleeps the remains of
Captain John, the leader of tho tribe, and likewise many other
\prriors.

A half mile to the west of the Church, is an eminence, which
tradition points to as the battle ground between tho ancient Missis-
Haugas and the Hurons. Further westward is Devil's Hill, so called
because a drunken Indian declared he there had seen, one night, his
Satanic Majesty, and chased him all night. Then comes Eagle
Hill, once tho abode of this Imperial bird. To tho south, first lies

ill'

i;;

!•!

(I -I

si' •!>

;S'i. '

■A II

'I i

« i

■|i;'ir

\ '-.

WW- ''^

394

A REMARKABLE HILL.

tho low Island, known aHCaptninJolm'8, bought by Cuthbortson who
built tho wharf, f'roni tho MiMKiMHaugas. Then comos tho nortii
front of Sopbiawburg, rich in agricultural beauty. Tho first ominenco
by the hhoro isSticknoy'H Jlill, onco tho burying place of Indians,
but erroneously supposed to bo the spot where a Col. Quinte, with
- his m*my, perished from hunger and cold. Jn tho depths of tho
waters over which our boat now glides, it has been recorded, have
been soon cannon and ammunition, and other wai'liko material,
which Col. Quinte vainly endeavored to take across on his way to
Fort Frontenac. Btit the truth is, if such material have been seen,
they wore tho contents of a military sleigh which, while passing up
through hero in tho winter of 1812-13, heavily laden, broke through
tho thin ice. Wo now enter Northport, at the eastern side of Big
Bay ; and the land, on every hand, tells of comfort and thrift, and
quiet peace. Next, the wider portion of the Bay, which has
received tho name cff Big Bay, is passed over. To tho left is Big
Island, and Grape Island, where tho Eev. Mr. Case endeavoured to
civilize and Christianize a community of Mississaugas. We now pass
through the Narrows, and tho spires of Belleville Churches may bo
seen in the distance. From Big Bay to the Cai*rying Place, there is
great uniformity in the appearance of tho land on either side,
excepting upon tho south shore at about seven miles from the head
of tho Bay. Hero, where in i Village of Eednersville, is a somC"
what remarkable hill, whic \mencing at this point, extends up

along tho Bay toward the enu. It is separated from the western
extremity of the High Shore by a valley, thi'ough which, at one
time, the Avators of Ontario flowed ; and, when this hill was an
island. Tho rock of this hill consists of shaly limestone, similar to
that which forms the bed of the Moira. We now approach the end
of our voyage, and, as the steamer enters tho port at Trenton, wo
can see the basin which forms tho end of tho bay, in which rests
ono Island known as Indian Island. Taking tho Bay Quinte in its
whole extent, the events of the past belonging to this quiet sheet of
water, are of no ordinary interest. The tourist of to-day, while ho
admires the beauty as he passes along, sees no trace of the past.
The placid water, no more reflects the trim and light canoe of birch,
no longer the clumsy, but staunch batteau, or Dui'ham boat, nor the
Skenectady boat. No more is heard the oar of the Canadian voyft-
guer. keeping time by tuneful voices.

ji '''

MOHAWK BAY. * 395

CHAPTER XLV.

CoMTBNTS— Tho " ni« Bay "— Muskoto Day — Molinwk fifty — Hay Bay — " Eastern
Hay" — Site of Ancient KentcH — The Name — Old FamilioK — An Accident,
1819 — Eighteen Drowned — Extract from I'layter — .Searcliing fortlie BodicS"
Burying the Dead — I'icton Bay — Appearance— Tlio "(J rand Bay"— Upper
Gap— Lower Gap — KingHton Bay— A Picture — Rccollectionft— .A ContraKt-
tiihip Yards — Extract from Cooper — Inland LakcH.

THE SEVERAL BAYS.

In looking at the main channel, wo have mentioned several
indentations, which have, from their size, received distinct names.
Wo w'U now examine these more particularly.

About twenty miles from the Carrying Place, and eight miles
cast of Belleville, is Big Bay, meaning, originally the big part of
the Bay. As before stated, its size does not appear so well marked
as it otherwise would, from the existence of a largo island which
lies in the south part of the Bay, and which is, seemingly a pai*t of
the main land. To the north is a small bay, where the Salmon
River empties. Between Mississauga point, which forms the
western boundary of Big Bay, and llulf' s Island, is another inlet
from Big Bay, wl) eh is called by tho inhabitants Musketoe Bay, or
poraotimes, erroneously, "Misooutor" Bay. It is, mainly, but a
marsh, in which the Muskrat finds a homo, the wild duck a safe
retreat, and where myriads of musketo may, in their season, bo
found. This last mentioned fact explains the origin of the name.
It is stated that, before the adjacent land was cleared, tho swarms
of insects was so thick as to actually cloud tho air.

At tho junction of the western and middle portions of the Bay
is tho Mohawk Bay. This name is derived from the residence hero
of the Mohawk Indians, who came in 1784, and consequently is of
no older date than the settlement of Upper Canada. Tho original
name was Ganeious. The Bay is about five miles in length, and a
mile wide at its mouth ; it gradually lessens until it forms the
mouth of tho Napanee rivor. In summer the scenery along this
Bay is very agreeable, and in some places really beautiful. The
second flouring mill having been built in 1785, Mohawk Bay and
tho Napaneo Eiver were well known by early settlers, and along
these shores, now well cultivated fields, there have passed many a
time the batteau laden with grain, or tho canoe with a bag of grist-
ing ; or along the shoi'O trudged the pioneer with a bushel of corn
on his back, or in winter hauled it upon a hand sleigh.

\ii

t.' ;

I 'n't

I all hi

i t'
1 1*

i f

I i-

jfri M

m
1 , 1

390

ORIOINAT, HEAD OK HAY Ql'INTE.

Hay Bay. — From tlio ontrjiiico of Moliuwk Bay Houthwanl,
uloiii'^ tlio ivai'h alioiit sovoi' miles, is another iiilol. This is
JIai/ Bill/, ami. hy i'ar, th.i lai'i;'ost ol" the several Ba_ys. By
looking at the niaj), it vill he seen that this iiidentiition
is somewhat divided into two almost eijual portions hy a narrow
channel ; and that the eastern ]>art is eonsideralily broader thantlio
western. This narrow channel was ori<;inally called, according- to
an old map of Fredericksburg, dated HHl, the " JiOng Roach," and
the cast end, t!'"i> •' Maslern l)ay," This was then regarded as tho
real end of the Bay t^iinU^. Tho " North Channel," leading to llu'
Alohawk settlement, was bnt little known, and nol taken into con-
sideration. It must be renieinbcrcd tliat the names originally given
to (he sevei-al portions of the Ba}' were snch as the eircumstanecs
of the settlers wonid be likely to siigj'jivst. The soldiers who settled
on tho front of the third townshij) soon learned that in the ivnr
was a Hay, l>y which .they could reach tho back concessions. Some
crossed tho ]>eninsnla, while others reach(-d their lots by making ;i
circuit of the !^)urth Town shore. The distance to (hem as lliey
toiled in the battcaux, seemed a long stret h, and hei\ee it was
called the " Long]?ea.di," while the Avider portion, at the ind ol'tln'
Bay was named Eiistern Hay, or the most eastern bay. Ki-re, a^
we have .seen, dwelt the .ancient Kentes. The name of Uay ]!ay
must have been given to this sheet of water about 178(5. In
the ab.sonco of any certain knowledge of the origin of tho name,
M'o have concluded that it WiiK so calle<l, out of respect to his
memory, after Lieut-tJovcrnor Hay, who died at Detroit, 2!Hli
August, nS5, "after twenty-nine years service." This was the year
previous to the time of the tirst settlers loeatijig hero. The naiao
was, most likely, given b}'' the Surveyor, who, in accordance with
the custom, named everything after some influential or prominent
person, or iriend. While advnncing this theoiy of the origin of tho
name, we must not omit to mention, that when the country was
opened up tliere was, growing in some places upon the bay sliorc,
wild hay. This may j)ossibl3' have given i-ise to tho name; or
the name may have lieeu taken from Chief tJuslice Il.ay. Hay
Bay, although jiossessing no ]iarticular features of beauty, lias
a charm peculiarly its own, as being the original Konte Bay.
It is not wanting in historic interest. Along its shores, now
so fertile, for long years existed abundant game; a fact well
known to all tho neighboring tribes. Although no settlor
took up land here until HSt?, thcr„' wore among thorn indi-

t.f

thwavd,
This is
ys. Uy
oniatlon
I, narrow
than the
:)r(lint!; lo
icli," iviul
led as the
iig to tho
iiUo i'Oii-
[lUy giviMi
umstaiK'Cs
ho sottU'd
J tho rear
lus. Some
makin.U :i
>in as ihcy
\co it was
) oiu\ of tho
Hovo, 11^

If Hay r,ay

L nS(). In

tl\o name,

[port to his

■ti-oit, ^Dth

as tho year

Tho name

Irdaiu'O with

pvominont

|>rii;"in of <1^''
lountry was
lay sh.ore,
name ; or
Hay. lliiy
iboauty, luw
|Kcnto Bay.
shoro8, now
a fact well
no Hottlcv
ihotn inth-

HAY BAY ACOIDKNT.

397

vidualrt who took no unimportnnt part in tho war ayuinst robol-
lion. U])Oii tho south shoro livod and tliod soiuo fuinilics who aotod
moro tlian ordinarily vonturottomo parts during tho ('onto.st, as tho
lluyoks, Miss Loyst, wlio niarriod a Diamond, and whoso two
brothers woro with Sir John Jolinson at Ilunujry Uay. Hero sottlod
throo Embury's, David on tho north shore, who was brothor of
Pliilip Embury, tho first MothoiUst Proachor in Amorioa. On tho
south side livod Androw, and John Embury, and tho first family of
tho Bogarta of Canada, doscondonts of tho first Moravian minister,
to Amorioa. Also, hero livod Judgo Fishor, Squiro Booglo,
James Knox, the lii-st (Juakor Proaohcr in Canada. Upon tho
north bank, while tho colony was yet in its infant days, was coni-
mitiod, probably, tho first act of suicide in the country. An ovont
even yet romoniberoil by some. And, moro than all, it was upon
those waters where occurred an accident, which filled tho wholo
Bay country with horror ; and uwakonod emotions of tho keenest
Hympathy, which produced an impression throughout the wholo
Province, exceeded only by tho loss of tho schooner *' Speedy," with
all on board.

Tlio accident on liay Bay took jdace on a Sunday morning,
20lh August, 1810. On tho south shore of the bay, in the Methodist
meeting-house, was this day a Quartei'ly Meeting. Quarterly meet
iugs, in the early days of the country, were always largely attended,
persons coming from a considerable distance. On this occasion there
were present many from the adjacent townships. Not a few came
from tho banks of the Napanoe. Those living to the north of the bay
had to cross to tho place of meeting by boat. It was a bright sunny
Sabbath morning, and already had many crossed and wore Joining in
tiio religious services, when there put off from the north shore, a
short distance from Casey's I'oint, a boat load, consisting of eighteen
young men and women, most of whom live«l along the bay. "They
were all dressed in good and nu)dest apparel as belitted the day, and
tho house and worship of God. Buoyant with the cheerfulness of
yoiith, and the emotions of l»iety, they sang a i they stepped into the
boat, and as they nuule progress to the other shore. Tiie boat being
rather leaky, and so many, pressing it too near liio water's edge, tho
water came in and increased fast, anil they had no vessel to bail witii.
Unhappily, the young meji diil not think of bailing witii their elean
hats, or did not like to do so, until it was toe late. The boat filleil
and sank, when near tho other .shore, and these eighteen young men
and W0!nen, crying and shrieking, went down into the deep water.

■r

%:■

llil iii

i;l

.^ kJ

398

GREAT GRIEF.

At the time of crossing, there was a prayer meeting proceeding
in the chapel. One those present was now engaged in prayer,
and had just uttered the petition that " it might be a day long to be
remembered," when a shriek was henrd, another, and another. The
prayer was stopped, and some ran up to the pulpit to look out, and
saw the youths struggling in the water. All ran to the shore, and
some plunged in to render assistance. Eight were taken to the shore.
Ten bodies were yet in the water. A seine was prepared, and so the
bodies of these unhappy youths, a few hours ago so blythe and cheerful
were brought dripping to the land. One was not recovered till the
next morning. Two young men were drowned, and eight young
women. Two were of the German family, two Detlors, one Bogart,
one Eoblin, one McCoy, one Clark, one Madden, and one Cole. The
grief of the families, so suddenly bereaved, gathered together on the
shore, gazing at the loved bodies, may be better imagined than
described. The grief, too, was shared by the large congregation
assembled, and by the minister. No public worship was attended
to, but preparations for the solemn funeral.

"Monday was a day of mourning. News of the disaster soon
spreat) far, and a great congregation was assembled. Nine coifins
were lail in order outside the chapel. One of the corpses was buried
in another grave-yard. Mr. Puffer took for the text, Job xix. 25-2V,
" I know that my Eedeemer liveth," &c. He stood at the door and
tried to preach to those within and without, but was so affected by
the catastrophe, the weeping congregation, and the coffined dead
before him, that he confessed he could not do justice to the subject,
or the occasion. But he offered consolation from the gospel to the
stricken families mourning. Next, the coffins of the youthful dead
were opened, that friends and neighbours, and young acquaintances,
might take a last look and farewell. Six of the graves were in rota-
tion, and the coffins were placed in the same manner. The others
were near departed friends in other parts of the ground. After the
reading of the burial service, the graves, one after another, received
the dead, and then were closed up agiun, until the day when " the
trumpet shall sound, and the dead shall be raised incorruptible."—
(Playter).

The writer has often heard his father relate the touching circum-
stances here told. He was then at home, his father being a resident
of the south shore, and was an eye witness of the scene. His father's
steelyards were used, the hooks being attached to a pole, to grapple
for the bodies.

I ii't

PICTON BAY.

399

oceeding
1 prayer,
•ng to be
ler. The
out, and
shore, and
the shore,
ind so the
id cheerful
3d till the
ght young
me Bogart,
Cole. The
;her on the
gined than
angregation
as attended

[isaster soon
Nine coffins
9 was buried
) xix. 25-27,
LG door and
affected by
)ffined dead
the subject,
)spel to the
•uthful dead
squaintances,
jsrere in rota-
The others
After the
her, received
y when " the
rruptible."—

jhing circum-
ng a resident
His father's
le, to grapple

PicTON Bay. — Where the eastern portion of the Bay Quinte and
the Long Reach unite, the waters are compai'atively wide. This was at
the first called the Grand Bay. The south side of the Grand Bay forms
the mouth of Picton Bay, which stretches southward some five miles,
and which has at its head the town of Picton, after which the bay has
been named.

The viev^ presented upon passing up this indentation of the Bay,
and as well in returning, and lookiug up the long reach, is one of the
most attractive perhaps in all Canada. As the tourist approaches
the head of the Bay he will be stnick with the extraordinary beauty.
To the left are two picteresque buildings, one the Ontario College.
Rising up majestically at the very head of the Bay, is an almost pre-
cipitous mountain, whose gray sides, and wood-crowned summit,
gives a grand, though sombre appearance. Nothing seems to be
wanting but the crumbling walls of an old castle to make the picture
complete.

When the ref\igeeB first came to the Bay, the inlet, now called
Picton Bpy, was regarded with some degree of aversion. The high
barren-looking shores, covered with dwarf firs and cedars, offered
no inducements to the settler. During the first two or three years
a party of thvee or four ascended to the head of the Bay, but ob-
serving the thick cedars and firs on either hand, and withal suffering
much from the musketoes, they returned and reported that no
man eould ever inhabit it, that it was fit only for the musketoo.
But before many years the Congers, the Johnsons, Washbums and
Steeles, had taken up their abode hero.

We have seen that this Bay constituted a part of an Indian
route from the west to the south shores of Ontario.

To the east of " Grand Bay," the peninsula of Adolphustown
is indented by two bays.

Between the extremity of Prince Edward peninsula and
Amherst island, where Lake Ontario joins the Bay, at a point which
formerly was regarded as the mouth of the Bay of Quinte, is a
space nearly a mile. This is called the Upper Gap. Between the
eastern end of Amherst and Grape Island is the Lower Gap which
is something more than a mile wide. Directly to the north of the
east end of Amherst Island, upon the coast of Eruesttown is an
indentation where empties a small stream, this is called Collins'
Bay, after Deputy Surveyor Collins.

The only remaining bay of which we shall specially speak, is
the Kingston Bay.

! ■' ;t

M I

: I

^ .' I.

l¥

400

KINGSTON BAY.

Perhapa no piece of water can be found in Western Canada
jjossessed of more natural beauty than the Bay of Kingston, duriri"'
the season of navigation by water. Whether one enters it from
the Great Lake with its rough swell, or the quiet waters of Quinte,
or the bright St. Lawrence, whose waters are beautiful with a
thousand isles ; or whether he gazes from the curving shore at the
City's front ; or from the Cataraqui Bridge ; or instead, takes his
stand at the point of Frederick or Fort Henry, there is spread out
the same pleasing view ; one upon which the eye can long ga?o
with admiration. Encircled by a border of green clad islands, with
the massive city upon one side, the waters of the harbour are peaceful
and secure. The former beauties such as Champlain and Frontenac
looked upon, have passed away. There is less of the natural
beauty entering now into the view, but art has taken the place.
The barracks at the Tcte du Font, the buildings at Navy Yard, the
strong fort, the warlike martello towers, and the city of solid stone,
give a different, but yet a pleasing picture. Kingston Bay affords
a safe place for boating in summer, and in winter, its coating of
ice is the theatre of attraction for the joyous skater.

Bespccting the events which have come to pass by the Bay of
Kingston in the early history of the country, the reader is
referred to the history of Kingston. We Avill only add that the
" shipyards and marine railways at Kingston, Garden Island, and
Portsmouth, have launched on the inland seas the greatest in nnnibcr
and largest of tonnage of Canadian vessels in Canada West ; King-
ston being second only to Quebec in the extent of its ship-building.'

Herein 1814 was built the three decked ship of war "Saint
Laicrence," at a cost of £500,000. The chief cause of this enormous
cost was the expense of transportation of stores and equipments
from Montreal. In 1853, the aggregate tonnage of the vessels
built at the ship-yard in Kingston alone, apart from those built at
Portsmouth and Garden Island, amounted to 2,500 tons; the
cost of these vessels was £26,000, of which £14,000 was paid for
labor.

Wo will here introduce an interesting notice of the several
lakes lying north of the Bay in the adjacent townships, from
Cooper. "Through the whole tract of country lying north of the
Township of Kingston, and in these and the neighbouring counties,
are a multitude of lakes of various sizes, from that of a mere pond
up to that of a lake twenty miles in extent. The water of these
lakes is extremely pure and clear, and they are furnished with

■■■■'t

■u -M

A PLACE FOR RETIRE^tifiNT.

401

[\ Canada
m, during
B it from
of Quinte,
ill with a
ore at the
takes his
jprcad out
long ga'-o
lands, -with
iro peaceful

I Frontenac
the natural

the place.

f Yard, the

f solid stone,

Bay affords

jj coating of

f the Bay of
,e reader is
idd that the

II Island, and
)St in numbev

|West-, King-
[up-building.'

war "-Sauit
:his enormous
rl e(iuipraenls
[f the vessels
hose built at
ioO tons; the

was paid for

abundance of fish ; thoy are mostly connected by streams of water,
and are navigable, and the streams are cappblo of floating canoes or
small boats. Through those lakes and streams are annually floated
immense quantities of lumber and timber, and in the absence of
the i-oads now in course of construction, they have been the high-
way to the city from many a tine farm on their banks. Around
them, in some places, the land is much broken, rocky and waste,
but between such broken and rough tracts are lands of great rich-
neus and fertility, and of the first quality. The scenery throu»?hout
this tract of country , and in the neighbourhood of these lakes and
rivers is extremely picturesque, and in many places even grand,
varied with rock, vallc}-, streamlets and wood. When as the
country gets older, localities are sought not only with regaini to
their flat unvaried richness of soil, but with some consideration of
their beauty of location and scenic charms ; there is little doubt
that many a romantic glen here will have its accompanying cot-
tage, hamlet or mansion, and that many a pretty homestead will
be embowered among these woods and water-lwlls; even now, many
a good farm is being brought under Cultivation in these parts. If
any surpass the rest in picturesque beauty, we should incline to
give the palm to Buck Lake and its vicinity. The neighbourhood
of these lakes abound in deer.

■' ff ', .1 '

i,r

[;

402 THE ISLANDS.

CHAPTER XLV.

Contents — Islamls — rosscss* tl by IndianB — The " Tlioiisiind iHlands " — Carleton
Island — llisto-.y of iHlaiid— During the rebellion — Wolfe Ishind— The naim;
— Howe Island — Old name — County of Ontario— Garden Island — Horsoshoi
Island — Sir Joffry Amherst — The size — Indian name — "Tontine" — John-
son's Island — The Island won — Present owner — First settler — The three
brotliers — Small Islands — Hare Island — Nut Island — Wappoose Island-
Indian rendezvous — Captain John's Island — Hartering — llunger Island-
Big Island — First settlers — Huffs Island — Paul Huff— Orapo Island—Ho^'
Island — Smaller Islands— iMississauga Island — A tradition — The Cavryins
Place — Its course — Original survey — History — American pri8oner8-~Co].
Wilkins.

THE ISLANDS OP BAY QUINTE.

The I'ojulor who has kindly followed us thus far in examining tlio
bay, and its several coves, or indentations, is invited to accompany
us once more along its course, and note the several islands which
stud its bosom. They are not numerous ; but the numerous point-*
all along, as well as the turns in the bay recompense any lack
arising from the abse/ice of islands.

When the Mississauga Indians ceded the land along the bay to
the British Government, they reserved cei'tain points of land, and
mostly all the islands between the head of the bay and Gananoque,
Those excepted were Grenadier Island, and the small islands
between it and Kingston, and Amherst Island.

The islands of the St. Lawrence are famed almost the world
over, they are called the '* Thousand Islands."- But Ilowison says,
that the commissioners appointed to fix the limits between Canada
and the United States, counted the islands of the St. Lawi'ence and
found there wore 1692. The islands below Gananoque belonged to
the Iroquois.

Carleton Island — The first island is Carleton Island, called
by the Fi'cnch the island of Chevrcux, Goat's Island; situated
between the American shore of the St. Lawrence, and Wolf Island,
It was a military and naval station during the American rebellion.
at which government vessels were built for navigating the lake,
and possessed fort i fications. Its name is derived from Guy Carloton,
Esq., " his Majesty's Captain-General and Govornor-in-chief, and over
his Majesty's province of Quebec, afterward Lord Dorchester." Thi,<
military post, as we have seen, afforded a retreat for the refugees,
who fled from the Mohawk valley. Says the Kev. William
Mcaulay, '"Jay's treaty of peace, as it was called, in 1783, found
Carleton Island occupied by the 84th Regiment, a body of Iligli

WOLFE AND IIOWK ISLANDS.

403

aminingthe
I accompany
ilandtJ which
LorouB points
ISO any lack

ng the bay to

of land, and

d Gananoquc.

small islands

ost the world

lowison says,

Lween Canada

lawronce and

,0 belonged to

landci-H levied in the ('urolinas, and siibsetiueully adopted into the
line," Upon the erection ol' tlio northern line of the United Stalest,
Carlcton Island came witiiin the boundiiry of the Stale oi" New
York. But it continued in common witli other niilitaiy jn>sts, in
possession of the British, until 17!)G. Jntk'cd, accordin'j; to the
gentleman whoso words we have (|Uotcd aliove, it remained in
p')8Hes»ion of the British niitil 1812, wlien tlie Americans crossed
and seized a sergeant's guard stationed there. Jt woidd seem that
parties entering Canada wore ^otjuired to procure a |«iss]»ort here.
Acopy of one, extracted from the liistory of Dundas, is as follows,
directed "'liu whom concerned."

•' Permit the boat going from this to i)ass to Kingston with their
provisions, family, clotliing, beding, household furniture, and tiii-m-
ing utensils, they having cleared out at this post, as appejirs by their
names in the margin. (John Loucks, two men, two women, three
children)."— Signed " C. McDonell, P. O."

Among the refugees here during the war was iMr. Mcaulay.
In 177G, Sergeant Major Clark, of the 8th, or King's Ovvji liegi-
mcnt, wa,s appointed clerk and naval store keeper at Carleton
Island, where ho remained till 1790. This wivs father of the la«^o
Colonel Clark, of Dalhousie. For further particulars of Carletun
Island the reader is referred to the history of Kingston.

Wolfe Island — This is a considerable island, 25 miles long,
stretching along near the American shore, directly opposite King-
ston. It contains 28,129 acres of good land. The name is found often
spelled wolf, loading us to infer that it is derived froni the presence
of that animal upon the island at some time. But it is no doubt after
General Wolfe, who fell at Quebec. The original Indian name, as
given in the document conferring a seigniory at Cataraqui upon La
Salle, including this and Amherst Island, was Ganounkouesnot.
The French called it the Grande Island, and Simcoo in his procla-
mation 1792, directed it to bo called Wolfe Island. Mr. Det.lor says
that " it would seem the greater part oi Wolfe Island was granted
to the heirs of Sir William Johnson, the clergy and Crown reserves
excepted.

We observe a notice in the Kingston Gazette, that Wolfe Island,
with Pittsburgh, was conjoined to Kingston for municipal purpo-sep
in 1812. ^

Howe Island^ — Is situated in the St. Lawrence, somewhat
below Kingston, it is a large, long island in front of the townshij) of
Pittsburgh, and ouo part of it is almost conjoined to the maininud.

ii ?.

s!, i»

; !

404

AMHKR8T ISLAND.

It \h a township by itself, and contains about 8000 acres. It was
called by the French, Isle Cauchois ; but was named by Simcoe, or
his advisors, Howe Island.

When Upper Canada was erected into a province, it was
divided into nineteen counties; the seventh of these consisted of
Howe Island, Wolfe Island, Amherst Island, Gage Island, with all
the other islands botwcon the mouth of the Gananoque and the
})oint of Marysburgh. They constitutod the county of Ontario.

Garden Island. — Upon the north of Wolfe Island, in Kingston
Bay, is Garden Island, containing some sixty-three acres. Near
the western extremity of Wolfe Island, is another small island,
which received the name of Horseshoe Island, and separated from
the large island by a narrow channel, which was named Batteau
Channel, is Gaye Island, after Brig. General Gage, which was also
sometimes called Simcoe Island. The name given to it by the
French was Isle aux Foret. It contains some 2164 acres of rich
land.

AMiiERST Island. — So called after "Sir Jeffrey Amherst,
of the honourable and military order of Bath, Colonel of
of the Third and Sixteenth Regiments of Infantry, Lieutenant-
General in the Army, and Commander-in-Chief of all His Majesty's
Troops »nd Forces in North America." This beautiful island,
stretching along opposite, and about a mile and a half from Ernest-
town; being some twelve miles in length, causes an extension of
the Bay Quinte to a corresponding distance. It contains about
14,015 rcres of veiy rich land. The channel separating it from
Gage and Wolfe Islands, forms the Lower Gap, and that which flows
above, between it and Marysburg, is the Upper Gaj).

In the time of LaSalle, the Indian name of this island was
Kaouenesgo. It formed a part of his Seigniory, and he, some
time after his arrival to build Fort Frcntenac, 1678, named the
island Islede Tonti, after a bravo French oflftcer, with one arm, who
acco.npanied him. This name, modified to *'Isle Tanta," clung to
the island until recent years. Sir John Johnson, to whom it was
granted, with other land, at the close of the war, 1783, in a letter
to the Military Secretary, calls it the " Island of Tontine." This
may have been a fancy name of the owner, as wo find no other
reference to it. The present name was bestowed in 1792, after
Gen. Amherst, who acted so conspicuous a part in the wai-s. Vpn
some old maps the Island is designated " Sir John Johnson's Island."
We find an indefinite statement that the island was claimed by he

CAPT. JOHN 8 ISLAND.

405

!8. It was
Simcoc, or

ICC, it was
jonsistod of
d, with all
10 and the
Ontario,
in Kingston
ro8. Near
nail island,
arated from
led Batteau
ch was also
) it by the
evo8 of rich

cy Amherst,
Colonel of
, Lioutouant-
His Majesty's
utiful island,
from Ernest-
oxtcnsion of
sntaina about
tting it from
it which flows

Mohawks, and that tiioy coded their rights to Col. Crawford, who
accompanied Sir John, and who, in turn, transferred it to Johnson.
But, as ho and lirant were on the most intimate terms, thoy could,
no doubt, arrange an}'- difference between themselves.

Wo do not see that there can bo any ol)joction to rerord a
statement which has been told for many long yearn by the inhabi-
tants of tho Bay, that the Island was subsequently won by an aris-
tocratic gambler, Laily B , in England, at a game of cards, who

afterwai-ds disposed of it to the present owner, Lord Monntcashel.

Some of tho farm lots have been, we believo, disposed of, but
the island is mostly held by tenants, under loaso from the Earl.
The oldest settlor upon the island was Lieutenant McGinnis, of
Johnston's Regiment. He lived hrre in some comfort, having
several slaves to do the work.

OflP tho east end of Amherst Island, in the Bay, are three
small islands, called the Three 5ro//ie/*s, "frmous for black bass
fishing, and lor deep rolling soa."

Leaving the waters of tho Lower Bay, and directing our course
westward, we find the Bay comparatively free of Islands. Here
and there, all along its course, may be seen small islands, close to
the shore. These received names, as a general thing, after the
person who owned tho adjacent land. There are, however, a few
more islands which need special notice.

Upon an old plan of Fredericksburg^ dated 1784, is to be seen
in Hay Bay, three islands ; one near tb dorth shore, at its eastern
extremity, is called Hare Island. To the south, at the caster shore,
are tho other two ; the north ono is called Nut Island; the more
southern one is Wappoose Island. This island, from its name, must
have been the place of residence of tho principal chief of some
Indian tribe, probably the Kente Indians. Here, must have been
a place of considerable importance to the Indian — a rendezvous,
whereat they mot, and whereat tho chief held his simple, but
dignified court.

Opposite tho Mohawk Church, in the Indian Village, just
off Grassy Point, of Sophiasburg, is a low island, contain-
ing fourteen acres. This island originally belonged to the
Mississaugas, as did most of the islands in the Bay, until a compara-
tivel'- recent date. John Cuthbertson, a grandson of Capt. Johp,
purchased the if 'and from John Sunday, and other Mississauga
chiefs. The pxice paid was a cow^ and a yoke of steers. A quit
claim deed was received by Mr. Cuthbertson, which is yet to bo

;!■ i

406

Dia ISLAND.

..■■'i I

:'ijl-.'

feffi -,

pcen. This bnrgain led to sotno trouble with tho Governmont,
who held that tho Mississaugas hatl no right to soil thoir land except
to Governmont. However, tinally, tho receipt held by Cuthbortson
waH allowed to bo a legal docuiaent. This Island is known m
Capt. John's Island.

There are three small islands in Mohawk Bay, tho largest of
which is called Hunger Island. It is situated a short distuncofrom
the month, near tho north shore, and contains about seven acres
of land.

Along the north shore of Sophiasburg is Big Island. As its
namo implies, it is an island of considerable size, containing
over 3,000 acres of excellent land. Tho channel separating this
long narrow island ft-om the mainland, especially at its east end ig
very narrow, and is spanned by a short bridge, and may ovon be
forded. Long grass abundantly grows all though the channel,
which, in summer, covers tho water, and seems to form the island
and mainland into one. Hero, is the constant abode of the musk-
rat, and at certain seasons tho resort of the wild fowl.

It is said that Samuel Peck and Samuel Shaw were the first
settlers on this island. The older inhabitants nlocg the bay remem-
bers when this island was thickly covered with wood of the most
heavy description. It was for many years, at the beginning of the
present century, the scene of lumbering operations. Winter after
winter, large quantities were cut down, and in the spring, rafted and
conveyed to Montreal.

The writer has lieard it stated, this island was originally, when
no longer owned by the Indians, bestowed on one Hall, ana that early
niaps designate it Hall's Island.

Huff's island in situated to tho west of Big Island, and forms a
part of AmeliaHburgb, from which it is separated by a marsh, and
to which, at one point it is connected by a Ioav neck of land. To
tho north is Mississauga Point. The island obtains its name from
the first settler, Solomon Hutf, who settled there in 1825. Solomon
Huft'was the son of Paul Huff, one oi'the original settlors of Adol-
]>hustown, who came from Long Island, New York, with Van.
Alstinc. Tho writer has conversed with the wifo of Solomon
Huff when in her 91st year, who retained a vivid recollection of
tho time of their settling, from the fact, that when crossing tho
ice to tho island they broke through with their furniture. At the
time of their settlement their nearest neighbours were on one hand
at Demorcstville and on tho other at Walbridge's, on the north
shore of Mi-^sissagua Point.

INDIAN ISLAND.

407

llii

Immediately to the east of IIufT's Island, is Grape Island. It
received the name it bears from the great (piantities of wild grapes
that at one time grew Bpontaneously upon it. This Island, now
barren and treelefs, was, at one time, tlio home of domesticated
Indians. Even yet, may bo seen, the traces of the wooden cabins,
where the Mississaugas lived under the i»aternal caro of the llev. Mr*
Case.

Continuing westward from Big Bay, there are to be seen several
small islands close to the shore, the names accorded them are not
beautiful, but probably have in their origin something significant.
TI1U8, there is one called Hog Island, and opposite Belleville is another
known as Cow Island. An island west of the mouth of the Moira, is
yet called Zwick's Island, after the person Avho onto owned the
adjoining land. This island was, at one time, an Indian burying
ground.

We next come to the island upon which are extensive sawing
nills, commonly called Baker's Island. It was formerly called Myers'
Island, after Captain Myers, who lived adjacent thereto. He, for
several years, paid rent to tlio Indians for it. Telegraph Island is
about four miles above Belleville ; and " Nigger " Island nine miles.

The last island we have to notice, belonging to the bay, is Indian
Is-land, situated at the extremity of Bay Quinte, west of tlie mouth of
the Trent River. Upon a map, to be seen in the Crown Land's
Department, this is designated Mississauga Island. It has also been
palled Fighting Island. There is a tradition respecting this Island, to
which the existence of human bones found there, seems to give some
degree of ])lausibility. It is even now related, that at iwi early date,
a company dl" Mohawks, who had crossed from the south side of the
lake, were oncami)ed upon this island. A band of Mississaugas,
learning the f.ict, ai)proached the island cautiously at night, took
away their boats so they could not esca))c', and then suddenly,
with superior numbers, fell upon the Mohawk.s, and killed and
scalped them all. But the bones found there may have been placed
there for burial.

THE OAHRYINfl PLACE.

The distance between the head of bay Quinte, and the waters
of Lake Ontario, ut the nari'ow part of tlio isthmus is ul)out a mile
ami threo-'iuai'tors. By this narrow neck of land the peninsula of
Prince Edward is saved from being an island. This was called in
tlie first proclamation of Simcoc, " tiie istlimiisof tlie Presqw isle do

lil

!1:

' «

h f

t. !■

408

TIIK rARRVINd PLACE.

< ' il; '

Qiiiiitc." It i.s from tliirt houivo Unit tho hurbour on llio lako wi-si
oi'tho i«tliimiH hiiH received the nami' Presiju isle.

Wo have olscwlierc Hpokon of the ftict that u Curryint; Phice
had existed liere from time immemorial. From the Imlian vilhi^^os,
which at times were located, now alontc the lake Hhores of tho
peiiinsulii, and now upon the bay, thf Indiansntarterl forth, perhaps
to ascend the Trent, or the Moira, or to pass down the waters of tjjo
bay, or perhajis to coast aloni^ ti>e shore of the lake, westward to
tho mouth of some river. And, wlieii tho French luid possession of
tho country thoy found this a well marked Indian path. The
French had not occasion to cross it, as thoy either asccndod the
Ottawa, tho Trent, or if desirous of /^oing to the head of Lako
Ontario, thoy passed along its south shore. But in tho oarly years
of Upper Canada, this jiortago was frequently cn)8sed by those pass-
ing buck and forth from the lower ])arts of Canatia to the west.
This wa.s tho casi; particularly after the forts of Oswogo and
Niagara woro handed over to tho United States in 179(5.

Tho original Indian Carrying I'lace can yet be traced. Its
course is indicated by a road which leads from water to water. The
street is consequently somewhat crooked, and is in some places
wider than in others. When the land was originally surveyed, this
path was made the base line of a row of lots on eitlior side. Tho
surveyor being ill and entrusting the matter to an assistant ; tho
Indian path was faithfully followed. While this irregular dividing
line between Ameliasburgh and Murray may appear unseemly, it
cannot be regretted that tihe old path is thus indubitably known.
Ui)on tho Murray side of the road the fence is comparatively
straight, but upon the opposite side it is very devious. This
pretty nearly marks the old Indian path. While used as a
Carrying Place for bat-teaux, whicli were transported upon low
wheels, the road was no doubt, to a certain extent, sti'aigh toned ; yet
mainly the old route remained.

Tho old days, when Weller used to haul tho batteaux from
water to water, have left no memorial ; and even more rocontduys
when the Hrst stoaniboats invariably came to this place, have Ictl
but little to mark their history. Here is the remains of the wharf
and iramo store house where once was life and enterprise; but now
all is in decay, and rural solitude prevails. But there is beauty
horo, as well as interest. All along tho street between the head of
the bay and Woller's Bay of tho lake are buildings, consisting of
private residences, and churches. Tho tourist will find abundant

ASSOCIATIONS.

409

focMl for thou|;ht at tbo Ciirryinj; Placo ; \vholh«i' lio oontoniplatos
the far remoto past ore tlio Indian wasdiHturbod in liis native abode;
or tho dnyH when tlio Fronch Rocollot MissionarioH followod tho
footHtopH of those whom thoy Monju;lit to convert; or the tinio when
tho pioneer surveyor and settler Hrst trod the patli ; or whether lie
rofloetsupon the many liitman beinijs who have come and ^ono on
thoir way of life, now goin^ one way now another ; or tiiought of the
trader intent on pressing his business into the very outskirts of tho
Hottlomonts ; of tho soUliers — regulars, and militia, wlio pressed
onward for tlie conflict, to drive off tho invading foo; or of tho
thousand prisoners carried captive through the j)rovince, which
thoy had boastingly came to (ronquor. If tho writer were there
again, he would ponder, in addition to all this, upon the siul, yot
natural occurence, that, of all those who had como and gone, the
one who imparted much information to him, who camo to tho
Carrying Place long j'oars ago, Is now gone tho way of all tho
earth. The history of the place is insejjarably associatoil with tho
life of the Hon. Col. Wilkins, whoso loss was expressed by the
presence of many" as ho was carried to his grave.

' i ,1

I .

DIVISION VIII.

THE FIKST TEN TOWNSHIPS IN THE MIDLAND DISTRICT.

CHAPTER XLVI.

Contents— Tho French — Their polic}' — Trading posts — Cahiaque — Variations-
Name of river — Foundation of Fort Frontcnnc — A ciianpte — Site of old fort
— La Salle's petition — A Seigniouy — Oovernors viwiting — War Expedition-
Fort destroyed — Relinilt — Colonial wars — Takinf; of Fort Oswego — Fron-
tenac taken — End of French domination.

HISTORY OF THE FRENCH OCCUPATION. ■ .

It was the policy of the French, to penetrate, as far as possible,
into the interior of the country, anil, by all possible ineans, secure the
peltry traffic with the Indians. The Recollets and the Jesuits, while
seeking to convert the Pagan Indian, endeavoured as well, to win him
to the interest of their country. As soon as practicable, tr iding posts
were established at convenient points, at which to buy furs of the
Indians. Not sure, even at the first, of the continued friendliness
of the natives, and subsequently exposed to tribes, who assumed a
hostile attitude, they proceeded to fortify their trading tlcj)ots against
sudden attacks ; not alone to secure this but to maintain a constant
menace to those who might -cnture to assume such attitude. It was
in carrying otit these designs, that M. de Courcelles, in 1 670, aseeiideil
the St. Lawrence, direct to Lake Ontario, from the motith of the
Ottawa, being the first European to do so. Two years later, he con-
vened a meeting at the head of the St. Lawrence, of Indian chiefs
of the region round al)out, when, concealing his lUtorior object, lie
gained permission to erect a fort ; but being innncdiatoly thereafter
recalled to France, it was left for his successor, Conte de Froutoiiac,
to establish the fort.

Tiie first name which is found applied to t!ie place, where the
fort was foimded, is Cahioque, or Ciuhtroque. It is an Indian tinnio,
and most probably signifies " the strongest fort in the country." This

K -U

POUNDING PORT PRONTENAC.

411

is inferred from the following fact : — When certain of the chiefs of
;'ie Mohawks, were in London, In 1710, desirous of doing honor to
their host, where they stayed, at King Street, Covent Garden, they
caUed him Cadaroque, meaning " the most powerful mmi in London."
Or, possibly, in tising the word, iu connection with Frontenac, they
may have referred to the strong expedition which accompanied him.
For many years the fort was kiiown by this name, or one derived
from it. It must be remembered that this word, with many others
spoken by the Indians, was written by the French according to the
particular idea of the person hearing the pronunciation. Hence it
is that we find this word changed frequently as into the following.
Beside the two already mentioned are found Catai'coui, Catarcouy, or
Cataraccoiiy, Catarakvy, Catarakouy, Catarasky, Cataracto, Catara-
cony, Cadaraque, Cadarachqui, Kadaraghke, Kadaraghkie, KodnVag-
kie, Cadarochque, Cadaacarochqua, Catarocoui, Cuadaraghque, Ore.
deroqua, Cataraqui.

While the fort, or place of the fort, was thus known mo'«tly by
xthe Indians, it was, according to Charlevoix, called by the French, the
fort of Lake Jf Louis, the name then applied to Lake Ontario.
Subsequently, the fort was spoken of as the one built by Frontenac ;
and ultimately, it came to be permanently designated Fort Frontenac.
After the conquest, and at the time of the revolution, the place was
known in the rebel colonies, as Cataraqui ; and, in speaking of going
to Upper Canada, they would say to Cataraqui. The river between
Ontario and Montreal, was sometimes called Cariqui, or Iroquois.

Tl\e following account of the foundation of the fort, is extracted
from Draper's Brochure. He says " the expedition was a vast one
for those days, 120 canoes, 2 batteaux, and 400 men." Tie then
quotes from ajonrn.!! of Frontenac's voy.'igc, describing the entrance
in+o the river Cataraqui; — "12tl!, broke up cimi) very early in the
morning, and having jiroceodcd till ten o'clock, halted three hours to
rest and eat. On aj)pro!icliing tiie first opening of tho hike, the C^ount
wished to proceed with more order tlian had been nlreiidy done, and
in line of battle. He accordingly arranged the whole fleet in this
wise : —

"Four sqii.ndrons, composing the vanguard, wont in front and
in oiic line. Tiie two batteaux followed next. Alter these came
Count de Front^'na*- at the head of all the canoes, of his jiuards, of his
staff, and of the x.lautecrs attached to his person; having on his
right, the squadron Iroin Three J{ivers, and on his It'll, those of the
Hnrons and Algonqiiina.

::i ♦,

i. il I i

'•'■i

412

THEN AND NOW.

I 1

: 'Hi '

"Two Other squadrons fornu'd a third line, and composed tlio
rearguard.

" This order of sailing had not been adhered to for more than
half a league, when an Iroquois canoe was perceived coming with the
Abbe D'Urso, who, having met the Indians above the Ili"er Katari-
koui, (Cataraqui) and having notified them of the Count's arrival,
they were now advancing with the captains of the Five Nations.

"Tlicy saluted the admiral, and paid their respects to him witii
evidence of much joy and confidence, testifying to him the obUgatiou
they were under to him for sparing them the trouble of going further,
and for receiving their submissions at the Eiver Katarakoui, which
is a very suitable place to camp, as they were about signifying to
him.

" After Count Frontonac had replied to their civilities, they pre-
ceeded him as guides, and conducted him as guides, and conducted
him into a Ijay, about a cannon shot from tlie entrance, Avhich forms
one of the most beautiful and agreeable hiu-bors in the world, capable
of holding a hundred of the largest ships, with sufficient water at the
mouth, and in the harbor, with mud bottom, and so sheltered from
every wind, that a cable is scarcely necessary for mooring." " On
the 13th of July, 1673, the fort was commenced, and on the 19th, it
was finished, and De Frontenac left on the 27th for Montreal,' having
laid the foundation of the future Citv of Kin2;8tr)n."

How ditl'eront was the appearance then from that presented
to-day. No clearing, as yet, broke the woody shores. At this
conference between Frontenac and the Iroquois chiefs, the charms
of nature only were displayed. Where now stands M^ city of
Kingston, was then a dense fcnvst. The gently curving shore,
which now forms the front of the city, with its line of piers, was
undisturbed, except by the birch canoe. The quiet I3ay, within the
Point, then more ])rominent than now, stretching up with its low
sand l)aidcs, and begirt with marshes, was then the safe abode of
the wild fowl and muskrat. Across the inlet of the bay, and where
now is the Navy Yaril, the land was thickly covered with the
greenest foliage ; as well as was the higher and more beautifully
wocxled peninsula of Point Henry. Ami still beyond, to the south, the
third point, stretching out almost to the rugged little island, called
Cndar Island, increased the variety of the picture ; aiid the two inden-
tations where now is Navy Bay, and the " Dead Man's" Bay, atone
time called Hamilton's Cove, added thereto. Then, turning towai-d
the south, there rejiosed the magnificently green, long island, now

oseil tho

lore than
; with the
p Katarii-
fs arviviil,
Lions,
him with
obligation
ig fiirtlier,
oui, which
nifving to

THE SITE OF THE PORT,

413

Wolfe Island, with Gage Island in its front ; and still extending the
view around tho Bay, was to bo seen the islands, now called Simcoe
and Amherst, all richly clothed with the garments of nature. One
would wish to look upon a faithful jticturo of this primeval appear-
ance of Kingston Bay, before even th " French had planted a post
or cleft a tree. However beautiful Kingston of to-day may be
regarded, with its graceful architecture, as displayed in its public
and privte editices; however grand the strong fortifications, which
silently utter words of warning to the passing stranger whose
nation covets our territory, while pretending to depreciate it;
however striking the combination which composes the picture of
Kingston and its harbor of to-day, they cannot exceed, as a whole,
in attractiveness, the prospect seen by Frontenac, of wood and
water so remarkably associated, and charmingly blended, ere tho
hand of man had marred it.

It was immediately after this conference, between Frontenac
aud the chiefs, when he concealed the true designs he entertained,
that the erection of the first fort was proceeded with. Its site was
upon the point of land by the entrance of the bay, near the Tete
du Pont, and commanded tho entrance to Catai'aqui Creek. It
seems, from the testimony of early settlers of Kingston, that the
fort was separated from Kingston by a deep trench, so that the
point was converted into an island, upon which was built the
orlirinal village of Cataraqui. In later years, this ditch has been
obliterated by the tilling in of material, and, in like manner, a portion
of the bay, immediately north of the point has disappeared.

In the following year, LaSalle, who has been particularly
referred to in the introductory chapter, presented the following
petition to King Louis XIV.

"The proposer, . aware of the importance to the Colony of
Canada, of the establishment of Fort Frontenac, of which he was
some time in command, and desiring to employ his means and his
life in the King's service, and for the augmentation of the country,
offi to support it, at his expense, and reimburse its cost, on the
tbllu- ing conditions, to wit: — That His Majesty be pleased to grant
in Seigniory, to the proposer, the said fort, four leagues of country
along the border of Lake Frontenac, the two islands in front, named
Ganounkouesnot and Kaouenesgo, and the interjacent islets, with
tho same rights and privileges obtained hitherto by those who hold
lauds in the country in Seigniory, with the right of fishing in
Lak<' Frontenac and tho adjoining rivers, to facilitate the support of

M
<j.i

■\

yt b| '

' \ ^

s ■*

•'li

414

LA SAl.LE 8 PETITION.

tho people of suid Fort, to^otlitM" with the coiuiuaiul of saitl placo
mul of naid lako, uiulor tlu- oi-dors and authority of Jlis Majesty's
Governor, Lioulenanl-tu'iu-nil in the country; on whieh condition,
tho jiroposer will be liound : — list. To maintain the said Fort; tg
phice it in u bettor state of dofenee; to keep n garrisi>n there, at
K'ast as numerous as that of 3IontrcHl, and as many as til'teoii to
twonty hilnirers, during tho two tirst yearn, to clear and till the land;
to provide it witli necessary arms, artillery and ammunition, and
that so long as the proposer will command there, in llis Mujosty's
name, and until some other persons ho authorized to settle above
the Long Sault of tlie lliver St. Lawrence, tlu-ough which people
pass to the said Fort, without being charged with similar expense,
or to contribute to that which the ])roposer will bo obliged to incur
for the preservation of the said Fort.

'* 2nd. ']\> repay Count dc Frontenac, His Majesty's Governor
and Lieutennut-General in Canada, the expense he incurred for tho
establishment of said Fort, amounting to tlie sum of 12,000 to
13,000 livros, as proved by tho .statements thereof pi-opai'od.

"3rd. To make grants of land to all those willing to settle
thero, in tho n\aunor usual in said country ; to allow them the
triule (/a ^/•(J<<() when their settlements will he in the conditiou
required by the Etlicts and iiegulations of the Sovereign Council of
said country. 4th. To grant them land for villages and tillage ; to
teach them trades, and induce them to leiid lives moi'o conformable
to ours, as tlu^ proposer had begun to do with success, when ho
ci)mmandoil there. 5th. To build a Church, when thcro will bo
100 persons; meanwhile, lo entertain one or two liecollet Friars, to
perform Divine scivvice, aiul administer tho sacraments there.
Gth. llis Majesty, accepting these projwsals, is very humbly suppli-
cated to grant to the propi>sor lettei-s of noblesse, in consideration
of the voyages and discoveries which he made in the countiy at his
exj)ense, during the seven years he continuall}' lived there, tho
services he rendered in the country, and those he will continue to
render; and all the other letters necessai-y to .servo him as title8
possessory to said Seigniory."

lu the succeeding year this ])etition wjis granted, and a decree
to that eflect was issued by the King on the 13th May, 1615, and a
Patent of Nobility issued to La Salle; and Fort Frontenac, with four
leagues of the adjacent country, was created a Seigniory of Canada,
and LaSalle its first Seignior.

In tho decree making tho grant, it is spooitioil that LaSallo

»v'-

(ir.OllV OK FRONTENAC.

415

shall " induce the liuUans to repair thither, give them settlomontf*,
and form viUagos there in soeioty with the Freucli, to \vin)ni ho
shall give part ol' said land to bo eloarod, all which shall be elearod
and improved within the time and space of twoiit}- years. ^ Wi-
llis Majesty wills that appeals from tho Judges (to bo appointed by
La Salle), bo to tho Lieutcnant-Genoral of Quebec. "' lUit, the
riubsequont cheC(iuercd career and early death of La Salle, probably
prevented the carrying out of theso intentions.

When lia Sallo sot out on his western exploring expedition,
ho " left Sieur do la Forest in charge of the tort," As belbre slated.
La Sallo had many enemies, and among them thtiCiovernor, M. do
la Barro, '• who actually sequestered Fort Frontenac and took ]ios-
session of it, pretentling that La Salle had abandoned it. This was
in 1G82."

Tho history of tlio French occui»ation of Cataraqui is marked
by occasiomil visits of the French Governor, and tho presence of
largo and small bodies of armed forces. In 1GS4 M. do la Barre,
the successor of Frontenac, tarried at Cataraqui two weeks with
his convoy, which was composed of 130 regular soldiers, 700 armed
Canadians, 200 savages, ami a mixed body of several hundred from
tho west. It must have been a picturesque sight, tho encampment
of this army. Tho veterans from France in their uniform attire,
the Canadians in their various huod garments, and the Algonquins
and Ottawas in thoir wild garb of paint and fealhoi*s Ibrmcd the
components of a picture truly striking. A year or two later and
Do Nouville, another Governor, was likewise found eucami)ed here
with an army of 2000. At this time the original fort of wood was
at its greatest pitch of renown and glory. Here was kept
stored within tho palisaded walls, arms, amunition, and provi-
sion, beside ftu*s. It was while enjoying this considerable power
that Do Nouville committed tue act of treachery toward tho
Ganneyouses and Kontes Indians. But this act was Jbllowed by
an attack by the Indians, anil the fort was in a state of siege
for the space of a month ; " but was not taken." Two years
later, howoyei', finding it dillicult to maintain this out-post si)
far from Montreal, Do Nonville ordered Do Valrenne, the com-
mander, to blow up the fort, which was accordingly done, and
" three barks on tho lake were scattered," and "proiierty to the
extent of 20,000 crowns," was sacrificed.

The fort thus deslroyeil was rebuilt by the orders of Frontenac,
and in 1695 ho wont 100 workujon for tho purpose. (For the cir-

i'm

i m

416

THE SECOND FORT.

I ;

cumstancos and the opposition respecting this, see Introductory.)
The fort being completed it was garrisoned with 48 soldiers. "The
expense of re-victualling and re-establishing the fort, cost 12,000
livres, or between £600 and £700."— (Draper).

Eospecting the situation of the fort, a manuscript published
in 1838, under the direction of the Literary and iiistorical Society
of Quebec, says, "it was situated rtt the bottom of a bay, which a
little river flowing into Lake Ontario forms, close to t'le junction
of Lake Ontario and the River St. Lawrence. It consisted of four
stone curtains, 120 feet each, defended by four square bastionis.
The walls were defended by neither ditches nor palisades. There
was no terrace to sustain it on the inside. A wooden gallery was
built all round for communicating from one bastion to another.
The platforms of those bastions wei-e mounted on wooden piles, and
the curtains wore pierced for loop boles."

Father Charlevoix, writing in 1720, says of Fort Frontenac,
"that it is a square with four bastions built of stone, and the ground
it occupies is a quarter of a league in compass ; its situation has
something ver^' pleasant ; the sides of the river present every way
a landscape well varied, and it is the same at the entrance of Lake
Ontario."

Fort Frontenac now fully re-established on a stronger basis,
continued for many years to be an important post, with respect to
trading, and likewise otlensive and defensive operations against the
Indians, and also the English. Hero was deposited vast stores of
provision, and materials of a war-like nature for the use of other
forts.

In the first years of the 18th century, rivalry and jealousy
between the French and English Colonists, assumed a more
determined form. Already was gathering the fierce elements of
Colonial war, which were to culminate in the siege of Quebec, and
spend its fury upon the Plains of Abraham. We have seen that
the two powere tried zealously, and often by unscrupulous means
to secure the alliance and aid of the savages, whose love of war
Jind desire to engage in the bloody attack, with the allurements of
promised presents, led them too ofle a to scenes of blood and rapine.
The regions about Cataraqui were often the place of sudden attack
and cruel torture. The fort was an object of dread to tlie Iroquois,
of jealousy to the English, and with the view of breaking the
chain efforts, of which this was so imj^ortant a one, the English
set about erecting one at Oswego.

CAPTURE OP PORT OSWEGO.

417

Frontcnac,
the f!;round
nation has
every way
CO of Lake

ngor I)a8if*,
respect to
iigainst the
,t stores of
le of other

In 1754 the eventful seven years war began, and one of the
first events was the sending of a foivo of 4000 nion and 12 guns by
the Fi'ench Governor, to attack Fort Oswego. But when the force
reached Cataraqui, it was found neccssar}- to recall a j)ortion of
them to Lower Canada, and defer the attack. One battalion wai?
onlered to Niagara, while one or two battalions were encamped
under the walls of Frontenac. The total force of Canadians and
savages in arms west of Cataraqui at this time was 1000. The fol-
lowing year, it is found stated that, on " Juno 2(5, 1756, Flnglish
vessels were seen across the Bay of (iuinte, coming toward Fron-
tenac. The French gave chase, and ca])tured a sloop."

July 29, 1757, witnessed the arrival at the fi)rt of a consider-
able body, and for days armed men continued to rendez.'ous here.
The woods around the lort were alive witii soldiers. The attack
upon Fort Oswego, contemi>lated three yi'ars previous, was now
about to bo made. On the evening of the 4th August, the party,
of no small dimensions sot out for the attack. It consisted of 80
batteaux laden with artillery luggage and provision, and canoes to
cany the force of HlOO men. They stai'ted at night, when the
fiihades of darkness were gathering, and stealthily directed their
way, one lx)at after another, for the oi)posite sliore. At the
approach of morning they came to a stop, where the thick woods
met the soutiiern shore of the lake. The Inishes were j)arted, and
without noise, the batteaux were, one by one, withdrawn from the
water and cari'fully covered with loaves, so that unless one passed
directly by tbe wa}-, no indications could be observed of their
existence. By the dawn of day there was not a ripple upon the
waters from the party, aud the wooils were hushed, exce])t by the
denizens of the forest. All the day long the party lay concojiled.
After night had fallen, re-embarkation took place, slowly and
calmly beneath the mild summei-'s sky. For five days and nights
the same course was j)ursued, by which time they had reached the
neiglibourhood of Fort Oswego, where reposed the Mnglish garri-
son, unconscious of danger. The attack was so unexpected, and
i-arried on with so much 8i)irit, that the garrison had to succumb
before reinforcements could be obtained, and the French returned
to Fort Frontenac laden with spoils.

But the time was a]»proacliing when the glory of l\>rt Fron-
tenac should depart. At this time the building itself was beginning
to decay. Sixty years had told upon the walls, and a writer of
1758 says they " were not good." However, had the fortifications
27

1 ' M

If )■■

418

CAPTURE OF FRONTKNAC.

; 'I',

ir'i-

boon novor bo strong, the course of events would have all the earn*
witnossod the final fall of this strong-hold. " In this year, the com-
mandant at Fort Frontenac was a Monsieur de Noyan, King's
Lieutenant for Three Elvers. He was an old man, but brave as a
lion." We have seen that de Levis having withdrawn, the fort was
left with but a few men, Crarneau says seventy ; but Warburtoii,
one hundred and twenty Frenchmen and forty Indians, h^ven with
this number it was but an easy success for Bradstreet, with his
throe thousand men and eleven guns, to possess himself of a fort
weakened by age. Having descended the Oswego Eiver, Colonel
Bradstreet crossed to the Upper Gup and approached Cataraqui
aloiig the shore, observing great caution, and landed about a mile
to the west of the fort, August 25, in tho evening. During the
following night he cautiously approached the jilace of attack, and
upon the ground where now stands the market buildings, he
erected a battery. So silently was this done, and with such des-
patch, that before the morning of 27th August, 1758, he had it all
completed. The morning light revealed to the French how
imminent was their danger. Dismayed, but not discouraged, the
intrejiid commander ordered everj'^ man to his post ; but a few
shots from the English guns showed to him how futile was resist-
ance. Having signified his intention to surrender, which was
about seven o'clock in the morning, he became, with his garri80ii.
prisoner of war. The conquerors found in " the fort sixty piece.-
of can. ion, sixteen mortars, an immense supply of provisions, store.-
and ammunitions, with all the shipping on the lake," also, " several
vessels I'iclily laden with lurs, to tlie value, it is said of70,000 loiiis
d'ors. Tliero was also a large quaiiiily of merchandise intended for
the wi'slern forts, beside some of the boot}' which had been brought
tliitliei' al'tei" the cai)tui'c of Oswego, (\donel Bradstreet had no
intention o/'holdiiig the tort ; but to destroy, which he accordingly
did. with the vessels.

Tliere was a fecl)le atlemj)t to restore the fort in the fall, ami
" a small detachment of troojis and Canadians, under tho command
of the Chevalier Henoit, was sent to Frontenac partly to proteci
mei'clian<li/,e and ammunition passing up and down, and iiarti^Mn
rebuilil the fort; and subsequently the Sieur dc Crease, an assistaiii
engineer, with Caj)tain Laforce, a sailor, Avere sent there to con-
struct two. new schooners, to endeavor to maintain the supromaev
on the lakes." But the following year the presence of Wolfe befon
Quebec, and Andiersl at Carillon, rendered the restoration of Fron-

the enm*
the coTti-
1, King's
)ravo as a
e fort was
rarburton,
Kvon with
,, with his
f of a fovt
or, Colonel

Cataraqui
)out a mile
During the
attack, ami
lldings, he
1 such des-
lO had it all
'ronch how
»uragcd, thi'
; but a few
e was rosist-

which was
his garrison.

sixty pieces
isions. storc^
Iso, '• several
if 10,000 louis
iiitcntlod t'ov
Ibccn broiighl
iHtrcel had «"
accordingly

KINO (4 TOWN.

419

tenac an imposHibility. The glory of Fort Frontenac liail forovor
departed. But tho spirit of bravery again appeared, in hiter days,
in a people of another language, though, nevertheless Canadians. In
1812-13 tho Americans approached Kingston, but the hostile and
determined attitude assumed by the militia and troops (lotcrred
them from attempting to touch the soil hero, and when Ihe^- did
Attempt, both above and below, great indeed was tlie repulse and
discomliture. •

CHAPTER XLVII.

Contents — Cooper's Knuny — Loyivlists nniuin;;' pltux-s - King's 'I'owii — (^uccn':»
Town — Xiiigiini — SpiiniHli imincs — (.'titaraqiii from }~')\) to irs;; — I'lsulation
— Tlio rebollion — Station, ("iirleton Island — Settling — lUtugces at Nrw Vork
— Mic-liael (Jruss — Prisoner at t.'atnrn<iiii — From New Yorl; lo Canadit —
Captain Orass takes possession of tirsttownsliij) — First lantilioldeis — A letti r
by Captain (Jrass — (Mianges — Surveying forts and liarliors — Ueport to Lord
Doreliester — Kingston, vcisiik Carleton Island — The defenses — Tioojis —
icing's tow)islii]) — First settlers— '■ Plan of township No. 1 '" — First owners
of town lots — Names — SettU'rs npon the front — First inlialiil;ui;.s of King-
ston — A naval and military station — The Commodore — Livinu of old —
Kingston in ln.ft cctilnry — New fortiiications.

SETTLEMENT AT CATAHAQtII BY THE LOYALISTS.

It would be impossible t(> write of Kingston without tnivcliiiij
the ground alr( -idy taken by writers, especially in an atlniiraltje
essaj' written by C W. Cooper, Barristor-at-law, being a ]rt'i/,e
essay published in 185G. We shall acce])t very many at' the state-
ments therein contained except we find trustworthy grounds for
controverting them. Much, however, of the subjeet matter we had
laboriously collected before this pamphlet was placed in our hands
by our friend M. Sweetnam, Esq., P. O. Inspector.

The practice of naming places, rivers, etc., after royal person-
ages and those occupying prominent ]>laces in ihe public service,
naturally arose from tho intense loyalty whieh reigned in tho
bosoms of all who had forsaken their old homes to settle under the
old flag in tlio wilderness. The ])re-eminonce of Kingston is indi-
cated by tho name, which seems to have been given it at a very
early date, as surveyor Collins uses that name in 178S. This, the

420

'JT'EKN S TOWN.

•: ti. \

Hi'Bt township («ui'vuyo(l iiiul Hcttlcd, wns imtncd /f/nj/'s township
Afterwards the town und townwliip onmo to bo called Kin|?8ton
In this connection reference nmy bo niado to Queenstown at the
head of navi,Li;ation upon tlie Xiaj^nrn I?iver. Trade with the west
along Lake Krio was carried on, and bouts were accuHtomod to pass
up and down on their way to and from Montreal. These boats had
to bo carried around the f Falls of Niaj^ara. Already many of
.Butler's Uun/Ljers and perstins connected with the Indian depart-
ment, bei^an to settle upon the Canadian side of the Xiatfani.
There was vcr}- shortly a collection of houses at the point of laud-
inji, and the coinniencoment of tho portatfo, and nothing was more
natural than this, tho second village formed by tho United Km|)ire
Loyalists, should receive the name of (^ueenstown, not unlikely the
name was bostowod by the Jlon. R. Hamilton.

As wo procCv.'d, it will be observed how general was tho habit
to give names derived from (ireat Britain and Englishmen. The
most notal)le exception to this is to bo found in connection with
those places that received names during I he time of Sir Peregrine
Maitland, who hiul a fancy lor b* -stowing Spanish names.

During the time whicii elajised between the evacuation of
Frontonac, the year after the destruction of tho fort, in the autumn
of 1759, until the ccniimoncement of the American rebellion, and
I il its close, ruin aud desolation pi-evailvd at Oataraqui. It i-
lound intimated, but not on the best authority, that there continued
tt) livo at this place a certain numlier of French families and halt-
breed Indianr. That such was the case is quite possible, though, as
yet, no positive ]troof is to be found. But, at tho niost there was a
few log huts around the ruins of the fort, and upon tho cleared
ground adjacent thereto, or perhaps upon the site of tho ancient
chapel of the Recollets. Nodoubt the Indians frequently encamped
in this vicinity, perhaps had a ])ermanent village. The words ot
Captain Grass, penned twenty-seven years later, may probably be
accepted a ■< correct, that " scarse the vestige of a human habitalioii
could be found in tho wlnde extent of the Bay of Quinte."

The rebellion led to the establishment of a military post atthe
Island of Chevereux, or (loat Islanil, subsequently named Carletoii
Island. This position wa ■ found more convenient than tho site ol
old Fort of Frontonac. After tho defeat of General Burgoync, at
Saratoga, in 1778, there wore many refugees who sought protection
at the Hcveial military posts along the northern frontier of New
York, that of Carleton Island among the rest. Indeed, it is prnba

CATARQll rN iTSfl.

491

bio thill to this plnf'o a larifu nuniln i- osoapeil, a.s hoini^' ni'»r« safe
than Ofwego or Niagara. A c'oinmutiici.tioii wa^ with soiiio roi;u-
hirity kept up ! 'twotm this phico aivl Moiitroal, ami also ti»e Fort
111' Niagara, lly tho army iiouts, refageoH may have paHscd to
Montroai ; hut it would sooin that a consicU'raldo imm)H'r ri'mainod

loinic'ilod at Carlcton Island, eating tho food supplied hy guvorii-
meut. Of course, able bodied men would be at onee enrolled into
tho comjtanios, to dd military service ; yet there would remain a
contain number of male's, bolides the women, who wore incapaciatcd

irniilitary lifi-. During thet'onlinuatiouof the war, there is every
reason to Ixdievo that individuals, perhaps families, would cross to
the old fort at Cataraij[ui, to stay for u while, or even take up thoir
abode.

It may liave been, that there were here sonic advantages in culti-
viiting the cleared land, which did not exist at (.'arleton Islaiul. In
the ab.sence of active duty, not unlikely the si»ldi<is and of^^icers
wouhl pass over to fish or hunt, or perhaps to examim the land as to
(juality, and facilities or settleniefit. Hongar I says his i'jifher, who
was with Holland, said that a smill village e.visted at Catarafpii.
But it was not until the close of the war 17s:i, that a systematic
settlement commenced. That settlers existed, during this year, at
('ataraqui, there is no doubt. It was .sometimes referred to in Lower
Canadii as Seignory, No. 1. (Jol. John Clark, whose father was in
the Commissariat Departmi'ii*^ during the war, says, that he was born
at Cataraqui, in 1783, and was Iiapti/.ed by the Kjv. Mr. Stuart. The
family must then have been living o;i the mainliiud, as he speaks of
another brother as being bDrn on Cirletoi Islnn I. The probability is
that at this date, there W'i'i.' a I'v families living in the vicinity of
the fort.

At the close of the war. it was a "que-ition of considornble im-
portance, what can bo donci to ameliorate the condition of the
loyalists? While tiio commissioners, who comjil'ted the terms of
peace at Paris, cdiose to sink the interests and welfare of the
loyalists in their unseemly haslo Lo complete the treaty, the ollicers
commanding in America, everywhcrejfelt the deepest symjmthy,
and keenest compassion for tho refugees. ;»Amonu' these was the-
officer conunanding at Now York. At this juncture of affairs, when
they were undecided, whether to embark for Nova .Scotia, or Lower
Canada, it came to the ears of the (leneral. that one Midiael (Jrass,
of New York, ha^l been a prisoner of the French, betbre the con-

iue.st at Cataraqui. He caused that person to appear before him,

■ 'i.
1 ,1

1 ! '

i ': l

422

• Al'TAIN 0RA8S.

an<l to iH'porf us to tlio ohuructor ol'tho country, nml the pmbjibili-
ties of its Ikmm^ u siiitultlo placi' tin* rolu^ocM to Hcok hoinoH. Mr.
(trnsM liaviii^ romlfrod u fuvoraMo report, tlio n^Hiilt wns thut ho
wn« foinmissi()ne<l Cnptnin, nn«l placed nt the head of a band of
loynli<t>, Htayin;^ at New York. TIjoy wore dispatched in Kind's
whips, under the caro of a man-of-war.

Mr. Uoliert Kverett (rrass, of Sidney, the jj^randson of Captain
(rrass. says, that the party of refugees set sail from Now York in a,
Hoot of sovon vessels, and attor a long voyage of tiine weeks, durinjjf
which they encountered a severe gale, lasting eight days, and
nearly wrecking them, they reached Sorel. This was prol)ahly in
Iho early part of 17S3. The men of the party ascended tln^ St.
Tiawrencc in batteaux, and landed at the mouth of Little Cataraqiii
(•reek, thence proceeding westward, ])r()spocting as far as Collin'H
Ray. Crnssirig fo the west side of this little bay, Captain (Jrasa
;vttcm|>ted to drive a stake in the ground, with the intention of
tixing a tent, or cuminencing a survey. whei'(>upon he found it rocky.
Renuirking that he had come too Car to settle upon a rock, he re-
turned to the cast of the cove, and took possession of the first
township of the l)ay (Juinic. Tlu're seems some reason to believe
thiit. when (Irass arrived in Cnnada. and exjilained to the (lovern-
im-nt his mission, tliat Sui-veyor (iener;il lb>lhind, directed 1)ej)uty
Surveyor Collins to proceeil willi ('aptain (ira^s to Catararpii, so
that In- might he guided by liim. If.-ucliwa^ the case, tin' biiso
lini' along the front of the tirst lownsiiip, must have been run
betore (!aplain Orass crossed (> the west of CVdlins Hay, and ru-
Jected llie land lying to the w<'-l thereof. Captain (Jrass, jis mcII
as the surveying pai-ty, ivlunii d lo Sorel lor the winter, and, in
the s])ring, they returned, ac<'onip:inied by all oi'tlie families, under
('ai)iain (ira.ss. It was Iho suniincr of 17H4 that tic.' first township
was occii])i(,',i. There was some dissatisfacti')n ;it the jircfervnco
accorded to Cupiain tirass liy tho-o wlio liad lieen in t'atiadii. His
.•.upei; •!• claim wa-i however acknowledged. At (he same time,
ilure .'ippears to jiav*' been some comi>romi>-e, from the fa<'t. that
while Captain tlrass himsclt obtained the first lot adjoining to the
reserve tor ib.e town, the .-econd one, wi.ich was by number, lot 24
was granted to the Uov. Mr. Stiuirt, iind the next to Mr. Ilerkinnir,
neither of wlioin had any connection with Captain (irass' co!n]iaiiy.

'J'Ik' Ibiiowing extract of a letter written by Captain (Jrass, at
a snbse(|nent jicriod. reveals to us the appearances the ]ilaee ]»i'e-
sented to liinh at the time of bis settling. The old gentleman had

('OLMN8 RKPORT.

123

wmo ^riovnnco to maki' known to tho imblif, rospoctinj; iiroad,
ami ho comnionci'H Iiik coniinnniciUion tliiiH: —

"Sovi'n and twenty yearn, Mv, Printer, liavo rollctl away since
my oyoH, for tho hccoiuI time, hohi'ld the whoreH ()t'C'atara<|iii. In
that space of time, how many elianfjft-H hiiv<> taken plai-e in the
little circle in which late had d«'stined me to move ! Ifow many
of the seals of my old associates are now vacant ! Mow few of
flu'so alas! to nmiirn with me tlie loss of the companions ot our
siitl'erin','''. or to rejoice with me at the |)rospcrous condition of this
our land of refiii^c ! Yet will I not n'pine; they are ujono, I trust,
to a hotter land, wlp-i-e lie whocanseth the wilderness to smile and
lilossom as the roM*, halli assji^ned to them a <lislint;iiished phne,
us a reward for their hiimlile imitation of his lahors. Yes! seven
uiid twenty years !iij;o, scarce the vesli'^i" of a liiiniap liahitalion
n)uld ho found in tlu* whole extent of the Hav of <^iiiidi>. Not ji

[jttK'i-

iia

ilarc'

to lu

neti'iite the vast forests that skirted its

shores. Kven on this ^\\o{, now eovei'cil with siat<dy ediliei's, were
tit lie seen only t!ie liark'-lliati'lied \vi;;wam of the sava!i;e, or the

new

,-lv crei'ted lent of !lie hards- iovalistr

i'hen, when the i ar
lioanl me, il^ l>les ed ui'.' for liein^; stroni;' in my attacdimenl to my
s(»vcreii>;n, ami Iiiujli in t he contideuce ol" my fellow-snlijecl ■, i led
dio loyal liand, 1 ]»oiiiled out to thuni the site oftheii' fniui-e melro-
|iulis, and ".gained for persecuted principles, a >anctuai'y — for my sc It

I follower-; a home,

Kini'--.|on, 7 Dec. ISll.'' /Signed) ••< ;

On I lie 2'Mli May. ITSS. Lord hertdie-.iei-, lhi> (lovenior of
Canadii. issued insirnetions to John < 'oHins. Surveyor, to laak*- :i

siiu'vev of •' fort ;, li:.riionrs. iV;c., from (';m'I<

Inland to Mieliil

luacinae

renorl was loiiin

I a

moie.

tin

■Si!

iicoe

The rc|)orl, dated (^uehee, (itii Dee., IVS^, -ays: —

pai

ier>.

)Vi\ — •• ill oluMiiciice to voiir

')i'dsiiH» s iiisli iietmiis.

wlierein is sper^ifiiMl, ihat 'louol-

nem

eiiterlaiiied '.vhellier ( 'arle-

toii Island or l\in.ii;ston " (and this show - liow ciirly the royai name
liiid hecn i;-i\en to the lii-s! township) •■ is the most eli.nihie sta;ion
liir the Kini;-'s shijis of war to protect the navi,i;atieii ot' ]jake
Oiitai'io, and the Ujiper ])arl ot the river St. Lawrence

ill

like this parlieularly an oliiecl of my atieniien. and repuri

;im to

:ow

fur it may ho neeessury to (jcciipy either, or holh. and what works
1 jiidi^e advitsahle for that purpose.'' ■•With i-esjiee! to Kinj^ston,
iiiid what is tln're called the harlionr, and where tlvtownis laid
'"lit, is not tho hesl. situation on tiiis side for vesseh, as it lies rather

.'|ien to ihi' l;ike, and has iini very y-ood aiielmiane near tl

» 1 '

h i^

■, I

424

THE DKFENSKS.

I ^i,|-!'

Hi <!^

■[ I'll

t ^ 'i:

entrance, so tlmt they are obliged to run a good way up for shelior;
the most eligible Hituatiun is to the east." After referring to the
more frequent directions of the wind, ho concludes, that to get into
the lake, it is as easy from KingsU)n as from Charleton Island, but
that the latter atfords the best shelter. " JIaving brought forward
all the material information and observations I Iiave been able to
make and procure, and having duly v/Jiighed the several properties,
both of Kingston and Carleton isiartd, relative to naval purposes
only,"' he concludes, " that the prel'erence rather leans on the side
of Carleton Island. If the object was that of trade only, or regarded
merely by the transport of gootls to Niagura, 1 do not see that
(Jarloton Isl'.vud has any material advantage over Kingston; but, as
a staliua for the King's ships of war, 1 am induced to think that
Carleton Island is the best," as it possessed many natural advan-
tages, llospocting Kingston, a fort and out-works could be con-
structed to protect the harbour; Imt an enemy might advance in
the rear, and bumbard the Ibrt and the navy. "In rcgartl to the
present condition of the wttrks at this post, the whole is so far in
ruins as to be altogeUu-r defenceless, and incapable of being re-
paired, the ditch which is in the rock, has never been sufficiontly
excavated, the other works have been completed, but it strikes mo
they were never capable of any serious defence, as well as from the
bastions, as well as (he olilique manner in which their faces arc
flCfcn from the other works, but the whole could only be considored
as a temporary matter. The green logs with which the fort was
built, could not be expected to last loui;;; the ground is favoruliic
for a fort of greater cajjacity an<l sirength, but it is probable that
such u system may have been originally ado])ted for the works, at
the place it might liavo been thought ade<|uato to its importance,
to the number of troops designed for its defence, and the strength
it was likely an enemy would be able to bring against it; and llierc
ideas would again I'O bnmglit into eonsldei'ation, if this post should
bo established, or any new system adopted. Without, therelore,
going, in this place, into a detail <)!' particular works, I will remark,
that as the groun(' in i'ront widens and extends somewhat over the
extremities of the work, jtarticularly on the right, precaution should
be taken to strengthen those points towards the tii-id. to contract,
in some degive, the advantage an enemy attacking might have in
the extent of his flanks. The barracks, although partly dismantled,
and in a vo-y luul condition, may be still re))airod."

From tilt' Ibregoing, it niay be inferre<l that the troops had all

FIRST flRANTS.

425

boon willulrawn from the lioiul of tlio 8t. Lawivn'o, and tlintoniya
Commissariat. Dopartmont romuiiio<l at Carlton Island. Probably,
it was only whon Canmla wjus erected into a distinct Province, that
rogtiiar troops a^ain wore stationed here, and then, it having been
ascertained (hat Carleton island would bi-lonj; to the United States,
Kinston superseded it.

Although the " Kin/jf's Townsliij) " was mainly settled by the
bund of Loyalists who eanio by way of the St. Lawrence, from
Now York, there were several others who received grants of land
heio, a few of whom, no doubt, reached Kin^stim at as early a
date as 1783, and, a.i we have seen, they may have visited the
place, previous to that date. Among these, was Col. Hanjost, or
John Joost, or Joseph ITerkimer, who had been compelled to forsake
his homo at the tiornian Flats, where his father lived. Looking at
"A Plan of Township No. 1," (now Kingston), " in the I)istrict of
Mocklonbur.i^h, surveyed in 1783, with the proprietor's names on
the lots," in the Crown Lands Dejtartment, the following may bo
observed. Just by the gr<)in\ds of the Fort, the water is called
Ciitara(|ui Harbor. Across the nvnith of the Bay, and between
Points Frederick and llei\ry, is llaldinnind Cove. Beyond Point
llcnry, is Hamilton Cove. Passing up the river, the tirst lot has
upon it the mune of Jose|»h and Alary Brant. This lot was not
mnnbercd, however. (Capt. Brani came to the ))luce in 1785, and
remained living there for a time). Slill proceeding along the west
shore of the river, lot No. I, has t1io name of .\eil McLean ; No. 2,
Hour}' Wales; No. 3, James Clark; No. 4, ("apt. Crawford ; No. 5,
Lieut, lirown ; No. <5. Sovereign ; No. 7, at lirst was granted to
Lawrence ; this name is superseded by the nameof Bralon. To the
west of the road, is a block of land, of 70(» acres, for "('apt. James
McDontiell ," but this name is ei-ased, and Kobert Alacanlay written
instead. Probably Macaulay became the jiurchaser. To the east
of the road, is anotliei" l>lo(d< of hnid. Cor John ^Macaulay. The
island in the moulh of the river, called " Isle Anx P<'re." was
/.(ratitcd li> Neil .McLean. •' by onlcr of (Jcneral llaldimand."
Turning to the south of the Fort, the lir^t lot has the name of Caj)!.
Grnss; the second from the Fort, Tlev. Mr. Stuart; the third has the
nurnes upon it of LiiwrcMce Herkimer. Sam. Hilton, Capt. Josl
Harliiian ; the fourth, I'rancis liozion, lioeklaiid, James Brown,
John Moshier; tifth, Lieut. Kllerbeck ; sixth, John Stuart, Ijieut.
Grtllary, Lieut. .Mower, ('iiarles Pander ; seventh, Capt. MeCiarrow ;
oigliih, liieutenant Atkinson ; ninth. Robert Vanalstine ; tenth.

Si;
I'

Mi'
1

!i, 'i

• 4

!l
li

5.1

K ! ■

4 )

iJ^-i-.

1 h

■' :":

t;M

ill :il

426

I'IBST INHABITANTS.

Richafd Moorman ; olevonth, R. (fider : tliis lot lies on tho " Potite
Catnnwpii ;" twelfth, Lieut. Kotto, Murv«\y«»r, and allorvvard John
Stuart; thirtot'nth,(!ai>t. (^rass, also (.'apt. Kvorott; t()ur(oenth,(iraH8;
fi^eonth, Capt. irarknian; sixteenth Nieliolas llorkimcr. This
brirt^H us to Collins' Hay, or, us the orjjjinal name appears •■ roncffej;;."
ContiMuing westward, anionj*; others, are to ho soon tho namos of
Purdy, ('apt. Wn). .lohnson, Wni. Knirtiold. Sonr., Daniel Rose,
Matthias Rose, Roherl Clark, James Clark, Sen., Ser^'t. John Taylor,
Capt. J. W. Myers, who lias two lot«; (th(*se two last became the
lirst HOttlors in Sidney and Thurlow) ; Lieut. James Robins, Sor^^t.
Williams, Lieut. Best, liieut. John Duronhury, and then there was
a lot (No. IS) for tho " Kin-f's saw mill," sulise(piontly Booth's
Mills. Of tho foreixoijit!^, it is uncertain how many became settlers.
R'lt tho most ot thorn seem to hav(> obtained those front lots, irros-
pecfive of Ca])taiii (irass.

Of the other early settlers, Ihe followini:; are, doubth^ss, the
principal oiu's. For tlxMr n.imes, 1 ain partially indebted to .\[r. <!.
ir. Dotlor, himself the descendant of an Irish I'alatitie. •• \Vni.
MacAulay, Tlioians Maikhmd, John Kirby. John Cummini^s. Peter
Smith, Kii^land, .lolm Ferguson, Lyons, Pousett, AlcDonnell.
JJoyman, Cook, T.iylor. Smylh, DeXyke, Murney, Ciilhberfson,
Aloolt. The Rev. .lohn Slii:irl. lion. Pichard Cartwri^dit, .Mien
.NrcLeun.'' M'hese <lid nol probalijy come the lli-st year, bill within
the lirst two or thri-i" years.

It is said that John I'^ralicic or Fr<>(!lii;'h. who had lu'ld a com-
mission in the army, was oik- of (Ik- lirNl t-ettlers in Kii\,icston, aii<l
liuilt the fourth house erected. Other names i;iven, as amoiiu,' the
first inhabitants of the villai^e of Kiii^-ston. are John Forsyth.
Joseph Forsyth, Anderson. Piiid)ee, Merrill. Sloujihton. (iray,
Mix, (!as<aih', Ashle\-. Ihirlev, Slower. Donald McDonald, .lames
liicharilsoii, Patritd< ."^niith, .lolm .Steel. Fl'cuezer \Va^libiir!i.
Farly settlerN on the front o( the TnwiL-hip, beside those before
u:iv«'n. were llolme>. Day, l''erris. si-veral ^Vartmnlls. and (lr;ihaiii.

IJclore proceedioii!,' with the hislf)ryo|' Is iiii^sion, it is desiral'lr
to notice more |iarlieularly some events connected with I lie ocii
paney of Kinu-iinn, as u X;iva! and Military (station. \Vc h.ive seen
that .Surveyor Collins n'a VI' the preferenci' t'»r Carleton Island. Hut
Lord Doi'chosli'r decided tli;it Kinifston w;is the most desirable plai'o
for purposes of defense, and it is a strikinjj; fact that the views held
by him have heen, to a eerlain exient. reiterated by (ion. .Michel.
in 18ii7. Hoth siu'tnod to huld ihe opinion that, (Canada, west ol'

A MILITARY STATION.

427

Kinj;ston, was untonivblo against an invailing foo. VVIion Sinu'oe
asAiimod tho (Tovornmi'iit oj' tiio newly iDrnied Tpper Province, it
was the dcclai'i'il dosiro of Lord Dorclicsti'i'. that he should soloot
Kintjston as th<i capital, and inaico it a well fortiticd (own. Already
ptop.H had heen taken to ostahlish a naval as well as a military
station, J[aldiniand's Cove, hehveen Point Pi-ederick and Point
Henry, had been selected lor the Xa\al depot, and here was a
Dock Ya.'d and Stores, wlii(di wcrocoiitinued fbrnnmy years. These

were conimcneed ah

;< iToo

tllKj i *< I

1 tho sanioj'car harracks were Imilt
Ity sohliers, upon the ruins of the old fort, which was the com-
mencement of the Militai'v Station, and the head-cjuarters of
the troops in I'pper Canada, and the residence of the Conimander-
-in-Chief ; also a staff of the ()rdinanc" and Knijineer l)e|)ar(inentH
was kept up. C'oo])er, writimj; IS')!!

says :

Of late vears,

a <ieneral i-ednction has heen made, — a small garrison only is
now kept, and tlie Artillery i-^ wholly withdrawn." (This was at
llio time of the Crimean war). The esiahlishmont was, some dozen
years ag'o, ;:rreally riMluce(l. and is now wholly ahandoned. In years
past, however, the ollicers and crew of Her Majesty's shi]) Niat>;ara,
were rei;-ularly ))ipe(i to (luarlers in a handsome stone Imildinj;' in
the J)ock Vanl. which was manned, ami ti'.eerev discipiincd in «
plote man-o'-war fashion.

om-

II llic^e hyuoue d;iy-, Kiit-jston was the
residence of the Commodore in chari;e of the N;ival Di'partment,
who lived in a <iyle which wonid have i|nite ont'Oione that of some
of our economical (ioveriiors. 'I'lio-e connected with this and
other depart nu'i'its, followed the worthy ( 'onnnodore's t'xample, ami
as tin* jiopnlatioii was noi ilien I'-reat. the intlnencc of that e.vamplo
ronilered the town, if noi ■\ very prosperous, certainly a ycry iJi:a\ ,

Times have certainly (diaiu'cd since

ami

sccmni:j:ly

il>i)\' one

dien, as far as the e.\p(Miditnre of lm]ierial mom-y is concerned.

.\fl

'!• K iii'.;Moii

h.-ld I

ecu

seleclcd as a militarv .-tation, it

iiatin-ally yrew more rapidly TIu' j)reseMce ol' ilie soldiers mid of
seamen, and th.-ir I'xpenditiire ol ?noney, had the elVect i>\' startini;;

• V, and sought his ;j.Miliernalorial reiidcnce a! Xewark, it

into (|iiirl;(>r life, the infant town; ImH wlivii Sinn

II)

.1 it I

received a m.'itena! idieck i

in il ■■ o'row I li. Ik iiiii' l!i

ar;re'

colU>c-

lion of hoiise.N in I'pper Canada, Kiii^siun had claims, irrespeetivi;
of the e.\i:>teiice o|' i!ie (wo arms of the service. During' the first,
'lecad(> in the hisiory of Cpper Canaila. Kinu'ston<liil n<il riseahovo

;i ^mall \ilIao-e, althoiu-h il wa-> honoun

sdineliiiie-', with thi^

appellation of •• (ity,

Uocliefoucaiilt

ay:

IT'.t."), ihal Kiii-j'st

! 'I'

M ■

' 1

-: I

428

KINGSTON IN 1705.

Vii

. !

;j- ;■

t •

y:^

" consists of about 120 or 30 houses. The ground in the imniodiate
vicinity of the city, rises with a /;ontki swell, and forms, from the
lake onwards, as it were, an amphitheatre of lands, cleared, but not
yet cultivated. Nonci of the buildings are distinguished by a more
handsome appearance from the rest. The only structure, more
conspicuous than the others, and in front of which the English flag
is hoisted, is the barracks, a stone building surrounded wivu pali-
sade's. All tho houses stand on the northern bank of the bay,
which stretches u mile further into the country. On tho southern
bank are tho buildings belonging to tho naval force, tho wharfs,
and the habitations of all the persons, who belong to that depart-
ment. The King's ships lie at anchor near those buildings, and
consequently have a harbour and road separate from tho ])ort for
merchantmen."

"Kingston, considerod as a town, is much inferior to Newark;
the number of houses is nearly equal in both. Kingston may con-
tain a few more buildings, but they are neither so largo nor sogootl
as at Newark. Many oi them are log houses, and those which
consist of joiners' work, are badly constructed and painted. IJut
few new houses are built. No town-hall, no court-house, and no
prison have hitherto boeii constructed. The houses of two or three
merchants are conveniently situated for loading and uidoadiiig
ships; but, in point of constructure, these are not better than the
rest.

'• Kingston seems better fitted for a trading town than Newark,
wore itonlyfor this reason, that the ships, Avhich arive at the latter
place, and are freighted for Lake Erie, pass by tho former, to sail
again uj) the river as far as Queen's Town, where the portage
begins."

Cooper renuirks that " Fort Frontenac existed for several j'cars
after the conquest, the remains of the tower in the interior beiiii;,'
removed in 1827. The present liarracks were built, the officers'
quarters in 1821, the men', ^^tone barracks in 1827, and the fi-ame
barracks in 1837. At the c nmencementof tho war in 1812, Point
Henry, the site of the present extensive military works, was
covered with trees; in the following year a I'ude fort of logs and
embankment was thi'own up. A year or two after its ereetion two
large and substantial stone towers were added to the defences, they
were lofty, square towers, rounded at the cornerr These remained
until 182t! or '28. Stone magazines, ordnance offices, and armoury
were built outside the fort during the years 181G, "17 and 'IS.

fl'i^:

NEW DEFENSES.

429

Extensive stono biiiTuckn, roofed with tin. \vci*o built botwoen 1818
and 1820 ; one of those within tlie fort wiw 230 feot in length ;
another building which Htood where the advunood battery luis
since been built, waw 80 feot in length, and formed the oflBcers'
quart >r«.

"Those barracks stood until 1841, when they were pulled down
and the material sold. Two large houses in Brock Street, and one
in Barrack Street, were built from the stone, which, it may be
remarked in passing, s not the ordinary blue limestone in general
use, but a much whiter material, apparently not so durable. The
erection of the present fort was commenced in 1832, several pre-
vious yoai's having been spent in tlie quarrying and preparing
material. It was first, occupied in 1830. On Point Frederick the
lirst works were a breastwork of logs and enrtli, with traversing
platforms for guns; within the breastwoi-k was a block house.
These works wore built during or just after the war ; this block
house was burnt in the year 1820. There were also built, about the
same time, a block house suroundctl with a strong stockade on the
hill on Princess Street, on the lot tiirmerly owned by the late Mr.
Jacob Bitter ; a small redan on Ordnance Street; a battery at Mis-
8i^;saHga Point ; a block house near the present Marine Railway ; one
on Stuart's or Murney's Poiiit ; anotlicr at Snake Island ; one which
stood until recently, near the present new court house, with tiiose
now stnnding, r)ne ot'them on the hill tt' the east of the city, and
the other at the west end of Wellington Street. These block
houscc, oxci'pting, of course, that on Snake Island, w»mv all con-
nected by a strong stake fence, or stockade ; portions of which still
exist, and formed u chain of defences surrounding, what was then,
the whole city,"

From the first, it will be seen that the village of Kingston was
to a great extent indebted to iho puldic service for its ]»rospority.
Isaac Wild, writing in 1796. says that from (iO to 100 men are
<|uartered in the barracks.

|! i

430

SPKCITLATION.

