^ ^ ^->..f IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) Vx :\ \ 1.0 I.I 1.25 l^|2J |2.5 150 ■^" MHB 1.8 U 11.6 V] ^> ^v^ « > ^ ^^ /t^ Photographic Sciences Corporation WM. CANNIFF, iM.D., F.R.C.S.E.. PROFESSOR OF SURGERY, UNIVERSITY VICTORIA COLLE(.E, CONSULTING SUfiOEOM TO EYE AND EAR INFIR.MARY, PHYSICIAN AND SURGEON TO THE TORONTO GENERAL HOSPITAL, AUTHOR OF "PRINCIPLES AND PRACn-ICK oF SITRGERV," etc. i| rOKONTO. ONT. . PUBLISHED EY A. H. HOVEY, 34 KING STREET WEST. I«752. f6hoV AGElffTS mrANTED In every County to sell this and other popular sub- scription books. Exclusive territory .i^iven and liberal inducements offered. Address for circulars and full particulars. A. H. HOVEY. Pim.isHKR, No. 34 Kin^ Street West, Toroiuo. Ont. BY HIS RESPECTFUL ADMIRER, WILLIAM CANNIFF. 1'. i It 1' TO THE HONORABLE SIR JOHN ALEXANDER xMACDOxNALD, K.C.B., iD.C.L., M.P., PREMIER OF THE DOMINION OP CANADA, THIS VOLUME IS BY PERMISSION RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED, AS A RECOGNITION OP HIS ABirjTIES AS A CANADIAN STATESMAN, - AND A3 A TRIBUTE TO A LONG STANDING INHABITANT OP BAY QCINTE, WHO HAS GIVEN HIS TALENTS AND ENERGIES TO LAY A SURE FOUNDATION FOR •'a GREAT NORTHERN NATION." m . i^)r.l'.' aft' .fl-.-- '•.i.;i* ■■.:!.■ >;;''U.t.-.Ki'£ !,". v,:l»'' (fffaijviij^^^^ , ', , 1 I- . r ■5) PREFACE. ;l il In the year 1861 a meeting was convened at the Education Office, Toronto, with the view of establishing an Historical Society for Upper Canada. The writer, as an Upper Canadian by birth, and deeply interested in his country with respect to the past as well as the future, was present. The result of that meeting was the appointment of a Committee to frame a Constitution and By-Laws, and take the necessary steps to organize the proposed Society, and to report three weeks thereafter ' The Committee consisted of the Hon. Mr. Merritt, Eev. Dr. Eyerson, Col. Jarvis, Mr. DeGrassi, Mr. Merritt, J. J. Hodgins, Dr. Canniff and Mr. Coventiy. For reasons unknown to the writer, this Committee never even met. The following year the writer received a printed circular respecting an " Historical Society of Upper Canada " which had been established at St. Catharines, of which Col. John Clarke, of Port Dalhousie, was President ; Hon. Wra. H. Merritt, Vice-President, and George Coventry, of Cobourg, Secretary. '' "HONORARY MEMBERS." » Chief Justice Sir John Beverley Rob- inson, Bart., Colonel Jarvis, Toronto, Doctor Canniff, " Henry Eccles, Esq., Q.C., William H. Kittson, Esq., Hamilton, Henry Ruttan, Esq., Cobourg, The Venerable Lord Bishop of Toronto, Alfio DeGrassi, Esq., Toronto, J. P. Merritt, St, Catharine!., Thomas C. Keefer, Esq., Yorkville, Hon. George S. Boulton, Cobourg, David, Burn, Esq., Cobourg." At the request of this Society the writer undertook to prepare a Paper upon the Settlement of the Bay Quinte. Having been induced to take up his abode for a time at Belleville, near which ho was born, the writer availed himself of every opportunity he could t n PREFACK. create wliilo cn^ii^od in his profossional duties, during u period of five years, to collect laets pertaining to the subject. After somo months of labor, he was advised by friends, in whoso judgment ho had confidonco, to write a History of the Bay Qninte, for publication. Acting upon this advice, ho continued, with increased energy, to collect and elaborate material. In carrying out this object, ho not only visited dirt'cront sections of the country and many indivi- duals, but consulted the libraries at Toronto and Ottawa, as well as availed himself of the private libraries of kind friends, especially Cannift' Ilaight, Esq., ofPicton. As the writer proceeded in his work, ho found the subject assuming more extended proportions than he had anticipated. lie found that, to write an account of the Settlement of the Jiay Quinte, was to pen a history of the settlement of the Province. Finally, he has been induced to desig- nate the work " A History of the Settlement of Upper Canada," . The labor, time and thought which has been given to the subject need not to be dwelt upon. Every effort has been made, consistent with professional duties, upon which tho writer's family is dependent, to sift a mass of jiromiscuous material M-hich has come under investigation, so that grains of truth alone might fill the measure which this volume represents. Various sources of infoi-mation have been duly indicated in the text; but there are a large number of individuals, from whom information has been obtained, whose names could not be recalled. This work has been one of love as well as labor ; yet time and again the writer would have relinquished it had it not boon for the words of entouragemont, volunteered by his friends. The writer has explained the cause of his writing this volume, lie now presents it to the reader — to Canadians — to the world. He loves his country so well, that he regrets an abler pen had not undertaken the task, that justice might be more fully done to the worthy. Fault may be found because of repeated and earnest protests against the attitude assumed by the United States : the comments PRKFACR. ?U made in rospoct to their history: tho contrnst drawn upon tho sultjcct of LiHERTY and FiiEEnou. Tlio writer offerH no'oxcuse. IIo IwiH endeavored to iwlherc to truth. It is true theso pa^ros have boon written during a period of'f^reat irritation to Canadians, from tlic hostile and aggresbive 6j)irit whicii tho United States have din- phvyed towards us ; but a record has been made whiojj, it iB trusted, will stand tho tost of the closest examination. As to the work, apart from its historical character, no remark is oflt'ei'ed, except that tho writer is perfectly conscious of errors and imperfections. Time has not been allowed to polish; and while tho pages have been going through the press, other necessary duties have prevented that close and undivided attention which tho work demanded. But subscribers to the volume were urgent in their requests to have the work without further delay. The reader is referred to a page of Errata. ' A concluding chapter it has been found necessary to omit, in consequence of the size already attained. In this it was intended to discuss the future prospects of the Dominion. The writer has unbounded faith in tho Confederation scheme. Before this scheme was initiated, the writer, in a lecture delivered to a Toronto audience, uttei'cd these words. Pointing out the elements which constitute the fabric of a great nation, ho remarked that ho " loved to contemplate the future, when all the British American Provinces would bo consolidated into a grand whole ; when, from r the summit of the Eocky Mountains, would be seen — to the East along the magnificent lakes and river to the Atlantic, and down the western slopes to the Pacific — tho ceaseless industry of the Canadian beaver, and the evergreen Maple Leaf overshadowing tho peaceful homes of Canada." The prospects now are far brighter than when those woi'ds were spoken ; and notwithstanding the obstacles — an unpatriotic company of Englishmen, the unscrupulous designs of covetous Americans, and the apathy of the British Gov- ernment — the belief is broad and strong that the dream of the i\iture will be realized. There is life in tho tree whose seed was Hi i I! vui PREFACE. planlotl eighty years ago, und an it has in the past continued to grow, 80 it will in the future. In concluding these prefatory remarks, wo desire to tender our thanks to all who have assisted us directly or indirectly, by sup- plying information, and by encouraging words. Particularly wo thank those gentlemen who gave their names as subscribers, some of them voluntarily, years ago, before the work was fairly com- menced ; also the Hon. Lewis Wallbridge, for procuring for us, when Speaker, copies of manuscript in the Parliamentary Library, at Ottawa. Finally, we express our obligations to the Publishers and Printers. Toronto, 27th March, 1869. : ' ■■ [Copy Right tecured. ii • I ' ■ ,1, 1 1 ■) <^} t li'H 'i-Hkiil Vv A'-' ■ ii" ' ■'^ II. Ito i/r, r onr 8Up- wo ome ;om- •ary, ,.- \tl, J , •' ' i Ml I4. 7 iii .• '■ » If CONTENTS. '■-): ...... ' and A SKETCH OF FnANCO-CANADUN III8T01IV. CHAPTER I. v\\' AntiquarianiRm — Records of the Early Nations — Tradition — The Press— The Eastern World — The Western World — Importance of History — Colnmbus — Colonization — Canada — America — Cartitr — French Cano. dian writers — Cartier's firnt visit — Hugiunots — Carticr's second visit- Jean Francois — Sir Ueorye E. Cartier — Establishment of the Fur Trade — Champlain — Discovery of Lake Ontario— Hay of (Jiiinte — Quebec founded — First flghtinjr with Indians — First taking of Quebec by th« British — Returned to Frimce — The Recollets and Jesuits — Death of Champlain — Foundation of Jlontreal — Emigration fr-^ni France — The Carignan Regiment — DeCourcelle— Proposal to found a Fort at Lake Ontario — Frontenac — Fort at Cataraqui — La Salle — Fort at Niagara- First vessel upon the Lakes — Its fate — Death of La Salle, the first settler of Upper Canada — Founder of Louisiana — Discoverer of the mouth of the Mississippi PAOI CHAPTER II. Cataraqui Fort strengthened — Kente Indians seivied and carried captive to France — Massacre of Lachine — Commencing struggle between New England and New France — Siege of Quebec by Sir Wm. Phipps — De- struction of Fort Cataraqui — Its re-erection — Treaty of Ryswick — Death of Frontenac — Iroquois in England — Another attempt to cap- ture Quebec — Decline of French power — Population of Canada and of New England — Continuation of the contest for the fur trade Taking of Fort Louisburg — Col. Washington, dishonorable conduct — Inconsis- tency of Dr. Franklin — Commencement of seven years' war — Close of first year — Montcalm — His presentiment— Taking of Fort Oswego— Of Fort William Henry — Fearful massacre — The state of Canada Wolfe appears — Taking of Frontenac — Duquesne — Apathy of France — The Spring of 1759 — Reduced state of Canada — Overthrow of French power in Americo — The result — Union of elements — The capture of Quebec — Wolfe —Death of Montcalm — Fort Niagara — Johnson— Effort to retake Quebec — Wreck of the French army — Capitulation at Mon- treal — Population — The first British Governor of Canada — The Cana- dians as British subjects^The result of French enterprise — Rebellion 10 i . (Ill' CONTENTS. DIVISION I. TUB RKnRI.MON OV 1776 — THE TFIIBTKEN COLONIK?. CHAPTER ITI. ■ 1 '■ • i ■ ■ I'Ana First American rebi-Uion — Indupeiulenct' — Traitors made heroes— Loyalistfi driven away to found another colony — The responsibility of rebelling — Treatment of the Loyalists — The several colonies — The first Eng- lishman in America — Receives X'lO — p]nglish colonization — Virginia — Convicts — Extent of Virginia — First Governor — Virginians not willing to rebel — Quota supplied to the rebel army — New Yor); — Hudson — The Dutih — New Netherlands — Price of New Ajnsterdam (New York) — First Legislative Assembly — Not quick to rebel— Quota of rebel troops — Gave many settlers to Upper Canada — New Jersey — Its settlement — A battle ground — Gave rebel troops ; also loyal troops — Furnished settlers to Upper Canada — Massachusetts — Captain Smith ,• — New England Puritans — The " Mayflower " — First Governor — Cruel treatment of Indians — Massacliusctts takes the lead in robclling— Troops — liOyalists — New Hampshire — Troops — Delaware — Settlement — Uiuta of rebel troops — Connecticut — Education — Troops— Roman Catiiolics — Toleration — Rhode Island — Providence— Inconsistency of the Puritjvns— Roger vVilliams — North Carolina — Inhabitants — South Carolina — Many Loyalists— Pennsylvania — William Penn — Conduct toward Indians— The people opposed to rebellion— Georgia — Ogle- thorpe— Policy of Now England — New England 32 A 8J *H ■. rs — ii'.i.Mi., CHAPTER IV. American writers— Sabtne — Loyalists had no time to waste — Independence not sought at first — Adatns- Franklin — Jay — .Jefferson — Washington —Madison — The British Government — Ingratitude of the Colonists — Taxation — Smugglej's — Crown officers — Persist"uce — Superciliousness Contest between Old £n|j;land and New Englnnr'. 41 i-iiv •'i.>jo4~«'»'"i''''>Ji^ --^ii'sia'' CHAPTER V. ' ii(t>C' The signers of the Declaration of Independence — Their nativity — Injus- tice of American writers for 80 years— Cast back mis-statements— The Whigs had been U. E Loyalists — Hancock — Oftice-seekers — Malcon- tents stir up strife — What the fathers of the Republic fought for — Rebel committees- -Black mail — Otiij, John Adams, Warren, Washinjr- ton, Hsnry, Franklin — What caused tlifim to rebel — What the American revolutionary heroes actually were — Cruelty, during and after the war —No Freedom— The political mistake of the rebels in alienating the loyalists — The Consequence — Motives of the loyalists — False charges — Conscientious Conservatives — Rebellion not warranted —Attachment to the old flag — Loyalists driven away — Supprcssio hc;j — Want of iiobK' spirit towards the South— -Etfeets — Comparison between loyalists ai.d rebels- -Education — Religion— The neutral — The professions . , ¥> India I I ( V A i I I d V t CHAPTER VI. Republicanism— The lesson of the first rebellion — The late civil war — Th« Loyalists ; their losses and hardships — Ignored by Americans — Unrc- eorded^Tho world. kept in ignorance— -American glory— Englishmen — Question of Colonial treatment — The reason why Great Britain failed to subdue the .rabellion— Character of the rebel bravery— The r great result — Liberty iu England and United States contraHted — Indiv C r A \U I'AOH 32 CONTENTS. Slavery — Tlie result to IT. K. Loyalists — rttirpjoyne — Molmrrucy — Treiitinent from "Sons of Liberty" — Old men, wcnien and ehildren — Instances of criioUy — IJrutality — iiiipaeity — Torture — Tiie lower clisses — "Swamp Law" — Fiendish eruelty — Worse tliun Butler's Rangers — Seward and the Fenians — Infamous fulsitication — Close of the war — Reeognition of independence by (Jreat Britain — Crushed hopes of the Loyalists — In New York — Their conduct — Evacuation day — The position of the liOyalists — Confiscation — •• Attainting" — Seizing Estates — Paine — Commissioners at Paris — British Ministry —Loyal' ts' petition — King's speech — Division of claimants — Six classes — The numlier — Tardy Justice — Noble conduct of South Carolina — Impostors — Loyal- ists in Lower Canada — Proclamation — The soldiers' families — Joumey- ings- i-Aoa -Meeting of families. II !■ CHAPTER VII. H'-i '■■'.^' spjiril of strife — The French war — British American troops— Former comrades opposed — Number of U. E. Loyalists in the field — General Burgoyne — Defeat — First reverse of British arms — The campaign — Colonel St. Leger — Fort Stanwix — Colonel Bauiu • — Battle of Ben. nington — General Herkimer — Gates — SchnyhT — Braemar Heights — Saratoga — Surrender — The result upon the people — Sir .John Johnson — Sir William — Sketch — Indian Chief — Laced coat — Indian's dream — It comes to pass — Sir William dreams — It also comes to pa.ss — Too hard a dream — Sir .John — Attempt to arrest — Escape — Starving — Royal greens — Johnson's losses — Living in Canada — Death — Principal Corps of Royalists — King's Rangers — Queen's Rangers — Major Rogers — Simcoc — The Rangers in Upper Canada— Disbanded — The Hessians. * 1 II 52 C'3 1 I -flv. CHAPTER VIII. A— J' h, ^d-^ili^\ ,'0 41 46 Indian names — The Five Tribes — The Sixth — Confederation — Crovern- ment — Sub-divisions — Origin — Hendrick — Death — Brant — Uirth— > Education — Married — Teaching — Christianity — Brant elected Chief — Commissioned a British Cai)tain — Visits England — Returns — Leads his warriors to battle — Etl'orts of Rf'bels to seduce Brant to their cause — Attempted treachery of the Rebel Herkimer — Border warfare — Wyom- ; ing — Attempt to blacken the character of Brant — His noble conduct — Untruthful American History — The inhabitants of Wyoming — T!ic Rebels first to blame — Clierry Valley — Van Schaick — Bloody orders — Terrible conduct of the Rebels, Helpless Indian families — Further deeds of blood and rapine by the rebel Sullivan — A month of horrible work — Attributes of cruelty more conspiyuous in tlie Rebels than in the Indians — The New Englander — Conduct toward the Indians — In- consistent — The " down trodden '" — The Mohawks — Indian agriculture — Broken faith with the Indians — Noble conduct of Brant — After the wax — His family — Death — Miss Molly — Indian usage — The character of the Mohawk — The six Indians as Canadians — Fidelity ..:»iip- CHAPTER XI. Bogerfl' family — Ryerson — Redner — Sherwood — Taylor — Van Dusen — Williamburgh— Wright — Wilkins — Young — Officers who settled in Niagara District 117 A^r; i" DIVISION II. TRAVELING IN EARLY TIMES— ORIOINAL ROUTES. 7 X • CHAPTER XII. ■. M ~~^ Indian paths — Portages — Original French routes — Merde Canada— Original names of St. Lawrence — Ontario— Huron — Route by Bay Quints — Old French maps — Original English routes — Four ways from Atlantic to the Lakes — Mississippi — Potomac — Hudson — Indian name of Erie — From New York to Ontario— The Hudson River — Mohawk — Wood u creek — Oneida Lake— Oswego River — ^The carrying places — West Canada Creek— Black River— Oswegotchie— The navigation — Military highway — Lower Canada — An historic route — The paths followed by the Loyalists — Indian paths north of Lake Ontario— Crossing the Lake —From Cape Vincent to the Bay Quints — From Oswego by Duck Islands — Eaet Lake — Picton Bay — Coasting Ontario — Two ways to Huron — By Bay Quints and Trent; by Don River — Lake Simcoe — Point Traverse — Loyalists — Travelling by the St. Lawrence — First road — Lon^ remembered event 129 Yl^.u r-.vl-loii— -i^;>JHUf CHAPTER XIII. rvyr-iV- itvio'P- -ifciro; Indians traveled by foot or by canoe — Secreting canoes — Primeval scenes — Hunting expeditfons — War path — In 1812 — Brock — A night at Myers' Creek — Important arrival^ — The North West Company — ^Their canov — Route-^Orand Portage — The Voyageurs — The Batteaux — Size — Ascending the rapids — Lachint— A dry dock-^Loyalists by bfttteaux — Durham boats — Difficulties — In 1788, time flrom Lachine to Freder- i '^ ' ieksburg— Waiting for batteaux — Extracts from a journal, trareling in 1811 — From Kingston to Montreal — The expenses — The Schenectady boats — Trade between Albany and Cataraqui — The Durham boat — Duncan — Description of fl^t-bottomed boat by " Murray " — Statement of Pinkie — Trading — Batteaux in 1812 — Rate of traveling — The change in fifty years — Time from Albany to Bay Quiftte— Instances — Loyalists traveling in winter — Route*— Willsbury wilderness — Tarrying at Com- wall-^The " French Train " — Traveling along north shore of Ontario —Indian path — Horseback — Individual owners of batteaux — Around Bay Quintfe — The Last regular batteaux— In 1819 — "Linen" from magazine t. 136 Majoi C (I I s ii I ii 1 T Q t* ti tt 01 Thetc R fr tc S( ce ! r; CONTENTS. XIU CHAPTER XIV. PAGE IS Ld .. 100 in 117 PAOS The first Vessel— The French— La Salle— The Grlflfon— Vessels in 1770— .. During the Rebellion — Building at Carleton Island — Captain Andrews The Ontario — Col. Burton — Loss of the Ontario — The Shcehans — Hills — Givins' — Mumey's Point — Schooni^r ' Speedy ' — Mohawk — Missis- sauga — Duke of Kent — Capt. . Bouchette — Paxton — McKenzie — Richardson — Earle Steele — Fortiche — The Governor Simcoe — Sloop ' Elizabeth ' — First vessel built at York — Collins' Report upon Navigating the Lakes — Navy in Upper Canada, 1795 — Rochfoucault — Capt. Bouchette — Officers' Pay — York, the centre of the Naval Force '-■ — Gun Boats — The Loss of the " Speedy" — Reckoner — Dr. Strachan — Solicifor-Gen. Gray — Canada took the lead in building VeBsels — First Canadian Merchant Vessel — The York — A Schooner on runners round the Falls — Sending Coals to Newcastle — Upon Bay Quints — The Out- skirts of Civilization— "The Prince Edward" built of Red Cedar— In 1812— Schooner " Mary Ann "—1817— Capt. Matthews 147 .t.-.i-iUK »,»•;-■.!!*<> -BiUii VJ;;Aij Hi x!>:i . :• /.nt DIVISION III. tal »ld to by ke ck to es at iir ze Ix in ly It je ts 1- id m 12d
  • Machineiy — Put up by Loyalists — No Toll— Only Mill for three years— Going to Mil], 1784— The Napance Mill — Coninieneed iTSr) — Kohort t'liirkc — And old Book — "Apjienca" Fulls — Price of eel tain articles — What Rum cost, and was nsed for — The Mill opened 1787 — Sergt.-Major Olarke in chaipe — Indian Corn — Small Toll — Surveyor Collins in chnrgc — Becomes the property of R. Cartwright, 1702 — Rebuilt — Origin of Napanee — Price of Butter, 1788 — Mills at Four Mile Creek, Niagara Falls, Fovt Erie, anil Grand Rivei" — Mills on the St. Lawrence — The Stone .Mills— -VanAlstinc — Lake of the Mountain — 1796 — Natural Beauty, vermis Utility — The Mill — Van Alstine's Death— Wind Jlill— Myer's Mill— Mill at Consccon 206 181 CHAPTER XX. Clothing — Domestic and Farming Implements — Stylo of Dress eighty years ago — Clothing of the Refuges — Disbanded Soldiers — No Fresh Supply Indian Garments of Skin — Deerskin Pants — Petticoats — Bed Coverings — Cultivating Flax — Sheep — Home-mode Clothes — Undc Implements — Fulling — French Mode — Lindsay Woolsey — The Spinning-wheel — Young men Selecting AVivcs — Bees — Marriage Portion — Every Farmer his own Tanner and Shoemaker^ — Fashions — How did hours win- si)ent — Home-made Shoes — What Blankets were made of— Primitive Jied- steod — Naktidness — Bridal Apparel — No Saddles — Kingston anc,! No^\'ark — Little Money — Bartering — Merchants from Albany — Unable to buy — Credit with Merchants — The Results — Itinerant Mechanics — Amer- icans — Become Canadians — An old Stone-mason — Wooden Dishes — Making Spoons — Other Hardships — Indians Friendly — Eft'ects of Alcohol upon the Mississnugas — Groundless Panic — Drunken Indians — Women, defending Themselves — An erroneous Statement about Indian Massacre in " Dominion Monthly Magazine'' — Statement of an Old Settler, Sherwood — Wild Beasts — Few Fire-aims — Narrow Es- capes — Depredations at Night — Destroying Stock — An Act of Parlia- ment — " A traveller's Statement — The Day of Small Things — Settlers Contented — The Extent of their Ambition — Reward of Industry — Po- pulation in 1808 — Importations — Money — The Youth 211 CHAPTER XXI. Sweat of the brow — No beast of burden — No stock — Except by a few — Horses and oxen — From Lower Canada — York State — Late comers, brought some — No fodder — First stock in Adolphustown — Incidents — Cock and hens — " Tiplev" — Cattle driving — First cow in Thurlow — First house in Marysburgh — The first oxen — No market for butter and cheese — Sheep — Rev. Mr. Stuart, as an Agriculturist — Horses at Nap- anee — An otter for a yoke of steers 220 191 CHAPTER XXII. Old channels of trade, and travel — Art and science — New channels — The wilderness — Loyalists Travelling on foot, from Kingston to York — Formation of roads — Act of parliament— 1 793 — Its provisions — (.rooked roads — Foot-path — Bridle-path — King's highway from Lower Canada —When surveyed— Road from Kingston westwanl— Its course — Simcoe's military road — Dundas street — Asa Danforth — Contract with gov- ernment — Road from Kingston to Ancastcr — Danforth road — 1799— • Misunderstandings — Danforth's i)ami)hlets — Slow improvement — sii CONTENTS. PAOB Cause — Extract from Ooiirlay — TliomaH Markland's report — Ferries — 179(> — Acts of parliament — Statute labor — Money grants — Commis- sioners — Midland district — Distrib'ition — The Cataraqui Bridge Com- pany — The petitioners — An act — The provisions — The plan of build- ing — The bridge — Toll — Completing the bridge — Improvements of roads — McAdam — Declines a knighthood 224 CHAl'TER XXIII. Ode to Canada — Early events— First English child in America, 1587— In New England— First French child, 1621— First in Upper Canada, 1783 — In Prince Edward — Adolphtistown — Ameliasburgh — North of the Kideau— Indian marriage ceremony — Difficulty among first settlers to got clergymen — First marriage in America, 1608 — First in New Eng- land, 1321— First in Canada, 1621 — Marriageable folks— No one to tie the matrimonial knot — Only one clergyman— Officers marrying— Magistrates empowered — Legislation, 1793— Its provision — Making valid certain marriages — Further Legislation, 1798 — In 1818 — 1821 — 1831 — Clergymen of all denominations permitted to marry — Methodist ministers — Marriage license, 1814 — Five persons appointed to issue — A noticeable matter — Statements of Bates — Mode of courting in the woods — Newcastle wedding expeditious — Weapons of defence — Ladies' dresses — Tiie lover's " rig "—A wedding ring — Paying the magistrate — A good corn l)asket — Going to weddings — " Bitters" — Old folks stay at home — The dnuco, several nights — Marriage outfit — Frontier life — Morals in I'pper Canada- -Absence of irregularities — Exceptional instances — Unable to get married, Peter and Polly — A singular witness — Rev, Mr, Stuart -Langhorn— McDowell — How to adorn the bride — What she wore — A wedding in 1808— ^On horseback — The guests — The wedding — Tlie banquet— Tlie game of forfeits — The night— -Second day wedding — The young folks on horseback— Terpischorean — An elope- ment by canoe— Tlie Squire — Tlu; chase — The lovers successful — 1'he Squires who married 232 ' .. ,., CHAPTER XXIV. ,, Burying places — How selected — Family burying place — For the neighbor- hood — The Dutuh — Upon the Hudson — Bay Quintc — A sacred spot to the Loyalists — Ashes to ashes — Primitive mode of burial — The coffin —At the grave — The father's remarks — Return to labor — French Bury, ing-place at Frontenac — Its site^r-U, E. Loj'alists' burying place at King8t(m — The " U. E. burying-groimd," Adolphustown — Worthy sires of Canada's sons — Decay — Neglect of illustrious dead — Repair wanted — Oldest burying.ground in Pvince Edward — Ross Place — At East Lake — Upon the Rose farm — " The Dutch burying-ground " — Second growth trees — In Sophiasburgh — Cronk farm — In Sidney — Rude tomb stones — Burial-place of Captain Myers — Reflections — Dust to dust- In Thurlow — " Taylor burying-ground " — The first person buried — Lieut. Ferguson — An aged female — Her work done — Wheels stand still 343 Frcn< c I n li 'I ill A A P B First t di cl: st er ro 0l( ce A Pr Ro R( s Kr hi! At For tf)i soi te(i bel Al *! PAOI C'DNTKNTS. DIVISION V . xvu Sil ''■f . '..it TlIK KAnr.Y CI.KUflYMKN AXU CHUUCIIK«. 224 (JIlAl'TMIl XXV rAQR French misBiouaiios — First in Ifil") — Recollcts — Witli Cliiiniiilivin — .Fosnits, in 1025 — Valiml)li! ri'dinU — r.isiiopiii' t)f' Qik'Ikm,-, ltM4 — I'Mrst UiHliop of Canada, Laval — Rivalry — I'ow.t of .iisiiits — NiiniluM' of missiona- vicB — Tlifir '-relations" — First mission lluM ; Hay Qiiiiild rui^ion — " Antient mission " — How t'onnded — First missionaries — KIouh, Abbo D'Urff — La Salle ti> Imild a cliurch — Tlu; ornatnentH anvork. 255 CHAP'J'ER XXVII. At Foit Hunter — 5Ir. Stuart's first sermon, (Christmas — Ofticiatiss in Indian tongue — Translates — The rebellion — Prayers for the King — The John- sons — Rebels attack his house — Plunder — Indignity — Church desecra- ted — Used as a stable — A barrel of r(nn — Arrested — Ordered to como before rebel commissioners — On Parole — Mmit.s — Idle two years — To Albany — Phil — Determines to n.-move to Canada — Not scene — F,x- ZVltl C0NTBNT8. PAOB clianging — Security — lieal estate forCcitcd — Route — Negroes — The journey, three weeks — At St, John's — Charge of Public School — Chap- lain — At the close of the war — Three Protestant Parishes — Determines to settle at Cataraqui — Chaplain to Garrison — Missionary — Bishop of Virginia, Dr. Griffith — Visits Mr. i^tuart — Invitation to Virgina declin- ed — " Ilivettcd prejudices," satisfied — " The only refuge clergymen " — Path of duty — Visits the settlements, 1784 — Mohawks, Grand river — Reception of their old pastor — First church — Mohawks, Bay of Quintc —Remains in Montreal a year— Assistant — Removes to Cataraqui, 1785 — His land — Numlicr of houses in Kingston — A short cut to Lake Huron — Fortunate in land— 5000 settlers — Poor and happy— Indus, trious — Around his Parish, 1788 — Two liundred miles long— By batteau — Brant— New Oswego— Jlohawk village church,steeple,and bell — First in Upper Canada — Plate — Organ- -Furniture — Returns -At Niagara — Old parishioners — Tempted to move — Comfortjible, not rich — Declines a judgcaliip -New Mecklenburgli -Appointed Chaplain to first House of Assembly — Mohawk Mission — At Miiiysburgh — Degree of D.D.— Prosperity — Happy— Decline of life -His duties— Illness, Death, 1811 — His appearance — " The littlcgentleman"— His manners —Honorable title— His children—Rev. O'Kill Stuart 260 CHAPTER XXVIII. Missionary— ("hnplain at Niagara -Pastors to the settlers — Chaplain to Legislature — Visits Grand river— Officiates — A land speculator — Re- ceives a pension, jC50— 1823 — Rev. Mr. Pollani — At Amherstbnrgh — Mr. Langhoru — A missionary— Little education —Useful — Odd— On Bay Quintc in Ernesttown — Builds a church — At Adolphustown — Preaches at Hagerman's — Another church — A diligent pastor — Pioneer preacher around the bay — Christening — Marrying — Particular— His ap- pointments — Clerk's Fees — Generosity — Present to bride — Faithful to sick calls — Frozen feet — No stockings — Shoe buckles — Dress— Books —Peculiarities— Fond of tlie water— Charitable — War of 1812— Deter- mined to leave Canada — Thinks it doomed — Singular notice — Returns to Europe — His library — Present to Kingston — Twenty years in Canada — Extract from Gazette — No one immediately to take his place — Rev. John Bethunc- Died 1815 — Native of Scotland — U. E. Loyalists — Lost Property — Chaplain to 84th Regiment — A Presbyterian — Second Legal Clergymen in Upper Canada — Settled at Cornwall — Children — Tlie Baptists — Wyner — Turner — Holts Wiem — Baptists upon river Moira — First Chapel — How built — Places of preaching — Hayden's Corners — At East Lake — The Lutherans — Rev. Schwerdfeger — Lutheran settlers — County Dundas — First cliurch east of Kingston — Rev. Mr. Myers lived in Marysburgh — Marriage — His log churcli — Re- moves to St. Lawrence — Resigns — To Philadelphia — Mr, Weant — Lives in Ernesttown — Removes to Matilda — Not supported — Secretly joins the English cliuroh — Re-ordained — His society ignorant — Sus- picious — Preaching in slurt sleeves — Mr. Myers' return, by sleigh — Locking church door — Tlie thirty-nine articles — Compromise — Mr, Myers continues tlireo years a Lutheran — He secedes — The end of both seceders — Rev. I. L. Sundcrling — Rev. Herman Hayunga — Rev. Mr. Shorts — Last Lutheran minister at Ernesttown, McCarty — Married 267 CHAPTER XXIX, Bishop Strachan — A teacher — A preacher — A student — Holy Orders — A Presbyterian — Becomes an Episcopuu.'vn — A supporter of the " Family compact'' — Sincere — His opinion of ihe people— Ignorant — Unprepared for self-government — Strachan's religious chart-— He was deceived — CONTENTS. PAOB PAOI i 260 The Methodists — Anomalous counoctiou — A fiUilmKtoriiig people — Republicanism egotistical — Loyalty of tlie Methodists — American ministers — Dr. Strachan's position — His birth place — His education — A.M., 1793— Studying Theology — C'omes to Canada — A student of Ur. Stuart's — Ordained Deacon — A missionary at Cornwall — Rector at York — Archdeacon— Bishop of Toronto — Coadjutor — Death— A public burial Rev. Mr. McDowell — First Presbyterian at Bay Quintc — luvitetl by VanAlstine — On his way — At Urockvillc — Settles in a second town — His circuit — A worthy minister — Fulfilling liis mission — Traveling on foot — To York — Marrying the people — His death — His descendants — Places of preaching — A Calvlnist — Invites controversy — Mr. Coate accepts the challenge — The disputation — Excitement — ITie result — Rev. Mr. Smart — Called by Mr. McDowell — Pres. clergyman at Brock- ville — Fifty years — An earnest Chrlstinn — A desire to write- " Obser- ver"— A pioneer — A cause of regret — Not extreme— Mr. Smort's views on polit' —The masses uneducated— The '• Family Compact" — Rise of responwiblft government — The Bidwell's— Credit to Dr. Strachan — Brock's funeral sermon— Foundation of Kingston gaol — Maitland — Demonstration — Sherwood's statement 273 CHAPTER XXX. The Quakers — Among the Settlers — From Penn — Duchess County — First j/ Meeting-house — David Sand — Elijah Hick — Visiting Canada — .James . Noxen — A first settler — Their mode of worship — In Sophiasburg — The meeting-house — Joseph Leavens — Hicksites — Traveling — Death, aged . 92— -Exti-act, Picton Sun — The first preaching places — First English church — In private houses — At Sandwich — The Indian church at the bay — Ernesttown — First Methodist church — Preaching at Niagara — First churcli in Kingston — At Waterloo — At Niagara — Churches at Kingston, 1817 — In Hallowcll — Thurlow — Methodist meeting-houses, 1816 — At Montreal — Building chapels in olden times — Occupying the frame — The old Methodist chapels — In Hallowell township — In tlie fifth town — St. Lawrence — First English Church, Belleville — Mr. Campbell — First time in the pulpit — How he got out—The oleorg(i Neal — Lyons— School-teacher — Exhorter — McCarty— Persecution — Bigotry — Vagabonds— McCarty arrested— Trial— At Kingston — Banished — " A martyr"— Doubtful— Losec, first Methodist missionary, 1790 — A minister — A loyalist— Where he first preached — " A curiosity" —Earnest pioneer Methodist — Class-meetings — Suitable for all classes Losee's class-meetlngs — Determines to build a meeting-house— Built in Adolphustown — Its size— The subscribers — Members, amount— Em- bury — Those who subscribed for first church in New York — Same names — ^Thc centenary of Methodism — New Y'ork Methodists driven away — American Methodist forgetful — Embury and Heck refugees — Ashgrove — No credit given to British officers — Embury's brother — Tlu; rigging loft, N. Y. — Barbara Heck — Settling in Augusta — First Methodist Church in America — Subscribers — " Lost Chapters" — The Author's silence— What is acknowledged — " Severe threats" — Mr. Mann — To Nova Scotia — Mr. Whateley " admires piety" — Not " loyalty ' — Second xx CONTENTS. PAOB fhiipil, N. V. — Adolphimtowii Hul)Hcril)L'r« — Ooiimd Viin Dusen — Elia. Iloblin — Hurt' — Rnttiin — 'i'lie hi coikI Mt'thoiliHt cluvpel — The Hubscribors — Coiumoiiccd Jliiy, ITi);") — Curptntorn wiim^H — Mombors Catiiinqui Circuit — Ooiiig to Coiiforeutc — Ketiinis — DuritiH Dunbtuii — riiVKiiiiin — First (imirtt;ily nu'i-ting — A uciilotts — UriiiginK iv " «liKh tlotli" — " Olcaii up'' — Th(,' now inmli; scjuirt- — Ashch — Unth'iin «pirits — Lohou (iJHCon- tinucs prLULliiiiK — (Jaimc — Disiippointuii-iit — lloturn to New York — Dunhiiiu urtL'ful — Sittles — Preachers trivvi^I ling — SiiddltvbagK — Metliod. isiii iimung luytilistH — Cainp-inuetingK — Wlicre first li<'hl in (junada — Worshipiiing in tlie woods — Breaking \i\) — Ivilliug tlio Devil — First Canadian preacher — .Journey from New York 285 Henry Hyan — RyaniteK — He conies to Canada — His associate, ('asc — At Kingston — A singer — Preaching in the market-place — Their treatment — In otWce — His circuit — 100(» miles — What he received — PMder — Superseded — Probable cause — A JJritish subject — During the war of 1812— President of Conference—" High-minded"— Useful — Acceptable to the people — ])esired independeiico by the Canadians — How he was treated — His labors — Brave — Witty — " Fatherless children' — " Impu- dent scoundrel '' — Muscular — " Methodists' bull " — " Jfagistrate'sgoat" — Uyan seeks separation — IJreckcnridge — Conduct of the American Conference — Ryan's agitation — Effect upon tiie Bisliops — First Canada Conference — At Hallowell — Desire for independent^ — Reasons, cogent — Fruit of Ryan's doings — The way the Conference treated Ryan — AVithdraws — No faith in the United States Conference— Ryan sincere —"Canadian Weslej'ans" — The motives of tlie United Stites Confer- ence questionable — The wrong done Ryan — Second Canada Conference — Case, first buperintendent — Visit of Bishop Asbiny— Account by Henry Bahm — Asbury an Englishman— During tl>e rebellion — A Bishop— His Journey to Caiiatla- Crossing tlie St. Lawrence— Travel- ing in Canada — An upset — "A decent people" — His opinion of the country — The Bishop ill — At Kingston — Bu?hm at Embury's — A field meeting — Riding all night — Crossing to Sackett's harbor — Nearly wrecked 205 The Six (J OS I Visit to til Diiri artic missi Mr. Tyeii (eiieli (iorf- ger— neyii —Mi I'liild (,'aiiac from hager liinin niotli liecoi Cease salary cattle CHAPTER XXXTI. McDonnell— First 11. Catholic Bishop— A "Memorandum" — Birth-phice-- in Spain — A jjriest- In Scotland — Gletigary Fenciblcs — Ireland, 1798 — To Canada — Bishop — Deatli in Srothmd — Body removed to Canada — Funeral obsequies — Buried at Ivingston— Had influence — Member of Canadian Lrgislative Council -Pastoral visitations, 1806 — A loyal man — A piojieer in his churdi -Tlie Bislio|('s Address, 1836 — Refuting Mal-i'harges — Numl)er of the R. C. clergy in 1804 — From Lake Supe- rior to Lower Cimada — Traveling horseback— Sometimes on foot — Hardships — Not a politicuin— Expending private means — Faithful services — Acknowledged — Roman Catholic U. E. Loyalists — First church in Ernesttown — McDonnell at Belleville — Rev. M. Brennan — First church in Belleville — -What we have aimed at — The advantages to the Engli.sh Church —The Reserves — In Lower Canada— Dr. Moun- tain — Number of English clergymen, 1793 — A Bishop — Monopol}' initiated— Intolerance and exclusion swept away — An early habit at Divine Service CHARTER XXXIII. First Sabbath teaching— Hannah Bell, 1769 — School established, 1781 — Raikes— Wesley — First in United States — First in Canada — Cattrick — Moon- -Common in 1824 — First in Belleville — Turnbull — Cooper — 303 The first C — Gov The t Scenci -Refle the Sa Missisfiaugi — Thei A druE Their sions— The F( Island- structii Island- singinf! Barnes ernmei] at New 1829—] :iii CONTENTS. Miivsluill- ]'ri/A'H, wlio won tlicin—Mr. Tmiiliiill'Hdcn'ti-IiitL'mpiTiiiico — FiiKt tciii|K'r..:it:L'socii'tii>i ('hnii>,'(! of custom Rmn Itureisiti!; in- tcinpcrii'KH' 'J'lii' (iisti'S iit'tlm pioni'i'vs -'rciiiinTniKc, utA ti'rtdtulisin First Hocii'ty in Cm n ml a - DriiikH nt iiiiKingH and Iiooh — Hotitly at Hiil- lowcl yai I'At^E I'.OS r 285 2J)5 CirAl'TEll XXXIV. Tlic Six Niilioiis - Fftitlifiil Kii^;lisli Allion- -Society fur Pro|insation of (Josi)c'I- I'^irst nilHsioiiiiry to Iit)(]ii()is — lolm Tiiomas, fiist convert — Visit otCliiofs to i;n;,'liiiiLl - -Tliuir nunii's Their iiortruits^^Attention to tlieni— Aslviuii for iiistriutor- (iuuen Amu — 'Jtniimunion ^',ervil■y— During Ihe Ketu'llion — Diiryin^i; the plate -lli'eovtred ^-Division of tliu articlcH — Saerih'gii of tiie lijUels- Ro-jirinting I'liiyrr Hook I\Ir. Stuart, missionary — The women and chiidr.ii - At La( hine — Attaelnaent to Mr. Stuarl — Toiieliing instaiue -Mr. Stuart's Indian sist.ir— Ciiureh at Tyendina;,iv- School teaelier to tlie Mohawk — John IJiningui' l''i;'st teaelier— 'J'he r>inintri.rliiifti!y -Th'; Moravian Society - (/ount Ziuzen- (lorf — Moravian ciiureli at New Vork — I''irst minister, Aliraiiaiii I'lnin- f^er — Friend of I'hnhnry — \n old account liook — John I5inini;cr Join- neying to Canada — Living at liay (Jiiintu— Hemovi's to Moli.awk village — Missionary spirit — Ahraliam P.ininger's letters — The directions Children pleasing parents — " (ialloping tlioughts'' — Chritstianity— (,'aiuulian Moravian luissionaries — Moravian loyalists — Wluit was sent from New York—" JJcst Treasure "— TIk^ " Dear Flock ''—David 'Ah-s- liagor at the Thames ,f. JJininger aceeplahle to Mohawk — Abraham I'.iiunger c'osires to visit Canada — Deatli of Mrs. Jiininger — " Tender niotluT " — Biningerand We.'^ley — " (Jaritson " — " I.osee '' — " ])unoii '' Keeonciied to Methodist.s— I'ityiug T.osco — I.OHee leaving Canada- Ceases to 1)0 teacher— Appointing a successor — AVilliam Hell — The .salary — The Mohawks don't attend school — An improvement — The cattle ni€%y not go in Siliool-house — Tiie school discontinued r!12 CHAPTEU XXXV. Tho first Church at Tyondinaga grows old — A Council — Ask for assistance — Gov. IJagot — Laying first stone of new Church — The Inj^cription — The Ceremony— The new Chinvh — Tlieir Singing — The surrounding Scenery — .John Hall's Tomh — Pagan Indians — lied Jacket — His Spcocli --IJcfk'ction upon Christians — Indians had nothing to do with murdering the Saviour .'' 319 V. I ; 781— .ttrick )per — 303 ' •' CHAPTER XXXVI. ...:,., Mississftuga Indians — Father Piciiuet's opinion — lleiunant of a large trilie — Their land— Sold to Govornment — liev. Wni. Case — John Sunday — A drunkard— Peter Jones — Baptising Indians— At a camp-meeting — Their department — Extract from Piayttir — William lieaver — Conver- sions — .Jacob Peter — Severe upon white christians — Th^ir worship— The Father of Canadian mission.s — Scheme to teach Indians — Grape Island — Leasing Islands— The parties — "Dated at ISelleville" — Con- structing a village— The lumber — How obtained — Encamping on Grape Island — Tho method of instruction — The nmnber — Agriculture — Their singing — School house — The teacher — Instructions of women— Miss Barnes— Property of Indians — Cost of improvement.s — A visit to Gov- ernment — Asking for land—" Big Island " — Other favors— Peter Jacobs at New York — Extracts from Playtcr — Ntnuber of Indian converts, 1829— River Credit Indians — Indians removed to Alnwick 323 sxii rONTENTS. DIVISION VI. ii ) KA1II,Y EDCCATIOV IN I'PI'KIl CANADA. CHAITEU XXX VII. EduDUtion aiiKiiiK tlus I.oyaliHts — Kffi'ct of the wnr— No opportunity for Edui litiou — A fuw Kdui'ftted— At Hath — A coinmoH holicf— Whut wbh requisite for funiiiu^' — Leivrning iit hoinu — Tlio Bchool tcacliiirH — Their • inalitliiitionH— ]lfv. Mr, ^Stuart as a tcucliur — Acnil(!my at KingHton — First ('ami(liiin 1). D. — Mr. (lark, Teacher, 178C— Donovan — Oarriwon .School*— Coikcrell — Mycru — Blaney — Michael — Atkins — KinRston, 1 7!)6— LyouH - MrH. Cranahan — In Adolphustown — Mordeh — Faulki- ncr — Tho si hool hooks — Evening Hchools — McDougall — O'Reiloy — McCormick — Klogi»;/. >! i'i)j CHAPTER XXXIX. Extract from Cooper — Educational Institutions — Kingston — Queen's College — Own'H Real Estate — Rcgiopolis College — Roman Catholic — Grammar School — Attendance — School houses — Library — Separate School — Priv- ate Schools — Tho Quaker School— William Penn — Upon the Hudson — . ear Bromtield — Origin of school— Gurnay — His offer — Management of school — The teaching— Mrs Crombie's school — Piction ladies' Academy — McMullen, proprietor — Teachers — Gentlemen's department — Popular — The art of printing — In America — Book publishing — First in Amer- ica—Books among the loyalists— Few — Passed around — Ferguson's books — The bible — Libraries at Kingston and Bath— Legislation — In Lower Canada — Reading room at Hallowell — Reserves for education- Upper Canada in respect to education — Praiseworthy— Common School system bill introiluced 1841— Amended, 1846 — Dr. Ryerson's system- Unsurpassed 341 CONTENTS. XXIU (HAl'TKIt XL. PAOK PAOB 329 I'iist NowMpiipi'VH, UTiT— Year, (KJ — I'.iinliHli NowspiiiuTM— In Amerird— In C'linadft— ' (iii/itiu' — Kuuiidrr— rupfis in I'M — (^iuImc 'lltmld' — Moiitrciil 'dii/ctto' — ' Lc Ti'MipH' — (JiU'licc ' Moi'cnry ' — ('unndiiui •t'ouiunt' — ' Itoyul (iiizittc '— KiiHt in XcwfiPuiiiliiiMii — ' U. ('. (Jii/.ftto' — Frst pii|icr — Siilisirilii IK — I'jipti- Ciinmlii '(inardiiin' — Wilmx — Mr. 'rhorpf — ()j)positii)n — I.ilicl — Kici ted to riiiliiini( iit — Vorlv .luil — Leader — In 1812— Discitcd — Voiit ' dn/.cttc' — KinKNtou ' Oajiittf ' — Only Paper — News sixty yiiirw ns,'(i — In Midland i)iH(riit — llnv. Mr. Mik'K — I'ionctT i)f .loiuiiiiliNin — His Itirtlipliicc — IjOiirnn the printing liusinoNH — M()w;u8 ' — ' Coniniercial A<1- vertizer' — ' Mritish Whi^?' — 'Chronicle ' and 'News' — First Daily in Upper CimHtlo — I'aper Boxes — Urockvillo' Kecorder ' — A Ucform paper — McLeod — Urenvillo ' Gazette ' — I'roHOott ' Telegniph '— ' Christian Uuardian ' — Ucform Journals ^60 334 341 «'HArTKR XLl. First paper between Kingston and York — HallowcU "Free I'resB"— The Editor — " Recluse " — Fnutluss effoits — Proprietor — Woollen press— Of iron — "Free Press," independent — The "Traveller'' — Press removed to Cobourg — " Prince Kdward CiO/ette " — " Pictou Gazette " — " Picton Son " — " Picton Times"—" New Nation " — " Cobourg Star " — " Anglo- Canadian '• at Belleville— The Editor— Prieo— The " Ph«euix '—Slicer — "Canadian Wesleyan" — "Hastings Times" — The "Ueformer"-- The "Intelligencer" — George Benjamin — The "Victoria Chronicle" — "Hastings C'hroniclo" — Extract from Playter — "tJolonial Advocate" — "Upper Canada Herald" — "Barker's Magazine" — "Victoria Maga- zine"— Joseph Wilson — Mrs. Mootlie — Hherift' Moodie — Pioneer in Canadian literature — E.xtract from. Morgan — "Literary Ciarland" — "Roughing it in the Bush" — " Eclectic Magazine" — " Wilson's Expe- riment" — " Wilson's Canada Casket' — The " Bee" at Napancc — " Em- porium "—The " Standard "—The « Reformer "— " North American "— "Ledger" — " AVeekly Express'' — "Christian Casket" — "Trenton Ad- vocate "— " British Ensign "-The " Canadian Gem "— " Maple Leaf" — Papers in 18.'^3 — Canadian papers superior to American — Death at Boston — Bcrczy — ('anadian idioms — Accent — Good English— Supersti- tion — Home education — Fireside stories — Traditions 358 ^^•Mit>ii: (*vr.!}.7 — jf'f r'< <-dT-~s' A;o'r ■"-' •• >- •"■:.■■■ -I .-.. ,.1, .. ........ h'\^.f Hip ::»•'<'" XXIV CONTKNTS. I) i V I S I N All. TIIK TEHlHTOllY OF rpriill lANAliA — THE HAY VI 'MK. illi.: (HAl'TElt XLll, The Indians — Tlioir orijrin — rro-liistoiic C'liuftdn — Indiun ivlics — Oiiitinal inlml)itaiits — Loh Iroquois dii i.ord — C)ri,u:in!il iinnu's — I'oninsula of Upper Ciiniuid — Clianiiilain t'xj)iorin.u' — Ascends tlic Ottawa — His route to Lake Niiiissinf,' — To Lake Huron — Frenoli river — The country — Georgian liny — Lalso Sinicoe — IV.-vn the Trent — A grand trij) — Bay Qninte and l,ako Ontario diseovered — AVar demonstration — AVintering at tlio ]{ay — A contrast — Uoundahout way — Erroneous impressions . , . I'AOK 36G The Fn of r lAli — F Fro CHAITKIlXTJll. Name — Letter, " Daily News" — "Omega" Lines — Tlie writer — Conjectures — Five Bays — Indian origin — Kentes — Villages — J^ea Couii — Slodes ol spelling — Canty — The occui)ants, 1 78;? — Mississaugas — Origin — With ttie Iroquois — The Soiiler — Mississaugas, dark — At Kingston — Bay Quiute — Land hought — Ueserves — Claim upon the islands — Wiippcxwe Island — Indian aucnt — Indians hunting — I'p the Sagonaska — ]\laking sugar — reaeeal'lc — To Kingston lor presents <7I CHAl'TEH XLIV. Appearance — Mouth of I5ay — Lengtli — The Peninsula of Tiince Edward — AVidth of Itay — Long Ueaeh— Course of Hay — The High Shore — Division of hay — Eastern, I'entral, western — 'J'akinga trij) — Through the Reach — A picture — A (juiet sjiol — Lake on the nuiuntain — A description — Montreal Ua/.ette — Beautiful view — Hhine, Hudson — Contrnst — Classic ground — A Hketch — Birth place of celebrated CUinadians — Hagerman — A leading spirit — Sir J. A. McDonald — liellections — A log house — Relics of the past — Lesson of life — In the lower hay — llemiuiscences — The front — Cradle of th'; province — Shore of lilarysburgh — In the Western Bay — Cuthbertson — Up the bay — A battle ground — Devil's Hill — In the dei)ths — I'rosjierity — Geological supposition — Head of hay - -The past ." '. :i8.5 CHAPTE.U XLV, The " big- IJay '— Musketoe Bay— Mohawk Day— Hay Bay—" Eastern Bay' — Site of Ancient Kentes — The name — Old raniilies — An Accident, 1819 — Eighteen Drowned — Extract from Play ter- -Searching for the Bodies — Burying the dead — I'icton 15ay — Appearance — The " Grand Bay" — Upper Ciap — Lower Gai> — Kingston Bay — A Tictur" — Herol lec- tions — A Contmet — Ship Yards — Extract from Cooper — Iniau.l Lakes. 31.»r> Islands — Posfiessed by Indians — The " Thousand Islands ' — Carloton Is- land — History of Island — During the rebellion — Wolfe Island — The name — Howe Island — Old name — County of Ontario — Gai-den Island — Horseshoe Island — Sir Jettry An.herst — The size — Indian name — "Tontine" — Johnson's Island — The Island M'on — Present owner — First settler — The three brothers — Small Islands — Hare Island — Nut Island — Wappoose Island — Indian rendezvous — Captain John's Island — Bartering — Hunger Island — Big IslarV— First settlers — HutPs Island — Paul Huff — Grape Island — Hog Island — Smaller Islands — Mi88iss corp lay- Flcc ship A pi tioni aerv ,M\ CONTENTS. ixv DIVISION VIII. THE FlltST TEN TOWNSHIPS IN THE MIDLAND DISTRICT. I'.^GK (JHAPTEB XL VI. PACiB 3G0 Tlic French — Their policy — Trading posts — Cnhiaqiie — Variations — Name of river — Foundation of Fort Frontonue — A ehaiige — Site of old fort — La Salle's ))ctition — A 8eif;niory — (Jovernors visiting — War Expedition — Fort (lestroyetl — Kebnilt^ — (.,'olonial wars — Talking of Fort Oswego — Frontenac talien — End of Freneh domination 410 374 ■:.a^ CHAl'TKR XLVn. Cooper's Essay — Loyalists naming i)laces — King's Town — Queen's Town — Niagara — Spanish names — (Jataraqui from IT.O'J to l78;i — Desolation — The rebellion — Stivtion, Carloton Island — Settling — Refugees at New York — Miehael (.Jrass — Prisoner at Catara([ui — From Ni'W Yor'-' to Canada — tJaptain (Irass takes possession of lirst township — First land- holders — A letter by Captain (irass — Changes — Surveying forts and harbors — Report to Lord Dorchester — Kingston, femis Carleton Island — The defenses — Troops — King's township — First settlers — "Plan of township Ko. 1 '' — First owners of town lots — Names — Settlers upon the front — First inhabitants of Kingston — A naval and military station The Commodore — Living of old — Kingston in /a»t century — New for- tifications 419 CHAPTER XLVIIl. ,. ., The situation of Kingston — lender military influence — monopolist — Early history of legislation — In 1810 — (Jourlay's statement — Police — Modern Kingston — Lord Sydenham — Seat of government — Pcranilmlating — Surrounding eountiy — Provisions — An appeal for Kingston as capital — liaiTietield — Pittsburg — Ruilding of small crafts — Famous — Roads — Waterloo — (-'emetry — Portsmouth — Kingston Mill — Little Catftraqui — CoUinsby — Quantity of land — Early and influential inhabitants — Post masters — "Honorable men" — Deacon, JIaeaulay, CJartwright, Markland, (;ummings, Smiths, Kerby — Allen McLean, tirst lawyer — .\ gardener — Sheriff McLean — " Chrys " Hagerman — Customs — Sampson, shooting a smuggler — Hagerman, M.P.P. — Removes to Toronto 430 i 3yr> 402 CHAPTER XLIX. The second town — Ernest's town — King George — His children — Settlers of Erncsttinvn — Uislianded soldien — .lohnson's regiment — Major Rogers' corps — The "Roll" — Number — Ry whom enlisted — An old book — Township surveyed — Settling — Traveling — Living in tents — A change — Officers — Names — Occupants of lots — Mill Creek — The deseondants — Quality of land — Village — The settlers in 1811 — The main rtmd — In- corporation of Bath — Trading — P'airliold — The library — Dathby Gour- lay — Bath of the present — Bath jw*«« Napanee — In 1812 — American Fleot — Wonderful achievement— Safe distwnee tVom shore — Thirtl town- ship— Fredericksburgh — After Duke of Sussex — Surveyed by Kotte — A promise to the disbanded soldiers — Johnson — Freiicrieksburgh addi- tional — A dispute — Quantity of land — Extract from Mrs. Moodio— Re- serve for village — Second surveys 439 XXn CONTENTS. CHAPTER L. " PAflB The fourth towusliip — Adolphustown — After Duke of Cambridge — Quantity of Land — Sur>'ey — Major VanAlstinc — Refugees — From New York — — Time — Voyage — ^Their Fare — Names — Arrived — Hagerman's Point — In Tents— First Settler— Town Plot— Death— The Burial— A Relic- Commissary — Dispute of Surveyors — The Settlers — All things in com- mon — An aged man — Golden rule — Old map — Names — Islands — The township — Price of land — First " town meeting " — Minutes — The Of- ficers Record — Inhabitants, 1794 — Up to 1824 — First Magistrates — Centre of Canada — Court H: Id in Barn — In Methodist Chapel — " A Den of Thieves " — Court House erected — Adolphustown Canadians — Mem- bers of Parliament — Tlic Courts — Where first held — Hagerman — Travel- ers tarrying at Adolphustown 448 CHAPTER LI. Marysburgh — Origin — Once part of a Seigniory — Survey — Hessians — Old map — The lots — Officers of the 84th Regt. — Original landowners — Indian Point — McDonnell's Cove — Grog Bay — " Accommodating Bay" — " Gammon Point" — Black River — " Long Point" — Reserves — ^Course pursued by the Surveyor — Number of Hessians — Their suflferings — Dark tales — Discontented — Returning to Hesse — A suitable location — Not U. E. Loyalists — Received land gratis — Family land — Their habits — Capt. McDonnell — Squire Wright — Sergt. Harrison — The Smith's — Grant to Major VanAlstinc — Beautiful Scenery — Smith's bay — "Tho Rock" — Over a precipice 458 CHAPTER LII. Sixth township — Name — Survey — Convenient for settlement — First settlers — A remote township — What was paiti for lots — " Late Loyaliat8"r— Going to Mill — Geological formation — ^Along the fronts — High shore — Grassy Point — Its history— Marsh front — Central place— Stickney's Hill — Foster's Hill — Northport — Trade — .lames Cotter — Gores — Dem- erestville — The name — " Sodom" — First records — Township meetings — The Laws of the township — Divided into parishes — Town clerk — Officers — The poor — The committed — Inhabitants, 1824 — Fish Lake — Seventh Township — The name — Survey by Kottc^ — At tho Carrying Place — Surveyor's assistant — No early records — First settlers 466 .K\ CHAPTER LIU. Prince Edward — The name— Rich land — Size of peninsula — Shape — Small Lakes — Sand hills — The Ducks — Gibson's rock — The past — First settler — Col. Young — Prospecting — Discovery of East Lake — West Lake — Moving in — Settlers in 1800 — East Lake — Capt. Richardson — " FrinCe Edward Division Bill" — Office seekers— Township of Hallowell — The name — Formation of Townshlii — First records 1 798— The officers —The laws — Magistrates— Picton — Its origin— Hallowell village— Dr. Austin— Gen. Picton— His monument— Naming the villages — A con- test — The Court house — An offer— Enterprise — Proposeed steamboat —Churches — Rev. Mr, Macaulay— Rev. Mr. Fraser— Rev. Mr. Lnlor.. 476 PAOB 448 458 465 476 OONTBNTe. CHAPTER LIV. xmi p&oe Eighth Township — Sidney — Name — Survey — Settlement, 1 787 — Letter from Ferguson — Trading — Barter — Potatoes — Building — Cows — ^No salt to spare — First settlers — Myers — Re-surveying — James Farley — Town Clerk at first meeting — William Ketcheson — Qilbert's Cove — Coming to the front — River Trent — Old names — Ferry — Bridge — Tren- ton — Its settlement — Squire Bleekcr 485 CHAPTER LV. Ninth town — Thurlow — Name — When surveyed — Front — Indian burying ground — Owner of first lots — Chisholm— Singleton— Myera— Ferguson - Indian traders — To Kingston in batteau — Singleton's death — Ferguson's death — Distress of the families — Settled, 1780 — Ascending the Moira — Taking possession of land — F'ifth concession — .Tohn Taylor — Founder of Belleville — Myers buying land — Settlers upon the front — Municipal record — Town officers — 1798 — Succeeding years — Canifton, its founder — Settling — The diet — Building mill — Road — River Moira — Origin of name — Earl Moira — Indian name — Indian offering — " Cabojunk " — Myers' saw-mill — Place not attractive — First bridge — The fiouring-mill — ^Belleville — Indian village — Myers' Creek — Formation of village — First Inn — Permanent bridge — Bridge Street — In 1800 — Growth— A second mill — McNabb's — Sad death — Captain Mcintosh — Petrie — 'In- habitants, 1809 — Dr. Spareham — Naming of Belleville — Bella Gore — By Gore in council — Petition — Extract from Kingston Gazette — Sur- veying reserve — Wilmot — Mistakes — Granting of lots — Conditions — Board of Police — Extent of Belleville — Muddy streets — Inhabitants in 1824 — Court-house — First Court, Quarter Sessions — Belleville in 1836. CHAPTER I.VI. Tenth township — Richmond — Origin — Quantity of land — Shores of Mo- hawk Bay — Village on south shore — Original land holders-^Namea — Napanee — The falls — ^The mill— Salmon River — Indian name — Source of Napanee River— Its course — Colebrook — Simcoc Falls — Name — Clarke's Mills— Newburgh — Academy — The settlers — " Clarkville " — —No records , 489 —A-'oi'j ii'>iuT-~i^h,'. . ,..., iii3)).'o^ WiT't--- !tiiw",'rn \un:> ok' — Jfiul^rr'-'J; vxtYiyy ivi^ 503 ^11 vti'i — fjiif^iivoT dimt-y-' DIVISION IX. ilCCaf !H(Jidt THE BAKLY GOVKRNMENT OF UPPER CANADA, . -ttlBwb.} Jn'Jl. . J-r.r'I — )W(7 Jllift/ — ftJlt.?. r^>H—!)At\d u..~. :■. ,!. CHAPTER LVII. '. ..:^^u'i .lii. >--r !'fi: ,*_.fA?>K*'Ofl'>i^f t^!.*' f I -• .'I r' ' ,:!t--.V,« — t-t •;.fit-j'/-»|/-^-4ii ,. * Military rule-^lmperial Act, 1774 — French Canada — Refugees — Military Government in Upper Canada — ^Now Districts— Lunenburgh—Meok- lenburgh — Nassau — Hesse — The Judges — Duacan — Cartwright— •Ham- ilton — ^Robertson — Court in Mecklenburgh — Civil Law — Judge Duncan —Judge Cartwright — Punishment inflicted — First execution — New Conatltution of Qaebec--l791, Quebec Bill passed-— Inhabitants of Upper Canada 506 ■ i' \ i: I xxvm CONTENTS. :■ ■ ' CHAI'TEU LVIII. Simcoc — His arrival in ('anada — Up the St. Lawrence — ^Au old house — '•Old Breeches' River" — Sinicoe's attendants — The old veterans — "Good old cause" — "Content" — Toasting — Old oflicers — Executive Council of Upper (Canada — First entry — Simcoe inducted to office — Religious c'rcniony — "The procx'edings " — Those present — Oath of office — Organization of Legislative Council — Assembly — Issuing writs for elections — Members of Council — Simcoo's difficulty — At Kingston Division of Province — The ({overnor'. officers — Rochfoucault upon Simcoe — Simcoe's surroundings — His wife — Opening I'arliament in 179.5 — Those present — Retinue — Dress — The nineteen counties — Sim- coe's designs — Visit of the Queen's father — At Kingston — Niagai-a — A war dance PAOK Mil no'j CHAPTER LIX. General Hrmter — Peter Russell — Francis Gore, 1806 — Alex. Grant — Brock — 1812 — United States declare war — Prompt action — Parliament — Pro- clamation — The issue — Second i)roclamation — (Jencral Hull — His pro- clamation — Horn bast and impertinence — The Indians — Proclamation answered — Hull a prisoner — Michigan conquered — To Niagara — At (iuec^iston heights — " Push on York Volunteers " — Death of Brock — McDonnell— War of 1812, the Americans— Extract from Merritt— What (Canadians did — Brock's monument — General Sheaffe — General Drum- mond — Invading tlie States — What Canada will do — Lord Sydenham — A tribute by Dr. Ryerson — Union of the Provinces. . . ..V .. • ., CHAPTER LX. Kingston — First capital — First act of government — Nhigara — Selecting the capital — Niagara in 1788 — Carrying place — Landing place — Newark — In 1795— Mr. Hamilton— The inhabitants— Little York— The Don— The Harbor — Survey — De la Trenche — LoTidon — Inhabitants of the Don — Yonge street, a military road — Governor at York — Castle Frank — I'ork in 1798— The Baldwins— In 1800— Buifalo— York, 1813— Taken by the Americans — The Conibatjints — Toronto — " Muddy York '■ — A monument required 526 In] The CHAPTER LXl. Parliament — Simcoe's Proclamation — Nineteen .-.ountics formed — Names and boundaries — First elections — Names of members — Officers of the House — A Quaker member — Chaplain — Meeting of Parliament — The Throne, a cam]) stool — Address — To both houses — C'losing address — Acts passed — Simcoe's confidential letters — A contrast — A blending — 2nd Session — The Acts — Quarter Sessions — 3rd, 4th, 5th Sessions — New division of Province — 1798 — Modes of punishment— Burning the hand — Whipping — Salaries of olficers — Revenue first year — The members of Parliament — Education — Ottering for Parliament — A " Junius " — Early administration of justice — " Heaven-born lawyers'' — First magistrates. 533 Caua < ] 526 CONTENTS. DIVISION X THB BARI.Y MILITIA OP UPPER OANADA. CHAPTER LXII. XXIX PAOE Militia Act, 1792 — Simcoe — No faith in the Americans — His views — Mili- tary Uoads — Division of Districts — Military purposes — The nihcers — Legislation — The expenses — Repeated Legislation — Aggressive spirit — The Enrolment — Hastings Battalion — " Something l)rewing " — List of Officers — Col. Fergusoa— Col. Hell — Leeds Militia — Oliii'ers' clothing — The Midland Di.-jtiict — Prince Edward — Training Places 534 CHAPTER LXIIL In 1812, around Bay Quinte — The declaration of war — The news at King- ston — The call to arms — Hastings — Events at Kingston — In 1813 — Attack upon Sacket's Harbor — Oswego — American fleet hefore King- ston — Royal George — Kingston prepared — Chrysh.r's farm — A " Post- script" — Along the St. Lawrence — Ribaldry — The (Jommissarj — Capt. Wilkins — Quakers — Rate of pay — American prisoners — The Wounded — Surgeons, Dougal, Meacham — Jonathan Phillips — Militiamen's reward — Militia orders — Parliamentary grants 551 ■■■•:- > CHAPTER LXIV. ' ; The Six Nations in 1812 — American animus — "Manifest Destiny' — Mo- hawk Indians — A right to defend their homes — Inconsistency — American savages — Extract from 1-layter — Brock's proclamation — Indian character, conduct, eloquence — Deserters in 1812 — Few of them — Court-martials— The attempts at conquest by the Americans — The numbers — Result of war — Canadians saved the country — And can do 80— Fraternal kindness 564 DIVISION XL ADVASCR OP CIVILIZATION. CHAPTER LXV. !) i 533 Canada's first step in civilization — Slavery in America — By whom intro- duced — False charge — Slavery in Canada — Historj- — Imperial Acts — Legislation in Canada — The several clauses — In Lower Canarla — Justice Osgood — Slavery at the Rebellion — Among the U. K. Loyalists ^Those who held slaves — Descendants of the slaves — " A British slave" — "For sale" — "Indian slave" — Upper Canada's Record — Compared with the States — Liberty — Why the United States abol- ished slavery — Honor to whom honor is tlue 669 zzz C0NTINT8. CHAPTER LXVI. Returns to the Pioneer— Bay Region — Qurden of Canada— Clogs— False views of settlers — Result— New blood — Good example— Anecdote— The "Family Compact" — Pardality — Origin of the Com;)(ic<— Their conduct — The evil they did — A proposed Canadian Aristocracy — What it would have led to — What mav come — " Peter Funks" PAOI 580 CHAPTER LXVll. Agriculture — Natural Products — Rice— Ginseng— Orchards — Plows — Reap- ing — Flax — Legislation— Agricultural Society organized by Simcoe— A Snuif Bex — Fogies — Silver — Want of help — Midland District taking - '' the lead — Societies— Legislative help — Prince Edward — ^Pearl Ashes- Factories— Tanneries— Breweries, Carding Machines — Paper — Lumber — First vehicles — Sleighs — Waggons — Home-made — Roads — First Public Conveyances— Stages — Fare — Building Greater — Siiwing Mills introduced by the Dutch— First Brick Building — Myerts' House— -Its past history — Furniture from Albany — Currency — Paper Money — Banks — First Merchants — Barter— Pedlars — On the Bay 587 Chara I r n P P Notice G Si St kl CHAPTER LXVIIT. Steam vessels — Crossing tlie Atlantic in 1701— First Steam Vessel— Hud- son — The second on the St. Lawrence — First across the Atlantic — In Upper Canada — Frontenac — Built in Ernesttown — The Builders- - Finkle's Point — Cost of Vessel — Dimensions — Launched — First Trip — Captain McKenzie — ' Walk-in-the-Water' — Quein Charlotte — How Built — Upon Bay Quints — Capt. Dennis — First year — Death of Dennis- Henry Gilder. . ve — What he did — Other Steamboats — Canals — First in Upper Canada — Wellaijd Canal — Desjardin — Rideau — Its object — Col. By — A proposed Canal — Railroads — The first in the world — ^Pro- posed Railway from Kingston to Toronto, 1846 — In Prince Edward District — Increase of Population — Extract from Dr. Lillie — Compari- son with the United States — Favorable to Canada — False Cries — The French— Midland District, 1818 ...^ 599 Roll of The Go Indian DIVISION XII. THE I'.NITED EMPIRE LOYALISTS — THE FATHERS OP UPPER CANADA. CHAPTER LXIX. Definition — A division — Theii principles — Our position — ^Ancestry — Dutch —Puritans — Huguenots — New Rochelle — English writers — Talbot — Falsehoods — Canadian and English ancestry — Howison — Maligner — Gourlay's reply — Palatines — Old names 616 C0NTINT8. XXZl CHAPTER LXX. PAOI Character — Ilospitality — At home — Fireside — Visitors — Bcos — Raisings — Easter Eggs — Dancing-^ Hovington House — Caste— Drinks — Horse- racing — Boxing — Amusements — La Crosse — Duels— Patriotism — An- nexation — Freedom — Egotism— The Loyalists— Instances— Longevity — Climate of Canada— A quotation — Long lived— The children— The present race — A nationality — Comparison — " U. E. Loyalist " — Their Privileges — Order of Council — Dissatisfaction 624 ••ac->. lUic.i ;i ;r'iAir : CHAPTER LXXI. ;'i Jn'.ui;.- Notice of a Few — Booth— Brocli — Burritt — Cotter — Cartwright — Conger ', — Colo — Dempsey — Detlor — Fraaer — Finkle — Fisher — Fairfield — • Grass — Gamble — Hagerman— Johnson's — " Bill " Johnson— Macanlay ) — ^The Captive, Christian Moore— Parliament— Morden—Robl ins— -* Simon — Van Alstine — Wallbridge — Chrysler -White — Wilkins —^ ' Stewart — Wilson— Metcalf — Jayno— McIntosh^Bird— Gerow— Van- kleek — ^Perry — Sir William Johnson's children 642 Vl.41 'iU -.i3^UiU—>i!(\r.n >vyiA t?i) i-~iji«ntj -~ biiiifp. "ft j«oi vfDA M '>if.'»fl') hnoi5« ^dT'-— iii» ij[!j r :-;(H--'!«o;t Jrt.w.' ■ ' in- .1V4>— inro'i ?''«!iai'i i.iiri'i <.mB— ;.5K.s1^ft■:> APPENDIX. '•"--i-;ini.iI>W.ai.5q»'.'' Roll of the 2nd Battalion King's Royal Regiment , 667 The Governors of Canada 670 Indian Goods 671 ^ ..,..,.....,.,., ,. , --^yi ii-^i'itatKl iniiiliiiK:— -il.i'i^i 1 AVI. '/x (} I >. .1 V I a .=1*Viv tffyif H-— lain — Discovery of Lake Ontario — 15ay of Ouint^ — Qtie})e> founded — First li)?htinf!: with Indians — First talking of Quebec by the Krilish — Uetnrned to Fram e — The Ilecollets and Jesuits — Death of Cliamplain — Foundation of Montreal — Emigration from France — The Carignan Rcginient— Di'Courcelle — Proposal to found a Fort at Lake Ontario — Frontenac — Fort at Cataraqui — La Salle — Fort at Xiagara — First vessel up(m the Lakes — Its fato — Death of La Salle, the first settler of Upper <.'anada — Founder of Louisi- ana — Discoverer of the mouth of the Missi.ssij)pi. Thei'e exiHts, as one characteristic of the nineteenth century, an earnest desire on the part of many to recall, and, in niiixl, to live over the days and years that are past; and many there are who occupy more or less of their time in collecting the scattered relies of by-gone days — in searching among the faded records of departed years, to eagerly catch the golden sands of facts which cling to legendary tales, and to interpret the hieroglyphics which the foot- steps of time have well-nigh worn away. To this fact manj' a museum can bear ample testimony. The antiquarian enjoys intense satisfaction in Ids labors of research, and when he is rewarded by the discovery of something new, he is but stimulated to renewed exertion. In. the old world rich fields have been, and are now being explored ; and in the new laborers are not wanting. i I Vfrm^ 2 i»l.SC<»VKUY OF AMERICA. Hinco the days when man first trod tlio virf.";!!! soil of this glolu', ho has over been aeeiistoinod to preserve the more iinportani oventH of liis life, and, by tradition, to hand them down to his chil- dren.s' children; anil lilcewiso has it been with eommunities and naliuris. Kvery people who are known to have oeeiipied a ])la(e iipiin the earth, have left some indication of their ori^'in, and the part they jdayed in the world's great drama. In recent days, fads ]>ert;uinng to nations and particular individuals are preserved in all their ttmj)litude, throug-h the agency of the Press. But in fl)rmer centuries, only a few symbols, porhajts rudely cut in solid stone, conuuemorated events of the most im[)ortant kind. The historian.-? of Kastern nations have had to look tjir back into the misty past, to learn tho fads of their birth and infant days; while the dark days of barbarism hang as a thick veil to obstruct the view. The middle ages, like a destructive ilood, swe])t away, to a great extent, tho records previously in existence. But out of the debris has been exhumed many uprociou.s relic; and tho stone and tho marblo thus oblainod, have supplied valuable material on which to base trust- worthy history. In rocordiug tho events which belong to tho Western world — this broad American continent — the historian has far less of toil and i-esoarch to undergo. It is true the luitive Indian, who once ])roudly ruled the va.st extent of the now world, has a history yet undeveloped. An impenetrable cloud obscures the facts appertain- ing to his advent upon this continent. The luiture of his origin is I buried in the ocean of pro-historic time. But in reference to the occui»ation of America by Europeans, the subjugation and gradual extei-mination of the Indian, tho lite of the pioneer, the struggle.-^ for political independence, the rapid growth and development ol I nations; all these results, embraced within the space of a foM- centuries, are freely accessible to the American historian. The importance oi history cannot be questioned; the light ill affords is always valuable, and, if studied aright, will supply thi' student with material bj' which he may qualify himself for any I position in public life. In the following chapters it is intended to draw attention more particularly to the new world, and to examine I a few pages in the history of North America. In the absence of any data upon which to base statement:! I relating to the aborigines, we may say the history of the new world begins with the memorable and enterprising adventures oil Christopher Columbus, in 1492; although there is evidence that! i I' CANADA — AMERICA. 9 America had been previously visited by the i)Coplo of Northern Europe, about the year 100(K The wtcady^flow of emi^'rants wliich commenced a century later, from the old world to the new, of bold, energetic peojde, is a spectacle of j^rnnd import. Almost every nation of Kurope lias contributed to the coloniza- tion of America. All, however, were not at first actuated by the same motives in braving' the perils of the decii — then fur greater than at the ]n'esent day — and the dan<,'ei's of tho wildorriLvs. The Spaniards wore searchin;^ for the ])recious gold. The English desired to acquire territory; the Dutch sought to extend tlu'lr commerce; and the French, it is said, wore, at first, intent oidy on converting the pagan Indians to Christianity. — (Garneau.) Spare will not permit to trace the course of events in connection with the first settlements in America; the history of the several colonies, the bloody Indian wars, the contentions between the ditVerenf colonizing people, the rebellions of the colonies and their achieve- ment of independence. We shall mainly confine ourselves to those evcntH which led to, and accompanied the settlement of Upper 1 Canatla. Canada, tlie coast of which was first discovered by John Cabot. I in 1497, is an honorable name, far more so than America. It has been a cause of complaint with some that the United States should [appropriate to their exclusive use the name of America. I'ut it is Luite right they should enjoy it. It is after a superficial impostor, lAmerigo Vespxicci, who availed lumself of the discoveries of IColumbus, to vaunt himself into renown. The word Canada is most probably derived from an Iroquois vord, signifying Cabin. It has been stated on the authority of a ^astilian tradition, that the word vCas of Sjjanish origin. The Spaniards, looking after gold, ascended the St. Lawrence, but failing [to find the precious metal, exclaimed " Aca nada," (Here is nothing.) [ho natives hearing the land thus called, when Europeans again nsited them, upon being asked the name of their country, rejdied ['Canada," in imitation of the Spaniards. Again, Father Hennepin asserts that the Spaniards, upon leaving the land, gave it the appel- lation " El Capo di nada," (Cape nothing,) which in time became changed into Canada. But Charlevoix, in his " Histoire de la Nou- ^elle France," says that Canada is derived from the Iroquois word I'Kannata," pronounced Canada, which signifies " love of cabins." aponcion, in the "Transactions of the Philosophical Society of Philadelphia," founds his belief of the Indian origin of the name y I I'l, 1 JACQUE8 CABTIER. Canada, on tho ftiot that, in the traiiHlation of tho GoHpol by St. Matthew into tho Mohawk tongue, hy Urant, tho word Canada i» alwayH made to nignify a viUago. Tailing tho wl. )lo matter into consideration, there appears tho best of reasonH to conoludo that Canada, a name now properly bestowed upon tho Dominion, is of Indian origin, and Hignifies tho country of a people who aro accustomed to live in villages or permanent cabins, instead of in tents and constantly changing from one place to another. The history of French Canada is one of unusual interest — from tho time Jacques Cartier, in 1534, with two vohsoIh of less than 60 tons burden each, and 122 men in all, entered for the first time the Gulf of St. Lawrence — up to the present day. It was not until tho lirst decade of the 17th century, nearly a hundred years after Cartier first landed, that successful colonization by the Frond was accomplished. Novortholoss, Canada has as early a plact among tho cohmies of America as New Netherlands or Virginia which aro tho oldest States of tho neighboring Union. Virginia was planted in 1608; Now Netherlands (now Now York,) was not pottled until 1614. Prior to that, in 1609, Hudson had ascended the river now bearing his name, as far as the jjresent site ol Albanj' ; but at tho same time the intrepid Champlain was travors iiig the wilds of tho more northern part of the territory to the south of Lake Ontario. Although the history of Now France is one of great interest yet, in this local history, space can only bo allowed to glance at tho course of events in connection therewith. But French Canada is not in danger of suffering for want of historians to pen the events of her life. Already onthusitistic countrymen have doiu justice to tho patriotism, valor and ability of the Franco-Canadianl race. And, at tho present time, earnest workers are in the field, searching among the records of the past, stowed away in Paris, with the view of making known all that can bo learned of their sires. We find no fault with the intense love they bear to their language, their laws, their religion, their institutions generally Such is characteristic of a high-spirited race; and, as commor; Canadians we rejoice to have so devoted a people to lay with us tht foundation of our northern Dominion. It has already boon said that Jacques Cartier first landed in Canada in 1534. At this time the pent up millions of Europe lying in a state of semi-bondage, were prepared to strike off the chains which had hitherto bound them, both in mind and body, t( C the sole and to a lecovoro of the m( most ci)l field for ])rintiiig mind, iiii was be in 1(1 gi!fmi In M World, ii b}' two ( Eeachini John's P, applied t two nati) d'Orloanf- Hpirit. vessels in cone u[)Oi with a sn found a CO long, and agod and ^ after whit ho gave tj given to t the Domii Carti( much dist while mos by the nn to France, later bofoj and roligi enacted ai so many n Britain, Ij flows in th from the FIRST WINTER IN CANADA. ipol by St. Ciiniula in I mttor into cludo that inion, irt of I ii who arc itoad of in ] roHt — from 3H.M than 60 Kt time the 5t until the ^'oars after ho Prone li •ly a place ir Virf^inia. Virginia k,) was not (.1 aHCcndod ent site ot viXB travel's- tory to the it interest, glance at ich Canada pen th have don o-Canadian n the field. ly in Paris, cd of their ar to their generally IS commor: with us the landed in of Europe, ike off the d body, to A) the Moloc't ones, wlio cluiincd that prerogative, aw of Divini' origin, and to avail thetnsolvoM of the vast territory whirh Colunibns had recovered from oblivion. Then was the future pregnant with events of the most startling nature — events fraught with intorcMts of the inoHt collo.ssal magnitude. While America was to open up a now tield for active labor, wherein all might pluck wealth, the art reached Canada, and ascended to Quebec, The intending colonizers immediately wont ashore and commenced the work of clearing the land for cultivation. The winter was passed in safety, but in the spring, tired of waiting for the Govornor, Avho ought to have fol- lowed him the year before, and dis(t)vering signs of hostility on the part of the savages, ho determined to return to France. So ho embarked all the men and set sail. Before ho had reached the Atlantic, however, ho met la Koque, with some two hundiod more colonists, who desired Cartier to return, but he continued his course to France. Joan Francois landed safol}' at Quebec. In the autumn ho sent home two vessels for provisions for the following year, Avhilo ho prepared to undergo the severity of the coming winter, a season that brought severe trials, with the death of fifty of his men. The following year he sot out with seventy men to seek fresh discoveries up the river, but lie was unsuccessful. Francoi again immersed in war, paid no attention to the request for succor in the New "World, but ordered Cartier to bring back the Governor, whose presence as a soldier was c'esired. With him returned all the colonists. Thus the attempt to establish a settlement upon the St, Lawrence failed, not, however, through any want of courage, or ability on the part of Cartier, the founder of Canada, The name thus immortalized and which disappeared from the history of Canada for many years, again occupies a place. And, Sir George Eticinio Cartier, of to-day, although not a lineal desccndent of the first Cartier, holds a position of distinction ; and, as one who has assisted in effecting the Confederation of the provinces, his name will ever stand identifiod, as his great predecessor and name- sake, with tho history of our Canvada, In 1549, Jean Francois a second timo, set out for Canada with his brother, and others, but they all perished on the way, This disaster prevented any further immediate attempt at settlement in Canada, The commencement of the seventeenth century found Franco again in a state suitable to encourage coloni.il enterprize, and shc» CIIAMPLAIN — FOUNDATION OP QUEHEC. II ilement in in common with other Eiiro])OJin nations was (lirectini? her attention to the yet unoxpK)re(l Xew VVorkl. At this time one Pont-Grave, a merchant of St. Malo, conceived the idea of establishing" a fur trade between Canada and Franco ; and to tliis end he connected himself with one Chfuivin, a ])erson of some inlliuince at court, who succeeded in obtaiiiinu; the appointment of icovernor to Canada, with a monopoly of the peltry traffic, These two adventurers, with a few men, set out for Canada, but arrived in a state of destitution. Chauvin died, while the others were preserved alive by the kind- ness of the natives. Chauvin was succeeded by Dc Chastes, (rovornor of Dieppe; and Ca))tAin Samuel Cham))lain, who had distinguished himself as a naval otticer, was appointed to command an expedition about to proceed to the Now World. The name of Chumplain is indelibly fixed upon the pages of Canadian history. It was he wlio traversed trackless forests "^ > ascended the most rapid rivers, discovered the Lake of Oi;tr>r',o, by way of }3ay (iuinte, and gave his name to another lake. It was in 1603 that Champlain set out upon his voyage, lie had but throe small vessels, it is said, of no more than twelve or lifteen tons burden. He ascendetl as far as Sault St. Louis, and made careful observations. He prepared a chart, with which ho returned to France. The king was well pleased with his report, and DeChasto having died. Governor do Monts succeeded him, to whom was granted, exclusively, the fui trade in Canada. But their operations were confined, at first, to Acadia, now Nova Scotia, In 1(J07 Do Jlonts abandoned Acadia and directed his attention to Canada. Obtaining from tho king a renewal of his pr vilegos, ho appointed Champlain his lieutenant, whom ho despatched with two vessels- The party arrived at Stadacone, o;i the 3rd of July. The party commenced clearing land whore the lower town of Quebec now stands, and erected cabins in which to livo. Having determined to make this tiio head-quarters of his establishment, he proceeded to build a fort. Thus was founded tho ancient capital of Camida upon tho Gibraltar of America. Tho powei's granted to Champlain were ample, whereby he was enabled to maintain order and enforce law. During tho well nigh one hundred years that had passed away since Cartier attempted to colonize, gx-eat changes, it would seem, had taken place among the Indians. Altogether different tribes occupied the Laui-e-itian valley ; and tho former Indian villages of StadoconcJ, and Hocheliiga had been entirely destroyed, Champlain found the Indians of this place, tho Algonquins, at .iff 8 DISCOVERY OP LAKE ONTARIO. ! enmity with other tribes to the west, the Iroquois. The Algonquins wore glad to form an alliance with him against their long standing enemy. It suited the purpose of Champlain to thus ally himself; but the policy may well be questioned ; at all events it inaugurated a long course of warfare between the French and the Iroquois, which only terminated when Canada became a British dependency. He, no doubt, was ignc 'ant of the great power and superiority of the confederated five nations which formed the Iroquois people. The first encounter between Champlain and the Indians took place the 29th of July, 1609, by the lake which now bears his name, which had been known by the Indians as Lake Corlar. The Iroquois, who had never before seen the use of fire-arms, were naturally overwhelmed with surprise at this new mode of warfare, by which three of their chiefs were suddenly stricken to the earth: and they beat a hasty retreat, leaving their camp to the pillage of the enemy. The following year Champlain again set out with his Indian allies, and a second time drove them from the well contested field by the use of fire ijrn - It was on this occasion he first met the Ilurons, which were to become such fast allies, until almost exterminated. But the time came when the Iroquois, supplied with arms and trained to their use, by the Dutch, became better able to cope with the French. In 1(J12 Count de Soissons succeeded De ilonts. Champlain, who was -'\fj;ain engaged in war, was at the same time endeavoring to advance the peltr}^ traflic, a trade that had many vicissitudes, owing to the changing o})inions at home, and the uncertain support of merchants. He commenrod the erection of a fort at Montreal, and formed an alliance with the Huron Indians. In the year 1615, the Iroqifr;is were collected near the foot of Lake Ontario, a body of water as yet unseen by Europeans. At the request of the Indians, it has iuMiu said Champlain set out to attack them, after having ascen i' • fiio Ottawa. The course taken by him, and the disastrous it .sul*. are given in connec- tion with the discovery of tiie Bay (^uute. The year 1028 saw Canada, as well as the colony of Florida, pass under the power of the "Company of the Hundred Partnefs." The same year saw (Juebec in u state of grer-t distress, the inhabitants almost starving, and a fleet of British war vessels at the entrance of the St. Law- rence demanding the surrender of the fort. War was then existing between England and France, arising out of the intestine war of France, between the Huguenots and the (/atholics, which had '^ II FOUNDATION OF MONTREAL. 