IIAlTKIl XLVIII.

CoNTKMs — 'J'lie xitimtion «ii . iriKHto" — Under military inflncncv — Monopolist—

Kiirly liiKtory of Icfjislntion — In IHIO — (iourlay'M Ntatonit-nt — Policf

Modern KingHton— Lord Sydi'iiliani — Scut of j^ovfrnnient — I'crninliiilHtiiiK

SurrouiiilinK country — ProviHioiiH — An appeal for Kinfffton as capital —
JJarriefu 1(1 — l'ittslinr};li — Unildinvc of nnmll craftH — FainouH — Uoiuls—
Waterloo — C'emetry — Portsmouth — Kingston Mill — Littlu Ciitaraqui — Col-
liiisliy — Quantity of Jand — Karly and influential inliiil)itimts — Post
masters — " Honoralilff men '— Deacon, Macatilay, Cartwrigiit, Markland,
(^immings, Sinitlis, Kerhy — Allen McLean, tirst lawyer — A gardener—
Slierin McLean — '• Chrys Hjigerman—C'nstums — Sampson, shooting u
smuggler— Hagerman, M.I' I'. — lJemo\ is t<> Toronto.

THE FIRST TOWNHIHl'-

-EVKNT8 IN ITS EAELY IIISTORV.

It must In' mlmitlcd, tlio place did not possesH from its fjcoogru-
phical HitiiHlioii the requisites ibr becoming' a groat city, nlthougli its
Hituation at the head of the St. Lawroncc, vould always secure for
it a certain degree of i;i)))Oi'iaiict'. There are evils iiiciilent to places,
dejieiidiiig upon the iniliiary and naval bodies, and these can be
seen in conneelion witli tiie hisiory of Kingston. Anything Avhich
drew awa}' for a time, to any extent, either arm of the service, had
u damaging cHeel ujion the prosjteril}', and stagnation resulted in
business.

I' iriy Kingston must be j-egarded as a town glowing uj) in the
back woods, with a pO])ula(ion governed and inliuenced more or
less by the .'^oeiety of oHIeers and s(ddiers, and while the former
gave dignity and tone to the higlier classes, the lower portion of
Hociety was conespondingiy and for evil, alfected by the jjresonei
of llie soldier.-i. with tlie nnniei-ous grogeries. and low hotiscs oC
ontertainmenis, wliich parliculai'ly in formei- days, were found to
exist in connection with mililar\' establishments.

In the tirst years of Canada, speculation was common willi
a certain class. Land claims could be purchased for a mere song
The holder of a "location titdcet," would often part with his title Cor
a few (^uarl^ of rum, while many other holders wore glad to sell for
a few j.ounds ol" ready money, or certain articles of stock. It came
that in time, a certain number of monopolists, living at Kingston,
held land in the i-ear concessions and neighboring townships. The
Im])erial mom-y in Kingston was often spent .without con-
tributing to the iiuprovemont of the adjacent country. But the
time came when the encircling settlers comi)ellod a more generous
coursi' of conduct.

!i ,

IN 1810.

481

opoliot —
-Poliix'—
iiliitliin —
tiiiiitul —
- Uoiuls-—

llUl-

-Col-

itrt — Tost
Miivkliinil,
jiiirti'iit'i"—
looting ii

RY.

H gcogni-
hougli it!^
^(.'curo for
to plac'i'S.
'80 t'un be
ing whicli
rvifc. liiul
rortuUod in

■ uj) in tlu'
more or
fornier
lortion of
j)iH'scnoi
houses of
Ibimtl to

ninii witli
mire song
is title lor
to sell for
It cuiiie
Kingston
lips,
hout
. But the
(' generous

The
con-

But, much obscuritj' rests upon the history of the first seven or
ten yourH of the village of King.ston. The ort'ort has been made to
gather up the fragments partaining thereto, and arrange then> so
aH to tbrm a connected whole.

Cooper says that "the town was laid out in 17013, being tiien
confined to what is now the eastern portion in the vicinity of the
Tete du Pont barracks, and what was tlion K-nown as the Cataraqui
Common, lots 25, 24, 23, on which is situated the chief jtart of tlie
city, were then farm lots of 200 acres each, anil uncleared,"

Acconling to the census roll in tiie otlice of the i-lerk of the
peace 1704, the population of ('atara«nii village was :J4r». It would
f*cem that the appearance of the village was nol very j'leasing.
But the surroundings had a certai.-i wild Itcauty. The tirsi buildings
were of the most inlorior kind. Kingston now so beautiful in its
fine buildings and well up))oinled streets, had in its lirst days but
the humiilesl of log tenements, with the ni<!e Jndian wigwam
for a neighbor. Instead of fair broad streets, and u well </rdered
park, there was the Indian foot ]iath, and the thick tungled wooil,
with the stately pine.

In 1703 an act wa^ pa^^ed " to tix the limes and ))lacesof hold-
ing the courts of «iuarter --essions, within the several distriits,'
according t(» which it was provided that the courts of the midland
district should be held in Kingston, in Ajtril and October of each
year. This added somewhat to the dignity of the place. 'J'lien in
1801, tliere was created an act to empower commissioners of tlu'
peace, to establish a market at Kingston, whciv mighl be exposed
for sale ■' butchers' meat, butter, eggs, jioultry. fish, and \egetables."
It was further enacteil that all '-rules and re^ulalinns shall lie
jiublished by causing a coj)y of ihem to be affixed in the most public
place in evei-y township in the distriel, and at the doors of the
chureh and court house of the said town of Kingston, ivc.

In 1810, Kingston was yei a small place. ,Mr. Mile- who
mov(>d Ihoro at the lime says thciv was nol a sidewalk or jtavement,
and he for a time boarded in one of several log houses close by the
market place, " where was no lack of miul in the spring and fall,
and it was no uncommon thing for waggons to bo pried out by fence
rails jusi nos'th of the market place. J'ine trees of the forest yel
waved almost over the market place. A thick wood covered Point
Henry, and the ground, where now is erected St. Andrew'*
Church and parsonage. The limit of the town on the north was
at Store Street, now Princess, the ]n>^ hou.se being on the north

;. '1

\f'l

l.ltras, ,.-•'■ u ■

432

IN 1H15-29.

onst side, Alcott's o\^ store, a\A on tlio west side whore Mr. Mea-
dows now reHide8. Tlio road, foi- it was then mieh onl}* nfter piiHs-
ing, AI:'ott's turned to the riij;l>t, antl went n zigzag eoiirse north-
waixltt, till it reached the second conce.Hsion, now Waterloo road.
This was a distanee of five miles from the foot of Store Street."

A resident writing to the Khujiiton GuMtc, December 2(3, 1815,
among other things, sjiys that the town of Kingston, " possessing so
many advantages, it is time that its inhabitants should julopt sonic
])lan of improving and emhellishing of it. The streets require very
great repairs, as in the rainy seasons it scarcely jtossilde to movo
about without being in mud (o the ankles: from the breadth, they
will admit of very wide loot-paths on both sides, which ought to
be paved, at least in every part of the town where the buildings
are connected. Lamps are required to light the streets in the dark
of the moon. Trees should be jdunted on each side. The sivectN
should be kept free of lumber of ev m'v kind, and piles of wood. A
lire engine, with a certain nunilu r of buckets, with a company ot
firemen should exist. Hut arsi ih legislatur'" must form a code et
laws, forming a complete )iolice. To meet expiiiHc, govcri\n\ent
might lay a rate upon evi-ry iiilia'ii(ant hoii>;ehol(Iei- in ju-oportion
to value of pro]ierty in bouse."

Another corresjiondent Mn<ler the signature of Citizen, .siU'S",
"January 27, 181G, that he approves of ■' A Kcsidents" remarks, and
in addition, lie suggests that llu' lower classes follow the exanipK'
of the libei-al spirit manifested among beads of society in the pre-
vious summer in contributing to the tui'n]tiking of the streets, and
paving the footpatlis lietori' their own doors. They ought to
imitate, though faintly, that noble a^id generous example." Besides
this, among other things, Citi/.en sjieaks against jjcrsons who work
at their trades on Sunday, instead of going to church. •• Luther."
another correspondent says, there is the noise of hammers and axes
from sunrise to sunset, on Sundays.

Accoi'ding to the Khuj^ion (iazettc, August 14, 1820, the census
taken that year shewed the po])ulation of the town to be 3528, but
this did not include the military. The number of inhabitants in
183() was 6000.

At the present time, 1S67, Kingston is said to cover an area of
2030 acres, while Toronto boasts of 5885 acres.

R. Gourlay says, in 1810, that Kingston 'is now progre.s.sing
rapidly in population aii'l buildings, as well ph in businesM. From
1811 to 181fi the number of dwelli?gs increafed from 130 to 300;

THE CAPITAL OF UNITED CANADA.

433

but it is csliinfttod that 100 tnoro will liuvc been iM-ortod at tho
close of til in year." Much oft Iuh iirospm-ity wnH tloubtloss due to
the war, cauKing so many troops to lu' sintioned there; ut the samo
time business and general ;^rowth of the City received an impetus
wliich the close of tho war failed entirely to arrest. This year a
bill passed Parlianjent " to rej^ulatu the poliee, wit hit: tho town of
Kingston." More amjjle provision was made in 1H24.

In 1821, II writer sa^'n, Ivingston was ilu' largest town in Upper
Canada, containing about 5000 inhabitant.^ including the military.
"The people live in good style but ai'O not very hospitable; thoy
are mostly in tho mereanlile luisinoss." The uutnber of inhabitants
is probablN over estimiuod, as in 1824 it i-; siatod on go(Ml authority,
that the pinmlatioi* jumiunts to 2'A'ACt. "Tli.- bnildir.;^s are of such
an iulorior de»eri|m\>n «** Hvuirely Vo be worthy of n<><M;o."

i,;:

f '

\|\v|kfeRN KINOSTON.

The e\eut« chronicled in this w irk are mainly those which
came to p»v»s prior to IKJO, and tin- history of th»^ tir»*t township
heie weoixiod Miust mainly bo limited U) th«>se early dayn. [t will
uot, however, be inappropriate to glance, and it will be a »«*•«
glance at the Kii.gston of modern days. The greate-tt event in
toiineetion with Kingston, was the selection by Fjord Hydenham,
when the Upper and Lower Provinces wi'iv united in 184t», into
one, for the capital of Uniteil (Junada. Its claim to that honor) as
tile mo.st eentral city cann()t U; (juestioncd. I( may fairly be (pios-
lioned on the other band whotlier it was a wise and judicious policy,
which caused Kingston to be forsaken, and ft he poramltulatory
system to be subMtituted. Had tho Seat of <iiovernment perma.
uently rested at Kingston, much expense to the country would have
been saved, and at th« same time a great deal of bean bitterness
stirred up by political agitators, likciwise jirevented. liut tho
hones of Kingston as the capital were shortlived, and with the
death of Lord Sydenham, in 1842, resulting from an accident, who
had been mainly tho cause of Kingston IxH-oming tho capital, the
brightest prospects of the oldest town in Upper Canada, wore
buried.

In 1845 Govornmont. was removed to Montreal. The motives

according to Cooper, which had much to do in determining the

removal wore not such as are supposed to actuate statesmen.

Alter rebutting tho charge which it seems had been made, that

Li.W

434

CLAIMS or KINOBTON.

thort) was "no RurrouiK'.in^ country calculfttod to furniBh markot
nblo jtroduco to n lar^o ni)n-pro«lucini,' population," and ivforrin^'
to tlio undoubted facts that tho townslii|)H alonj; llio liay of tiuintf
were far more than adequate toiwi'Otall tho ^'antronoinistH wiints, ho
condudchi. "It may woom a small connideratioii when treat inp of
NO inii»ortaiit a branch of tho Hubject, to take into account ihoht
circumstances, but there is no i^noriii,' the fact that tho abscsnci
of some of these minor luxuries had a >erious etToct on the minds,
and perhaps digestion ot somo of the officials of llor Mnjesiy's
Provincial (Jovernmenl, and somo ]»eoplo at a distance are |)im-
sUJwUd thai Kingston is a city built on a rock, suvroundtHl with
barren and stoney wilds, out of which a bare existence is wrung
by tho occupants, and but a scanty supply aifordcd to tho City, and
in deference to those thus unenlightened, facts aro dwelt on wliicli
may seem trivial to those in the least acquainted with tho neigh-
borhood. Since 184r», when tho (Jovei-ni icnt was removed td
Montreal, this City has greatly increased in the number of well
built and commodious houses, which, with a well rogidat^il and
well supplied market, tempting the most fastidious, would prevent
oven tho temporary inconveniences which in that year wore felt.
If any families had to adopt double-bedded rooms, and to import
their own celery in those days, we can now aBsure them ^tms
avous changes tout cela.' In short wo claim for a City central, in-
deed almost in tho very centre of tho Province to bo governed,
proverbially healthy, substantially built, strongly fortitiod, well
lighted, thoroughly drained, pleasantly situated, abundantly tmp
plied, easy of access, the focus of a net-work of good road.s, tho out-
lot of tho produce of several rich countries, provided with a good
harbour, and enjoying many other advantages, a prc-emincnci'
among all Canadian Cities, as tho permanent Seat of the Govern-
ment of the Province."

Tho existence of the Seat of C-rovcrnmont at Kingston, although
of short duration, had a i»encficial effect ; many handsome buildings
were erected bosicios those nsed for tho several Public Depart-
ments. " The Municipal Legislature f)f the CSty was encoura5;»l
to make improvements in streets, drainage, side-walks, and other-
wise, and to erect the present handsome and expensive edifice, the
City Hall and Market House, though not so useful as it would have
been hatl the Government remained here. Tho whole building is
occupied, and produces a revenue exceeding in amount the rntewsi
oo its cost. On the whole it may fairly be «>nwdcred that Ap

(I roforriiij;
^ of tiuintc
(iH wunt«,hp
ipeiUitiR <if
count tliOf(
the abrtonn
the minds,
or Majesty's
ncc niT ^iiM-
oundcHl villi
iCO is wrung
tl»o City, and
eit on wliicli
h the iioigli-
removed to
mbcr of well
•oj^ilated and
Fould prevent
jar wore fell.
md to import
•0 them 'nm
y central, in-
1)0 governed,
fortitiod, well
unrtantly snp-
roads, the out
with a good
pro-eminenci'
' the Govern-

n.VRniKPIKM) — ^WAl'BllI.on.

4A:^

Cit}' was improvi'd by {h<- tomponny hK-jitiiiii nf ilu* iiovornim-nl
hero."

HAUiiii:KiKM). — Tlio (>atur;u|ui Mriilm', wliicli .s|it(iiH tin- ^ival
Cataraciui Uivorcoiinoct.H Kingston with tlu'Towiihiiipor l'ittsliiiri;li.
tliDori^iMi ot'wiiicli naiiio iMsjifHcicnlly wolj iiidiciitod. <'l<),«*o bv, is tlir
villaf^oofUurriofioI'l. "iiaiuod after ('i>tiimiKloro llnni*'. wlm wn.s liciid
oftho Naval Departinont lur many 3'oars." " It liinn.'^ai sort olMibiirb
to the city, and though not a ])laci' oC much incrcuM', has btHMi hm^
bottled. Jt has an elevated ground, and from it thi' visitor (ditaiiis
a very favorabli' and jdoaHing view of Kiun'ston. with is h"'-bor.s.
Ibrtw aiul towers. At JJarrietield, arc imill the best small crans.
skitl'is, and j)lca.surc boats in use throughoiii the Provinci'. Tlu'v
ui'O Nont Jtence to all part<4, and tlieir character and build arc well
known to the aquatic uportsman. and a natenr mariner. Not only
ill the Province, but abroad, those boats arc hom^l^Iu after, and in use,
some of them being now afloat on IIk* Lake of (icncva. 'I'lie King-
ston, Pitts I mrgh, and (iaiuuioquc, and the Jungston and Phillips-
villo Maciuiami/.ed lioad.s run through tin's township, ojiening up
tlio township beyond, and atlording to the settle" a ready access to
a novor-failing market, Wiiliin this township, are upwards of
thirty-eight miles of thoroughly macadamized roads, besides gooil
country rootls to and between the concessions. That part of Pitts-
burgh where Barriefield tttands, and for about two miles eastward,
was formerly part of the townsldj) of Kingston. Wlien the site of
tho Town of Kingston was first selected, tlie spot where tins village
is situated wjw suggentod, but was overruled in tiivor of the present
locality of Kingston, which certainly offered greater :ulvantages
for the site of a city."

Kingston Township contains, not only the city of that name,
but various villages ; " one of the nearest to that city is that of
Waterloo, a, very pretty ai;d neat little hamlet, abotit tluve miles
frorrt town. It contains about iJOO inhabitants, and has its Town
Hall, Church, Stores, Inns, &c,"

"In tho neighborhood of this village, is the Cataiwjui Crmctcry,
laid out on a rising ground crowned by a grove of small pine trees.
Much care and skill in landscape gardening has Injcn displayed in
rendering the ground picturesque and ])loaKing ; a tine niul extended
view of tho surrounding cotmtrj', and a pretty glimpse of the Bay
is obtained from the Cemetery grounds. This spot is not excelled
in beauty and appi*opriatenc8s, by anything in the Province, and is
compared by travelers, who view it,, to Greenwood Cemetery, in

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WEBSTER, N.Y. 145S0

(716) 873-4503

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436

FIRST POSTMASTERS.

Brooklin, N. Y. It covers some sixty-five acres of land, and when
ornamented by such numerous and elegant monuments, as the living
have erected to ♦mark their respect to the beloved dead in older
places of sepulture, will be unsurpassed by the oldest and most
beautiful cemeteries known."

" Portsmouth is another village, about equi-distant from
Kingston with Waterloo, lying westwanl on the Lake shore ; it was
at one time, a very bustling spot, and much enterprise was evinced
in ship-building. It suffered, for a time, from the withdrawal of
the Seat of Government, and the construction of the St. Lawrence
canals, but has now recovered its former prosperity, which promises
to continue. The ship-building business has revived, and is carried
on with energy and success. In its neighborhood are several
handsome houses and villa-residences: the surrounding country
offering very inviting spots for building. It contains about 350
inhabitants, and a large amount of rateable property, and has an
exceedingly neat unique little Church, in old English style, with a
belfry." Portsmouth is now united to Kingston, by the erection of
building? between them.

Within the Township of Kingston, about five miles from the
city; is the old " Kingston Mill." It is situated upon the Eideau
Canal. The traveler, as he }»asses along by train, over a tubular
bridge, will be struck by the beauty and grandeur of the scene.
(For particulars, see "Early Years of Upper Canada.";

Little Cataraqui is a stream of small dimensions, confined to the
township. Jn addition to the Little Cataraqui stream, there is run-
ning across the township, the Collins Creek, so named after Siu--
veyor Collins. Not far from its source, in tlie north east part of (he
township, is a small, pleasant lake, of the same name, while, at its
mouth, is Collins' Bay. This is a beautiful inlet of the Bay Quinte.
and forms a good harbom-. The place is knowna8Collinsby,andis
situated about five miles west of Kingston.

The quantity of land in the township, is about 47,906. The
soil is principally clay upon a limestone foundation ; but still there
is much of it capable of bearing good crops, to the careful and
scientific farmer.

Thomas Deacon, father of the present Post Master, was Post
Master ft*om 1800 to 1836, when his duties in the Commissariat
Department obliged him to resign that olflce. The Hon. John
Macauley occupied the post from 1813 to 1836, when he resigned,
and wasBUcceoded by the present incumbent, Robert Deacon.

.1'

CHARACTER OF THE FIRST INHABITANTS.

437

id, and when
, as the living
lead in older
!mt and most

iistant from

shore ; it was

e was evinced

withdrawal of

St. Lawrence

,'hich promises

, and is carried

»d are several

nding country

tains about 350

ty, and has an

ih style, with a

the erection of

miles from the

»on the Eideau

over a tubular

r of the scene.

[inada." )
I, confined to the

,m, there is run-
imod after Siu--

east part of the
ne, while, at its

the Bay Quinte,
|CollinHby,andis

ht 47,906. The
, bixt still there
Itho careful and

"We will supplement the reference we have made to the leading
men of Kingston, by giving extracts from u communication wo
have, at the last moment received, written by one who, now well
advanced in life, spent his earlier years of manhood in Kingston,
when the first inhabitants were in the afternoon of their life.

The Hon. K. Cartwright, the pioneer merchant, and Judge of
Mecklenburgh, seems to have stood next in importance and influence
to the Eev. Mr. Stuart. "Among the prominent merchants was
Thomas Markland, John Cummings, Peter Smith, John Kirby, and
John Macaulay." They were "all honorable men,'' and " Tiembers
of the English Church," and of undeviating loyalty. Mr. Mark-
land left a son. John Cummings left no issue. He was a man of
'' great energy ; a magistrate, and filled other offices under the
Government." Peter Smith was " highly respected, upright in all
his dealings, and free from any moral or political reproach." '• A
fine specimen of an English gentleman." He " carried with Inm
evidence that he was no stranger to good diimers, and understood
the qualities of good wine." He died at an advanced age, 1825,
leaving a son and two daughters.

" John Kii'by was another fine specimen of an Englishman.
He loved good wine and good dinners. Extremely affable, always
in good humor, universally respected. His highest ambition, in tlio
evening of his days, seemed to bo the enjoyment of domestic tran-
quility, and a quiet home, made liappy to him by a wife of rare
sense, intelligent, and possessed of jnuTiy amiable accomplishments."
The Hon. John Macaulay had a well disciplined mind, possessed
great energy of character, and was decided in his political opinions
no doubt, from conscientious motives. In his business transactions
"he was scrupulously exact." " Extremely temperate in his habits.
Was one of those who passed through life witliout exposing them-
selves to the obloquy of their political opponents. Allen McLean,
Esq., the first Lawyer of Kingston ; created such by an oider in
Council. His " abilities were moderate," and "his original educa-
tion defective." " A man of considerable taste, modest, dignified
in his deportment. For many years, was the only legal adviser in
the place. He was a faithful representative in Parliament for many
years. Was liberal in his iwliticalj opinion;:!." "As proof of his
good taste, he was proprietor of one of the best gardens in the
Province. It covered one acre of ground, and contained many
choice fruit trees, such as apples, plums, pears, peach, dtc, — all
tastefully arranged, kept in prime order, and defended from th«

I 9

■It

PVI

• i\4

\h. : '

i :♦

SHOOTING A SMUQGLAR.

wind by a liij*)! wall. Ho took an honest pride in showing his
p:ardon to Iuh fViendrt wlx) called n])()n him, and was not stinted in
distributing its luoious products." Mr. McLean left one dauglitor,
who l)eoame the wife of John ^fcLean, Esq., Sheritf of the Midland
Pistrict. Christopher Hagernian residedlbr many years in King-
slon. "Was, for many years, Custom lloiiso Officer, and while so,
one of his students (Mr. Samson, afterwards of Belleville) detected
a man, by the name of Lyons, in the act of carrying; smuggled
goods, and ordered him to stop. ()n his refusing to do so, Mr. S.
discliarged his pistol, wiiich tooiv effect, the ball passing through
the elu'st. Lyons i-iishcd to his house, a few doors off, and fell
exhausted fi-oni loss of blood. .Mr. Samson, friglitened at what
he had <l()m', hiistened to summon Iwo doctors, Drs. Armstrong and
Sampson. This oocurred before da^dight, on the morning of the
2tUh .hnie. L'^2-t. The life of Lyon>^ was despaired of for many days;
but, eventually, he grew bi'iter, and gained a modenile degree of
health. It is creditable to .Mr. JIagerman, that he cheerfully ])ai(l
the medical attendants. Mr. llagernian represented Kingston in
ParliaiiKiM several years, lie ren\oved to Toronto, a few years
prcviuus to ilie reludljon of IS^Jt],

KIN(i» ROYAL RA.NQEB6.

439

CHAPTKR XLIX

CosiKNTti — TIiu si'coi'i tdwii — r,iii(-st!i tuwii — Kiiii,- *; oifjc — His ( liildrcu—
Settlers of i;rt;ei ttowii — nislmnilcfl suldiei-v — IcIiiisoh'r retriiiiriit — ^Iiiior
RojferH' eovpK — Tli . •' KoH " — Nnnilier — My ulioiii enlisted — An old Imol,- —
'rowusliip surveyed — Sr:tflii!^ — Tr.-u 'lint; — Livint; in tints — A eiian^^v' —
Oflicers — Xetn'"— (i(eniirints(f!otf--Mill Creek — 'riird'-;''eniliint«— i.iii.-ititil y
of land — Villnue — Tlte settlers in 181! — 'I'le' iiinin roiul — In''ortior!ition of
Ijii.tli — 'riiidin.'i — I'iiirlield — Tlio libiaiy — Jintii by (loiiriay — ilitth of lite
present- TmMi I'ersiis Xapin.':; — In 1S12 — Ann^riean l''U'.t — ^^'ond' 't'lil
ii('liieve!ri!>)it — Safe dist?nei> from sliori'-.-'I'liird to'.vnsliip — l'rederi(;l;sl)ni!;l)
— Afli.r Duk- ('f Snsse:. — Surveyed liy Kotii- — A |v!-oniise to tln^ disliiniilid
soldii rs--.!oIi'!-(in — Kredir:( k--ii;ir.t,'l) iiddiiioiial — V (iispnte — (Jnantity of
land — Kxtraet from Mr-;. Moodi^' — KeHcrv'' for vil!a;j:e — Second survoys-.

Tif K SKCONl) T< IWNSITI V — ERNKSTTi i\V.V — BATH

'I'lio lirst (iwnship was iininc'l after His Mnjosty, the Kiny^'s
Town, iiiid all of the o'her tiAv;iships. both n|)oii the St. Liuvreiico
:md Hay (Juiiite, received imr;es after (li!itii)<j;nished loyality. or
■=iimo distingiiish<'d noMoinan, or general of 'ireat Rritaiu, then
iK'Cnpying .-ipromiTient. ]K>sitioii. King f Jeorge tlie TJiird, who died
ill 182(1. aged eighty-two, having reigned sixty yearn, had a family
Ml fifteen eliildren. wliot^e naiin's were (leorge, Frederieiv, William
Henry, (!harlotte Angusla .Matilda, Kdward, Sophia Angii.sta,
Elizabeth, Firmest .■Vngustus. Augustus Frederick, Adi)Iphus JVed-
erick, Mary, So))hia, Oelaviiis, Alfreil, Amelia. The^e royal names
were appropriated to the townships, towns, districts, &e.

Frnesttown was so named after Earnest Augustus, tho ciglith
iliild of the King.

The first townsliip. we have seen, was cliiefly granted to Captain
UrasH and the band of loyalists who came from New York nn<ler Iiis
iniidiince, notwithstanding some olijeetion from Sir John Johnson,
and the otHcers of his regiment. The second lown'-hiji, however,
and also the third, wero alloted to the 2nd battalion of tlio H4th
legimenl, commonly called Sir John Johnson's regiment, also the
King's Xew York J'oyul Ifangers. The regiment was generally
designated, by tlu. rebels, as the Royal (xreons. This body of
men took a conspicuous part in the war — took a noble part,
although those who feared them, and were uiie(}ual to meet
theni in successful combat, cndeavoure<l to malign them. I'ho
history of this regiment is referred to elsewhere, and as well
thiit of the distinguished founder. The writer hus in his possession
the ''roll of the 2nd battalion of tho King's Koynl Rangers, Now

f^^^

440

BY WHOM ENLISTED.

iii

t r

York," containing tho names of the parties bj' whom each of the
soldiers waw enlisted, which will be found in the appendix.

By this it is learned that the whole number of the company
was 477. That Sir John Johnson enlisted 88, Major Ross 47, Cap-
tain Lcaho 17, Guminall 38, Munrow 29, Anderson 1, Lioutenani
Ilalbert 1, Captain McKay 95, Morrison 30, Singleton 1, Miijor
Gray 2, Captain Crawford 2, John McDonell 2, Lieutenant Lan-
gan 30, Langhn 2, Lieutenant Wair 1, French 1, C. McAlpino 1,
Ensign Thompson 1, Lieutenant McKay 2, Sergeant Howell 2,
Tipple 1, Ensign Smith 3, and 69 by whom, it is not stated,
they were enlisted. This roll was afterwards a precious docu-
ment, when it became necessary to prove that one was truly ii
TJ. E. Loyalist. Tho book in which this roll is found, (■y»enis to
have been an account book kept by the Adjutant, Eraser, and is
dated at Oswego, 28th November, 1782. Subsequently, it was
tisod as an account book by " Captain Crawford's company."
We believe it was after his death that the book came into tlic
possession of Mr. Sills. It is an interesting relic of the past,
and ought to find a lodgement in some museum.

Many of these disbanded soldiers were from the Mohawk valley
and Upper Hudson. The majority were from the old Johnston
district, and not a few of Dutch origin. These honest and indus-
trious settlors are represented to-day by wealthy and valuablo
citizens, whoso names unmistakably indicate the stock from which
they have descended. '

This township was surveyed probably in 1784. It may be that
a base line was run in the fall of 1783. By looking at the ma]) of
this township, it will be seen that the lots are marked, like those
of Kingston, from west to east, showing that the base lino was run
along the whole length, and tlien subsequently the survey com-
pleted from the west.

In the early spring of 1784, came tho soldier settlers ; the hi
battalion, commonly called Jessup's Corps, settled on the St.
Lawrence, in Edwardsburgh and Augusta, while the second, or
Rogers' Corps, passed up to the Bay of Quinto. Respecting this
regiment, the following will prove appropriate, from the pen of the
historian of tho County of Dundas. " At the close of the war, this
regiment was stationed at tho Isle aux Noix, a fortified frontier
post at the northern extremity of Lake Champlain, which has
been mentioned as an important fortress during the old French war,
Hero they ]iu8sod a whole year, and were employed in adding to

ARRIVED.

441

iloi-s -, the bl

the already oxtensivo fortifications of that island. While tho3'"
ro.iiaincd thoro thus employed, two Government snrvcyors, named
8teichmann and Towit, were actively engaged surveying tb®
County of Dundas, for their futui-e occupation. Late in the autumn
of 1783, the soldiers were joined by their wives and little ones, who
had wandered the weary waj'^ afoot, to Whitehall, through swamps
and forest, beset with difficulties, dangers, and privations, innumer-
able. The soldiers from Irde aux Noix met thorn there, with boats,
and conveyed them the rest of their journey by water, through Lake
Champlain. Imagination fails us when we attempt to form an idea
of the emotions that tilled their hearts, as families, that had formerly
lived happily together, surrounded with peace and plenty, and had
been separated by the rude hand of war, now met in each others
embrace, in circumstances of abject poverty. A boistei-ous passage
was before them in open boats, exposed to the rigors of the season —
a dreary prospect of a coming winter, to be spent in pent
up barraclcs, and a certainty, should they be spared, of under-
going a life-timc! of such hardship, toil, and privation, as, are in-
separable from the settlement of a new country. As soon as the
jom'ney was accomplished, the soldiers and their families, wore
embarked in boats, sent down the Eicheiieu to Sorel, thence to
Montreal, and on to Cornwall, by the laborious and tedious route of
the St. Lawrence. The difficulty of dragging their boats up the
rapids of this river was very groat ; to us it is really quite incon-
ceivable. Arrived at Cornwall, they found there the (Jovernment
Land Agent, and forthwith proceeded to draw by lottery the lands
that had been granted to them. On the 20th of June, 1784, the
first settlers landed in the County of Dundas."

Not unlikely some of the 2nd battalion were stationed at
Carloton Island and Oswego, up to the time that settlement took
place. We learn that Captain Crawford's company at least
was at the latter place in 1782. However, it .seems clear that
most of tno battalion was in Lower Canada, and came up with
the first battalion. The survey was not yet completed, and they
pitched their tents along the ahoi*e, waiting until the work of di'aw-
ing lots was accomplished. In the meantime, they passed their
days as besttlle^' could; not knowing where their lot would be east,
they could not proceed with the clearing of land. The writer has
been told by one who, passing up during this summer, saw the
tents spi'oad along the shore, upon whose brink the primeval forest
yet stocxl in all its native beauty. Now, had they been stationed

» f "I

442

SRTTLER8 UPON THE FRONT.

- ]^ '■ «i

jit Carlot(»ii Island or Oswogo, it is not likely thoy would hnvo thus
oomo bof'oro they could ciitor upou their work of settling.

Thn o.-nnp ti'utH in uso by tlioso disbanded veterans wore the
sanio thoy had oeeunied in their cniiipaitining. flow <rrcat tho
ehanue lo them. The alarm of tlio coming foe. the thought of
approaching battle, the caiuion's roar, the rattle ot small arms, no
longer disturbed their droiims. nor sounded n]ion their ears. The
battle cloud had passed away, leaving but a wreck of their woildly
goods, and there was a great cahn — the calm of the desert wilderness.
\mbroken even by the .sound of the pioneer's axe — the cahn of a con-
science quieted by tlie thought that all had been sacrificed in a
righteous cause. They had met and contpu^red many a foe; but the
fate of war had driven them to the desert wild, to encounter new
fears, to tight the battle <d' the pioneer. How they suoceeded ; how
glorious the victorv, is written, not merely h\ our own feeble hand
elsewhere — it is indeliibly inscribed upon the pajjc- of the towiishi])s.
by the tillers of the soil.

In this township as well as elsewhere, the otiicers seem to have
had the choice of lots uj>on the front, while the rnnk anil tile took
possession of the rear lots. Anuwq: the otiicers who settled on tlu'
front of Knu'sttown and Frederick.'^hnrgh, may be founil the names
of Lieut. Church, Lieut. Sjiencer. Capts. Crawford and Tliom]tson,
Ensign Fraser, Cajit. Howard. .According to John Collins Clark.
son of -Robert Clark, the first lots were taken up in the following
order, commeJu*ing at the easternmost lot. No. 42:

Lot 42 was tirst occupied by David I'urdy ; Joshua Booth. Esi^.,
married to a daughter of David Fraser, lived on LtU 40 or 41 ; JLr.
Nicholas Lake, Lot 39, but soon left it ; Lot 3s was settled by Caj^t.
Wm. Johnson; William Fairlield, sen., Lot ;'7. He had twelve
children, all of whoin lived to marry. Daniel Hose commenced a
settlement on Lot 30. but in a few years left, .and removed to the
third concession. Matthias Rose, sen., settled on Lot 35, he died in
his 90th year. Lot 34 and east lialf of 33, were settled by Hobert
Clark, Esq. Ifis wife was a Ketchani, tliey had five sons and a
dauQ-hter; ho died at the a"o of 80 years. His eldest son. IMatthias,
had twelve sons. West half of Lot 33 was occupied by John Long,
well. The east half of Lot 32 was first owned by John Sayer; the
west half by Simon Swarts. Lot 31 was school land, first occupied
by Michael Phip})s and William Sole. East half of Lot 29, ownod
by H Genr-nn named Gedd, west half occupied by Daniel Fraser, Esq..
though not the first settler on tliat lot. Seba-stian Hogle, Jol\fi Lakei

THK LAND.

448

and John CuIdwoH scttlt'tl Lots '27 iitul :JS, Init soon ronioved hack
into th«> conci'ssiouH. ,);iint>s Purrot. K-«|., ;i h!\lt'-)i!!y oHiccr, Bottled
Lot. -'() ; ho ;tftorw!ird sohl this \o\ lo Adam Stanrinsr. t'roni tho
Mohawk llivor. Tho noxt soltha-:, oontinuinjif westwHtd, wore
.laooh Minor. I'rcdoriok Hakor, WiLrant (Liifhoran clor'jryniaii), John
Mahoo, Josoj'li Hull' a wa^'u^on inakor, Ad mi IVat. a tailor. Nicholas
Anipy. Simon Snidov. David Williams. i>onornlly cailod Sorujoant
Williams, a hlaoksmith. Joseph Losoo. Lionl. John Dnsonbury.
Lieut. Host soon loft, and Diisonlmry died. Lot, 19, has lattorly
been partially laid out into village lots, .and a number of build-
ings erected. L(H ly \v::s a (Tovernmont mill lot. It was
leased for sonic year.", by Joshua Booth. From iho nund)or of mills
subfieciucntly erected on tho stream, that i-mpliis hero, it obtained
the name of '• Mill Crook.'" l.o! 17, nettled by William Cottier
which was afterward invnod by -\. .1). l''ow:ird. Tliore were several
occupants of the noxt lot ; anil the noxt was settled by l>risco. and
the next l)y Ifichard Roi>ins. 'J'hen cmpic oi-'" by John (Teorrfo. Lot 1 1,
now ;i part of Bitb. \\,',s owned by (TOori;v Mct-!innis. a half-pay oiHcer,
who sold to Fairtiold. Xo. Ut. on which is situated most of tin- vil-
lace of Bath, was occuinrd iiy John I'avy. No, !) wa;* owned by
, lames Johnson, f;Ulior of the celebrated '■ Bill " Johnson, the traitor
of lsI2. Tlio next was settled by Jej.tha ILimley. Ks(|. Westwaol
lived .^^:'.tt^.!■)s Rose, William llo.^e, Wilcox, Shibloy. 'hen Finkle,
Bri.sco, lluirmai), Fruyn. Williams. (. liurch. i*tc. As a piener.'il lhini;"i
the sons of the iirst settlors, soltled in tho nar concessions. At the
present time, says C'ark. thovo arc not ni<»ro than 10 or TJ of the
farms on the front owned by the descendants of the oriiiinal settleis.
The townshiji of Kriie-^ttown cont.'iins (;s,rt4-t- acres, all of which
is excellent land with the least t'xco]>lion, so that the pioneers wore
not the losers in having this townsliip iilloltod to them instead of
Kintrston. However, at that time (ho dist.atice from Carleton Tsland
.lud Cataraijui seemed considor;ible. The land lieimr j^ood, and the
settlers industrious, as a o-eneral thiuij'. tho time was not lon«r, when
the townshi}> became tho best cultivated, and most wealthy, not
alone around ;he B.ny of Quint o but in the whole of Western Canada.
The richness of the soil, and lying more immediately at the month of
the Bay. contributed to its ]>rosperity, and a villaQ;e before many ycnrs
sprunc: ujt, wliich for a lime rivalled even Kingston it.self, in respect
to rapid increase of inhabitants, the establishment of tnido. building
of ships, and from the presence of gentlemen of reiinement and edu-
cation, and in the foundation of a library and a semimiry of higher
education.

}

- 1

il't

I ;

444

BATtl.

Gonrlay says, in 1811, that " llie Ht'ttlors nris most of them prac-
tical huMbamlnu'ii. Their fnniis are avoU fi>nce<l, well tilletl. and
accommodated witli huriiH. There are nowuhovo '2,300 inhahitantH, a
a greater number than are found in any otlicr township in the Pro-
vince They have three lioiises of public worship, one Episcopalian'
one Presbyterian, and one Methodist. In 18 IT, Kmesttown had
"one parochial academy in the village, and thirteon common schools
over tlie townshij)."

In some of the townships first surveyed, a plot was reserved at
the front, and subsequently laid out into town lots. Such was the
case in Ernesttown, seeminjrly. At all events a villaj/e sprung up at
an early period, on the front of the tenth lot. It was f(»r a long time
known as the Village of Ernesttown; but in time, after the war of
1812, it acquired the name of Bath, probably alter the beautiful Eng-
lish town of that name. Tlie distance of Bath from Kingston is
about eighteen miles, and the road leading thereto was one of the
first constructed in IJi)per Canada, and the coiuitry there was i-egarded
as the very centre of civilization in the Province. For a long time
the main road between Kingston and York' passed by Bath, even
after it was no longer solely by the way of Prince Edward and the
Carrying Place. A br.anch of the main road |)assed from this place
to Napanoe, and thence to Thurlow and Sidney. Bath was regarded
as a city in embryo. Its progress was onward, until the war of 1812-
Gourlay says of it in 1811, that "it jn'omises to bo a place of cou-
sidernblo business." But the war dealt a serious blow to the place,
from which it never recovered fully. The Khu/ston Gazette, of 1816,
remarks, to the eftect, that the village is emerging from its depres-
sion, and that it ought to be made a post town, and a port of entry. In
the summer of this year Samuel Purdy started a public conveyance
between Kingston and Bath. The following year the Steamer Fran-
tenac and Charlotte were commenced here. Jn 1818 a bill was intro-
duced into Parliament " to constitute the town of Bath — to provide
for laying out and surveying town lots and streets, and a market-
place therein, and regulating the police thereof."

The first person to engage in the trading business at Bath was
Benjauiin Fairfield.

Thus wrote Gourlay, of Bath, in 1811: "From the lake shore
the ground ascends about seventy rods, and thence slopes off in
a gentle northern descent. The ascent is divided into regular squares
by five streets, laid pai'allel with the shore ; one of them being the
lower branch of the main road, and all of them crossed at right anglei

DECAY OF BATH.

445

by streots ntiniini>; iiort..orly. Oiio of lliosf cross stroots is ooiitiiniCMl
through till' coiu'CNsion, nnd I'oniis thiit lirniicli ol' tho niniu roinl
whicli |KiHsc'8 roinul the Uiiy of (.iniiitc Oti tlic I'list side of this
■tri't't, jit tlu' most «'k'vnt»'(l point, stands tin- fhuroli, mid on the oppo-
Bite side is the iieadeiny. nvcrlookinix the vilinge, nnd coninuuKlini; n
variegated prospect of the harbour, the sound, the adja<'ent isiiind,
the outlets into tlie open lake, and the shores stretching eastward and
westward, witli a line landscape vii-w of the conntry all around.
The situation is healthy and delight fnl, not snipavscd perhaps in
natural advantages by any in America. The village is increasing in
buildings, accommodations, inhabitants, and business, and Heems cal-
culntod to be the central point of a jiojnilons and productive tract of
country around it."

A stranger visiting Bath to-day, Juiving roiwl of its early and
enterprising days, will not unlikely led a pang of disappointment.
Wo are sorry to mxy that the j)laee presents a tumbling-<lown appear-
ance. A large brick i)uilding, built in 180f>, to uccommoduto what
was then the large.st Free Mason lodge in the province, has a largo
rent In it, as if an enemy's cannon hall had penetrated and shattered
it. Prominently situated it attracts great attention. The quietness
of the place reminds on© of (xoldsmith's deserted village. Within
our own recollection, ship building was carried on here , but now
nothing indicates the place of busy enterprise ; there is nothing
but the plain unbroken beach, whei-e was constructed the first
steamboats built in Upper tJanada. The literary spirit that led to
the establishment of a library herejat an early date, we tear has
departed — gone with the spirit of those who nobly conceived the
project — gone as lawyers Macauiay, Fairfield, and liidwell, who
here entered upon promising careers of profossionsl usefulness.
The glory of Bath has not ceased to depart; year after year it
has lost some element of importance to its existence. The rich
country around for many years poui-ed into this charmitig village
ita ever increasing supplies. The merchants of Bath exchanged
goods for the produce, nnd became rich ; but now, Napance, afford-
ing a greater variety of the necessaries and luxuries for family
use, draws a large majority ol the well to-do j-eomon, who there
spend their money. Occasionally, a grain buyer may be able
to offer a little higher price here, yet the farmer takes his
money to spend in Napanec. Times, indeed, have cliangod since
the denizens of Bath regarded their village as a rival of Kingston ;
when enterprise sought hero a larger field in which to drive busi-

■ i ■'{

1 "

h 'if;

iliil

446

t'HKDKKICKt^mrROII.

f '^'

no8H, and men of t'diicutiuii addriRMl socioty, aiul ^avo rotlnemcnt
uiid nu|KM'ior iidviintauos (o its poopU'. TImmi Napanco waH in tho
backwoods — a ]tla(i' ri-j^arded as \vi; do now tlio woltlemcnlH upon
tlio llastinf,'"^ Jload ; and thoso avIjo lived th('»'o wore iTniov«>d from
the c'oMir*' i)f oiviiizution. ]}iil now tlio iron hortio spocdH alon<i; by
thu olil Yoriv .[load; and Dath of Canada, like itw ^roat luimoBukf at
homo, ulthou^li still beautiful, is intorosting, nmiiily I'rom itw paat
ausocitttions.

it was the citizens of IJjUIi who first saw the American fleet in
181.'{ approiichinj^ ilie shore. The early mornin;^ sun saw the
inhabitants very shortly aroused to action. The okl veterans, who
for so many yi'ars had used the plow and the axe, anxiously enquired
for their old weapons of warfare. Mrs. Perry tells lis that she
distinctly remembers that the word camo to her father's while they
were at breakfast, that the enemy was entering Bath. Jlor father,
then til'ty-eight, forsook his breakfast and Bought his gun. But
before he and his sons reached the village, the fleet had passo<l on
toward Kingston. .I'hroe of his scjns, hurried on to Kingston.
In like manner, all along the front, arose the men of seventy-six,
with their sons; and th« r arms flashed in the morning sunlight.
The enemy had won at Bath a great victory. They had stolen in
at the early dawn, when no foe was there, and actually had
succcedetl in taking and burning the Bcliooner Benjamin Davy.

1 1

THE TUIRD TOWNSHIP — KREDSBIOKSBUBQH.

The early settlers sometimes called it the " Township of Fred-
erifik." It was called after Augustus Frederick, the Duko of Sussex,
ninth child of the king.

According to tho original plan of this township, prcser\'ed in
the Crown Lands' Department, it was ''surveyed in 1784 b|y James
Pearly Lewis Kotto, Henry Holland, and Samuel Tuffe."

Tlio limits of the second township liaving been defined, the third
was also plaimed. Having fixed the base line, which formed a flight
angle with that of the second town, over the width of twenty-five
lota, it was at first, the intention to limit the township to this extent
of frontage ; and the lots were consequently, coinpletcd and numbered
from west to east, as liad been done with the first two townships.
But it turned out that this would not meet the requirements of Sir
John Johnson's disbanded soldiers, to whom the promise had been
made that they should be located in a town9bip by themselves. The

jtlnemcnl
niK in Uio

)Vod from
I iiloiiji; by
nu'Buki' at
n ilH past

un floot in
1 lARW tho
L>ran8, who
y enquired
» thcvt nhc
while they
I lor lather,
gun. But
i pasBod on
) Kingston.
Bovonty-six,
ng Bunlighl.
ad 8tol«n in
ctuallj had
Davy.

hip of Fred-

LOOfSusBCX,

)rcser\'ed in
^4 by James

Bd, the third
led a slight
twenty-five
this extent
[a numbered
townships.
Lents of Sir
ie had been
Lives. The

FUEIiEaiOKHBURnll ADDITIONAL.

result MUM, tiiat tlic wishen <if this corpH' wore grati tied, and the town-
Hhip wa.s onliirgud to the e.xteut ol" lliirtoeM aihlitiunal lots, which tho
ma|» will show aro numbered from eat^t to webt, and whicli indicate
that the lots were completely surveyed befori' they were nuinlx-rcd.
That portion of the third town included in the portion first nmul^ere*!,
received tlic name of •' FrederickHburgh Orijiinal," and that Hubse-
(|uenlly added, was called *' Frederick.sbtiryh Additional." The origi-
nal iutcution of the surveyor, was to have the latter portion i'orui a
part of the fourth township, which would have efleetetl a more eipial
division of the land; but the <lisbaaded sdldiors <lid not wisli to pass
under the control of other otticers, sucli as held command »»f the settlers
of the fourtli township. Indeed, as will be more particularly pointed
out in cimuectiou \vith that township, Adolphustown had well nigh
been entirely consuueil by tho renewed arrivals of Ilogers' men.
There need be no wonder that tho old soldiers should thu.s desire to
remain side l)y si(k' uiidor a common comnuuuler, in the wilderness
field, to figlit the stern battle of pioneer life, and to convert the wilder
ness into hoincsteatls. The fact that mimbers of each battalion
were unwilling to settle, e.vcept under their own othcers, reveals the
spirit of the times : it tells us how much the settlement partook of a
military character, and the feeling of attachment which existed be-
tween the officers and men, as well as among the rank and tile. It
would not do that tl^e same lots should be occupied as a part of the
fourth town under Captain VanAlstine ; they must be severed from
that township, and united to Frederioksburgh, under the Jurisdiction
of their old major.

Frederioksburgh contains 40,216 acres of the Ncry best quality
of land. Tho following is taken from Cooper's Kssay, by the pen of
the talented Mrs. Moodie. "We approach Fredericksburgh : this
too is a pretty place, on the north side of the bay; beautiful ordiardf
and meadows skirt the water, and fine bass- wood and M'illow-trees
grow beside, or bend over the waves. The green smooth meadows,
out of which the black stumps rotted long ago, show noble grwips of
hickory and butternut, and, sleek fat cows are reposing beneath' them,
or standing midteg in the small creek, that ^vanders through them, to
pour its fairy tribute into the broad bay." In 1811, the township
had "a large poptUation, and many excellent farms, nu Episcopal
Church (subsequently 'burnt), and a Lutheran Meeting-house." —
(Gonrlay).

There -was also a " reserve" for-a village in thi8'to^vn^ip at tho
front, whioh, however, oever grew into a village.

J I

il!

Ill

448

ADOLPHUSTOWN.

In 1798, an act wns pjtssod, the object of which was to ascertahi,
and establish the boundary lines between the townships by which
irregularities might be removed. In 182G, a special act was obtained
"to make provision for a survey of the first, second, and third, con-
cessions of Fredericksburgh, original, .jid the whole of Fredericks-
burgh, additional." It was enacted that the eastern boundary line of
the said township, otherwise known as the line betw'een lots number
twenty-five, and the Gore, in the said second and tliird concessions,
shall be, and the same is liereby <leclared to be, the cours-i or courses
of the lespective division or side lines of lots or parcels lying in the
aforesaid tract of land ; and all surveyors shall be, and are hereby,
required to run all such division or side lines of any of such lots or
parcels of land, which they may be called upon to survey, to corres-
pond with, and be parallel to, the aforesaid eastern boundary line."

■ii' *

i! 'IH

CHAPTER L.

CONTBNTS — Til"" Fourtli Townsliip — Adolplnistowii— After Duke of Cambridge-
Quantity i/f Land — Siiivey — Major VauAlstine — RefiigeeR — From New
Yorlc — IMmo — Voyage — Tlieir Fare — Names — Arrived — Hagerman's i'oint—
. In Tents— Fi-st Settler— Town Plot— Death— The Burial— A Relie— Com-
missary — Dispute of Surveyors—The Settlers — All things in common—
An Aged Man— Golden Rule — Old Map— Names — Islands — The Township-
Price of Land — First "Town Meeting" — Minutes — The Oifteers Record-
Inhabitants, 1794 — Up to 1824 — First Migistrates— Centre of Canada— C'jiirt
Held in Barn — In Methodist Chapel — 'A Den of Thieves" — Court House
erected — Adolphustown Canadians — Members of Parliament— The Courts—
Where first held — Hagerman — Travelers tarrying at Adolphustown.

/ti;.:T

8BTTLEMENT OF ADOLPHUSTOWN.

The Fourth Township westward from Fort Frontenac, wa',
some time after its survey and settlement, named Adolphusto^vn,
after Adolphus, Duke of Cambi'idge, the tenth son of King George
III. The Township contains about 11,459 acres, and was surveyed
in 1784, by Surveyor-General Holland.

In the year 1783, a party of Loyalists sailed from the poi-t of
New York. They were under the command of Capt. VanAlstiuc,
with a fleet of seven sail, and protected by the Brig "Hope," of
forty guns. Some of this band had served in the army, in an
irregular way, more had boon in New York as refugees. VanAlstine

.U;|..

) ascertain,
I by which
as obtained
third, con-
Fvedericks-
dary line of
ots number
concessions,
i'» or courses
lying in the
are hereby,
such lots or
ey, to corres-
idary line."

of Cambridge—
loR—From New
erman's Point—
A Ecli<:— Com-
s in common—
rho Townshiii-
mciTW Record -
f Canada— C'iurt
—Court House

t The Courts—

nstown.

hntenac, wa^
Ldolphustf wn,
I King George
Iwas feuvveyed

i\ the port of
VanAlstiuc,
"Hope," of

army, in »"
VanAlstine

PIONEERS OP AUOLPIirSTOWN,

449

although commissioned to load this company, it would seem, had
not been in the service — was not a military man, Imt a prominent
Loyalist of the Ivnickorbockors. But these refugees, in setting out
for the unknown wilderness, were provided with camp tents and
provision, to be continued for three years, and with such imple-
ments as were given to the disbanded soldiers, as well as a batteau
to every four families, after arriving at their place of destination.
The company were mostly from the Counties of Eockland, Orange,
and Ulster, on the east side of the Hudson, aiid Wc. tchester,
Duchess, and Columbia, on the west.

They sailed from New York on the 8th Sept. ITS'J, and arrived
at Quebec, 8th Oct. Many were undecided whether to remain in
the Lower Provinces, or go on to Canjula. The events of this
voyage ; this departure from old homes, to penetrate the unknown
north, are even yet hold in remembrance by their desecndanta.
Thus, it is told, that after leaving New York a few days, a shark
was observed following the vessel, which created no little consterna-
tion. It continued to follow for many days, until a child had died
and been consigned to the deep, after which it was no longer seen.
The Government rations with which they were supplied, consisted,
as the story has been told the writer, of "pork and peas for break-
fast; peas and pork for dinner; and for supper, one or the other."
The party proceeded from Quebec thence to Sorel, where they
spent the winter. They inhabited their linen tents, which afforded
but little protection from the intense cold. While staying there, it
was determined to grant them a township on the Bay Quinte. The
first Township had been granted to Capt. Grass, the second and
third were to be possessed by Johnson's Second Battalion ; so Van-
Alstine's corps were to have the next township. Surveyor Holland
was engaged in completing the survey, and even then, had his tent
pitched on the shore of the fourth township. The part3' left Sorel
2l8t May, 1784, in a brigade of batteaux, and reached the fourth
township on the 16th June. The names of some of those who
composed this party, were : VanAlstine, Euttan, Huycks, Velleau,
Maybee, Ooles, Sherman, Ballis, three fiamilies of Petersons, Loyce,
VanSkiver, Philip and Thomas Borland, Cornelius VanHorn
VanDusen, Hagerman, father of the late Judge Hagerman, Angel
Huff, Bichard Beagle, John and Stephen Roblin, Fitzgerald, Michael
Stout, Capt. Joseph Allan. Hover, Owen Ferguson, John Baker,
Wm. Baker, German, Geo. Eutter, James Noxen, John Casey, Benj.

Clapp, Geo. Butledge, David Barker, Owen Eoblin.
29

^i ill

> .1

iii'ii;

1 -•

■/ 1.'

lil

y I J i

'I'!

450

LANDING.

It is a ctirious fact, fully atteHted by the Allison's, the Hover's
and others, that as the batteaux slowly wended their way along the
shore, having passed thc|mark which indicated the boundary of the
Third Township, several of the passengers, gazing upon tho woods,
expres!>"d a wish toposKJds certain places, according to the fancy of
each; and, strangely enough, tho Cole's, the Hover's, the Allison's,
the Euttan's, and others, did actually come respectively into
possession, by lot, in accordance with their previously expressed
wish.

Tho company had reached the land whereon they were to
work out their future existence. The writer has driven upon the
ice along the Bay, following, it must have been, almost the way
taken by this party, as they landed. They passed along the present
Adolphustown wharf, westward nearly half a mile, and rounded a
point known as Hagerman's Point. Here a small, but deep stream
empties itself, having coursed along a small valley, with sloping
sides, in a westerly direction. They ascended this creek for nearly
a quarter of a mile ; and proceeded to land upon its south side.
Between the creek and tho bay is a pleasant eminence ; it was upon
its slopes the settlers, under VanAlstine, pitched their tents. The
boats wei'O hauled up ; and among the trees, the white tents were
duly ranged. Thus housed, and thus far removed from the busy
haunts of men, this community continued to live for many days.
Steps were taken at an early day to draw lots for land. As so
much of the township was washed by the waters of the bay, there
was not the same anxiety among the settlers with respect to the
decision of the ballot. Every one drew his number, with one
exception, and this was a notable one, as indicating the noble feeling
of brotherhood which lived in the breasts of the noble band of
refugees. The exception was not in favor of tho person in com-
mand, or a particular friL.nd. Mr. Cole had expi'essed a liking for
the tirst lot, now known as Cole's Point, and he, having a large
family and consequently more anxious to get on his land, and get
settled for the winter, and the land ready for the next summer, was
immediately, by universal consent, put in possession of the lot ; and
he even that year raised some potatoes.

In addition to the 200 acres granted to each of the company,
there was a town plot, consisting of*300 acres, regularly laid out into
town lots of one acre each, and one of these was granted to each of
tho settlers. This plot thus surveyed, it was believed in time would
become the site of a town.

io Hover's
' along the
[ary of the
the woods,
tie fancy of
3 Allison's,
ively into
expressed

ey were to
n upon the
,8t the way
r the present
I rounded a
deep Htream
ivith sloping
ek for nearly
( south side.
; it waH upon
. tents. The
^e tents were
•om the husy
many days,
and. As so
he hay, there
j-espect to the
)er, with one
, noble feeling
noble band of
irson in com-
a liking for
iving a lavge
land, and get
summer, was
the lot; ami

the company,
|y laid out into
led to each of
Tin time would

A RELIC.

451

While they were yet living in their tents one of their luiraber
died, a child it is said by some. The «lead was burie<i close by,
under a tree. When others came to die, thoy also were buiied here
and thus was formed the " IJ. E. LoyaUst burying ground."

The second person buried in this place, while it was yet a woods,
was Casper Hover. Shortlived was his career as a pioneer. But a
few months had passed, and he had barely taken possession of his
land when, one day engaged in clearing off the land, lie was struck
by a falling limb and killed. A blow so sudden was felt not alone
by his own family, but by all the settlers. Imagination cannot call
up the heart-stirring scene of this burial in the woods by his com-
rades. As there was yet no roads nor path, not unlikely the body
was conveyed by batteau from Hover's farm to the burying ground.
The coflin must have been made of rough green boards, split out
of logs, or perhaps made with a whip saw. There was no minister
to discharge any rights belonging to the dead, or improve the events
for tlie spiritual welfare of the living.

Casper Hover had for his wife Barbara ]Monk, a relative of
Barbara Heck, well known for her connection with early Methodism
in the new world. Thei'e remains now in possession of Joseph
Allison, of Adolphustown, whose wife was a Hover, a pewter plat-
ter which belonged to Barbara Monk. It is a relic of no ordinary
interest. Barbara Monk was a descendant of tlie Palatines, and this
platter was carried by her ancestors when they were forced to leave the
Palatinate. They took it with them to Ireland, thence to New York,
and finally it was brought by Barbara to Adolphustown, with Van-
Alstine's company. The writer has had the satisfaction of examin-
ing this relic of fonner days. It is a round dish, of solid
metal, 16 inches broad, and weighing over five pounds. It bears no
signs of wearing out. This article of household usefulness is, or was
in the past, regarded as a township one, and was famous for its asso-
ciations with innumerable pot pies. For many a year when there
was a bee, or a raising, or a wedding, the i)ewter platter was engaged
to do service.

The stoi'es of provisions for the settlers in this township, were
placed under the care of VanAlstine himself ; but it would appear,
from the statements of some, that Philij) Dorland gave his assistance,
and to some extent, was responsible, acting under the instructions of
a committee, for the distribution to the fanulies. Also, one Emery,
was connected with the department. *

It would seem that Surveyor General Holland, who surveyed the

h^\

.11 ^ ''

, 111

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fi:

452

THINGS IN COMMON.

fourth town, and Deputy Surveyor Collins, who surveyed third town,
had same trouble with respect to " Fredoricksburgh additional.' ' The
number of lots composing the third township at first, was not enough
to sujtply the whole of the battalion ; having been promised lots in the
same township. When it was seen that all could not be accommodated
in the lots of third township, it was determined to take a certain number
from the fourth township. To this Surveyor Holland consented,
probably with the concurrence of Major VanAlstine. But more of
Eogers' company continued to come ; and Collins wished to absorb the
whole of the fourth town, to accomodate them. In this he was, no
doubt, supported by officers of the battalion ; Sir John Johnson
among the rest. But Holland, in the interest of the company, which
had already settled in the fourth town, under VanAlstine, objected*
The statement come to us that Holland and Collins had well niglj
fought a duel in connection with the matter. As Collins was a deputy
under Holland, there must have been some strong influence supporting
the former, which was probably through Sir John Johnson. But
Holland, having completed the survey of the side lines as he desired,
started piecipitately to Quebec with his report. Colli : hearing of
this, started after. Wliatever may have been tlie contest at head
quarters, Holland's report of the fourth township was received, and
the third township was limited to its present size.

Mr. Joseph Allison, says, respecting the settlement, that ** what
was one's business was everybody's business, they were all dependent
on each other. Each concession was considered a neighbourhood,
each being about four miles }n length. After the trees were felled
and the brush burnt, then came on the logging bees, and every man
had to give an account of himself, if he should be missing when noti-
fied. There were no aristocrats, from Major VanAlstine down to the
humblest individual. Each had to do what he could. They were
perfectly organized in this branch of business, being divided into
companies or squads of six ; and each squad had to take a regular
" through " of about six or seven rods wide, piling all the timber in
their respective "throughs." These logging bees were always
attended with much strife, all striving to be ahead ; and as they were
always used to their rations of rum, they must, on these occasions,
have all they wanted. Then, in the evening, they must have their
dance. It was considered the privilege and duty of all the women
in the neighbourhood to attend and assist in cooking, as many of the
settlers were bachelors. Indeed, if there was a wedding, in one of the
concessions, all had a right to attend, belonging to the neighbourhood.

lird town,
ml." The
ot enough
lots in the
mraodated
in number
consented,
ut more oi:
absorb the
he was, no
in Johnson
)any, which
e, obiected.
I well nigh
as a deputy
) supporting
inson. But
i he desired,
: hearing of
test at head
received, and

ORIQINAL NAMES.

453

These pioneers of Adolphustown were a wonderfully hardy set of
men, possessed of great physical powers, although inured to hard-
ships of a veiy pressing kind. Tliey lived to a great age ; very few
of them died under eighty, and two of them lived to be over a hun-
dred. John Fitzgerald was the oldest man that came with Van-
Alstine, he died in 1806, aged 101 ; Daniel Cole was 106, when he
died. The leading men of the settlement were VanAlstine, Captain
Peter Ruttan, Michael Stout, the Dorlands, .and Nicholas Hagerman.
If any dispute or grievance arose, it would bo left to some one to
settle, but they all, with very few exceptions, tried to do as they
would wish to be done by.

" Joseph Allison was a whip-sawyer by trade, and assisted to saw
the first boards that were used in the buildings. He drew lot 17."

Examiniag an old map in the Crown Lands Department, certain
names are found written upon the Islands and Points of Adolphustown.
The southern extremity has upon it the name of Lieutenant Michael
Vandervoort. The adjacent island has Lieutenant Samuel Tuffee, and
P. V. Dorland. Proceeding around the point to the north, the first
indentation of the bay is named Bass Cove. The next point is for
John Speers, and Humphrey Waters — called on the map " Speers and
Waters lot, 150 acres." The next cove is called Perch Cove, and the
next point is for Lieutenant Samuel Deane, 100 acres. Then comes
Little Cove. The bay off" these points is called " Grand Bay," north-
ward to where Ilay Bay commences, it is called " The Forks," while
Hay Bay is designated " East Bay," and up towai'd the Mohawk
Bay it has the name of " the North Channel ; " Casey's Point on the
north shore of Hay Bay is called Green Point, and the land there is
allotted to Philip and Owen Eobliu.

Beside those mentioned, as forming a part of VanAlstine's com-
pany, there were, among the first settlers of Adolphustown, and pro-
bably of VanAlstine's party : Angel, WilUam and John Huff", Thomas
Casey; and at a later period came " Billy" Monroe, John Eoblin, John
and James Cannifi*, Philip Flagler, Carnahan, Robert Short, Fisher,
and Captain Allan."

In some respects Major VanAlstine's comj)any were better off
than the soldier pioneers. Although they had to come a long distance
by ship, and ascend the St. Lawrence in small boats, which precluded
the possibility of bringing to the country many articles for family
use ; yet they could fetch with them some things to contribute to
family comfort, beside clothing.

The township being almost surrounded by water, and having

i I,

; :'

'.'■ ['' i'f

'Mil

i.\

Will

■)' ■ !

W'v' !

454

FIRST RECORD.

I m

r w

* w

many indentations of the bay, tiiere was thoroby afforded the moet
ad\'antageous j^lace for tlic settlers, wlioso only mode of traveling
was by boat. Fuvcry concession has communication with the bay.
The township is the smallest in the Province, containing but 11,489
acres. The land :vt first, it is said, could be liad for " one shilling an
acre," and half of lot 15, of 100 acres, was sold for a "half joe " —
$8.00. In contrast to this, in 1817, there was " no land in the town-
ship Avhich could bt^ procured for less than £4 an acre," and few
would sdl at that price. Although so well provided with a water way
for travel, good roads were early constructed.

The following are the minutes of the first ** Town meeting " held
in Adolphustown, on the 6th of March, 1 793, for which we are in-
debted to Mr. J. B. Allison.

" The following persons worn chosen to officiate in their respec-
tive oflices, the ensuing year, and also the regulations of the same."

" Ruben Bedell, Township Clerk ; Paul Huff, and Philip Borland,
Overseers of the Poor ; Joseph Allison, and Gaiit Benson, Constables ;
Willet Casey, Paul Huff, and John Huyck, Pound Keepers; Abraham
Maybee, and Peter Rutland, Fence Viewers."

" The height of fence to be 4 feet 8 inches. Wat«r fence voted
to be no fence. Hogs ruiming at large to have yokes on 18 by 24
inches. No piggs to run until three months old. No stalion to run.
Any person putting fire to any bnsh or stuble, that does not his
endeavour to hinder it from doing damage, shall forfeit the sum of
forty shillings." ,

(Signed) Piin.ii' Dokland, T. C.

It is most likely that Philip Borland was merely secretary for
the meeting.

Euben Bedell was successively, elected town clerk for three years,
when, in 1795, Archibald Campbell was a])pointed, who served for
four years. In 1800, Daniel Ilaight was appointed. In 1801.
William Kobins filled the office, and continued io fill it for three
years, when in 1804, Ruben Bedell was again elected. The following
year Bryan Crawford was appointed ; the next Daniel Haight, who
continued four years; John Stickney then filled the office three
years, and Daniel Haight was again appointed, 1813.

There is in the Township Records, a Return of the inhabitants
for 1794, March, with the names of each family, and the number
of members in each. They are as follows : Ruben Bedell, 5 ; Paul
Huff, 6; Solomon Huff, 10; William Griffis, 5; Caspar VanDusen,

THE INHABITANTS.

455

6 ; Nicholas Peterson, 8 ; Nicholas Peterson, Son. 3 ; Isajic Born, 1 ;
Thomas Jones, 4 ; Alexander Fisher, 10 ; James McMasters, 8 ;
James Stephenson, 1; Eussel Pitman, 7 ; Joseph Clapp, 4; George
Brooks, 6; John Halcom, 3; Martin Sherman, 3; Joseph Cornell, 5;
Peter Valleau, 5 ; "William Clark, 6 ; Joseph Clark, 1 ; Albert
Cornell, 8 ; Peter Dolrya, 4 ; John ITuyck, 6 ; Alexander Campbell,
5 ; Buryer Huyck, 2 ; Albert Benson, 4 ; (rilbert Bogart, 2 ;
Abraham Bogart, 3 ; Christopher German, 5; William Casey, 6;
Edward Barker, 3 ; David Kelly, 4 ; Battin Harris, 8 ; John Cannift",
13 ; Nathaniel Solmes, 10 ; Peter Wanamaker, 4 ; Garret Benson, 1 ;
William Mara, 4; John Eoblin,3 ; John Elms, 3 ; John Wood, 2;
Peter Euttan, Jun'r., 3 ; Owen Eoblin, Jun'r., 2 : Owen Eoblin,
Sen'r., 8 ; Benjamin Clapp, 8 ; George Butter, 7 ; Jacob ]iullern, 6 ;
Cornelius VanHorn, 6 ; Eobert Jones, 5 ; Paul Trumper, 8 ; William
Hanah, 4 ; Michael Slate, 4 ; Peter Euttan, Sen., 5 ; Denis Oscilagc,
1 ; Joseph Carahan, 8 ; Thomas Dorland, 6 ; Philip Dorland, 9 ;
Willet Casey, 8; Peter VanAlstino, 3; John VanCott, 7 ; David
Brown, 3 ; Peter Sword, 2 ; William Brock, 5 ; Nicholas Hagorman,
8 ; Cornelius Stouter, 3 ; Abraham Maybee, 7 ; Henry Tice, 3 ;
Thomas Wanamakers, i; William Button, 5; Joseph Allison, 2 ;
John Fitzgerald, 2; Matthew Steel, 5 ; Conrad Vandusen, 5 ; Henry
Hover, 3; Arion Ferguson, 2; Henry Eednei-. 4; Andrew Huftinan,
4; Daniel Cole, 11; Henry Davis, 5; James Noxen. 1. — Total 402.

The total number of inhabitants in 1800, was 524, and in 1812,
575. The returns are given, yearly, up to 1822, when the number
was only 571. It is observable that the number fluctuates from
year to year. This was duo to the fact that families would come to
the township, from the State.^, remain a few years working a farm
on shares, and then would move up the Bay, to another township.

Major VanAlstino, as the military commander, was the chief
officer. But there lives no account of dissensions and litigations, for
many a year. When the Government appointed Magistrates, pro-
bably not until after Upper Canada was erected into a se])arato
Provinee, VanAlstino was the first to receive the commission. There
were, likewise, appointed at .he same time, or soon after, several
others, viz., Thomas Dorland, Nicholas Hagorman; Euttan, Sloat,
and Fisher, afterwards Judge. It is said the Magistrates did not
always agree. Euttan and VanAlstino had dissentions; and Van-
Alstine claimed certain power, by virtue of his command over the
corps who peopled the township. Whereupon Euttan, at the next
meeting, donned his suit of clothes, which he had worn as an

■fi, I

miF

rll

'-' i^

TUE OGNTRB OK CANADA.

officer of tlio Regular Army, and declared no one was his superior,
and, it is naid, gained hiH point.

The time came, when Adolphustown was almost the Centre of
Canada. It is true, Kingston was the great point to which the
military and naval forces centred, and the circumstances of such
gave that place a status which it could not otherwise have obtained.
But Adolphustown was really the centre of the settlements in the
central part of Canada — the Midland District. So it came that the
court was alternately held at the Fourth Town and Kingston, being
twice a year in each place. The first court in this township, was
held in the barn of Paul Hutf, which served the purpose very well
in summer. The next occasion was in winter, and some building
had to bo procured. Application was made for the Methodist
Chapel. Some objection was made, on the ground that a " house of
prayer" should not be made a "den of thieves," referring to the
criminals, not|to the lawyers. But the Chapel was readily granted
for the second court hold in Adolphustown. It is said that a propo-
sition was made, in duo form, that if the inhabitants of the Fourth
Town would build a Court House, the court should be held there
twice a year. Tho offer was accepted, and a subscription set on
foot, which resulted in the erection of a Court House. When the
court ceased to bej held, in accordance with the agreement, the
Court House reverted to the Township.

Tho building of the Court House was followed by tho growth
of a village, and among its population were those whose names
became household woi^ds in every Canadian home. It continued a
place of importance for many a year; and, even when tho court
ceased to bo hold, the village, by virtue of its situation, and the
standing of tho township, continued for a long time of no little
repute.

Adolphustown contributed, during the first years of Upper
Canmla, a good many worthy individuals to tho welfare of the
Country, indeed Adolphustown took the load for many years in poli-
tical, as well as more general matters relating to the country. The
general elections, at one time, resulted in tho election of four
natives of this township to Parliament, viz : two'IIagormans, Sam'l
Casey, and Paul Peterson. Says Joseph B. Allison, of Adolphustown,
*' Our township, though, perhaps, the smallest in the Province, (if
it were consolidated, it would not be more than three miles and a
half squai'o,) has furnished as many statesmen and judicial officers
as any of tho larger townships. From the humble abodes of Adol-

8 superior,

) Contro of
which the
JOB of such
re obtained,
jnts in tho
me that tho
jston, being
rnship, was
je very well
ne building
I Methodist
a " house of
ring to tho
dily granted
hat a propo-
' tho Fourth
le held there
ption set on
, When the
•cement, the

tho growth
rhose names
; continued a
)n tho court
>n, and the
of no little

ORIOINAL COURTS.

457

phustown, have gone to the Legislative Halls of Canada, Thomas
Borland, John Eoblin, Christopher A. Hagorman, Paul Peterson,
Dr. W. Borland, Willet Casoy, Henry liuttan, Samuel Casey, Ban'l
Hagerman, Bavid Eoblin, John P. liobiin, who represented tho
County of Prince for many years. The Hon. John A. M cBonald
although not born here, spent his juvenile years, and attended tho
common schools in Adolphustown. Now, we challenge any town-
ship in tho Province, that has not a city or town connected with it,
to turn out eleven members of Parliament, all of them U. E.
Loyalists."

Eoblin, who settled in the third concession, was elected three
times to Parliament, in 1808, 1811, and 1812. At %st, he sat for
two years ; but, when sent the second time, he was expelled, because
he was a local Methodist Preacher. His constituents re-elected him,
and again he was expelled, to be a third time elected; but he died
before tho Parliament again met, on tho last day of February, 1813,
aged 44.

It was in tho year 1793, in the second Session of Parliament,
that an Act was passed " to fix the time and place for holding the
Courts of General Quarter Sessions of the Peace." The Act provided
" that the Courts of General Quarter Sessions of the Peace for the
Midland district of this Province, shall commence and be holden in
Adolphustown, on the second Tuesday in the month of July, and on
the second Tuesday in the month of January ; and in Kingston, on
the second Tuesday in the month of April, and on the second Tues-
day in the month of October." The other places were Michilmackinac,
Newark, New Johnstown, and Cornwall. In this second year of
Upper Canada, no mention is made of Toronto, nor yet of York.
Where now stands the splendid Osgoode Hall, with its chaste and
beautiful decorations ; and, indeed, now exists the whole of Toronto,
with its unrivalled University building, its Colleges, its handsome
Churches and elegant mansions was then a tangled forest, and, except
an Indian path along the Don, marking a portage to Lake Siracoe
and Fort Toronto, there was no indication of human existence.
Moreover, about this time, upon the shores of Adolphustown was
born Christopher Hagerman, who was destined to adorn the bar and
grace the bench ; who saw arise the Courts of Law, the organization
of the Law Society, and assisted to establisJi them at Toronto, where
he spent his latter days, and where now his ashes repose.

Among those who first came to Adolphustown are some who
had seen service in an irregular way, as well as the refugees. The

ilrl

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1 ' '

:tl

1;.

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ift .

' Vh

ivl

458

MARY8BURGH.

nanieH of some of them will be found amon^j; the loyal combatantH
and loyalists.

For several years, the families that eanie from the States would
stop at the Fourth Township, where they would " work out," or take u
farm on shares, or perhaps rent a farm, until they could find a suit-
able place on which to permanently settle, in the back tOAvnshipH,
such as Sophiasburgh, Ameliasburgh, Sidney and Thurlow. Tho
ordinary terms for working a farm on shares was for the owner
to furnish team, seed, &c., and take one-half of the produce when
gatliered.

Conrad VanDusen kept the first tavern west of Kingston, and
at his house travelers up and down tho Bay would stop. Also, new
comers to the Bay would here first tarry, until decided where to
settle.

,■1

CHAPTER LI.

CoxTKN'TS — Maryslmrfrl) — Oiifrin — Oun- |iiiH of a Sci):iiiorv — Survey — HcHsinns—
Old map — TIk! lots — Oilicirs oi'SUli Uc^'t. — Oiit^iniil liuulowiu'rK — Indian

I I'oint — McUdiincirs Cuvc — (iruK Hay — '■ Acioniiuoiliiting Hay" — •'Gammon
Point ■' — Ulack Itivcr — " l.on^? Point" — llcscrves — C'ourr!<' pursiioil liy the
Surveyor — Nnnilx r of lIe^^^<ians• — Their sntferinKs — Dark taleK— Discontented
— lU'turniiii: to Hesse — A suitable ioeiition — Not l'. 11 Loyalists — Received
land gratis— Family liuul— 'I'lui:' baliits — Oajit .Mi Donnell — Squire AV'right
Serp:t. Harrison — The Smith's — (Jraiit to llajor VanAIstine — Beautiful
Scenery — Smith's tmy — '• Tiie itoek " — Over a precipice.

THE FFKTII TOWNSUIP — JIAUYSBUROH.

inm

This township is so called after Mary, Duchess of Gloucester,
eleventh oliil<l of tho K\ui>;.

It is more than likely tliat the extremity of Prince Edward
Peninsula was frequently visited during the French occupancy of
Frontenao. Inileed, it is quite ])robable that tho Seigniory granted
to La Salle included a portion of the present township of Marys-
burgh. And no doubt, the beautiful bay, long time called Soutli
Bay, that is the body of water lying between Indian Point and
Long Point, with Wappoose Island, was often visited during the
American rebellion.

The original surveyor, Mr. Collins, having been instructed to
lay out a fifth township on the shores of the Bay, recognized the

combatants

tates would
,t," or take 11
tiiul a suit-
I toAvnships,
lurlow. The
r the owner
reduce when

jngston, and
. Also, new
dod whereto

fvey — Ht'Hrtiiins—
ilowiuTH— Indian
diy" •'Gammon

jmrsucd 1>y the
OS— Pisfontented
yiilists— Ueoeivcd
I— Squii-e Wright

Istino— Bt'antiful

I of Gloucester,

'rhu'O Edward
, occupancy of
Ignitn-y granted
Chip of Marys-
le called South
^iau Point and

feed during the

instructed to
[recognized the

LOTS IRREGULAR.

459

Bouth shore as a desirable place up(»n which to settle disbanded
troops. The forked peninsula, with the coves, and the MlackKiver,
supplied valuable facilities for the intending pioneer. The sur-
veying was commenced in 1184, and finished in 'H5 or '86. Kofer-
ring to the loyal combatants, it will be seen that the Foreign
Legion composed of Hessians, and a few Irish and Scotch, had
offei'ed, to such of them as desired to remain in Canada, grants of
land. It was the Fifth Township in which the Government deter-
mined the}' should be located. Having been staying in Lower
Canada for a time, they ascended in batteanx in 1785, and, we
believe, under the care of Archibald McDonnell, proceeded to
occupy the township ; while the surveying was still going on along
the bay. Great pains had been taken to secure a frontage upon
the water either of the Bay Quinte, the South Bay, or Black
Eivor. By referring to the oldest map of the township in the
Crown Lands Department, it is found thai while most of the land
was allotted to the Hessians, a considerable portion was taken up
by commissioned and non-commissioned officers of the 84th Regt.

By'looking at the map of Marysburgh, it will be seen that
great irregularity exists in the formation of the lots, and it will be
observed that great care has been taken to secure a frontage upon
the water to as many lots as possible. This was, as elsewhere
shown, to procure a water communication to the central points of
the settlement; and as well facilities for fishing, to the settlers. By
maps preserved in the Crown Land Department, it may be seen
to whom was originally granted certain parts of the township, from
the names written thereupon. The names of places are, as well,
very suggestive. It would seem that Collins, as well as others,
engaged in la3'ing out the townships, did not forget to make
claim to eligible lots, hero and there, for himself. To these he was
doubtless entitled, and acted no unjust part.

At the extremity of what is now called Indian Point, but for-
merly designated Point Pleasant, was a considerable tract of land
which was not laid out into lots, but which has marked upon it, as
the original owner. Surveyor John Collins. Subse»^uently, Collins
conveyed it to Alexander Aitkins, a law^'cr. Proceeding uji the
Bay of Q'linte, we come to a small cove, known now as McDonnell's
Cove; but maps exist rpon which this is called Grog Bay, In the
absence of fact, it may not be well to relate the traditionary origin
of this name. It is sufficient to say that it most likely arose from
the habit, then far more common than now, of visiting this place to

460

AROrND dOUTH BAT.

!; I

;■■•■''!'

fish, and drink ^ro^^f. Adjacent to thiH hay wns a lnrfj;o block of land
granted to Arcliihald Mcl>onn«'ll. Upon tlio Houth Hhoro of I'oint
Plcanant the water, now SmitirH Hay, is marked "Accommodating
Bay." Wljen wo remember the great necewhity for each hi t tier to
hnvo accosH to the water, and the conHtant courso jturwucd by tho
surveyor to Hecuro it; wo have nodifflculty in arriving at the conclu-
sion that this name aroHO from tho incroaacd facilities this indenta-
tion of tho lake supplied, in this respect. Tho point of land strelcli-
ing out between "Accommodating Hay" and Prince Edward Bay,
and Black Uivor, a name duo to tho durk color of its water, which
is north of tho furthermost point of the peninsula, is called " Gam-
mon Point." This name was given, most likely from tho fnnciod
resemblance it bore to a ham ; tho term gammon being tho word
commonly usod by tho old .settlors for ham. Looking at tho hill
from tho south-west, it does boar such a resemblance.

Tho lots were surveyed with their front upon tho north shore of
tho Black Kiver, and, then returning to tho water, and continuing
towards the extremity of Prince Edward's Bay, tho lots were made
to front upon tho water, making them angular with the others. At
the very end of tho Bay, they are changed again, so as to have a front,
at right angles with tho others. There are four of these lots. The
surveyor had now reached the rock of "Long Point," as it is called,
at the present day. Hero we tind, again, that tho lots front to
tho north, upon Prince Edwaixl's Bay. Tho surveyor next pro-
ceeded to survey tho base lino as far as Blutt' Point, and then return-
ing, formed fifteen lots, which brought him to tho rear of those
laid out at the head of the Bay. Ho then crossed over to tho Lake
Shore, and commenced to survey westward. Tho point was then
named " Point Traverse," from the fact, wo fancy, that the surveyor
crossed here to continue his survey without laying out tho extre-
mity of Long Point, which ottbrod no inducements for tho settlors.
Upon Point Traverse, was sot apart a block of land, containing
2,500 acres, which is marked "Military Lands." Probably, with
some idea of erecting hero some military post. Those were after-
^yard8 conveyed to " Capt. Joseph Allon." Upon the same map,
in the Crown Lands Department, we learn that a block of land
near Black Eiver, was or' finally granted to James Brock, Esq.
To the wostof theflftoen'lots laid out at the neck of Point Traverse,
and fronting upon the Lake, was a reserve for the Clergy. This
seems to have been the extent of tho first survey in this section,
t Returning to tho Bay of Quinte, we find that at this time lots

)lock of limd
»rc of I'oint
oinmndiUing
ch HI Itlor to
Huod by tho
at tho conclu-
thi» iudonta-
' land strolcli-
Kilward Bay,
water, which
;alled "(jiam.
a tho fnmied
ing tho word
ig at tho hill

north ehoro of
id continuing
ots wero made
he othorrt. At
to have a front
1080 lots. The
as it is called,
lots front to
^or next pro-
id then return-
rear of those
er to tho Lake
»oint was then
t tho Burvoyor
)ut tho oxtro-
the Bottlord.
d, containing
robably, with
80 were after-
e same map,
block of land
|b Brock, Ksq.
'oint Traverse,
Horgy. This
this section.
;hi8 time lots

ilRNHIANH.

401

wore laitl out along iho Nhioro wohIwui**!. \o witliiu tiUmi two inilos
of iho Lako oit tho .Mounluiin. Tho land tlionco not boiiig uttraclivo,
it waH not tlion survoyod. HuUociuontly wlion laid out, the lots wore
placed at a KJi^'ht anglo with ilioHo to tho oast, in oinUm' to t'ront
upon the Hay. Sixteen lotw brings us to tlio ontrunooof IMvlxtn May.
A^aiii u cliango is found to taUo place, so thai tho lots may front
upon tho oast shore of this bay. iSix lotn roach to the head of
the bay, which appears to have boon the termination tor a time
But subsequently, tho survey was continued, being slii;-btlyaltered,
tliiit tho base line migiit follow tho old Indian ('Hi-rying I'laco.
Thoro wore nine lots in this row. Turning to East Lake and West
Lake, it will bo soon that tho lots wero arranged to front on either
Hide, as well as at the ends. Tho time at whicii those lots mentioned
wero surveyed, is somewhat uncertain, but ])robubly l)eforo 1786.

It is impossible to state tho exact numl)or of Hessians who
settled in Marysburgh ; but judging from accounts, and the names
taken from the (trantee's list, it is surmised there were about forty.
Unacquainted with tho English language, and uiuiccustomod to the
profound solitude of tho forest, and tho flittings of tho dark-ski nod
Indian, often in n state of semi-nudity, it is no reason for wonder, if
the Hessians felt otherwise than contented in their wilderness home.
Although upon the borders of a lovoly bay, rich in valuable fish,
thoy wore ignorant of tho mode of catching them ; and, when the
Government supplies, which wore continued to them, as to tho
other sottlex*s for three years, was withdrawn ; although this valu-
able article of diet was at their very door, thoy wero exposed to
the terrors of actual starvation. Even during the time that rations
were to be given them, it is related they were often in want. A
dark tale of cupidity, and heartless carelessness on the part of officials,
to whom wore entrusted the duty of furnishing tho necessary stores,
has been told. How much of truth there may be in this report, it
is now impossible to say. When we reraombor tho circumstances
of the times; tho settlers scattered along hundreds of miles of un-
cleared land, that the stores had to bo transported from Montreal, and
Lachine by batteaux, and that, necessarily, many persons became
responsible for the transit, as well as the distribution, we need not
be surprised if there was now and then carelessness and neglect; and
now and then reprehensible appropriation of stores, which we* >
intended by a paternal Government for the mouths of the
hungry. Many of the Hessian settlors would gladly have escaped
from all the terrors which encompassed them ; but it was now too

I i

|l,:i<'.

462

THEIR DIFFICULTIES.

late. A8 a general thing, thoy had not the means of removing.
But there were a few who managed to extricate themselves, and
who returned to the old country. One John Croglo went to King-
ston, mortgaged his farm for £6 to Kov. Mr. Stuart, and took his
departure for the fatherlar i ; another mortgaged his lot to
Captain Allan and left, leaving his wife ; and never returned.

Probably no place in the country iifforded a better location for
these foreigners who wore entii'oly ignorant of the rugged duties of
pioneer life, and iia<l but an imperfect conception of agricultural
pursuits, and moreover, were quite unable to speak the English
language. It has been said, indeed, that the Governmci t exercised
u thoughtful regard in placing them, where a means of existence
was at their very door, by the catching of fish, beside what the soil
might bring forth. But the fact that they were of a ditt'orent
nationality— essentially a diftbrent people from the loyalist settlers,
militated against them. Many of the latter were Dutch, and could
speak little or no English ; but the former could understand Dutch
no more than they could Kuglish, (rcrman was their native tongue.
The Iljssians were not U. E. Loyalists, and they wei-e often made
to feel this by not receiving for themselves and family the
same allowance of land, and by the behaviour manifested toward
them by the loyalists. The writer recollects the tone of disparage-
ment toward the " fifth towners," by ati old inhabitant of the fourth
town. These things combined to delay prosperity to the township,
as a general thing.

They received land gratis ; but subsequently when the title
deed was given, a sum of £5 was demanded, being the amount of
expense incurred at the time of their enrolment into the service.
This was protested agains*^ upon the fioor of the Parliament, but
without avail. The quantity of land each should receive was to
depend upon the number of children. Beside the allotment to
each, at the time of settling, he was to receive an additional fifty
acres at the time each child attained the age of twenty-one. This
took the name of " Family Lands."

Although prosperity did not come to the township of Marysburgh
as quickly as to the first four townships, yet the time eventually
arrived when it partook of the general spirit of advancement. From
several sources we have the statement that the old soldiers were for
many years given to somewhat irregular habits ; and that an impor-
tant instrument in effecting a reformation among them, was the liev.
Darius Dunham, the fir,^t Methodist preacher to visit them.

i\\

■ removing.
nsulvoB, and
ent to King-
iid took his
his lot to
(turned.
• h)Cfttion for
ged duties of
agricultural
the English
eiit exercised
, of existence
what the soil
if a ditt'oront
rulist settlors,
tch, and could
n'stand Dutch
[lative tongue.
re often made
d family the
fested toward
of disparage-
t of the fourth
the township,

•hen the title
[ho amount of
to the service.
[arliament, but
I'cceive was to
uUotnient to
ulditional tifty
ity-one. This

SQUIRE WRIGHT.

463

Beside those of the foreign legion who settled in tiiis township,
were several offic^ers, and non-commissioned ofli(!era of the H4th regi-
ment, and a few who had heen in the regular army. Tht^ moat im-
portant of these was Captain Archibald McDonnell, who arrived at
the township in 1784, and landed in the cove, wliicli now bears his
name, and there on the shore pitched his tent, until he had ei-ected a
log cabin.

Then, there was "Squire " Wright, who was supreme in autho-
rity in the township for many a day, even before he was appointed
magistrate. He was the Commissary Officer, and the old soldiers
were ; wont to come to him, to settle any ditforencos that might
arise among them .

Sergeant Harrison was an early settler, he has a son still living
now in his 88th year ; yet hale as a man of sixty-eight. Ho was born
in St. Jolin's, Lower Canada, and was five years old when he came
with the family to the place, an elder brother having preceded and
erected a hut. He tolls us that the Hes.>*ians were to have throe
years' provisions, but for some reason onlj- received two years. Ho
remembers when blazed trees alone marked the way, from one
house to another ; and then the bridle path, which in time was
widened into a road. Tlie first horse brought to the township is
well remembered, it was owned by Colonel McDonnell. This one,
with another, were the only ones, for many a year, in the place.

Among the first settlers were William Carson, Daniel Mcintosh,
and Henry Smith, a German, who had several sons : John, William,
Boi jamin, Charles, Barnit, and Ernest. Smith's Bay is so called
after Charles.

Major VanAlstine had granted to him a large block of land in
this township. The original grant is now before us, and gives the
information that the quantity was 437 acres, consisting of lots
number fiv^e and six in the first concession. The document is dated
" 4th June, 1796," signed "J. G.,S." (John (ireaves, Simcoe). "Peter
Russell, Auditor General. Registered, 17th June, William Jai-vis,
Registrar."