9 resulted in the subjugation of the former, many of whom had sought refuge in Enghtnd smd entei-ed her service. Two of the vessels now threatening French Canada were commanded by Huguenots, one Captain Michel ; the other David Kcrtk. The latter demanded the surrender of Quebec, butChamplain concealed the great straits to which he was reduced and bravely withstood the famine and cold through the long winter, in the hopes of relief in the spring, which was destined never to reach him. Instead of relief, the spring brought three vessels of war, commanded by Kertk's, two brothers, Louis and Thomas. The demand to sur- render could no longer be refused, and upon the 29th July, 1618, the English took possession of Quebec. Louis Kertk became Governor, while I'hamplain accompanied Thomas Kcrtk to Europe. Quebec remained in British possession until the treaty of St- German-en-Laye, signed 29th March 1632, by which England renounced all claims upon New France. (Juobec was governed by Louis Kertk during the throe years it was in possession of England, and he returned it to the French, it was alleged, a heap of ruins. On the ensuing year, the "Ilun" dred Partners" resujned their sway, and Chamjilain was re-ap- pointed Governor, who came with much pomp and took possession of Fort St. Louis with the beating of drums. Hereafter emigration from France was accelerated. Even some of the higher classes sought in Canada, repose from the troubles incident to religious and domestic war, although Catholics. The Jesuits were now superseding the order of Recollets, and were earnestly seeking to convert the Hurons ; and at the same to secure their trusty allegi- ance. For two years prosperity continuetl to smile upon the pro- vince, and in 1635 the Jesuits iaid the foundation stone of the College of Quebec. But the same year took from New France its chief and its greatest friend. Champlain died on Christmas day in (Jiiebec, after " thirty years of untiring efforts to establish and extend the French possessions in America." This great discoverer, and founder of Quebec left no children, his wife rcmaineil in Canada tour years, wlien she returned to France. Following the death ot Champlain was the terrible onslaught by the Iroquois upon the Hurons, whom they entirely destroyed as a nation, leaving but a remnant under the ijrotectionof the French. In 1642 M. de Maisonneuvo laid the Ibundation of Montreal, the village consisting of a few buildings with wooden palisades, was then called " Vilio-Marie." Maisonneuvo gathered here the con- verted Indians to teach them the art of civiliiiation. ! ■; SrJ 10 GOVERNOR FRONTENAC. ! I Tho succcHsor to Champlain was M. do Chateaufort: but wo cannot continue to ovon sketch tho history of tho several Govci-norii> and the successive steps in Canadian development only so far as they bear upon our subject. In 1663 the pojiulation along tho St. Lawrence numbered to between 2,000 and 2, .500. In 1665 the number was increased by emigration, and by the arrival of the Carignan regiment, a veteran bod}' of men who became permanent settlers, and who aided much in controlling the Indians and maintaining the power of the French. The same year live stock was introduced, and horses for the iirst time wore seen in Canada. About this time commenced, in earnest, the struggle between England and France for the supremacy of the fur trade. Tho viceroy, M. de Tracy, began to erect regular forts upon the Eicheleu. In 1671 there was a rendezvous of Indian Chiefs atSaultSt. 3[arie, and through the influence of Father AUouez, the several tribes consented to become subjects of France. In the same year M. do Courcelles, now Governor, in pursuance of the attempt to govern the fur trade, conceived the idea of planting a fort at the foot of Lake Ontario. But he left befoi'o the work had commenced, and was succeeded by Louis de Buade, Conte de Frontcnac, after whom the fort, subsequently erected, was called. As the founder of tho tirst settlement in. Upper Canada, whose name is now so familiar, as belonging to a County, we may make space to say of Frontenac, that he was a gentleman of good birth, and had gained great distinction, having attained to tho rank of Brigadicr-Gonei-al. He was iomowbat proud and haughty, but condescending to his inferiors. lEis instructions trom his master,the King, on coming to the Canada, were to secure the aggrandizement of France. Imigration in large numbers from France having been foi'bidden, he was to seek tho increase of numbers in New France by stimulating early mai'riages. And to this daj', the rate of increase by birth, among the French, is considerably greater than with the Anglo-Saxon. He Avas to foster agriculture, the raising of stock, to increase the fishing operations, and the trade abroad ; and he was instructed to take measures to construct a highway between Canada and Acadia, a plan which is only now about to be accomplished in the Intercolonial Railroad. Frontenac, likewise received very explicit instructions as to his procedure towards the Jesuits and Eecollects; and he was charged ** to administer Justice with the strictest impartiality." The Colony being at peace, Frontenac's principal difficulty was in dealing FIRST LAND-HOLDER OP U. C. 11 with the Cliurch, and he found it necessary to take high-handed steps to bring tlie Clergy into subjection to the State. There had been for years a strtiggle with respect to the liquor traffic among the Indians ; the Bisliops being opposed to it, while the Governor favored it for the purpose of furthering the trade in furs. The dissentions between parties became so great, and representations to the home authorities became so frequent and vexatious t'lat Frontenac and the Intendant were both recalled in 1682. But during tlie incumbency of Frontenac, explorations had continued in the west, and the fort at Cataraipii had been fully estal)lished ; and the Mississi])pi had been discovered by Pere Marquette and M. Joliet, in 1673. That same year Frontenac set out 29th of June, from Montreal, with an ex])edition for Cataraqui, arriving there 12th July. There was at this time one Eobert Cavalier de la Salle, a nati\'e of Eouen, who had contfc to Canada when a young man, full of a project for securing a road by a northwestern passage to China, lie was a man of ability and energy, but without means. But he managed to obtain the f avoidable notice of Governor Frontenac, who regarded him as a man after liis own heart. In the time of de Courcelles he opened a trading post near Mon- treal, now Laehine, so called from La Salle's belief that a pathway to China would bo found thence across the Continent by the waters of the Ottawa or Upper Lakes. The discovery of the Mississippi caused no little sensation in Canada ; and La Salle lost no time in asking per- mission and assistance to contimie the western explorations, declaring his belief that the upper waters of the Mississippi would, if followed to there source, lead to the Pacific Ocean. He consequently submitted a petition for a certain grant of land at Cataraqui to the king, Louis X. (See under liistory of Kingaton.) Thus it seems that La Salle, a name greatly distinguished in connection with the discovery of the mouth of the Mississippi, stands connected very intimately witli the foundation of Kingston. For him a Seigniory was here erected, and from this point he went forth on his eventful voyage. He was a man of much energy and lost no time in setting out. His boats laden with goods, and likewise with material for constructing a brigantine, and a fort, set sail for the Niagara River. The first stejjs La Salle prepared to take was to erect a second fort at Niagara, and then to build his vessel upon the waters of Lake Erie. The construction of the defensive work of the fort, liowever, suited not the views of the Indians, so he satisfied himself with a palisaded storehouse. In the winter the vessel was commenced, six ;1 ■i Si i ; 12 TUB MISSISSIPPI. milcH above tlio Falls. By the middle of summer it was ready to bo lauucLed, which was doue with a salute of camion, and the chanting of a Te dcum, amid great rejoicing. There was also great demonstra- tion among the Indians, who designated the French " Otkou," or " men of a contriving mind." The vessel was named Griffon, and on the 7th August, 1679. with seven guns, and small arms, and loaded with goods she entered Lake Eric. A few day's sail and Detroit, or the strait was reached ; and on the 2;Jrd August, she was cutting the waters of Lake Huron. In live days Michilmicinac was gained ; then the voyageur proceeded to the Avestern shore of ]Michigan,where lie cast anchor. The wonder of tiie Aborigines, as they witnessed this mounted craft, and heard the thunder tones of the cannon, may be conceived. But this tiist vessel upon the western lakes, which had at first so prosperous a .voyage, was doomed to early destruction. Men of enterprise uiid success invariably have to encounter enemies born of incapacity and jealousy, who in the absence of the victim, may sow the seeds of evil. La Salle had not a few of such enemies, it woTild seem, to encounter. After his departure his creditors had seized his possessions, and he, as soon as he heard of it, loaded the Griffon with peltries and despatched her for Niagara. But the Griffon never readied Detroit, the waters of Lake Huron swallowed her "up, and all on board. La Salle proceeded with thirty men to the lower end of I ake Michigan, and laid the foundation of another fort. He then continued westward to the Illinois Eiver, and formed still another foil. But this chain of forts thus established by La Salle,;, was not destined to accomi)lish the great end aimed at. Among the opponents of La Salle, were not only those jealous of liis success, but likewise rival merchants, who were ill pleased to see the fur trade monopolized by one ; and then, there, was the growing trade by the English. These many obstacles and the loss of his vessel with its cargo, and of a second one, in the Gulph of St. Lawrence, about this time, valued at .£22,000, had the elfect of seriously crippling him ; yet his was a, nature not easily overcome. Leaving Father Hennepin to explore the Illinois Ri^;er and the L'pper Mississippi, he set out March 2nd, 1680, for Montreal, accompanied by four whites and an Indian guide. Two years later and the indomitable La Salle, nothing daunted, who )'id compounded with his creditors, and suffered repeated disap- pointments, is found traversing the forest, for the Mississipi^i, to descend that stream to its mouth. He reached the Mississippi, Cth Feburary, 1682. Descending the stream he stopped at the mouth of the Ohio FRKNCH TERRITORT, 1G84. 13 fort. He then itinued his easy cotirso down the Father of rivers, and reached its mouth on the 5th April, and took formal possession of the territory in the name of the king, calling the place after him, Louisiana. The glory thus won by La Salle, was not to be crowned with the success, financially, that ought to have followed. At this juncture Governor Frontenac, seemingly the only friend La Salle had, was called home to be followed by M. de la Barre. A con- tinuation of the persecutions and misrepresentations of his conduct, led to the sequestration of Fort Frontenac, as well as Fort St. Louis, and in the following year he was called upon to defend himself at court, which lie was able to do. The result was an order to reinstate the founder of Louisiana on his return, in Fort Frontenac, and to re- l)air all damages which his property had sustained ii that locality. La Salle was graciously received by the king on account of his discovery of the mouth of the Mississippi, and was commissioned to begin a colonization of Louisiana. The same unfortunate luck con- tinued to attend him. He sailed July 24th, 1684, from La Rochelle with two ships of war and two other vessels, having some 500 persons in all. The fleet was commanded by M. de Beaujeu. Between the commander and La Salle, a misunderstanding arose which ended in decided aversion. One of the ships was capture(l by the Spaniards, and the others overpassed the mouth of the Mississipjii by many leagues. The commander instead of assisting to carry out La Salle's object, did all he could to thwart him. One of the vessels was run upon the reefs and lost. Finally Beaujeu left La Salle with his people upon a desert shore without provision, and put out to sea. Although 120 leagues distant from the Mississippi, in Texas, La Salle set some of his people to cultivate the land, and began to construct a fort. But the craftsmen were deficient. The seed sown did not grow, the savages became troublesome, and one evil after another rapidly suc- ceeded until his men were mostly all dead. As a last resort La Salle det^jrmined to set out for Canada to proceed to France. It was early spring and the indomitable discoverer found but slow progress ; at last some of those accompanying him, mutinied together and resorted to force, during which La Salle was moi'tally wounded. Thus per- ished the discoverer of the mouth of the Mississippi, the founder of Louisisina, as well as the first land owni r of Upper Canada. It is worthy of note here how great was the territory of France in America at this time. It was a vast region, embracing within its limits the Hudson's Bay territory, Acadia, Canada, a great part of Maine, por- tions of the States of Vermont and New York, with the whole of the I I HI i i 14 FRENCH FORTS. valley of the Mississippi. And a great portion of this ought, to-day, to form part of Canada, some of wliich would, were it not for the indifference, or stupidity of English commissioners, and the con- temptible trickery of Americans, such as the act of concealing the fact of the existence of a certain map by Daniel Webster, which -.vould prove adverse to his pretentions. It has been deemed ap])ropriate to follow La Salle in his steps, not alone because he was the first settler in Upper Canada, Avho held land property ; but because we learn of the way in Avhich the French, originally struggling to gain a footing in the Lower St. Lawrence, gradually extended westward, carrying in one hand the Cross, and with the other, planting forts for the purpose of trade, and erecting such defences as the uncertain character of the natives rendered neces- sary. We learn how it came, that fort after fort, whose ruins may yet be traced across the continent, were planted along a route which commenced at the mouth of the mighty St. Lawrence, extended along the western lakes, and then turning southward terminated at the mouth of the majestic Mississippi. iWi/! INDIANS DECEIVED. 15 INTRODUCTION. (CONTI.VUKD.) CHAPTER II. C'cuitents : — Catamqui Ibit Rtrenf,'tliL'n(Hl— -Kciito Indians seized and carried cap- tive to France — Massacre of Laciiim — Ciinnicncinf,' strnjiKle between New England and New Fran(u; — Sj.ge ture of (Juel)ec — Wolfe — Death of Montcalm — Fort Niagara — Johnson — Effort to re- take Quebec — Wreck of the P^rench army — Capitulation at Montreal — Popu- lation — Tlie lirst British (Jovernor of Canada — The Canadians as British subjects — The result of French enterprise — llebellion. In 1685 Marquis DeNonville becuine Governor, and brou^'li.t with him to Canathi 600 roguhir troops. Tho Iroquois liail I)ocomo aljios of the English, with whom thoy preferred to trade. DeNon- villo ascended to Cataraqui with two thousand men. Arrived at Cataraqui, he tried, by gentle means at first, to obtain certain terms from them, but the Iroquois Avore insolent, being supported by the English traders. DeNonvillo wrote to Paris for more troops, and, in the mean time, proceeded to accumulate stores at Cataraqui, and to strengthen the fort at Niagara. The King sent to Canada, in 1687, 800 soldiers, to assist in subduing the Iroquois. DcNor.v"ilc becoming bold, and in his increased strength, pursued a course of trickei y which has been branded by all writers as anti- christian, and more savage than anything pertaining to tho savages (so-called) of America. Pdre Lamberville, a missionary among the Iroquois, caused a certain number of chiefs to congregate at Fort Frontenac, to confer with tho governor, and when thoy were within the precincts of tho fort they wore seized and carried captive in chains, even to Franco, and there sent to tho galleys. Draper t^ays that these wore Indians of the tribes called Ganneyouscs and Kcntes, 16 INDIAN MASSACRE. and that about 40 ov 50 mon, and 80 woinon and children wore seized, who wore forwarded to Franco. The attitude of tlio Indiann under Huch trying circumstances, towards the missionary among them, stands out in prominent contrast to the vile conduct of the French governor. The missionary, summoned by the chief, was thus addressed : '* Wo have every right to treat thee as our foe, but we have not the inclination to do so. We know thy nature too well ; thine heart has had no share in causing the wrong that has been done to us. We are not so unjust as to ]>unish thee for a crime that thou abhorrest as much as we." Then the aged chief informed him that the young men of the tribe might not feol so lenient, and that lie must leave, at the same time causing him to bo conducted by a safe path from their midst. For a time DeNonville somewliut curbed the lror|Uois; but in the end he failed completely to hold the ground which had pre- viously been acquired. For four yearn he continued to govern ; matters continually growing worse, until, in the spring of 1089, 1,400 Iroquois made an onslaught on the island of Montreal. The inliabitants, in the depth of sleep, knov*' nothing of their danger, until the fearful whoop and the bloody tomahawk and scalping knife were already at work. The butchery was most fearful ; the cruelties to women and children most revolting. Besides those instantly killed, 200 were burnt alive, and others died under prolonged torture. This was called the massacre of Lachine. The governor was paralyzed, and no stop was taken to redress the great evil. It was under such circumstances that lie was recf.iled, and superseded by De Frontenac, who had again been roquestod to be- come governor. Frontenac landed at Quebec on the 18th October, 1689, and was received with every demonstration of joy. Frontenac entered upon his duties shortly before the renewal of hostilities between England and Franco. All of Pi'otestant Europe, indeed, wore enlisted in the war which had, to a great extent, arisen from the cruel course pursued by France towards the Huguenots. Frontenac, whoso master foresaw the war, which was declared in the following year, brought with him full instructions to prepare for a vigorous warfare all along the frontier of Now France, even to tho Hudson Bay tei'ritory. By this time the Eng- lish settlements upon the Atlantic coast had attained to no incon- siderable strength, and were already engaging in trade by water, as well as with the Indians iu peltries ; and already it had become FRONTIER T.IFR. IT a question of con(|nosl by Now En^laiul or \>y Now FniMco. Tho present jiiticluro Kcomod ono favoraltio for bold mojiHuros on tho |)artot'thi' Antrlo- Americans. Tlioy bad rapidly advanced in ma- terial Ktrcn^lb, wbile tlio Ki-oncb had ratlior declined, owini^ to tho want of immigration and to tho frequent destructive incursions of the Iro(|Uois. Tho declaration of war between Kiiirland and France, in June, 1680, saw tho colonists prepared to contest the ground for sui)renmcy, and monopoly f)l"tlio fur trade. The Fri'nch. notwitit- standing their limited numerical strength, hesitatt'd not to enter the Hold, and made up tbeir want of numbers by superior and do- tei-mined bravery. Uefore J)e Frontenac had arrived, everj'thing was going on badly with the Canadians. \r. DeNotiville had, be- fore his departure, instructed Sonor do Yali'ouve, commandant at Catarafpii, to blow u]) tlie fort, which liad been accordingly done; and the country, abandoneil to the Indians, who now ranged the country, to the very entrance of Montreal. Hut Fi'ontcnac deter- mined to take bold and active measures to carry tlio war into tho enemies country, notwithstanding tlio odds against the French. Organized plans of attack, at different points, were arranged, one of which, in its carrying out, was quite as cruel and barbarous as tho Lachine massacre, which it was intended, as attei-wards stated, it should revenge. A pai-ty of French and Indians weri' led in tho directicm of Albany. On their \vay,ono night, about eleven o'clock, they attacked tho sleeping town of Schenectady, and put the de- fenceless inhahitants to the sword. Those acts cannot be justified in Europeans, and show the fearful spirit of barbarit}' which reigned in those early days of America. The effect produced by the bands of raiders that swept over the British colonics along the frontier, and here and there, into tho very interior, was salutary to tho French interests, and the spring saw the French flag much more respected by the Indians than it had lately been: j'ot the Iroquois earnestly and boldly .-itrovo to carry death to the door of oveiy Ca- nadian hamlet. Tho energetic measures adopted by Frontenac frustrated all their attempts; yet it was unsafe for tho husbandman to go to the field, so that famine began to appear. The spring of 1691 saw, however, instead of a repeated invasion of Now England, extensive preparations in the latter country to invade Canada. Sir William Phipps was preparing to sail from Boston, with a squad- ron, to capture Quebec, and General Winthrop, with forces from Connecticut and New^ York, was mustering his militia, to invade by land. The latter marched to, and encamped upon, the banks of 18 VUriTLEHS KIEUE8 OK QirRUKC. Lakfdfoi'^c, wlionr lio waited for llic uj)]H'aniii(0 of IMiipjis, Ity tlu* Si. Lawront'C! ; hut, in tlio ineiintinu>, iIIhcu? c Jittac'ki'il Ills I roups, uikI iio was obliijotl to rot race Ills htcps to Alliatiy. Scarcely liml Wintlirop tlcpai'lcd wlieii the fleet luuior I'liipjis entereil the walcrH oftlieSt. I^awreiice, and anccnded, to invest the City of (Quebec, appcariii;;" in si^ht on the KJth of Octoltor. I'hipps demanded a Hurrendur ; but Frontonac, allhoui^li with an inferior garrison and but tew troops, j^avo a spirited refusal ; and ultimately, before the close of the month. I'hipp.s found it exi)odiont to retire. Thus ter- minated tlie tirsl sic'jj;e of t^ueliec. The ensuiiiij: four years presented one continuous scene oj' bor- der warfare. While hostilities in Kuropo were exliiiu.stin^ the resources of J'Vaiice, (Canada, under Fi-ontenac, was more than holdiiiu' its own. TIu' British Americans vainly tried a!i;uin to be- siege (Quebec, maUiiii,' an attack by land ; but each attempt was at- temled with disaster. Frontonac, recotjnizin^ the importance of Cataraiiui as a place of defence, scut 700 men to re-eroct the fort. In this he was opposed by the Intendant, M. de Champigny, and cvi'ii by the homo governmont; lait lie had the work completed in 16l>5, before ibsti F '.), Deiore orders came to aDstaiu irom ercctmi^ it. ri'ontcnac had submitted a report <(ivin^ the reasons wliy the fort should exist, namely : in * of peace for trade, and to repair hatchets and arms ; and in )f war to atiord a place of retreat, and to give succor and provisions ; also a place to organize expeditions against the Iroquois, and to receive the sick and wounded on re- turning from exj)editions. On the other hand, Do Champigny re- ported that the trade would not be much in time of peace, as the IroijUois would prefer to deal with the English, who would give more; that the Indian should carry the beaver skin to the French, not the French go for it ; that the fort was out of the direct course of trailo, some thirty or forty leagues ; that the foi'ce necessary to earrv provisions would at any time be capable of proceeding against the enemy. It would be better to take a more southerly course from Montreal into the enemy's country, while Cataraqui is situated U])on the opposite side of the lake ; that it was an unfit place for sici-; and wounded, being " very unhealthy, eighty-seven having died there in one year, out of the hundred who composed the gar- rison." "The swamp poih^ons the garrison," which is so situated that it affords no protection except to the men within it, who might as well bo in a pri.'-on. He counselled that the fort should be abandoned, as it was useless and cxj)cn8ive. Frontonac, however, DKATII OK t'UONTENAr. lmviii>^ ori'ftcd tln' fort, garrisonril it with 4H soliliors. Tlio oxjioiiso of ro cMtulilishiii;;; tlio fort ami Mi])])lyin^ tlio ncci'.xMnry ])n>vision.s cost somo £700. At tliis jiiiuturo tlio Kri'iifli liaii I'litortuiiiiMl tlic idcn of rulliii;.; in tlio ()Ut|K)^iij))>i, hut it was roproHontod that to do so whm to opon tho way for tho oxelusivo trailo of tho Indians with tho Enitlish. But Frontonat' advised no such moasuros. Jlo, liy liis dctornunod hravory, sucfocdt'd in iirint'inu; tho Icocjuois to rospoct tiic KnMich nanio, and lio ofton carried tii-o and doatii into tiioir vory country. When tlio war terminated, the ohl houndaries of tho Provinces had boon fully ro-estahlished, and honors wore coiiforivd upon the ^-ov- onior by his royal master. In llJUl the war lerminaled liy tho treaty of llyswick, signed Soptemhor 11, hy wliii-h the Froiu-h were to restore all jjlacos taken from tho British in America; and it was stipulated that u commission should ho appointed to deter- mine the respective lioundaries of tho Pi-ovinces. In the year 1(598, on the 28th November, Count do Froiitenjic died, aged 77, much l)eloved by the (/'unadians, aitor having raised 2^ow Franco from a low condition to a high state of material ud- vanceiuont. But against him was too truly said that he encouraged tho drcadtul tratttc of liquor among tho Indians, in order that advantageous trading, in which the governor allowed himself to meddle, might be carried on. On 26th May, 1703, M. doCalliere, who had been tho successor of Fronlenac, died, and tho governftr ot' Montreal, who was tho Marquis deVaudreuil, was nominated ns successor. This appointment, made at the instance of the colonists, was conferred with hesitancy, the reason being that his (-ountess was a native-born Canadian I Not only in that day but in later da3-s, and under other circumstances, we have seen tho belief obtaining that natives of Canada must, from tho nature of their birth-place, lack those q litications for distinguished positions with which those from home are siipposed to be so eminently endowed. The British Colonists by this time began to entertain desires to conquer Canada, and steps wore taken to accomplish the taking of Quebec. Among those who took an active part by raising pro- vincial troops, and in visiting England to obtain assistance, was General Nicholson, whose descendants to this day live in the vici- nity of the Bay Quinte, and in the Lower Provinces. In 1710 he visited England, in company with five Iroquois chiefs, veho were presented to Queen Anne, and w^ho received distinguished attention^ « !i , mm 2V TREATY OF UTEECHT. being conveyed to the palace in royal ooachoji. It was following^ thia that the Queen presented those interesting pieces of Commu- nion plate to the five nations, part of which may bo seen at Tyen- dinaguu, and part at (he Grand Eivcr. A futile attempt was made by Xicholson, with a fleet under Admiral Walker, in 1711, to take Quebec. The whole enterprise not only failed but was attended with groai disaster. General Nicholson, with his anny at Loko Champlain, had t» give up his desire to capture Montreal and Quebec. On March 30, 1713, was signed the treaty of Utrecht. In this treaty abridgement of French territory in America was effected'. Acadia, Hudson's Bay territory and Newfoundland were coded to Britain. French power was on the decline both in America, and Europe. Vainly the French tried to regain what they had lost in Newfoundland and Acadia, by founding an establishment at Cape Breton, and in the foundation of th' historic fort of Louisburg, In 1714 Governor Vaudi'euil went to Franco, where he remained until September, 1716. He then returned to Canada, and set about improving the state of aifairs generally. Quebec, at the present day such an impregnable fortress, was not, in any respect, I'cgularly fortified before the beginning of this century. To the natural strength of the place was first added artificial aid, in 1702. To this again were added, in 1712, other defences, and in 1720, by the approval of the homo government, the fortification was syste- matically proceeded with. At this time the colony was divideil into three distinct govei'nments, those of Quebec, Three Rivers, and Montreal ; and the whole was sub-dividided into eighty-two parishes. The whole population was estimated at 25,000 ; whilst at the same time the British colonies had 60,000 males able to bear arms. The governor, aware of this, already began to fear a success- ful invasion of Canada. M. de Vaudreuil died October 10, 1725, having been governor twenty-one years. He was succeeded by the Marquis de Beauhar- nois, who arrived at Quebec in 1726. The contest for the supre- macy of the fur trade continued. The British seeing the advantage of the line of forts held by the Fi-ench determined to erect a fort also, and selected the mouth of the Oswego for its site. As an off- set to this aggression on the pa/t of tho British, against which the French vainly protested, the French fort at the mouth of the Nia- gara was erected, with defences ; and orders were given that m stone fort should replace the one originally constructed of wood, at PORT LOUISBURG. 21 bllowing- Commii- at Tyen- v^as made , to take attended at Ls)ke real and In this eftected. coded to rica, and lid lost in t at Cape burg. ?^here he rtada, and 30, at the y respect, I To the in 1702. 720, by ras syste- divided Rivers, ghty-two whilst to bear a success- governor Beaiihar- 10 Bupre- dvantage ct a fort S.S an off- «rhich the the Nia- n that u wood, at Cataraqui. In 1731, Fort Frederick was also erected, at Crown Point, on Lake Chaniplain. This year, Varrennes, Sieur de la Ver- endrye, urged by the governor, set about to discover a route to the Pacitic ocean ; but he only reached the foot of the Rocky Moun- tains, being the first white man to discover them. About this time the fort at Toronto (Lake) is, for the first time, referred to. For more than a decade the strife for the peltry traffic continued to be waged, yet without any actual warfare. It was seen by all that peace could not continue, and New England and Xew France were all the time anticipating the conflict. In 1745 war broke out in Europe, and immediately extended to America. It will be remem- bered that the Fi-onch were dispossessed of Acadia, but had subse- quently erected a fort upon Cape "Breton, Louisburg. From this naval stronghold they were able to send privateers and men-of war. The English, in the meantime, seeing this evil, and that this was a protection to the only entrance to French territorj-, determined to possess it promptly, if it were possible. To carry out this project, which originated with Governor Shirley, of Massachusetts, 4,000 militia, levied in Mass., New Ilampshii-e, Maine, and Connecticut, under Colonel Pepperel, sailed froni Boston in March. The attack upon this strong fort was so well planned and carried out, that full success was the result. Admiral Warren arrived with ships to give assistance, and captured a French ship of 04 guns, with 5G0 soldiers and supplies. Already the Anglo-Americans were beginning to display the energy (derived from an energetic race) which was to overturn British domination in the Atlantic States. But in the first place it was necessary that England should extinguish French power. The brilliant nature of the attack and taking of Fort Louis- burg Wiis recognized by the granting of baronetcies to Governor Shirley and Colonel Pepperel. This success hastened the determi- nation to conquer Canada — a ilesire already existing in the hearts of the Anglo-Americans ; and Goveriior Shirley applied to the British government for regulars and a fleet for that purpose. Meanwhile, a fleet, with several thourjund troops, sailed from France, with a view of re-taking Cape Breton and Acadia; but tem- pest and ilisciiso destroyed the force, until it was no longer able to invade. From the year 1745 Iwrder warfare continuallj- blazed along the frontier. The French, with their savage allies, carried the scalping-knifo and the torch into the British settlements, i-aptui-ed Fort Massachusetts and Fort Bridgman, and gained other victories, i •i : .i : as MASSACRE BY WASHINGTON. and the luckless settlors huJ to seek safety in the more largely-set- tled parts of the country. Again came temporary peace to the colonists. In 1748, upon the 7th of October, the treaty was signed at Aix-la-Chapelles, by the terms of which Cape Breton reverted to the French. This ti-eaty was, however, but a lull in the struggle in America, which was destined to end in conquest. The French continued to strengthen their outposts. Detroit was garrisoned, and forts of stone wex*o built at Green Bay, Toronto, and La Presentation. In 1756, Fort Duquesne, at Pittsburgh, was established. It was in this year that Washington first came before the public as an actor. He led a considex-able force to the wost, with the view of destroying Fort Duquesne, and encountered a small body of French. The man who subsequently became a hero by concurring events, as well as by his own energy, did not, on this occasion — if wo may credit history — act a very honorable part. In- formed of the camping ground of the enemy, lie marched all night, to attack them in the morning. Junonville, the commander, when aware of the proximity of Washington, made known to him by a trumpeter that he had a letter to deliver, and when Junonville had begun to read his letter firing was suddenly re-commenced. The painters of Washington's character have tried to cover this stain ; but imbiassed recorders think he was by no means blameless. But Wash- ington's humiliation rapidly followed this unmanly procedure.. The main force of the French, hearing of the massacre by Washington, advanced to revenge it ; and, attacking him in his own chosen posi- tion, succeeded, after ten hours' fighting with muskets alone, against cannon, in driving Washington from his position, and compelled him to make an inglorious retreat. At the beginning of 1 755, England sent out additional soldiers and means of war, and appointed General Braddock, who had distin- guished himself as a soldier, to act as military chief. At this time, " Dr. Franklin estimated the whole English provin- cials ut a total of 1,200,000; whilst the whole number of people in Canada, Cape Breton, Louisiana, &c., was under 80,000 souls."— {Gameaii). At the same time France was weak, by the presence of an indolent King, who allowed himself and kingdom to be governed by a courtesan, Madame de Pompadour. Religious diisensions and stagnation of trade, all contributed to place France in but a poor posi- tion to engage in war. Great Britain, on the contrary, was in all respects prosperous. At such a favorable time it was that the Anglo- THE SEVEN years' WAR. 23 Americans urged th« motlu'r country to cany on, with tlie utmost rigor, a war for tlie subjugation of Canada. Franklin, as astute a politician as clever in science, was their principal mouthpiece. He who, twenty-five years thereafter, repaired to Paris, to arouse the public feeling of France and entire Europe against Britain; the same Avho came to Canada to revolutionize it in 1776, was, in 1754, the greatest promoter of the coming invasion of the French possessions iu North America. " There need never be permanent lepose exi)ected for our thirteen colonies," urged he, " so long as the French are mas- ters of Canada." Tluis was inaugurated what is known as the seven years' war. The respective combatants marshalled their forces for the con- flict. The French, nothing daunted, took energetic measures to repel the foe, and strike blows here and there, as opportunity afforded. A force was sent to take Forf. Oswego from the English, while John- son, a name to be mentioned hereafter, was despatched to attack Fort Frederick. The first great battle was fought in the Ohio valley, by General Braddock. Here the French gained a signal victory, with but a few men, and utterly put to rout their enemy. At Fort Ed- ward, the French, under General Dieskau, were less successful in an encounter with Johnson, the French commander bfeing taken prisoner. The close of the first year saw Forts Frederick, Niagara and Duquesne, still in the hands of the French, while bands of savages and Canadians traversed the British settlements, massacreing ar^d burning all before them. The ensuing year witnessed more elaborate arrangements to con- tinue the war. France sent to Canada soldiers, provisions, war material and money; and, also, the Marquis de Montcalm was selected to take charge of the army. Montcalm had seen service, and with him came other officers likewise experienced. Proceeding to Montreal, he conferred with the Governor, and it was determined to form two principal camps, one at Ticonderoga, the other at Frontenac, and a battalion was despatched to Niagara. The British, at the same time, made extensive preparations, both in the colonies and at home, and the Earl of London was appointed generalissimo. It is a remarkable fact that Montcalm had from the first a fatal presentiment as to the issue of the war ; yet he, all the same, took every step that prudence and energy directed, to secure the success of hia army. Tliere was also a coolness between him and the Gover- ^ ma 1 tia HI 24 CANADIANS IN DISTRESS, BUT SUCCESSFUL. nor, who ..manifested a determination and energy worthy of him. It was determined t!.st fresh attempts should be made to possess Fort Oswego, and General Montcalm arrived at Frontenac for that pur- pose on the 29th of July. Upon the 11th August they reached Oswego and invested the Fort, which was obliged to surrender on the 14th, the commander, Colonel Mercer, having been killed. The Fort was razed to the groimd. The Canadians then withdrev/ to their homes carrying the prisoners of war, and the guns of the Fort, and provisions with them. This was the principal event of this yeai*. The winter saw the Canadians suffer from famine and small-pox. During the winter 175V-8, there was continued hostility, and in the following year Montcalm succeeded in taking Fort William Henry, after a siege of four days. Colonel Mnnroe commanded the Fort, and he trusted for support to General Webb, who failed to afford it, but instead sent a message to Munroe to retire, which note fell into the hands of Mont cahn. Munroe on the morning of the 9th, displayed his flag of truce The events of this capitulation have ever been held in remembrance, because of the fearful massacire which the Indians made of the Enj;- lish, who had surrendex'ed, and who marched out without their arms, in full confidence in the integrity of the victorious besiegers. Stern history has cast no little blame upon Montcalm, for at least remissness of duty ; and the pen of historic Action has found it a fruitful theme with which to weave a storj', and record thrilling events. The ensuing winter was one of great privation to the Canadians* the harvest had failed ; and everything began to look dark indeed for the devoted French ; yet four years of war had given all the advantage to their arms. The continued ill-success of the British, caused them to raise incroased numbiirs of men, so that by numerical force they miglit overwhelm the French. In the spring of 1758, 80,000 British combatants were ready to march. Wliile ^such was the condition and war-like spirit which obtained upon the British side, a far different state of artairs existed with tlic French. Success had so far attended the galliiut feats undertaken by tliem. All along the lengthened border the foe had been defeated, or had gained but scant victory- Again, the Iroquois nation, impressed avImX the success thus obtained by the French, and gratiiied to have the Fort of Oswego, always impleasent to tliem, destroyed, seemed inclined to take sides with them, certainly did not favor the English. But, when so much has been said the extent of French power in America has been stated. Canada was no longer receiving support from France. The colonists had been weakened by continual warfare and repeated crop-failures. < 1 THE STRUGGLE. 25 But untleteiTcd by the dark clouds that continued to thicken, the Canadians buckled on their armor to fight till the very last. Says Montcalm to the Minister at home, " We shall fight and we shall bury ourselves, if need be, under the ruins of the colony." Again the tide of war ebbed and flowed with fearful power. Carillon was made red with British blood, as vain endeavors were made to capture that French strong hold. Against Louisbuig, Cape Breton, Carillon, Lake Champlain, : .:d Duquesne in the Ohio Valley, the Ejglish arrayed their fleets and ai'mies. In the attack now made upon Louisburg, for the first time appears the name of Wolfe, who distinguished himself by scaling a rock, with a hundred men, which had hitherto been regarded unaccessable. After a spirited defence, the French surren- dered the Fort, a perfect wreck, July 26. About this time Cape Breton passed into British hands, and thus was opened to the English, the Fort of Quebec. In the mean time the attack upon Fort Oarillon by General Aborcromby, with a strong army, had proved a complete failure. The French, although few, desperately met the repeated assaults mjule during half a day, and Abercromby, cut up and ashamed, was forced to relinquish the matter. This battle was fought July 8th) in which 3,600 men struggled successfully for six hours against 15,000 picked soldiers. (^Gameaii). De Levis, who had been in com- mand at Fort Frontcnac, was called by Montcalm to take part in the defence of Carillon. This left Fort Frontenac comparatively weak, and Abercromby, having learned +^e fact, despatched Colonel Bradstreet, who had taken an active part in the battle, to capture the Fort. Bradstreet set out with 3,000 men, 11 guns and mortars. The inviKling force reached its destination August 35. The Fort had been left with 70 men under the command of M. de Noyan, notwithstanding, the Fort was bravely defended for a time. " The victors captured many cannons, quantities of small arms, boats of provisions and nine newly armed i)arques, — part of the trophies brought from Oswego when captured. After loading his barges to the waters-edge, Bradstreet released his prisoners on parole, burnt t^c Fort, also seven of the barks, and returned to his countrj^." (Garneau.) This was a severe blow to the struggling Canadians. The Governor had ordered the farmers from the field, and all the savages he could command, to march to the assistance of Fort Frontenac ; but when the party reached Fort Presentation, (Ogdens- burg), it was learned that Frontcnac was already destroyed. To add to the misfortune of the French, the same autumn. General i ■ f 1- ! ! . i It W. m i 26 THE SPRING OF 1759. I| Forbes, notwithstanding a part of his force had been previously defeated, secured the destruction of Fort Duquesno on the Ohio. This closed the engagements for the year 1748, and everything looked for the French, most discouraging. The winter was spent by the English in preparing for a still more detei'mined con. tinuation of the vnxr; while the French wasted their energies in domestic dissentiou. The Governor M. de Vandrouil and Montcalm ceased not to quarrel, and to charge each other with incompetency) and even crimes. At the same time the means of the country was absorbed by unpatriotic merchants, who availed themselves of the circumstances of the country to amass fortunes by illegal traffic in furs with the Indians. The Government at home, although informed by Montcalm that Canada would bo conquered if help were not sent, took no step to assist the devoted^ Colonists, who, although disheartened were not disposed to surrender allegiance to their native country, even when all but forsaken. The spring of 1759 beheld them standing to their arms with calm determination, awaiting the onset of the foe. The British as in previous years prepared to invade Canada simultaneously at three different points. There was no fortress in the Lower St. Lawrence to obstruct their advance by water, so Quebec was the point at which, to the east, the attack would be made. A corps of 10,000 men commanded by General Wolfe, who wo have seen, distinguished himself at the taking of Louisburg, prepared to ascend the St. Lawi-ence to invest the capital. Another fbrce 12,000 strong under General Amherst, a name we shall have to speak of hereafter, was to pass by Lake Champlain to descend the Eicheleu and to join Wolfe at Quebec. And a third force, under Genei'al Prideaux, with savages under Sir William Johnson, were to possess Fort Niagai"a,and then descend to the capture of Montreal. Opposed to the numerous and well appointed armies of invasion, there was, according to Garneau, all in all of Frenchmen, between the ages of 16 and 60, capable of beai'ing arms, but a little over 15,000. In the early spring, one M. de Corbiere, ascended with the view of rebuilding Fort Frontenac. 300 men were also sent to repair and defend Niagara. But it soon was deemed expedient to recall them and to concentrate their forces. Every man from even the more remote parts, presented himself to the nearest place of rendezvous. In the latter part of May, word came that the enemies ships were coming. \. :■ WOLFE BEFORE QUEBEC. 27 The events connected with the overthrow of French supremacy in Canada cannot fail to impress the student of Canadian historj'. The capture of Quebec, and, as an inevital)le result, the con- quest of Canad* are events of great interest ; but the Hi)ace cannot be allowed hero to more than refer to the thrilling scenes of valor displayed by the victors and the vanquished. As Canadians of Britisli origin wo recognize the event as one not to be deplored, how- ever Franco-Canadians may regard the question. The conquest of Canada, was to add a now element to that of the British American which was destined to grow, and to act no moan part in respect to British interests in America, and we believe, iltiniately to completely amalgamate with a portion of the older elements, and thus to beget a race, under Confederation, none the less noble, none the less stable, and none the less glorious, than that race (a prototji^o of this) — the Original Anglo-Saxon derived from the Norman, who came to England with William the Conqueror, as well as the Saxon elements. More than a hundred years have passed away 8in< e the fall of Quebec. The centenary anniversary of the event has been cele- brated with an amount of enthusiasm which probably Quebec never witnessed before. Since the American Revolution, when the French Canadians fought by the side of the American Loyalist to" defend Quebec, the former have ceased to be a conquered people — Sequestrated from France, they haveeocapod all the horrors which have since swept over that people, while they have retained theii* language, religion, and laws. A hundred years has eradicated or rather changed all the feelings which burned so fervently in the Fi'ench Canadian heart, except their love of Canada ; and they have joined heartily with the Anglo-Saxon to erect a joint monu- ment which commemorates at once the heroism of Wolfe, and the gallantry of Montcalm. Although the forces invading under Wolfe, exceeded in num- ber those who defended the citadel, yet, the greatest heroism was displayed in its taking. The British fleet of " 20 ships of the line with frigates and smaller war vessels," and transports, reached the Isle of Orleans, June 25, where the land force disembarked and proceeded deliberately te invest the stronghold, finding a more difficult task than had been expected. Repeated attempts and assaults were made with the result of showing Wolfe how strong was the position his youthful ardor would fain secure. Not alone was he baffled thus, but a severe illness prostrated him to death's 28 UPON THE PLAINS OF ABRAHAM. door, whoso portals wcro so soon to be oponod to him, by another moans. In his moments of discouragement he had written homo in a spirit not calcuhvtcd to uti'ord liopo. The plan which resulted in success, it is said was suggested by his three faithful Generals > Monkton, Townshend and Murray. The night before the 13th of September, 1750, the day upon which Wolfe was to win imperishable laurels, and to lay down hi s life, he felt a presentiment that his end was near, and carefully ar- ranged all his Avorldly ati'airs. On the evening of the l2th he invited Captain John Davis (afterwards Admiral, Earl St. Vincent), of the Porciqnne sloop of war, to spend an hour or two on board tlie Suth- erland," TVolfe, in the course of their conversation, said that he knew he should not survive the morrow ; and when thev were about to separate, he took from his bosom the picture of Louther and delivered it into the hands of his friend, whom he requested, should his fore- boding be fulfilled, to restore the i»ledge to the lady on his arrival in England." Having previously made disposition of his forces to prepare the way for the tinal attack, and, as well in some instances, to deceive the enemy as to his intentions, Wolfo finally, at one o'clock, upon the morning of the 1.3th September, sot out in flat bottomed •boats to make his landing at Fuller's Cove, thereafter to be called after himself. The night was dark, and other circumstances being favorable the landing was safely effected, the heights ascended, and at the break of day Montcalm learned with the utmost astonish- ment that the enemy was upon the heights of Abraham in battle array. Montcalm hastened to drive away the venturesome foe, but this was not to be accomplished ; a lew hours brought a realization of his early presentiment. After a spii*ited struggle the French were to be seen running, the announcement of which made Wolfo die hapi)y; and, Montcalm was wounded unto death. lie died on the 14th. The defeat of Montcalm secured the captaro of Quebec, yet it was not until the 18th September that tho city surrendered, and French writers would make it appear that oven then it wore not necessary. Tho command of the Fi'onch army after the death of 3Iontcalm devolved upon Gen. de Levis, who had been absent up the St. Law- rence. He retui-ned to Monti'cal only in time to hear of Mont- calm's defeat. He hastened to the rescue of tho beleaguered city, but he reached the vicinity, not until Quebec had passed into the hands of the British. CAPTURE OP FORT NIAGARA. 29 During tho time those exciting scones had boon transpiring ut Quebec, Gen. Amherst had boon confronting Bouhiniaque, upon tho shores of Lake Champlain; whom he had compelled to return, and to destroy Fort Frederick and to retire to Islo Aux Nois. In the west, at Niagara Gen. Pridoaux and Sir Wm. Johnson had been euccossful in taking the Fort from Pouchot. By this, Lake Ontario with its northern shore, as woU as the region of the Bay of Quinte came into tho possession of the British. The expedition to capture Fort Niagara, taken at the urgent request of tho Governor of New York, was under the command of General Pridoaux. Tho attacking party landed at Four Mile Creek almost four miles east of the Fort, on tho 6th July, 1859. Fort Niagara was garrisoned by 486 men according to Pouchot, the French commander, but according to English statements 600. General Pridoaux forces numbered, according to Capt. do Lancy, 1,200, and 1,000 Indians, as said by Sir William Johnson. Pouchot discovered their approach the following day. " lie despatched couriers to Presquo Isle, to Fort Machault, at tho mouth of French Creek, Ph., and to the commander of the Fort at the " Carrying Place " for assistance. Eeinforcoments were sent, numbering about 600 Fi'onch, and 100 Indians. Thoy resembled when passing down the rapids, " a floating island, s< lack was the river with batteaux and canoes." They landed a ... w miles above thp falls and pro- ceeded to Lewiston and thence to relievo Pouchoi. In the mean time the siege had been pressed with vigor. Pridoaux, the English General, had been killed and the command had devolved on Sir W. Johnson. The English learned of the approach of the reinforce- ments, and Captain James de Lancy was despatched to a position in ambuscade above the present site of Youngstown. The French discovering the English in ambush, made an impetuous attack upon them, but the English withstood tho assault, and eventually turned the tide against the enemy, who were put to flight, 200 being killed, and 100 taken prisoners. Pouchot learned of the disaster about two o'clock; and, two hours after Sir W. Johnson demanded a surrender. That same evening, or on the following morning he com- plied ; but he has stated that he would not have dono so had it not been for the mutiny of the Germans who formed a part of the garrison. On the 26th the garrison left the fort to be transported to New York. Thus was the power of the French broken in the west, and the English became masters of the key to the North- west. : p 1 ' \ K 1 1 ! ■ '■ ■' ', 1 !l \ ■/ i 30 SURRENDER OV CANADA. Tho t'(»IIi)\viiii^ Hprinj^ (ten. do LoviH dotormined to mako an eftbrt to roUvke (iuoboc, and upon tho 28th of April, tho ])lains of Abmhain woro again rod with hlood, and tho liritish, under Gen. Murray, woro eonipollod to sock safoty within thcv;alls of tho city, whero thoy wero Ijosiogod until tho 9th, whon a JJritisli frigate arrivetl and gave suoeor. On tho 14th July (Jon. .Murray, with a largo sailing force, commenced the ascent of tho St. Lawrence. At (he same time Gen. Amherst. Avith a eonsideral)Io force was commoucingadoscont from O.swogo. The two were thus aises8ion of tho British. The terms of capitula- tion were more favorable to tho French than they had any reason to expect, and those terms have over boon fultilled. Tlio Governor, Gen. do Levis, tho otiicors, and a large number of men, women aiul children returned to Franco. At tho time of tho taking of Montreal, there remained at Detroit some three or four hundred families. This Fort and others around the lakes yet held bj' the French were surrendered to Major i.ogorH, a person again to be spoken of. The population according to tho Governor, left of French origin, was 70,000. The Canadians who did not return to France repaired to their homes and renewed their peaceful avocations. The tirst British Governor, Sir Jett'ry Amherst, entered upon his functions 1763. We have now very cursorily indeed, noticed the history of the French Canadians up to the time they became British subjects. "We have seen they did not willingly become such ; yet scarcely filYeen years were to ]>ass away before their loyalty to the British flag was to be tested ; not indeed to decide whether tiit.y should again become a part of France, rather than remain British, but whether their condition as British subjects was so intolerable that they should seek other protection of a foreign origin. We shall see that although promises were held out of great political advantage they preferred to remain as they were. There TUB FRENCH IN AMERICA. 31 iviiiuined in the hourts of tho Canmliun Froru-Ii, not .>?o much a dis- like to England uh a dotostution to tho Xew Knghmder. IIoiu-o it was that when the rebel banner was unfurled in 177(J, with tho declaration of American Independence upon it, no Canadian rallied around it. Although commissionerfci from tiio rebel congress viaited them with honied words and fair promises, they received no friendly welconio. The C-anadians regarded their old encmiefl as enemies still, and they turned their backs upon the revolting provinces and their faces toward old England fur protection. The commissioners to the Canadians, composed of Dr. Benj. IVanklin. Sanmel Chase ajid Charles Carrol, with his brother, a Jesuit Priest were appwinted to this mission, on the 15th February, 17TG. The same Franklin who now oflered tho French "freedom," had urged upon the British in 1753 the expediency of reducing Canada ! ! For a century and a half France endeavored in vain to erect a power in America; but shall we say that it was all in vain ? The monument although broken, so far as Franco is concerned yet stands a lasting memorial of French energy, of religious fervor, stern determination, and indomitable valor. And, when the wave of revolution passed over tho thirteen British Colonies, the column was conspicuous enough to be seen by refugees ; the protection Canada offered was sufficient tor the homeless familii's of U. E. Loyalists. Canada was a sacred spot, although P'rench. It constituteil a nijclous, around which collected those Avho jireferred order to rebellion. Those who had fought as opponents at Duquesne, at Niagara, at Frontenac, at Tyconderoga, and upon the Plains of Abraham, were joined together. Tho heel, which had assisted to crush the Canadian French, now sought and found a resting place among those who had been overcome. Thus was to bo laid tho ibundation of the Dominion of Canada, whose future is to be great. Stretching from seaboard to seaboard, it is destined to become, ere it has reached the present age of the United States, the Eussia of America, with the purest principl«s of government the world has ever known. , Wo now approach the period of time when another element of discord was to appear among the races which inhabited America. Bloody Indian wars had in the past swept back and forth across the woody land, llival colonizers had resoi'ted to strife, to extend territorial power. European weapons had been transported to wage wars of extermination. Conquest and subjugation of Indians and rivals had been witnessed ; but now Eebellion, a term that has Ml 8t REBELLION OK 1776. received fve8h significanco in the lato civil war in the United States, was to be initiated. The British hloodnnd money wliich had been lavishly wpent for the Anglo-AmoricanH, had only prepared those colonists to xeok other advantages. The Indians hehi in suh- jection, the French conquered, the mother country itself must now be coerced to give full rein to the spoiled and wayward ottspring. -»•• DIVISION I. THE REBELLION OP 177G— THE THIRTEEN COLONIES. CHAPTER III. Contents : — First American Rebellion — Independence; — TruitorH made Heroes — Loyalists driven awny to found another Colony — The responsibility of rebelling — Treatment of the Loyalists — The several Colonies — The first Englishman in America — Receives £10 — English Colonization — Virginia — Convicts — Extent of Virginia — First Governor — Virginians not willing to rebel— Quota supplied to the rebel army — New York — Hudson — The Dutch — New Netherlands — Price of New Amsterdam (New York) — First Legisla- tive Assembly — Not quick to rebel— Quota of rebel troops — Gave many settlers to Upper Canada — New .Jersey — Its settlement — A i)attle ground — Gave rebel troops ; also loyal troiijjs — Furnished settlers to Upper Canada — Massachusetts — Captain Smith — New England Puritans — The " Mayflower" — First Governor — Cruel treatment of Indians — Massachusetts takes the lead in rebelling— Troops — Loyalists — New Hampshire — Troops — Delaware- Settlement — Quota of rebel troops — Connecticut — Education — Troops — Roman Catholics — Toleration — Rhode Island — Providence — Inconsistency of the Puritans — Roger Williams — North Caroli" t — Inhabitants — South Carolina — Many loyalists — Pennsylvania — William Penn — Conduct toward Indians — The people opposed to rebellion — Georgia — Oglethorpe — Policy of England — New England. , In the introductory chapters a brief sketch has been given of the settlement of America. We now approach the important events which belong to the first great American rebellion, which culminated in the Declaration of Independence by the thirteen British American Colonies, and terminated in the recognition of their independence by the parent State. The rebellion had resulted in a revolution, and traitors were made heroes ! THE TIIIRTF.EN COLONIES. 88 It forniH ft part of tlio j»res((iit uudortakins; to rooord some of the lactH relative to the steps by whicFi the now powi-rful United States wore, as a wh(»le, ushered into the arena of nations, and by which a large class of Americans, true to their British allej;iance, were com- pelled to leave their native country to found another colony in the northern wildernesH. To be justified in rebellini; ajfainst the consti- tuted authorities there must be the most cogent reasons ; to take up arms against the State — to initiate a civil war, is asstuning the most fearful con8e

    ences. To present even a brief account of the circumstances which led to the settlement of Upper Canada, it becomes necessary to dwell for a time upon the great rebellion of 1776, the result of which was ad- verse to those Americans who adhered to the old flag under which they had beeti born, had come to the new world, and had prospered ; a rebellion which was attended and followed by persecution and vio- lence, imprisonment and confiscation, banishment, and, too often, death; which caused a stream of refugee loyalists to set in toward the wilderness of Canada. At the time of the rebellion of the English colonists in America, they consisted of thirteen provinces. Massachusetts, with her colony of Maine, New Hampsliire, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia. It may be well to briefly notice these several states, and the part each took in the war for In- dependence. The first Englishman to set foot upon the continent of America was John Cabot, who discovered Newfoundland, and probably the adjacent mainland, June 4, 1497. The event is noticed in the Privy Purse expenditure thus : "1497, Aug. 10 — To hym that found the new Isle, £10," which seems to have been a grant for his services. VIKQINIA. In the year 1578, Sir II. Gilbert endeavoured to establish a set- tlement at the mouth of tlie Roanoke. Failing in his undertaking, his half brother, Sir "Walter Raleigh, made a similar effort the follow- ing year, which likewise failed. It was Sir Walter Raleigh who gave the name to Virginia, in honor of Elizabeth, the virgin Queen. A third and successful effort was made to colonize in 1607-8, at James- town. This dates the commencement of English colonization of America. Some time later, America was looked upon as a country 1 I l^-y] 34 VIRGINIA — NEW YORK. quite beyoud the pale of civilization, even as Botany Bay vvas at a Btill later period; and in the year 1621, the British Government transported to Virginia 100 convicts. But notwithstanding, "Vir- ginia," to use the words of Morse's Geography, " the birth-place of Washington, has given six Presidents to the Union." Tlie colony of Virginia was originally indefinite in its boundary; and, judging from old maps, it would seem to have included all of North America. But a map dated 1614 shows the more northern part as New England, 'llie first Governor of Virginia entered upon his duties in 1(519. This State was 1 y no means quick to sever the connection with the mother country. Many of her sons stood up for the crown, and very many families became refugees. Washington »aid of Virginia, iu a letter, that " the people of Virginia will come reluctantly into the idea of independence." But in time, by the specious representations of Washington and others, the State produced a certain number of rebels. The quota demanded by the rebel congress was 48,522. She supplied, in 17V6, 6,181 ; and afterwards 20,491. NEW TORK. In the year 1609 Hendrick Hudson, an Englishman, in the employ of Holland, first explored the great river running through New York State, which now bears his name. He, on behalf of the Dutch took possession of the country. Settlement first took place in 1614, and by 1620, a considerable colony was planted. The island of Manhatton,where now stands New York City, was honeL>dy purchased of the Indians for twenty-four dollars. The village thus founded was called New Amsterdam, and the colony was designated New Netherlands. Having been taken by the English in 1674, the name of the territory was changed to New York, after James, Duke of York, brother to Charles II. The first Legislative Assembly for this Province, met in New York, 17th October, 1683, just one hundred years before Upper Canada began to be settled. The State of New York was not among the foremost in rebelling. The Dutch element which prevailed, was not given to change. Some of the most exciting events and battles of the war were enacted in this State. Eight royally did the people take up arms against the rebels and drive Washington from Manhatten. Batta- lions and regiments were repeatedly raised and organized in this State. The valleys of the Mohawk and Hudson became historic grounds. Campaign, power ; an( occupied famished t and subseq Of all pioneers to New J Having bet the Duke o by Wm. Pe East Jerse, In 1702 th* received th Upon 1 decisive ba Of the required af Jersey also New J( of whom Many of th their Jersey The te Cabota inU was said to h States of M ticut, and Puritan Fai from Bosto] The " Mayll only 180 t( emigrant*, first year, who as chicj called the H granted by NEW JERSEY — MASSACHUSETTS. 35 jbelling. change. lar were lup arms Batta- in this I historic grounds. Here was witnessed the ignoble failure of Burgojnie's Campaign, which was the commencement of the decline of British power ; and the City of New York was the last ground of the States occupied by British troops, until the war of 1813. New York famished troops for the rebel cause, in 1775, 2,075 ; in 1776, 3,629 ; and subsequently 12,077. Of all the States, New York gave the largest number of pioneers to Upper Canada. NEW JERSEY. New Jersey was settled in 1620 by the Dutch and Swedes. Having been taken by the English, it was given by Charles II. to the Duke of York. Ketaken by the Dutch in 1673, it was bought by Wm. Penn and his friends. At one time it was divided into East Jersey and West Jersey, East Jersey belonging to Penn. In 1702 the two Jersies were united under one government, and received the name ofNeia Jet'sey. Upon th' ^'rounds of this State were fought some of the most decisive battles of the war. Of the Eebel troops Jersey supplied in 1676, 3,193. The quota required afterwards was 11,S96 — of which she granted 7,534. But Jersey also ga\ e a large number of Royal troops. New Jersey furnished a good many settlers to Upper Canada, of whom one of the most distinguished is the Ryerson family. Many of the settlers along the bay retain interesting traditions of their Jersey ancestry. MASSACHUSETTB. The territory of this State was originally discovered by the Cabota in 1497, and visited by Capt. John Smith in 1614, by whom it wassaid to have been named New England. Itconsisted of the present States of Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Rhode Island, Connec- ticut, and Massachusetts. In 1620, upon 22nd December, the Puritan Fathers landed upon the Plymouth Rock, some 30 miles from Boston, and planted the first of the New England States. The " Mayflower," by which they had traversed the Atlantic was only 180 tons burden. She sailed from Southhampton with 102 emigrunts. Half of this number died from cold and hardship the first year. Th^y selected for their firet Elder one John Garner, who as chief officer had great control. He has consequently been called the first Governor of New England. The territory had been granted by J*mes I. to the " Plymouth Company." Although the i ■I< 36 NEW HAMPSHIRE — RKLAWARE — CONN. Puritans had loft their homes because they did not enjoy their rights, they forgot the Golden Eulo in their forest homes. They failed to remember that the Indian had rights. The untutored native thought he had a right to the soii, and as the Puritans, unlike Penn, were unwilling to recognize his rights, but undertook to appropriate the territory, there ensued bloody Indian wars. The Puritan revenged himself, and the native retalliated. So, for many years boi'der massacres were common and terrible. Massachusetts with the other New England States, took the lead in rebellion, and by great pains succeeded in indoctrinating the midland and Southern States. The tirst blood of the rebellion was shod in this State, at Lexington and Bunker Hill. The State supplied troops in 1775, 16,444 ; in 1776, 13,372. Tho quota subse- quently required was 62,728, of which 38,091 was furnished. But Massachusetts had not a few true-hearted loyalistHri^ whom a considerable number became settlei-s in Upper Canada, tt the evacuation of Boston " 1,100 retreated in a body with the Eoyal army. Altogether there left Massachusetts at least 2,000 United Empire Loyalists." The Colony of Maine also had a good many adherents of tho crown — (^Sabine.) NEW HAMPSHIRE. This Province was first colonizetl by omigi'ants from Hamp- shire, England, in 1623. Subsequently it was peopled by English from other parts, and by Scotch. Now Hampshire supplied in 1775, 2,824 troops; in 1776, 3,012. Her quota was 10.194. Granted 6,653. We are at the same time assured by Sabine that New Hampshire had many and powerful opponents of rebellion. DELAWARE. Delaware was originally settled by Swedes and FinI mders in 1627. Became a part of New Netherlands in 1655. and in 1664 fell to the English. It was included in tho grant of Wm. Penn in 1682. In 1701 it wa.s erected into a colony for legislative puqx)ses. She supplied rebel troops in 1776, 609. Her quota fixed was 3,974. Supplied 1,778. CONNECTICUT. Connecticut was first occupied by emigrants in 1631. The Charter was gi-anted by Charles II., which continued in existence until 1818, when it was superseded by tho existing constitution. Connecticut " has uniformily been a nursery Df educated men of ' I- MARYLAND — RHODE ISLAND. 87 «very class " for the Union. And, it may be added, a number found their way to Upper Canada, as school teachers, subsequent to the Revolution. And there was a certain number of the people of Con- necticut among the Loyalists. Sabine says a good many. This State furnished for the rebel war in 1775, 4,507 ; in 1776. 6,390. The quota fixed was 28,336, of which was given 21,142. MARYLAND. Maryland was granted to the second Loi-d Baltimore, a Eoman Catholic, by Queen Mary, in 1632 or 4. He colonized the Province with a company of Co-religionists of the higher class of English gentry. It was named after the English Queen, Henrietta Maria. " In 1649, it was made, as has been well said, ' a land of sanctuary,' by the toleration of all religious denominations, but the Puritans, expelled from Virginia, made great trouble in the Colony." The State supplied troops in 1776, 637. Quota fixed by congress 26,608, of which she supplied 13,275. RHODE ISLAND. Massachusetts, planted by Puritans, who came to secure liberty of conscience, would not allow certain individuals in their midst to oiijoy like religious liberty, and hence the foundation of Ehode Inland. Providence, its original name, wap thus significantly called, because here the Baptists, under Eoger Williams (oppressed by the Puritans cf Plymouth), found a providential asylum. This was in 1636. In how short a time (16 years) had the oppressed learned to act oppressively ! A charter was granted to Roger Williams in 1642. The govern- ment continued to exist under this charter until 1842, a period of 200 years. liliodc Island gave troops to the number of 1,193 in 177.5, and -')8 m 1776. Quota demanded, 5,694 ; furnished 3,917. NOIITH CAROLINA. This colony was planted in 1653 by the older colony of Virginia iTlie colony at first included both Nortli and South Carolina, which continued until 1693, when the south part was erected into a separate [colony, under the name of South Caiolina. The inhabitants of North [Carolina consisted, in part, of refugees from England at the overthrow [of the Stuarts. These mainly remained loyal to the crown, and were [destined to again become refugees. At the commencement of the I I (if !, > 38 CAROLINA — PENNSYLVANIA. h( 1 rebellion the people of this colony were about equally divided between the adherents of the crown, and the rebels. The loyalists were a devoted band. At the same time, the rebels — at least some of them— took extreme steps. They formally demanded a separation from Great Britain in May, 1776, fourteen months before the 4th July declaration of 1776. The State provided, in 1776, 1,134 rebel troops.] The quota asked for was 23,994, but only 6,129 was granted. SOUTH CAROLINA. South Carolina was first settled in 1670. "The great body of the people were emigrants from Switzerland, I Germany, France, Great Britain, and the northern colonies of America. I and their descendants, and were opposed to a separation from the I mother country ;" yet South Carolina furnished troops for the rebel- lion, in 1776, to the number of 2,069. Subsequently she gave 4,348;j although her quota, as fixed by Congress, was 16,932. In this colony were many who could not see the justice of al rebellion. Yankee descendants may say they "bowed their necks tol the yoke of colonial vassalage," but it was a wise spirit of conservaf tisnx which is expressed in the desire to " look before you leap."! " Persons who had refused to enlist under the whig banner, flocked tol the royal standard by hundreds." " Sir Henry Clinton informed thel British (Tovernnient that the whole State had submitted to the royall arras." This general attachment to the British crown made the rebekl vindictive and bloodthirsty, and they sought to drive away the loyall and i)eacable by a vengeful shedding of blood. Consequently, the torios retaliated, aiid Chief Justice Marshall said, ^the whigs seeii: determined to extirpate the tories, and the tories the whigs ; some thousands have fallen in this way in this quarter." " Being almost equally divided, reciprocal injuries had gradually sharpened their resentment against each other, and had armed neighbour agains; neighbour, until it becarao a war of extermination." Now, it is sul> mittcd that rebellion can hardly bo justified when the people are so equally divided. Sabine remarks that " after the fall of CharlestoR and until the jteace, the tories were in the ascendant." PENNSYLVANIA. Tl)is splendid colony was granted to William Penn, the Quaker and philanthrophist,who was the son of Sir William Penn, an eminent English admiral. Sir William held a claim against the British government for £16,000 ; and, some time aft«r his death, his sob \ 19,689. SYLVANIA. 39 t conserva- having his attention e wiiigH had Ituen U. E. Loyalistit — Hnmoolt— Ottice-seelterH — MalcontentH stir up Htrif( — What the fatliors of tl>e Republic fouj?ht for— Rebel con»mittoe«— Black mail — Otic, John Adainn, Warren, Wanhington, Henry, Franklin — What taused them to rebel — What the American revolutionary heroes actu- ally were — Cruelty, during and after the war — No freedom — The political mistake of the rebelH in alienating the loyali«tH — The consequenre — Motives of the loyalists — False charges — ('onscientious conservatives — Uebellion not warranted — AttJichment to the old tlag — Loyalists driven away — Suppretiio veri — Want of noble spirit towards the !;!outh — Eftects — Comparison between loyalists and rebels — Education— Religion— The neutral- Tho professions. Of tho fifty-six signers of tho Declaration of Indoponclonce nine were born in Massachusetts, seven in Virginia, six in Mary- land, five in Connecticut, four in Now Jersey, four in Pennsylvania, four in South Carolina, throe in Now York, throe in Delaware, two in Bhoclo Island, uiio in Maine, throe in Ireland, two in England, two in Scotland, and ono in Wales. Of these twenty-one wore attornios; ton merchants; four physicians; throo farmers; one clex'gyman ; ono printer ; and ton men of fortune. THK M0TIVK8. But lot U8 more cai'ofully consider tho motives in connection with tho I'obollion of "76. So assiduously have our fathers, the U. E. Loyalists, been branded by most American writers as altogether base, that it becomes us to cast back the mis-statements — to tear away the specious covering of tho American revolutionary heroes, and throw tho sunlight of truth upon their character, and dispel tho false, foul stigma, which the utterances of eighty years have assayed to fasten upon the noble band of Loyalists. Up to 1776, the whigs as well as the tories wore United Em- pire Loyalists ; and it was only when the king's forces required taxes ; when the colonists wore requested no longer to smuggle ; when they could not dispossess the tories of the power and emolu- ments of office — it was only then that the Declaration of Indepen- dence was signixi by those mere particularly interested. John Hancock, whose name stands first upon the document, in such bold characters, had been a successful smuggler, whereby he had acqi^ired his millions, and no wonder he staked his thousands on tho issue. Evidence is not wanting to show that many of the leaders of the rebellion, had they been holders of ofSce, would have REVOLUTIONARY HRROIS. 47 * I been us tnio to the liritiah Crown ns woro tlioHo whom tliey onviod. Every man who took part on tlio rebel side haw boon writton a hero; but it is asking too much to roquo^t uh to boliovo that ail the holdcrN oi'oflic-o woro buNC, and lost to tho toelingH of natural indo- pondonco and patriotism ; more especially when a large proportion of them woro, admittedly, educated and religious men ; while, on the contrary, the rebels alone wore actuated by patriotism and tho nobler feelings of manhood. Apart from tho merits or demerits of their cause, it must bo admitted that tho circumstances of the times force upon us tho thought that a comparatively few needy office-seekers, or lookers-after other favors from tho Crown, not being able to obtain tho loaves and fishes, began to stir up strife. A few, possessed of sufficient education, by tho aid of the wealthy contraband traders, wore enabled, by popular sensational spoeches and inflammatory pamphlets, to arouso tho feelings of tho unedu- cated ; and, finally, to create such a current of jmlitical hatred to tho Crown that it could not be stayed, and which swept away the ties that naturally attached them to Great Britain. Wo may easily imagine tho surprise which many experienced in after days, when the war had ended and their independence was acknowledged, to find themselves heroes, and their names com- memorated as fathers of their countiy ; whereas they had fought only f(U" money or plunder, or smuggled goods, or because they had not office. In not a few cases it is such whose names have served for the high-sounding fourth of July orators ; for the bun- combe spoechifier and the flippant editor, to base their eulogistic memoriams. Undoubtedly there are a few entitled to the place they occupy in the temple of fame ; but tho vast majority seem to have been actuated by mercenary motives. We have authenticated cases where prominent individuals took sides with the rebels be- cause thoy were disappointed in obtaining office ; ^nd innumerable instances where wealthy persons were arrested, ostensibly on sus- picion, and compelled to pay large fines, and then set at liberty. No feudal tyrant of Europe in the olden times enforced black mail from the traveller with less compunction than rebel " committees" exacted money from wealthy individuals who desired simply to remain neutral. It has been said that Otis, a name revered by the Americans, actually avowed that he '* would set MassachosettA in a flame, though he should perish in the fire." For what ? Not because he wanted liberty, but becau/se his father was not appointed to a vacant 8 :r| 1 « REBELS AND TORIES iN THE BALANCE. judgeship ! It is alleged that John Adams was at a loss which side to take, and finally became a rebel because ho was refUsod a commission in the peace ! It is said that Joseph Warren was a broken-down man, and sought, amid the turmoil of civic strife, to better his condition, And the immortal Washington, it is related, and has never been successfully contratlicted, was soured against the mother county because he was not retained in the British army in rewai-d for his tervices in the French war. Again, Richaiii Henry was disappointed in not receiving the office of stamp distri- butor, which he solicited. Franklin was vexed because of opposi- tion to his great land projects and ])lans of settlement on the Ohio. Indeed it is averred that mostly all the prominent whigs who sided with the rebels were young men, with Tiothing to lose and every- thing to gain by political changes and civil war. Thus it will bo seen that the so-called American revolutionary heroes have not al- together clean hands, however much they may have been washed by their descendants. The clothing placed ui)on them may conceal the dirt and dross and blood, but they are indelibly there. It is not alone the motives which constituted the mainsprings of the rebels' action that we place in the balance, but theit* conduct towards those who dili'ered from thom. Individual instances ot cruelty wo shall have occasion to introduce; but it may hero be said that it was the tories who acted as the conservators of ])eace against a mobocracy, and consequently were made to sutt'er great afflictions. It was because of this they were forced away to live and die as aliens to the land of their birth. The tories were Ameri- cans as well as the whigs; and when at last Groat Britain ceased to try to coerce the colonies, and their independence was secured, then a nobler spirit should have obtained among the conquerors, and no one, because he had conscientiously been a conservative, should have been treated with opprobrium. It always becomes the victorious to be generous ; and we, with all respect to many Amer- ican friends, submit that, had patriotism alone actuated the revolu- tionary party, the American loyalists would have been invited to join with the whigs in erecting a mighty nation. IIiul freodotn, indeed, been the watchword then, as it has flauntingly been since, it would have been conceded that the tory hiul a right to his opinion as well as the whig to his. Do the Americans descant upon the wisdom and far-seeing policy of those who signed the Declaration of Independence and framed the constitution of the Union ? Mon- roe, we doubt not, had a different opinion when he begot the doc- MOTIVES OV LOVALIHTS. 19 trine "America for the Ainoricans." IIn taken by the signers of the Decdaration of Inde- pendence; that !iny injustice existing was but temporary and would, rtiien ])roperly and calmly represented to the home government, be [remedied ; t!mt to convulse the colonies in war was an unjustifiably 4 50 FEELINGS OF NATIONALITY. ■ I ■ I ■ ^■1:11: harnh procedure ; and, cntertainiiifj; .sudi a belief, it is submitted that they were noble indeed in Htandiiifij \\\> for jjeacc — lor more moderate measures. Moreover, not unlikely, many were impressed with the view that the disatt'eeted were laboring under an errone- ous idea of oppression ; that the traininj^ incident to pioneer life, the previous wai-s with the French Canadians, the constant conten- tions with the Indians, Inul begotten false views of theii- rights, and made them too quick to discover supposed wi'ongs. Candidly im- pressed with such thoughts, they could not be otherwise than true to the natural instincts of their heart, and refuse tg take part, or acquiesce in throwing overboard the government of England, and so becomo aliens to the flag under which they were born and had lived, and for which they had fought. Not many may cast aside their tbelings of nationality ; i»ot many can forget the land of their birth ; not a large number will bury the associations of a life-time without the most potent causes. And, doubtless, tho Anglo-Ameri- can who faithliilly adhered to tho old flag possessed all the ardor of a lofty ]iatriotism. J}ut the American writer has forgotten all this. In the broad sunlight of national success he has not discovered the sacred longings of the U. E. Lt»yalists for tho Union Jack. Looking at the events of '7tj by the lurid glare of civil war, his eyes are blinded to the fact that a noble band, ])Ossessijig equal rights with tho rebels, loved Kugland, notwithstanding all her faults, and for that love saeriticed their all of worldly goods. The citizens of the United States would ]>refer to have it said in liistory that the U. E. Loyalists, in ever}- instance, voluntai-ily left their homes during the war, or at its dose. The loyalists are tlicrcby, no doubt, made to appear more devotedly attached to tho British Crown. But it is right to have it distinctly staled that American writers mostly make themselves guilty of suj)pressio ceri The latest instance of this is soon in a report to the Hon. Hugh McCullough, Secretary ot the Treasury, jn-epared by K. IL Derby, Commissioner of the Trea- sury Department, tlated January 1st, ISGti, who, in remarking upon the British Colonial policy from n7() down to 1830, takes occasion to say that, "at first there was little fellowship between tho United States and tlie Provineialists, many of whom were ilescended from the loyalist- who followed the (ii'itish troops from our shores." Tlie tact is, however, that many oi' them were driven away. The tories were not loyal without sense ; anv.fVt!rings of the U. E. Loyalists are unroconled. The world has raroly been told that they were persecuted, thoir liomes pillaged, their persons maltreated, their valuables seizeil, their houses made desolate, tlu '.r real estate taken from them, without legal pro- ceedings. The world has been so Hooded with the writings of Ameri- cans, describing their own excellencies and eulogizing their own cause, that no space has been found to do simple Justice to the noble ones who preferred British rule to the uncertain and untried. Indeed, so strongly and for so long a time has the current been flow- ing to swell the ocean of American glory, that hardly a voice or pen is found doing service for the unfortunate loyalists, who chose to endure a little rather than rush into the vortev of rebellious strife. Even Englishmen have so long listened to one-sided statements, that no one of them can be found to say a word for the old tory party o^ America. Hence it is that the U. E. Loyalists are very imperfectly known; their history unwritten, their tales of sorrow unattended to, thoir noble doings unsung. Had there been a hand to guide a describ- ing pen, — to picture the doinj^js, the sufterings, the self-denying heroism of the loyal barty ; to recount the motives underlying all tliey did ; and had there been ears a'( willing to listen, and eyes to read, and hearts to receive the facts us those of a contrary nature have obtained, then a far ditVerent impression would have been made, and fixed upon the world. That the British (Tovernment was right or wise in its tvpatment of the American colonies we now have every reason to doubt. At the same time, that England might have subdued that rebellion, had she put forth her undivided strength, there is but little reason to (juestion. Had she not been engaged in a formidable war with France ; or even with that, had her statesmen accpiired a correct knowledge of America as to topography, and as to the feelings and wishes of the peo|)le and their just complaints; or liad ablo gcnenils been entrusted with the command of the armies, instead of incompetent favorites ; or had a little diplomacy been practiced, and the ringleaders of the whig fac- tion — often hungry agitators — been conciliated by office ; in either event the rebellion might have been nipped in the builiatelv led to severe disavtei «»f the loyalists. This general, with more assu- rance th;m foresight, and ]H'rh;ips more cour;ige tli.iii military skill, succeeiled. not only in K-Jiding his army to destriu'tion. but in placing the friendly inhabit.'mts .in his route in such a position that no nu'rcy was sul'setptei'tly exteixleil to them by the ruthless re'iiels. When hi' surrendered, instead of securing for them immunity from any h.