This lot of land included the high hill, with the lake at its
summit, so well known to oxcursionistw. The Major at once pro-
ceeded to erect a mill here, which proved a great convenience to
the inhabitants of the township .The lake was for a time called
VanAlstine's Lake. In 1811, Major VanAlstine having died, the
land, with 30 acres cleared, and a dwelling-house, and another for
the miller, and out-houses are found ottered tor sale by the executors.

i; ,1

; Si;'"

1:1 i

II 1^^

i :

464

THB ROCK.

!,'<'

We cannot leave the township of Marysburgh without com-
mending the boautitiil scenery to those who may not have visited
it, especially the interior, and the shores of South Bay. A trip by
carriage from Picton across the rugged hill, which seems to eucirclo
in an irregular manner, the whole township, to the Black Creek,
whose dark and narrow waters, inclosed by muddy banks, contrast so
markedly with the bright blue of the bay into which it empties, hard
by Gammon Point, is one that will well repay any one making it.
The irregularity of the roads makes the drive none the less interesting.
Approaching the bay, there is spread out a view whose beauty we
have never seen surpassed, and rarely equalled either in the new
world or the old. Having obtained a close view of Prince Edward
Bay, and observed the far-stretching Point Ti'averso with the three
prominent Blutis ; and still ftirther away to the south, the Ducks,
and Timber Islands, the tourist should follow us closely as may be
the changing shore, that forms the head of Smith's Bay, to the north
side, where another delightful prospect will lay before him.

About six miles cast of Wappooso Island, is a bold pointstanding
out into the Lake. It presents a bold and precipitous front of about
100 feet in height. It is now commonly designated the " Rock."
Formerly, it was called " Cape Vesey Rock." Here was a reserve
for the Mississauga Indians, of about 450 acres. This was not sur-
rendered by the Indians until 1835, although some time prior, a
eettler by the name of Stevenson, had been in occupation. Some
years ago, there was overhanging the brow a mass of rock, which
one day fell, with a thundering crash. And the old inhabitants tell
of a deer and an Indian huntsman, whose bodies were found lying
at the fool of the rock both having approached the brink with
such speed that, to turn aside was impossible, and both bounded
over thv perpendicular rock to meet a common doom.

SOPHIASHURGH.

465

!1 -I .

CHAPTER LI I.

CoKi-KNTS — Sixth townshii) — Nnnii' — Survoy — Convenient for SL'ttlon.ent — First

settlers — A remote township — What was piiid for lots — " Late Loyiilists"

doing to Mill — Ueolofjieal fornmtion -Aionu tiie fmnts — Hii;ii shore —
Griissy Point — Its history — Mivrsh front — Central plaee — Stiekney's Hill —
Foster's Hill — Northport — Trade — .James Cotter — Oorcs — DemcivstvilU —
The name — "Sodom'' — First reeords — Township meetings — The Laws of
the township — Divided into parishe-: — Town clerk — OlUeers — The poor —
The eonimittee — Inhahitants, 1824 — Fish Lak.> — Seventh township — The
name — Survey hy Kotte — At the Carrying Place — Surveyor'.s assistant — No
early records — First Hottlers.

SIXTH TOWNSHIP— snPIIIASBIIRGH, NORTHPOKT, DKMEHKSTVILLE.

This township is named after Sophia, the twelfth child of King
Ooorge III. In the year 1785, Deputy Surveyor Genoi-al Collins,
who was then at Kingston, instructed his assistant Louis Kotte, to
lay out a sixth township, commencing at the southern extremity of
South (Picton) Bay, and proceeding northward along the west
coast of the Bay Quinte, the lots to front upon the buy. These
were measured along the high shore to Green Point, forty-four lots.
Following the bay, which at Green Point turns westwartl, a row of
lots were laid out to the head of the bay, sixty-four lots of which
were to form the northern front of the sixth townshi]). By refer-
ring to the map it will bo observed that this township wjis also a
convenient jilsvce for a new settlement, having two sides of a
ti'ianglc upon the bay. The comparatively straight high shore; and
the equally even coast upon the north, enabled the surveyor to
obtain a uniformity which had been impossible in the tifth town-
ship, although securing an extensive frontage lor the settlers.
About 1788, probably, the first settlers of this township took up their
land at the head of Picton Bay, sometimes cjilled llallowell Biiy.
They were two Congers. Peterson, Spencer, Henry Johnson ; and at
a later date came Barker and Vandusen.

Eespecting this township generally, ^Ir. Price, who has kindly
exerted himself to procure fsicts, observes, " I find there is soirie
difficulty in getting information. " The first settlers are all dead,
with one or two oxco[)tions, and many of the ftirms on the north
shore were bought from the U. E. Loyalists who never lived on
them." The occupation of the township generally, mux be regarded
as a later settlement. This rich; and now, long settled plaee, was
once considered as a remote settlement, as Rawdon, Huntington >
30

[■

I. 1

■\m '

466

F1R8T HETXr.KTlS.

iF 1

uiid Hungorfortl, were thirty years later. x\.ll, or nearly all, Avho
took np land here and hecame the pioneers, had at first lived in one
of the townships upon the lower part of the hay, most of them in
Adolphustown. Guilliam Demerest, John Parcels, and Eoblin,
were among these. Some of the settlers drew land liere; but
many purchased, and lots, now worth the highest price, were pro-
cured for a very small sum, or for a horse, or cow, or a certain
quantity of grain. Some of the settlers had formerly lived in the
Lower Province, or in Now Brunswick and Nova Scotia. Also,
there was continually coming in, those who felt no longc)' at home
under the new form of government in the States, or who were glad
to escape persecution. These woi-e not in time to secure land, and
were often called the "Late Loyalists." Then, again, a few years
later, when the bitterness of spirit, which had led the rebels to
commit such serious acts of cruelty to the loyalists, had subsided,
and a degree of intercourse had commenced between the two, it
came to pass that many, who had not taken an active part on either
bide in the contest, and who had friends in Canada, emigrated to
the shores of the baj', or, as they called Canada then, Cataraqui.
For instance, the Cronks and AVays, who were among the first
settlers upon the Marsh front, as the north shore was called, were
but the precursors of several others of the same name, who entered
about the beginning of the present century. Some of these were,
no doubt, influenced by the proclamation issued by Simcoe.
Nathaniel Solmes was one of the older settlers. He came from
Duchess County in 1792, lived in Adolphustown two years, then
settled on lot No. 10, 1st concession.

One of the first settlers upon the north front was John
Parcels. Ho was of Captain VanAlstinc'.i company, and settled
in that township, where he continued to live until 1809, when
he removed to lot No. 24, where Northport now stands.
His wife having died in 1787, he married Mrs. Parliament.
Their first-born, named Richard, was the first, or one of the
first white children born in Sophiasburgh. Mrs. Parcel's son,
George Parliament, says, in a memorandum, " I recollect having
to go to Napaneo Mills, in company with my brother Jacob, a dis-
tance of nearly twenty miles, to get our grinding done, we had our
wheat on a hand-sleigh, as the roads were not passable by any other
mode of conveyance."

r.. The land wus often purchased at a very low price ; for instance,
lot No. 16, in the 1st concession, was purchased for a horse, harness,

. i ',

AI,ON(J THE HUm SHORE.

467

y all, who
vcd in one
3t' them in
id Eoblin,

here; but
, wore pro-
• a certain
ived in the
)tia. AIho,
;er at homo
were glad
iC land, and
a few years
le rebels to
ad subsided,

the two, it
art on either
imigrated to
ti, Cataraqui.
ng the first

called, were

who entered
if these were,

by Simcoc.

;e came from
years, then

it was John

I, and settled
1809, when

I now stands.
Parliament,
one of the

[parcel's son,

)llect having

Jacob, a dis-

5, we had our

by any other

for instance,
lorso, harness,

and gig. A farm belonging to Matthew Cronk, was bought for a
half barrel of salmon. The Foster-place, where Benjamin Way,
used to live, was sold for an old horse. This is one of the best
farms in Prince Edward, now, perhaps valued at seven or eight
thousand dollars. In 17' ., Nichohis Laxior paid 825 to Tobias
Ryckman, lor 200 acres.

The geological formation of Sophiasburgh nnd Ameliasburgh,
ia not without interest. That tho mountain about. Picton, and the
high shore at one time formed the shore of tho bay, or perhaps,
what is more likely, stood up as an island in a lake, with much
broader boundaries than Lake Ontario now has, there is but little
doubt. It will not bo possible to discuss such ])oint8 to a great
extent, at the same time, it will be well to make a few observations
as wo proceed. It has been seen that this township has two long
fronts upon the bay.

These join at what is known as (Irassy Point. Commencing
at the head of Picton Bay, the reader is invited to follow the course
of the bay, and to observe tho points of interest which may be
found. No one can travel by tho road on the summit of the high
shore, Avithout been dce])ly impresseil with the boautj' of tho
scenery. From this height, ib an extended view of the bay, stretch-
ing down toward Kingston, with tho rugged shore of Marysburgh on
the right, and the lower and more attractive lands of Adolphustown,
and Fi'edericksburgh on the immediato left, while beyond tho
Reach, lies the placid waters of Hay Bay. About fifteen miles from
Picton, the high shore recedes from tho bay, and turns to the west,
stretching away almost to the waters of Ontario. From this part
of the coast, to Grassy Point, a distance of over nine miles, the land is
low; but the road is a pleasant one, until it turns to cross to tho
north shore. Continuing along the south shore, although walking
in silence, and quite removed from human habitation, wo are ti-ead-
ing upon ground, whicl., in the past, was a place of note. The
following notice respecting Grassy Point s«i])plios information.

" On Wednesday, the 27 th of June, at the Court House, will be
sold by auction to the highest bidder, that beautiful property, con-
sisting of 343 acres of excellent laud, of which a large portion is
cleared, situated in ono of the finest parts of the Bay of Quinte,
being the residue of a reserve for military purposes, and afterwards
granted to Sir John Harvey, on which there is a Ferry crossing to
tho Six Nation Tract. In tho neighborhood, there is an extensive
settlement of respectable farmers. The jiremises and the vicinity

i|i:;ll

i'l!

' 1

,1 !
I .,

III

2> lit

468

GRASSY POINT.

abound with game, and the bay with fish of every description
peculiar to Lalio Ontario. It is particularly suitable for grazing,
and \h within 40 miles of Kingston, which is a never failing ready
money market."

Sir John Harvey was afterward, for his services in the war of
1812, appointed Govornor of Nova Scotia. The land was sold to
Samuel Cluse, Civil Engineer, the person who surveyed the Welland
and llideau Canals. He died at Ottawa some years ago, and left
this property to his daughter, Anna, now Mrs. Paul Peterson, who
resides upon the place. The agent who advertised the land for Sir
John, as ' excellent land,' was scarcely correct. Much of the land
is rocky, with but few inches of soil. Clumi)s of scraggy trees
exist with patches of plain. But along the shores are pleasant
nooks, in which agreeable fishing may be found. The Point is
divided into two, by a small bay. The more eastern of the two
points is known as Grassy Point, and the other Green Point. The
intervening cove has been known as Louis Cove, from a Fi-enchman
of that name who long lived hero. The land to the East of the
cross roads, between lots two and three, is useless, almost, for agri-
cultural purposes.

Grassy Point, from its geographical position, naturally became
a place at which the early settlors, in passing up and down the Bay,
made a rest. At that time, but few trees were growing, the Point
being a grooii plain. Most likely, it had been the site of an Indian
village. The first settler here, who came at an early date, was
Hauncc Trumpour. His house was well known to the pioneers ;
and the navigator, wearily toiling in :.io batteau, gladly welcomed
the appearance of his hospitable roof. Passing around the extreme
northerly point, oft' which is Capt. John's Island, we arc upon the
north shore, oi* marsh front, of Sophiasburgh.

Grassy Point was not only a convenient place for resting, to
those passing along ; but it likewise was regarded as the most central
point at which to hold township meetings. And here, the whole
militia, whi'h comprised mostly all the male population of Prince
Edward, even from the extreme point of Marysburgh, were wont

to meet, to have their

annual trainings.

At these times, John

Ti'umpour's house became one of no little importance. The training
took place here so late as 1802.

Proceeding on our way westward, the land becomes very mucli
bettor. At the northern termination of the cross-road before men-
tioned, is a ferry, which has long existed. The first settler here,

ioscriptiou
)r grazing,
iling ready

the war of
was sold to
;ho Welland
I'D, and loft
tcrson, who
land for Su-
I of the land
craggy trees
arc pleasant
The Point is
i-n of the two
Point. The
a Fi'enchnaan
> East of the
(lost, for agri-

urally became
own the Bay,

ng, the Point
of an Indian

^rly date, was

the pioneers;

dly welcomed

id the extreme

arc upon the

Bbr resting, to
lo most central
Lero, the whole
Ition of Prince
^h, were wont
|e times, John
The training

lines very much

ad before men-

It settlor here,

STICKNEY S HILL.

469

who established the fovry, was Richard Davcn])ort. It originatod
from the necessity of the ^scttlers of the Sixtli Township, having to
go to Napaneo to niill. Manyabusliel of grain hns been backed
from this township to Napanec mills, anil the flour carried back.
3Ir. Paul Peterson now lives here.

Proceeding on our course. As the lantl improves, it is no longer
level, but becomes uneven, and, on lot eight, is found aconsidcrublo
cmincJice, known as Stickiicy's Hill, which stands closely against
the Bay. This hill has attracted no little attention, on account of
the largo number of human bones which the plow has, year after
year, turned to the surface. Various stories have gained currency
relative to the origin of the bones ; the most notable of which is,
that here perished Col. Quinte, with a numberof men. (Respecting
this, see History of iiay). The most likely explanation is, that
here, for years, the Indians living on Grassy L\)infc buried tlioir
(lead. Upon this hill, in the burying ground of the Solmes family,
reposes the ren\ainsof Dr. Stickncj-, after whom the I'laco is iiiimed,
and Avho was the first physician to practice in this township. Since
we visited this spot, but a few short months ago, another pioneer
'lus found hero a resting place. A faithful Canadian, an exem]ilary
citizen, Kichard Solmes, having lived to see the wilderness Inily
blossom as the rose, full of yoiu's, has passed to the grave, followeil
by a whole community of poo])le, and mourned by a highly eshn ined
Ihmily.

AVest of Sticknoy's Hill, the land gradually rises; and a low
miles grad>ially brings us to ahigher eminence, eallod now, Fostoi-'s
Hill, which is noticeable for many miles up and down the Bay. It
was onco,no doubt, an island in tlio midst of a great lake. Heing
(.overcd with wooil, adds, in summer, very much to the iH-auty jind
interest of the scenery. At the summit of this prominent hill is a
table land of I'ock covered with but little soil. .But very soon the
soil increases in depth, and away, on ever}' hand, stretches a fertile
land. Xear the foot of the hill, and upon the shore, where the land
is pressed out into the bay, almost to Jbrm a point, is situated the
Friends' Meeting House. No one acquainted with the mode of
worship practiced by tnis exceedingly conscientious denominaticm,
can helji being impressed with the truly suitable locality for deep
spiritual communing. Two miles further westward, at the eom-
mencement of the channel, between the mainland and the Big
Island, brings us to the pleasant village of JVorihport, so called from
ts situation, upon the north shore of the township. The situation

i q

. lilt

:;ii : ,.1

i;i

i!i

' i 'I

■ ;; ll

i ji

h''%^1

sSk

|;|

■ r

t«

'•' i

'J i

470

DEMERESTVILLE.

% i*i=

is chanuing; and here may bo soon tho vorj' ossoiioo ol'runil happi-
ness. The viUago, consisting of some 200 inhabitants, has two
stores, but no place where intoxicating liquors are sold. The tradi-
is confined to the inhabitants of tho township, with an occasional
customer from the Mohawks, across tho Bay. Tho view, looking
westward, throngh Big Hay and the Narrows, along the shore of
Thurlow, to Belleville, is, upon a lovely summer night, very pleasant
to the gaze.

The village of Northport was liuilt ]iartly on tho property
originally owned by James Morden and Isaac Demill ; Jamos
Mordon having built first hero in 1791. The first merciiant to com-
mence business here was Orton Hancock, in 1819. The first wharl'
built here was in 1829; but pri<n* to that Jacob Cronk had con-
structed one on his farm, lot twenty -one, probublj- in tho second
year tho f-harlotte run. ' '

In addition to the names already given, of the first settlers of
Sojthiasburgh, wo may mention the following: throe families of
Ostrom's, tho Short's, Bi-own, tlie Cole',>, Barse, Abbott, Cronk:^,
LaZicr, Spencer, Basker, I'ock, Dc^lill, Fox, Sj>ragg, Gosliii,
Trippon, Mowers.

•Tames Cotter was an early settler, became the first Justice of
the Peace, and, in 18KJ, was elected to Parliament, and served four
years.

The townshij) having been nirveyed so that the lots might front
upon both sides, there resulted a certain number of Ciores, dcsii;-
nated respectively by tho letters B C T) and G. The first of these
Gores settled was by Philip Roblin, who was one of tho first settlors
of the township.

Demeuestville. — This village, which is situatetl upon lots 3"^
and 89, of the marsh front, is named after the original settler,
Guillamo Demerest. The old settlers called him " Dcmeray." Ho
was a native of Duchess County, N. Y., and was a boy during tlu
rebellion, ltd was often engaged \x\ carrjdng provision to the British
army. Ho continued to live in Duchess County, until 1790, when
he came to Canada. IIo fiviled to prove his right as a U. W. Loyalist,
and consequently' " lost a fine gi'ant of land." Ho died at Consecon,
1848, aged seventy-nine. Tho village sprung up froui tho mills,
which were hero erected. It was, for many a day, called Sodom.
This name, it is stated, arose from the fact that when Mr. DemercstV
first wife was on her doatli-bed, a ball was given in tho place, al
which the inhabitants generally attended, and created some little

RECORDS.

471

noise, wlu'ivupoa sho siiid Ihoy wore "sis bad as the inlui')itants of
Sodom." Tho villngo of Domorostvillc was incorporated in 1828.

We copy tlio following from tho first record of the townshij) of
Sophiasburpr, Ity which it ■will bo seen that their mode of procedure
was unlike that observed by other townships. All of tin townships
were actinj^ by virtue of a common law, but seem to l.avo given
tho law ft widely varying interpretation.

"Passed, at Sophiasburg, at a regular town meeting, hold on
tho 3 d.'ty of March, 1800.

" For the better ascertaining astrays, and knowing and descri-
bing horses and noat cadio, sheep or swine. Be it understood by
this town meeting, that evciy inhabitant and householder shall,
within six weeks from the passing of this Act, have their mark
and brands recorded, according to law b}- tlu^ Town (!lark.

" And be it further enacted by tiie authority ai'orosaid, that
any astrays, horses, noat Cattlo, sheep or swine, that shall bo found
on any open or improved lands from tho twentieth of November to
the tirst of April yearly, anil every ^-ear the owner or owners of
Ht^ch improvement or cleared lands shall give in their luitural mark,
or artificial marks, and describe their age, as near as possible, to
tho Town Clark, who is hereby ordered to recui-d the same in a
book, to bo kept for that purpose ; foi' which such informor shall
receive one shilling for each horse or neat cattle ; aiid sixpence for
each fihec)) or svvino. Provided always, and be it so understootl,
that such astrays above mentioned, is not one of his near neighbors,
which shall bo lott to tho Town Clark to decide ; and theClarkshall
send word to the owner oi' owners, if he knows thom, by the mark
or brands; and, if unknown to the Town Clark, he is herein' ordered
to advei'tise them in three ditlerent places in this township ; for
which ho shall be entitled to receive from the ownei", or owners, as
followoth, viz : For sending woixl, or writing, or recording, or
informing any way, one shilling anil three-pence; if advertised, ono
shilling and six-pence, for each horse or neat cattle ; and for each
shee]) or swine, six-pence ])or head. And be it further enacted by
the authority aforesaid, that if any inhabitant or householder who
shall leave any astrays, as above mentioned, on his or her cleared
lands for eight days, from the 2(»Lh da^- of November to the first of
April, and neglect to give notice thereof, as by tho above Act men-
tioned, shall loose the reward for finding, or feeding such astrays,
and pay the owner one shilling for each horse or neat cattle; and
six-ponce for each sheep or swine. And I e it fiirther enacted, by

^i'^^1

f'-'

^'j

THE I'AHISIIES.

tho nuthoi'iiy, tlmt if no owner or owners shall appenr by tljc tirsl
iMoiuluy ill April, to prove their property, then, und in tlmt cuho,
tho Town Clark shall advertise lor nalo, all such astrays, in throo
townships, viz., Anicliasbur^, Sophiasburji;, and llallowoll, lor tho
space of twenty days, describing tho marks anil brands, color and
age, as near us possible; and it" no owner or owners shall appearand
prove their property, then tho Town Clark shall ])roceod to tho
sale of such astrays, by ap])ointing the day of sale, to the highest
bidder; and, after deducting the expenses, to be adjudged by persons
heroal'ter appointed by each parish, iti this town, and the overplus
shall be delivered into the hands of a Treasurer, hereafter to bo
appointed.

•' And be it observed — That all well regulated townships is
divided into ])arishes. Be it enacted, by the majority of votes, that
this town shall be divided into parishes, and dcsbribed as followetli,
that is to say: That from lot No. 45, west of fJreen Point to lot
Ho, 10, shall be a parish by the name of St. John's, and by tho
authority aforesaid, that including No. 19, to No. 6, in the Crown
Lands, west ol (Jreon I'oint, shall be a parish by tho name of 9t.
Matthew. And be it further enacted, l)y the authority aforesaid,
Tluu including tho lonants on the Crown Lands, and including
lot No. 28, shall be a parish by the name of St. Giles; and Ironi
Nicliolas "NVessel's, to Jiallowcll, shall be a parish by the name of
Mount Pleasant.

'•Whereas, all the tines and forfeitures that may incur within
our limits, shall be appropriated to charitable uses; we, the inhabi-
tants of Sophiasburg, in our townmeetint^s, on the 3d day of ^[arch,
1800, do think it necessary to ap])oint our Treasurer, in this town,
out of the most respectable of its inhabitants, to be Treasurer to
this town, to receive all forfeitures and ot!>er gums of money that is,
or shall be, ordered to be appropriated to charitable uses ; which
Treasurer is hereby ordered to serve iii that connection during good
behaviour, or till ho shall wish a successor. Ami be it enacted by
the authority aforesaid, thai we do appoint and uominato Peter
V'alleu, who is aitpointeil Treasurer, who is to keep a book and
j'eceive all the moneys coming into his hands, and enter by who
received, anil for what fined ; and when a successor is appointed, ho
shall give up all the monies he has belonging to said town.Avith tho
book aiul receipts, to the successor, and deliver the same on oath, if
required; and that each parish shall nominate ono good and
respectable inhabitant, who together with the Overseer of the Poor,

I'UOVIHIONH FOR fUR POOH.

473

Nhall 1)0 inspocloi'H to inquire aiul hoo thul nil tho tiiwn nnd tbrtbit-
ures of this town is ro^iilnrly rocoivod and doliverod to naid
TroaHurer. And if any porwon who eomoH and proves of any ast rays
that had boon within ono year and a (hvy, then tho Treasurer and
thoso Parish InHpoctorjJ, and tho Overseers of tho I'oor, sliall refund
suoh moneys as was doliverod to tho Troastirer, deducting two
shillinijjs on tho pound for its fees of said Treasurer. And bo it
enaeted by tho authority afoi-csaid, tliatwiion tiiere is any money in
tho hands of tlio Treasurer, and a necessity to lay it out on the
same charitablo use — tliis body corporate shall have the solo
managomeiit and disposing of, who is to receipt to the Treasurer
for tho samo end, have recorded in his book, and the use they had
applied tho samo and tho Treasurer, Overseers of tho Poor, ami tho
Parish Inspector may hold meetings and adjourn the samo when
and as often as they or tho major part of them shall chooso so to do
and shall bo a body corporate to sue and bo sued on anything that
may appertain to their several otUces."

Wo find no further record until tho j'oar 1820, which is as
follows : "An Act passed at a town meeting, held at Sophiasburg,
3rd January, 1820, for tho relief oi" the poor iu tlie township of
S()])hiasburg.

" Heport of tho (,'ommitteo on the subject.

"Wo, the Committee ai)pointe(J, who have tho care of tho poor
of the said township, have agrectl to report that one half j)onny on
the pound, of each man's rateable pro])erly, bo paid for tho present
year, and it is seen of the Committee that when any person is
agreed with to keep any oi" the poor, that they eiuleuvour to get
them to take produce in ])ayment for ilefraying said poor. Signed
on bohalf of the Committee,

.lAJIES NOXI'lN, Chairman.

Sophiasburg, .3rd January, 1820.

" Passed at a reg\dar town meeting, held at Sophiasburg, 1st
January, 1821.

"The report of tho Committee to the care of the poor for the
present ye.u" is, that ono farthing on the ]iound, of each man's rate-
able pi'operty, will be sufficient for the present year.

" By order of llio Committee.

(Signed) JA.MKS NOXKN, Chairman,"

Tho following year, a somewhat similar rojiort is Ibund, signed
by Tobias Kyckman, Chairman.

■•\ 1

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if :

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'■

•

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■s

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f
It

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41 u: ,'ii

474

AMKI.IAHBITROII.

It is not until tli(* yonr 1822 tliiU nny record is found of the
Appointment of officers, that in, tho Township ConMtublos, Ahhcshow.
ColIectorH, &c.

"At H rogiilar town mooting, hold nt .SoplunHburg, nt tho houKo
of John Goslins, on tho first .Iivmmry, 1822, tho following officer*
were elioson nnd olocted" ; "Town Clark, John ShortH; Lewis
Kotchuin, David Hirdctt, .Sylvenns Doxy. CJonHtal»lo8 ; Thomas D.
Ai>loby, John Shorts, Assessors; Sylvcnus Day, Collector," kc

John Shorts was succossivoly elected unlil 1826, when Thomas
I). A])plol)y was appointed. We find a note appended to the report
of this year as follows: " Our laws at present he as Ihey will. Wv
hnvo them long, and keep tliem still."

Tho next your, 1827, the town mooting was held at tho inn of
John (Toslin, ami John Smith was elected Town Clerk. A note say?
" Farmers Town Tiaws, as heiotoforo — Hogs not to run at large in
Demorest Vill," John Smith was Town Clerk until 1832. This
year S. W. Jlandoll was elected.

It is found stated that in 1824 there were 179G inhal)itants, and
in 1825, there wore 1798.

In some rort|)ects, it would l)0 found interesting to notice the
township to a later j)eriod ; but wo have already devoted as much
space to this town as we had intended.

Within this township is Fish Lake, situated a short distaucc
east of Demerostville, it was f»o named from tho countless numbers
of iish which inhabited its waters when discovered, which was in
the year of the famine, or '' scarce year." The food thus supplied
saved, it is said, many from suffering and death.

AMELIASBUaolI.

This township took its name from tho fifteenth child, and
seventh daughter of tho King. She died in Xovembor, 1811, aged
27 years. Upon tho oldest chart of this township, to bo found in
tho Crown Lands Department, is tho following note: "The frontot
this township is a continuation of Lieut. Kotto's survey from (rrecii
Point to tho head of tho i3ay of Quinte, whoso orders were in 1785,
to have cross roads between every six lots." This note was most
proliably, made in consequence of there being an aboenco of three
cross roads, when tho settlement of the county made thorn neces-
sary.

Coming to the Carrying Place, or portage, from the head of
Bay Quinte to Woller's Bay, it will be seen that a row of lots some-

W '^'

ahitants, aiul

FIRHT HKTTI.ERS.

475

wliut hiuallor in hI/a*, \h foriiied on oithci' siilc of the road. Hut
while tho road Hcoras to havo a Htrai^'iit coiwho upon tho map, by
viniting tin' jiluco, ono will obsorvo tliat tho coiirM^ is not ul together
direct. Wi' havo it from otio, wiio, no (b)ubt I<ni5w, tluit tho Nur-
voyor'H u.^^<iHtant, a nuilalto by tlio name ofSmitli, wa« told to lay
out a doul)Io row of lots; bo'h to front upon tho Indian path, which
inrttructiouH wore litoridly carriod out, whoroas it was intondod
thoy nhould bo straiijjht. Tho lots u])on tho wont side of tho road
oxtondod to tho hiuuU niarsliy orook. This row of lot«, numboring
twelve, originally formin;^ a part of AuioliaKburj^h, now belong to
Murray, tho Carrying Plaeo being tho dividing lino botwoon tho
two townships.

Wo havo Iioon unablo to find any oarly roooi'd of Ainoliuhibiirgh.

Aooording to information furnished um by Mr. AKhloy and
othcr.s, tho tir.st family that ssottlod in this township was (Joorgo
Angol WcoHo, with throe sons, John, Honry and Francis, natives of
Duchoss County; they <'a?no hero in 1787. Tho second settlor was
Thomas Dompsoy, who camo in 1789. (See U. K. Loyalists).
Among tho other sotilors wore I5ontors, Sagors, Bloekei*H and
Coverts.

The names of other oarly settlors of Amoliasburgh arc men-
tioned clsi'whoro, and are amofig tho lirst ])atontoes. Among them
was Klijah Wall bridge, a native of Duchess County, lie camo to
Canada in 1804, and purchaGod on Mississauga Point, of one Smith,
1200 acres of land, all of which, wo believe, is still retained in tho
family. Two years l;iters his family camo by French train in
winter.

William Anderson, son., who is still living, aged 88 years, a
native of Ireland, emigrated to America with his ])arents in
1793. He came to Caniula in 1803. In 1806 ho settled on Missis-
sauga Point, having married Miss Polly Way, a descendant of tho
U. B. Loyalists.

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476 PRINCE EDWARD.

• CJIAPTEE LIIT.

Contents — rrinco Edward — Tlio nniiic — Ricli land — Size of peninsula — Shape
— Small Lakes — iSand Iiills — The DtK'ks — (Jibson's roek — The past — First
settU'r — Col. Young — Prospecting — Discovery ot' East liake — West Lake —
Moving- in — Settlers in 1800 — East J^akt: — Oa[)t. llicliardson — -'Prince Ed-
ward Division ]>iH " — Oflice seekers — Township of Hallowell — The
Jianie — Formation of Township — First Keeords 1798 — The officers — The
laws — .Magistrates — Picton — Its origin — Hallowell village — Dr. Austin —
tien. Picton — His monument — Naming the villages — .V contest — The Coiut-
liouse — An offer — Enterprise — Proposed steamboat — Cliurches — Kcv. Mr.
^Macaulay — Rev. Mr. Fniiier — Hev. .Mr. Lalov.

f'f

PENIXSCI.A OP PRINCE EDWARD.

' </ Tij: t

The name of this district is derived from Prince Edward, Duke
of Kent, the father of our Queen, who visited Ciintida at an early
date (see under Early (iovernment).

The peninsuhi is a rioli and beautiful tract ot land stretching
away from the main land, to be washed on the one hand by the
quiet waters of the bay, and on the other l)y the more turbulent
waves of Ontario. It is some seventy niik>s in leno'th, and varying
in breadth from two to twenty miles. The neck of land, or isthmus
which se})aratos the head waters of the bay from Lake Ontario, is
something les.s than a mile-und-a-half acro.ss. It is known as the
Canwiiig place.

Prince Edward district is irregular in outline, on both the lake
and boy siilcs. Along the lake coast there are numerous bays ex-
tending inward, two or three being of considerable size. Tlio
larger ones are Weller's bay, Consccon Lake, West Lake, and
East Lake. In places, the ^hore is rend(>rod exceedingly ]»icturesque,
by the presence of irregular and beautifully white sand-hills. They
have been gradually Ibrmed by well was'ied sand which the waves
have carried shon^ward, so that the wind might, in the lapse of tinic,
deposit it heap .ipon heap. The ma/iners regard this coast with jus-
tifiable concern, at the extreme southerly portion, otf Long Point,
in the vicinity of tlie Ducks, where 'many a vessel has come to
griet'. :':\>,,-:'-!--'i' ^-v i.'n . ■ » ; '

The geological formation of the peninsula is of considerable
interest ; and the observant student of this interesting science, may
trace nnvuy steps which indicates the geological history.

In a valley, upon the second concession road of Ameliasbnrgh,
may be seen a huge mass of rock, known as tlibson's rock, whose history

■I HI.

EAST LAKE.

477

ula — Sliapc
past — First
ust T.aki" —
I'liiuc! Kd-
owell— The
ticers— The
•. Austin —
-The C'ourt-
_Utv. Mr.

,'av(l, Diikc
it an early

stretching
and liy tho
) turbulent
ml varying
or i^'thnius
Ontario, is
f)wn as tho

,th tho lalvO
IS l)ays ox-
sizo." Tho
T.ake, ami
(ie-turosque,
ills. Thoy
th.o waves
ISO of tiruG,
slwithjna-
iong Point,
as come to

lonsiclerablo
Icience, may

[leliasburgh,
lose history

carries us back, far into the remote past, when the continent of America
was covered by a vast ocean, and when massive icebergs, cast loose
from their native place in tho frozen north, carricrd with their icy
scales huge rocks from tho nortli land coast. Tlicn, carried south-
wai-d by wind or tide, and reaching water of a milder temperature,
the ice became melted, and tho rocks wei-e deposited in the depths
of tho ocean. When tho continent of America was upheaved, and
the waters departed to their pro.seut limits, this huge lK)dy of stone,
unlike the stone forming the geological bed of this region, was
found fast fixed to the soil, ever to form u part of it.

In tho whole of Upper Canada, there is not, perhaps, any
section so full of historic interest, excepting Frontenac, as Prince
Sdward. Wo have seen that the forked peninsula was well known
by tho Aborigines, and that they were accustomed to cross from
the south side of the lake to Point Traverse. It was always u
favorite hunting and fishing ground, w'here abundant supplies wei-e
obtained. And, not unlikclj-, some portion of Indian Point belonged
to tho Siognioiy, granted to La Salle. Moreover, the two jioints
stretching far into tho lake, became early locations for the refugees
and disbanded soldiers.

In the history of Marysburgh, reference has been ma<le to tlie
early settlement of tho point east of Picton Bay, which commenced
in 1184. But it appears by the statement of John C. Young, that
his grandfather, Colonel Henry Young, made the first settlement in
the summer, or fall ol" lT8i{. For an account of this half-pay officer,
the reader is referred to the Iloj-al combatants oi" the rebellion oi
1776.

4 With a brother officer, Young loft Cataraiiui, or, Carleton Island,
in a canoe, and ascended what was then called (perhaps first by
these parties), tho South Bay, n;)w Picton Bay. They landed* at
the commencement of the Indian Carrying Place, sul>e(iuently, for
some time known as Ilovington's Landing, after tlie individual
who hero built a convenient house. They left their eanoe here,
and set out southward. We have been told tliat they intended to
seek tho bay now known a^< vSmith's Bay; but. according to his
descendant it would seem they hail no jjarticular jioint in view,
desiring only to examine the lainl. Following, no doubt, the oM
Indian path, thoy came out at tho noi-th corner of East Lake, a
point afterward called the Indian Landing, which name it still
retains. Following tho oast shore of this lake to the south corner,
thoy were surprised to hoar the roaring of Lake Ontario, having

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478

FIRST SETTLER OP PRINCE EDWARD.

! il

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thought they woro following tho shore of an inland lake. They
croesed tho strip of land eovorod with cedar, spruce, and balsam,
and taking oft' their shoes, waded from the beautiful sand-beach
across the outlet of the lake to the opposite point, and proceeded
along the west side to tho north corner of the lake, to where David
McDonald now lives, having entirely walked around East Lake.
They hero constructed a hut, of cedar bushes, in which to stay the
night. The following morning they set out in a north-west direc-
tion, and came to West Lake, following the east side, they reached
the sand-beach. Traversing this, they arrived at the point where
Wellington now stands. Hero thty stayed the night. The next
day they continued on around the north side of West Lake through
the woods, and the same evening regained their canoe. They
observed plenty of deer and other game, and fish, the former of
which Ensign Young's wife, subsequently assisted him to hunt.
The succeeding day they returned to Carleton Island. Mr. Young,
from this rich land over which he walked, selecietl the west side
of East Lake for his future abode. His eldest son Daniel, who had
belonged to the Engineers, was at Carleton Island, having been
with his father dtjring his stay at Fort Oswego, ili'^ second son,
Henry, \vas at St. John's with the i-est of the fani.iy. lie sent a
message for him to come up. This must have been in July or
August. In September, the father and two sons, having procured
a large canoe, loaded it with provisions, and other necessaries,
and ascended to the Indian Carrying Place, Ilovington's Landi.ig.
They carried their provisions across, and constructed another boat
with which they conveyed their things to the point selected for
settling, about throe miles. Here they proceeded to build a loff
shanty. Sometime after, the father left, leaving behind his two
SOBS, to winter alone in this out-of-the-way place. They were tho
first settlers in Prince Edward Count}'. Mr. Young descended to
St. John's, where his family still remained, and staged the winter,
In the spring he canie up the St. Lawx'ence with his fanily as
far as Fredoricksburgh, where he left his daughters while i.v ver.t
to see how his sons fai*ed, and had passed the winter. Be il tud
them all well ; and remained the summer with them, during v, rilo'i
they built a more commodious log house. In October, he returned
to Fredoricksburgh for his daughters, who accompanied him to tho
wilderness homo. These four daughters, Elizabeth, Mary, Catherine
and Sarah, subsequently married Henry Zuveldt, Jonathan Fergu-
son, William Dyi-e, and John Miller. They all lived to be upwards
of eighty years. ^ .

. They
balsam,

[id-beach

roceeded

re David

st Lake,
stay the

est direc-

Y reached

int whore

The next

e through

e. They

former of

L to hunt.

[r. Young,
west side

1, who had

iving been

locond son,
He sent a

1 in July or

g procured

:ioces«ariea,
'sLandi.ig.
lother boat
elected for
auild a loj^
[nd liis two
by wore the
Ucendcd to
I the winter.
lis family aa
\\\b bo ^vt-nl

Jiring wliio'i

\\Q returned

l\im to the

/, Catherine

than Fergu-

bc upwards

OTHER SETTLER.S.

479

" On the first day of January 1800, the sottieiaeiit at East
Lake, in the township of Hallowell, consisted of the following
families, in the following order, commencing at Si las Hills, at
the head of East Lake, near the place now knowa as the Cherry
Valley, and proceeding around the north side of lake, viz: —
"Colonel John Peters and family, half-pay officer ; Major I{«jgerB
and family, do ; David Friar, Mr. Friar, U. E. L. ; Eoswell
Ferguson, do; Elisha Miller, do; Blawlall Tailor; Caleb Els worth,
Lieut. Heny Young, half-pay officer ; Henry Young, Jun., U.E.L. I
Augustus Spencer, half-pay officer ; George Wait, U. B. L. ;
Benjamin "Wait, do ; William Dyre, do ; George Elsworth."

" List of settlers on the south side of the lake. — Henry Zuveldt,
(Zufelt) U. E. L. ; Johnathan Ferguson, Sen., U. E. L. ; Johnathan
Ferguson, Jun., do; Anthony Badgley, do; John Miller, do;
Farnton Ferguson, do ; William Blakely, do ; Sampson Striker, do ;
Barret Dj'-er, do; Daniel Baldwin, John Ogden, U. E. L. ; Eichard
Ogden, do; Solomon Spatibrd, Joseph McCartney, Joseph Lane,
William Ensley, Col. Owen Richards, U. E. L. ; James Clapp, do ;
Charles Ferguson."

" At this time there were no settlers in the second concesnions
neither side of the lake." — (Eev. G. Miller.)

East Lake is about five miles long and one and a half wide. It
was for a time called Little Lake. • AVest Lake is about fifteen
luiles in circumference.

Prince Edward was one of the original nineteen counties of
Upper Canada, established by the proclamation of Simcoc in 1792.
By this proclamation, we learn that the Peninsula was called by
the French " Presque isle de Quinte." Originally it was divided into
the three townships of Marysburgh, Sophiasburgh, and Amelias-
bui'gh. Subsequently the townships of Hallowell and Hillior, were
formed, and in later days the township of Athol.

In 1831, and act was passed to erect the county into a district,
" 60 soon as the Governor shall be satisfied that a good and suffi-
cient gaol and court house has been erected therein, when a pro-
clamation should announce the formation of the new district." The
act specified that the " gaol and court house should bo erected in
the village of Picton, upon a certain block of land, containing two
and a half acres, granted, or intended to bo granted and conveyed
to Asa Woi-den, Simeon Washburn, and James Dougal, Esquires,
agreeably to a resolution adopted at a public meeting in May, 1826,"
unless a majority of Justices of the Peace of the Midland District
should declare the site ineligible.

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480

IIALLOWELL.

Wc find tlio followiunri'Mpectingtho division of Prince Edward.
"Pro. Parliiiment," " Pi-ineo Edward division bill." Mr. Itoblin
moved the ado])tion of the I'l-oaniblo in a fow remarks, stating its
(the Peninsula) geographical ])Osition, the population being 10,000,
the remoteness of the inhabitants from the location of the District
Court House and (raol, at Kingston, the eai-nest desire of the people
for separation. Mr. Samson moved, as an amendment, that the
village should have a member when it contained 1,000 souls. The
debate upon the bill, resulted in one of those fierce encounters that
was then not unfrequont between William Lyon McKonzie, and the
Solicitor General, afterwards Chief Justice liobinson.

If we may credit the Free Press, there wore plenty of applicants
for ofHcc in the newly erected district, there being no less than
sixteen seeking the oiiice of Sheriff". .i < - . .-.

«,.- ,-., '^1 . ., - ,. ,• "r ■•■,■'

IIALLOWELL. '

"We find in Sabine, that "Benjamin Ilallowell, of Boston,
Commissioner of the Customs in 1774, while passing through Cam-
bridge in liis chaise, was pursued toward Boston by about one
hundred an<l sixty men on horseback, at full gallop. In July, 1776,
he sailed for Englan<l. While at Halifax, he said, in a letter, "If
I can be of tlie least service to either army or navy, I will stay in
America until this rebellion is subdued." It appears from another
letter that be frequently tendered liimsclf to the Commander-in-
Chief without success. In the autumn of 1790, Mr. Ilallowell came
to Boston. He was accom])nnied by his daughter, Mrs. Elmsley,
and by her husband, who had just been appointed Chief Justice of
Upper Canada. He died at York, Upper Canada, in 1799, aged
scventy-tivo, and was the last survivor of the Boai'd of Commis-
sioners. The British Government granted him lands in Manchester,
and two other towns in Nova Scotia, and a toicnship in Upper
Canada, n-Jiich bears his name. He was a largo proprietor of lands on
the KenT\cbee, Maine, prior to the revolution ; but proscribed and
banished in 1778. and included in the Conspiracy Act a yeai' later,
liis entire estate was confiscated. His countrj' residence at
Jamacia Plain, was used as a hospital by the Whig Army during
the seige of Boston ; and his pleasure grounds wore converted into
ft place of burial for the soldiers who died."

We arc unalile to learn whether any part of the township of
HallowoU was granted to Benjamin Hallowell, or not, but, it is not
at all unlikely, that at first he did hold some portion of tho land.

TOWNSHIP RErOKl*.

4&1

L-eKchvarcl.
Ar. Eoblin
stilting its
ing 10,000,
}w District
" tho people
it, that tho
semis. The
mntcrs that
.»ie, ami the

)f applicants
no loss than

' ,'i " " "

, of Boston,
hvough Cam-
by about one

In July, 17^6,
II a letter, "If

|1 will stay iu
from another
ommander-in-
allowoU came
Mrs. Klmslcy,
liof Justice of
u 1199, aged
•d of Commis-
n Manchester,
iship in Upper
tor of lands on
in'OBcribcd and
■t a year later,
residence iit
Army during
lonverted into

U township of
(t, but, it is not
Dti of tho land.

At all events, there seems every reason to helievo that the name
was derived from him. On July 3, 1797, an act was passed, where-
by it was provided "that a township shall bo struck off from tho
southern-most parts of tho townships of Marysburgh and Sophias-
burgh." The reason set forth was, that " the inhabitants of tho
townships experience ra.any difficulties from tho uncommon length
of tho said townships." The Governor was by ])roclamation, " to
declare tho name of such township before tho first day of August
next. Mr. llaliowell's brother-in-law, Mr. Elmsley, had rc'ccntly
been appointed Chief Justice, and doubtless the distinguished
position Mr. Ilallowoll had held, led to the naming of the new
township to commemorate his loyalty.

Surveyor Gen. William Smith, was the person employed to lay
out tho new townshij).

The first record of this township is at follows : " Tho annual
meeting of the inhabitants of the township of llallowell, held on
Monday, the fifth day of March, 1798, held by virtue of an act of
the legislature of the Province of Upper Canada, before Augustrs
Spencer, and John Stinson, Jun., two of his ^lujesty's Justices of the
Peace, the following persons were chosen town officer.^ for the
ensuing year :" Bazel Ferguson, Town Clerk; Caleb Elswortb,
and Peter D. Conger, Assessors ; James
Goldsmith, Town or Church Wardens ; Benjamin Wai
Miller, Owen Richaixls, llenry Zufelt, Ichabod Bow. nan
White, Carey Spencer and George Baker, Overseers of llighwstys
and Fence Viewers; Daniel Young, and Isaac Bedal, Pound
Keepers; Samson Striker, Henry Johnson, Samuel Williams, and
Isaac Garret, Constables.

At the first township meeting, " it was enacted that no fence is
to be lawf\il in the township under the height of four foot eight
inches high, sufficiently made." Horses, horned cattle, hogs, sheep,
were to bo permitted to run at largo with cei'tain exceptions. '' It
is enacted that if any freeholder shall suffer any Canadian thistle
to go to seed on his farm, he shall foi'feit and pay the sum of twenty
shillings." A law was also passed, that if any one set fire to any
rubbish or brush, whereby his neighbors property was endangered,
without previousl}'' making two of his neighbors acquainted, he
should pay a fine of forty shillings, to be expended for the benefit
of the highways. Bazel Ferguson, who seems to have discharged
his duty as Town Clerk, recording tho proceedings in a neat legible
hand, was successfullv elected to that office for ten years. In 1810,
31 " '

Blakely, and Thomas
, John
Aaron

Or- ■ ■

P.' ..■ -

482

HILLIER.

Jamos R. Armstrong was appointed, and again the following year.
The next following, Ai-ra Forguson was elected, who continued in
office three years, when Simeon "Washburn received the appoint-
ment, and remained in oflfice two j'ears, when Arra Ferguson was
again selected, and continued for three years. Robert Scott was
Town Clerk two years, and then again followed Arra Ferguson for
eight years. William Barker then was appointed.

The three Justices of the Peace, before whom the annual
meeting continued for many years to be held, were John Peters,
Augustus Spencer, and John Stinson, doubtless the first magistrates
in the township. In the year 1815, we notice as " present " at the
annual meeting, Stephen Conger, Barret Dyer,Ebenozer"V7a8hbum,
Justices of the Peace.

The town meeting was held in the year 1801, "at the house of
Eichard.son and Elsworth," '■' near llallowell Bridge ;" likewise
the following year. In 1803 the meeting was held " at the house
of Thomas Eichardsoi. ." The following year 1806, it is " the house
of the late Thomas liichardson." In 1806, the meeting was "at
the dwelling house of Thomas Eyre." In 1807 it is "the Inn of
Thomas Eyre." Here the annual meeting was successively held for
many years.

HILLIER.

In the year 1823 there was an act passed for the division of the
townshiji of Ameliasburgh, in consequence of the inconvenience of
the inhabitants to meet on public occasions. The dividing line was
established between the fourth and fifth concessions. The act wont
into force on tlie fii'st of January, 1824. The Lieutenant-Governor
at that time was Sir Peregrine Maitland, who had for his secretary,
Major Ilillier. There is no doubt the now township was called
after Major Ilillier.

PICTON.

At the beginning of the present century the ground on which
the town of Picton now stands, was covered with a dense forest of
pine and hemlock, while in the lowland existed a thick and tangled
cedar swamp. A bridge of very inferior construction was erected
pcross the creek about the time of the war of 1812, it was on the
road between Kingston and York, and was called for a long time
Hallowell Bridge. Thus wo find in an advertisement, in the
Kingston Gazette, 1815, that "Richard G. Clute sold goods and
groceries at Hallowell Bridge."

i'»l

ring year,
itinned in
appoint-
gason was
Scott was
rguson for

;he annual
)hn Peters,
magistrates
ent " at the
•VTashbum,

ihe house ol
r," likewise
at the house
; '< the house
ing was " at
« the Inn of
voly hold for

PICTON.

The firet settlers of Picton are said to have been Ebenezor
Washburn, Henry Johnson, Abraham Barker, Harry Ferguson,
James Dougal, Gary Spencer, Congera, Peterson, Eichard Hare,
Captain Hichnrdson.

Among the early settlera of Picton were I)r. Armstrong, else-
where spoken of, and Dr. Andrew Austin. The latter was a native
of Vermont, and a doctor of medicine of the University of New
York. Ho came to Picton in 1822, having obtained his license to
practice in Canada. Kcmained practicing his profession, very much
respected, until his death in 1849.

Some time after the war of 1812, the Rev. "William Macaulay,
bestowed the name of Picton upon a small collection of houses
situated at the south side of the stream which empties into the
head of Picton Bay, in the township of Marysburgh. The
name was given in memory of the celebrated British General
who had recently fallen upon the field of Waterloo. At a late
visit to St. Paul's Cathedral, we felt no little pleasure with a
t<juch of sadness in gazing upon the memorial which has been
erected to commemorate a nation's appreciation of military worth.
We transcribe the following : —

" Erected by the public expense, to Lieutenant-General Sir
Thomas Picton, K.C.B., who, after distinguishing himself in the
victories of Buzaco, Fuentes de Onor, Ciudad Rodrigo, Badajoz, Vit-
toria, the Pyrenees, Orthes, and Toulouse, terminated his long and
glorious military service in the ever memorable battle of Waterloo;
to the splendid success of which his genius and valour eminently
contributed," &c.

Prior to the naming of this collection of buildings, the village
upon the west of the stream, upon the first lots in Sophiasburgh,
was known as Hallowell. The Rev. Mr. Macaulay with the enthu-
siastic loyalty, characteristic of his family, desired that both places
should be known as one village, under the distinguished name of
Picton. The citizens of Hallowell Village, however, were opposed
to any other name than HalHwell, and wo find in a map published
in 1836, the names of Picton and HallowoU respectively applied to
the two places. But when the whole was incorporated by Act of
Parliament, Mr. Macaulay had sufficient influenfe, we are informed,
to secure the name of Picton for the coi-poration ; yet we have the
town of Hallowell spoken of in 1837. The growth of Picton waa
not particularly rapid. •' At a meeting hold at Eyre's Inn, Feb.
14, 1818, ovei- which Ebenezor Washburn, Esq., presided, it waa

484

PICTON VERSUS IIALLOWEI.L.

staled that there was in the township of llallowoll, which included
Picton, but two brick houses, one canling and fulling-mill, one
Methodist chapel, now known as the old chapel at Congers, one
Quaker mooting house ; and that preparations were being made to
build a church, that is lor the Episcopalians. Orchards, it was
stated were beginning to bo planted.

There seems to have been no little antagonism between the
villages of Picton and llallowoll. While an etfort was earnestly
made to make the east side, the heart of the <'()minunity, the inhabi-
tants of llallowoll strove to fix the central point upon the west side.
When Prince Edward was erected into a district, in 1831, and it
became necessary to erect a Jail and court house, it became a warm
question as to the site of the building. Tho Hallowell Free Press
became the channel of a sharp discussion.

In the Press of June 21,1831, is a letter signed, " A farmer of
Sopliiasbui'gh," one paragraph of which says, " Among all those
advantages pointed out in tho most striking ''olours, I have dis-
cerned none so groat as the $200 so liberally offered by Mr. Macaulay,
which 0200 must otherwise bo paid by the rateable inhabitants of
the county."

The year 1831 sooms to have been an important one to tho
inhabitants, not only of Picton, but the peninsula. Enterprise was
the order of the day, and improvements of a public character were
in various ways proposed. Tho Free Press of 5th July, says, under
the heading "Another Steamboat," " We understand that, a num-
ber of the enterprising inhabitants of this village, have it in con-
templation to build a steamboat to ply between this place and
Prescott, to perform their trips in a week. A number of merchants
and capitalists have oiforod to take stock. We are of opinion that
a boat built and owned by the inhabitants of this county, Avould bo
not only useful to the inhabitants of the Peninsula, but profitable to
tho stockholders. Wo would suggest to them tho propriety of
having the channel in tho bay at the lower end of tho village
cleared, so as to allow steamboats to pass up as far as the bridge."

The present English Church, standing on Church Street, was
the first built in Picton. It was erected by the Rev. Wm. Macaulay,
aided by a partial loan in 1H25. Mr. Macaulay was tho first minister ;
he came to tho parish after seven years of officiating at Cobourg,
and has remained as Eector ever since. The Eoman Catholic
chapel, now standing on Church Street, was the first erected, in
1828 or 9, the land having been given for that purpose by Mr.

SIDNET.

485

Macauluy.

Tho now stone

church was

built

in 1839. Rev

.Mr.

Frazer was

first minister,

1828

, llov.

Mr.

onnun,

occasionally

from 1832tolS3t;;

the

IJe\

. Mr.

Lalor

from

183G to

the present

time.

'. '■'!

CIIAPTEH LIV.

t'osTiNTS — Eighth TownKhiji — Sidnuj' — Niiint' — Survey— Kottlcnient, 1 787 — Let.
ter from Ferguson — TnidiiiK — UarUtr — t'olatous — Building — (.'owh — No wilt
to spare — First sctth-rs — Myers — Ue-survoying — .James Fftricy — Tow i (,'Iork
at first meeting — Willinm Kettlieson — (Hlbcrt's (Jove — Coming to tin tiont
River Trent — Old nanus — Ferry — Bridge — Trenton — Its settlement — >'<iiiire
Bleeker.

THE EIOnTH TOWNSHIP — SIDNEY — ITS SETTLEMENT.

No Royal name being available for this township, the noble
one of Sidney was confen-ed. Tho name is derived from Lord
Sidney, who, at the time of the Revolutionary War, was His
Majesty's Secretary for the Colonial Department.

A map in the Crown Lands Department, has written upon it
" Sidney, in tho District of Mecklenburgh, w.as surveyed in 1787,
by Louis Kotte." This was ])robubly written by Kotte himself. It
is most probable that tho first lots only wore then laid out. While
Kotte was the chief surveyor to whom was entrusted the duty, it is
gathered from ditferent sources that he was not present to superin-
tend the work. Mr. William Ketcheson, of the fifth concession, who
came with his father to the place, in 1800, says that one McDonald
was the surveyor, and laid out the land as far back as the 5th con-
cession, when he died.

While the townshipo fronting upon the two shores of the liay
were being surveyed n the western portion, not a few wore on the
look out for a good location. These parties consisted of all classes,
but it appears most likely that the majority of those who had the
first choice were individuals connected with the surveyors, and who
had infl^uence with them. The oificers, natarall}'^, enjoj'^ed greater
privileges, and some of them sought suitable spots with tho view of
trading with the Indians, or streams of water to supply power for
sawing and flouring-mills.

As illustrative of those times wo will make use of a letter
lying before us, written at that time. -j! f< ; ■ ■

- 1 i

^ :^l

'! ■';

^■'^Mi, j

!i '

,'i I

WIDNDY IN 1^80.

In tho yonr 1789, John Ferguson an<l VVni. Uoll ()j»ono<l a store
in tho Kij^hlh Township. It jippourH with tho view of trndinp with
tho Indians, and hucIi of tho HottU'rs as could pay (or the j^oods
thoy nii^'ht imy. A letter written \>y Forf,'iiM()n, in WM), from K\n^-
ston, to Ills partner, says: *' As to a^^ain takinj^ up j^oods for trade,
had I money I would not tliink it worth while — notwithstamlini,'
all 1 said and beijj^ed of you, you nevertheless have lot tho whito
people have almost everything we liad. When do you think they
will pay for it ?" Hy the fore,ii;oin«^ we may learn the diflicultics
attending mercantile pursuits, as well as tho proeuring of tho com-
Tiion noeessaries of life. It was no douht a matter of first impor-
tance to Fori^uson to see that tlio goods brought a return. It was
no hard-hoartodness that caused him to find fault ; for in tlio same
letter he says, " Forsyth is arrived, and I know not how I'll ]tay
him." On tho other hand, Mr. Hell, with his little stock of goods
%pon tho Bay Shore, in the distant Kighth Township, is applied to
by tho needy settlors lor necessaries. They have no money ; it is
an article almost unknown among them, but thoy want this
and that, and who could refuse ? Ferguson afterward says, "You
must oblige every ono to \)iiy you in wheat, ',',:• otherwise 1 will
want bread before winter is over — if they wUl not take 38. 9d. for
wheat, mako thoni pay in money immediately, or else send me
down their accounts, and I'll summon every one of them. Lot
your half bushel be examined before Squire Gilbert. Do not si)aro
a potatoo to aay one soul. I hope to get a barrel of pork here, but
do not trust to that."

In tho same letter Mr. Ferguson says, " If convenient, I could
vrish yon'ld get cut and brought homo, as many logs as would build
a house the witlth of tho one we have, and 14 leet long. Lot t hem
bo small and handy — we have plenty of smnll pine handy — and it
soon can be put up when I get homo. If Johnson will saw ton
logs about 14 feet long, ibr us, into inch boards, and find himself.
He shall have the loan of the saw from tho time ho finishes them
until the 15th day of April next." *' The cows must be sent up. 1
do not know how the calf will be kept. I have bought two pairs of
ducks which I'll take up, and also some fowls if I can get them."
" Spare no salt to any ono, as none is to be had here, but at a very dear
rate." " Tho Indian prints goes up, which will spoil the trade this
season, as after this tho Indians cannot want clothing until the
spring." " Rum I must endeavour to take up, as without that
nothing can be had."

KIUST TOWN MKETINd.

487

''! !■

Tho Iftto Mr. liU'okcr, ol" Hollovillo, tolls uh that iiinoiii^ tlio voiy
.rirst settlors u|»on tho front of Sidnoy, woro Chryhlor, Oslrom and
Gllliort.

Tho intorestiii^ history we j^ivo elHowhcre, of Capt. Myors,
as n loyalist ami |)ioiioor, shows that lio was one of tho tirst inhab-
itants of Sidnoy. A ])ionoor in tho construction of mills upon tho
River Moira, ho iiail previously built, in I'fO-l or '5, a sawing mill
upon a small uncertain strontn which omptios into the Bay a fow
miles oast of Tronlon.

Wo have soon that tho survey took plaoo in 1787. It is quoB-
tionablo, however, wlielhov more than tho tirst concession was at
this time laid out. There is some reason to boliovo that Louia
Kotte did not attend very closely to his duties, but loft the survey-
ing to an incompotont assistant. Probably ho thought it did not
matter whether the side linos wore correct or not, in a remote
townshij) so far removed froni civilization, as Sicbujy. At all events,
in later I'.ays, it was found necessary to ro-survey tho township,
which was done by Atkins.

The first settlers, most likely, canio in 17S7, yet it may bo that
one or two had j,roviously sc^uatlod by the Hay Shoi'o. We do not
tind in the Crown Lands Department any map with tho jiamcs of
grantees upon the ditforent lots, such as exist in connection with
other townshijjs.

No doubt that in Sidney, as in other places, many lots wore
drawn, and subse(]uontly disposcil of before the patents were issued,
so that the original owner cannot be traced. By the close of last
century the townshij) was i)rotty well settled. An early settler
who has recently passed away, and who leaves highlj- respectable
descendants, was James Farley, lie came in 1791).

Tho first township meeting was hold the following year at
Gilbert's Cove, and James FarUy was chosen Town Clerk ; but
Siu'voyor Smith was present and did the writing on that occasion.
Another early settlor, the tirst one in tho back concessions was
Wm. Ketcheson. lleforenco is nuide to him olsowhoro. His son,
now almost DO years of age, remembers full well the days of their
coming, and settling. Tlie 4U0 acres of land was bouglit of Martin
Hambly, who lived by the Xapanee Eiver, at one dollar per acre,
in 1800. Gilbert's Cove was the place of landing, which was for
many years a central spot. Here the batteaux unloaded their con-
tents, and the provision was stored. William Xetcheson, my in-
former, says, " he used to come every Saturday during the season,

fil

If 1 '

':'';l

TRENTON.

through (ho trackless wochIs, Momo sovon-and-a-half miloM, unri
carry upon his back provisioim of'porU, peas unci flour, NutHciont to
Horvo tluvo of thorn for a wook. Aftor a while they would come to
the Front by the way of tlio Jtivor Moira. To do this tliey con-
Htrueted a seow which was kept near the iironont village of Smith-
ville, in which they crossed Ihe rivor.

In the western i)art of the township is the Rivor Trent, which
empties into the Bay, woniowhat to the west of the boundarj- lino
botw een Sidney and Murray. This river possesses no little interest as
one of the original routes of Indian and French ti'avelers; and as
the way by which Chaniplain entered the Bay, and discovered Lake
Ontario. The Indian name we find upon an old map was Ganarasfce.
Upon many ancient maps the bay and river are very impoi-fectly
distinguished. It is named Quintio occasionally.

The Trent being a stream of considerable size, it formed a
barrier to journeying up and down, from Kingston to Yoi'k. A ferry
was established here about the beginning of the present conturyi
by the Blookei's, after which the niain road between Kingsttm and
York gradually became tixod to the north of the Bay, instead of
by Prince Kdward.

Tiie construction of a bridge across the Trent, which took place
in 1834, was u groat benertt. It was 750 feet long and 32 broad. It
was for many years " the best bridge in Uppf^v Canada." The
Jfastiiigs Times, of IJelleville, has an advertisen for tenders by
the Commissioners, &c., C. Wilkins, licubcn W ind James G.

Bethune, dated Eiver Trent, 9th March, 1S3;{.

At the mouth of the Trent there naturallj' sprung up a village.
Up to 1808 the site of the village was a dense cedar swamp. Two
years beibre A. II. Myers had removed from Belleville and
erected a mill about a mile from the mouth of the river, first a saw
mill, afterward a flouring mill. Excepting the mills, and a very
narrow roail, the place was a perloct wilderness. The land ujion
the west side, where the village stands, originally belonged to "old
Squire" Bleeker. The j)ortion of land between the river and Sidney
was held by Dr. Strachan. The first lot in Sidney was owned by
Judge Smith.

Old Squire Bleeker was probably the very first settler between
the Trent and the Carrying Place. He was a trader with the
Indians, and was probably Indian Agent. At all events he was a
man of considerable authority among them.

;i' 1 ■ ■

i!.l

ill

Iliii

FRONT or THURLOW.

489

CHAPTKR LV.

ConTKJiTg — Ninth town — Thtirlow— Nnmc— Whrn niirveyo*! — Front—Indian bury-
inK Kf<>i»>*l — Owner of (irHt lotn — CiiiHbolm — Singlfton — MycrK — Korguuon
— Iiidinn triwItrH— To Kin^Hton in linttfiiu — SinKl<;ton'H (iciitli — FormiHon'K
(li;ntli — DiHtrtKS of tlio fumilioH — Settltui, 17H9 — AHcondinK the Moirn —
Tttkiuf^ poMHC'SHion of land — Fiftli coni'UMHion — .Jolm Taylor — Fouiulcr of
Bollcvilli,' — llyors buying land — Sottlcrs upon the front — Municipal rrcord
— Town oftitcrB— 1708 — Suciei'dinpr yearn — Canlfton, itH founder — SettlinR
— The diet— liuildinK mill — Koad— Kiver Moirn— Origin of name — Earl
Moira — Indian name — Indian offerinK— " Cabojunk " — Myers' naw-mill —
Place not attractive — First bridge — Tho flourinK-mill — HcIlevillo — Indian
villagi! — Myers' Creek — Formation of village — First inn — IVrmanent bridge
Uridge Street — In 1800— (Jrowth — A weeond mill — MeNabb's — Sad death —
Captain Mcintosh — I'etrio — InluibitantH, 1809 — Dr. Spareham — Naming of
Belleville — Bella (tore — By (lore in louncil — Petition — Extract from King-
ston Oazette — Surv. _ ing reserve — VVilmot — MistakcK — Oranting of lots —
Conditions — Board of Police — FiXtent of Belleville — Muddy streets— -Inhabi-
tants in 1824— Court-house — First Court, Quarter Sessions — Belleville in
1830.

ill!

)■

THE NINTH TOWN — THUBbOW.

The oldest map in tho Crown Lands Department, staton that
this township was surveyed in 1787, by Louis Kotte; perhaps only
the front coneession. By this map, we learn that nt the mouth of
the river had been, probably on 7 vick's Island, an Indian burying
irround; an<l a lot is reserved for the Indians, for a lurying ground.
The map informs us that lot No. 1, in both the Hrst and second con-
cessions, was at first given to John Chisholm. Lot No. 2, in first
and second concession, to David Vandorheyden ; No. 3, to Alexander
Chisholm; No. 4, the reserve for the "Indian burying ground;"
Nos.5and C, to Captain John Singleton. These are tho only names
which appear upon tho map; but- it is likely that lot No. 7, was
granted at first to Captain Myers. The late George Bleeker, Esq.>
told the writer that Captain Myers having stayed in Lower Canada
throe years, came and settled upon lot 7, where he built a hut and
lived for a year, botbro going to Sidney. This was probably in
1787, when tho surveying was proceeding. Thus it was that
Captain Myers, who afterward gave a name to the river and place,
was the first squatter. About this time. Captain Sin?rleton, who had
been a firsv settler in Ernesttown, came to Thurlow with a brother
officer. Lieutenant Ferguson, both having recently married and
settled uj)on lot No. 6. Their object in coming was to carry on a
fur trade with the Indians, who regularly descended tho Eiver
Sagonoska to barter, and subsequently to get their presents. The

490

OAPT. 8IN0LBT0N.

•*i

single log houso which was first buiU, was shortly added to, by a
HGCond compartment, in.to which was wtored fiivs and floods for
bp.rtor. Tiio lii'e of these iirst settlers of Thurlo.v was a brief one,
and the termination a sad one. Both hod just married, and with
their faithful servant, Johnson, and liis wife, they hoped for a future
as bright as the wood and water which so beautifully surrounded
them. It mattered not to them that no human habitation existed
nearer than the Mohawk settlement, and the Napaneo Kiver. Many
trips with the batteau were iiecc-^'^M.vy to obtain a complete outtit
for Indian trading, and ample provisi(»ns had to bo laid up, with
stores of rum. These articles wore procured at Kingston. Single-
ton had rented his farm in the second town; but reserved a room,
where ho might stop on Iiis way up and down. 1 n September, 1789,
Captain Sin^.deton, his wife, child, some eight months old, with
Lieutenant Ferguson, his wife, and the sei'vants, Johnson and wife,
set out lor Kingston and Hrnesttown in a batteau. Tlie women
were to visit in Ernesttown, while the men proceeded to Kingston
to purcliaso Hour and other article>. Not long after starting, Single-
ton was taken ill. They stopped at Captain John's, at the Moli iwk
settlement., and Indian medicines were given him; but he continued
to grow worse, and when he reached his home, in Kruesttown, he
was dangerously ill. A doctor from Kingston was procured ; but
Captain Singleton died nine da^s after, from what seems to have been
a malignant fever. His faithful servant, Johnson, contracted the
vliscase and also died. Thus, Lieutenant Ferguson w:is loft with
three women and a child, away from homo, which could only be
reached after much toil. Captain Singleton was spoken of as a
" pleasing gentleman, and belove«l by all who knew him." Ilis infaut
son grew to man's esti^tw', ami became one of the Iirst settlers of
Brighton, where Ids widow, now far advanced in years, and descen-
dants reside.

Lieutenar)t Ferguson went to Kingstou, exchanged his load ot
furs for a barrel of flour, then very <lear nd other articles, and re-
turned with his charge to Thurlow. But Ferguson's days were also
numbered ; and, in three months' titne, he died, and there were left
in the depth of w inter, alone, upon the front of Thurlow, three
widowed women, and an infant; with but little to eat, beside the
barrel of flour ; which, before long, was to be the only article of food,
and nsed by cup-fulls to make spare cakes.

Lieutenant Fergunon, the associate of the first settlor in the
township, was at flrst a refugee from the Mohawk valley in New

■• I

d to, by a
goods for
brief one,
, and with
or a future
urroundcd
ion. existed
er. Many
)lcto outfit
id up, with
,n. Single-
cd a room,
imbcr, 1789,
8 ohl, with
m and wife,
The women
to Kingston
ting, Sin gle-
thc Mob iwk
iio continuoil
nosttown, he
ocuved ; but
to have been
>utracted the
'i\n loft with
ould only be
ken of as a

Uis infant
I settlers of
and descen-

his load ot
licles, and re-
liys were also
liere were left
lurlow, three
It, bosido the
|i-ticle of food,

Lettler in the
[alley in Nc\»

ASOE.VDINO THE MOIRA.

491

York, and latterly served, probably in Johnson's regiment. Ho had
lived a short time at Sorol before coniing to Thurlow His body
was buried upon a pleasant elevation, between their house and the
plains to the east of the river. Tlie Hrst one of the loyalists to
die in Thurlow, his body was the first to be interred in the "Taylor
burying ground."

In the spring of 1789, a jiarty of about fifty, reaohed the bay.
They were all refugee loyalists, and most of them had been since the
close of the war in the iStates, looking up their families, and arrang-
ing to take them " to Cataraqui." This p.irty settled in Sidney and
TImrlow. Those who settled in Thurlow, finding no lanii available
at the front, prepared to aseend the river. Among them were John
Taylor, William Keed, with four sons, John, AVilliam, Samuel, and
Solomon ; Kichard Smith, Oavelry, Robert Wriglit, John Longwell,
Sherard, Zcdie Thrasher, Asa Turner, Stephen and Laurenee l{a<lgley,
Solomon Hazleton, Archibald IVfcKenzie. Me.Michael, William Cook,
and iiussell Pitman. The i>arty reached the mouth of the river late
in the day, and j>itohed their tent among some cedar slntdts n})on the
cast bank of the river, just l)y the site of the upper bridge. The
following day, they followed the bank of the river, searcdiing for
indications of good land Tiie surveyor had not yet laid o«it any but
the front lots ; but the pioneers had been assured that any land they
should <d»oose to oceui)y, would be granteil them. When they
re.iched the point where noM' is the fifth concession, they felt that
they had reached their destination, and proceeded to take possession
of such land as struck their fancy. AVilliain Keed, and his four
sons, possessed themselves of 600 acres in a block, through which the
river wound its way. The land here Avasunmistakeablygood ; and four
generations have now rea}te<i the fruit of the soil, while two genera-
tions lie buried there. But the first years of pioneer life with
those first settlers of the fifth concession, were years <d' great hardship
and want (see First years (d' Upper Canada). They all went to
Napanec at first to mill. Sometinu>s took articles t(t exchan;,e for
flour.

John Taylor settled in the fifth concession, where he remained a
year, when ho came down to the mouth of the river. A sketcVi of
this old soldier is elsewhere given. Among the setth.-rs who ciune in, a
few years later, were liichard Canr.iff, ar.d Robert Thompson.

In some respects, the settlors of these townships, at the wtstern
extremity of the bay, sutTored in a peculiar manner. They v. ere far
removed from Kingston, and from the ivvcsMaries of life to be pro-

lix

it!

\ i

492

SETTLERS DPOIf THE FRONT.

cured there. And they were settling after the period when Govern-
ment allowed provisions.

The name of Caj)tain Myers must ever stand identified with the
early history of Thurlow. He cannot be regarded as the founder of
Belleville ; yet he was the first to give a name to the village at the
mouth of the river. Captain Myers saw service during the revolu-
tionary war (see Koyal Combatants). At the close of hostilities,
having tarried for a time at Lower Canada, he came to the bay, and
squatted at first upon the front of Thurlow. He first became a settler
upon the front of Sidney, a few miles east of the Trent Eiver. Being
a man of enterprise, and with forethought, he did not content himself
with clearing a fann and cultivating its soil. He saw the wants of
the settlers, that they required sawed lumber, and greater conveniences
for grinding grain. Hence he is found, even before 1790, erecting a
sawing mill upon a small stream on his land in Sidney. The water-
power was very inefficient, and he looked about for a more suitable
place. The waters of the Moira presented the inducements he sought.
A bargain was effected with John Taylor for the rear half of lot No. 5,
which embraced a portion of the stream, affDrding the desired mill-
site. It was, most proba )ly, in the year 1790, that Captain Myers
came to Thurlow, and built his log hut upon the banks of the river,
a few I'ods above the present mill-dam. Within a year, the first dam
erectted upon the river was finished, and a log saw mill built upon the
east bank. > -tin

The late Colonel Wilkins, of the Carrying Place, says, that when
he came to the bay, in 1792, Myers had his mill built, the one farthest
west, until they came to where is now Port Hope.
?u{. The following are the names of those who settled upon the
front, OS supplied by the late G. Bleeker, Esq. Commencing at lot
No. I, the first settler was John Chisholm ; No. 2, Conn Frederick;
No. 3, Crawford, the lot having been drawn by A. Chisholm.
Coming to No. 7, it was settled upon by A. Thompson, who sold
the right to Schofield ; No. 8, by Arch. Chisholm ; No. 9, by Samuel
Sherwood, who was>un Indian trader. Then Fairman, William
Johnson, Edward Carscallion, J. Carscallion, Fairman, Biddell.

There is no record of the fii'st municipal transaction. Most
likely, no rocoi'd was kept. The following, however, takes us back
a long way : —

" At the annual town meeting, for tho township of Thurlow,
held the fifth day of March, I'iQS, whereat the following persons
were chosen town officers, viz., John Mcintosh, Town Clerk, John

OANIFTON.

49S

len Govevn-

Chisholm and William Roid, Assghsovs; Joseph Walker, Collector;
Samuel B, Gilbert, John Reed, William Johnson, Pathmasters ;
John Cook and Daniel Lawrence, Town Wanlcns ; John Taylor,
Pound-keeper; John Fairman, Constable."

John Mcintosh, remembered as Capt. Mcintosh, was Town
Clerk for three years, and was succeeded by Jabez Davis. The
following year, the occupant was Caleb Benedict. The year succeed-
ing, RoswoU Leavens was appointed, and continued to hold the
office for thi'ee years, when John Frederick was chosen, who held
the place two years, when John Mcintosh was again selected ; he
hold it two years. Then John Thompson was appointed, who held
it one year. The next year it was Roswell Leavens ; the next,
John Frederick; the next, R. Leavens, who continued uninterrupt-
edly in office for twelve years, up to the year 1826. During that
time very many changes are obsei'ved in the names of those holding
the other municipal offices in the Township. The Town Clerk, in
the year 1826, was Daniel Canniff, who held it two years; the
next was James McDonnell, who filled the post seven years. In
1835, D. B. Sole was appointed, who hold it two years. The year
ensuing, Dr. Hayden was appointed. It would seem that during the
year following. Dr. II. escaped as a rebel, while his wife refused to
hand over the township records.

Canifton. — Up to the year 1806, the way from Myers' mill up
the river to where stands Corby's mill, a distance of four miles,
was unbroken by a single clearing. There was but a poor waggon
road, which had been cut by the two individuals who alone could
affoi-d the comfort of a waggon. But in that year another settler
was added to Thurlow, and a third waggon to the community. John
Cannitt, having bought some 800 Jicros of land from one McDougall,
and one Carle, in the third concession, commenced the work of
clearing upon the present site of the village of Canifton. John
Cannitf was a U. E. Loyalist, and was born at Bedford, in the
County of Westchester, in the present State of New York, in the
year 1757. There is no reliable statement handed nowu as to the
part he took in the war against the rebellion. Tliat he took jin
active part is believed by those most capable of judging. The name
of Lieut. Candift' aj^pears among the officers of a New Jersey regi-
ment, which is thought to have been one of the family. John
Cannilf was a refugee at the close of the war in New Brunswick,
where he remained a few years. He then came to Canada, in 1788,
and fii-st settled in Adolphustown, where he lived until his removal

I -

I, .

( !•

494

THE RIVER MOIRA.

to Thurlow. He had witnessed and experienced the sntfering of
the year of the famine. And it is known that he actually saved one
family from death by starvation. Before bringing his family to
Thurlow, in 1807, he had cleared a considerable piece of land, on
the oast side of the river, around the present site of the bridge ;
built a mill-dam, a saw-mill, and a frame house, which stood a short
distance above the site of the Methodist Church. Although this
took place near the end of the first decade ot the present century,
yet the settlement was attended by no little hardship. The neces-
saries of life were not always to be had, and it is authentically
related, that for a time pea broad constituted the principle article
of diet, while a fish, now and then caught, was a groat luxury.

About the year 1812, Canniff erected a flouring-mill, having for
mill-stones thoi:;e made on the spot, out of hard granite ; the man
who made them yet lives. These relics of the past may yet bo
seen. But in two years he procured a pair of Burr stones from
the Trent.

In the year 18 — , Mr. Cannifi' removed to the front of Thurlow,
and lived upon lot number o-glit, where ho continued to dwell until
his deatli, 21st Feb., 1843. He was in his 87th year when
he died. His remains are buried near the front of the Episcopal
Church, in Belleville. He was a great uncle to the writer.

Up to the year 1715, there was but one small house inCanifton,
beside that occupied by Mr. Cannitf, this was occupied by a cooper,
named Ockerman.

For four years after John Canniff settled upon the river, there
was an unbroken wood between his place and Myers' mill, while
but a rough road existed, which followed the river's bank. In
the spring of 1811, James CanniflF, the writer's f ither, commenced
to clear land, midway between Myers' mill and .>ohn Canniff' s. At
this time, the road remained almost impassable, for the half-dozen
waggons, owned in the township. Some years later, the road was
somewhat straightened and improved; but although now, and for a
long time, so great a thoroughfare, the road continued to be, for
ndany years, the most execrable.

The River Moira. — This river is named after the Right Hon.
the Earl of JfoiVt, afterward Mai-quis of Mastingt, and previously,
when a soldic!', serving in the American war, known as Lord
Bawdon. Ac his death the title became extinct. His body was
buried in his native town in Ireland. While in America, he formed
a strong attachment to Brant.

Iff"

MYERS CREEK.

495

Butfering of
ly saved one
s family to
of land, on
the bridge ;
stood a short
[though this
ant century,
The neces-
luthentically
iciple article
, luxury,
ill, having for
te ; the man
, may yet bo
r stones from

it of Thurlow,

to dwell until

I year when .

the Episcopal

writer.

90 in Canifton,

I by a cooper,

le river, there
(' mill, while
's bank. lu
', commenced
Canniif's. At
he half-dozen
the road was
low, and for a
ucd to bo, for

Le Right Hon.
tid previously,
inown as Lord
[is body was
kca, he formed

The Moira takes its rise in the township of Tudor, and in its
windings to the Bay Quinte, passcsthrough the townships of Madoc,
Marmora, Rawdon, Huntingdon, Ilungorford, Tyendinaga, and
Thurlow. It was well known, and yearly ascended by the Indians
for tlie excellent hunting which it aftbnled. Thoy called it Sagon'
asko, which name may bo found on the first maps issued by the
surveyor. It was sometimes spelled Saganashcocon.

The Indians, when about to puss up on their hunting expedi-
tiouB, leaving many of the women ind children in wigwams upon
the plains near its mouth, would make an ottering to their pagan
god, of tobacco, which was dropped upon the east shoi-e, near its
mouth, Just below the site of the first bridge. A tlianJc ottering was
repeated upon their return. — (B. Flint).

When the first mill dam was erected by Capt. Myers, the
obstruction was called by them Cahojunk.

When the land was surveyed, the (Jovernment reserved at the
mouth of the river 200 acres, ostensibly, for an Indian burying
ground. But the place of burying was upon Zwiok's Island, in the
Bay, near the river's mouth.

Upon the old maps, this river is called Singleton's Eivcr, after
Capt. Singleton.

About the year 1790, Capt. Myers settled upon the river, and
erected a dam and log saw mill. It consequently took the name of
Myers' Ci'oek, which it retained, until after the war of 1812, and
by some, to within the writer's recollection, thirty years ago. The
writer remembers to have seen the Indians, in their birch canoes,
ascending and descending the river. The fact that the word Moira
has some resembling sound to that of Mj'crs, has led some to
suppose that the latter name became gradually changed into the
former. But the fact is as stated above.

The appearance of the place, presented to the first adventurers
in pursuit of land on which to settle, was not attractive. It was a
barren plain with a cedar swamp covering the shores on either side.
There were, however, on the east side, at the mouth, some tall
and good sized oaks, indicating deep soil, while the land around was
rock; this land, like the two islands upon which mills are built,
was rich, and had been made from the washings of the river's sides
for centuries, and carried down from the back country.

The first bridge upon the Moira, was a floating structure, and
was placed quite at the mouth of the river, with the view of
escaping the current ; but it was soon carried ott'. The bridge was

i^r :;

' \

t I

496

BELLEVIM-E.

built about 1800; prior to wliich time there had been a ferry for
foot passenpjers, when the stream was not fordable. At certain
Beasonn, crossings could tiiko place almost anywhere. The tii-st
spring freshet carried nway the bridge. In the winter of 1802,
according to Mrs. Harris, who then lived in the place, a more sub-
stantial (Structure was commenced ; but again it was cari'iod off by
ice breaking over Myers' dnm. Possibly, this may be the fart one.
The first permanent bridge must have been co mpleted in 1806 or 7.
The excellent water power was first employed by Capt. Myers,
and the second person to use it was the Eeeds, at the place where
is now situated Corby's mill. The benefit of a flouring mill to the
Eeeds will bo understood when it is known that they had pre-
viously, to carry on their back the grist to the Napaneo mills, a
distance of some fortj' miles, and thus occupying four da^'s.

BELLEVIMiE.

The earl}' voyageurs, passing along in their birch canoes,
bound for the far west, by the way of the River Trent
to Lake Simcoe, were never attracted to the low, thick Avoods,
which bordered the river called by the Indians Sagonoska. It
is true, there was generally an Indian village upon the plains
situated to the east of the river's mouth. But the collection
of rude tents offered no special invitation. While the French, it
would seem, never ascended the river ; the Indians of the Missis-
saUga tribe inhabited the region, and mostly always had a village
upon the bay shore. As we have seen, the Government, at the
time of surveying, reserved lot number four, which included the
river and the plains, for the Indians, About 1789 or 90, Captain
Myers, having purchased a part of lot number five, of John Taylor,
for $100, endeavored to obtain a lease of the Indian lot for a long
period of years; and he subsequently claimed the lot, averring that
it had been leased him for ninety-nine years. This claim of Capt.
Mj'crs, it has been stated, led to the name which so long obtained,
Myers' Creek. But the claim was never recognized by Govern-
ment, jUthough there is some reason to think that the Indians did
actually bargjiin it away. The settlement upon the river, by Captain
Myers, very soon came to bo known as Captain Myei's', and the
inhabitants up and down the baj^, spoke of the settlement, as well as
of the river, as Myers' Creek. But, at the same time, Myers' mill
and house were quite remote from the first collection of houses at
the mouth of the river. Apart from the water privileges, there

a ferry for
At certain
The first
tcr of 1802,
I more sub-
rriod off by
he fart one.
in 1806 or 7.
:3apt. Myers,
[)hvce where
T mill to the
ey had i^ro-
[joe mills, &
days.

tirch canoes,
River Trent
thick woods,
^agonoska. It
m the plains
Iho collection
le French, it
f the Missis-
had a village
ment, at the
included the
i-l>0, Captain
■ John Taylor,
ot for a long
averring that
!laim of Capt.
3ng obtained,
by Govern-
Indians did
sr, by Captain
rs', and the
[ent, as well as
^ Myers' mill
of houses at
i'iloges, there

FIRST SETTLERS.

497

was nothing to attract to the place, and, until the beginning of tho
present century, there was not even a hut at the mouth of the river.
If public meetings were held, they wore up the front, or back near
tho fifth concession, afterward known as Ilaydon's Corners.

The village began to form upon tho east bank of the river, a
little distance below Dundas street, and, for many years, it did not
extend further no.th than that street. The first place of habitation
go far as can bo learned, was a log house, built and occupied by
Asa Wallbridgo, a trader, who was well known by the early settlers.
Then came John Simpson, in tho year 1T98, and constructed a log
hut, 20x12. This house, the fii-st public house in Thurlow, was for
many j'ears known from Kingston to York, as a place of public
entertainment. Within its rough walls rested many an important
traveler, and here, in later days, convened the men of dignity and
office, to discuss matters of great import concerning the village.
Here met, in jovial companionship, the inhabitants of the village at
night. Around this rude public house centered the crowd upon
training days, or whoji the raco coui'se was a point of attraction.
For many years, the^^heart of the village was at the corner of
Dundas street. At this place was tho ferry, and allerwards tho
first bridge.

John Simpson, who was Sergt.-Majoi* of the Militia when first
organized, died shortly after coming to Myers' Creek; but his
widow, Margaret, continued the hostess tor many j-cars. Sho
endeavored to keep pace with the wants of the growing village,
and made one improvement after another, and finally ha i built tho
frame structure uow converted into the agreeable rosidenct.' of tho
Hon. Lewis Wallbridge. About the year 1800, a second inn was
opened in the village, tho descendant of this is tho present Rail-
road House.

When it became necessary to build a bridge across the river,
about 180G-7, the question of site was one of no little consideration.
It seemed the most natural that it should be erected on Dundas
Street, which was tho great mail road between Kingston and York;
and those living in the heart of the village could see no reason in
having it placed elsewhere. liut a majority of those having a voice
in the matter, looked at tho question in a niore practical light ; and
rightly thought a bridge would cost less where the river Avas tho
narrowest, while it should not bo too far for convenience. Tho
result was that it was built on the site of the present lower bridge,
and so gave to the street the name of Bridge Street.
32

i
li

>i ■

• ■

1 •

orft

f' I

lit'ii

'.' ■)

if '-r ..

:mi-.

498

I'ETRIE 8 STATEMENT.

Ilotrucing our slops to tho boi^inning of tlio present century,
wo present tho stutomont of 3Ir. William Kotehesou, who settled in
Sidney, iind also of James Farley, both of whom say that there was
not then even a village at the mouth of the river, there being but
two or three shanties, amoi\g them Simijson's tavern, at the rude
bar of whieh tho sole drink was a home browed beer, which, how-
ever, possessed intoxicating pio])orti >s. An'ithor building was an
ash houso, owned hy Asa \\''allbiM<lgo.

During tho fii-st years of tho j)resont century, the place grew
to the importance of u village, whose inhabitants, with those of
tho adjacent farmers, made u[) uearly a hundred [lorsons. Important
additions had been made, and onterpi'ise was at work. Two noble
and loyal Scotchmen had come to the place several years before,
and purchasod lot number three, anu had built a second mill danii
and mills. Tlioso wore Simon and .lames ^[cNabb. They subse-
quently look an active part in everything relating to the village.
James McNabb bocai'o Coiloctor of Customs, and the first Post-
Master and Registrar, and both wore oflBcors in the militia. Tho
mehncholy iloath of James McXabb, is hardly yet forgotten.
During the rebellion of IH'.iG, there was an alarm in Belleville, and
Capt. McNabb, while running through an unlightod hall, was fatally
wounded by a carole.ss militiaman, who was trailing his musket
with bayonet fi.Kod.

Capt. Mcintosh was an early settler in Belleville, as well as a
pioneer with sailing vessels. IJo built tho tirst frame store houso
at Belleville, which was taken down in 18ci7. The house he Duilt
is still standing, a quaint editico, at the lower extremity of front
bireet. Within its walls rostod (>eneial Brock, when on his way
westward, at the commencement of the war of 1812 ; also General
Gore, after tho close of the war. (.'apt. 3Iclntosh mot an untimely
death by drowning while attempting to swim from his schooner,
which was wind-bound oft' Ox Point, to the shore, 23rd Sept, 1815.

In tho year 1809, Alexander Oliphant Petrie, came to live at
Myers' Creek. lie found tho following persons living in Belleville
at that time. Commencing at tho lowest part; there first lived
.Capt. John Mcintosh, who kept a store; John Johnson, a saddler;
Dr. Sparehan ; John Thompson, who had been a soldier in the King's
Rangers ; Peter Holmes, a carpenter, who had also been in the
Hangers ; Mrs. Margaret Simpson, inn-keeper ; Eoswoll Leavens, a
blacksmith ; John Simons ; one Ames, a cooper ; Hugh Cunning-
ham, store-keeper, at Mrs. Simpson's ; Simon McNabb, who lived

century,
sottlod in
tboro wan
being but

the rude
licb, bow-
iig wuH an

)Uice grow
h those of

Important

Two noble
ar« before,
[ mill <himi
'hey t^ubse-
the village.

first Po9t-
litia. The
t forgotten,
lleville, and
I, wart fatally

his musket

NAMINO OF BELI.EVILLK.

499

across the river; Ockerman, a ivtoper ; Bonj. Stone, a sawyer; Wm.
Maybei', and Abnihaui .Slinu'rs. In the neighl)orhood of the village
lived John Taylor; James Hari'is a halter, and Capl. Myers. The
only road was along the rivei-. while loot ]):(ths led to the dillerent
dwellings, llespeetiiig Dr. Sparehain, tluT*' is the following notice
in the Kingston ^'foY^c: "Died, Friday 20th, 181;^, Dr. Thomas
Siiareham, at Kingston ; aged about SS. Mo was one of the first
settlers in the eountry."

The MeNabbs had a flouring-mill, and there was a snndl cloth
factory on the west side of the river, at Myers' dam. Harris had a
small shop on the bank of the river; and just below the present
market, back from the river, stood a little frame school house,
where taught one John WatUins. About the year iSlO, Mr. Kveritt,
from Kingston, erected a tine building I'or a hotel, outside of the
village, near Coleman's, forniei-ly McXabb's mills. This was near
the Victoria buildings.

The naming of Belleville took place in ]H16. The circumstances
attending it were as follows : Tliere met one evening at Mrs.
Simpson's tavern, Caj)tain Mc^Michaol, the two .McXabbs, Wall-
bridge, R. Leavens, and S. Nicholson. These gentlemen, at tlie
suggestion, it is said, of Oaptai*: McMichael, determined to invite
Lioutenant-tTOvernor Gore, to name the newly sin-veyed town.
The request was com])lied with, by calling it after his wife
liclhi. In reference to this, we find in the Kingston (' ette, Aug.
24, 1816, the following: '• The Lieutenant-(iovernor, ii. .ouncil, has
been pleased to give the new town (formerly known by the name
of " Myers"Creek " at the Eiver Moira,the name of " Belf-kville,"
by the request and petition of a great number of the inhabitants of
that town and the township of Thurlow." In the issue of 7th
September, the Gazette remarks, " We mentioned in our paper of
the 24th ult., that the new town at the River Moira, was now called
Belleville," &c. We were undei- the impression, from the very
pleasant situation of that town that its name was derived from tho
Pi-eneh ; but wo have since been- informed tliat it has been given
the name of Bellville, in honor of lady Gore at the request of the
inhabitants." We have it also, on the authorit}' of Mr. Potrie, who
could not be ignorant of the facts, that tho name is after Lady
Bella Gore. It wil. be observed that the name was originally
spelled Bellville, instead of Bell ville, as at the present time. In
all letters and p 'blic documents where the town was mentioned, we
find it spelled Bellville for many years. The writer will now,

III:

;l!

ll I.

■, ■ '

.,•; i'.

tmSk-'j

K^bBLj..

M'i|

: k

• \

li'MfaBH

''''• ill

* ■;

ill;

500

THE 8URVKY0R.

qiiott' liimsolf from nnolhor work. " Tlio samo yonr (1816) tho
Ciovcniinont iiiHtruclod surveyor Wilinot to lay out the 200 acroH of
Iiulini) roMorve, lot number lour, into town lotn of half nn aero onch.
It eaniiot bo iHieordeil (hat Mr. Wilmot diHchar^e*! hiH <iuty to his
credit (»r (he advantage of (lie town. In (he Hrst place ho made
the serious mistal^o (it has boon (pjestioned whe(her it was a mis-
take) of placin/^ (he line luMween Sidney and Tiuirlow, U])wardH of
sixty feet to tlie eas( of (ha( marked i)y (he original survey. Tho
conse(iuenco was, thH( the line between U)ts nunil»ers three and four
(a( tiie front) instead of beini:f nuiiniy in the river, where it ou^ht
to have l)een, was estal)lishod wh«'ri> now is Front Street, and
thereby, a valuable strip of land belon/;ing to tho Rosorve, was
luUlod (o ])rivrt(e pro]H>r(y on tho wes(ern side of tho river; while
the owner «)f lot number Hve, Air. Taylor, was a losor to a corroH-
]>onding extent. Anodior mis(ake was the very few cross strootH
laid oul, the inconvenience of which is felt daily by many ; altlumgh
8omo now ones have boon opened latterly. A third error was tlio
ro8poc( he mtuie (o a hotel which stocxl a little to tho east of where
now stands tho Victoria buildings. This hotel had been erected on
tho ground, where tho street, in Burvoying, happened to come.
Tho result is tho unseemly turn in its course at Pinnacle Street.
While tho hotel gave a name to (ho street, tho name commemorates
the cause of its uglinesss. Tho (own lo(s were disposed of by
Government to petitioners, true subjects of His Majesty, on a pay-
ment of a fee of thirty' dollars. No ono could obtain more than a
single lot. Seven ])lots were reserved : one for a hospital, ono
where slands tljo Catholic Church, tho (Jrummar School, tho Eng-
lish Chundi, also, the Parsonage house, the old Market Scjuaro, and
the Jail."

The lots were granted t(^ applicants upon presenting a petition
signed by two citizens, to Government. The grantee was obligated
to build, in a given time, a Inmse, one story and a half high, and
18 X 30 feet.

Bollovillo is the oldest town in Upper Canada. At the time it
was named, where now stands Cobourg, were but three houses.
In 181(3 tho Kiiujston Gazette »a,ys, " A Post Office is now established
in the now and flourishing town of Bellvillc, S. McNabb. Esq.,
Post Master."

■ lu the year 1834, a petition was submitted by the inhabitants
of Ee'leville to Parliament, tho result of which was " An act to
establish a Board of Police in tho town of Bellevillo, passed 6th
March, 1834."

KIR8T BOARD OF POMOR.

501

It would Hoorn tliiit fho iwX puHHud did not como intooponitiftn,
for in IS'AG, an act wns pUHscd rospoaliti^ llio fornior one. Thin
Inttor act was in many rospoctM tho Hanio, hut niakiuij; fiirthcr pro-
visionH. Tho Hamo year tlio (own record lic^ins. The IxmnduriyH
woro, '* cominoncliiji^at tlu> limi<Hl)olw«HMi lots niinilicr tivo and six,
in tho firHt concession, so as a line at rij^iit Hii;,doH will run o\\ the
northerly sido of Woniiacolt's l)rid^<s thoncc nouth sovcnly-four
degrees, west to the limits lielwei-n lots niinibci's two and three,
thenco sixteen dei^rees east to IIk! Hay ol' (^uiiite, thence easterly
following the windingof the hay lothe limits hetween lots niinihers
five and nix aforenaid ; thence north sixteen degrees, west, to tho
place of beginning, together with the isjainl and the hai'lionr.'*
There were two wards, each of which cleclcd two menilters of (ho
Board of Police, and the fourth selected a tiflh. The hody then
Holoctcd Olio of themselves for President, Those elected the first
year were, Wm. McCarty and Asa Ycomans, tl)r first ward ; Zena.s
Dafoe, and VVm. Oonnor for second ward ; ]?illa Flint was elected
tho fifth momlK'r, and was also chosen President; (Jeo. Benjamin
to bo clork to fho lioard.

Up to this time there had Iteen no sidowulUs, and at the same
time there was no drainage. The consequence was, tiiat in tho
rainy season tho streetw were almost impassible, quite as bad as
those of Muddy V(U'k aro said to have been. The first pavement
was laid in 18.50, the Htonos of which were taken from tho river.

It is impossible to say definitely what was the number of
inhabitantt^ at any one period. These were, however, in 1818
according to Talbot, about 150 ; about 500 in 1824 ; 700 in 1820,
and in 1836 nu)re than 1,000. nutMcMuUen, writing in 1S24, says
that between Kingston and York, there aro two or three very small
villages, tho largest of which is Holleville, containing about (me
hundred and fifty inhabitants.

After this tho town increased more ra])idly in size and import,
anco. Htops were taken to have built a (.'ourt House and .fail, as
tho nearest place of confinement of ])risom'rs was at Kingston ; and,
in 1838, just at tho close of the rebellion, the present building was
finished. ,

Ttio first court of Quarter Sessions held at the Court House in
Bollcville, was November, 1839, Benjamin Dougall presided;
Edmund Murnoy, Clerk of the Peace ; J. W. D. Moodio, Sheriff.
The principal business of tho court was to organize, and take tho

ili

(il ?:

V ^--i

i h

602

nET,i,Rvri,LE IN isnfi.

oaths of oflk'o. The Hocond court was hold in March, 1810, in the
Court Hotiso; thoro ^\•oro the same ottlcors, except that U'. 11.
Ponton was Ch'rk of the IVace,

A writer in the liitcHiijencrr, in 18.'{r>, says. Helleville is said to
contain ahout 1,800 inhahilants. There is an Kni^lish and Scotch
Church, a Roman Catholic and Methoilist Chapel, also a con<rre<^a-
tion of Kpiscopjil Metliodists, and one of Anu'rican rresl)yterians ;
25 niorchants' shops, 2 Apothecaries and l)i'iit;i^isl>', 12 huxters' and
grocery sliojis, lavorns. 3 hreweries, .'{ hatchers', 2 tlouring mills,
4 saw, and 2 fullini^and cardinu; mills. I pail factory, 7 hlacUsmiths'
shops, 3 Uunieries, and mechanics of almost every description. In
Front Street then' arc a numher of spacious hrick, stone, and frame
buildings; heinii; llu' most ccnti'al part of the (own for l)usincs.s.
Tho town lia-< recently heinj.? called Kast and West Belleville;
sei)aiated iiy liie rivei- IMoira. The later has heen laid out in town
lots liy the present owners; ami the sti'i'ets and linos (U'Hned. On
Coleman Sti'Oel tlu-re aie already erected a handsome hricic and
other ^tone and frame iiuildiiiifs; a 'frip-llaninier Fori^e and Axe
manufactory cari'ied on i.y Mr. I'mclor. celehrated for makinii; tho
l)est axes in tho ])rovince. A saw mill in o])eration and a (lourin<^
mill I'or four rmi of stone now erectiii',', and another for si.x run in
contemplation of heini;' liuilt next summer hy our enterprising
townsman, .Mi-. I'^lint. A cahinot-mal.er. I>lac!<sinith"s shop, and a
tavern, together with a variety of lots unsold, some of which aro
calculated for hydraulic purposes; and for which there are abun-
dance ()f nmteriais lor sictne huildiiigs. The same street leads
to tho oxtonsivc wharfs anil store houses belonging to Mr. Jiilla
Flint.

o Mr. liillii

RICIIMONn.

ClfAlTKU LVI.

503

(,'ONTKNTH— 'I'fllfll ImVKsllip — Ilii'lllllolKl — Ol'iu'i" — UUIllltily (if lillicl — Sliori'N of

Moliiiwk llay — V'illii;;c mi smitli nIhuc— < iiiL:iii.il liiiid lioldiiK — N'lmics —
NiipHiici' — Tlio fulls — Till' mill — Siiliiioii Itivcr — IikIIuii iiihih' — Sdiiirc of
Nu|Hiiu'(' lUviT — Its I'oiirM • — Cull 111! Mik — Siiiicoi' {''nils — Sa\w — i'liiiki''H
MMIk — NcwImukIi — Ac ikI('Iii\ — Tli" srttlciH — " l'l;irK\ illr " — No III mils.

Tin: "'i;.\Tii I'owNsiMi'

■lil( IIMkMi.

TIlis t()\viislii|) is <m1Ii(1 ;il;ci' tlic Diikc of IJUilimoiul. and cfdi-
tains about rjO.OOO acri s.

At: an (':iily luriotl, llm .'ilioiTs dI' llu- .M<i!ia\\l; JJay wi'iv orc-upli'il
l)v st't tiers. At lirst, upon flic I''riMli'ricI;sliiiri;Ii siilc, ami shortly
al'tor u|M)n llie nortli shore, 'i'lic iai'ilitics lur crci-tin'^'a llourin:;-inill
at the iails, upon the river wliich enmtit-i into thi' Mohawk JJav,
attracted tlie attention ol (loverniuent ^ > iMi'ly as IV.-'"), in which year
the lirst mill was erectc.l. Tlie exisleuce ol' lliis mill caust'd sonu'-
tliinsjf ol' a villap' to sprin'jT np on the soutli shore. Alioul the sanu*
time, the land upon ilm north shore of the hay and rivei-. was taken
up l)y tho loyalists. Wv can lind i:othinuf t«» indicate the year in
which this township w;is orii.fiiially surveyctl ; hut it was most i»ro-
bahly done in tiie latter part ol iTiS"). or in the sjiriii;.; of 178(), after
tho front of Thurlow h;nl heen surveyeil. U])oii tho old «'harlof this
township in the I'rown J^aiKls JJepartineiit, may ho seen the namus of
certain otlicers, as claimants of laud iietxr tlu' moiiihot the river. The
names are in tho main, now unknown, audit seems that tlu' laud ]»assed
into other luiuds. I'ho second and ihiid comessious seem to have
been settled at a comiiaralively early date. We heliove that some of
the lir.st settlers on Mohawk Bay, wi-ro, Alexander Nicholson, Wood-
cock, Peterson, Cau)pbell, llichardsou, Detlors.

Napance, a name given to tho river, and to the town upon its
bauks, is of Indi.an origin. Originally it was Appanee, which signifies,
in the Mississauga language, Hour, or the river where they make
flour. This des>ignatioii, it has been Kui>posed, arose from the exis-
tence of the flouring-mill, built here at an early «lato (see lirst days of
Upper Canada). The i)l.ice w.as lirst vi.sited by loyalists, in 1784.
Tho beauty of the scenery, the waters of the river, tumbling over the
roclis, down a distance of thirty feet, aiul sweeping down through a
muddy bed, and widening into Mohawk Bay, and the surrounding
hills clothed in natures rugged habiliments, would naturally attract
the settler. Then, when Goveiiunent placed a mill, at which the

■J

604

NAPANEE.

fiettlers could get their gi-uin ufrouiid, a consideration of gi'eat import"
aiice, the land in the vicinity would be eagerly sought, upon which to
settle. And, it can readily be inferred, that the more valuable lots in
the township of Richmond were, at an early date, appropriated and
settled upon.

Rniniing across the back part of this township, from east to west,
and continuing across the township of Tyendinagua, is the Salmon
River. It takes its rise in Crow Lake, in the Township of Kenebec.
It empties into the Bay Quiuto, at tlie border line between this town-
ship and Thurlow. Near its mouth is the Village of Shannonville.
The Indian name of tlie Salmon River was Go&ippa.

The Napanee River, of which we have spoken, takes its rise in
the townships of llincliinbroke, Bedford, Loughborough, Portland,
whicli are thickly strewn with beautiful lakes and streams, all con-
nected so as to form :i sort of net work. The Napanee then crosses
the front part of (^amden, and ]>ursues its way along, forming the
southeri! boundary of Richmond, to emi)ty into the Mohawk Bay.
Along the course of the stream are several villages, all possessed of
more or less beauty. There is the village of Oolebrook, having
upwanl of .^00 inhabitants; Simcoe Falls comes next, benutiful and
pictures<iue, with some 250 of popnlatinn. The village is named after
the Falls, which are some forty feet hiuli. Tlie name is derived from
Governor Sinu-oe, who at one time owned here 1000 acres of land.
Four miles further down the stream is the |)lc asant village of Clark's
Mills, after a family name of which we liave elsewhere spoken, as a
distinguished U. K. Loyalist. Continuing down the river we come
to Newburgh, a village pictures(piely situated, and of considerable
import.anco. Besi«le its grist-mills, saw-mills, factories, machine
shop, foundry, and other m.'ichinery worked by the water; Newburgh
has a very resj)ectable acadi'Uiy. Perhaps there is no stream in
Canada which possesses the same number of mill i>rivilegos as the
Napanee, The'"e are numerous rajtids and several falls along its
course, and the banks on either side are often strikiniily beautiful.

The original settlers along the stream were mostly the childi'en of
loyalists.

N.vPANEE. — Tlie settlement of Napanee is preiiy fully given in the
chapter upon the first Houring-mills. We there have stated that
Sergeant Major Clark of the 84th regiment, was ordered to Napanee
to jicl as superintendent of the works in connection with tlie Iniilding
of the mill ; sec(mil tlouring-mill in Tpjier Cannda. The mill was
situated upon the Fredericksl)urgh side of the river. Upon an early
niaj) of the township, by P, V. Elmore, a village is marked hero by
the name of Clink ville.

Napanee was incorporated in the year 1854.

We regret our inability to procure the towuship record of liioh-
mond.

I'i

reat import-
on Avhich to
liable lots in
|iriatcd and

oast to west,
tlie Salmon
of Kenebec.
m this town-
Jhaunonvillu.

s itH rise in
;li, I'ortlmul,
uns, all con-
then crosses
forming the
A)ha\vk Bay.
possessed of
I'ook, having
leant if ul and
; iianioil after
ilerived from
cres of land,
ge of Clark's
spoken, as a
\vr we come
considerable
ies, nmchine
■; Newburgh
) stream in
e^os as the
Is along its
ly beautiful,
chihlren of

given in the
stated that
to Napanee
tlie Ituilding
he mill was
|)()n an early
ked here by

3rd of Rioh-

DIYISIOX IX.

THE EARLY GOVERNMENT OF UPPER CANADA.

CHAPTER LVII.

Contents — Military riilo— Imporial Art, 1774 — Froiuli ('anin!a--Refiijroes— .
Military tiovcnmicnt in I'ihht Cauadii — N'rtv Iti.stricts — Luiii'uIhii'kI) —
Moi'iiicnlplirnii — N'assiiii — Ilt'ssf— 'I'ln- .linl;ri\s — iJiiiuaii — t'art\vrii;lit — Ham-
ilton — Koliirtson — Court in Mim klrnlmi-irli — Civil I,aw — .liid^i' niinaiii —
.ludgi! (jMi-twiiglit — I'liiiisliincnt intlirtcd — First cxi'i'iititui — ' w Constitu-
tion of (Jiii'buf — 17'Jl, Qiiclicc Bill passed — Inhabitants of fpin'r Canada.

irPPEB CANADA FROM 1783 TO t*J — THK OOVF.ilNMENT. MILITARY

AND ("FVIL.

For tiireo years after the conquest tlie Province ot'(iuehec wjV8
governed hy military laws, hut ii 1774, the ]{riiish frovernment
iutriHlueod a Hill, conferring civil rights upon the Canadian French,
with a governing council of not more llian 2'.i, nor h•^8 than 17.
The laws, religion and language v.eiv secured to the Province, as
before the coiiquest, so that in most respects, excepting the pre-
sence of an English (iovcrnor, Canada remained :i French Colony.
The timely concessions of the British (lovernment, and the natural
antipathy felt by tlr< Canadians to the New Englain!-,'rs, prevented
in a most |)ositive way, tiny desire or intention, on the part of the
Canadians, to take sides with the revolting iJritish Provinces.
When the loyalist refugees hega:i to pick their way into Canada
they found themselves ii.s it were in a foreign country. A colony-
it is true, under the government of jin Knglish (Jovernor, butnover-
tholoss consisting (»f « peojjie entirely dissimilar to themselves.
While the war continu-jd the presence of a large number of British
troops made the country seem less foreign in its character; but
the close of the war, and the dit*bandi!ig of many of the com-
panies, and withdrawal of others, I- ft t.ie uidiappy refugees in a
society to them altogether unnatural. It woa un<'L'r such circuin-

-I

- i

i
Ii

1!,
K ii

506

SETTLERS UNDER MARTIAL LAW.

■. I

n '

i 1^

: ii-' J-;

■n

stanecH that steps wore tsvkoii to survey land upon tho upper waters,
to which tho loyalists nii^ht f(o. The plan pursued by Govern-
ment was, not to extend the operation of tho laws belongin/jf to
Lower Canada, and therefore French and unnatural, lo the settle-
ments in Uii|)or Canada; but to marshal the ])i()iieer in bands
under officers, with the necessary a]»pointments, to secure order,
protect interests, and administer justice. Thefirst settlers of Upper
Canada, then came in military order, by word of command, and
were directed to the point where each should tind the land allotted
him, and meet his wilderness foe.

All alike were ;j;overned b\- military law, until 1788. Saj's tho
historian of Dundas, " it was decided by (Jovernnient that the first
settlers should live under 3Iaktiai. Law, till such times as it should
be restrindcil, and replaced liy ci)in))etent courts of justice. But by
martial law was meant only, that tho Eni^lish laws, havin<^ by the
settlement of this part of Canada, been introduced, should be its laws
for the present, and that these laws, which very few knew, should bo
martially executtMl by the (.'a])tain in command, havinij the super-
intendence of the ])arlicular locality."

Cpon tin- 'J4tli .Tidy. I7ss, Lord Dorchester issued !i proclama-
tion, dated ill the Castle of St. Louis, (Quebec, t'onnin;:^ a certain
number of new districts in the I'rovinee of Quebec, rpiter Canada
was i'onued into four districts, viz.: Lunanhunj/i, which I'xtended
from the bordiMs of Lower Canada "to the JJiver (rauauoiiue, now
called Thames,*" Mecklt'nburi/h, which included the settlement from
Gauauoi|Ue to the Trent Hiver ; I\^itss(m, extendini^ from the Trent to
Lonu" i'oiii; on Lake Erie; /fi't<i<i; wbieli cinbi-aced tlie remaiuinu;
parts of Western C.'uiada, ii)clu<lin<j; Detroit. The division was based
upon the number of settlers rather than the extent t)f territory.

To each of these districts was ;ij»)»oinled a Judife, ;i Hheritf, &c.
The .Iud<2;e seems to have been clothed with almost .ab.solnte power-
lie dispi'nse<l justice acconliuLT to his own inulerstauding or inter"
pretalion of the law, and :i Slieriif or Constable stood ready lo carry
out the decision, which in his wisdom, he might arrive at. These
four courts of Common Pleas constitutetl it seems the whole machi-
nery of the law in I'pper Canada, after the people ceased to be under
military jurisdiction. It m:iy have been, however, probably was,
that appeal could i»e made ag.iiiist the Judge's decision, to the
GovcriK-r and Council. There witu no other magistrates, and no
lawyers in tliose primitive happy days.

Of the four Judges ap[»uinted to the districts, positive know-

■ ll

THE PIR8T JUDGES.

507

(sitivc know-

ledge can bo obtained l)nt of three; these are Richard Duncan, Judge
of Lunenburgh, Richanl Cartwright, Judge of Mecklenburgli, and
Robert Hamilton, Judge of Nassau. Not nnlikely, William llobertsoHj
of Detroit, was Judge of llessc. This opinion is ventured from
the fact that this gentleinan was the most successful and ,>rominent
man in that locality ; the same as Duiican, Cartwright, and Hamilton
were in theirs.

llespecting the Judgeship of Mcchleahurjh, the Rev. Mr. Stuart
writes, 1788, that "our new settlements have been l;itely divided
into four districts, of which this place (Kingston,) is the Cajiital of
one called Xeir >Mt'cklenburgh. I had a commission sent me as first
Judge of the Court of Common Picas, which I returned to Lord
Di)rchester, who IcFt a few days ago." The ollice thus refused was
siibse<pieiitly tilled by Mr. liichard Cartwright. In !i letter l)efore us,
written li\ .John Fergus<jii, dated 2!)th December, 1788, it is stated
that '' our Courts are o|tened, but they have done nothing ])articular,
but 1 suppoft. will in a few days.'" This was the commencement of
other th.'ui martial law at the Bay of (iuiute, 1 788 then, is the year
i» which civil law began to be administered. This was considered a
boon l)y the iJritish Americans, who oltjected <juite as much to mili-
tary law, when the individual might not by education, be (jualified to
dispense judgment and Justiee, as they did to the French laws of Lower
Canada. Indeed the loyalists of Lower (.'iriaihi comi)huned very
much that they had h'^; the protec^tion of British huvs. And pro-
bably many were induced to aseend to Cj)])er (.'anada where the
British law was in operation. At the same time irp])er Canada
remained a part of the Province of Quebec.

K'efereuce is made in the llistury of Dundas, to Judge Duncan,
of iiUnensburgii a.'? follows: "As u soUiier he was generous and
humane." The Court sat at Mariatown, of which he wjis the foun-
der.' He " seemed t«» have monopolized every oHiee. A store-
keeper, and Molding a Captain's raidv, he <lealt otit law, dry goods
and groceries ."dterrmti ly.'' The court room was at the place of
Eichard Loucks, who k- i a store and tavern, about a mile below
the present eastern limits of the County of Dundas. The name of
the Sherirt' was j\lum-o, j»robably John Monro, wlio was subse(|uently
call"d fft the Legislative Comicil.

With respeit in .ludge Cartwright, the readei is referred to
individual V. E. Ix)yalists for a notice of his history. The fact that
he was selected as the .Tudge after the otliec? was refused by Mr-
Stuart, .shows that he was a man of inllueiice, education and wealth'

'V:

1' ■'

508

CONSTITUTION FOR UPPER CANADA.

and persons are now living who remember him as a " big man,"
along the Bay. From all that we can learn, it is most pi'obable that
Judge Cartwright held his court at Finkle's tavern, E inesttown, It
is stated that he convicted the first man that was hanged in Canada.
The crime charged against him for which he was executed was
watch stealing. The article was found upon him, and although he
declared he had bought it of a pedlar, yet, as he could not prove it,
he was adjudged guilty of the crime, and sentenced to be hanged.
Dr. Connor, of Ernesttown, stood up in court and appealed against
the decision of the Judge, but he was hissed down, and the law took
its course. T'le man was hnnged, and subsequently the pedlar from
whom the watch had been purchased came along and corroborated
the dying words of the unfortunate man.

The ""ost common punishment inflicted upon those convicted of
high offences, was that of banishment for a certain number of years,
or for life, to the United States, " a sentence next to that of death)
felt to be the most severe that could be inflicted." " Minor offences
were atoned for in the pillory. For a long time there stood one such
primitive instrument of punishment, at Richard Louck's- Inn, the
centre of law and justice for the Lnnonl)urg District." (Ilistory of
Dundas).

The first i)erson executed at Niagara was in 1801, a woman by
name of Loudon, who was convicted of poisoning her husband, at
Grimsby.

The difference between the French and British in Canada, as
to religion, language and laws, was so great that, although eflbrts
were earnestly made to unite the two races, the divergence of views
continued to increase. And the result was, that a Bill was introduced
into the Imperial Parliament, by the Government, which duly became
law.

On Friday, 4th March, 1V91 "Mr. Chancellor Pitt moved, "that
His Majesty's message concerning the New Constitution for Quebec
might be read. It was read accordingly."

" GKOKtiK R. — His Majesty thinks it proper to acquaint the Com-
mons, that it appears to His Majesty, that it would be lor the lienefit
of His Majesty's subjects in the Province of Quebec, that the same
should be ilivided into sei)arate provinces, to be called the Province
of Upjier (.'anada and the Province of Lower Canada ; and that it is
accordingly his Majesty's intention so to divide the same, whenever
His Majesty shall be enabled by Act of Parliament to establish the
necessary regulations for the government of the said Provinces. Hia

lip?!

"big man,"
obable that
esttown, It

in Canada,
tecutt'd was
although he
lOt prove it,

be hanged.
Baled against
the law took

pedlar from

corroborated

convicted of
bcr of years,
bat of death)
linor offences
stood one such
ick'sinn, the
(History of

a woman by
jr husband, at

moved, "that
)u for Quebec

limint the Cora-
I'or the benefit
Ithat the same
the Province
and that it is
\me, whenever
establish the
Provinces. Hia

ORGANIZATION OF GOVERNMENT.

509

Majesty therefore recommends this object to the consideration of
this House," &c., &c. The discussion whicli arose in coimection with
the passage of this Bill was of unusual interest, and produced
that historic scene between Burke and Fox, duruig which " tears
trickled down the cheeks " of the latter, as " he strove in vain to give
utterance to feelings that dignified and exalted his nattn-e." Tiie
Bill passed its third reading on the 1 8th May.

At this time there were distributed along the St. Lawrence, the
Bay of Quinte, Niagara frontier, Araherstburgh, with the French
settlement on the Thames, and the Indians at Grand River, about
20,000 souls, or double the number, who came at the first as refugees,
and disbanded soldiers.

For a list of the Governors of Upper Canada see Apjjendix.

CHAPTER LVIU.

Contents — Simcoc — His arrival in Canada — Up the St. Liiwicuco — An old house
— "Old Piiceihcs' Ifiver" — Simvoc's attcnfliints— Tlio old vcttTiins — " (jood
old cause " — " Content " — Toasting — Old otticers — Executive Council of
Upper Canada— First entry — Siiucoe inducted to otHce — ReligiouH ceremony
— " The proceedings " — Those present — Oiitl> of oHico —Organization of Legis-
lative Council — Assemhlj' — Issuing writs for elections— Jlenibers of Council"
— Simcoe's ditttculty — At Kingston — Division of Province — Tl<e Governor's
oflicers — IJoclifoucault upon Siincoe— Sinicoe's sinioundings — His wife —
Opening Parliament in 1795 — Those present — Retinue— Dress — The nine-
teen counties— Simeoe's designs — Visit of the Queen's father — At Kingston
— Niagara— A war dance.

OROANIZATION OP THE tJPPER CANADA GOVERNMENT BY SIMCOE, 1792.

Colonel John Graves Simcoe, the pioneer Governor of Ui)per
Canada, and the Lieutenant-Governor under Lord Dorchester, entered
upon the duties of his otiioo. July 8, 1V92.

His arrival in Canada was signalled by much rejoicing, as he
passed along in a lleet of bark canoes from Lower Canada, by the St.
Lawrence. A writer, iu 184G, relates some interesting facts respect-
ing this passage, lie speaks of one house then remaining in
Johnstown, which remained in all its original pro])ortions. '.'It
is built in the Dutch style, with sharp-poujted roof, and curious
gables. This house was framed of oak of the finest growth ; and,
considering that it has been drawn from lot to lot, until if. has traveled

i tl

5-' I

Rm>

ijin^^B

rI^^Hk'

fi*. f

:;>Ko

510

THE GOVERNOR.

almost the entire extent of the bay, (at Jolmston) within the last half
century, it certainly is a reniurksiljle edifice. It is now a hostelrio,
as it has always been, and nt) sign of rejjentance can be yet seen in its
huge sign-board, exhibited sit the top of a taj>er pine, on which soniu
cunning disciple of Michael Angclo, hath depicted a tolerably sized
square, and a pair of exquisitely expansive compass, striding classi-
cally, in imitation of the CoUosus of Kiiodes, with the staring capitals
of "i/ye and let live — St. John's Hall — Peace am! plenty to all man-
land'^ — thrown in as a soil of relief to the compass, an«l as a sweet
inducenient to the weary and diist-begrinnned traveler to walk in,
and make himself as comfortable as the little jteculiarifies of the lazy-
eyed landlord, and llu? singular tenqterament of the land-lady, will
allow.

"This house is (Toveriior Simcoc's house. In "it John Giaves
Simcoe, the first Governor oi the V. E. Loyalists, himself a hearty,
brave old colonel, who fought in the cause of these men, held his
levee, oi\ 'lis first anival in I'pper Canada. Time hallows all. Young
Canada has her antiquities — although she may be more prone to look
forward to the future with hope, than back on the past with regret.
Yet the hoiise in which John (Jravi's Simcoe reposed himself, and
cast his martial eye over tl c graceliilly curving bay, the sparklinj;
river, and the dihipidated fortifications of the old French fort, built
during the French ascendancy; on the point and islands below, may
Btill be an object of interest to more than those who reside in the
vicinity, in a Province, which owes so much of its present j)rosperity
to the good commencement made by one possessed of his historic
heroism, hunuuiity, and noble self-denial in the cause of an exiled race.
Tlie house stood on a point of land formed by the bay, aiul a small
stream which passes from the north westward, called formerly by tlie
French, " Riviere de la Vielle Culotte," which being translated, pro-
bably means " Old Breeches' Kiver." (ilovernor Simcoe had, but a
short half-hour previously, taken his departure for Niagara, in one of
the large bark canoes with which the i)assage on the St. Lawrence,
and along the shore of the lakes, was then generally made. A brigade
of smaller canoes and boats followed him, conveying his suite, and a
few fcoldiers; and never since the year 1756, when Montcidm led his
army upward to the attack of Oswego, had the swelling bosom of the
wild forest river borne so glad a sight as on that sparkling morning.

" The old piece of ordnance, obtained from the island fort below,
had ceased to belch forth its thunders from the clay bank ; whereon,
fort want of trunnions it had been deposited. The gentry of the sur-

the last half '
a hosteh-ie,
,'t Heen in its
whicli some
lovably sized
ridinu; dassi-
\ring capitals
tij to all man-
id as a sweet
[. to walk in,
i.s of the la/.y-
land-huly, will

John (-J raves
isell' a hoavty,
men, held his
vs all. Young
• prone to look
stwith regret.
mI himselt', and
, the sparkling
L-iich fort, built
i,ls below, may
, reside in the
se\it prosi)erity
of his historic
an exiled race.
!iy, and a small
formerly by the
[translated, pro-
icoc had, but a
jigara, in one oi
St. Lawrence,
|,le. A brigade
lliis suite, and a
intcahu led his
|g bosom of the
■ling morning,
[and fort below,
)ank; whereon,
btry of the 8ur-

SIMCOE S RECEPTANCE.

611

rounding comitry, collected together for the occasion, and looking
spruce, though weather-beaten, in their low-tassellod boots, their
queer old broad-skirted military coats, and looped chapeaux, Avith
faded feathers fluttering in the wind, had retired to the inn, and were
toasting in parting goblets, the " good old cause for ever," previously
to betaking themselves to their woodland path homeward, or embark-
ing in their canoes to reach their destinations by water, above or
below.

" Now I am content — content, I say, and can go home to reflect
on this proud day. Our Governor — the man of all others — has come
at last — mine eye hath seen it — drink to him gentlemen — lie will do
the rest for us," — cried Colonel Tom Fraser, his face fliished ajul fiery,
and his stout frame drawn up to its full height at the head of the
table.

"We do— we do! " vociferated yonng Kingsmill, emptying his
glass, and stamping to express Joy. " Bonhomme " Tom Fraser then
got on his legs, and shouted a brawny young soldier's echo to the
toast of his relative.

The miUl, placid countenance of Dr. Solomon Jones, was lighted
up by the occasion, and he arose also, and responded to the toast,
recounting some of the services performed by the newly api)oinled
Lieutenant-Governor in the Late wai'.

Captain Elijah Hottmn, a large portly person, having at his side
a formidable basket-hilted claymore, then addressed them in brief
military phrase, and gave one of the old war slogans. Major Jessup
followed in the same strain, and proposed a sentiment which was
received with vociferous cheers by the younger portion t)f the coni:
pany. Captain Duhuage, Captain Campbell, l*ay-master Jones, Com-
missary Jones, Captain Gid. Adams, Lieutenant Sanmel Adams,
Ephraim Webster, Captain Markle, Captain Grant, and numerous
other captains and officers, managed to make themselves heard on
the joyful occasion, until finally the meeting broke up, and the com-
pany separated not to meet again until the next fourth day of June,
in the following year.''

The first entry in the journals of the Executive Council of Upper
Canada, gives an account of the induction of Colonel Simcoe into the
gubernatorial office at Kingston, The event was made one of solem-
nity and religious observance, the proceedings taking place on a
Sunday, in the old church of wood, which stood opposite the market-
place. We quote an extract from the proceedings of the Executive
Council.

I.i

„l ►

ill

', 'H

512

THE INDUCTION.

Kingston, July 8, 1792.

" His Excellency John Graves Simcoe, Esq., Lieutenant-Governor
of the Province of Upper Canada, colonel, commanding the forces in
the said Province, &c., &c., having appointed the Protestant church,
as a suitable place for the reading and publishing of his Majesty's
commissions, he accordingly repaired thither, attended by the Hon.
William Osgoode, Chief Justice ; the Hon. James Baby, the Hon.
Peter Eussell, together with the Magistrates and principal inhabi-
tants, when the said commission appointing his Excellency (Grey)
Lord Dorchester, Captain-General and Governor-in-chief, &c., &c., of
Upper and Lower Canada, and also the commission a])pointing the
said John Graves Simcoe, Governor of the Province of Upper Canada,
were solemnly read and published."

The oaths of oliioy were then administered to his Excellency.
According to the Hoyal instructions to Governor Simcoe, he was to
have live individuals to form the first Executive Council. The five
named were William Osgoode, William Robertson, James Baby,
Alexander Grant, and I'eter Kussell, Esqs. The next day, Monday,
Osgoode, Baby, and Knssell were sworn into office, as Executive
Councillors. Eobertson was not then in the Province; Grant was
sworn in a few days after.

Upon the 1 7lh of July, a meeting of the coiuicil was held at tiie
Government House, at Kijigston, when the first steps were taken to
organize a Legislative Council, and assembly writs were issued, sum-
moning the gentlemen who wece to form the first Legislative Council.
These were, in addition to those forming the Exeoitive Council,
Richard Duncan, Uobert Hamihon, Ki«!hard Cartwright, Junr., John
Munro, and we believe, Tliomas Eraser. These constituted the
Legislative Council.

Two of the nine, it would seem, never took upon themselves
the duties of the high place thus alloted them. One was liichard
Duncan, who lived at Mariatown, County of Dundas. He was a
captain, and had, in 1788, Iwen appointed Judge of the Lunenburgh
district. When Upper Canada became a separate province, Judge
Duncan, as well as Cartwright, Judge of Mecklenburgh, wore ap-
pointed Legislative Councillors. Duncan was a man of extensive
business, and highly respected ; but " some transactions in connection
with banking business, were so imprudent," that "he left the country
somewhat abruptly for the United States," and "never dared to
return," (Croil). This unfortunate attUir, whatever its nature may
have been, probably occurred about the time of the above mentioned

"ay

OOVERNMENT OrFICERS.

8, 1792.
-Governor
J forces in
t»t church,
s Majesty's
y the Hon.
, the Hon.
pal iuhabi-
ncy (Grey)
&c., &c., of
lohiting the
iper Canada,

Excellency,
.e, he was to
il. The five
ames Baby,
lay, Monday,
18 Executive
j; Grant was

s held at the
ere taken to

issued, sum-
itive Council,
tive Council,

, Junr., John
istituted the

[n themselves
I was Kichard
He was a
Lununburgh
Dvince, Judge
I'gh, were ap-
of extensive
I in connection
jft the country
Iver dared to
nature may
jve mentioned

appointment, as he shortly after removed to Schenectady, New York,
where he continued to live until his death. Tlic other was Mr.
Bobertson, a resident of Sandwich, where he had become a successful
merchant. He never took his seat in the council, the reason of
which does not appe.'ir.

It is stated that, according to the despatches of Simcoe to the
Imperial (Tovernment, he foiuul no little difticidty in obtauiing suitable
persons to fill the offices of the Executive and Legislative Council, who
would absent themselves from home for the purpose.

The Executive Council continued to liold meetings at Kingston
up to the 2 1 St July, when Simcoe proceeded westwai'd, and deter-
mined to make the village at the mouth of Niagara River, his capital.

Upon the same day that the Governor and Council issued sum-
monses to tlie gentlemen of the Legislative Council, the 16th July,
a proclamation was likewise issued, forming the Province into
Counties, and specifying tlie munber of representatives to be elected
by the people to coi.stitute the Legislative Assembly. And these
proclamations were si)ee(lily conveyed and posted in every settlement.

The following wore the otficers connected with the Governor
while at Newark. "Military Sec. Major Littlchales; Provincial
Aide-de-Camp, Thomas Talbot; Solicitor General, Mr. Gray; Clerk
of Executive Council, Mr. Small; Civil Secretary, William Jarvis ;
Receiver General, Peter Rusell ; Surveyor General, D. W. Smith ;
Assistant Surveyor General, Thomas Ridout and William Chewitt."
The Council Chamber was a building near to Butler's barracks on
the hill, where the Episcopal and Catholic Churches assembled
occasionally, and alternately. The first meeting of the Executive
at Newark, was held on the 29th September. Ten days after this was
the opening of Parliament. Peter Clark was appointed Clerk of the
Legislative Council ; John G. Law, Usher of the Black Rod. The
superintendent of the Indian department, was Colonel John Butler,
of Butler's Rangers of the Revolutionary war.

John White, the first Attorney-General of L^^pper Canada,
came to the country, accompanied by Thomas Ward, in 1792.

The Duke de la Rochefoucault, Linancourt, a French nobleman,
traveling in America, in 1795, visited Governor Simcoe, and
remarks in his writings that " Upper Canada is a new country, or
rather a country yet to be Ibrmed. It was ])robably for this reason
General Simcoe accepted the government of it. Ho was fully awaro
of the advantages which his native land might derive from such a
colony, if it attained perfection ; and imagined that means might
.33

i; !

si! t:

fi0:'

614

TUB WIFE OP 8IMC0E.

bo found julo(|uato to this purpose. This hope vvus the only incite-
ment wliich o.ould impel a man of indopondont fortune, to leave the
lar^'o and beautiful estates he ])OS8ossos in Eni^land, and to bury
himself in a wilderness, arnon^* boars and savai^es. Ambition, at
least, appears not to have been his motive; as a man, in Gen.
Simeoo's situation, is furnished with abundant means of distinguish-
\n{f himsel by useful activity, without removincf to a great distance
from his native country. Jiut, whatever have been his motives,
his desii,'n has been attended with consequences highly beneficial.
The plan conceived by General Simcoe for j)Copling and improving
Upper Canada, seems, as far as he has communicated to us, extremely
wise and well arranged." The same writer says, that Simcoe had
a hearty hatred against the T^nited States, that he had boon a zealous
promoter of the war, in whi..',h he took v very active part. "In his
private lift^ CJovcrnor Simcoe is simple, plain, and obliging, lie
inhabits a small miserable woodon house, which formerly was occu-
pied by tho Commissaries. Ilis guard consists of four soldiers,
who every morning come from the fort, and return thither in ihe
evening, lie lives in a noble and hospitable manm r, without
pride. Mrs. Simcoe is a lady of thirty-six yeai-s of age. Sho is
bashful, and speaks little, but she is a woman of sense, handsome
and amiable, and fulfils '1 tho duties of a mother and wife with
tho most scrupulous ex: > uiess. Tho performance of the latter sho
carries so far as to act tho part of Secretary to her husband. Her
talents lor drawing, the practice of which sho confines to nu»ps and
plans, to enable her to be extremely useful to tho Governor." The
"Tho Governor is colonel of a regiment of (Queen's Rangers, sta-
tioned in the Province. His servants are ]>rivatcs of this regiment
which is stationed elsewhere."

During our residence at Navy Hall, the Session of tho Legis-
lature of U|)por Caiuvda was opened. (This was 1705). The Gover-
nor had dcj'erred it till that time, on account ol' the expected arrival
of a Chief Justice from England, and from a ht»pe that he should
be able to acquaint the members with the particulars of the treaty
with the United States. But the harvest has now begun, which in
a higher degrco than olsowhero engages, in Canada, the public
attention. Two members of the Legislative Council were present
instead of seven; no Chief Justice appeared who was to act as
Speaker; instead of sixteen members of tho Assembly only five
attended. The law requires a greater number of members for
each House, to discuss and detormino upon any business, but within

ir , S

SIMCOK « MEITKNANTS.

riiT)

?;i! \l

\y incito-

lonvo the

i to bury

bitiiiii, ul

, in Gon.

istinguiwh-

it distance

8 motives,
beneficial,
improving

, cxtromely

;imtoo ba»l

en a zealous

ft. " In his

liging. He

ly was occu-

nir soldiers,

lit her in Uie

,n.,-j without

age. She is

,c, handsome

id wife with

10 latter she

isband. Her

to nuiprt and

ernor." The

Rangers, sta-

his regiment

[)t the Legis-
The Gover-
Ipeetcd arrival
I at, he should
lot" the treaty
jgun, which in
la, the public
Iwerc present
Las to act as
Jbly only tlvc
members for
less, but within

two (lays II year will hav*- i-xpired sincL! Ilio Inst Si's>i..ii. The
Governor has (hi-reCori! thonifjit i' right to oj»« ii tlie Sessinn. Th.'
whole ri'linue ofthe (!(»vt'rnor consisted in a «;ii:ii'd of lil'ty men of
the garrison of (lie fort. hre.-.M'd in silk, he entered the Uail with
his hat on his heail, attended liy the Adjutant and two Seereturies.
Tlie two memluM's of the Legi,sl!i(ive Oouncil <j:ave, by titoir
Si)eaker, notice of it to tiie Asscmiily. Five meniliers of the latter
having appeared at the liar, the Governor delivered a speceh," fa;.

When Simci inuiortook the administration of the newly
ostablisheti Pro\inee, a ))roel;iination Avas issue. 1 which (iividtd ilio
Province into nineteen counties. In the ereation of lliis divi ion,
Simcoo liad a view to military organization. Jvocliefaii' iiiilt
says, " The maxims of government professed bj' Gen. Simcoc aro
very libei 1 and fair ; he detests all arbitrary and military govern-
ment, without the walls of the fort; and desires liberty in its
utmost latitude, so far as is consietont witii the constitution and
law of the land. He is, therefore, by no means ami)itious of invest-
ing all power and authority in his own hands ; but consents to the
Lieutenants, whoni he nominates, for each counter, the right of
appointing the Justices ofthe Peace, and Oftieers ofthe Militia."

" A Justice ofthe Peace could assign, in the King's niune,
200 acres of land to every settler, whom he knew to bo worthy,
and the surveyor of the district was to point out to the settler the
land allotted him." — (Rogers). Simcoo desired to populate the
Province as speedilj' as possible, no doubt he felt anxious the rnited
States shoidd not get too far ahead. The schemes conceived by him
for the settlement, government, and defence of the Provinee, have
received the approval of most men ca])ablo of judging. Hut he
remained not to carry out the plan intended. In 17!)(j, shortly after
the close of the first .session of the second Purlian\ent. he was
instructed by the Imperial authorities to repair to St. Domingo, to
assume the same duties ; and the Hon. Peter ]?ussell. President of
the Council, was delegated to discluirge the duties belonging to the
office of Governor, and he enjoyed all the emolumciits and peniui-
sites arising therefrom.

During the occupancy of Simcoe, an event came to pass which
may be here aj)propriately referred to. It was a visit to Upjier
Canada of the Duke of Kent, father of our much loved (^neen.
Prince I'Mward was stationed at Quebec with his regiment, having
arrived a short tinu before the division of the Province of Quebec,
and consequently before Simcoo came. Desiring to see the Ui)})er

• 1

ll:'i

I I'
•I 1

1 i

■' 'iv

516

THE Ql'BKN 8 FATHER AT NIAOARA.

Proviiico, ho Hot out in ii cohtaht', dniwn by a French pony, aocom-
paniiMl hy \\\h Niiito. At Montronl ho took a huttoau, maniiod with
French n»o 11, for Kingston. At OHwcgotchio, "the royal jiarty
waK mot by a ploasiiro bjirgo I'roni Kingnton, manned by Koamon
and military, nccompanicd by Peter Clark, of the Naval Dopart-
mont at KingMton." From Iheneo they were Hpeodily rowed to
KingHtt)n. where iho King's schooner, the 'Mohawk,' Commodore
JJoucht»tte, commander, was in waiting to receive him. The I'rinco
went on boanl, and after a tedious paHsage, safely reached Newark,
whoro ho was rocoivod by the tiring of guns. " As soon as horses
and Huddles could bo mustered, the royal party wonded their way
by a narrow rlvt-r road on the high banks of tho Niagara rivor to
tho Falls. The only tavern, or place of accommfKlation, was a log
hut tor travelers to refresh themselves. There, the party alighted,
and, after ])artaking of such refreshments as tho houso attordod,
followed an Indian path through tho womls to the Table Hock.
There was a rudo Indian ladder by which to descend to the rocks
below, KJO feet. This consisted of a long pino tree with the
branches cut otl", leaving length enough ut tho trunk to place tho
foot upon, and hold on by tho hands, in ascending ov descending.
(This Indian ladder continued in use several yoar4 later, when it
was superseded by a ladd<!r furnished Irom money, given by a lady
from Boston to tho guide;. Our illustrious traveler availed himself
of this rude mode of descent. Tho Prince and party lunched at the
Hon. Mr. Hamilton's on their way back. In the evening, tho Princo
was amused by a war dance by the Mohawks, headed by Brant
himself. The next day, tho Prince ro-em barked, and procoodod to
Quebec. There is a tradition in Marysburgh that he stopped on his
way down in Smith's Bay, to admiro the beauty of that place.

(IKNKRAI, imoPK,

CIIAI'TKU LIX.

t'oNTiNTH— (Irtioml Iliuitci' — IVtcr RiiHHcll — KriinclM (lore, l>»nr,_Alox. (irnnt —
Hiiii k — IHIi; — llnitc'il Htiti'H dcrliin' v/nr — rimnpt Hctinii — I'lirliiiiiiLiit — Pro-
claiiiiitidii — 'I'lu! !hniu' — Scciiiid |ii'orlaniiitiiin — (ii'iicrul Hull — IIIh iirocliiinii-
tioii — ItoinltHKl and iiM|H'rliiii'n' I — 'I'lu' IiidiuiiN — I'l'iiiliiiniitiiiii unswcrrd^
Hull iiprlHonci' — MicliJKiin < oiii|iiort'd — To NiitKurii — At <iu('i'nntoii liciKlttH—
" PiihIi on Viirk VoliiiiticrH " — D-utli ol Hkm k— MiDdiiiitll— War ol' 1«12,
llic AmiTiraiiH — Kxtiart from Mmitt — Wlmt ('atiii<liaiiH did— Itroi kV inotui-
nifiit — (IciiiTal SlirnfVi' — (IoimtiiI hriiinnioiid - InvadiiiL; tlic StntcH — What
Crtimila will do— Lord .Sydi-nluitii — A tribute liy iJr. liycrsun — IJiiioii of the
I'rovincfM.

THE UOVK11NOH8 OK Ui'PKU CANADA, h'UOM HIMrOE T»» I.oUI) SYDKNIIAM.

Lieutoimnt flonoral Potcr JIuntor, who liud bofii ('oUtiii!! of tl»o
24th Re^inuMil Mlatioiiod at Nowark, wuh tlio Hofoial (Jovornor lor
lTpj)er Canada; liis accession to office was on the ITlli Au;;ust, nstl).
During tlio two previous years, lion. IVter l{ussell had lioeii Presi-
dent, lie continued (o hold the position until his dealh, which
took place at (Quebec, 21st Aiiijiisl, 1SG.">. His a^e was sixty-nine.

The third (lovernor of I'pper Canada was His KxcclJcncy
Francis (Jore, wJio assumed the ^gubernatorial lunctions on the 25tli
Au<^ust, 180(5. In the interim between this period and the death
otMliinter, the lion. Alexander Craiit havin<.j bi-en J'residi'iil. The
rci^n ol' (lore was one of ea^e. No coiillictiny; ]»arties as yet dis-
turbed tiio political aremiof the Province. Year after year he con-
venetl Parliament, Avhich enacted laws lor the^rowinii^ reciuircnu-nls
of the colony, with a deo-nie of hiirinony not subsetpicntly ])resent.
In 1811, he resi;L?ne(i, wlicn Sir hitac liriic/i liccame Prcsiihnt, upon
the 30ih kSepleniber. Althoui^h but; the I're.'sidont, ami not a Liuu-
tenant-Oovernor, he recpiires some notice.

(rKNKiiA'- RiiocK. — Ii! the year 1S12, in .Inne, the United States
doclare<l war a^^ainst (Jreat Britain, osfonsibly. on the ([iiestion of
the riijht of iMinIand to taUe her s-eimicn from Anieritan vessels to
whiidi they jiad deserted ; but. in reidity, the object of the war was
to a((j!iire Canada, and .'is Knoland was eni^aiijod with an riuropean
war, it was deemed ii favorable opportunity by President Madiscm,
to subjui^ate the people ^^ylom tliey h.nd once dispossessed of their
inherittmce. Tiio declaration of war was rpiickly made knowli to
(General Brock, even sooner than the enemy thoniiht ])ossibIi', who
promptly took necessary ,-teps to secure the defence of the I'ro-
vince, against tho dastardly intentions of tho invader. On the 20th

1'.

ii'

I' fli

1 1

I; 1 1

y. 1

III

518

" CAN NEVER BE CONQITERED.

Jnno, ho issued orders to^ (-nptain Roberts, at St. Joseph, whieh
issued in the eaj)tiiro of Fort Miehilmueinac, with seventy men,
beside valuable earu;oes'of 1'iii*h. On the 2Sti» Jnly, he met the
Parliament at York, wlueh continued in session eight days, and
sent forth a proeiamution to the people, with these conchiding re-
marks: " We are ongai]fed in an awful and eventful eontest. By
unaiumity in our eouneils, anil by vigor in our operations wo may
teach the eiuMny this lesson, that a country defended by freeman,
enthusiastically devoted to the cause of their King and constitution,
can never be conquered." IJoniarkablo words! How true the
Hcntiinenls. And so, animated by this belief, strong in the con-
sciousness of right, indignant at an unprincipled foe, ho went on
his way showing to all an ixample of " vigor," and disj»laying the
braver}' which freemen alone know how to practice, until in the
hour of victor}-, death overtook him on (^ueenston Heights. The
address of (leneral ]?rock was supplemented by one from the Legis-
lative Assembly, and {.o excuse need be offered lor introducing it
here in t'.rtfnt<u. 1( ought to bo read by every Canadian, and the
truths it contains made known (o the rising generation, that they
may know the history of the fathers of those who support Fenian-
ism. Know Ijiiw nnseru])ulous the neighbours we have upon our
southern borders, have ever been.

" Alieady hcve Ave the joy to remark, that the spirit of 103'alty
has burst foith in all its ancient sjilcndour. The militia 1;' all
parts oi' the Province have volunteered their services with accla-
mation, anil ili.«]dM3'ed a degree of energy worthy the British "lame.

"They do not (orget the iMessings and pi'ivileges which the}'
enjoy under the protection and fostering care of the IJritish Kmpire,
whose government is only felt in tliis country by acts of the purest
justice and most pleasing and elticacious benevolence. When men
are called upon loiU'Ceml everything tlicy I'ali jtrceious, their wives
and chililren, their IVien<l> anii profe.-sions, tliey oiiglit to be inspired
with tlic noliU'st resolutions, mid they will not be easily irightened
by menaces, or ^onijuered liy liirce. And. i eholding as we do, the
flame of ptilriotisin, burning from the one end of the Canailas lo the
other, we cannot but iiitertain the nmsl pleasing antiei])alions.
Our enemies have indeed said liiat the^- can subdue this country
by proclamation; but it is our part to prove to them, that they are
sadly mistaken ; that the population is di'terininedly hostile, and
tliat the few who might be otherwise inclined, will find it their
safety to be faithful. Innumerable attempts will bo made, by false-

BROCK S AIH)RK»8.

519

hood, to dotach you from your alk-i^iance, for our enemies, in imita-
tion of tboir European master, trust more to iroswhory tluin tolorce,
and they will, no doulil, make use of many "!' those lies, which
unfortunately, for the virtuous part of those Slates, and the jieaee and
happiness of tlie world, had too much success durini; the Ameri<'an
rebellion; they will tell you that they are come to, nive yon freedom,
yes, the base slaves of the most c<MJtemptible fa<'lion that t'ver dis-
tracted the affairs of any nation, — the minions of the very syco-
phants who lick the dust from the feet of Bouna|)arte, will tell you
that thoy are eomo to communicate the blessing of liberty to this
Province; but you have only to look al your situation to put such
hypocrites to confusion. Trusting more to treachery than open
hostility, our enemies have already spreatl their emmissaries lhroiiu;h
the country to seduce our fellow-subjects Irom their alle/^iance, by
promises as false as the principles on which they are founded. A
law has therefore been enat<t:d lor the speedy deiectitm of such
emmissaries, and for their condign punishment on conviction.
Remember when you j;;o Ibrth to the comiiai. that you tiirht, not
for yourselves alone, but for the whole world. You are defeating
the most formidable conspiracy against the civili/.ation of man that
ever was contrived. Persevere as vou have bei^un, in vour strict
obedience to the laws, and your attention to militiry discipline ;
deem no sacrilice too costly, which secures the enjoyment of our
liajjjjy constitution ; follow, with your countrymen in Jh'itain, the
paths of virtue, and lilvc them, you shall triunijih ov«'r all your un-
principleil Ibes."

This address was followed i»y a second one from (Jeneral
Brock, on the 2lirul .luly, 1812, in which he reviewed an address
which had been issued by the American (.ionerai. who had invited
the Canadians to seek voluntarily, the protection of his govern-
ment; also the threat to show no (juurler if the Indians appeared
in the ranks; Jirock elo([uently dcfende<l their ri^ht to defend
their homes against an invailing ibe.

General Brock having prorogued Paidiament, jtushed on to the
scene of Hulls invasion, where he bail isNueil a prt)elaination to the
Canadians characterised by absurdity, falsehood, anil Yankee brag.
Indeed, it seems ipiile im])ossible lor any American (ieneral to
indite an address or proclamation, without exposing himself to
ridicule. Having already collected an army at l)etroit, General
Hull, the commanding oliicer, crossed over to .Sandwich on the
Canadian side, and issued the folluwing molest! address to the

.■ i:

''.:

}■'■:■

J- ;

If:

520

mif.ii's AnnRESs.

"Inhabitants op Canaha." — " AfYor tliirfy y»Mirs of jionco
and prosperity, llio lliiitcd Slnlcis liavo Itcon drivon to nrms.
Tlu< iiijnrii's niitl Hj^rewHioiiH. (In* iiisullH :iii«l iiidiijtiilioK ol' (Jront
Hritain, huvo onco more IctI tlioin no allortutfivo hut tmmoly,
rosiHtiiiici' or uncoixlitionnl suhmissioii. Tin' nriny under my
conunaiid Iuih invaded your coiintrv. and tln> standnrd of Tnion
now waves over ll»'> territory of ( 'aniula. To tln> peaceal)!*'
ftnd unotVendini; inliaSitants it lirinijs neither 'lanjLjer nor diffi-
culty, i eonio to tind enemies, not Co make them. I eome to
protect, not to injure you. Si^|)arate<l hy an iiumense ocean, and nn
oxi.nsive wilderness, from (ireat Mritain. you have no ]i:!rtiei])atioTi
in hor councils, nor interest in her eondtict. You have felt the
tyranny, you have neen her injustice, hut I do not asic you toir-enp^
the one or retirees I tie other. Th»' United Stat<'s are sulHeiemly
powerful to alVord you every sccurily consistent with their ri,'.^hls,
and your expectations. I tender you the invaluahto hlessinifs of
civil, political, anil reliu;ious lilu'rty. and their necessary result,
individual and j^eneial prosperity; that lili«'rly which i!;ave<lecision
to our councils, and iMierf^y to oui- conduct, in our strujji^le for in-
depenilciice. and which conduclcd us sali'ly and triumphantiv
throuy;h tln« slurniy p*'ri(Hl of the Revolution. Tlitit. liherty which
has i-aiscd us (o ;ni eli'viitnl rank anii'nn' mil inns of thi" world, and
whii h has allordid m> a iiivati'r nicasur*' of peace and security, of
wc.-ilth :ind iin|)rovcincnt. than ever fell In llie lot of any people.
in the name of my counlry. and hy tin' aniliorily of my country,
and hy lln' authoi'ily ol my i;o\ci"nnu'nl, I promise protcclion to
your persons, properly, and rii;hls. I{i'm;iin at your homes, pui'suc
vour iteati'tul and cu>lom;ii'v avocations; r:iise not your hiinds
a<;.'iins( your hrelhrcn, many of your talhers foui,dit tor the trecdom
and iudi'pondenci' we now enjoy. UeiuLr «diildren, llu'reforc, of the
same tiimily with us. and lieii-^ of i!n' s;inie lieri<;iii'(\ the tirrixid of
my army of friends must he hailci! hy yiii with n cordiid welc(Une.
^"ou will he emancijia'uil ii'oni t\ rany .•md oppri',s-;ion, ;ind rivsiored
to (he di^'niiii'ci ,-ia(ion of I'rre men. Il;id I miy doiiht of i>venMi;il
success, 1 miii'lit ask your assistance, hut I ilonot. I come prep.i red
for evt>rv I'onliiiixency, 1 have a liirce which will look down idl
opposition- and tluit force is hiil the vaiiiruard oC a miadi n'rc.atcr.
If contrary to your own interests, jind the just e.vpcclatioii of my
country . \>ui will he considered and treiitcd as eni'inies. the horr(MN
antl itilamiiii'N of war will stalk h^fore you. If the harharoiis
aiiii savage I olicy ot'(Jreat lirilain he |tuisiied, and the savayes ari'

! i

ANHWKIl TO TIIK AIHHIKMS.

B»l

of jtoaro

to iirmH.

of iWoni
t »\nn»oly,
muU'r my

of rnion

jwact'iiblo
wnr (liffi-

I conio to
>iui, jukI an
«rti«'ii)ati<ni
v(\ Ml (ho

II to a "OMi^o
sutTU'icniiy
l\oir i-i,'.';l>ts,
i)lt>Hsin!j;s of
sary v»'siiH,
avi'tltM'isioii
trt^lo for in-
•i\iin|tlunitl\
luTly wli it'll

worlil. ami

KCMurily, of

any |)«M>itl»\

my coanli'y,

rotctiiiin 1o

MHOS. ])nrs\U'

ycMir liiinils

tin' iVci'ilom

\'\\i\\\ of till'

lii« aiTi\!il of
iiil svi'li'iMnt'.
ml roioi'i'il

f ovi'iiiunl
m- prcpan-il
ik <lo\vii all
icli tiTi-atft'.
it ion <if wy

tin' hon-ors
i> liarharoiis

savauCH an-

lot lr)oso to murHpr «mii' i-ilizt-nH, an<l JMilclior onr womon «n«l cliil-
dron, tliiH war will i»o a war of oxtcrniination. Tho firwt. stroke of
tho (onniliawk, tlM> tirst att(>in]it witli llic Hcalpinir kniii\ will Ih« tlio
Hijjnal of (»iu« intliscriniinaU) wonc of (h^Holatinn. No white man
found ti/rhtin^ Ity tho sido of an Indian, will Ix* lakon priKoni^r ;
inHlant doNtrnclion will Ik' his lot. If llitMlirtatoH of roasr)ri, duty,
juHticc, and hnnninity, cannot provcnt thu cniploynirnt of a forct)
whitdi roMpoctM no ri^iit. and UnowH no wrontrs, it will Ik> jirovcnttMl
by II Hi'vt'iv and rcdcntloHH HyHton) of retaliation. I doubt not your
<'ouriiJ5t> and lirnini'Hs; I will not, dtnilit your attaclmn-nt to liherty.
If you (tMidcr your Hi'rviccH voluntarily, (hfy will he a4-('e|)ted
roadily. The llnit(>i| .Stat<'K oH»'r you peaeo, liherty. and security.
Your eh(»ieo lies hotwoen thiiw^ and war, Hlavory, and dt^struet ion.
Choosi* then, hut (duMtse wisoly ; and may ho who knows the justice
ot our eaus(>, and who hold in his hands the fate of nations, ^ui(h)
you to a result the most <(»nipatihl(> with your rights and iiderests,
you peace and pro.sperity."

Hut it WIS not Imi;^ till tlie s;inie (len. Iliill was a prisoner
nmoii;^ them, and in his journey from Dt^troit to (^uehec he had
ahundantopportunity ofseeinu; not only the loyally of the ('anailians,
hut. that they knew how to treat a e,on(|Uer*M| foi' with eonsiderii-
tion — that willnMit cryini; it out they could t!;ran( «>vcr\ " pro toe-
lion "to their ancient toe, not wit hslaiidin;; the cruel Ireatnient
they had sMstainetj w hen made exiles.

On the jSih July, with the inlrepidily i liaraclcrlstic n{' the
Ih'itish ollieer, Urock cro-siMJ tln' Detroit, ;idvance(| upon the town
with his hrave militia and hamlfid ol re<.ciilar troops, and ilenmiah^d
of (Jen. Hull the siirrcmlei' of (he pltK-e. iiillowins.' up tlH> deinjind
with prep.'irali.fiis to assMult; Iml .soon the while Ihiii,' appt-ariid,
and tien. Hull, ^o hrave in writing' proclamaliMns. with the whoh^
American army, hecame prisoners nf war. 'I'lie\- were conveyed
to (^ueliee in iiarlies, some i;"oinu' hy vesst'ls of \\;ii' from \<>rU to
Kine'slon, >onie in sm;ill lioals alonii' the shorti ami across the
Oarryiii!;' I'lace, hy the l'>:iy of <^>ninle, Most ot' lliem were con-
fined in hulk-, in IIh^ Si. Liiwrenci', al (^iiieliee, where liny rem!iine<|
until c.Nchani^i'd. <Ji>ii. I'.rock' alter this hrilliani ron(|iiev| of
iK'troit, which incliiiled the whole of .Micliii.'an, lost no time in
liasti'uinn' to the MiaLTtira IVonlier. where anoiiier ai-my was threat-
en iiiLT ti> invade.

Upon the 12lh (>et((lier the Ainericiins were preparin;f to
cross from liowiston to tiiiecnslon. <len. ISrock' was jii j-'oiM (Jcoij^o,

ii .

522

TiiK ukath oy iuiock.

NijJirnra, and lioiirint^ lli(» cuiiiioirs souikI, liiin-iod to tlio Hold of
biiUlo. Il«' placcMl liiiiisoH'.'if. (ho IumuI oC (he tronpi-i, and triiim-
plmutly UmI iImmm ii|> tlio lioiijlits of (^lU'fiiMloii, asfainut tlio ciimny,
who had nlttaiiu'd a, footiiii!; then-; ImiI with (he doop rivor Itolwooii
Ihi'iii and safely, the iMiciny ndlicd for m tiiiK* in n slnifff^lc inr lilo,
and l?r(K'Iv's men. infi'rior in ninnlKM-, rt'tii'i'd, until his ndntbrce-
nicnts ha<l ronu', (or \vluch iu' would not previously wait, 'rhon
ai^jiin ho ossayofl to load (lu'in on, hut hiw hour had ('(uno, and
whilo his (dioorint; voioo was riii^ini; out. " Push on YorU Volun-
toors," ii iniisliot hall struck hiiu flown. Miit (ho spiriLof (ho Inavo
(Jonoral was inCuscd into ovory (Canadian. As soon as (Jon. ShoatVo
had airivod Ihoy advatuotl to ooni|uor (h(^ ])ollutors oC Canadian
soil. .Ai;aiM (ho whole Anu'riean army hecaino prisoiu^rs ol' war,
and had the priviletjfe oC niarehin^ (ho Umil^Mi ol" (ho I'rovinco to
l^utdiec, and (ion. Seod atnonir (he rest, who was lavored wi(h a
passage down (he Bay (!l'(^,uinl.e.

(ion. Hroeks Ai<le-do-()anip, MoDiuinoll also Cell, mortally
wounded, HroeU was Inii-ied in 1i hasdon ol' Fort (leorpjo, hut
suhseijiiendy his retuains Cound a res(iiitr plaeo u))on (ho heiu;h(s
where !u' fell, and where now rises the monument (o his memory.
This illu-^trious Chief was much ludoved hy ihe Canadians, and lie
WttH hold in ;;re;it vonei a( ion. 'I'o him — to (lie ener/x*'ti<! an<l heroic
Hrocdc is due (o a <i:rea( exlent the Mil)se(|Uent sueeoss l)y which
tlrt' enemy, over hoasdn^j;, was kep( at hay, so (hat when p(>a('c
was sought hy the Inited Slates, after three years of war. lu'cause
Kni^land, no lonu'or at wai- at home, was ahout (o <leal heavy hlows,
(here was not ;i foot of Canadian lorrilory in liio entdny's posHOs-
8iun.

Ol'Cen. liroelv the linn. Nrilliam II. .Meriil. in IH.'i.'l, speaks a-*
lollows :

"It will lie in the reeolieciion of many now pres' nt, that in
(he eommeneemeiit of t!ie war ol' I.S12, only one rei^imoi t)f Hritisli
troops, the IStli. was lefi to deli'nd l'p|»er Canada, from Kin^rsion
to Mieliilimackinac, .a distance of one thousand miles, and durini^
tlie whole eampaiicn, only two compaiues ol' the ISlii c(>nld be
sjiared on this frontier. Although this fact is one of (he m«»st
strikini;- o\ents conneeted with thai war. it has nevoi- yet heon
brouixht iiroiuiniMitly helitre (ho jiuhlie ; yet it ilonrly jiroves that
the detence of ('anaila, then ri'stod with i(s inhahKanls. We tind
tha( thouirli they t'onsi8(od principally of tho old U. I'). Loyalis(8
and (heir doseendants, the native Indians who htul boon dispos-

II 1

■if

. 11

SliKAKKK — iminiMONIt.

523

, ui\<l trimn-
t (l\o fiioiuy,
•Ivor Itolwooii
iijrjrlf lor lil'o,
hirt roinronc-

wail. Tlioii
lul coinc, luul

York Vohin-
itof tho bravo
^ (JiMi. SlicatVo
J, ol" Canadian
;omirH of war,
I'rovinco to
iivorod with a

fell, mortally
•1, (nM)rp;o, l»iit
i)n llu* In'iulit!*
<) his nu-niory.
ailian^-, and ho
!r»'ti(!un<l horoic
roHS l>y wliicli
:it whon pcaci-
.r war, lu'causo
.;d heavy Mows,
•n^Miiy's posHOs-

IS."):*., sjioaks a-<

,ivs Ml, that, in
inu'i ot'liritir-h

IVoni Kin;j;sloii
iU's, and diirin.t,'
•iSth could bo
>1K' of tlio nntsl

iH'vi-r yi't hoon
uly jtrovoH that
itjiiits. Wo tiial

U. K. Loyalists

ud boon dispob-

w> loul I'osowi'cos, an<l wiihoiii (ho Uta^i «'X|>o(;ia!uin ol any tiiiuHy
aid from llio motliiM- oonnlry, with a fow troops, nnai)lo to contond
aiifainstH powcM'fid nation, niimliorin;; about K.oiH),()l)i), with munitioiiH
ot war, and rosoin'ccs willioiil limit, within a ooniparalivo shurl
distance from nnu'ilimo cilios, uIm) nunu>rous iiDrccs al romnnmd,
ol'wiiich (hoy woih; not .slow of a|»prisin;f us, in Iht; proolamatioiiH
oiroidalod fntni tinm t,t time, — it was undtu- tliosi! oirounislanooH
that IhiMdniractor and ability oi Sir Isaac IJrook worct bron;,cht to
liifht. Well knowing;- on whom ho iiad to depend for tho dtd'tinco
ot" Iho country, ho diri'otod his piM'sonal allon^ion to the olotliin^,
arms, ei|uipmont, moss, and pi rsonal comfort of tlio militia, and
look ovory opportunity of tfainint; Ibo •^-ood will ol the Indians."

look ovory opportunity ol tfainmL; Ibo •^ood will of llie liidinns.

Tin' oslinnilion in which (ionoral linxtk was hold by tho pooplo
of tho I'roviiico. was duly cvincid by Parliament in passim^ an act,
llth Mandi. lSir», " to juovidci for llie ero<'tion of a monumont to
tho memory of the lati^ pnwident, Major tionoral Sir Isaac Brock."
Tho value of bis wiMbnii, his coiincils. Ids onerity. Iii.> wise plans,
as wtdl as his brav*'ry. and ihr elleois ihoroof, are fully sot iiulh in
llio |)ro;inib|(». ii wa.-. ro.solvod to niiint .C1,()0(( lor tln^ ])U',"poso
roforrcd lo, und oroot llio inoniimonl at (^luionslon Ihij^htH.
Thomas Dickson, 'riionias Cbiik, imd lioborl Nicbol. Il.'-tiuiros, Wi-ro
appointed comntissioners to oai ry out tho aci. In .laniiaiy, iH2(!,
an act was pas;-od urjintiiii:;- fi'dll iiKire •' to cnii'iilctc liie monument
on a scale whioii appi'ars to ibo commissionors worthy of thu
objoct."

Major (Iciicrnl Slniillr, bcciuno Presidml, 2iMli ( )eli>ber, 1^12,
and oontiiiiiod in otlioo until .liiniiaiv ID, IKl.'l. wbon Major (ioner.al
do iloltonbiir^^li iissiinu'd tbo ollioo, and rcmtdncil until l)ooeinber

/ was inducted as

12, of ibe rami) year. At this date

l,initcHiint (iciunil tSif (inf'/oii J>rini(ii"iii<
Prosidiuit. It was imnn-diatidy afti'i' this tbat \bo inlanious Ame-
rican (ioner;d iM(('luro. sot lire lo Newark ubcn uii|n'otoetc(l,
biirinny; 150 liou-os, and loaviiii; MHI wonieii iuid (diiblnn boiiiobiss
in llie middio ot' Deooiniior. Tbisjtcl nf villaiiy w;is fully avenged
liytionoial I)rummond. Ilavin:; occupiod Kort tieor^c, a nitflit
attack wa-* made upon Fort Niaiiara, with lirillian; sin

krA:

')A

:!t

II '

(*»!s,s.

lun.

t ':'

524

LORD SYDENHAM.

m\:

*"•

i;:

the burniii<^ of Newark wan ri'iiKJinbered, and from Lowinton to
Buffalo tho frontier was laid waste, includi" •: those two townH. In
this connection, \\v would remark, thait in o ovontof another wnr
with tho United States, it would bo no doui. tho policy of Canada
to make frequent disastrous raids iiito tlio States, wliorovor the
opportunity presented. Tho Americans may as well understand
that destruction of property will not be all on one side.

These brief sketches of the first Lioutenant-tiovcrnors of Upper
Canada, will bo finished by alluding to one who devised the sehomo
of uniting tlio two Canadas, who successfully accomplished that
noble desicfn, and bocame the first Governor of United (Canada, lie
fixed Ihe capital at Kin^ijston, as the most centi-al ])lace suitable for
both J'rovinces, indeed, it is generally understood, that it was a
part of tho plan when the union was made, that Kingston should
become the permanent seat of government. " It virtually f(.rmod
part of the contract between the rcspectivo provinces." But with
the death of Lord Sydoiiham, also died the op])or!unity of l\iiigst(,;i
remaining the capital of Canada.

Lord Sydenham died at Kingston, in Septembei-, IS^l.and was
buried beneath St. (leorge's Church. Says Dr. I{yer.son. in an
atlecting letter comnumicated to the |iul)lic at that time: " rnlike the
close of the session of legislalure, wliicii was ever held in either
Province of Canada, tho tp ninationof the lateso.ssion will prodnci'
throughout Canada the opjiosito feelings of grateful joy, and melan-
choly griet. 'llie same jiost which convcy-s to the people of Canada,
tho tidings of the harmonious and ha|»]i3' conclusion of a session
nn])rocedentod in the productiveness of comprehensive andvaliiabk'
measures foi- the general improvement and social and intellectual
olovation of the province, convoys to them the apjjall'iig announce-
ment that death has terininuted the earthly career (if the nohlc
mind which coiiceived those iniprovemenls and originated those
institutions which will form a golden era in the annals of Canadian
history, by laying the foundation of Canadian pro.spority and great-
ness. While blessings are niultiydieti us, the agent of those bU'ss-
ings is removed f'lm us, and our coniitr^' is, at the same moment,
thrilldl with joy nd consternation — and on tiie same day vocal
with thanksgiving and clothed in sackcloth; himinons with hope and
involved in nioui-ning. Thus do the strokes of Pi'ovidential chas-
tisement aec'Uiipany tiie oullieainings of Providential muniticenco;
anu the brightest ])i('tnre of human life is shaded with disapjioint-
men*. sutlxTing, and bereavement. It is in heaven only lh)\t death
in unknown, that [)aiii is never felt, and teai-s ai-e never shed.

I'it

HIS ACTS.

"Lord Sj'dcnham bolonf,'8 ossontially to ('nnndn. His iioliility
was fairly earned in hor sorvico ; the ripest fruits ofhin experience
and aoquiremontH are embotliod in her instilutiouH ; hi.s warmest
and latest sympathies are blended with her interests; his mortal
remains repose, by ehoice, among her dead ; and his name is indeli-
bly inserihod in the atlbctionate esteem and grateful recollecti(ms
of her inhabitants.

" It is not easy to determine which is most worthy of'admiration,
the comprohonsivenoss and grandeur of liord Sydeidjam's plans,
the sivill with which he overcame the obstacles that opposed thoir
accomplishment, or the quenchless aiilor and cejiseless inilustry
with which ho pursued them. To la}' the foundations of public
liberty, and at tno same time to strengthen the prerogative ; to
promote vast ])ublic improvements, and not increase the publio
burdens; to promote a comprehensive system of education upon
Christian principles, without interfering with religious ^crupk•s ; to
promote the influence and security of the government by teaching
the j)eo]»lo to govern themselves; to destroy party faction by pro-
moting the general good ; to invest a bankrupt country with both
credit and resources, are conceptions and achievements which render
Lord Sydenham the first benefactor of Canada, and place him in the
first raidc of statesmen. His Lordship found a country divided, he
left it united ; he found it prostrate and paralytic, ho left it erect and
vigorous ; he found it mantled with despair, ho letl it blooming
with hope. Lord Sydenham has done more in two years to
strengthen and consolidate British power in Canada by his match-
less industry, and truly liberal conservative policy, than have Ijcen
done during the ten previous years by the inci'case of a standing
army, and the erection of military fortific.utio?is. His Lordship has
tolved the diflicult problem, that a people may Iw colonists and yet
bo free ; and, in the solution of that problem, he hiw gained a
triumph less imposing, but not less sublime and scarcely less
important, than the victory of Waterloo; ho has saved millions to
England, and secured the affections of Canada.

"hi the way of accomplishing those s]»lended results, the most
formidable obstacles oppose themselves. At the foundation of theso
lay the hitherto defective theory, and worse than defective system
of Colonial Government; a system destitute of the safety-valve of
responsibility, of the attributes of freedom, and ui' tin! csscntiul
materials of executive power; a system which was despotic from
its weakness, and arbitrary from its pretences to representation ; a
system inefficient in the hands of good men, and withering in the
hands of mistaken or bad meti."

1^1'

oift

NIAOARA IN M^S.

II I

f'iii\:'Ti;H Lx.

Co.NTKNTP — Kiii^cHton — First cnpitnl — First art of frovcrnnioiit — Nlnpiia — Soloi t-
iii;; (ill' <iti)itul — \iiinnia in \'!HX — Ciiiniii^' riiict — Landing' I'lacc — Ncwiiik
— In I7!i:>— Mr. UimiiKon—Tln' inlmliilaiit;' — I^ittlt- York— The l>(iii— Tin-
Iliirlior — Survey — l)i' la Trcnrlu — Lonilun — liiliaiiitants of tin' I'on — Von^f
Strict, a military road — (Juvunior at Vork — Castle F'rank — Vurk in 17'JH —
Tlif l!al(lwiiis— In Iflno— Miifral..— York, isi:i— T.vkcii liy the Anicriians—
TlieCoinliatantK — Toronto — " Mnildy York" — A inoniiinciil rofinircd.

■,; -I

THE CAIMTAI.S OF Ll'l'EK CANADA.

Tlio site of 11)0 old Fort Frontoimc, the first^lownsliiji lo be
flnrvoycd. aiul tlio placo wlieivon lo form the first vilIau;o in WcHtorii
ranada. was in reality the first caidtal of Ui)per Caiia<hi. Ifore
the first (lovei-iior vraa iiidiieted soleinidy upon h Sftb!)ath to his
office; hero he formed his first eahinot, the Kxecutivc Council;
hero ho Holected tlie gontienteii to form his first Tje^^islativo Council ;
here he, issued his pro lamations fbrminf; tho province in'o counties
and arranf:;inj.!; the representation. Although tlio first Pirliament
did not meet here, the first acts of jijovornmont wore horo 7*erlbrmod,
and puhlie documents were dated at "the (Jovernmont House,
Kingston, 1702."

Wo have elsewhere sjioken of Niagara River and tho early
Frondi ?^ort hero erected, and it,-* ca])ture Ity the Knglisli. We
have learned that the place was garrisoned l>y troops during the
rebellion, and that many refugees hero found a safe retreat.

Lord Dorchester desired Siincoo to make Kingston tho capital
of the new province. But he was unwilling to do so until ho }iad
informed liimselCof the adva'ilages whiclj other places might oiler.
It seems lliut he became imi»rossed with the belief that the scat of
government should bo placed in tlio peninsula of Upper Canada,
and finally determined to fix it at the mouth of tho River Niagara,
notwithstanding the recommi tidation of Dorchester, tho wisiios of
Bouclictte, the Commodore of the Nav\', and the urgent requests of
the Kingston merchants.

Collins ill his report 178H, speaks of Navy IFall, near Niagara;
that tho l)\iildings of Navy Ifall, are fortlio most part in exceeding
bad rcpnii'. ami the wharf is in ruins. Of the Ranger's Barracks one
pile has been .'•o liir dismantled as to bo past ro-cstablishing, oneejui
indeed, might perhaps, with some fitting up, bo made to serve for
some time as a blacksmith's sliop to tho Indian Department, whicli

,111 — St'lt'i t-
,• — Ncwiuk
Uoii— The
i((ii — V()nK<-
t in 170H—
nifiiiiiiis —
lirnl.

ti Wcslorii
da. lloro
i\(h to his
> Council ;
c Council ;
'o counties
?irlinment
T(orlbi*meil,
jnt lIou^se,

tlio early
rlirtli. Wo

uring the
treat,
the capital

til he hail
night oiler.

the scat of
ler Canada,
cr Niagara,
wishes of

equests of

xr Niagara ;
\ t'xceeding
arraiks one
ing. one cikI
lo 8erve l<»r
leiit. whieli

THE CARRYINO IM,.V('K.

527

they say is much wanted ; liioother |»ik' is (•apai»!o of being repaired
and might also answer for a temporary accommodation, (at least in
part) this same department, thoir Hlorohouses, &c.. on the Niagara
side as already observed being in alisolute ruin and not repiiiralde ;
the fitting uj) of this jtiU* of buildings would cost ultont t.'.'{5. The
storehouse at the binding place, which is of round log work, is
mostly rotten, and together in exceeding bad repair, and should
be roliuilt; the dwelling boui^e is mu(di out of ro])air. The ways,
wharf, cradle, and capsiiin, wai\t some repair, whicdi may bo done
for about t2(>, all tlie picketing auil small ]»latforn»s in the angles
of Fort Sell los.ser, are rotten and in a tottering staio, part of the
wharf has boon washeil away, and the ivniainder < annot last long.
The barracks and storehouses arc not in n»neh I'ctter condition,
thoy have been kept standing l»y the tenkpi»nu'y repairs whitd* have
been annually performed, merely to K\ \>p ih< wv^ulier out.

" bVom Niagara to the la\iding pUeo, heK>\v \\w Pulls, in al>«mt
seven miles and a ijuarter, thoiv is \\ (olerablo gooil road, lait tho
mercha)\d\se, store, \i'., are vairied up the river in baticaux or
vessels, there being sullbient deplU ot water all the \vu\ up. and
al9o alongside t lie wharf tw \uOoud, beyoml this place the current
becomes too strong (<» p»»eoed any further by wjiter without great
(iitliculty, boats, indeed, but iu)l ves.-cls. go about half a mile higher,
but no advantage can be obtained fri)m it as the shore then
becomes impracticable, being a precipice of loose rock about throe
times as high as where the present landing is. Krom the wharf at
the landing, goods are drawn up the side of the bank about rifly
feet high upon wa^'s, on easy slope by a capstan tix(M| at the top;
from this place there is a waggon road of seven miles to Fort
Schlosser, a mile and a half above the Falls, where the gofnls are
again put into boats and carried up eighteen miles to Fori Erie,
from whence they are conveyed in vcswels acrosH I^ake Krie to
Detroit.

" I think a better situation for a landing i)lace might bodiosen
below tho present one, about half a milodistant by land, and three-
quarters by water. The bank of the river here is not half tlio
height of tho other ; the water is sulticiently deep at a short dis-
tance from the shore for vessels to unload ; and by raising a wharf
and lowering some of the bank for a road, the labor and delay of
hauling goods up by ways, as is the present practice, and would
be avoided ; it would also be much more convenient and expeilitious
for \essels to come up to, as the wortt part of the navigation W(uild

ill

i '!| »''

i 'I

ft28

•

NKWARK.

•■.. ■■

■ !

'ni

1)0 uvoiiiod, wliich in puHHiii^ roiiiul n )M>int liotwoon this placo and
the Imidinir. TIjo length of miul to Iw nmdu t'ruiu thJH )»i-«»]M)s()d
landing ])taoo, will ItoalHuil Imllainilo, Imt it is mostly ^ood ground
and will not ruqiiiru nuudi ux]M«nso. Tlio roal lon^tli of land car-
riaf^o, howovor, to Fort HtddosKer, will not Ik) incivibiud, or til nnint
more thaii 100 or 150 yards."

Tho original British tort at Niagara was upon the oast sido of
tho mouth of tho Niagarii liivor, upon tho |>rosont sito of the Anu-ri-
can Fort. By a troaty ontorod into in ITm, (iroat Hrilain wjis to
vacate this fort, with othen* situated t«> tho south of tho lakos,
namoly, i)sw'(.>go, Detroit, Miami, and Michilinacinac, which watt
done in 171)11. V]Hm tho west side of tho river, upon a point kn<»wn
a8 Mississauga Point, had sprung up a small village. This, it is
Huid, wa.s tlio largeiit collection of hou.ses atlor KingHton when
(Jovernor Simcoo arrived, and hero ho decided to make his rosi-
deuce, and tho permanent capital of tho now pi-ovinee. Ho lived
" in a small frame house, half a niilo from thi' village." To this
placo In gave tho nanio oi' Newark. There was up tho river, at the
end of navigation, and at tho commonooment of the portage around
the falls to Lake Erie, a small village which had arisen from the
course of travel upwartis to tho western lakos. The l)oats which
left Kingston, on their way westward, wore hero unloaded. And
this placo had taken tho name «»f (^noon's T«)wn, a name which it
rstains to tho present day. iiocholoucault says, in 1795, "Tho
diffoi-ont buildings, constructed three 3'oai's ago, consist ot a toler-
able inn, two or three goo<l storehouses, some small horses, a block-
houHo of stone, covered with iron, an<l l)arracks. Mr. Hamilton, an
opulent merchant, wlm is concerned in tho whole inland trade in
this part of America, possesses in (Queen's Town, a very Hue house,
built in tho Knglish style ; he has also a farm, a (listillory, and a
tan-yard. Tho portage was formerly on tho other side of tho river;
but as this, by virtue of tho treaty, falls under Ajuerican Dominion,
government has removed it hither." Tho sanio writer, speaking of
Newark says, " About a hundred houses, mostly very fine structures,
have already been orected, but tho progress of building will j)^-
bably be arrested by tho intended removal of tho scat of govern-
ment. The majority of the inhabitants, especially tho richest
of them, share in the Rtlministration ; and consequently will
remove to whatever place tho government may be transferi-od.
In point of size and elegance' the house of Cohmel Smith, of tho
5th Kogiment, is much distinguished from tho rest, being con-
structed, embellished, and painted in tho best style."

I.ITTLK YORK.

529

Y(i(lK — (lOVornorSinuioo wnn tlioi'oujfhly Kn^Iirth; unliko Gover-
nor Muitlatui, who;;nvc turoi^n iiunuts in liiH utni>, he was intent upon
orof'tiii^' unothor Kii^luiiil in America Oih luiw Kn>i;ltoml had
alienatetl ilHolt', und hodotcrmined tinotliurH\ionld uriHO in itH place,
and luMU'O ho ^avo to his now capital the niimo of York. Tho pro-
Bont Now York liad l)con natncd York, after JamcN hnkc of York,
brother to CliarleH the N. The t<>rm tiew hein;^ j)re(ix(d lo diHtin-
guiHh it from old York (»f Kn^land. To diNtinguish the now capital
of ('onada from both of tho others ho doHi/^jiiated it Little York.

A» w)on a« Simcoo learned that tho Niapjnra tort waH to bo
delivered to the United States, he saw the necessity of removing
tho capital, iva it would never do to have it under tho guim of a
foreign government. Tho extreme ilislike with which he eaw tho
fort pasH into tho Uopuhlie's hands no doubt led to the hasto with
which he set about tho removal cd' the Seat of (iovernmont After
examining several points u])on tho upper hikes, and Lake Ontario,
Ko Bolocted the present site of tho City of Toronto, back of which
was a fort of tho same name, or rather Taranto. U))on this spot,
which then had for inhabitants but two families of Mississauga
Indians, (iovernor Simcoe immediately quartere<l duo division of
his old regiment, tho (Queen's Ilangors, which came the 1st July,
1793. The same summer Bouchetto, of tho lioyal Navy, surveyed
the harbour or bay.

Tho harbijur of Toronto was first examined, by Deputy
Surveyor Collins, in 1788, when ho made a survey of all
of the waters of tho Upper Lakes, and the several forts, by in-
structions from Lord Dorchester. In his report ho says, " Tho
broiwlth at the entrance is about half a mile, but the navigable
channel for vessels is only about 500 yards, having from three to
four fathoms water, the north of the main shore tho whole length
of tho harbour, is a clay bank from 12 to 20 foot high, and rising
gradually behind, apparently good land and tit lor settlements.
The water is rather shallow near the shore. The shoalness of tho
north shore as bolbre remarked, is also disadvantjigeous as to creat-
ing wharfs, quays, &c. In regard to this place as a military post,
I do not see any striking features to recommend it in that view,
but the best situation to occupy lor the purpose of protecting tho
Bottlement and harbour would, I conceive, be on the point A, near
the entrance thereof."

Subsequently however, Simcoe relinquished the intention of mak-
ing York tho Capital, and determined to erect one at a central point
34

' *

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I !

IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)

4/>!K

1.0

I.I

1.25

1.8

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%.
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Photographic

Sciences

Corporation

23 WEST MAIN STREET

WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580

(716)872-4503

r t

f ^

■I) '•hMSU^

630

yONGB STREET.

in the peninsula lying between Lakes Ontario, Erie and Huron.
He selected a site upon the river De la Trenche, which he named
the Thames, and, to the intended Capital he gave the name of
London. He also gave the name to the town of Chatham, a place
intended by him, in carrying out his plan of forming a navy, for
«"navy yard, which he intended to have communicate with a route
between Lake Huron and Lake Ontario. In the moan time he kept
troops to work, to cut a military road to the Thames, which he
called Dundas Street after the Home Minister. At the same time
he "intended York the centre of the naval force on Lake Ontario."
In 1795 there had not been more than twelve houses built in York,
\^hich stood on the bay near the Don. This year the land was
was surveyed into lots. "The inhabitants" says Eochefoucault do
not possess the fairest character, to which Gourlay adds, in spite,
"Nor have they yet mended it." The Eiver Don was an old
Indian route to the waters of Simcoo Lake and the Huron. The
portage to a Lake, subsequently named after the Governor, was thirty
Biiles. The barracks, where Simcoe's regiment was stationed, was
two miles from the Don, the present site of the old barracks. At
that time, in a circumference of 150 miles, the Mississauga Indians
were the only neighbours of York.

The desire of Simcoe to fix the capital at London was over-
ruled by Lord Dorchestei*, who, although a true friend of Canada
seemed to oppose Simcoo. Having decided upon Toronto as the
capital, Simcoe proceeded to have constructed a military road from
the waters of Lake Ontario to Lake Simcoe. This road is now
Yonge Street. Prom 1794 the Governor resided at York, part
of which time was in his camp tent, until his departure.

Governor Simcoe caused to be built at York, upon the Don
River, about three miles up, on a boautiflil eminence, a somewhat
large frame building, which he named after his son. Castle Frank,
This building was standing in 1829.

By the kind favor of Mrs. Murney, relict of the late Hon. E-
Murney, of Belleville, and her most estimable parent, Mrs Breck-
inridge, sister of the late Hon. Robert Baldwin, we are able to give
eome particular notice of the appearance of York at a later date.
Mrs. Breckenridge's father, with his family of three sons and four
danglters, arrived from Ireland after innumerable delays and
losses, dangers, and escapes by sea and land, at York in 1798.
They found it composed of about a dozen houses, " a dreary dismal
place, not oven possessing the characteristics of a village. There

■ :l:^

I - 1

it > }

THE CAPTURE OF YORK.

531

nd Huron,
he named
e name of
m, a place
I navy, for
ritb a route
ime he kept
,, which he

same time
ke Ontario."
uilt in York,
be land was
lefoticault do
Ids, in spite,

was an old
Huron. The
or, was thirty
stationed, was
barracks. At
isauga Indians

Ion was over-
id of Canada,
'oronto as the
tary road from
s road is now
at York, part
ure.

upon the Don
e, a somewhat
Castle Frank.