-UMU, be entirely neglected their interests ; notwithstanding they had su]t- plied his troops with pro\ision. The relentless conduct of the rebcN in arms and the whig govenunent was bloodthirsty ai\d vindictive. Their hate towards those Avho wiuild not take sitles with them, whether in arms for the Crown (u* not, was baibarous. Persons sus- pected of sympathy M'ith the lories were subjects of continued moles- tation. Moboeracy reigned. Vagabond bodies of nu'ii were sent abroail to range the country, to lay waste and destroy the property of the loyalists, imprison tlu' suspected, aiul seize the goods of the un- THE." SONS OP MBEnTV." 55 j»rotocte|ted, smoked to snlVo- cation. Females were subject to iisnil ;md the niosl fii'nieet of extnietinfj information as t(» the whereal)oiifs of a father or a brother, or .as to th« place where money and valii.ables were i-oncealed. The tales of enielty the writer has iieard related coiieernini;- the treatment the loyal p.arty were exposed to. wtnild harrow up the soiil of any one possessiiiLT feelings ol pity and commiseration. The loyalists who immedi.attly suiVered, that is. while the war was in j)ro<;ress, were ni;my. Military forts vere established lierc and there, to which many tleil preeipilati'ly from the sever.al Stales. it is a matter of «'Xtreme astonishment how men who sot uj) the standard of revolt nndfr the saered name of liberty, conid so far ignore the tirineiples of liberty in the treatment of iimoeent old men. wonten and ehiltlri'u. us we find slated by honest witnesses. The darkest tales of savage dealini:; eomo lo ns from our fathers. Families, whose sole otl'enci' (>onsistod in being unwill- ing to robol. and in bt'jng desirous ;o remain i'ailhfully neutral, were the obji'cts of the rapacious jney ol a brutal soldiery. Their sid)slanco when not availal>le tor tlu- reliel horde, was sealtered to the winiis. Devouring tire was east into ]ieacelul homes. Ifow gross the hypocracy. how l>ase the ntolives that actuated very many of the adventurers in robollion. The most hellish means were iulopted at times, to force nvvny persons of pro])erly, that the .so- calleil "Sons of Liberty" might onjoy their substance and Iiomes. Attending these Meiios o{' desolatimi and refined erully. their imprisonments and torture, were incidents of thrilling interest, of fearful suffering, of hairbreadth oscupt's, of forlorn reoiif^ tlic tisliornn'ii, or travol thoroui^li llii" woods of Maine and New llani|ishin', and l»eeon»c a('<|uaiiiU'd with woodmen of the forest, or as they were called "Lo<;^ers and Sawyers." The spirit that animated tlii' merchants of Boston and Salem, in theircxtonded operations of snai^^liiif^, lived, also, in the ri'cklcss fishermen and woodmen ; and Ibr years before the rel)ellioii really commenced they had been ri'sistin^, even by physical force, tlie revenue officers, who were ofleii expelletl from the woods l)y what was called " swamp law." Men with such nature, findin;^ that their lawless- ness liad bec(»me ]»opiilar, and that steps were bcin/^ taken to resist the government on a <:;enoral plan, were not slow to a* t their part. One result of the rebellion was a determined and systematic course of retaliation upon those who had reco^ni/.ed the mj^jeKty of the law. A continued ann the 6th of June, that it might appear he RECOGNITION OK INDEPENDENCK. 57 hiul vhidiciitod promptly tln'ir lu'ulrulity laws ;" wijoreiiH they actu- ally iTossod. and oiiji;a^ed in Itattlc, on tlie inoniing of the 2nd. But an tinio will fully bring out tlu' facts connected with tiie first American robollion, and place tlioni fm^o to face with one-sided history, so will faithful history record the whole truth of the infamous invasion of our country by a band of American citizens with United States arms in their hands. Those deeds of blood, enacted by men under the hypocritical cry of liberty have not been forgotten by the United Kn\pire Loyalists, but have been handed down to us, to place on n , was a< kiutwledged. The ivcvvmiiintn {>{ independence by Great Britain, was the death knell ^vk the cherished ht)peM of the loyalistH. Many had escaped it\Ut the provinces, and many were in the army, and not a few were ity Kiiglanvl. Althougli the niannrity of them bad been driven aw*^,)', a few still remain d in tho.-" plsices, yet lield by the Hvitish threes, as New York. " When thi: jjows of pca<;e became K\\v»wn, 'he city presented a scene of distress not ea.sily dewribed. Adherents to the Crown, who were in the army, tore the lappels from their coats and stamped them under their ft*et, and < x 'aimed that they were ruined; others cried out they hswl sacrificed every- thing to prove their loyalty, and were now loft to shift for thenv- sclves, withcmt the friendship of thiir king or country. Previous to the evacuation, and in ^'eptember, Uj)wards of 12,000 men, wmnen, and chiilren, embarked ai the city, at Long and Staten Islands, for Nova Scotia and the Bahamas. ' and for Canada. "Some of these victims to civil war tried to make merry at their doom, by sayiug they wore bound to a lovely country, where there are nine months winter and three months cold weather every year, while others in their dcs])eration tore down their houses, and had they not iK'en pvevcnteil, would have carrientinued to rnj^e there was some oxeiiso, hut when war had eeaxed, and everythini; had hoen a('f'oni))lishe(l that tlje most cravinif rebel eould wish, it was a ruthle-s. an uni;;eueious, nay, a l'a?-<' proceed- ing on tiio part of the revolutionists, to force away their very brethren, often related by the ties of oonsani^uinity. Hut it was a Hpirit as unprincipled as this, which instiii'ate them of their ])roporty, and to lianish them. Massachusetts took the lead in dealing severely against the loyalists, A rebel magistrates' warrant was sutHoienl to banish one. Hundreds of Massacliusetts Loyalists woro prohi- l»ited frctni rolurning on jteiudty of imjirisonment and even ileath. And the other States were active in '' attainting" and conliscatiiig, often without tho foi-m of trial. Kach State carried on its function as a government, and tiials ought to have boon granteil, in common 'justice to every one. But tho Whigs were intolerent, hot-headed, malevolent, unforgiving. It has boon said that "if it be coneoded that I't'bollioM against Kngland was right, then every step necessary to suc«ess was justitiable. It we grant all this there remains the fact that after success had crowned rebellion, persecution and con- fiscation continued. Xew York, on the 12th May. 1784, passed " An act for tho spcodj' sale of tho eonfiseatod and forfeited estates TUB TRBATY OP PAHW. 59 within tho StatoH." Tho powers consiHtcd in Iho apjiointmonl of •'( nniniissionors of I'orti'itnn's." Amoni; tlioso wlio lost tlioir liind was one Dav OIV JIo iuul ;J0(( acres n«'ai' Now York, Iwciilv inilca, wliicli was contisciitod and ^ivi-n lo liio notorious Tom l'ain«\ tlio iiilidcl, wliosc oxtronjo libi-rul vioWH oxprosHt'd in his worl<. ''Com- mon Soise," made hin» tho trii-nd of Wasliintcton, mid rovoliitionistH ".'oiu'rally. I'aino, aflor takini^ part in thf Fn-nch KovoliitionH, oanio, in 18l>2, to his jilacc in Now York, wImmv ht> onjoyod tho IdValists' conlisc-atod propoi-ty until his doalh, Hth Juno, 1S(»!). In till' lornis (if poaoo si^nod at Paris, thoro was . > security ctlectod ti)r tho losses sustained l>y tho American Loyalists. As Hnri^oyne at hir> ini^lorinus Hurrondor at Saratoga, thought not of tho innocent inhahita'nts of the Mohawk uud Hudson, who had indontiticd tliemsolves with tho loyal ciuse, and supplied his troops with provisions, iiid li'ft them to ihe mereilo; Sons of liihcrty," to he desj)oiK'(l of their all, anl. when tin- Hi'itish (lovornmonl r*din<|Ui>hod the attempt to suhdur rclii'llion, the American Loyalists were of rcnioti' consideration. We can natlier now hut the outlines of this trreat wrong done unto nohlo men. Tlu" particulars are hurled in the wreck of fortune, and of hap|)iness, respecting all worldly matters. The after life of tfjo loyalists was of too earnest a nature to allow time to j)hice on record the suffi'rings, and the wandering.s of the disiidierited. The lost cause did not stimulate men to draw upon imagination, such as may bo fcmnd in gaudydniod descrij)tions of American revolutiomiry heroes, male and female. IJiit there is ' t/. fA 1.0 I.I 1.25 1^12^ 12.5 :!: 1^ 11112.0 1.8 - 6' M. ill 1.6 V] vQ /: ^j*"* '» '/ /A Photographic Sciences Corporation 33 WIST MAIN STREIT WEBSTER, N.Y. MSSO (716) •72-4503 ^^>^ ^>.l! .7 llRi GO THE BRITISH PARLIAMENT. I Mi Ij:!:.: 1 1 ; that led to a tardy dispensing of justice. Loi"d North said " that never were the honor, the principles, the policy of a nation, so grossly abused as in the desertion of those men, who are now exposed to every punishment that desertion and poverty can inflict, because they were not rebels." Mr. Sheridan " execrated the treatment of those unfortunate men, Avho, without the least notice taken of their civil and religious rights, were handed over as subjects to a power that would not fail to take vengence on them for their zeal and attachment to the religion and government of the mother country," " and ho called it a crime to deliver them over to confiscation, tyranny, resentment and oppression." Lord Loughborough said that " in ancient nor modern history had there been so shameful a desertion of men who had sacrificed all to their duty and to their reliance upon British faith." Others, in terms of equal severity, denounced the ministry in Parliament for their neglect. The ministry admitted it all, but excused themselves by the plea that " a part must be wounded, that the whole of the empire may not perish " — that they " had but the alternative, either to accept the terms proposed, or continue the war." " A number of loyalists in England, came to the United States to claim restitution of their estates, but their applications were unheeded," except to imprison, and bjjnish them. The treaty of peace signed, without any provision for the suffering loyalists, they at once took steps to petition the Imperial Parliament for justice. " They organized an agency, and appointed a Committee, composed of one delegate, or agent from each of the thirteen States, to enlighten the British pnblic." " At the opening of Parliament the King, in his speech from the throne, alluded to the ' American sufferers ' and trusted generous attention would be shewn to them.' " An act was consequently passed creating a "Board of Commissioners " to examine the claims preferred. The claimants were divided into six classes. ^' First Class. — Those who had rendered service to Great Britain." " Second Class.— Those who had borne arms for Great Britain. " Third Ctos.— Uniform Loyalists." « Fourth Class. — Loyal British subjects residents in Great Britain." " Fifth Class — Loyalists who had taken oaths to the American States, but afterward joined the British." TARDY REMUNERATION. " Sixth Class. — Loyalists who had borne arms for tho American States, and afterwards joined tho British navy or urmy." The claimants had to state in writing, and specifically tho nature of their losses. Grreat and unnecessary caution was observed by the Board. The rigid rules of examinations caused much dissat- isfaction and gave the Board the name of " Inquisition." The 26th of March, 1784, was tho latest period for presenting claims, which was allowed, and on or before that day, tho number of claimants was two thousand and sixty-three. A " second report which was made in December of the same year, shows that one hundred and twenty-eight additional cases had been disposed of." In May and July 1865, one hundred and twenty-two cases more were disposed of In April 1786, one hundred and forty more were attended to. The commissioners proceeded with their inves- tigations during tho years 1786 and 1787." '• Meantime " and to her honor be it said " South Carolina had restored the estates of several of her loyalists." Years passed away before tho commissioners had decided upon all the claims, and great and loud was the complaint made by the claimants. The press was invoked to secure a more prompt con- cession of justice, pamphlets were published on their behalf, and one printed in 1788, five years after the peace, contained the following: " It is well that this delay of justice has produced the most melancholy and shocking events. A number of the sufferers have been driven by it into insanity, and become their owp destroyers, leaving behind them their helpless widows and orphans to subsist upon the cold charity of strangers. Others have been sent to cultivate a wilderness for their subsistance, without having the means, and compelled through want, to throw themselves on the merOy of the American States, and the charity of their former friends, to support the life which might have been made comfortable by the money long since due from the British Government, and many others, with their families are barely subsisting upon a temporary allowance from government, a mere pittance when compared with the sum due them." The total number of claimants was 5,072, of whom 924 with- drew or failed to make good the claim. The sum of money allowed was £3,294,452. We have ne-m there was, in addition, given to tho widows and orphans, between 20,000 and 30,000 pounds. Thdre is no doubt that a certain number of tho claimants were In : 11 CK -.'■if'i isil '. . i; Vi ' 62 LOYALISTS IN CANADA. impostors, while many asked remuneration above what their losses had actually been, and this caused the commissioners to examine more closely the claims prott'ered. But it is submitted that they ought, in dealing with the money already granted by a considerate Parliament, to have leaned on the side of clemency. At the close of the contest there were a large number of Refugees in Lower Canada, especially at Fort St. John, about twenty-nine miles from Montreal. In the main these were Ameri- can born, and principally from theNe>v England States; j-et there were representatives from England, Ireland, Scotland and Germany. Besides the Refugees, there were several Provincial Corps, which were no longer to be retained in the service, but to he disbanded. Of these there was the S-lth, often called Johnson's regiment, this was 800 strong, mostly Datch, from the Mohawk, and Hudson, descendants of the old stock. This regiment consisted of two corps, one under Major JesHup, stationed at St. John's, and the other under Rogers, a part of which at least, was stationed at Fort Oswego, Jessup^i corps became the first pioneers iipon the St. Law- rence, and Rogers among the first along the Bay of Quint«5. Both settled in 1784. There wei-e other troops stationed at St. John's, and likewis'- not a few who had discharged irregular, but important duties, as scouts, and in other ways. It has been generally estimated that at the close of the struggle, and as a result, there were distributed of American Loyalists upon the shores of Canada, about 10,000. At the first, most of these were in Lower Canada, but there were likewise a few at the frontier forts upon the Upper waters, and a few detached squatters. Then, " there was not a single tree cut from the (present) Lower Province line to Kingston, 150 miles ; and at Kingston there were but a few surrounding huts; and from thence all around Lake Ontario and Lake Erie, with the exception of a few Indian huts on some tlesolate spot of hunting ground, all was a dense wilderness." (Ex Sheriif Sherwood.) "A proclamation Avas issued," says Croil in his history of Dundas, "that all Avho wished to continue their allegiance to Britain, should peaceably rendezvous at certain points on the frontiers. These were, Sackets Harbour, Carleton Island, Oswego and Niagara, on the Upper Canada confines ; and Isle Aux Nois, on the borders of Lower Canada. Jessup's Corps was stationed at Isle Aux Nois, and late in the autumn of 1783, the soldiers were joined by their wives and little ones, who had wandered the weary way on AMERICAN TROOPS. ^ foot, to Whitoluall, through swamps unci forest, — besot with diffi- culties, dangers, and pi'ivations innumerable. The soldiei's met them there with boats, and conveyed them the rest of their journey by water, through Lake Champlain. Imagination fails us when wo attempt to form an idea of the emotions that filled their hearts, as families, that had former'y lived hapjjily together, surrounded with peace and plenty, and nad been separated by the rude hand of war, now mot each others embrace, in circumstances of abject poverty. A boisterous passage was before them, in open boats, expogcd to the rigors of the season — a dreary prospect of the coming winter, to be spent in pent up barracks, and a certainty should they be spared, of undergoing a lifetime of such hardships, toil and privation, as are inseperable from the settlement of a new country." As soon as the journey was accomplished, the soldiers and their families, were embarked in boats, sent down to Eicholieu to Sorel, thence to Montreal, and on to Cornwall, by the laborious and tedious route of the St. Lawrenoo. (See settlement of Ernest town.) CHAPTEE VII. Contents : — A spirit of strife — The French war — British American Troops — For- mer comrades opposed — Number of U. E. Loyalists in the field — General Burgoyno — Defeat — First reverse of British arms — The campaign — Colonel St. Lcger — Fort Stanwix — Colonel B:vume — Battle of Bennington — General Herkimer — Gates — Schuyler — F.raemar Heights — Saratoga — Surrender — The result upon the people — Sir John Johnson — Sir William — Sketch — In- dian Chief — Laced coat — Indian's dream — It comes to pass — Sir William dreams — It also comes to pass — Too hard a dream — Sir Jolm — Attempt to arrest — Escape — Starving — Iloyal Greens — Johnson's losses — Living in Canada — Death — Principal Corps of Royalists — King's Uangera — Queens Rangers — Major Rogers — Simcoe — The Rangers in Tipper Canada — Dis- banded — The Hessians. • The seven years' war between Canada and New England, in which a largo number of the Colonists were engaged, had created not a few officers of military worth and talent, while a spirit of strife and contention had been engendered among the people gen- erally. The Colonial war, carried on with so much determination, was stimulated, not so much by the English nation at home as by New Englanders. It was they who were chiefly interested in the I;:;- 64 INCOMPETENT OENERALS. i : - overthrow of French power in Canada, Wlnlc money and men had been freely granted by the Imperial Government, the several colo- nics had also freely contributed. They "furnished in that war quite twenty-eight thousand men, in more than one of the campaigns, and every j-ear to the extent of their ability." "On the ocean, full twelve thousand seamen were enlisted in the Eoyal Navy and in the Colonial Privateers." In this manner Jiad been formed a taste for military life, which waited to be gratified, or sought for food. When, therefore, the unsavory acts of England wounded the Colo- nial vanity, and demagogues traversed the country to embitter the feelings of the mass against the king, the hot-headed were not slow to advi.se an appeal to arms. At the same time, the loyal in heart, the conservators of Imperial interest, viewing with wonder and alarm the manifestation of fratricidal war — of rebellion, felt it their duty to take up arms against the unprincipled (and often dishonest) agitators, and endeavor to crush out the spirit of revolt. And thus it came, that very many wlio had fought .side by side at Ticonder- ago, Crown Point, Du Qucsne, Niagara, Oswego, Frontonac, Mont- real, and around Quebec, under a common flag, were now to be arrayed in hostile bands. Not state against state, nor yet merely neighbor againti neighbor, but brother against brother, and father against son ! Civil war, of all wars, is the most terrible : in addi- tion to the horrors of the battle-field, there is an upheaving of the very foundation of society. All the feelings of brotherhood, of christian love, are paralyzed, and the demon of destruction and cruelty is successful]}' invoked. Behold, then, the British Americans divided into two parties ; each buckling on the armor to protect from the other, and sharp- ening the weapons of warfare to encounter his kindred foe. The contest of 1776-83 is most generally looked upon as one between the English and Americans ; but in reality it was, at first — so far as fighting went — between the conservative and rebel Americans. In an address to the king, presented by the loyalists in 1779, it is stated that the number of native Americans in his service exceeded those enlisted by Congress. Another address, in 1782, saj's that " there are more men in his Majesty's provincial regiments than there is in the continental service." Sabine says that " there were 25,000, at the lowest computation." If such be the case, the ques- tion may well be asked, how came it that the rebels succeeded ? Looking at the matter from our distant stand-point, through the light of events we find recorded, there seems but one conclusion at BURGOYNE S CAMPAIGN. e^ which wo ma'" arrive, namely, that the disaster to the British arm^i was due — altogether due — to the incapacity of certain of the gen- erals to whom was intrusted the Imperial interests in America. THE COMBATANTS — BURGOYNE. The most notable instance of mistaken generalship was that of Burgoyne. His campaign in the summer of 1777, and the tinal overthrow of his army and surrender at Saratoga, will engage our particular attention ; inasmuch as it was the first decided reverse to the British arms, and by giving courage to the rebels, assisted much to further their cause. Thereby their faith was strengthened, and the number of rebels increased from no inconsiderable class, who waited to join the strongest party. Again, the scene of this campaign was close to the borders of Canada, and there followed a speedy escape of the first refugees from the Mohawk valley and the Upper Hudson to the friendly shores of the St. Lawi-ence. A year had elapsed since the Declaration of Independence, and England had sent troops to America, with the view of assisting the forces there to subdue the malcontents. In the early part of July, Burgoyne set out from Lower Canada with about 8,500 soldiers, 500 Indians, and 150 Canadians, intending to traverse the country to Albany, possessing himself of all rebel strongholds on the way, and thence descend along the river Hudson, to New York, to form a junction with General Howe, that city having been captured from the rebels the 15th Sep timber previous. Passing by way of Lake Champlain, he encountered the enemy on the 6th July, and captured Ticonderoga and Mount Independence, with 128 cannon, several armed vessels, a quantity of baggage, ammunition and pro- visions. "This easy conquest inflamed his imagination." The first step towards the defeat of his army was the unsuccessful attempt of Colonel St. Leger, with 800 men, who ascended the St. Lawrence to Oswego, and thence up the river, to take Fort Stanwix (Rome), intending to descend the Mohawk and join Burgoyne with his main force, as he entered the head of the valley of the Hudson. Colonel St. Leger arrived at Fort Stanwix on the 3rd Auguct, 1777. For a time he was the winner; but for some reason, it is said that the Indians suddenly left him, and his troops, seized with a panic, fled. In the meantime, General Burgoyne was pursuing his way, having driven General Schuyler from Lake St. George to the mouth of the Mohawk river. Burgoyne, flushed with this renewed success, after his late cap- 5 1? t ; i\ twf/m mmmmi 66 AT SARATOGA. I i V ture of Ticondoroga and Mount Indopendonco, vainly supposed he could advance steadily down the Hudson. He sent a body of men, 500 strong, under Colonel Baume, into the interior, eastward, with the view of encouraging the inhabitants to continued loyalty, and of arresting the machinations of the rebels. Near Bennington the rebels had an important post, with magazines, and a large force under General Stark. Baumc, ignorant of their strength, rushed, headlong against the enemy. Nothing daunted, he led on his 500 brave men. For two hours he contended with the unequal foe, when his troops were almost annihilated, and he fell from his horse, mortally wounded. But few escaped to tell the tale. Meanwhile, Burgoyne, apprised of the danger surrounding Baume, had sent assistance under Colonel Breynan. Unfortunately, they had not much ammunition, and, after fighting until all was exhausted, they had to flee. These throe reverses paved the way for the final over- throw of Burgoyne, He was still marching forward, bent on reach- ing Albany, to accomplish the object of the campaign— a juncture with the army of General Howe. But now in his rear, to the west, instead of Colonel St. Leger descending the Mohawk, was General Herkimer, who had dispersed St. Leger's force ; and to the east was General Stark, flushed with his victories over Baume and Breynan. Burgoyne" met Gates at last on Braemar heights,- and again, and for the last time, led his ti'oops on to victory, although the contest was well sustained. General Schuyler had intrenched his forces at the mouth of the Mohawk, and Burgoyne, having waited until his provision was exhausted, at last resolved to make an assault. It was bravely made, but without success ; and before night-fall the army was retreating. Night, instead of enabling them to regain their spirits and renew their ardor, only brought the intelligence of the defeats previously sustained at Stanwix and Bennington. This was the Tth October. Flight now was the only possible chance for safety. The tents were left standing ; his sick and wounded forsaken. But the enemy now surrounded him ; the places he had taken were already re-taken ; and upon the 10th of the month he found himself helpless upon the fields of Saratoga, where he surrendered. The whole of the men were sent to Boston and other places south, there to languish in prison. Thus it came that the inhabitants in this section of the country came under the power of the rebels, and those who had adhered to the loyal side were mercilessly driven away at the point of the bayonet. The writer has heard too many accounts of the extreme cruelty questio rebels i away ( fered g entered ledge o engagen the bord of the ai story gO( supplies, Amo Sir John first to be Upper Ca "His whom it hawk rive a consider inhabitant he had lea and affabil affairs, on soul of all Of Sir wise 8hrew( that on his hawk chief in the splepc have dream( decorated g£ avoided, the pleased with shortsighted dream, to th( acres of land, William, 'I li' SIR WILLlASt JOHNBOM. 67 cruelty practised at this time to doubt that such took place, or question the fiendish nature of the acts practised by the successful rebels against, not foes iii arms, but the helpless. Many thus driven away (and those wore the first refugees who entered Canada) suf- fered great hardships all through the winter. Most of the men entered the ranks subsequently, while not a few, from their know- ledge of the country, undertook the trying and venturesome engagement of spies. The families gathered around the forts upon the borders had to live upon the fare supplied by the commissariat of the army. A large number were collected at Mishish ; and the story goes that a Frenchman, whose duty it was to deal out the supplies, did so with much of bad conduct and cruel treatment. SIR JOHN JOHNSON. Among the officers who served with General Burgoyiie was Sir John Johnson, who had been the first to suflPer persecution, the first to become a refugee, and who became a principal pioneer in Upper Canada. " His father, Sir William Johnson, was a native of Ireland, of whom it was said, in 1755, that he had Jong resided upon the Mo- hawk river, in the western part of New York, where he had acqxiired a considerable estate, and was universally beloved, not only by the inhabitants but also by the neighboring Indians, whose language he had learned and whose aflTections he had gained, by his humanity and affability. This led to his appointment as agent for Indian aifairs, on the part of Great Britain, and he was said to bo ' the soul of all their transactions with the savages.' " Of Sir William's talents and shrewdness in dealing with the like- wise shrewd Indian, the following is found in Sabine : "Allen relates that on his receiving from England some finely-laced clothes, the Mo- hawk chief became possessed with the desire of equalling the baronet in the splendor of his apparel, and, with a demure face, pretended to have dreamed that Sir William had presented him with a suit of the decorated garments. As the solemn hint could not be mistaken or avoided, the Indian monarch was gratified, and went away, highly pleased with the success of his device. But alas for Hendrick's shortsighted sagacity ! In a few days Sir William, in turn, had a dream, to the eflTect that the chief had given him several thousand acres of land. 'The land is yours,' said Hendrick, 'but now, Sir William, * I never dream with you again, you dream too hard for me.'" '.:. ! Ill mma •i SIR JOHN JOHNSON. I i i' t-Vi At the breaking out of the revohitionary war, Sir John, who liad succeeded to his father'H title, appears, also, to have inherited his influ- ence with the Indians, and to have exerted that influence to the utmost in favor of the Royal cause. By this moans he rendered himself particularly obnoxious to the continentals, as the Americans were then called. Accordingly, in IIIQ, Colonel Dayton, with part of his regiment, was sent to arrest him, and thiis put it out of his power to do further mischief. Receiving time'/ notice of this from "his tory friends at Albany, he hastily assembled a large number of his tenants and others, and made i)reparatiou8 for a retreat, which he successfully accomplished. " Avoiding the route by Lake Champlain, from fear of falling into the hands of the enemy, who were supposed to be assembled in that direction, he struck deep into the woods, by way of the head waters of the Hudson, and descended the Raquette river, to its con- fluence with the St. Lawrence, and thence crossed over to Canada. Their provision failed soon after they had left their homes. Weary and foot-sore, numbers of them sank by the way, and had to be left behind, but were shortly afterwards relieved by a party of Indians, who were sent from Caughijawaga in search of them. After nineteen dayis of hardship, which have had few parallels in our history, they reached Montreal. So hasty was their flight, that the family papers were buried in the garden, and nothing taken with thom but such articles as were of prime necessity." Soon after his arrival at Mon- treal he was " commissioned a colonel, and raised two battalions of loyalists, who bore the designation of the Eoyal Greens. From the time of organizing this corps, he became one of the most active, and one of the bitterest foes that the whigs encountered during the con- test. So true is it, as was said by the wise man of Israel, that ' a brother offended is harder to be won than a' strong city, and their contentions are like the bars of a castle.' Sir John was in several regular and fairly conducted battles. He invested Fort Stanwix in 1111, and defeated the brave General Herkimer; and in 1Y80 was defeated himself by General Van Eensselaer, at Fox's Mills." The result of his adherence to the Crown was, that his extensive family estates upon the Mohawk were confiscated ; but at the close of the war he received large grants of land in various parts of Canada, beside a considerable bul of money. He continued to be Superin- tendent of Indian affairs, and resided in Montreal until his death, in 1822. THE ROYAL REGIMENTS. 69 THE I.OYAI, COMHATANTS. The following are the principal corps and regiments of loyalists who took part in the war against the rebels, and who wore mainly Americans : '* The King's Ringers ; the Royal Fencible Americans ; the Queen's Rangers ; the New York Volunteers ; the King's American regiment ; the Prince of Wales' American Volunteers ; the IMaryland Loyalists ; De Lancey's Battalions ; the Second American regiment ; the King's Rangers, Carolina ; the South Carolina Royalists ; the North Carolina Highland Regiment ; the King's American Dragoons ; the Loyal American Regiment ; the American Legion ; the New Jersey Volunteers ; the British Legion ; the Loyal Foresters ; the Orange Rangers ; the Pennsylvania Loyalist? ; the Guides and Pion- eers ; the North Carolina Volunteers ; the Georgia Loyalists ; the West Chester Volunteers. These corps were all commanded by colo- nels or lieutenant-colonels; and as De Lancey's battalions and the New Jersey Volunteers consistethe Indians on Long Island, and the northern shore of the Sound, on the banks of the Connecticut, Hudson, Delaware, and Susquehannah rivers, were in subjection to the Five Nations," and in 1756, "a little tribe, settled at the Sugar-loaf Mountain, in Orange County, made a yearly payment. of about £20 to the Mohawks." Among the traditions of this people is one that they had a supernatural origin from the heart of a mountain, that they then migrated to the west, where they lived for a time by the sea shore. THAYENDINAQEA. 73 Then, in time returned to the country of the lakes. A country now passed into the hands of the white man, who paid no just price. But the names of many places yet indicate the history of the ancient owners of the soil. Among the Mohawks, in the beginning of the eighteenth century, was a chief known as Old King Hondrick, or Soi-euga-rah- ta, renowned for eloquence, bravery, and integrity. He was intimate with Sir William Johnson, and it was between them that the amusing contention of dreams occurred, that has been narrated. In 1755, a battle was fought at Lake George, between the French, under Baron Dieskau, and the English, under Johnson, resulting in the defeat of the French. The Fi-ench and English were supported by their respective allies. At this engagement Old King Hendrick, then seventy years old, but still full of energy and courage, was killed. Strangely enough it was at this battle that Brant, then only thirteen years old, first took part with his tribe in the contest. The mantle of Soieugarahta fell upon the youthful Thayondinagea. Thayer linagea, or Joseph Brant, was born upon the banks of the Ohio, in the year 1742, while his tribe was on a visit to that region. According to Stone, his biographer, he was the son of " Tehowaghwengaraghkwin a full-blooded Mohawk, of the Wolf .ribe." After the battle at Lake George, Brant continueacter of the Indians and vilify the " tories." That Brant was not inhuman, but that he was noble, let recent American writers testify. Brownell says : " many an instance is recorded of his interference, even in the heat of conflict, to stay the hand uplifted against the feeble and helpless." It was in the latter part of June that a descent was planned upon the settlements of Wyoming. Of this event, again we will let Brownell speak : — " It has been a commonly received opinion that Brant was the Chief under whom the Indian portion of the army was mustered, but it is now believed that ho had as little shai-e in this campaign as in many other scenes of blood long coupled with his name. There was no proof that he was present at any of the scenes that we are about to relate." " No portion of the whole history of the revolution has been so distorted in the narration as that connected with the laying waste of the valley of Wyoming. No two accounts seem to agree, and histo- rians have striven to out-do each other in the violence of their expres- sions of indignation, at cruelties and horrors which existed only in their imaginations, or which came to them embellished with all the oxageration incident to reports arising amid scenes of excite- ment and bloodshed. Wyoming had, for many years, been the scone of the bitterest hostility between the settlers under the Connecticut grant, and those from Pennsylvania. Although these warlike operations wore upon a small scale, they were conducted with great vindictiveness and treachery. Blood was frequently shed, and as either party obtained the ascendency, small favor was shown to their opponents, who were generally driven from their homes in hopeless destitu- tion. We cannot go into a history of these early transactions, and only mention them as explanatory of the feelings of savage I ■ ■ 5 I t M M ^$ ENQAGEMENT AT CHERRY VALLEY. V i-: animosity which were exhibited between neighbors, and even mem- bers of the same family, who had espoused opposite interests in tho revolutionary contest." Such, be it noted, was the character of the inhabitants of Wyoming valley, who have been so long held up as innocent victims of Indian barbarity, By the above, we learn that prior to this, there had been contentions between the loyalists and rebels. The party who entered Wyoming to attack the Fort, were under Colonel JJohn Butler, and was composed of some 300 British regulars and refugees, and 500 Indians. Now, it would seem that the depredation which was committed after Colo- nel Zebnlon Butler, the rebel leader, had been defeated, and the Fort had capitulated, w^as to a great extent due to retaliatory steps taken by the loyalists who previously had been forced away, and had seen their homes committed to the flames. Such was the bor- der warfare of those days. It was not Indian savagery, it was a species of fighting introduced by the "Sons of Liberty." And if we condemn such mode of fighting, let our condemnation rest first, and mainly upon those who initiated it. Not upon the Indians, for they were led by white men — not upon Brant, for he was not there — not so much npon the loyalists, for they had been driven away from their homes ; but let it be upon those who introduced it. The rebels were not slow to seek retribution for their losses at Wyoming. Aided by a party of Oneidas who lent themselves to the rebels, " Colonel Wm. Butler with a Pennsylvania regiment, entered the towns of Unadilla and Oghkwaga, and burned and destroyed the buildings, together with large stores of provisions intended for winter use." In turn, Walter Butler led a party of 700, a large number being Indians under Brant, to attack a fort at Cherry Valley which was "garrisoned by troops under Colonel Ichabod Alden." It will be seen that the Indians and loyalists did not enter an unprotected place to burn and destroy. They attacked a garrison of troops. But the Indians exasperated by the cruel procedure at Oghkwaga, became ungovernable, and about fifty men, women and children fell by the tomahawk. This was the retaliation which the Indian had been taugJit to regard as justifia- ble for the wrongs which had been inflicted upon his own tribe— his little ones ; yet be it remembered, and later American writers admit it, that the commanders, Butler and Brant, did all they could to restrain the terrible doings of the exasperated men. " Specific instances are reported in which the Mohawk Chief interfered, and successfully, to avert the murderous tomahawk." I THE REBEL SULLIVAN. 77 And now begins the bloody revenge which the rebels deter- mined to inflict upon the Indians, without respect to tribes. In April, 1779, Colonel Van Schaick was despatched with a sufficient force for the purpose, with instruptions " to lay waste the whole of their towns, to destroy all their cattle and property." "The Colonel obeyed his orders to the letter, and left nothing but black- ened ruins behind him." It was merely a march of destruction, for the Indians were not there to oppose their steps. The villages and property that were destroyed belonged to the Onondagas, although, they had not taken a decided stand with the loyalist party. It was enough that they were Indians, and would not join the rebels. But this was merely a prelude to what was preparing, in pui'suance of a resolution of the rebel congress. The infamous duty of commanding this army of destruction, town destroyers the Indians called them, was entrusted to General Sullivan, whose nature was adequate to the requirements of the command. On the 22nd August, 1779, five thousand men were concen- trated at Tioga, xipon the Susquehanna. The men were prepared for their uncivilized duty by promises of the territory over which they were about to sow blood and fire. The Indians had no ade- quate force to oppose their march westward over the Six Nations territory. Brant with his warriors, with the Butlei-s and Johnsons made a gallant resistance upon the banks of the Chemung, near the present town of Elmira. But, after suffering considerable loss, the vastly superior force compelled them to flee, and there remained nothing to arrest the devastating rebel army, and during the whole month of September they continued the work of des- poliation. It has been the custom of almost all American historians to give the Indians attributes of the most debasing charatt/er. At peace, unworthy the advantages of civilization ; at war, treacherous and ferociously cruel. For this persistent and ungengrous proce- dure it is impossible to conceive any cause, unless to supply an excuse for the steady course of double-dealing the Americans have pursued toward the original owners of the soil, and provide a cov- ering for the oft-repeated treachery practised toward the credulous Indian by the over-reaching new Englander. To the Mohawk Nation particularly, since they proved true allies of the British, have American writers found it agreeable to bestow a character noted for blood and rapine. Nothing can be more untrue than the character thus gratuitously portrayed, nothing more at variance jj i*v* ■^ :!| f: 1 , f i'\ Mi^ f/-l ■ .<■ 7S CONDUCT TOWARD THE INDIANS. with the essential nature of the Indian, when free from European intrigues, and the cursed fire-water. The aboriginal races of North America are not by nature, blood-thirsty above Europeans. That they are honest, just and true, capable of distinguishing between right and wrong, with a due appreciation of well-kept faith, is well attested by the conduct which has ever been observed by them toward, not alone the Pennsylvanians, but every man found to be a quaker. No instance can be found recorded through- out the long bloody wars of the Indians, where a hair of the head of a single man, woman or child of that denomination was injured by the Indian ; and thus because the upright Penn never defrauded them. The Americans, while British colonists, with the exception alluded to, made themselves obnoxious to almost all Indian tribes. They never secured that hearty and Ijtituful alliance that the French did. There seemed to be something in the air, especially of the New England States, which in a few generations blinded the eye, by which the golden rule is to be observed. The Americans, who have ever set themselves up as the cham- pions, par excellence, of liberty, to whom the " down-trodden of the old world " could look for sympathy, if not direct support, have signally failed to observe those lofty principles at home toward the natives of the soil, while they continued for eighty years to keep in chains the sable sons of Africa. They have found it con- venient and plausible to prate about the political " tyranny of European despots ;" but no nation of northern Europe has shown such disregard for the rights of their people as the United States have exhibited toward the original owners of the soil. Avarice has quite outgrown every principle of liberty that germinated ere they came to America. The frontier men, the land-jobber, the New England merchant, as well as the Southern Planter, have alike ignored true liberty in defrauding the Indian, in sending out slavers, and ill cruel treatment of the slave. Then can we wcndev that the noble-minded Indian, naturally true to his faith, should, when cheated, wronged, — cruelly wronged, with the ferocity natural to his race, visit the faithless with terrible retribution ? The unbiassed records of the past, speak in tones that cannot be hushed, of the more noble conduct of xhe natives, than of those who have sought to exterminate them. The Mohawks, although brave warriors, fought not for the mere love of it. They even at times strove to mediate between the French and New Englanders. To the Mohawks, the American writer has especially bestowed THE TOWN DESTROYERS. 79 a name bloody and ignoble. And all because they listened not to their wily attempts to seduce them to join the rebels, but pre- ferred to ally themselves with the British. No doubt the Indian had long before discriminated between the rule of British officers, and the selfish policy of local governments. And hence, we find, in every scrap of paper relating to the Mohawks, unfounded accounts of savage doings. But taking, as true, the darkest pages written by the Americans against the Six Nations, they present no parallel to the deeds of brutal vengeance enacted by the American army under Sullivan, when he traversed the fruitful country, so long the home of the Iroquois. Says an American writer : " When the army reached the Genesee Valley, all were surprised at the cultivation exhibited, by wide fields of corn, gai-dens well stocked, their cattle, houses, and other buildings, showing good design, with mechanical skill, and every kind of vegetable that could bo conceived. Beau- tiful as was the scene in the eyes of the army, a few days changed it to utter desolation ; neither house, nor garden, grain, fruit tree, or vegetable, was left unscathed." Says Stone: "Forty Indian tc'vns were destroyed. Corn gathered and ungatherod, to the amount of 160,000 bushels, shared the same fate ; their fruit trees were cut down ; and the Indians were hunted like wild beasts, till neither house, nor fruit tree, nor field of corn, nor inhabitant, remained in the whole country." And the poor Indian women, and children, and old men, were thus left at the approaching winter to seek support at the British garrisons. Truly the rebels of '76 were brave and civilized ! Thirteen years after, one of the chiefs said to Washington, "Even to this day, when the name of the town-destroyer is hoard, our women look behind them and turn pale, and our children cling close to the necks of their mother ; our sachems and our warriors are men, who cannot be afraid, but their hearts are grieved with the feai-s of our women and children." Thus the brave Sullivan, with his thousand rebels, made war against old men, women and children, who were living in their rightful homes. This was fighting for liberty ! The blood of the Indian, as well as the slave, has risen up to reproach the American, and it required much of fresh blood to wash away the stains remaining from their deeds of cruelty and rapine, inflicted during their revolutionary war, under the name of liberty. The soldiers of Sullivan wore stimulated in their evil work by promises of the land they were sent to despoil ; and the .;( ;J \<'r. IfeS'i -<:-l PWT" ; I'! INDIAN CIVILIZATION. ! i III ' I- \ n ^^ » close of the war saw them return to claim their promises, while the rightful owner was driven away. A certain portion of the Six Nations having received pledges from the United States Govern- ment for their welfare, remained to become subjects of the new nation. But excepting Washington himself, and General Schuyler, not one heeded their promises made to the Indian. The most unjust proceedings were begun and ruthlessly carried on by indi- viduals, by companies, by legislators, by speculators, to steal every inch of land that belonged by all that is right, to the Senecas. How unlike the benignant and faithful conduct of the British Government in Canada. Brant continued during the war to harass the enemy in every possible way, and in the following year, August, planned a terrible, but just retaliation for the work of Sullivan's horde. It was now the turn of the rebels to have their houses, provisions and crops, despoiled. But all the while "no barbarities wore permitted upon the persons of defenceless women and children, but a large number of them were borne away into captivity." Again, in October, Johnson and Brant, with Corn Planter, a distinguished Seneca chief, invaded the Mohawk Valley. In this foray, the same conduct was oLtierved toward women and children. On one occasion. Brant sent an Indian runner with an infant, that had been uninten- tionally carried from its mother with some captives, to restore it. Still, again the following year, the Indians under Brant, and the Eoyalists under Major Boss, were found over-running their old homes along the Mohawk and Schoharie. On this their last expedition, they were met by the rebels in force under Colonel Willet, with some Oneida warriors, and defeated them. Colonel Walter N. Butler, whom the rebels have so often tried to malign, was shot and scalped by an Oneida Indian, under the command of the rebel Willet. We learn by the foregoing that the Iroquois were not only brave as warriors, but they had attained to a much higher position in the scale of being then other tribes inhabiting America. They were not ignorant of agriculture, nor indifferent to the blessings derived therefrom. The rich uplands of the cotntry lying to the north of the AUeghanies, were made to contribute to their wants, as did the denizen of the forest. They are equally at home, whether upon the war path, the trail of the deer, or in the tilling of land. The plow of the Anglo-Saxon has not in seventy years completely effaced the evidences of their agricultural skill. And not less were brant's dbath. 81 their aachemp noted for wisdom in council, and for eloquence. Not only corn, but beans and other cereals were cultivated, particularly by the Six Nations. Fruits and edibles, introdued by the Euro- peans, were propagated by the natives, and when the rebel Sullivan, in accordance with orders from Washington, swept over their country, large orchards of excellent fruit, as well as fields of grain, were met with and ruthlessly destroyed, as were the women and children, with their peaceful homes. According to Rochofoucault, Brant'o manners were half European ; he was accompanied by two negro servants, and was, " in appearance, like an Englishman." Brant visited England in December 1785, and was treated with groat consideration. After the close of the war, Brant settled Wellington Square, upon land conferred by the Crown, where he lived after the English mode. Ue died here 24th November, 1807. His wife, who never took to civilized life, after her husband's death, removed to the Grand River, and lived in her wigwam. Some of her children remained in the " commodious dwelling," and others accompanied her to the life of the wigwam. According to Weld, Brant had at one time thirty or forty negro slaves, which he kept in the greatest subjection. He also says that Brant's half pay as a captain, and his presents yearly received, amounted to £500. His last days wore made unhappy by a debased son, who, after threatening his father's life, was at last killed by him, in self defence, by a short sword which Brant wore at his side. Respecting another of his sons, tho Kingston Herald, September 5th, 1832, says : " It is with unfeigned sorrow that we announce the deatii of Captain John Bkant, Chief of the !Six Nations Indiiins. He died of Cliolera, at Brant- ford, ou the 27tl'. ujt., after an illness of only six hours. Mr. Brant was the son of the celebrated Indian Chief, whose memory was unjustly assailed by Campbell the Poet, and for the vindication of which tlie subject of this notice some years ago purposely visited England. Possessing the education, feelings, and manners of a gentleman, he was beloved by all who had the pleasure of iiis acciuaiutance, and his death cannot fail to be deeply and very generally regretted." We have spoken of the intimacy that existed between the Mohawks and Sir William Johnson, the Colonial Agent of England. This, be it remembered, was more than a hundred years ago, and great changes have taken place in the opinion of many with regard to certain irregularities of society. We cannot excuse the conduct of Sir William, when he had lost his European wife, in taking the sistor of Brant, Miss Molly, without the* form of matri- monial alliance ; but we must concede every allowance for the times in which he lived. But while grave doubt may rest upon 6 ■t'j Ui \ ■ t •}: ■ i; ii ^ u 82 THE LOYAL MOHAWKS. MM.!.! tho moral principle displayed by him, we see no just rcawon to reflect in any way upon tho Indian female. Miws Molly took up her abode with Sir William, and lived with him as a faithful spouse until he died. Ilowovor, this must not be regarded as indicating depi'avity on the part of tho simple-minded native. It must bo remomborod that the Indian's mode of marrying consists of but little more than tho young squaw leaving the father's wigwam, and roparing to that of her future husband, and there is no reason to doubt that Miss Molly was ever other than a virtuous woman. And this belief is corroborated by tho fact that four daughters, tho issue of this alliance, were most respectably married. Of the Six Nations, this tribo always stood foremost as brave and uncompromising adherents to tho British Government, not- withstjinding the utmost endeavors of the rebels to win them to their side. It bocomoB, consequently a duty, and a pleasing duty to refer more particularly to this race, a remnant of which yet lives upon tho shore of tho bay. Among the Mohawks are, how- ever, remnants of some of the other tribes. The tribe is so-called, after tho river, upon whose banks they so long lived. They did not formerly acknowledge the title, but called themselves by a name which interpreted, moans "just such a people as wo ought to be." This name is not known, unless it may be Agniers, a name sometimes applied by tho French. This tribe was the oldest and most important of the Six Nations, and supplied the bravest warriors, and one of its chiefs was usually in command of tho united warriors of all the tribes. It must not be forgotten that tho Mohawks, who came to Canada, and other tribes of the Six Nations, were to all intents, United Empire Loyalists. At the close of the struggle, wo have seen elsewhere, that tho commissioners at Paris, in their unseemly haste to contract terms of peace, forgot how much was duo to the loyalists of America, and urged no special terms to ameliorate the condition of tho many who had fought and lost all for the maintenance of British power. Likewise did they forgot the aboriginal natives who had equally suffered. The fact that tbepe Indians were not even referred to, gave Brant a just cause of com- plaint, which ho duly set forth in a memorial to the Imperial Govei-nment. But, as tho British Government and nation subse- quently strove to relieve the suffering condition of the refugees, 80 did they afford to the loyal sons of the forest every possible facility to make themselves comfortable. Indeed, the British ofHco] lost s Carle< 1779, con fin issued Ai tompoi vicinitj seem t( to the ]^ of the U States. Bra Johnson upon wl Bay do wish, pu and con returned old and i than upo tribe to time to Senecas. square, u Mississau The abovi infer fron Captain portion of granted w In th( from their where the in their Ci winter of command years. In the LAND GRANTS TO MOHAWKS. 83 oiHcers in command, at tho firHt, gave a pledge that all that thoy lost should bo restored. Tho promise thus given by Sir Guy Carloton, was ratified by his successor, Gononil Ilaldimand, in 1779, Captain General and Commander-in-Chiof in Canada, and confirmed by Patent, under the Great Seal, January 14, 1793, issued by Governor Simcoe. At tho close of the war, a portion of tho Mohawks wore toraporarlly residing on the American side of Niagara River, in tho vicinity of tho old landing place above tho Fort. The Senccas, who seem to have been at this time more closely allied than other tribes to tho Mohawks, offered to thorn a tract of land within tho territory of the United States. But the Mohawks would not live in tho United States. They declared they would "sink or swim with England." Brant proceeded to Montreal to confer with Sir John Johnson, Genei*al Superintendent of Indian atfairs. "Tho tract upon which the chief had fixed his attention, was situated upon tho Bay do Quinto." General Haldimand, in accordance with this wish, purchased a ti'act of land upon the bay from the Mississaugas, and conveyed it to the Mohawks. Subsequently, when Brant returned to Niagara, the Senecas expressed their desire that their old and intimate friends, the Mohawks, should live nearer to them than upon the Bay de Quinte. Brant convened a council of the tribe to consider the mattei*, the result was, that he went a second time to Quebec to solicit a tract of land less remote from tho Senecas. Haldimand granted this request, and the land, six miles square, upon the Grand Eiver. was accordingly purchased from the Mississaugas, and given to them, forty miles off from the Senecas. The above facts are taken from Brant's MS. and History. We may infer from this fact, that the party who did come to tho bay under Captain John, felt less attachment to the Senecas than the other portion of the tribe. The quantity of land on tho bay originally granted was 92,700 acres ; but a portion has been surrendered. In the early part of the rebellion, tho Mohawk families fled from their valley with precipitation. They mostly wont to Lachine, where they remained throe years. Thoy then ascended the river in their canoes, and probably stayed a winter at Cataraqui, the winter of 1783-4. The whole tribe was under Brant. Second in command was Captain John, a cousin of Brant, and his senior in years. In the spring, a portion of the tribe entered the Bay Quinte, »i^ ,. 1 !;■■ '"-i hW >" ar;.v; ■'IJJ Iff:' ill fl MOHAWKS UPON BAT QUINTB. and passed up to tho prosont township of Tyondinft^ja. The majority, lod by Brant, paHsoil up along tho south ulioro of Lake Ontario to Niagara. THE MOHAWKS AS CANADIANS. Descendants of the bravest of all tho bi-avo Indian warriors of America, wo Hndthom peacoiiblo and in mo.st respects imbibing the spirit of the day. Ever since the jturty settled on the bay, they have manifested no turbulent spirit, none of those wild attributes natural to tho wild-woods Indian, toward their white neighbors. Among themselves there has been one occasion of disturbance. This arose from the quarrelsome nature of one Captain Isaac Hill. This Chief, with his people, formed a part of Brant's company that settled on the (ii-aiid River. After a few years, having disagreed with his nation, and become exceedingly disagrooahio from his ofHclous and selfish conduct, ho removed to the bay, and united himself with (Japtain John's party, which received him. But he failed to live peaceably with them. Eventually tho disagreement resulted in a serious hostile engagement between tho two branches, who fought with tomahawks and knives. But one person was killed, a chief of Capain John's party, Powles Claus, who was stabbed in the abdomen. But subsequently Captain Isaac Hill became a worthy inhabitant. His house still standing, then considered large, was frequently open to the more festive, across the Bay in Sophiasburgh. Out of tho six hundred Indians, now living upon the Rcsci'vo, there is only one with pure Indian blood. His name is David Smart. It has been elsewhere stated, that tho custom pre- vailed among tho Mohawk nation, to maintain the number of the tribe, by taking captive a sulilcient number to fill the vacancies caused by death of their people. The result was, that these captives marrying with lndians,thoy gra'lually underwent a change, and the original ap2)earance of the Mohawk has lost its character- istic features. The circumstances of tho Indians during the revolutionary war, and subsequently in settling in Canada, led to frequent unions between the white men of ditferent nationalities and tho Indian women. Therefore, at tho present day there remains but little more than a trace of the primal Indian who lorded it, a hundred years ago, over no inconsiderable portion of the North American Continent. When visiting the Indians, on our way, we met some eight or ton sleighs laden with them, returning from a funeral. We were much s which thomsel Wh is pleasi their iia sight ol' land. T Tho 3fr. And bear anc indicate, tho highc grade. Contents: — I —Coffin Mundiiv AHliley Dame — Tho in Jn Upper C "At th York, went and was a Cornwall, ii civil offices ciate Justic continued t until his d property in " Josep At the peac West, in 181 seventy yea loyalists." INT)fVn)CAr, COMBATANTS. S5 much struck with tl»o appcunini'ie of solid, furmer-Iiko comfort which thoii' hornes and convoyiuweH exhibited, aw well uh they thomselvort did in their hnif Cumuliun droMrt. While drunkenneHH has prevailed amon<5 the older Indians, it is plenHiiij^ to know that the youn/ijor onoH are far moi-e regular in their habits. For this, much credit is duo to the Christian over- sight of (heir former and present pastors. They have 1800 acres of land. They number G30, and are Increasing yearly. The seal of the Mohawk Counsel may bo soon with the I?ov. Mr. Anderson. The armorial bearings consist of the wolf, tho boar and the turtle. These animals, in the order here given, indicate, not tribes, nor families exactly, but rank. Tho wolf is the highest class, tho bear next in rank, and the turtle tho lowost grade. CHAPTEE IX. Contents: — Individuals — Anderson — Uotliune — Biirwcll — Butler — Canliff — Olaus — Coffin — Doune — .Tarvis — Jones — McDonald — Mcdill — McOilles — Mcrrit — Munday — Peters — Uobinson — Singleton — Koss — MeNab — Allen — Allison- Ashley — Hell — Bunitt — Casey — Carscnllion — Church — Clark — Crawford — Dame — Daly — Diamond. i' > I . ! INDIVIDUAL COMBATANTS. The immediately following notices of tho combatants who settled in Upper Canada are extracted from Sabine. "At the beginning of the revolution, Samuel Anderson, of New York, went, to Canada. He soon entered the service of the Crown, and was a captain under Sir John Johnson. In 1783 he settled near Cornwall, in Upper Canada, and received half-pay. He hold several civil offices : those of Magistrate, Judge of a district court, and asso- ciate Justice of the Court of King's Bench, were among them. He continued to reside upon his estate near Cornwall, in Upper Canada, imtil his decease in 1836, at the age of one hundred and one. His property in New York was abandoned and lost." "Joseph Anderson, lieutenant in the King's regiment, New York. At the peace he retired to Canada. He died near Cornwall, Canada West, in 1858, aged ninety. He drew half pay for a period of about seventy years. One of the last survivors of the United Empire Loyalists." wlfi m ■ 1 jlf i ifWr. 88 JOHN BUTLER. "John Betnune, of North Carolina, chaplain in the Loyal Militia. Taken prisoner in the battle at Cross Creek in 1776. Confined in Halifax gaol, but ordered finally to Philadelphia. After his release, his continued loyalty redxxoed him to great distress. He was appointed chaplain to the 84th regiment, and restored to comfort. At the peace he settled in Tapper Canada, and died at Williamstown in that colony* in 1815, in his sixty-fifth year." "James Burweil, of Ne'iv Jersev, born at Eockaway, January 18, 1754. Our loyalist enlisted in his Majesty's service in the year 1776, at the age of twenty-two, and served seven years, and \vas present at. the battle of Yorktown, when Lord Comwallis surrendered, and was there slightly wounded." " Came to Upper Canada in the year 1796, too late to obtain the King's bounty of family land, but was placed on the United Empire list, and received two hundred acres for himself and each of his child- ren. He removed to the Talbot settlement in the year 1810. He died in the County of Elgin, Canada, July, 1853, aged ninety-nine years and five moi-ths." " John Butler, of Tyron, noAV Montgomery county. New York. Before the war, Colonel Butler was in close oflicial connection with Sir William, Sir Jolm,rand Colonel Guy. Johnson, and followed their political fortunes. At the breaking out of hostilities he commanded a regiment of New York Militia, and entered at once into the mili- tary service of the CroA\Ti. During the war his wife was taken prisoner, and exchanged ^or the wife of the whig colonel, Campbell. Colonel John Butler was richly rewarded for his services. Succeeding (in pai-t) to the agency of Indian aflfairs, long held by the Johnsons, he enjoyed, about the year 1796, a salary of £500 stg. per annum, and a pension, as a military oflicer, of £200 more. Previously, he had received a grant of 500 acves of land, and a similar provision for his children. His homo, after the war, wa^ in Upper Canada. He was attainted during the contest, and his property confiscated. He lived, before the revolution, in the present town of Mohawk." ** Joseph Canliff, in 1781 a lieutenant in the first battalion New Jersey Volunteers." This person is probably of the same lineage as tha writer of this work, great confusion often existing with regard to the spelling of names in the early days of America. " Daniel Claus. He married a daughter of Sir "William Johnson, and served for a considerable time in the Indian Department of Canada, under his brother-ir-law. Colonel Guy Johnson." COFFIN — DOANE. 87 "William Claufl, Deputy Superintendent General of Indian affairs, was hia son." Coffin — There were several of this name who took part in the war against tlio rebellion. Of these, the following are connected with Canadian history : *' Sir Thomas Aston Coffin, baronet, of Boston, son of William Coffin. He graduated at Harvard University in 17'72. At one period of the rebellion he was private secretary to Sir Guy Carleton. In 1804 he was Seci'etary and Comptroller of Lower Canada." After- wards Commissary General in the British army. " Nathaniel Coffin, of Boston. After the revolution ho settled in Upper Canada." Served in the war of 1812. " For a number of years was Adjutant-General of the Militia of Upi)er Canada. Died at Toronto in 1846, aged 80." " John Coffin : was Assistant Commissary General in the British anny, and died at Quebec in 1837, aged 18." " Doane, of Buck.^ County, Pennsylvania. Of this family there were five brotliers, namely : Moses, Joseph, Israel, Abraham, Mahlon. They were men of fine figures and address, elegant horsemen, great runners and leapers, and excellent at stratagems and escapes. Their father was respectable, and possessed a good estate. The sons them- selves, prior to the war, were men of reputation, and proposed to remain neutral : but, harassed personally, their property sold by the whigs because they would not submit to the exactions of the time, the above-mentioned determined to wage a predatory warfare upon their persecutors, and to live in the open air, as they best could do. This plan they executed, to the terror of the country around, acting as spies to the royal army, and robbing and plundering continually ; yet they spared the weak, the poor and the peaceful. They aimed at public property and at public men. Generally, their expeditions were on horseback. Sometimes the five went together, at others separately, with accomplices. Whoever of them was apprehended broke jail • whoever of them was assailed escaped. In a word, such was their course, that a reward of £300 was ottered for the head of each. " Ultiiiiately^ three were slain. Moses, after a desperate fight, was shot by his captor ; and Abraham and Mahlon were hung at Phila- delphia. " Joseph, before the revolution, taught school. During the war, while on a marauding expedition, he was shot through the cheeks, fell from his horse, and was taken prisoner. He was committed to jail to await his trial, but escaped to New Jersey. A reward of $800 11 f/i ,?v wmf I ' ^ ■ M ; 88 JARVIS — JONES — m'dONALD. was offered for his ajiprehension, but without success. He resumed his former employment in New Jersey, and lived there, under an assumed name, nearly a year, but finally fled to Canada, Several years after the peace he returned to Pennsylvania, ' a poor, degraded, broken-down old man,' to claim a legacy of about £40, which he was allowed to recover, and to depart. In his youth he was distinguished for great physical activity." The only separate mention of Israel is, that " in February, 1783, he was in jail ; that he appealed to the Council of Pennsylvania to be released, on account of his own sufferings and the destitute condition of his family, and that his petition was dismissed." "Stephen Jarvis, in 1782 was a lieutenant of cavalry in the South Carolina Eoyalists. Ho was in New Brunswick after the revolution, but went to Upper Canada, and died at Toronto, at the residence of the Eev. Dr. Phillips, 1840, aged eighty-four. During his service in the revolution he was in several actions." "William Jarvis, an officer of cavalry in the Queen's Eangers. Wounded at the siege of Yorktown. At the peace he settled in Upper Canada, and became Secretary of that Province. He died at York in 1817. His widow, Hannah, a daughter of the Rev. Dr. Peters, of Hebron, Connecticut, died at Queenston, Upper Canada, 1845, aged eighty-three." " David Jones was a captain in the royal service, and is supposed to ' have married the beautiful and good Jane McCrea, whose cruel death, in 1777, by the Indians, is universally known and lamented.' According to Lossing, he lived in Canada to an old age, having never married. Jane V. ''rea was the daughter of the Rev. James McCrea, of New Jersey, loyalist." " Jonathan Jones, of New York, brother of Jano McCrea's lover. Late in 1776 he assisted in raising a company in Canada, and joined the British, in garrison, at Crown Point. Later in the war he was a captain, and served under General Frazer." McDonald — ^There were a good many of this name who took part as combatants, of whom several settled in Canada. Alexander McDonald was a major in a North Carolina regiment. " His wife was the celebrated Flora McDonald, who was so true and BO devoted to the unfortunate Prince Charles Edward, the last Stuart, who sought the throne of England. They had emigrated to North Carolina, and when the rebellion broke out, he, with two sons, took up arms for the Crown." Those who settled in Canada were " Donald McDonald, of New M 'gill — MKRRIT — ROBINSON . 89 m y»rk. He served under Sir John Johnson for seven years, and died at the Wolfe Island, Upper Canada, in 1839, aged 97." " Allan McDonald, of Tryon, New York," was associated ^nth Sir John Johnson in 1776. " He died at Throe Rivers, LowerCanada, in 1822, quite aged." "JohnMcGill. — In 1V82 he was an officer of infantry in the Queen's Rangers, and, at the close of the war, went to New Bruns- wick. He removed to Upper Canada, and became a person of note. He died at Toronto, in 1834, at the age of eighty-three. At the time of his decease he was a member of the Legislative Council of the Colony." " Donald McGillis resided, at the beginning of the revolution, on the Mohawk river. New York. Embracing the royal side in the con- test, he formed one of a ' determined band of young men ' who attacked a whig post and, in the face of a superior force, cut down the flag-staff, and tore in strips the stars and stripes attached to it. Subsequently, he joined a grenadier company, called the Royal Yorkers, and performed efficient service throughout the war. He settled in Canada at the peace ; and, entering the British service again in 1812, was commissioned as a captain in the Colonial corps, by Sir Isaac Brock. He died at River Raisin, Canad#i, in 1844, aged eighty years." " Thomas Merrit, of New York, in 1782 was cornet of cavalry in the Queen's Rangers. He settled in Upper Canada, and held the offices of Sheritt of the District of Niagara and Surveyor of the King's Forests. He.received half pay as a retired military officer. He died at St. Catharines, May, 1842, aged eighty-two." "Nathaniel Muuday, in 1782 was an officer in the Queen's Rangers. lie was in New Brunswick after the revolution, and received half pay ; but left that colony and, it is believed, went to Canada." "John Peters, of Hebron, Connecticut; born in 1740. A most devoted loyalist. He went to Canada finally, and raised a corps, called the Queen's Loyal Rangers, of which Lord Dorchester gave him command, with the rank of lieutenant-colonel." " Christopher Robinson, of Virginia, kinsman of Beverley. En- tered William and Mary College with his cotisin Robert ; escaped with him to IjTew York, and received a commission in the Loyal American regiment. Served at the South, and was wounded. At the peace he went to Nova Scotia, and received a grant of land at Wilmot. ! i: l\ :i-i i M ' m^ '\[ '-l ill ■i: 90 SINGLETON — ROSS — M'NAB. He soon removed to Canada, where Governor Simcoo gave him the appointment of Deputy Surveyor-General of Crown Lands. His salary, half pay, and an estate of two thousand acres, placed him in circumstances of comfort. He was the father of several children, some of whom were educated in the mother-country. He died in Canada. His widow, Esther, daughter of Rev. John Sayre, of New Brunswick, died in 1827. His son, Beverley Robinson, who was born in 1791, was appointed Attorney-General of Upper Canada in 1818 ; Chief Justice in 1829 ; created a Baronet in 1854; and died in 1863." " Singleton — A lieutenant in the ' Royal Greens,' was wounded in 1777, during the investment of Fort Stanwix." Probably Captain Singleton, who settled in Thurlow, Upper Canada, was the same per- son. " Finley Ross, of New York, was a follower of Sir John Johnson to Canada in 1776. After the revolution he served in Europe, and was at Minden and Jena. He settled at Charlotteburgh, Upper Canada, "•^here he died, in 1830, aged ninety." "Allan McNab, a Lieutenant of cavalry in the Queen's Rang- ers, under Colonel Simcoe. During the war he received thirteen wounds. He accompanied his commander to Upper Canada, then a dense, unpeopled wilderness, where he settled. He was appointed Sergeant-at-arnts of the House of Assembly of that Province, and held the office many years. His son, the late Sir Allan McNab, was a gentleman who filled many important offices in Upper Canada." The Hamilton Spectator, speaking of the death of Sir A. N. Mc- Nab, says : "The Hon. Colonel Sir Allan Napier McNab,Bart., M.L.C., A. D. C, was born at Niagara in the year 1798, of Scotch e^ctrac- tion, — his gi-andfather, Major Robert McNab, of the 22nd regi- mert, or Black Watch, was Royal Forester in Scotland, and resided on a small property called Dundurn, at the head of Loch Earn. His father entered the army in her Hajesty's 7(h regiment, and was subsequently promoted to a dragoon regiment. He was attached to the staff" of General Simcoe during the revolutionary war; after its close he accompanied General Simcoe to this country. When the Americans attacked Toronto, Sir Allan, then a boy at school, was one of a number of boys selected as able to carry a musket ; and after the authorities surrendered the city, he retreated with the ai-my to Kingston, when through the instrumentality of Sir Roger Sheaff", a friend of his father's, he was rate'd as mid-ship- man on Vjard Sir James Teo's ship, and accompanied the expedi- m CAPTAIN JOSEPH ALLEN. 91 tions to Sackett's Harbor, Genesee, and other places on the Ameri- can side of the lake. Finding promotions rather slow, h«^ left the navy and joined the 100th regiment under Colonel Murray, and was with them when they re-occupied the Niagara frontier. He crossed with the advanced guard atll.e storming and taking of Fort Niagara. For his conduct in this affair he was honored with an ensigncy in the 49th regiment. He was with General Eyall at Erie, and crossed the river with him when Black Eock and Buffalo were burned, in retaliation for the destruction of Niagara, a few months previous. After the termination of this campaign. Sir Allan joined his regiment in Montreal, and shortly after marched with them to the attack of Plattsburg. On the morning of the attack he had the honor of commanding the advanced guard at the Saranac Bridge. At the reduction of the army in 1816 or 1817, he was placed on half-pay. ^ It is impossible at this time to give anything like a history of the disbanded soldiers who settled on the shores of the Bay and the St. Law^renoe. There could not be allowed the space necessary to do justice to the character of each. But even if such were possible we are wanting in the essential matter of information. We pro- pose, however, to insert the names of every one known to have been a loyal combatant, whether an officer or private, with such stater^ents relative to his history as wo possess. We shall not con- fine ourselves to this particular region of the Province, but include those who settled at Niagara, and in Lower Canada. And while we may not supply a complete account of any one, it is trusted that the instalment will not bo unacceptable to the descendants of those to whom we refer. We shall arrange them alphabetically without reference to rank or station. Captain Joseph Allen, formerly Captain Allen of New Jersey, held a commission in the British Army at New York for some time during the war. He ownea extensive mill property, and was regarded as a very wealthy person. All his possessions wex-e con- fiscated, and he in 1783, found his way, among other refugees, first to Sorel, whore he stayed a winter, and finally to Upper Canada. His family consisted of two sons, John and Jonathan, and three daughters, Rachel, Ursula, and Elizabeth. Captain Allen was one of the first settlors in Adolphustown, and his descendants still live in the township, among whom are Parker Allen, Esq., J.D.Watson, Esq., and David McWherter, Esq. Captain Allen had extensive grants of land in Adolphustown, and in Marysburgh, and olse- r iS L rj; J'"' |ip' iii' » ■ill: f^ ^^ ; I't i ' p n ALLISON — ASHLEY. whero ; as well as his children. Jonathan Allen, succeeded his father upon the homostoad, and was for many years an acceptable Justice of the Peace. His brother, Joseph Allen, moved to Marys- burgh, and was a Captain of militia during the war of 1812. Cap« tain Al'en brought with him several slaves, " who followed his for- tunes with peculiar atta'.'hmont, even after their liberation." Wo have see n that the rebellion led to the divisions of families. It was so with the Allison family of Haverstraw, New York. Tlioro wort) seven brothers, two sided with the rebels. One Ben- jamin, being a boy, was at home, Avhilo the other four took part with loyalists. One settled in Now Brunswick, probably the Edward Allison Sabine speaks of, who had been captain in De Lancoy's third battalion, and who received half-pay, and after whom Mount Allison is called. Joseph Allison was living at Haverstraw, New York. lie was for a time engaged in the navy yard at New York. At one time he and another entered the rebel camp, and after remaining a few days availed thomselves of a dark night and carried off tivo excel- lent horses belonging to a troop of cavalry. They wore pursued and barely escaped. Allison took these horses in return for the loss of his house and other property' v/hich the rebels had ruthlessly burned. Ho was at the battle of White Plains, and had narrow escapes, his comrade beside him was shot down, and his canteen belt cut in two by a ball. As he could not carry the canteen, he took time to empty that vessel of the rum which it contained. His neighbors at Haverstraw were excee ^iigly vindictive against bin;. After several years, he visited there to see his aged mother, when a mob attempted to tar and feather him, and he had to hide in the woods all night. Allison came to Canada with Van Alstino, and ilrew lot 17, in Adolphustown. A strong, healthy and vigorous man, ho contributed no little to the early settlement. Died upon his farm, aged eighty-eight. His wife's name was Mary Eichmond, of a well-known quaker family. His descendants still occupy the old homestead, a most worthy family. Benjamin Allison, the youngest, came to Adolphustown in 1795. William Ashley, sen., was born in the city of London, Eng- land, in the year 1749, and joined the army at an early age. During the American Revolotionary war, he came out under General Howe, serving in all his campaigns until the close of the struggle. He had two brothers also in the army with him, one of whom returned to England, and the other settled somewhere in the i ii: THE A8HLETS. 98 United States, the exact locality not now being known. General J. M. Ashley, Republican member of Congress from Ohio, is, so far as can be ascertained, a descendant of this brother. After the termination of the war, William Ashley came to Canada, and first settled in the township of Loborough, county of Frontenac, where he married Margaret Buck, the daughter of a U. E. L., and one of the first settlors in this part of Canada. He resided here until about 1190, when he removed to Kingston, where he followed the employment of a butcher, and was the first butcher in Kingston, a fact he often mentioned in his old age. He built a house of red cedar logs, cut troni the spot, which continued to stand until 1858, when it was taken down and a small brick building, the •' Victoria Hotel," built on the site. When removed the logs were found in a pei'fectly sound condition, they having been covered with clapboards many years ago, which presei'vod them from the weather. This house stood on Brock street, near the corner of Bagot street. At the time of its erection there wore scarcely twenty residences in the place, and that part of the city now lying west of the City Hall was then covered with a dense forest of pine, cedar and ash. William Ashley lived to see this pass away and a flour- ishing city spring up. He died in 1835, leaving a family of ten children — Margaret, Mary, Elizabeth, William, John, James, Thomas, Henry, Adam and George: all of whom are now dead excejjting Thomas, who resides near Toronto. James also died in 1835, and Henry, who was the first gaoler in Pictcn, died in 1836, at the early age of thirty-one. William Ashley, Jnn., married Ann Gerollamy, daughter of an officer in the British arm}', serving thi'ough the Revolutionary War, and acting as Orderly in the war of 1812. He left Kingston in 1830, and resided until 1842 near the mouth of Black River, in the township of Marysburgh, and then returned, and continued to reside there-, teaching, and tilling various offices until his death, August 16, 1867. The British Whig new paper when recording his death, remarked, "Mr. Ashley was one of our oldest citizens, and has lived to witness many changes in his native place. He was born on the very spot where the British Whi(f office now stands." The last sentence is a mistake, he was not born in the city, but iu the township of Loborough; although the building containing the British Whig office still belongs to the ' Ashley property' on Bagot Street." ■' If ;!. t i i- ,i .i M BELL — BURRITT. Ill j :!.:.' I! Hi:;. John Ashley was gaolor in Kingston for a number of years when the gaol stood near the site of the present Post OflSce, and filled public situations from the time he was nineteen years of ago until his death in 1858. He was a prominent member of the County Council for nearly twenty years, and was Colonel of the militia at the time of his death. Adam and George Ashley both died in 1847. William Bell — We shall have occasion to speak of William Bell in different places in these pages. lie was born August 12, 1758, in County of Tyrone, Ireland. At the time of the Eevolutionary War he was a sergeant in the 53rd regiment of the line. Some time after the close of the war, he succeeded in procuring his discharge from the service, at Lachino, and came to Cataraqui, sometime in 1789. He was on intimate terms with John Ferguson, and, we believe, related by marriage. It was at Ferguson's solicitation that Bell came to the Bay. We have before us an old account book, by which we learn that Ferguson and Boll commenced trading on the front of Sidney in the latter part of 1789. They remained hero in business until 1792. Subsequently Bell became school teacher to the Mohawks, and seems to have done business there in the way of trading, in 1799. In 1803 we find him settled in Thurlow. Ferguson, who was living at Kingston, had been appointed Colonel of the Hast- ings Militia, and Bell wjvs selected by him to assist in organizing the body. He was commissioned captain in December 1798, Major in August 1800; and in 1809 Lieutenant-Colonel. Colonel Bell was well known as a public man in Thurlow. He was appointed to several offices — Magistrate, Coroner, and finally Colonel of the Hastings Battalion. As magistrate he took an active part in the doings of Thurlow and Belleville for many years. He was also an active person in connection with the agricultural societies, until a few years before his death, 1833. The papers left by Colonel Bell have been of great service to us. His wife's name was Rachel Hare, who died 1853, aged eighty-one. Colonel Stephen Burritt took part in the war against the rebels, being seven years in the army, in Roger's Rangers. He settled upon the Rideau, the 9th of April, 1793. In the same year \yas born Colonel E. Burritt, who was the first child born of white parents north of the Rideau. This interesting fact was given to.tho writer by Colonel E. Burritt in 1867. Colonel Burritt is a cousin of the celebrated Learned Blacksmith. CASEY — CARSOALLIAN — CHURCH. 