J late Hon. E>
it, Mrs Breck-
are able to give
; a later date,
sons and four
ble delays and
[York in 1798.
k dreary dismal
(tillage. There

was no church, school-house, nor in fact any of the ordinary si£.':n8
of civilization, being in fact a mere settlement. There was not
oven a Methodist chapel, nor does she remember more tlian one
shop. There was no inn; and those travelers who had no friends
to go to, pitched a tent and lived in that so long as they remained.
My grandfather and his family had done so during their journey.
The Government House and the garrison lay about a mile from
York, with a thick wood between. After remaining a few days- at
York, the family proceeded to take possession of a farm in the
township of Clarke. They traveled in an open batteau, when night
came pitching their tent on the shox'e of the lake." The following
year Mrs. Breckenridgo, then a young girl, accompanied her father
and sister to New York, whither the latter was going to be married
to Mr. Morgan, grandfather of Gen. Dix, the United States Minister
to France. She I'cturned iu 1806, and found many changes and
improvements — "-where cities now stand, there was then only
woods, for instance, at Buffalo, where she passed a night, was a
solitary inn with a swinging sign. But York was mostly changed,
there was a church, a jail, a light-house building, and many nice
houses, and the woods between the garrison and town were fast
disappearing. Governor Gore was then there.

On the 27th April, 1813, 2,700 Americans landed a little west
of Toronto. Two companies of the 8th, or King's Own, with some
Indians, one company being the grenadiers, the other being the
3rd company, under Capt. J. H. Eustace, both being led by Capt.
McNeale, were sent to oppose the landing. The portable maga-
zine of the advance battery was accidentally blown up killing some
twenty of the grenadiers, Capt. McNeale, was also killed. This
Jiccident led to Sir R. H. Sheaffe's retreat, and the destruction of
the magazines. The total loss was 97, including two officers and
four non-commissioned officers. " The force engaged, including
the two companies of the 8th, consisted of one company of New-
foundland Fencibles, one company of Glengarry Light Infantry,
a detachment of Royal Artillery, Militia, Volunteers and Indians —
in all about 600 men. Among the volunteers was the present
highly esteemed Chief Justice of Upper Canada, Sir J. B. Robinson,
and Sir Allan McNab." The gallantry of these two gentlemen
was most conspicious. The unequal contest continued for 4 hours.
The month following the remnant of the 8th was nearly annihi-
lated at the attack upon Saokett's Harbour. The above facts and
eulogium upon two distinguished Canadians are derived from

■!:;1;

'sk.

;1-

!',(

^^.

532

TORONTO.

Edward Ilincks, who was Lieut., and who was present in charge
of a two gun battery, and " Another of the surviving officers of the
8th regiment," published in London h: 1860, upon the discovery of
human remains near the old fort at Toronto, which proved to be
some of the gronudiors who were killed by the explosion of their
niagtvzine.

The name of York continued to belong to the capital till 1834,
when it received the more appropriate name of Toronto, an Indian
word we are told, which signifies " trees growing out of the water,"
referring to the low level shore, with the trees at the waters edge.
For many years before the name was changed ; from the vast quan-
tity of mud which made the streets almost unpas&able, the place
obtained the designation of " Muddy York."

In 1820 a Parliament House was built near the site of the pre-
sent County Jail, at the front of the present Parliament Street;
this building was burned down in 1824.

In 1830 an address was carried by the House, to be presented
to the Governor, " to remove the Seat of Government from York
to a place of security," but no action was taken in the matter.

The wisdom' in the choice of selecting this situation upon
which to found a capital for Upper Canada cannot be questioned.
The proof is found in the handsome and richly circumstanced City
of Toronto. Should not Toronto, now a^ain the Capital of Ontario,
the seat of learning, of magnificent Universities, the home of refine-
ment, the abode of wealth, erect a monninent to the memory of its
founder, the illlustrious first Governor of the Colony ?

-H Jl

■lh'.\(fHi- ■

;OfT>hrr .'7/f n.tffi hj\>lfih ■oVfr rnn^Aii.
fldmfii^>-A *ivil);!^nj<nt mU nt •I'/ilj:!" >
t dftu^voilfrjwij) hnv, ?(t{iiiii<T i-l -mI ■

■witiiJir-ja'iiM.if -1(10 hii-\p. o\ not .
v«d oi n(o»

:){♦ jTodrrWm I .•.• •...•■II . •<•> ^:r.[ ■'mhu.m (>!'!' _■ i

ao r»v«ff >»* -jnu'l'ioVf !o 7JmnV) 'lilt f-.u: iiIo-.n'M !■•

>iif[.il .f

I 'HI,

i\i-

PARLIA&IENT.

533

in charge
Rcors of the
iiscovory of
•ovod to be
ion of their

tal till 1834,
0, an Indian
f the water,"
waters edge,
le vast quan-
le, the place

DO of the pre-
ment Street;

bo presented
t from York
) matter,
ituation upon
je questioned,
nstanced City
tal of Ontario,
lome of refine-
memory of its

;! :■, friri,,

CHAPTER LXI.

CoMTiSTS — Pftrliiimcnt — Simcoe's Proclamation— Nineteen counties ♦ormed—
Noi uiH, and bounduriea — First elections — Names of memliers — Oflicers of
the House — A Quaker member— Chaplain — Meeting of Parliament — The
Throne, a oami) stool — Address — To both houses — Closing address — Acts
passed— Simooe B confidential letters — A contrast — A blending — '^nd Session
The Acts — Quarter Sessions — 3rd, 4th, 5th Sessions — New division of Pro-
vince — 1798 — Modes ofpimishment — IJurningthehand— Whipping— Salaries
of officers — Revenue first year — The members of Parliament — Education —
Offering for Parliament— A " Junius " — Karly administration of justice —
" Heuven-born lawyers " — First magistrates.

THK LEQISLATIVE ASSEMBLY.

Upon the 16th July, 1792, Lieutenant-Governor Simcoo issued
a proclamation in the name of the King, having for its object the
organization of a Legislative Assembly composed of persons, to be
elected by the people, of which there should bo sixteen, and divid.
ing the province into counties. It was as follows :

" Know ye, that our trusty and well-beloved John Graves Simcoo,
Esquire, our Lieutenant-Governor of our Province of Upper Canada,
hath, and by this our proclamation doth, divide the said Province
of Upper Canada into counties, and hath and doth appoint and
declare the number of representatives of them, and each of them,
to be as hereinafter limitedj named, declared, and appointed," &c.

Nineteen counties were formed, namely : " Glengary, Stonnont,
Dundas, Grenville, Leeds, Frontenac, Ontario, Addington, Lenox,
Prince Edward, Hastmgs, Northitmberland, Durham, York, Lincoln,
Norfolk, Suffolk, Essex, Kent."

For the purpose of representation in Parliament, the following
arrangements were made : Glengary was divided into two ridings,
each riding to send a representative to the Legislative Assembly;
Storraont, to send one member ; likewise Dundas and Grenville each to
have a j-epresentative ; Leeds and Frontenac together, to send one
representative ; Ontario and Addington to send one representative ;
Prince Edward, together with the late township of Adolphus, in the
County of Lenox, to send one member ; Lenox (except Adolphustown)
with the Counties of Hastings and Northumberland, to elect one
member; Durham and York, and the iirst riding of Lincoln, to bo
represented by one member ; the second riding of Lincoln to have
one member; the third riding of liUicoln to have one member; the
fourth riding of Lincoln, and tl:-3 County of Norfolk, to have one

y'MU

'■( ■' i-

bZ-i

THE FIRST ME9IBERS.

member; Suffolk and Essex to have one member; the County of
Kent, which inchided all the west not Indian territories, to the
Hudsons Bay, to have two members. The proclamation was dated
Government House, Kingston, IGth July, 1792, AVilliam Jarvis, Sec-
retary.

The elections must have followed hard after the issuing of the
proclamation, as Parliament met on the 17th of September following-
They probably took place in August. Simcoe writing in November,
to the Secretary of State for the Colonies, speaks of the elections in
tliese words : — " On my passage from Montreal to Kingston, I under-
stood that the general spirit of the country was against the election
of half-])ay officers into the Assembly, and that the prejudice ran in
favour of men of a low order, who kept but one table, that is, who
dined in common with their servants."

The names of those first elected to Parliament were John Mc-
Donnell, who was elected Speaker; Joshua Booth; Mr. Baby; Alex-
ander Campbell ; Philip Dorland, (but being a Quaker, he would not
be sworn and did not take his seat, and Peter VanAlstine was elected
in his place) ; Jeremiah French; Ephraim Jones ; "William Mocomb;
Ilugh McDonnell ; Benjamin Pawling ; Nathaniel Pettit ; David Wil-
liam Smith ; Hazleton Spencer ; Isaac Swazy ; — Young ; John
White — 16. Simcoe, in a despatch, spoke of the last mentioned : —
'* It was by good fortune that the temporary residence I made at
Kingston created sufficient influence to enable us to bring the Attorney
General White, into the House.

The oaths to the members were administered by the Governor's
Civil Secretary, William Jarvis, -Esq., who was also the first registrar
of the Province. McDonnell, the member for Glengary, was unani-
mously elected to the speakers chair. Angus McDonnell was clerk to
the Assembly; George Law, Sergeant-at-arms. In the matter of
Philip Dorland, of Adolphustown, a Quaker, who refused to take the
oaths. A resolution was unanimously passed by the House, that he
was incompetent to sit and vote in Parliament unless he took the
necessary oath, and consequently a writ was issued for a new election.

A chaplain, the Rev. Mr. Addison, was elected to the House of
Assembly, and he, on the day of prorogation, preached a sermon to
them before they were summoned to jneet the Governor in the Legis-
lative .Council Chambers. Mr. Addison continued a chaplain for
thirty years, and was then granted a yearly pension of £50.

This first Upper Canadian Parliament assembled at Newark, now
Niagara, on the 18th September, and was prorogued 15th October

1 I

III

aOVERNOR S ADDRESS.

535

County of
'ies, to the
11 was dated
Jarvis, Sec-

iuing of the
iv following-
I November,
; elections in
ton, I under-
, the election
udice ran in
, that is, who

ive John Mc-
Baby; Alex-
he would not
e was elected
am Mocomb ;
t; David Wil-
!^oung ; John
mentioned : —
ce I made at
; the Attorney

he Governor's
first registrar
ry, was unani-

was clerk to
bhe matter of
ed to take the
louse, that he

be took the
a new election.

the House of
I a sermon to
r in the Legis-

ohaplain for

£50.

, Newark, now

15th October

following. The circumstances of this infant legislation were well
fitting the new-boni colony. The Governor himself was a soldier by
profession. Most of the members elect had been inured to the life
of the camp, though subsequently to the settling of the wilderness,
and they could, with no ordinary interest, and with appropriate in-
telligence, direct themselves to the work of legislation. The first
Parliament of Upper Canada met in no stately hall ; the proceedings
must have borne some resemblance to a court-martial. The collective
wisdom of Upper Canada assembled in a camp-tent on the plains of
Niagara On the 18th September, the Governor, with his Secretary,
and probably adjutant, took his seat, notnipon the throne, but a camp-
stool, and delivered the following address :

HoNOBAnLK Gentlemkn, &c. — I havc summoned you together
under the authority of an Act of the Parliament of Great Britain,
passed last year, which has established the British constitution, and
all the forms which secure and maintain it in this distant country.

" The wisdom and beneficence of our most Gracious Sovereign and
the British Parliament, have been eminently proved, not only in im-
porting to us the same for government, but also in securing the
benefit, by the many provisions that guard this memorable act. So
that the Vilessing of your invaluable constitution, thus protected and
amplified, we may hope will be extended to the remotest posterity.
The great and momentous trusts and duties which have been com-
mitted to the representatives of this Province, in a degree infinitely
beyond whatever, till this period, distinguished any other colony, have
originated from the British nation, upon a just consideration of the
energy and hazard with which its inhabitants have so conspicuously
supported and defended the British constitution. ^

" It is from the same patriotism, now called upon to exercise with
due deliberation and foresight, the oflices of civil administration that
)our fellow-subjectii, of the British Empire, expect the foundation of
tLat mien of industry, and wealth of commerce and power, which may
last through all succeeding ages.

" The natural advantages cf the Province of Upper Canada are
inferior to none on this side of the Atlantic ; there can be no separate
interest through its whole extent. The British form of government
has prepared the way for its speedy colonization ; and, I trust, that
your fostering care will improve the favourable situation ; and that
a numerous and agricultural people will speedily take possession
of the soil and climate, which, under the British laws, and the muni-

i^i

a 1

536

ACTS OF PIBST PARLIAMENT.

ficonoo with which His Majesty has granted the lands of the
Crown, offer such manifest and peculiar encouragement."

The session was closed the 15th October. The Governor de-
livered the closing Bi)eecli.

" IIoNORAHLE Gentlk.man, «&c. — It is with very great satisfaction
that I have considered the acts which you have found it expedient
to frame, and to which, in consequence of the power delegated to
me, I have this day given ray assent, that they shall become laws
of the Proviijce of Upper Canada.

"As the division which His Majesty, in his wisdom, thought
proper to make of the late Province of Quebec, obviated all incon-
veniences, and laid the foundalion for an establishment of the
English laws in the Province, it is natural to presume, that you
would seize the first opportunity to impart that benefit to your
fellow-subjects ; and by the act to establish trials by jury, and by
that which makes the English law the rule of decision, in all
matters of controversy, relative to property and civil rights, you
have fully justified the public expectation. Your other acts seem
calculated to promote the general welfare and commerce of the
Province, &c.

"Honorable Gentlemen, and Gentlemen. — I cannot dismiss
you without earnestly desiring you to promote, by precept and
example, among your respective counties, the regular habits of
piety and moralitj', the rarest foundations of all private and public
felicity; and, at this juncture, I particularly recommend to [you to
explain, that this Province is singularly blest, not with a mutilated
constitution, but with a constitution which has stood the test of
experience, and is the very image and transcript of that of Great
Britain, by which she has long established and secured t( her
subjects, as much freedom and happiness as is possible to be en; ayed,
under the subordination necessary to civilized society."
(tam The modest and matter-of-fact Parliament passed eight Acts at
this the first session. Chapter I., An Act to Repeal certain parts
of an Act, passed in the fourteenth year of His Majesty's Reign,
entitled, " An Act for making more sufficient provisions for the
Government for the Province of Quebec, in North America, and
to introduce the English Law as the rule of decision in all matters
of controversy relative to Property and Civil Rights." Chapter H.,
" An Act to establish Trials by Jury." Chapter III., " An Act to
establish the Winchester Measure, and a Standard for other Weights

SIMOOB's OPINIO!* OP PARLIAMENT.

537

icision, in

and Measures." Chapter IV., " An Act to Abolish khe Summary
Proceedings of the Court of Common Pleas in actions under Ton
Pounds Sterling." Chapter V., " An Act to prevent Accidents by
Fire," Chapter VI., "An Act for the more easy and speedy Re-
covery of Small Debts." Chapter VII., " An Act to Regulate tho
Toll to be taken in Mills, not more than one-twelfth for Grinding
and Bolting." " Chapter VIII., "An Act for Building a Gaol and
Court-house in every District within the Province, and for altering
the names of tho said Districts.) The District of Lunonburgh to
be henceforth called the Eastern District ; Mocklcnburgh, tho Mid-
land District; Nassau, tho Homo District; Hesse, tho Western
District."

Thus was tho new-born colony, whose germ had boon planted
in the wilderness eight years previous, ushered into life, and thus
tho functions thereof were commenced.

Simcoe, it would seem, wrote frequent despatches to the Colo-
nial Secretary ; and in ono he gives his opinion of this first meeting
of the representative body of Upper Canada : " At this first meet-
ing they wore active and zealous for particular measures, according
to the promises they had made, or tho instructions they had
received. Many bills were accordingly framed, which required only
a little time to evince their impropriety or futility. Having offices
to create and salaries to bestow, they were rather too liberal of
their patronage, and pledged their credit to £174 annually to
different officers. The Legislative Council made no engagements,
but, of course, their expenses must be equal. The sum of £348
was, therefore, the first item." "Upon the whole, I have no reason
to be dissatisfied with tho disposition and conduct of tho Assembly,
considering that it is composed of persons of not any restrictive
method, and unacquainted with power. I hope that by treating
them with temper and moderation, they may become a beneficial
establishment to the Province." McMuUon says, by way of contrast,
that " the Upper Canadian Parliament, with its " homespun" mem-
bers, took five weeks to do what had taken the Lower Canadian
Seigniors seven months to accomplish.

How great the change wrought by seventy-five years! As
the log hut in the wilderness has been superseded by tho elegant
mansion, handsome villa, with thriving towns and cities, so has
the tented capital of Newark been forgotten in surveying the mag-
nificent proportions of the buildings at Ottawa; and the camp
stool, and nature's carpet of green, in the elegant halls. And

:t IE

'!■ il

088

ACTS OF 8BC0ND SESSION.

1 "r

{ is

;; IB

1^ ,

i
1

OS the Legislature, whoso infant days wore passed within the
sound of the majestic Niagara, where its waters are procipitatcd
over a stupendous fall, and s\troop on to fill a mighty lake, has
after numerous mutations, and many uncertainties, found a. safe
homo upon the rugged cliffs overlooking the Ottawa, where still
may bo hoard the swelling sound of falling waters, as they rush
down the Chaudioro ; so may tho confederated Provinces forming
the New Dominion, after many changes, and frequent political
uncertainties — hope alternating with fear, not alone meet in formal
union, — not as incompatible elements of an unwise and unequal
connection, but as one people ; even as the waters of the great
OttaAva, mighty in itself, meet and unite with the farther coming
St. Lawrence,and, commingling, form the grand stream of the Lower
Lawrence, upon whoso bosom tho proudest ships rest, and which is
a highway of trade, unsurpassed in the world.

The second session of the parliament of "Upper Canada, was
opened at Newark, 3lst May, 1793 ; prorogued 9th July, following.
At this sessions were passed thirteen bills, most of which were
important and useful measures. Thefirat was " for the better regu-
lation of the Militia;" tho second, respecting tho appointment of
town officers ; the third, having respect to assessments and rates,
and payment of assemblj'-mcn ; the fourth, about highways ; the
fifth, concerning marriage; sixth, of courts of Quarter Sessions
within tho several districts ; tho seventh, a most important one —
an everlasting one of honor, " to prevent the further introduction
of slaves," and to limit the time of sei-vitude of those in slavery ;
the eighth, respecting courts of Probate; ninth, to establish regula-
tions about duties between Upper and Lower Canada ; tenth, for
paying salaries of officers of Legislative Council and Assembly ;
eleventh, to encourage the destruction of wolves and bears ; twelfth,
returning officers of the several counties ; thirteenth, also about
officei-s, and taxing wine and spirituous liquors.

The places fixed for the holding of Quarter Sessions "were Corn-
wall, New Johnson, Kingston, Adolphustown, Newark, and
Michilmacinac. For the Midland District, it was enacted that
they should '* commence and be holden in Adolphustown, on the
second Tuesday in the month of July, and on the second Tuesday
in tho month of January ; and in Kingston on the second Tuesday
in the month of April, and on the second Tuesday in the month of
October."

The third session of the 1st parliament mot at Newark, on the

wark, on the

NEW DIVISION OF THE PROVINCE.

539

2n(l Juno. 1794, and prorogued 9th July following. At this session
thoro was a continuation of that whulosomo Icgittlation which had
characterized the two previous sessions. Twelve acts wore
passed.

The fourth session was at Newark, commencing 6th July, 189B,
when four acts wore added. It was proi'ogucd 10th August,
following.

A fifth session of first parliament mot at Newark, Ifith May,
1796, and was prorogued 3rd Juno following. Seven acts were
passed. Thiswastho last meeting of pai-liamont under the governor
ship of Simcoo.

The second parliament opened at York, 16lh May, 1797, under
the presidency of the Hon. Peter Kussell. It was prorogued 3rd
July, following. Eighteen measures passed.

Second session under lion. P; Russell, mot at York, 5th June,
1798, prorogued 5th July. Passed eight hills. Among these bills
was one " to ascertain and establish the boundary linos of the dif-
ferent townships of the province." Stone or other durable monu-
ments to bo set up, to mark the corners of lots ; and any person
wilfully defacing or removing such, to " be adjudged guilty of
felony, and to suffer death without the benefit of the clergy."
Another important act, which the growing province demanded,
was " for tho better division of the province," into townships,
counties and districts. According to this, there were formed eight
districts, with twenty-three counties, and one hundred and fifty-
eight townships. The districts were the Eastern, Johnson, Mid-
land, Newcastle, Homo, Niagara, London, and Western. The Mid-
land district, with which we have more particularly to do, " was com-
posed of four counties, with land in their rear to the northern limits
of the province." The first county was Frontenac. In this we have
Kingston, as well as the townships Pittsburgh, Lougbox'ough,
Portland, Ilinchinbroko, Bedford, and Wolfe Island. The second
county, the incorporated counties of Lenox and Addington ; con-
sisted of the townships of Ernesttown, Fredoricksburgh, Adolphus-
town, Richmond, Camden, Amherst Island, Sheflield. The third
county, Hastings ; contained Sydney, Thurlow, Mohawk land,
Tyendinaga, Hungerford, Huntingdon, and Rawdon. The foui'th.
Prince liJdward, had Marysburgh, Hallowell, Sophiasburgh, and
Ameliasburgh.

The third session met at Newai-k, 12th June, 1799, and was
prorogued 29th of the same month ; five acts having been
passed.

Mil

;

640

MODES OF PUNI8HMBNT.

The fourth Hcssion mot at York, 2ml Juno, 1800, prorogued
4th July, uiuliT Lioutonant-Goneral lluntor. Six acts woro pasHcd,
tho first of which wan "for tho further introduction of tho criminal
law of Kngland, and fov tho more ctlectual punishment of certain
ott'ondorH." Tho third clause is as follows: "That whereas the
punishment of burning in tho hand, when any person Ij convicted
of folony within tho bonefit of clergy, is often disregarded and inof-
foctual, and sometimes may fix a lasting mark of disgrace and
infamy on oft'ondors, who might otherwise become good subjects
and profitable mombors of the community; bo it therefore enacted
by tho authority aforesaid, that from, and after the passing of this
act, when any person shall bo lawfully convicted of any folony,
within tho benefit ofclorgy, for which boor she is liable by law to
be bunied or marked in tho hand, it shall, and may bo lawful for tho
conrt before which any person so convicted, or any court holden for
tho same place with tho like authority, if such court shall think fit,
instead of such burning or marking, to impose upon such offender
such a moderate pr cuniary fine as to tho court in its discretion shall
seem meet; or otf irwise it shall bo lawful, instead of such burning
or marking, in any of tho cases aforesaid, except in the case of man-
slaughter, to order and judge, that such offender shall bo once or
oftoner, but not more than three times, either publicly or privately
whipped ; such private whipping to be inflicted in tho presence of
not less than two persons, besides tho oft'onder and the officer who
inflicts tho same, and in case of female offenders, in tho jn'esenco of
females only ; and such fine or whipping so imposed or inflicted,
instead of such burning or marking, shall have the like effects and
consequences to tho party on whom the same, or either shall bo
imposed or inflicted, with respect to the discharge from tho same
or other felonies, or any restitution to his or her estates, capacities,
and credits, as if he or she had been burned or marked as afore-
said."

In 1801 tho salaries of the officers of the parliament stood
thus ; por annum.

Clerk of Legislative Council, £145. Usher of the Black Eod,
£50. Master in Chancery, attending tho Legislative Council, £50,
Chaplain of the Legislative Council, £50. Door-keeper of ditto £20.
Speaker of the House of Assembly, £200. Clerk of ditto, £125.
Sergeant-at-Arms, £50. Chaplain of the House of Assembly, £50.
Poor-keeper of ditto, £20. Copying Clerks, £50. Total, £805.

The first tax raised by statue in the province, was to pay the
members, who received $2 per day.

I ,

XnUOATtON AMONO THC MnMBKRS.

541

Tho rovonuo of tho whole pn)vinc'o tho tirnt year wm £000.

ElHOwhoro tho fnct ha« been Htatecl that many of tho Ncttlers
wore devoid of a liberal education ; while the Htoni (liitien of
pioneer life precluded the ponsibility of any mental culture what-
ever. At the Haino time competent hcIiooI toacherH for the young
were not to bo had. With a population made up of Huch material,
the queution might be asked with becoming HoriouHncHH, " Where
are we to got our representative men to carry out responsible
government as accorded to tho young province of Upper Canada ?
Many of tho firBt Assembly men were not possosscd of book learning,
and all along the list of those who have boon M.P.l'.'s, v.p to (ho
present, may bo found very many who were limited in their educa-
tion. Yet, tho first members convened in tho tent, on tho green
elopes of Niagara, discharged their duty with much decorum and
despatch.

Itwouhl bo an interesting chapter to introduce some account
of tho first members of Parliament, and the political contests in tho
early days of Upper Canada. In tho absence of complete infor-
mation, we give such items relating thereto as have come under
notice. "Wo have already given the names of those olocted to
the first Parliament.

Among tho early members was James Wilson, of Prince
Edward, ho was first elected in 1808, or 9, and remained a member
for some twenty-four yoara. Simoon Washburn, was also a member
for a time. Allen McLean, in a notice dated Kingston, 18th May,
1812, says *' To the independent electors of tho County of Fi-ontenac.
Having had tho honor of representing you at throe successive Par-
liaments, I again make you a tender of my services, and beg leave
to solicit your votes and interest at the ensuing election."

Amos Ansley, Esq., says, in an address, dated at Kingston,
May 20, 1812 : " To tho Electors of the County of Frontonao.
Having had the honor to represent this County in the first founda-
tion of its happy constitution, I again make you a tender of my
services, and beg leave to solicit your votes and interest, &c."
James Cotter, of Sophiasburg, was elected to Parliament in 1813,
and served four years. jri.!M

A man of sterling integrity, and good common sense may
make a useful Member, if he be not egotistical. In recording
the early events of the Bay, we must not hesitate to mention
an incident which, at the time, created no little comment with
tho public, but brought chagrin to an M. P. P. A member,

^! ifi

642

MAOISTIIATES — LAWYERS.

who shall bo namoloss, whose onrly advantages for education had
boon cxtrcmoly limited, but with any amount of eolt-confidonco,
was, on one occasion, saiTasticriy, but humorously, brought to
task in the Kingston Herald, by an anonymous writer. The mem-
ber replied, and in so doing, " copied verbatim, nearly the whole of
the tirst part of Sir William Draper's letter to Junius, dated Jan.
26, 1769, in dofonco of his friend Lord Granby, over his own signa-
tttro. Macaulay, a young lawyer of Bath, noticed the plagiarism,
and exposed the M. P. P.," which we believe, rOsultod in the political
demise of that individual.

BMtH

THK EAKLY ADMINISTRATION OF JtTBTIOE.

For two years, Upper Canada, after becoming a distinct Province,
was without any lawyers. But, in 1794, such a number of Acts were
found upon the statutu books, that it was necessary to create some to
interpret, not mystify the law. It was provided that his " Majesty
should appoint not more than sixteen, whom he should deem, from
their probity, education, and condition of life, best qualified to receive
the license to practice law." This appointment of lawyers by the
Executive, gave rise to an expression of derision in after days, of
"heaven-born lawyers."

The first lawyer appointed in Johnson District, was Samuel
Sherwood, who had ttudiod laAv two or three years with '.awyer
Walker, of Montreal. Jacob Ffirand, was the first lawyc in the
Eastern District. Allen McLean, the first lawyer for Kingston, and
Ml'. Hagerman, the first for the Bay Quinto. — (See U. E. Loyalists).
James Clarke was appointed for Niagara District; also, William
Dickson, of Ningara, and Angus McDonald for Cornwall.

After the formation of Upper Canada into a Province, a number
of magistrates wore appointed to each District, to form a Court of
Quarter Sessions. The four gentlemen who had been the judges of
Lunenburgh, Mecklenburgh, Nassau, and Hesse, respectively, no
longer had so extensive a jurisdiction. We have no further informa-
tion of Robertson, in this respect, and Duncan left the Province.
But Cartwright and Hamilton continued to fill the same positions,
as chairmen of the Quarter Sessions, in their respective Districts.
After the death of Cartwright, in the Midland District, Colonel
Thompson was appointed to the office, and his successor was Alex.
Fisher, of Adolphustown. John Ferguson was also Judge of the
District Court.

MAGISTRATES iN MIDLAND DISTRICT.

543

cation had
-confidence,

brought to
The mom-
he whole of

dated Jan.
} own signa-

plftgiarism,

the political

act Province,
of Acts were
reate sortie to
his " Majesty
d deem, from
tied to receive
wyere by the
after days, of

was Samuel
with '.awyer
awyoT in the
Kingston, and
E. Loyalists),
also, William
ill.

nee, a number
m a Court of
the judges of
spoctivoly, no
rthcr informa-
the Province,
ame positions,
tivo Disti-icts.
trict. Colonel
lor was Alex.
Judge of the

Among the first appointments for magistrates, was Thomas
Sherwood, of Leeds. Also, Dr. Solomon Jones, who was afterward
Judge of the District Court.

Charles Stuart, Esq., was, for many years, Sheriff of the Midland
District; ho died while yet young, in 1810. The first Sheriff of
Niagara District, was Alex. McDonnell ; the next was Barrack-
master Clark, and afterwards Thomas Morritt was appointed.

Among the first, probably the first, magistrates appointed in
Thurlow, were Col. Wm. Bell, Col. Hasselton, and James McNabb.
Most likely Bell had the commission before the others. Boll
generally hold his Court of Requests at Mrs. Simpson's Inn. On
19th April, 1322, it was held at the house of John Taylor.

'J'iO-l

■I Mill -

,.'t.. tv it".Si!-.:.Ti*(/.0 lU. ' -

Ua- ^<\ i'.

f:'

n.^

;ir a-:

DIYISIOjS^ X.

THE EARLY MILITIA OF UPPER CANADA.

CHAPTER LXII.

CoKTENTS. — Militia Act, 1792— Simcoe — No faith in the Americans — Hib views —
Military Roads — Division of Districts — Military purposes — The officers —
Legislation — The expenses — Repeated Legislation — Aggressive spirit — The
Enrolment — Hastings Battalion — "Something brewing " — List of Officers —
Col. Ferguson— Col. Bell— Leeds Militia— Officers' Clothing— The Midland
District — Prince Edward — Training Places.

THE MILITIA.

•■I

An3' magisterial power that the military commanders of the
first settlers may have possessed was lost by the proclamation of
Lord Dorchester, in 1788, forming Upper Canada into districts,
and appointing to each a staff of civil officers. From this period
until 1792, after the meeting of the second session of the First
Parliament, the military organization was a dead matter, although
there must have been in force some law relating to such, inasmuch
as the first Act passed at this Session was " for the better regula-
tion of the Militia in this Province."

Governor Simcoe was a man of a military turn of mind. He
had taken an active part against the American rebels, and he con-
t'nuod to entertain strong feelings of hostility to the American
cause, believing not in the integrity of their professed principles.
In many respects he was a well chosen person to take charge of a
people who had been under a military rule, and who shared his
antipathy to the republican people. Not only did Simcoe conceive
schemes of settling the forests, and improving it, but also for secur-
ing the country against attack, likewise of drawing into the
country many who he believed remained in the States because
they could not help themselves, and to whom the Republican form
of government was exceedingly distasteful. Simcoe never felt any

MILITARY DIVISIONS.

545

) -III

DA.

3 — Hib views—
-The officers—
Ive spirit — The
st of Officers—
—The Midland

iTiderB of the
)clamation of
nto districts,
, this period
of the First
ter, although
ch, inasmuch
better regula-

)f mind. He
and he con-
he American
od principles,
charge of a
lo shared his
icoo conceive
also for secur-
ring into the
tates because
)ublican form
never felt any

doubt about liis ability to defend the Province againHt the Anieri-
canH, and he even had vague ideas fcbiit ho might concontrato a
force of sutHcicnt strengtli ujmn Upjjer Caii:;dji 6oil, to enable him to
invade the States, with a good prospect of success. Imbued with
these views, and animated by snch feelings and dcisires, he lost no
time in taking the necessary steps to organize and train the Militia,
and to estiibiirth a Naval torco for the ]iakcs. The regular soldiers
under his immediate command were put at work to cut roadi<, one
from Lake Ontario to the Thames, which was called the Duudas
road, the other from Lake Ontario to the Lake Simcoe, which has
received the name of Yongo Street.

The four districts of Upper Canada were subdivided into
counties. This division was, accortling to Eochlbuoault, who
visited Simcoe, and pj-ocured his information from him, " into
counties is purely military, and relates n)erel3' to the enlisting,
completing and assembling of the Militia. The counties are about
twelve in number. The Militia of each county are assembled Jind
commanded by a Lieutenant ; they must be divided into regiments
and companies. They assemble once a year in each county, and
are inspected by the (Ja))tains of the dilt'erent companies, ni least
twice a year. Every male inhabitant is considered a militia man
from the age of sixteen to Hfty. lie is fined four dollars if he does
not enlist at the proper time ; and officers, both commissioned and
non-commissioned, who do not join their regiments at the time the
militia is assembled, pay a fine, the former of eight dollars, and
the latter of two. An officer who, in case of insurrection, or an
attack, who should not repair to his assigned post, would be ))un-
ished with a pecuniary peiuilty of £50, and a petty officer with a
fine of £20. A militia man who sells-eitlu*r the whole, or a part
of liis arms, amunition or accoutrements, is Hned £5, and in default
of payment, imprisoned lor two months. The Quakers, Jiaptists,
and Tunkers, pay, in time of [leace, twenty shillings a year; and
during a war of insurrection, live pounds sterling tor their exemj)-
tion Irom military service. Out oi' these fines and ransoms the
Adjutant-General of the Militia receives his pay, and the remainder
is at the Governor's disposal. This is nearly the substance of the
tirst act of the legislative body of Ujiper Canada, |)assed in 1T93."

The following year an additional Act i)assed, relative to tlie

Militia, the chief regulations of winch tended to ini})rove and define

more accurately the internal form of the regiments, battalions ;ui<l

couijianies, and to render the assembling of detachments more easy

64G

simcoe's designs.

and expeditious. This Act determines, that, in time of war, the
obligation to carry arms in defence of tlie country shall not cease
before the age of sixty, and that, of consequence, Quakers and other:*
who enjoy exemj)tion from military service, shall pay for their immu-
nity up to that age. It also obliges' the militia to serve on board of
ships and vessels, to act as cavalry, and to extend their service be-
yond the Province, on condition, however, that the same men be not
bound to serve more than six months successively. The exemptions
from military service are confined to the officers of justice, and other
public functionaries, whose number is very small. The whole militia
is estijuated at nine thousand men. All the expenses of the civil and
military administration of Upper and Lower Canada are defrayed by
England." The expcjise, including money and presents to the
Indians, "amounts for Upper Canada to one hundred thousand
pounds."

In all the measures introduced by tSimcoe and passed into law by
Parliament, can be discovered a military mind actively at work. The
arrangements by which he endeavored to settle the country — to
secure it against invasion — to keep alive a spirit of military ardor —
to keep aglow the flame of patriotism, a love for the mother country,
w^ere eminently judicious and commendable. There is no doubt that
the military spirit of Simcoe was pleasing to the old soldier-farmers,
and in them he found willing and zealous abettors of his military
schemes. Had it not been for the short-sighted policy of Lord
Dorchester, who, it is averred, became envious of his Lieutenant-
Governor, and tried to thwart the designs, and had he not succeeded
in having him re-called before time allowed for carrying out those
design.s, there can bo no doubc that Upper Canada would have
advanced more rapidly than she subsequentlj' did advance, and
wolild have far surpassed any State in the Union.

In 1797, an act for still further regulation of the militia was
passed ; but the nature of it docs not appear in the statutes.

There was also passed an " Act for the better securing the pro-
vince against the King's enemies.''

In 1801, there was still further legislation, and again in 1808,
when there was " an act to explain, amend, and reduce to one act of
Parliament the several laws now in being for the raising and training
of the militia." And a suitable salary was to be allowed to the Adju-
tant-General. Legislation at this time was deemed necessary,because
of the aggressive spirit manifested by the United States. The game
of conquest was already begun by the selfish statesmen of America,

THE ENROLMENT.

547

and even foul means wore being adopted to subvert British power
on the eontinent. The year prior, Lower Canada had taken steps
under Mr. Dunn, to protect themselves agaiuHt a wily enemy.
General Brock was earnestly engaged in jieriocting the del'ence.s of
Quebec. In 1809 an act was pa.ssod respecting billeting Jler
Majesty's troops, and the Provincial Militia, and furnishing thorn
on the march, and impressing hoi'ses, carriages, oxen, boats, &c.

Ee.spocting the enrolment of the militia in accordance with the
acts first and subsequently i)assed, comparatively little can be said
by the writer. The earliest, and indeed the only account of an
official nature to bo obtained, refers to the organization of the
Hasting's Militia. Through the kindness of Mr. Sager, of the front
of Thu^low, grandson of the late Colonel William Bell, we have had
placed in our possession, a portion of tiio papers left by Colonel
Bell, of an official and semi-official character. In a communication
dated at Kingston, 29th November, 1798, John Ferguson, of that
place, writes to "Mr. William Bell, of the Mohawk village as follows :
"Having been appointed Lieutenant of the County of Hastings, and
being ordered to enrol the militia without delay, I must request
you will immediately proceed with the enclosed notices, and cause
them to be put up as directed. This is the beginning of your duty,
as I have recommended you to be Adjutant, as well as captain of a
company, and I have the siitisJ'action of tolling you that the Presi-
dent has assured me ho will approve of rny appointments." In a
separate communication, Lieutenant Ferguson authorizes Captain
Bell " to give notice to the inhabitants of the county to attend a
meeting of Lieutenancy on Saturdaj-, the 8th December next, at
ten o'clock, at the house occupied by David Harris, on lot 34, in
the first concession of Sidney, for the purpose of enrolment."

It would seem that the second in command of the Hastings
battalion, was Major A. Chisholm.

Ferguson, writing 2-nd February, 1199, sa^-s, " It ajij^ears from
the President's letter, that there is something brewing to the west-
ward."'

On the 2r)th February, 1799, Ferguson writes to Adjutant Bell,
to require the officers commanding companies "to cau.sc the volun-
teers and drafts in their respective companies to assemble, with
such arms as they may have, at the house of Ferguson, on the point
of Sidney, lot 23, to be made acquainted with the purport of a letter
received from the Hon. Peter Ilussell, President."

Colonel Ferguson writing again on February 2G, to Captain

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648

OFFICERS OP HASTINGS MILITIA.

Bell, informs him that the President has been pleased to approve
of the appointments made, and that he must meet him at Sidney,
5th of March, to receive liis commission. On the 1st March, he
further writes thus, "there is some appearance of the militia being
embodied next spring, and that Captain Bell is appointed to take
command of the detachment should sudi an event take j)lace.

In a commun'oation dated, 10th March, 1799, Colonel Ferguson
relers Cai»taiii Bell to an indosure from President Eussell, giving
directions as to teaching the volunteers and drafts, 'who are to
assemble at Wallbridge's every other Satnvda}'," for platoon
exercise, &c.

"List of officers of the Hastings Militia, as approved of by
His H(moi'. the President, v,'it!i the dates of their commission."

"John Ferguson, Lieutenant of County; date of commission,
1798. The following officers were commissioned in December fol-
fowing: — Major Alexander Chis4)olm, Captain Wm. Bell, Captain
Samuel Sherwood, Captain George W. Myers, Captain Lieutenant
Matthias Marsh, Lieutenant Gilbert Harris, Lieutenant John Stuart,
Lieutenant John Chisholm, Lieutenant John Fairman, sen.. Lieu-
tenant L. VV. Myers, Fnsigns David Sinimo?\s, Jacob W. Mj'ers,
Alexander Chisholm, Robert Fairman, Samuel B. (iilbert. Adjutant
William Bell, Quarter-Master, John Mcintosh.

' At the commencement of the war of 1812, John Ferguson, of
Kingston, was Colonel ; William Hell, of Thurlow, Lieutenant-
Colonel, and Alexander Chisholm, Simon McNabb, S. B. Gilbert,
Jacob W. Myers, L. W. Myers, David Simmon, Gilbert Harris,
John Mcintosh, were Captains of l.st Regiment Hastings Militia.
John Th(mipson who had been a soldier in the King's Rangers,
was Major.

In May, 1810, a notice was posted in Hastings to "all persons
of the battalion having in their ])ossession arms and accoutrements
belonging to Her Majesty, to bring them in good order on the 4th
of June, and they will be furnished with powder and ball to shoot
at a mark."

We are informed by Mr. i\diel Sherwood, that James Break-
onri<lge, who had been an officer in Rogers' corps, was a]tpointed
the tii'st Lieutenant of the Count}' of Leeds under Simcoe, with
author! t}- to organize the body and appoint the officers. Mr. Sher-
wood refcived his fiisl commission as iMisign, from him, to the first
regiment of Leeds Militia in 179(5. He was shortly after commis-
sioned a Lieutenant, which ho remained until 1808, when he was
made Ca])lain. ,

MIlJTARy CLOTIIINO.

549

Offickrs' Clothing. — No soonor hiul the officers received the""
commissions than the matter of military clotiiiiig came into con-
sideration, and steps woje promptly tiikeu to obtain sultjibl'^ ouititf,
iy the way of scarlet coats, swords, and so forth. i{eading the
letters which have come under notice, one is struelc with the tact
of men puttinu; themselves to trouble to procure costly uniform,
when veiy many of them could scarcely collect money enough to
meet their wants. At that time money was scarce and bartering
was the ordinary mode of proceedings between the farmer and
dealer. The merchants of Jvingston did not tind it necessary
to keep matei'ial foi- oflicers' dress, and conso(j^uently it had to bo
procured at Montreal. The oflicers without money and unknown,
in Jlonlrcal, could scarcely expect to get credit Uiero. It was
under such circumstances that ('olonel Ferguson, the Lieutf.nant of
the Count}' of Hastings, undertook to assist the otficers under him.
Concerted action on their [)art was necessary, that all the coats
might be alike, and moreover, they might e.\pect to liave them
supplied at a cheaper rate. The following will now become intelli-
gible :

'•We, the following oflicers of irililiaot the County of Hastings,
having agreed to have uiiiformclothing,do empower John Ferguson,
Samuel SherwooJ, Matthias Marsh, and .rcim Mcintosh, to agreo
with any person to furnisli the maturiiils, and we will pay for it as
agreed upon by tlie above persons— the uniform to be reil coats with
blue lacings; long yellow buttons and white lining with shoulder-
straps — the Light Infantry to have short coals with wings. Thur-
low, Tth October, 1800." (Signed)— ,b)hn Ferguson, William Bell,
John Chisholm, Daniel Hose, '-John Mcintosh, David Simmons,
John Fail-man, junr., Samuel Slierwood, Matthias ifarsh."'

A few days later Colonel Ferguson sup])lies a memorauiliim to
Major Bell, recommending .lames Dawson, Kingston, as the person
to be employetl to make the coats, the material, or at least the
cloth, to be bought at .Mr. Cumniing's. Fei-guson also suggests that
each person give his lote of hand t'oi- the sum until ])ai(l, from
which it seems evident that he wished to be free from personal
responsibility. Three months later, and no steps had been taken
except by Ferguson, who, it appears, applied at ^Montreal for his coat.
Ho writes, "1 have received my coat pattern from Montreal," and
the cost of cloth and trimmings amounted to £1 Is. 7d., and " the
common price of making a regimental coat" was £1 3s. 4d., tho
epauletts ready-made were £3 each. In another place, Colonel

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550

OFFICERS OF MIDLAND DISTRICT.

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Fcri^nson says, " if anj'^ of those gontlomen wish to have a coat
from ]\rontroul, and will pnt into my hands sixteen busliols of
wheat, as a part ])ayment, I will send for them, and thoywill surely
find their profit in it.

The following were among the first Militia offieors connected
with the force in the Midland District.

Thomas Dorland, one of the first settlers of Adolphustown,was
the first captain commissioned in the township. Ho commanded a
company in 1H12, at ]vingston. Ilis company partook of the loyal
spirit which actuated the captain, who indignantly said of the
Americans, " 1 hey drove us from our homes once and now como
after us." Captain Dorland was much liked, as an officer, by his
men.

Cajitain Trimipour, who commanded a company of horse, was
generally estimated as a commander.

Christopher iragerman, a native of Adolphustown, arose by
promotion from an Ensign, to be Aide-deCamp. The following is
from the Kingston Gazette: — "Head Quarters, Upper Canada, York,
15th December, 1813. District General order. The Lieutcnant-
General commanding and President, has been ])leased to appoint
Christopher Jlagerman, Esq., to be Provincial Aidde-Camp to his
Honor, iind to enter the Provincial IJank of Lieutenant Colonel on
Mr. Ilagorman."

Major Sjiencer, who had been Colonel in Major Engers' regi-
ment during the Revolutionary war, died at the breaking out of
the war ol' 1812, and was buried in Fredcricksburgh on his own
place with military honors, he was succeeded by Captain Thompson.
Crawford was Colonel of a regiment of Jlilitia.

The ibi lowing were officers in Ernest town: Lieutenant Colonel
James Parrot, Captain .Joshua Booth, C. Fralick, Xoris Briscoe,
Peter Daly, iioljert (Jlark, Shcldtn Hawlcy. Lieutenants: Dnvis
Haniby, Henry Day, .b)lin Eiehards, Daniel Eraser, Pobert Worlet.
Ensigns: h^:i\c Eraser, David LockwootI, l>;!iuol Simmons, Aiiraham
Amey, Solomon .lolms, John Tiiorp. sour."

.Major Young, formerly ensign in Sir John Johnson's regiment,
was ;m ollieer in the Prince Edward Militia for some time. He was
at Isiugston in 1812, and died while on duty. Cai)tain McDomiell of
Marysburgh, was also on duty at Kingston at that time. Captain
Young, of the Carrying Place, was.liUewise there, as well as his
Ensign, W. H. Walllu-idge, who became Captain in 1831, Owen
Eiehards Ijcing the (Jolonel. Lieutenant Eichard Howaru. of 8ophias-

TRAINING PLACES.

551

burgh, (lied March 1, 1814. Deiigiii Coni,'or "held a oommissiou in
the tirst battalion of tho Princo Edward Militia durinjjf twenly-iour
years, fourteen of wliich he was Caittain. William Ketchcson, of
Sidney, was conunissioiied Eiisii^n in 1804; LiouUjnant in 1812:
Captain toward the close of tho war, served nine months at Kini^ston.
Coleman, of Belleville, was Captain of Provincial Light Dragoons.

The Militia of Adolphustown, Fredericksburg; li, Krnesttown, and
probably of Kingston, were acrcustonied to meet im Finkle's IMace,
below the Avind mill, before the war, 1812. Strange as it may now
seem, the place foi training of the Prince Edward Militia was, for
many years, at Grassy Point, iu the Sixth Town. All the way, not
only from the extreme point of Marysburgh, i»ut from Amlieist
Island, and from the wester, part of Ameliasburgh, the sparsely
settled inhabitants were wont ^to come, by anything but even roads,
to this point for tluiir state<l traiiung. Tliey met at this place until
the year 1800, after which they all met at llallowell. Picton. Those
from Ameliasburgh reciuired two days to leach the training place.
Some years later a' second place was allowed.

CHAPTER LXlll.

(.'OSTKSTS. — In 1812, (uouud Buy Quint6— The dechiration of war — The uewH at
Kingston — The cull to amis — llastiuj^s — Events <>( Kinj^ston — In 181.". —
Attaek upon Saek(;t'.s Uaihour — Oswef^^o — American Fleet before Kinjiston —
Royal George — Kingston prepared — Chrysler's farm — A '• Postseript" — .Vlong
the St. Lawrence — Kibahlry — The Connnissiiry — Ca|)t. Wilkins — (Quakers —
Rate of pay — American prisoners — 'I'he wounded — Surticom;, Donga', Jilea
cham— Jonatlian Philips — llilitiunien's reward— Militia orders — I'arlinnien
tary grants.

THE WAU OF 1812.

The call to arms wtvs promptlj' and loyally responded to by
the inhabitants of the Midland District, including the militia of
^Northumberland. The old veterans of former djiys, Avho had for
so many years been engaged in the peaceful occupation of farming,
were ai'oused to a high degi-ee of indignation that their old enemies
who had driven them away from old homes, should now threaten
them in their hard earned new ones. No wonder that these old
sturdy loyalists and their sons quickly obeyed tho call to come in
defense of their homes. To a certain extent the Day region was

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WAR.

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fi'co from imimxlisilo diin^or. Exc'Optii><^ at Kingston tlio inhnbi-
tantH were "not ulaniuid l)y the trumpet l)lsist. There was not hero
cnaoloil Hiicli slirrinuf events as transpired at Dotroil, ujmn the
Niu^ara frontier^ and below upon the SI. Lawrence. Nevertheless
thoro was diligent pre])aration made for any contingoney thai
might eonjo with tho tide of war. The Kovcral refjimentH of mili-
tia called out, wore taken to Kingston and pi'oparod for service
whether it mii^ht bo ott'ensive or defensive. Kingston being u
naval statiou and having a dock-yard as well as a military do|)ot;
and at the same time situated within a sliort distance of the enemies'
territory, it was necessary that it should bo well gan-isoned, and
the surrounding countr}' constantly watched. And here tho raw
militia man was drilled lor service, while thoy were ready to
defend tho jilaco.

Tho news of the declaration of war reached Kingston by a pri-
vate letter to IVIi*. Forsyth, froju tho States, and an hour and a half
at'torwards, sa^'s one wlio was there, a letter having boon conveyed
to Col. Benson, tho drum beat to arms, and couriers were on their
way with all haste to warn out the militia along the Bay and in
Northumberland. Tho belief wa^ entertained that Kingston would
bo a place of attack at once, and the fiank companies were ordered
there immediaicly.

Upon tho 2Tth June, 1812, John Ferguson, Colonel command-
ing Ist regiment Hastings Militia, wrote from Kingston, to Lieut.-
Colonel William Hell, of Thurlow, "to cause tho volunteers of the
battalion who already ottered their services, to hold themselves in
readiness for actual service, and to apply to the Quartermaster for
such ai'ms as are in his ])os8ession, to be used by the volunteers
until others wore got from Kingston. Capt. John Mcintosh to take
command, the other Captain will be J . W. Myers. Notice to be given
at once, be it night or Jay, to meet on tho Plains — and bo drilled
by tho Sergt.-Major." Col. Bell received the letter at sunset on the
29th, by the hands of John Weaver. A posti-cript to the letter says
*' W^ar is declared by the United Stales against Great Britain."

Tho militia of Hastings were hurried to Kingston, but after a
few Weeks when it was seen that Kingston would not be immedi-
ately attacked, they wore ordered home. The next year the Nor-
thumberland Militia was ordered to York, and soon saw service.

In connection with Kingston were two events which may be
alluded to, one was a hostile demonstration against Sackot's Harbour,
which had for its object principally tho destruction of a man-of-wari

: r'

ATTACK UPON SAOKET S lIARHOm.

ihore buildiiic:; tho other was un attempt, on \\\v part of the Ameri-
cans, to ih'Mti'oy the Ikitish Irigato, Hoyul CJoorgo, lying at
Kingston.

It was in ^fay, 1S13. tliat Sir 'Joorge ProvoHt ai-.d Sir James L.
Yoo, arrived at Kingston, where were Ca]>t. IJarclay I'ring and
Furnis, prejjaring lor sorviee the lew ves.sels wtalictned there; among
them one lately lannched, the Sir (reorge Prevost. of HO gnuH, greeted
them with a salute from the vessels. The Anieriean fleet was at the
head of the lake, bondtardiiig Fort George. I'lnler these circum-
slauees it was n^solved to make an attack u|)on Sachets Harbour,
"About 1000 men were embarked on board tlie Wolfe of 24 gnus,
the Euyal George of 24 guns, the Earl of Moira, of 18 guns, and four
armed schooners eacli carrying from 10 to 12 guns, with a number of
batteaux, so that no time might be lost in the debarkation. Two
gun-boals were placed in readiness as a landing escort. The boats
wore under the direction of Capt. Mulcaster, of the IJoyal Navy, and
the landing under the immediate superintendence of Sir George
I'revost and Sir Janus Yeo. The following account is IVom A. O.
Petric, Esij., of Jielleville, who was present as a volimteer, being tlieu
clerk to Cajjt. Gray, Assistant (iuartermaster-Geneial. So (pnckly
was the expedition arranged that Petrie had no knowledge of it until
about to start. By pernussion of Ca))t. Gray, Mr. Petrie formed oae
of the party, who, although forgetting to procure a red coat, di<l not
forget his gun. '" Was in a batteau with Capt. Gray the greater part
of the iiight, which was crowded with men. Capt. Gray tohl Petrio
that the object of the expedition was to burn the ship there building,
and told him he might have a hand in it, Petrie said he would bo
there as soon as any one. They lanik-d about four o'clock in tho
morning, and Mr. Petrie carried Cai)t. Gray on his back to tlie shore
through the water. But before they had landed the Americans fired
upon them; they were soon relieved however, by the gun-boat. They
then ."idvanced and was not far from the shi]) wh'/ii the bugle sounded
the retreat. Wlien he regained the boat he^ found that' his friend
Capt. Gray had been killed.

There is abundant evidence tliat the retreat was umiecessary,
that the enemy were fleeing ; but one of tiiose fearful mistakes
occurred by which the British and Canadian troops lost a victory
which had been won. This expedition exhibited the In-avery of the
militia men in the fullest degree, and had the mind of Prevost re-
mained unclouded, due reward would have been securetl. But the
precipitate retreat of the Americans was misunderstood by Prevosb

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AT UKriKIMKRS POINT.

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lie tlioiit^ht it. II trap sot. Sjivh ii writer, "It wnH Iruo that Fort
TomUiiis wn.s aUoul to lull into Uritiwh h.'inds, Alrenfly tlu' olHocrs
in cliai'i^c of \a\ y I'oint, aLjrc'caldy to oiuU !•.»<, antl suiiposincf tlic lort
to ho loyt. iiiid set on tiro tlic nav.il ni:it,'ii/iiu', containinj^ all the Ntoros
capturt'il at Vork. The liospital and barnurkn wore iilnniin.'itinj^ tlio
lake by thoir cjrand oonflaijralion, and llic I'rij^iitu on tlio stooks liad
been sot on tiro only to bo oxtinguisbod whon Provost's mind booamo
inisottlod as to flio nltorior dt-siifn ol' tlic ciioniy. In tho very niotnent
of fully aofionipli.Hbina; llio ]>ur]>oso <>!' the oxpodition, bo ordoroil a
retreat, ;nid the troops reaeliod Ivlii!.'ston in .safety.

l^ut, tbe followini? year !'i> expedition left Kinj^ston on tlie Mli
May, wliicb jirrived at Oswcjl'o on tbe following day, and took the
fort; but tbe stores bail been renioveil.

About five niiles I'roni Kiiit^sfon lies wliat is ealled Ilorkinier's
Point. It was tboui^ht a tbintj not iriiprob.'iblo tbat the Americans
might land upon this point and endeavor to enter Kingston. Jlere
was a telegr;i|)h signal, and two eannon had been planted there ; after-
ward one, a very good one was removed, lest it should fall into the
hands of the enemy. From this point a fair view of the Upper (lap
was to bo bad. i\t last, one morning, the Yankee fleet composed of
some 14 .sail, large and small, appiiared oft* the Upper Ga)). A shot
it is said was tired fiom the old windmill by some militia men there,
which Avas replied t<». .V schooner, tho Simcoo was chased, but
escaped by running ovi;r a bar between some islands at Herkimer's
Point. She received several shots, and subserpiently sank when she
bad reached Kingston. Tbe inhabitants along the coast Avere ordered
into tlie interior with all their stock. Tho fleet passed along not f.u
from the shore, and the Held artillery moved along at an ecpial pace,
and a firing was kei)t uj» between them. The writer's father was
present on the occasion. He was Sergt. in Capt. Dorland's C'ompnny
from Adolplmstown, and Mas this morning on duty with bis Com-
pany at Herkimer's I'oint. He was standing a short distance from
the shore. Tho brass artillery sent a ball through one of the eneinj-'s
vessels^ he saw her haul oft' from the i-est. Tlie fteet fire<l back, and
he saw tbe first ball from them as it ]>asscd near him. Tlu; Gover-
nor's horse being lield by a negro near by, while the Governor stootl
a little off*, squatted to U.^ earth and the ball i)assed OAor his back
the ball then struck the toj) rail of the fence, near by him, and went
bounding :nid [ilowing up tho ground. All this be remembers dis-
tinctly. The artillery and troops marched along opi)osito the fleet on
their way to Kingston, and were there paraded in a concealed spot

10 ihni Fort
thi' (ttViccrs
Hins tlu' lort
all the stores
minutiii.i? tlio
t> stoclss liail
mind bei^iiine
1 very nionient
lu( ordered a

HI on tlie Uli
and took tl\e

behind the Jail. It w;>m a general expct (uiioii thixt the onerny would
attempt to I'ind, and lie t'nlly anticipated go\\\<fi into netion. IIo
could Heo the lialls flyiiijjf over the huildintjs.

It WUH n nutunil expcetfttion that the enemy would ondonvour
to poHMosH thoniMelvesol' Kingston with its garrJHitu an<l naval depot,
and doek yard. Kvory neeoMsary step was taken to Irustrato any
dcsi^^UH that mi^ht ho entertaim^d by the Amorieans ai;ainst Iho
pUvei;. In the (razetlo ofOet. 9, ISIM, is the lollowinj^:

" By all accounts we understand that the Americans are on the
cvo of attacking this place. It is our province to observe thai their
intontioiiH have heeome eompletely unlicipatcd, and every noeossary
proparalion has been made to give them a warm reception. Wo
are happy to announce the arrival ot'Lieutenant-Colonel Drummond,
with the tlrst (k'tachment ol' the 104th licgimonl, from Hiirlington
Heights. This i-egiment the 4!ltli, and the corps tif the V'oltigcurs,
may be expected heri? in the course of to-day or to-morrow. Those
three gallant regiments, together with our brave militia, who aro
pouring in from all quarters, and have already assembled in consid-
erable numbers, will be a hutllcient reinforcement, and with our
present res])cctable garrison will bo able to repel any force which
the enemy may bring against us. We aro are glad to ob.servo that
every ])iece ol artillery is most advantageously [)laced, and wo must
really congratulate our lei low citizens on the formidable appear-
ance of every defen^ibie poi'tion in tho vicinity of this town. It
has been tho general rumor for a few days past tliat six or seven of
our small vessels have been taken on their "ay from tho head of
tho lake to this ])hice and sent into Sackcts; M'hich rumor wo fear
is too true.' '

Tho Avoods around Kingston, and upon Point Henry, were all
cut down to prevent a sui'priso. Tho enemy, however, did not
attack Kingston, but landed k)wer down the St. Lawrence. AVith
what result tho following noiico will show, " luii'jston Gazette,
Saturday, November, 13, ISIU.

i IP

'• I'OSTCHIl'T — lU(iHI.Y IMPOUTANT.

"The following important intelligence was received in town
this morning by express."

Chryslers, 11th November.

Tho enemy attacked us this morning, suppose from 3 to 4,000
men in number, and has been completely repulsed and doieated,

556

TAKINU CANADA.

witli a voiy coiisidcriiblo loss, a number of priyouors, and one
General taken by us; tho lossoftbc enemy cannot be loss than 4or
5,000. Ours l)as been severe. The Americans v/ero commanded by
Generals Lears and Boyd.

(Signed) William Morrison,

Lieutenant Colonel 89th Regiment.

Kingston Gazette, Saturday, Xov. 20, 1813.

We are assured on good aulhoritj', that the loss of the enemy
in the late iietion at Williiimsburgh, exceeded 1,000 in kilU-d,
wounded, prisoners and deserters; their flight was precijiitato
during tlie remainder of the day and night after the action ; on llio
morning of the 12th they regained their own shore in the greatest
confusion, and in momentary expectation of being attacked.
Several officers of distinction were killed anil wounded. Major
General Covender was dangerously' wounded, and is since dead ;
Lieutenant-Colonel Preston, noted for his ridiculous and insulting
j.roclamation at Fort Eric, inviting tho iidiabitants of Upper
Canada to place themselves under his protection, was dangerously
wounded. One six-pounder tield ])icce was taken on the charge,
and about 120 prisoners, 350 or 400 stand of arms were collected on
and near ihc tield of action.

" The Mililia of Cornwall and the neighbouring townshijis have
come forward in the most s[)irited and loyal manner, and are di'ily
joining the troops, shewing a sjjirit worthy of their anrestoi's, and
a noblo example to their countrymen. We sincerely hope it will
be followed, and if the inhabitants of Upper Canada are true to
theuLsoives, they ca'". have no reason to fear all the etVorts of the
enemy." Thus ended the attack whitdi had been made with the
usual boastfal spirit. According to an American writer in the New
York Jferald, at that time, the American Commander-in-Chief was
"a contenipiible wretch," guilty of '• low ribaldry," a drunkard,
having to take "two drinks dl'Iiot rum to enable him to go througli
the operation of shaving," and finally as given to singing

" I am now ii Koins to ('aniidn,

Air.l tlific I will !.,(.t money —

And tlxM't' I'll kiss the iirttly squaws •

Tiu'y aiv as KWi'L't n.s honey "

Not alone did the Midland district supjjly its quota of men for
the incor^jorated militia; but the rich soil along the bovders of the

■■;■'. t

l:f ;■-

nors, and one
3 loss than 4or
commanded by

DRRISON,

B9th Rogimeiit.

rov. 20, 1813.

^ of the enemy
L,000 in killod.
was precipitate
! action ; on ilio
in the greatest
jeing attacked,
■oundod . Major
L is since dead ;
ns and insiilting
tants of Uppc!-
vas (hmgerously
1 on the charge,
^-cre collected on

r townships have

yy, and are dt'ily

ir ancestors, and

■oly hope it will

tula are true to

10 otVorts of the

made with the

riter in the iVt'C'

ider-in-Chief was

i-y,'" a drunkard,

im to go througli

intrina;

QUAKERS OBJECT TO SIIIN PLASTERS.

567

(^uota of men for
he borders of the

bay gave abundantly to the comuiissaviat department. During the
first year of the war, there was a time when the troops at Kingston
had no more than a week's provision. Under these eireumstanees
the Commandant enquired of Colonel Cartwright if he knewof any
one who could be depended upon to raise tiie required supj^lies
which were known to exist in the district. Cartwright in-
formed him that the required person could at once be obtained in
the person of Captain Eobert Wilkins. Captain Wilkins, who had
raised a company in the beginning of the war, was accordingly sent
for, and instructed to prepare to undertake, as chief commissary,
the duty, lie asked for written instructions and authority that he
might not be hindered in his work— that Militia Colonels, and sub-
officers should yield to his demands for men to act as Itatteaux men,
or do any other required <luty to impress conveyances, &c. He
was asked if he woukl be ready to set out in a day oi- two. The
reply was, I will start in half an hour. " The devil you will," said
the Commandant, "so much the better," and Captain Wilkins
quickly wrote his resignation as Captain to the company, settled
his hotel bill, and was on his way up the bay toward Pictoii. Arrived
there, he called upon Mr. Cummings, and desired him to act as
agent, which request was acceded to. He then pushed on to the
head of the bay, at the Carrying Place, and established an agency
thoi-e, afterwards his head-ciuarters. Prorceding to Myers' Creek,
he procui-ed as agent the services of Simon ilcNabb.

In the vicinity of Picton, were a considerable number of
Quakers, who, although not wanting in loyalty, would, not only,
not take up arms, but conscientiously would not sell the produce of
their farms and take in payment government bills, or" shin piasters,"
then in circulation. Of course, they could, without scruples, sell
theiv grain to any one without asking questions, for gold or silver
hut to take ephemeral pai)er born of war, and its circulation recog-
nizing a state of war, was another thing. They absolutely refused
to take it. Colonel Wilkins believing in their sincerity, at once
v\'rote to the Commandant at Kingst(^n, for a certain sum of gold,
which was pnmiptly forwarded. Thus the gramiries of the rich
section of the county in Prince Kdward were opened. But Wilkins
had not waited for the gold ; on his own responsibility he had
l)ought the grain promising to pay them as they i-equired, and
Mr. (.'ummings Inul been diligently carrying out his orders.

t^omniissary Wilkins ha<l other dilticiilties to contend with.
In scmie sections there was a dJMposition to hold the produce

ill

'.:.

'■• ■■

/' ''

-i

■ll

558

PRISONERS.

'i' (J,

until prices were better, ulthoiiyli pork, for instance, wan fetching
$14 a barrel. They winhcd to <ret $20. The result of this wa.s a
" half martial law," by which jn'ovisions, wherever found, could bo
taken at a fair valuation. But Colonel Wilkins says that this had
rarely to be done. By kind jiersuasion, showing the people that
their duty should lead them to bo satisiied with a fair price, ho
succeeded in getting all the supplies of provision he wanted.

The duties devolving upon him were numerous and onerous.
He had to supervise the batteaux carrying provisions up and down
the bay from a distance, and often would have to give orders for
3 or 400 men to be collected to propel the batteaux, or assist to
transport articles across the Carrying Place.

The rate of pay given to an officer, acting as pilot, or conductor
to batteaux, was 10s. per day. Privates impressed to cai'ry or assist
received 2s. 6d., with rations ; but supplied themselves with blankets.
They were paid immediately their work was done, by Wilkins.
We have before us a requisition sent by Wilkins to Colonel Bell in
April, 1814, for 40 privates, and officer to manage the King's
batteaux, as there was a quantity of provisions to bo conveyed to
Queenstou Heights.

Although the foe found no footing, and made no attempt to land
along the bay, the inhal>itauts had the opportunity of seeing not a
foAV of their would be concpierors, as they passed as prisoners of war
on their way to Quebec. Many of the 1000 taken at Detroit had to
mai'ch along the road the whole length of the Province. 8onie Avere
taken in batteaux, and others were conveyed in vessels down the lake
:' far as Kingston. Many of those who walked went by the way of
the Prince Edward Peninsula, by Wellington ami Picton, crossing the
hay at the Stone Mills, others went by way of Napanee, and thence to
Kingston. One way was as convenient as the other, as there was no
bridge across tlie River Trent. Persons are now living along the
routes who recollect the crest-fallen appearance of these prisoners ;
the more so, because th(! people whom they had come to invade, and
dispossess, shewed them acts of kindness, and gave them food to eat.
One old lady, so old that siie remembers the Revolutionary War in
1783, says she told them she had given the British troojis all she had
to eat, as they passed up to conquer them, and she now as gladly
gave food to them. Those brought in batteaux were transported
across the Carrying Place into the bay. No doubt they appreciated
the beauty of the scenery along the route, and had their appetite
affected for the land they coveted.

THE WOUNDED.

559

was fetching
of this was a
ind, could ho
that this had
3 people that
fair price, he
,vanted.

and onerous.
s up and down
ive orders for
X, or assist to

t, or conductor
carry or assist
1 with blankets,
e, by Wilkins.
::;olonel Bell in
ge the King's
bo conveyed to

attempt to land
of seeing not a
prisoners oi war
Detroit had to
[ce. Some were
Is down the lako
by ihe way of
;on, crossing the
!e, and thence to
as there was no
living along the
Dhese prisoners ;
to invade, and
liem food to eat.
utionary "War in
oops all she had
now as gladly
ere transported
;hey appreciated
their appetite

On the morning of August 20, 1812, there arrived at Kingston,
His Majesty's ships Hoyal George, Earl of Moira, and Prince llegent,
with 400 )>risoners, and General Hull.

The must of tlu' ]>risoners taken at the Niagar;* frontier were
carried in batteaux, and by the bay, Colonel Scott among the rest.

At a later date, arrived the American prisoners, General Chandler
and Waider, captured at Stoney Creek. And again, " Arrived at this
place yesterday, Marcli 1st, ISl.*!, on their way to Quebec, wliither
they will |)roce('il to-day, Brigadier-General James AYinchester,
Colonel William Lewis, and Major George Madison, attached to the
American army, captured by General Proctor on tlie River Ratine."
We copy the following :

" Quebec, November 2nd. On Friday and Saturday were escorted
1)y a detachment of Major Bell's Cavalry, from their quarters, at
Bauport, to the new gaol, twenty-three American otHcers, and on the
latter day were also taken from the prison ships, and escorted by a
detachment of the lO.Trd regiment to. the same prison, a like number
of non-conmiissioned cllicers, making in all forfy-six conformable to
the General Orders of the 2'7th October."

But other sights than j)risonersof war were presented during the
conflict. Owing to the exposed ^tate of the Province in the west,
after the taking of Vork, a large mimber of the wounded were re-
moved from tlie Niagara region to Kingston, sometimes by ships,
sometimes by batteau. Many of those wounded at Lundy's Lane
were taken by schoon(!r to York, and thence by batteau down the
lake shore, across the Carrying Place, and along the bay. Among
them was Sheriff Rut tan, who was lel't at his fatlier's house, to the
kind care of his family. In this connection it may be observed that
Surgeon Dougall, of Prince Edward Militia, served umv months at
Kingston, and Dr. Meacham, of Belleville, also served during the
most of the war.

We will here give an extract from an obituary notice taken from
the Hastings Chronicle.

"A Veteran OF 1812. — "Of the Provincial troops, the Glengary
regiment of Infantry took perhaps the most active part. At the age
of tifteen, Jonathan Phillips enlisted in this corps, then being raised
throughout Canada. The urgent necessity for recruits inducing the
authorities to accej^t youths even of that tender age. The story will ,ost
be told, as nearly as may be, in the veteran's own words : — " I was born
in Duchess County, State of New York, in the year 1796; my father
came from Devonshire, England, and my mother from lidiid)urgh,
Scotland. In 1809, my parents removed to Canada and settled in Fred-

560

JONATHAN PHILLIPS' STATEMENT.

'!« i; '

!i !

t I

. l\

ericksburgh, County of Lennox and Addington. In January, 1812, 1
v/m working for Mr. Chapumn, in Frcderickaburgh, getting out
square pine, oak, and staves; wiiilst thus employed, Captain Judkins,
formerly of the 104th lleginient of the lane, asked me to enlist, and
I joined the Glengary's, and in a few days after was sent to Kingston
with about tAVenty other recruits from Fredericksburgh, Richmond,
and Ernesttown. We remained in Kingston till navigation opened,
Avhen the recruits assembled at that place, about 200 in all, descended
the St. Lawrence in batteaux to Three Rivers, where Ave received
uniforms, arms, and accoutrements, and commenced to learn our drill.
The cor]js now n4imbored about 800.

Towards autunm we were ordered to Quebec, in cliarge of about
1000 prisoners from General Hull's army, caj)tured in the west. We
remained at Quebec a month or six weeks. In October 1812, we
were ordered to tho west, (the season is recalled from the recollection
that as they marched from Qtiebec tlu; farmers were busy cutting
wheat on the iiillsides, and the snow was falling at the time). The
march Avas by the North Shore road to Montreal. Here Ave remained
all Avintt r, exjiecting the Americans \i} attack that city. In the month
of March, befove the sleigh .ug. was goue, the regiment was ordered
to Kin< ton, taking Avith them several ])ieces of camion, which were
draA^n by oxen. The men mar(;hed. The cattle tliat drew the can-
non and baggage, Avere slaughtered at Kingston for provisions. Wo
remained a month at Kingston, and then passed up the Bay of Qiiinto
to the Carrying Place in l>atteaux. The baggage and batteaux were
transported across the Isthnuis into Lake Ontario, and we re-embarked
for York. On our arrival at York we were forAvarded Avith all
despatch to BurUngton Bay. We tirst nu't the Yankees at Stoney
Creek, and then puslied on towards Fort George. We halted at the
village of St Davids, and encamiH'd at the cross-roads. The Yankees
held Foit Geoi'ge ; when they discovered we were so near them they
retreated upon Black Creek. We followed them up, and had a battle
Avith them at Lundy's Lane, on 25th July, 181 ;j. In this affair I
was in the advance guard, or reconnoitering party. The enemy
retreated upon Fort Erie, and avi; pm'sued them and had several
skirmislies with them. They IdeAv up the fort, and evacuated Canada.
In the fall of the year we marched back to York ; there we em-
barked in batteaux and came to the Carrying Place — thencse we
crossed into the Bay of Quint*', and thence to Kingston From
Kingston Ave marched to AdolphustoAvn Court House, and were
billeted u])on the farmers in that vicinity during the ensuing winter.
There were from eight to ten men in each house. Whilst hei'e wo
assembled every day at the Couit House, at ten a. m., for drill — wo
were at least 800 strong.

On the 23rd March, 1814. all the three years' men were paraded
at the Court House, paid off, and discharged. Each man so dischargoil
drcA^' lOO -"^res of land in U]ipei- Canada, farming utensils, and ii
year's provisions. The provisions were distributed every throe
months, at Robert Charles Wilkins' store, at the Carrying Place."

I . !

ivy, 1812, 1
retting out
lin Judkins,
) enlist, and
to Kint?ston
, Ilichniond,
tion opened,
11, descended
we received
arn our <lrill.

irge of al>out
e west. We
jer. 1812, we
e recolk'ction
busy cutting
time). The
\ we remained
In the month
was onleved
I, which were
drew the can-
ovisions. Wo
Bay of Quinte
batteaux were
re re-embarked
»rded with all
iees at Stoney
halted at the
The Yankees
ear them they
id had a battle
Ti this affair 1
The enemy
rl had several
niatefl Canada,
there we em-
\(,^^ — tlunice we
gston 1^'i'oni
fse, and were
lus'iine winter.
^Vhilst here we
, for drill— wi'

were paraded
|nsodischai-;j;i'd
lutensiiH, and n
Id every three
\\niS, Place.

BEWARD.

From the time of his discharge till his decease, Phillips resided
in the County of Hastings, pursuing the usual occupation of the first
settlers of this county. For many years he followed " lumbering "
in winter, and farming in the summer seasons, but being trustworthy,
intelligent, and of a ' 'ndly disposition, his services were frequently
sought after for various purposes. Several years ago, the farm which
he drew for his 'military service, and which, for many years, afforded
him a home and a support, he sold for the s(un of $1,900, thus enjoy-
ing in his old age tjie well earned reward of the loyalty and courage
of his youth, tie died at his home, in the second concession, Rawdon,
on the' 15th February, 1808.

TUB MIUTIAAIAn's REWAUD.

General Brock, on his way to Detroit, assembled the Legislature,
and amongst other Acts, one was passed for the organization of a
battalion of " Incorporated Militia," a body distinct fronithe Sedentary
Militia. It was an inducement held out for action ; and to properly
fitted persons, to raise companies and regiments for service during
the war. According to Buttan, any one enlisting five persons was
entitled to an Ensigncy; ten, a Lieutenancy; twenty, a Captaincy;
fifty, a Major; and forty a Lieutenant-Colonel. Subsequently,
in 1814 and 15, the Legislature "voted the supplies necessary
to fill up the incorporated regiments to 800 men. A service of
plate, and a pension of £20 per annum for the wounded, or for the
widows of the killed, as well as an address to His Majesty for an
allowance of 100 acres of land for each man, whether belonging to the
regiment of flank companies or the Sedentary Militia."

No truly patriotic and brave man will seek, or demand a pro-
mise of reward for defending, or fighting for the interests of his
country. He requires no more than what comes from a conscious-
ness of his duty done, and his country's honor maintained ; the
land of his birth, or choice, preserved from the deseci'ation of an
invader's foot. But when the deadly conflict has incapacitated the
brave one for the ordinary avocations of life, and he is left, perhaps,
with a family, unable to secure life's comforts ; or when the torch
of war — of the unchristian men, such as President Madison, and
his cold-blooded servant, Colonel McClnre, at Niagara, — leaves the
homos of helpless women in ashes ; or with wilful wantoness destroys
for the mere pleasure of gratifying a worse than heathenish dispo-
sition, then the tried veteran has a right to be rewarded in a sub-
stantial manner. The Government of Canada, as well as that of
Great Britain, has never been found remiss in affording suitable

rewards to those who were truly and knowinglv worthy.

36 — .

1/ :i

■ .1/

'•i

. u

' '1 1

■;i

562

LANDS GRANTED.

•" Tho smoke of war in 1816 had barely cleared away, after tho
Americans had sought and obtained a peace, to them ignoble, ere
the Canadian Govei-nment took steps to secure a just rowai-d to all
worthy men. And to this end the following general order appeared
in tho Kingston Gazette, 17th July, 1815, having reference to
settlers.

" 3Iililary Secretary's Office, Kingston.

" Each soldier to receive 100 acres of land ; officers entitled in
tho first instance to 200. To i-ocoive pi'ovisions for themselves and
families for one year, that is those who had last or, who might
require it on new land. Implements of husbandry, and tools to bo
supplied in sufficient quantities, and other comforts according to
necessity to cultivate land. The land thus taken cannot be sold
until after three year's cultivation. Supt. Alex. McDonnell, and
Angus McDonnell, of Glcngary Fencibles, to take charge of tho
settlers." Tho same date was issued as follows :

" Acting Military Secretary, William Gibson, issued a
notice at Kingston, 29th July, 1815, proclaiming that Bo: ids to
examine claims for losses met with during the American war,
should meet during August and September, at Amhorstburgh, Fort
George, York, Kingston, and Fort Wellington.

*' All discharged soldiers, applying for lands are to give in
their names to Edward Jones, late of the 9th Eegiment, now resid-
ing in the old Barrack Square. (Signed) — F. P. Robinson, Secretary,
July 31.
Again is found — " Lieutenant Governor's Office, York, Dec. 10, 181G.

His Excellencj-, the Lieutenant-Governor has been pleased to
appoint Surgeon Anthony Marshall, of Kingston, to examine and
grant certificates of disability to Militiamen disabled from wounds
received on service in defence of tho Province during the late
war. (Siia'nod) — Edward McMahon, Assistant Secretary.

Among the Militia General Orders issued from the Adjutant
General's office, appeared the following :

" His Excellency, Sir Frederick P. Kobinson, Major-Gcneral
Commanding, and Provincial Lieutenant-Governor of the Province
of Upper Canada, has great satisfaction in publishing to the Militia
of that Province, the following extract of a letter from Earl
Bathurst, one of His Majesty's Secretaries of State ; addressed to
His Excellency Sir Gordon Drummond, dated Downing-sti-eot,
13\h June, 1815.

I i

OFFICIAL RECOl NITION.

563

y, after the
irnoble, ere
ward to all
or appeared
cferonce to

Kingston.

s entitled in
mselves and
, who might
d tools to bo
according to
nnot be sold
Donnell, and
large of the

n, issued a
at Bor-ids to
tnorican war,
•stburgh, Fort

re to give in

t, now resid-

oN, Secretary,

Idcc. 10, 181G.

[en pleased to
examine and
from wounds
ring the late

\tary.
the Adjutant

lajor-Gcneral

the Province

I to the Militia

31- from Earl

addresHcd to

awning-street,

"I should have felt that I was acting unjustly towards you and
the officers and men under your command, if I had forborne bring-
ing under the notice of His Koyal Highness the Prince Eegent.
the great meritorious exertions, so long and so successfuil}- made
by them for the preservation of the Upper Province. I am com-
manded to assure you, that His Royal Highness has contemplated
your efforts with the highest satisfaction, not more on account of
the skill and valor uniformly displayed by His Majesty's Troops,
in presence of the enemy, than of the patience with whicli the
privations incident to the peculiar nature of the service wore
supported and finally overcome."

" You will not fail to convey to the Troops under your Com-
" mand, the stx'ongcst expression of His Iloj^al Highness's apjiroba-
" tion, and to accept for yourself and the army under your orders,
" that testimony which His Eoyal Highness is so anxious to bear,
" to the great service which you have rendered to j'our country."

"Nor is His Rojal Highness insensible to the merits of the
inhabitants of Upper Canada, or to the great assistance which the
Militia of the Province afforded during the whole of the war. His
Eoyal Highness trusts that you will express to them in adequate
terms, the high sense which he entertains of their services, as
having mainly contributed to the immediate preservation of the
Province, and its future security." N". Coffin, Adjutant General of
Militia.

In 1815 the Legislature granted £6,000, stg. £5,883 6s. 8d. to
be applied as follows : — To the officers, non-commissioned officers,
and privates of the incorporated militia, six months' pay, £4,594
15s. 2d. To the officers and non-commissioned officers of the line
attached to the incorporated militia, the well pay of their respective
ranks in the said corps, £1,000. To the officers and non-commis-
sioned officers, and privates of the incorporated militia artillery,
six months' pay, £288 lis. 6d. To the speaker of the House of
Assembly, to purchase a sword to be presented to Colonel Robinson,
late of the incoporaled militia, 100 guineas.

'■■ il

COVETOUSNBSS.

\.'-m

> \-

1 1

CHAPTER LXIV.

CoNTKNTs — The Six Nations in 1812 — AnKairnn Aninins — " MauifPHt Destiny"—
Mohawk Indiiins — A right to defend their liomes - Inconsistency — American
Hava'ges — Extract fioni I'liiytcr — Brock's proclamation — Indian cliaractcr,
(•oiultict, eloquence — Deserters in 1812 — Few of them — Court-martials — The
nttemiits at conquest by tlie Americans — The numbers — Result of wrtr —
( unadians saved the country — And can do so — Fraternal kindness.

I THE SIX NATIONS AS CANADIANS IN 1812.

Maintaining their wontetl hostile attitude to the Mohawks, and
continuing to charge, upon the British and Canadian Governments,
an uncivilized procedure, the Americans have attempted to create
a belief that wo waged not a warfare according to civilized ideas.
Civilization consists, in the mindsof Americans, in just those views,
theoi'ies, beliefs, and proceedings, which belong to the Groat United
States, and nothing can oniinate from their government that is not
in sfi:ict accordance with civilization, — their civilization. It so
happens that one of their beliefs is that destiny manifestly intends
that they shall possess all of North America. In 1812, a pretext
was formed under the question of the right to search American
vessels for deserters from British service, to declare war against
England. Thi? was regarded by Madison and the Government a*^
Washington, a fitting opportunity to make the already cherished
attempt to obtain the British Provinces. It Avas not in accordance
with their ideas of liberty and civilization, to give the slightest
heed to the wishes of the loyalists whom they had, years before,
forced away, and who had already done much to convert the
wilderness into a noble Province; the British subjects who had
emigrated to America, and preferred the yet infant colony of
Canada, to the more advanced, but distasteful, United States. And
still more, the Mohawk Indians, whom they had so cruelly treated,
who had found homes under a benign and fatherly government,
were not only disregarded, but their very right to defend their
homes was denied by the very civilized government which longed
to get Canada. And honco we find attempts made to cast obloquy,
upon the Canadians, in connection with the war of 1812. The
people who strove, but vainly, to enlist the Mohawks in their
service in 1776, with wonderful inconsistency, in 1812, issue pro-
clamations that no quarter will ba given to Indians, nor the Cana-

8AVA<»ES.

5G5

diftns who wero found fighting Hide by Hide. Yet, in tho same war-
thoy had all tho TndianH they could get to assist in their invasion
of a peaceful Province, who actually assisted in the hellish work of
plunder in tho Niagara region. Tho Senccas took sides with their.
The Indians who had iound a home in Canada, had a right to
defend their country, ami willingly did they inarch to the tield.
They rendered important service at Detroit Avhen tho immortal
Brock hurled back the braggart foe, took General Hull and his
army prisoners, and conquered tho territory of Michigan. They
likewise did good service at Queenston Heights.

A few instances oecured where individual Indians did la2>so
into the warfare nature had implanted into their breasts. But let it
bo distinctly and emphatically stated that they wero exceptions.
" But the savage conduct of tho white United States troojxs, was
worse than the employment of savages. In civilized wars, or the
wars of Christian people with each other,|(alas ! that Christians
and war should bo associated !) the usual rule is to harm only those
who aim to harm, and to pass by the peaceable and unarmed. Con-
sidering, too, that the Canadian people were not enemies, but had
always friendly dispositions towards the United States, that tho
war was merely for remote and abstract questions, that the British
Canadians never set the example, that niaurading was not the rule
of the British officers and armies (as evinced before tho world
in tho wars with Bonaparte;, — the United States (Tovernmont
selecting the province as a battle field, should have treated
tho inhabitants without arms as mere spectators of the conflict.
Shame on President Madison, and his cabinet of Christian '" (?) "
gentlemen, for ordering their General, McCluro (under the name'
and seal of John Armstrong, Secretary of War), to burn up the
Town of Niagara, and turn 400 women and children into the snow
and icy streets, on a December day of a rigid Canadian winter !
Hatl tho cruelty been accomplished by a tribe of Indians, no
astonishment would have been felt; but for Christians thus to treat
Christians, and for people of the same ancestry, to show such
barbarity, shows that the bad passions of the human heart are the
same in tho civilized as in the savage. The war might have been
carried on, so that friendship might soon be resumed ; but tho
dreadful aggravation, left in the bosoms of tho Canadian settlers,
such hatred as remains to the present daj-. Tho writer has even
hoai-d women say, on tho banks of tho St. Lawrence, that if the
Americans ever invaded Canada again, the}' would shoulder muskets

'Ii

win A

566

INDIAN RmHTS.

with thoir Imsbands. Tho domocrncy of the United States, like the
demoerncy ol' tho French Eovolution, pi-offorcd liberty with tho
left hand, and scattered the tire-brands of savage war with the
right."— (Playtor.)

Tiie invading general having issued a proclamation, declaring
that Canadians found lighting beside the Indians should have no
quarter. Major-Gencral Brock, in an address, issued to the Cana-
dians at Fort George, July 22nd, 1812, referring to this matter,

says : —

" Bt> not dismayed at the unjustifiablc^threat of the Commander
of the cMomy's forces to rotnse quarter, should an Indian appear in
the ranks.

" The brave bands of the Aborigines which inhabit this colony
were like His Majesty's other subjects pimished for their zeal and
ridolity, by the loss of thoir possesions in tho late colonies, and re-
warded by Ilis Majesty with lands of superior value in the Pro-
vince. Tiio faith of the British Government has never j'ot been
violated by the Indians, who feel that tho soil they inherit is to
them and their prosperity, protected from the base arts so frequently
devised to over-reach their simplicity."

" By what new principle are the}' to be prohibited from defend-
ing their property ? If their warfare from being diiferent to that
of tho white people, be more terrific than that of the enemy, let him
retrace his steps, they seek him not, and cannot expect to find
women and children in an invading army.

" But they are men, and have equal rights with all other men
-to defend themselves and their property when invaded, more espe-
cially when they find in the^enemy's camp a ferocious anu mortal
foe, using the same warfare which the American commander aft'ects
to reprobate."

"This inconsistent and unjustifiable threat of refusing quarter,
for such a cause as being found in arms with a brother sufferer, in
defense of invaded rights, must be exercised with the certain
assurance of retaliation, not only in the limited operations of war
in this part of the King's dominion, but in every quarter of the
globe ; for the national character of Britain is not less distinguished
for humanity thanstrictretributive justice, which will consider the
execution of this inhuman threat as deliberate murder, for which
every subject of the offending power must make expiation." —
(Signed, Isaac Brook.)

DESERTERS.

567

In concluding this subject, wo will quote the hinguage of ono
who rose to subline oloquoneo in conoction with another event.

Seeing the on-coming moment of the extinction among the
Americans — vainly resisting the inevitable fate, but still lofty and
noble. Thus spoke a Seneca chief: — " Who is it causes this river
to rise in the nigh mountains, and to empty itst-lf in the ocean?
Who is it that causes to blow the loud winds of winter, and that
calms them again in summer? Who is it that rears up the shade
of those lofty forests, and blasts them with the quick lightning at
his pleasure ? The same spirit, who gave you a country on the
other side of the waters, gave this land to us, and we will defend
it."

We would fail in our whole task did we not refer to ono more
topic; that concerning Deserters. There were, during the time of
war, a few instances of desertion. There is every reason to believe,
that the wily Americans sent emmissarios into the country with
the object of tampering with the Canadians. The following, while
having a local reference, will explain the steps taken by Govern-
ment to meet the requirements of the day in this respect :

President's Office, Upper Canada, Kingston, 24th March, 1814.

His Honor the President lias been pleased to appoint by com-
mission, bearing this date, the under-n^Jntioned gentlemen to be
commissioners, for carrying into effect the provisions of an Act
passed in the last session of the Legislature of this Province,
entitled " An Act to empower His Majesty, for a limited time, to
secure and detain such persons as His Majesty shall suspect of
treasonable adherence to the enemy, in the several dictricts of
this Province respectively: — For Midland District — The Hon. K.
Oartwright, Alexander McDonell, Alexander Fisher, Thomas Dor-
land, Timothy Thompson, Thomas Markland, Peter Smith, John
Gumming, James McNabb, Ebenezer Washburn, Eobert C. Wilkins,
James Young, William Crawford.

In every war there will be some desertions, and during the
wai" of 1812, there were found a few, and a few indeed, who were
base enough to desert fi-om the ranks of the Canadian Militia.

The several attempts at conquest of Cannula were : —

1st Invasion . . Gen. Hull at Sandwidi

VnnRansIcr " Wodwoith . . .

Smyth " Fort Erie

Pike ^ " York

Dearbornc '' Fort Gi'crge . .

Winchester, for Montreal, " Clnyslcra Farm

Hampden '• Cliateauguay U.

Brown " Fort Erie ....

" " Lundy's Lane

Ixzard '■ Fort Erie ....

Wilkinson " Lai ate Mills. .

Total number of min 4r),000.

2nd

3rd

4th

51h

6th

7th

8th

9th

10th

nth

itl

1 3,000 men.

2,000

11
11

3,000
2,500
3,000

i<
<i

3,000

8,000

5,000

8,000

■ 1

2,500

568

UNCIVILIZED WAUFARE.

-} i

■i I,

ij.

"The forof^oin;^ is an n^i^rc^jjato of tho attomnt to invade
Canada hy the [Tnitod StalcH iurccM when thoy hued for peace;
and, wlion hiu-1i was proehiimod, t!ioy did not llnd theniMelvcs in
posMesHion of one inch of Canadian Territory." — (Clark.)

Thi8 glorioiiM rcHult wan duo, in a great nieasure, to tho loyalty
and bravorv of tho Canmlian Militia. The iirnt year, the Militia
nlone Haved the Province,

The close of the war left no unpleasant remembrance. Called
to arms for tho most noble purpose, thai of defending their
homos, they discharged their duty bravely, but without imneccssary
violonco. There wero no acts of ci-uolty to bo laid to their
charge. It was oidy the unprincipled foe that could bo guilty
of deeds of barbaric darkness. It remained for the American
General Harrison to burn, contrary to tho rulosof civilized warfare,
a peaceful village, and for General McCluro to apply tho torch to
tho building which protected tho wounded men, women, and chil-
dren, from the piercing cold of a December night, an outrage only
equalled by thoir firing on a British flag of truce, under General
Eoss, before the caintal Washington. These acts of villany met a
just retribution. The former by destroying the frontier settlements
f\'om Lewiston to Buffalo, the latter by the destruction of tho
Capital. Canadians — Britons can deal out Just retribution, as well
as they can defend thoir^ homos. And the Americans ought to
know, and remember, that no acts of cowardly villany toward us
will for ever go unpunished. Thoy incited rebellion among us in
1837-8. They have encouraged Fenianism, and assisted them as a
people to invade our territory, and kill our young men. For this
will como a day of judgment. It may not be this century, but it
will como. Lot but one more attom])t bo raado to secure a footing
on our soil, and tho Americans will learn that Canadians can, and
will, retaliate. Tho hardy honest Canadian goaded to seek justice,
will plfty the raider also. Ours is a frontier, over which they may
come and do much mischief; but their's is equally lengthy, and
exposed. A sheet of flame will burst along their frontier as well as
ours, the destruction will not bo all on side.

During tho Crimean war, the Canadians took great pleasure in
giving contributions for the relief of the soldiers, wives and children.
But this was only returning a like kindness displayed by England
at the time of tho invasion and rapine in 1812. The wanton
destruction of Canadian homos brought much distress. By the
Kingston Gazette of 5th December, 1813, we see "that tho total sum
subscril.d in the City of Lonilon for the relief of the sufferers in
Canada (wliich has como to our knowledge), amounts to £10,410
10s. Od." And the same year " The (ieneral Assembly of Nova
Scotia gave to the distressed of Upper Canada £2,500." An act of
fraternal kindness that Canftdians have been ready to return during
tho last year.

lo inviulo
)r poaco ;

UHCIVOS ill

ho loyalty
:\\ii Militia

■c. (Called
lUug their
n necessary
id to their
he guilty
Ameriiaii
led wnrfure,
lio torch to
u, and chil-
utrugo only
lor General
lUiny met a
sottlomontH
tion of the
tion, at* well
ns ought to
y toward us
imong us in
pd them as a
For this
lUury, but it
iro a footing
ans can, and
seek justice,
;h they may
ongthy, and
:'V as well as

pleasure in

md children.

i>y England

DIVISION XI.

ADV ANCI'> OF CIVILIZATION.

ClIAPTEK LXV.

('0NTKNT8 — Ciiimdii'K lirst Htcp ill oiviHzation — Slavory in Amcriia — \\y whom
intnKtiiccd— FuIho chnvftc — Slavery in C'linada — HiHtovy — Iraperial ActR—
LegiHlivtion in t'liniidii — Tho Hovenil ilftused — In Lower C'uniida — ^Justice
OHj,'ood — Slavery at the Uehollion — Anions the II. K. Loyalistn — Tlione who
held Hlaves — Descendants of the Hlaves — " A British nhvvo' — " For sale "—
"Indian slavi^" — I'pper Cansida's Record — Compared with the St^ites — .
Liberty — Why the United States abolished slavery — Honor to whom honor
is due.

SLAVERY.

Wo devote a chai)ter to tho subject of slavory, which may be
appropriately noticed under advance of civilization. There can bo
no greater indication of u truly civili/.ed people than a successful
attempt to emancipate tho.<»c in bondage. In this ro.<*iiect Upper
Canada was very far in lulvunco of tho United States, and even of
England herself.

Tho Americans have not unfi-equently essayed to fasten the
ignominy of this domestic institution {upon tho British nation, by
assorting that it was the F)nglish that first brought slaves to tho
American continent. Supjjosing this to bo true, it was the most
pitiable attempt at excuse for continuing tho accursed thing, after
Britain had spent millions to abolish slavory in all her broad realm,
that dixw ])ossibly bo imagined. But it is all untrue that slaves
wore first brought by the English. It was the Dutch, who found
sale for thorn in Virginia. This was in 1020. " Shortly after tho
Now England States adopted the ' institution,' the colonists and
merchants introducing and controlling the whole trade, Massa*
chusetts leading the waj'." And with'all the cry, for ever'fe'choing
in the .North against the South, because of slavery; it was the
Yanlfeo owners of ships, sent out from Northern ports to engage in

!!.

570

SLAVERY IN CANADA.

:( ■' 1

i^iM

) :>i

i|:'-^^

tho world-coiulcmned crime of tho ulave tnulo, that kopt alivo tho
worst foaliiro of American slavery, until the celebrated military
necessity of Lincoln, emancipated the Southern slaves.

The present jo^eneration of Canadians are almost ignorant of
tlie fact that tho '' institution" of slavery oneo existed in Canada,
both Lower and Upi)er. The proud and pleasing appellation, which
Canada enjoyed for so many yeai's, of a safe asylum for slaves, who
had effected their escape from tho United States, is in most cases
alono known to have belonged to us. 'But tho record of our young
country is so honorable upon the question of slavery, that the fact
that slavos did once breathe among us, casts no stigma upon tho
Miaplo leaf, no single stain upon her virgin garments. The fivct
is, slavery could not live in Canada ; much less grow. The lea^ling
principles which guided tho seltlers of the country were of too
noble a nature to accept tho monstrous system of human bondage
as an appendage of the Colony. Thej' felt the truthfulness of the
woi"d8, not long before uttered by John Wesloj', that slavery was
tho "sum of all villainies," and knew they would be villains of the
deepest dye to encourage it.

The history of slavery fi-om the time Joseph was sold by his
bi'others into Egypt, by which it may be inferred that persons were
already held in bondage, up to tho present, is of no little interest ;
but it forms no part of our task to give oven u sketch of it, except
in relation to its existence in Canada, 'vsn" U' ,<';j;f*" V.k '■ u

In the year 1732, an Act was passed in tho Imperial Parlia-
ment "for the more easy recovery of debts in IJis Majesty's plan-
tations and colonies in America," by which "lands, houses, negroes,
and other hereditaments and real estate, shall be liable to be taken
by due process of law for any indebtedness."

Another Imperial Act having reference to slaverj- in Canada,
Av as passed so late as ITDO. TI.o Act is intituled "An Act for
oncourar.'.ng new settlers \v His Majesty's colonies and plantations
in America." Among othcv things it is ])rovided that if any per-
sons shall c<nue to the West India Islands or the Province of Quebec,
from United States, with the view of settling, it shall be lawful for
such, having obtained a liciMise from tho Governor, to import among
other things " any negroes " he may possess. Such v/as the law
in all Canada when Upper Camula was erected into a distinct Pro-
vince.

The first Session of Parliament in Upper Canada was ni\turallj'
and necessarilyj^occupied in ari-anging the machinery requisite for

AN ACT TO ABOLISH.

571

ill

pt alivo the
ted military

, ignorant of
d in Canada,
ilation, which
n' slaves, who
n most cases
of our young
that the fact
jnia upon the
iits. The fact
. The leailing
y wore of too
aman bondage
ifulness of the
at slavery was
, villains of the

as sold by his
at persons were

little interest;

h of it, except

mperial Parlia-

I Majesty's plan-
lOuses, negroes,
ible to be taken

[crv in Canada,

II "'^ An Act for
land plantations
Ihat if any per-
Ivince of Quebec,
Jail be lawful for
Ito import among
Jh v/as the law
1) u distinct Pvo-

ila was nf\tuvally
Iry requisite for

the goveriunont of tho bo«.ly public. Tlio secojul Session witnessed
legislation to secure defence of the country' by organizing a mili-
tia body ; and also upon two most important subjecls liaving refer-
ence to moral principles, viz. : concerning marriages, and

^' An Act to prevent the further introduction of slaves, and to limit
the term of contract for servitude within this Province."

" Whereas it is unjust that a peo])lo who enjoy freedom by law,
should encourage the introduction of slaves, and whereas it is
highly expedient to abolish slavery in this Province, so far as tho
same may gradually be done withou*; violating private property;
be it enacted by the King's Most Excel lout Majesty, by and with
tho advice and consent of the Legislative Council and Assembly of
tho Province of Upper Canada," &c. It is enacted " that from and
after the passing o'^this Act, so nmch of a certain Act of tho Pai*-
liament of Great Britain, entitled "An Act for encouraging now
settlors," &c., as may enable the Governor or Lieutenant-Governor
of this Province, heretofore parcel of His Majesty's Province of
Quebec, to grant a license for importing into the same, any negro
or negroes, shall be, and tho same is hereby repealed; and that
from and after the passing of this Act, it shall not bo lawfUl for
tho Governor to grant a license for tho importation of any negi*o
or other person to be subjected to tho condition of a slave, or to a
bounden involuntary service for life, in any part of this Province,
nor shall any negro, or other person who shall come, or be brought
into the Pn)vinco after the passing of this Act, bo subject to tho
condition of a slave, or to such service as aforesaid, within this
Province, nor shall any voluiitary contract of service or indentures
that maj' bo entered into by any parties within this Province,
after tho passing of this Act, be binding upon them or either of
them for a longer term than a term of nine years."

The second dauso provided that the owners of slaves, at the
time within the Province, should be secured in their property and
contracts ali-eady made should not be atl'ected. But in (he third
clause it is declared that

'• In order to prevent the continuation of slavery witliin this
Province, be it enacted by the authority aforesaid, that immedi-
ately from and aftiu- the ]>assing of this Act, every child that shall
be born of a negro mother, or other woman subjected to such ser-
vice as aforesaid, shall abide and remain with the nuister or mistress
in whose service tho mother shall bo living at the time of such
child's birth, (unless such mother and child shall leave such

•• I

') 'I'

!'!

■ m

t <

i ■*

i'! ,

l! h-

THE CONDITIONS.

sorvioo, by and with the consent of such master or mistress) — ami
such master or mistress shall, and is hereby required to give proper
nourishmei\t and clothing to such child or children, and shall and
may put such child or children to work, when he, she, or they
shall be able so to do, and shall and may retain him or her in their
service until every such child shall have obtained the age of 25
years, at which time shall be entitled to demand his or her
discharge from, and shall bo discharged by such master or misti-ess,
from any further service. And to the end that the age of such
child or children may be mor;- easily ascertained, the master or
mistress of the mother thereof; shall, and is hereb}' required, to
cause the day of the birth of every such child as shall be born of a
negro or other mother, subjected to the condition of a slave, in
their service, as aforesaid, to be registered within three months
after its bii-th, by the clerk of the parish, township or place wheroin
such master or mistress reside, which clerk shall be authorized to
demand and receive the sum of one shilling for registering the
same. And in case any master or mistress shall refuse or neglect
to cause such register to bo made within the time aforesaid, and
shall be convicted thereof, cither on his fc h,M> confession, or by
the oath of one or moi'c credible witnesses before any justice of the
peace, he or she shall for such offence forfeit and pay the sum of
£5 to the public stock of the district.

" And be it further enacted, that in case any master or mistress
shall detain any such child born in their ser\'ice, after the lassing of
this Act, undiM- any pretence whatever, after such servant shall have
attained the age of 25 years, except by virtue of a contract of service
or indentures duly and voluntariljr executed, after such dischai'ge as
aforesaid, it shall be for such servant to apply for a discharge to any
Justice of the peace," and the party accused may be sunmioned to
show causo whv the servant is not discharged. The master failing
to prove tlie servant under age, the justice is to discharge the same,
and it was " provided always that hi case any issue shal' V»i>, born of
such children during their infant servitude or after, sue)', i^i^'ic shall
be entitled to all the rights and privileges of free-born Hnitj< ^^t•. '

'* And be it farther enacted, that whenever any master r
mistrass sliall liberate or itlease any person subject to the condi-
tion of a slave from their service, they shall at the same time give
good and sutHcient security to the church or town wardens of the
parish or township where they live, that the person so released by
them shall not become chargeable to the same, or any other parish

IN LOWER CANADA.

573

tross)— and
jfivo proper
I shall and
he, or they
hor in their
3 age of 25
his or her
• or misti*c3S,
age of such
e master or
required, to
be born of a
f a slave, in
;hree months
[)lace wheroin
authorized to
gistering tine
so or neglect
aforesaid, and
fcssion, or by
: justice of the
y the snn\ of

er or mistress
the i-assing oi
ant shall have
;ract oi service
dischai'gc as
;charge to any
sunmioned to
master failing
rgo the same,
IpP <h' borr. of
I, .;': i-,<=')Q shall

S\ilvjl lit".

,ny muster r
to the eondi-
mie time give
ivardens of the
80 released by
ly other parish

or township." This act which reflects so mnch glory upon the
Upper Canadian Legislators, was passed July 9, 1793. We thought
our readers would prefer to see the act complete than any synopsis
we might prepare.

To Eobei't Gray, then Solicitor-General, is Upper Canada
primarily indebted for the above act. He was an earnest friend of
the African race. He was lost in the schooner Speedy, on Lake
Ontario.

Slavery in Lower Canada. — According to Crarneau, in the
year 1689, it Avas proposed to introduce negroes to the colony of
France. But it was thought the climate would prove unsuitable.
That slavery was, not long after introduced, seems certain, and
that it " was legally recognized in Canada, is plain, ft'om an
oi-dinanceof intendant Hocijuart, dated 1736, regulating the manner
of emancipating slaves in Canada." — (Bell.)

There are extant several royal declarations respecting slaves
in the colony, bearing dates, 1721, 1742, and 1745. At the Conquest
there were slaves in the province ; and slavery " then increased for
an instant, only to disappear forever." Slavery having continued
to exist in Canada until the first decade of the present century.
By a stipulation in the treaty of Montreal, the colonists were
" to be allowed to retain their slaves." Says Bell in Garneau's
history, "Sir L. H. Lafontaine in 1859, investigated this matter,"
(respecting the existence of slaves in Fi'ench Canada), and from
the published reports of his enquiries, it appears that in 17991800,
the citizens of Montreal presented requisitions to Parliament, tend-
ing to cause the Legislature to vindicate the rights of masters over
their slaves. The applicants invoked in favor of their demand, an
oi-dinance rendered by Jacques Roudat, 9th intendant, dated April
13, 1709, which edict wa«, they urged, in force when the definitive
treaty of peace was signed, and by consequence formed part and
parcel of the laws, usages, and customs, of Canada, recognized by
the Act of Quebec. The bills, on the subject, were introduced, in
1800, 1801, and 1803 ; but none of them passed. Since that time
no Local Legislation sanctioned this matter; and if the act of the
Imperial Parliament of 1797, had the eflbot of abolishing slavery
in the British plantations, these would, of course, include Canada."
"But," says Bell, the act in question could have no such efi'ect. It
only enacted, that negroes could not be taken in execution as
chatties, for the debts of their masters, as hatl proviouf<ly been the
case in His Majesty's American Colonies." It appears tolerably

IN THE STATES.

certain from thu fbrefjjoiiiy, that slaves wore introduced bj' tlie
French into Canada, about the beginning of tiie 18th century, and
that at least in 1709 it was a recognized institution, by virtue
of an edict issned by the intentlant. And, when the country was
conquered bj' Great Britain, the colonists were " allowed to retain
their slaves." In 1784, when Upper Canada was first settled, the
number of slaves in Lower Canadst according to census was 304.

When Upper Canada, in 1793, took the lead in the whole of
Britain's vast domain in legislating against slavery, Lower Canada
continued to regard it without disfavour ; and, even in Montreal,
endeavoured to fix the chains of bondage more firmly upon the
negro. But what the Provincial Legislature did not, although pre-
sented with the example set by Upper Canada, was done in a difTer-
ent way by Chief Justice Osgood, who in 1803, at Montreal, declared
slavery incons-'stent with the laws of the country, and gave freedom
to the persons in that condition. And when the British Act of
Emancipation was passed, in 1833, setting free the slaves in all parts
of the Empire, there was no slaves in Canada, Upper or Lower.
Thirty years previous had the evil been crushed in Lower Canada,
and forty years bofoi o Ul^per Canada had declared that it was
" highly expedient to abolish slavery," and had enacted laws to
secure its abolition.

At the time of the rebellion of 1776 — 83, slavery' was
not limited to the Southern States.

There wore a good many held by the old Knickerbocker
families, both amongst the loyalists and rebels. Whea the families
both of English and Dutch nationality, came as refugees to Canada,
there accompanied them a number of slaves. In many cases these
slaves came of their own accoi-d, would not be separated from their
masters, w^ith whom they always lived ; upon whose land they had
been born. Indeed, the attachment between these faithful blacks
and their owners was frequently of the most enduring nature, and,
as we shall see, in some cases, although made free, they would not
leave their old places jvs domestics.
," The Eev. Mr. Stuart in his memoir, says, in speaking of his
removal to Canada ; " My negroes, being personal property, I take
with me, one of which being a young man, and capable of bearing
arms, I have to give £100 security to send back a white prisoner in
his stead. Capt. Joseph Allan brought with him from New Jersey,
after the war had ended, to Upper Canada, three slaves — Tom, Sam
and Sal. The two men, some years after, ran away to Lower

SLAVE OWNERS.

575

3ed by the
ontury, and
, by virtue
country was
cd to retain
, ^settled, the
was 304.
the whole of
>wer Canada
n Montreal,
dv upon the
ifthough pre-
neina ditfer-
real, declared
rrave freedom
Iritish Act of
fcs in all parts
per or Lower,
owor Canada,
that it was
^cted laws to

slavery was

;;nickerbocker
(.1 the families
rees to Canada,
ny cases these
ked from their
land they had
faithful blacks
|g nature, and,
ley would not

peaking of his
operty, I take

Ible of bearing

lite prisoner in
1 New Jersey,

hs— Tom, Sam
v^ay to Lower

Canada. Their owner pursued them to Montreal, and searched for
them for ten days ; but liiiled to get them. He sold the female,
Sal, with her child, to .Silas Hill. Tliis boy was afterwards sold to
Abram Barkei*, who kept him until he became twenty-one, when
he became free. Freedom did not suit him, as he became a worth-
less fellow. Major VunALstino had .slaves, whom he treated with
l^atriarchal kindness, and who lived in groat comfort in the old-fash-
ioned Dutch cellar kitchen, in his home, in Fourth Town. The
Bogurte and John Huyck also had slaves. Capt. Myers had slaves ;
one, Black Bet, would never leave him, but continued until his
death, under the care of her old master.

Cartwright, Herkimer, and Everitt, each was the owner of
slaves. And Povvles Claus, of the Mohawk settlement, had two
slaves.

Col. Clark speaks, in his momoirsof his mother's death, in 1789,
and of the funeral, when the negro Joe drove the favorite hoi'ses, Jolly
and Bonny, before the sleigh, painted black. Again, Col. C. says :
" After the Declaration of Independence, drovers used to come in
with droves of horses, cattle, sheep and negroes, for the use of the
troops, forts, and settlers in Canada, and my father purchased his
four negroes, three males and one female, named Sue. In 1812, she
gladly returned to our family, having become old and decrepid.
She died in our house at Ffteen-mile Creek, in 1814.

Sheriff Kuttan says, "My uncle brought tw-- negro servants
with him, who were very faithful, hard working fellows." During
the year of famine, they were sent from Adolphustown to Albany,
" for four bushels of Indian corn ; a dreadful hazardous journey
through the forest, with no road, and the snow very deep. They
executed this mission, and returned in safety."

These slaves were generally faithful, good natured, and occa-
sionally mischievous. It was the custom, in the first years of
Canada, to place the ovens in the yard upon stakes, and they could
be lifted off them. It is related that sometimes they would carry off
slyly, the oven when filled with good things.

Sheriff Sherwood says : "In answer to your letter of yesterday,
as regai-ds slaves, I only recollect two or three which settled in the
District of Johnstown ; one in particular, named Ctesar Congo,
owned by Captain Justus Sherwood, who came with his family in
the same brigade of boats that my father and family did, and located
about two miles above trescott. They were the very first actual
settlers. Well I remember Ctesar Congo, then a stout, strong young

11 ir

i i ^

576

LAST OF THE SLAVES.

1''^

■ ,)I

■ ,i

lit

man, and who often took the lato JusticoShorwood. of Toronto, and
myself on his back to assist us along, while the boats were drawn
up the rapids. Ctesar was sold to a half-pay oificor named Bottom,
who settled about six miles above Prescott, who, after a year's
service, gave Csesar his freedom. Caesar, soon after married suitably,
and by his industry obtained a snug little place in the town of
iJrockville, where he lived many years, and died.

Daniel Joues, father of Sir Daniel Jones, of Brockville, had a
female slave, and there were a few others residing in the district pf
which I have no personal knowledge.

Squire Bleoker, of the Trent, had a slave called Ham.
Abraham Cronk, ot Sophiasburgh, bought a fcn^ale slave from
Mrs. Simpson, of Myers' Creek, for $300. After a time, she
returned to Mrs. Simpson, with whom she lived till her death
This female had a daughter, who grew up to be an unusually
"smart girl."

Nicholas Lazier had slaves. One, named Sal, was noted
for her attachment to Methodism, and would go long distances to
attend meetings. As a fenialo slave, Black Betty was one of the
first congregation, to which the tirst Methodist pi'eachcr in America
preached at New York, ,so this woman was one of the first Method-
ists at the Bay, and in Upper Canada. John Cronk and she wore
the only Methodists in the Township fc? a long time.

Pryno, who lived a short distance above Bath, had two slaves.
Col. Thompson also had some, and Lieut. McCrinness, of Amherst
Isle, likewise possessed them. Capt. Trumpour, of Adolphustown,
had two negroes. Leavens, of Belleville, bought a female slave of
Wallbridge, for $100. A son of hers was purchased by Captain
Mcintosh.

The Hon. Peter Bussell, when Eeceiver-General, had a man
and his wife as slaves, with their son and two daughters.

Samuel Sherwood, writing to a person at Kingston, from
Thurlow, in Oct. 1793, says, " My negro boy, and Canadian boy
have absented themselves last night without leave. I send Jim
and two Indians in pursuit of them. I beg, if you can give any
assistance, you will do me that service. McLean's black woman is
my boy's mother, he may^call to. see her."

We have before us the copy of an assignment made in 1824,
by Eli Keoler, of Haldimand, Newcastle, to William Bell, of Thur-
low, of a Mulatto boy, Tom, in which it is set forth, that the said
boy has time unexpired to serve as the child of a female slave,

A BRITISH SLAVS.

577

'ovonto, ftnd
vero drawn
led Bottom,
er a year's
ied suitably,
ho town of

ville, bad a

he district pf 1

called Ham.
) slave from
a time, she
\ her death
an unusually

il, was noted
; distances to
IS one of the
hcY in America
first Method-
aad she wore

two slaves,
of Amherst
\.dolphu8town,
male slave of
by Captain

had a man
:er8.

ingston, from
Canadian boy
I send Jim
can give any
lack woman is

nade in 1824,
Boll, ofThur-
that the said
female slave,

namely, ten years, from the 29th Feb. 1824, accoi-ding to the laws
of the Province ; for the sum of $76. Probably, this was the last
slave in Canada whose service closed, 1835.

There are, at the present time, a good many of the descendants
of the early Canadian slaves. Some of them have done badly, others
again have made themselves respectable and happy. The Mink
family are descended ft'om an old slave that belonged to William
Herkimer.

When made free, they, in many instances, preferred to remain
in connection with their old masters, and even to this day, their
children nianifest a predilection for the name of their father's
master. In and about Belleville, may yet be found such as spoken
of. Most, or all of these are descendants of " Black Bess" who, at
diiferent times, was in po.'Jsession of the Wall bridge's, Leaven's,
and McLollan.

In the Ottawa Citizen of 1867, appeared the following :

A British Slave — An old negro appeared at the Court of
Assize yestei*day, in a case of Morris vs. Honnerson. Ho is 101
years of age, and was formerly a slave in Upper Canada, before the
abolition of slavery in the British possessions. He fought through
the American war in 1812, on the side of the Briti.sh ; was at the
battles of Chippc' a and Lundy's Lane, and was wounded at Sackot's
Harbom*. He is in full possession of all his faculties. Ho was born
in New York State in 1766, and was the slave of a U. E. Loyalist,
who brought him to Canada. He was brought to this city to prove
the death of a person in 1803, and another in 1804.

It would seem odd enough at the present day to see the
following atlvertisemonts in a Canadian journal. This appeared in
the Gazette, Newark :

" For Sale. — A negro slave, 18 years of age, stout and healthy,
has had the small pox, and is capable of service, either in house or
out door. The terras will be made easy to the purchaser ; and cash
or new lands received in payment. Enquire of the Printer.

" Niagara, November 28th, 1802."

"Indian Sla\£. — All persons are forbidden harboring,
employing, or concealin/i; my Indian slave, called Sal, as I am
determined to prosecute any offender, to the utmost extremity of
the law ; and pei'sons who may suffer her to remain on their
premises for the space of half an hour, without my written consent,
W'll be taken us offending, and dealt with according to law.

(Signed) Charles Fields.

Niagara, August 28th, 1802."
37

i' 1

578

A CONTRAST.

n4f

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H'-

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if.

^ • r

t'Y' ■

«:,

{'■

X..||'

> r ■

-; i;

I'l^^^K

|: ■•

:'i

I'^^H

i^:

"For Salk — The negro man and woman, the property of Mi-s.
(widow) Clement. They have booii bred to the buHinoss of a farm;
will bo sold on highly advantageous torraH, for cash or lands. Apply
to Mrs. Clement. Niagara, January 9th, 1802."

Wc have seen that the record of Upper Canada with respect to
the subject of human bondage is particularly bright and honorable.
This Province, in its very infancy, took the load in severing the
fetters which a dark and penurious ago had rivettod upon tho bodies
of tho African. This blackest cui'se of tho Avorld, which tho power
of England assisted to create, and which her offspring, the United
States, continued to perpetuate for so many years, was put aside by
tho young Province at tho first ; while, but a few yoai'S later, a
Canadian Judge, of Lower Canad». declared slavery to bo inconsis-
tent with the laws of Canada. These are facts of which every
Canadian may well be proud. It was no " military necessity" which
caused the abolition of slavery in Canada. It was a question of
right, which the Canadian Parliament oyperienced no difficulty in
solving. How grand tho spectacle ! How noblo the conduct,
setting an example to the world I In striking contrast, behold tho
United States. Flaunting their flag of liberty before the gazo of
the world, they cried " All men are born free and equal, with the
right to pursue that course which will lead to happiness;" yet not-
withstanding these principles, enunciated with so much boldness,
and, year after year, proclaimed by wordy fourth of July orators ;
thoy continued, not only to hold slaves, but made tho bonds tighter
until oceans of blood had been shed, and the Union was almost
destroyed — when it could not be saved with slavery, as Lincoln had
declared he would wish to save it ; when it became necessary to
strike a blow, which the northern legions had been unable to deal
the Southern Confederacy, then, and not until then, were tho slaves
declared to be free. Lincoln said ho would savo the Union with
slavery, if be could, failing this, then he would enlist the African
slave to assist in saving the Union, by giving them liberty. The
Southern blacks owe their liberty to-day, to tho almost superhuman
coux-agc of the people with whom thoy lived, who held them in
bondage, not, it is true, because thoir masters wished to liberate
them ; but because thoy were unable to successfully combat the
perfect flood of men that was poured against thoir northern bordersi
and which infested their sea-board with an unbroken circle of armed
vessels, shutting them out from all moans of carrying on tho unequal
combat. It wjus this heroic attitude that made it necessary for

FRKEDOM.

579

orty of Mrs.
ts of a farm ;
ands. Apply

th respect to
id honorable,
severing tlie
on the bodies
ch the power
, the United
3 put aside by
yeai-8 later, a
o bo inconsis-
which every
lessity" which
a question of
o difficulty in
the conduct,
ist, behold the
e the gaze of
qual, with the
[less -," yot not-
nuch boldness,
July orators ;
fo bonds tighter
ion was almost
as Lincoln had
le necessary to
lunablo to deal
jwere the slaves
je Union with
[st the African
.liberty. The
(st superhuman
p held them in
tod to liberate
\y combat the
>rthorn borders,
circle of armed
^ on the unequal
it necessary for

Lincoln to issue the famous proclumatloii. Lot the frocdmnn thank
the exigency which made necessary the step which broke the back
of the Confederacy, and thereby gave efficiency to the proclama-
tion. It cannot be doubted that the great body of abolitionists were
from the commencement of the war, anxious to secure the abolition
of slavery; but they were impotent, their councils to the President
wore unheeded, their desires disregarded. The great mass of tho
Northerners had no sympathy with the poor, slave, they only cared
for tho Union ; and many of them were oven dissatisfied that
Lincoln should resort to the plan of freeing them in order to
save the Union. It is abundantly easy, now to declare that, from
tho first the Washington Government was determined to abolish
slavery — that, from the first, it was a war for, and against the life
of that institution ; but reading tho events of the war, carefully
scanning each page of its history, examining each line, study-
ing every word ; looking with an unbiassed eye upon the whole
gigantic drama, it is submitted there is no reason for believing
that the nation desired to free the slave at all ; btit, always
excepting the Abolitionist, submitted to the necessity of setting the
negro free, rather than sacrifice the Union, or, rather than be con-
quered by the South.

All honor then, to the U. E. Loyalists, in Parliament
assembled, at the young capital of Newark — the representatives of
the devoted band of refugees, who had been made such by rebels,
who pretended to fight for " libei'ty," who placed on record their
interpretation of the word Freedom ; that it meant not liberty to a
certain class ; but to all, irrespective of color. All honor to the
noble Judge, who had the probity and moral courage to enunciate
a doctrine that at once made every supposed slave in Lower Canada
conscious of being a free man. This noble beginning in tho
Canadas was followed by events no less interesting. They became
the asylum of the slave, who were not only sought after by their
Southern masterK, but who were chased to the very borders by
Northerners themselves.

■■<an&lo 'Ankf nfrAcndna oa rlJiv- l-Tddd-ijod 'nftrft {vjJoo'iui thul-f,- bats
■fiamav odt ao'pniTfTOi'j lo ■'.tmacri iui .noit itro m-jiii ■•jnhhitiii Mo?.HO-f

"ii

\\h\{

!«

680

ADVANCEMENT.

i '.;.■' ;^

»1|F (.■ t * ■

-ii-J

CHAPTER LXVI.

CoNTBNTB.— Rotmns to the Pioneer — Bay Roxion — Gai-den of Cana(lii.>-C'log8

False vlewH of gettlers — RiBult — New blood — Good oxample— Anccdottt —
The " Family Comjiact" — Partiality — Origin of the Comyucl— Their conduet —
The evil they did — A projiosed Canadian AriHtocracy— What it would have
led to— What may come — " Peter Funks."

THS OBSTACLES TO ADVAMCKMENT.

In the section devoted to the first years of Upper Oannda there
has much been said having reference lo the growth and prosperity
of the Pioviuce, :ind advance of civilization, but something remains
to be told which requires particular notice, and without which our .
sketch would not be complete.

The privations endured, and hardships overcome by the pioneers,
tended to make them careful and prudent, and no doubt led to the
more peimanent prosperity of their children. As years wore away,
comforts began to reward their toil and patience. Acre after acre
was brought under cultivation ; the log house received an addition,
not large, but so as to supply a second room, which a growing family
of boys and girls seriously demanded. Stock began to accumulate,
and the future brightened up before them. In considering the rate
and degree of advancement, it must be remembered that many of
the first settlers were disbanded soldiers, and understood as little
about agriculture as about clearing the land. " Though in most in-
stances, a man of intelligence, the U. E. Loyalist introduced but a
primitive system of agriculture ; and the facilities of acquiring lands
in the western part of the Province, has in a measure prevented that
admixture among them of the more scientific and educated agricul-
turist from the old coimtrios, whidi has helped to improve other
parts of Canada. It has been only of late years, and since the general
establishment of agricultural societies, that the real capacities of the
Midland District has begun to be developed, and improvements intro-
duced, which have resulted in making, oven in the neighbourhood of
Kingston, where the soil was looked upon as comparatively impro-
ductive, some of the best and handsomest farms that can be seen in
the Province." — (Coojter).

The region about the Bay because of its central position, received
the name of Jlidland District. This district embraced, and at the
beginning of the present century Avas regarded as the most important

OBSTACLES.

581

inada — Clogs—
e— Aneodotf! —
'heir conduct —
it would have

Canada there
id prosperity
hing remains
ut wliich our

Y the pioneers,
ibt led to the
■s wore away,
cro after acre
1 an addition,
;rowing family
:o accumulate,
lering the rate
that many of
•8tood as little
;h in most in-
Iroduced but a
icquiring lands
prevented that
acated agricul-
improve other
ince the general
Ipacities of the
vementB intro-
ghbourhood of
•atively mipro-
jan be seen in

t)sition, received
sd, and at the
I most important

and influential jinrt of Canada. But times have changed. Upper
Canada has grown to be the largest and wealthiest provin(!c in Britisli
America, and althougli im))rovc>meiits around the Bay have continued
to increase, yet westward the InUk of the immigrants have found a
home, so that this section no longer holds so important a position.
Ncverthelofls, as in former years, so now, the Bay countiy may bo
regarded as the garden of Western Canada. Long since the wilder-
ness has become a fruitful field, and the fertile land has returned to
the toiler a full reward. To the tourist passing along the Bay the
appearance of the lands is exceedingly beautiful, especially in the
days of summer ; in June when all things are clothed in the richest

green, and some weeks later when the

golden

hues of harvest have

gathered over the fields of grain. The substantial residences of the
farmers tell of prosperity and advancement. The old log house
around which clustered so many associations, made dear by the cir-
cumstances of pioneer life, has been superseded by the more pre-
tending frame building, and this again has been removed to be
followed by elegant, and often stately edifices. The work of improve-
ment and o^ beautifying has gone on from year to year, and now the
inhabitants of the Bay arc in most cases living in affluence. But
while we mark the advancement, it must not be forgotten that it
ought to have been greater. While we give all credit to the soldier
farmer, for achieving so much, it must be related that there were
certain land-holders who were as clogs to the wheel of progress, who
displayed not that enterprize, at an early day, which they ought to
have done. Had the greedy few who hoarded up land, and grasped
for more, and still more ; who stood ready to buy up the land of
every imfortunate one compelled to sell — had such made themselves
acquainted with the improvements in the agriculture of the day ; had
they, instead of leaving the hard workers to make roads across their
lands, opened them up and provided a passible way ; had they endea-
vored to make their land productive, and by example to show the
struggling farmers a better way, and how to increase and advance ;
then, instead of merely the prosperity which now exists, there would
have been great wealth. The broad acres are old enough, the land-
scape charming enough, the ground productive enough, and had the
proper spirit been abroad among the class mentioned, those who
aspired to be landed aristocrats then, the Bay Quinte might have
presented, not alone a beauty rivaling that of the Hudson, but also
the palatial mansions which adorn its shores. No more suitable spot
in the wide world can be found for ornamental residences, and it is

582

TRUE OENTJLITY.

■ •ii

If .f

to be ho]H'(l tl)at many witli capital ami tasto, will very sbortly pro*
ceetl to set examples, for the wealtliy farmers in some degree, to
imitate. It may bo Haiti it wore better the farmers and their children
sliould have humble ideas, and the fact may be adduced that not a
few of the deHoenduntM of the first settlers }iave, by their excesses in
dress, and by trying to imitate the habits of the dwellers of towns
and cities, laid the foundation of their ruin, by getting into the books
of the merchant, and ultimately becoming helpless in his hands, so
that the fathers heritage passed away to the stranger. But it is for-
gotten that such was principally the case with those who, suddenly
becoming well to «io, thoiight, if they desired to associate with the
aristocracy, they must dress in finer clothing, and have clean hands*
that their daughters must cease 8j>inning, and the wife no longer do
liousework, that it was a disgrace to be seen working. It was
such feelings and views which creeping in, paved the way for the
downfall of many a one, who had begun to get on in the world ;
whereas, had gentlemen by birth and education, and there were such
an\ong the first settlers, given their time to actual improvement, had
shewn that they considered it honorable to work with their hands.
Had they carried their refinement into the more rural parts and
shewn that agriculture and gentility may go together, and that
education is as important for the agriculturist as for any other,
both in enabling him to till the soil with success, and in providing
him with those superior means of enjoyrr which a wise Provi-
dence desires us to possess, a most val service would have
boon rendered. It was because the farmer thought he must dress
as they did in the city, in order to associate with them, and that
labor was not honorable, that ruin came to many a household,
and the names of the first owner of farms are not now there; who
laid low the forest in the infancy of the country. There is no for-
getfulnosrt that those blamed had once been wealthy and occupied
high positions in the old colonics, and owned bi'oad acres. It was
perhaps natural that such persons, exiled in the wilderness, and
struggling with the stem i-ealities of their existence, should aim
to regain a position of similar power and affluence, and were deter-
mined that, although they might not see the return of those inde-
pendent days, their children should ; so they continued to bend
every energy to secure it. But alas ! how rarely was the dream
realized ! How few of the limited number who first ruled the
country — how few of the Family Compact are now in the higher
circle of independence.

POOTISM.

583

sliortly pi'o*
) degree, to
leir children
that not ti
excesses in
(fs of towns
ito the hooks
is hands, so
But it is for-
ho, suddenly
ato with the
clean hands}
no longer do
ting. It was
way for the
n the world;
3V0 woro such
ovenient, had
tboir hands,
cal parts and
her, and that
)v any other,
in providing
, wise Provi-
would have
must dress
em, and that
a household,
vr there; who
ere is no for-
and occupied
cros. It was
derness, and
should aim
d were deter-
»f those inde-
lued to bend
as the dream
rst ruled the
n the higher

Hortpocting thu more comuion settler, it was to bo oxpoctcd
that now and then one would tail to advance — would full behind in
the onward march of the country. The wonder is great that so
few of the old soldiers made shipwreck of the liberal grants be-
stowed by a motherly government, "The sons of sonie of those
men who have liown out a homo in the primitive forest, have, in
some cases, through bad management or bad conduct, sutt'ered
their poseossions to pass to the stranger: the speculating mercdmnt
has grasped their all under a mortgage, and indolence or dissipa-
tion has completed the ruin." — (Cooper). "These evils, however,
are rapidly curing themselves or producing au equivalent or
greater amount of good — the idle an<l shiitloss sells out to the
practical and industrious farmer, who intnxlucos among his neigh*
boui's the latei. improvements in agricultural skill, and implements
of husbandry ; new systems of drainage, new stock, or improved ,
breeds occupy the attention and emj)loy the capital of the father
of a family, whilst his wife and daughters, though well able to
compete with the gayest and grandest, readily forego, when neces-
sary, the imported and costly silks sported hy the family of a loss
enterprising neighbour, and set an example of neatness, taste and
appropriateness, in attire."

Cooper, in his essay, relates the following: lie says, "The
ideas of enterin-ize and moiiorn progress entertained by some, may
bo illustrated by the following anecdote: When a now road was
proposed leading through some of the best pt)rtions of the counties
(of Frontenac, Lennox and Addington), opening up others, and
aifording many and great advantages, the bonelits of which in short
were apparent to all, and the only question involved was how to
raise the money, a very wealthy landholder, who had amassed his
thousands in the City of Kingston, and part of whose i)os8es8ions
lay on the route, replied to an application to take stock, that the
effect of the road would be to enable people to steal his timber,
and he declined to subscribe ! It is presumed that railroads and
electric tejpgraphs were not in fashion when this gentleman made
his money." It was a fooling indulged by many similar to what
this person had, that from the first, assisted to retard tho Judicious
development of the young country.

Eefercnco has been made to the " Family Compact.' In speak-
ing of Bishop Sti-achan, the statement is made that ho was honest
in his convictions that Church and State would best serve tho
interest of Canada, that in the uneducated state of tho people,

584

THE FAMILY COMPACT.

1 I

Government should reside altogether or principally in the hands of
the Governor and Executive Council. But while the honesty of the
late Bishop is thus freely admitted, it must at tlie same time be
acknowledged that those in authority were not disintei'cstcd dis-
pensers of the good things which always exist in connection with a
Government ; and which particularly were provided for the loyalist
settlers of Upper Canada by the British Government. For instance,
it is averred by McMuUon. and sharply reiterated by Gourlay, that
" the provisions, clothing, and farming utensils, granted by the
British Government for the benefit of the poor loyalists, were in
many cases handed over to favorites, in others allowed to become
useless from negligence in the public stores."

It was not alone provisions, clothing, and farming utensils that
were enjoyed by the favorites. Lands — choice lands, were to be had
by them, by the choosing. Settlements in Upper Canada com-
menced at several points, in each settlement were a few leading
men, half-pay officers, or those who had held important positions
during the Revolutionary war, with a good sprinkling of personal
friends and relatives. At the capital, those wore in excess. These
leading men throughout the Province were in the most cases closely
united by consanguinity and marriage; and soon became even more
closely identified in interest — forming a strong political body,Avhich
derived its life-blootl fi-om the Executive. Its members surrounded
the gubernatorial throne, and had the ear of the Governor, they
formed his Councilloi's, and managed to become his friends; and as
such secured abundantly of the bounties. It was notenough that large
blocks of land should be hold in reserve for the Crown, the Clergy,
and for the Indians, which.lastwas right ; but choice bits of land
were granted to moimbei's of this strong i'amily, compacted together,
to help one nnother, and the land was loft uncultivated, imimproved,
until the energies of the pioneers around had made it more
valuable.

With the departure of Simcoo commenced the manipulations
of th\ii family. That Governor had invited by proclamation, per-
sons tro^n the United States, who might wish to become Canadians,
and promised them grants of land. But he was re-called, and his
promises were not attended to, although many came to the Province
on their strength. Government ignored them, and it is stated,
with abundant show of plausibility, that the reason was ; that the
growing familj' might have the more land to choose ft-om, and to
leave for their children ; and with some, that they might live in

THE ORKUN.

585

England upon the rents derived from Canada, and m " men of
capital and enterprise, who had come into the Province furnished
with cattle and implements to commence the settlement of town-
ships," were disappointed. Some of these pei-sons, who desired to
live under the British flag, retui-ned to the States to become truly
republicans, others remained to form an element in the party which
was in time to rise in opposition to the Family Compact. Such, in
brief was the origin of the Family Compact. They aspired not
alone, to possess the best tracts of land ; but to fill every post of
honor and emolument, to hold the reins of Government exclusively,
and to constitute a select circle of nobility, to act the part of Lords
over vassals ; and to this end desired to possess extensive lands
upon which, and around which should grow the belongings to
ostated gentlemen. When eight schools were granted certain suma
of money, and the teachers were nominated by the Governor, gener-
ally half-pay officei-s. For a long time they had everything pretty
much their own way. If any dissented from them, he was accused
of disloyalty. Did an honest farmer question their honesty, he was
pointed out as one to be suspected — as seditious, and as one of the
King's enemies, against whom it was thought necessaiy to legislate.
iNor did the House of Assembly, in any respect, for a long time,
interfere with the growth and prosperity of the Family Compact,
for, generally speaking, a member of the family managed to get
elected. The charge is not made that all of the members of th«
early Parliaments wore of the Compact ; but they were more or lees
under their influence.

A history of the Family Compact, would be a historj' of the
political life of Canada for many years, including the rebellion of
1837-8. The attempt has not been made to cast unnecessary
reproach upon the old tory party of Upper Canada. As one brought
up a conservative, the writer is free to admit all mistakes com-
mitted by the party in cai-ly times — to acknowledge tliat too much
oxclusiveuess existed among those, forming the leader . of the party,
and occasionally a disregaixl of justice. And it is freely admitted,
that great mistakes were made by them, mistakes from the effects
of which the country has not yet recovered. But thea, they were
but mistakes, and who does not make them.

It may, then, be said, that in some respects the Family
Compact retarded the advance of civilization. An aristocracy,
or nobilitj' cannot thrive in a new country and will certainly
fail, and in its cftbrts to live bo a drawback on improvements.

! I '

y ,■■

586

AMERICAN OBSTRUCTIONISTS.

; ji

.,;' I

In the debate in the Imperial Parliament upon the constitution
of Canada, Mr. Pitt expresses his desire to have established
in Canada, an hereditary nobility. While never endorsing the
extreme views of G-ourlay, it is thought he spake the truth when
he said that " nothing could have so exposed the absurdity,
as actual trial and consequent ridicule. By this day we should
have witnessed many a pleasant farce. Wo should have seen, per-
haps, the Duke of Ontario loading in a cart of hay, my Lord Erie
pitching, and Sir Peter Superior, making the rick ; or jjerhaps, his
Grace might now have been figuring as a petty-fogging lawyer, his
Lordship as a pedlar, and, Sir Knight, as a poor parson, starving on
5,000 acres of Clergy Reserves."

If we allowed ourselves to speak of the future of our country,
with respect to this question, we should hesitate to say that the
idea of Pitt cannot be carried out. The repulsiveness of Eepublic-
anism la to Canadians so great that we almost entertain the belief
that our Dominion may ultimately develope into a nation with a
constitutional monarchy, with all its surroundings. It would
certainly be infinitely preferable to the " Model Republic."

In strong contract to the Famih'- Compact, yet likewise
obstructionists in the work of advancement, we now mention
another class.

We have said that not a few came to Canada from the States
to trside with the Canadians, to do work, and that some took up
Idnds, and that of all these a good many became time subjects of the
realm, uhowing their attachment by taking up arms in 1812. But
while this fact is recognized, it cannot be forgotten, that Canada
was often, is oven to-day, plagued with a certain class, styled often-
times speculators ; but who are in reality of the Peter Funk order.
The class to whom reference in made, is recognizoil by the honest
Americans themselves. The New York Tribune, after the close of
the Southern war, in speaking of the South, says thus : " We hear
that many of the blacks, thoroughly distrusting their old masters,
place all confidence in the Yankees, who have recently come among
them, and will work for these on almost any terms. We regi*et
this; for while many of these Yankees will justify their confidence,
others will grossly abuse it. New England produces many of the
best specimens of the human race, and along with those, some of
the very meanest beings that ever stood on two logs — cunning,
rapacious, hypocritical, over ready to skin a flint with a borrowed
knife, and make (for others) soup out of the peelings. This class

AGRICULTURE.

287

n, *

soon became too well known at home — "run out," as the phrase is
— when they wandered all over the earth, snuflSing and swindling,
to the injury of the land that bore thom and cast thorn out. Now
let it generally be presumed by the ignorant blacks of the South,
that a Yankee, because a Yankee, is necessarily their friend, and
this unclean brood will overspread the South like locusts, starting
schools and prayer-meetings at every cross-road, getting hold of
abandoned or confiscated plantations, and hiring laborers right and
left, cutting timber here, frying out tar and turpentine there, and
growing corn, cotton, rice, and sugar, which they will have sold
at the earliest day and run away with the proceeds, leaving the
negroes in rags and foodlcss, with winter just coming on."

It is unnecessary to say, that civilization was never much
advanced by this class, many specimens of which, time after time,
have visited Canada.

CHAPTER LXVII.

Coj»T«XT8 — Agriculture— Natural Products — Rice— Ginsoug — Orchards — Plows —
Reaping — Flax — LcgiRlation— Agricultural Society organized by Simcoe—
A Snuff Box — PogicK — Silver — Want of help — Midland District taking the
lead — Societies— Legislative help — Prince Edward — Pearl Ashes— Fprtories
— Tanneries- Breweries, Carding Machines — Paper — Lumber — First vehicles
— Sleighs — Waggons— Home-made — Roads — First Public Conveyances—
— Stages — Fare — Building Greater — Sawing Mills introduced by the Dutch —
First Brick Building — Myers' House — Its past history — Furniture from
Albany — Currency — Paper Money — Banks — First Merchants — Barter-
Pedlars — On the Bay.

AfiRICULTURAL aiATTERS — PRODUCTS.

While the dense forest everywhere yet covered the earth, the
shores of the Bay yielded some natural productions. The wild
plum was plentiful in some places, a fruit which, although in its
natural state somewhat sour, has, under cultivation, much improved
in size as well as quality ; and constitutes to this day a valuable
luxury ; at the same time, it is exceedingly healthy. In somo
places also, at the proper seasons, was the delicious cranberries.
These were often brought by the Indians, and exchanged for some
article of the settlers. In some parts of the Bay, there grew wild
rice, which was much prized by the Indians, and which was often

m i

588

OiySENQ.

used by the settlors. It is spoken of as aa excellent article of diet,
and when boiled with meat, very tasty as well. The grain is much
smaller than the imported article ; not unfrequently, the Indians
would collect the grain and sell it to the settlers.

In the year 1716, a Jesuit discovered in the forests of Canada,
the Ginseng plant, which grew also in China, where it was in much
demand because of certain supposed virtues to which, however, it
rightly has no claim. It is of the genus Panax. It " became a
means of enriching the colony for a time, by its exportation to
China. A pound weight of it worth two francs Ait, Quebec, sold
at Canton for twenty-five francs. Its price ultimately rose to
eighty francs per pound. One year, there was sent thither, ginseng
yielding a return of 500,000 francs. The high price it obtained set
everybody at work to find it. The plant was not in proper condi-
tion till August or September ; but with purblind avidity, the
seekers gathered it in May. The fresh plants ought to have been
slowly dried in the shade ; the gatherers, anxious to get returns,
dried them in ovens. They then became worthless in Chinese esti-
mation ; and the trade in it ceased almost as suddenly as it began."
— (Garneau.) But, according to other authority, the trouble con-
sisted in the actual destruction of the plant, from gathering it too
early in the season, whereby the plant was killed, which seems a
more likely thing. Some of the settlers of the Bay had knowledge
of the value of the plant in Chinese estimation, as the following
letter will show. It is addressed to Mr. Wm. Bell, of Thurlow, who
was subsequently known as Col. Bell. " Fredericksburgh, 16th July,
1799. Sir — I have taken the liberty of enclosing to you an adver-
tisement, »3 you will see — Bespecting Ginseng roots, having in
view to get all I can — and, thinking the Indians would be likely to
collect considerable of a quantity, will thank you.to acquaint them
of it, or any of the white people you may see ; and set up the adver-
tisement in the most publick place about you. — And oblige, Youi*
very humble servant, Eben'r Washburn."

Another letter, dated Aug. 27, 1799, says '• I have to acknow-
ledge the attention you have paid to mine of prior date, in respect
of Ginseng. I will thank you to keep the refusal of the 500 lbs.
yon mention, if possible, and collect more if you can." Mr. Wash-
burn says that he is about to set out for Montreal ; and it was, most
likely, to see what market he could make of the article in question.

One of t le first considerations, after the settler had attained
comparative comfort, at least secured what was requisite for life,

\- • i

IMPLEMENTS.

&89

was the planting of fruit trees. No doubt, the thoughts often
reverted back to the old orchards which had been left behind, and
although the pioneer, in the afternoon of life, could not expect to
derive any personal return for planting orchards, he was anxious to
leave them to his children. This same spirit — this regard for
offspring, constituted a marked feature in the U. E. Loyalists. The
earliest reference to apple trees we find, is in a letter, dated " Sydney,
.22rd July, 1791," from John Ferguson, to William Bell, Kingston,
requesting the latter to biing some to Sidney.

The implements of husbandry, like the utensils for household
use, were, for a considerable time, of the rudest description. Among
the articles granted by government, were but few to use in the tilling
of land and the reaping of crops. Here and there was one who
had come at a later date, who had fetched with them articles more
essential for farm use ; but the great majority had not such things
as hoes, plows, pitch-forks, scythes, &c. Many of those were made
by the settlers, and were of the rudest order, although generally
strong enough, and therefore cumbersome enough. It was many
years before these home-made implements were substituted by
others made abroad. Gourlay informs us, writing, 1817, that most
of the farmers made their own plows and harrows. The iron of the
plow costing from nine to twelve dollars. •

As the thickly covered ground, with stumps, materially inter-
fered with the sowing of grain ; so with gathering the products.
For several years, they had only in use the sickle ; but, in time, the
Yankee pedlar brought in the scythe, which ultim-^'ily took the
place of the sickle.

It has been observed, in connection with the "clothing" of the
early settlers, that they tui-ned their attention to the growing of
flax, and that it was made to UiTord comfortable and durable habili-
ments for both sexes. There was, as well, early attention given to
the cultivation of hemp," "in pursuance of two several addresses of
the House of Commons." In 1804, £1,000 was granted, and Com-
missioners appointed, to carry into effect the object thereof, cultiva-
tion and exportation. The following year, £46 was granted for the
purchase of hemp seed. Another Act was passed in 1808, to
encourage its cultivation and exportation. Again, there was legis-
lation in 1810, and in 1812, when £1,000 was granted for the
purchase, sale and exportation of hemp, purchase of seed, and for
bounties. In 1822, it was enacted that £300 be appropriated to pur-
chase machinery for dressing hemp, that the machinery should bo

Si,

■i ]'■

590

AJiHlCULTirRAI, SOCIETY.

I -i.

<!.:

im ported ftvo, the place for erection to be Hcloctod by the Governor,
£50 wuH to be applied annually to keep it in repair. But, notwith-
standing' all this legislation, and substantial encouragement, the
cultivation of homp did not succeed. The object seems to have
boon to supply hemp for the British market, which derived it from
Russia. But labor being cheaper in that country than in Canada,
there was no chance for success. Gourliy says "This absurdity we
must not wholly rest on the shoulders of the simple Canadians*
They were wimple indeed, to be voting away the public money; but
it was a patriotic measure, and blindness may be allowable in
matterti so elevated and pure. No doubt they wore si)urred on by
our homo ministers, who should have known better. The failure
produced more beneficial etfects than would have waited on success."
Gov. Simcoe, who had the interest of the Province so much at
heart, gave his patronage to, if indeed he did not inspire the organ-
ization of the first Agricultural Society, at Newark. Col. Clark, of
Dalhousie says " I have a perfect remembrance of the first Agricul-
tural Society patronized by Governor Simcoe, who subscribed his
ten guineas a year cheerfully. My father was a member, and the
monthly dinners were given by the members during the season,
with the groat silver snuflt'-box ornamented with the horn of plenty
on its lid." The Cfol. remarks that this snuft-box was the property
of the society, and was taken care of bj' the one who was next to
furnish the dinner ; and goes on to lament that it is lost, hoping it
may bo ibuud, " that it may remain as an heir-loom to tell posterity
at what an early period the pi-ogress of Agriculture was followed
up and which has led to its present high state of perfection.
Thus we see that in Niagara District, at the very commencement
of the Government of Upper Canada, attention was given, even by
the Governor, to agricultural matters. Although the settlers upon
the Niagara frontier, established agriculttiral societies at an earlier
date than any found in the Midland Districts, it may be presumed
that it was in a great measure due to the impetus given to the set-
tlement by the presence of the seat of Government, and the influence
exerted by the Governor. And, although steps may not have been
taken to secure their establishment along the Bay Quinte, yet, even
so early as the beginning of the last decade of the litist century, indi-
viduals were to be found who sought to introduce improvementa in
agrieulture, and everything that would advance the art. At the
same time it must be admitted that a vast number were content to
follow in the footsteps of their fathers so long as food and enough

> 1*

PLODDERS.

591

) Governor,
t, notwith-
einent, the
ms to have
ved it from
in Canada,
bsurdity wc
Canadians*
money; but
lUnvablo in
iirred on by
The failure
lonauccoss."
) so much at
•0 the organ-
!ol. Clark, of
first Agricul-
ibscribed his
iber, and the
; the season,
orn of plenty
the property
was next to
8t, hoping it
tell posterity
as followed
perfection,
nnencement
iven, even by
iHcttlers upon
at an earlier
bo presumed
>n to the set-
|the influence
fot have been
ite, yet, even
uentury, indi-
^rovemente in
art. At the
re content to
and enough

worcj'icldcd by the soil. The land whs plentiful, and productive.
Tho courso of events was even as a steady stream. The old men
satisfied with the abundance of to-day, and di'awing a contrast
between the present and the past, when starvation was at the door,
and in the cupboard, wore quite content with the primitive sjsteni
of agriculture, which his soldier father had adopted, lie saw no
other mode of tilling the tjoil, and with no reason sought not a
change, so no innovations by scientific agriculturalists disturbed the
quiet repose of many of the steady going plodders. Their sons
rarely went abroad to loarn the ways of others ; and often what did
come to their cars was regarded with groat sitspicion. They
wanted no new-fangled notions. Hence, the farms were \ot fully
cultivated for many a day, parts remaining in a waste state for
want of drain. But the establishment of agricultural associations
and the occasional coming of a now man upon an old farm gradually,
and frequently verj' gradually, dispelled the old man's ideas.

The townships most contiguous to the town of Kingston, natm*-
ally were the first to experience prosperity, and gradually tho
adjacent townships alto became productive, and means were created
to transport tho pi-oduce to tho market.

Wo are told by Mrs. P , daughter of John Ham, of Ernest-
town, now upwards of seventy, that she remembers one occasion,
about the beginning of the present century, that lier father coming
from Kingston, after selling produce, had a bar,' of silver dollars, as
much as she could lift — $900. By this wo learn that his farm was
productive, his labor well directed, and that haixi cash was paid for
his produce by tho Kingston merchants. It shows, moreover, that
this was over and above the cost of what was required of meichan-
dize by him for his family using.

One serious drawback with tho fiu-mers often was the want of
assistants. If a farmer had not a son old enough to help, ho was
in gi'oat trouble oftentimes to secure tho necessary help. French-
men were frequently employed, y^t they could not bo fully depended
upon to remain during tho wholo season. At harvest time, when
large wages would be offered, the hired man would often, without
hesitation, leave his employer to go to another who would give for
a while, larger wagos. In tho absence of men, the wife and
daughters took hold of the fork, cradle, and rake.

If we may credit tho statements of writers who had passed
through Canada in the beginning of the present o«ntury, the Midland
District took the lead in agricultural and social progress. Mr.

' S

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i: 1'i

1, ,

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i' ■ :

\ '

592

LEGISLATION.

K i

Talbot, whoso opinion of the Canadians, as to their intelligence,
education, morals, and religion, was anything but flattering, made
a pedestrian tour from the west to Montreal, in 1823. He
says of the inhabitants of Sidney, Thurlow, and Bichmond, that
they possessed more wealth than n.ny other people in the Province.
But Mr. Talbot passed only along tho Kingston Boad by Napanee,
and saw not the townships ot the lower part of the bay, or he would
have scon even a more advanced state of prosperity and agricultural
wealth.

Tlio first formation of agricultural societies was initiated by an
Act of Parliament, passed March 6, 1830. The object of this Act
was to give encouragement to organize associations in the several
districts, " For the purpose of importing live stock, grain, grass,
seeds, useful implements, or whatever else might conduce to the
improvement of agriculture." It was enacted that each society,
having had subscribed to it £60, should, upon petitioning the
Governor, rocoiv© the sum of £100. This Act was to remain in
force four years.

This Act was promptly responded to by the inhabitant of the
Midland District. So early as the 27th April following, a mooting
of the inhabitants of the district was hold at the Court House,
Kingston, H. C. Thompson, Esq., Chairman, and H. Smy^^h, Esq.,
Secretary, and " A form of a constitution for an Agricultural Society
was read and submitted to the meeting for approval. The followinf''
day, the adjourned meeting adopted a constitution for the Midland
District Agricultural Society. The officei's were to be a President,
five Vice-Presidents, thirty Directors, a Treasurer, and a Secretary
— One Vice-President, and six Directors to be elected from each of
the five counties in the district. John McCaulay, Esq. was elected
President ; David J. Smith, Esq., Treasurer, and H. C, Thompson,
Esq., Secretary of the Society. It was " Resolved" by cho Society,
"that Isaac Eraser, Esq., of Addington; Allan McPhorson, Esq., of
Lennox; Asa Wordon, Esq., of Prince Edwar#; and William Boll,
Esq., of Hastings, bo requested to call meetings in their respootive
counties," and make returns aa to whom had been elected for Vice-
Presidents and Directors. The Vice-President for the County of
Frontenac was John Marks, Esq.

In the Ilallowell Free Press of May 31, 1831, we find that the
" Annual Meeting of the Prince Edward Agricultural Association,
was held at Striker's Inn, in Hallowcll, on the 2Cth instant. The
following officers were chosen for the following year: — Stejihen Miles,

FIRST BREWKRT AND DISTILLERY.

593

itelligonce,
ring, made
1823. He
mond, that
e Province,
y Napaneo,
or he would
agriculti\ral

tiatedbyan
, of this Act
the several
grain, grass,
iduco to the
lach society,
titioning the
X) remain in

ibitant of the
ig, a meeting
Court House,
Smy+h, Esq.,
iltural Society
The following'
the Midland
a President,
|d a Secretary
from each of
. was elected
[g. Thompson,
;ho Society,
srson, Esq., of
•William Bell,
lir respective
Icted for Vice-
^he County of

find that the

i\ Association,

instant. The

Hephcn Miles,

President ; James Colter, William Cunningham, and Paul Clapp, Vice-
Presidents ; S. P. McPherson, Secretary ; B. Dougall, Assistant Secre-
tary ; David Smith, Treasurer." The Government having offered a
bounty of £100 to every society which could raise £50 ; the Prince
Edward Society raised the necessary amount. But judging from a
communication, which subsequently appeared in the Press, the town-
ships of Hallowell and Hillier, raised the most of the amount. £46 ;
Marysbui'gh, Sophiasburgh, and Ameliasburgh, paying only £4.

In a General Report of Midland District, 1817, it is stated that
"the assess roll gives about 3,600 horses above two years; 100
oxen above four years; 6,185 milch cows ; 1,054 head of young cattle
above two years."

The ftMt great obstacle to agriculture in Upper Canada w&a the
thickly standing trees, many of which were large and hard in sub-
stance. For the first years, with every one, destruction '^f the trees
was the only consideration, not even the ashes wore thought of. But
after a time, their value for the manufacture of pot and pearl ashes
was recognized. In July, 1801, an Act was passed to appohit In-
spectors of flour, and pot and pearl ashes, in order to establiHh the
credit of those articles in foreign markets, the fee for exainining to be
threepence per barrel of flour, and one shilling for every cask of pot
ash.

The following appeai-s in the Kin/jiston Gazette, A^ril 19, 181T,
after stating that " a Pearl and Pot Barley Factory is to be established
in Emesttown. It is said this is the first establishment of the kind we
recollect to have heard of in Upper Canada, %ve have seen some of the
barley, and think it equal to that imported. Such domestic manu-
factories ought to be encouraged by the community."

AQRICULl'URE — FACTORIES — MERCHANTS.

The first Brewery and Distillery established in Upper Canada,
was built by John Finkle, of Ernesttown, on his own place. He
also kept, for many years the only tavern between Kingston and
York. Mr. Finkle also built the first Masonic Lodge of Upper
Canada, at his own exjiense, upon the town plot of Fredericksburgh.

It is stated in Gourlay, that in 1817, there was in Kingston
township " a p'achine for cai'ding wool, at the rate of nine-pence
per pound." In Eruesttow^ " there were two carding, and one
fulling machines. One barley hulling mill, together with a blast
fu' lace. Warding is nine-pence half-penny per pound, and fulling
six-pence per yard." In Sophiasburgh there was one carding
38

'111'

ji :v

594

FIRHT VJEH1CLE8.

vhr

l!:l

machine. In ifalluwoll, thore was ono carding, and one fulling
machine. Thurlow had two carding machino», and two fulling mills.
In the whole Midland District, there were twenty-four grist-mills
and forty saw-mills.

John Morden, who came to the bay about 1790, "was a man
well known in his day, being a manufacturer of general household
goods, as chairs, spiiming-whcols, flax-dressers, weaver's apparatus,
and otJ.or things. In the house of mostly every descendant of a
Quintu settler, may bo found some ot his woi-k, espcciuUy those who
occupy the homesteads."

As an indication of the desire of Government to encourage
home mantifactures, wo find that Parliament, in 1826, granted £125
as a premium to the first '* who should set up a manufactory of
paper," and bring it into successful operation.

The valuable timber that thickly covox-od the ground, was, at
the first, indiscriminately destroyed, scarcely thinking of saving
the ashes ; but, in a few years, the majestic pine, oak, elm, and
other trees of the forest wore sought after by the lumber merchant.
For many years, lumbering was carried on in the Bay Quinte, and
rafted to Montreal, and was a soui'ce of no little profit.

The wilderness was trackless, and of course some time elapsed
before vehicles of any kind could be used, except in winter, after
the bays and rivers had frozen. Eiide sleighs, made by inferior
tools, were the first made. At first hand-sleighs ; and then heavier
ones, to be used with oxen and horses. }3utas the beasts of burden
were scarce, there was but one here and there, who had occasion to
make a vehicle of any land, except what could be hauled by hand.
The sleighs were often used in summer to haul in grain and hay
from the field. Some constructed n sort of waggon by sawing a
hard-wiKxl tree, of suitable size across, making four pieces about a
foot in length. Holes having been bored through the centre of the
blocks, they constituted the wheels of the waggon. The axle-tree
of bard-wood was then fashioned to suit the wheels, and in this way
a rough, but serviceable vehicle was made, which pi'oved of great
use, especially in hauling grain and hay to the place of stacking'.
The account of one is given which would carry as much as l.oO
sheaves.

As yearri elapsed, and roads were cut and made passable,
waggons were introduced. One of the first Avaggons brought int(»
the Pi'ovincc was, it is saitl, by Jacob Cronk, of Sophiasburgh. Il
came from Duchess County, New York. The second one was

E?' K-

■n-

8AWINO illLLS.

5!)5

10 fulling
ling mills.
gristrtniUs

an a man
household
apparatus,
idant of a
jT those who

encourage
•anted £125
ufactory of

and, was, at
g of saving
ak, elm, and
or merchant.
Quinte, and

I time elapsed
winter, after

by inferior
then heavier
ists of burden
id occasion to
uled by hand,
rain and hay

by sawing a
)iocos about a

centre of tho
The axle-tree

id in this way
loved of groat
|o of stacking.

much as 150

Lido passable.

brought into

[liasburgh. It

bond one was

brought by James Way. Possibly this is not true, but at least they
wore the first introduced into that townsiiip.

The tirrtt public conveyance by land between Kingston and
Montreal, was made by Dickenson. He called on Judge Cartwright
to consult him about opening a lino of stage travel. Consequently,
in 1808, a line was established. It ran all the j^ear round, though
not so regularly in summer as in winter. " Lumber gentlemen
from Quebec traveled through by the stage." — ^Finkle.)

It was not until the war of 1812, that a line of stages was com-
menced between Kingston and York. By an advertisement in the
Kingston Gazette, it is learned that in June, 1817, " A stage was
commenced running from Kingston to York, leaving Kingston
every Monday morning at six o'clock, and York everj'- Thursday
morning, same hour." "Persons wishing for a passage will call at
Mr. David Brown's Inn, Kingston, where the stage-books will be
kept. From twenty to twenty-eight pounds baggage will be allowed
to each passenger, over this they must bo charged for. All bag-
gage sent by the stage will be forwarded with care, and delivered
with punctuality, and all favors acknowledged by the public's
humble servant. (Signed), Samuel Purdy, Kingston, January 23,
1817. N.B. Stage fare, eighteen dollars."

The same year, Lieutenant Hull, traveling in Canada, writes
that there is a stage waggon from Montreal to Prescott, which
carries the mail. From thence to Kingston the mail is carried on
horseback. The stage waggon, he remarks, is the roughest con-
veyanco on either side of the Atlantic.

The iirst buildings wore of logs, generally put up in their
natural rough state; now and then, as the Government mill at
Kingston, the logs were squared. There was only one way of
procuring sawed lumben, and that was by the whip saw. But few
of the settlers thought of spending the time and labor necessary to
obtain what was not strictly necessary. Houses, barns, saw-mills,
flouring-mills, even breweries and still-houses were all alike con-
structed of logs. Indeed, man}' a one had no b.irn for ycar.s ; stacking
his grain, and thrashing upon the ground, made smooth and hard.
When, however, sawing-mills began to spring up here and there,
"awed lumber liwcamc a more common article, and after several
years, individuals, hotter off than others, began to put up framed
buildings, both houses and barns, and so forth. Sawing-mills were
introduced originally into America by the Dutch, and it was their
descendants who introduced them into Canada. But it was slowly

P 1

096

FIRST BRICK HOUSE.

done. It required no little aapital to procure oven the small .\mount
of machinery which was then used, and to have it brought 00 long
a distance. Then, millwrights were not plentiful, and often
in skill. Indeed there waH nothing at hand by which inferior
to erect sawin^-mills, until after many yeara. In the meantime,
the whip saw enabled them to construct something like a
door for the house and log barn ; and rough sort of Airniture was
made for the house. But toward the close of the last century, saw-
ing-mills became somewhat numerous. The demand for lumber
was foreseen, and those who had a water privilege set about to get
up a mill. Followicg the saw-mill came the grist-mill, which,
though more needed than the former, because of its greater ex-
pense, was not built until a later period. It was about the first of
1800, that frame buildings began to appear in the first, second, and
third townships particularly, to take the place of the log hut. Mr.
George Finkle, of Emesttown, says, his father Henry Finkle, who,
during the war, had learned the use of carpenter's tools, in the Engineer
Department, built, with his whip saw and cross-out saw, the first
frame house in the oouutry. He also built the first school-house, and
a dwelling house for the teacher oii his own premises. Likewise, the
first wharf along the bay.

,; Wc have made somewhat extensive enquiries, and believe we are
correct in stating that the oldest brick building in Up])er Canada is
situated u|X)n the brow of the hill at Belleville. We also entertain
the belief tliat it was the firtt, certainly one of the very first brick
buildings put up in the Province. It is known as Myers' House,
having been built by Captain Myers about the year 1794. This quaint
edifice, upon which the tooth of time is eating so {wacefully, standing
upon the brink of thohill was, when new, of most imposiii<? appearance ;
and, no dos'"> , stood up grandly, overlooking the wiuding river, and
the thickly set cedars at its base. The bricks were m.ade in Sidney
at the Myera Place, five miles east of Trenton. Captain Myers
was a num of great hospitidity, which was shared in by his estimable
spouse, whose short stature and genial face is remembered by some
yet living. They 8erve<i visitors at the brick house always with an
excellent board. Here, many a distinguished traveler between King-
ston and York, Dr. Strachan among the number, found a welcome.
Not less 80 was it with the farmers round about, who came long
distances to get grists ground ; all such were invited to the table and
supplied with a bed until the grist was ground. The furniture for
the house was pi-ocuved at Albany. »»»•«'

riRST BANKfl.

B97

11 amount
it so long
ind often
[i inferior
moantiroe*
ig liko a
niture wa»
[itury, saw-
for lumber
bout to get
nill, which,
greater ex-
the first of
Becond, and
g hut. Mr.
Finkle, who,
the Engineer
*w, the first
,ol-hou8e, and
LikowisQ, the

loUove we are
,er Canada is
alKO entertain
y first brick
yers' House,
Thip quaint
nlly, standing
, appearance;
ug rivor, and
lie in Sidney
iptain Myers
bis estimable
ered by some
ways with an
»etween King-
id a welcome.
,o came long
the table and
furniture for

In June, 1700, an Act was passcfl "for the better Regulation of
eettain Coins onrront in the Province ; '* and it was enacted that the
British guinea, the Johannes of Portugal, the nioidore of Portugal,
the American eagle, the British crown, the British shilling, the Spanish
milled dollar, the Spanish pistorecn, the French crown, and several
other French pieces ; the American dollar, should pass as legal tender
at certain specified value.

The punishment for tendering " a counterfeit, knowingly," of any
of the gold or silver coins of Great Britain, Portugal, the United
States, Spain, or France, was to tinffor one year's imprisonment, and
be set in and upon the pillory for the space of one hour, in some con-
spicuous place, and upon a second conviction, he should be adjudged
guilty of felony without benefit of clergy.

The first paper money issued in America, was by the Anglo-
Americans in 1689, to pay the troops under Sir William Phipps, when
he returned from the unsuccessful seigc of Quebec. The value ranged
from ton pounds to two shillings.

During the war of 1812, in 1813, an Act was passed "to facili-
tate the circulation within the Province, of Army Bills, issued by the
authority of the Lower Province." It Avas to continue one year
unless peace was declared. •

The firat Legislation in Upper Canada, with respect to banks,
was in 1819, M'hen the Bank of Kingston, or, as it was subsequently
called Pretended Bank of Upper Canada, was incorporated ; but,
Ais was ♦' forfeited by non-user," although the institution was in
operation, under the title of " the President, Directors, and Company
of the Bank of Upper Canada." Legislation was made in 1823, to
settle the affairs of the " pretended bank." The commissioners were
George Herkimer, Markland, John Kirby, and John Macanlay. Be-
peated Acts were neoepsary before the aftairs of this company were
fully settled.

Li 1819, was also passed an Act to "form the Company of the
Bank of Upper Canada." It was reserved for the assent of His
Majesty, which was given and made known by proclamation in 18^1.
Among the names of those who petitioned for the Act of Incorpora-
tion, are those of Allan, Baldwin, Legge, Jackson, Ridout, Bonlton,
Robinson, Macaulay, Cameron, and Anderson. Tins bank, the failure
of which so recently occurred, was, in its time, of great benefit to the
Province, and it deserved a better fate.

A necessary attendant of civilization is a sufficient supply of
8noh merchandise as is requisite to give comfort, and even luxuries.

5f>8

FIRST MERCHANTS.

Mi'!

Tho long distance of the first settlei's of Upper Canada from the
marts of commerce, with a barrier of forest, and the swift rapids of
the St. Lawrence, kept ont for many a day, many comforts, and all
luxuries. But in time, jtersons engaged in the mercantile business,
and articles of various kinds began to find their way into the wilderness-
bound colony. The first merchants of the Province were engaged in
the fur trade; but, as time passed away, they found customers among
the settlers, who bought their jiroduce, and, in return, brought to them
goods.

Among the first, and the principal merchants of Upper Canada
were Duncan, of Matilda ; Gartwright, of Kingston ; Hamilton, of
Queenstown; and Robertson, of Sandwich. Those gentlemen, we
have seen, occupied conspicuous positions, and amassed no little
wealth ; unless we except Duncan, who removed. The Hon.
Robert Hamilton, it is said, died, leaving an estate worth £200,000.

Colonel Clarke, of Dalhousie, speaks of his brothers Peter and
James, who " tunied merchants, having been supplied with an assort-
ment of goods from Montreal. In 1790, they wont into tho Indian
trade at Kingston, which had a great communication with the back
lakcH."

Wo also learn that Mr. Ulacaulay carried on business first at
Carleton Island, and afterward at Kingston, with no little profit. One
of the oldest settlers in Kingston was Joseph Forsyth. He became
one of the first merchants in Kingston, and for many years conducted
a lucrative business Avith the Indians and settlers. lie " ever main-
tiuned the character of an iipright and reputable merchant." He died
20th September, 1813, aged fifty-three.

A bartering trade commenced between the settlers in the town-
ship of Kingston, and the nearer townships, and some persons at
Carleton Island ; gradually the field of oi^nition was transferred to
Kingston. Many of the loyalists, who were constantly arriving, pro-
cured food and a few other things at these places.

In ISIT, there were in the Township of Kingston •' si.xty-seven
stores iiiid shops, this includes tho diflferent denominations of shops
kept by mechanics. In the whole of Midland District there were
about eighty -eight merchants' shops : twenty-four store-houses. Mr.
Gourlay says, at this time, that Kingston is the third place in the
Canadas, Quebec and Montreal being first. ♦

When want no longer rested upon the inhabitants, they began to
look even for comfoits and luxuries. They were sui)plied now and
then v» ith articles, both those essential to living, and thoae which may

ril

FIRST FRITIT TRBE8.

599

from the
; rapids of
t8, and all
( bnsinesB,
wilderness-
engaged in
tiers among
»ht to them

jer Canada
[amilton, of
itlemen, we
>d no little

The Hon.
h £200,000.
8 Peter and
ith an assort-

the Indian
th the back

nosa first at

profit. One

He heeame

rs conducted

" ever main-

t." He died

be called comforts and luxuries, by itinerant merchants. Tiiesc
pedlars w ere generally from the States, and often managed to <lrive
bargains in which the settler received not a fair return for the grain or
other article he parted with. But some of the pedlars were honest, and
ultimately Ijecame settlers and good loyal subjects. One of the first, pro-
bably the first, to visit the western extremity of the bay, was one Asa
Walbridge, an old bachelor, some\v'hat eccentric, and* withal shrewd,
he not only turned an honest penny, but contributed very much to the
welfare and comfort of the settlers. His liead-quarters, wlien ashore,
were at the mouth of Mjers' Creek, whei'e he was the first to erect a
log house. It was he brought in many of tJie first fruit trees, which
have rendered many of the old farms more valuable. He brought in
the seeds from the States, and planted numbers here and t!ici"e,
often from motives of kuidness p,lone. We have been told that all
the old orchards in Prince Edward came from his planting. Some
of the merchants in Kingston entrusted goods to local storekeepers
by Avhom the settlers were also supplied with articles of (liflTerent
kinds.

Dr. Armstrotig sa\ , 1 ought not to omit the name of James
C'ummings, Esq., merchant, of the Port of Ilallowell, now Picton.
He was a man of sterling integrity, upright and just in all his deal,
ings. He was greatly res) ected and esteemed, and died in the midst
of his manhood, greatly lamented, about the year 1818. He was a
younger brother of the late John Cmnmings, of Kingston.

"V
It

Jin the town-

|e persons at

ransferred to

[u-riving, pro-

*' sixty-seven

Ions of shops

It there were

lliouses. Mr.

place in the

Ithey began to
llied now and
lae which may

CHAPTEU LXVHI.

('O.NTKNTS — .Steam vossuls — CrosBing tlic Atlantic in 1791— First Steam Vessel —
Hudson — The socond on tho St. Liiwrcncc — First across tlio Atlantic — In
Upper Canada — Fronlenac — Built in Ernesttown — The Biiildcrs — Finklc'rt
Point — Cost of Vessel — Dimensions — Launched — First Trip — Captain
McKenzic — Walk-in-the- Water — f,»((e<« CUnrloiti — How Built — Upon Bay
Quints — (apt. Dennis — First year — Death of Dennis — Henry Gilderslieve —
What he did — Other Steamboats — Canals — First in Upper Canada — Wetland
(anal — Desjardin— Rideau — Its object — Col. By — A proposed Canal — Rail-
roads — The tiist in the world — Proposed Railway froin Kingston to Toronto,
1846 — In Piinc" Edward District— Increase of Population — Extract from
Dr. Lillic — Comparison with the United States — Favorable to Canada — False
Cries— The Frenih— Midland District, 1818

THE FIIWT STFA.\{ VESSELS— CANALS, RAILWAYS.

We have already, under '• Travel! n<i in early Times," spoken
of the first vessels that floated upon the waters of the western

r^ :■: '

600

FIRST 8TSAMBOAT8 IN THI WORLD.

^;!i

?;^-

<::i

world, and wo doHign now to ttpoak of those which advaucing civili-
sation brought, to a certain extent, to supersede the original boats
used by tho Indians and first European colonisers. At the present
day Europe is brought into close relationship with us by the swiftly
running steamer, while the two continents hold daily intercouse b^
means of the telegraph ; yet, not a century ago, it required many
montlis for th.o slow-sjiiling ship to traverse tho breadth of the
Atlantic. In 1789, mails with England was only twice a year. At
tho time Simcoc 'jamo to Canada, in 1791, there were only those
merchant ships that made altogether eleven voyages in the year.
"A Traveler," writes, that "regular packets across the Atlantic,
first sailed iu 1764. Tho Liverpool Packet Line began running
in 1818."

The river Hudson, named Jiftcr the navigator of that name,
who ascended this splendid stream, called, by tho native Indians,
''The groat Kiver of Mountains," in 1609, has the honor of being
the place whereon Hoatcd tho first steamboat that existed in tho
world. Tho boat was launched in tho year 1807, being named
'Clermont.' It wa.s of 150 .tons buixlon. The engine was procured
from Birmingham, •' Robert Fulton, of Now York, though not tho
originator of steam jiower, was tho first in America who directed it
to the propelling of boats. Fulton, tho pioneer in boats by steam,
lived not long enough to see nccomplishoil the grand end of pro-
pelling boats tlius tu.-rossthe Atlantic. Ilediod in 1815. The second
steamboat built in America, was launched at Montreal, 3rd Nov.,
1809, built by John Molson. It was called Accommodation, and plied
between Montreal and (Quebec. At the first trip it carried ton
psisi-eiisrors from ^lontroal to (Quebec, taking thirty-six hours. The
Vholo city of Quebec came out t«) see her enter the harbor. The
fare was eight doHars down, and nine up.

It is found stated that the first stoamk)oat from America to
England, was in 1819 ; and the first steamboat built in Great Britain
wae in 1812, by Ilenry Bell, oJ Ghwgow. But the following is found
in the Portland Advertiser: — "Tho first steamship which made tho
voyage, under stoam throughout, across tho Atlantic, was the JRoyal
Williavi, in 1833. This vcmboI was of 180 horsepower, and 1,000
tons bui-den, and built at a place called Throe Rivors, on the St.
Lawrouce, in Canada. The voyage was made from Picton, Nova
Scotia to Cowea, Isle of Wight."

The first stoamlK)at on Lake Ontario, the tYontenac, was built
upon thoshpr<.fl of tho Bay, at Finklc's Point, Erncsttown , eightoen

TUB STSAHKR '< FROw*«XMAO.

601

ing civili-
inal boats
tie present
the swiftly
orcouse b^
irod many
ith of the
k year. At
only those
1 the year.
e Atlantic,
a running

that name,
ve Indians,
or of being
sted in the
oing named
/as procured
lugh not the
o directed it
8 by steam,
end of pro-
The second
3rd Nov.,
m, and plied
carried ten
ours. The
arbor. The

lAmerica to
Iroat Britain

Iving is found

\h made the
^aa the Royd
pr, and 1,000

|s, on the St.
^icton, Nova

was bttilt
rn, eighteen

miles from Kingston, and within the corpoi-ntion of Bath. She wu
commenced in October, 1815, and launched the following season.
The three years of war had caused many changes in Upper Canada.
On the whole, it may be said that the war materially benefitted the
Province. After peace, things did not relapse into their former
state. A spirit of enterprise was abroad, especially in the mercan-
tile community. " The leading men of Kingston conceived the
idea of forming a company to build a steamboat, to ply on Lake
Ontario, and the navigable waters of the St. Lawrence. A company-
was consequently formed, composed of individuals belonging to
Kingston, Niagara, Queenston, York, and Prescott. The share-
holders of Kingston wore Joseph Forsyth, Yeomans, Marsh, Lawrence
Herkimer, John Kirby, Capt. Murney, William Mitchell, and, in
fact, all of the principal men except the Cartwright family. Adver-
tisements were issued for tenders to construct the boat. The
acJvortisemont was responded to by two parties; a Scotchman,
b^ the name of Bruce, from Montreal, and flenry Teabout, from
Sacket's Harbor. Bruce was several days at Kingston before the
other person arrived, and he supposed he would get the contract.
Mr. Finkle says Teabout came with a letter from Hooker and Crane
to Johns and Finkle, informing them who Teabout was, and asking
them to favor him with their influence in procuring the contract.
The letter n-as shown to Mr. Kirby, of Kingston, who was one of
the committoe of the company. Mr. Kirby assured Finkle and
Johns, that notwithstanding the prejudice which existed on account
of the war, the tender of Teabout should receive every justice. No
other tender being made, the committee mot and decided, by a small
majority, to accept Toabout's. All those who voted for Bruce ** were
either Scotch or of Scottish descent." Teabout having received
the contract, at once, with Finkle, set about to find a place to build.
After two day's examination of the coast, he selected Finkle's
1 jjnt, in consequence of the gravelly nature of the shore, astherobj'
would be ol 'ated the delay which frequently followed rains, where
soils would I, t quickly dry. "The next consideration was to
advance £5,000 to go to New York and procure a ship carpenter
and other necessaries to commence operations. Accordingly, we
(Johns and Finkle) bocame security, with the uf^derstanding that
so soon as the boat should be so far advanced as to be considei'ed
worth the security, our bond would bo retu,rned. So satisfactorily
did the work progress, that t he bond was shortly handed to us by
the Treasurer, who was William Mitchell. Here I will digress a

602

KUONTRNAC I.AlTNCIiKD.

'tl.^

short tiino. During Ui« war of 1H12, David KokCoi'd, tlio Miwter
»hl|vl>uiltloi', of Nt<w York, whh sont to Hiickot's Harbour, to tako
churgo of tho Hliip bniUiinu: at lliatplnco,.aii(l hroui^ht with him his
cnrpontorH. Ainoiijx thoin wero tliiH«o young iiicri, llonry Toahoiit,
Jaiiios ( >ha))inan aiui William Smith. Thu last was horn on Staton
[Bland, tho othvr two in N^ow York, Toahout and Hmith sorvod
tlioir (imo with I'Vkfonl. Chapman was a blork titrnor. Al. tho
(doso of tho war, thoso throo formod a co-partnorship, and Toahout,
in oontrat'tinjjf for building tho /'Youtnuw, was acting lor tho (com-
pany. Jli>foro building tho stoamhoat, thoy had built for (lunuHolvos
at Sack «t"H Harbour, tho h'iiKfstm, tho only cratt plying botwoon
Sjiokot H and IvingNton, and a lino sohoonor tor tho Jjako, oallod tho
Woolslfi/. Chapman was in ohargo of tho KiiKjuton, and was doing a
mok than iu-dinary protitablo businoss. IJriico's tVionds wish(>d t<»
dn 8omothing for him, and had him apijointod, at a giiinoa a da}', to
inspoot tho timbor (of tho I'Voiitonao). llis study was todolay tho
builiiing of tho Imat; Ihori' was a coiislaiil oontosi botwoon him
and 'roaboul. " — (^Kinklo). 'I'lio contraot prioo of tho wocmI work was
.C7,tK)(>. VVhon tlu* boat was almost ready for tho maohinory, tho
oontraotor's funds woro cxpondoil Tho ongino oost £7,0(KK Moforo
tho vossol was i-omplolod, tlu cost roaohod ut^arly (h(< sum ot
Jl-2t),000.

Tho Kingston (mC(Y/<' informs us that " On Satur<lay, tho 7th
of Soptombcr, ISltl. tht> sioamboiit hhmienao was lauixdiod at tho
villagoof Hrnosttx)wii. A uumorons ooncourso of poopio assomblod
on tho «H'oasioii. But, in i-onsotpionoo of an approaching showor, a
part of tho ^poolators withdrow boforo tho launoh actually took
place. The boat moved shnvly from her placi', and dosconilod with
majestic sweep into her proper element. The length of her keel is
150 toot; her dock. 170 t'oet ; (tho tcmjiage was about 700). Her
proportions «>ii'ike the eve very agreeably ; and good judges have
pmnouui-ed this to be Iho best piece of naval aichitcctuve of the
kind yet produced in America. It rertects honoi" upon Messrs,
Trebout and ('hapman. the contractovH, and their workmen; and
also upon the ]>roprie(ors, tho greater part of wIkuu are among tho
most ro.s])eetable merchants and otiu'r inhnbitants of the County of
Fi'ontoiuic. from jvhich tho mime is doi'ived. The machinery for
this valuable bout was imported from Kngland, and is said to be of
an excellent structure. . It is expected that she will be linished and
remly for use in a fow weeks. Steam navigation having succoedod
to admiration in various rivoin*, tho application of it to tho watei'S o^

TIIK ('.\1'TAIN.

U08

!;:

Iio MivHtor
r, to tako
th \\\m UiK
iT 'roal)ont,
I on Staton
litli sorvoil
V. A I tho
a Toalumt,
nv tho ('(un-

iij^ botwoon
\ culloil tho

\vas<l<)ii»K'^
f» wisht'tl lt»

loa a tlay, to
to (lolay tho
ictvvt'OM him
)(h1 woi-k was
ohinory, >li''
,000. Iloloro
I ho Mum nl

hty. tho 1th
Uohod nt tho
|-)lo assoml)UHl
i\!r showor, a
ivotiially took
Isooiidoil with
)t* hof Icoel is
700). I lor
ju(l.<>;os havo
■«'luiv of tho
iijioii Mossrs.
>rkinon; anil
■0 atnont; tho
ho ( !o\mt,3' of
aohinovy tor
said to ho of
Is linishod and
jijr snccoedod
It ho watoi-s 0^

thu JiakoH Ik uii intoreHtin^ ox|ioruuanl. Kvury Irit^id Ut public
improvtMuontH must wihU it all thu hiicoohh which in duo to nHpiritof
uncivil ont«*i"pritio." Tho (J/udte adds : " A Htoainboat was lately
luuuchod at Sackot'H Harbor. Thoopposittt Hide of tho Laku, which
nut Ion;.; a^ct viod with each other in the building of Hhipo of war,
Hoom now to be e(|ually eniulouH of coniinercial superiority.''
Gourlay sayt^ tho boat at Hacket's Harbor wan on a Hniallor rtcalu,
and lesH cxpcinsivo. "Who, tho Frmtmac, was oMtiniatcd to cost
.tl4,0U0 ; before hIio conwnentHid hor watery walk, her ooHt exooodod
i:20,00(>."— (Finklo). " The deck wjw J70 feet lon^ and thirty-two
foot wide, draws only oij^ht feet wlitMi loaded. Two ptuldto-whcelK,
with alxxit forty feet (tircuniference; answers Hlowly to the helm." —
(llowisou).

.'I'lio Kingston (lUSiatte, of May 21, IH17, Hays, " YoHterday atler-
noon tho steamboat loft Mr. ivirby's wharf for the dock at Point
Frederick. We are sorry to hear, that throu^li some accident, the
machinery of one ol' the wheels bus ijuen consiih^rably dania^uil,
notwithstanding which, however, she nxtvcd with inajoHticj^rHndour
against u strong' wind. We understand she has f^ono to the dock,
it being a more convenient place for putting in a suction pipe."
Tlio name paper, of May iU, 1817, further says, "The Htoanibout
Frontcuar, ui'ti^r having completed tho nttcesHary work at the Naval
Yard, loll this port yesterday morning, for th<» piirp«)se of taking
in wood at the iiay (^uinto. A. fresh brooze was blowing into tho
luvrbor, against which nho pi-oceeded swiftly and steadily, to tlio
admiration of a groat number of spectators. We ^congratulate thu
managers and ])r<)prietor8 of this elegant boat, upon the prospcctH
hIio atVordsot facilitating the navigation of Lake Ontario, by furnish-
ing an ox]>oditious and certain mode of '^^onvoyance to its variouH
ports." "June7tl», 1S17. The A'ron/enac loll this porton Thursday
(6th,) on hor tirst trij) lor tho head of the Lake." She was com-
manded by Capt. James McKenzio, of tho Jioyal Navy, the first
trip she made, who continued in command until she was no longer
.soa-wortliy. The Purser was A. (t. Potrio, of Melioville, now I'ar
lulvanced in years. Tho Frontcnac wnvXo tho trip up an«l down the
Lake and Jiiver, to Prescott, once a week. Whether she wont
further west than York, at tirst, is uncertain. (.!a|)t. .las. McKenzio
"camo lo Canada with the first division of the lioxal Navy, sent
from England to servo on tho Lakes during tho war of 1812. At
tho conclusion of the war, he returned to Kngland, and wa« placed
on half pay ; but his active habit« led him to consider and htudy tho

X-

,; ;

;)

604

FIRST STEAMBOAT ON BAY QUINTE.

powers of the Mteam engine, and he soon became acquainted with
its complicated machinery. In 1816, he returned to Kingston, and
assisted in l\tting up the Frontenac, which he commanded till she
was worn out. Since, he has commanded the Alciope on this Lake,
and at the iime of his death, (27th August, 1832, aged 50); was
engaged in the construction of two other steamboats ; one at the
head of the Lake, and one at Lake Simcoe; and was, on most
occasions, consulted respecting the management of steamboats, so
that he may justly be called the father of steam navigation in Upper
Canada — his death may be considered a great loss to society and to
the country."