95 Willet Casey was born in Bhode Island. His father was killed in battle during the war. At the close of the war ho settled near Lake Champlain, upon what he supposed to be British territory, but finding such was not the case, and although he had made con- siderable clearing, he i*emoved again. Turning his steps toward Upper Canada with his aged mother and wife, he reached in due time, the 4th township. The family, upon arriving, found shelter in a blacksmith's shop until a log hut could be built. Three months aftcrwai-ds the old mother died. Willet Casey had a brother in a company of horsemen, who fought for the British. He remained in the States and went South. It is probably the descendants of this Casey, who took an active part in the late civil war in the United States. The writer has seen the fine, erect old couple that came to Canada, when on the verge of eighty, and two nobler specimens of nature's nobility could not bo imagined. Luke Carscallian was an Irishman by birth, and had served in the British array; he had retired and emigrated to the American colonies prior to the rebellion. He desired to remain neutral, and take no part in the contest. The rebels, however, said to him that inas- much as he was acquainted with military tactics he must come and assist them, or be regai'ded as a King's man. His reply was that he had fought for the king, and he would do it again, consequently an order was issued to arrest him ; but when they came to take him he had secreted himself. The escape was a hux-ried one,and all his posses- sions wore at the mercy of the rebels — land to the amount of 12,000 acres. They, disappointed in not catching him, took his young and tender son, and threatened to hang him if he would not reveal his father's place of concealment. The brave little fellow replied, hang away ! and the cruel men under the name of liberty carried out their tnreat, and three times was he suspended until almost dead, yet he would not,tell, and then when taken down one of the monsters actually kicked him. Oliver Church was Lieutenant in the 84th regiment. He set- tled with the many other half-pay officers, on the front of Freder- icksburgh, three miles west of Bath. He had three sons, and throe daughters, who settled upon the Bay, but are now dead except one daughter. Lieutenant Church died in 1812, and his wife some years later. They were both very old when they died, A grand-child of the old veteran, Mrs. H. of Belleville informs M ipt^ I '.I 96 CLARK — OBAWFOBD — DAHB. US that nhe has often hoai-d about her grandfather having to crush grain by hand, and spending a week going to the Kingston mill. Robert Clark, late of the Township of Ernest town, in the County of Addington, was bom March 15, 1744 on Quaker Hill, Duchess County, Province of New York. He learned the trade of carpenter and millwright, of a Mr, Woolly. Ho left his family and joined the British standard in the revolution- ary war, was in General Burgoyne's army, and was requested by the Genei-al that ho and other Provincial volunteers, should leave the army and go to Canada, which place he reached after some weeks of great siitt'oring and privation. The day after he loft (October 17, 1777,) General Burgoyne capitulated, and suiTcndered his arms to the American Generals Gates and Arnold. Robert Clark subsequently served two years in his Majesty's Provincial Regiment, called the Loyal Rangers, commanded by Major Edward Jessup, and in Captain Sabastian Jones' company, and was dis- charged on the 24th December, 1783. He owned two farms in Duchess County, one of 100, the other of 1.50 acres, both of which were confiscated. Ho was employed by the government in 1782-3 to erect the Kingston mills, (then Cataraqui) preparatory to the yettlement of the loyalists in that section of Upper Canada, at which time his family, consisting of his wife and three sons, arrived at Sorel in Lower Canada, where they all were afflicted with the small pox, and being entirely among strangers they were com- pelled to endure more than the usual amount of suffering incident to that disease, their natural protector being at a distance, and in the employ of the government, could not leave to administer to their necessity. In 1784, his family joined him at the mills, after having been separated by the vicissitudes of war for a space of seven years. In 1785 ho removed with his family to lot No. 74, Ist cpncession Ernost town, in which year he was again employed by government to erect the Napanee mills. He was appointed Justice of the Peace for the district of MecWenburgh, in Julv 1788, and a captain in the militia in 1809, and died 17th December, 1823. John C. Clark was married to Rachel Storer, and had a family of ten sons and three daughters. Captain Crawford, of the Rogers corps, settled on lot No. 1 of Fredericksburgh. Became a magistrate, and lived to be an old man, was also colonel of militia. George Dame was the son of Theophilus Dame, evidently a veteran soldier, from the copy of his will now before us. He gave to his <'i Dover, H books, g and one i Frederic] carriage ( grandson trunk. 1 By i-efore have been His s( in piirHiiiii ment, date tlic 8th or the linrgh the whole this comm years latoi Majoj'-GoDc iho Pi'oviiK him "Ensii manded by "Given iin the city of ii commissi^ , (rovernor-in Rangers ra whereof Joli After tl Lower Cana n92, Mured Kivors, A])r An oftioi ter, authoriz( fortlnvith to Canada, as ni coiaj)juiy, to company to I to serve for t shall continue I^ewis, Quebe 7 TKE DAMES. 97 to his "son, George Dumo, tlio ono-half of my (HIm) roiil t'state in Dovor, England, to hold to him Ibrovcr," also his wearing apj»ai*ol, books, gold watch, gilt-headed cane, hoi'HOs, sleigh and harness, and one hundred dollars." He bequeathed to his grandson, Johti Frederick Duine, his camp bedstead, and curtains and valence lor carriage of camp bedstead, and his silver-moantod hanger. To his grandson Augustus Dame, his fusee, gorget, and small seal skin trunk. To another grandson ho loft his double-barrelled pistol. By reference to those items we learn that Theophilus Dame must have been a British officer of some standing. His son, George Dame, followed in the footsteps of his father in ])ursuing the profession of arms. We have before us a docu- ment, dated 1765, which declares tliat " Knsign (reorgo Dame of ihc 8th or King's Own Eegiment of foot, was admitted burgess of the Jiurgh of Dumfries, with liberty to him to exorcise and enjoy Ihc whole immunities and privileges thereof, ^.c." For some reason this comniission in tho 8th regiment was relinquished ; but ten years later we find he has a commission from General Carleton, Major-General and Commander-i)i-chief of His Majesty's fort-es in the Pi'ovince of (Quebec, and upon the frontier tliereof, appointing him "Ensign in the Royal Regiment of Highland Emigrants com- manded by Lieutenant Colonel Commandant Allan McLean." "Given under my hand and seal at the Castle of Saint Lewis, in the city of Quebec, 21st gf November, 1775." In 1779 he received ii commission from Frederick Haldimand, Captain-Genoi-al and ^ (rovernor-in-Chief, &c., appointing him '-Captain in a corps of Rangers raised to servo with the Indians during the reb.dlion, whereof John Butler, Esq., is Major Commandant". After the close of the war, Captain Dame lived at Throe Eivers, Lower Canada, whore wo find him acting as Returning OtHcer in 1792, Mured Clarke being Lieutenant Governor. He died at Threo Rivers, April IGth, 1807. An ofticial paper before us sets forth that " Guy, Lord Dorches- ter, authorizes Frederick Dame, 'by beat of drum or otherwise,' forthwith to raise from amongst the inhabitants of U]iper and Lower Canada, as many able-bodied men as will assist the completing of a comi)any, to be commanded by Captain Richard Wilkinson. This company to be mainly provincial, and for the service of Canada, and to serve for tho space of three years, or during the war. This order shall continue in force for twelve months." Dated at the Castle of St. Lewis, Quebec, 2l8t June, 1706. This is signed " Dob(;hestku." 7 ■* ■ '*!' *:l|l i 1w I M CAPTAIN DALY. M The Haine yunr, bt'uriiig dutc tho 1 7th Docombci*, in a ooinmitisiou from llobert Prescott, Esq,, Lioutonant-Govtiriior, appointing Frod- erick Dame cnHi}»n to the second biittnlion Itoyal Canadian Volunteers. In the year 1802 John Frederick Dame received his commission as Surveyor of Lands in Upper and Tx)wer Canada, from Robert Shore MilneH,Lieuti'nantrGovernor, upon the certificate of Joseph Houchotte, Esij., Deputy Surveyor-General. Up to this time it wouM seem he had been living at Three Kivcrs. Allan Dame, a son of the aforementioned, is now residing in Marysburgh, not far from McDonald's Cove. He is now in the neigh- borhood of sixty : this is his native place. He is a fine specimen of an English Canadian farmer; and well he may be, being a descendant of a worthy stock, of English growth. He is married to the grand- daughter of Colonel McDonald. Daly — P. K. Daly, ^sq., of Thurlow, has kindly funiished us with the following intere.sting account : Captain Peter Daly, tny grandfather, was the son of Caj)t. Daly, of an Irish regiment, that was stationed in Now York for some years before the outbreak of the old revolutionary war, but was called home to Ireland before the commencement of hostilities ; and finally fell a victim to that cruel code of honor which obliged a man to fight a duel. At the earnest solicitation of a bachelor friend, of the name of Vroman, he had I )een induced to leave his. son Peter behind. Mr. Vronian resided upon tho banks of tho Mohawk, where tho city of Amsterdam now stands. He was a man of considerable wealth, all of which he promised to bestow upon his son, Peter Daly ; a promise he would, in all probability, have kept, had circumstances pennitted ; but he was prevented by tho stern realities of the times — those stern realities that tried men's souls, and called upon every man to declare himself. Tlie subject of this sketch could not dishonor the blood that flowed in his veins, and, although but 16 years of age, he clung firmly to the old flag that, for " a thousand years had braved the bat- tle and the breeze." Jie joined a company, and followed the destiny of his flag along the shores of Lake Champlain, where, in one night, he assisted in scaling three forts. He assisted in taking Fort Tycon- deroga, and gradually fought or worked his way into Canada. The war closing, he, in company with other loyalists, came up the Bay of ' Quinte, and subsequently married and settled in the second concession of Ernest town, in the vicinity of the village of Bath, whei'e, by culti- vating his farm, and by industry, he secured a comfortable living. He and his ; byterian definite, exile, to It is perty to of it, but forest hii TJiero arc live on th is still livi at Oak Sh I>avid, tlu Lewis live of Ernest ( Diarriod a Their desc John J elder broth was distasti hed. The visited by i clothes so a detected, h father to gi while sick! but Was cau place to ano the head, an would somei opposite Mid< finally escape by the rebels army when c and enlisted dose of the burgh. John Di whose ances ^oman, durirl DIAMOND — I.OYST. 99 Ilo wrtH remarked throucli life for his Htrietly lioiioruMo deuliii^, and his mlhercnce to " the old Hui^." In religion he was ii firm Pres- byturiiui. From \m ohl protector, Vroman, he never henrd nnything definite. He cnrod hut little for the land that liad voman, during the exciting times of the rebellion. They maiTied til i I m '•■ I'' ™w 8 ; , I' /■■it 100 JOHN KFHniTSON. ill LoworC.'iii.'iil.i. 'riu>vs|)(>ii( their first sinumor in ITppcr rjtn.-iil;!, in clonnin: :» little spot, of l.-uxl. ;miiI im tito fall jv.tt :\ litilo uniiii in tho ijround. Tlu'v slept, diiriti^ the sininiier. under a tree, hnt ereeted a smiill hill hefor*' winter set in. CHAPrKU X. Tkn I IMS. — l''(i;;ii;-i>ii — I'lMzi'i — (ii'iellciuv — tiiiKismilli — lltiniM-n— - Iloil.;;iiis — Hii'Us- Hewi-ll — llseii — I.evst — Mv< tk — MiArtlnir — Millvr — Menli'iis — MoDonuld— \I- Peiinrll — MrDoiu'll — Cstnim — I'l-tcrsoii. ' " INinVlin Al, ('n the hav. was .lolin l'Vrt;iis(>ii. il h.-is lu>en our i;'oiid I'ortune (o eonie into pos- session ot' a jn'ood many puMie jnid private letters penned hy his hand, and invalnaMe inlormation has thus been (dit.ained. 'I'he t'ollovvinj;" lell(>r will intorm tin* readiM- ot' the p;irt hi' totd< in the servile duriiii;- llie war. It is addressed lo .Mr. Anu'ustiis .lones. wns rth sarv's appoint tlii.'i no hein^ i lio was I'ollowiji Th, .Mehean j'eiil to ( -'Hh .In. J'-,AU Sin, — liH'lo>ed is in\- old ai>plienlion lor the land on the earrvinir nia> e. w nieit seiii ree.'UMe [o vour desire 1 need not attemnl lo i>\pl:".in il hotter, as yon Unow so well wh:U 1 want. 1 wish, it ei'iisistenl. that Kind. iMtl) aeres. Mrs. l'\>r,''us(ni is entitled lo. niiulil i>i' joined to il lai wi II ir 1 eannoi ;xo{ a ;x^"Anl ot' the earrviiii: von he so rs^Mii] ;is lo Km me Unow wlrM terms il mav lu had on. 1 h.ave ii in n>«- pi>wer lo settle the ]>lai'e immediately, had I any seeurily t'l.r ii. i ;iin eerlain Mr Hamilton will interest himseir li>r me. luit ! am lolh to .Mi^jily to him at ]>resent, as in all pr oh.'ihililv he has loo miieh hiisiness to think »)f' hesides hoiild it he asked liow and where I served. 1 will mention the partieular- Tho 2tth .Iiiiie. 1771. I was appoinli>d, and aeled as h.arraek m usier until 'Jlih Mareh. 177.">i. wlu>n I was ovder»vi to ("arlelt Island, heinu' :'l^^^ eommissary at tln> post. Tliirteenili Api'.il, \1^'2, I was appointed harraekinastet ot' (>ntari(», wl»ere 1 remained until i>i>iered to l'alara(|ni in Sepfemher, \~i\\, and aeted as harraek-inaster Tor holli posts, until 24th .Inne, 1785, wlien 1 Knsijr <>*' Krnest Th* tpson 10 '*'^'. .\n, will 1)0 reii '■'^lOMjporai was t h(> y,i >^t«(e of Ne '•ut tipon f liiinNelfto Honnintvfon Albany jni liiLsteniHl l>i VRA7KK. 101 w«8 oMijJod to roliiujuisli it. haviuij inoro l>usim»ss in tlu> ooinmis- s{ii'v'« dcparlnionl thnn I ooulii woll tunuiiijo. with th»> olliov tt})]tt>in(inont. 'ionoil by tho iu<'ivnso of lovnlists sotilinB; in this noiij;l>lH)rliiH>(i. T\v sioros l<> nnv .".s Ijo was (inaMo to (1>> tho rloton Islsjiul to !ussi^t Mr. MoliOan in tho tnmsporl husii\oss. In Nt^vonvhor. 1718. I wasasrain r-onl (o Oswoirolohio. whoro I ron\ainod oonuuissaryot'lho post until ■J4th Jnno. 17S'J. whon ! wjij* sont to ()ntario to tako oharijo tlioro. ft\)Jn lluMU'o 1 was sonl to this plaoo, lJ4th Soptonihor. 178;?. whovo I roinainoil tmtil a rotorn\ation to^^k ]>laoo in tho oouvn\issarv any othors, sont about my business without any pn)visii)n. al'tor Inn ing spont tny host days in His Majosty's sorvioo. You soo 1 was olovon years barraok ntastor. ai\d nino years a i'0!nn\issarv. I was also six years in the (\>n\nnssary (.toneral's ofliee at MiuUreal (^a elerk.) duriuiv whioh time n»y lather was permitted to do n>y duty as barraek-mastor. I will write you a,i;;ain by next opportunity. Your very hntnblo servajit. (Sif^ned) .loHN l*%;noisoN. Ki\siijn Fray.or. ot' tho the 84th reu^inuMU settled at tie poitit ot' Krnost town. Ifad throe sons. Mis '.vid»)W nnn-rioil l\)l(mel Thon\pson. Tho (^>rnwall Fnrhoihr, notioes the death of Mr. Krazer. oC St, .Andrew's, (\ \V,, the diseoveror ol" Kra/.er river, ami of Mrs, Fraic.er. wlu> departed this lite a tew hours alllerwanls. Mr, Krar.vr was one ol" the few stirvivors ot tho tind old " Northwesters," ami Ids name, as (he first exphirer ot" the ivolden stream whieh bears it, will be ronuMnberod with hotior long at^or most ol" tin' provineial I'oteinporaries are torgotton. Tho /■>•(>/«;.'./(';• says : "Mr, Krazer was tlu> y«mni»osl son ol" Mr, Snnon !•' razor who emigrate«l to the State ot' New York, in 177H. Ho puroha.sod land near lUMUiinu:l«)n ; hut iipon tho bivakiny; n(hs jitliorwawls, his end being hastenoii by the rigol^n^s nature of iht> in>prisonmont. Ho was 102 OKROLLAMV. '•11 married to Isabella Grant, daughter of Daldregan, and had issue, four sons and five daughters. The widow, with her children, came to Cansvda after the peace of 1783. Simon Frazer, the elder, the father of the object of this notice, was the second son of William Frazer, the third of Kilbockie, who, by his wife, Margaret, daughter of John McDonell, ol Ardnabic, had nine sons : — 1st. William, the fourth of Kilbockie : 2nd. Simon, who came to America, as we have seen ; 3rd. John, who was captain in Wolf's army, shared in the honors of the capture of Quebec, and was subsequently, for many years. Chief Justice of the Montreal district ; 4th. Archibald, who was Lieutenant in Frazer's regiment, under General Wolfe, was afterwards captain of the Glengany Fencibles, and served in Ireland during the rebellion in '98 ; 5th. Peter, a doctor of medicine, who died in Spain ; 6th. Alexander, who served as captain in General Caird's army, and died in India; 7th. Donald, a Lieutenant in the army, who was killed in battle in Germany; 8th. James, also a Lieutenant in the armv, and one of the sufferers in the Black Hole of Calcuttji, in 1756 ; 9th. Roderick, who died at sea." Mr. J. B. Ashley, a native of Marysburgh, to whom mrr-h valuable information we possess is due, says: "My great giand- fathcr, James GeroUamy, was but seventeen years of ago when he joined General Clinton's army in 1779, and remained in the service until the virtual close of the war in 1782, when he came from New York to Quebec, and thence to Bath, where he settled, on what was until lately known, as the " Hichcock Farm." He afterwards removed to the town, and settled on lot No. 11, 1st concession, lake side. He received from government certain farming implements, the same as before mentioned. A part of them coming into the hands of my father, Augustus Ashley, of Marysburgh. The hatchet, I have often used when a young lad in my childish employments. It is now lost. The shai-e and coulter belonging to the plough, remain among a collection of old iron in my father's woodshed until the present day. James GeroUamy, married Ann Dulmage, the daughter of Thomas Dulmagc, who came with him to Canada and settled near him at Bath, in the second town, and subsequently moved to lot No. " B," at the head of South Bay, in the township of Marysburgh, where he died. The graves of himself and wife being still under a large maple tree, close to the site of his house. James GeroUamy, and his two sons, James and John, served through the war of 1812, under General Provost, Brock and ^ GOLDSMITH — H ARRISO N . 103 Drummond. The old man holding the i*ank of Orderly, and hi? son James that of Lieutenant. The latter received a grant of 1000 acres of land for services as a " spy," he was one o( the number who planned the successful attempts upon Oswego, Black Rock and Buffalo, and at the battle of Niagara, generally known as "Lundy's Lane." He fought in the company or regiment known as " Grenadiers," which, in their manceuvcring were compelled to run and wallow over a field of corn with mud ankle deep. The whole family were remarkable for large size, being over six feet in height,of great 8trength,and heal thy, with robust constitutions The old gentleman was acknowledged the surest marksman in this section of the country, and his "fusil," was his constant companion. He died abciit ten years ago, aged about ninety-five years, being in full possession of his faculties until the last. I can well remem- ber seeing him sauntering thiough the garden, bent with his weight of yeai's, and leaning on his staif. Thomas Goldsmith, a native of Ulster Co., Montgomery town, New York. He was engaged as a spy, and discharged important and successful duties, in carrying information from Gen. Burgoyne to Lord Cornwallis, and returning with despatches. He frequently pass- ed the guards of the Continental army, and often was subjected to a close search, but succeeded in eluding detection. Goldsmith owned one thousand acres of land, on which was a flouring mill with two run of stones. Also, a sailing vessel launched, but not entirel}' finished, for the West Lidia trade. The boat was sacrificed. The pre luce of his farm was paid for in Continential bills. The maila- ble iron of his mill was taken to make a chain to put across the Hudson to stop boats. His neighbors, the rebels, catching him one day from home, covered him and his horse and saddle, with a coat of tar and feathers. After the close of the war, he was compelled to part with his land to get away. It was sold for a mere trifle. He came into Canada in 1786, bringing with him some cattle, most of which (lied for want of something to eat. He was accompanied by David Jonger, and reached Kingston, June 24. Settled at first in the fourth township; but soon after removed to Holliwell, where he received a grant of 400 acres of land, Ist. cor,., lot 9. Here he lived and died, aged ninet-y. Sergeant Harrison was a native of Ireland, and served for many years in the fifty-third regiment. For some time during the revolutionary war, he was in the Quarter-master's store, and post (■ i k : 1 'i m ^^^:^!^ J:' ' ■' '? ■ \ 'li ' , ■ ' :Wi ,£. V ''jag'teja fi, AfhM :-J'- >9'iUH»N ' rr'-^ ■: ia4 1I0DUIN8 — HI0K8. office. Ho was nlto^cthor twonty-eight years in the service. At the close of the war, ho settled in Marysburgh, with the first band, not connected with the JEeasians, and was probably under Wright in the coinmiHsary department for the settlement. lie settled on lot nine, east of the Rock. William llodgins was born on a small island, known as Ginn's Island, lying about three and a half niiles from the Virginia shore, in Chesapeake bay, where his father, Lowiti Hodgins, had a farm of two hundred acres. He joined the Royal army with his younger brother Lewis, in 1778, serving in the regiment known as the Queen's Rangers, under Lord Cornwallis; where he held the rank of sergeant, and his brother that of corporal. At the battle of Yorktown, he was wounded and taken prisone", and his brother was killed. After his exchange he came to New Brunswick, and settled about thirty miles above Froderickton, on the St. John's river, where he lived until 1859, when ho removed to Canada. First settling in Adolphustown, near wliat is known now as Cole's Point. Ho joined the incorporated militia during the war of 1812, serving imder Colonel McGill. and Colonel Shaw. He received the right to considerable land ; but after the capture of York, now Toronto, by tho Americans in 1813, and the consequent destruction of pro- perty, the documents pertaining to the same were burnt, and he could not, as a consequence, get his grant. Immediately after the Avar of 1812, he removed to Marysburg, where ho remained until his death. The above information is received from Mr. William Hodgins, son ot the above mentioned William Hodgins, who is now an old man, he having sei-ved with his father in the war of 1812. " It would have done you good to have hoard the old gentleman, with his silver locks flowing in tho wind, whitened with the frosts of four-score winters, as he descanted upon fcccnes and incidents in connection with tho war, through which he served, and to have witnessed his eye twi)dcle with pride, when ho referred to tho loyalty of his honored parent." — (Ashley.) Edwai'd Hicks, who settled in Marysburgh, was jilaced in prison with his father. His father was taken out and hanged before his window upon an apple tree, (a piece of refined cruolty worthy a rebel cause). This aroused Edwai'd to a state of despera- tion, who with manacled hands, paced his cell. To carry out his intention, he feigned illness, and frequently required tho guai"d to accompany him to tho outer yard. At nigl:<^ fall he went out HOWELL. 105 accompanied by tiio guai-d. Watohinj? tho opportunity, ho drew up hia handH and struck a furious blow upon tlio head of tho soldier witJi Jiis hand-cuffs, which hiid tho man prostrate. Edward dai'ted away to a stream which ran near by, and across which was a mill-dam and a slide. He rushed under this slide, and before a cry was raised, he concealed himself under tho sheet of water. lie could hear the din and tumult, as search was everywhere made through the night. Cold, wet, benumbed, hungry and hand-cuffed, he remained in his hiding place until the following night, thirty- six hours, when ho crept out and escaped to tho woods. After nine days of fasting he reached tho British army. Edwaitl Hicks did not forget the death of his father. Ho " fought the rebels in nine battles afterward, and still owes thoni grudge." Joseph, Joshua and Edward, belonged to Butler's Rangersj and saw no little sei'vice. They wore from Phihulelphia, and left con- siderable property. They had granted them a large tract of land west of Niagara, where sprung up Hicks' sottlemetit. Joseph Hicks afterwards settled on lot six, Marysburgh, west of the Rock. — (Ashley.) Edward Hicks is rej)resentcd as having been a very powerful man, often performing remarkable feats of strength, such as lifting barrels of flour and pork to his shoulders, and such like. Ho went to Boston in 1778, in the character of a spy, and w.as detected by the Americans, and taken prisoner. He represented himself as a young man searching for his mother, who had removed to that section of tho country ; but it is supposed that his captors considered him as rather too smart looking a young man to bo lost in any enterprise, he being of tine build, standing good six feet, and possessing an intelligent countenance, and at his trial, condemned him as a spy to be dealt with accordingly. — (Ashley.) John Howell, a son of Richard Howell, from Wales, was born in New Jersey in 1753. When 24 years old he took up his residence at Jo.uistown, on the Mohawk river. At the commencement of hos- tilities, in 1776, he joined Sir John Johnson's 2nd battalion, and was raised to the position of serjeant-major. His name appears as such upon the battalion roll, now before the Avritcr. He remained in the army during tho war, doing duty at St. Johns, Coteau du lac, and at many other places. When his company was disbanded at Oswego, in 1782, he came immediately to Kingston, and thence to Fredericks- burgh, where he settled upon his lot of 200 acres. By adhering to the loyal cause, Sergeant Howell suffered serious loss in real estate. H- i* wr ■';■■ i- 106 THE WINDMILL. The pleasant town of Rome now stands upon the land which was his. His valuable i)ro])erty was not yielded up to the rapacious rebels without a legal effort to recover possession. The case -was in court for many years, and Sergeant Howell spent $1,400 in vain efforts to recover. No doubt it was pre-judged before he spent his money. An event in Howell's life during the war is not without a touching interest. Uefore joining the regiment, he had courted and won the heart of a fjiir lady at Johnstown. While stationed at Coteau du lac he obtained permission during the winter, when hostilities were sus- pended, to go to Johnstown to obtain his bride. Guided by seven Indians, he set out to traverse a pathless wilderness, on snow-shoes. The wedding trip had its perils, and almost a fatal t<;rmination. C.i their return they lost their way in the interminable woods, and soon found themselves destitute of food. For days they were without anything to eat. One day they shot a squirrel, which, divided among them, was hardly a taste to each. The thongs of their shoes were r o.isted and eaten, to allay the pangs of hunger. At last they suc- ceeded in shooting a deer, which had well nigh proved the death of some, from over-eating. Two of the men were left behind, but they subsequently came in. Sergeant Howell's loss as a loyalist was great ; but, so far a.s could be, it Avas made good ly Government. He drew 1,200 acres of land as an officer, and the same quantity for his family. At an early date after his .arrival at the Bay he was appointed Commissioner in the Peace ; and subsequently he was made Colonel of the Prince Edward Militia. Soon after settling in Fredericksburgh he built a windmill, pro- bably the first mill built by an individual in the Province. He after- wards sold it to one Russell. The remains still mark the spot. He finally settled in Soiihiasburgh, while it was yet considered by the infiint colony as the backwoods of the settlement. He was a man of liberal etlucation for the times, and was conversant with the Dutch and French languages, and understood the Indian dialect. From his former connection with the Johnson settlement upon the Mohawk, and his close contiguity to the Mohawk Indians upon the Bay, he held a high place in their regai'd. He often visited them ; and their chiefs as often paid him state visits. They often called upon him to settle their disputes, which he never failed to do by his sternness and kindness combined. His presence was sufficient to in- spire awe amongst them when disposed to be troublesome, which was increased by his long sword which he would hang to his side. ,ti !! HOVER — HOGLE. 107 Honry Hover was quite a boy wlien the relx>llion was progressing, being about sixteen when the Declaration of Independence was signed. Living along the Hudson, near New York, he went out one day for the cows, when he was caught by some rebels and carried to Lancas- ter jail. After being in prison for some time he wan released, and permitted to go to New York. He some time after, by some means, enlisted in Butler's Rangers, and set put, with four others (one his brother), to traverse the wide country on foot, from New York to Fort Niagara, the head-quarters of the company. Lying one night under the tiees, they were suddenly attacked by a scouting party of rebels, by being fired upon. One was killed, and the rest taken pri- soners. Heniy Hover remained in prison, in chains, until the close of the war, nearly two years. The hardships and cruelties he endured were, indeed, terrible. When ho was taken prisoner he had on a pair of linen trowseis ; no others were ever given him ; and when he was released these were hanging in shreds upon him. They had nothing to lie upon but the cold brick ifoor, two pei'sons being chained together. Years after, a stranger called one day at Hover's in Adolph- ustown. Hover not being at home, the man wrote liis name, " Green- Avay," the man to whom Henry had been chained for many a weary day and month in prison. Hover being released at the close of the war, reported himself at Niagara, and was discharged with the rest of his company. He received all his back pay, while in jail, and a grant of land at St. Davids ; but his father, Casper Hover, a refugee, had settled in Adolphustown, having come in Major VanAlstine's corps. Henry wished to see his parents, from whom he had been so long separated, and sought a chance to go down from the Niagara frontier. He entered on board an old " hulk," an old French vessel coming down the lake, and so got to Kingston, which place he reached soon after VanAlstine's com])uny had settled in the fourth Township. Henry set out from Kingston on foot, along the bay, through the woods. In time ho arrived at the third township. He was misdi- rected across to Hay Bay. Following its shores, he met Holland's surveying party, who told hiin that he 'as .astray, and put him on the correct track. Henry Hover determine'l to remain at the bay, and was inchided among the original settlers under VanAlstine, drawing land like the rest, beif)g the only one who did not belong to that company. He sleeps from his warfare — from his long life of well-spent industry, in the " old U. E. burying ground," .-it the front, in Adolphustown. Among those who fought the unequal battle of Bennington was ;v t tu -'i: If 108 IIARTMAN — HAM — HERKIMEU. Captain Hocjlo, who was shot dead. Ko was a native of Vermont, He loft a willow and three sons, who wore yet younj?. They won> under the necessity of lenvinpj their valuable possessions and rcmovino- to Canada. Tlu-yji buried plate in the Q;;ir(l(^n, which was never regained. At the expiration of the war they settled in Ernest town. David Hartnian — was present at the battle of Bennington, and was shot through the chest. Notwithstanding, he lived for many years. Ho settled in Ernest town. John Ham,' tho foiuider of the Ham family of Canada, so well and so favorably known in dift'erent sections of tho Province. He was born near Albany. His father was a native of Germany, although of English parentage. John Ham was a soldier during the war, and in one of several engagements; was wounded in the l^g. The ball, lodg- ing in the calf, was cut out, and, at the request of the suffering but brave hero, was shot back at the foe. He was one of the company who settled in Ernest town. He ha«l a family of ten children, eight of them being sons, namely : John, Henry, Peter, G. Drge, Jacob, Philip, Benjamin, and Richard, all of whom lived and died in Canada. The name of Herkimer is engraved upon tho history of America, both in the United States and in Canada. "Colonel Hanjost Herki- mer , or John Joost, was a son of Johan Jost Herkimer, one of tho Palatines of the Gorman Plats, Now York, and a brother of the rebel general, Nicholas Herkimer." "His property was confisca- ted. He went to Canada, and died there before 1787." — (Sabine.) Prior to the war he had occupied several public offices. He served as an officer in Butler's Rangers. We find his name inserted for lot 24 of Kingston, on which now stands part of tho city. His son Nicholas settled tipon the Point now bearing the family name. Ho married a Purdy, and had several children. His end was a sad one, being murdered by a blacksmith, named Rogers, who escaped. A daughter was married to Captain Sadlier, another to an officer in the army, and a third to Mr. Wartman. Tho old family place in Now York State is yet indicated by the nam<> of Herkimer County. " William Johnson Holt was ensign in Ferguson's Rangers. Thi^ corps formed part of tho army of Burgoyne at the time of his sur- render, and, with other provincial prisoners, retired to Canada, by permission of Gates. The subject of this notice settled in Montreal, where he held the lucrative office of Inspector of Pot and Pearl Ashes, and received half pay for nearly fifty years. He died at Montreal, in 1826. By his first wife (Ruah Stevens, of Pittsfield, 'Hi HOLT — JONBH — JOHNSONS. 100 MiiHHJVt'huHotts), ho was tho iUthur of a lar^o (iunily of sons unci (lau/^htors ; by liis socoml wife (Klizubotlt Ciiyler) he left no issue. Ill's sixtli son, Charles Ailolphus, iilono has surviving male children, of whom the eldest, Charles Gates Iloll, is (18(54) a distinguished t'oiinsellor-at-law, and a gentleman oi' the highest resjjcclability, at (|)iiebee. In Fobrnar}-, 1864, he was appointed one of •' Her Majesty's Connsel, learned in the law," and thus entitled to wear tho "silk rohe." '• John Jones, of Maine, captain in Itogers' Hangers. Being of a (lark complexion, he was called ' Mahogany Jones.' Prior to tiio war he lived at or near Pownal borough, and was Surveyor of the I'lyniouth (.'ompany. As the troubles increased, the whigs accused liini of secreting tea, and broke open his store. Next, they fastened liim to a long I'opo, and dragged him through the water until he was nearly drowned. Finally, to put an end to his exertions against the popular cause, he was committed to jail in JJoston. Ho escaped, wont to Quebec in 1780, and received u commission in the Hangers. Ill Maine, again, befoi-e the peace, ho annoyed his jjcrsonal foes ropeatedlj'. Among his I'eats was tho caj>lure of his 'old encniy,' General Charles Cushing, of Powiial borough. Jones, immediatel}' after the peace, was at the Hay of l\indy, and interested in lands granted on that island to loyalists. In 1784 he resinned iiis l>usiness as surveyor, on the river St. Croix. *.j At lengtli, 'his toryism forgotten,' he removed to the Kennebec. lie died at Augusta, Maine." Captain William Johnson, of the King's lioyal regiment, after- wards colonel of the Militia of Addington. Besides the celebrated Sir John Johnson's family, there were a large number of combatants and loyalists of this name, and mostly ;ill of them were cons])icuous lor their gallant deeds inarms. Captain William Johnson settled ^ome miles west of Kingston, on the fi-ont. Loft one child, a daughter, who married McCoy. They removed to Toronto. It is said by Mr. Finklo that the tirst militia musl"red in Upper Canada was by Col. William John.son, at Finkle's tavern. The name of Johnson has become somewhat iamona in Canadian history. James Johnson, an Irishman, was a soldier in Kogers' Battalion. Ho came to Upper Canada with tho first settlers of Ernest town, and was captain of the cattle-drivers that came at that time, or a year later, lie got his location ticket at Carloton Island. He had a family of seven sons and six daughters. Six of the sons names were : Daniel, James, William, Matthew, Jacob, Andrew. ^ 4 Ml 1:1 n ■ I no KETOIIKHON. m TIjo liwt-nioiitionod supplii's iih with the a\mvi' iiifbnTmtioii. llo iw now upwunlH ofono huiulrod yonrs ofiij^o. — (Soo U. K. lioyulistH). V, illium Kotdlu'Hoii, ot'Kitlnoy, wlio wuh born SoptiMulMir, 1782, ul JkHlfonl, Now York, HiiyN thai IiIh fudicr, Williiiiii KolcilicNoii, was a iiativo of Kn^laiul, and canio to America with liis^raiidfalluM', his (iithor boin^ dond. Tboy sotilod in Sontii Carolina, and lived tboro until the robollion bniUo out. William KotcbcHon, .son., wuh (lion about Hovontoon years of h/^o, and ontorod tlio HritiHli Horvio(> as a ilra^oon, nmlor liord Cornwallis. Ho sorvod lundering." The happy stratagem caused Waltormoyer and his followers to betake thomsolvos to flight." The foregoing statement is taken from Sabine, wo shall now give information derived from Captain Myor's desi-endants, and others who knew him well. It is without doubt correct. Captain Myor's father and brother identified themselves with the robel party, and we have hoai-d it stated that he was at first, a rebel also, but not receiving promotion as he expected, forsook the cause, and upon the offer of a captaincy in the British forces allied himself to them. That this was the pure invention of his enemies CAPT. MYRIIH. Ill in Hufticiontly plain. At tlit^ liuf;iiiiiin^ of tho robollion Cnptuiii Ky«.*rH, wilh his IhIIkm', wuh a tiirinur in llio vicinity of AUmny, an

  • write of Kingston without tnivcliiiij the ground alr( -idy taken by writers, especially in an atlniiraltje essaj' written by C W. Cooper, Barristor-at-law, being a ]rt'i/,e essay published in 185G. We shall acce])t very many at' the state- ments therein contained except we find trustworthy grounds for controverting them. Much, however, of the subjeet matter we had laboriously collected before this pamphlet was placed in our hands by our friend M. Sweetnam, Esq., P. O. Inspector. The practice of naming places, rivers, etc., after royal person- ages and those occupying prominent ]>laces in ihe public service, naturally arose from tho intense loyalty whieh reigned in tho bosoms of all who had forsaken their old homes to settle under the old flag in tlio wilderness. The ])re-eminonce of Kingston is indi- cated by tho name, which seems to have been given it at a very early date, as surveyor Collins uses that name in 178S. This, the 1l '1 420 'JT'EKN S TOWN. W •: ti. \ m M Hi'Bt township («ui'vuyo(l iiiul Hcttlcd, wns imtncd /f/nj/'s township Afterwards the town und townwliip onmo to bo called Kin|?8ton In this connection reference nmy bo niado to Queenstown at the head of navi,Li;ation upon tlie Xiaj^nrn I?iver. Trade with the west along Lake Krio was carried on, and bouts were accuHtomod to pass up and down on their way to and from Montreal. These boats had to bo carried around the f Falls of Niaj^ara. Already many of .Butler's Uun/Ljers and perstins connected with the Indian depart- ment, bei^an to settle upon the Canadian side of the Xiatfani. There was vcr}- shortly a collection of houses at the point of laud- inji, and the coinniencoment of tho portatfo, and nothing was more natural than this, tho second village formed by tho United Km|)ire Loyalists, should receive the name of (^ueenstown, not unlikely the name was bostowod by the Jlon. R. Hamilton. As wo procCv.'d, it will be observed how general was tho habit to give names derived from (ireat Britain and Englishmen. The most notal)le exception to this is to bo found in connection with those places that received names during I he time of Sir Peregrine Maitland, who hiul a fancy lor b* -stowing Spanish names. During the time whicii elajised between the evacuation of Frontonac, the year after the destruction of tho fort, in the autumn of 1759, until the ccniimoncement of the American rebellion, and I il its close, ruin aud desolation pi-evailvd at Oataraqui. It i- lound intimated, but not on the best authority, that there continued tt) livo at this place a certain numlier of French families and halt- breed Indianr. That such was the case is quite possible, though, as yet, no positive ]troof is to be found. But, at tho niost there was a few log huts around the ruins of the fort, and upon tho cleared ground adjacent thereto, or perhaps upon the site of tho ancient chapel of the Recollets. Nodoubt the Indians frequently encamped in this vicinity, perhaps had a ])ermanent village. The words ot Captain Grass, penned twenty-seven years later, may probably be accepted a ■< correct, that " scarse the vestige of a human habitalioii could be found in tho wlnde extent of the Bay of Quinte." The rebellion led to the establishment of a military post atthe Island of Chevereux, or (loat Islanil, subsequently named Carletoii Island. This position wa ■ found more convenient than tho site ol old Fort of Frontonac. After tho defeat of General Burgoync, at Saratoga, in 1778, there wore many refugees who sought protection at the Hcveial military posts along the northern frontier of New York, that of Carleton Island among the rest. Indeed, it is prnba mi CATARQll rN iTSfl. 491 bio thill to this plnf'o a larifu nuniln i- osoapeil, a.s hoini^' ni'»r« safe than Ofwego or Niagara. A c'oinmutiici.tioii wa^ with soiiio roi;u- hirity kept up ! 'twotm this phico aivl Moiitroal, ami also ti»e Fort 111' Niagara, lly tho army iiouts, refageoH may have paHscd to Montroai ; hut it would sooin that a consicU'raldo imm)H'r ri'mainod loinic'ilod at Carlcton Island, eating tho food supplied hy guvorii- meut. Of course, able bodied men would be at onee enrolled into tho comjtanios, to dd military service ; yet there would remain a contain number of male's, bolides the women, who wore incapaciatcd irniilitary lifi-. During thet'onlinuatiouof the war, there is every reason to Ixdievo that individuals, perhaps families, would cross to the old fort at Cataraij[ui, to stay for u while, or even take up thoir abode. It may liave been, that there were here sonic advantages in culti- viiting the cleared land, which did not exist at (.'arleton Islaiul. In the ab.sence of active duty, not unlikely the si»ldi, Htayin;^ at New York. TIjoy wore dispatched in Kind's whips, under the caro of a man-of-war. Mr. Uoliert Kverett (rrass, of Sidney, the jj^randson of Captain (rrass. says, that the party of refugees set sail from Now York in a, Hoot of sovon vessels, and attor a long voyage of tiine weeks, durinjjf which they encountered a severe gale, lasting eight days, and nearly wrecking them, they reached Sorel. This was prol)ahly in Iho early part of 17S3. The men of the party ascended tln^ St. Tiawrencc in batteaux, and landed at the mouth of Little Cataraqiii (•reek, thence proceeding westward, ])r()spocting as far as Collin'H Ray. Crnssirig fo the west side of this little bay, Captain (Jrasa ;vttcm|>ted to drive a stake in the ground, with the intention of tixing a tent, or cuminencing a survey. whei'(>upon he found it rocky. Renuirking that he had come too Car to settle upon a rock, he re- turned to the cast of the cove, and took possession of the first township of the l)ay (Juinic. Tlu're seems some reason to believe thiit. when (Irass arrived in Cnnada. and exjilained to the (lovern- im-nt his mission, tliat Sui-veyor (iener;il lb>lhind, directed 1)ej)uty Surveyor Collins to proceeil willi ('aptain (ira^s to Catararpii, so that In- might he guided by liim. If.-ucliwa^ the case, tin' biiso lini' along the front of the tirst lownsiiip, must have been run betore (!aplain Orass crossed (> the west of CVdlins Hay, and ru- Jected llie land lying to the w<'-l thereof. Captain (Jrass, jis mcII as the surveying pai-ty, ivlunii d lo Sorel lor the winter, and, in the s])ring, they returned, ac<'onip:inied by all oi'tlie families, under ('ai)iain (ira.ss. It was Iho suniincr of 17H4 that tic.' first township was occii])i(,',i. There was some dissatisfacti')n ;it the jircfervnco accorded to Cupiain tirass liy tho-o wlio liad lieen in t'atiadii. His .•.upei; •!• claim wa-i however acknowledged. At (he same time, ilure .'ippears to jiav*' been some comi>romi>-e, from the fa<'t. that while Captain tlrass himsclt obtained the first lot adjoining to the reserve tor ib.e town, the .-econd one, wi.ich was by number, lot 24 was granted to the Uov. Mr. Stiuirt, iind the next to Mr. Ilerkinnir, neither of wlioin had any connection with Captain (irass' co!n]iaiiy. 'J'Ik' Ibiiowing extract of a letter written by Captain (Jrass, at a snbse(|nent jicriod. reveals to us the appearances the ]ilaee ]»i'e- sented to liinh at the time of bis settling. The old gentleman had ('OLMN8 RKPORT. 123 wmo ^riovnnco to maki' known to tho imblif, rospoctinj; iiroad, ami ho comnionci'H Iiik coniinnniciUion tliiiH: — "Sovi'n and twenty yearn, Mv, Printer, liavo rollctl away since my oyoH, for tho hccoiuI time, hohi'ld the whoreH ()t'C'atara<|iii. In that space of time, how many elianfjft-H hiiv<> taken plai-e in the little circle in which late had d«'stined me to move ! Ifow many of the seals of my old associates are now vacant ! Mow few of flu'so alas! to nmiirn with me tlie loss of the companions ot our siitl'erin','''. or to rejoice with me at the |)rospcrous condition of this our land of refiii^c ! Yet will I not n'pine; they are ujono, I trust, to a hotter land, wlp-i-e lie whocanseth the wilderness to smile and lilossom as the roM*, halli assji^ned to them a . Not ji [jttK'i- iia ilarc' to lu neti'iite the vast forests that skirted its shores. Kven on this ^\\o{, now eovei'cil with siatles ed ui'.' for liein^; stroni;' in my attacdimenl to my s(»vcreii>;n, ami Iiiujli in t he contideuce ol" my fellow-snlijecl ■, i led dio loyal liand, 1 ]»oiiiled out to thuni the site oftheii' fniui-e melro- |iulis, and ".gained for persecuted principles, a >anctuai'y — for my sc It am I follower-; a home, Kini'--.|on, 7 Dec. ISll.'' /Signed) ••< ; On I lie 2'Mli May. ITSS. Lord hertdie-.iei-, lhi> (lovenior of Canadii. issued insirnetions to John < 'oHins. Surveyor, to laak*- :i siiu'vev of •' fort ;, li:.riionrs. iV;c., from (';m'I< Inland to Mieliil luacinae renorl was loiiin I a moie. tin ■Si! iicoe The rc|)orl, dated (^uehee, (itii Dee., IVS^, -ays: — pai ier>. My )Vi\ — •• ill oluMiiciice to voiir ')i'dsiiH» s iiisli iietmiis. wlierein is sper^ifiiMl, ihat 'louol- nem eiiterlaiiied '.vhellier ( 'arle- toii Island or l\in.ii;ston " (and this show - liow ciirly the royai name liiid hecn i;-i\en to the lii-s! township) •■ is the most eli.nihie sta;ion liir the Kini;-'s shijis of war to protect the navi,i;atieii ot' ]jake Oiitai'io, and the Ujiper ])arl ot the river St. Lawrence ill like this parlieularly an oliiecl of my atieniien. and repuri ;im to :ow fur it may ho neeessury to (jcciipy either, or holh. and what works 1 jiidi^e advitsahle for that purpose.'' ■•With i-esjiee! to Kinj^ston, iiiid what is tln're called the harlionr, and where tlvtownis laid '"lit, is not tho hesl. situation on tiiis side for vesseh, as it lies rather .'|ien to ihi' l;ike, and has iini very y-ood aiielmiane near tl 10 » 1 ' h i^ u ■, I 424 THE DKFENSKS. I ^i,|-!' Hi lo(d< of hnid. Cor John ^Macaulay. The island in the moulh of the river, called " Isle Anx P<'re." was /.(ratitcd li> Neil .McLean. •' by onlcr of (Jcneral llaldimand." Turning to the south of the Fort, the lir^t lot has the name of Caj)!. Grnss; the second from the Fort, Tlev. Mr. Stuart; the third has the nurnes upon it of LiiwrcMce Herkimer. Sam. Hilton, Capt. Josl Harliiian ; the fourth, I'rancis liozion, lioeklaiid, James Brown, John Moshier; tifth, Lieut. Kllerbeck ; sixth, John Stuart, Ijieut. Grtllary, Lieut. .Mower, ('iiarles Pander ; seventh, Capt. MeCiarrow ; oigliih, liieutenant Atkinson ; ninth. Robert Vanalstine ; tenth. m IK Si; I' i; Mi' 1 !i, 'i • 4 !l li 5.1 1 i m K ! ■ 4 ) m iJ^-i-. .1 1 h li t ■' :": ^i t;M ill :il 426 I'IBST INHABITANTS. Richafd Moorman ; olevonth, R. (fider : tliis lot lies on tho " Potite Catnnwpii ;" twelfth, Lieut. Kotto, Murv«\y«»r, and allorvvard John Stuart; thirtot'nth,(!ai>t. (^rass, also (.'apt. Kvorott; t()ur(oenth,(iraH8; fi^eonth, Capt. irarknian; sixteenth Nieliolas llorkimcr. This brirt^H us to Collins' Hay, or, us the orjjjinal name appears •■ roncffej;;." ContiMuing westward, anionj*; others, are to ho soon tho namos of Purdy, ('apt. Wn). .lohnson, Wni. Knirtiold. Sonr., Daniel Rose, Matthias Rose, Roherl Clark, James Clark, Sen., Ser^'t. John Taylor, Capt. J. W. Myers, who lias two lot«; (th(*se two last became the lirst HOttlors in Sidney and Thurlow) ; Lieut. James Robins, Sor^^t. Williams, Lieut. Best, liieut. John Duronhury, and then there was a lot (No. IS) for tho " Kin-f's saw mill," sulise(piontly Booth's Mills. Of tho foreixoijit!^, it is uncertain how many became settlers. R'lt tho most ot thorn seem to hav(> obtained those front lots, irros- pecfive of Ca])taiii (irass. Of the other early settlers, Ihe followini:; are, doubth^ss, the principal oiu's. For tlxMr n.imes, 1 ain partially indebted to .\[r. (!lii;'h. who had lu'ld a com- mission in the army, was oik- of (Ik- lirNl t-ettlers in Kii\,icston, aii. Day, l''erris. si-veral ^Vartmnlls. and (lr;ihaiii. IJclore proceedioii!,' with the hislf)ryo|' Is iiii^sion, it is desiral'lr to notice more |iarlieularly some events connected with I lie ocii paney of Kinu-iinn, as u X;iva! and Military (station. \Vc h.ive seen that .Surveyor Collins n'a VI' the preferenci' t'»r Carleton Island. Hut Lord Doi'chosli'r decided tli;it Kinifston w;is the most desirable plai'o for purposes of defense, and it is a strikinjj; fact that the views held by him have heen, to a eerlain exient. reiterated by (ion. .Michel. in 18ii7. Hoth siu'tnod to huld ihe opinion that, (Canada, west ol' A MILITARY STATION. 427 Kinj;ston, was untonivblo against an invailing foo. VVIion Sinu'oe asAiimod tho (Tovornmi'iit oj' tiio newly iDrnied Tpper Province, it was the dcclai'i'il dosiro of Lord Dorclicsti'i'. that he should soloot Kintjston as th;ara, were rei;-ularly ))ipe(i to (luarlers in a handsome stone Imildinj;' in the J)ock Vanl. which was manned, ami ti'.eerev discipiincd in « plote man-o'-war fashion. om- II llic^e hyuoue d;iy-, Kiit-jston was the residence of the Commodore in chari;e of the N;ival Di'partment, who lived in a i)\' one dien, as far as the e.\p(Miditnre of lm]ierial mom-y is concerned. .\fl '!• K iii'.;Moii h.-ld I ecu seleclcd as a militarv .-tation, it iiatin-ally yrew more rapidly TIu' j)reseMce ol' ilie soldiers mid of seamen, and th.-ir I'xpenditiire ol ?noney, had the elVect i>\' startini;; • V, and sought his ;j.Miliernalorial reiidcnce a! Xewark, it into (|iiirl;(>r life, the infant town; ImH wlivii Sinn II) .1 it I received a m.'itena! idieck i in il ■■ o'row I li. Ik iiiii' l!i ar;re' colU>c- lion of hoiise.N in I'pper Canada, Kiii^siun had claims, irrespeetivi; of the e.\i:>teiice o|' i!ie (wo arms of the service. During' the first, 'lecad(> in the hisiory of Cpper Canaila. Kinu'ston honoun sdineliiiie-', with thi^ appellation of •• (ity, Uocliefoucaiilt ay: IT'.t."), ihal Kiii-j'st on . i . I ! 'I' M ■ ' 1 -: I m- 428 KINGSTON IN 1705. Vii . ! ;j- ;■ t • y:^ " consists of about 120 or 30 houses. The ground in the imniodiate vicinity of the city, rises with a /;ontki swell, and forms, from the lake onwards, as it were, an amphitheatre of lands, cleared, but not yet cultivated. Nonci of the buildings are distinguished by a more handsome appearance from the rest. The only structure, more conspicuous than the others, and in front of which the English flag is hoisted, is the barracks, a stone building surrounded wivu pali- sade's. All tho houses stand on the northern bank of the bay, which stretches u mile further into the country. On tho southern bank are tho buildings belonging to tho naval force, tho wharfs, and the habitations of all the persons, who belong to that depart- ment. The King's ships lie at anchor near those buildings, and consequently have a harbour and road separate from tho ])ort for merchantmen." "Kingston, considerod as a town, is much inferior to Newark; the number of houses is nearly equal in both. Kingston may con- tain a few more buildings, but they are neither so largo nor sogootl as at Newark. Many oi them are log houses, and those which consist of joiners' work, are badly constructed and painted. IJut few new houses are built. No town-hall, no court-house, and no prison have hitherto boeii constructed. The houses of two or three merchants are conveniently situated for loading and uidoadiiig ships; but, in point of constructure, these are not better than the rest. '• Kingston seems better fitted for a trading town than Newark, wore itonlyfor this reason, that the ships, Avhich arive at the latter place, and are freighted for Lake Erie, pass by tho former, to sail again uj) the river as far as Queen's Town, where the portage begins." Cooper renuirks that " Fort Frontenac existed for several j'cars after the conquest, the remains of the tower in the interior beiiii;,' removed in 1827. The present liarracks were built, the officers' quarters in 1821, the men', ^^tone barracks in 1827, and the fi-ame barracks in 1837. At the c nmencementof tho war in 1812, Point Henry, the site of the present extensive military works, was covered with trees; in the following year a I'ude fort of logs and embankment was thi'own up. A year or two after its ereetion two large and substantial stone towers were added to the defences, they were lofty, square towers, rounded at the cornerr These remained until 182t! or '28. Stone magazines, ordnance offices, and armoury were built outside the fort during the years 181G, "17 and 'IS. fl'i^: NEW DEFENSES. 429 Extensive stono biiiTuckn, roofed with tin. \vci*o built botwoen 1818 and 1820 ; one of those within tlie fort wiw 230 feot in length ; another building which Htood where the advunood battery luis since been built, waw 80 feot in length, and formed the oflBcers' quart >r«. "Those barracks stood until 1841, when they were pulled down and the material sold. Two large houses in Brock Street, and one in Barrack Street, were built from the stone, which, it may be remarked in passing, s not the ordinary blue limestone in general use, but a much whiter material, apparently not so durable. The erection of the present fort was commenced in 1832, several pre- vious yoai's having been spent in tlie quarrying and preparing material. It was first, occupied in 1830. On Point Frederick the lirst works were a breastwork of logs and enrtli, with traversing platforms for guns; within the breastwoi-k was a block house. These works wore built during or just after the war ; this block house was burnt in the year 1820. There were also built, about the same time, a block house suroundctl with a strong stockade on the hill on Princess Street, on the lot tiirmerly owned by the late Mr. Jacob Bitter ; a small redan on Ordnance Street; a battery at Mis- 8i^;saHga Point ; a block house near the present Marine Railway ; one on Stuart's or Murney's Poiiit ; anotlicr at Snake Island ; one which stood until recently, near the present new court house, with tiiose now stnnding, r)ne ot'them on the hill tt' the east of the city, and the other at the west end of Wellington Street. These block houscc, oxci'pting, of course, that on Snake Island, w»mv all con- nected by a strong stake fence, or stockade ; portions of which still exist, and formed u chain of defences surrounding, what was then, the whole city," From the first, it will be seen that the village of Kingston was to a great extent indebted to iho puldic service for its ]»rospority. Isaac Wild, writing in 1796. says that from (iO to 100 men are <|uartered in the barracks. |! i 430 SPKCITLATION. IIAlTKIl XLVIII. CoNTKMs — 'J'lie xitimtion «ii . iriKHto" — Under military inflncncv — Monopolist— Kiirly liiKtory of Icfjislntion — In IHIO — (iourlay'M Ntatonit-nt — Policf Modern KingHton— Lord Sydi'iiliani — Scut of j^ovfrnnient — I'crninliiilHtiiiK SurrouiiilinK country — ProviHioiiH — An appeal for Kinfffton as capital — JJarriefu 1(1 — l'ittslinr};li — Unildinvc of nnmll craftH — FainouH — Uoiuls— Waterloo — C'emetry — Portsmouth — Kingston Mill — Littlu Ciitaraqui — Col- liiisliy — Quantity of Jand — Karly and influential inliiil)itimts — Post masters — " Honoralilff men '— Deacon, Macatilay, Cartwrigiit, Markland, (^immings, Sinitlis, Kerhy — Allen McLean, tirst lawyer — A gardener— Slierin McLean — '• Chrys Hjigerman—C'nstums — Sampson, shooting u smuggler— Hagerman, M.I' I'. — lJemo\ is t<> Toronto. THE FIRST TOWNHIHl'- -EVKNT8 IN ITS EAELY IIISTORV. It must In' mlmitlcd, tlio place did not possesH from its fjcoogru- phical HitiiHlioii the requisites ibr becoming' a groat city, nlthougli its Hituation at the head of the St. Lawroncc, vould always secure for it a certain degree of i;i)))Oi'iaiict'. There are evils iiiciilent to places, dejieiidiiig upon the iniliiary and naval bodies, and these can be seen in conneelion witli tiie hisiory of Kingston. Anything Avhich drew awa}' for a time, to any extent, either arm of the service, had u damaging cHeel ujion the prosjteril}', and stagnation resulted in business. I' iriy Kingston must be j-egarded as a town glowing uj) in the back woods, with a pO])ula(ion governed and inliuenced more or less by the .'^oeiety of oHIeers and s(ddiers, and while the former gave dignity and tone to the higlier classes, the lower portion of Hociety was conespondingiy and for evil, alfected by the jjresonei of llie soldier.-i. with tlie nnniei-ous grogeries. and low hotiscs oC ontertainmenis, wliich parliculai'ly in formei- days, were found to exist in connection with mililar\' establishments. In the tirst years of Canada, speculation was common willi a certain class. Land claims could be purchased for a mere song The holder of a "location titdcet," would often part with his title Cor a few (^uarl^ of rum, while many other holders wore glad to sell for a few j.ounds ol" ready money, or certain articles of stock. It came that in time, a certain number of monopolists, living at Kingston, held land in the i-ear concessions and neighboring townships. The Im])erial mom-y in Kingston was often spent .without con- tributing to the iiuprovemont of the adjacent country. But the time came when the encircling settlers comi)ellod a more generous coursi' of conduct. m !i , IN 1810. 481 opoliot — -Poliix'— iiliitliin — tiiiiitul — - Uoiuls-— llUl- -Col- itrt — Tost Miivkliinil, jiiirti'iit'i"— looting ii RY. H gcogni- hougli it!^ ^(.'curo for to plac'i'S. '80 t'un be ing whicli rvifc. liiul rortuUod in ■ uj) in tlu' more or fornier lortion of j)iH'scnoi houses of Ibimtl to ninii witli mire song is title lor to sell for It cuiiie Kingston lips, hout . But the (' generous The con- But, much obscuritj' rests upon the history of the first seven or ten yourH of the village of King.ston. The ort'ort has been made to gather up the fragments partaining thereto, and arrange then> so aH to tbrm a connected whole. Cooper says that "the town was laid out in 17013, being tiien confined to what is now the eastern portion in the vicinity of the Tete du Pont barracks, and what was tlion K-nown as the Cataraqui Common, lots 25, 24, 23, on which is situated the chief jtart of tlie city, were then farm lots of 200 acres each, anil uncleared," Acconling to the census roll in tiie otlice of the i-lerk of the peace 1704, the population of ('atara«nii village was :J4r». It would f*cem that the appearance of the village was nol very j'leasing. But the surroundings had a certai.-i wild Itcauty. The tirsi buildings were of the most inlorior kind. Kingston now so beautiful in its fine buildings and well up))oinled streets, had in its lirst days but the humiilesl of log tenements, with the nid Ihoro at the lime says thciv was nol a sidewalk or jtavement, and he for a time boarded in one of several log houses close by the market place, " where was no lack of miul in the spring and fall, and it was no uncommon thing for waggons to bo pried out by fence rails jusi nos'th of the market place. J'ine trees of the forest yel waved almost over the market place. A thick wood covered Point Henry, and the ground, where now is erected St. Andrew'* Church and parsonage. The limit of the town on the north was at Store Street, now Princess, the ]n>^ hou.se being on the north ;. '1 \f'l l.ltras, ,.-•'■ u ■ 432 IN 1H15-29. onst side, Alcott's o\^ store, a\A on tlio west side whore Mr. Mea- dows now reHide8. Tlio road, foi- it was then mieh onl}* nfter piiHs- ing, AI:'ott's turned to the riij;l>t, antl went n zigzag eoiirse north- waixltt, till it reached the second conce.Hsion, now Waterloo road. This was a distanee of five miles from the foot of Store Street." A resident writing to the Khujiiton GuMtc, December 2(3, 1815, among other things, sjiys that the town of Kingston, " possessing so many advantages, it is time that its inhabitants should julopt sonic ])lan of improving and emhellishing of it. The streets require very great repairs, as in the rainy seasons it scarcely jtossilde to movo about without being in mud (o the ankles: from the breadth, they will admit of very wide loot-paths on both sides, which ought to be paved, at least in every part of the town where the buildings are connected. Lamps are required to light the streets in the dark of the moon. Trees should be jdunted on each side. The sivectN should be kept free of lumber of ev m'v kind, and piles of wood. A lire engine, with a certain nunilu r of buckets, with a company ot firemen should exist. Hut arsi ih legislatur'" must form a code et laws, forming a complete )iolice. To meet expiiiHc, govcri\n\ent might lay a rate upon evi-ry iiilia'ii(ant hoii>;ehol(Iei- in ju-oportion to value of pro]ierty in bouse." Another corresjiondent Mnn «** Hvuirely Vo be worthy of n<>se early dayn. [t will uot, however, be inappropriate to glance, and it will be a »«*•« glance at the Kii.gston of modern days. The greate-tt event in toiineetion with Kingston, was the selection by Fjord Hydenham, when the Upper and Lower Provinces wi'iv united in 184t», into one, for the capital of Uniteil (Junada. Its claim to that honor) as tile mo.st eentral city cann()t U; (juestioncd. I( may fairly be (pios- lioned on the other band whotlier it was a wise and judicious policy, which caused Kingston to be forsaken, and ft he poramltulatory system to be subMtituted. Had tho Seat of erious etToct on the minds, and perhaps digestion ot somo of the officials of llor Mnjesiy's Provincial (Jovernmenl, and somo ]»eoplo at a distance are |)im- sUJwUd thai Kingston is a city built on a rock, suvroundtHl with barren and stoney wilds, out of which a bare existence is wrung by tho occupants, and but a scanty supply aifordcd to tho City, and in deference to those thus unenlightened, facts aro dwelt on wliicli may seem trivial to those in the least acquainted with tho neigh- borhood. Since 184r», when tho (Jovei-ni icnt was removed td Montreal, this City has greatly increased in the number of well built and commodious houses, which, with a well rogidat^il and well supplied market, tempting the most fastidious, would prevent oven tho temporary inconveniences which in that year wore felt. If any families had to adopt double-bedded rooms, and to import their own celery in those days, we can now aBsure them ^tms avous changes tout cela.' In short wo claim for a City central, in- deed almost in tho very centre of tho Province to bo governed, proverbially healthy, substantially built, strongly fortitiod, well lighted, thoroughly drained, pleasantly situated, abundantly tmp plied, easy of access, the focus of a net-work of good road.s, tho out- lot of tho produce of several rich countries, provided with a good harbour, and enjoying many other advantages, a prc-emincnci' among all Canadian Cities, as tho permanent Seat of the Govern- ment of the Province." Tho existence of the Seat of C-rovcrnmont at Kingston, although of short duration, had a i»encficial effect ; many handsome buildings were erected bosicios those nsed for tho several Public Depart- ments. " The Municipal Legislature f)f the CSty was encoura5;»l to make improvements in streets, drainage, side-walks, and other- wise, and to erect the present handsome and expensive edifice, the City Hall and Market House, though not so useful as it would have been hatl the Government remained here. Tho whole building is occupied, and produces a revenue exceeding in amount the rntewsi oo its cost. On the whole it may fairly be «>nwdcred that Ap (I roforriiij; ^ of tiuintc (iH wunt«,hp ipeiUitiR atur;u|ui Mriilm', wliicli .s|it(iiH tin- ^ival Cataraciui Uivorcoiinoct.H Kingston with tlu'Towiihiiipor l'ittsliiiri;li. tliDori^iMi ot'wiiicli naiiio iMsjifHcicnlly wolj iiidiciitod. <'l<),«*o bv, is tlir villaf^oofUurriofioI'l. "iiaiuod after ('i>tiimiKloro llnni*'. wlm wn.s liciid oftho Naval Departinont lur many 3'oars." " It liinn.'^ai sort olMibiirb to the city, and though not a ])laci' oC much incrcuM', has btHMi hm^ bottled. Jt has an elevated ground, and from it thi' visitor (ditaiiis a very favorabli' and jdoaHing view of Kiun'ston. with is h"'-bor.s. Ibrtw aiul towers. At JJarrietield, arc imill the best small crans. skitl'is, and j)lca.surc boats in use throughoiii the Provinci'. Tlu'v ui'O Nont Jtence to all part<4, and tlieir character and build arc well known to the aquatic uportsman. and a natenr mariner. Not only ill the Province, but abroad, those boats arc hom^l^Iu after, and in use, some of them being now afloat on IIk* Lake of (icncva. 'I'lie King- ston, Pitts I mrgh, and (iaiuuioquc, and the Jungston and Phillips- villo Maciuiami/.ed lioad.s run through tin's township, ojiening up tlio township beyond, and atlording to the settle" a ready access to a novor-failing market, Wiiliin this township, are upwards of thirty-eight miles of thoroughly macadamized roads, besides gooil country rootls to and between the concessions. That part of Pitts- burgh where Barriefield tttands, and for about two miles eastward, was formerly part of the townsldj) of Kingston. Wlien the site of tho Town of Kingston was first selected, tlie spot where tins village is situated wjw suggentod, but was overruled in tiivor of the present locality of Kingston, which certainly offered greater :ulvantages for the site of a city." Kingston Township contains, not only the city of that name, but various villages ; " one of the nearest to that city is that of Waterloo, a, very pretty ai;d neat little hamlet, abotit tluve miles frorrt town. It contains about iJOO inhabitants, and has its Town Hall, Church, Stores, Inns, &c," "In tho neighborhood of this village, is the Cataiwjui Crmctcry, laid out on a rising ground crowned by a grove of small pine trees. Much care and skill in landscape gardening has Injcn displayed in rendering the ground picturesque and ])loaKing ; a tine niul extended view of tho surrounding cotmtrj', and a pretty glimpse of the Bay is obtained from the Cemetery grounds. This spot is not excelled in beauty and appi*opriatenc8s, by anything in the Province, and is compared by travelers, who view it,, to Greenwood Cemetery, in :!' J it ., a ■ ^^^R |. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) ■i fe ^ ^"41. .v<^!V f ^.r 1.0 1.1 1.25 |^|Z8 §2.5 |io ■^" Hri^i - lis lllllio 1.8 U III 1.6 6" p>. / %■ ^ ''<"" % A^y '/ /A Photographic Sciences Corporation \ •S5 <^ [V 23 WEST MAIN STREbT WEBSTER, N.Y. 145S0 (716) 873-4503 6^ ,( it m'i 11 "1 f^'' <•'■ 436 FIRST POSTMASTERS. Brooklin, N. Y. It covers some sixty-five acres of land, and when ornamented by such numerous and elegant monuments, as the living have erected to ♦mark their respect to the beloved dead in older places of sepulture, will be unsurpassed by the oldest and most beautiful cemeteries known." " Portsmouth is another village, about equi-distant from Kingston with Waterloo, lying westwanl on the Lake shore ; it was at one time, a very bustling spot, and much enterprise was evinced in ship-building. It suffered, for a time, from the withdrawal of the Seat of Government, and the construction of the St. Lawrence canals, but has now recovered its former prosperity, which promises to continue. The ship-building business has revived, and is carried on with energy and success. In its neighborhood are several handsome houses and villa-residences: the surrounding country offering very inviting spots for building. It contains about 350 inhabitants, and a large amount of rateable property, and has an exceedingly neat unique little Church, in old English style, with a belfry." Portsmouth is now united to Kingston, by the erection of building? between them. Within the Township of Kingston, about five miles from the city; is the old " Kingston Mill." It is situated upon the Eideau Canal. The traveler, as he }»asses along by train, over a tubular bridge, will be struck by the beauty and grandeur of the scene. (For particulars, see "Early Years of Upper Canada."; Little Cataraqui is a stream of small dimensions, confined to the township. Jn addition to the Little Cataraqui stream, there is run- ning across the township, the Collins Creek, so named after Siu-- veyor Collins. Not far from its source, in tlie north east part of (he township, is a small, pleasant lake, of the same name, while, at its mouth, is Collins' Bay. This is a beautiful inlet of the Bay Quinte. and forms a good harbom-. The place is knowna8Collinsby,andis situated about five miles west of Kingston. The quantity of land in the township, is about 47,906. The soil is principally clay upon a limestone foundation ; but still there is much of it capable of bearing good crops, to the careful and scientific farmer. Thomas Deacon, father of the present Post Master, was Post Master ft*om 1800 to 1836, when his duties in the Commissariat Department obliged him to resign that olflce. The Hon. John Macauley occupied the post from 1813 to 1836, when he resigned, and wasBUcceoded by the present incumbent, Robert Deacon. .1' CHARACTER OF THE FIRST INHABITANTS. 437 id, and when , as the living lead in older !mt and most iistant from shore ; it was e was evinced withdrawal of St. Lawrence ,'hich promises , and is carried »d are several nding country tains about 350 ty, and has an ih style, with a the erection of miles from the »on the Eideau over a tubular r of the scene. [inada." ) I, confined to the ,m, there is run- imod after Siu-- east part of the ne, while, at its the Bay Quinte, |CollinHby,andis ht 47,906. The , bixt still there Itho careful and "We will supplement the reference we have made to the leading men of Kingston, by giving extracts from u communication wo have, at the last moment received, written by one who, now well advanced in life, spent his earlier years of manhood in Kingston, when the first inhabitants were in the afternoon of their life. The Hon. K. Cartwright, the pioneer merchant, and Judge of Mecklenburgh, seems to have stood next in importance and influence to the Eev. Mr. Stuart. "Among the prominent merchants was Thomas Markland, John Cummings, Peter Smith, John Kirby, and John Macaulay." They were "all honorable men,'' and " Tiembers of the English Church," and of undeviating loyalty. Mr. Mark- land left a son. John Cummings left no issue. He was a man of '' great energy ; a magistrate, and filled other offices under the Government." Peter Smith was " highly respected, upright in all his dealings, and free from any moral or political reproach." '• A fine specimen of an English gentleman." He " carried with Inm evidence that he was no stranger to good diimers, and understood the qualities of good wine." He died at an advanced age, 1825, leaving a son and two daughters. " John Kii'by was another fine specimen of an Englishman. He loved good wine and good dinners. Extremely affable, always in good humor, universally respected. His highest ambition, in tlio evening of his days, seemed to bo the enjoyment of domestic tran- quility, and a quiet home, made liappy to him by a wife of rare sense, intelligent, and possessed of jnuTiy amiable accomplishments." The Hon. John Macaulay had a well disciplined mind, possessed great energy of character, and was decided in his political opinions no doubt, from conscientious motives. In his business transactions "he was scrupulously exact." " Extremely temperate in his habits. Was one of those who passed through life witliout exposing them- selves to the obloquy of their political opponents. Allen McLean, Esq., the first Lawyer of Kingston ; created such by an oider in Council. His " abilities were moderate," and "his original educa- tion defective." " A man of considerable taste, modest, dignified in his deportment. For many years, was the only legal adviser in the place. He was a faithful representative in Parliament for many years. Was liberal in his iwliticalj opinion;:!." "As proof of his good taste, he was proprietor of one of the best gardens in the Province. It covered one acre of ground, and contained many choice fruit trees, such as apples, plums, pears, peach, dtc, — all tastefully arranged, kept in prime order, and defended from th« It I 9 ■It PVI • i\4 \h. : ' i :♦ SHOOTING A SMUQGLAR. wind by a liij*)! wall. Ho took an honest pride in showing his p:ardon to Iuh fViendrt wlx) called n])()n him, and was not stinted in distributing its luoious products." Mr. McLean left one dauglitor, who l)eoame the wife of John ^fcLean, Esq., Sheritf of the Midland Pistrict. Christopher Hagernian residedlbr many years in King- slon. "Was, for many years, Custom lloiiso Officer, and while so, one of his students (Mr. Samson, afterwards of Belleville) detected a man, by the name of Lyons, in the act of carrying; smuggled goods, and ordered him to stop. ()n his refusing to do so, Mr. S. discliarged his pistol, wiiich tooiv effect, the ball passing through the elu'st. Lyons i-iishcd to his house, a few doors off, and fell exhausted fi-oni loss of blood. .Mr. Samson, friglitened at what he had ^ was despaired of for many days; but, eventually, he grew bi'iter, and gained a modenile degree of health. It is creditable to .Mr. JIagerman, that he cheerfully ])ai(l the medical attendants. Mr. llagernian represented Kingston in ParliaiiKiM several years, lie ren\oved to Toronto, a few years prcviuus to ilie reludljon of IS^Jt], KIN(i» ROYAL RA.NQEB6. 439 CHAPTKR XLIX CosiKNTti — TIiu si'coi'i tdwii — r,iii(-st!i tuwii — Kiiii,- *; oifjc — His ( liildrcu— Settlers of i;rt;ei ttowii — nislmnilcfl suldiei-v — IcIiiisoh'r retriiiiriit — ^Iiiior RojferH' eovpK — Tli . •' KoH " — Nnnilier — My ulioiii enlisted — An old Imol,- — 'rowusliip surveyed — Sr:tflii!^ — Tr.-u 'lint; — Livint; in tints — A eiian^^v' — Oflicers — Xetn'"— (i(eniirints(f!otf--Mill Creek — 'riird'-;''eniliint«— i.iii.-ititil y of land — Villnue — Tlte settlers in 181! — 'I'le' iiinin roiul — In''ortior!ition of Ijii.tli — 'riiidin.'i — I'iiirlield — Tlio libiaiy — Jintii by (loiiriay — ilitth of lite present- TmMi I'ersiis Xapin.':; — In 1S12 — Ann^riean l''U'.t — ^^'ond' 't'lil ii('liieve!ri!>)it — Safe dist?nei> from sliori'-.-'I'liird to'.vnsliip — l'rederi(;l;sl)ni!;l) — Afli.r Duk- ('f Snsse:. — Surveyed liy Kotii- — A |v!-oniise to tln^ disliiniilid soldii rs--.!oIi'!-(in — Kredir:( k--ii;ir.t,'l) iiddiiioiial — V (iispnte — (Jnantity of land — Kxtraet from Mr-;. Moodi^' — KeHcrv'' for vil!a;j:e — Second survoys-. Tif K SKCONl) T< IWNSITI V — ERNKSTTi i\V.V — BATH 'I'lio lirst (iwnship was iininc'l after His Mnjosty, the Kiny^'s Town, iiiid all of the o'her tiAv;iships. both n|)oii the St. Liuvreiico :md Hay (Juiiite, received imr;es after (li!itii)sitioii. King f Jeorge tlie TJiird, who died ill 182(1. aged eighty-two, having reigned sixty yearn, had a family Ml fifteen eliildren. wliot^e naiin's were (leorge, Frederieiv, William Henry, (!harlotte Angusla .Matilda, Kdward, Sophia Angii.sta, Elizabeth, Firmest .■Vngustus. Augustus Frederick, Adi)Iphus JVed- erick, Mary, So))hia, Oelaviiis, Alfreil, Amelia. The^e royal names were appropriated to the townships, towns, districts, &e. Frnesttown was so named after Earnest Augustus, tho ciglith iliild of the King. The first townsliip. we have seen, was cliiefly granted to Captain UrasH and the band of loyalists who came from New York nnon the front, while the rnnk anil tile took possession of the rear lots. Anuwq: the otiicers who settled on tlu' front of Knu'sttown and Frederick.'^hnrgh, may be founil the names of Lieut. Church, Lieut. Sjiencer. Capts. Crawford and Tliom]tson, Ensign Fraser, Cajit. Howard. .According to John Collins Clark. son of -Robert Clark, the first lots were taken up in the following order, commeJu*ing at the easternmost lot. No. 42: Lot 42 was tirst occupied by David I'urdy ; Joshua Booth. Esi^., married to a daughter of David Fraser, lived on LtU 40 or 41 ; JLr. Nicholas Lake, Lot 39, but soon left it ; Lot 3s was settled by Caj^t. Wm. Johnson; William Fairlield, sen., Lot ;'7. He had twelve children, all of whoin lived to marry. Daniel Hose commenced a settlement on Lot 30. but in a few years left, .and removed to the third concession. Matthias Rose, sen., settled on Lot 35, he died in his 90th year. Lot 34 and east lialf of 33, were settled by Hobert Clark, Esq. Ifis wife was a Ketchani, tliey had five sons and a dauQ-hter; ho died at the a"o of 80 years. His eldest son. IMatthias, had twelve sons. West half of Lot 33 was occupied by John Long, well. The east half of Lot 32 was first owned by John Sayer; the west half by Simon Swarts. Lot 31 was school land, first occupied by Michael Phip})s and William Sole. East half of Lot 29, ownod by H Genr-nn named Gedd, west half occupied by Daniel Fraser, Esq.. though not the first settler on tliat lot. Seba-stian Hogle, Jol\fi Lakei m\ THK LAND. 448 and John CuIdwoH scttlt'tl Lots '27 iitul :JS, Init soon ronioved hack into th«> conci'ssiouH. ,);iint>s Purrot. K-«|., ;i h!\lt'-)i!!y oHiccr, Bottled Lot. -'() ; ho ;tftorw!ird sohl this \o\ lo Adam Stanrinsr. t'roni tho Mohawk llivor. Tho noxt soltha-:, oontinuinjif westwHtd, wore .laooh Minor. I'rcdoriok Hakor, WiLrant (Liifhoran clor'jryniaii), John Mahoo, Josoj'li Hull' a wa^'u^on inakor, Ad mi IVat. a tailor. Nicholas Anipy. Simon Snidov. David Williams. i>onornlly cailod Sorujoant Williams, a hlaoksmith. Joseph Losoo. Lionl. John Dnsonbury. Lieut. Host soon loft, and Diisonlmry died. Lot, 19, has lattorly been partially laid out into village lots, .and a number of build- ings erected. L(H ly \v::s a (Tovernmont mill lot. It was leased for sonic year.", by Joshua Booth. From iho nund)or of mills subfieciucntly erected on tho stream, that i-mpliis hero, it obtained the name of '• Mill Crook.'" l.o! 17, nettled by William Cottier which was afterward invnod by -\. .1). l''ow:ird. Tliore were several occupants of the noxt lot ; anil the noxt was settled by l>risco. and the next l)y Ifichard Roi>ins. 'J'hen cmpic oi-'" by John (Teorrfo. Lot 1 1, now ;i part of Bitb. \\,',s owned by (TOori;v Mct-!innis. a half-pay oiHcer, who sold to Fairtiold. Xo. Ut. on which is situated most of tin- vil- lace of Bath, was occuinrd iiy John I'avy. No, !) wa;* owned by , lames Johnson, f;Ulior of the celebrated '■ Bill " Johnson, the traitor of lsI2. Tlio next was settled by Jej.tha ILimley. Ks(|. Westwaol lived .^^:'.tt^.!■)s Rose, William llo.^e, Wilcox, Shibloy. 'hen Finkle, Bri.sco, lluirmai), Fruyn. Williams. (. liurch. i*tc. As a piener.'il lhini;"i the sons of the iirst settlors, soltled in tho nar concessions. At the present time, says C'ark. thovo arc not ni<»ro than 10 or TJ of the farms on the front owned by the descendants of the oriiiinal settleis. The townshiji of Kriie-^ttown cont.'iins (;s,rt4-t- acres, all of which is excellent land with the least t'xco]>lion, so that the pioneers wore not the losers in having this townsliip iilloltod to them instead of Kintrston. However, at that time (ho dist.atice from Carleton Tsland .lud Cataraijui seemed considor;ible. The land lieimr j^ood, and the settlers industrious, as a o-eneral thiuij'. tho time was not lon«r, when the townshi}> became tho best cultivated, and most wealthy, not alone around ;he B.ny of Quint o but in the whole of Western Canada. The richness of the soil, and lying more immediately at the month of the Bay. contributed to its ]>rosperity, and a villaQ;e before many ycnrs sprunc: ujt, wliich for a lime rivalled even Kingston it.self, in respect to rapid increase of inhabitants, the establishment of tnido. building of ships, and from the presence of gentlemen of reiinement and edu- cation, and in the foundation of a library and a semimiry of higher education. } - 1 ¥ r '1 i il't :f I ; 444 BATtl. I. Gonrlay says, in 1811, that " llie Ht'ttlors nris most of them prac- tical huMbamlnu'ii. Their fnniis are avoU fi>nce; iiort..orly. Oiio of lliosf cross stroots is ooiitiiniCMl through till' coiu'CNsion, nnd I'oniis thiit lirniicli ol' tho niniu roinl whicli |KiHsc'8 roinul the Uiiy of (.iniiitc Oti tlic I'list side of this ■tri't't, jit tlu' most «'k'vnt»'(l point, stands tin- fhuroli, mid on the oppo- Bite side is the iieadeiny. nvcrlookinix the vilinge, nnd coninuuKlini; n variegated prospect of the harbour, the sound, the adja<'ent isiiind, the outlets into tlie open lake, and the shores stretching eastward and westward, witli a line landscape vii-w of the conntry all around. The situation is healthy and delight fnl, not snipavscd perhaps in natural advantages by any in America. The village is increasing in buildings, accommodations, inhabitants, and business, and Heems cal- culntod to be the central point of a jiojnilons and productive tract of country around it." A stranger visiting Bath to-day, Juiving roiwl of its early and enterprising days, will not unlikely led a pang of disappointment. Wo are sorry to mxy that the j)laee presents a tumbling-, to uccommoduto what was then the large.st Free Mason lodge in the province, has a largo rent In it, as if an enemy's cannon hall had penetrated and shattered it. Prominently situated it attracts great attention. The quietness of the place reminds on© of (xoldsmith's deserted village. Within our own recollection, ship building was carried on here , but now nothing indicates the place of busy enterprise ; there is nothing but the plain unbroken beach, whei-e was constructed the first steamboats built in Upper tJanada. The literary spirit that led to the establishment of a library herejat an early date, we tear has departed — gone with the spirit of those who nobly conceived the project — gone as lawyers Macauiay, Fairfield, and liidwell, who here entered upon promising careers of profossionsl usefulness. The glory of Bath has not ceased to depart; year after year it has lost some element of importance to its existence. The rich country around for many years poui-ed into this charmitig village ita ever increasing supplies. The merchants of Bath exchanged goods for the produce, nnd became rich ; but now, Napance, afford- ing a greater variety of the necessaries and luxuries for family use, draws a large majority ol the well to-do j-eomon, who there spend their money. Occasionally, a grain buyer may be able to offer a little higher price here, yet the farmer takes his money to spend in Napanec. Times, indeed, have cliangod since the denizens of Bath regarded their village as a rival of Kingston ; when enterprise sought hero a larger field in which to drive busi- i n . ■ i ■'{ 1 " h 'if; iliil 446 t'HKDKKICKt^mrROII. f '^' no8H, and men of t'diicutiuii addriRMl socioty, aiul ^avo rotlnemcnt uiid nu|KM'ior iidviintauos (o its poopU'. TImmi Napanco waH in tho backwoods — a ]tla(i' ri-j^arded as \vi; do now tlio woltlemcnlH upon tlio llastinf,'"^ Jload ; and thoso avIjo lived th('»'o wore iTniov«>d from the c'oMir*' i)f oiviiizution. ]}iil now tlio iron hortio spocdH alonran8, who y enquired » thcvt nhc while they I lor lather, gun. But i pasBod on ) Kingston. Bovonty-six, ng Bunlighl. ad 8tol«n in ctuallj had Davy. hip of Fred- LOOfSusBCX, )rcser\'ed in ^4 by James Bd, the third led a slight twenty-five this extent [a numbered townships. Lents of Sir ie had been Lives. The FUEIiEaiOKHBURnll ADDITIONAL. m result MUM, tiiat tlic wishen .1 :i iii'ii; 1 -• ■/ 1.' lil y I J i 'I'! *i 450 LANDING. It is a ctirious fact, fully atteHted by the Allison's, the Hover's and others, that as the batteaux slowly wended their way along the shore, having passed thc|mark which indicated the boundary of the Third Township, several of the passengers, gazing upon tho woods, expres!