The first steamboat built to ply on Lake Erie was " Walk*in-
the-Water," built .it Buffalo at the same time the " Frontenac" was
built, and commenced her watery walk about the same time.

Bespecting the Kingston, built at Saoket's Harbor, we find
it stated she was intended to ply between Lewiston and Ogdensburgh,
but after a trial of a few months the undertaking was found to be
either unprofitable or too mucli for the powers of the vessel to
accomplish, and she afterwards employed ten days in making the
round trip of 600 miles. She was 100 feet long and 24 feet Avide,
measuring 246 tons. The wheels were about 11 feet in diameter,
and the capacity of the engine 21 horse power.

Almost immediately after the Frontenac was launched a
second steamboat was commenced. The material which had been
collected while building the Frontenac had not all been used, and
went far in the construction of the " Queen Charlotte,'' which was
destined to be the pioneer steamer upon the Bay Quint6 and River
St. Lawrence, in its upper waters. She was built by shares of £60
each. Johns and Finkle had nine shares. She was built, (Gilderslieve
being the principal shipwright,) launched, and commenced running
in the early part of 1818. The engine was furnished by Brothers
Wards of Montreal, being made at their foundry. She was not long
launched before she Avas ready to run. She made trips twice a week
from Wilkins' wharf, at the Carryitig Place, to Prescott. She was
commanded a few of the first trips by an old vet3ran captain named
Biohardson, who lived then near Picton, and afterward to the close
of the season, by a young man named Mosier. Of the number of pas-
sengers or the first trip we have no knowlege, but suppose them to
be few, for Belleville, then the largest place above Kingston, was a
mere hamlet — ^Trent, Hallowell, Adolphustown and Bath were
the only stopping places from the head of the Bay to Kingston.

CAPTAIN DSNNI8.

60&

They were regulated ia their course, the first summiT by froquoDtly
heovmg the lead, an old man-ol-war's-man being on board for the
purpose. (Coliius reported in 1788 that vcsKels drawing only from
eight to ten feet of water oau go into the Bay Qointo). For two
seasons she was commanded by Oapt. Dennis ; Mr. Gildorslieve was
purser the seoond and third seasons ; and the fourth commenced his
captaincy, which lasted as long as the boat was seaworthy, a period
of nearly twenty years ; he was, at tlio building, a master shipwright,
and became a stockholder.

Says Mrs. Carroll, " of the fare from place to place I have no
knowledge, but from tlie head of the bay to Kingston, the first season
it was five dollars, meals included." i ' tl.rnsfil'

The good ol<l Charlotte was a very acceptable improvement in
the navigation of the Bay. A few of the owners of sailing crafts,
perhaps, suffered for a time ; but the settlers regarded her as an un-
mixed blessing. Dtiring the first years she was no accommodating
as to stop any where to pick up a passenger from a small boat, or
let one oflT. •■ *

The old inhabitants of to-dfty Speak of her with words of kind-
ness. But the Queen Charlotte has passed away. The last remem-
bered of her was her hull rotting away in the Cataraqui Bay above
the bridge. .^.p ♦»■•. i,„b

The steamer did not prove remunerative to the stock-holders
until Gilderslieve became the commander. Of the sccon(i Captain,
we produce the siibjoined from a Toronto daily of 1 867 :

Dkatii of Mb. Dknnis. — " We observe with much regret the
death of Joseph Dennis, Esq., of Weston, and with it the severance of
another link connecting us with the early history of this country.
Mr. Dennis was born in New Brunswick in 1789, his father, the
late John Demiis, having settled there after being driven out of the
United States as a U. E. Loyalist. The family removed to Canada
some three years later, Mr. Jolni Dennis receiving a grant of land
for his services and losses as a Loyalist. This land was selected on
the number river, and on it he then settled and lived, till having
been appointed Superintendent of the dock-yard, he removed to
Kingston.

" Our recently deceased friend, Mr. Jose])h Dennis, was brought
up in the dock-yai'd to a thorough knowledge of shipbuilding, which
occupation, however, he soon exchanged foi" a more congenial
one — that of sailing. Owning a vessel on the lake at the outbreak

trf

606

HENRY GILDERSLIEVE.

Hi Vsl

-H

1*1

of the American war of 1812, he placed himself and his vessel at the
disposal of tho (Tovernment, and was attached to the Provincial
Marine. In one of the actions on Lake Ontario he lost liis vessel,
was captured, and retained a prisoner in the hands of the enemy for
some fifteen months. He subsequently commanded, we believe, the
first steamer on tho waters o£ Lake Ontario, the Bi-incess Charlotte,
which plied, as regularly as could be expected from a steamer of fifty
years back, between the Bay of Quinte, Kingston, and Prescott.
For the last six and thirty years Mr. Dennis had retired from active
pursuits, retaining, till within the last year, remarkable vigour, which,
however, ho taxetl but little excepting to indulge his ta.ste in fishing,
of which he Avas an enthusiastic disciple. A man of genial and
hai)py tcinperament, of unbending integrity, of simple tastes and
methodical habits, he was a typo of men fast passing out of this
country."

The successor of the " Charlotte " was built by John G. Parker,
called the "Kingstoi; ■' commanded for a time by John Grass. She
did not prove so serviceable as the " Charlotte." Then followed the
"Sir James Kemp," which was built also at Finkle's Point.

A history of the first steamboats of the bay would be incom-
plete without particular reference to one individual, whot'e name is
even yet associated with ova of the steamboats which i)ly up and
down the Bay.

'-■i Henry Gilderslieve came into Canada about a month before
the Fronteuac was launched, in August, 1816. He was the son of a
shij)-bHil(ler, who owned yards on the Connecticut river, and built
vessels for the New Yoi-k market Being a skilful ship^vright he
assisted to finish ott' the Fi'ontenac, and then as master ship-builderj
assisted at the Charlotte. During this time Mr. Gilderslieve himself
built a packet named the Minerva. In builduig this vessel he brought
to his assistance the knowledge he had acquired in his father's yard.
The result was, that when " she was taken to Kingston to receive
her fittings out, Cai»t. Murney examined her inside and out, and
particularly her mould, which exceeded anything he had seen, and
declared her to be the best craft that ever floated in the harbour of
Kingston, which afterward she proved herself to be, when plying
two years as a packet between Toronto and Niagara. — (Finkle).

At a later date Mr. Gilderslieve superintended the building of
the " Sir James Kemp," at Finkle's Point. This was tho last built
there, after which Mr. Gilderslieve commenced building at Kingston.
Hero were constructed the Barrj', a lake boat, with two engines,

FIR:iT CANALS.

607

sel at the

Provincial

his vessel.

enemy for

elieve, the
Charlotte,

luer of fifty

\ Prescott.

rora active

;our, which,
in fishing,
genial and
tastes and

out of this

G, Parker,
Grass. She
followed the

Qt.

d be incom-

0t3e name is

ply up and

lonth before
the son of a
^r, and built
lipwright he
J ship-builderj
jlieve himself
?l he brought
lather's yard.
In to receive
[nd out, and
|id seen, and

harbour of
[when plying

i'inkle).

building of

le last built
|at Kingston.

two engines,

which in its third year of runninf^ collideil with the Hchooner King-
ston, at night, and imnicdintely sank, the pansengers only being
saved ; the Prince of Wales, tho Aew Era, and the Bai/ of Quinte.
Thus it will be seen that Mr. ('ildcrslievc'.s 'nunie is associated with
most of the steamers which have plowed the waters of the Bay, first
as a skilful shipwright, then commander an«l shareholder, and finally
as a successful proprietor of a ship-yard, and owner of vessels. Says
one who knew him long : "Of Air. Gilderslieve's busit.ess habits there
are numerous evidences, for years it seemed that everything lie
touched turned to gold, hcuue tiie wealth he left' behind hin), and I
can say, that during the many years I knew him, I never heard a
want of honest integrity laid to his charge, l»e died in the fall of, 1
think, 1851, of cholera, much lamented and greatly missed.'' -.t

The following we clip from a paper of 1842 :

•'In 1821 the naw steamboat Prince Edward, btiilt at Garden
Island, and intended for the Bay of Quinte route, made her trial
trip to Bath and back last Aveek in three hours. She is beautifully
finished, but being rather crank in the water, it will probably be
necessary to give her false sides.

*' The new steamboat Prince of Wales, built ^t the marine rail-
way by Mr. Shea, and intended for the Bay, was also tried last week,
and performed well. She has the engine of the Sir James Kempt."

Canals. — The mighty water waj' from the Atlantic to the head
water of the Avcstorn lake*- is interrupted in its course by numerous
rapids down rock-strowod channels, and by tlic Falls of Niagara. These
natural obstacles to navigation had t<^) bo overcome by artificial
moans, belbre the water i*oad could become a highway. This has
already been done for vessels of a certain tonnage, by constructing
the St. Lawrence Canals — the Lachino Canal, Beauharnois, and
Cornwall, which were comploled in 1847 ; and the Welland Canal,
across the Niagara District, to Lake Ei'ie. The distance from this
Lake to Montreal, is 3G7 miles. The total fall in this way, is
564 feet.

After the war of 1812, seeing the importance of inland navi-
H'ation, beyond the easy reach of an enemy, the country was
explored with the view of securing navigation between -Montreal
and Kingston. It was proposed to open a • new route up the Ottawa
to the mouth of the Rideau, and up that river near to its head
waters, thence by a short portage to Kingston Mill river, and down
that stream to Kingston ;" but the want of moans for a time delayed
the work, although, at the time mentioned, advertisements were
made ibr estimates.

i ,

''HI

■ (.;!! '

U ti-

608

RIOSAH CAIfAL.

The WoUand Canal Company wao incorporated in 1824 hy
Act of Parliament. The projector and the most earno«t worker
neourin^ this important work, was the latu William Hamilton
Merritt.

The llri«t canal cut in Canada, was that between Burlin^^n
Bay and Lake Ontario. An Act to provide for this was pasued in
March, 1818.

In 1826, the Desjardin Canal Company was incorporated by
Act of Parliament, in accordance with the petition of Peter
Desjardin, and others, to make a canal between Burlington Bay and
the village of " Coats' Paradise."

" At KingHtoii irt the outlet of that stupendous work, the
Aideau Canal, an immensomilitary highway, connecting the Ottawa
and St. Lawrence Uivers. T^o locks on this canal arc amongst the
grandest structures of the same nature in the world. The under-
taking woM commenced and carried out by the Imperial Govern-
ment at an immense expenditure, ohicfly for military purposes, as
aftbrding a safe channel for the conveyance of stores, ai-ms, &c.,
when tiiO frontiers mightbe exposed, and partly with a commercial
view of avoiding the rapids of the St. Lawrence, at that time con-
sidered insurmountable, in the transit fVom the sea-board. This
canal cost upwai-ds of £1,000,000 sterling. It construction was
expected to h. great inHuonco on the welfare of Kingston, and
for some time such influence was doubtlessly beneficially felt, as
it was necessary to trans-ship at that port as well the products
of the west in their carriage to the seaboard, as the merchandize
for Western Canada in its transpoi'tation westward, and to forward
them by other crafts through the canal, or up the lake, thus creat-
ing a largo source of labor, outlay and gain, and emplojinent to
numerous forwarders, agents, and workmen in the transhipment.
The improved navigation of the St. Lawrence, by the construction
iff the St. Lawrence Canals, and the discovery of other and better
channels than were known, to a great extent abolished that source
of life and activity on the wharfs and in the harbours of the city."

" The canal was intended tor the passage of barges, both down
and up between Kingston and Bytown. Steamei*s, however, were
soon made available in guiding barges down the rapids, which came
with return cargoes up the canal. Now sleam-tugs tow, through
the course atibrded by the St. Lawrence Canals, both schooners and
barges up as well as down the stream, ami where schooners are
used, no transhipment necessarily takes place at Kingston. Of

hTATKMENT of IIOOPKR.

609

1824 by
t worker
Hamilton

turlin^n
passed in

loratod by

of Peter

m Bay and

work, the
the Ottawa
mongHt the
rho nnder-
ial Govern -
mrposes, as
. arms, &c.,
commercial
vt tin\e con-
oard. This
•action was
gHton, and
ally folt, as
10 products
\orchandize
to forward
thus creat-
ojTnent to
inshipmont.
onstruction
and better
that source
the city."
both down
trover, were
which cume
)w, through
loonors and
liooners are
igston. Of

late, it has licon found juufilablo to employ barges in the naviga-
tion, of llio SSt. Lawnonco, or it has been I'ouiul profitable for
schooners to confine ihoir trip to tlie open lalio, which, with the
faciliticH for the transhipment of grain atlonled by an oxtciiMJvo
Bteara elevator, has caused a renewed life in that braiich of
businoMs."

'• Thin imi)ortant work unites, as wo have stated, the watei-s of
the St. Lawrence, with those of the Ottawa. It commoncea at
Kingston, and jjursuos a north-eastern direction through a chain of
lakes, w th most of which it l)t!(;omo8 identified in its course, until
it intersocts Eideuu Ilivor, continuing its route along the banks,
and sometimes in the bod of the river ; it enters the Ottawa at
Bytown, (now the City of Ottawa) in north latitude 45° 23"—
Length from Kingston to Bytown, including the navigable courses,
12G miles, with 4G locks, oaoh 33 feet widu, and 134 long. Ascent
from Kingston to the Summit Pond by 15 locks, 1(52 feet. t)ocent
from the Summit Pond to the Ottawa by 32 locks, 283 feel ; total
lockage, 455 feet, depression of the Ottawa below Lake Ontario, at
Kingston 141 feet; general coui-so, north, north-east. It was com-
menced in 1826, when the Duke of Wellington was in office, and it
is understood that that great General had a voice in the design-
ing of this mighty Btructuro, which is not unworthy of his genius.
Sir James Carmichaol Smith, of the Engineer's Department, is said
to have originated the idea of its construction. It was carried out
under the superintendence of Colonel By, and the town at its junc-
tion with the Ottawa, was named after him. That name has since
been changed, when Bytown was made a city. It was the only
testimonial to his energy and skill, which deserved from the Pro-
vince some better acknowledgment. This groat work, together
with the extensive lands along its lino of route, held by the Impe-
rial Governmeat, have lately been transferred to the Province, and
there is no doubt that its resources and revenue will be made the
most of for the general l)c>nefit of the country. Already the local
trade along its course is fast increasing, with the improvements and
growth of the settlements in the neighborhood of the Ottawa. The
transport of iron ore from the same section of the country to King-
ston, also adds largely to it. Along the courses of the stream are
valuable water privileges." — (Hooper.)

A vague storj' obtains, among some persons, that when the
treaty of peace between the United States and England took ])lace
in 1815, iho former agreed to pay £l,OU(t,000, Avhich the Duke of
Wellington applied to this purjwse.
39

610

MURRAY CANAI,

BoIowIh pvcn a documont, tho im|iorlntjco of which is unque«-
tionud, whothur wo considor tho intorostn of thOHO living along the
bay, or tho wolfaro of tho whole Province.

m :*

i : '

IIBPORT OF THE SPECIAL COMMITTKE ON THE MURRAY CANAL.

"The Soloot Commitloo uppointud to enquiro into tho expedi-
ency of t'oustructing a Canal to connect the head waters of the Hay
of Quint6 with Lake Ontario, uHually called the " Murray Canal,"
and also to enquire and report whether any monoy or lands are
applicable to that purpose, and if ho, what may bo the amount or
value thereof, lx;g leave to report :

'* That it appears a grant of land waa maile for the above purpose
as early as tho year 1790, and that said grant, which was then
ascertained to contain some six thousand acres, was afterwaitiy
repeatedly acknowledged and confirmed ;

'•That a reservation of sixty-four acres has been mado between
Presqu'isle llarboui- and Bay of Quinto, on which said Canal was
intended to be constructed ;

" That tho value of tho original reservation of six thousand acres
was estimated by tho Crown Lands Department, in 1839, at throe
pounds per acre, or eighteen thousand pounds currency ;

"That tho construction of said Canal, in addition to tho impor-
tant commercial advantages which would bo bestowed on tho inha-
bitants of the counties adjacent to tho Bay of Quinte, and tho ti-ado
and navigation of tho country generally, would affoi-d most impor-
tant facilities for the safe transport of mon and munitions in time of
war;

"That your Committee obtained tho evidence of Colonel Mc-
Dougal, Adjutant General of Militia, which is appended to this
JReport ;

"That besides providing an admirable harbour of some seventy
or eighty miles in length, capable of being made almost impregnable
against attack, the groat natuml facilities for ship-building and for
obtaining supplies of timber, would enable the Bay of Quinto to be
used to great advantage for the repair or construction of ships of
war ;

" That on reference to tho Journals of the Legislative Assembly
of 18-15, Your Committee found the record of a letter dated 7th
January, 1840, signed by R. B. Sullivan, then Commissioner of
Crown Lands, which was furnished as a report on the whole ques-
tion of the Murray Canal, for the information of tho House, in
reply to an Address to His Excellency, under date 17th January,
1845. ^'~^''^' i!-ri*«^i«^''S

" Yonr Committee have doomed it expedient to quote fully from
this Report for the information of Your Honorable House.

" 1st. Extract — Tho suggestion of constructing the Canal by a
grant of money instead of the appropriation of Crown Lands to that
object, was adopted by the Legislative in an Address of tho lUth

IMPORTANT Cl'T-OFF.

611

3 unqnes-
along the

3ANAL.

Iio oxpo'H-
)f iho Uuy
[vy Canal,"
tan«\fl arc
amount or

,vc yvirporto
, wart then
aftcvwaitlsi

do between
Cftual was

uwand acres
!39, at three

a tho impor-
on tho inha-
nd tho trade
most impor-
ts in time of

Colonel Me-
lded to this

>mo Boventy
limpregnablc
Iding and for
IQuinto to be
of ships of

-vc Aasombly
Icr dated 7th
Imissioner of
\ whole quos-
|o House, in
Ith January,

Ite fully fi-om

luse.

J Canal by a

janda to that

of tho l&th

February, 1838, to Ills KxcoiltMicy tho Lioutcimnt Governor, on the
Hubject, Willi tlic triwt tliiit in the estimation of amonnl to bo f^rnnlfd
in iii'U of the rosi-rvation, due regard may Ijo Imd to tlie iiw ivasod
value to wliirli these lands may liiivo nltaineil. Ills KxeelK-ncy. by
answer of 2(!tli l-Vbniary, was plcasod to concur with tlio Address.

*' H.rfrnct No. '2, — I would resjioctl'idly rocomnioiid to If is Kxcol-
loney to tix upon some spoeitie sum which may be cliar;,a'(l upon the
Crown Jloscrve, and nuido |)ayable out of its t\rA disposable i)rocoedH
toward the completion t)f the Canal, and which, upon the cession of
the Crown Kevenue to the liCgislatiire, will bo considered a })ay-
ment for which the faitli of tho (Joveriimeiit is pledged and j)ro-
vided for in any Hill which may bo passed for the granting a civil
list in return lor the cession of the itevenue.

"That Your Committee examineil a work, composed in the year
182(J, by Jlajor General Sir James CarmichaelSmyth, Baronet,
entitled, Praisof the Wars in Canailafrom 1755 to the 1 icaty of Ghent
in 1814, the said work having been published for the first time in
18n2, by Sir James Carmichael, IJaronet, son of the author. That
this work contains tlie following statements, which may fairly be
quoted in favor of the construction of this Canal.

"In tho dedication of this work to His Grace tho Duke of Wel-
lington, the author makes tho following remarks: —

" Tho events of those wai"s attbi-d, in my opinion, a demonstra-
tion as clear as that of any proposition in Euclid, of the impossibility
(^uuder Divine Providence) of these Provinces ever being wrestod
n*om under Her Majesty's authority by tho Government of tlij
United States, provided we avail ourselves of the military jwecau-
tions in our power to adopt, by establishing those communications
and occupying those points which jjosterity will one day learn
with, if possible, increased respect for Your Grace's gi-eat name, wore
principally suggested b}' Your Grace."

At page 202 he writes as follows : —

" Our Harbour and Naval Establishment at Kingston are very
good indeed, and infinitely beyond what tho Americans possess at
Saokot's Harbour. Tliere cannot bo a finer basin in the world than
the Bay of Quinte. When Ilidoau Canal is completed there will be
groat facilities for forwarding stores to Kingston."

At page 203 : —

** In the event of the Americans having the temporary com-
mand of the Lake (Ontario), York Tnow Toronto) would be useful
for the protection of small craft and coasting vessels sailing from
the Bay of Quinte with supplies for the Niagara Frontier."

In a Eeport published by the Board of Trade of the City of
Montre.J, for the year 1865, under the heading of " Improvement
of Inland Navigation," Y^our Committee have found the following:

'« An IMPORTANT CUT-OFF. — " It was long ago proposed to con-
nect Lake Ontario with the Western extremity of the Baj- Quinte,
by a short Canal. The land required for such a pui-pose is reserved

MILITARY CONSIDERATIONS.

by iho Government. Tho distance to bo cut through ia less than
two miles; some additional dredging being, of course, required in
the Bay and Lake to porfoct the communication. As no lockage is
requisite, tho expense of the work would be small, while the advan-
tage would be great

« When it is remembered that the stretch between Presqu'isle
Harbor and Kingston is tho most hazardous c:i Lake Ontario, tho
advantages to be derived from such a cut-off wiil be evident, especi-
ally in the fall, when stormy weather is most prevalent. Had that
little Canal existed last year, a number of marine disasters might
have been avoided. Any one who examines tho map may see at
once how important the Bay of (iuinte would thus become in tho
event of hostilities on tho Lake."

" That under thono circumstances Your Committee would rocom-
mend that a Survey be made of the neck of land lying between
Lake Ontario and tho Bay of Quinto, and also of the Harbours of
Presqu'isle and Wellor's Bay, for tho pui-poso of ascertaining the
cost and feasibility of said Canal, and that the Survey should bo
commenced with the least possible delay.

Kespectfully submitted, James L. Bioqar, Chairman.'*

Appendix. — Committee E<jom, Tuesday, 24th July, 1866.

Colonel Macdougall attended, and was examined as follows :

By tho Hon. Mr. Holton :

Be pleased to state to the Committee your views of the import-
ance, in a military point of view, of connecting the waters of Lake
Ontario and the Bay of Quinte by a Canal, navigable for vessels of
the largc-t class in use on Lake Ontario? — I am aware that tho
Defense Commission sent to Canada in 1862, to report on the general
defenses of the Province, strongly recommend tne formation of a
Naval Station In tho Bay of Quinte. Tho natural features of that
bay render it, in my opinion, admirably adapted for such purpose.
In tho event of the Naval Station being formed in the Bay of Quinte,
it would bo of groat importance to have a short and secm-o entrance
direct from Lake Ontario to the head waters of tho bay. This is
especially the case in view of the fact that the stretch between
Presqu'isle Harbour and Kingston is the most dangerous and diffi-
cult on tho Lake. Judging by tho map, and in ignorance of local
peculiai'itios, it appears to mo that tho best means of obtaining such
a short and secure communication as is above referred to, would bo
by cutting a Canal between tho head waters of tho Bay Quinte and
Wollor Bay. The mouth of the Canal would be covered and pro-
tected by tho perfectly land-locked harbour of Wellcr Bay, tho
enti'anco to which, from Lake Ontario, is susceptible of being very
easily defended against a hostile flotilla. If the case is considered
of Canadian vessels running before a superior naval force of the
enemy from the general direction of Toronto, it is obvious that if
tho first wore obliged to weather the peninsula of Prince Edward,
in certain winds tliey would run serious risks of being driven ashore

FIRST RAILWAYS.

or captured boforo llicy could make the entrance to the Bay of
Quinto, ivlicreas the same vessels, with the same wind as would
expose thcin to destruction in the first supposed case, could enter
the harbour of Weller Bay under full sail, and reach the head of
Bay of Quinto without molestation. Even thoui^h it may not bo
in contemplation to establish u regular Naval Station in the Bay of
Quinte, that bay would, in the case of war, atibrd an atlmirable har-
bour of refuge, which would be made perfectly secure in a military,
or rather naval sense. Again, in case of war, the proposed Canal
would supply the means of far safer communication by water, with-
out the sacrifice of time between Kingston and Toronto, than could
bo aifordod by the open Lake.

In the Ilallowell Free Press, of February 1, 1831, is a commu-
nication from " A country lad," who saj's, " there are several new
roads required, but the one of most essential benefit to the inhabi-
tants would be that which would lead from Wellington Village,
Ilillier, across the peninsula to Belleville . But, while improvements
of this description arc in contemplation, it must not be forgotten that
the period is not ftir distant when the East Lake in Hallowcll must
be cleared out, and a canal suitable for the passage of the Lake
Ontario steamboats, cut from thence to Hallowell Village. Such an
improvement af. this, would, in our opinion, not only lessen the
distance from Kingston to York, and make the navigation less
dangerous, but would afford a safe and commoilious harbour.''

Eailways. — At the present day Canada, in addition to the unsur-
passed water ways through her vast extent, has the greatest num-
ber of miles of railway according to inhabitants in any part of the
world. In 1832, the Liverpool and Manchester Itailroad was
completed, which was "the great precurser of all railroads."
Fourteen years later, 184G, a movement was initiated at Kingston
to build a road from Wolfe Island, through Kingston to Toronto,
and a survey was ordered to bo made. A part of the " Report of
the Preliminary Sui'vey of Wolfe Island, Kingston and Toronto
Eailroad," is now before us, signeil by James Cull and Thomas
Gore. Civil Engineers. In addition the engineering results of the
Preliminary Sui've}', they give in an appendix, the grounds upon
which they form their opinion as to the probable cost and revenue.
It w^ould be interesting to give their statements in full did space
allow

" Another scheme. — Tlie Picton Sun is advocating the building
of a raih-oad, running through the County of Prince Edward, and
terminating at Long Point, whence freight and passengers could
bo shipped to the United States."

i!!

! ■.

••<

614

POPULATION.
THE INCREASE OF POPULATION.

It is a common belief amonic the Americans, a belief which is
shared iu by the few Annexat ioniHts living in Canada, that increase of
poitulation, iiroduetivoness of the soil, and general advance of civili-
zation, lire very much greater in the several States of the Union than
iu Canada. JS^othing can bo farther from the truth. Upper Canada
especially, has '(uite outstripped, oven the mo.st prosperous of all
tlie original .States of the Union. A comparison of the statistics of
the two countries shows this to be undoubtedly the case. The
fbllowiiig paragraph, taken i'rom a valuable little work by Dr. Lillie,
atlbrds some idea of the relative progress of the two countries.

He says, " The rate at which Canada West is growing, and has
been for the last twenty or thirty years, equals, if it does not more
than equal the growth of the vevy best of the Wosteri; States. It
will bo seen from the United States census, that the three States of
Ohio, Michigan, and Illinois, contained in 1830, 1,126,851. In 1850,
they contained 355,000, a little over 320 per cent, in twenty years.
Canada West contained in 1830, 210,473, in 1749, it contained 791,-
000, which is over 375 per cent, of the same period of twenty years.
So that increase in the three choice States was 55 per cent. lesB
than that of Canada West during the same time."

And with i-ospect to the products of the two countries, there is
found the same proportion in favor of Catuula. So also with regard
to vessels, " in proiK)rtion to population the tonjiage of Canada
more tlian equals that of the United States." And if we look at
the various internal impn/vcinents as to canals, railroads, we find
that Canada stands pre-eminent in these things.

Yet, in the face of these facts wo can find persons to say, and
so believe that Canada is behind the Statt^s in enterprise.

If wo Ti'gard Lower Canada, it is found that the growth of
population is vastly greater than the States of Vermont and Maine,
lying along iier Ijordcr. Taking Caniula as a whole, it is seen
" tliat as compared with the States, which in 1S50 had a popidation
as great as her own, the di-clmal rate of increase was greater than
in any of those States, with one solitary exception.

" That in nine years to their ten, she lessened by two the num-
ber of States which in 1850 li.id a population exceeding hers.

"Tiial she maintained a decima! rate of increase greater than
that of the whole United States, not including the Western States
and Territories, but including California and the other States and
Territories on the Pacific.

LOWER CANADA AND ADJOINING STATES.

615

" That Upper Canatla maintained a deciinal rate of inoroaso
^Toater ]^' one-half than that of the whole United States and Ter-
ritories — more than double that of all the United States, excluding
the Western States — and only fallin,^: short of the increase in the
Western States and Territories by 7 per cent.

" That in nine years to their ten, she passed four States of the
Union, Avhich ''n 1850, had a population oxceedint^ hers, leaving at
the date of the last census only live States which exceeded her in
population.

The population of fVench Canada at the time of the revolution,
did not much exceed 70,000. Since that time the increase of popu-
lation in Lower Canada has been steady ; not from immigration, so
much us from early marriages. In the year 1783, there wore by
enumeration 113,000. In 1831, the French had increased 400,000.
As we have said this was duo to their social habits.

The loyalists and soldiei*s that settled in Western Canada in
1783-4-5, were estimated at 10,000. It has been stated that when
Canada was divided into two Provinces in 1791, the inhabitants had
increased to 60,000 J but thin is doubted by some. It is said that
the number did not exceed 12,000. McMullen puts it at 20,000.
The increase of population up to the time of the war of 1812, was
by no means rapid, at that time they numbered about 70,000 ;
1822, 130,000; in 1837, 396,000. The number of inhabitants in
1^52 was somewhere about 500,000.

Coming to the Midland Districts, the tow^nships around tho
bay, it is found that hero advancement was greater than elsewhere
for many years.

Eobert Gourlay sought information from the several townships
of tho Province in 1817, in resjionse it is stated, among other things,
that " tho number of inhabited houses now is about 550 ; population
about 2,850. This enumeration includes tho town of Kingston,
which contains 450 houses, and 2,250 souls. Thomas Markland
says, 26th November, 1818, "The reports from this district (Mid-
land) being few in proportion and eovei'ul of these iri'egnlar, J can-
not give an exact csitimate of the )>opulati()n, but the following will
not be far wrong : — Kingston, Ernesttown, Adolphustown, and
Thurlow, contain 7,083. Fredericksbnrgh, Marysburgh, Ilallowell,
Ameliasburgh, and Sidney, 5,340. Pittsburgh, with Wolfe Island,
Loburoi'^h, Poi'tlnnd, Camden, IJichmoud, and Bawd on, will not
average above 300 each, a total of 1,800. In Huntington, I heard
only of five settlers — say 24. Total Avhite population 14,855;
Indians 20U. Total number of houses in JNlidlaud district was 900
Thomas Markland. A rejjort before nie made in October 1826, by
John Portt, says the total number of white inhabitants oi Tycndin-
iiiixui is 27.

' i

DIVISION XII

THE UNITED EMPIRK LOYALISTS— THE FATHE17S OF

UPPER CANADA.

CHAPTER LXIX.

CoHTiNTs — Definition — A division — Their principles — i)ur position — Anc> "try —
Dtitci) — I'lu-itims — Huuiieijots — New iiociu'llc — Knglisli writers — Tnlliot —
Fiilsi'hoods — Ciiniidiaii and Eii,c;iish iinceHtry — Howisou — Malij^ncr — (iour-
lay's reply— Palatines — Old names.

_, , , _ ., ANCESTKY OP TUB U. E. LOYAMSTS.

Uiiilcr this (losijfualion allusion h made to all who loft, or were
coin))cllo(l to h.'.avc, the revolting colonies, and Independent States,
and who Kouijht a home in Ihe wilderncHS of Canada. Tliorc is, how-
ever, a class which will bo si)ccially referred to, who, in subsequent
years, were placed upon the " U. K. list/' and who, by virtue thereof,
secured imjiortant privilecjes to themselves and family.

The United Empire Loyalist, was one who advocated, or wished
to Iiavc maintained, the imlty of the British ev}pire, who felt ns much
a Briton in the colony of America, as if lie were in oh Kngland ; who
desired to perpetuate British rule in America ; not biindly believing
thjxt no imperfections could exist in such rule, but desiring to seek
reform in a conservative spirit. This class, we have seen, l)ccanie, as
the tide of rebellion gained strength and violence, excee<lingly
obnoxious to those in i-ebellion a'^ainst their King and countrv. It
will be convenient to divide them into three classes, viz., (1.) Those
who were forced to leave (hiring the contest, many of whom took
part in tlie war ; (2.) Thos«j who were driven aw.iy after the war,
because they were known or suspected to have sympathy with the
the loyalist party, and (3.) Those M'ho would not remain ^^ the Re-
public, who vohintarily forsook the land of their birth or adoption,
and removed to a country which acknowledged the sovereignty of
the King of England. Many of this noble class relinquishetl comfort-

ii\\

FOURTH OP JULY ORATIO.-O.

617

able homes, ralhor thiiii live under uii alien flag; they preferred, aho\-e
all measure, to enter a wilderness and hew out a new lioinc. They
would live anywhere, endure any toil, uiKlertifo any jirivation, so long
as they were in the King's doiiii'Mon, and the good old flag waved
over their head, and their fa'iiilies. It was oft declared that their
bones should lie on the Kujg's soil. These sentiments are taken, not
from the imagination, but f'rori the accumulated testimony of those
who have supplied statements of family history. Elsewhere it has
been shewn how cruel were the persecutions ma<le against the "tories,"
how relentless the spii'it of vengefulness. All this, it may be said by
some, should be forgotten, — buried in the past, with the whigs and
tories, both of whom committed errors and outrages. Under certain
circmustances this would be the jiroper course — the course indicated by
the great Kuler ; but, regarding the Ignited States in the light derived
from the statesmen, orators, and the press, it cannot for a moment
be allowed. Until the descendants of those who successfully rebelled
in 1776, cease to vilify our fathers; until they can find other subject
matter for their fourth of July orations, than foul abuse of our
counti'y ; until they can prodtice school-bot»ks which are not stained
by unjust and dishonest representations; and books of a religious
nature which are not marred by unchristian, not to say untruthful,
statements respecting liritain and her colonius. Until the " Great
Eepublio " can rise above the petty course of perpetuating old feuds,
we catmot — we whose fathers sutl'ered, cannot ')e required to shut
our mouths, and thereby seemingly ac<4uiesce in iheir uncharitable and
malignant charges against the U. E. Loyalists. Washington was a
rebel as much as Jeflferson Davis, and history will accord to the
latter a character as honorable and distinguished as the former.
Washington succeeded against, a power that put not I'ortli the
gigantic efforts which the United States did to subjugate the States
over which Jofl'orson Davis presided. By the events of the civil
war in the United States, we, the descendants of those who occupied
the same relative position in the American Revolution, feel it right
to be guided.

The most of (ho loyalists wore Americans by birth. Their
feelings of attachment 1o the i-ealm, preponderated over the attach-
ments w'.ich bound them to the homes of 'their childhood and
maturor years. The great majority of those who settled Upper
Canada were from the Provinces of New York, Peutylvania, and
the Now England States. New York, originally a Dutch colony,
had many loyal sons. Indeed this state was ilragged into the

U<1

618

IITTOCrENOTg.

I »

; r w

!*.•

rebellion. It follows that a poodly number of the settlors around
the bay were of Dutch extract 'on, and possessed all the honesty
and imlustry peculiar to that pi ;)le. The U. K. list, and the larger
list of refugees, include a lar<;i number of names unmistakably
.Dutch. But there came from this state as well, many a true son
of England, Ireland, and Scotland, with a sprinkling of the Hugue-
nots, and the Germans, the last of whom began to emigrate to
America in 1710. Many of the settlers of Upper Canada may
point with ])rido to their Dutch forefathers. Many Canadians have
an equal right also to boast of their Puritan fathers. They more
especially may ])oint to the justice-loving ones who came to
America with honest William Penn, whoso son was also a refugee
from the State his father founded, not by taking I'urceablo posses-
sion, but by buying the land from the Indians.

Among the devoted band of firm adherents to ti.e British Crown
were not a few of the descendants of the Huguenots, whose fathers
had been expatriated by the King ot Fi'an(!o, because they were
Protestants, and who had found safe homes in England. So early
as 1686, a number of Huguenots found their way to Amerca. And
from time to time, accessions were made to the number by omigra
tion. They mostly settled in Westchester County, New York, in
1689, where a tract of land was purchased for them by Jacob Leisler,
of the Admiralty, and there founded a town called New Ilochollo,
after Rochelle iu Franco, noted for the stand its inhabitants took
against Roman Catholicism. In 1700, New Eochelle had become
quite a place, and here was found, when the rebellion had com-
menced, "a vast number of Militia officers loyal to the backbone."
— (Ruttan).

The ancestry of the U. E. Loyalists has been called in question,
not by the rebels alone, but by British subjectM. The few instances
constitute, fortunately, but e.Kceptions to a general rule. Travelers
from Great Britain havo rej)eatedly, ])erhaps we may say persis-
tently, displayed an astonishing amount of ignorance of the
people of Canada and iU society. Allowance can bo made for a
certain amount of egotism, but downright bias is unworthy a high-
minded M iter. Incapable of examining an}' subject, except from
a stand point e-xclustvoly English, they havo found no ditflculty in
atti'ibuting the most unworthy and even scandalous causes to a state
of society to them unusual, and seeminj^ly abnormal. Perhaps no
writer has so disgraced himself, in writing aboutCunada, as Talbot.
Certainly no o/ie more ignobly essayed to injure Canadian reputa-

FALSE WRITKRS.

619

ar» around
lo honesty
tho larger
nirttnkably
a true son
t,ho Huguo-
migrulo to
anada may
.diauH have
Thoy more
came to
> a refugee
iblo posses-

•itish Crown
hose fathers
thoy were
I. So early
orca. And
■ by omigra
cw York, in
icob Leislor,
)\v Kochello,
jitants took
J ad become
[1 had com-
backbone."

in question,
3W in><tanco8
Travelers
say per si H-
Incc of tho
I made for a
rthy a high-
jsxcept from
Idifficulty in
les to a state
Perhaps no
la, as Talbot,
liau reputa-

tion in Groat Britain than he. " Mr. Tall)ot has stated in his l)ook
that most of tho Canadians are descended from private soldiei's or
settlors, or tho illegitimate offspring of some gentlemen, or his
servant." The writer had no scruples in publishing a falsehood.
Full well ho know how noble had been tho conduct of the U, B.
Loyalists as a class; who relinguishod property, homos, — every-
thing for a cause dear to their heart. Private soldiers indeed !
They thought it no-disgrace to enter tho ranks to help to suppress
an unrighteous rebellion. And the descendants of tho private
soldiers feel it an honor to claim them for sires. Mr. Talbot, we
are informed, camo to Canada to speculate in lands; and his record
does not justify him in casting a stigma upon the fathers of Canada.
Could wo accept a Slanderous statement as true, yet tho question
might bo raised : — Is not their origin as g(Kxl as many of tho great
houses of Great Britain would be found, wore we enabled to trace
back their pedigree. Proltably, at the present time, and perhaps
at no time, did more than a few read the pages of Mr. Talbot's
production. But lost there might come a time when the false
statements should bo reiterated, we felt it our duty to thus advert
to tlic t.ubjoct.

-'■nother writer, to whom it may bo well to refer, is one Dr.
John Ilowison, who wrote Sketches of Upper Canada. His know-
ledge of Canada was pretty much confined to the Niagara district.
Hear what the great (?) man said of the inhabitants. " They are
still the untutored incorrigible beings that they probably wore,
when the ruffian remnant of a disbanded regiment, or tho outlawed
refuse of some J)uix)j)ean nation, they sought rofugo in the wilds of
Upper Canada, aware that thoy would neither find moans of bu1>
sistance, nor bo countenanced in any civilized country. Their
original depravity luis been confirmed and increased by the oircmn-
stances in which tho}'^ are now placed." This is a pleasant picttire
that the accomplished doctor draws of our lorofathors. The vory
flagrancy of the falsehood has rendered tho above statement as
harmless as the doctor's rejiutation is unknown. It is but too
common a story for a stupid Englishman, with no other ideas than
those derived li'om supriime egotism, to pass through our country,
and after merely glancing at the outside of everything, proceed to
give an account of tho people of Canada. But this liowisoii was
either guilty of drawing his views froni Yinikeo siiurcos. or of giving
vent to some spiteful fooling. Robert Gimrlay, who was no tory,
referring to tho above Htatonient, speaks in this way : — " itis not true,

620

FALSE WRITERS.

it 18 not fair, it in not iliscroct. TJie first aottlors of Uppor Cunadn, in
my opinion, wero wronj^ Iieadod mon as to politics ; but thoy wore far
from boin/j^ bad-hoarted mon, and anything but " the ruffian rumnnnt
of a disbanded roginaont." Thoy wore soldiers who had done thoir
doty: who had rofrauled with roveronco their oath of allogianco ;
who had risked thoir lives a hundred times over a support of thoir
principles ; who hail sacrificed all which the world in fiieneral holds
dear, to maintain thoir loyalty and honor. They wore anything
but tho "outlawed refuse of some European nation. Thoy adhered
to the laws of Britain ; and for tljo law3 of Britain they bled. Thoy
did not "seek rofuy;o in the wilds of Upper Canada, aware they
would neither tind means of subsistence, nor bo countenanced in
any civilized country." It is a libel on tho British Governmeut to
say they souj^ht reliige, and a libel on common sense to say that
mon, who resolved to earn their bi'oatl by labour, under the worst
circumstances in tho world, could not tind means of subsistenco
any\vhero else. Tho whole passage is untrue, is shameful, and Dr.
Howison should apologize for it in tho public prints of this country.
These very fanners whom he scandalizes 8> cruelly, stood up for
British iTOVornmont most noble during the 'ate war, (1812), many
of them lost their all at that time (in .Niugai'a District), and to
many of them the British Government is now deeply indebted.
The mass of first settlors in Upper Canada were true*mi'n, and to
this day there is a peculiar cast of goodness in their natures, which
distinguishes ihem from thoir neighbours in tho United .States.
There wero among them ruffians of the very worst description.
His AJajesty's ministers needed sj)io8, ami horse stealers, and liars,
and pei'jured villians ; and America furnished such characters, just
as England can furnish an Oliver and an Edward. Why should
a whole people be slandered because of a few? Dr. Howison wroto
in Canada only to trifle, and now we see the consummation, weseoa
book vory well written; very readable as a romance — the tale of a
weak man ; but us it affects men, worse than trifling — scandalous.
To say all the ill he could of Canjida, and no good of it is imfair —
is deceitful — after ail, in his parting exclamations, ho "spoke about
the hap})}'- shores of Canada." The refined Di*. Uowison, it would
soem, remembered "many civilities" from the Canadians; but
because he could not appreciate tho nobility of n.ituro when crowned
by the rough circuirtstauces of pioneer life, he must needs write a
libel. No doubt his mind was influenced by Yankee tales of
Butlers' Hangers, and perhaps his exquisite sensibility vas wounded,

PALATINES.

621

forsooth, because n Canadian would not touch h'm hat to him."
Robert frourlay wan a friend to Canada, a friend to humanity; ho
was not always right; but he waH far more correct wliilo in Canada
than those who persecuted him. Ife was a patient arid close
observer, and made himself thoroughly acquainted with Canada,
and hi'^ statement in reply to Howison's utterances are fully satis-
fying What was true of the settlers at Niagara, must remain true
of the whole class of U. K. LoyaliKts. Notwithstanding the many
adverse circumstances — the earnest contest for life, the daily
struggle for food, their isolation <\Y>m the influenccH of civilized life,
the absence of regular ministiTw ot' tlu- gospel, notwith«taiiding all,
the old soldiei*8 constituted a l»»nd oi pioneers infinitely better than
those who form the outer belt of settlers, at the present day, in the
Western States.

As intimated, not a H^W ot the V. K. lioynKsts were <lleacen-
dants of those who \m\ likewise U^vn dnvon, by pi'i-seeution, from
their hon\ox, Theve wo»v not only the chiblien of tbo noble old
Huguenots, but a goovl many German Irishnen, calleid I'ulatinoB.
They originullv oi\n\v^ tVom tht* Palatinate of the Khine, once the
possession of \hv» House of Palatine. The Palatines were ProtestAnts,
and during the seventeenth century, were exposed to the most cruel
barbarities. They fled in thousands to the friendly camp oi' the
Duke of Marlborough, when commander of the allied armies. In
1709, Queen Anne sent aHeet to Kotterdam for the distressed Pala-
tines, and carried about 7,t)00 to K'lgland. Ot these, 8,U(iO were
sent to Now York, but finally found homes in Pennsylvania, among
the Quakers. The names of some oi" those are before us, and it
may bo seen they are familiar oncs^ although some of tliem are
somewhat altered.

Frantz Lucas, Doitrich Klein, Conrad Frederick, Ludwig,
Henrich Newkirk, Keiser, John Mortan, (Pauper Hartwig, Christo-
per Warner, Hermanus Hott'man, liudolph Netf, Schmidt, Schu-
macher, Lonhard, John Peter Zenger, Philip MulU'r, Schatter, Peter
Wagner, Straule, Henrich Man, Eberhard, Kremer, Franke Ross,
Peter Becker, Christian Meyer, (rodfry Fidlor, Weiler, George
Mathias, Christo, Hagedom, Fink, John William Dill, Bernard,
Conradt, Bellinger.

*' Of those who remained, five hundred families removed to
Ireland, and settled, principally, in the County of Limerick."
Among their names we find, Baker, Barham, IJarrabier, Bennoser,
Bethel, Bowen, Bowman, Bovinezer, Brethower, Cole, Coach, Cor-

622

ANCIBNT NAMES.

i 1 ■"

I >:

noil, Cronsbcrry, Dobe, J)iilii»aKO, Kmbury, Fiz/.lo, GrunHO, (trior,
Ucck, llotl'maii, Jliflo, lleiivonor, Ozior, (prcjbnbly liuzior of our
day), Lnwronco, Lowel*, lUiinoheart, Koso, Uodoiibiuther, Ilucklo,
ywitzcr, Hparling, Stuck, St. Jobn, St. Lodjror, Stron^bs Sloopor,
Shooiiuikor, Shior, Smeltzer, Sboultaoo, Sbavowiso, Tcsby, (probably
Detlor of our clay), TottUir, Ui*wholbauf^b, Williaina, and Younj;.
I A curtain nunii)or of thu I'aUitincH 8ottlod at tbo(iorman Fiatu,
many of whom, bcinfjj Loyalintu, woi*o obliged to 1» iivo ; and bocorno
pionoors in Canada. LikowiNo, v/cw thoro many from other parts
of tho State, and from I'oiuihylvania.

In tho oarly history of Now York State, may be found many
names, generally Dutch-like, closely i-esombling those of tho fii-st
Hottlorb of Western Canada.

In a letter, dated " Albany, 30 July, 1689," wo find tho
names of Capt. Blocker and D. Myei-s.

At a convention at Albany, Oct. 24, 1669, was prusent, among
others, Cert Hyoi-se, Jan Jenso lilcoker.

" Pn)po»als niado to yo people, Albany, yo 5 day of November,
1689, by 40 inhabitants," among which is Jacob Yanden Bogaert.

" At a meeting, at Albany, 28th March, 1690," were present,
Gert liyersou, John Pieterson, llondriok Hodgeman, (llagorman).

At a meeting in Albany, after tho massacre of Schenectady,
February 9, 1690, to an'ango for defending against tho Fi'onch
and Indians, and to bury the dead ; there were, among 60 others
present, D. Wosstds, liector, J. Bleeckcr, Aid. liyckman, Ens.
Bonnet.

In the list of those killed at Schenectady, arc several of the
Vroomans, Symon. Skomerhoorn. "Taken prisoners at Skinnech-
tady, and carried to Canaila yo 9th day of February, 16g." " John
Wemp, bonno of Myndt& 2 negroes, and 26 others."

In a list of oflScera in the Province of New York, 1693, members
of Council — are found Phillips, Brook, Lawrence, Young, Mai-shall,
Shaw, Evotts, (probably Everit), Handcock, Dirck Wossels, Eecorder
at Albany; Beekraan, llowoll. Barker, Piatt, Whitehead, Harrison,
Hageman, Strycker, Willct. Among the militia officers, N. Yorrk,
1700, we find Booth, Moore, Wheler, Hubbe, Kechum, Frederick,
Daniel Wright ; Eobert Coles ; Lake, Hegemen, Evert, Bogardus,
Hosbrooko. Eose.

List of inhabitants in County of Orange, 1702, wo find —
Goritsson, (Garrison), Eeynersson, (Byorson), Ceniff, Mioyer,
(Meyer,) Weller, Coepor, Morritt.

MOHAWK VALIJ6Y IN OLDE^f TIMRS.

623

WO, Cirior,
zior of our
er, Ilueklo,
o, Sleeper,
', (probal)ly
I Youn^.
rmnii Flats,
and bocoino
athor parts

bund many
of tho fiwt

ivo fiud tho

sent, among

f November,
n Bogaort.
ere present,
[llagerman).
Schenectady,
the French
g GO othorB
Ickman, Ens.

ivoral of the
lat Skinnech-
ks." " John

J93, members
ig, Mai-shall,
[els, Eecordor
Harrison,
3, N. Yorrk,
Frederick,
l-t, BogarduB,

wo find—
liff, Mioyer,

Fii'oholdors of tijo city and county of Albany, 1720, WillianiH,
Van AUn, Holland, CollinH, Van r)ykc, several Blocker's ; Cornelius
Boarghuert, V^uudusen, Moelo, Weomp, (Wcnip), Truoux, Van
Vulkonburgh, Iluyck, (iardimor. Diiignuiiis, VanAUtine, C'ounriMU,
Ham, Luykc, Decker, J'^hoIhuuo, Fritt«, (iuuckenboew,((^uac'kenbuhli)
Van JionHiilacc

in the war of tho Indians, at tho battle <>\' Point IMoasant, 1TT4,
there was killed, among others, lOiisign Candill'.

Tho following wo take I'rom tho Schenectady Eveniiuj Star :

Valley ok thk .Mohawic in Oldkn Times. — Schoharie — The
Vroomans. — When tho Schohaiio sottlonionts wore invaded by tht*
British, under Colonel Butler, in tho year ITHi*, the following
persons, among others, wore murdered by tho Indians: Tunis
v''rooman, his wife and son, and on tMs occasion i<]phraim Vro«)man
and his two sons, Bartholomew, Johias and John Vrooman, Bartho-
lomew Vrooman, Jr., and bin wife and n( ii Jacob, were takon
prisoners, Tho wife and daughterof Kphraim Vrooman was killed
ny an Indian named 8eth liendrick. Air. E. Vif)oman, while on his
way to Canada, whither he was* carried in captivity, was under tho
immediate charge of Seth Hojidrii^k, who treated him with much
kindness. There wore two or three Indians who accompanied Soth.
These before they m-rived at tlicir ilestlnation, grew tired of their
prisoner, and proposed to despatch him. Mr. Vroon\an overlieard
the conversation, which was conducted in a whisper, and repeated
it to liendrick. liendrick assured liim in tho most positive muuner,
that " not a hair of his head should bo touched," and gave his
companions a severe reprimand for their ungenerous conspiracy.
After the termination of tho Eovolutioimry contest, liendrick paid
Mr. Vrooman a visit, and apologised for his conduct during the war,
in the strong, metaphorical language of his nation : *' The toma-
hawk," said ho, "is used only in war; in time of peace it is buried;
it cuts down the sturdy oak as well as the tender vino ; but I (laying
his hand on Mr. Vrooman's shoulder) saved tho oak."

" Eva's Kill. — Tho civok which runs through the village of
Cranosvillo has, for tho last ninety years, been known as I']va's Kill,
or creek. It owes this name to tiie circumstance of a woman named
Eva being mui'dered near itu banks. In tho year 1755 Mrs. Van
Alstine, from Canojoharie, traveled through this place on her way
to this city to visit her parents. She was on horseback, and had
her daughter with her, a child about f(mr years of age. A party of
Fi'cnch and Indians had just arrived from Canada, and wore prowling
about with murderous designs on tho defenceless inhabitants of the
Mohawk Valley. Espying Mrs. Van Alstine, they marked her for
their proy. They pouuced upon, wounded and scalped her, left her
as they supposed, dead on tho margin of tho creek which bears her
name. Her daughter they took to Canada. After they had departed,
Mrs. Van Alstine partially recovered, and mustered strength enough

IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)

1.0

I.I

1.25

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1^ IM

2.2

^i^

Hiotographic

Sciences

Corporation

23 WEST MA:N STREET

WEBSTER, N.Y. US80

(716) 872-4S03

1»\

'<^

'*6

1. 1 1

*-'i

■ r

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624

ORIGINAL NAMES IN LONQ ISLAND.

to crawl to the river, on the opposite shore of which she saw some
men standing, to whom she beckoned. She feared to speak lest she
should bo overheard by her enemies who were still in the neighbor-
hood. These men came over cautiously, and conveyed her safely
to her agonized parents. She lingered nine or ten days in a state
of extreme suffering, when she gave up the ghost. Her daughter's
liff' was spared, and she, in time, was restored to her friends."

In 1750-60, are found the names of Jordan, Dunham, Gi-ant, Har-
kamor, Spenser, Peterson, Wilson, Church, Devenport, Kemp,Gibson.

Census of New York, about 1703. Amongst others, Vanhorn
Larrance, Loukes, Vandewater, White, Hams, Wessels,Wm. Taylor,
Johnston, Vesey, Bogert, Oastrom, Waldron, Davis, Marshall, Clapp.

Census of Long Island, 1673. — Jacobs, Carman, Symonds, Beedel,
Allen, Williams, Valentyn, EUesson, (probably Allison), Osborne,
Hobbs, Soddard, Ellison, Foster, Mott, Applebe, Persell, Truax,
Hoyt.

The Roll of those who have taken the oath of allegiance, Sep-
tember, 1687: PeCer Strykcr, native of the Province; Cornells
Pertise, (Peterson), native; Beakman,. native; Gerrit Dorlant,
native; Joseph Hagemen, (Hagerman), 37 years; Adrien Eyerse,
41 years. Living in Breucklyn (Brooklyn) : Covert, native ;
Bogaert, 35 years ; Jan Fredericks, 35 years ; Pieter Corson native ;
Caspere, (Casper) ; Jacobus Vande Water, (Vandewater), native ;
Dirck Janse Waertman, (Wartman), 40 years ; Van Clief, De Witt,
Loyse, Waldron, Willensen, Badgely, Culver, Jessop, Rogers
Diamond, Erie, Butler, Johnes (Jones), Whiting; Arnold, Wash-
bourn, Way, Harton, Booth, Bradly, Goldsmith, Giles, Baily^
Osmond, Carey, Case, Miller, Garitson.

r, ( A

0^1 u;

CHAPTER LXX.

Contents — Character— Hospitality — At home — Fireside-- Visitors— Bees—Raisings
Easter Eggs — Dancing — Hovington House — Caste—Drinks — Horse-racing —
Boxing — Amusements-La Crosse — Duels — Patriotism — Annexation — Free-
dom — Egotism— The Loyalists— Instances — Longevity — Climate of Canada
A quotation — Long li^'ed— The children — The present race — A nationality
Comparison — " U.E. Loyalist" — Their Privileges — Order of Council — Dissa-
tisfaction.

CHAEACTEB, CUSTOMS, AMUiKMENTS, PATRIOTISM, AGB AND DESCEN-
DANTS OP THE U. E. LOYALISTS.

When we compare the motives which actuated all classes of
those who adhered to the Crown with the rebels in their various

HOSPITALITY.

625

aw Bome
\s. lest she
aeighbor-
lor safely
in a state
laughter's
ids."

rant, Har-
ap.Gibson.
Vanhorn,
m. Taylor,
lall, Clapp.
ids.Beedol,
I, Osborne,
ell, Truax,

iance, Sep-
) ; Cornells
■it Dorlant,
ien Byerse,
srt, native -,
rson native ;
er), native;
ef, De Witt,
op, Rogers
nold, Wash-
iles, Bailyj

iBees-Raisings
torse-racing —
lexation— Free-
liato of Canada
La nfttionality
fcouncil— DiHsa-

Lnd descbn-

Lll classes of
Vheir various

grades, we feel to exult and express sincere thankfulness that the
fathers of Upper Canada were honest, devoted, loyal, ti'uthful, law-
abiding, and actuated by the higher motives which spring from
religion. The habits of the loyalists were simple, and comparatively
free from immorality. Their love of order and adherence to law is
noteworthy. No people in the world have been characterised by so
firm and devoted adherence to the established laws than the U. E.
Loyalists. Never deprived of that freedom which ennobles tne man,
they always abominated that monstrous offshoot of republican liberty
whioh teaches a man to take the law in his own hands. In later
years in Canada some strife has been witnessed between parties whO'
have introduced their national feuds from the old country. But
those who fought in the revolutionary war, and who mainly assisted
to ('rive back the invading foe in 1812, have always been peace-
loving citizens. Lynch Law, (a term derived from a man of that
name living in South Carolina, who constituted himself the arbiter
betweea any contestants, and to their satisfactio'h) has always been
held in utter detestation.

The settlers were always hospitable. The circumstances of
their life, in which they so often were cast upon the care and atten-
tion of others, made each experience the deep feeling of gladness •
to have a visitor, whioh belongs to a sense of kindness received.
In this they differed widely from the people of the more Northern
States. Strangers were never turned away, and a clergyman, no
matterof what denomination, was received "right gladly." The
Rev. Mr. Smart says that he was often up the Bay in his early
days of ministerial labor, and he was ever treated by the inhabitants
of all classes with great hospitality. And after a few years had
worn away, carrying with them the burden of many heart sorrows,
there came an occasional opportunity to exchange friendly hospi-
tality. Visiting indeed became a regular " institution," to borrow
a Yankee phrase. Near neighbours would of an evening call in,
uninvited, to spend the evening, and talk over the times, present,
past and coming. Sometimes visits were made to friends a long
distance off, going by canoe or batteau, or perchance on horseback,
by a bridle-path, with saddle-bags containing oats for the horse.
But the winter visits were characterised more especially by genial
hospitality. On such occasions the hostess brought forth things
new and old. Choice viands, carefully stored away, were brought
to the light. The first fruits of the soil were lavishly spread upon
the unassuminer boaixl. The famine of 1787-8, and the subsequent
40

npi

I 'P ^

626

FAMILY VISITING.

lack of the necessaries of life, and the .total absence of luxuries for
many a year, had the effect of intensifying the value that might
naturally bo placed upon plenty and luxury. To be truly enter-
taining to guests, was to set before them a feast of good things.
Hence it came in the later yoai's of the country that
the table ot the well-to-do farmer always groaned with sub-
stantials and delicacies. On those occasions the old soldier re-
counted his deeds of warfare, and hair-bi-eadth escapes, and his
struggles in the wilderness. The blazing hearth became the centre
of attractive conversation, and lit up the hardy faces of the pioneers,
and the milder countenances of their wives and daughters, while
in the back ground m,ight be seen the bright eyes of the children,
listening to the tales that wore told. The j'oungcr ones had been
ordered off to bed, but they lie wakeful in their bunks, which were
in the same room, to catch the ever flowing talk. The conversa-
tion at these times did not always relate to those matters above
stated, it often took*a mysterious turn, and ghosts became the sub-
ject of their evening's talk. The above is not from imagination,
but in substance from the lips of more than one, who remembers
to have occupied the little bunk and listened upon many an even-
ing to the conversations. .jvyuH

Family visiting was a commonjmode of exchanging civilities.
It was necessary because of the widely separated hoiises. The
evenings were times of the most pleasing reunions. Every log
house possessed a large Dutch fireplace, into which was placed
a back log of immense size, while upon the hand irons, or, as at
first, largo square stones was heaped light dry wood which sent
forth a chcoi'ful blaze. By the light tlius made there would be in
the fall and winter carried on various household duties, each family
was to a great extent dependent upon themselves for almost every
thing required upon a farm, or about a farm-house. The wife
would be busy carding, or making clothes of home-made linen, or
of cloth. The daughters would be employed in mending or darn-
ing. The farmer would be engaged' in making or repairing har-
ness, or boots, or " fixing " an implement of husbandry, while the
son would bo fashioning an axe-helve, or an ox-yoke, or whittling a
whip handle. The simple meal, though of a homely fare, was
satisfying, for their taste was not pampered by unnecessary luxu-
ries when alone. But when company came everything was
changed. The work was put aside, and they set themselves out
to make their visitors enjoy themselves. They would encircle the

BKES.

turies for
liat might
Illy ontor-
3d thingB.
itry that
with sub-
boldicr re-
>s, and his
) the centre
10 pioneers,
tors, while
JO children,
s had been
which were
convorsa-
.ttera above
die the sub-
magination,
remembers
ay an evon-

ig civilities.

loiises. The
Every log
was placed

3, or, as at
which sent
rould be in
, each family

[dmost every

The wife

le linen, or

jng or d'^rn-

Ipairing har-
whilo the

■r whittling a

iy faro, was

(essary luxu-

rything was

pms^lvos out

encircle tho

wide and glowing firo, and indulge in tho most aminblo talk.
There was no sj^irit of envy in their midst, but u quiot content and
thankfulness that tho wilderness was beginninj< to blossom. The
triumphs of the ^^ast would be duly recounted, and tho future
looked forward to with highest hopes. Plans wouki bo canvassed
and laid for tho children, while apples, cider and nuts would receive
due attention by all. At these meetings were often the
young folks — marriageable daughters and sons who had been pre-
paring to go on tho other farm, or back hundred acres where a log
house was partially erected ; before long the companj' would be
divided into two distinct groups, the old and tho young. Some-
times matters would be managed that tho older ones would meet
at one house and the young at another, by which means a more
pleasing state of things was created. But courting, or sparking as
it was termed, was generally done upon Sunday evening. The
day of rest was the only one when the love-sick swain could get
away. And even tho most exemplaiy christians regai-ded " going
to see the girls " on a Sunday night as quite allowable. Then, this
practice favored the desire, so prevalent, to keep secret the inten-
tion of any two to get maiunod.

Visits were made without invitations. To wait for an invita-
tion was .quite contrary to the primitive views of the settlers. The
visit must be a voluntary action. Even to give a hint to one to
make a visit by parties not related was considered as beneath
proper respect. It was a species of independence. " I do'nt want
one to come to my house if he do'nt want to," the phase went in
that way. But there were occasions when invitations werp sent
out, and that was when some help was required ; and to persons
not familiar with the habits, it will seem strange that it was con-
sidered a compliment to get an invitation, and a slight to be neg-
lected. Those invitations were to bo present at bees, and help to
do work. At the first these bees were common, to put up tho log
houses, arid get a little clearing done, by a certain time. But after-'
wards, though less ft'equent, they were of a more pretentious
nature. Eaising Bees were in time, indications of prosperity. A
frame bam or house showed that the farmer was progressing, and
in accordance with the general expectation, treated "the hands"
with the best he had. Then there were, beside the raising bees,
the clearing bees, logging bees, and stone bees, and husking bees,
and in lat«r times apple bees ; and there was the women's bee fop
quilting. All these meetings were of a mof e or less hilarious order.

iii

628

EASTER EGOS.

S J

ti'?

The work was done, and done with a will ; it was a sort of duty —
a matter of principle that either the work should be done, or Sk
proper effort made to that end. For many years apirituous liquors
were dealt out, or set freely before the men, but in time, some^
seeing the evil of drinking, and sometimes fearful of accidentb,
determined to discontinue the custom. Whether drinking was
indulged in or not, all were treated to a glorious supper, generally
of pot-pie and cakes, and pies of pumkin and apple. The women
folks of course, required assistance, and the neighbours would come
to help, so that at night there would be collected a goodly number
of both sexes. Husking bees and apple bees took place at night,
but they did not last so long that no time was allowed for amuse-
ment. And then commenced the play and the dance. At first
these unions and plays were exceedingly harmless and indulged in
with the utmost artlessnoss. The young of both sexes were well
known tp each other, and it was more like a family gathering than
aught else. But now fortunately these bees and kissing-plays are no
longer in vogue. They were natural enough in the days of primi-
tive pioneer life ; but with increasing inhabitants and the addition
of people 01* other countries, they became unnatural*

The breaking up of winter brought to a termination for a time,
all the social festivities. In connection with sugar leaking w(^
her© and there a jovial meeting to " sugar off." '

Aside from the Sabbath there were but few holidays ; and,
with many, Christmas was imperfectly observed. Easter was re.
membered principally because of the feast of eggs on Sunday. At
first, when hons were scarce, it was not every family that had- eggs
on tldkX day, or had enough. So it came to pass tht^t eggs would be
preserved beforehand, not by the natural provider however. The
boys regarded it as their prerogative to hide the eggs for some time
before, and even when it was unnecessary, large members would bo
safely secreted by the young ones. This was generally done hy
t^ie. youngest, old enough ; and ho was to so hide them that no one
could find them. The honor was lost if the eggs were found. The
Eastei' morning consequently was one of anticipation, to see how-
ever many eggs had been preserved.

,....JiXi old settler of Ameliasburgh discourses of Bees in thiswise:
"Bees were great institutions in those days, every settler was
licensed to make two or three each year, provided he furnished a
good "pot pie," and plenty of grog, and never made any objections
to his, guests fighting.. Fighting might take place at any sta^Q. but

AMrSEMENTS.

629

rnol'6 generally bccurroJ after work was clone, before dhd after
supper."

Dancing seems fo have boon particulai^y attractive to almost
all. Almost every neighbourhood or concession had its fiddler, the
only kind of instrumental music of the times. Tho fiddler was
generally an old noldior, who had acquired some knowledge of tho
art of playing during his time of service.

A kind coi-rospondcnt, (Mordcn), has supplied uS pleasing
information, obtained from an old resident of Sophiasburgh. This
person came from Adolphustown, when a girl of fifteen, in tho first
year of the present century. We quote : — "She tells many funny
stories of balls and private " sprees" that they used to have over in
tho Indian woods, at Capt. Isaac's (Hill), an Indian chief, who had
a largo house, which is still occupied, and which appears to have
been the scene of numberless " hops," &c. They could haVC a
civil danco at Captain Isaac's, and it would not cost much. The
Sixth Town youngsters seem to have delighted in patronizing
his house." This young woman married and bec&mo, With her
husband, a pioneer of Amoliasburgh, in lS05. It seems that
those new settlers of the Seventh Town considered theitisehnos
somewhat superior to tho inhabitants generally, and Woiild not join
in their "frolickings," but would occasionally visit Sophiasburgh
for the purpose of having a " spree." This feeling of caste was a
tnatkod feature in the several townships at an early date.

The Hdvington House, situated about sixty rods above the
bridge at Picton, was a place of no little fame. It wad btiilt by one
Hovihgton who came with VanAlstine. It was a lon^ harrow
edifice forty or fifty feet deep, imd about twenty feet broad, and not
very high. It was divided into two portions by a log partition, the
ends of wl>ich projected without. This public house was especiially
for the hen» fit of the settlero at East Lake, in their journeyings back
and forth across the Carrying Place. To use the language of our
informant, " it was a great place to dance and frolic." At stated
times the bay settlers would come even from forty miles distance
Fredericksburgh on the east, and tho Carrying Place and Sidney oh
the west. But now the foundation of tho old building which so
bften resounded to the sounds of mirth, the fiddle, and the tripping
feet, can scarcely be traced.

As a general thing, the hard pinching circumstances of the new
country brought all to a common level, excjptihg a few Govern
tnent officials. But in certain localities there existed a feeling of

K :■!

i, J,

'I'i

630

HORSE RACING.

1 ■• f:

superciliousness, not very deep, but yet it was there. The places,
and the inhabitants thereof, in time, became noted as being "big
feeling" or stylish. Fpr instance, thedenizensof Kingston regarded
the settlors up the bay as somewhat behind them; while the people
of the Fourth Town spoke disparagingly of the Fifth Towuers. By
the settlers of the Sixth and Seventh Towns, the citizens of Sidney
and Thurlow wore looked upon as stylish. But the wheel of fortune
turned with many a one.

Amusement, and diversions of different kinds, when properly
used, are not only allowable, but even salutary to man's physical
and mental state; but if uncontrolled by reason ; if irrational from
want of education, they may easily run into excess and immorality.
To the educated man, who is cast away from all that can supply
food for his mind, there is a terrible danger of seeking unholy
and even vicious sources to allay the constant longing after mental
food. There is likewise a danger of such seeking artificial excite-
ment. To such the evil of intemperance too often comes with over-
whelming waves steadily and certainly flowing. The first settlers
of Upper Canada, when their circumstances are taken into con-
sideration, and the usages of the times, it must be said, were not
particularly addicted to the evil of intemperance. In after years,
this evil did certainly increase ; but at the first, although almost
every one had liquor of some kind in the house, yet the great
majority were guiltless of excess. In those early days, teetotalism
and temperance societies were unknown ; but it must be here men-
tioned that the first temperance society organized in Canada, was
in Adolphustown. The dinnking usages of the day among all classes
led to the erection of distilleries and breweries at an early period.
There was also an extensive traffic in rum, and it is known that
many a one made himself rich by selling to buyers along the bay,
and across the Carrying Place up the lake, even as far as York.

Perhaps the most common out-of-door amusement was horse-
racing, after horses became more general among the settlers. It
was looked upon as dancing was by all, as amusement of the most
unobjectionable character, and it is said of a certain reverend indi-
vidual, that he was accustomed to run horses on his way home after
preaching. Probably this was true, as the same person became a
reprobate. On the occasion of the annual training of the Militia,,
•which took place for many a year, the 4th June, (and this
comes within the writer's recollection) there was, at the different
training places, more or less of hoi'se racing. These races were

CIIARIVARIINO.

631

ho places,
eing "big
1 rogarded
the people
nors. By
of Sidney
of fortune

properly
3 physical
ional from
nniorality.
jan supply
ng unholy
'ter mental
3ial excite-
with over-
rst settlers
into con-
I, were not
ifter years,
igh almost
the great
:eetotai;8m
iei*e men-
anada, was
all classes
rly period,
nown that
g the bay,
York,
was horse-
3ttlere. It
the most
erend iudi-
home after
became a
he Militia,
(and this
) different
races were

made, not by horses trained specially for the purpose, l)ut by such
animals aw were in daily use by the farmers, Komo of which, although
ungainly in looks, and in indift'erent condition, could got over the
ground in a remarkably short time.

Kingston and Newark being militaiy stations, were, from
the presence of officers, who were always gontlomon by birth, more
dignified in the ways of amusement. Not but geutlomon existed
through the country, but not in sufficient numbers to regulate the
modes of pleasure, and give tone to society. The officers were very
fond of horse-racing, and would frequently spend field days, especi-
ally the King's Birthday in testing the mottle of their steeds. At
these there would generally bo a great entertainment by the ladies
who, says JColonel Clai-ko, would bo gorgeously clad in " brilliant
dresees, with thi-eade of silver forming the motto, God save the
King."

A kind of amusement common at the close of the last century,
and the beginning of the present, in America, and to a certain
extent in Canada, was that of boxing — boxing that too often
amounted to brutal fighting. There wore a certain number in every
township who availed themselves of training days to show their
athletic qualifications. Gourlay says, 1817, that " pugilism, which
once prevailed, is now declining." And at the present day, happily,
it is confined to those of a brutish disposition. It is only the lowest
who find amusement in er^aging in, or witnessing pugilistie

encounters. najtair'moy/ et.iii^ion;^ omii'ioit/tHir f./u;

As Upper Canada was, in a limited sense, an off-shoot of Lower
Canada, so but a few of the peculiarities |of Lower Ctuiada wore
introduced to the Upper. One was that of Gharivaning, which means
a great noise with petty music. It was infci'oduced li-om Franco.
The custom is now almost obsolete among us, but time was when it
was quite common. It generally was indulged in at second mar-
riages, or when an unequal match and marriage took place ; when
a young girl married an old man for instance, or if either party were
unpopular. The night of the wedding, instead of being passed in
joyous in-door pleasures by the wedded ones, was made hideous by
a crowd of masked persons, who with guns, tin-pans, pails, horns,
hoi'se-fiddles, and everything else that could be made to produce a
discordant noise, disturbed the night until silenced by a treat, or
money. Sometimes those meetings resulted in serious consequences
to one or more of the party, by the bridegroom resorting to loaded
firearms. > >•■ •■ ^> , • •,.,

■■ I

! !

1 ^

\Il.%

[I yM

i'i^

ill ^i

632

LACROSSE.

Somotimos tho native Indians cuntnbutod to tiio gcnoral umusc-
munt, upon days when thoro was a public gathorini?. Now and
then thoy engaged nlono in certain sports which would be witnessed
by tho whites. Playing ball — bandy-ball, lacrosse, foot-races, and
tho war-dance, wore occasionally engaged in. The present fashion-
able game of lacrosse is of Indian origin, and may well bo remem-
bered by ovory Canadian, and even American. After the conquest
of CanjKla, when the Great Ottawa chief Pontiac had ofl'ected an
alliance of all the western and northern tribes, to destroy the frontier
forts of the British. There wore several iorts, originally French,
aloiig the upper lakes ; two notably, one at Detroit, tho other at
Michilmacinac. Smaller forts had boon attacked and taken, in most
cases by treachery and Indian cunning. Those two forts romuined
untakon. Pontiao devised the plan of pretending to wish for jieace.
With tho ostensible intention of holding a council to make peace,
the chiefs were to enter the forts ; while the Indians, en gaged in ball-
playing along the ramparts, wore to amuse those within tho ramparts.
Th« squaws were to bo present, seemingly as spectators, but in
reality to hold under their blankets, rifles, the ends of which had
been out oft' for concoalment. At a given signal, tho ball was to
be knocked over tho outer defence, and the Indians were to rush in
as if to got it ; but soiidng their rifles from tho women who had
placed themselves conveniently, they were to rush in to slaughter
the unsuspecting inmates. At Michilmacinac this proved successful,
and tho whole garrison was massacred, and Detroit barely escaped
the same fate.

DvsLiiVG. — ^At the time when fierce encounters tookplace between
organieed forces in America, which resulted in the indopendonce of
the United States, and tho settiomont of Upper Canada, the practise
of dueUing obtfuned among tho higher classes. Happily, tiiis heinous
crifne, an outrage against humanity, is no longer tolerated where
British laws and Bi*itish principles of justice and A'oodom have force.
But suck was not the case seventy yeai's ago. The 'early history of
Canada witnessed a few personal engagements of honor. Tho first
duel was between Peter Clark, Chief Clerk of the Legisiative
Council, and Captain Sutherland of tho 25th rcgimenti Tho meet-
ing took ploeo at .''ingston, and Mr. Clark fell fiitally wounded.
This occurred in the winter of 1796. .

On tho22nd July, 1817, a duel was fought between S. P. Jarvis,
Esq., amd Mr. John Bidout. The lattor receixrod a wound in the
chest and died iu about an hour. fiu/Jiieiootq aafl" tbjafw "lo Ji^do od'

LOVB OP COUNTRY.

633

'•DiTRi,. — On Pridny the 11th inst., Aloxandor McMillan, Esquire,
and Aioxanthn' Thoni, KHquire, met in a Held on the Brockvillc Iload,
to decide an affair of honor — the fornier attended by Mr. Radcnhurst,
and the hitter by Mr. Cunmiing. After exchangina; shots, tlie seconds
interfered, and on mutual exi)lanations being made, the niatter ter-
minated amicably. Doctor Thorn received a contusion on the leg."

One of the latest instances in which a duel was fought in Upper
Canada, occurred some forty years ago. The event resulted in the
death of one of the combatants, the other, who was tried for his life,
has now for some years adorned the bench of the Province.

Patriotism. — In no coimtry upon the face of tlio Globe, and at no
period in the history of any country, has ajjpoared a higher or purer
order of patriotism, than is written upon the pages of the history of
British America. British connection is to mostly every son of the land
dearer even than life itself. At least it has been so in resj)ect to those
of whom wo write, the V. E. Loyalists. Co-equal with the love they
have to the British Crown, is the hearty aversion they boar to Re-
pubacanism. Neither the overtures of annexation, nor tho direct and
indirect attempts to coerce, has produced a momentary wavering on
the part of the descendants of the ancient stock. Araorioftns in our
midst have voinly tried to inoculate tho minds of tho people with the
principles of Bcpublican Government ; but the Canadian mind was
too free, the body politic too healthy, tiie system too strong to imbibe
any lasting feeling of desire to change tho tried for tho untried. The
few annexatiomsts who have, from time to time, existed, were but
the fungoid offshoot of a healthy plant. From the time Franklin and
his coadjutors vainly essayed to draw the French Canadian into their
ttefoellions cause, until the present there has boon a frequently mam->
fested desire, on the part of the United St9.tcs, to force iis into tho
union. The contemptible duplicity of Webster, who concealed lErom
Ashbnrton the existence of a second map, wiiereby he tricked
Canada, Yankee like, out of a valuable portion of territory along' the
Atlantic coast, with a view of cutting us off from the ooean. The
declaration of war in 16 12, and the repeated bntunsucoessfnlinvRBiotts
of our Province. The proclamations issued to Oatiadians, by the
would be conquerors, Hull, Wilkinson, and others. Their sympathy
and aid to turbulent spirits in 1836-7. The attempts at bullying
England when she was at war with Bussia. The organization of the
Fenian association, with the publicly avowed purpose of seizing some
portion of our Province. The abrogation of the Reciprocity Treaty,
the object of which was proclaimed by Consul Potter — all along the

-5!

634

OUR LIBERTY.

eighty years' hiHtory of the Uniteil States, in to bo flcim a di.sroputablo
attempt, by all posHJblo means, to bnlly a weaker neighbor. All this
does not become a great, and honorable nation, a nn.ion so extensive,
■vvhose i)eo)>lo are so loud-tongned upon the principles of liberty —
Liberty ! The name with the United States is only syi.ouomous with
their government. They cannot discover that a peoi)U) should be free
to choose their own fonn of government, always excepting those who
rebelled in 17V6. Oh yes! we have liberty to choose; but then wo
mnst choose in accordance with Yankee ideas of liberty. Egotistic
to the heart's core, they cannot understand how we entertain views
dissimilar to tlieii* oavti. How applicable tho words of the immortal
Burns : —

91011

" O wftd some power the giftio gic lis,
To see ourBols hh othors see us :
It Vt'ftd frae iiionie n blunder free us
An' foolish notion."

■p .(

■ll

Without detracting from tho well-known loyalty of tho
other sections of the Proviiice, it may bo safely said that
the inhabitants of tho Bay »'^uinte and St. Lawrence, and
Niagara, have proved thomsolves devotedly attached to British
institutions. The U. E. Loyalists have been as a barrier of rock,
against which the waves of Eepublicanism have dashed in vain. It
has been tho rofiigeo-settlers and their descendants, who prevented
the Province from being engulfed in its dark waters. In 1812, in
'37, and at all times, their loyalty has never wavered. It has been
elsewhere stated, that settlers from tho States came in at a later
date. Those were found likwiso truly loyal. Says McMulIen,
speaking of the war of 1812, " But comparatively few Canadians
joined tho American standard in the war, and throughout which
none wero more gallant in rolling back tho tide of unprincipled
avarice than tho emigrant from New England and Now York, who
aside from tho U. E. Loyalist, had settled in tho country." There
were a few renegades who foi'sook tho country, not so much to join
tho enemy as because they had no soul to fight. In this connection
it will bo desirable to refer to one notable case ; that of " Bill
Johnson."

The following will sufficiently shew how intense wero the feel-
ings of loyalty many years ago. The writer's fathor was present at
a meeting, which was conducted by a minister lately from the
United States, and who was unaccustomed to pray for the King.

CANADIAN LOYALTY.

U35

tvoputablo
All this
extensive,
liberty —
mou8 with
lid be free
tliosc who
It then wo
Egotistic
rtain vicM'a
5 immortal

ty of tho
said that
rence, and
to Britiah
er of rook,
in vain. It
prevented
In 1812, in
It has been
at a later
McMullen,
Canadians
lout which
iprincipled
York, who
,'." There
uch to join
connection
at of " Bill

)re the feol-
8 present at
y from the
the King.

Tho j?ood man thou^^ht only of his allogiunco to tho King of Kings,
and omitted, in tho exlemporanoous praynr, to pray for tho King
of England. Whereupon Air. T. aro«o and roquosted the preacher
either to pray for hin Alajesty, or leave his lorritorien. Tho minieiter
did not again forget so manifOHt a duty. In this connection, wo
cannot forbear inserting nnothor instanco of Canadian loyalty,
which exhibited itself not long ago in the loyal oity of Toronto.

"Canadian Loyalty. — A very oxtraordinaiy manifestation of
feeling took place on Thursday night last in Toronto, at tho closing
meeting of the Siibbath School Convention. A gontloman from
New York delivorod a parting address, on behalf of tho American
visitors who had attended tho Coiivcntion; at tho conclusion of
which he referred to our (^ueon as a "jnodol woman," and said that
from tho fulness of h's heart ho could say, ' Long live II»y Majesty
Queen Victoria !' Whon he gave expression to this sentiment there
was such an outburst of enthusiastic loyalty that every one sooruod
carried completely away. Tho immense audience immediately
commenced such a cheering, and clapping of hands, as is seldom
seen, and kept it up till thoro was an accidental " change of exor-
cise." Under the powerful excilemcnt of the moment, a gontloman
near tho platform commenced singing " God Save tho Queen," when
the ontu'o audience I'ose to their feet and joined in singing it through.
That was singing with a will ! Several persons wore quite over-
powered, and oven wept ft-eely. It was simply an unpremeditated
expression of tho warm devotion of tho Canadian heart to the best
Queen that over sat on the Britise throne.

Longevity. — Tho climate of Canada, oven of Ontario, is by some
considei'cd very severe. Tho months of linplcasant weather which
intervene between summer and winter, and again bctwien winter and
summer ; and tho snowy months of winter itself are not, it must bo
admitted, so agreeable as in other climates. And, occasionally,
oven the summer itself is comparatively cold. For instance, in
1817, snow fell at Kingston in tho month of Jxino. But, notwith-
standing the occasional severity, and tho general unpleasantness,
(although all do not so consider it) tho climate of Canada seoms con-
ducive to longevity. Both in Upper and Lower Canada, among tho
French and English may be found a great many instances of won-
derfully extended age. There is a school of naturalists, who enter-
tain the belief tliat the races of men are strictly indigenous; that if
removed from the land of their birth, they will degenerate, and
unless intermixed with constantly flowing recmits, will ultimately
die out. They assert that tho European races transplanted to
America ai-e doomed to degeneration and death so soon as emigra-
tion shall cease to maintain tho vitality brought by the original

,\' J

H'l

636

LONGEVITY.

l^^-\

i.^H

[;■■■' i ■y-^'f^

■'■•:' ^ '

i.i .'i

\M •l-o,

''i ■:'M

1 'n. : i! :
1 ,;t > '■'■■)

'1 ''H

settlers. To this view we have ventured to give very positive
dissent, and have supported this position in another place with the
following Ifrnguago : " In Canada are to je seen quite remote
descendants of the most prominent people of Europe, the British
and French, and, I am prepared to assert, with no marked signs of
physical degeneration, the French of Lower Canada, even under
many adverse circumstances, have fully maintained their anv lent
bodily vigor, and can compare favorably with the pi'esent inhabi-
tonts of old France, while their number has increased." " Yet their
ancestors, many of them, emigrated two hnndred years ago; and,
since the colony became a pai*t of Britain, no roplen'sLment has
been received fiom the old stock.

" Tu^-ning to Upper Canada, we find a fact no less important,
and quite as antagonistic to the theory. In consequence of the
American Eovolutionary war, some twenty-five or thirty thousand
XThitcd Empire Loyalists were forced, or induced, to seek a home
in the Canadian wilderness. Many of these were descendants of
those who had first peopled New Holland. A large number settled
Along the St. Lawrence and the Bay of Quinto. In the main, indeed,
almost altogether, unil very recently, these old settlers have inter-
married. The great-grandchildren of those American pioneers now
live on the old homestead, and are found scattered over the whole
Province. And although I have no positive data upon which to
base my assertion ; yet, from careful observation, I have no hesi-
tation in declaring that in physical development, in slight mortality
among the childi^en, in length of life, in powers of endurance, not
to say in bravery and patriotism, they cannot be excelled by any
class of emigrants." — (Principles of Surgery).

Since the above was written, we have become more intimately
acquainted with regard to the longevity, both among the French
and Anglo-Canadians ; and the opinion then expressed has been
greatly sti-engthened. Respecting the latter class, personal obser-
vation has aided us. In our frequent visits to different parts,
made during the last few years, we have enjoyed the opportunity of
conversing with many persons who had much over-ran the period
allotted to man ; and others who had exceeded their three score
years and ten. Some of them have been spectators of the very
scenes of the settlement of the country, and retain a vivid recol-
lection of the events attending that trying period. Venerable, with
hairs blossoming for the grave, and chastened by the long endured
fire of affliction, tliey are happy in their old age. They connect the

DESCENDANTS.

63T

pc«itivo
with the
e remote
e British

signs of
en under
r anv lenit
it inhabi-

Yot their
ago; and,
,ment has

important,
ice of the
r thousand
ek a home
sendanta of
ber settled
lin, indeed,
have inter-
jneers now
the whole
which to

no hesi-

|t mortality

irance, not

id by any

intimately
[he French
has been
)nal obser-
|rent parts,
jrtunity of

1 the period
iree score

the very
livid recol-
Jrable, with
Ig endured
Idnnect the

present with the past, and remind us how great the heritage they
have secured to us from a vast, untrodden wilderness. Notwith-
standing the toils, the privations in early life, ere the tonddr child
had merged into the adult, when the food was limited, and often
inferior in quality, they yet have had iron constitutions that in the
earnest contingency of life served them well. Of course, the plain
and regular habits of the settlers, with plenty of out-door exercise,
assisted to promote long life, and give them a hardy nature. We
have knowledge of a vast number who attained to a great age. Of
those who lived to an old age, "A Traveler," writing in 1835 saya
of Upper Canada, " I often met the venerable in years."

The children and grand-children of the early settlers live, in
many cases, to as great an age as their fathers.

Descendants. — While there were some among the first settlers of
European birth, the majority were of American birth, and possessed
the characteristics of the colonists of that day. But, separated from
the people and the scenes intimate to them in their youth, and living
in the profound shades of the interminable wilderness, they gradu-
ally lost many of their characteristic features and habits, and
acquired others instead. ' 'V * . ,' , . ,i"

The Canadian immigrant, be he English, Irish, or Scotch, or even
German or French, will, a^ time gives lines to his face, and gray hair
to his head, insensibly loose many of the peculiarities of . his race,
and in the end sensibly approximate to the character and appearance
of the people among whom he has settled. The children of the
emigrai;)it, no matter what pains the patents may take to preserve in'
their children what belongs to their own native coimtry, will grow
up quite unlike the parents. So much is tlus the case that aay one
on entering a mixed school, high or low, or by noticing the children
at play, as he passes along the street, whose parents are both natives and
foreigners, would find it quite impossible ;to point out one from the
other, whathcr the child was of Canadian parentage, or whether its
parents '/ere of a^Qther country. The fact at which it is desired to
get is that, emigrants to Cauada,, no matter how heterogenous, are
graduiilly n^oulded into a whole more or less homogenous. That
this is observable somewhat in the emigrant himself, but decidedly
so in the children. The fact being admitted that a transformation
is slowly but certainly efiected, it may be inquired by what influence
it is accomplished- It - cannot be due solely, to the climate,
nor to tlji-ess, nor diet, nor the original habits of the people.

638

THE CANADIAN.

• i^Hfl ;:

'91

imm H

''i'^^'M

■'li^'il

'■jyiM !■

although each has its infl nonce. Must we not search for a more power-
ful cause of peculiarity as a people, in some other channel. A natural
one seeniingly presents itself. The growth of a nation, as the growth
of a tree will be moflified by its own intrinsic vitality, and at the
same time by external circumstances. Upper Canada was planted by
British heroes of the American Revolution. It arose out of that
revolution. The first settlers were U. E. Loyalists. The majority
of the original settlers were natives of America, and brought up in
one or other of the provinces that rebelled. They were Americans
in all respects, as much as those who took sides with the rebels, yet
to day the descendants of the U. E. Loyalists are as unlike the descen-
dants of the rebels, as each is unlike a full blooded Englishman.
The pure Yankee and the Canadian of the first water may trace their
ancestors to a common parentage, and have the same name. As
Canadians we are not afraid to instittite a comparison between our-
selves and the natives of New England or New York, or Pennsyl-
vania. Let the comparison refer to any questiort whatever, either of
the body or mind, of society or of goveniment. The external influ-
ences which have operated have been elsewhere indicated. The cir-
cumstances of the U. E. Loyalists as settlers in a wilderness, were
widely difterent from those of the States after the Independence was
secured. Incessant toil and privations, without opportunities for
acquiring education, on the one hand; on the Other there was
all the advantages of civilization. And so it continued for nearly
half a centiiry. It is to be desired that we had statistics to show the
difference as to longevity, and general health. Suffice it to say that
scientific men are debating the cause of gradual decline among the
New Englanders, while Upper Canada ovei-flows with native popula-
tion. Another influence of an external nature, which must not be
omitted as operating upon the loyalists, is that derived from the
emigrants from Great Britain and the oflicers from the army and
navy, and other gentlemen who became part of the first settlers. That
they had a wholesome effect cannot be doubted, and gave a healthy
tone to the provincial raind. Prom these internal and external influ-
ences the Upper Canadian has been developed into an individual
singular in some respects, but yet constituting a middle link between
the Englishman, and the " Englishman intensified," as the American
has been called.

The difference in the character between the British American
ani those who have lived under Bepublican Government is a strik-
ir^ commentary upon the effects of Bocial and political institutions.

: t '

THE

U. E. LIST.

6891

•e power-
A natural
le gi'owth
id !\t the
►lanted by
it of that
majority
ght up in
A-mericans
■ebelf, yet
the descen-
ngUshman.
trace their
name. As
tween our-
,r Pennsyl-
r, either of
emal influ-
. The cir-
rness, were
indence was
tunities for
there was
for nearly
JO show the
to say that
among the
■ive popula-
iUSt not be
from the
army and
tiers. That
a healthy
lernal influ-
individual
Ink between
American
.■u.jio-

Americain
It is a strik-
^nstitutlons.

Canadians may not have excelled in making wooden nutmegs, and
basswood hams ; but they have succeeded in converting a wilder-
ness into a splendid Province. And although eighty years behind
in commencing the race with those who robbed thorn of their homes,
they have oven now caught up in many respects, and to-day a
young State with great breadth and resoui'ces presents itself at the
threshold of nations. It has for a popi>Iation a stable people. Canada
has no long list of cruel chai'ges against her for aggression. Hor
escutcheon is clean as the northern snow against which she rests,
from the stains of blood — blood of the Indian, the African, the
Mexican, or of a neighbor.

After all, notwithstanding this bright record of loyalty on the
part of settlers and their descendants, yet the Bay of Quinto inhabit
tants were not permitted to receive the heir to the Crown of
England, to support which, their sires suflfered so much. They
spilled their blood, they suffered starvation ; and yet by the advice
of one who held in higher consideration the Roman Catholic
Church, than the grand-children of the U. E. Loyalists. The
Prince of Wales passed up and down the bay without landing.
They waited with burning enthusiasim to receive the Prince, but
he passed and repassed without gratifying their desire. Notwith-
standing this there were some who followed him to Toronto, deter-
mined to pay their respect to the Prince, notwithstanding tlio
Duke of Newcaatlo."

" Thb TJ. E. List." — ^It will be remembered that a certain number
of Americans who had remained in the States, were induced to
remove to Canada by a proclamation issued by Simcoe ; many of
those were always loyalists in heart, some had become tired of
republicanism, and others, were attracted by the offer of lands, free
grants of which were offered upon paying fees of office, some $30.
By this means a now element was added to the Province. At the
same time the first settlers were to be placed in a position to which
the new comers, how^ever loyal, could never attain.

Distinct from the general class is here meant those whose names
were entered upon a list oi'dcred to bo prepared by Government.
*' To put a mark of honor," as it was expressed in the orders of
Council, " upon the families who had adhered to the unity of the
empire and joined the royal standard in America, before the treaty
of separation in the year 1783, to the end that their post«nty relight
bo discriminated from the then future settlers. From the initials
of two emphatic words, the unity of the empii*e, it was styled the

640

ORDER OF COUNCIL.

' ' i

" U. E. List," and they, whoso names were entered on it, were dis-
tinguished as the U. E. Loyalistn, a distinction of some consequence,
for, in addition to the promise of such loyalty by themselves, it was
declared that their children, as well a» those born hereafter, as
those already born, should, upon arriving at the age of twenty-one
years, and females upon their marriage within that age, be entitled
to grants of 200 acres each, free from all expense." Upon arriving
at age, the descendant petitioned the Governor, stating the facts
upon oath, and accompanied with the affidavit of one person. The
order was issued, and land in one of the newer townshipii was duly
allotted and the patent issued free of cost.

The following is the order of Council referring to the gi'ants
of land to the U. E. Loyalists :

« QunBHc Monday, 9th Nov. 1789."
Present, Lord Dorchester and thirteen Councillors,

** His Lordship intimated to the Council, that it remained a
question upon the regulations for the disposition of the waste lands
of the Crown, whether the board constituted for that purpose, were
authorized to make locations to the squs of loyalists, on their arriv-
ing to full age, and that it was his wish to put a mark of honor
upon the families who had adhered to the unity of the empire, and
joined the Royal standard in America, before the treaty of sepai'a-
tion in the year 1783."

" The Council concurring with his Loi-dship, it is accordingly
ordered, that the several land boards take course for preserving a
registry of the names of all persons falling under the description
aforementioned, to the end that their posterity may be discrimi-
nated from future settlers, in the parish registers, and rolls of the
militia of their respective districts, and other public remembrances
of the Province, as proper objects, by their persevering in the
fidelity and conduct so honorable to their ancestors, for distinguished
benefits and privileges."

" And it is also ordered that the said land boards may, in every
such case, provide not only for the sons of the loyalists, as they
arrive at full age, but for their daughters also, of that age, or on
thou" marriage, assigning to each a lot of 200 acres, more or less,
provided, nevertheless, that they respectfully comply with the
general regulations, and that it shall satisfactorily appear that there
has been no default in the due cultivation and improvement of the
lands already assigned to the head of the family of which they are
members.'

AFTER WAR OF 1812.

641

ere dis-
quence,
J, it was
ifter, as
»nty-ono
entitled
wriving
he facts
►n. The
ivas duly

le gi'ants

1789."
rs.

(Uiained a
aste lands
pose, were
loir arriv-

of honor
apire, and
)f sepai-a-

cordingly
Bserving a
escription
discrimi-
)U8 of the
mbrances
g in the
inguished

, in every
8, as they
age, or on
re or less,
with the
I that there
lent of the
they are

In the Srst days of the Upper Canadian Militia, inBtructions
were given to the Captains in each battalion that in the roll of
members, all of the U. E. Loyali&ts enrolled should have the
capitals U. E. affixed to their names.

After the war of 1812, it became necessary for the applicant to
present a certificate from a Clerk of the Peace that ho retained hia
loyalty. The following is the order of the Executive Council ;

York, 27th Juue, 1816.

" Public notice is hereby given by order of His Excellency
Governor in Council, that no petition from sons and daughters of
U. E. Loyalists will be hereafter received without a certificate from
the Magistrate in Quarter Sessions, signed by the chairman and
Clerk of the Peace, that the parent retained his loyalty during th«
late war, and was under no suspicion of aiding or assisting the
enemy. And if a son then of age, that he also was loyal during the
late war, and did his duty in defense of the Province. And if a
daughter of an U. E. L. mamed, that her husband was loyal, and
did his duty in defense of the Province." (Signed) John Small,
Clerk of the Executive Council.

The steps taken by Government to prevent persons not actually
upon the U. E. List from enjoying the peculiar privileges operated
sometimes against the U. E. Loyalists unpleasttnty, which led to
some agitation, as the following will show :

In the year 1832, a meeting was held at Bath. Referring to thte
meeting the Kingston Herald, of April 4, says :

The alleged injustice of the Government with regard to the
sons and daughters of U. E. Loyalists has been a fruttftil source of
complaint by the grievance-mongers. At the late Bath meeting
Mr. Pkrry offered the following amendment to a resolution, which
was negatived by a large majority,

" Eesolved, That a free grant of 200 acres of the waste lands of
the Crown, by His Majesty the King, to the U. B. Loyalists and their
sons and daughters, was intended as a mark of His Majesty's Boyal
munificence towards those who had shown a devotedness to His
Majesty's person and government dm-ing the sanguinary stryggle
at the late American Bevolution, and that the settlement duty
required of late to be perforiped by the above description of per-
sons and others equally entitled to gratuitous grants, and also their
not being allowe(f the privilege of locating in any, or all townships
surveyed and open for location, appears to this meeting to be unjust,
and ought therefore to be abolished."
41

iiiil

i!i

f!:f ifl

642

BOOTH — BROCK.

I !

CHAPTER LXXI.

CosTKNTS — Notice of a Few — Booths Brock — Burritt — Cotter — Cartwright—
Conger — Cole — Dempsey — Detlor — Fraser — Finklo — Fisher — Fairfield^
Grass — Gamble Hngerman — Johnson's — " Bill" Johnson — Macaulay — The
Captive, Christian Moore— Parliament— Morden — Boblins— Simon — Van
Alstine — Wallbridge —Chrysler — White — VVilkins — Stewart — Wilson —
Mctcalf—Jayne— Mcintosh— Bird — Gerow — Vankleek — Perry— ^ir Willian
, ,^ohfl8CHi'j3,phUdren,

VQ f,

INDIVIDUAL NOTICES— CONCLUSION.

The noble band of Loyalists have now almost all passed away.
Theii* bodies have long since been laid in the grave ; their children
also have almost all departed, and the grand-children are getting
old. Their last resting places — resting from war, famine, and toil —
are to be found upon beautiful eminences, overlooking the blue
waters of the Bay and Eiver and Lake. All along their shores may
be seen the quiet burying-places of those who cleored the land and
met the terrible realities of a pioneer life.

The present work cannot embrace a history of the many noblo
ones, deserving attention, who laid the foundation of the brightest
colony of Great Britain. Yet it would be incomplete without giving
the names of a few representative persons. They are such as we
have been able to procure, and while there are others, not referred
to, well worthy of a place in history, these are no less worthy. We
have, under "The Combatants," referred to others of the ftcst
settlers, and would gladly have introduced the names of all, could
they have been obtained. k

Booth — " Died — At Eniesttown, on Saturday, Oct. 31, 1813,
very suddenly, Joshua Booth, Esq., aged 54 years. He was one of
the oldest settlers in that place, and ever retained the character of a
respectable citizen. Left a widow and ten children."

The Brock Family. — William Bi-ock was a native of Scotland;
born in 1715. Was taken by a press-gang when eighteen, and forced
upon a man-of-war. Served in the navy several years, when he was
taken prisoner by the French. Afterward was exchanged at Boston.
Being set at liberty from the servicp, he settled at Fishkill, New
York, where he married, and became the fhthor of a large family,
two sons, Philip and John, by the first wife; and eight children by
a second, named William, Buth, Naomi, Isabel, Deborah, Catherine,
Samuel, Garret, and Lncretia. In consequence of the rebellion, he

t ii

CARTWEIGHT.

643

^airfield—
ilay— The
ion — Van
■ Wilson-
It WlUia n

iod away.
: children
B getting
and toil —
the bluo
horesmay
Q land and

lany noble

> brightest

lOut giving

luch as we

t referred

rthy. We

f the ftrat

all, coald

31, 1813,
va» one of
tractev of a

■ Scotland ;
I and forced
len he was
i at Boston,
khkill, New
Irgo family,
Children by
I Catherine,
IbcUion, ho

became a refugee, and, at the close, settled in Adolphustown ; lived
for^^a short time near the Court House, upon his town lot, two of
his neighbors gave him thoirs, and he continued to live upon the
three acres for some time. He drew land near the Lake on the
Mountain, and in the west, to which his sons went when they grew
old enough. One of them was Captain of Militia during the war
of 1812. He received at that time a letter from Gen. Brock, who
claimed relationship; the letter wa** written a few days before
Gen. Brock fell. This letter still exists. The youngest of the
children married Watterberry, and still lives, (1867) a^ ed 82, with
her daughter, Mrs. Morden, Ameliasburgh.

Cartwkight. — One of the most noted of the refugees who
settled at Kingston, was Eichard Cartwright. He was a native of
Albany, and was forced to leave his home because of his loyalty.
He found an asylum with others at Carleton Island, or Fort
Niagara. Some time after the conclusion of the war he was in
partnership with Ro'iort, afterward Honorable Hamilton, at
Niagara. But sometime about 1790, he settled in Kingston,
where, as a merchant he acquired extensive property. The
Government mills at Napanee came into his pooisession. Those
who remember his business capacity, say it was very great. He
was a man of " liberal education and highly esteemed. Suifered at
last calmly and patiently, and died at Montreal, 27th July, 1815,
aged f fty years."

The estimation in which this gentleman was held is suiflciently
attested by the following, which we take from the Kingston Gazette :

York, March 13, 1816.

A new township in the rear of Darlington, in the district ot
Newcastle, has been surveyed, and is now open for the location of
the U. E. Loyalists and militaiy claimants. We understand that
His Excellency, the Lieutenant-Governor to testify ini the most
public manner the high sense which he entertained of the merit
and services of the late Honorable Richard Cartwright, has l)een
pleased to honor this township with the name of Cartwright, a
name ever to be remembered in Canada with gratitude and respect.
Dignified with a seat in the Legislative Council, and also with a
high appointment in the militia of the Province, Mr. Cartwright
discharged the duties incident to those situations, with skill,
fidelity, and attention. Animated with the purest principle of
loyalty, and with an ai'dent zeal for the preservation of that noble

i ilj

644

COTTER — OONOER — COLE.

constitution which wo onjoy, ho dedicated, when ovon struggling
under groat bodily infirmity, the remains of a well spent life to the
service of his country! Nor was ho less perspicuous for his exem-
plary behaviour in private life ; obliging to his equals — kind to his
friends — affectionate to his family, ho passed through life, eminently
distinguished for virtuous and dignified propriety of conduct, uni-
formly maintaining the)[exalted character of a ti'ue patriot, and of a
groat man."

Ho was a good typo of the old school, a tall, robust man, with
a stern countenance, and a high mind. Ho had sustained the loss
of one eye, buttho remaining one was sharp and piercing. As the
first Judge of Mecklenburgh, he discharged his duties with great
firmness, amounting, it is said, often to severity. As an officer of
the militia, a position he held in 1812, ho was a strict disciplinarian,
and often forgot that the militiamen were respectable farmers.
Mr. Oartwright left two sons, the late John S. Cartwright, and th©
Bev. Eobort Cartwright. It is unnecessary to say that the descen-
dants of Judge Cartwright are among the most respectable, influ-
ential and wealthy, living in the Midland District.

Mr. James Cotter, was by profbssion, a farmer, residing in
Sophiasbnrgh iti good circumstances. He was universally respected ;
decided, and well informed in political matters ; and as a proof of
the Jiublic conSdonco was olocted M.P.P. In Parliament ho sC!rv6d
his constituents faithfully, and maintained a reputation for consis-
tencjr and uprightness. In 1819, when party spirit animated the
two political parties, ho became a candidate for re-eloction, but
after a close contest was defeated by James Wilson, Esq.

Conger-" At West Lake, Hallowell, on tke 27th May, 1825, died
Dengine Conger, in the 60th year of his age. Ho held a commission
in the First Battalion cf the Prince Edward Militia, during twenty-
thi'oe years. Ho resided in Hallowell forty years, and lived a veiy
exemplary life, and dieu regretted by all who Jcnew him." .

Coi/E,— In the history of Adolphustown, reference is made tO
Daniel Cole, the very firet settler in that township. The writer in the
summer of 1866, took dinner -with John Cole, of Araeliaeburgh, son
of Datiiel. John was then in his 92nd year. He has since, 1867,
passed away. Born in Albany before the rebellion, ho, with his
ihmily during the war j found their way as loyalists to the city of
New Yorl?, where they remttinod until the leaving of VanAlstlht'?*
company. The old man could remember many of the events of that

COtH FAMILY.

645

uggling
[b to the
is exom-
nd to his
ninontly
luct, uni-
and of a

\tm, with
I tbo loss
Ab the
ith great
officer of
plinariftTii
farmers.
t, and the
»e deacen-
tble, ittfltt-

oaiditig in
fespoctod ;
a proof of
ho seTved
for conBis-
mated the
iction, but

11825, died
)mmi88ion
ig twenty-
red a very

V ,\n:ri
Is nibde *U)
iter in the
Iburgh, son
lince, 186t,
1, with his
Ihe city of
InAlstlhe'f*
Inteof that

exciting period, being, when they came to Canada, about ten years
old. Tho brigade of battoaux from Sorel, wan under the supervision
of Collins, ho says: " Old Mother Cook kept tavern in Kingston, in
a low flat hut, with two rooms. There were four or five houses
altogether in the place. Landed in fourth township in June. Saw
no clearings or buildings all the way up from Kingston, nor tents ;
a complete wildernoHS. Remembers an early settK-r in second
township, named Cornelius Sharp, from the fact that he injured his
knee, and that Dr. Dougall desired to amputate ; but his fether
cured it. His mothers name was Sophia de Long, fi-om Albany.
She lost property. A hogshead of spirits was brought up ft'om New
York. The settloins were called . gother every morning and sup-
plied with a little on account of the new climate. His father had
been a spy and carried despatches in a thin steel box, which was
placed between the soles of the boot. Before resorting to this
mode he hadbeou caught, and sentenced to be hanged immediately.
The vope was around his neck, and the end thrown over the
limb of a tree, when he suddenly gave a spring ftom their grasp,
and ran, while shot after shot was leveled at his flying flgure ; but
he escaped, ''God Almighty would not let the balls hit him."
Bemembers the Indians when first came, were frequently about,
would come iu and look at the dinner table ; but refused to eat
bread at first; afterward would, and then brought game to
them in abundance at times. Bemombers landing at Adolphustown,
he hauled the boat to a block oak tvoe, which overhung the water,
his father built a wharf here afterwards. It was ia the afternoon.
They all went ashore. There wore throe t«nts of linen put up.
His father brought a scythe with him, with which they cut marsh
hay, or flags. This was used to cover the houses, and they kept out
the rain well.

His father's family consisted of twelve persons, two died at
Sorel. The settlers used to meet every Sunday to hear the Bible
read, generally by Fergiison ; sometimes had prayer. Remembers,
Quarter Sessions met at his father's, Gartwright was Judge. The
Grand Jury would go to the stable to oonverse. Says he once saved
Chrys. Hagerman's life, who was bleeding at nose, after Drs.
Dougall and Dunham had failed. His father lived to be lOS, his
aister died last year, aged 101. Bemembers the man that was oon<
Yicted of stealing a watch, and hanged. Has seen the gallows on
G^dlows Poiat, Captain Grass' farm. The gallows remained there
■A down years. The man it turned out, was innocent.

646

DKMPSBY.

> J

II ? 1

DiKi». — "On Friday tho SUi of August, at his rcsiflenoe iu AdoU
phuHtown, Mr. Daniel Cole, at tho very advanced age oi' 1 05 years, 1
month and 12 days. I^e was a native of Long Island, N. Y., and tho
oldest settler in this township ; he was respected and beloved by all
who knew him^having long performed his duty as a loyal subject, a
faithful friend, a kind husband, an indulgent parent, and an obliging
neighbor. Born in the fifth year of the reign of George II, he lived
under four Sovereigns, and saw many changes both in the land of
his birth, and this of his adoption. He has beheld the horrors of
war, and has tasted of the blessings of peace ; he has seen that which
was once a wilderneps, " blossom and flourish like the rose," where
formerly was nothing to be seen but the dark shadow of tho loiiy
pine, oak, and maple, here and there broken by tho thin blue vapor
curling above tho Indian wigwam, he has seen comfortable dwellings
arise ; out of the superabundance of nature man has supplied his
necessity. Beneath the untiring efforts of human industry, the dark
woods have disappearetl and waiving fields of gi-ain have taken their
place. Where once was seen nought but the light birch bark canoe
of the " son of the forest," he . has beheld the stately steamboats
sweep majestically along — where formerly resounded the savage howl
of the panther, the wolf and bear, he has seen towns and viUages
spring up, as it were by magic ; in fact the very face of the countiy
seems changed since he first sat down upwards of 52 years ago, as a
settler on the place where he died.

" But after all he saw, ho too is gone, his venerable age could not
save him, for we are told "the old must die." The friends of his
early days were all gone before him ; he was becoming " a stranger
among men," generations had arisen and passed away, still he re-
mained like a patriarch of old, unbi'oken by the weight of years.
After witnessing the fifth generation, he died universally, lamented
by all his acquaintances, leaving behind him 8 children, 75 grand-
children, 172 great-grandchildren and 13 great grandchildren's chil-
dren ; in all 268 descendants."

Adolphustown, August 9, 1836. T. D.

Dempsey. — " Mark Dempsey was sent out by the British Govem-
jnent as Secretary to General Schuyler. Married about 1746 to Miss
Carroll. Thomas, their youngest son, was born in New Jersey, 9th
January, 1762. His father died while he was young, and he was
left in a part of the country which was held by the rebels, when he
had attained to an age to be drafted, Thomas Dempsey did not
like to fight in the rebel ranks, and consequently escaped and jdiiied

DETLORS — FRA8ER.

G47

the loyalists. "Was in the service when New York was evacnatetl.
Married 1782 to Mary Lawson, whose fajier, Peter was imprisoned by
the rebels, and liis property nil ])liindereil and contisoated. Came to
Canada by Oflwep;o, 1 788, accompanied by his wife and her jjarents.
Tarried at Napanee till 1789, when they came to Araeliasbnrgh, and
settled on lot 91, which had been purchased from John Finkle.
Dempsey's worldly eifects then consisted vi a cow, which they
brought with them, seven bushels of potatoes, and a French crown,
and a half acre of wheat which Finkle had sewed. They drew land
in Craraahe. During the first years they were in groat distress. A
tablespoonful of flour, with milk boiled, or grain shelled by hand,
formed their daily meals. Their clothing consisted of blankets
obtained of the Indians for the women, and buckskin pants and sliirts
for the men. Dempsey was the second settler in the township, Weese
Iiaving settled two years before. Margaret Dempsey, born October
24, 1790, was the third child born in the township.

Detlors — .The Detlors are of the Palatine stock. Says Q. H.
Dotlor, Esq., of the Customs Department, Kingston:

My grandfather, John V. Deltor, emigrated with my grandmother
from Ireland, to New York ; directly after his marriage in the City of
New York, they removed to the town of Camden, where they resided
with their family — and at the close of the rebellion (having joined the
Royal standard) — he with two or three of his sons and sons-in-law
came to Canada, and finally located on lands in the Township of Freder-
icksburgh. Lot No. 21, 6th concession, where ho and his sons lived
and died. My father removed to the town of York (now City of
Toronto), in 1802, and at the invasion of that place by the Americans,
in April, 1813, my father lost his life in defense of the j)lace. There
is now but one of my grandfather's children living, an aunt of mine,
Mrs. Anne. Dulmage, resides in the village of Sydenham, Township
of Loughboro', Coimty of Frontenac. mmfA

They sacrificed their lands, .and suffered great privations. The
Detlors have ever been universally esteemed, not alone in the Mid-
land District, but in all parts of Canada, and have been found worthy
occupants of many responsible positions.

Isaac Fraser. — " Among the prominent men who resided in
Ernesttown, near the Bay of Quinte, was Isaac Fi-aser, Esq., for
many years M.P.P. for the Counties of Lennox and Addington.
Mr. Fraser was a man of great decision of character, and dui'ing the
active part of his life, probably wielded a great influence, and his
opinions always ooramandod great respect. In his political opinions,

I i
1 !

^ i f j

^ ' 1

f I \

648

THD FIT«KLBfl.

he wan ideiititiod with tho ConHurvative or Tory party; and when
he arrivod at a concluHion on any particular point, ho ndhored to it
with all the tenacity which a clear conviction of its jmtico could
inspire. With hira there was no wavering, no vueillation. He wm
always reliablo, and hiti friondo always knew whero to find him.
There is no doubt, he acted from conscientious motives, and fVom a
clear conviction of duty ; and, so far as I know, no man overcharged
him with acting corruptly. In his religious views, Mr. Fnwer sym-
pathised with the Presbyterians, and, if I mistake not, was a
member of the church organized, and watched over by the late Rev.
Bobert MoDowall, of Fredoricksburgh."

FiNKLB. — The late Goo. Finkle, of Ernosttown, says, '• My
grandfather. Dr. Geo. Finkle, loft Germany when a young man ; and
bought two ofitates, one at Great, and one at T;ittle Nine Partners.
In adhering to tho British, he had all his estates, which were valua-
ble at Nine Partners, Duchess Co., conftscatod to the Rebel Govern-
ment. My lather, Henry, made his way to Quebec shortly after tho
war began, being sixteen years old. Entered the Engineer's Depart-
ment, where bo learned the use of carpenter's tools. In settling,
this knowledge was of great use to him, and he became tho builder
of the ftrst fVamod building in Upper Canada. His wife was a
sister of Gapt. John Bleeker. Ho settled on the front of Emesttown,
lot MX." Finklo's Point is well known.

The First court held in Upper Canada, it is said, was at Finkle's
house, which being larger than any at Kingston, or olsowbere on
the Bay, afforded the most convenience. Mr. Finkle records the
trial of a negro for stealing a loftf of bread, who, being found guilty,
received thirty-nine lashes. The bosswood tree, to which he was
tied, Ie^ still standing; Mr. Finkle had slaves and was the first to
give them freedom. One of the brothel's, of which there were
three, John, George, and Henry, served seven years in Johnson's
regiment.

Mr. Finkle wrote us. Doc. 11, 1865 ; he says, "Being in my
T4th year, and in impaired health, I am unable to wi*ito more." Tho
kind man soon thereafter was called xway, at a good old age, like
his fother and grandfather.

Geo. Finkle, son of Henry, had three sons, Gordon William,
BolMid Robinson, *a4 Henry. The Finkle's, as we have seen else-
whers, were actively engaged in theooBstruetionof the firsistoam-
boatfl the 'Frontenao ' aad ' Oharloftte^' having had an interest is
the *Chariotte,' aad hi» elcket bob, Gordon, ia now one of the oldefft

FISHBIl — FAinriBT.n.

94$

id when
ed to it
uo oould
Ho was
Ind him.
d fVom a
•charged
u«er ^ym-
t, was a
lato Rov.

man; and
Partnorfl.
oro vftluR-
)l Govorn-
y after tho
r'8 Depart-
[\ settling,
ho builder
nfe was a
meBttown,

it Finkle'8
►whore on
acopds the
ind guilty,
5h he wa«
te first to
ere were
Johnson's

\g in ray

lore." Tho

age, like

William,

I seen ekse-

Imistoam-

itere^t is

fche oldefft

captains upon the Bay, l>eing attached to tho Htoamor 'Bay Qnint*'*.*
The old place gi-anted to tho grandflit h»M', still bolonijH to the family,
Koland K. Hti II rctiiding there, and tho youngest, Henry, is Pont*
maHtur ut Bath.

FiHHKii. — Judge Aloxandor Kinhor, a name woll known in the
Midland DiHti'ict, woh a nativo of l^erthshire, Scotland, A*om whence
his pai'ontM, with a numerou^4 family, emigratt^d to Now York, then
a British province. At the time of tho robotlion they had accumu-
lated a ooituiderablo amount of both real and pentonal property;
but at tho defeat of Bargoyno, itear tho place of whoHe defeat they
lived, tho Fisher family,, who would not abandon their loyalty, left
their all, and endured great hardshipn in finding their way to Mon-
treal. Alexander WHH Hubaoquently employed in tho Commissariat,
under McLoan, utCarloton Islund ; while his twin-brother obtainod
the charge of thu High School at Montreal, which situation he hold
until his death, in tho yeai* 1819. At the close of the war the family
obtained their grants of land as U. E. Loyalists.

Alex. Fiiiher was appointed tho first District Judge and Chairs
man of Quarter Sessions for the Midland District, to the Itvst of
which ho was elected by his brother magistrates. Ho was also for
many years a Captain of Militia, which post he held during the
war of 1812. The family took up thoir abode in Adolphustown,
upon tho shores of Hay Bay. A sister of Judge Fisher was married
to Mr. Hagerman, and another to Mi'. Stookor, who, for a time,
lived on the front of Sidney. He was related, by marriage, to
McDonnell, of Marysburgh. His parents lived with him at the
farm in Adolphustown. They were buriod hero in tho iUmily vault,
with a brother, and the Judge's only son.

Judge Fisher was short in stature, and somewhat stout, with a
prominent nose. He vrus, as a jndg^Q, and as a private individual,
universally esteemed. " He was a man of great discernment, and
moral honesty governed his decisions."-— (Allison.) Ho died in the
year 1830, and was buried in the family vault. As an evidence of
the high esteem in which he was held, there was scarcely a lawyer
or magistrate in the whole Disti'ict, from the Carrying Place to
Gananoquo, who did not attend his funoral, together with a g.mi
concourse of the settlors throughout the counties. ' « •<" -'<^'

FAiariSLD.-T-The Kingston Oazette tolls the followingi ' ' ^-

" DiKD.>-At his house, in Ernesttown, on the 1th Feb. 1816, ift'
the 47th year of his age, W. Fairfield. His Aineral was attended 1^
a Bameix>U8 circle of relatives, friends and roighbors. He left «

( ;

550

CAPTAIN liRASS.

widow ami seven children. The first link that was broken in a
family chain of twelve brothers and three sisters, all married at
years of maturity. His death was u loss to the disti-ict, as well as
to his family. He was one of the commissioners for expending the
public money on the roads. Formerly a member of the Provincial
Parliament ; many years in the commission of the Peace. As a
magistrate and a man, he was characterized by intelligence, impar-
tiality, independence of mind and liberality of sentiments."

Grass. — Captain Michael Grass, the first settler of Kingston
township, was a native of Germany. The period of his emigration
to America is unknown. He was a saddler and harness-maker by
trade, and for years plied his trade in Piuladelphia. It would seem
that he removed from Philadelphia to New York, for hi* son Peter
was born in this city in 1770. According to the statement of his
grandson who often heard the facts from his father, Peter Grass, soon
after the commencement of the rebellion, Michael Grass was taken
prisoner by the Indians, who were staying at Cataraqui. In this he
is probably mistaken, We learn from another source that it was
during the previous French war, which is more likely to be correct.
It would seem that Grass and two other ]>risoner8 Avere not con
fined in the fort, but held in durance by a tribe of Indians, who
permitted them to hunt, fish, &c. They made an effort to escape, but
were caught and brought back. Again they attempted, carrying with
them provisions, which they had managed to collect, sufficient to last
them a week. But it was nine weeks before they reached an English
settlement, one having died by the way from hunger and ex))osm'e.
It was the knowledge Avhich G-'uss had acquired of the teriitory at
Cataraqui, while a prisoner, which led to his appointment to the
leadership of a band of refugees at the close of the war. — (See settle-
ment of Kingston.)

It does not appear that Captain Grass occupied any office in the
army during the war. His captaincy commenced upon his leaving
New York with the seven vessels for Canada. By virtue of his
captaincy^ he was entitled to draw 3000 acres. Beside lot twenty-five
in Kingston, he drew in fourth concession of Sidney nearly 2000 acres
in one block.

Captain Grass had three sons, Peter, John, and Daniel, and three
daughters. Daniel, some years after, went sailing and was never
heard from. Peter and John settled in the Second Town and became
the fathers respectively of families. The land drawn by the captain,
and the 600 acres by each of his children, has proved a lasting source
of wealth and comfort to his descendants.

h h

DR. GAMBLE.

en in a
arried at
s well as
iding the
Provincial
to. As a
je, impar-

3."

Kingston

migration

maker by

>uld seem

r son Peter

jnt of his

Srrass, soon
was taken
In this he

that it was

be correct.

re not con

tidians, wlio
escape, but
vying with
lent to last
an English
exposure,
territory at
Lent to tho
(See settle-

jflice in the
Ihis leaving
Irtue of his

twenty-five
2000 acres

^1, and three
was never
land became
|the captain,
sting source

Captain Grass naturally took a leading part at least during the
ui&t years of the settlement at Kingston. He was possessed of some
education, and was a man of excellent character, with a strict sense
of honor. Although opportunities presented themselves to accumulate
property at the expense of others, he refused to avail himself of all
such. He was appointed a magistrate at an early period, and as such
performed many of the first marriages in Kingston. In religion, he
was an adherent to the Church of England. Probably ho had been
brought up a Lutheran. His old *' Dutch " Bible still is road by an
old Gennan in Emesttown ; but it seems a pity that although none
of the Grass family can read its time worn pages, it should be allowed
to remain in other hands than the descendants of the old captain.

In connection, it may bo mentioned that some time before tho war,
a poor Gennan, a baker by trade, came to New York. Michael
Grass assisted him into business, and even gave him a suit of clothes.
When the refugees came to Canada, this baker accompanied them.
He settled in Quebec, where he ama8se<l eventually great wealth, and
the P family are not unknown to the public.

Gamble. — The subjoined somewhat lengthy notice is taken from
the Toronto Colonist: — " Dr. Gamble and family were for many years
residing at Kingston, and he was intimately associated with the first
days of Upper Canada, as a Province, while his ofTspring as will be
seen, form no indifferent element of the society of the Province," we
therefore insert the notice in extenso. " Isabella Elizabeth Gamble, the
third daughter of Dr. Joseph Clark and Elizabeth AUeyno, was born
at Stratford, in Connecticut — then a colony of Great Britain — on the
24th October, 176V. In the year 1776, her father, faithful to his
allegiance, repaired to the British army in New York, to which place
his family followed him. At the peace of 1 783, Dr. Clark removed
with his family to New Brunswick (then known as the Province of
Acadia) and took up his residence at Mangerville. There his daughter,
the Kubject of this memoir, then in her seventeenth year, was maiTied
oii the 18th of May, 1884, to Dr. John Gamble, the eldest son of
William Gamble and Leah Tyrer, of Diiross, near Enniskillen, Ireland.
Mr. Gamble was bom in 1 755, studied physio and surgery at Edin-
burgh; emigrated to the British colony in 1779, and landed in New
Y6rk in September of that year. Immediately on his arrival, he
entered the King's service as Assistant-Surgeon to the General Hos-
pital ; subsequently he was attached to the " Old Queen's Kangers,"
and for some time did duty with that regiment as sui-geon. At the
peace of 1783, he, with other American Loyalists, went to New

ph jifi

' !• r

CBfl

OAMBLB FAMILY.

Brunswick. After his marriage Dr. Gamble practised his profession
at St. John's, and resided in New Brunswick until 1798, when having
been appointed Assistant-Surgeon to the late regiment of Queen's
Bangers, by General Simcoe, then Lieutenant-Governor of Upper
Canada, he joined his regiment at Niagara, where it was then quartered,
having left his wife and five daughters at Mangerville. Mrs. Gamble
continued to reside with her father until ITOB, when her husband,
having in the meantime, been promoted to the surgeoncy of his regi-
ment ; she, with her five daughters, the eldest then but thirteen years
of age, accompanied by her father and a sister (afterwards married
to the Hon. Samuel Smith), ascended the river St. John in a bark
canoe, crossed the portage by Temi conata to the Eivierie du Loup,
came up the St. Lawrence, and joined Dr. Gamble then with his
regiment in garrison at York.

" In 1802, the Queen's Rangers were disbanded, and Mrs. Gamble
accompanied her husband and family to Kingston, where he practised
his profession until his death, in the fifty-sixth year of his age, on the
1st December, 1811. She remained in Kingston till the year 1820,
when with the portion of her family then at home, she removed to
Toronto, and there remained surrounded by her { oflfepring until her
death on the 9th March, 1869. "* *'''' ' ' "

" Mrs. Gamble had thirteen children, nine daughters and four sons ;
Isabella, the eldest, married to Robert Charles Home, Esq., Assistant-
Swrgeon, Glengary Light Infantry; Mary Ann, married to Colonel
Sinclair, Ro}' ' Artillery ; Sarah Hannah Boyes. to James G«ddes, Esq.,
Assistant-Surgeon, Medical Staff; Leah Tyrer, to the Hon. William
Allen ; Cathariae, who died unmarried ; Jane, married to Benjamin
Whitney, Esq. ; Rachel Crookshank, to Sir James Buohannaa
Macaulay ; Magdaline, to Thomas William Birphall, Esq. ; and Mary
Ann unmarried; John William, of Vaughan, William, of Milton,
Btobicoke; Clarks, of Toronto, and Joseph who died in infancy; of
these thirteen, six only survive, but Mrs. Gamble's descendants have
already reached the large number of 204, and some of her children's
children are now upwards of thirty years of age.

** llie I'emarkable longevity of a large number of the AmericAB
Loyalist emigrants who came to the British Provinces after the
AmericMi Revolution, has been noticed by the Lord Bishop of New
Brunswick, as a striking instance of the fulfilment of the promise oon-
tain^d! in the fifth commandment, embracing, as that commandment
HBquestionably does, the duty of obedience to civil rulers. Mm.
GamUe may well be counted among that number, having, in October
last, entered upon her ninety-second year." — Colonist.

THE HAOKRMANS.

658

profession
len having
)f Qneen'B
of Upper
quartered,
rs. Gamble
p husband,
of- his regi-
rteen years
as married
I in a bark
e du Loup,
m with his

ifrs. Gamble
he practised
} age, on the
. year 1820,
removed to
nst until her

id four sons;
{., Assistant-
to Colonel
teddes, Esq.,
[on. William
;o Benjamin
Buohannw
; and Mary
of Milton,
infancy, of
indants have
|er children's

he Amerioaa
after the
|hop of New

)romi8eoon-
tmmandment

alers. Mro.
I, in October

Among the company of refugees which followed VanAlstine's
leac* to Canada, was Nicholas Hageitnan.

He (settled in the village of Adolphustown, ahnost in front of
the U. E. burying ground. The point of land here between the
Bay and the Creek is still known as Hagerman's Point The whole
of the land except the burying ground was cleai-ed by Hagcirman.
His house was situated a short distance west of the road leading
from the wharf up to the vill^e. It was built near the water's edge.
The short period which has elapsed since that building was erected
has not only consigned the builder to a grave almost unknown, and
the building to the destructive tooth of. time, but the very land on
which the house stood, where he and his family daily passed in and
out, is now washed away by the ceaseless waves of the bay.

M.r. Hagerman was a man of some education, and it is said had
studied law before leaving New York. At all events he became one
of the first appointed lawyers in Upper Canada, probably at 1^ time
McLean, of Kingston, was appointed. He continued to live and
practice law in Adolphustown until his death. " He was the first
lawyer to plead at these Contts. He was a self-made man.'W
Allison. T

The writer's parents lived at, and near the village of Adolphas.^
town when young ; they knew the Hagerman's well, and for many a
day and year attended school with Nicholas Hagerman's childrai.
There were at least two brothers, David and Christopher, and tw'o
daughters, Betsy tind Maria. Daniel was a sedate person, but
"CSiris." was a saucy boy. They wwe both elected to Parliameidi
ait the same time, bnt Daniel died before the meeting of Parliament,
Christopher studied law with his father at first, was a pupil of Dr.
Straehan's, and completed his legal studies in McLean's ofiice in
Kingston. The father and son were sometimes employed by opposing
clients; at one time in Kingston, the son won the suit, much to the
annoyance of the father. The father exclaimed, "■ have I raised a son
to put out my eyes." No, replied the son, " to open them father."
At the commencement of the war in 1812, Christopher went as
Lieutenant with a Company from Adolphustown to Kingston.
Shortly after he was chosen Aide'de-Camp to the Governor General
Thenceforth his way to preferment was steady. At the close of the
war he was appointed OoUeotor of Customs at Kingston. Th<9
Gazette of 5th September, 1815, says that Christopber Alexander
Hagerman, Esq., Barristei-at-Law, was appointed to His Majesty's
Council in and for the Province of Upper Canada.(i nr^r viim yiiijtnK*>

ll!

654

JOHNSONS — AN OLD MAIL CARRIER.

}■ j

On the 26th Maicli, 1811, he was married to Elizabeth, eldest
daughter of James Macaulay, Esq., Kingston.

JoHxsoNG — Ileniy Johnson was born at New Jersey, 1151, where
he lived till the rebellion, when he removed to Poughkeepsie. In June,
1788, being a loyalist, he came with his brother Andrew to Canada,
enduring many privations and hardships. He settled in Hallowell,
where he lived until his death, which took place 28th May, 1829, being
in his Y3rd year. " He was noted for his hospitality — charitable to tlie
poor without ostentation, a pious christian. For the last five years
he suffered much."

Andrew Johnson. — Among the^ combatants, we have given the
name of James Johiison j here we design to give a place to some
account ot his two sons, Andrew and William, or " Bill," as ho was
commonly called, a. name yet remembered by many.

Perhaps there is not now living a more interesting historic
character than Andrew Johnson, residing in the vicinity of Belle-
ville. A native of New York State, Gainesborough, he came in
with his father at the first settlement of Upper Canada. He was
an eye witness of the first days of Brnesttown, and Kingston. At
the beginning of the present century he was known as an unusually
rapid walker. Andrew was engaged in carrying the mail from
Kingston to York. Mr. Stuart was his employer. His i*oute was
by the Bay shore to Adolphustown, across the Bay, at the Stone
Mills, by Picton and Welli.igton, to the Can*yiug Place ; and thence
along the Lake shore, fording streams as best he could, often upon
a fallen tree, or by swimming. He would spend five hours in York
and then start back. These ti'ips were generitlly matle once a fort-
night. He subsequently lived at Bath for forty years, where he
kept a tavern, and strangely enough, ae he avers, he never drank
liquor in his life.

His father's log house was used by Uev. Mr. Stuart to preach in
for three years, before the frame building was erected on the hill,
which would hold thirty or forty persons. It was a story and a-half
high. Andrew Johnson is now upwards of a hundred. Although
his memory is somewhat defective, he retains a great deal of bodily
vigor ; and eats and sleeps well. He rarely converses unless spoken
to. Ho is a man of somewhat low statm*e, small fi-ame, with spare
limbs. Mr. Lockwood, who has known him a long time, says,
"He was remarkably quick in his movements. During the war,
the two started to walk from Prescott to Kingston, but Lockwood
says that Johnson could walk three miles to his one. His brother,

■:ti|

BILL JOHNSON.

655

th, eldest

57, where
In June,
) Canada,
Hidlowell,
829, being
able to the
five years

given the
e to some
as ho was

ig historic
iy of Belle-
le came in
a. He was
gston. At
a unusually
mail from
a route was
the Stone
and thence
often upon
lurs in York
once a fort-
where he
lever drank

to preach in
])n the hill,
and a-hali
Although
lal of bodily
lless spoken
with spare
I time, says,
fig the war,
Lockwood
|[is brother,

"Bill," had a fast horse, which could outrun ahjiihing. Andrew
oflbred to bet a hundred d >llars that he could travel to York quicker
than the horae. Of course there was but an imperfect path, with
no bridges. His offer was not accepted. Andrew was a loyal
soldier in 1812, and belonged to the same c^iApanies as his brother.
The old man is yet very quick in his movements, retaining that
peculiar swinging gait by which he formerly so rapidly traveled
long distances. His days are passing away in a quiet dream, ten-
derly cared for by his son, with his wife. ' fiiusjiiJ.i >.-- > .iri.>..ji w lOv f

Bill Johnson. — "William Johnson, brother of the 'M'^gdlng,
was one of six sons of James. Johnson, born in Ernesttown. His
youthful days wore spent in the vicinity of what is now the village
of Bath. About the time of the commencement of the war of 1812,
he was engaged in Kingston, in trading, and had a store of general
merchandize. When the first draft for men was made, Johnson was
one of the conscripts. For a very short time, ho did sen'-ice, and then
procured his brother (not Andrew) as a substitute. There was not at
this time any doubt of his loyalty. It was natural he should desire to
attend to his business in Kingston, which at this time was lucrative.
And there does not appear that he employed his brother in other
than good faith. But some time after his brother entered the service,
he deserted to the United States' shore. Even now it does not appear
that the authorities of Kingston suspected iiis loyalty, for they desii-ed
that he should take his place in the ranks which his brother had for-
saken. This, however, *' Bill " would not do. The result was that a
file of soldiers commanded by Sergeant Lockwood, (our principal in-
formant) was sent to arrest Johnson, by order of the captain, Matthew
Clark of Ernesttown.

Upon the approach of the soldiers, Johnson shouted to Sergeant
Lockwood, who had been his life long playmate, " I know what
you aro after; but you won't get me yet," and immediately shut
tho door and turned the key. Lockwood, without hesitation,
raised his musket, and with the butt knocked the door open, in
time to see Bill escaping by tho back door. A close chase ensued
into a back enclosure, and Lockwood succeeded in catching him
by tho log as he was passing through a window. Johnson then
submitted, and was conveyed a prisoner to the guard house within
tho jail. After being confined for sometime he escaped by break-
ing the jail ; probably aided by sympathizers, for a good many
thought he was badly treated.

Whatever may have been Johnson's feelings towards the British

ii •

h 'Jl

I.||

r I

III

656

Johnson's oa»eer.

Government before, he now became a most determined enemy of
his native country. He vowed he should " be a thorn in Great
Britain's side ;" and his goods and some property at Bath, a few
town lots, being confiscated, he declared he would get back all he
lost. The foregoing mjcurence took place sometime during the fall
of 1812. It would appear that Bill Johnson set to work in a syste-
matic manner to carry out his threats.

Being well acquainted with the country and people, and, withal,
a bold, determined and fearless man, he did not hesitate to visit the
Canadian shore, and was even seen at Bath in day light. He
built several small boats, light and trim, and he would at times
unhesitatingly voyage upon the broad lake in bold undertakings.
His operations consisted in privateering, in inducing American
sympathizers to accompany him to the States, and in acting as a
spy. During the war there were frequently boat loads of goods,
consisting of liquors and other valuable articles passing up the bay,
and across the Carrying Place, thence to York. On one occasion
Thomas Parker, who was eng.aged in the business, left Kingston
with a batteau laden with valuables for York. Johnson, who
watched such events, saw Parker depart. While the latter made
his way up the bay, Johnson proceeded in his craft around by the
lake, and awaited Parker off Presqu'isle. In due time the batteau
was seized by Johnson and his comrades, and taken to the other
side. Paiker being landed on Point Traver , off Marysburgh.

Another exploit was the seizure of Government despatches near
Brighton. A company of Dragoons, Captain Stinson, were on duty
to can'y despatches between the Eiver Trent and Smith's Ci*eek,
Port Hope. On a certain occasion when a dragoon, by the name
of Gardner, was pursuing his way with despatches, he was suddenly
seized by Johnson, v/ho deliberately took him with his horse to the
lake shore, where hd shot the horse, placed the despatch bag in his
boat, and then 'permitted the man to find his way on foot through
the woods to report himself to his captain.

" Bill Johnson still lives at French Creek upon the American
shore of the St. Lawrence. He was an active participant in the
events of 1837, and it is supposed had much to do in recruiting for
the army of sympathizers. There is so much of fiction to be found
respecting him in connection with that time, that it is difficult to
say what part he did take. It has been generally supposed that he
was one of the few who escaped from the Windmill, but while, no
doubt, he was engaged at the time, there is nothing to rest a decided

MACAULAY.

657

jnemy of
in Great
th, a few
ick all he
g the fall
1 a syste-

id, withal,
) visit the
ght. He
at times
ertakings.
American
icting as a
of goods,
p the bay,
te occasion
Kingston
nson, who
atter made
and by the
he batteau
the other
tburgh.
ktches near
|re on dxity
's d-eek,
the name
suddenly
lorse to the
bag in his
•t through

American
kant in the
[sruiting for
be found

difficult to
bed that he
It while, no
It a decided

statement upon. We suspect that " Bill," in his later days, was
given to boasting a little, and took pleasure in entering to the taste
of his Yankee friends, in" relating what he and his daughter Kate
did, (in imagination.)

Macaulay, " the father of the Uoiiorable John, and the Rev.
William Macaulay, settled during the Revolutionary war on Carle-
ton Island, then a British station and fortitication, where he sup-
plied the commissariat and garrison, and carried on business. In
1794, Mr. Macaulay removed to Kingston, where he amassed con-
siderable property. When he removed to Kingston, he had rafted
over from Cax'leton Island his log dwelling house, and placed it
where it now stands at the corner of Princess snd Ontario Streets. It
has since been clap-boardod over and added to, and having been kept
painted and in good repair is still a very habitable building." —
(Cooper.)

Mr. Macaulay had come to New York shortly before the com-
mencement of the Colonial troubles, and as a loyalist- had his house
pillaged and burnt, by the rebels, and became a refugee at the
military post at Carleton Island. About 1785, he settled at King-
ston, where he married, and remained until his death, in September,
1800, being fifty-six years old. He wa« at no time connected with
the service, but engaged his time in commercial business, and was on
most intimate terms with those in authority, being a particular
friend of the Buke of Albano. His sons continued his business and
in time were called to occupy honorable and responsible situations
under Government, as Legislative Councilor, Surveyor General,
Provincial Secretary, Inspector General, Chaplain to Legislative
Assembly, and Commissioners on various important matters.

THE CAPTIVE CHRISTIAN MOORE.

Upon the 19th March, 1867, the writer was privileged, through
the kindness of the Rev. Mr. Anderson, to visit an-individual who,
of all others, p )sse8ses historic interest. About half a mile north
of the Indian Church upon the old York road, Tyendinaga, lives
Christian Moore. Beside the stove, in a low Indian chair, sat a
woman whose shi'unken and bent appearance made her appear no
larger than]^a girl of sixteen. But the face, with its parchment-like
skin — the "deeply wrinkled features, bespoke the burden of many
winters. Yet, the eye still flashed looks of intelligence, as the face
was upturned from her hands on which she almost incessantly
rested her head, as if the shoulders had wearied in their long life
42

658

CHRISTIAN MOORE.

duty. Chi'istian is about a hundred years old, during eighty of
which she has remained a captive with the Mohawks. Although a
white woman, she knotvs not a word of English. Long, long years
ago, in becoming the wife of an Indian, and the mother of Indians,
she became to all purposes one of themselves. She is a living relic
of the American Eovolution, as well as of the customs of the
Mohawk Indians n hundred years ago.

In the first days of the rebellion, in an encounter between the
Indians and a party of rebels in the Mohawk valley, one of the
Indians, by the name of Green, was killed. The custom among
the sevei'al tribes, or families, when one of their number had
been lost in war, was to take the first captive they could,
and adopt him or her, into the tribe, to keep up the number.
A party of Indians, under John Green, a chief and brother of
the one killed, called in after days Captain Green, in the course
of their foray, caught a little girl about ten years of age. That
little girl is the old person of whom we are speaking. The
old woman yet recollects the fact that her father's family, on the
approach of the Indians,- made haste to escape; she by accident was
left alone or behind. She remembers to have been running along
the road, when she was taken. She says there were a good many
Indians. After this there is a blank in her memory, until the
period of the Indians leaving their homes to escape. This was the
time when they buried their Communion Plate. Christian says she
was carried upon an Indian's back, as they fled to Lachine. She
recollects that they were staying three years at Lachine, when
the tribe set out to take possession of the land which Govern-
ment was to give them. It was about a year from the time they
started from Lachine, until they, under Brant, reached their desti-
nation, the Grand River. Captain Gi'oen was with this party, and
stayed with them at Grand River for six years, when, becoming
dissatisfied, he, with hi» family, came to the Bay Quinte. Chris-
tian remembers all this. She was living with Captain Green's
sister. They came in a batteau, down the north shore of the lake,
and crossed at the Carrying Place at the head of the bay.

Christian in time became the wife of an Indian, by the name of
Anthony Smart, who, she says, has been dead now thirty-eight
years. They had but one child, a daughter, who was married to
Abram Maricle. They had three children, one being a son. Chris-
tian's daughter has been dead many years, but the old lady now is
surrounded by grand-children to the third generation.

PARLIAMF.NT.

659

ighty of
though a
ng yoai'H
Indians,
ring rolic
s of the

woon tho
10 of the
n among
aber had
y could,
number,
rother of
tio course
e. That
ig. The
ly, on tho
idont was
ing along
ood many
until tho
is was the
1 says she
ine. She
when
Govern-
tirae they
leir desti-
)arty, and
)eeoming
Chris-
n Green's
the lake,

e name of
irty-eight
narried to
n. Chris-
dy now is

ino

Some time after the closo of tho Revolution, a person by tho
name of Moore, camo with his family to Canada, and fettled at
Napanoe. By Home moans he learned that there was a white
woman among the Mohawks, and he visited them tc see if it might
be his long lost daughter. Such proved to ho the caHe. He was
Christian's father. She rememboi-s the occasion, (it was about
forty-five years ago,) her father was then a very old man. Of
course, there was no resemblance between the womun in Indian
garb before him, and his little girl of ton years. But there was a
mark upon her arm, the result of a burn by whicli he was enabled
to recognize his own flesh and blood. The scar, upon the loft fore-
arm, can yet bo distinctly sooj. Painful, indeed, must have been
the fieelings of the parent, to know she was his daughter, and yet
knew not a syllable of her mother tongue. The natural channel by
which parental and filial affection mi^ht have flowed was sealed.
She says, she has a sister now living back of Napanec. She asked
her father if she had been christened, and he informed her she had
been. Upon our asking her the question, if she ever went to school,
she mys, "No;" that she was "always working hard." Asking
her the question, if she did not think she had lived a long while, she
replied, " I don't/ think I'll live very long." The Rev. Mr. Ander-
son informs us that she has ever maintained the character of a true
Christian, and is alwaj'^s happy to partake of the Holy Communion,
Christian's great-grandson, himself a father, acted as interpreter.

Itispossibio thatthis woman, who belonged to another century,
may live yet several years. There is much of vigor in her move-
ments and conversation. Although shrivelled and bent almost
double with age, her hod}' seems to be well nourished, and her arms
possess considerable thickness. She always enjoyed good health,
and now eats and sleeps in the moat comfortable manner.

We are informed by a recent letter ft*om Rev. Mr. Anderson,
1869, that the old woman continues quite well, and works in the
garden in summer.

Parliament. — Mi*s. Mordcn, of Sophiasburgh, was born upon
the banks of the Hudson, forty miles from its mouth. Her birthday
stretches back ninety-eight years. She came into Canada with her
father, George Parliament, who was of German parentage, born
upon the sea ; and like the ocean, he was through out his brief life
tossed up and down with scarcely a day of calm and suns'hine.
The family reached the Fourth Town, and only six weeks after her
father's eyes were closed in death. Mrs. Morden has a distinct

660

blSTRESS.

i-eeollectioii of the rebellion, llor father wan staunchly loyal, and
she han hoard him repeatedly declare that ho would lay his
bonoB in the King's domains. During the war he was imprisoned
twice, at Goshen and Poughkeopsie. She was thirteen years
old when they came to (Canada, and remembers the many
weary days of travel by Oneida Lake. Hor father walked and
drove the cattle all day, hor mother would sit up till late
at night over the cam|vkettle preparing food for the party to
use the following day, so that there would bo no delay on the
way. Having croHsod from the States, the Skenectady boats landed
at Little Catariqui. The father was down below on the St. Law-
rence swimming the cattle across the stream. They found their
flour was nearly done. She, with a little sister, wont along the
shore to the village of Kingston to buy flour, she had only enough
money to buy a qiiirter of a hundred of second flour, which she
carried from MeA.ulay'8 store to the hungry company at the Little
Catariqui, where they were wind-bound. She remembers the
appearance of the shores as they journeyed along ; the rude log
cabins in the small clearings. The family of eleven children settled
upon tho north shore of Hay Bay. The eldest boy was nineteen
years old. They now thought that they, in common with other
settlers, would be permitted to work out a peaceful and happy
future, but the arrow of death was already in the bended bow. The
mournful occasion can hardly be appreciated, the father of eleven
children in the wilderness suddenly cut down. Each of the neigh-
bours had quite enough to do to care for his own family. All these
terrible facts are fresh in the mind of the venerable lady. The
events of later years are fkied from her memory, but those are too
deeply engraven upon her mind, by the pen of sorrow, to be erased
while life lasts and mind sits enthroned. The subsequent events
connected with the ftimily for a time are no less distressing. They
had one cow, the milk of which supplied them with their principal
food. Fish was occasionally caught. But they often had to seek
herbs and greens. For weeks they wore in the greatest distress
for the very necessai'ies of life. All of the family who were old
enough went out to work. The following spring, and the subse-
quent ones, her mother made sugar, not to use in the family, " oh 1
no, that was too great a luxury." It was all carried and sold for
floui*. Mi's. Morden remembers it, for she carried much of the sap.
She subsequently worked out, until after several years she found a
kind supporter. Mrs. Morden, whom the writer saw nearly four

THE R0BLIN8.

861

al, nnd
ay his
risonod
I years
many
[od and
ill late
•arty to
on the
J landed
5t. Law-
id their
ong the
enough
lich she
le Little
xjrs the
rude log
n settled
nineteen
th other
i happy
)w. The
f eleven
le neigh-
A.11 these
ly. The
e are too
)e erased
events
They
principal
to seek
distress
were old
le sahse-
ly, " oh 1
sold for
the sap.
found a
larly four

years ago, (186S), was then, although ho old, yet vigorous and
sprightly, with a kindly face, and oven a sharp oyo. Of all the
persons it has been our privilege to converse with, there are only a
few who gave such clear and appropriate testimony, and afforded
BO much satisfaction. She confined her remarks strickly to the
questions, and Ave learned much in a short hour. She spoke feel-
ingly ; and with Christian nobleness said she, *' I have lived a long
time and had many blessings, thanks bo to Gotl.'' Thus spoke the
lips of one whoso youth had been spent in another century.

BoBLiNS. — The Koblin family is extensively and favorably
known in Upper Canada, esjiecially in the 4)ay region. They,
although numerous, have sprung from a common ancestry. Origi-
nally of English or Welsh nativity; at the commencement of the
rebellion they wore found dwelling in New York, and Now Jersey.
As a result of the Revolution, four branches of the Roblin family
came into Canada, two of whom, John and Stephen, were brothers.

John Roblin lived in New Jersey, he toolc no part in the contest,
but his sympathies were doubtless with the loyalists. One day, ho
was sitting in the door-way, when a scouting party fired upon the
house as they approached. Some fourteen shots were fired. This
was done without any warning, the house being inhabited by a
private familj'. John Roblin was wounded in the knee. The party
entered the house and completely ransacked it, searching lor valu-
ables; not satisfied with what they found, they demanded whei-e
the money was ; John's brother, Stephen, was suspended by his
thumbs to a tree with the view of forcing him to tell where the
money was concealed. John, although wounded, was stripped
almost naked. The ruffians, who did all this under the name of
^' Liberty," destroyed what they could not carry ; and flour, furni-
ture, everything in fact, wjis strewn about and broken. One of the
party put his bayoneted musket to tho breast of Mrs. Roblin, and
dared her to call George her king. She fearlessly replied, he once
was, why not now. The demon was pulling the ti-igger, when a
more human comrade knocked the weapon aside. The rebels wei'o
near by under Washington, and this was a regular detailed foraging
party. John Roblin was afterward placed in the rebel hospital,
but the doctor was unnecessarily cruel, and so maltreated him, that
he became a life-long cripple. The family came into the rebel
camp, and Mrs, Roblin complained to General Washington of the
conduct of his men. He had her look among the men, and pro-
mised to punish any she said had been among tho party. But of
course they kept out of the way.

662

HIMON — VANAfiMTINK.

Tho KoblioH Kultlcd originally in AdolpiitiHtowii, John Roblin
died, and his widow, with tho family, romovod to Sophiusburf^h,
whoro slio b()U;^lit 100 acres of laud for ^25, and j)aid for it by
weaving. Sho likowiso cut «ii»\vn trocs and niado hor hut.

lloblin, who :Hottlod in tho lliiid conoosMion of FourtliTown, bo-
camo u nionilior of I'arliainent.

Simon. — John Simon was born in Jlassachnsctts, joined tho
Royal Standard wlien tho n-bollion coninu'nood. At tho cdoso of
tho war, ho sottlod at first noar Montreal, llu soon roniovod to
Catarar[ui, and fnially to tho Townshijt of l-'Iuniborough Wost,
County \Vestnu'alli,*vhcrc lio lived till his death, lie hud throo
sons, Titus, John, AValler. A dau;.;liter nuirried Detlor, another
Jnnios MeNablt, ono J)r. ^leachani, ono Thoniiison, tho last threo
lived at ikdievillo. One oi' the sons, Titus, we believe, distini^uished
himself in 1812, at the batik- of Lundy's Ltiiie. He had boon Com-
missary at Kingston, and moved lo Toronto.

-Majoii Van'Ai.stink. — '^fhe life of this man wo have boon unable
to trueo in full ; butsulUcient remains known to sup])ly the requisites
for a whort skoteh. Ifo must have eomo from tho vicinity of Albany,
for ho was docidodly Dutch, and spoko tho lilniciish lanjs^uago very
imperfocti}'. He was a stout, I'obusL man, with a dark complexion,
not ono of military bearing ; and u\ost likely, until the rebellion,
had nothing t) do with militiry matters. Among the first to
settle in Adolphustown, he well knew the hardships of pioneer
life. During the course of tho nbcllion he had sutVcred many
privations. Xatui-ally a kind-hearted man. he for man}' years
alforded to tho now comers )nueh comfort and nuitorial aid. His
house was ever open to the passing stranger — tt) the old soldier, to
poor refugees. lie was known to everybody in tho avIioIo settle-
ment of the Bay. Xo matter who came, he would ox-dor uj) from
his collar kitchen — tho old Dutch stylo — his negro servants —
slaves he had brought in with him, and set betbro tho traveler the
necessary refreshm«- its. The son of t)no who knew him well, says
he was hospitable to a fault, llis religion was Lutheran, and the
Government granted him a pension for distinguished service.

Thk WAi.LijRinoK Family — Are of English descent, and wore
among the first settlers of America. There wore several families
of the name existing in America at the breaking out of tho rebel-
lion, ono of which had been residents of Bennington, and wore
known as the Bennington Wallbridgo's. Tho rebellion led, as in
many other instances, to a division among tho sons ; some sided

WALLIimnGF. — WHITE.

063

1 1 wore
hmilies
rebel-
wore
tis in
sided

with the rebels, ollicrs n'nmiiied loyul. Klijiih W.i'l!ii'iil;Lj<' IodU
part with the loyalists. Ills children never heard him sponkini?
of the part he took ; but it is learned throiii^li another soiiroe that
lie was one of a j)arty wlio on one occasion nia<le u /gallant attack
upon a military |)rison, and relieved the prisoners. His oM muskot
mayyet be seen. It is in possession of the Hon. Lewis Wallbridge.
At the close of the war, lie desired, like many other loyalists, to
remain in the .States, hnd indeed did lor a time, but the spirit of
intolorunco was manilested toward him, so thai he determined to
settle in Canada. Jle consequently, at the I)ei4;inning of tlit> presoiit
*century, came to the Uay and purchased the tract of land held in
Ameliasburgh by the family.

Hlijah Walliiridge marrii'il the dau;L,diler of a ('. H. Loyalist,
Capt. JJoliert llverott, of Kiui^stun. ^Mr. Wallbrid/,'e, In makin;(
his visits to the front of Krnesttown, found it convenient to cros.s
the J3a3' from Mississauga I'fdiit to Ox Point, an<l as a canoe waa
not available he often disrobed himself, tied his clothes in a bundle
and managed to swim across, lii)!ding the l)uiidle of clothes above
the water.

White.— The Cobourg .Star recorded the death (jf ]Mrs. AVhito
of White's Mills, aged 82 years, as follows:

'•Another old and respectable iidiabltant has paid the debt of
nature, whoso memory will long be cherished by survivors. In
1792 3Irs. White was living with her famil}', the Chrysler's, at the
homestead, Sidney, near Belleville, but removed after her marriage
with Mr. While, to Coboui-g, in the neighborhood of which she has
remained ever since, beloved by her family and greatly respected
by all the settlers around. Although she often remarked, they had
to undergo many privations, yet they were the hai)))iest days of
ber existence. She feareil the present generation was launching
out too much into the fashion of the world, to conduce to solid
happiness.

The Chryslers were U. E. Loyalists, and among the first wiio
made Upper Canada their home after tho Ilevolution. Sorel at
that period was a government station, and here in 1802, Mrs.
White, then Catherine Chrysler, was born. In 1781, their house
was unfortunately burned down, when the (jleneral made them a
liberal grant of lands in Sidney, near Belleville. This was the
first settlement in that locality, which was soon followed by many
others, so that a neighborhood was soon formed as helpmates to
one another. A few years ql'te^v^'ard, Mr. White, being a lumber

664

COL. CHAKIiKH WILKIN8.

morcluiiit> located iu tho ucif^jhborliooil ; au iutiraucy soon sprang
up bolwoou tho partios, whioli ended in a liunily union. Clergy-
men wore scarce in those days, hul llov. llobort McDowell, of tho
reformed Dutch Church, who kept a horse and traveled through
the wilderness, tondored his servicoti. By that worthy pionoor,
Mr. and l\Irs. White were happily united in country simplicity.
Those prinievnl days wore often roforrod to as attording more solid
happiness than modern linery and ostentation. May tho present
generation never lo 'c ^ight of those good old times. She fulfilled
tho decUiration of that discerncr of the human heart, Solomon, who ^
says: ''She looketh well to the ways of her liousehold, and eatoth
not the bread of idleness. Her children rise up and call her blessed ;
her lutsband also, and he praiseth her.''

WiLKiNS. — Col. Ohrtvles WilUins, althotigh not one of the old
U. E lioyalists, yet having come to Canada at an early date, and
taken an active part in matters pertaining to tho welfare of tho
country, respecting military matters, and especially in the history
of the Bay, this work would not Ik^ complete without a special notice
of this very worlliy gontlonum. The writer had the privilege of
visiting him at his home, the Carrying JMace, in the summer of
186(5, and procured many valuable facts, which were imparted with
a kindly courtesy. Tho winters of 81} years had left their impresB
upon the tall and once erect ligure. But notwithstanding the wear
and tear of life, with manj' cares, and the intractable disease which
sttiadily julvanccd, his face beamed with a ])leasant smile, while he
recounted many events with which lie had hail to do. While relat-
ing matters of a general nature, he was niost unwilling to s]ieak of
his own services, and the dittidenco and Inimbleness of manner,
with which ho roforrod to hitnsolf was reaarkablo. We have
made reforoncc to C/t)l. Wilkins elsowhere, aind will here allude to
some events in hii li.o.

Ho came to Canada with his father in 1792, aged 10 years.
At an early period ho took up his abode at the Carrying Place
and engaged in business; was married in 1804 to Miss Mary,
daughter of Charles Smith, of Port l[opo, who died in 1847. Else-
where has boon mentioned the part he took in tho war of 1812,
for which ho received an ofHcial recognition. Mr. Wilkins had for
several days, the late CJonoral Scott of the American army, when n
priaonei' in Canada. Mr. Wilkins' kindness to him was remem-
boro«l in later years. In tho trouble of 1836-8, the Government
called upon Mr. W. t<> take command of the militia. Ko was

THE /.IE TO WIHOH THKY MYKO.

6«r>

sprang
Clorgy-
, of tho
through
pionoor,
iplicity.
re solid
present
fulfilled
an, who ^
i oiitoth
blessed ;

the old
ftte, and
t> of tho
history
ul notice
■iloge of
iimor of
•ted with
impress
tho wear
which
yrhile ho
rolut-
>oak of
manner,
Vc have
ude to

years,
g Place

Mary,
El se-
lf 1812,
had for
when a
remom-
rnmont
To was

appointed to many posts of honor and duly, and in 1840 was called
to tho Legislative Council. Mr. Wilkins was always exceedingly
popular, not because ho sought popularity, but because of his natu-
rally kind and gentlemanly deportment to all classes, and his many
sterling (lualities. Tho very high estimiition in which ho was hold
was fully evidenced on tho occasion of his death in 18(57, when old
friends camo long distances in unpleasant woathor, to see his
remains deposited in thoir last earthly resting place.

Stewart. — " A traveler writing in 1835, says of Canada, " I
oilcn met tho venerable in years," and " on March 8, 1833, died
Mrs. J. Stewart, near St. David's, Niagara District, agod 109 years ;
her husband died ^ few years sinco at the ago of 96, leaving
children, now living, agod 80, and grand-children at <>0." " Last
year a woman by the name of Metcalf, residing near tho capital of
Upper Canmia, bore a child when past her sixtieth year.''

Among obituary notices wo find the following : " At Hope
Village, Kast CuiUiamsbury, in 1829, much and go nenilly regretted,
John Wilson, Esq., a native of the Province of New Jersey, aged
90 years, 14 days."

Death op a Pioneer ok London Township. — Wo have to
record tho decease of Mr. Joseph Jayne, which took place at his
residence in London Township, 7th concession, lot 32, on Wednes-
day last, tho 10th insfc., at the advanced age of nearly 101 years.
He was l>orn on Long Island, N. Y., on Juno 13, 1764, some yeare
before tho State of Now York had ceased to be a British Province.
Deceased was revered and held in esteem by a large ciirle of ft'iends,
for whose entertainment ho was over fond of recounting his
adventures in tho revolutionary period, and whi) dc?ph* regret his
loss. — London Frk' Press.

McIntosh. -" On tlio 2.')th February lust at his rosidonco In Mniysburgh,
in tho y3nl yo;ir of his ago, rospcotod by all liis ftcqunintancos, Mr. nnno.l.i
Mcintosh, who cjuno to Amoricii ui tho 42nd Royivl lligLUuidors, imilurrivod
the day boforo tho battlo of Bunker's ITill, ami wius in that ongugcnuMit. Uo
was subsequently in tho 84th, and was at (iuoboc, when Montgomery made
his misucoossful attempt on that stvunghold, and during last war, won a Liou-
tenaut in tho Istllogt. of I'rinco Edward Militia.'

BuiD. — " At his rosidonco in Marysburgh, Mr. Henry Bml, in tho 9()tli
year of his ago. Ho oppearod to bo in good hoalth till a few niomont-s
before tho vital spark took its flight ; ho was well respected ; ho cama to
Canada iu the 54thIlogt."

Gkkow. — " At Amolioaburgh, in the County of I'rinco Eklward, on Wed-
nesday, the lOtli inst., Mary (iorow, aged 81) yooi-s. Deceasod was ono of the
first settlors on tho borders of tho B»vy of Quinto, whero tho greater part of
her long life has '<eon spent."

666

AN OLD MAN.

Vanklekck. — "In Marloe, on Jlonday, tlie 9th of October, Simeon Van-
kleeck, Esq., in his 98th year, after a short illnci^s, almost entirely free from
pain. Old ago seemed to claim its i-ights, and the system quietly gave way.
Mr. Vankleeck was one of the earliest pioneers of this part of the country,
having resided in Madoc forty-ono years, llo was well and favourably
known throughout tlio county, an<l his immediate acquaintance bear testi-
mony to his energy and tirmness, which mingled at the same time with a
kindness and suavity that won their hearts, ilis old age was remai-kable for
genial good temper and activity of nund and body. In his 94th year, he
presided at a political raeetmg held by the Hon. Sidney .Smith, at llazzard'.s
Oornei's. to wiiich i)lnce he walked from his ' on's residence, a distance of
.seven miles. In politics ho was noted lor his strong conservative feeling —
the side he chose when a young man — and adhered to it through his whole
life, believing it to he, as lie stated in his later years, the "Loyal Side."

The deceased won a descendant of a branch of the Vankleeck family,
whoso loyalty to the British Crown caused them to leave their ancient home
in Duchess County, New York, during the American Eevolution, and to
settle in tlie wilds of Canada. He was several years connected with the
British army Durhig (1)0 llevolutiou. He leaves several sons, two of whom
reside hi this township. — Mtrcini/.

PiouKv. — Died at Ernesttown, the 12lli of Jumiaiy instant, .Temima Perry,
wife of Kobert Terry. Senr.. and sistei- of tlie late Ebenezei Washburn, Esq.,
of llallowell, in the TGth year of her age. Her remains were interred on
the I4lh, witli every mark of real but unostentatious grief aic' wr ■'-.■:

'' In the beginning of l;isl Novenil>er. siio was seize<l with a viistressing
asthiuatie atleetation, wliieh liiialiy terniinateil lier life, and which she
enduied witli Christian jjatienec! ami resignation to tiie will of heaven.

"Mrs. I'erry was born iii the Province oi' Mnssichusetts, and came with
lier husband and family into tliis Province among its first settlers.

•• iSlie has left an aged i^artiier. witli whom she lived in conjugal union
and alfeclion fifty-eight years : seven children ; a numerous train of grand-
children .'uid great grandchildi'<>n ; and a hirge circle of friends andacijuaint-
ances. Her loss is extensively felt. In the various relations of lii'e, as a
wife, i niotlier, a sister, a neighbour, i'.nd a member of (uvil and Christian
society, her cxempLiry conduot entitled her to th<! esteem of all who knew
her."

Bilker, rortidine; iit Cornwall, Ontario,
Jli.s niotlior was a slave, and ho was
ei Grey, at one tiine^Solicitor-Genoral
enlisted in the 10-l(h regiment, and
served at Waterloo, Lundy'^ Lane, Fori, iCrie, and Sackott's Harbor.
He is a little rhcuniatie, and is lame from a v.ouud in the kg,
roceived in action ; tmt liis iiitelh'cl. is ,'i,s iVesh and clear as Avhcn :"
boy. He draw.s a ])ension of one shilliMg sicrling a day, and seems
good tor some years yet,"' 1809.

Ill eoiK'lnsiori wo ma^' nieution tlio descendants of Sir William
Johnson, by Miss 31olly. a sister of Josopji IJrant. She came to
Kingston at an early dale, liaving probably boon in Lotvcr Canada
during the wai-, whei-e she lived until h<'r death in 1804 or 5. Oao
of her daughters married Captain Farley, of the IGth Regiment,
anollicr Lieutenant Lemoine, of the 24th Regiment ; a thiitl John
Ferguson, of the Indian Department; a fourth Captain Earle, oftho
Provincial Xavy, and another to Doctor Kerr, an eminent
surgeon, who setth'd in Niagara.

"Oi.T) Man.— Old John
was born in ITfiG, at (^uebee.
brouglit by his master. Colon
for Upjicr Canada, Baker

A p p E :n^ D I X

ROLL OF THE 2nd BATTALION KING'S RdYAL REGIMENT,
NEW YORK, 28th FEB., 1784.

Ontario,
he was
Ion era I
lit, and
larbor.
the k>4.
Avhcn ;'

id seems

William
came to

Canada
5. Ouo

gimont,
inl John
of the

Jacob Weogiii-
Aloxaiidcr Clark
Alexander Platto
Jacob Cobniau
Jouas Simmons
James Kiinkins
Jonas Larmnary
Richanl Albery
(iabricl Hrefsea
Christopher Brefsca
Bankes, Jolin, Jr
Bankes, John, Sen
Brant, Franc •
Baxter, Lawrence
Benedict, Benjamin
Coons, Jacob
Coons, David
Campbell, Matthews
<;onnrad, William
Coolcraft, Christian
Cook, Seth

Catchcatch, Cliristian
Drihell, Cornelius
Dewitt, (Jartou
Dyckman, Martines
Foster, Moses
Hopkinson, John
Haines, Barrnst
Haines, Frederick
Haines, John
Haines, David
Hoyle, John
Hoyle, Peter
House, Jolin
Huffman, Jacob
Henerham, Andrew
Hill, Timothy
Mordon, John
Alorrison, James
Wher, John
Phillips, Michael
Phillips, Peter
Pember, Phillip
Priest, Jacob
Redding, Francis

Friar, Samuel
File, John
Franklin, John
Fend, Andrew
Gates, Thomas
Hart, Zai'harlah
Howell, Warren
Johnson, Henry
Rahall, John
Loukes, Jacob
Millross, Andrew
JlcCarty, William
.Matthews, Ponipey
Mi(klelton, liubon
Northrup, Kson
Reynold, William
Scot, Daniel
Sliaw, William
Sholtos, .John
Snartfager, Frederick
Sipperly, Pliillip
Smitli, Stephen
Smith, Jacob
Cornell. I'atner
Shilliner, Christian
Wallan. Samuel
Wirst, Jolin
Young, Daniel
Dctbrorost, Abraham
Willoughbv, William
William, Albert
Young, Peter
Young, Stephen
Deal, Peter
Bernus, Gother
Fletcher, .lohn
Lount, John
Michael Roughnett
Alexander Grant
George Christie
John Bondish
David Lishsamblin
Peter Zenith
Nicholas Schyler
Atherson, Charles

Magle, Gottip
Badernacli, John
Ross, Alexander
John Casscallion
Cornelius Pitcher
Peter Deal
John Litcher
Ahixander McDoiigall
Luke Carscallion
John P.errn
George Sullivan
.lames V. Alstino
Bcrron, John
Iluben, Peter
Barnhart, David
Cole, John
Cahlen, John
Coons, Simon
Coons, Peter
Cronkhitc. John
Con<lius, .Folin
Curtis, John
Dycli, Nicholas
Dycli, Henry
Deal, Adam
Detlor, Valentino
Detlor, Jacob
Emerish, Henry
French, Andrew
Finkle, George
Cameron, Alexander
Cameron, Angu.s
C'ameron, Donald
Davis^ Peter
Earner, Peter
Eearhart, Simon
Eaverson, J'>hn
Foy, .John
Fory, Daniel
Farlinger, John
Fike, Peter
Fairchild, Benjamin
Faish, Christian
(toosc, Frederick
Hugh, John

668

APPENDIX,

Bandal, Josoph
Snider, Jacob
Snider, Lidwich
Sills, John
Sills, Lawrence
Sills, George
Smith, Michael
Smith, Phillip
Swathager, Jolin
Vszie, Joseph
Baltingal, Jacob
Baltingal, Samuel
Raulev, Jacob
Plant," Peter
Rollin, Thomas
Clark, Hugh
Chrisholm, Donald
Sutter, Isaac
Thomson, Thomas
Thom, William
Christie, George
Beedehee, John
Samuel Ashley
James McPherson
George Barnhart
George Dagetgcr
George Prest
George Fitzpatrick
James Titehert
Peter Young
Cain Young
Clute, John
Cooper, Thomas
Cook, Silas
Coomb, John
Coomb, Barnard
Donser, John
Dire, John
Davis, Hcnery
Dogstader, Adam
Dengandrc, Garrett
Dogstader, Pompey
Edgar, Jolin
Foy, Francis
Gilbert Luke
Thomas Graham
Grant, Peter
Gold, Edward
Gallingher, George
Heming, Henry
Hawley, Jacob
Helmer, Adam
Helse, Frederick
Hugh, Henry
Hendrick, Peter
Harbinger, John
Tarhoson, David
Kough, Peter
Kreem, John

Bailer, William
Bell, Johnson
Beittc Barnard
Barnhart, Nicholas
Barnhart, Jacob
Barnhart John
Brown, Nicholas
Burch, Jacob
Brown, James
Christian, John
Christian, Simion
Cameron, William
Medagh, John
Myers, John
Cugh, George
Culmau, Frederick
Parsons, John
Kood, Mitchell
Ka Msay, Adam
Sulivan, Cornolius
Shirley, John
Shellop, Henry
Winter, Jacob
Winter, Henry
Wilson, James
Kough, James
Connor, Christian
Wilinger, Michael
Smith, Jacob
Earner, Phillip
Hawdord, Edward
Mure, John
John Miller
Fossern, Daniel
Latoch, Halburt
Elijah Sarrabe
George Murraoff
Luke Bourteal
Toll Hurd
Samuel Suckey
John Saver
John Toague
Barnhart, Charles
Beramy, William
Boner, (lasper
Boner, Adam
Bonder, Samuel
Cox, Alexander
Grander, Anthony
John Grander
Grander, William
Cadman, William
Cadman, George
Coundouse, George
Dow, Thomas
Delong, John
Evans, Tony
Landras, Samuel
Logest, Andrew

Hamilton, Thomas
Henning, Andrew
House, Coonroot
Hedlar, Adam
Johnson, John
Hellen, John
Himmerly, Andrew
Ylline,
Law, Samuel
Heller, Henry
Noon, William
Battingal, Jacob
French, Albert
Flamsbury, William
Howard, William
Harding, Richard
Jones, Thomas
Johnson, William
Jones, John
Roughnet, John
Rentner, George
Knight, Benjamin
Koughnot, John
Lonhey, George
Lonhey, Henry
Lonhes, Abraham
Savanay, Alexander
Sambert, David
Sawyer, William
Loft, David
McGowen, Stephen
Murdoft", James
Murdoff, George
Moss, Simon
Critchert, Bartholomew
Rogers, John
Rambaugh, Jacob
Rarabaugh, John
Raiubaugh, Andrew
Rambaugh, William
Shellop, Christian
Smith, Daniel
Shuk, Christian
Tute, John
Kerady, Robert
Church, Oliver
Hillinger, Abraham
Laryo, Matthew
Erwiny, Robert
Schnars, Frederick
John Howell
Francis Hoyb
Richard Cotter
Matthew Farrent
Jothan Hart
Joseph Clement
Henry Davis
John Windaker
Brant, John.

APPENDIX.

IB89

Borvcn, William, Senr
Baker, Henry
Borven, Willinm, Junr.
Bush, Henry
Cameron, Archibald
Dodger, Thomas
McDonnell, John, Senr.
McDonnell, John, Junr,
McDonnell, Roderick
McDonald, Ronald
McPhcrson, Laughlin
Matthew, Jacob
Naramorc, Esau
Penn, Matthew
Prentice, Daniel
Prichell, John
Phillips, Jacob
Porker, Isaac
Ross, Thomas, Senr.
Ross, Thomas, Junr.
Ross, John
Boaf, John
Ryan, Dennis
Rowland, Jervis
Tingorac, John
Starring, Jacob
Severn, Peter
Scrvus, Phillip
Smith, John
Hart, Nathaniel
Sherman, William
Tuniver, William
Valentine, Alexander
Warmly, Jacob
Cook, Robert
Rieiman, Henry
SchilVis, Henry
Henry Deal
John Seryin
Andrew Eiabury
Thomas Claik
William Nicholson
John Dogstider
Allen Chrisholm
John Dervitt
Arginsinger, John
Bartley, Muherd
Bartley, Isaac
Chrisholm, Duncan
Cain, John
Coon, Jacob
Campbell, John
Cain, Barney
Cook, Joseph

Farling, John
Hough, Georgo
Hight, Mathew
Johnson, Princo
Peacock, John
Kenton, John
Delorm, John
Donevan, Herener
Evans, Bolton
Eglon, Leonard
Estwood, John
Flanagan, James
Gardiner, John
Horon, Peter
Horon, Jacob
Hubbert, Jubilee
Hegle, John
Koughnet, William
Koliph, Henry
Toyer, David
Toyer, Richard
Martin, Robert
Murphy, Patrick
McGran, Owen
McGran, Dennis
McDonnell, Daniel
Nel linger, Abraham
Phillips, Elijah
Rapole, George
Shaver, Adam
Sample, Hugh
Street, Daniel
Staly,' Tobias
Stering, George
Truax, Isaac
Turnburny, John
Woodcock, Abraham
Woodcock, Peter
Welsh, Morris
Argussiger, Phillip
Wilson, James
Thomas Cavan
John Mclntyre
John Ham,
Abiah Christie
Donald McPherson
John Tower
Peter Winter
John Lambert
Albert Edward
Ball, Samuel
Crawford, William
Crumwell, Nicholas

Snntnerc, Jacob
Witts, Henry
Witts, John
McCar<ly, Jacob
Mi rile, Jacob
Minse, John
Crawford, Bryan
Clark, Jacob
Clark, Adam
Clark, John
Chrisholm, Hugh
Faber, David
Fitzgerald, William
Fumy, Rodolph
Furny, Adam
Gilbert, Nathaniel
Graham, William •
Grant, Peter
Hclmer, John
Horon, Joseph
Howard, Christian
To war, Canrobe.-t
Tarranay, Isaac
Tarranay, Abraham
Matthew, Nicholas
McKay, Stephen
McTaggart, James
McDonald, Duncan
Mitchell, John
Mclntyre, Duncan
McJ nnon, John
Oxbury, John
Phillip, John
Rote, George
Reyers, William
Robertson, Daniel
Shaver, James
Smith, William .
Smith, Peter
Sweeney, Daniel
Stewart, John
Teagin, Jacob
Vandregoo, Phillip
Abstric, Lambert
Wright, John
Walrodft, Jacob
Wood, James
Wood, William
Weegar, Thomas
West, John
Toursset, Benjamin
Tealy, Adam
Deprender, George

670

APPUNDIX.

Subjoined

"'■= OOV«.0K. OK nPPK« o...„,.

-""joined is a list of thfi p.

NAMB8. °^ *^® Provinces in 1841 •-

Col. John Graves Sim^^ "TtEa. '

Hon- Peter uZlu '''^ ^^««tenant^oven,or ? "'^ ^™'=^«'°''-

I'ieut.-Gen. Peter HunV President . "^"'^ 8, 1 792.

Hon. Alexander Gmnt '' J'^»t««'*Wo;;„,"oV f ^'^ ^'' '^^«-

HisExcellencj Franc ^a ^'■'''^«'»* ^»g««t 1 r, 1 799.

JJ«J-«en. Sir Isaac Brook J'-*-«nt-Gov;;„o; l^" "' ^«««-

Maj.-Gen. Sir R mZu^ President . ^"g"«t 25, 1806.

MaJ.-Gen.F.Batnd toIt'J'"* •^"«''^-* •'.' n'"*^" ''' ^«"-

J^ie«t.-Ge„. Sir Gordon n'"'""''-''''''''^'^* - ?'*°'^'' ''' '«^2.

G.C.B ^rumniond, June 19, 1813

H'« Excellency Franci; Gor; f^ovincial Lieut.-Gevernor Jul. , , o

Hon. Samuel Smith ^'^''tenant-Governor ^J ! ^' ^®^^-

Maj.-Gen. Sir Peregrine" M^-m' ' * •^^'»'''ist™tor .... , P*'' 25, 1815.

K.C.B. '*'6'^"^e Maitland, ^"ne 21, 1817.

Hon. Samuel Smith ^'«''*enant.Govemor *

Maj.-Gen. Sir P Maifliin^' "^' Administrator • -August 13, I8I8.

^«J--aen.SirJohncltl^/^,-^! f. '' ^«^^-

Maj. Sir Francis Bond HeTdrf n « ■^''"*^'^*°*-Governor ^ '' '''''•

Maj.-Gen. Sir John Pm.' ^■^■^•^'^''tenant.Govemor "''"• ^' ^828.

MaJ.-Gen.SirGeo .ei^^^^^^^^^^ 'T ''' ^'^^

H.G.O... ^^^'^'"'r.Iv.C.B Feby. 27, M38.

Baron Sydenham and vV". ^'*"^*enan^Governor

Dn .. ^°^^7"*°WerCanada Gove^or a ■"'*'■''' "''^''•

do- .United do ! ""^™J-0^tober.i839

• ^^'^ do. Feby. 10, 1841

do. do.

rADA.

its, and Administra-
rovinces in 1841 :—

TIME OF ACCESSION.

Julys, 1792.

July 21, 1796.

August 17, 1799.

. ....Septr. 11, 1805.

August 25, 1806.

Septr. 30, 1811.

....October, 20, 1812.
....June 19, 1813.

•nor. Deer. 13, 1813.
nor. April 25, 1815.

aor.July 1, 1815.
....Septr. 25, 1815.
....June 11, 1817.

...August 13, 1818.
. . . March 8, 1820.
...June 30, 1820.

. . Novr. 5, 1828.

..Jany. 25, 1835.

..Feby. 27, ]<S38.

.March 23, 1838.
ral. October, 1839.
• Feby. 10, 1841.

CEIlsrSTJS OF 1871.

TOTAL POl'lILATlON BY I'ROVINUJ-a.

Ontario,
Quebec,

New Brunswick,
N(»va Hcotiii.

1,«20,842
1,190,305

288,777
387,800

. Total 3,484,924

CrriEK OF THE IIOMIMOS.

Montreal, P. Q., ••■
Quebec, P. Q.,
Toronto, Ont.,
Halifax, N. S., ...
St. John, N. B., ...
Hamilton, Ont., ...
Ottawa, Ont.,
London, Ont.,
Kingston, Ont., ...

POPUL.VTION OF CKXM ^•
(INTAltlli.

Ad(lin<;ton,
Algoma, East,
Algoma, (.'entre,
Algoma, West,
Bothwell,
Brant, South,
Brant, North,
Bruce, South,
Bruce, North,
Cardwell.
<vomwall,
Carleton,
Durham, West,
Durham, East.
Dundas,
Essex, •
Elgin, East,
Elgin, West.
Frontenac,
Grey, South,
Grey, North,
Grenvillo, South
Glengarry
Haldimond,
Huron, South,
Huron, .'"orth,
Halton,

Hastings, West,
Hastings. K;i.st.

107,225
59,699
56,092
29,582
28,988
26,716
21,545
15,826
12,407

inSTRKTS tX

21,312

977

2,077

1,853
20,701
20,766
11,493
31,332
17,183
16,500

7,114
21,739
18,316
19,065
18,777
32,697
20,870
12,796
16,310
29,366
30,029
13,197:
20,524!
20,097 1
27,149'
39,016 1
22,606 i
14.365 I
I7.39--'

Hastings, Nt)rth, 16,607

Kent, 26,836

Lambton, 31,994

Lincoln, 20,672

I.<ennox, 16,392

Leeds, South, 20,716

Leeds, North, & Grenville ... 13,530

Lanark, South, 19,190

Lanark, North, 13,830

Middlesex, W., 20,195

Middlesex, N 21,519

Middlesex, E., 25,055

Monck, 15,130

Muskoka 5,400

Manitoulin, 2,011

Northumberland, W., ... 17,328

Northumberland, E., ... 21,757

Norfolk, S., 15,370

Norfolk, N 15,.393

Nipissing, S., 943

Nipissing, N., 848

Oxford, S., 2.3,078

Oxford, N 24.559

Ontario, S., 19,923

Ontario, N 25,967

Perth, South, 21,145

Perth, North 25,377

Peterborough, W 11,769

Peterborough, E., 14,6.33

Peterborough, N., 4,073

Prescott, 17,647

Peel, I«,.%9

Prince Edward, 20,:136

Parrv Sound, 1.519

Rui.Rel], 18,344

KeufroM-, South 14,099

Renfrew, North 1.3,875

Simcoe, South, ... .. 23.671

Simcoo. North 33,719

Storuiont, 11,873

VictoHu, S., 19,244

Victoria. X 10,9.56

Wellaud. 20, .573

Wt'utwortb, S 14,63a

Weiitwoith, N 16,245

Wat.^rloo, S 20,995

Waterloo, N 19,2.">(i

Wolliii<;ton, S I4,;i47

Wellington,*.' 24.4.VJ

Wellington. N ' 24.484

York, North 24.262

York, Wor»t 16,260

York. East, 10. .360

CENSUS OF 1H71.

TOWNS AND VILLAOKS IN ONTARIO OF OVER !flO(>
INHABITANTS.

Aurora,

1,132

Almonte,

•2,080

Brantf ord,

.. \ 8,107

Berlin,

2,743

Brampton,
Brad^rd,

2,090

1,130

Barrie,

3,398

Bowman viUe,

•'3,034

Brighton,
Belleville,

1,357

... 3 7,306

Brockville,

75,102
f 1,298

Bruce Mines,

Chatham,

... ^ 5.873

Caledonia,

1,246

Clifton,

1,610

CoUingwood,

2,829

Cornwall,

2,033

Carleton Place, ...

1,205

Dunville,

1,452

Dundas,

3,135

Mora,

1,498

Fergus,

1,666

Ooderich,

1*3,954

Gait,

•<r 3,827

Guelph,

... 4 6,878

Georgetown,

1,282

Gananoque,
Ingersoli,

2,020

10-4,022

Kincardine,

1,907

Lindsay,

114,049

MitcheU,

1,802

Mt. Forest,

1,370

Milton,

1,000

Morrisburg,

1,156

Newmarket,

1,760

Niagara,

1,600

NewcftMtle,

1,109

Naiiamie,

... r 2,967

Oraiigoville,

... ' 1,458

Owen Sound,

3,369

Oakvillc,

1.684

Orillia,

1.322

Oshawa,

V:. 3.185

Pari.s,

2,640

Petrolia,

2,651

Preston,

1,408

Port Hope,

6 5,114

Peterborough,

% 4,613

Picton,

2,.316

P'-.oCOtt,

2.617

Perth,

2,375

Pembroke,

1,508

Parry Sound,

1,062

Port Dalhousio, .

1,081

Sandwich,

1,160

Samia,

2.929

St. Thomas,

2,197

Strathroy,

3,232

Simcoe,

1,856

St. Catharines, . .

a 7,864

Seaforth,

1,368

St. Marys,

3,120

Stratford,

^ 4,313

Smiths Falls,

1,150

Thorold,

1,635

Tilsonburg,

1,000

Windsor,

(0 4,253

Woodstock,

13 3,982

Waterloo,

1,594

Whitby,

2,732

Yorkville,

2,203

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1,109

2,967

1,458

3,369

1.684

1,322

r. 3,185

2,640

2,651

1,408

6 5,114

% 4,613

2,316

2.617

2,375

1,508

1,052

1,081

1,160

2.929

2,197

I 3.232

1,856

a 7,864

1,368

- 3,120

<) 4,313

1,150

1,636

1,000

fO 4,253

13 3,982

1,594

2,732

2,203

TT--

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