>"d a wish toposKJds certain places, according to the fancy of each; and, strangely enough, tho Cole's, the Hover's, the Allison's, the Euttan's, and others, did actually come respectively into possession, by lot, in accordance with their previously expressed wish. Tho company had reached the land whereon they were to work out their future existence. The writer has driven upon the ice along the Bay, following, it must have been, almost the way taken by this party, as they landed. They passed along the present Adolphustown wharf, westward nearly half a mile, and rounded a point known as Hagerman's Point. Here a small, but deep stream empties itself, having coursed along a small valley, with sloping sides, in a westerly direction. They ascended this creek for nearly a quarter of a mile ; and proceeded to land upon its south side. Between the creek and tho bay is a pleasant eminence ; it was upon its slopes the settlers, under VanAlstine, pitched their tents. The boats wei'O hauled up ; and among the trees, the white tents were duly ranged. Thus housed, and thus far removed from the busy haunts of men, this community continued to live for many days. Steps were taken at an early day to draw lots for land. As so much of the township was washed by the waters of the bay, there was not the same anxiety among the settlers with respect to the decision of the ballot. Every one drew his number, with one exception, and this was a notable one, as indicating the noble feeling of brotherhood which lived in the breasts of the noble band of refugees. The exception was not in favor of tho person in com- mand, or a particular friL.nd. Mr. Cole had expi'essed a liking for the tirst lot, now known as Cole's Point, and he, having a large family and consequently more anxious to get on his land, and get settled for the winter, and the land ready for the next summer, was immediately, by universal consent, put in possession of the lot ; and he even that year raised some potatoes. In addition to the 200 acres granted to each of the company, there was a town plot, consisting of*300 acres, regularly laid out into town lots of one acre each, and one of these was granted to each of tho settlers. This plot thus surveyed, it was believed in time would become the site of a town. io Hover's ' along the [ary of the the woods, tie fancy of 3 Allison's, ively into expressed ey were to n upon the ,8t the way r the present I rounded a deep Htream ivith sloping ek for nearly ( south side. ; it waH upon . tents. The ^e tents were •om the husy many days, and. As so he hay, there j-espect to the )er, with one , noble feeling noble band of irson in com- a liking for iving a lavge land, and get summer, was the lot; ami the company, |y laid out into led to each of Tin time would A RELIC. 451 While they were yet living in their tents one of their luiraber died, a child it is said by some. The «lead was burien, and the of no little ORIOINAL COURTS. 457 phustown, have gone to the Legislative Halls of Canada, Thomas Borland, John Eoblin, Christopher A. Hagorman, Paul Peterson, Dr. W. Borland, Willet Casoy, Henry liuttan, Samuel Casey, Ban'l Hagerman, Bavid Eoblin, John P. liobiin, who represented tho County of Prince for many years. The Hon. John A. M cBonald although not born here, spent his juvenile years, and attended tho common schools in Adolphustown. Now, we challenge any town- ship in tho Province, that has not a city or town connected with it, to turn out eleven members of Parliament, all of them U. E. Loyalists." Eoblin, who settled in the third concession, was elected three times to Parliament, in 1808, 1811, and 1812. At %st, he sat for two years ; but, when sent the second time, he was expelled, because he was a local Methodist Preacher. His constituents re-elected him, and again he was expelled, to be a third time elected; but he died before tho Parliament again met, on tho last day of February, 1813, aged 44. It was in tho year 1793, in the second Session of Parliament, that an Act was passed " to fix the time and place for holding the Courts of General Quarter Sessions of the Peace." The Act provided " that the Courts of General Quarter Sessions of the Peace for the Midland district of this Province, shall commence and be holden in Adolphustown, on the second Tuesday in the month of July, and on the second Tuesday in the month of January ; and in Kingston, on the second Tuesday in the month of April, and on the second Tues- day in the month of October." The other places were Michilmackinac, Newark, New Johnstown, and Cornwall. In this second year of Upper Canada, no mention is made of Toronto, nor yet of York. Where now stands the splendid Osgoode Hall, with its chaste and beautiful decorations ; and, indeed, now exists the whole of Toronto, with its unrivalled University building, its Colleges, its handsome Churches and elegant mansions was then a tangled forest, and, except an Indian path along the Don, marking a portage to Lake Siracoe and Fort Toronto, there was no indication of human existence. Moreover, about this time, upon the shores of Adolphustown was born Christopher Hagerman, who was destined to adorn the bar and grace the bench ; who saw arise the Courts of Law, the organization of the Law Society, and assisted to establisJi them at Toronto, where he spent his latter days, and where now his ashes repose. Among those who first came to Adolphustown are some who had seen service in an irregular way, as well as the refugees. The ilrl ; Hi :^ :: w^ u '' -i 1 ' ' :tl 1;. w \ 'i ift . 1 ^ ' Vh 1 K * ivl 458 MARY8BURGH. nanieH of some of them will be found amon^j; the loyal combatantH and loyalists. For several years, the families that eanie from the States would stop at the Fourth Township, where they would " work out," or take u farm on shares, or perhaps rent a farm, until they could find a suit- able place on which to permanently settle, in the back tOAvnshipH, such as Sophiasburgh, Ameliasburgh, Sidney and Thurlow. Tho ordinary terms for working a farm on shares was for the owner to furnish team, seed, &c., and take one-half of the produce when gatliered. Conrad VanDusen kept the first tavern west of Kingston, and at his house travelers up and down tho Bay would stop. Also, new comers to the Bay would here first tarry, until decided where to settle. ,■1 CHAPTER LI. CoxTKN'TS — Maryslmrfrl) — Oiifrin — Oun- |iiiH of a Sci):iiiorv — Survey — HcHsinns— Old map — TIk! lots — Oilicirs oi'SUli Uc^'t. — Oiit^iniil liuulowiu'rK — Indian I I'oint — McUdiincirs Cuvc — (iruK Hay — '■ Acioniiuoiliiting Hay" — •'Gammon Point ■' — Ulack Itivcr — " l.on^? Point" — llcscrves — C'ourr!<' pursiioil liy the Surveyor — Nnnilx r of lIe^^^;. It is more than likely tliat the extremity of Prince Edward Peninsula was frequently visited during the French occupancy of Frontenao. Inileed, it is quite ])robable that tho Seigniory granted to La Salle included a portion of the present township of Marys- burgh. And no doubt, the beautiful bay, long time called Soutli Bay, that is the body of water lying between Indian Point and Long Point, with Wappoose Island, was often visited during the American rebellion. The original surveyor, Mr. Collins, having been instructed to lay out a fifth township on the shores of the Bay, recognized the combatants tates would ,t," or take 11 tiiul a suit- I toAvnships, lurlow. The r the owner reduce when jngston, and . Also, new dod whereto fvey — Ht'Hrtiiins— ilowiuTH— Indian diy" •'Gammon jmrsucd 1>y the OS— Pisfontented yiilists— Ueoeivcd I— Squii-e Wright Istino— Bt'antiful I of Gloucester, 'rhu'O Edward , occupancy of Ignitn-y granted Chip of Marys- le called South ^iau Point and feed during the instructed to [recognized the LOTS IRREGULAR. 459 Bouth shore as a desirable place up(»n which to settle disbanded troops. The forked peninsula, with the coves, and the MlackKiver, supplied valuable facilities for the intending pioneer. The sur- veying was commenced in 1184, and finished in 'H5 or '86. Kofer- ring to the loyal combatants, it will be seen that the Foreign Legion composed of Hessians, and a few Irish and Scotch, had offei'ed, to such of them as desired to remain in Canada, grants of land. It was the Fifth Township in which the Government deter- mined the}' should be located. Having been staying in Lower Canada for a time, they ascended in batteanx in 1785, and, we believe, under the care of Archibald McDonnell, proceeded to occupy the township ; while the surveying was still going on along the bay. Great pains had been taken to secure a frontage upon the water either of the Bay Quinte, the South Bay, or Black Eivor. By referring to the oldest map of the township in the Crown Lands Department, it is found thai while most of the land was allotted to the Hessians, a considerable portion was taken up by commissioned and non-commissioned officers of the 84th Regt. By'looking at the map of Marysburgh, it will be seen that great irregularity exists in the formation of the lots, and it will be observed that great care has been taken to secure a frontage upon the water to as many lots as possible. This was, as elsewhere shown, to procure a water communication to the central points of the settlement; and as well facilities for fishing, to the settlers. By maps preserved in the Crown Land Department, it may be seen to whom was originally granted certain parts of the township, from the names written thereupon. The names of places are, as well, very suggestive. It would seem that Collins, as well as others, engaged in la3'ing out the townships, did not forget to make claim to eligible lots, hero and there, for himself. To these he was doubtless entitled, and acted no unjust part. At the extremity of what is now called Indian Point, but for- merly designated Point Pleasant, was a considerable tract of land which was not laid out into lots, but which has marked upon it, as the original owner. Surveyor John Collins. Subse»^uently, Collins conveyed it to Alexander Aitkins, a law^'cr. Proceeding uji the Bay of Q'linte, we come to a small cove, known now as McDonnell's Cove; but maps exist rpon which this is called Grog Bay, In the absence of fact, it may not be well to relate the traditionary origin of this name. It is sufficient to say that it most likely arose from the habit, then far more common than now, of visiting this place to 460 AROrND dOUTH BAT. !; I ;■■•■''!' fish, and drink ^ro^^f. Adjacent to thiH hay wns a lnrfj;o block of land granted to Arcliihald Mcl>onn«'ll. Upon tlio Houth Hhoro of I'oint Plcanant the water, now SmitirH Hay, is marked "Accommodating Bay." Wljen wo remember the great necewhity for each hi t tier to hnvo accosH to the water, and the conHtant courso jturwucd by tho surveyor to Hecuro it; wo have nodifflculty in arriving at the conclu- sion that this name aroHO from tho incroaacd facilities this indenta- tion of tho lake supplied, in this respect. Tho point of land strelcli- ing out between "Accommodating Hay" and Prince Edward Bay, and Black Uivor, a name duo to tho durk color of its water, which is north of tho furthermost point of the peninsula, is called " Gam- mon Point." This name was given, most likely from tho fnnciod resemblance it bore to a ham ; tho term gammon being tho word commonly usod by tho old .settlors for ham. Looking at tho hill from tho south-west, it does boar such a resemblance. Tho lots were surveyed with their front upon tho north shore of tho Black Kiver, and, then returning to tho water, and continuing towards the extremity of Prince Edward's Bay, tho lots were made to front upon tho water, making them angular with the others. At the very end of tho Bay, they are changed again, so as to have a front, at right angles with tho others. There are four of these lots. The surveyor had now reached the rock of "Long Point," as it is called, at the present day. Hero we tind, again, that tho lots front to tho north, upon Prince Edwaixl's Bay. Tho surveyor next pro- ceeded to survey tho base lino as far as Blutt' Point, and then return- ing, formed fifteen lots, which brought him to tho rear of those laid out at the head of the Bay. Ho then crossed over to tho Lake Shore, and commenced to survey westward. Tho point was then named " Point Traverse," from the fact, wo fancy, that the surveyor crossed here to continue his survey without laying out tho extre- mity of Long Point, which ottbrod no inducements for tho settlors. Upon Point Traverse, was sot apart a block of land, containing 2,500 acres, which is marked "Military Lands." Probably, with some idea of erecting hero some military post. Those were after- ^yard8 conveyed to " Capt. Joseph Allon." Upon the same map, in the Crown Lands Department, we learn that a block of land near Black Eiver, was or' finally granted to James Brock, Esq. To the wostof theflftoen'lots laid out at the neck of Point Traverse, and fronting upon the Lake, was a reserve for the Clergy. This seems to have been the extent of tho first survey in this section, t Returning to tho Bay of Quinte, we find that at this time lots )lock of limd »rc of I'oint oinmndiUing ch HI Itlor to Huod by tho at tho conclu- thi» iudonta- ' land strolcli- Kilward Bay, water, which ;alled "(jiam. a tho fnmied ing tho word ig at tho hill north ehoro of id continuing ots wero made he othorrt. At to have a front 1080 lots. The as it is called, lots front to ^or next pro- id then return- rear of those er to tho Lake »oint was then t tho Burvoyor )ut tho oxtro- the Bottlord. d, containing robably, with 80 were after- e same map, block of land |b Brock, Ksq. 'oint Traverse, Horgy. This this section. ;hi8 time lots )r ilRNHIANH. 401 wore laitl out along iho Nhioro wohIwui**!. \o witliiu tiUmi two inilos of iho Lako oit tho .Mounluiin. Tho land tlionco not boiiig uttraclivo, it waH not tlion survoyod. HuUociuontly wlion laid out, the lots wore placed at a KJi^'ht anglo with ilioHo to tho oast, in oinUm' to t'ront upon the Hay. Sixteen lotw brings us to tlio ontrunooof IMvlxtn May. A^aiii u cliango is found to taUo place, so thai tho lots may front upon tho oast shore of this bay. iSix lotn roach to the head of the bay, which appears to have boon the termination tor a time But subsequently, tho survey was continued, being slii;-btlyaltered, tliiit tho base line migiit follow tho old Indian ('Hi-rying I'laco. Thoro wore nine lots in this row. Turning to East Lake and West Lake, it will bo soon that tho lots wero arranged to front on either Hide, as well as at the ends. Tho time at whicii those lots mentioned wero surveyed, is somewhat uncertain, but ])robubly l)eforo 1786. It is impossible to state tho exact numl)or of Hessians who settled in Marysburgh ; but judging from accounts, and the names taken from the (trantee's list, it is surmised there were about forty. Unacquainted with tho English language, and uiuiccustomod to the profound solitude of tho forest, and tho flittings of tho dark-ski nod Indian, often in n state of semi-nudity, it is no reason for wonder, if the Hessians felt otherwise than contented in their wilderness home. Although upon the borders of a lovoly bay, rich in valuable fish, thoy wore ignorant of tho mode of catching them ; and, when the Government supplies, which wore continued to them, as to tho other sottlex*s for three years, was withdrawn ; although this valu- able article of diet was at their very door, thoy wero exposed to the terrors of actual starvation. Even during the time that rations were to be given them, it is related they were often in want. A dark tale of cupidity, and heartless carelessness on the part of officials, to whom wore entrusted the duty of furnishing tho necessary stores, has been told. How much of truth there may be in this report, it is now impossible to say. When we reraombor tho circumstances of the times; tho settlers scattered along hundreds of miles of un- cleared land, that the stores had to bo transported from Montreal, and Lachine by batteaux, and that, necessarily, many persons became responsible for the transit, as well as the distribution, we need not be surprised if there was now and then carelessness and neglect; and now and then reprehensible appropriation of stores, which we* > intended by a paternal Government for the mouths of the hungry. Many of the Hessian settlors would gladly have escaped from all the terrors which encompassed them ; but it was now too f I i |l,:i<'. 462 THEIR DIFFICULTIES. late. A8 a general thing, thoy had not the means of removing. But there were a few who managed to extricate themselves, and who returned to the old country. One John Croglo went to King- ston, mortgaged his farm for £6 to Kov. Mr. Stuart, and took his departure for the fatherlar i ; another mortgaged his lot to Captain Allan and left, leaving his wife ; and never returned. Probably no place in the country iifforded a better location for these foreigners who wore entii'oly ignorant of the rugged duties of pioneer life, and iia*ians were to have throe years' provisions, but for some reason onlj- received two years. Ho remembers when blazed trees alone marked the way, from one house to another ; and then the bridle path, which in time was widened into a road. Tlie first horse brought to the township is well remembered, it was owned by Colonel McDonnell. This one, with another, were the only ones, for many a year, in the place. Among the first settlers were William Carson, Daniel Mcintosh, and Henry Smith, a German, who had several sons : John, William, Boi jamin, Charles, Barnit, and Ernest. Smith's Bay is so called after Charles. Major VanAlstine had granted to him a large block of land in this township. The original grant is now before us, and gives the information that the quantity was 437 acres, consisting of lots number fiv^e and six in the first concession. The document is dated " 4th June, 1796," signed "J. G.,S." (John (ireaves, Simcoe). "Peter Russell, Auditor General. Registered, 17th June, William Jai-vis, Registrar." This lot of land included the high hill, with the lake at its summit, so well known to oxcursionistw. The Major at once pro- ceeded to erect a mill here, which proved a great convenience to the inhabitants of the township .The lake was for a time called VanAlstine's Lake. In 1811, Major VanAlstine having died, the land, with 30 acres cleared, and a dwelling-house, and another for the miller, and out-houses are found ottered tor sale by the executors. i; ,1 ; Si;'" 1. 1:1 i II 1^^ i : 464 THB ROCK. !,'<' We cannot leave the township of Marysburgh without com- mending the boautitiil scenery to those who may not have visited it, especially the interior, and the shores of South Bay. A trip by carriage from Picton across the rugged hill, which seems to eucirclo in an irregular manner, the whole township, to the Black Creek, whose dark and narrow waters, inclosed by muddy banks, contrast so markedly with the bright blue of the bay into which it empties, hard by Gammon Point, is one that will well repay any one making it. The irregularity of the roads makes the drive none the less interesting. Approaching the bay, there is spread out a view whose beauty we have never seen surpassed, and rarely equalled either in the new world or the old. Having obtained a close view of Prince Edward Bay, and observed the far-stretching Point Ti'averso with the three prominent Blutis ; and still ftirther away to the south, the Ducks, and Timber Islands, the tourist should follow us closely as may be the changing shore, that forms the head of Smith's Bay, to the north side, where another delightful prospect will lay before him. About six miles cast of Wappooso Island, is a bold pointstanding out into the Lake. It presents a bold and precipitous front of about 100 feet in height. It is now commonly designated the " Rock." Formerly, it was called " Cape Vesey Rock." Here was a reserve for the Mississauga Indians, of about 450 acres. This was not sur- rendered by the Indians until 1835, although some time prior, a eettler by the name of Stevenson, had been in occupation. Some years ago, there was overhanging the brow a mass of rock, which one day fell, with a thundering crash. And the old inhabitants tell of a deer and an Indian huntsman, whose bodies were found lying at the fool of the rock both having approached the brink with such speed that, to turn aside was impossible, and both bounded over thv perpendicular rock to meet a common doom. SOPHIASHURGH. 465 !1 -I . ii CHAPTER LI I. CoKi-KNTS — Sixth townshii) — Nnnii' — Survoy — Convenient for SL'ttlon.ent — First settlers — A remote township — What was piiid for lots — " Late Loyiilists" doing to Mill — Ueolofjieal fornmtion -Aionu tiie fmnts — Hii;ii shore — Griissy Point — Its history — Mivrsh front — Central plaee — Stiekney's Hill — Foster's Hill — Northport — Trade — .James Cotter — Oorcs — DemcivstvilU — The name — "Sodom'' — First reeords — Township meetings — The Laws of the township — Divided into parishe-: — Town clerk — OlUeers — The poor — The eonimittee — Inhahitants, 1824 — Fish Lak.> — Seventh township — The name — Survey hy Kotte — At the Carrying Place — Surveyor'.s assistant — No early records — First Hottlers. SIXTH TOWNSHIP— snPIIIASBIIRGH, NORTHPOKT, DKMEHKSTVILLE. This township is named after Sophia, the twelfth child of King Ooorge III. In the year 1785, Deputy Surveyor Genoi-al Collins, who was then at Kingston, instructed his assistant Louis Kotte, to lay out a sixth township, commencing at the southern extremity of South (Picton) Bay, and proceeding northward along the west coast of the Bay Quinte, the lots to front upon the buy. These were measured along the high shore to Green Point, forty-four lots. Following the bay, which at Green Point turns westwartl, a row of lots were laid out to the head of the bay, sixty-four lots of which were to form the northern front of the sixth townshi]). By refer- ring to the map it will bo observed that this township wjis also a convenient jilsvce for a new settlement, having two sides of a ti'ianglc upon the bay. The comparatively straight high shore; and the equally even coast upon the north, enabled the surveyor to obtain a uniformity which had been impossible in the tifth town- ship, although securing an extensive frontage lor the settlers. About 1788, probably, the first settlers of this township took up their land at the head of Picton Bay, sometimes cjilled llallowell Biiy. They were two Congers. Peterson, Spencer, Henry Johnson ; and at a later date came Barker and Vandusen. Eespecting this township generally, ^Ir. Price, who has kindly exerted himself to procure fsicts, observes, " I find there is soirie difficulty in getting information. " The first settlers are all dead, with one or two oxco[)tions, and many of the ftirms on the north shore were bought from the U. E. Loyalists who never lived on them." The occupation of the township generally, mux be regarded as a later settlement. This rich; and now, long settled plaee, was once considered as a remote settlement, as Rawdon, Huntington > 30 [■ if I. 1 ■\m ' n 466 F1R8T HETXr.KTlS. iF 1 "I uiid Hungorfortl, were thirty years later. x\.ll, or nearly all, Avho took np land here and hecame the pioneers, had at first lived in one of the townships upon the lower part of the hay, most of them in Adolphustown. Guilliam Demerest, John Parcels, and Eoblin, were among these. Some of the settlers drew land liere; but many purchased, and lots, now worth the highest price, were pro- cured for a very small sum, or for a horse, or cow, or a certain quantity of grain. Some of the settlers had formerly lived in the Lower Province, or in Now Brunswick and Nova Scotia. Also, there was continually coming in, those who felt no longc)' at home under the new form of government in the States, or who were glad to escape persecution. These woi-e not in time to secure land, and were often called the "Late Loyalists." Then, again, a few years later, when the bitterness of spirit, which had led the rebels to commit such serious acts of cruelty to the loyalists, had subsided, and a degree of intercourse had commenced between the two, it came to pass that many, who had not taken an active part on either bide in the contest, and who had friends in Canada, emigrated to the shores of the baj', or, as they called Canada then, Cataraqui. For instance, the Cronks and AVays, who were among the first settlers upon the Marsh front, as the north shore was called, were but the precursors of several others of the same name, who entered about the beginning of the present century. Some of these were, no doubt, influenced by the proclamation issued by Simcoe. Nathaniel Solmes was one of the older settlers. He came from Duchess County in 1792, lived in Adolphustown two years, then settled on lot No. 10, 1st concession. One of the first settlers upon the north front was John Parcels. Ho was of Captain VanAlstinc'.i company, and settled in that township, where he continued to live until 1809, when he removed to lot No. 24, where Northport now stands. His wife having died in 1787, he married Mrs. Parliament. Their first-born, named Richard, was the first, or one of the first white children born in Sophiasburgh. Mrs. Parcel's son, George Parliament, says, in a memorandum, " I recollect having to go to Napaneo Mills, in company with my brother Jacob, a dis- tance of nearly twenty miles, to get our grinding done, we had our wheat on a hand-sleigh, as the roads were not passable by any other mode of conveyance." r.. The land wus often purchased at a very low price ; for instance, lot No. 16, in the 1st concession, was purchased for a horse, harness, . i ', AI,ON(J THE HUm SHORE. 467 y all, who vcd in one 3t' them in id Eoblin, here; but , wore pro- • a certain ived in the )tia. AIho, ;er at homo were glad iC land, and a few years le rebels to ad subsided, the two, it art on either imigrated to ti, Cataraqui. ng the first called, were who entered if these were, by Simcoc. ;e came from years, then it was John I, and settled 1809, when I now stands. Parliament, one of the [parcel's son, )llect having Jacob, a dis- 5, we had our by any other for instance, lorso, harness, and gig. A farm belonging to Matthew Cronk, was bought for a half barrel of salmon. The Foster-place, where Benjamin Way, used to live, was sold for an old horse. This is one of the best farms in Prince Edward, now, perhaps valued at seven or eight thousand dollars. In 17' ., Nichohis Laxior paid 825 to Tobias Ryckman, lor 200 acres. The geological formation of Sophiasburgh nnd Ameliasburgh, ia not without interest. That tho mountain about. Picton, and the high shore at one time formed the shore of tho bay, or perhaps, what is more likely, stood up as an island in a lake, with much broader boundaries than Lake Ontario now has, there is but little doubt. It will not bo possible to discuss such ])oint8 to a great extent, at the same time, it will be well to make a few observations as wo proceed. It has been seen that this township has two long fronts upon the bay. These join at what is known as (Irassy Point. Commencing at the head of Picton Bay, the reader is invited to follow the course of the bay, and to observe tho points of interest which may be found. No one can travel by tho road on the summit of the high shore, Avithout been dce])ly impresseil with the boautj' of tho scenery. From this height, ib an extended view of the bay, stretch- ing down toward Kingston, with tho rugged shore of Marysburgh on the right, and the lower and more attractive lands of Adolphustown, and Fi'edericksburgh on the immediato left, while beyond tho Reach, lies the placid waters of Hay Bay. About fifteen miles from Picton, the high shore recedes from tho bay, and turns to the west, stretching away almost to the waters of Ontario. From this part of the coast, to Grassy Point, a distance of over nine miles, the land is low; but the road is a pleasant one, until it turns to cross to tho north shore. Continuing along the south shore, although walking in silence, and quite removed from human habitation, wo are ti-ead- ing upon ground, whicl., in the past, was a place of note. The following notice respecting Grassy Point s«i])plios information. " On Wednesday, the 27 th of June, at the Court House, will be sold by auction to the highest bidder, that beautiful property, con- sisting of 343 acres of excellent laud, of which a large portion is cleared, situated in ono of the finest parts of the Bay of Quinte, being the residue of a reserve for military purposes, and afterwards granted to Sir John Harvey, on which there is a Ferry crossing to tho Six Nation Tract. In tho neighborhood, there is an extensive settlement of respectable farmers. The jiremises and the vicinity i|i:;ll i'l! ' 1 i J ,1 ! I ., 3 i III 2> lit 468 GRASSY POINT. abound with game, and the bay with fish of every description peculiar to Lalio Ontario. It is particularly suitable for grazing, and \h within 40 miles of Kingston, which is a never failing ready money market." Sir John Harvey was afterward, for his services in the war of 1812, appointed Govornor of Nova Scotia. The land was sold to Samuel Cluse, Civil Engineer, the person who surveyed the Welland and llideau Canals. He died at Ottawa some years ago, and left this property to his daughter, Anna, now Mrs. Paul Peterson, who resides upon the place. The agent who advertised the land for Sir John, as ' excellent land,' was scarcely correct. Much of the land is rocky, with but few inches of soil. Clumi)s of scraggy trees exist with patches of plain. But along the shores are pleasant nooks, in which agreeable fishing may be found. The Point is divided into two, by a small bay. The more eastern of the two points is known as Grassy Point, and the other Green Point. The intervening cove has been known as Louis Cove, from a Fi-enchman of that name who long lived hero. The land to the East of the cross roads, between lots two and three, is useless, almost, for agri- cultural purposes. Grassy Point, from its geographical position, naturally became a place at which the early settlors, in passing up and down the Bay, made a rest. At that time, but few trees were growing, the Point being a grooii plain. Most likely, it had been the site of an Indian village. The first settler here, who came at an early date, was Hauncc Trumpour. His house was well known to the pioneers ; and the navigator, wearily toiling in :.io batteau, gladly welcomed the appearance of his hospitable roof. Passing around the extreme northerly point, oft' which is Capt. John's Island, we arc upon the north shore, oi* marsh front, of Sophiasburgh. Grassy Point was not only a convenient place for resting, to those passing along ; but it likewise was regarded as the most central point at which to hold township meetings. And here, the whole militia, whi'h comprised mostly all the male population of Prince Edward, even from the extreme point of Marysburgh, were wont to meet, to have their annual trainings. At these times, John Ti'umpour's house became one of no little importance. The training took place here so late as 1802. Proceeding on our way westward, the land becomes very mucli bettor. At the northern termination of the cross-road before men- tioned, is a ferry, which has long existed. The first settler here, ioscriptiou )r grazing, iling ready the war of was sold to ;ho Welland I'D, and loft tcrson, who land for Su- I of the land craggy trees arc pleasant The Point is i-n of the two Point. The a Fi'enchnaan > East of the (lost, for agri- urally became own the Bay, ng, the Point of an Indian ^rly date, was the pioneers; dly welcomed id the extreme arc upon the Bbr resting, to lo most central Lero, the whole Ition of Prince ^h, were wont |e times, John The training lines very much ad before men- It settlor here, STICKNEY S HILL. 469 who established the fovry, was Richard Davcn])ort. It originatod from the necessity of the ^scttlers of the Sixtli Township, having to go to Napaneo to niill. Manyabusliel of grain hns been backed from this township to Napanec mills, anil the flour carried back. 3Ir. Paul Peterson now lives here. Proceeding on our course. As the lantl improves, it is no longer level, but becomes uneven, and, on lot eight, is found aconsidcrublo cmincJice, known as Stickiicy's Hill, which stands closely against the Bay. This hill has attracted no little attention, on account of the largo number of human bones which the plow has, year after year, turned to the surface. Various stories have gained currency relative to the origin of the bones ; the most notable of which is, that here perished Col. Quinte, with a numberof men. (Respecting this, see History of iiay). The most likely explanation is, that here, for years, the Indians living on Grassy L\)infc buried tlioir (lead. Upon this hill, in the burying ground of the Solmes family, reposes the ren\ainsof Dr. Stickncj-, after whom the I'laco is iiiimed, and Avho was the first physician to practice in this township. Since we visited this spot, but a few short months ago, another pioneer 'lus found hero a resting place. A faithful Canadian, an exem]ilary citizen, Kichard Solmes, having lived to see the wilderness Inily blossom as the rose, full of yoiu's, has passed to the grave, followeil by a whole community of poo])le, and mourned by a highly eshn ined Ihmily. AVest of Sticknoy's Hill, the land gradually rises; and a low miles grad>ially brings us to ahigher eminence, eallod now, Fostoi-'s Hill, which is noticeable for many miles up and down the Bay. It was onco,no doubt, an island in tlio midst of a great lake. Heing (.overcd with wooil, adds, in summer, very much to the iH-auty jind interest of the scenery. At the summit of this prominent hill is a table land of I'ock covered with but little soil. .But very soon the soil increases in depth, and away, on ever}' hand, stretches a fertile land. Xear the foot of the hill, and upon the shore, where the land is pressed out into the bay, almost to Jbrm a point, is situated the Friends' Meeting House. No one acquainted with the mode of worship practiced by tnis exceedingly conscientious denominaticm, can helji being impressed with the truly suitable locality for deep spiritual communing. Two miles further westward, at the eom- mencement of the channel, between the mainland and the Big Island, brings us to the pleasant village of JVorihport, so called from ts situation, upon the north shore of the township. The situation i q i' . lilt :;ii : ,.1 i;i i!i I ' i 'I ■ ;; ll i ji h''%^1 1 MH sSk p V |;| ■ r t« '•' i 'J i '1 470 DEMERESTVILLE. % i*i= is chanuing; and here may bo soon tho vorj' ossoiioo ol'runil happi- ness. The viUago, consisting of some 200 inhabitants, has two stores, but no place where intoxicating liquors are sold. The tradi- is confined to the inhabitants of tho township, with an occasional customer from the Mohawks, across tho Bay. Tho view, looking westward, throngh Big Hay and the Narrows, along the shore of Thurlow, to Belleville, is, upon a lovely summer night, very pleasant to the gaze. The village of Northport was liuilt ]iartly on tho property originally owned by James Morden and Isaac Demill ; Jamos Mordon having built first hero in 1791. The first merciiant to com- mence business here was Orton Hancock, in 1819. The first wharl' built here was in 1829; but pri, Barse, Abbott, Cronk:^, LaZicr, Spencer, Basker, I'ock, Dc^lill, Fox, Sj>ragg, Gosliii, Trippon, Mowers. •Tames Cotter was an early settler, became the first Justice of the Peace, and, in 18KJ, was elected to Parliament, and served four years. The townshij) having been nirveyed so that the lots might front upon both sides, there resulted a certain number of Ciores, dcsii;- nated respectively by tho letters B C T) and G. The first of these Gores settled was by Philip Roblin, who was one of tho first settlors of the township. Demeuestville. — This village, which is situatetl upon lots 3"^ and 89, of the marsh front, is named after the original settler, Guillamo Demerest. The old settlers called him " Dcmeray." Ho was a native of Duchess County, N. Y., and was a boy during tlu rebellion, ltd was often engaged \x\ carrjdng provision to the British army. Ho continued to live in Duchess County, until 1790, when he came to Canada. IIo fiviled to prove his right as a U. W. Loyalist, and consequently' " lost a fine gi'ant of land." Ho died at Consecon, 1848, aged seventy-nine. Tho village sprung up froui tho mills, which were hero erected. It was, for many a day, called Sodom. This name, it is stated, arose from the fact that when Mr. DemercstV first wife was on her doatli-bed, a ball was given in tho place, al which the inhabitants generally attended, and created some little RECORDS. 471 noise, wlu'ivupoa sho siiid Ihoy wore "sis bad as the inlui')itants of Sodom." Tho villngo of Domorostvillc was incorporated in 1828. We copy tlio following from tho first record of the townshij) of Sophiasburpr, Ity which it ■will bo seen that their mode of procedure was unlike that observed by other townships. All of tin townships were actinj^ by virtue of a common law, but seem to l.avo given tho law ft widely varying interpretation. "Passed, at Sophiasburg, at a regular town meeting, hold on tho 3 d.'ty of March, 1800. " For the better ascertaining astrays, and knowing and descri- bing horses and noat cadio, sheep or swine. Be it understood by this town meeting, that evciy inhabitant and householder shall, within six weeks from the passing of this Act, have their mark and brands recorded, according to law b}- tlu^ Town (!lark. " And be it further enacted by tiie authority ai'orosaid, that any astrays, horses, noat Cattlo, sheep or swine, that shall bo found on any open or improved lands from tho twentieth of November to the tirst of April yearly, anil every ^-ear the owner or owners of Ht^ch improvement or cleared lands shall give in their luitural mark, or artificial marks, and describe their age, as near as possible, to tho Town Clark, who is hereby ordered to recui-d the same in a book, to bo kept for that purpose ; foi' which such informor shall receive one shilling for each horse or neat cattle ; aiid sixpence for each fihec)) or svvino. Provided always, and be it so understootl, that such astrays above mentioned, is not one of his near neighbors, which shall bo lott to tho Town Clark to decide ; and theClarkshall send word to the owner oi' owners, if he knows thom, by the mark or brands; and, if unknown to the Town Clark, he is herein' ordered to advei'tise them in three ditlerent places in this township ; for which ho shall be entitled to receive from the ownei", or owners, as followoth, viz : For sending woixl, or writing, or recording, or informing any way, one shilling anil three-pence; if advertised, ono shilling and six-pence, for each horse or neat cattle ; and for each shee]) or swine, six-pence ])or head. And be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid, that if any inhabitant or householder who shall leave any astrays, as above mentioned, on his or her cleared lands for eight days, from the 2(»Lh da^- of November to the first of April, and neglect to give notice thereof, as by tho above Act men- tioned, shall loose the reward for finding, or feeding such astrays, and pay the owner one shilling for each horse or neat cattle; and six-ponce for each sheep or swine. And I e it fiirther enacted, by ^i'^^1 f'-' ^'j THE I'AHISIIES. tho nuthoi'iiy, tlmt if no owner or owners shall appenr by tljc tirsl iMoiuluy ill April, to prove their property, then, und in tlmt cuho, tho Town Clark shall advertise lor nalo, all such astrays, in throo townships, viz., Anicliasbur^, Sophiasburji;, and llallowoll, lor tho space of twenty days, describing tho marks anil brands, color and age, as near us possible; and it" no owner or owners shall appearand prove their property, then tho Town Clark shall ])roceod to tho sale of such astrays, by ap])ointing the day of sale, to the highest bidder; and, after deducting the expenses, to be adjudged by persons heroal'ter appointed by each parish, iti this town, and the overplus shall be delivered into the hands of a Treasurer, hereafter to bo appointed. •' And be it observed — That all well regulated townships is divided into ])arishes. Be it enacted, by the majority of votes, that this town shall be divided into parishes, and dcsbribed as followetli, that is to say: That from lot No. 45, west of fJreen Point to lot Ho, 10, shall be a parish by the name of St. John's, and by tho authority aforesaid, that including No. 19, to No. 6, in the Crown Lands, west ol (Jreon I'oint, shall be a parish by tho name of 9t. Matthew. And be it further enacted, l)y the authority aforesaid, Tluu including tho lonants on the Crown Lands, and including lot No. 28, shall be a parish by the name of St. Giles; and Ironi Nicliolas "NVessel's, to Jiallowcll, shall be a parish by the name of Mount Pleasant. '•Whereas, all the tines and forfeitures that may incur within our limits, shall be appropriated to charitable uses; we, the inhabi- tants of Sophiasburg, in our townmeetint^s, on the 3d day of ^[arch, 1800, do think it necessary to ap])oint our Treasurer, in this town, out of the most respectable of its inhabitants, to be Treasurer to this town, to receive all forfeitures and ot!>er gums of money that is, or shall be, ordered to be appropriated to charitable uses ; which Treasurer is hereby ordered to serve iii that connection during good behaviour, or till ho shall wish a successor. Ami be it enacted by the authority aforesaid, thai we do appoint and uominato Peter V'alleu, who is aitpointeil Treasurer, who is to keep a book and j'eceive all the moneys coming into his hands, and enter by who received, anil for what fined ; and when a successor is appointed, ho shall give up all the monies he has belonging to said town.Avith tho book aiul receipts, to the successor, and deliver the same on oath, if required; and that each parish shall nominate ono good and respectable inhabitant, who together with the Overseer of the Poor, I'UOVIHIONH FOR fUR POOH. 473 Nhall 1)0 inspocloi'H to inquire aiul hoo thul nil tho tiiwn nnd tbrtbit- ures of this town is ro^iilnrly rocoivod and doliverod to naid TroaHurer. And if any porwon who eomoH and proves of any ast rays that had boon within ono year and a (hvy, then tho Treasurer and thoso Parish InHpoctorjJ, and tho Overseers of tho I'oor, sliall refund suoh moneys as was doliverod to tho Troastirer, deducting two shillinijjs on tho pound for its fees of said Treasurer. And bo it enaeted by tho authority afoi-csaid, tliatwiion tiiere is any money in tho hands of tlio Treasurer, and a necessity to lay it out on the same charitablo use — tliis body corporate shall have the solo managomeiit and disposing of, who is to receipt to the Treasurer for tho samo end, have recorded in his book, and the use they had applied tho samo and tho Treasurer, Overseers of tho Poor, ami tho Parish Inspector may hold meetings and adjourn the samo when and as often as they or tho major part of them shall chooso so to do and shall bo a body corporate to sue and bo sued on anything that may appertain to their several otUces." Wo find no further record until tho j'oar 1820, which is as follows : "An Act passed at a town meeting, held at Sophiasburg, 3rd January, 1820, for tho relief oi" the poor iu tlie township of S()])hiasburg. " Heport of tho (,'ommitteo on the subject. "Wo, the Committee ai)pointe(J, who have tho care of tho poor of the said township, have agrectl to report that one half j)onny on the pound, of each man's rateable pro])erly, bo paid for tho present year, and it is seen of the Committee that when any person is agreed with to keep any oi" the poor, that they eiuleuvour to get them to take produce in ])ayment for ilefraying said poor. Signed on bohalf of the Committee, .lAJIES NOXI'lN, Chairman. Sophiasburg, .3rd January, 1820. " Passed at a reg\dar town meeting, held at Sophiasburg, 1st January, 1821. "The report of tho Committee to the care of the poor for the present ye.u" is, that ono farthing on the ]iound, of each man's rate- able pi'operty, will be sufficient for the present year. " By order of llio Committee. (Signed) JA.MKS NOXKN, Chairman," Tho following year, a somewhat similar rojiort is Ibund, signed by Tobias Kyckman, Chairman. ■•\ 1 ' ! ; .1 1 ! K t i if : 11 f ' ; u "i ■M 'i 4' '■ • i \ ■ 1 'h 1 ■s d\' '^•' Si, f It i V'' 41 u: ,'ii 474 AMKI.IAHBITROII. It is not until tli(* yonr 1822 tliiU nny record is found of the Appointment of officers, that in, tho Township ConMtublos, Ahhcshow. ColIectorH, &c. "At H rogiilar town mooting, hold nt .SoplunHburg, nt tho houKo of John Goslins, on tho first .Iivmmry, 1822, tho following officer* were elioson nnd olocted" ; "Town Clark, John ShortH; Lewis Kotchuin, David Hirdctt, .Sylvenns Doxy. CJonHtal»lo8 ; Thomas D. Ai>loby, John Shorts, Assessors; Sylvcnus Day, Collector," kc John Shorts was succossivoly elected unlil 1826, when Thomas I). A])plol)y was appointed. We find a note appended to the report of this year as follows: " Our laws at present he as Ihey will. Wv hnvo them long, and keep tliem still." Tho next your, 1827, the town mooting was held at tho inn of John (Toslin, ami John Smith was elected Town Clerk. A note say? " Farmers Town Tiaws, as heiotoforo — Hogs not to run at large in Demorest Vill," John Smith was Town Clerk until 1832. This year S. W. Jlandoll was elected. It is found stated that in 1824 there were 179G inhal)itants, and in 1825, there wore 1798. In some rort|)ects, it would l)0 found interesting to notice the township to a later j)eriod ; but wo have already devoted as much space to this town as we had intended. Within this township is Fish Lake, situated a short distaucc east of Demerostville, it was f»o named from tho countless numbers of iish which inhabited its waters when discovered, which was in the year of the famine, or '' scarce year." The food thus supplied saved, it is said, many from suffering and death. AMELIASBUaolI. This township took its name from tho fifteenth child, and seventh daughter of tho King. She died in Xovembor, 1811, aged 27 years. Upon tho oldest chart of this township, to bo found in tho Crown Lands Department, is tho following note: "The frontot this township is a continuation of Lieut. Kotto's survey from (rrecii Point to tho head of tho i3ay of Quinte, whoso orders were in 1785, to have cross roads between every six lots." This note was most proliably, made in consequence of there being an aboenco of three cross roads, when tho settlement of the county made thorn neces- sary. Coming to the Carrying Place, or portage, from the head of Bay Quinte to Woller's Bay, it will be seen that a row of lots some- W '^' ahitants, aiul FIRHT HKTTI.ERS. 475 wliut hiuallor in hI/a*, \h foriiied on oithci' siilc of the road. Hut while tho road Hcoras to havo a Htrai^'iit coiwho upon tho map, by viniting tin' jiluco, ono will obsorvo tliat tho coiirM^ is not ul together direct. Wi' havo it from otio, wiio, no (b)ubt IiH " — Oflice seekers — Township of Hallowell — The Jianie — Formation of Township — First Keeords 1798 — The officers — The laws — .Magistrates — Picton — Its origin — Hallowell village — Dr. Austin — tien. Picton — His monument — Naming the villages — .V contest — The Coiut- liouse — An offer — Enterprise — Proposed steamboat — Cliurches — Kcv. Mr. ^Macaulay — Rev. Mr. Fniiier — Hev. .Mr. Lalov. f'f tr U4 PENIXSCI.A OP PRINCE EDWARD. ' s in leno'th, and varying in breadth from two to twenty miles. The neck of land, or isthmus which se})aratos the head waters of the bay from Lake Ontario, is something les.s than a mile-und-a-half acro.ss. It is known as the Canwiiig place. Prince Edward district is irregular in outline, on both the lake and boy siilcs. Along the lake coast there are numerous bays ex- tending inward, two or three being of considerable size. Tlio larger ones are Weller's bay, Consccon Lake, West Lake, and East Lake. In places, the ^hore is rend(>rod exceedingly ]»icturesque, by the presence of irregular and beautifully white sand-hills. They have been gradually Ibrmed by well was'ied sand which the waves have carried shon^ward, so that the wind might, in the lapse of tinic, deposit it heap .ipon heap. The ma/iners regard this coast with jus- tifiable concern, at the extreme southerly portion, otf Long Point, in the vicinity of tlie Ducks, where 'many a vessel has come to griet'. :':\>,,-:'-!--'i' ^-v i.'n . ■ » ; ' The geological formation of the peninsula is of considerable interest ; and the observant student of this interesting science, may trace nnvuy steps which indicates the geological history. In a valley, upon the second concession road of Ameliasbnrgh, may be seen a huge mass of rock, known as tlibson's rock, whose history ■I HI. EAST LAKE. 477 ula — Sliapc past — First ust T.aki" — I'liiuc! Kd- owell— The ticers— The •. Austin — -The C'ourt- _Utv. Mr. ,'av(l, Diikc it an early stretching and liy tho ) turbulent ml varying or i^'thnius Ontario, is f)wn as tho ,th tho lalvO IS l)ays ox- sizo." Tho T.ake, ami (ie-turosque, ills. Thoy th.o waves ISO of tiruG, slwithjna- iong Point, as come to lonsiclerablo Icience, may [leliasburgh, lose history carries us back, far into the remote past, when the continent of America was covered by a vast ocean, and when massive icebergs, cast loose from their native place in tho frozen north, carricrd with their icy scales huge rocks from tho nortli land coast. Tlicn, carried south- wai-d by wind or tide, and reaching water of a milder temperature, the ice became melted, and tho rocks wei-e deposited in the depths of tho ocean. When tho continent of America was upheaved, and the waters departed to their pro.seut limits, this huge lK)dy of stone, unlike the stone forming the geological bed of this region, was found fast fixed to the soil, ever to form u part of it. In tho whole of Upper Canada, there is not, perhaps, any section so full of historic interest, excepting Frontenac, as Prince Sdward. Wo have seen that the forked peninsula was well known by tho Aborigines, and that they were accustomed to cross from the south side of the lake to Point Traverse. It was always u favorite hunting and fishing ground, w'here abundant supplies wei-e obtained. And, not unlikclj-, some portion of Indian Point belonged to tho Siognioiy, granted to La Salle. Moreover, the two jioints stretching far into tho lake, became early locations for the refugees and disbanded soldiers. In the history of Marysburgh, reference has been mae(iuently, for some time known as Ilovington's Landing, after tlie individual who hero built a convenient house. They left their eanoe here, and set out southward. We have been told tliat they intended to seek tho bay now known a^< vSmith's Bay; but. according to his descendant it would seem they hail no jjarticular jioint in view, desiring only to examine the lainl. Following, no doubt, the oM Indian path, thoy came out at tho noi-th corner of East Lake, a point afterward called the Indian Landing, which name it still retains. Following tho oast shore of this lake to the south corner, thoy were surprised to hoar the roaring of Lake Ontario, having ! 1: it:; '.: I i hi 478 FIRST SETTLER OP PRINCE EDWARD. ! il ■m-^ iv thought they woro following tho shore of an inland lake. They croesed tho strip of land eovorod with cedar, spruce, and balsam, and taking oft' their shoes, waded from the beautiful sand-beach across the outlet of the lake to the opposite point, and proceeded along the west side to tho north corner of the lake, to where David McDonald now lives, having entirely walked around East Lake. They hero constructed a hut, of cedar bushes, in which to stay the night. The following morning they set out in a north-west direc- tion, and came to West Lake, following the east side, they reached the sand-beach. Traversing this, they arrived at the point where Wellington now stands. Hero thty stayed the night. The next day they continued on around the north side of West Lake through the woods, and the same evening regained their canoe. They observed plenty of deer and other game, and fish, the former of which Ensign Young's wife, subsequently assisted him to hunt. The succeeding day they returned to Carleton Island. Mr. Young, from this rich land over which he walked, selecietl the west side of East Lake for his future abode. His eldest son Daniel, who had belonged to the Engineers, was at Carleton Island, having been with his father dtjring his stay at Fort Oswego, ili'^ second son, Henry, \vas at St. John's with the i-est of the fani.iy. lie sent a message for him to come up. This must have been in July or August. In September, the father and two sons, having procured a large canoe, loaded it with provisions, and other necessaries, and ascended to the Indian Carrying Place, Ilovington's Landi.ig. They carried their provisions across, and constructed another boat with which they conveyed their things to the point selected for settling, about throe miles. Here they proceeded to build a loff shanty. Sometime after, the father left, leaving behind his two SOBS, to winter alone in this out-of-the-way place. They were tho first settlers in Prince Edward Count}'. Mr. Young descended to St. John's, where his family still remained, and staged the winter, In the spring he canie up the St. Lawx'ence with his fanily as far as Fredoricksburgh, where he left his daughters while i.v ver.t to see how his sons fai*ed, and had passed the winter. Be il tud them all well ; and remained the summer with them, during v, rilo'i they built a more commodious log house. In October, he returned to Fredoricksburgh for his daughters, who accompanied him to tho wilderness homo. These four daughters, Elizabeth, Mary, Catherine and Sarah, subsequently married Henry Zuveldt, Jonathan Fergu- son, William Dyi-e, and John Miller. They all lived to be upwards of eighty years. ^ . I i . They balsam, [id-beach roceeded re David st Lake, stay the est direc- Y reached int whore The next e through e. They former of L to hunt. [r. Young, west side 1, who had iving been locond son, He sent a 1 in July or g procured :ioces«ariea, 'sLandi.ig. lother boat elected for auild a loj^ [nd liis two by wore the Ucendcd to I the winter. lis family aa \\\b bo ^vt-nl Jiring wliio'i \\Q returned l\im to the /, Catherine than Fergu- bc upwards OTHER SETTLER.S. 479 " On the first day of January 1800, the sottieiaeiit at East Lake, in the township of Hallowell, consisted of the following families, in the following order, commencing at Si las Hills, at the head of East Lake, near the place now knowa as the Cherry Valley, and proceeding around the north side of lake, viz: — "Colonel John Peters and family, half-pay officer ; Major I{«jgerB and family, do ; David Friar, Mr. Friar, U. E. L. ; Eoswell Ferguson, do; Elisha Miller, do; Blawlall Tailor; Caleb Els worth, Lieut. Heny Young, half-pay officer ; Henry Young, Jun., U.E.L. I Augustus Spencer, half-pay officer ; George Wait, U. B. L. ; Benjamin "Wait, do ; William Dyre, do ; George Elsworth." " List of settlers on the south side of the lake. — Henry Zuveldt, (Zufelt) U. E. L. ; Johnathan Ferguson, Sen., U. E. L. ; Johnathan Ferguson, Jun., do; Anthony Badgley, do; John Miller, do; Farnton Ferguson, do ; William Blakely, do ; Sampson Striker, do ; Barret Dj'-er, do; Daniel Baldwin, John Ogden, U. E. L. ; Eichard Ogden, do; Solomon Spatibrd, Joseph McCartney, Joseph Lane, William Ensley, Col. Owen Richards, U. E. L. ; James Clapp, do ; Charles Ferguson." " At this time there were no settlers in the second concesnions neither side of the lake." — (Eev. G. Miller.) East Lake is about five miles long and one and a half wide. It was for a time called Little Lake. • AVest Lake is about fifteen luiles in circumference. Prince Edward was one of the original nineteen counties of Upper Canada, established by the proclamation of Simcoc in 1792. By this proclamation, we learn that the Peninsula was called by the French " Presque isle de Quinte." Originally it was divided into the three townships of Marysburgh, Sophiasburgh, and Amelias- bui'gh. Subsequently the townships of Hallowell and Hillior, were formed, and in later days the township of Athol. In 1831, and act was passed to erect the county into a district, " 60 soon as the Governor shall be satisfied that a good and suffi- cient gaol and court house has been erected therein, when a pro- clamation should announce the formation of the new district." The act specified that the " gaol and court house should bo erected in the village of Picton, upon a certain block of land, containing two and a half acres, granted, or intended to bo granted and conveyed to Asa Woi-den, Simeon Washburn, and James Dougal, Esquires, agreeably to a resolution adopted at a public meeting in May, 1826," unless a majority of Justices of the Peace of the Midland District should declare the site ineligible. tit : f i i i, ) if^ 1 r •I ; I 1 _ ( i 1^ y; 480 IIALLOWELL. Wc find tlio followiunri'Mpectingtho division of Prince Edward. "Pro. Parliiiment," " Pi-ineo Edward division bill." Mr. Itoblin moved the ado])tion of the I'l-oaniblo in a fow remarks, stating its (the Peninsula) geographical ])Osition, the population being 10,000, the remoteness of the inhabitants from the location of the District Court House and (raol, at Kingston, the eai-nest desire of the people for separation. Mr. Samson moved, as an amendment, that the village should have a member when it contained 1,000 souls. The debate upon the bill, resulted in one of those fierce encounters that was then not unfrequont between William Lyon McKonzie, and the Solicitor General, afterwards Chief Justice liobinson. If we may credit the Free Press, there wore plenty of applicants for ofHcc in the newly erected district, there being no less than sixteen seeking the oiiice of Sheriff". .i < - . .-. «,.- ,-., '^1 . ., - ,. ,• "r ■•■,■' IIALLOWELL. ' "We find in Sabine, that "Benjamin Ilallowell, of Boston, Commissioner of the Customs in 1774, while passing through Cam- bridge in liis chaise, was pursued toward Boston by about one hundred an'y Forf,'iiM()n, in WM), from K\n^- ston, to Ills partner, says: *' As to a^^ain takinj^ up j^oods for trade, had I money I would not tliink it worth while — notwithstamlini,' all 1 said and beijj^ed of you, you nevertheless have lot tho whito people have almost everything we liad. When do you think they will pay for it ?" Hy the fore,ii;oin«^ we may learn the diflicultics attending mercantile pursuits, as well as tho proeuring of tho com- Tiion noeessaries of life. It was no douht a matter of first impor- tance to Fori^uson to see that tlio goods brought a return. It was no hard-hoartodness that caused him to find fault ; for in tlio same letter he says, " Forsyth is arrived, and I know not how I'll ]tay him." On tho other hand, Mr. Hell, with his little stock of goods %pon tho Bay Shore, in the distant Kighth Township, is applied to by tho needy settlors lor necessaries. They have no money ; it is an article almost unknown among them, but thoy want this and that, and who could refuse ? Ferguson afterward says, "You must oblige every ono to \)iiy you in wheat, ',',:• otherwise 1 will want bread before winter is over — if they wUl not take 38. 9d. for wheat, mako thoni pay in money immediately, or else send me down their accounts, and I'll summon every one of them. Lot your half bushel be examined before Squire Gilbert. Do not si)aro a potatoo to aay one soul. I hope to get a barrel of pork here, but do not trust to that." In tho same letter Mr. Ferguson says, " If convenient, I could vrish yon'ld get cut and brought homo, as many logs as would build a house the witlth of tho one we have, and 14 leet long. Lot t hem bo small and handy — we have plenty of smnll pine handy — and it soon can be put up when I get homo. If Johnson will saw ton logs about 14 feet long, ibr us, into inch boards, and find himself. He shall have the loan of the saw from tho time ho finishes them until the 15th day of April next." *' The cows must be sent up. 1 do not know how the calf will be kept. I have bought two pairs of ducks which I'll take up, and also some fowls if I can get them." " Spare no salt to any ono, as none is to be had here, but at a very dear rate." " Tho Indian prints goes up, which will spoil the trade this season, as after this tho Indians cannot want clothing until the spring." " Rum I must endeavour to take up, as without that nothing can be had." KIUST TOWN MKETINd. 487 ''! !■ Tho Iftto Mr. liU'okcr, ol" Hollovillo, tolls uh that iiinoiii^ tlio voiy .rirst settlors u|»on tho front of Sidnoy, woro Chryhlor, Oslrom and Gllliort. Tho intorestiii^ history we j^ivo elHowhcre, of Capt. Myors, as n loyalist ami |)ioiioor, shows that lio was one of tho tirst inhab- itants of Sidnoy. A ])ionoor in tho construction of mills upon tho River Moira, ho iiail previously built, in I'fO-l or '5, a sawing mill upon a small uncertain strontn which omptios into the Bay a fow miles oast of Tronlon. Wo have soon that tho survey took plaoo in 1787. It is quoB- tionablo, however, wlielhov more than tho tirst concession was at this time laid out. There is some reason to boliovo that Louia Kotte did not attend very closely to his duties, but loft the survey- ing to an incompotont assistant. Probably ho thought it did not matter whether the side linos wore correct or not, in a remote townshij) so far removed froni civilization, as Sicbujy. At all events, in later I'.ays, it was found necessary to ro-survey tho township, which was done by Atkins. The first settlers, most likely, canio in 17S7, yet it may bo that one or two had j,roviously sc^uatlod by the Hay Shoi'o. We do not tind in the Crown Lands Department any map with tho jiamcs of grantees upon the ditforent lots, such as exist in connection with other townshijjs. No doubt that in Sidney, as in other places, many lots wore drawn, and subse(]uontly disposcil of before the patents were issued, so that the original owner cannot be traced. By the close of last century the townshij) was i)rotty well settled. An early settler who has recently passed away, and who leaves highlj- respectable descendants, was James Farley, lie came in 1791). Tho first township meeting was hold the following year at Gilbert's Cove, and James FarUy was chosen Town Clerk ; but Siu'voyor Smith was present and did the writing on that occasion. Another early settlor, the tirst one in tho back concessions was Wm. Ketcheson. lleforenco is nuide to him olsowhoro. His son, now almost DO years of age, remembers full well the days of their coming, and settling. Tlie 4U0 acres of land was bouglit of Martin Hambly, who lived by the Xapanee Eiver, at one dollar per acre, in 1800. Gilbert's Cove was the place of landing, which was for many years a central spot. Here the batteaux unloaded their con- tents, and the provision was stored. William Xetcheson, my in- former, says, " he used to come every Saturday during the season, fil If 1 ' ':'';l TRENTON. through (ho trackless wochIs, Momo sovon-and-a-half miloM, unri carry upon his back provisioim of'porU, peas unci flour, NutHciont to Horvo tluvo of thorn for a wook. Aftor a while they would come to the Front by the way of tlio Jtivor Moira. To do this tliey con- Htrueted a seow which was kept near the iironont village of Smith- ville, in which they crossed Ihe rivor. In the western i)art of the township is the Rivor Trent, which empties into the Bay, woniowhat to the west of the boundarj- lino botw een Sidney and Murray. This river possesses no little interest as one of the original routes of Indian and French ti'avelers; and as the way by which Chaniplain entered the Bay, and discovered Lake Ontario. The Indian name we find upon an old map was Ganarasfce. Upon many ancient maps the bay and river are very impoi-fectly distinguished. It is named Quintio occasionally. The Trent being a stream of considerable size, it formed a barrier to journeying up and down, from Kingston to Yoi'k. A ferry was established here about the beginning of the present conturyi by the Blookei's, after which the niain road between Kingsttm and York gradually became tixod to the north of the Bay, instead of by Prince Kdward. Tiie construction of a bridge across the Trent, which took place in 1834, was u groat benertt. It was 750 feet long and 32 broad. It was for many years " the best bridge in Uppf^v Canada." The Jfastiiigs Times, of IJelleville, has an advertisen for tenders by the Commissioners, &c., C. Wilkins, licubcn W ind James G. Bethune, dated Eiver Trent, 9th March, 1S3;{. At the mouth of the Trent there naturallj' sprung up a village. Up to 1808 the site of the village was a dense cedar swamp. Two years beibre A. II. Myers had removed from Belleville and erected a mill about a mile from the mouth of the river, first a saw mill, afterward a flouring mill. Excepting the mills, and a very narrow roail, the place was a perloct wilderness. The land ujion the west side, where the village stands, originally belonged to "old Squire" Bleeker. The j)ortion of land between the river and Sidney was held by Dr. Strachan. The first lot in Sidney was owned by Judge Smith. Old Squire Bleeker was probably the very first settler between the Trent and the Carrying Place. He was a trader with the Indians, and was probably Indian Agent. At all events he was a man of considerable authority among them. ;i' 1 ■ ■ i!.l ill Iliii H FRONT or THURLOW. 489 CHAPTKR LV. ConTKJiTg — Ninth town — Thtirlow— Nnmc— Whrn niirveyo*! — Front—Indian bury- inK Kf<>i»>*l — Owner of (irHt lotn — CiiiHbolm — Singlfton — MycrK — Korguuon — Iiidinn triwItrH— To Kin^Hton in linttfiiu — SinKl<;ton'H (iciitli — FormiHon'K (li;ntli — DiHtrtKS of tlio fumilioH — Settltui, 17H9 — AHcondinK the Moirn — Tttkiuf^ poMHC'SHion of land — Fiftli coni'UMHion — .Jolm Taylor — Fouiulcr of Bollcvilli,' — llyors buying land — Sottlcrs upon the front — Municipal rrcord — Town oftitcrB— 1708 — Suciei'dinpr yearn — Canlfton, itH founder — SettlinR — The diet— liuildinK mill — Koad— Kiver Moirn— Origin of name — Earl Moira — Indian name — Indian offerinK— " Cabojunk " — Myers' naw-mill — Place not attractive — First bridge — Tho flourinK-mill — HcIlevillo — Indian villagi! — Myers' Creek — Formation of village — First inn — IVrmanent bridge Uridge Street — In 1800— (Jrowth — A weeond mill — MeNabb's — Sad death — Captain Mcintosh — I'etrio — InluibitantH, 1809 — Dr. Spareham — Naming of Belleville — Bella (tore — By (lore in louncil — Petition — Extract from King- ston Oazette — Surv. _ ing reserve — VVilmot — MistakcK — Oranting of lots — Conditions — Board of Police — FiXtent of Belleville — Muddy streets— -Inhabi- tants in 1824— Court-house — First Court, Quarter Sessions — Belleville in 1830. ill! )■ THE NINTH TOWN — THUBbOW. The oldest map in tho Crown Lands Department, staton that this township was surveyed in 1787, by Louis Kotte; perhaps only the front coneession. By this map, we learn that nt the mouth of the river had been, probably on 7 vick's Island, an Indian burying irround; an told the writer that Captain Myers having stayed in Lower Canada throe years, came and settled upon lot 7, where he built a hut and lived for a year, botbro going to Sidney. This was probably in 1787, when tho surveying was proceeding. Thus it was that Captain Myers, who afterward gave a name to the river and place, was the first squatter. About this time. Captain Sin?rleton, who had been a firsv settler in Ernesttown, came to Thurlow with a brother officer. Lieutenant Ferguson, both having recently married and settled uj)on lot No. 6. Their object in coming was to carry on a fur trade with the Indians, who regularly descended tho Eiver Sagonoska to barter, and subsequently to get their presents. The 490 OAPT. 8IN0LBT0N. *? •*i single log houso which was first buiU, was shortly added to, by a HGCond compartment, in.to which was wtored fiivs and floods for bp.rtor. Tiio lii'e of these iirst settlers of Thurlo.v was a brief one, and the termination a sad one. Both hod just married, and with their faithful servant, Johnson, and liis wife, they hoped for a future as bright as the wood and water which so beautifully surrounded them. It mattered not to them that no human habitation existed nearer than the Mohawk settlement, and the Napaneo Kiver. Many trips with the batteau were iiecc-^'^M.vy to obtain a complete outtit for Indian trading, and ample provisi(»ns had to bo laid up, with stores of rum. These articles wore procured at Kingston. Single- ton had rented his farm in the second town; but reserved a room, where ho might stop on Iiis way up and down. 1 n September, 1789, Captain Sin^.deton, his wife, child, some eight months old, with Lieutenant Ferguson, his wife, and the sei'vants, Johnson and wife, set out lor Kingston and Hrnesttown in a batteau. Tlie women were to visit in Ernesttown, while the men proceeded to Kingston to purcliaso Hour and other article>. Not long after starting, Single- ton was taken ill. They stopped at Captain John's, at the Moli iwk settlement., and Indian medicines were given him; but he continued to grow worse, and when he reached his home, in Kruesttown, he was dangerously ill. A doctor from Kingston was procured ; but Captain Singleton died nine da^s after, from what seems to have been a malignant fever. His faithful servant, Johnson, contracted the vliscase and also died. Thus, Lieutenant Ferguson w:is loft with three women and a child, away from homo, which could only be reached after much toil. Captain Singleton was spoken of as a " pleasing gentleman, and belove«l by all who knew him." Ilis infaut son grew to man's esti^tw', ami became one of the Iirst settlers of Brighton, where Ids widow, now far advanced in years, and descen- dants reside. Lieutenar)t Ferguson went to Kingstou, exchanged his load ot furs for a barrel of flour, then very utracted the 'i\n loft with ould only be ken of as a II Uis infant I settlers of and descen- his load ot licles, and re- liys were also liere were left lurlow, three It, bosido the |i-ticle of food, Lettler in the [alley in Nc\» ASOE.VDINO THE MOIRA. 491 York, and latterly served, probably in Johnson's regiment. Ho had lived a short time at Sorol before coniing to Thurlow His body was buried upon a pleasant elevation, between their house and the plains to the east of the river. Tlie Hrst one of the loyalists to die in Thurlow, his body was the first to be interred in the "Taylor burying ground." In the spring of 1789, a jiarty of about fifty, reaohed the bay. They were all refugee loyalists, and most of them had been since the close of the war in the iStates, looking up their families, and arrang- ing to take them " to Cataraqui." This p.irty settled in Sidney and TImrlow. Those who settled in Thurlow, finding no lanii available at the front, prepared to aseend the river. Among them were John Taylor, William Keed, with four sons, John, AVilliam, Samuel, and Solomon ; Kichard Smith, Oavelry, Robert Wriglit, John Longwell, Sherard, Zcdie Thrasher, Asa Turner, Stephen and Laurenee l{aarty reached the mouth of the river late in the day, and j>itohed their tent among some cedar slntdts n})on the cast bank of the river, just l)y the site of the upper bridge. The following day, they followed the bank of the river, searcdiing for indications of good land Tiie surveyor had not yet laid o«it any but the front lots ; but the pioneers had been assured that any land they should s took articles t(t exchan;,e for flour. John Taylor settled in the fifth concession, where he remained a year, when ho came down to the mouth of the river. A sketcVi of this old soldier is elsewhere given. Among the setth.-rs who ciune in, a few years later, were liichard Canr.iff, ar.d Robert Thompson. In some respects, the settlors of these townships, at the wtstern extremity of the bay, sutTored in a peculiar manner. They v. ere far removed from Kingston, and from the ivvcsMaries of life to be pro- lix it! ii \ i fi 1 ' 492 SETTLERS DPOIf THE FRONT. cured there. And they were settling after the period when Govern- ment allowed provisions. The name of Caj)tain Myers must ever stand identified with the early history of Thurlow. He cannot be regarded as the founder of Belleville ; yet he was the first to give a name to the village at the mouth of the river. Captain Myers saw service during the revolu- tionary war (see Koyal Combatants). At the close of hostilities, having tarried for a time at Lower Canada, he came to the bay, and squatted at first upon the front of Thurlow. He first became a settler upon the front of Sidney, a few miles east of the Trent Eiver. Being a man of enterprise, and with forethought, he did not content himself with clearing a fann and cultivating its soil. He saw the wants of the settlers, that they required sawed lumber, and greater conveniences for grinding grain. Hence he is found, even before 1790, erecting a sawing mill upon a small stream on his land in Sidney. The water- power was very inefficient, and he looked about for a more suitable place. The waters of the Moira presented the inducements he sought. A bargain was effected with John Taylor for the rear half of lot No. 5, which embraced a portion of the stream, affDrding the desired mill- site. It was, most proba )ly, in the year 1790, that Captain Myers came to Thurlow, and built his log hut upon the banks of the river, a few I'ods above the present mill-dam. Within a year, the first dam erectted upon the river was finished, and a log saw mill built upon the east bank. > -tin The late Colonel Wilkins, of the Carrying Place, says, that when he came to the bay, in 1792, Myers had his mill built, the one farthest west, until they came to where is now Port Hope. ?u{. The following are the names of those who settled upon the front, OS supplied by the late G. Bleeker, Esq. Commencing at lot No. I, the first settler was John Chisholm ; No. 2, Conn Frederick; No. 3, Crawford, the lot having been drawn by A. Chisholm. Coming to No. 7, it was settled upon by A. Thompson, who sold the right to Schofield ; No. 8, by Arch. Chisholm ; No. 9, by Samuel Sherwood, who was>un Indian trader. Then Fairman, William Johnson, Edward Carscallion, J. Carscallion, Fairman, Biddell. There is no record of the fii'st municipal transaction. Most likely, no rocoi'd was kept. The following, however, takes us back a long way : — " At the annual town meeting, for tho township of Thurlow, held the fifth day of March, I'iQS, whereat the following persons were chosen town officers, viz., John Mcintosh, Town Clerk, John OANIFTON. 49S is len Govevn- Chisholm and William Roid, Assghsovs; Joseph Walker, Collector; Samuel B, Gilbert, John Reed, William Johnson, Pathmasters ; John Cook and Daniel Lawrence, Town Wanlcns ; John Taylor, Pound-keeper; John Fairman, Constable." John Mcintosh, remembered as Capt. Mcintosh, was Town Clerk for three years, and was succeeded by Jabez Davis. The following year, the occupant was Caleb Benedict. The year succeed- ing, RoswoU Leavens was appointed, and continued to hold the office for thi'ee years, when John Frederick was chosen, who held the place two years, when John Mcintosh was again selected ; he hold it two years. Then John Thompson was appointed, who held it one year. The next year it was Roswell Leavens ; the next, John Frederick; the next, R. Leavens, who continued uninterrupt- edly in office for twelve years, up to the year 1826. During that time very many changes are obsei'ved in the names of those holding the other municipal offices in the Township. The Town Clerk, in the year 1826, was Daniel Canniff, who held it two years; the next was James McDonnell, who filled the post seven years. In 1835, D. B. Sole was appointed, who hold it two years. The year ensuing, Dr. Hayden was appointed. It would seem that during the year following. Dr. II. escaped as a rebel, while his wife refused to hand over the township records. Canifton. — Up to the year 1806, the way from Myers' mill up the river to where stands Corby's mill, a distance of four miles, was unbroken by a single clearing. There was but a poor waggon road, which had been cut by the two individuals who alone could affoi-d the comfort of a waggon. But in that year another settler was added to Thurlow, and a third waggon to the community. John Cannitt, having bought some 800 Jicros of land from one McDougall, and one Carle, in the third concession, commenced the work of clearing upon the present site of the village of Canifton. John Cannitf was a U. E. Loyalist, and was born at Bedford, in the County of Westchester, in the present State of New York, in the year 1757. There is no reliable statement handed nowu as to the part he took in the war against the rebellion. Tliat he took jin active part is believed by those most capable of judging. The name of Lieut. Candift' aj^pears among the officers of a New Jersey regi- ment, which is thought to have been one of the family. John Cannilf was a refugee at the close of the war in New Brunswick, where he remained a few years. He then came to Canada, in 1788, and fii-st settled in Adolphustown, where he lived until his removal I - I, . ( !• >< 494 THE RIVER MOIRA. to Thurlow. He had witnessed and experienced the sntfering of the year of the famine. And it is known that he actually saved one family from death by starvation. Before bringing his family to Thurlow, in 1807, he had cleared a considerable piece of land, on the oast side of the river, around the present site of the bridge ; built a mill-dam, a saw-mill, and a frame house, which stood a short distance above the site of the Methodist Church. Although this took place near the end of the first decade ot the present century, yet the settlement was attended by no little hardship. The neces- saries of life were not always to be had, and it is authentically related, that for a time pea broad constituted the principle article of diet, while a fish, now and then caught, was a groat luxury. About the year 1812, Canniff erected a flouring-mill, having for mill-stones thoi:;e made on the spot, out of hard granite ; the man who made them yet lives. These relics of the past may yet bo seen. But in two years he procured a pair of Burr stones from the Trent. In the year 18 — , Mr. Cannifi' removed to the front of Thurlow, and lived upon lot number o-glit, where ho continued to dwell until his deatli, 21st Feb., 1843. He was in his 87th year when he died. His remains are buried near the front of the Episcopal Church, in Belleville. He was a great uncle to the writer. Up to the year 1715, there was but one small house inCanifton, beside that occupied by Mr. Cannitf, this was occupied by a cooper, named Ockerman. For four years after John Canniff settled upon the river, there was an unbroken wood between his place and Myers' mill, while but a rough road existed, which followed the river's bank. In the spring of 1811, James CanniflF, the writer's f ither, commenced to clear land, midway between Myers' mill and .>ohn Canniff' s. At this time, the road remained almost impassable, for the half-dozen waggons, owned in the township. Some years later, the road was somewhat straightened and improved; but although now, and for a long time, so great a thoroughfare, the road continued to be, for ndany years, the most execrable. The River Moira. — This river is named after the Right Hon. the Earl of JfoiVt, afterward Mai-quis of Mastingt, and previously, when a soldic!', serving in the American war, known as Lord Bawdon. Ac his death the title became extinct. His body was buried in his native town in Ireland. While in America, he formed a strong attachment to Brant. Iff" MYERS CREEK. 495 Butfering of ly saved one s family to of land, on the bridge ; stood a short [though this ant century, The neces- luthentically iciple article , luxury, ill, having for te ; the man , may yet bo r stones from it of Thurlow, to dwell until I year when . the Episcopal writer. 90 in Canifton, I by a cooper, le river, there (' mill, while 's bank. lu ', commenced Canniif's. At he half-dozen the road was low, and for a ucd to bo, for Le Right Hon. tid previously, inown as Lord [is body was kca, he formed The Moira takes its rise in the township of Tudor, and in its windings to the Bay Quinte, passcsthrough the townships of Madoc, Marmora, Rawdon, Huntingdon, Ilungorford, Tyendinaga, and Thurlow. It was well known, and yearly ascended by the Indians for tlie excellent hunting which it aftbnled. Thoy called it Sagon' asko, which name may bo found on the first maps issued by the surveyor. It was sometimes spelled Saganashcocon. The Indians, when about to puss up on their hunting expedi- tiouB, leaving many of the women ind children in wigwams upon the plains near its mouth, would make an ottering to their pagan god, of tobacco, which was dropped upon the east shoi-e, near its mouth, Just below the site of the first bridge. A tlianJc ottering was repeated upon their return. — (B. Flint). When the first mill dam was erected by Capt. Myers, the obstruction was called by them Cahojunk. When the land was surveyed, the (Jovernment reserved at the mouth of the river 200 acres, ostensibly, for an Indian burying ground. But the place of burying was upon Zwiok's Island, in the Bay, near the river's mouth. Upon the old maps, this river is called Singleton's Eivcr, after Capt. Singleton. About the year 1790, Capt. Myers settled upon the river, and erected a dam and log saw mill. It consequently took the name of Myers' Ci'oek, which it retained, until after the war of 1812, and by some, to within the writer's recollection, thirty years ago. The writer remembers to have seen the Indians, in their birch canoes, ascending and descending the river. The fact that the word Moira has some resembling sound to that of Mj'crs, has led some to suppose that the latter name became gradually changed into the former. But the fact is as stated above. The appearance of the place, presented to the first adventurers in pursuit of land on which to settle, was not attractive. It was a barren plain with a cedar swamp covering the shores on either side. There were, however, on the east side, at the mouth, some tall and good sized oaks, indicating deep soil, while the land around was rock; this land, like the two islands upon which mills are built, was rich, and had been made from the washings of the river's sides for centuries, and carried down from the back country. The first bridge upon the Moira, was a floating structure, and was placed quite at the mouth of the river, with the view of escaping the current ; but it was soon carried ott'. The bridge was i^r :; ' \ t I w u\ 496 BELLEVIM-E. built about 1800; prior to wliich time there had been a ferry for foot passenpjers, when the stream was not fordable. At certain Beasonn, crossings could tiiko place almost anywhere. The tii-st spring freshet carried nway the bridge. In the winter of 1802, according to Mrs. Harris, who then lived in the place, a more sub- stantial (Structure was commenced ; but again it was cari'iod off by ice breaking over Myers' dnm. Possibly, this may be the fart one. The first permanent bridge must have been co mpleted in 1806 or 7. The excellent water power was first employed by Capt. Myers, and the second person to use it was the Eeeds, at the place where is now situated Corby's mill. The benefit of a flouring mill to the Eeeds will bo understood when it is known that they had pre- viously, to carry on their back the grist to the Napaneo mills, a distance of some fortj' miles, and thus occupying four da^'s. BELLEVIMiE. The earl}' voyageurs, passing along in their birch canoes, bound for the far west, by the way of the River Trent to Lake Simcoe, were never attracted to the low, thick Avoods, which bordered the river called by the Indians Sagonoska. It is true, there was generally an Indian village upon the plains situated to the east of the river's mouth. But the collection of rude tents offered no special invitation. While the French, it would seem, never ascended the river ; the Indians of the Missis- saUga tribe inhabited the region, and mostly always had a village upon the bay shore. As we have seen, the Government, at the time of surveying, reserved lot number four, which included the river and the plains, for the Indians, About 1789 or 90, Captain Myers, having purchased a part of lot number five, of John Taylor, for $100, endeavored to obtain a lease of the Indian lot for a long period of years; and he subsequently claimed the lot, averring that it had been leased him for ninety-nine years. This claim of Capt. Mj'crs, it has been stated, led to the name which so long obtained, Myers' Creek. But the claim was never recognized by Govern- ment, jUthough there is some reason to think that the Indians did actually bargjiin it away. The settlement upon the river, by Captain Myers, very soon came to bo known as Captain Myei's', and the inhabitants up and down the baj^, spoke of the settlement, as well as of the river, as Myers' Creek. But, at the same time, Myers' mill and house were quite remote from the first collection of houses at the mouth of the river. Apart from the water privileges, there a ferry for At certain The first tcr of 1802, I more sub- rriod off by he fart one. in 1806 or 7. :3apt. Myers, [)hvce where T mill to the ey had i^ro- [joe mills, & days. tirch canoes, River Trent thick woods, ^agonoska. It m the plains Iho collection le French, it f the Missis- had a village ment, at the included the i-l>0, Captain ■ John Taylor, ot for a long averring that !laim of Capt. 3ng obtained, by Govern- Indians did sr, by Captain rs', and the [ent, as well as ^ Myers' mill of houses at i'iloges, there FIRST SETTLERS. 497 was nothing to attract to the place, and, until the beginning of tho present century, there was not even a hut at the mouth of the river. If public meetings were held, they wore up the front, or back near tho fifth concession, afterward known as Ilaydon's Corners. The village began to form upon tho east bank of the river, a little distance below Dundas street, and, for many years, it did not extend further no.th than that street. The first place of habitation go far as can bo learned, was a log house, built and occupied by Asa Wallbridgo, a trader, who was well known by the early settlers. Then came John Simpson, in tho year 1T98, and constructed a log hut, 20x12. This house, the fii-st public house in Thurlow, was for many j'ears known from Kingston to York, as a place of public entertainment. Within its rough walls rested many an important traveler, and here, in later days, convened the men of dignity and office, to discuss matters of great import concerning the village. Here met, in jovial companionship, the inhabitants of the village at night. Around this rude public house centered the crowd upon training days, or whoji the raco coui'se was a point of attraction. For many years, the^^heart of the village was at the corner of Dundas street. At this place was tho ferry, and allerwards tho first bridge. John Simpson, who was Sergt.-Majoi* of the Militia when first organized, died shortly after coming to Myers' Creek; but his widow, Margaret, continued the hostess tor many j-cars. Sho endeavored to keep pace with the wants of the growing village, and made one improvement after another, and finally ha i built tho frame structure uow converted into the agreeable rosidenct.' of tho Hon. Lewis Wallbridge. About the year 1800, a second inn was opened in the village, tho descendant of this is tho present Rail- road House. When it became necessary to build a bridge across the river, about 180G-7, the question of site was one of no little consideration. It seemed the most natural that it should be erected on Dundas Street, which was tho great mail road between Kingston and York; and those living in the heart of the village could see no reason in having it placed elsewhere. liut a majority of those having a voice in the matter, looked at tho question in a niore practical light ; and rightly thought a bridge would cost less where the river Avas tho narrowest, while it should not bo too far for convenience. Tho result was that it was built on the site of the present lower bridge, and so gave to the street the name of Bridge Street. 32 i li >i ■ M • ■ 1 • orft f' I lit'ii '.' ■) if '-r .. :mi-. 498 I'ETRIE 8 STATEMENT. Ilotrucing our slops to tho boi^inning of tlio present century, wo present tho stutomont of 3Ir. William Kotehesou, who settled in Sidney, iind also of James Farley, both of whom say that there was not then even a village at the mouth of the river, there being but two or three shanties, amoi\g them Simijson's tavern, at the rude bar of whieh tho sole drink was a home browed beer, which, how- ever, possessed intoxicating pio])orti >s. An'ithor building was an ash houso, owned hy Asa \\''allbiMeneial Brock, when on his way westward, at the commencement of the war of 1812 ; also General Gore, after tho close of the war. (.'apt. 3Iclntosh mot an untimely death by drowning while attempting to swim from his schooner, which was wind-bound oft' Ox Point, to the shore, 23rd Sept, 1815. In tho year 1809, Alexander Oliphant Petrie, came to live at Myers' Creek. lie found tho following persons living in Belleville at that time. Commencing at tho lowest part; there first lived .Capt. John Mcintosh, who kept a store; John Johnson, a saddler; Dr. Sparehan ; John Thompson, who had been a soldier in the King's Rangers ; Peter Holmes, a carpenter, who had also been in the Hangers ; Mrs. Margaret Simpson, inn-keeper ; Eoswoll Leavens, a blacksmith ; John Simons ; one Ames, a cooper ; Hugh Cunning- ham, store-keeper, at Mrs. Simpson's ; Simon McNabb, who lived 'M ll century, sottlod in tboro wan being but the rude licb, bow- iig wuH an )Uice grow h those of Important Two noble ar« before, [ mill now is Front Street, and thereby, a valuable strip of land belon/;ing to tho Rosorve, was luUlod (o ])rivrt(e pro]H>r(y on tho wes(ern side of tho river; while the owner «)f lot number Hve, Air. Taylor, was a losor to a corroH- ]>onding extent. Anodior mis(ake was the very few cross strootH laid oul, the inconvenience of which is felt daily by many ; altlumgh 8omo now ones have boon opened latterly. A third error was tlio ro8poc( he mtuie (o a hotel which stocxl a little to tho east of where now stands tho Victoria buildings. This hotel had been erected on tho ground, where tho street, in Burvoying, happened to come. Tho result is tho unseemly turn in its course at Pinnacle Street. While tho hotel gave a name to (ho street, tho name commemorates the cause of its uglinesss. Tho (own lo(s were disposed of by Government to petitioners, true subjects of His Majesty, on a pay- ment of a fee of thirty' dollars. No ono could obtain more than a single lot. Seven ])lots were reserved : one for a hospital, ono where slands tljo Catholic Church, tho (Jrummar School, tho Eng- lish Chundi, also, the Parsonage house, the old Market Scjuaro, and the Jail." The lots were granted t(^ applicants upon presenting a petition signed by two citizens, to Government. The grantee was obligated to build, in a given time, a Inmse, one story and a half high, and 18 X 30 feet. Bollovillo is the oldest town in Upper Canada. At the time it was named, where now stands Cobourg, were but three houses. In 181(3 tho Kiiujston Gazette »a,ys, " A Post Office is now established in the now and flourishing town of Bellvillc, S. McNabb. Esq., Post Master." ■ lu the year 1834, a petition was submitted by the inhabitants of Ee'leville to Parliament, tho result of which was " An act to establish a Board of Police in tho town of Bellevillo, passed 6th March, 1834." KIR8T BOARD OF POMOR. 501 It would Hoorn tliiit fho iwX puHHud did not como intooponitiftn, for in IS'AG, an act wns pUHscd rospoaliti^ llio fornior one. Thin Inttor act was in many rospoctM tho Hanio, hut niakiuij; fiirthcr pro- visionH. Tho Hamo year tlio (own record lic^ins. The IxmnduriyH woro, '* cominoncliiji^at tlu> limi, says. Helleville is said to contain ahout 1,800 inhahilants. There is an Kni^lish and Scotch Church, a Roman Catholic and Methoilist Chapel, also a con', 12 huxters' and grocery sliojis, lavorns. 3 hreweries, .'{ hatchers', 2 tlouring mills, 4 saw, and 2 fullini^and cardinu; mills. I pail factory, 7 hlacUsmiths' shops, 3 Uunieries, and mechanics of almost every description. In Front Street then' arc a numher of spacious hrick, stone, and frame buildings; heinii; llu' most ccnti'al part of the (own for l)usincs.s. Tho town lia-< recently heinj.? called Kast and West Belleville; sei)aiated iiy liie rivei- IMoira. The later has heen laid out in town lots liy the present owners; ami the sti'i'ets and linos (U'Hned. On Coleman Sti'Oel tlu-re aie already erected a handsome hricic and other ^tone and frame iiuildiiiifs; a 'frip-llaninier Fori^e and Axe manufactory cari'ied on i.y Mr. I'mclor. celehrated for makinii; tho l)est axes in tho ])rovince. A saw mill in o])eration and a (lourin<^ mill I'or four rmi of stone now erectiii',', and another for si.x run in contemplation of heini;' liuilt next summer hy our enterprising townsman, .Mi-. I'^lint. A cahinot-mal.er. I>lac! iMi'ly as IV.-'"), in which year the lirst mill was erectc.l. Tlie exisleuce ol' lliis mill caust'd sonu'- tliinsjf ol' a villap' to sprin'jT np on the soutli shore. Alioul the sanu* time, the land upon ilm north shore of the hay and rivei-. was taken up l)y tho loyalists. Wv can lind i:othinuf t«» indicate the year in which this township w;is orii.fiiially surveyctl ; hut it was most i»ro- bahly done in tiie latter part ol iTiS"). or in the sjiriii;.; of 178(), after tho front of Thurlow h;nl heen surveyeil. U])oii tho old «'harlof this township in the I'rown J^aiKls JJepartineiit, may ho seen the namus of certain otlicers, as claimants of laud iietxr tlu' moiiihot the river. The names are in tho main, now unknown, audit seems that tlu' laud ]»assed into other luiuds. I'ho second and ihiid comessious seem to have been settled at a comiiaralively early date. We heliove that some of the lir.st settlers on Mohawk Bay, wi-ro, Alexander Nicholson, Wood- cock, Peterson, Cau)pbell, llichardsou, Detlors. Napance, a name given to tho river, and to the town upon its bauks, is of Indi.an origin. Originally it was Appanee, which signifies, in the Mississauga language, Hour, or the river where they make flour. This des>ignatioii, it has been Kui>posed, arose from the exis- tence of the flouring-mill, built here at an early «lato (see lirst days of Upper Canada). The i)l.ice w.as lirst vi.sited by loyalists, in 1784. Tho beauty of the scenery, the waters of the river, tumbling over the roclis, down a distance of thirty feet, aiul sweeping down through a muddy bed, and widening into Mohawk Bay, and the surrounding hills clothed in natures rugged habiliments, would naturally attract the settler. Then, when Goveiiunent placed a mill, at which the 1 ■J fi 1 604 NAPANEE. fiettlers could get their gi-uin ufrouiid, a consideration of gi'eat import" aiice, the land in the vicinity would be eagerly sought, upon which to settle. And, it can readily be inferred, that the more valuable lots in the township of Richmond were, at an early date, appropriated and settled upon. Rniniing across the back part of this township, from east to west, and continuing across the township of Tyendinagua, is the Salmon River. It takes its rise in Crow Lake, in the Township of Kenebec. It empties into the Bay Quiuto, at tlie border line between this town- ship and Thurlow. Near its mouth is the Village of Shannonville. The Indian name of tlie Salmon River was Go&ippa. The Napanee River, of which we have spoken, takes its rise in the townships of llincliinbroke, Bedford, Loughborough, Portland, whicli are thickly strewn with beautiful lakes and streams, all con- nected so as to form :i sort of net work. The Napanee then crosses the front part of (^amden, and ]>ursues its way along, forming the southeri! boundary of Richmond, to emi)ty into the Mohawk Bay. Along the course of the stream are several villages, all possessed of more or less beauty. There is the village of Oolebrook, having upwanl of .^00 inhabitants; Simcoe Falls comes next, benutiful and picturesrivilegos as the Napanee, The'"e are numerous rajtids and several falls along its course, and the banks on either side are often strikiniily beautiful. * The original settlers along the stream were mostly the childi'en of loyalists. N.vPANEE. — Tlie settlement of Napanee is preiiy fully given in the chapter upon the first Houring-mills. We there have stated that Sergeant Major Clark of the 84th regiment, was ordered to Napanee to jicl as superintendent of the works in connection with tlie Iniilding of the mill ; sec(mil tlouring-mill in Tpjier Cannda. The mill was situated upon the Fredericksl)urgh side of the river. Upon an early niaj) of the township, by P, V. Elmore, a village is marked hero by the name of Clink ville. Napanee was incorporated in the year 1854. We regret our inability to procure the towuship record of liioh- mond. I'i reat import- on Avhich to liable lots in |iriatcd and oast to west, tlie Salmon of Kenebec. m this town- Jhaunonvillu. s itH rise in ;li, I'ortlmul, uns, all con- then crosses forming the A)ha\vk Bay. possessed of I'ook, having leant if ul and ; iianioil after ilerived from cres of land, ge of Clark's spoken, as a \vr we come considerable ies, nmchine ■; Newburgh ) stream in e^os as the Is along its ly beautiful, chihlren of given in the stated that to Napanee tlie Ituilding he mill was |)()n an early ked here by 3rd of Rioh- DIYISIOX IX. THE EARLY GOVERNMENT OF UPPER CANADA. CHAPTER LVII. Contents — Military riilo— Imporial Art, 1774 — Froiuli ('anin!a--Refiijroes— . Military tiovcnmicnt in I'ihht Cauadii — N'rtv Iti.stricts — Luiii'uIhii'kI) — Moi'iiicnlplirnii — N'assiiii — Ilt'ssf— 'I'ln- .linl;ri\s — iJiiiuaii — t'art\vrii;lit — Ham- ilton — Koliirtson — Court in Mim klrnlmi-irli — Civil I,aw — .liid^i' niinaiii — .ludgi! (jMi-twiiglit — I'liiiisliincnt intlirtcd — First cxi'i'iititui — ' w Constitu- tion of (Jiii'buf — 17'Jl, Qiiclicc Bill passed — Inhabitants of fpin'r Canada. irPPEB CANADA FROM 1783 TO t*J — THK OOVF.ilNMENT. MILITARY AND ("FVIL. For tiireo years after the conquest tlie Province ot'(iuehec wjV8 governed hy military laws, hut ii 1774, the ]{riiish frovernment iutriHlueod a Hill, conferring civil rights upon the Canadian French, with a governing council of not more llian 2'.i, nor h•^8 than 17. The laws, religion and language v.eiv secured to the Province, as before the coiiquest, so that in most respects, excepting the pre- sence of an English (iovcrnor, Canada remained :i French Colony. The timely concessions of the British (lovernment, and the natural antipathy felt by tlr< Canadians to the New Englain!-,'rs, prevented in a most |)ositive way, tiny desire or intention, on the part of the Canadians, to take sides with the revolting iJritish Provinces. When the loyalist refugees hega:i to pick their way into Canada they found themselves ii.s it were in a foreign country. A colony- it is true, under the government of jin Knglish (Jovernor, butnover- tholoss consisting (»f « peojjie entirely dissimilar to themselves. While the war continu-jd the presence of a large number of British troops made the country seem less foreign in its character; but the close of the war, and the dit*bandi!ig of many of the com- panies, and withdrawal of others, I- ft t.ie uidiappy refugees in a society to them altogether unnatural. It woa un<'L'r such circuin- -I - i i Ii j ?! ' Ii Ii f- 1!, K ii i^ I' 506 SETTLERS UNDER MARTIAL LAW. ■. I n ' i 1^ : ii-' J-; ■n stanecH that steps wore tsvkoii to survey land upon tho upper waters, to which tho loyalists nii^ht f(o. The plan pursued by Govern- ment was, not to extend the operation of tho laws belongin/jf to Lower Canada, and therefore French and unnatural, lo the settle- ments in Uii|)or Canada; but to marshal the ])i()iieer in bands under officers, with the necessary a]»pointments, to secure order, protect interests, and administer justice. Thefirst settlers of Upper Canada, then came in military order, by word of command, and were directed to the point where each should tind the land allotted him, and meet his wilderness foe. All alike were ;j;overned b\- military law, until 1788. Saj's tho historian of Dundas, " it was decided by (Jovernnient that the first settlers should live under 3Iaktiai. Law, till such times as it should be restrindcil, and replaced liy ci)in))etent courts of justice. But by martial law was meant only, that tho Eni^lish laws, havin<^ by the settlement of this part of Canada, been introduced, should be its laws for the present, and that these laws, which very few knew, should bo martially executtMl by the (.'a])tain in command, havinij the super- intendence of the ])arlicular locality." Cpon tin- 'J4tli .Tidy. I7ss, Lord Dorchester issued !i proclama- tion, dated ill the Castle of St. Louis, (Quebec, t'onnin;:^ a certain number of new districts in the I'rovinee of Quebec, rpiter Canada was i'onued into four districts, viz.: Lunanhunj/i, which I'xtended from the bordiMs of Lower Canada "to the JJiver (rauauoiiue, now called Thames,*" Mecklt'nburi/h, which included the settlement from Gauauoi|Ue to the Trent Hiver ; I\^itss(m, extendini^ from the Trent to Lonu" i'oiii; on Lake Erie; /fi'trominent man in that locality ; the same as Duiican, Cartwright, and Hamilton were in theirs. llespecting the Judgeship of Mcchleahurjh, the Rev. Mr. Stuart writes, 1788, that "our new settlements have been l;itely divided into four districts, of which this place (Kingston,) is the Cajiital of one called Xeir >Mt'cklenburgh. I had a commission sent me as first Judge of the Court of Common Picas, which I returned to Lord Di)rchester, who IcFt a few days ago." The ollice thus refused was siibse of oHico —Organization of Legis- lative Council — Assemhlj' — Issuing writs for elections— Jlenibers of Council" — Simcoe's ditttculty — At Kingston — Division of Province — Tl ijin^^B Km rI^^Hk' mm fi*. f t :;>Ko 510 THE GOVERNOR. almost the entire extent of the bay, (at Jolmston) within the last half century, it certainly is a reniurksiljle edifice. It is now a hostelrio, as it has always been, and nt) sign of rejjentance can be yet seen in its huge sign-board, exhibited sit the top of a taj>er pine, on which soniu cunning disciple of Michael Angclo, hath depicted a tolerably sized square, and a pair of exquisitely expansive compass, striding classi- cally, in imitation of the CoUosus of Kiiodes, with the staring capitals of "i/ye and let live — St. John's Hall — Peace am! plenty to all man- land'^ — thrown in as a soil of relief to the compass, an«l as a sweet inducenient to the weary and diist-begrinnned traveler to walk in, and make himself as comfortable as the little jteculiarifies of the lazy- eyed landlord, and llu? singular tenqterament of the land-lady, will allow. "This house is (Toveriior Simcoc's house. In "it John Giaves Simcoe, the first Governor oi the V. E. Loyalists, himself a hearty, brave old colonel, who fought in the cause of these men, held his levee, oi\ 'lis first anival in I'pper Canada. Time hallows all. Young Canada has her antiquities — although she may be more prone to look forward to the future with hope, than back on the past with regret. Yet the hoiise in which John (Jravi's Simcoe reposed himself, and cast his martial eye over tl c graceliilly curving bay, the sparklinj; river, and the dihipidated fortifications of the old French fort, built during the French ascendancy; on the point and islands below, may Btill be an object of interest to more than those who reside in the vicinity, in a Province, which owes so much of its present j)rosperity to the good commencement made by one possessed of his historic heroism, hunuuiity, and noble self-denial in the cause of an exiled race. Tlie house stood on a point of land formed by the bay, aiul a small stream which passes from the north westward, called formerly by tlie French, " Riviere de la Vielle Culotte," which being translated, pro- bably means " Old Breeches' Kiver." (ilovernor Simcoe had, but a short half-hour previously, taken his departure for Niagara, in one of the large bark canoes with which the i)assage on the St. Lawrence, and along the shore of the lakes, was then generally made. A brigade of smaller canoes and boats followed him, conveying his suite, and a few fcoldiers; and never since the year 1756, when Montcidm led his army upward to the attack of Oswego, had the swelling bosom of the wild forest river borne so glad a sight as on that sparkling morning. " The old piece of ordnance, obtained from the island fort below, had ceased to belch forth its thunders from the clay bank ; whereon, fort want of trunnions it had been deposited. The gentry of the sur- the last half ' a hosteh-ie, ,'t Heen in its whicli some lovably sized ridinu; dassi- \ring capitals tij to all man- id as a sweet [. to walk in, i.s of the la/.y- land-huly, will John (-J raves isell' a hoavty, men, held his vs all. Young • prone to look stwith regret. mI himselt', and , the sparkling L-iich fort, built i,ls below, may , reside in the se\it prosi)erity of his historic an exiled race. !iy, and a small formerly by the [translated, pro- icoc had, but a jigara, in one oi St. Lawrence, |,le. A brigade lliis suite, and a intcahu led his |g bosom of the ■ling morning, [and fort below, )ank; whereon, btry of the 8ur- SIMCOE S RECEPTANCE. 611 rounding comitry, collected together for the occasion, and looking spruce, though weather-beaten, in their low-tassellod boots, their queer old broad-skirted military coats, and looped chapeaux, Avith faded feathers fluttering in the wind, had retired to the inn, and were toasting in parting goblets, the " good old cause for ever," previously to betaking themselves to their woodland path homeward, or embark- ing in their canoes to reach their destinations by water, above or below. " Now I am content — content, I say, and can go home to reflect on this proud day. Our Governor — the man of all others — has come at last — mine eye hath seen it — drink to him gentlemen — lie will do the rest for us," — cried Colonel Tom Fraser, his face fliished ajul fiery, and his stout frame drawn up to its full height at the head of the table. "We do— we do! " vociferated yonng Kingsmill, emptying his glass, and stamping to express Joy. " Bonhomme " Tom Fraser then got on his legs, and shouted a brawny young soldier's echo to the toast of his relative. The miUl, placid countenance of Dr. Solomon Jones, was lighted up by the occasion, and he arose also, and responded to the toast, recounting some of the services performed by the newly api)oinled Lieutenant-Governor in the Late wai'. Captain Elijah Hottmn, a large portly person, having at his side a formidable basket-hilted claymore, then addressed them in brief military phrase, and gave one of the old war slogans. Major Jessup followed in the same strain, and proposed a sentiment which was received with vociferous cheers by the younger portion t)f the coni: pany. Captain Duhuage, Captain Campbell, l*ay-master Jones, Com- missary Jones, Captain Gid. Adams, Lieutenant Sanmel Adams, Ephraim Webster, Captain Markle, Captain Grant, and numerous other captains and officers, managed to make themselves heard on the joyful occasion, until finally the meeting broke up, and the com- pany separated not to meet again until the next fourth day of June, in the following year.'' The first entry in the journals of the Executive Council of Upper Canada, gives an account of the induction of Colonel Simcoe into the gubernatorial office at Kingston, The event was made one of solem- nity and religious observance, the proceedings taking place on a Sunday, in the old church of wood, which stood opposite the market- place. We quote an extract from the proceedings of the Executive Council. I pi I.i „l ► I ill ', 'H li 512 THE INDUCTION. Kingston, July 8, 1792. " His Excellency John Graves Simcoe, Esq., Lieutenant-Governor of the Province of Upper Canada, colonel, commanding the forces in the said Province, &c., &c., having appointed the Protestant church, as a suitable place for the reading and publishing of his Majesty's commissions, he accordingly repaired thither, attended by the Hon. William Osgoode, Chief Justice ; the Hon. James Baby, the Hon. Peter Eussell, together with the Magistrates and principal inhabi- tants, when the said commission appointing his Excellency (Grey) Lord Dorchester, Captain-General and Governor-in-chief, &c., &c., of Upper and Lower Canada, and also the commission a])pointing the said John Graves Simcoe, Governor of the Province of Upper Canada, were solemnly read and published." The oaths of oliioy were then administered to his Excellency. According to the Hoyal instructions to Governor Simcoe, he was to have live individuals to form the first Executive Council. The five named were William Osgoode, William Robertson, James Baby, Alexander Grant, and I'eter Kussell, Esqs. The next day, Monday, Osgoode, Baby, and Knssell were sworn into office, as Executive Councillors. Eobertson was not then in the Province; Grant was sworn in a few days after. Upon the 1 7lh of July, a meeting of the coiuicil was held at tiie Government House, at Kijigston, when the first steps were taken to organize a Legislative Council, and assembly writs were issued, sum- moning the gentlemen who wece to form the first Legislative Council. These were, in addition to those forming the Exeoitive Council, Richard Duncan, Uobert Hamihon, Ki«!hard Cartwright, Junr., John Munro, and we believe, Tliomas Eraser. These constituted the Legislative Council. Two of the nine, it would seem, never took upon themselves the duties of the high place thus alloted them. One was liichard Duncan, who lived at Mariatown, County of Dundas. He was a captain, and had, in 1788, Iwen appointed Judge of the Lunenburgh district. When Upper Canada became a separate province, Judge Duncan, as well as Cartwright, Judge of Mecklenburgh, wore ap- pointed Legislative Councillors. Duncan was a man of extensive business, and highly respected ; but " some transactions in connection with banking business, were so imprudent," that "he left the country somewhat abruptly for the United States," and "never dared to return," (Croil). This unfortunate attUir, whatever its nature may have been, probably occurred about the time of the above mentioned "ay B OOVERNMENT OrFICERS. U8 8, 1792. -Governor J forces in t»t church, s Majesty's y the Hon. , the Hon. pal iuhabi- ncy (Grey) &c., &c., of lohiting the iper Canada, Excellency, .e, he was to il. The five ames Baby, lay, Monday, 18 Executive j; Grant was s held at the ere taken to issued, sum- itive Council, tive Council, , Junr., John istituted the [n themselves I was Kichard He was a Lununburgh Dvince, Judge I'gh, were ap- of extensive I in connection jft the country Iver dared to nature may jve mentioned appointment, as he shortly after removed to Schenectady, New York, where he continued to live until his death. Tlic other was Mr. Bobertson, a resident of Sandwich, where he had become a successful merchant. He never took his seat in the council, the reason of which does not appe.'ir. It is stated that, according to the despatches of Simcoe to the Imperial (Tovernment, he foiuul no little difticidty in obtauiing suitable persons to fill the offices of the Executive and Legislative Council, who would absent themselves from home for the purpose. The Executive Council continued to liold meetings at Kingston up to the 2 1 St July, when Simcoe proceeded westwai'd, and deter- mined to make the village at the mouth of Niagara River, his capital. Upon the same day that the Governor and Council issued sum- monses to tlie gentlemen of the Legislative Council, the 16th July, a proclamation was likewise issued, forming the Province into Counties, and specifying tlie munber of representatives to be elected by the people to coi.stitute the Legislative Assembly. And these proclamations were si)ee(lily conveyed and posted in every settlement. The following wore the otficers connected with the Governor while at Newark. "Military Sec. Major Littlchales; Provincial Aide-de-Camp, Thomas Talbot; Solicitor General, Mr. Gray; Clerk of Executive Council, Mr. Small; Civil Secretary, William Jarvis ; Receiver General, Peter Rusell ; Surveyor General, D. W. Smith ; Assistant Surveyor General, Thomas Ridout and William Chewitt." The Council Chamber was a building near to Butler's barracks on the hill, where the Episcopal and Catholic Churches assembled occasionally, and alternately. The first meeting of the Executive at Newark, was held on the 29th September. Ten days after this was the opening of Parliament. Peter Clark was appointed Clerk of the Legislative Council ; John G. Law, Usher of the Black Rod. The superintendent of the Indian department, was Colonel John Butler, of Butler's Rangers of the Revolutionary war. John White, the first Attorney-General of L^^pper Canada, came to the country, accompanied by Thomas Ward, in 1792. The Duke de la Rochefoucault, Linancourt, a French nobleman, traveling in America, in 1795, visited Governor Simcoe, and remarks in his writings that " Upper Canada is a new country, or rather a country yet to be Ibrmed. It was ])robably for this reason General Simcoe accepted the government of it. Ho was fully awaro of the advantages which his native land might derive from such a colony, if it attained perfection ; and imagined that means might .33 \l i; ! ' si! t: fi0:' 614 TUB WIFE OP 8IMC0E. bo found julo(|uato to this purpose. This hope vvus the only incite- ment wliich o.ould impel a man of indopondont fortune, to leave the lar^'o and beautiful estates he ])OS8ossos in Eni^land, and to bury himself in a wilderness, arnon^* boars and savai^es. Ambition, at least, appears not to have been his motive; as a man, in Gen. Simeoo's situation, is furnished with abundant means of distinguish- \n{f himsel by useful activity, without removincf to a great distance from his native country. Jiut, whatever have been his motives, his desii,'n has been attended with consequences highly beneficial. The plan conceived by General Simcoe for j)Copling and improving Upper Canada, seems, as far as he has communicated to us, extremely wise and well arranged." The same writer says, that Simcoe had a hearty hatred against the T^nited States, that he had boon a zealous promoter of the war, in whi..',h he took v very active part. "In his private lift^ CJovcrnor Simcoe is simple, plain, and obliging, lie inhabits a small miserable woodon house, which formerly was occu- pied by tho Commissaries. Ilis guard consists of four soldiers, who every morning come from the fort, and return thither in ihe evening, lie lives in a noble and hospitable manm r, without pride. Mrs. Simcoe is a lady of thirty-six yeai-s of age. Sho is bashful, and speaks little, but she is a woman of sense, handsome and amiable, and fulfils '1 tho duties of a mother and wife with tho most scrupulous ex: > uiess. Tho performance of the latter sho carries so far as to act tho part of Secretary to her husband. Her talents lor drawing, the practice of which sho confines to nu»ps and plans, to enable her to be extremely useful to tho Governor." The "Tho Governor is colonel of a regiment of (Queen's Rangers, sta- tioned in the Province. His servants are ]>rivatcs of this regiment which is stationed elsewhere." During our residence at Navy Hall, the Session of tho Legis- lature of U|)por Caiuvda was opened. (This was 1705). The Gover- nor had dcj'erred it till that time, on account ol' the expected arrival of a Chief Justice from England, and from a ht»pe that he should be able to acquaint the members with the particulars of the treaty with the United States. But the harvest has now begun, which in a higher degrco than olsowhero engages, in Canada, the public attention. Two members of the Legislative Council were present instead of seven; no Chief Justice appeared who was to act as Speaker; instead of sixteen members of tho Assembly only five attended. The law requires a greater number of members for each House, to discuss and detormino upon any business, but within ir , S SIMCOK « MEITKNANTS. riiT) ?;i! \l \y incito- lonvo the i to bury bitiiiii, ul , in Gon. istinguiwh- it distance 8 motives, beneficial, improving , cxtromely ;imtoo ba»l en a zealous ft. " In his liging. He ly was occu- nir soldiers, lit her in Uie ,n.,-j without age. She is ,c, handsome id wife with 10 latter she isband. Her to nuiprt and ernor." The Rangers, sta- his regiment [)t the Legis- The Gover- Ipeetcd arrival I at, he should lot" the treaty jgun, which in la, the public Iwerc present Las to act as Jbly only tlvc members for less, but within two (lays II year will hav*- i-xpired sincL! Ilio Inst Si's>i..ii. The Governor has (hi-reCori! thonifjit i' right to oj»« ii tlie Sessinn. Th.' whole ri'linue ofthe (!(»vt'rnor consisted in a «;ii:ii'd of lil'ty men of the garrison of (lie fort. hre.-.M'd in silk, he entered the Uail with his hat on his heail, attended liy the Adjutant and two Seereturies. Tlie two memluM's of the Legi,sl!i(ive Oouncil »nr,_Alox. (irnnt — Hiiii k — IHIi; — llnitc'il Htiti'H dcrliin' v/nr — rimnpt Hctinii — I'lirliiiiiiLiit — Pro- claiiiiitidii — 'I'lu! !hniu' — Scciiiid |ii'orlaniiitiiin — (ii'iicrul Hull — IIIh iirocliiinii- tioii — ItoinltHKl and iiM|H'rliiii'n' I — 'I'lu' IiidiuiiN — I'l'iiiliiiniitiiiii unswcrrd^ Hull iiprlHonci' — MicliJKiin < oiii|iiort'd — To NiitKurii — At . His a^e was sixty-nine. The third (lovernor of I'pper Canada was His KxcclJcncy Francis (Jore, wJio assumed the ^gubernatorial lunctions on the 25tli Au<^ust, 180(5. In the interim between this period and the death otMliinter, the lion. Alexander Craiit havin<.j bi-en J'residi'iil. The rci^n ol' (lore was one of ea^e. No coiillictiny; ]»arties as yet dis- turbed tiio political aremiof the Province. Year after year he con- venetl Parliament, Avhich enacted laws lor the^rowinii^ reciuircnu-nls of the colony, with a deo-nie of hiirinony not subsetpicntly ])resent. In 1811, he resi;L?ne(i, wlicn Sir hitac liriic/i liccame Prcsiihnt, upon the 30ih kSepleniber. Althoui^h but; the I're.'sidont, ami not a Liuu- tenant-Oovernor, he recpiires some notice. (rKNKiiA'- RiiocK. — Ii! the year 1S12, in .Inne, the United States doclare anii profe.-sions, tliey oiiglit to be inspired with tlic noliU'st resolutions, mid they will not be easily irightened by menaces, or ^onijuered liy liirce. And. i eholding as we do, the flame of ptilriotisin, burning from the one end of the Canailas lo the other, we cannot but iiitertain the nmsl pleasing antiei])alions. Our enemies have indeed said liiat the^- can subdue this country by proclamation; but it is our part to prove to them, that they are sadly mistaken ; that the population is di'terininedly hostile, and tliat the few who might be otherwise inclined, will find it their safety to be faithful. Innumerable attempts will bo made, by false- BROCK S AIH)RK»8. 519 hood, to dotach you from your alk-i^iance, for our enemies, in imita- tion of tboir European master, trust more to iroswhory tluin tolorce, and they will, no doulil, make use of many "!' those lies, which unfortunately, for the virtuous part of those Slates, and the jieaee and happiness of tlie world, had too much success durini; the Ameri<'an rebellion; they will tell you that they are come to, nive yon freedom, yes, the base slaves of the most c standnrd of Tnion now waves over ll»'> territory of ( 'aniula. To tln> peaceal)!*' ftnd unotVendini; inliaSitants it lirinijs neither 'lanjLjer nor diffi- culty, i eonio to tind enemies, not Co make them. I eome to protect, not to injure you. Si^|)arate a iiivati'r nicasur*' of peace and security, of wc.-ilth :ind iin|)rovcincnt. than ever fell In llie lot of any people. in the name of my counlry. and hy tin' aniliorily of my country, and hy lln' authoi'ily ol my i;o\ci"nnu'nl, I promise protcclion to your persons, properly, and rii;hls. I{i'm;iin at your homes, pui'suc vour iteati'tul and cu>lom;ii'v avocations; r:iise not your hiinds a<;.'iins( your hrelhrcn, many of your talhers foui,dit tor the trecdom and iudi'pondenci' we now enjoy. UeiuLr «diildren, llu'reforc, of the same tiimily with us. and lieii-^ of i!n' s;inie lieri<;iii'(\ the tirrixid of my army of friends must he hailci! hy yiii with n cordiid welc(Une. ^"ou will he emancijia'uil ii'oni t\ rany .•md oppri',s-;ion, ;ind rivsiored to (he di^'niiii'ci ,-ia(ion of I'rre men. Il;id I miy doiiht of i>venMi;il success, 1 miii'lit ask your assistance, hut I ilonot. I come prep.i red for evt>rv I'onliiiixency, 1 have a liirce which will look down idl opposition- and tluit force is hiil the vaiiiruard oC a miadi n'rc.atcr. If contrary to your own interests, jind the just e.vpcclatioii of my country . \>ui will he considered and treiitcd as eni'inies. the horr(MN antl itilamiiii'N of war will stalk h^fore you. If the harharoiis aiiii savage I olicy ot'(Jreat lirilain he |tuisiied, and the savayes ari' m ! i ANHWKIl TO TIIK AIHHIKMS. B»l of jtoaro to iirmH. of iWoni t »\nn»oly, muU'r my of rnion jwact'iiblo wnr (liffi- I conio to >iui, jukI an «rti«'ii)atits, i)lt>Hsin!j;s of sary v»'siiH, avi'tltM'isioii trt^lo for in- •i\iin|tlunitl\ luTly wli it'll worlil. ami KCMurily, of any |)«M>itl»\ my coanli'y, rotctiiiin 1o MHOS. ])nrs\U' ycMir liiinils tin' iVci'ilom \'\\i\\\ of till' lii« aiTi\!il of iiil svi'li'iMnt'. ml roioi'i'il f ovi'iiiunl m- prcpan-il ik liarharoiis savauCH an- lot lr)oso to murHpr «mii' i-ilizt-nH, an tirst att(>in]it witli llic Hcalpinir kniii\ will Ih« tlio Hijjnal of (»iu« intliscriniinaU) wonc of (h^Holatinn. No white man found ti/rhtin^ Ity tho sido of an Indian, will Ix* lakon priKoni^r ; inHlant doNtrnclion will Ik' his lot. If llitMlirtatoH of roasr)ri, duty, juHticc, and hnnninity, cannot provcnt thu cniploynirnt of a forct) whitdi roMpoctM no ri^iit. and UnowH no wrontrs, it will Ik> jirovcnttMl by II Hi'vt'iv and rcdcntloHH HyHton) of retaliation. I doubt not your <'ouriiJ5t> and lirnini'Hs; I will not, dtnilit your attaclmn-nt to liherty. If you (tMidcr your Hi'rviccH voluntarily, (hfy will he a4-('e|)ted roadily. The llnit(>i| .Stat<'K oH»'r you peaeo, liherty. and security. Your eh(»ieo lies hotwoen thiiw^ and war, Hlavory, and dt^struet ion. Choosi* then, hut (duMtse wisoly ; and may ho who knows the justice ot our eaus(>, and who hold in his hands the fate of nations, ^ui(h) you to a result the most <(»nipatihl(> with your rights and iiderests, you peace and pro.sperity." Hut it WIS not Imi;^ till tlie s;inie (len. Iliill was a prisoner nmoii;^ them, and in his journey from Dt^troit to (^uehec he had ahundantopportunity ofseeinu; not only the loyally of the ('anailians, hut. that they knew how to treat a e,on(|Uer*M| foi' with eonsiderii- tion — that willnMit cryini; it out they could t!;ran( «>vcr\ " pro toe- lion "to their ancient toe, not wit hslaiidin;; the cruel Ireatnient they had sMstainetj w hen made exiles. On the jSih July, with the inlrepidily i liaraclcrlstic n{' the Ih'itish ollieer, Urock cro-siMJ tln' Detroit, ;idvance(| upon the town with his hrave militia and hamlfid ol re<.ciilar troops, and ilenmiah^d of (Jen. Hull the siirrcmlei' of (he pltK-e. iiillowins.' up tlH> deinjind with prep.'irali.fiis to assMult; Iml .soon the while Ihiii,' appt-ariid, and tien. Hull, ^o hrave in writing' proclamaliMns. with the whoh^ American army, hecame prisoners nf war. 'I'lie\- were conveyed to (^ueliee in iiarlies, some i;"oinu' hy vesst'ls of \\;ii' from \<>rU to Kine'slon, >onie in sm;ill lioals alonii' the shorti ami across the Oarryiii!;' I'lace, hy the l'>:iy of <^>ninle, Most ot' lliem were con- fined in hulk-, in IIh^ Si. Liiwrenci', al (^iiieliee, where liny rem!iine<| until c.Nchani^i'd. ii. I'.rock' alter this hrilliani ron(|iiev| of iK'troit, which incliiiled the whole of .Micliii.'an, lost no time in liasti'uinn' to the MiaLTtira IVonlier. where anoiiier ai-my was threat- en iiiLT ti> invade. Upon the 12lh (>et((lier the Ainericiins were preparin;f to cross from liowiston to tiiiecnslon. tlio lioiijlits of (^lU'fiiMloii, asfainut tlio ciimny, who had nlttaiiu'd a, footiiii!; then-; ImiI with (he doop rivor Itolwooii Ihi'iii and safely, the iMiciny ndlicd for m tiiiK* in n slnifff^lc inr lilo, and l?r(K'Iv's men. infi'rior in ninnlKM-, rt'tii'i'd, until his ndntbrce- nicnts haa('c was sought hy the Inited Slates, after three years of war. lu'cause Kni^land, no lonu'or at wai- at home, was ahout (o nld be sjiared on this frontier. Although this fact is one of (he m«»st strikini;- o\ents conneeted with thai war. it has nevoi- yet heon brouixht iiroiuiniMitly helitre (ho jiuhlie ; yet it ilonrly jiroves that the detence of ('anaila, then ri'stod with i(s inhahKanls. We tind tha( thouirli they t'onsi8(od principally of tho old U. I'). Loyalis(8 and (heir doseendants, the native Indians who htul boon dispos- II 1 ■if I . 11 SliKAKKK — iminiMONIt. 523 , ui\y wliicli :it whon pcaci- .r war, lu'causo .;d heavy Mows, •n^Miiy's posHOs- IS."):*., sjioaks a-< ,ivs Ml, that, in inu'i ot'liritir-h IVoni Kin;j;sloii iU's, and diirin.t,' •iSth could bo >1K' of tlio nntsl iH'vi-r yi't hoon uly jtrovoH that itjiiits. Wo tiial U. K. Loyalists ud boon dispob- w> loul I'osowi'cos, ano(;ia!uin ol any tiiiuHy aid from llio motliiM- oonnlry, with a fow troops, nnai)lo to contond aiifainstH powcM'fid nation, niimliorin;; about K.oiH),()l)i), with munitioiiH ot war, and rosoin'ccs willioiil limit, within a ooniparalivo shurl distance from nnu'ilimo cilios, uIm) nunu>rous iiDrccs al romnnmd, ol'wiiich (hoy woih; not .slow of a|»prisin;f us, in Iht; proolamatioiiH oiroidalod fntni tinm t,t time, — it was undtu- tliosi! oirounislanooH that IhiMdniractor and ability oi Sir Isaac IJrook worct bron;,cht to liifht. Well knowing;- on whom ho iiad to depend for tho dtd'tinco ot" Iho country, ho diri'otod his piM'sonal allon^ion to the olotliin^, arms, ei|uipmont, moss, and pi rsonal comfort of tlio militia, and look ovory opportunity of tfainint; Ibo •^-ood will ol the Indians." look ovory opportunity ol tfainmL; Ibo •^ood will of llie liidinns. Tin' oslinnilion in which (ionoral linxtk was hold by tho pooplo of tho I'roviiico. was duly cvincid by Parliament in passim^ an act, llth Mandi. lSir», " to juovidci for llie ero<'tion of a monumont to tho memory of the lati^ pnwident, Major tionoral Sir Isaac Brock." Tho value of bis wiMbnii, his coiincils. Ids onerity. Iii.> wise plans, as wtdl as his brav*'ry. and ihr elleois ihoroof, are fully sot iiulh in llio |)ro;inib|(». ii wa.-. ro.solvod to niiint .C1,()0(( lor tln^ ])U',"poso roforrcd lo, und oroot llio inoniimonl at (^luionslon Ihij^htH. Thomas Dickson, 'riionias Cbiik, imd lioborl Nicbol. Il.'-tiuiros, Wi-ro appointed comntissioners to oai ry out tho aci. In .laniiaiy, iH2(!, an act was pas;-od urjintiiii:;- fi'dll iiKire •' to cnii'iilctc liie monument on a scale whioii appi'ars to ibo commissionors worthy of thu objoct." Major (Iciicrnl Slniillr, bcciuno Presidml, 2iMli ( )eli>ber, 1^12, and oontiiiiiod in otlioo until .liiniiaiv ID, IKl.'l. wbon Major (ioner.al do iloltonbiir^^li iissiinu'd tbo ollioo, and rcmtdncil until l)ooeinber / was inducted as 12, of ibe rami) year. At this date l,initcHiint (iciunil tSif (inf'/oii J>rini(ii"iii< Prosidiuit. It was imnn-diatidy afti'i' this tbat \bo inlanious Ame- rican (ioner;d iM(('luro. sot lire lo Newark ubcn uii|n'otoetc(l, biirinny; 150 liou-os, and loaviiii; MHI wonieii iuid (diiblnn boiiiobiss in llie middio ot' Deooiniior. Tbisjtcl nf villaiiy w;is fully avenged liytionoial I)rummond. Ilavin:; occupiod Kort tieor^c, a nitflit attack wa-* made upon Fort Niaiiara, with lirillian; sin krA: ')A :!t II ' (*»!s,s. Tl lun. t ':' 524 LORD SYDENHAM. m\: *"• i;: the burniii<^ of Newark wan ri'iiKJinbered, and from Lowinton to Buffalo tho frontier was laid waste, includi" •: those two townH. In this connection, \\v would remark, thait in o ovontof another wnr with tho United States, it would bo no doui. tho policy of Canada to make frequent disastrous raids iiito tlio States, wliorovor the opportunity presented. Tho Americans may as well understand that destruction of property will not be all on one side. These brief sketches of the first Lioutenant-tiovcrnors of Upper Canada, will bo finished by alluding to one who devised the sehomo of uniting tlio two Canadas, who successfully accomplished that noble desicfn, and bocame the first Governor of United (Canada, lie fixed Ihe capital at Kin^ijston, as the most centi-al ])lace suitable for both J'rovinces, indeed, it is generally understood, that it was a part of tho plan when the union was made, that Kingston should become the permanent seat of government. " It virtually f(.rmod part of the contract between the rcspectivo provinces." But with the death of Lord Sydoiiham, also died the op])or!unity of l\iiigst(,;i remaining the capital of Canada. Lord Sydenham died at Kingston, in Septembei-, IS^l.and was buried beneath St. (leorge's Church. Says Dr. I{yer.son. in an atlecting letter comnumicated to the |iul)lic at that time: " rnlike the close of the session of legislalure, wliicii was ever held in either Province of Canada, tho tp ninationof the lateso.ssion will prodnci' throughout Canada the opjiosito feelings of grateful joy, and melan- choly griet. 'llie same jiost which convcy-s to the people of Canada, tho tidings of the harmonious and ha|»]i3' conclusion of a session nn])rocedentod in the productiveness of comprehensive andvaliiabk' measures foi- the general improvement and social and intellectual olovation of the province, convoys to them the apjjall'iig announce- ment that death has terininuted the earthly career (if the nohlc mind which coiiceived those iniprovemenls and originated those institutions which will form a golden era in the annals of Canadian history, by laying the foundation of Canadian pro.spority and great- ness. While blessings are niultiydieti us, the agent of those bU'ss- ings is removed f'lm us, and our coniitr^' is, at the same moment, thrilldl with joy nd consternation — and on tiie same day vocal with thanksgiving and clothed in sackcloth; himinons with hope and involved in nioui-ning. Thus do the strokes of Pi'ovidential chas- tisement aec'Uiipany tiie oullieainings of Providential muniticenco; anu the brightest ])i('tnre of human life is shaded with disapjioint- men*. sutlxTing, and bereavement. It is in heaven only lh)\t death in unknown, that [)aiii is never felt, and teai-s ai-e never shed. I'it HIS ACTS. "Lord Sj'dcnham bolonf,'8 ossontially to ('nnndn. His iioliility was fairly earned in hor sorvico ; the ripest fruits ofhin experience and aoquiremontH are embotliod in her instilutiouH ; hi.s warmest and latest sympathies are blended with her interests; his mortal remains repose, by ehoice, among her dead ; and his name is indeli- bly inserihod in the atlbctionate esteem and grateful recollecti(ms of her inhabitants. " It is not easy to determine which is most worthy of'admiration, the comprohonsivenoss and grandeur of liord Sydeidjam's plans, the sivill with which he overcame the obstacles that opposed thoir accomplishment, or the quenchless aiilor and cejiseless inilustry with which ho pursued them. To la}' the foundations of public liberty, and at tno same time to strengthen the prerogative ; to promote vast ])ublic improvements, and not increase the publio burdens; to promote a comprehensive system of education upon Christian principles, without interfering with religious ^crupk•s ; to promote the influence and security of the government by teaching the j)eo]»lo to govern themselves; to destroy party faction by pro- moting the general good ; to invest a bankrupt country with both credit and resources, are conceptions and achievements which render Lord Sydenham the first benefactor of Canada, and place him in the first raidc of statesmen. His Lordship found a country divided, he left it united ; he found it prostrate and paralytic, ho left it erect and vigorous ; he found it mantled with despair, ho letl it blooming with hope. Lord Sydenham has done more in two years to strengthen and consolidate British power in Canada by his match- less industry, and truly liberal conservative policy, than have Ijcen done during the ten previous years by the inci'case of a standing army, and the erection of military fortific.utio?is. His Lordship has tolved the diflicult problem, that a people may Iw colonists and yet bo free ; and, in the solution of that problem, he hiw gained a triumph less imposing, but not less sublime and scarcely less important, than the victory of Waterloo; ho has saved millions to England, and secured the affections of Canada. "hi the way of accomplishing those s]»lended results, the most formidable obstacles oppose themselves. At the foundation of theso lay the hitherto defective theory, and worse than defective system of Colonial Government; a system destitute of the safety-valve of responsibility, of the attributes of freedom, and ui' tin! csscntiul materials of executive power; a system which was despotic from its weakness, and arbitrary from its pretences to representation ; a system inefficient in the hands of good men, and withering in the hands of mistaken or bad meti." 1^1' oift NIAOARA IN M^S. II I f'iii\:'Ti;H Lx. Co.NTKNTP — Kiii^cHton — First cnpitnl — First art of frovcrnnioiit — Nlnpiia — Soloi t- iii;; (ill' — Mr. UimiiKon—Tln' inlmliilaiit;' — I^ittlt- York— The l>(iii— Tin- Iliirlior — Survey — l)i' la Trcnrlu — Lonilun — liiliaiiitants of tin' I'on — Von^f Strict, a military road — (Juvunior at Vork — Castle F'rank — Vurk in 17'JH — Tlif l!al(lwiiis— In Iflno— Miifral..— York, isi:i— T.vkcii liy the Anicriians— TlieCoinliatantK — Toronto — " Mnildy York" — A inoniiinciil rofinircd. ■,; -I THE CAIMTAI.S OF Ll'l'EK CANADA. Tlio site of 11)0 old Fort Frontoimc, the first^lownsliiji lo be flnrvoycd. aiul tlio placo wlieivon lo form the first vilIau;o in WcHtorii ranada. was in reality the first caidtal of Ui)per Caiiay troops during the rebellion, and that many refugees hero found a safe retreat. Lord Dorchester desired Siincoo to make Kingston tho capital of the new province. But he was unwilling to do so until ho }iad informed liimselCof the adva'ilages whiclj other places might oiler. It seems lliut he became imi»rossed with the belief that the scat of government should bo placed in tlio peninsula of Upper Canada, and finally determined to fix it at the mouth of tho River Niagara, notwithstanding the recommi tidation of Dorchester, tho wisiios of Bouclictte, the Commodore of the Nav\', and the urgent requests of the Kingston merchants. Collins ill his report 178H, speaks of Navy IFall, near Niagara; that tho l)\iildings of Navy Ifall, are fortlio most part in exceeding bad rcpnii'. ami the wharf is in ruins. Of the Ranger's Barracks one pile has been .'•o liir dismantled as to bo past ro-cstablishing, oneejui indeed, might perhaps, with some fitting up, bo made to serve for some time as a blacksmith's sliop to tho Indian Department, whicli ,111 — St'lt'i t- ,• — Ncwiuk Uoii— The i((ii — V()nK<- t in 170H— nifiiiiiiis — lirnl. ti Wcslorii da. lloro i\(h to his > Council ; c Council ; 'o counties ?irlinment T(orlbi*meil, jnt lIou^se, tlio early rlirtli. Wo uring the treat, the capital til he hail night oiler. the scat of ler Canada, cr Niagara, wishes of equests of xr Niagara ; \ t'xceeding arraiks one ing. one cikI lo 8erve l<»r leiit. whieli THE CARRYINO IM,.V('K. 527 they say is much wanted ; liioother |»ik' is (•apai»!o of being repaired and might also answer for a temporary accommodation, (at least in part) this same department, thoir Hlorohouses, &c.. on the Niagara side as already observed being in alisolute ruin and not repiiiralde ; the fitting uj) of this jtiU* of buildings would cost ultont t.'.'{5. The storehouse at the binding place, which is of round log work, is mostly rotten, and together in exceeding bad repair, and should be roliuilt; the dwelling boui^e is mu(di out of ro])air. The ways, wharf, cradle, and capsiiin, wai\t some repair, whicdi may bo done for about t2(>, all tlie picketing auil small ]»latforn»s in the angles of Fort Sell los.ser, are rotten and in a tottering staio, part of the wharf has boon washeil away, and the ivniainder < annot last long. The barracks and storehouses arc not in n»neh I'ctter condition, thoy have been kept standing l»y the tenkpi»nu'y repairs whitd* have been annually performed, merely to K\ \>p ih< wv^ulier out. " bVom Niagara to the la\iding pUeo, heK>\v \\w Pulls, in al>«mt seven miles and a ijuarter, thoiv is \\ (olerablo gooil road, lait tho mercha)\d\se, store, \i'., are vairied up the river in baticaux or vessels, there being sullbient deplU ot water all the \vu\ up. and al9o alongside t lie wharf tw \uOoud, beyoml this place the current becomes too strong (<» p»»eoed any further by wjiter without great (iitliculty, boats, indeed, but iu)l ves.-cls. go about half a mile higher, but no advantage can be obtained fri)m it as the shore then becomes impracticable, being a precipice of loose rock about throe times as high as where the present landing is. Krom the wharf at the landing, goods are drawn up the side of the bank about rifly feet high upon wa^'s, on easy slope by a capstan tix(M| at the top; from this place there is a waggon road of seven miles to Fort Schlosser, a mile and a half above the Falls, where the gofnls are again put into boats and carried up eighteen miles to Fori Erie, from whence they are conveyed in vcswels acrosH I^ake Krie to Detroit. " I think a better situation for a landing i)lace might bodiosen below tho present one, about half a milodistant by land, and three- quarters by water. The bank of the river here is not half tlio height of tho other ; the water is sulticiently deep at a short dis- tance from the shore for vessels to unload ; and by raising a wharf and lowering some of the bank for a road, the labor and delay of hauling goods up by ways, as is the present practice, and would be avoided ; it would also be much more convenient and expeilitious for \essels to come up to, as the wortt part of the navigation W(uild ill i '!| »'' i 'I I ft28 • NKWARK. •■.. ■■ ■ ! 'ni 1)0 uvoiiiod, wliich in puHHiii^ roiiiul n )M>int liotwoon this placo and the Imidinir. TIjo length of miul to Iw nmdu t'ruiu thJH )»i-«»]M)s()d landing ])taoo, will ItoalHuil Imllainilo, Imt it is mostly ^ood ground and will not ruqiiiru nuudi ux]M«nso. Tlio roal lon^tli of land car- riaf^o, howovor, to Fort HtddosKer, will not Ik) incivibiud, or til nnint more thaii 100 or 150 yards." Tho original British tort at Niagara was upon the oast sido of tho mouth of tho Niagarii liivor, upon tho |>rosont sito of the Anu-ri- can Fort. By a troaty ontorod into in ITm, (iroat Hrilain wjis to vacate this fort, with othen* situated t«> tho south of tho lakos, namoly, i)sw'(.>go, Detroit, Miami, and Michilinacinac, which watt done in 171)11. V]Hm tho west side of tho river, upon a point kn<»wn a8 Mississauga Point, had sprung up a small village. This, it is Huid, wa.s tlio largeiit collection of hou.ses atlor KingHton when (Jovernor Simcoo arrived, and hero ho decided to make his rosi- deuce, and tho permanent capital of tho now pi-ovinee. Ho lived " in a small frame house, half a niilo from thi' village." To this placo In gave tho nanio oi' Newark. There was up tho river, at the end of navigation, and at tho commonooment of the portage around the falls to Lake Erie, a small village which had arisen from the course of travel upwartis to tho western lakos. The l)oats which left Kingston, on their way westward, wore hero unloaded. And this placo had taken tho name «»f (^noon's T«)wn, a name which it rstains to tho present day. iiocholoucault says, in 1795, "Tho diffoi-ont buildings, constructed three 3'oai's ago, consist ot a toler- able inn, two or three goo, he was intent upon orof'tiii^' unothor Kii^luiiil in America Oih luiw Kn>i;ltoml had alienatetl ilHolt', und hodotcrmined tinotliurH\ionld uriHO in itH place, and luMU'O ho ^avo to his now capital the niimo of York. Tho pro- Bont Now York liad l)con natncd York, after JamcN hnkc of York, brother to CliarleH the N. The t<>rm tiew hein;^ j)re(ix(d lo diHtin- guiHh it from old York (»f Kn^land. To diNtinguish the now capital of ('onada from both of tho others ho doHi/^jiiated it Little York. A» w)on a« Simcoo learned that tho Niapjnra tort waH to bo delivered to the United States, he saw the necessity of removing tho capital, iva it would never do to have it under tho guim of a foreign government. Tho extreme ilislike with which he eaw tho fort pasH into tho Uopuhlie's hands no doubt led to the hasto with which he set about tho removal cd' the Seat of (iovernmont After examining several points u])on tho upper hikes, and Lake Ontario, Ko Bolocted the present site of tho City of Toronto, back of which was a fort of tho same name, or rather Taranto. U))on this spot, which then had for inhabitants but two families of Mississauga Indians, (iovernor Simcoe immediately quarterey IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) // 4/>!K 1.0 I.I 1.25 1.8 U 11.6 I 6" %. Z V Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716)872-4503 A o^ r t f ^ ■I) '•hMSU^ 630 yONGB STREET. li in the peninsula lying between Lakes Ontario, Erie and Huron. He selected a site upon the river De la Trenche, which he named the Thames, and, to the intended Capital he gave the name of London. He also gave the name to the town of Chatham, a place intended by him, in carrying out his plan of forming a navy, for «"navy yard, which he intended to have communicate with a route between Lake Huron and Lake Ontario. In the moan time he kept troops to work, to cut a military road to the Thames, which he called Dundas Street after the Home Minister. At the same time he "intended York the centre of the naval force on Lake Ontario." In 1795 there had not been more than twelve houses built in York, \^hich stood on the bay near the Don. This year the land was was surveyed into lots. "The inhabitants" says Eochefoucault do not possess the fairest character, to which Gourlay adds, in spite, "Nor have they yet mended it." The Eiver Don was an old Indian route to the waters of Simcoo Lake and the Huron. The portage to a Lake, subsequently named after the Governor, was thirty Biiles. The barracks, where Simcoe's regiment was stationed, was two miles from the Don, the present site of the old barracks. At that time, in a circumference of 150 miles, the Mississauga Indians were the only neighbours of York. The desire of Simcoe to fix the capital at London was over- ruled by Lord Dorchestei*, who, although a true friend of Canada seemed to oppose Simcoo. Having decided upon Toronto as the capital, Simcoe proceeded to have constructed a military road from the waters of Lake Ontario to Lake Simcoe. This road is now Yonge Street. Prom 1794 the Governor resided at York, part of which time was in his camp tent, until his departure. Governor Simcoe caused to be built at York, upon the Don River, about three miles up, on a boautiflil eminence, a somewhat large frame building, which he named after his son. Castle Frank, This building was standing in 1829. By the kind favor of Mrs. Murney, relict of the late Hon. E- Murney, of Belleville, and her most estimable parent, Mrs Breck- inridge, sister of the late Hon. Robert Baldwin, we are able to give eome particular notice of the appearance of York at a later date. Mrs. Breckenridge's father, with his family of three sons and four danglters, arrived from Ireland after innumerable delays and losses, dangers, and escapes by sea and land, at York in 1798. They found it composed of about a dozen houses, " a dreary dismal place, not oven possessing the characteristics of a village. There ■ :l:^ I - 1 it > } THE CAPTURE OF YORK. 531 nd Huron, he named e name of m, a place I navy, for ritb a route ime he kept ,, which he same time ke Ontario." uilt in York, be land was lefoticault do Ids, in spite, was an old Huron. The or, was thirty stationed, was barracks. At isauga Indians Ion was over- id of Canada, 'oronto as the tary road from s road is now at York, part ure. upon the Don e, a somewhat Castle Frank. J late Hon. E> it, Mrs Breck- are able to give ; a later date, sons and four ble delays and [York in 1798. k dreary dismal (tillage. There was no church, school-house, nor in fact any of the ordinary si£.':n8 of civilization, being in fact a mere settlement. There was not oven a Methodist chapel, nor does she remember more tlian one shop. There was no inn; and those travelers who had no friends to go to, pitched a tent and lived in that so long as they remained. My grandfather and his family had done so during their journey. The Government House and the garrison lay about a mile from York, with a thick wood between. After remaining a few days- at York, the family proceeded to take possession of a farm in the township of Clarke. They traveled in an open batteau, when night came pitching their tent on the shox'e of the lake." The following year Mrs. Breckenridgo, then a young girl, accompanied her father and sister to New York, whither the latter was going to be married to Mr. Morgan, grandfather of Gen. Dix, the United States Minister to France. She I'cturned iu 1806, and found many changes and improvements — "-where cities now stand, there was then only woods, for instance, at Buffalo, where she passed a night, was a solitary inn with a swinging sign. But York was mostly changed, there was a church, a jail, a light-house building, and many nice houses, and the woods between the garrison and town were fast disappearing. Governor Gore was then there. On the 27th April, 1813, 2,700 Americans landed a little west of Toronto. Two companies of the 8th, or King's Own, with some Indians, one company being the grenadiers, the other being the 3rd company, under Capt. J. H. Eustace, both being led by Capt. McNeale, were sent to oppose the landing. The portable maga- zine of the advance battery was accidentally blown up killing some twenty of the grenadiers, Capt. McNeale, was also killed. This Jiccident led to Sir R. H. Sheaffe's retreat, and the destruction of the magazines. The total loss was 97, including two officers and four non-commissioned officers. " The force engaged, including the two companies of the 8th, consisted of one company of New- foundland Fencibles, one company of Glengarry Light Infantry, a detachment of Royal Artillery, Militia, Volunteers and Indians — in all about 600 men. Among the volunteers was the present highly esteemed Chief Justice of Upper Canada, Sir J. B. Robinson, and Sir Allan McNab." The gallantry of these two gentlemen was most conspicious. The unequal contest continued for 4 hours. The month following the remnant of the 8th was nearly annihi- lated at the attack upon Saokett's Harbour. The above facts and eulogium upon two distinguished Canadians are derived from ■!:;1; I 'sk. ;1- !',( ^^. 532 TORONTO. Edward Ilincks, who was Lieut., and who was present in charge of a two gun battery, and " Another of the surviving officers of the 8th regiment," published in London h: 1860, upon the discovery of human remains near the old fort at Toronto, which proved to be some of the gronudiors who were killed by the explosion of their niagtvzine. The name of York continued to belong to the capital till 1834, when it received the more appropriate name of Toronto, an Indian word we are told, which signifies " trees growing out of the water," referring to the low level shore, with the trees at the waters edge. For many years before the name was changed ; from the vast quan- tity of mud which made the streets almost unpas&able, the place obtained the designation of " Muddy York." In 1820 a Parliament House was built near the site of the pre- sent County Jail, at the front of the present Parliament Street; this building was burned down in 1824. In 1830 an address was carried by the House, to be presented to the Governor, " to remove the Seat of Government from York to a place of security," but no action was taken in the matter. The wisdom' in the choice of selecting this situation upon which to found a capital for Upper Canada cannot be questioned. The proof is found in the handsome and richly circumstanced City of Toronto. Should not Toronto, now a^ain the Capital of Ontario, the seat of learning, of magnificent Universities, the home of refine- ment, the abode of wealth, erect a monninent to the memory of its founder, the illlustrious first Governor of the Colony ? -H Jl ■lh'.\(fHi- ■ ;OfT>hrr .'7/f n.tffi hj\>lfih ■oVfr rnn^Aii. fldmfii^>-A *ivil);!^nj t dftu^voilfrjwij) hnv, ?(t{iiiii ^:r.[ ■'mhu.m (>!'!' _■ i ao r»v«ff >»* -jnu'l'ioVf !o 7JmnV) 'lilt f-.u: iiIo-.n'M !■• >iif[.il .f I 'HI, i\i- PARLIA&IENT. 533 in charge Rcors of the iiscovory of •ovod to be ion of their tal till 1834, 0, an Indian f the water," waters edge, le vast quan- le, the place DO of the pre- ment Street; bo presented t from York ) matter, ituation upon je questioned, nstanced City tal of Ontario, lome of refine- memory of its V ;! :■, friri,, CHAPTER LXI. CoMTiSTS — Pftrliiimcnt — Simcoe's Proclamation— Nineteen counties ♦ormed— Noi uiH, and bounduriea — First elections — Names of memliers — Oflicers of the House — A Quaker member— Chaplain — Meeting of Parliament — The Throne, a oami) stool — Address — To both houses — Closing address — Acts passed— Simooe B confidential letters — A contrast — A blending — '^nd Session The Acts — Quarter Sessions — 3rd, 4th, 5th Sessions — New division of Pro- vince — 1798 — Modes ofpimishment — IJurningthehand— Whipping— Salaries of officers — Revenue first year — The members of Parliament — Education — Offering for Parliament— A " Junius " — Karly administration of justice — " Heuven-born lawyers " — First magistrates. THK LEQISLATIVE ASSEMBLY. Upon the 16th July, 1792, Lieutenant-Governor Simcoo issued a proclamation in the name of the King, having for its object the organization of a Legislative Assembly composed of persons, to be elected by the people, of which there should bo sixteen, and divid. ing the province into counties. It was as follows : " Know ye, that our trusty and well-beloved John Graves Simcoo, Esquire, our Lieutenant-Governor of our Province of Upper Canada, hath, and by this our proclamation doth, divide the said Province of Upper Canada into counties, and hath and doth appoint and declare the number of representatives of them, and each of them, to be as hereinafter limitedj named, declared, and appointed," &c. Nineteen counties were formed, namely : " Glengary, Stonnont, Dundas, Grenville, Leeds, Frontenac, Ontario, Addington, Lenox, Prince Edward, Hastmgs, Northitmberland, Durham, York, Lincoln, Norfolk, Suffolk, Essex, Kent." For the purpose of representation in Parliament, the following arrangements were made : Glengary was divided into two ridings, each riding to send a representative to the Legislative Assembly; Storraont, to send one member ; likewise Dundas and Grenville each to have a j-epresentative ; Leeds and Frontenac together, to send one representative ; Ontario and Addington to send one representative ; Prince Edward, together with the late township of Adolphus, in the County of Lenox, to send one member ; Lenox (except Adolphustown) with the Counties of Hastings and Northumberland, to elect one member; Durham and York, and the iirst riding of Lincoln, to bo represented by one member ; the second riding of Lincoln to have one member; the third riding of liUicoln to have one member; the fourth riding of Lincoln, and tl:-3 County of Norfolk, to have one y'MU I '■( ■' i- bZ-i THE FIRST ME9IBERS. member; Suffolk and Essex to have one member; the County of Kent, which inchided all the west not Indian territories, to the Hudsons Bay, to have two members. The proclamation was dated Government House, Kingston, IGth July, 1792, AVilliam Jarvis, Sec- retary. The elections must have followed hard after the issuing of the proclamation, as Parliament met on the 17th of September following- They probably took place in August. Simcoe writing in November, to the Secretary of State for the Colonies, speaks of the elections in tliese words : — " On my passage from Montreal to Kingston, I under- stood that the general spirit of the country was against the election of half-])ay officers into the Assembly, and that the prejudice ran in favour of men of a low order, who kept but one table, that is, who dined in common with their servants." The names of those first elected to Parliament were John Mc- Donnell, who was elected Speaker; Joshua Booth; Mr. Baby; Alex- ander Campbell ; Philip Dorland, (but being a Quaker, he would not be sworn and did not take his seat, and Peter VanAlstine was elected in his place) ; Jeremiah French; Ephraim Jones ; "William Mocomb; Ilugh McDonnell ; Benjamin Pawling ; Nathaniel Pettit ; David Wil- liam Smith ; Hazleton Spencer ; Isaac Swazy ; — Young ; John White — 16. Simcoe, in a despatch, spoke of the last mentioned : — '* It was by good fortune that the temporary residence I made at Kingston created sufficient influence to enable us to bring the Attorney General White, into the House. The oaths to the members were administered by the Governor's Civil Secretary, William Jarvis, -Esq., who was also the first registrar of the Province. McDonnell, the member for Glengary, was unani- mously elected to the speakers chair. Angus McDonnell was clerk to the Assembly; George Law, Sergeant-at-arms. In the matter of Philip Dorland, of Adolphustown, a Quaker, who refused to take the oaths. A resolution was unanimously passed by the House, that he was incompetent to sit and vote in Parliament unless he took the necessary oath, and consequently a writ was issued for a new election. A chaplain, the Rev. Mr. Addison, was elected to the House of Assembly, and he, on the day of prorogation, preached a sermon to them before they were summoned to jneet the Governor in the Legis- lative .Council Chambers. Mr. Addison continued a chaplain for thirty years, and was then granted a yearly pension of £50. This first Upper Canadian Parliament assembled at Newark, now Niagara, on the 18th September, and was prorogued 15th October 1 I III aOVERNOR S ADDRESS. 535 County of 'ies, to the 11 was dated Jarvis, Sec- iuing of the iv following- I November, ; elections in ton, I under- , the election udice ran in , that is, who ive John Mc- Baby; Alex- he would not e was elected am Mocomb ; t; David Wil- !^oung ; John mentioned : — ce I made at ; the Attorney he Governor's first registrar ry, was unani- was clerk to bhe matter of ed to take the louse, that he be took the a new election. the House of I a sermon to r in the Legis- ohaplain for £50. , Newark, now 15th October following. The circumstances of this infant legislation were well fitting the new-boni colony. The Governor himself was a soldier by profession. Most of the members elect had been inured to the life of the camp, though subsequently to the settling of the wilderness, and they could, with no ordinary interest, and with appropriate in- telligence, direct themselves to the work of legislation. The first Parliament of Upper Canada met in no stately hall ; the proceedings must have borne some resemblance to a court-martial. The collective wisdom of Upper Canada assembled in a camp-tent on the plains of Niagara On the 18th September, the Governor, with his Secretary, and probably adjutant, took his seat, notnipon the throne, but a camp- stool, and delivered the following address : HoNOBAnLK Gentlemkn, &c. — I havc summoned you together under the authority of an Act of the Parliament of Great Britain, passed last year, which has established the British constitution, and all the forms which secure and maintain it in this distant country. " The wisdom and beneficence of our most Gracious Sovereign and the British Parliament, have been eminently proved, not only in im- porting to us the same for government, but also in securing the benefit, by the many provisions that guard this memorable act. So that the Vilessing of your invaluable constitution, thus protected and amplified, we may hope will be extended to the remotest posterity. The great and momentous trusts and duties which have been com- mitted to the representatives of this Province, in a degree infinitely beyond whatever, till this period, distinguished any other colony, have originated from the British nation, upon a just consideration of the energy and hazard with which its inhabitants have so conspicuously supported and defended the British constitution. ^ " It is from the same patriotism, now called upon to exercise with due deliberation and foresight, the oflices of civil administration that )our fellow-subjectii, of the British Empire, expect the foundation of tLat mien of industry, and wealth of commerce and power, which may last through all succeeding ages. " The natural advantages cf the Province of Upper Canada are inferior to none on this side of the Atlantic ; there can be no separate interest through its whole extent. The British form of government has prepared the way for its speedy colonization ; and, I trust, that your fostering care will improve the favourable situation ; and that a numerous and agricultural people will speedily take possession of the soil and climate, which, under the British laws, and the muni- i^i a 1 V. 1 m 536 ACTS OF PIBST PARLIAMENT. 4 n ficonoo with which His Majesty has granted the lands of the Crown, offer such manifest and peculiar encouragement." The session was closed the 15th October. The Governor de- livered the closing Bi)eecli. " IIoNORAHLE Gentlk.man, «&c. — It is with very great satisfaction that I have considered the acts which you have found it expedient to frame, and to which, in consequence of the power delegated to me, I have this day given ray assent, that they shall become laws of the Proviijce of Upper Canada. "As the division which His Majesty, in his wisdom, thought proper to make of the late Province of Quebec, obviated all incon- veniences, and laid the foundalion for an establishment of the English laws in the Province, it is natural to presume, that you would seize the first opportunity to impart that benefit to your fellow-subjects ; and by the act to establish trials by jury, and by that which makes the English law the rule of decision, in all matters of controversy, relative to property and civil rights, you have fully justified the public expectation. Your other acts seem calculated to promote the general welfare and commerce of the Province, &c. "Honorable Gentlemen, and Gentlemen. — I cannot dismiss you without earnestly desiring you to promote, by precept and example, among your respective counties, the regular habits of piety and moralitj', the rarest foundations of all private and public felicity; and, at this juncture, I particularly recommend to [you to explain, that this Province is singularly blest, not with a mutilated constitution, but with a constitution which has stood the test of experience, and is the very image and transcript of that of Great Britain, by which she has long established and secured t( her subjects, as much freedom and happiness as is possible to be en; ayed, under the subordination necessary to civilized society." (tam The modest and matter-of-fact Parliament passed eight Acts at this the first session. Chapter I., An Act to Repeal certain parts of an Act, passed in the fourteenth year of His Majesty's Reign, entitled, " An Act for making more sufficient provisions for the Government for the Province of Quebec, in North America, and to introduce the English Law as the rule of decision in all matters of controversy relative to Property and Civil Rights." Chapter H., " An Act to establish Trials by Jury." Chapter III., " An Act to establish the Winchester Measure, and a Standard for other Weights I SIMOOB's OPINIO!* OP PARLIAMENT. 537 icision, in and Measures." Chapter IV., " An Act to Abolish khe Summary Proceedings of the Court of Common Pleas in actions under Ton Pounds Sterling." Chapter V., " An Act to prevent Accidents by Fire," Chapter VI., "An Act for the more easy and speedy Re- covery of Small Debts." Chapter VII., " An Act to Regulate tho Toll to be taken in Mills, not more than one-twelfth for Grinding and Bolting." " Chapter VIII., "An Act for Building a Gaol and Court-house in every District within the Province, and for altering the names of tho said Districts.) The District of Lunonburgh to be henceforth called the Eastern District ; Mocklcnburgh, tho Mid- land District; Nassau, tho Homo District; Hesse, tho Western District." Thus was tho new-born colony, whose germ had boon planted in the wilderness eight years previous, ushered into life, and thus tho functions thereof were commenced. Simcoe, it would seem, wrote frequent despatches to the Colo- nial Secretary ; and in ono he gives his opinion of this first meeting of the representative body of Upper Canada : " At this first meet- ing they wore active and zealous for particular measures, according to the promises they had made, or tho instructions they had received. Many bills were accordingly framed, which required only a little time to evince their impropriety or futility. Having offices to create and salaries to bestow, they were rather too liberal of their patronage, and pledged their credit to £174 annually to different officers. The Legislative Council made no engagements, but, of course, their expenses must be equal. The sum of £348 was, therefore, the first item." "Upon the whole, I have no reason to be dissatisfied with tho disposition and conduct of tho Assembly, considering that it is composed of persons of not any restrictive method, and unacquainted with power. I hope that by treating them with temper and moderation, they may become a beneficial establishment to the Province." McMuUon says, by way of contrast, that " the Upper Canadian Parliament, with its " homespun" mem- bers, took five weeks to do what had taken the Lower Canadian Seigniors seven months to accomplish. How great the change wrought by seventy-five years! As the log hut in the wilderness has been superseded by tho elegant mansion, handsome villa, with thriving towns and cities, so has the tented capital of Newark been forgotten in surveying the mag- nificent proportions of the buildings at Ottawa; and the camp stool, and nature's carpet of green, in the elegant halls. And :t IE f I' '!■ il i! Is u 'I 1" 088 ACTS OF 8BC0ND SESSION. 1 1 "r \t { is ;; IB 1^ , i 1 ^ OS the Legislature, whoso infant days wore passed within the sound of the majestic Niagara, where its waters are procipitatcd over a stupendous fall, and s\troop on to fill a mighty lake, has after numerous mutations, and many uncertainties, found a. safe homo upon the rugged cliffs overlooking the Ottawa, where still may bo hoard the swelling sound of falling waters, as they rush down the Chaudioro ; so may tho confederated Provinces forming the New Dominion, after many changes, and frequent political uncertainties — hope alternating with fear, not alone meet in formal union, — not as incompatible elements of an unwise and unequal connection, but as one people ; even as the waters of the great OttaAva, mighty in itself, meet and unite with the farther coming St. Lawrence,and, commingling, form the grand stream of the Lower Lawrence, upon whoso bosom tho proudest ships rest, and which is a highway of trade, unsurpassed in the world. The second session of the parliament of "Upper Canada, was opened at Newark, 3lst May, 1793 ; prorogued 9th July, following. At this sessions were passed thirteen bills, most of which were important and useful measures. Thefirat was " for the better regu- lation of the Militia;" tho second, respecting tho appointment of town officers ; the third, having respect to assessments and rates, and payment of assemblj'-mcn ; the fourth, about highways ; the fifth, concerning marriage; sixth, of courts of Quarter Sessions within tho several districts ; tho seventh, a most important one — an everlasting one of honor, " to prevent the further introduction of slaves," and to limit the time of sei-vitude of those in slavery ; the eighth, respecting courts of Probate; ninth, to establish regula- tions about duties between Upper and Lower Canada ; tenth, for paying salaries of officers of Legislative Council and Assembly ; eleventh, to encourage the destruction of wolves and bears ; twelfth, returning officers of the several counties ; thirteenth, also about officei-s, and taxing wine and spirituous liquors. The places fixed for the holding of Quarter Sessions "were Corn- wall, New Johnson, Kingston, Adolphustown, Newark, and Michilmacinac. For the Midland District, it was enacted that they should '* commence and be holden in Adolphustown, on the second Tuesday in the month of July, and on the second Tuesday in tho month of January ; and in Kingston on the second Tuesday in the month of April, and on the second Tuesday in the month of October." The third session of the 1st parliament mot at Newark, on the wark, on the NEW DIVISION OF THE PROVINCE. 539 2n(l Juno. 1794, and prorogued 9th July following. At this session thoro was a continuation of that whulosomo Icgittlation which had characterized the two previous sessions. Twelve acts wore passed. The fourth session was at Newark, commencing 6th July, 189B, when four acts wore added. It was proi'ogucd 10th August, following. A fifth session of first parliament mot at Newark, Ifith May, 1796, and was prorogued 3rd Juno following. Seven acts were passed. Thiswastho last meeting of pai-liamont under the governor ship of Simcoo. The second parliament opened at York, 16lh May, 1797, under the presidency of the Hon. Peter Kussell. It was prorogued 3rd July, following. Eighteen measures passed. Second session under lion. P; Russell, mot at York, 5th June, 1798, prorogued 5th July. Passed eight hills. Among these bills was one " to ascertain and establish the boundary linos of the dif- ferent townships of the province." Stone or other durable monu- ments to bo set up, to mark the corners of lots ; and any person wilfully defacing or removing such, to " be adjudged guilty of felony, and to suffer death without the benefit of the clergy." Another important act, which the growing province demanded, was " for tho better division of the province," into townships, counties and districts. According to this, there were formed eight districts, with twenty-three counties, and one hundred and fifty- eight townships. The districts were the Eastern, Johnson, Mid- land, Newcastle, Homo, Niagara, London, and Western. The Mid- land district, with which we have more particularly to do, " was com- posed of four counties, with land in their rear to the northern limits of the province." The first county was Frontenac. In this we have Kingston, as well as the townships Pittsburgh, Lougbox'ough, Portland, Ilinchinbroko, Bedford, and Wolfe Island. The second county, the incorporated counties of Lenox and Addington ; con- sisted of the townships of Ernesttown, Fredoricksburgh, Adolphus- town, Richmond, Camden, Amherst Island, Sheflield. The third county, Hastings ; contained Sydney, Thurlow, Mohawk land, Tyendinaga, Hungerford, Huntingdon, and Rawdon. The foui'th. Prince liJdward, had Marysburgh, Hallowell, Sophiasburgh, and Ameliasburgh. The third session met at Newai-k, 12th June, 1799, and was prorogued 29th of the same month ; five acts having been passed. Mil m 1 1 ; 640 MODES OF PUNI8HMBNT. The fourth Hcssion mot at York, 2ml Juno, 1800, prorogued 4th July, uiuliT Lioutonant-Goneral lluntor. Six acts woro pasHcd, tho first of which wan "for tho further introduction of tho criminal law of Kngland, and fov tho more ctlectual punishment of certain ott'ondorH." Tho third clause is as follows: "That whereas the punishment of burning in tho hand, when any person Ij convicted of folony within tho bonefit of clergy, is often disregarded and inof- foctual, and sometimes may fix a lasting mark of disgrace and infamy on oft'ondors, who might otherwise become good subjects and profitable mombors of the community; bo it therefore enacted by tho authority aforesaid, that from, and after the passing of this act, when any person shall bo lawfully convicted of any folony, within tho benefit ofclorgy, for which boor she is liable by law to be bunied or marked in tho hand, it shall, and may bo lawful for tho conrt before which any person so convicted, or any court holden for tho same place with tho like authority, if such court shall think fit, instead of such burning or marking, to impose upon such offender such a moderate pr cuniary fine as to tho court in its discretion shall seem meet; or otf irwise it shall bo lawful, instead of such burning or marking, in any of tho cases aforesaid, except in the case of man- slaughter, to order and judge, that such offender shall bo once or oftoner, but not more than three times, either publicly or privately whipped ; such private whipping to be inflicted in tho presence of not less than two persons, besides tho oft'onder and the officer who inflicts tho same, and in case of female offenders, in tho jn'esenco of females only ; and such fine or whipping so imposed or inflicted, instead of such burning or marking, shall have the like effects and consequences to tho party on whom the same, or either shall bo imposed or inflicted, with respect to the discharge from tho same or other felonies, or any restitution to his or her estates, capacities, and credits, as if he or she had been burned or marked as afore- said." In 1801 tho salaries of the officers of the parliament stood thus ; por annum. Clerk of Legislative Council, £145. Usher of the Black Eod, £50. Master in Chancery, attending tho Legislative Council, £50, Chaplain of the Legislative Council, £50. Door-keeper of ditto £20. Speaker of the House of Assembly, £200. Clerk of ditto, £125. Sergeant-at-Arms, £50. Chaplain of the House of Assembly, £50. Poor-keeper of ditto, £20. Copying Clerks, £50. Total, £805. The first tax raised by statue in the province, was to pay the members, who received $2 per day. I , XnUOATtON AMONO THC MnMBKRS. 541 Tho rovonuo of tho whole pn)vinc'o tho tirnt year wm £000. ElHOwhoro tho fnct ha« been Htatecl that many of tho Ncttlers wore devoid of a liberal education ; while the Htoni (liitien of pioneer life precluded the ponsibility of any mental culture what- ever. At the Haino time competent hcIiooI toacherH for the young were not to bo had. With a population made up of Huch material, the queution might be asked with becoming HoriouHncHH, " Where are we to got our representative men to carry out responsible government as accorded to tho young province of Upper Canada ? Many of tho firBt Assembly men were not possosscd of book learning, and all along the list of those who have boon M.P.l'.'s, v.p to (ho present, may bo found very many who were limited in their educa- tion. Yet, tho first members convened in tho tent, on tho green elopes of Niagara, discharged their duty with much decorum and despatch. Itwouhl bo an interesting chapter to introduce some account of tho first members of Parliament, and the political contests in tho early days of Upper Canada. In tho absence of complete infor- mation, we give such items relating thereto as have come under notice. "Wo have already given the names of those olocted to the first Parliament. Among tho early members was James Wilson, of Prince Edward, ho was first elected in 1808, or 9, and remained a member for some twenty-four yoara. Simoon Washburn, was also a member for a time. Allen McLean, in a notice dated Kingston, 18th May, 1812, says *' To the independent electors of tho County of Fi-ontenac. Having had tho honor of representing you at throe successive Par- liaments, I again make you a tender of my services, and beg leave to solicit your votes and interest at the ensuing election." Amos Ansley, Esq., says, in an address, dated at Kingston, May 20, 1812 : " To tho Electors of the County of Frontonao. Having had the honor to represent this County in the first founda- tion of its happy constitution, I again make you a tender of my services, and beg leave to solicit your votes and interest, &c." James Cotter, of Sophiasburg, was elected to Parliament in 1813, and served four years. jri.!M A man of sterling integrity, and good common sense may make a useful Member, if he be not egotistical. In recording the early events of the Bay, we must not hesitate to mention an incident which, at the time, created no little comment with tho public, but brought chagrin to an M. P. P. A member, ^! ifi 642 MAOISTIIATES — LAWYERS. who shall bo namoloss, whose onrly advantages for education had boon cxtrcmoly limited, but with any amount of eolt-confidonco, was, on one occasion, saiTasticriy, but humorously, brought to task in the Kingston Herald, by an anonymous writer. The mem- ber replied, and in so doing, " copied verbatim, nearly the whole of the tirst part of Sir William Draper's letter to Junius, dated Jan. 26, 1769, in dofonco of his friend Lord Granby, over his own signa- tttro. Macaulay, a young lawyer of Bath, noticed the plagiarism, and exposed the M. P. P.," which we believe, rOsultod in the political demise of that individual. BMtH THK EAKLY ADMINISTRATION OF JtTBTIOE. For two years, Upper Canada, after becoming a distinct Province, was without any lawyers. But, in 1794, such a number of Acts were found upon the statutu books, that it was necessary to create some to interpret, not mystify the law. It was provided that his " Majesty should appoint not more than sixteen, whom he should deem, from their probity, education, and condition of life, best qualified to receive the license to practice law." This appointment of lawyers by the Executive, gave rise to an expression of derision in after days, of "heaven-born lawyers." The first lawyer appointed in Johnson District, was Samuel Sherwood, who had ttudiod laAv two or three years with '.awyer Walker, of Montreal. Jacob Ffirand, was the first lawyc in the Eastern District. Allen McLean, the first lawyer for Kingston, and Ml'. Hagerman, the first for the Bay Quinto. — (See U. E. Loyalists). James Clarke was appointed for Niagara District; also, William Dickson, of Ningara, and Angus McDonald for Cornwall. After the formation of Upper Canada into a Province, a number of magistrates wore appointed to each District, to form a Court of Quarter Sessions. The four gentlemen who had been the judges of Lunenburgh, Mecklenburgh, Nassau, and Hesse, respectively, no longer had so extensive a jurisdiction. We have no further informa- tion of Robertson, in this respect, and Duncan left the Province. But Cartwright and Hamilton continued to fill the same positions, as chairmen of the Quarter Sessions, in their respective Districts. After the death of Cartwright, in the Midland District, Colonel Thompson was appointed to the office, and his successor was Alex. Fisher, of Adolphustown. John Ferguson was also Judge of the District Court. MAGISTRATES iN MIDLAND DISTRICT. 543 cation had -confidence, brought to The mom- he whole of dated Jan. } own signa- plftgiarism, the political act Province, of Acts were reate sortie to his " Majesty d deem, from tied to receive wyere by the after days, of was Samuel with '.awyer awyoT in the Kingston, and E. Loyalists), also, William ill. nee, a number m a Court of the judges of spoctivoly, no rthcr informa- the Province, ame positions, tivo Disti-icts. trict. Colonel lor was Alex. Judge of the Among the first appointments for magistrates, was Thomas Sherwood, of Leeds. Also, Dr. Solomon Jones, who was afterward Judge of the District Court. Charles Stuart, Esq., was, for many years, Sheriff of the Midland District; ho died while yet young, in 1810. The first Sheriff of Niagara District, was Alex. McDonnell ; the next was Barrack- master Clark, and afterwards Thomas Morritt was appointed. Among the first, probably the first, magistrates appointed in Thurlow, were Col. Wm. Bell, Col. Hasselton, and James McNabb. Most likely Bell had the commission before the others. Boll generally hold his Court of Requests at Mrs. Simpson's Inn. On 19th April, 1322, it was held at the house of John Taylor. 'J'iO-l ■I Mill - ,.'t.. tv it".Si!-.:.Ti*(/.0 lU. ' - Ua- ^<\ i'. f:' n.^ ;ir a-: i DIYISIOjS^ X. THE EARLY MILITIA OF UPPER CANADA. CHAPTER LXII. CoKTENTS. — Militia Act, 1792— Simcoe — No faith in the Americans — Hib views — Military Roads — Division of Districts — Military purposes — The officers — Legislation — The expenses — Repeated Legislation — Aggressive spirit — The Enrolment — Hastings Battalion — "Something brewing " — List of Officers — Col. Ferguson— Col. Bell— Leeds Militia— Officers' Clothing— The Midland District — Prince Edward — Training Places. THE MILITIA. •■I An3' magisterial power that the military commanders of the first settlers may have possessed was lost by the proclamation of Lord Dorchester, in 1788, forming Upper Canada into districts, and appointing to each a staff of civil officers. From this period until 1792, after the meeting of the second session of the First Parliament, the military organization was a dead matter, although there must have been in force some law relating to such, inasmuch as the first Act passed at this Session was " for the better regula- tion of the Militia in this Province." Governor Simcoe was a man of a military turn of mind. He had taken an active part against the American rebels, and he con- t'nuod to entertain strong feelings of hostility to the American cause, believing not in the integrity of their professed principles. In many respects he was a well chosen person to take charge of a people who had been under a military rule, and who shared his antipathy to the republican people. Not only did Simcoe conceive schemes of settling the forests, and improving it, but also for secur- ing the country against attack, likewise of drawing into the country many who he believed remained in the States because they could not help themselves, and to whom the Republican form of government was exceedingly distasteful. Simcoe never felt any MILITARY DIVISIONS. 545 ) -III DA. 3 — Hib views— -The officers— Ive spirit — The st of Officers— —The Midland iTiderB of the )clamation of nto districts, , this period of the First ter, although ch, inasmuch better regula- )f mind. He and he con- he American od principles, charge of a lo shared his icoo conceive also for secur- ring into the tates because )ublican form never felt any doubt about liis ability to defend the Province againHt the Anieri- canH, and he even had vague ideas fcbiit ho might concontrato a force of sutHcicnt strengtli ujmn Upjjer Caii:;dji 6oil, to enable him to invade the States, with a good prospect of success. Imbued with these views, and animated by snch feelings and dcisires, he lost no time in taking the necessary steps to organize and train the Militia, and to estiibiirth a Naval torco for the ]iakcs. The regular soldiers under his immediate command were put at work to cut roadi<, one from Lake Ontario to the Thames, which was called the Duudas road, the other from Lake Ontario to the Lake Simcoe, which has received the name of Yongo Street. The four districts of Upper Canada were subdivided into counties. This division was, accortling to Eochlbuoault, who visited Simcoe, and pj-ocured his information from him, " into counties is purely military, and relates n)erel3' to the enlisting, completing and assembling of the Militia. The counties are about twelve in number. The Militia of each county are assembled Jind commanded by a Lieutenant ; they must be divided into regiments and companies. They assemble once a year in each county, and are inspected by the (Ja))tains of the dilt'erent companies, ni least twice a year. Every male inhabitant is considered a militia man from the age of sixteen to Hfty. lie is fined four dollars if he does not enlist at the proper time ; and officers, both commissioned and non-commissioned, who do not join their regiments at the time the militia is assembled, pay a fine, the former of eight dollars, and the latter of two. An officer who, in case of insurrection, or an attack, who should not repair to his assigned post, would be ))un- ished with a pecuniary peiuilty of £50, and a petty officer with a fine of £20. A militia man who sells-eitlu*r the whole, or a part of liis arms, amunition or accoutrements, is Hned £5, and in default of payment, imprisoned lor two months. The Quakers, Jiaptists, and Tunkers, pay, in time of [leace, twenty shillings a year; and during a war of insurrection, live pounds sterling tor their exemj)- tion Irom military service. Out oi' these fines and ransoms the Adjutant-General of the Militia receives his pay, and the remainder is at the Governor's disposal. This is nearly the substance of the tirst act of the legislative body of Ujiper Canada, |)assed in 1T93." The following year an additional Act i)assed, relative to tlie Militia, the chief regulations of winch tended to ini})rove and define more accurately the internal form of the regiments, battalions ;ui if s ; III ^ f''i 1 ; I 648 OFFICERS OP HASTINGS MILITIA. Bell, informs him that the President has been pleased to approve of the appointments made, and that he must meet him at Sidney, 5th of March, to receive liis commission. On the 1st March, he further writes thus, "there is some appearance of the militia being embodied next spring, and that Captain Bell is appointed to take command of the detachment should sudi an event take j)lace. In a commun'oation dated, 10th March, 1799, Colonel Ferguson relers Cai»taiii Bell to an indosure from President Eussell, giving directions as to teaching the volunteers and drafts, 'who are to assemble at Wallbridge's every other Satnvda}'," for platoon exercise, &c. "List of officers of the Hastings Militia, as approved of by His H(moi'. the President, v,'it!i the dates of their commission." "John Ferguson, Lieutenant of County; date of commission, 1798. The following officers were commissioned in December fol- fowing: — Major Alexander Chis4)olm, Captain Wm. Bell, Captain Samuel Sherwood, Captain George W. Myers, Captain Lieutenant Matthias Marsh, Lieutenant Gilbert Harris, Lieutenant John Stuart, Lieutenant John Chisholm, Lieutenant John Fairman, sen.. Lieu- tenant L. VV. Myers, Fnsigns David Sinimo?\s, Jacob W. Mj'ers, Alexander Chisholm, Robert Fairman, Samuel B. (iilbert. Adjutant William Bell, Quarter-Master, John Mcintosh. ' At the commencement of the war of 1812, John Ferguson, of Kingston, was Colonel ; William Hell, of Thurlow, Lieutenant- Colonel, and Alexander Chisholm, Simon McNabb, S. B. Gilbert, Jacob W. Myers, L. W. Myers, David Simmon, Gilbert Harris, John Mcintosh, were Captains of l.st Regiment Hastings Militia. John Th(mipson who had been a soldier in the King's Rangers, was Major. In May, 1810, a notice was posted in Hastings to "all persons of the battalion having in their ])ossession arms and accoutrements belonging to Her Majesty, to bring them in good order on the 4th of June, and they will be furnished with powder and ball to shoot at a mark." We are informed by Mr. i\diel Sherwood, that James Break- onri;!iuol Simmons, Aiiraham Amey, Solomon .lolms, John Tiiorp. sour." .Major Young, formerly ensign in Sir John Johnson's regiment, was ;m ollieer in the Prince Edward Militia for some time. He was at Isiugston in 1812, and died while on duty. Cai)tain McDomiell of Marysburgh, was also on duty at Kingston at that time. Captain Young, of the Carrying Place, was.liUewise there, as well as his Ensign, W. H. Walllu-idge, who became Captain in 1831, Owen Eiehards Ijcing the (Jolonel. Lieutenant Eichard Howaru. of 8ophias- TRAINING PLACES. 551 burgh, (lied March 1, 1814. Deiigiii Coni,'or "held a oommissiou in the tirst battalion of tho Princo Edward Militia durinjjf twenly-iour years, fourteen of wliich he was Caittain. William Ketchcson, of Sidney, was conunissioiied Eiisii^n in 1804; LiouUjnant in 1812: Captain toward the close of tho war, served nine months at Kini^ston. Coleman, of Belleville, was Captain of Provincial Light Dragoons. The Militia of Adolphustown, Fredericksburg; li, Krnesttown, and probably of Kingston, were acrcustonied to meet im Finkle's IMace, below the Avind mill, before the war, 1812. Strange as it may now seem, the place foi training of the Prince Edward Militia was, for many years, at Grassy Point, iu the Sixth Town. All the way, not only from the extreme point of Marysburgh, i»ut from Amlieist Island, and from the wester, part of Ameliasburgh, the sparsely settled inhabitants were wont ^to come, by anything but even roads, to this point for tluiir state( Kinj^ston — In 181.". — Attaek upon Saek(;t'.s Uaihour — Oswef^^o — American Fleet before Kinjiston — Royal George — Kingston prepared — Chrysler's farm — A '• Postseript" — .Vlong the St. Lawrence — Kibahlry — The Connnissiiry — Ca|)t. Wilkins — (Quakers — Rate of pay — American prisoners — 'I'he wounded — Surticom;, Donga', Jilea cham— Jonatlian Philips — llilitiunien's reward— Militia orders — I'arlinnien tary grants. THE WAU OF 1812. The call to arms wtvs promptlj' and loyally responded to by the inhabitants of the Midland District, including the militia of ^Northumberland. The old veterans of former djiys, Avho had for so many years been engaged in the peaceful occupation of farming, were ai'oused to a high degi-ee of indignation that their old enemies who had driven them away from old homes, should now threaten them in their hard earned new ones. No wonder that these old sturdy loyalists and their sons quickly obeyed tho call to come in defense of their homes. To a certain extent the Day region was til ' ' V ;,)'i I n 562 WAR. 1 I! t " 11' fi'co from imimxlisilo diin^or. Exc'Optii><^ at Kingston tlio inhnbi- tantH were "not ulaniuid l)y the trumpet l)lsist. There was not hero cnaoloil Hiicli slirrinuf events as transpired at Dotroil, ujmn the Niu^ara frontier^ and below upon the SI. Lawrence. Nevertheless thoro was diligent pre])aration made for any contingoney thai might eonjo with tho tide of war. The Kovcral refjimentH of mili- tia called out, wore taken to Kingston and pi'oparod for service whether it mii^ht bo ott'ensive or defensive. Kingston being u naval statiou and having a dock-yard as well as a military do|)ot; and at the same time situated within a sliort distance of the enemies' territory, it was necessary that it should bo well gan-isoned, and the surrounding countr}' constantly watched. And here tho raw militia man was drilled lor service, while thoy were ready to defend tho jilaco. Tho news of the declaration of war reached Kingston by a pri- vate letter to IVIi*. Forsyth, froju tho States, and an hour and a half at'torwards, sa^'s one wlio was there, a letter having boon conveyed to Col. Benson, tho drum beat to arms, and couriers were on their way with all haste to warn out the militia along the Bay and in Northumberland. Tho belief wa^ entertained that Kingston would bo a place of attack at once, and the fiank companies were ordered there immediaicly. Upon tho 2Tth June, 1812, John Ferguson, Colonel command- ing Ist regiment Hastings Militia, wrote from Kingston, to Lieut.- Colonel William Hell, of Thurlow, "to cause tho volunteers of the battalion who already ottered their services, to hold themselves in readiness for actual service, and to apply to the Quartermaster for such ai'ms as are in his ])os8ession, to be used by the volunteers until others wore got from Kingston. Capt. John Mcintosh to take command, the other Captain will be J . W. Myers. Notice to be given at once, be it night or Jay, to meet on tho Plains — and bo drilled by tho Sergt.-Major." Col. Bell received the letter at sunset on the 29th, by the hands of John Weaver. A posti-cript to the letter says *' W^ar is declared by the United Stales against Great Britain." Tho militia of Hastings were hurried to Kingston, but after a few Weeks when it was seen that Kingston would not be immedi- ately attacked, they wore ordered home. The next year the Nor- thumberland Militia was ordered to York, and soon saw service. In connection with Kingston were two events which may be alluded to, one was a hostile demonstration against Sackot's Harbour, which had for its object principally tho destruction of a man-of-wari : r' ATTACK UPON SAOKET S lIARHOm. ihore buildiiic:; tho other was un attempt, on \\\v part of the Ameri- cans, to ih'Mti'oy the Ikitish Irigato, Hoyul CJoorgo, lying at Kingston. It was in ^fay, 1S13. tliat Sir 'Joorge ProvoHt ai-.d Sir James L. Yoo, arrived at Kingston, where were Ca]>t. IJarclay I'ring and Furnis, prejjaring lor sorviee the lew ves.sels wtalictned there; among them one lately lannched, the Sir (reorge Prevost. of HO gnuH, greeted them with a salute from the vessels. The Anieriean fleet was at the head of the lake, bondtardiiig Fort George. I'lnler these circum- slauees it was n^solved to make an attack u|)on Sachets Harbour, "About 1000 men were embarked on board tlie Wolfe of 24 gnus, the Euyal George of 24 guns, the Earl of Moira, of 18 guns, and four armed schooners eacli carrying from 10 to 12 guns, with a number of batteaux, so that no time might be lost in the debarkation. Two gun-boals were placed in readiness as a landing escort. The boats wore under the direction of Capt. Mulcaster, of the IJoyal Navy, and the landing under the immediate superintendence of Sir George I'revost and Sir Janus Yeo. The following account is IVom A. O. Petric, Esij., of Jielleville, who was present as a volimteer, being tlieu clerk to Cajjt. Gray, Assistant (iuartermaster-Geneial. So (pnckly was the expedition arranged that Petrie had no knowledge of it until about to start. By pernussion of Ca))t. Gray, Mr. Petrie formed oae of the party, who, although forgetting to procure a red coat, diur]>oso <>!' the oxpodition, bo ordoroil a retreat, ;nid the troops reaeliod Ivlii!.'ston in .safety. l^ut, tbe followini? year !'i> expedition left Kinj^ston on tlie Mli May, wliicb jirrived at Oswcjl'o on tbe following day, and took the fort; but tbe stores bail been renioveil. About five niiles I'roni Kiiit^sfon lies wliat is ealled Ilorkinier's Point. It was tboui^ht a tbintj not iriiprob.'iblo tbat the Americans might land upon this point and endeavor to enter Kingston. Jlere was a telegr;i|)h signal, and two eannon had been planted there ; after- ward one, a very good one was removed, lest it should fall into the hands of the enemy. From this point a fair view of the Upper (lap was to bo bad. i\t last, one morning, the Yankee fleet composed of some 14 .sail, large and small, appiiared oft* the Upper Ga)). A shot it is said was tired fiom the old windmill by some militia men there, which Avas replied t<». .V schooner, tho Simcoo was chased, but escaped by running ovi;r a bar between some islands at Herkimer's Point. She received several shots, and subserpiently sank when she bad reached Kingston. Tbe inhabitants along the coast Avere ordered into tlie interior with all their stock. Tho fleet passed along not f.u from the shore, and the Held artillery moved along at an ecpial pace, and a firing was kei)t uj» between them. The writer's father was present on the occasion. He was Sergt. in Capt. Dorland's C'ompnny from Adolplmstown, and Mas this morning on duty with bis Com- pany at Herkimer's I'oint. He was standing a short distance from the shore. Tho brass artillery sent a ball through one of the eneinj-'s vessels^ he saw her haul oft' from the i-est. Tlie fteet fireasscd near him. Tlu; Gover- nor's horse being lield by a negro near by, while the Governor stootl a little off*, squatted to U.^ earth and the ball i)assed OAor his back the ball then struck the toj) rail of the fence, near by him, and went bounding :nid [ilowing up tho ground. All this be remembers dis- tinctly. The artillery and troops marched along opi)osito the fleet on their way to Kingston, and were there paraded in a concealed spot 10 ihni Fort thi' (ttViccrs Hins tlu' lort all the stores minutiii.i? tlio t> stoclss liail mind bei^iiine 1 very nionient lu( ordered a HI on tlie Uli and took tl\e behind the Jail. It w;>m a general expct (uiioii thixt the onerny would attempt to I'ind, and lie t'nlly anticipated go\\\itauts had the opportunity of seeing not a foAV of their would be concpierors, as they passed as prisoners of war on their way to Quebec. Many of the 1000 taken at Detroit had to mai'ch along the road the whole length of the Province. 8onie Avere taken in batteaux, and others were conveyed in vessels down the lake :' far as Kingston. Many of those who walked went by the way of the Prince Edward Peninsula, by Wellington ami Picton, crossing the hay at the Stone Mills, others went by way of Napanee, and thence to Kingston. One way was as convenient as the other, as there was no bridge across tlie River Trent. Persons are now living along the routes who recollect the crest-fallen appearance of these prisoners ; the more so, because th(! people whom they had come to invade, and dispossess, shewed them acts of kindness, and gave them food to eat. One old lady, so old that siie remembers the Revolutionary War in 1783, says she told them she had given the British troojis all she had to eat, as they passed up to conquer them, and she now as gladly gave food to them. Those brought in batteaux were transported across the Carrying Place into the bay. No doubt they appreciated the beauty of the scenery along the route, and had their appetite affected for the land they coveted. THE WOUNDED. 559 was fetching of this was a ind, could ho that this had 3 people that fair price, he ,vanted. and onerous. s up and down ive orders for X, or assist to t, or conductor carry or assist 1 with blankets, e, by Wilkins. ::;olonel Bell in ge the King's bo conveyed to attempt to land of seeing not a prisoners oi war Detroit had to [ce. Some were Is down the lako by ihe way of ;on, crossing the !e, and thence to as there was no living along the Dhese prisoners ; to invade, and liem food to eat. utionary "War in oops all she had now as gladly ere transported ;hey appreciated their appetite On the morning of August 20, 1812, there arrived at Kingston, His Majesty's ships Hoyal George, Earl of Moira, and Prince llegent, with 400 )>risoners, and General Hull. The must of tlu' ]>risoners taken at the Niagar;* frontier were carried in batteaux, and by the bay, Colonel Scott among the rest. At a later date, arrived the American prisoners, General Chandler and Waider, captured at Stoney Creek. And again, " Arrived at this place yesterday, Marcli 1st, ISl.*!, on their way to Quebec, wliither they will |)roce('il to-day, Brigadier-General James AYinchester, Colonel William Lewis, and Major George Madison, attached to the American army, captured by General Proctor on tlie River Ratine." We copy the following : " Quebec, November 2nd. On Friday and Saturday were escorted 1)y a detachment of Major Bell's Cavalry, from their quarters, at Bauport, to the new gaol, twenty-three American otHcers, and on the latter day were also taken from the prison ships, and escorted by a detachment of the lO.Trd regiment to. the same prison, a like number of non-conmiissioned cllicers, making in all forfy-six conformable to the General Orders of the 2'7th October." But other sights than j)risonersof war were presented during the conflict. Owing to the exposed ^tate of the Province in the west, after the taking of Vork, a large mimber of the wounded were re- moved from tlie Niagara region to Kingston, sometimes by ships, sometimes by batteau. Many of those wounded at Lundy's Lane were taken by schoon(!r to York, and thence by batteau down the lake shore, across the Carrying Place, and along the bay. Among them was Sheriff Rut tan, who was lel't at his fatlier's house, to the kind care of his family. In this connection it may be observed that Surgeon Dougall, of Prince Edward Militia, served umv months at Kingston, and Dr. Meacham, of Belleville, also served during the most of the war. We will here give an extract from an obituary notice taken from the Hastings Chronicle. "A Veteran OF 1812. — "Of the Provincial troops, the Glengary regiment of Infantry took perhaps the most active part. At the age of tifteen, Jonathan Phillips enlisted in this corps, then being raised throughout Canada. The urgent necessity for recruits inducing the authorities to accej^t youths even of that tender age. The story will ,ost be told, as nearly as may be, in the veteran's own words : — " I was born in Duchess County, State of New York, in the year 1796; my father came from Devonshire, England, and my mother from lidiid)urgh, Scotland. In 1809, my parents removed to Canada and settled in Fred- 560 JONATHAN PHILLIPS' STATEMENT. '!« i; ' !i ! t I . l\ i' ericksburgh, County of Lennox and Addington. In January, 1812, 1 v/m working for Mr. Chapumn, in Frcderickaburgh, getting out square pine, oak, and staves; wiiilst thus employed, Captain Judkins, formerly of the 104th lleginient of the lane, asked me to enlist, and I joined the Glengary's, and in a few days after was sent to Kingston with about tAVenty other recruits from Fredericksburgh, Richmond, and Ernesttown. We remained in Kingston till navigation opened, Avhen the recruits assembled at that place, about 200 in all, descended the St. Lawrence in batteaux to Three Rivers, where Ave received uniforms, arms, and accoutrements, and commenced to learn our drill. The cor]js now n4imbored about 800. Towards autunm we were ordered to Quebec, in cliarge of about 1000 prisoners from General Hull's army, caj)tured in the west. We remained at Quebec a month or six weeks. In October 1812, we were ordered to tho west, (the season is recalled from the recollection that as they marched from Qtiebec tlu; farmers were busy cutting wheat on the iiillsides, and the snow was falling at the time). The march Avas by the North Shore road to Montreal. Here Ave remained all Avintt r, exjiecting the Americans \i} attack that city. In the month of March, befove the sleigh .ug. was goue, the regiment was ordered to Kin< ton, taking Avith them several ])ieces of camion, which were draA^n by oxen. The men mar(;hed. The cattle tliat drew the can- non and baggage, Avere slaughtered at Kingston for provisions. Wo remained a month at Kingston, and then passed up the Bay of Qiiinto to the Carrying Place in l>atteaux. The baggage and batteaux were transported across the Isthnuis into Lake Ontario, and we re-embarked for York. On our arrival at York we were forAvarded Avith all despatch to BurUngton Bay. We tirst nu't the Yankees at Stoney Creek, and then puslied on towards Fort George. We halted at the village of St Davids, and encamiH'd at the cross-roads. The Yankees held Foit Geoi'ge ; when they discovered we were so near them they retreated upon Black Creek. We followed them up, and had a battle Avith them at Lundy's Lane, on 25th July, 181 ;j. In this affair I was in the advance guard, or reconnoitering party. The enemy retreated upon Fort Erie, and avi; pm'sued them and had several skirmislies with them. They IdeAv up the fort, and evacuated Canada. In the fall of the year we marched back to York ; there we em- barked in batteaux and came to the Carrying Place — thencse we crossed into the Bay of Quint*', and thence to Kingston From Kingston Ave marched to AdolphustoAvn Court House, and were billeted u])on the farmers in that vicinity during the ensuing winter. There were from eight to ten men in each house. Whilst hei'e wo assembled every day at the Couit House, at ten a. m., for drill — wo were at least 800 strong. On the 23rd March, 1814. all the three years' men were paraded at the Court House, paid off, and discharged. Each man so dischargoil drcA^' lOO -"^res of land in U]ipei- Canada, farming utensils, and ii year's provisions. The provisions were distributed every throe months, at Robert Charles Wilkins' store, at the Carrying Place." I . ! ivy, 1812, 1 retting out lin Judkins, ) enlist, and to Kint?ston , Ilichniond, tion opened, 11, descended we received arn our out e west. We jer. 1812, we e recolk'ction busy cutting time). The \ we remained In the month was onleved I, which were drew the can- ovisions. Wo Bay of Quinte batteaux were re re-embarked »rded with all iees at Stoney halted at the The Yankees ear them they id had a battle Ti this affair 1 The enemy rl had several niatefl Canada, there we em- \(,^^ — tlunice we gston 1^'i'oni fse, and were lus'iine winter. ^Vhilst here we , for drill— wi' were paraded |nsodischai-;j;i'd lutensiiH, and n Id every three \\niS, Place. BEWARD. Mt From the time of his discharge till his decease, Phillips resided in the County of Hastings, pursuing the usual occupation of the first settlers of this county. For many years he followed " lumbering " in winter, and farming in the summer seasons, but being trustworthy, intelligent, and of a ' 'ndly disposition, his services were frequently sought after for various purposes. Several years ago, the farm which he drew for his 'military service, and which, for many years, afforded him a home and a support, he sold for the s(un of $1,900, thus enjoy- ing in his old age tjie well earned reward of the loyalty and courage of his youth, tie died at his home, in the second concession, Rawdon, on the' 15th February, 1808. TUB MIUTIAAIAn's REWAUD. General Brock, on his way to Detroit, assembled the Legislature, and amongst other Acts, one was passed for the organization of a battalion of " Incorporated Militia," a body distinct fronithe Sedentary Militia. It was an inducement held out for action ; and to properly fitted persons, to raise companies and regiments for service during the war. According to Buttan, any one enlisting five persons was entitled to an Ensigncy; ten, a Lieutenancy; twenty, a Captaincy; fifty, a Major; and forty a Lieutenant-Colonel. Subsequently, in 1814 and 15, the Legislature "voted the supplies necessary to fill up the incorporated regiments to 800 men. A service of plate, and a pension of £20 per annum for the wounded, or for the widows of the killed, as well as an address to His Majesty for an allowance of 100 acres of land for each man, whether belonging to the regiment of flank companies or the Sedentary Militia." No truly patriotic and brave man will seek, or demand a pro- mise of reward for defending, or fighting for the interests of his country. He requires no more than what comes from a conscious- ness of his duty done, and his country's honor maintained ; the land of his birth, or choice, preserved from the deseci'ation of an invader's foot. But when the deadly conflict has incapacitated the brave one for the ordinary avocations of life, and he is left, perhaps, with a family, unable to secure life's comforts ; or when the torch of war — of the unchristian men, such as President Madison, and his cold-blooded servant, Colonel McClnre, at Niagara, — leaves the homos of helpless women in ashes ; or with wilful wantoness destroys for the mere pleasure of gratifying a worse than heathenish dispo- sition, then the tried veteran has a right to be rewarded in a sub- stantial manner. The Government of Canada, as well as that of Great Britain, has never been found remiss in affording suitable rewards to those who were truly and knowinglv worthy. 36 — . 1/ :i ■ .1/ '•i . u P ' '1 1 ■;i ll i 562 LANDS GRANTED. •" Tho smoke of war in 1816 had barely cleared away, after tho Americans had sought and obtained a peace, to them ignoble, ere the Canadian Govei-nment took steps to secure a just rowai-d to all worthy men. And to this end the following general order appeared in tho Kingston Gazette, 17th July, 1815, having reference to settlers. ib " 3Iililary Secretary's Office, Kingston. " Each soldier to receive 100 acres of land ; officers entitled in tho first instance to 200. To i-ocoive pi'ovisions for themselves and families for one year, that is those who had last or, who might require it on new land. Implements of husbandry, and tools to bo supplied in sufficient quantities, and other comforts according to necessity to cultivate land. The land thus taken cannot be sold until after three year's cultivation. Supt. Alex. McDonnell, and Angus McDonnell, of Glcngary Fencibles, to take charge of tho settlers." Tho same date was issued as follows : " Acting Military Secretary, William Gibson, issued a notice at Kingston, 29th July, 1815, proclaiming that Bo: ids to examine claims for losses met with during the American war, should meet during August and September, at Amhorstburgh, Fort George, York, Kingston, and Fort Wellington. *' All discharged soldiers, applying for lands are to give in their names to Edward Jones, late of the 9th Eegiment, now resid- ing in the old Barrack Square. (Signed) — F. P. Robinson, Secretary, July 31. Again is found — " Lieutenant Governor's Office, York, Dec. 10, 181G. His Excellencj-, the Lieutenant-Governor has been pleased to appoint Surgeon Anthony Marshall, of Kingston, to examine and grant certificates of disability to Militiamen disabled from wounds received on service in defence of tho Province during the late war. (Siia'nod) — Edward McMahon, Assistant Secretary. Among the Militia General Orders issued from the Adjutant General's office, appeared the following : " His Excellency, Sir Frederick P. Kobinson, Major-Gcneral Commanding, and Provincial Lieutenant-Governor of the Province of Upper Canada, has great satisfaction in publishing to the Militia of that Province, the following extract of a letter from Earl Bathurst, one of His Majesty's Secretaries of State ; addressed to His Excellency Sir Gordon Drummond, dated Downing-sti-eot, 13\h June, 1815. I I i OFFICIAL RECOl NITION. 563 y, after the irnoble, ere ward to all or appeared cferonce to Kingston. s entitled in mselves and , who might d tools to bo according to nnot be sold Donnell, and large of the n, issued a at Bor-ids to tnorican war, •stburgh, Fort re to give in t, now resid- oN, Secretary, Idcc. 10, 181G. [en pleased to examine and from wounds ring the late \tary. the Adjutant lajor-Gcneral the Province I to the Militia 31- from Earl addresHcd to awning-street, "I should have felt that I was acting unjustly towards you and the officers and men under your command, if I had forborne bring- ing under the notice of His Koyal Highness the Prince Eegent. the great meritorious exertions, so long and so successfuil}- made by them for the preservation of the Upper Province. I am com- manded to assure you, that His Royal Highness has contemplated your efforts with the highest satisfaction, not more on account of the skill and valor uniformly displayed by His Majesty's Troops, in presence of the enemy, than of the patience with whicli the privations incident to the peculiar nature of the service wore supported and finally overcome." " You will not fail to convey to the Troops under your Com- " mand, the stx'ongcst expression of His Iloj^al Highness's apjiroba- " tion, and to accept for yourself and the army under your orders, " that testimony which His Eoyal Highness is so anxious to bear, " to the great service which you have rendered to j'our country." "Nor is His Rojal Highness insensible to the merits of the inhabitants of Upper Canada, or to the great assistance which the Militia of the Province afforded during the whole of the war. His Eoyal Highness trusts that you will express to them in adequate terms, the high sense which he entertains of their services, as having mainly contributed to the immediate preservation of the Province, and its future security." N". Coffin, Adjutant General of Militia. In 1815 the Legislature granted £6,000, stg. £5,883 6s. 8d. to be applied as follows : — To the officers, non-commissioned officers, and privates of the incorporated militia, six months' pay, £4,594 15s. 2d. To the officers and non-commissioned officers of the line attached to the incorporated militia, the well pay of their respective ranks in the said corps, £1,000. To the officers and non-commis- sioned officers, and privates of the incorporated militia artillery, six months' pay, £288 lis. 6d. To the speaker of the House of Assembly, to purchase a sword to be presented to Colonel Robinson, late of the incoporaled militia, 100 guineas. i- . '■■ il m COVETOUSNBSS. \.'-m > \- 1 1 CHAPTER LXIV. CoNTKNTs — The Six Nations in 1812 — AnKairnn Aninins — " MauifPHt Destiny"— Mohawk Indiiins — A right to defend their liomes - Inconsistency — American Hava'ges — Extract fioni I'liiytcr — Brock's proclamation — Indian cliaractcr, (•oiultict, eloquence — Deserters in 1812 — Few of them — Court-martials — The nttemiits at conquest by tlie Americans — The numbers — Result of wrtr — ( unadians saved the country — And can do so — Fraternal kindness. I THE SIX NATIONS AS CANADIANS IN 1812. Maintaining their wontetl hostile attitude to the Mohawks, and continuing to charge, upon the British and Canadian Governments, an uncivilized procedure, the Americans have attempted to create a belief that wo waged not a warfare according to civilized ideas. Civilization consists, in the mindsof Americans, in just those views, theoi'ies, beliefs, and proceedings, which belong to the Groat United States, and nothing can oniinate from their government that is not in sfi:ict accordance with civilization, — their civilization. It so happens that one of their beliefs is that destiny manifestly intends that they shall possess all of North America. In 1812, a pretext was formed under the question of the right to search American vessels for deserters from British service, to declare war against England. Thi? was regarded by Madison and the Government a*^ Washington, a fitting opportunity to make the already cherished attempt to obtain the British Provinces. It Avas not in accordance with their ideas of liberty and civilization, to give the slightest heed to the wishes of the loyalists whom they had, years before, forced away, and who had already done much to convert the wilderness into a noble Province; the British subjects who had emigrated to America, and preferred the yet infant colony of Canada, to the more advanced, but distasteful, United States. And still more, the Mohawk Indians, whom they had so cruelly treated, who had found homes under a benign and fatherly government, were not only disregarded, but their very right to defend their homes was denied by the very civilized government which longed to get Canada. And honco we find attempts made to cast obloquy, upon the Canadians, in connection with the war of 1812. The people who strove, but vainly, to enlist the Mohawks in their service in 1776, with wonderful inconsistency, in 1812, issue pro- clamations that no quarter will ba given to Indians, nor the Cana- 8AVA<»ES. 5G5 diftns who wero found fighting Hide by Hide. Yet, in tho same war- thoy had all tho TndianH they could get to assist in their invasion of a peaceful Province, who actually assisted in the hellish work of plunder in tho Niagara region. Tho Senccas took sides with their. The Indians who had iound a home in Canada, had a right to defend their country, ami willingly did they inarch to the tield. They rendered important service at Detroit Avhen tho immortal Brock hurled back the braggart foe, took General Hull and his army prisoners, and conquered tho territory of Michigan. They likewise did good service at Queenston Heights. A few instances oecured where individual Indians did la2>so into the warfare nature had implanted into their breasts. But let it bo distinctly and emphatically stated that they wero exceptions. " But the savage conduct of tho white United States troojxs, was worse than the employment of savages. In civilized wars, or the wars of Christian people with each other,|(alas ! that Christians and war should bo associated !) the usual rule is to harm only those who aim to harm, and to pass by the peaceable and unarmed. Con- sidering, too, that the Canadian people were not enemies, but had always friendly dispositions towards the United States, that tho war was merely for remote and abstract questions, that the British Canadians never set the example, that niaurading was not the rule of the British officers and armies (as evinced before tho world in tho wars with Bonaparte;, — the United States (Tovernmont selecting the province as a battle field, should have treated tho inhabitants without arms as mere spectators of the conflict. Shame on President Madison, and his cabinet of Christian '" (?) " gentlemen, for ordering their General, McCluro (under the name' and seal of John Armstrong, Secretary of War), to burn up the Town of Niagara, and turn 400 women and children into the snow and icy streets, on a December day of a rigid Canadian winter ! Hatl tho cruelty been accomplished by a tribe of Indians, no astonishment would have been felt; but for Christians thus to treat Christians, and for people of the same ancestry, to show such barbarity, shows that the bad passions of the human heart are the same in tho civilized as in the savage. The war might have been carried on, so that friendship might soon be resumed ; but tho dreadful aggravation, left in the bosoms of tho Canadian settlers, such hatred as remains to the present daj-. Tho writer has even hoai-d women say, on tho banks of tho St. Lawrence, that if the Americans ever invaded Canada again, the}' would shoulder muskets . 'Ii win A 566 INDIAN RmHTS. with thoir Imsbands. Tho domocrncy of the United States, like the demoerncy ol' tho French Eovolution, pi-offorcd liberty with tho left hand, and scattered the tire-brands of savage war with the right."— (Playtor.) Tiie invading general having issued a proclamation, declaring that Canadians found lighting beside the Indians should have no quarter. Major-Gencral Brock, in an address, issued to the Cana- dians at Fort George, July 22nd, 1812, referring to this matter, says : — " Bt> not dismayed at the unjustifiablc^threat of the Commander of the cMomy's forces to rotnse quarter, should an Indian appear in the ranks. " The brave bands of the Aborigines which inhabit this colony were like His Majesty's other subjects pimished for their zeal and ridolity, by the loss of thoir possesions in tho late colonies, and re- warded by Ilis Majesty with lands of superior value in the Pro- vince. Tiio faith of the British Government has never j'ot been violated by the Indians, who feel that tho soil they inherit is to them and their prosperity, protected from the base arts so frequently devised to over-reach their simplicity." " By what new principle are the}' to be prohibited from defend- ing their property ? If their warfare from being diiferent to that of tho white people, be more terrific than that of the enemy, let him retrace his steps, they seek him not, and cannot expect to find women and children in an invading army. " But they are men, and have equal rights with all other men -to defend themselves and their property when invaded, more espe- cially when they find in the^enemy's camp a ferocious anu mortal foe, using the same warfare which the American commander aft'ects to reprobate." "This inconsistent and unjustifiable threat of refusing quarter, for such a cause as being found in arms with a brother sufferer, in defense of invaded rights, must be exercised with the certain assurance of retaliation, not only in the limited operations of war in this part of the King's dominion, but in every quarter of the globe ; for the national character of Britain is not less distinguished for humanity thanstrictretributive justice, which will consider the execution of this inhuman threat as deliberate murder, for which every subject of the offending power must make expiation." — (Signed, Isaac Brook.) DESERTERS. 567 In concluding this subject, wo will quote the hinguage of ono who rose to subline oloquoneo in conoction with another event. Seeing the on-coming moment of the extinction among the Americans — vainly resisting the inevitable fate, but still lofty and noble. Thus spoke a Seneca chief: — " Who is it causes this river to rise in the nigh mountains, and to empty itst-lf in the ocean? Who is it that causes to blow the loud winds of winter, and that calms them again in summer? Who is it that rears up the shade of those lofty forests, and blasts them with the quick lightning at his pleasure ? The same spirit, who gave you a country on the other side of the waters, gave this land to us, and we will defend it." We would fail in our whole task did we not refer to ono more topic; that concerning Deserters. There were, during the time of war, a few instances of desertion. There is every reason to believe, that the wily Americans sent emmissarios into the country with the object of tampering with the Canadians. The following, while having a local reference, will explain the steps taken by Govern- ment to meet the requirements of the day in this respect : President's Office, Upper Canada, Kingston, 24th March, 1814. His Honor the President lias been pleased to appoint by com- mission, bearing this date, the under-n^Jntioned gentlemen to be commissioners, for carrying into effect the provisions of an Act passed in the last session of the Legislature of this Province, entitled " An Act to empower His Majesty, for a limited time, to secure and detain such persons as His Majesty shall suspect of treasonable adherence to the enemy, in the several dictricts of this Province respectively: — For Midland District — The Hon. K. Oartwright, Alexander McDonell, Alexander Fisher, Thomas Dor- land, Timothy Thompson, Thomas Markland, Peter Smith, John Gumming, James McNabb, Ebenezer Washburn, Eobert C. Wilkins, James Young, William Crawford. In every war there will be some desertions, and during the wai" of 1812, there were found a few, and a few indeed, who were base enough to desert fi-om the ranks of the Canadian Militia. The several attempts at conquest of Cannula were : — 1st Invasion . . Gen. Hull at Sandwidi VnnRansIcr " Wodwoith . . . Smyth " Fort Erie Pike ^ " York Dearbornc '' Fort Gi'crge . . Winchester, for Montreal, " Clnyslcra Farm Hampden '• Cliateauguay U. Brown " Fort Erie .... " " Lundy's Lane Ixzard '■ Fort Erie .... Wilkinson " Lai ate Mills. . Total number of min 4r),000. 2nd (1 3rd K 4th t( 51h 11 6th It 7th II 8th II 9th II 10th II nth II itl 1 3,000 men. It 2,000 (< II 11 11 3,000 2,500 3,000 i< y England DIVISION XI. ADV ANCI'> OF CIVILIZATION. ClIAPTEK LXV. ('0NTKNT8 — Ciiimdii'K lirst Htcp ill oiviHzation — Slavory in Amcriia — \\y whom intnKtiiccd— FuIho chnvftc — Slavery in C'linada — HiHtovy — Iraperial ActR— LegiHlivtion in t'liniidii — Tho Hovenil ilftused — In Lower C'uniida — ^Justice OHj,'ood — Slavery at the Uehollion — Anions the II. K. Loyalistn — Tlione who held Hlaves — Descendants of the Hlaves — " A British nhvvo' — " For sale "— "Indian slavi^" — I'pper Cansida's Record — Compared with the St^ites — . Liberty — Why the United States abolished slavery — Honor to whom honor is due. SLAVERY. Wo devote a chai)ter to tho subject of slavory, which may be appropriately noticed under advance of civilization. There can bo no greater indication of u truly civili/.ed people than a successful attempt to emancipate tho.<»c in bondage. In this ro.<*iiect Upper Canada was very far in lulvunco of tho United States, and even of England herself. Tho Americans have not unfi-equently essayed to fasten the ignominy of this domestic institution {upon tho British nation, by assorting that it was the F)nglish that first brought slaves to tho American continent. Supjjosing this to bo true, it was the most pitiable attempt at excuse for continuing tho accursed thing, after Britain had spent millions to abolish slavory in all her broad realm, that dixw ])ossibly bo imagined. But it is all untrue that slaves wore first brought by the English. It was the Dutch, who found sale for thorn in Virginia. This was in 1020. " Shortly after tho Now England States adopted the ' institution,' the colonists and merchants introducing and controlling the whole trade, Massa* chusetts leading the waj'." And with'all the cry, for ever'fe'choing in the .North against the South, because of slavery; it was the Yanlfeo owners of ships, sent out from Northern ports to engage in !!. 570 SLAVERY IN CANADA. :( ■' 1 i^iM ) :>i i|:'-^^ m tho world-coiulcmned crime of tho ulave tnulo, that kopt alivo tho worst foaliiro of American slavery, until the celebrated military necessity of Lincoln, emancipated the Southern slaves. The present jo^eneration of Canadians are almost ignorant of tlie fact that tho '' institution" of slavery oneo existed in Canada, both Lower and Upi)er. The proud and pleasing appellation, which Canada enjoyed for so many yeai's, of a safe asylum for slaves, who had effected their escape from tho United States, is in most cases alono known to have belonged to us. 'But tho record of our young country is so honorable upon the question of slavery, that the fact that slavos did once breathe among us, casts no stigma upon tho Miaplo leaf, no single stain upon her virgin garments. The fivct is, slavery could not live in Canada ; much less grow. The lea^ling principles which guided tho seltlers of the country were of too noble a nature to accept tho monstrous system of human bondage as an appendage of the Colony. Thej' felt the truthfulness of the woi"d8, not long before uttered by John Wesloj', that slavery was tho "sum of all villainies," and knew they would be villains of the deepest dye to encourage it. The history of slavery fi-om the time Joseph was sold by his bi'others into Egypt, by which it may be inferred that persons were already held in bondage, up to tho present, is of no little interest ; but it forms no part of our task to give oven u sketch of it, except in relation to its existence in Canada, 'vsn" U' ,<';j;f*" V.k '■ u In the year 1732, an Act was passed in tho Imperial Parlia- ment "for the more easy recovery of debts in IJis Majesty's plan- tations and colonies in America," by which "lands, houses, negroes, and other hereditaments and real estate, shall be liable to be taken by due process of law for any indebtedness." Another Imperial Act having reference to slaverj- in Canada, Av as passed so late as ITDO. TI.o Act is intituled "An Act for oncourar.'.ng new settlers \v His Majesty's colonies and plantations in America." Among othcv things it is ])rovided that if any per- sons shall cassing of this Act, every child that shall be born of a negro mother, or other woman subjected to such ser- vice as aforesaid, shall abide and remain with the nuister or mistress in whose service tho mother shall bo living at the time of such child's birth, (unless such mother and child shall leave such •• I ') 'I' !'! ■ m ml t < i ■* i'! , l! h- THE CONDITIONS. sorvioo, by and with the consent of such master or mistress) — ami such master or mistress shall, and is hereby required to give proper nourishmei\t and clothing to such child or children, and shall and may put such child or children to work, when he, she, or they shall be able so to do, and shall and may retain him or her in their service until every such child shall have obtained the age of 25 years, at which time shall be entitled to demand his or her discharge from, and shall bo discharged by such master or misti-ess, from any further service. And to the end that the age of such child or children may be mor;- easily ascertained, the master or mistress of the mother thereof; shall, and is hereb}' required, to cause the day of the birth of every such child as shall be born of a negro or other mother, subjected to the condition of a slave, in their service, as aforesaid, to be registered within three months after its bii-th, by the clerk of the parish, township or place wheroin such master or mistress reside, which clerk shall be authorized to demand and receive the sum of one shilling for registering the same. And in case any master or mistress shall refuse or neglect to cause such register to bo made within the time aforesaid, and shall be convicted thereof, cither on his fc h,M> confession, or by the oath of one or moi'c credible witnesses before any justice of the peace, he or she shall for such offence forfeit and pay the sum of £5 to the public stock of the district. " And be it further enacted, that in case any master or mistress shall detain any such child born in their ser\'ice, after the lassing of this Act, undiM- any pretence whatever, after such servant shall have attained the age of 25 years, except by virtue of a contract of service or indentures duly and voluntariljr executed, after such dischai'ge as aforesaid, it shall be for such servant to apply for a discharge to any Justice of the peace," and the party accused may be sunmioned to show causo whv the servant is not discharged. The master failing to prove tlie servant under age, the justice is to discharge the same, and it was " provided always that hi case any issue shal' V»i>, born of such children during their infant servitude or after, sue)', i^i^'ic shall be entitled to all the rights and privileges of free-born Hnitj< ^^t•. ' '* And be it farther enacted, that whenever any master r mistrass sliall liberate or itlease any person subject to the condi- tion of a slave from their service, they shall at the same time give good and sutHcient security to the church or town wardens of the parish or township where they live, that the person so released by them shall not become chargeable to the same, or any other parish IN LOWER CANADA. 573 tross)— and jfivo proper I shall and he, or they hor in their 3 age of 25 his or her • or misti*c3S, age of such e master or required, to be born of a f a slave, in ;hree months [)lace wheroin authorized to gistering tine so or neglect aforesaid, and fcssion, or by : justice of the y the snn\ of er or mistress the i-assing oi ant shall have ;ract oi service dischai'gc as ;charge to any sunmioned to master failing rgo the same, IpP wer Canada n Montreal, dv upon the ifthough pre- neina ditfer- real, declared rrave freedom Iritish Act of fcs in all parts per or Lower, owor Canada, that it was ^cted laws to slavery was ;;nickerbocker (.1 the families rees to Canada, ny cases these ked from their land they had faithful blacks |g nature, and, ley would not peaking of his operty, I take Ible of bearing lite prisoner in 1 New Jersey, hs— Tom, Sam v^ay to Lower Canada. Their owner pursued them to Montreal, and searched for them for ten days ; but liiiled to get them. He sold the female, Sal, with her child, to .Silas Hill. Tliis boy was afterwards sold to Abram Barkei*, who kept him until he became twenty-one, when he became free. Freedom did not suit him, as he became a worth- less fellow. Major VunALstino had .slaves, whom he treated with l^atriarchal kindness, and who lived in groat comfort in the old-fash- ioned Dutch cellar kitchen, in his home, in Fourth Town. The Bogurte and John Huyck also had slaves. Capt. Myers had slaves ; one, Black Bet, would never leave him, but continued until his death, under the care of her old master. Cartwright, Herkimer, and Everitt, each was the owner of slaves. And Povvles Claus, of the Mohawk settlement, had two slaves. Col. Clark speaks, in his momoirsof his mother's death, in 1789, and of the funeral, when the negro Joe drove the favorite hoi'ses, Jolly and Bonny, before the sleigh, painted black. Again, Col. C. says : " After the Declaration of Independence, drovers used to come in with droves of horses, cattle, sheep and negroes, for the use of the troops, forts, and settlers in Canada, and my father purchased his four negroes, three males and one female, named Sue. In 1812, she gladly returned to our family, having become old and decrepid. She died in our house at Ffteen-mile Creek, in 1814. Sheriff Kuttan says, "My uncle brought tw-- negro servants with him, who were very faithful, hard working fellows." During the year of famine, they were sent from Adolphustown to Albany, " for four bushels of Indian corn ; a dreadful hazardous journey through the forest, with no road, and the snow very deep. They executed this mission, and returned in safety." These slaves were generally faithful, good natured, and occa- sionally mischievous. It was the custom, in the first years of Canada, to place the ovens in the yard upon stakes, and they could be lifted off them. It is related that sometimes they would carry off slyly, the oven when filled with good things. Sheriff Sherwood says : "In answer to your letter of yesterday, as regai-ds slaves, I only recollect two or three which settled in the District of Johnstown ; one in particular, named Ctesar Congo, owned by Captain Justus Sherwood, who came with his family in the same brigade of boats that my father and family did, and located about two miles above trescott. They were the very first actual settlers. Well I remember Ctesar Congo, then a stout, strong young 11 ir i i ^ 576 LAST OF THE SLAVES. 1''^ ■ ,)I ■ ,i lit m man, and who often took the lato JusticoShorwood. of Toronto, and myself on his back to assist us along, while the boats were drawn up the rapids. Ctesar was sold to a half-pay oificor named Bottom, who settled about six miles above Prescott, who, after a year's service, gave Csesar his freedom. Caesar, soon after married suitably, and by his industry obtained a snug little place in the town of iJrockville, where he lived many years, and died. Daniel Joues, father of Sir Daniel Jones, of Brockville, had a female slave, and there were a few others residing in the district pf which I have no personal knowledge. Squire Bleoker, of the Trent, had a slave called Ham. Abraham Cronk, ot Sophiasburgh, bought a fcn^ale slave from Mrs. Simpson, of Myers' Creek, for $300. After a time, she returned to Mrs. Simpson, with whom she lived till her death This female had a daughter, who grew up to be an unusually "smart girl." Nicholas Lazier had slaves. One, named Sal, was noted for her attachment to Methodism, and would go long distances to attend meetings. As a fenialo slave, Black Betty was one of the first congregation, to which the tirst Methodist pi'eachcr in America preached at New York, ,so this woman was one of the first Method- ists at the Bay, and in Upper Canada. John Cronk and she wore the only Methodists in the Township fc? a long time. Pryno, who lived a short distance above Bath, had two slaves. Col. Thompson also had some, and Lieut. McCrinness, of Amherst Isle, likewise possessed them. Capt. Trumpour, of Adolphustown, had two negroes. Leavens, of Belleville, bought a female slave of Wallbridge, for $100. A son of hers was purchased by Captain Mcintosh. The Hon. Peter Bussell, when Eeceiver-General, had a man and his wife as slaves, with their son and two daughters. Samuel Sherwood, writing to a person at Kingston, from Thurlow, in Oct. 1793, says, " My negro boy, and Canadian boy have absented themselves last night without leave. I send Jim and two Indians in pursuit of them. I beg, if you can give any assistance, you will do me that service. McLean's black woman is my boy's mother, he may^call to. see her." We have before us the copy of an assignment made in 1824, by Eli Keoler, of Haldimand, Newcastle, to William Bell, of Thur- low, of a Mulatto boy, Tom, in which it is set forth, that the said boy has time unexpired to serve as the child of a female slave, A BRITISH SLAVS. 577 'ovonto, ftnd vero drawn led Bottom, er a year's ied suitably, ho town of ville, bad a he district pf 1 called Ham. ) slave from a time, she \ her death an unusually il, was noted ; distances to IS one of the hcY in America first Method- aad she wore two slaves, of Amherst \.dolphu8town, male slave of by Captain had a man :er8. ingston, from Canadian boy I send Jim can give any lack woman is nade in 1824, Boll, ofThur- that the said female slave, namely, ten years, from the 29th Feb. 1824, accoi-ding to the laws of the Province ; for the sum of $76. Probably, this was the last slave in Canada whose service closed, 1835. There are, at the present time, a good many of the descendants of the early Canadian slaves. Some of them have done badly, others again have made themselves respectable and happy. The Mink family are descended ft'om an old slave that belonged to William Herkimer. When made free, they, in many instances, preferred to remain in connection with their old masters, and even to this day, their children nianifest a predilection for the name of their father's master. In and about Belleville, may yet be found such as spoken of. Most, or all of these are descendants of " Black Bess" who, at diiferent times, was in po.'Jsession of the Wall bridge's, Leaven's, and McLollan. In the Ottawa Citizen of 1867, appeared the following : A British Slave — An old negro appeared at the Court of Assize yestei*day, in a case of Morris vs. Honnerson. Ho is 101 years of age, and was formerly a slave in Upper Canada, before the abolition of slavery in the British possessions. He fought through the American war in 1812, on the side of the Briti.sh ; was at the battles of Chippc' a and Lundy's Lane, and was wounded at Sackot's Harbom*. He is in full possession of all his faculties. Ho was born in New York State in 1766, and was the slave of a U. E. Loyalist, who brought him to Canada. He was brought to this city to prove the death of a person in 1803, and another in 1804. It would seem odd enough at the present day to see the following atlvertisemonts in a Canadian journal. This appeared in the Gazette, Newark : " For Sale. — A negro slave, 18 years of age, stout and healthy, has had the small pox, and is capable of service, either in house or out door. The terras will be made easy to the purchaser ; and cash or new lands received in payment. Enquire of the Printer. " Niagara, November 28th, 1802." "Indian Sla\£. — All persons are forbidden harboring, employing, or concealin/i; my Indian slave, called Sal, as I am determined to prosecute any offender, to the utmost extremity of the law ; and pei'sons who may suffer her to remain on their premises for the space of half an hour, without my written consent, W'll be taken us offending, and dealt with according to law. (Signed) Charles Fields. Niagara, August 28th, 1802." 37 i' 1 578 A CONTRAST. n4f , ! ■ '<;,> H'- ' ■1 }^/ if. ^ • r t'Y' ■ «:, {'■ X..||' > r ■ -; i; ;l I'l^^^K |: ■• :'i I'^^H m i^: ;i f- "For Salk — The negro man and woman, the property of Mi-s. (widow) Clement. They have booii bred to the buHinoss of a farm; will bo sold on highly advantageous torraH, for cash or lands. Apply to Mrs. Clement. Niagara, January 9th, 1802." Wc have seen that the record of Upper Canada with respect to the subject of human bondage is particularly bright and honorable. This Province, in its very infancy, took the load in severing the fetters which a dark and penurious ago had rivettod upon tho bodies of tho African. This blackest cui'se of tho Avorld, which tho power of England assisted to create, and which her offspring, the United States, continued to perpetuate for so many years, was put aside by tho young Province at tho first ; while, but a few yoai'S later, a Canadian Judge, of Lower Canad». declared slavery to bo inconsis- tent with the laws of Canada. These are facts of which every Canadian may well be proud. It was no " military necessity" which caused the abolition of slavery in Canada. It was a question of right, which the Canadian Parliament oyperienced no difficulty in solving. How grand tho spectacle ! How noblo the conduct, setting an example to the world I In striking contrast, behold tho United States. Flaunting their flag of liberty before the gazo of the world, they cried " All men are born free and equal, with the right to pursue that course which will lead to happiness;" yet not- withstanding these principles, enunciated with so much boldness, and, year after year, proclaimed by wordy fourth of July orators ; thoy continued, not only to hold slaves, but made tho bonds tighter until oceans of blood had been shed, and the Union was almost destroyed — when it could not be saved with slavery, as Lincoln had declared he would wish to save it ; when it became necessary to strike a blow, which the northern legions had been unable to deal the Southern Confederacy, then, and not until then, were tho slaves declared to be free. Lincoln said ho would savo the Union with slavery, if be could, failing this, then he would enlist the African slave to assist in saving the Union, by giving them liberty. The Southern blacks owe their liberty to-day, to tho almost superhuman coux-agc of the people with whom thoy lived, who held them in bondage, not, it is true, because thoir masters wished to liberate them ; but because thoy were unable to successfully combat the perfect flood of men that was poured against thoir northern bordersi and which infested their sea-board with an unbroken circle of armed vessels, shutting them out from all moans of carrying on tho unequal combat. It wjus this heroic attitude that made it necessary for FRKEDOM. 579 orty of Mrs. ts of a farm ; ands. Apply th respect to id honorable, severing tlie on the bodies ch the power , the United 3 put aside by yeai-8 later, a o bo inconsis- which every lessity" which a question of o difficulty in the conduct, ist, behold the e the gaze of qual, with the [less -," yot not- nuch boldness, July orators ; fo bonds tighter ion was almost as Lincoln had le necessary to lunablo to deal jwere the slaves je Union with [st the African .liberty. The (st superhuman p held them in tod to liberate \y combat the >rthorn borders, circle of armed ^ on the unequal it necessary for Lincoln to issue the famous proclumatloii. Lot the frocdmnn thank the exigency which made necessary the step which broke the back of the Confederacy, and thereby gave efficiency to the proclama- tion. It cannot be doubted that the great body of abolitionists were from the commencement of the war, anxious to secure the abolition of slavery; but they were impotent, their councils to the President wore unheeded, their desires disregarded. The great mass of tho Northerners had no sympathy with the poor, slave, they only cared for tho Union ; and many of them were oven dissatisfied that Lincoln should resort to the plan of freeing them in order to save the Union. It is abundantly easy, now to declare that, from tho first the Washington Government was determined to abolish slavery — that, from the first, it was a war for, and against the life of that institution ; but reading tho events of the war, carefully scanning each page of its history, examining each line, study- ing every word ; looking with an unbiassed eye upon the whole gigantic drama, it is submitted there is no reason for believing that the nation desired to free the slave at all ; btit, always excepting the Abolitionist, submitted to the necessity of setting the negro free, rather than sacrifice the Union, or, rather than be con- quered by the South. All honor then, to the U. E. Loyalists, in Parliament assembled, at the young capital of Newark — the representatives of the devoted band of refugees, who had been made such by rebels, who pretended to fight for " libei'ty," who placed on record their interpretation of the word Freedom ; that it meant not liberty to a certain class ; but to all, irrespective of color. All honor to the noble Judge, who had the probity and moral courage to enunciate a doctrine that at once made every supposed slave in Lower Canada conscious of being a free man. This noble beginning in tho Canadas was followed by events no less interesting. They became the asylum of the slave, who were not only sought after by their Southern masterK, but who were chased to the very borders by Northerners themselves. ■■-C'log8 False vlewH of gettlers — RiBult — New blood — Good oxample— Anccdottt — The " Family Comjiact" — Partiality — Origin of the Comyucl— Their conduet — The evil they did — A projiosed Canadian AriHtocracy— What it would have led to— What may come — " Peter Funks." THS OBSTACLES TO ADVAMCKMENT. In the section devoted to the first years of Upper Oannda there has much been said having reference lo the growth and prosperity of the Pioviuce, :ind advance of civilization, but something remains to be told which requires particular notice, and without which our . sketch would not be complete. The privations endured, and hardships overcome by the pioneers, tended to make them careful and prudent, and no doubt led to the more peimanent prosperity of their children. As years wore away, comforts began to reward their toil and patience. Acre after acre was brought under cultivation ; the log house received an addition, not large, but so as to supply a second room, which a growing family of boys and girls seriously demanded. Stock began to accumulate, and the future brightened up before them. In considering the rate and degree of advancement, it must be remembered that many of the first settlers were disbanded soldiers, and understood as little about agriculture as about clearing the land. " Though in most in- stances, a man of intelligence, the U. E. Loyalist introduced but a primitive system of agriculture ; and the facilities of acquiring lands in the western part of the Province, has in a measure prevented that admixture among them of the more scientific and educated agricul- turist from the old coimtrios, whidi has helped to improve other parts of Canada. It has been only of late years, and since the general establishment of agricultural societies, that the real capacities of the Midland District has begun to be developed, and improvements intro- duced, which have resulted in making, oven in the neighbourhood of Kingston, where the soil was looked upon as comparatively impro- ductive, some of the best and handsomest farms that can be seen in the Province." — (Coojter). The region about the Bay because of its central position, received the name of Jlidland District. This district embraced, and at the beginning of the present century Avas regarded as the most important OBSTACLES. 581 inada — Clogs— e— Aneodotf! — 'heir conduct — it would have Canada there id prosperity hing remains ut wliich our Y the pioneers, ibt led to the ■s wore away, cro after acre 1 an addition, ;rowing family :o accumulate, lering the rate that many of •8tood as little ;h in most in- Iroduced but a icquiring lands prevented that acated agricul- improve other ince the general Ipacities of the vementB intro- ghbourhood of •atively mipro- jan be seen in t)sition, received sd, and at the I most important and influential jinrt of Canada. But times have changed. Upper Canada has grown to be the largest and wealthiest provin(!c in Britisli America, and althougli im))rovc>meiits around the Bay have continued to increase, yet westward the InUk of the immigrants have found a home, so that this section no longer holds so important a position. Ncverthelofls, as in former years, so now, the Bay countiy may bo regarded as the garden of Western Canada. Long since the wilder- ness has become a fruitful field, and the fertile land has returned to the toiler a full reward. To the tourist passing along the Bay the appearance of the lands is exceedingly beautiful, especially in the days of summer ; in June when all things are clothed in the richest green, and some weeks later when the golden hues of harvest have gathered over the fields of grain. The substantial residences of the farmers tell of prosperity and advancement. The old log house around which clustered so many associations, made dear by the cir- cumstances of pioneer life, has been superseded by the more pre- tending frame building, and this again has been removed to be followed by elegant, and often stately edifices. The work of improve- ment and o^ beautifying has gone on from year to year, and now the inhabitants of the Bay arc in most cases living in affluence. But while we mark the advancement, it must not be forgotten that it ought to have been greater. While we give all credit to the soldier farmer, for achieving so much, it must be related that there were certain land-holders who were as clogs to the wheel of progress, who displayed not that enterprize, at an early day, which they ought to have done. Had the greedy few who hoarded up land, and grasped for more, and still more ; who stood ready to buy up the land of every imfortunate one compelled to sell — had such made themselves acquainted with the improvements in the agriculture of the day ; had they, instead of leaving the hard workers to make roads across their lands, opened them up and provided a passible way ; had they endea- vored to make their land productive, and by example to show the struggling farmers a better way, and how to increase and advance ; then, instead of merely the prosperity which now exists, there would have been great wealth. The broad acres are old enough, the land- scape charming enough, the ground productive enough, and had the proper spirit been abroad among the class mentioned, those who aspired to be landed aristocrats then, the Bay Quinte might have presented, not alone a beauty rivaling that of the Hudson, but also the palatial mansions which adorn its shores. No more suitable spot in the wide world can be found for ornamental residences, and it is 582 TRUE OENTJLITY. ■ •ii If .f to be ho]H'(l tl)at many witli capital ami tasto, will very sbortly pro* ceetl to set examples, for the wealtliy farmers in some degree, to imitate. It may bo Haiti it wore better the farmers and their children sliould have humble ideas, and the fact may be adduced that not a few of the deHoenduntM of the first settlers }iave, by their excesses in dress, and by trying to imitate the habits of the dwellers of towns and cities, laid the foundation of their ruin, by getting into the books of the merchant, and ultimately becoming helpless in his hands, so that the fathers heritage passed away to the stranger. But it is for- gotten that such was principally the case with those who, suddenly becoming well to «io, thoiight, if they desired to associate with the aristocracy, they must dress in finer clothing, and have clean hands* that their daughters must cease 8j>inning, and the wife no longer do liousework, that it was a disgrace to be seen working. It was such feelings and views which creeping in, paved the way for the downfall of many a one, who had begun to get on in the world ; whereas, had gentlemen by birth and education, and there were such an\ong the first settlers, given their time to actual improvement, had shewn that they considered it honorable to work with their hands. Had they carried their refinement into the more rural parts and shewn that agriculture and gentility may go together, and that education is as important for the agriculturist as for any other, both in enabling him to till the soil with success, and in providing him with those superior means of enjoyrr which a wise Provi- dence desires us to possess, a most val service would have boon rendered. It was because the farmer thought he must dress as they did in the city, in order to associate with them, and that labor was not honorable, that ruin came to many a household, and the names of the first owner of farms are not now there; who laid low the forest in the infancy of the country. There is no for- getfulnosrt that those blamed had once been wealthy and occupied high positions in the old colonics, and owned bi'oad acres. It was perhaps natural that such persons, exiled in the wilderness, and struggling with the stem i-ealities of their existence, should aim to regain a position of similar power and affluence, and were deter- mined that, although they might not see the return of those inde- pendent days, their children should ; so they continued to bend every energy to secure it. But alas ! how rarely was the dream realized ! How few of the limited number who first ruled the country — how few of the Family Compact are now in the higher circle of independence. POOTISM. 583 sliortly pi'o* ) degree, to leir children that not ti excesses in (fs of towns ito the hooks is hands, so But it is for- ho, suddenly ato with the clean hands} no longer do ting. It was way for the n the world; 3V0 woro such ovenient, had tboir hands, cal parts and her, and that )v any other, in providing , wise Provi- would have must dress em, and that a household, vr there; who ere is no for- and occupied cros. It was derness, and should aim d were deter- »f those inde- lued to bend as the dream rst ruled the n the higher Hortpocting thu more comuion settler, it was to bo oxpoctcd that now and then one would tail to advance — would full behind in the onward march of the country. The wonder is great that so few of the old soldiers made shipwreck of the liberal grants be- stowed by a motherly government, "The sons of sonie of those men who have liown out a homo in the primitive forest, have, in some cases, through bad management or bad conduct, sutt'ered their poseossions to pass to the stranger: the speculating mercdmnt has grasped their all under a mortgage, and indolence or dissipa- tion has completed the ruin." — (Cooper). "These evils, however, are rapidly curing themselves or producing au equivalent or greater amount of good — the idle an 1* PLODDERS. 591 ) Governor, t, notwith- einent, the ms to have ved it from in Canada, bsurdity wc Canadians* money; but lUnvablo in iirred on by The failure lonauccoss." ) so much at •0 the organ- !ol. Clark, of first Agricul- ibscribed his iber, and the ; the season, orn of plenty the property was next to 8t, hoping it tell posterity as followed perfection, nnencement iven, even by iHcttlers upon at an earlier bo presumed >n to the set- |the influence fot have been ite, yet, even uentury, indi- ^rovemente in art. At the re content to and enough worcj'icldcd by the soil. The land whs plentiful, and productive. Tho courso of events was even as a steady stream. The old men satisfied with the abundance of to-day, and di'awing a contrast between the present and the past, when starvation was at the door, and in the cupboard, wore quite content with the primitive sjsteni of agriculture, which his soldier father had adopted, lie saw no other mode of tilling the tjoil, and with no reason sought not a change, so no innovations by scientific agriculturalists disturbed the quiet repose of many of the steady going plodders. Their sons rarely went abroad to loarn the ways of others ; and often what did come to their cars was regarded with groat sitspicion. They wanted no new-fangled notions. Hence, the farms were \ot fully cultivated for many a day, parts remaining in a waste state for want of drain. But the establishment of agricultural associations and the occasional coming of a now man upon an old farm gradually, and frequently verj' gradually, dispelled the old man's ideas. The townships most contiguous to the town of Kingston, natm*- ally were the first to experience prosperity, and gradually tho adjacent townships alto became productive, and means were created to transport tho pi-oduce to tho market. Wo are told by Mrs. P , daughter of John Ham, of Ernest- town, now upwards of seventy, that she remembers one occasion, about the beginning of the present century, that lier father coming from Kingston, after selling produce, had a bar,' of silver dollars, as much as she could lift — $900. By this wo learn that his farm was productive, his labor well directed, and that haixi cash was paid for his produce by tho Kingston merchants. It shows, moreover, that this was over and above the cost of what was required of meichan- dize by him for his family using. One serious drawback with tho fiu-mers often was the want of assistants. If a farmer had not a son old enough to help, ho was in gi'oat trouble oftentimes to secure tho necessary help. French- men were frequently employed, y^t they could not bo fully depended upon to remain during tho wholo season. At harvest time, when large wages would be offered, the hired man would often, without hesitation, leave his employer to go to another who would give for a while, larger wagos. In tho absence of men, the wife and daughters took hold of the fork, cradle, and rake. If we may credit tho statements of writers who had passed through Canada in the beginning of the present o«ntury, the Midland District took the lead in agricultural and social progress. Mr. , ' S 1 ^w ' k i: 1'i 1, , , ' i' ■ : \ ' 592 LEGISLATION. 1 K i Talbot, whoso opinion of the Canadians, as to their intelligence, education, morals, and religion, was anything but flattering, made a pedestrian tour from the west to Montreal, in 1823. He says of the inhabitants of Sidney, Thurlow, and Bichmond, that they possessed more wealth than n.ny other people in the Province. But Mr. Talbot passed only along tho Kingston Boad by Napanee, and saw not the townships ot the lower part of the bay, or he would have scon even a more advanced state of prosperity and agricultural wealth. Tlio first formation of agricultural societies was initiated by an Act of Parliament, passed March 6, 1830. The object of this Act was to give encouragement to organize associations in the several districts, " For the purpose of importing live stock, grain, grass, seeds, useful implements, or whatever else might conduce to the improvement of agriculture." It was enacted that each society, having had subscribed to it £60, should, upon petitioning the Governor, rocoiv© the sum of £100. This Act was to remain in force four years. This Act was promptly responded to by the inhabitant of the Midland District. So early as the 27th April following, a mooting of the inhabitants of the district was hold at the Court House, Kingston, H. C. Thompson, Esq., Chairman, and H. Smy^^h, Esq., Secretary, and " A form of a constitution for an Agricultural Society was read and submitted to the meeting for approval. The followinf'' day, the adjourned meeting adopted a constitution for the Midland District Agricultural Society. The officei's were to be a President, five Vice-Presidents, thirty Directors, a Treasurer, and a Secretary — One Vice-President, and six Directors to be elected from each of the five counties in the district. John McCaulay, Esq. was elected President ; David J. Smith, Esq., Treasurer, and H. C, Thompson, Esq., Secretary of the Society. It was " Resolved" by cho Society, "that Isaac Eraser, Esq., of Addington; Allan McPhorson, Esq., of Lennox; Asa Wordon, Esq., of Prince Edwar#; and William Boll, Esq., of Hastings, bo requested to call meetings in their respootive counties," and make returns aa to whom had been elected for Vice- Presidents and Directors. The Vice-President for the County of Frontenac was John Marks, Esq. In the Ilallowell Free Press of May 31, 1831, we find that the " Annual Meeting of the Prince Edward Agricultural Association, was held at Striker's Inn, in Hallowcll, on the 2Cth instant. The following officers were chosen for the following year: — Stejihen Miles, FIRST BREWKRT AND DISTILLERY. 593 itelligonce, ring, made 1823. He mond, that e Province, y Napaneo, or he would agriculti\ral tiatedbyan , of this Act the several grain, grass, iduco to the lach society, titioning the X) remain in ibitant of the ig, a meeting Court House, Smy+h, Esq., iltural Society The following' the Midland a President, |d a Secretary from each of . was elected [g. Thompson, ;ho Society, srson, Esq., of •William Bell, lir respective Icted for Vice- ^he County of find that the i\ Association, instant. The Hephcn Miles, President ; James Colter, William Cunningham, and Paul Clapp, Vice- Presidents ; S. P. McPherson, Secretary ; B. Dougall, Assistant Secre- tary ; David Smith, Treasurer." The Government having offered a bounty of £100 to every society which could raise £50 ; the Prince Edward Society raised the necessary amount. But judging from a communication, which subsequently appeared in the Press, the town- ships of Hallowell and Hillier, raised the most of the amount. £46 ; Marysbui'gh, Sophiasburgh, and Ameliasburgh, paying only £4. In a General Report of Midland District, 1817, it is stated that "the assess roll gives about 3,600 horses above two years; 100 oxen above four years; 6,185 milch cows ; 1,054 head of young cattle above two years." The ftMt great obstacle to agriculture in Upper Canada w&a the thickly standing trees, many of which were large and hard in sub- stance. For the first years, with every one, destruction '^f the trees was the only consideration, not even the ashes wore thought of. But after a time, their value for the manufacture of pot and pearl ashes was recognized. In July, 1801, an Act was passed to appohit In- spectors of flour, and pot and pearl ashes, in order to establiHh the credit of those articles in foreign markets, the fee for exainining to be threepence per barrel of flour, and one shilling for every cask of pot ash. The following appeai-s in the Kin/jiston Gazette, A^ril 19, 181T, after stating that " a Pearl and Pot Barley Factory is to be established in Emesttown. It is said this is the first establishment of the kind we recollect to have heard of in Upper Canada, %ve have seen some of the barley, and think it equal to that imported. Such domestic manu- factories ought to be encouraged by the community." AQRICULl'URE — FACTORIES — MERCHANTS. The first Brewery and Distillery established in Upper Canada, was built by John Finkle, of Ernesttown, on his own place. He also kept, for many years the only tavern between Kingston and York. Mr. Finkle also built the first Masonic Lodge of Upper Canada, at his own exjiense, upon the town plot of Fredericksburgh. It is stated in Gourlay, that in 1817, there was in Kingston township " a p'achine for cai'ding wool, at the rate of nine-pence per pound." In Eruesttow^ " there were two carding, and one fulling machines. One barley hulling mill, together with a blast fu' lace. Warding is nine-pence half-penny per pound, and fulling six-pence per yard." In Sophiasburgh there was one carding 38 to I: ,i '111' ji :v 594 FIRHT VJEH1CLE8. vhr l!:l machine. In ifalluwoll, thore was ono carding, and one fulling machine. Thurlow had two carding machino», and two fulling mills. In the whole Midland District, there were twenty-four grist-mills and forty saw-mills. John Morden, who came to the bay about 1790, "was a man well known in his day, being a manufacturer of general household goods, as chairs, spiiming-whcols, flax-dressers, weaver's apparatus, and otJ.or things. In the house of mostly every descendant of a Quintu settler, may bo found some ot his woi-k, espcciuUy those who occupy the homesteads." As an indication of the desire of Government to encourage home mantifactures, wo find that Parliament, in 1826, granted £125 as a premium to the first '* who should set up a manufactory of paper," and bring it into successful operation. The valuable timber that thickly covox-od the ground, was, at the first, indiscriminately destroyed, scarcely thinking of saving the ashes ; but, in a few years, the majestic pine, oak, elm, and other trees of the forest wore sought after by the lumber merchant. For many years, lumbering was carried on in the Bay Quinte, and rafted to Montreal, and was a soui'ce of no little profit. The wilderness was trackless, and of course some time elapsed before vehicles of any kind could be used, except in winter, after the bays and rivers had frozen. Eiide sleighs, made by inferior tools, were the first made. At first hand-sleighs ; and then heavier ones, to be used with oxen and horses. }3utas the beasts of burden were scarce, there was but one here and there, who had occasion to make a vehicle of any land, except what could be hauled by hand. The sleighs were often used in summer to haul in grain and hay from the field. Some constructed n sort of waggon by sawing a hard-wiKxl tree, of suitable size across, making four pieces about a foot in length. Holes having been bored through the centre of the blocks, they constituted the wheels of the waggon. The axle-tree of bard-wood was then fashioned to suit the wheels, and in this way a rough, but serviceable vehicle was made, which pi'oved of great use, especially in hauling grain and hay to the place of stacking'. The account of one is given which would carry as much as l.oO sheaves. As yearri elapsed, and roads were cut and made passable, waggons were introduced. One of the first Avaggons brought int(» the Pi'ovincc was, it is saitl, by Jacob Cronk, of Sophiasburgh. Il came from Duchess County, New York. The second one was E?' K- ■n- 8AWINO illLLS. 5!)5 10 fulling ling mills. gristrtniUs an a man household apparatus, idant of a jT those who encourage •anted £125 ufactory of and, was, at g of saving ak, elm, and or merchant. Quinte, and I time elapsed winter, after by inferior then heavier ists of burden id occasion to uled by hand, rain and hay by sawing a )iocos about a centre of tho The axle-tree id in this way loved of groat |o of stacking. much as 150 Lido passable. brought into [liasburgh. It bond one was brought by James Way. Possibly this is not true, but at least they wore the first introduced into that townsiiip. The tirrtt public conveyance by land between Kingston and Montreal, was made by Dickenson. He called on Judge Cartwright to consult him about opening a lino of stage travel. Consequently, in 1808, a line was established. It ran all the j^ear round, though not so regularly in summer as in winter. " Lumber gentlemen from Quebec traveled through by the stage." — ^Finkle.) It was not until the war of 1812, that a line of stages was com- menced between Kingston and York. By an advertisement in the Kingston Gazette, it is learned that in June, 1817, " A stage was commenced running from Kingston to York, leaving Kingston every Monday morning at six o'clock, and York everj'- Thursday morning, same hour." "Persons wishing for a passage will call at Mr. David Brown's Inn, Kingston, where the stage-books will be kept. From twenty to twenty-eight pounds baggage will be allowed to each passenger, over this they must bo charged for. All bag- gage sent by the stage will be forwarded with care, and delivered with punctuality, and all favors acknowledged by the public's humble servant. (Signed), Samuel Purdy, Kingston, January 23, 1817. N.B. Stage fare, eighteen dollars." The same year, Lieutenant Hull, traveling in Canada, writes that there is a stage waggon from Montreal to Prescott, which carries the mail. From thence to Kingston the mail is carried on horseback. The stage waggon, he remarks, is the roughest con- veyanco on either side of the Atlantic. The iirst buildings wore of logs, generally put up in their natural rough state; now and then, as the Government mill at Kingston, the logs were squared. There was only one way of procuring sawed lumben, and that was by the whip saw. But few of the settlers thought of spending the time and labor necessary to obtain what was not strictly necessary. Houses, barns, saw-mills, flouring-mills, even breweries and still-houses were all alike con- structed of logs. Indeed, man}' a one had no b.irn for ycar.s ; stacking his grain, and thrashing upon the ground, made smooth and hard. When, however, sawing-mills began to spring up here and there, "awed lumber liwcamc a more common article, and after several years, individuals, hotter off than others, began to put up framed buildings, both houses and barns, and so forth. Sawing-mills were introduced originally into America by the Dutch, and it was their descendants who introduced them into Canada. But it was slowly P 1 096 FIRST BRICK HOUSE. M done. It required no little aapital to procure oven the small .\mount of machinery which was then used, and to have it brought 00 long a distance. Then, millwrights were not plentiful, and often in skill. Indeed there waH nothing at hand by which inferior to erect sawin^-mills, until after many yeara. In the meantime, the whip saw enabled them to construct something like a door for the house and log barn ; and rough sort of Airniture was made for the house. But toward the close of the last century, saw- ing-mills became somewhat numerous. The demand for lumber was foreseen, and those who had a water privilege set about to get up a mill. Followicg the saw-mill came the grist-mill, which, though more needed than the former, because of its greater ex- pense, was not built until a later period. It was about the first of 1800, that frame buildings began to appear in the first, second, and third townships particularly, to take the place of the log hut. Mr. George Finkle, of Emesttown, says, his father Henry Finkle, who, during the war, had learned the use of carpenter's tools, in the Engineer Department, built, with his whip saw and cross-out saw, the first frame house in the oouutry. He also built the first school-house, and a dwelling house for the teacher oii his own premises. Likewise, the first wharf along the bay. ,; Wc have made somewhat extensive enquiries, and believe we are correct in stating that the oldest brick building in Up])er Canada is situated u|X)n the brow of the hill at Belleville. We also entertain the belief tliat it was the firtt, certainly one of the very first brick buildings put up in the Province. It is known as Myers' House, having been built by Captain Myers about the year 1794. This quaint edifice, upon which the tooth of time is eating so {wacefully, standing upon the brink of thohill was, when new, of most imposiii , stood up grandly, overlooking the wiuding river, and the thickly set cedars at its base. The bricks were m.ade in Sidney at the Myera Place, five miles east of Trenton. Captain Myers was a num of great hospitidity, which was shared in by his estimable spouse, whose short stature and genial face is remembered by some yet living. They 8erve8 FIRST MERCHANTS. Mi'! Tho long distance of the first settlei's of Upper Canada from the marts of commerce, with a barrier of forest, and the swift rapids of the St. Lawrence, kept ont for many a day, many comforts, and all luxuries. But in time, jtersons engaged in the mercantile business, and articles of various kinds began to find their way into the wilderness- bound colony. The first merchants of the Province were engaged in the fur trade; but, as time passed away, they found customers among the settlers, who bought their jiroduce, and, in return, brought to them goods. Among the first, and the principal merchants of Upper Canada were Duncan, of Matilda ; Gartwright, of Kingston ; Hamilton, of Queenstown; and Robertson, of Sandwich. Those gentlemen, we have seen, occupied conspicuous positions, and amassed no little wealth ; unless we except Duncan, who removed. The Hon. Robert Hamilton, it is said, died, leaving an estate worth £200,000. Colonel Clarke, of Dalhousie, speaks of his brothers Peter and James, who " tunied merchants, having been supplied with an assort- ment of goods from Montreal. In 1790, they wont into tho Indian trade at Kingston, which had a great communication with the back lakcH." Wo also learn that Mr. Ulacaulay carried on business first at Carleton Island, and afterward at Kingston, with no little profit. One of the oldest settlers in Kingston was Joseph Forsyth. He became one of the first merchants in Kingston, and for many years conducted a lucrative business Avith the Indians and settlers. lie " ever main- tiuned the character of an iipright and reputable merchant." He died 20th September, 1813, aged fifty-three. A bartering trade commenced between the settlers in the town- ship of Kingston, and the nearer townships, and some persons at Carleton Island ; gradually the field of oi^nition was transferred to Kingston. Many of the loyalists, who were constantly arriving, pro- cured food and a few other things at these places. In ISIT, there were in the Township of Kingston •' si.xty-seven stores iiiid shops, this includes tho diflferent denominations of shops kept by mechanics. In the whole of Midland District there were about eighty -eight merchants' shops : twenty-four store-houses. Mr. Gourlay says, at this time, that Kingston is the third place in the Canadas, Quebec and Montreal being first. ♦ When want no longer rested upon the inhabitants, they began to look even for comfoits and luxuries. They were sui)plied now and then v» ith articles, both those essential to living, and thoae which may ril FIRST FRITIT TRBE8. 599 from the ; rapids of t8, and all ( bnsinesB, wilderness- engaged in tiers among »ht to them jer Canada [amilton, of itlemen, we >d no little The Hon. h £200,000. 8 Peter and ith an assort- the Indian th the back nosa first at profit. One He heeame rs conducted " ever main- t." He died be called comforts and luxuries, by itinerant merchants. Tiiesc pedlars w ere generally from the States, and often managed to uiltloi', of Ntha))inan aiui William Smith. Thu last was horn on Staton [Bland, tho othvr two in N^ow York, Toahout and Hmith sorvod tlioir (imo with I'Vkfonl. Chapman was a blork titrnor. Al. tho (doso of tho war, thoso throo formod a co-partnorship, and Toahout, in oontrat'tinjjf for building tho /'Youtnuw, was acting lor tho (com- pany. Jli>foro building tho stoamhoat, thoy had built for (lunuHolvos at Sack «t"H Harbour, tho h'iiKfstm, tho only cratt plying botwoon Sjiokot H and IvingNton, and a lino sohoonor tor tho Jjako, oallod tho Woolslfi/. Chapman was in ohargo of tho KiiKjuton, and was doing a mok than iu-dinary protitablo businoss. IJriico's tVionds wish(>d t<» dn 8omothing for him, and had him apijointod, at a giiinoa a da}', to inspoot tho timbor (of tho I'Voiitonao). llis study was todolay tho builiiing of tho Imat; Ihori' was a coiislaiil oontosi botwoon him and 'roaboul. " — (^Kinklo). 'I'lio contraot prioo of tho wocmI work was .C7,tK)(>. VVhon tlu* boat was almost ready for tho maohinory, tho oontraotor's funds woro cxpondoil Tho ongino oost £7,0(KK Moforo tho vossol was i-omplolod, tlu cost roaohod ut^arly (h(< sum ot Jl-2t),000. Tho Kingston (mC(Y/<' informs us that " On Satur sioamboiit hhmienao was lauixdiod at tho villagoof Hrnosttx)wii. A uumorons ooncourso of poopio assomblod on tho «H'oasioii. But, in i-onsotpionoo of an approaching showor, a part of tho ^poolators withdrow boforo tho launoh actually took place. The boat moved shnvly from her placi', and dosconilod with majestic sweep into her proper element. The length of her keel is 150 toot; her dock. 170 t'oet ; (tho tcmjiage was about 700). Her proportions «>ii'ike the eve very agreeably ; and good judges have pmnouui-ed this to be Iho best piece of naval aichitcctuve of the kind yet produced in America. It rertects honoi" upon Messrs, Trebout and ('hapman. the contractovH, and their workmen; and also upon the ]>roprie(ors, tho greater part of wIkuu are among tho most ro.s])eetable merchants and otiu'r inhnbitants of the County of Fi'ontoiuic. from jvhich tho mime is doi'ived. The machinery for this valuable bout was imported from Kngland, and is said to be of an excellent structure. . It is expected that she will be linished and remly for use in a fow weeks. Steam navigation having succoedod to admiration in various rivoin*, tho application of it to tho watei'S o^ TIIK ('.\1'TAIN. U08 !;: Iio MivHtor r, to tako th \\\m UiK iT 'roal)ont, I on Staton litli sorvoil V. A I tho a Toalumt, nv tho ('(un- iij^ botwoon \ culloil tho \vasli'' ,000. Iloloro I ho Mum nl hty. tho 1th Uohod nt tho |-)lo assoml)UHl i\!r showor, a ivotiially took Isooiidoil with )t* hof Icoel is 700). I lor ju(l.<>;os havo ■«'luiv of tho iijioii Mossrs. >rkinon; anil ■0 atnont; tho ho ( !o\mt,3' of aohinovy tor said to ho of Is linishod and jijr snccoedod It ho watoi-s 0^ thu JiakoH Ik uii intoreHtin^ ox|ioruuanl. Kvury Irit^id Ut public improvtMuontH must wihU it all thu hiicoohh which in duo to nHpiritof uncivil ont«*i"pritio." Tho (J/udte adds : " A Htoainboat was lately luuuchod at Sackot'H Harbor. Thoopposittt Hide of tho Laku, which nut Ion;.; a^ct viod with each other in the building of Hhipo of war, Hoom now to be e(|ually eniulouH of coniinercial superiority.'' Gourlay sayt^ tho boat at Hacket's Harbor wan on a Hniallor rtcalu, and lesH cxpcinsivo. "Who, tho Frmtmac, was oMtiniatcd to cost .tl4,0U0 ; before hIio conwnentHid hor watery walk, her ooHt exooodod i:20,00(>."— (Finklo). " The deck wjw J70 feet lon^ and thirty-two foot wide, draws only oij^ht feet wlitMi loaded. Two ptuldto-whcelK, with alxxit forty feet (tircuniference; answers Hlowly to the helm." — (llowisou). .'I'lio Kingston (lUSiatte, of May 21, IH17, Hays, " YoHterday atler- noon tho steamboat loft Mr. ivirby's wharf for the dock at Point Frederick. We are sorry to hear, that throu^li some accident, the machinery of one ol' the wheels bus ijuen consiih^rably dania^uil, notwithstanding which, however, she nxtvcd with inajoHticj^rHndour against u strong' wind. We understand she has f^ono to the dock, it being a more convenient place for putting in a suction pipe." Tlio name paper, of May iU, 1817, further says, "The Htoanibout Frontcuar, ui'ti^r having completed tho nttcesHary work at the Naval Yard, loll this port yesterday morning, for th<» piirp«)se of taking in wood at the iiay (^uinto. A. fresh brooze was blowing into tho luvrbor, against which nho pi-oceeded swiftly and steadily, to tlio admiration of a groat number of spectators. We ^congratulate thu managers and ])r<)prietor8 of this elegant boat, upon the prospcctH hIio atVordsot facilitating the navigation of Lake Ontario, by furnish- ing an ox]>oditious and certain mode of '^^onvoyance to its variouH ports." "June7tl», 1S17. The A'ron/enac loll this porton Thursday (6th,) on hor tirst trij) lor tho head of the Lake." She was com- manded by Capt. James McKenzio, of tho Jioyal Navy, the first trip she made, who continued in command until she was no longer .soa-wortliy. The Purser was A. (t. Potrio, of Melioville, now I'ar lulvanced in years. Tho Frontcnac wnvXo tho trip up an«l down the Lake and Jiiver, to Prescott, once a week. Whether she wont further west than York, at tirst, is uncertain. (.!a|)t. .las. McKenzio "camo lo Canada with the first division of the lioxal Navy, sent from England to servo on tho Lakes during tho war of 1812. At tho conclusion of the war, he returned to Kngland, and wa« placed on half pay ; but his active habit« led him to consider and htudy tho X- ,; ; ;) 604 FIRST STEAMBOAT ON BAY QUINTE. m powers of the Mteam engine, and he soon became acquainted with its complicated machinery. In 1816, he returned to Kingston, and assisted in l\tting up the Frontenac, which he commanded till she was worn out. Since, he has commanded the Alciope on this Lake, and at the iime of his death, (27th August, 1832, aged 50); was engaged in the construction of two other steamboats ; one at the head of the Lake, and one at Lake Simcoe; and was, on most occasions, consulted respecting the management of steamboats, so that he may justly be called the father of steam navigation in Upper Canada — his death may be considered a great loss to society and to the country." The first steamboat built to ply on Lake Erie was " Walk*in- the-Water," built .it Buffalo at the same time the " Frontenac" was built, and commenced her watery walk about the same time. Bespecting the Kingston, built at Saoket's Harbor, we find it stated she was intended to ply between Lewiston and Ogdensburgh, but after a trial of a few months the undertaking was found to be either unprofitable or too mucli for the powers of the vessel to accomplish, and she afterwards employed ten days in making the round trip of 600 miles. She was 100 feet long and 24 feet Avide, measuring 246 tons. The wheels were about 11 feet in diameter, and the capacity of the engine 21 horse power. Almost immediately after the Frontenac was launched a second steamboat was commenced. The material which had been collected while building the Frontenac had not all been used, and went far in the construction of the " Queen Charlotte,'' which was destined to be the pioneer steamer upon the Bay Quint6 and River St. Lawrence, in its upper waters. She was built by shares of £60 each. Johns and Finkle had nine shares. She was built, (Gilderslieve being the principal shipwright,) launched, and commenced running in the early part of 1818. The engine was furnished by Brothers Wards of Montreal, being made at their foundry. She was not long launched before she Avas ready to run. She made trips twice a week from Wilkins' wharf, at the Carryitig Place, to Prescott. She was commanded a few of the first trips by an old vet3ran captain named Biohardson, who lived then near Picton, and afterward to the close of the season, by a young man named Mosier. Of the number of pas- sengers or the first trip we have no knowlege, but suppose them to be few, for Belleville, then the largest place above Kingston, was a mere hamlet — ^Trent, Hallowell, Adolphustown and Bath were the only stopping places from the head of the Bay to Kingston. CAPTAIN DSNNI8. 60& They were regulated ia their course, the first summiT by froquoDtly heovmg the lead, an old man-ol-war's-man being on board for the purpose. (Coliius reported in 1788 that vcsKels drawing only from eight to ten feet of water oau go into the Bay Qointo). For two seasons she was commanded by Oapt. Dennis ; Mr. Gildorslieve was purser the seoond and third seasons ; and the fourth commenced his captaincy, which lasted as long as the boat was seaworthy, a period of nearly twenty years ; he was, at tlio building, a master shipwright, and became a stockholder. Says Mrs. Carroll, " of the fare from place to place I have no knowledge, but from tlie head of the bay to Kingston, the first season it was five dollars, meals included." i ' tl.rnsfil' The good olnefit of the country. Already the local trade along its course is fast increasing, with the improvements and growth of the settlements in the neighborhood of the Ottawa. The transport of iron ore from the same section of the country to King- ston, also adds largely to it. Along the courses of the stream are valuable water privileges." — (Hooper.) A vague storj' obtains, among some persons, that when the treaty of peace between the United States and England took ])lace in 1815, iho former agreed to pay £l,OU(t,000, Avhich the Duke of Wellington applied to this purjwse. 39 'I 610 MURRAY CANAI, BoIowIh pvcn a documont, tho im|iorlntjco of which is unque«- tionud, whothur wo considor tho intorostn of thOHO living along the bay, or tho wolfaro of tho whole Province. m :* :S m i : ' IIBPORT OF THE SPECIAL COMMITTKE ON THE MURRAY CANAL. "The Soloot Commitloo uppointud to enquiro into tho expedi- ency of t'oustructing a Canal to connect the head waters of the Hay of Quint6 with Lake Ontario, uHually called the " Murray Canal," and also to enquire and report whether any monoy or lands are applicable to that purpose, and if ho, what may bo the amount or value thereof, lx;g leave to report : '* That it appears a grant of land waa maile for the above purpose as early as tho year 1790, and that said grant, which was then ascertained to contain some six thousand acres, was afterwaitiy repeatedly acknowledged and confirmed ; '•That a reservation of sixty-four acres has been mado between Presqu'isle llarboui- and Bay of Quinto, on which said Canal was intended to be constructed ; " That tho value of tho original reservation of six thousand acres was estimated by tho Crown Lands Department, in 1839, at throe pounds per acre, or eighteen thousand pounds currency ; "That tho construction of said Canal, in addition to tho impor- tant commercial advantages which would bo bestowed on tho inha- bitants of the counties adjacent to tho Bay of Quinte, and tho ti-ado and navigation of tho country generally, would affoi-d most impor- tant facilities for the safe transport of mon and munitions in time of war; "That your Committee obtained tho evidence of Colonel Mc- Dougal, Adjutant General of Militia, which is appended to this JReport ; "That besides providing an admirable harbour of some seventy or eighty miles in length, capable of being made almost impregnable against attack, the groat natuml facilities for ship-building and for obtaining supplies of timber, would enable the Bay of Quinto to be used to great advantage for the repair or construction of ships of war ; " That on reference to tho Journals of the Legislative Assembly of 18-15, Your Committee found the record of a letter dated 7th January, 1840, signed by R. B. Sullivan, then Commissioner of Crown Lands, which was furnished as a report on the whole ques- tion of the Murray Canal, for the information of tho House, in reply to an Address to His Excellency, under date 17th January, 1845. ^'~^''^' i!-ri*«^i«^''S " Yonr Committee have doomed it expedient to quote fully from this Report for the information of Your Honorable House. " 1st. Extract — Tho suggestion of constructing the Canal by a grant of money instead of the appropriation of Crown Lands to that object, was adopted by the Legislative in an Address of tho lUth r^ IMPORTANT Cl'T-OFF. 611 3 unqnes- along the 3ANAL. Iio oxpo'H- )f iho Uuy [vy Canal," tan«\fl arc amount or ,vc yvirporto , wart then aftcvwaitlsi do between Cftual was uwand acres !39, at three a tho impor- on tho inha- nd tho trade most impor- ts in time of Colonel Me- lded to this >mo Boventy limpregnablc Iding and for IQuinto to be of ships of -vc Aasombly Icr dated 7th Imissioner of \ whole quos- |o House, in Ith January, Ite fully fi-om luse. J Canal by a janda to that of tho l&th February, 1838, to Ills KxcoiltMicy tho Lioutcimnt Governor, on the Hubject, Willi tlic triwt tliiit in the estimation of amonnl to bo f^rnnlfd in iii'U of the rosi-rvation, due regard may Ijo Imd to tlie iiw ivasod value to wliirli these lands may liiivo nltaineil. Ills KxeelK-ncy. by answer of 2(!tli l-Vbniary, was plcasod to concur with tlio Address. *' H.rfrnct No. '2, — I would resjioctl'idly rocomnioiid to If is Kxcol- loney to tix upon some spoeitie sum which may be cliar;,a'(l upon the Crown Jloscrve, and nuido |)ayable out of its t\rA disposable i)rocoedH toward the completion t)f the Canal, and which, upon the cession of the Crown Kevenue to the liCgislatiire, will bo considered a })ay- ment for which the faitli of tho (Joveriimeiit is pledged and j)ro- vided for in any Hill which may bo passed for the granting a civil list in return lor the cession of the itevenue. "That Your Committee examineil a work, composed in the year 182(J, by Jlajor General Sir James CarmichaelSmyth, Baronet, entitled, Praisof the Wars in Canailafrom 1755 to the 1 icaty of Ghent in 1814, the said work having been published for the first time in 18n2, by Sir James Carmichael, IJaronet, son of the author. That this work contains tlie following statements, which may fairly be quoted in favor of the construction of this Canal. "In tho dedication of this work to His Grace tho Duke of Wel- lington, the author makes tho following remarks: — " Tho events of those wai"s attbi-d, in my opinion, a demonstra- tion as clear as that of any proposition in Euclid, of the impossibility (^uuder Divine Providence) of these Provinces ever being wrestod n*om under Her Majesty's authority by tho Government of tlij United States, provided we avail ourselves of the military jwecau- tions in our power to adopt, by establishing those communications and occupying those points which jjosterity will one day learn with, if possible, increased respect for Your Grace's gi-eat name, wore principally suggested b}' Your Grace." At page 202 he writes as follows : — " Our Harbour and Naval Establishment at Kingston are very good indeed, and infinitely beyond what tho Americans possess at Saokot's Harbour. Tliere cannot bo a finer basin in the world than the Bay of Quinte. When Ilidoau Canal is completed there will be groat facilities for forwarding stores to Kingston." At page 203 : — ** In the event of the Americans having the temporary com- mand of the Lake (Ontario), York Tnow Toronto) would be useful for the protection of small craft and coasting vessels sailing from the Bay of Quinte with supplies for the Niagara Frontier." In a Eeport published by the Board of Trade of the City of Montre.J, for the year 1865, under the heading of " Improvement of Inland Navigation," Y^our Committee have found the following: '« An IMPORTANT CUT-OFF. — " It was long ago proposed to con- nect Lake Ontario with the Western extremity of the Baj- Quinte, by a short Canal. The land required for such a pui-pose is reserved I MILITARY CONSIDERATIONS. r by iho Government. Tho distance to bo cut through ia less than two miles; some additional dredging being, of course, required in the Bay and Lake to porfoct the communication. As no lockage is requisite, tho expense of the work would be small, while the advan- tage would be great « When it is remembered that the stretch between Presqu'isle Harbor and Kingston is tho most hazardous c:i Lake Ontario, tho advantages to be derived from such a cut-off wiil be evident, especi- ally in the fall, when stormy weather is most prevalent. Had that little Canal existed last year, a number of marine disasters might have been avoided. Any one who examines tho map may see at once how important the Bay of (iuinte would thus become in tho event of hostilities on tho Lake." " That under thono circumstances Your Committee would rocom- mend that a Survey be made of the neck of land lying between Lake Ontario and tho Bay of Quinto, and also of the Harbours of Presqu'isle and Wellor's Bay, for tho pui-poso of ascertaining the cost and feasibility of said Canal, and that the Survey should bo commenced with the least possible delay. Kespectfully submitted, James L. Bioqar, Chairman.'* Appendix. — Committee Eopulati()n, but the following will not be far wrong : — Kingston, Ernesttown, Adolphustown, and Thurlow, contain 7,083. Fredericksbnrgh, Marysburgh, Ilallowell, Ameliasburgh, and Sidney, 5,340. Pittsburgh, with Wolfe Island, Loburoi'^h, Poi'tlnnd, Camden, IJichmoud, and Bawd on, will not average above 300 each, a total of 1,800. In Huntington, I heard only of five settlers — say 24. Total Avhite population 14,855; Indians 20U. Total number of houses in JNlidlaud district was 900 Thomas Markland. A rejjort before nie made in October 1826, by John Portt, says the total number of white inhabitants oi Tycndin- iiiixui is 27. ' i %i DIVISION XII THE UNITED EMPIRK LOYALISTS— THE FATHE17S OF UPPER CANADA. CHAPTER LXIX. CoHTiNTs — Definition — A division — Their principles — i)ur position — Anc> "try — Dtitci) — I'lu-itims — Huuiieijots — New iiociu'llc — Knglisli writers — Tnlliot — Fiilsi'hoods — Ciiniidiaii and Eii,c;iish iinceHtry — Howisou — Malij^ncr — (iour- lay's reply— Palatines — Old names. _, , , _ ., ANCESTKY OP TUB U. E. LOYAMSTS. Uiiilcr this (losijfualion allusion h made to all who loft, or were coin))cllo(l to h.'.avc, the revolting colonies, and Independent States, and who Kouijht a home in Ihe wilderncHS of Canada. Tliorc is, how- ever, a class which will bo si)ccially referred to, who, in subsequent years, were placed upon the " U. K. list/' and who, by virtue thereof, secured imjiortant privilecjes to themselves and family. The United Empire Loyalist, was one who advocated, or wished to Iiavc maintained, the imlty of the British ev}pire, who felt ns much a Briton in the colony of America, as if lie were in oh Kngland ; who desired to perpetuate British rule in America ; not biindly believing thjxt no imperfections could exist in such rule, but desiring to seek reform in a conservative spirit. This class, we have seen, l)ccanie, as the tide of rebellion gained strength and violence, excee a refugee iblo posses- •itish Crown hose fathers thoy were I. So early orca. And ■ by omigra cw York, in icob Leislor, )\v Kochello, jitants took J ad become [1 had com- backbone." in question, 3W in> sistance, nor bo countenanced in any civilized country. Their original depravity luis been confirmed and increased by the oircmn- stances in which tho}'^ are now placed." This is a pleasant picttire that the accomplished doctor draws of our lorofathors. The vory flagrancy of the falsehood has rendered tho above statement as harmless as the doctor's rejiutation is unknown. It is but too common a story for a stupid Englishman, with no other ideas than those derived li'om supriime egotism, to pass through our country, and after merely glancing at the outside of everything, proceed to give an account of tho people of Canada. But this liowisoii was either guilty of drawing his views froni Yinikeo siiurcos. or of giving vent to some spiteful fooling. Robert Gimrlay, who was no tory, referring to tho above Htatonient, speaks in this way : — " itis not true, M I It 620 FALSE WRITERS. it 18 not fair, it in not iliscroct. TJie first aottlors of Uppor Cunadn, in my opinion, wero wronj^ Iieadod mon as to politics ; but thoy wore far from boin/j^ bad-hoarted mon, and anything but " the ruffian rumnnnt of a disbanded roginaont." Thoy wore soldiers who had done thoir doty: who had rofrauled with roveronco their oath of allogianco ; who had risked thoir lives a hundred times over a support of thoir principles ; who hail sacrificed all which the world in fiieneral holds dear, to maintain thoir loyalty and honor. They wore anything but tho "outlawed refuse of some European nation. Thoy adhered to the laws of Britain ; and for tljo law3 of Britain they bled. Thoy did not "seek rofuy;o in the wilds of Upper Canada, aware they would neither tind means of subsistence, nor bo countenanced in any civilized country." It is a libel on tho British Governmeut to say they souj^ht reliige, and a libel on common sense to say that mon, who resolved to earn their bi'oatl by labour, under the worst circumstances in tho world, could not tind means of subsistenco any\vhero else. Tho whole passage is untrue, is shameful, and Dr. Howison should apologize for it in tho public prints of this country. These very fanners whom he scandalizes 8> cruelly, stood up for British iTOVornmont most noble during the 'ate war, (1812), many of them lost their all at that time (in .Niugai'a District), and to many of them the British Government is now deeply indebted. The mass of first settlors in Upper Canada were true*mi'n, and to this day there is a peculiar cast of goodness in their natures, which distinguishes ihem from thoir neighbours in tho United .States. There wero among them ruffians of the very worst description. His AJajesty's ministers needed sj)io8, ami horse stealers, and liars, and pei'jured villians ; and America furnished such characters, just as England can furnish an Oliver and an Edward. Why should a whole people be slandered because of a few? Dr. Howison wroto in Canada only to trifle, and now we see the consummation, weseoa book vory well written; very readable as a romance — the tale of a weak man ; but us it affects men, worse than trifling — scandalous. To say all the ill he could of Canjida, and no good of it is imfair — is deceitful — after ail, in his parting exclamations, ho "spoke about the hap})}'- shores of Canada." The refined Di*. Uowison, it would soem, remembered "many civilities" from the Canadians; but because he could not appreciate tho nobility of n.ituro when crowned by the rough circuirtstauces of pioneer life, he must needs write a libel. No doubt his mind was influenced by Yankee tales of Butlers' Hangers, and perhaps his exquisite sensibility vas wounded, ni PALATINES. 621 forsooth, because n Canadian would not touch h'm hat to him." Robert frourlay wan a friend to Canada, a friend to humanity; ho was not always right; but he waH far more correct wliilo in Canada than those who persecuted him. Ife was a patient arid close observer, and made himself thoroughly acquainted with Canada, and hi'^ statement in reply to Howison's utterances are fully satis- fying What was true of the settlers at Niagara, must remain true of the whole class of U. K. LoyaliKts. Notwithstanding the many adverse circumstances — the earnest contest for life, the daily struggle for food, their isolation <\Y>m the influenccH of civilized life, the absence of regular ministiTw ot' tlu- gospel, notwith«taiiding all, the old soldiei*8 constituted a l»»nd oi pioneers infinitely better than those who form the outer belt of settlers, at the present day, in the Western States. As intimated, not a H^W ot the V. K. lioynKsts were : noil, Cronsbcrry, Dobe, J)iilii»aKO, Kmbury, Fiz/.lo, GrunHO, (trior, Ucck, llotl'maii, Jliflo, lleiivonor, Ozior, (prcjbnbly liuzior of our day), Lnwronco, Lowel*, lUiinoheart, Koso, Uodoiibiuther, Ilucklo, ywitzcr, Hparling, Stuck, St. Jobn, St. Lodjror, Stron^bs Sloopor, Shooiiuikor, Shior, Smeltzer, Sboultaoo, Sbavowiso, Tcsby, (probably Detlor of our clay), TottUir, Ui*wholbauf^b, Williaina, and Younj;. I A curtain nunii)or of thu I'aUitincH 8ottlod at tbo(iorman Fiatu, many of whom, bcinfjj Loyalintu, woi*o obliged to 1» iivo ; and bocorno pionoors in Canada. LikowiNo, v/cw thoro many from other parts of tho State, and from I'oiuihylvania. In tho oarly history of Now York State, may be found many names, generally Dutch-like, closely i-esombling those of tho fii-st Hottlorb of Western Canada. In a letter, dated " Albany, 30 July, 1689," wo find tho names of Capt. Blocker and D. Myei-s. At a convention at Albany, Oct. 24, 1669, was prusent, among others, Cert Hyoi-se, Jan Jenso lilcoker. " Pn)po»als niado to yo people, Albany, yo 5 day of November, 1689, by 40 inhabitants," among which is Jacob Yanden Bogaert. " At a meeting, at Albany, 28th March, 1690," were present, Gert liyersou, John Pieterson, llondriok Hodgeman, (llagorman). At a meeting in Albany, after tho massacre of Schenectady, February 9, 1690, to an'ango for defending against tho Fi'onch and Indians, and to bury the dead ; there were, among 60 others present, D. Wosstds, liector, J. Bleeckcr, Aid. liyckman, Ens. Bonnet. In the list of those killed at Schenectady, arc several of the Vroomans, Symon. Skomerhoorn. "Taken prisoners at Skinnech- tady, and carried to Canaila yo 9th day of February, 16g." " John Wemp, bonno of Myndt& 2 negroes, and 26 others." In a list of oflScera in the Province of New York, 1693, members of Council — are found Phillips, Brook, Lawrence, Young, Mai-shall, Shaw, Evotts, (probably Everit), Handcock, Dirck Wossels, Eecorder at Albany; Beekraan, llowoll. Barker, Piatt, Whitehead, Harrison, Hageman, Strycker, Willct. Among the militia officers, N. Yorrk, 1700, we find Booth, Moore, Wheler, Hubbe, Kechum, Frederick, Daniel Wright ; Eobert Coles ; Lake, Hegemen, Evert, Bogardus, Hosbrooko. Eose. List of inhabitants in County of Orange, 1702, wo find — Goritsson, (Garrison), Eeynersson, (Byorson), Ceniff, Mioyer, (Meyer,) Weller, Coepor, Morritt. II MOHAWK VALIJ6Y IN OLDE^f TIMRS. 623 WO, Cirior, zior of our er, Ilueklo, o, Sleeper, ', (probal)ly I Youn^. rmnii Flats, and bocoino athor parts bund many of tho fiwt ivo fiud tho sent, among f November, n Bogaort. ere present, [llagerman). Schenectady, the French g GO othorB Ickman, Ens. ivoral of the lat Skinnech- ks." " John J93, members ig, Mai-shall, [els, Eecordor Harrison, 3, N. Yorrk, Frederick, l-t, BogarduB, wo find— liff, Mioyer, Fii'oholdors of tijo city and county of Albany, 1720, WillianiH, Van AUn, Holland, CollinH, Van r)ykc, several Blocker's ; Cornelius Boarghuert, V^uudusen, Moelo, Weomp, (Wcnip), Truoux, Van Vulkonburgh, Iluyck, (iardimor. Diiignuiiis, VanAUtine, C'ounriMU, Ham, Luykc, Decker, J'^hoIhuuo, Fritt«, (iuuckenboew,((^uac'kenbuhli) Van JionHiilacc in the war of tho Indians, at tho battle <>\' Point IMoasant, 1TT4, there was killed, among others, lOiisign Candill'. Tho following wo take I'rom tho Schenectady Eveniiuj Star : Valley ok thk .Mohawic in Oldkn Times. — Schoharie — The Vroomans. — When tho Schohaiio sottlonionts wore invaded by tht* British, under Colonel Butler, in tho year ITHi*, the following persons, among others, wore murdered by tho Indians: Tunis v''rooman, his wife and son, and on tMs occasion i<]phraim Vro«)man and his two sons, Bartholomew, Johias and John Vrooman, Bartho- lomew Vrooman, Jr., and bin wife and n( ii Jacob, were takon prisoners, Tho wife and daughterof Kphraim Vrooman was killed ny an Indian named 8eth liendrick. Air. E. Vif)oman, while on his way to Canada, whither he was* carried in captivity, was under tho immediate charge of Seth Hojidrii^k, who treated him with much kindness. There wore two or three Indians who accompanied Soth. These before they m-rived at tlicir ilestlnation, grew tired of their prisoner, and proposed to despatch him. Mr. Vroon\an overlieard the conversation, which was conducted in a whisper, and repeated it to liendrick. liendrick assured liim in tho most positive muuner, that " not a hair of his head should bo touched," and gave his companions a severe reprimand for their ungenerous conspiracy. After the termination of tho Eovolutioimry contest, liendrick paid Mr. Vrooman a visit, and apologised for his conduct during the war, in the strong, metaphorical language of his nation : *' The toma- hawk," said ho, "is used only in war; in time of peace it is buried; it cuts down the sturdy oak as well as the tender vino ; but I (laying his hand on Mr. Vrooman's shoulder) saved tho oak." " Eva's Kill. — Tho civok which runs through the village of Cranosvillo has, for tho last ninety years, been known as I']va's Kill, or creek. It owes this name to tiie circumstance of a woman named Eva being mui'dered near itu banks. In tho year 1755 Mrs. Van Alstine, from Canojoharie, traveled through this place on her way to this city to visit her parents. She was on horseback, and had her daughter with her, a child about f(mr years of age. A party of Fi'cnch and Indians had just arrived from Canada, and wore prowling about with murderous designs on tho defenceless inhabitants of the Mohawk Valley. Espying Mrs. Van Alstine, they marked her for their proy. They pouuced upon, wounded and scalped her, left her as they supposed, dead on tho margin of tho creek which bears her name. Her daughter they took to Canada. After they had departed, Mrs. Van Alstine partially recovered, and mustered strength enough ^> IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I 1.25 ^ 140 1^ IM 2.2 18 ^i^ Hiotographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MA:N STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. US80 (716) 872-4S03 V <^ 1»\ o^ '<^ '*6 I II i 1. 1 1 *-'i ■ r j Br i y^l 624 ORIGINAL NAMES IN LONQ ISLAND. to crawl to the river, on the opposite shore of which she saw some men standing, to whom she beckoned. She feared to speak lest she should bo overheard by her enemies who were still in the neighbor- hood. These men came over cautiously, and conveyed her safely to her agonized parents. She lingered nine or ten days in a state of extreme suffering, when she gave up the ghost. Her daughter's liff' was spared, and she, in time, was restored to her friends." In 1750-60, are found the names of Jordan, Dunham, Gi-ant, Har- kamor, Spenser, Peterson, Wilson, Church, Devenport, Kemp,Gibson. Census of New York, about 1703. Amongst others, Vanhorn Larrance, Loukes, Vandewater, White, Hams, Wessels,Wm. Taylor, Johnston, Vesey, Bogert, Oastrom, Waldron, Davis, Marshall, Clapp. Census of Long Island, 1673. — Jacobs, Carman, Symonds, Beedel, Allen, Williams, Valentyn, EUesson, (probably Allison), Osborne, Hobbs, Soddard, Ellison, Foster, Mott, Applebe, Persell, Truax, Hoyt. The Roll of those who have taken the oath of allegiance, Sep- tember, 1687: PeCer Strykcr, native of the Province; Cornells Pertise, (Peterson), native; Beakman,. native; Gerrit Dorlant, native; Joseph Hagemen, (Hagerman), 37 years; Adrien Eyerse, 41 years. Living in Breucklyn (Brooklyn) : Covert, native ; Bogaert, 35 years ; Jan Fredericks, 35 years ; Pieter Corson native ; Caspere, (Casper) ; Jacobus Vande Water, (Vandewater), native ; Dirck Janse Waertman, (Wartman), 40 years ; Van Clief, De Witt, Loyse, Waldron, Willensen, Badgely, Culver, Jessop, Rogers Diamond, Erie, Butler, Johnes (Jones), Whiting; Arnold, Wash- bourn, Way, Harton, Booth, Bradly, Goldsmith, Giles, Baily^ Osmond, Carey, Case, Miller, Garitson. r, ( A 0^1 u; CHAPTER LXX. Contents — Character— Hospitality — At home — Fireside-- Visitors— Bees—Raisings Easter Eggs — Dancing — Hovington House — Caste—Drinks — Horse-racing — Boxing — Amusements-La Crosse — Duels — Patriotism — Annexation — Free- dom — Egotism— The Loyalists— Instances — Longevity — Climate of Canada A quotation — Long li^'ed— The children — The present race — A nationality Comparison — " U.E. Loyalist" — Their Privileges — Order of Council — Dissa- tisfaction. CHAEACTEB, CUSTOMS, AMUiKMENTS, PATRIOTISM, AGB AND DESCEN- DANTS OP THE U. E. LOYALISTS. When we compare the motives which actuated all classes of those who adhered to the Crown with the rebels in their various HOSPITALITY. 625 aw Bome \s. lest she aeighbor- lor safely in a state laughter's ids." rant, Har- ap.Gibson. Vanhorn, m. Taylor, lall, Clapp. ids.Beedol, I, Osborne, ell, Truax, iance, Sep- ) ; Cornells ■it Dorlant, ien Byerse, srt, native -, rson native ; er), native; ef, De Witt, op, Rogers nold, Wash- iles, Bailyj iBees-Raisings torse-racing — lexation— Free- liato of Canada La nfttionality fcouncil— DiHsa- Lnd descbn- Lll classes of Vheir various grades, we feel to exult and express sincere thankfulness that the fathers of Upper Canada were honest, devoted, loyal, ti'uthful, law- abiding, and actuated by the higher motives which spring from religion. The habits of the loyalists were simple, and comparatively free from immorality. Their love of order and adherence to law is noteworthy. No people in the world have been characterised by so firm and devoted adherence to the established laws than the U. E. Loyalists. Never deprived of that freedom which ennobles tne man, they always abominated that monstrous offshoot of republican liberty whioh teaches a man to take the law in his own hands. In later years in Canada some strife has been witnessed between parties whO' have introduced their national feuds from the old country. But those who fought in the revolutionary war, and who mainly assisted to ('rive back the invading foe in 1812, have always been peace- loving citizens. Lynch Law, (a term derived from a man of that name living in South Carolina, who constituted himself the arbiter betweea any contestants, and to their satisfactio'h) has always been held in utter detestation. The settlers were always hospitable. The circumstances of their life, in which they so often were cast upon the care and atten- tion of others, made each experience the deep feeling of gladness • to have a visitor, whioh belongs to a sense of kindness received. In this they differed widely from the people of the more Northern States. Strangers were never turned away, and a clergyman, no matterof what denomination, was received "right gladly." The Rev. Mr. Smart says that he was often up the Bay in his early days of ministerial labor, and he was ever treated by the inhabitants of all classes with great hospitality. And after a few years had worn away, carrying with them the burden of many heart sorrows, there came an occasional opportunity to exchange friendly hospi- tality. Visiting indeed became a regular " institution," to borrow a Yankee phrase. Near neighbours would of an evening call in, uninvited, to spend the evening, and talk over the times, present, past and coming. Sometimes visits were made to friends a long distance off, going by canoe or batteau, or perchance on horseback, by a bridle-path, with saddle-bags containing oats for the horse. But the winter visits were characterised more especially by genial hospitality. On such occasions the hostess brought forth things new and old. Choice viands, carefully stored away, were brought to the light. The first fruits of the soil were lavishly spread upon the unassuminer boaixl. The famine of 1787-8, and the subsequent 40 npi I I 'P ^ 626 FAMILY VISITING. mi lack of the necessaries of life, and the .total absence of luxuries for many a year, had the effect of intensifying the value that might naturally bo placed upon plenty and luxury. To be truly enter- taining to guests, was to set before them a feast of good things. Hence it came in the later yoai's of the country that the table ot the well-to-do farmer always groaned with sub- stantials and delicacies. On those occasions the old soldier re- counted his deeds of warfare, and hair-bi-eadth escapes, and his struggles in the wilderness. The blazing hearth became the centre of attractive conversation, and lit up the hardy faces of the pioneers, and the milder countenances of their wives and daughters, while in the back ground m,ight be seen the bright eyes of the children, listening to the tales that wore told. The j'oungcr ones had been ordered off to bed, but they lie wakeful in their bunks, which were in the same room, to catch the ever flowing talk. The conversa- tion at these times did not always relate to those matters above stated, it often took*a mysterious turn, and ghosts became the sub- ject of their evening's talk. The above is not from imagination, but in substance from the lips of more than one, who remembers to have occupied the little bunk and listened upon many an even- ing to the conversations. .jvyuH Family visiting was a commonjmode of exchanging civilities. It was necessary because of the widely separated hoiises. The evenings were times of the most pleasing reunions. Every log house possessed a large Dutch fireplace, into which was placed a back log of immense size, while upon the hand irons, or, as at first, largo square stones was heaped light dry wood which sent forth a chcoi'ful blaze. By the light tlius made there would be in the fall and winter carried on various household duties, each family was to a great extent dependent upon themselves for almost every thing required upon a farm, or about a farm-house. The wife would be busy carding, or making clothes of home-made linen, or of cloth. The daughters would be employed in mending or darn- ing. The farmer would be engaged' in making or repairing har- ness, or boots, or " fixing " an implement of husbandry, while the son would bo fashioning an axe-helve, or an ox-yoke, or whittling a whip handle. The simple meal, though of a homely fare, was satisfying, for their taste was not pampered by unnecessary luxu- ries when alone. But when company came everything was changed. The work was put aside, and they set themselves out to make their visitors enjoy themselves. They would encircle the BKES. m turies for liat might Illy ontor- 3d thingB. itry that with sub- boldicr re- >s, and his ) the centre 10 pioneers, tors, while JO children, s had been which were convorsa- .ttera above die the sub- magination, remembers ay an evon- ig civilities. loiises. The Every log was placed 3, or, as at which sent rould be in , each family [dmost every The wife le linen, or jng or d'^rn- Ipairing har- whilo the ■r whittling a iy faro, was (essary luxu- rything was pms^lvos out encircle tho wide and glowing firo, and indulge in tho most aminblo talk. There was no sj^irit of envy in their midst, but u quiot content and thankfulness that tho wilderness was beginninj< to blossom. The triumphs of the ^^ast would be duly recounted, and tho future looked forward to with highest hopes. Plans wouki bo canvassed and laid for tho children, while apples, cider and nuts would receive due attention by all. At these meetings were often the young folks — marriageable daughters and sons who had been pre- paring to go on tho other farm, or back hundred acres where a log house was partially erected ; before long the companj' would be divided into two distinct groups, the old and tho young. Some- times matters would be managed that tho older ones would meet at one house and the young at another, by which means a more pleasing state of things was created. But courting, or sparking as it was termed, was generally done upon Sunday evening. The day of rest was the only one when the love-sick swain could get away. And even tho most exemplaiy christians regai-ded " going to see the girls " on a Sunday night as quite allowable. Then, this practice favored the desire, so prevalent, to keep secret the inten- tion of any two to get maiunod. Visits were made without invitations. To wait for an invita- tion was .quite contrary to the primitive views of the settlers. The visit must be a voluntary action. Even to give a hint to one to make a visit by parties not related was considered as beneath proper respect. It was a species of independence. " I do'nt want one to come to my house if he do'nt want to," the phase went in that way. But there were occasions when invitations werp sent out, and that was when some help was required ; and to persons not familiar with the habits, it will seem strange that it was con- sidered a compliment to get an invitation, and a slight to be neg- lected. Those invitations were to bo present at bees, and help to do work. At the first these bees were common, to put up tho log houses, arid get a little clearing done, by a certain time. But after-' wards, though less ft'equent, they were of a more pretentious nature. Eaising Bees were in time, indications of prosperity. A frame bam or house showed that the farmer was progressing, and in accordance with the general expectation, treated "the hands" with the best he had. Then there were, beside the raising bees, the clearing bees, logging bees, and stone bees, and husking bees, and in lat«r times apple bees ; and there was the women's bee fop quilting. All these meetings were of a mof e or less hilarious order. iii M 628 EASTER EGOS. S J f ti'? The work was done, and done with a will ; it was a sort of duty — a matter of principle that either the work should be done, or Sk proper effort made to that end. For many years apirituous liquors were dealt out, or set freely before the men, but in time, some^ seeing the evil of drinking, and sometimes fearful of accidentb, determined to discontinue the custom. Whether drinking was indulged in or not, all were treated to a glorious supper, generally of pot-pie and cakes, and pies of pumkin and apple. The women folks of course, required assistance, and the neighbours would come to help, so that at night there would be collected a goodly number of both sexes. Husking bees and apple bees took place at night, but they did not last so long that no time was allowed for amuse- ment. And then commenced the play and the dance. At first these unions and plays were exceedingly harmless and indulged in with the utmost artlessnoss. The young of both sexes were well known tp each other, and it was more like a family gathering than aught else. But now fortunately these bees and kissing-plays are no longer in vogue. They were natural enough in the days of primi- tive pioneer life ; but with increasing inhabitants and the addition of people 01* other countries, they became unnatural* The breaking up of winter brought to a termination for a time, all the social festivities. In connection with sugar leaking w(^ her© and there a jovial meeting to " sugar off." ' Aside from the Sabbath there were but few holidays ; and, with many, Christmas was imperfectly observed. Easter was re. membered principally because of the feast of eggs on Sunday. At first, when hons were scarce, it was not every family that had- eggs on tldkX day, or had enough. So it came to pass tht^t eggs would be preserved beforehand, not by the natural provider however. The boys regarded it as their prerogative to hide the eggs for some time before, and even when it was unnecessary, large members would bo safely secreted by the young ones. This was generally done hy t^ie. youngest, old enough ; and ho was to so hide them that no one could find them. The honor was lost if the eggs were found. The Eastei' morning consequently was one of anticipation, to see how- ever many eggs had been preserved. ,....JiXi old settler of Ameliasburgh discourses of Bees in thiswise: "Bees were great institutions in those days, every settler was licensed to make two or three each year, provided he furnished a good "pot pie," and plenty of grog, and never made any objections to his, guests fighting.. Fighting might take place at any sta^Q. but AMrSEMENTS. 629 rnol'6 generally bccurroJ after work was clone, before dhd after supper." Dancing seems fo have boon particulai^y attractive to almost all. Almost every neighbourhood or concession had its fiddler, the only kind of instrumental music of the times. Tho fiddler was generally an old noldior, who had acquired some knowledge of tho art of playing during his time of service. A kind coi-rospondcnt, (Mordcn), has supplied uS pleasing information, obtained from an old resident of Sophiasburgh. This person came from Adolphustown, when a girl of fifteen, in tho first year of the present century. We quote : — "She tells many funny stories of balls and private " sprees" that they used to have over in tho Indian woods, at Capt. Isaac's (Hill), an Indian chief, who had a largo house, which is still occupied, and which appears to have been the scene of numberless " hops," &c. They could haVC a civil danco at Captain Isaac's, and it would not cost much. The Sixth Town youngsters seem to have delighted in patronizing his house." This young woman married and bec&mo, With her husband, a pioneer of Amoliasburgh, in lS05. It seems that those new settlers of the Seventh Town considered theitisehnos somewhat superior to tho inhabitants generally, and Woiild not join in their "frolickings," but would occasionally visit Sophiasburgh for the purpose of having a " spree." This feeling of caste was a tnatkod feature in the several townships at an early date. The Hdvington House, situated about sixty rods above the bridge at Picton, was a place of no little fame. It wad btiilt by one Hovihgton who came with VanAlstine. It was a lon^ harrow edifice forty or fifty feet deep, imd about twenty feet broad, and not very high. It was divided into two portions by a log partition, the ends of wl>ich projected without. This public house was especiially for the hen» fit of the settlero at East Lake, in their journeyings back and forth across the Carrying Place. To use the language of our informant, " it was a great place to dance and frolic." At stated times the bay settlers would come even from forty miles distance Fredericksburgh on the east, and tho Carrying Place and Sidney oh the west. But now the foundation of tho old building which so bften resounded to the sounds of mirth, the fiddle, and the tripping feet, can scarcely be traced. As a general thing, the hard pinching circumstances of the new country brought all to a common level, excjptihg a few Govern tnent officials. But in certain localities there existed a feeling of K :■! i, J, 'I'i % I i 630 HORSE RACING. 1 ■• f: superciliousness, not very deep, but yet it was there. The places, and the inhabitants thereof, in time, became noted as being "big feeling" or stylish. Fpr instance, thedenizensof Kingston regarded the settlors up the bay as somewhat behind them; while the people of the Fourth Town spoke disparagingly of the Fifth Towuers. By the settlers of the Sixth and Seventh Towns, the citizens of Sidney and Thurlow wore looked upon as stylish. But the wheel of fortune turned with many a one. Amusement, and diversions of different kinds, when properly used, are not only allowable, but even salutary to man's physical and mental state; but if uncontrolled by reason ; if irrational from want of education, they may easily run into excess and immorality. To the educated man, who is cast away from all that can supply food for his mind, there is a terrible danger of seeking unholy and even vicious sources to allay the constant longing after mental food. There is likewise a danger of such seeking artificial excite- ment. To such the evil of intemperance too often comes with over- whelming waves steadily and certainly flowing. The first settlers of Upper Canada, when their circumstances are taken into con- sideration, and the usages of the times, it must be said, were not particularly addicted to the evil of intemperance. In after years, this evil did certainly increase ; but at the first, although almost every one had liquor of some kind in the house, yet the great majority were guiltless of excess. In those early days, teetotalism and temperance societies were unknown ; but it must be here men- tioned that the first temperance society organized in Canada, was in Adolphustown. The dinnking usages of the day among all classes led to the erection of distilleries and breweries at an early period. There was also an extensive traffic in rum, and it is known that many a one made himself rich by selling to buyers along the bay, and across the Carrying Place up the lake, even as far as York. Perhaps the most common out-of-door amusement was horse- racing, after horses became more general among the settlers. It was looked upon as dancing was by all, as amusement of the most unobjectionable character, and it is said of a certain reverend indi- vidual, that he was accustomed to run horses on his way home after preaching. Probably this was true, as the same person became a reprobate. On the occasion of the annual training of the Militia,, •which took place for many a year, the 4th June, (and this comes within the writer's recollection) there was, at the different training places, more or less of hoi'se racing. These races were CIIARIVARIINO. 631 ho places, eing "big 1 rogarded the people nors. By of Sidney of fortune properly 3 physical ional from nniorality. jan supply ng unholy 'ter mental 3ial excite- with over- rst settlers into con- I, were not ifter years, igh almost the great :eetotai;8m iei*e men- anada, was all classes rly period, nown that g the bay, York, was horse- 3ttlere. It the most erend iudi- home after became a he Militia, (and this ) different races were made, not by horses trained specially for the purpose, l)ut by such animals aw were in daily use by the farmers, Komo of which, although ungainly in looks, and in indift'erent condition, could got over the ground in a remarkably short time. Kingston and Newark being militaiy stations, were, from the presence of officers, who were always gontlomon by birth, more dignified in the ways of amusement. Not but geutlomon existed through the country, but not in sufficient numbers to regulate the modes of pleasure, and give tone to society. The officers were very fond of horse-racing, and would frequently spend field days, especi- ally the King's Birthday in testing the mottle of their steeds. At these there would generally bo a great entertainment by the ladies who, says JColonel Clai-ko, would bo gorgeously clad in " brilliant dresees, with thi-eade of silver forming the motto, God save the King." A kind of amusement common at the close of the last century, and the beginning of the present, in America, and to a certain extent in Canada, was that of boxing — boxing that too often amounted to brutal fighting. There wore a certain number in every township who availed themselves of training days to show their athletic qualifications. Gourlay says, 1817, that " pugilism, which once prevailed, is now declining." And at the present day, happily, it is confined to those of a brutish disposition. It is only the lowest who find amusement in er^aging in, or witnessing pugilistie encounters. najtair'moy/ et.iii^ion;^ omii'ioit/tHir f./u; As Upper Canada was, in a limited sense, an off-shoot of Lower Canada, so but a few of the peculiarities |of Lower Ctuiada wore introduced to the Upper. One was that of Gharivaning, which means a great noise with petty music. It was infci'oduced li-om Franco. The custom is now almost obsolete among us, but time was when it was quite common. It generally was indulged in at second mar- riages, or when an unequal match and marriage took place ; when a young girl married an old man for instance, or if either party were unpopular. The night of the wedding, instead of being passed in joyous in-door pleasures by the wedded ones, was made hideous by a crowd of masked persons, who with guns, tin-pans, pails, horns, hoi'se-fiddles, and everything else that could be made to produce a discordant noise, disturbed the night until silenced by a treat, or money. Sometimes those meetings resulted in serious consequences to one or more of the party, by the bridegroom resorting to loaded firearms. > >•■ •■ ^> , • •,., i ■■ I w ! ! WM 1 ^ i B| \Il.% [I yM i'i^ ill ^i 632 LACROSSE. Somotimos tho native Indians cuntnbutod to tiio gcnoral umusc- munt, upon days when thoro was a public gathorini?. Now and then thoy engaged nlono in certain sports which would be witnessed by tho whites. Playing ball — bandy-ball, lacrosse, foot-races, and tho war-dance, wore occasionally engaged in. The present fashion- able game of lacrosse is of Indian origin, and may well bo remem- bered by ovory Canadian, and even American. After the conquest of CanjKla, when the Great Ottawa chief Pontiac had ofl'ected an alliance of all the western and northern tribes, to destroy the frontier forts of the British. There wore several iorts, originally French, aloiig the upper lakes ; two notably, one at Detroit, tho other at Michilmacinac. Smaller forts had boon attacked and taken, in most cases by treachery and Indian cunning. Those two forts romuined untakon. Pontiao devised the plan of pretending to wish for jieace. With tho ostensible intention of holding a council to make peace, the chiefs were to enter the forts ; while the Indians, en gaged in ball- playing along the ramparts, wore to amuse those within tho ramparts. Th« squaws were to bo present, seemingly as spectators, but in reality to hold under their blankets, rifles, the ends of which had been out oft' for concoalment. At a given signal, tho ball was to be knocked over tho outer defence, and the Indians were to rush in as if to got it ; but soiidng their rifles from tho women who had placed themselves conveniently, they were to rush in to slaughter the unsuspecting inmates. At Michilmacinac this proved successful, and tho whole garrison was massacred, and Detroit barely escaped the same fate. DvsLiiVG. — ^At the time when fierce encounters tookplace between organieed forces in America, which resulted in the indopendonce of the United States, and tho settiomont of Upper Canada, the practise of dueUing obtfuned among tho higher classes. Happily, tiiis heinous crifne, an outrage against humanity, is no longer tolerated where British laws and Bi*itish principles of justice and A'oodom have force. But suck was not the case seventy yeai's ago. The 'early history of Canada witnessed a few personal engagements of honor. Tho first duel was between Peter Clark, Chief Clerk of the Legisiative Council, and Captain Sutherland of tho 25th rcgimenti Tho meet- ing took ploeo at .''ingston, and Mr. Clark fell fiitally wounded. This occurred in the winter of 1796. . On tho22nd July, 1817, a duel was fought between S. P. Jarvis, Esq., amd Mr. John Bidout. The lattor receixrod a wound in the chest and died iu about an hour. fiu/Jiieiootq aafl" tbjafw "lo Ji^do od' LOVB OP COUNTRY. 633 '•DiTRi,. — On Pridny the 11th inst., Aloxandor McMillan, Esquire, and Aioxanthn' Thoni, KHquire, met in a Held on the Brockvillc Iload, to decide an affair of honor — the fornier attended by Mr. Radcnhurst, and the hitter by Mr. Cunmiing. After exchangina; shots, tlie seconds interfered, and on mutual exi)lanations being made, the niatter ter- minated amicably. Doctor Thorn received a contusion on the leg." One of the latest instances in which a duel was fought in Upper Canada, occurred some forty years ago. The event resulted in the death of one of the combatants, the other, who was tried for his life, has now for some years adorned the bench of the Province. Patriotism. — In no coimtry upon the face of tlio Globe, and at no period in the history of any country, has ajjpoared a higher or purer order of patriotism, than is written upon the pages of the history of British America. British connection is to mostly every son of the land dearer even than life itself. At least it has been so in resj)ect to those of whom wo write, the V. E. Loyalists. Co-equal with the love they have to the British Crown, is the hearty aversion they boar to Re- pubacanism. Neither the overtures of annexation, nor tho direct and indirect attempts to coerce, has produced a momentary wavering on the part of the descendants of the ancient stock. Araorioftns in our midst have voinly tried to inoculate tho minds of tho people with the principles of Bcpublican Government ; but the Canadian mind was too free, the body politic too healthy, tiie system too strong to imbibe any lasting feeling of desire to change tho tried for tho untried. The few annexatiomsts who have, from time to time, existed, were but the fungoid offshoot of a healthy plant. From the time Franklin and his coadjutors vainly essayed to draw the French Canadian into their ttefoellions cause, until the present there has boon a frequently mam-> fested desire, on the part of the United St9.tcs, to force iis into tho union. The contemptible duplicity of Webster, who concealed lErom Ashbnrton the existence of a second map, wiiereby he tricked Canada, Yankee like, out of a valuable portion of territory along' the Atlantic coast, with a view of cutting us off from the ooean. The declaration of war in 16 12, and the repeated bntunsucoessfnlinvRBiotts of our Province. The proclamations issued to Oatiadians, by the would be conquerors, Hull, Wilkinson, and others. Their sympathy and aid to turbulent spirits in 1836-7. The attempts at bullying England when she was at war with Bussia. The organization of the Fenian association, with the publicly avowed purpose of seizing some portion of our Province. The abrogation of the Reciprocity Treaty, the object of which was proclaimed by Consul Potter — all along the i -5! il fe 634 OUR LIBERTY. eighty years' hiHtory of the Uniteil States, in to bo flcim a di.sroputablo attempt, by all posHJblo means, to bnlly a weaker neighbor. All this does not become a great, and honorable nation, a nn.ion so extensive, ■vvhose i)eo)>lo are so loud-tongned upon the principles of liberty — Liberty ! The name with the United States is only syi.ouomous with their government. They cannot discover that a peoi)U) should be free to choose their own fonn of government, always excepting those who rebelled in 17V6. Oh yes! we have liberty to choose; but then wo mnst choose in accordance with Yankee ideas of liberty. Egotistic to the heart's core, they cannot understand how we entertain views dissimilar to tlieii* oavti. How applicable tho words of the immortal Burns : — 91011 " O wftd some power the giftio gic lis, To see ourBols hh othors see us : It Vt'ftd frae iiionie n blunder free us An' foolish notion." ■p .( ■ll Without detracting from tho well-known loyalty of tho other sections of the Proviiice, it may bo safely said that the inhabitants of tho Bay »'^uinte and St. Lawrence, and Niagara, have proved thomsolves devotedly attached to British institutions. The U. E. Loyalists have been as a barrier of rock, against which the waves of Eepublicanism have dashed in vain. It has been tho rofiigeo-settlers and their descendants, who prevented the Province from being engulfed in its dark waters. In 1812, in '37, and at all times, their loyalty has never wavered. It has been elsewhere stated, that settlers from tho States came in at a later date. Those were found likwiso truly loyal. Says McMulIen, speaking of the war of 1812, " But comparatively few Canadians joined tho American standard in the war, and throughout which none wero more gallant in rolling back tho tide of unprincipled avarice than tho emigrant from New England and Now York, who aside from tho U. E. Loyalist, had settled in tho country." There were a few renegades who foi'sook tho country, not so much to join tho enemy as because they had no soul to fight. In this connection it will bo desirable to refer to one notable case ; that of " Bill Johnson." The following will sufficiently shew how intense wero the feel- ings of loyalty many years ago. The writer's fathor was present at a meeting, which was conducted by a minister lately from the United States, and who was unaccustomed to pray for the King. CANADIAN LOYALTY. U35 tvoputablo All this extensive, liberty — mou8 with lid be free tliosc who It then wo Egotistic rtain vicM'a 5 immortal ty of tho said that rence, and to Britiah er of rook, in vain. It prevented In 1812, in It has been at a later McMullen, Canadians lout which iprincipled York, who ,'." There uch to join connection at of " Bill )re the feol- 8 present at y from the the King. Tho j?ood man thou^^ht only of his allogiunco to tho King of Kings, and omitted, in tho exlemporanoous praynr, to pray for tho King of England. Whereupon Air. T. aro«o and roquosted the preacher either to pray for hin Alajesty, or leave his lorritorien. Tho minieiter did not again forget so manifOHt a duty. In this connection, wo cannot forbear inserting nnothor instanco of Canadian loyalty, which exhibited itself not long ago in the loyal oity of Toronto. "Canadian Loyalty. — A very oxtraordinaiy manifestation of feeling took place on Thursday night last in Toronto, at tho closing meeting of the Siibbath School Convention. A gontloman from New York delivorod a parting address, on behalf of tho American visitors who had attended tho Coiivcntion; at tho conclusion of which he referred to our (^ueon as a "jnodol woman," and said that from tho fulness of h's heart ho could say, ' Long live II»y Majesty Queen Victoria !' Whon he gave expression to this sentiment there was such an outburst of enthusiastic loyalty that every one sooruod carried completely away. Tho immense audience immediately commenced such a cheering, and clapping of hands, as is seldom seen, and kept it up till thoro was an accidental " change of exor- cise." Under the powerful excilemcnt of the moment, a gontloman near tho platform commenced singing " God Save tho Queen," when the ontu'o audience I'ose to their feet and joined in singing it through. That was singing with a will ! Several persons wore quite over- powered, and oven wept ft-eely. It was simply an unpremeditated expression of tho warm devotion of tho Canadian heart to the best Queen that over sat on the Britise throne. Longevity. — Tho climate of Canada, oven of Ontario, is by some considei'cd very severe. Tho months of linplcasant weather which intervene between summer and winter, and again bctwien winter and summer ; and tho snowy months of winter itself are not, it must bo admitted, so agreeable as in other climates. And, occasionally, oven the summer itself is comparatively cold. For instance, in 1817, snow fell at Kingston in tho month of Jxino. But, notwith- standing the occasional severity, and tho general unpleasantness, (although all do not so consider it) tho climate of Canada seoms con- ducive to longevity. Both in Upper and Lower Canada, among tho French and English may be found a great many instances of won- derfully extended age. There is a school of naturalists, who enter- tain the belief tliat the races of men are strictly indigenous; that if removed from the land of their birth, they will degenerate, and unless intermixed with constantly flowing recmits, will ultimately die out. They assert that tho European races transplanted to America ai-e doomed to degeneration and death so soon as emigra- tion shall cease to maintain tho vitality brought by the original ,\' J H'l i 636 LONGEVITY. l^^-\ i.^H [;■■■' i ■y-^'f^ ■'■•:' ^ ' i.i .'i \M •l-o, ''i ■:'M 1 'n. : i! : 1 ,;t > '■'■■) '1 ''H settlers. To this view we have ventured to give very positive dissent, and have supported this position in another place with the following Ifrnguago : " In Canada are to je seen quite remote descendants of the most prominent people of Europe, the British and French, and, I am prepared to assert, with no marked signs of physical degeneration, the French of Lower Canada, even under many adverse circumstances, have fully maintained their anv lent bodily vigor, and can compare favorably with the pi'esent inhabi- tonts of old France, while their number has increased." " Yet their ancestors, many of them, emigrated two hnndred years ago; and, since the colony became a pai*t of Britain, no roplen'sLment has been received fiom the old stock. " Tu^-ning to Upper Canada, we find a fact no less important, and quite as antagonistic to the theory. In consequence of the American Eovolutionary war, some twenty-five or thirty thousand XThitcd Empire Loyalists were forced, or induced, to seek a home in the Canadian wilderness. Many of these were descendants of those who had first peopled New Holland. A large number settled Along the St. Lawrence and the Bay of Quinto. In the main, indeed, almost altogether, unil very recently, these old settlers have inter- married. The great-grandchildren of those American pioneers now live on the old homestead, and are found scattered over the whole Province. And although I have no positive data upon which to base my assertion ; yet, from careful observation, I have no hesi- tation in declaring that in physical development, in slight mortality among the childi^en, in length of life, in powers of endurance, not to say in bravery and patriotism, they cannot be excelled by any class of emigrants." — (Principles of Surgery). Since the above was written, we have become more intimately acquainted with regard to the longevity, both among the French and Anglo-Canadians ; and the opinion then expressed has been greatly sti-engthened. Respecting the latter class, personal obser- vation has aided us. In our frequent visits to different parts, made during the last few years, we have enjoyed the opportunity of conversing with many persons who had much over-ran the period allotted to man ; and others who had exceeded their three score years and ten. Some of them have been spectators of the very scenes of the settlement of the country, and retain a vivid recol- lection of the events attending that trying period. Venerable, with hairs blossoming for the grave, and chastened by the long endured fire of affliction, tliey are happy in their old age. They connect the DESCENDANTS. 63T pc«itivo with the e remote e British signs of en under r anv lenit it inhabi- Yot their ago; and, ,ment has important, ice of the r thousand ek a home sendanta of ber settled lin, indeed, have inter- jneers now the whole which to no hesi- |t mortality irance, not id by any intimately [he French has been )nal obser- |rent parts, jrtunity of 1 the period iree score the very livid recol- Jrable, with Ig endured Idnnect the present with the past, and remind us how great the heritage they have secured to us from a vast, untrodden wilderness. Notwith- standing the toils, the privations in early life, ere the tonddr child had merged into the adult, when the food was limited, and often inferior in quality, they yet have had iron constitutions that in the earnest contingency of life served them well. Of course, the plain and regular habits of the settlers, with plenty of out-door exercise, assisted to promote long life, and give them a hardy nature. We have knowledge of a vast number who attained to a great age. Of those who lived to an old age, "A Traveler," writing in 1835 saya of Upper Canada, " I often met the venerable in years." The children and grand-children of the early settlers live, in many cases, to as great an age as their fathers. Descendants. — While there were some among the first settlers of European birth, the majority were of American birth, and possessed the characteristics of the colonists of that day. But, separated from the people and the scenes intimate to them in their youth, and living in the profound shades of the interminable wilderness, they gradu- ally lost many of their characteristic features and habits, and acquired others instead. ' 'V * . ,' , . ,i" The Canadian immigrant, be he English, Irish, or Scotch, or even German or French, will, a^ time gives lines to his face, and gray hair to his head, insensibly loose many of the peculiarities of . his race, and in the end sensibly approximate to the character and appearance of the people among whom he has settled. The children of the emigrai;)it, no matter what pains the patents may take to preserve in' their children what belongs to their own native coimtry, will grow up quite unlike the parents. So much is tlus the case that aay one on entering a mixed school, high or low, or by noticing the children at play, as he passes along the street, whose parents are both natives and foreigners, would find it quite impossible ;to point out one from the other, whathcr the child was of Canadian parentage, or whether its parents '/ere of a^Qther country. The fact at which it is desired to get is that, emigrants to Cauada,, no matter how heterogenous, are graduiilly n^oulded into a whole more or less homogenous. That this is observable somewhat in the emigrant himself, but decidedly so in the children. The fact being admitted that a transformation is slowly but certainly efiected, it may be inquired by what influence it is accomplished- It - cannot be due solely, to the climate, nor to tlji-ess, nor diet, nor the original habits of the people. Hi 638 THE CANADIAN. • i^Hfl ;: '91 imm H ''i'^^'M ■'li^'il '■jyiM !■ although each has its infl nonce. Must we not search for a more power- ful cause of peculiarity as a people, in some other channel. A natural one seeniingly presents itself. The growth of a nation, as the growth of a tree will be moflified by its own intrinsic vitality, and at the same time by external circumstances. Upper Canada was planted by British heroes of the American Revolution. It arose out of that revolution. The first settlers were U. E. Loyalists. The majority of the original settlers were natives of America, and brought up in one or other of the provinces that rebelled. They were Americans in all respects, as much as those who took sides with the rebels, yet to day the descendants of the U. E. Loyalists are as unlike the descen- dants of the rebels, as each is unlike a full blooded Englishman. The pure Yankee and the Canadian of the first water may trace their ancestors to a common parentage, and have the same name. As Canadians we are not afraid to instittite a comparison between our- selves and the natives of New England or New York, or Pennsyl- vania. Let the comparison refer to any questiort whatever, either of the body or mind, of society or of goveniment. The external influ- ences which have operated have been elsewhere indicated. The cir- cumstances of the U. E. Loyalists as settlers in a wilderness, were widely difterent from those of the States after the Independence was secured. Incessant toil and privations, without opportunities for acquiring education, on the one hand; on the Other there was all the advantages of civilization. And so it continued for nearly half a centiiry. It is to be desired that we had statistics to show the difference as to longevity, and general health. Suffice it to say that scientific men are debating the cause of gradual decline among the New Englanders, while Upper Canada ovei-flows with native popula- tion. Another influence of an external nature, which must not be omitted as operating upon the loyalists, is that derived from the emigrants from Great Britain and the oflicers from the army and navy, and other gentlemen who became part of the first settlers. That they had a wholesome effect cannot be doubted, and gave a healthy tone to the provincial raind. Prom these internal and external influ- ences the Upper Canadian has been developed into an individual singular in some respects, but yet constituting a middle link between the Englishman, and the " Englishman intensified," as the American has been called. The difference in the character between the British American ani those who have lived under Bepublican Government is a strik- ir^ commentary upon the effects of Bocial and political institutions. : t ' THE U. E. LIST. 6891 •e power- A natural le gi'owth id !\t the ►lanted by it of that majority ght up in A-mericans ■ebelf, yet the descen- ngUshman. trace their name. As tween our- ,r Pennsyl- r, either of emal influ- . The cir- rness, were indence was tunities for there was for nearly JO show the to say that among the ■ive popula- iUSt not be from the army and tiers. That a healthy lernal influ- individual Ink between American .■u.jio- Americain It is a strik- ^nstitutlons. Canadians may not have excelled in making wooden nutmegs, and basswood hams ; but they have succeeded in converting a wilder- ness into a splendid Province. And although eighty years behind in commencing the race with those who robbed thorn of their homes, they have oven now caught up in many respects, and to-day a young State with great breadth and resoui'ces presents itself at the threshold of nations. It has for a popi>Iation a stable people. Canada has no long list of cruel chai'ges against her for aggression. Hor escutcheon is clean as the northern snow against which she rests, from the stains of blood — blood of the Indian, the African, the Mexican, or of a neighbor. After all, notwithstanding this bright record of loyalty on the part of settlers and their descendants, yet the Bay of Quinto inhabit tants were not permitted to receive the heir to the Crown of England, to support which, their sires suflfered so much. They spilled their blood, they suffered starvation ; and yet by the advice of one who held in higher consideration the Roman Catholic Church, than the grand-children of the U. E. Loyalists. The Prince of Wales passed up and down the bay without landing. They waited with burning enthusiasim to receive the Prince, but he passed and repassed without gratifying their desire. Notwith- standing this there were some who followed him to Toronto, deter- mined to pay their respect to the Prince, notwithstanding tlio Duke of Newcaatlo." " Thb TJ. E. List." — ^It will be remembered that a certain number of Americans who had remained in the States, were induced to remove to Canada by a proclamation issued by Simcoe ; many of those were always loyalists in heart, some had become tired of republicanism, and others, were attracted by the offer of lands, free grants of which were offered upon paying fees of office, some $30. By this means a now element was added to the Province. At the same time the first settlers were to be placed in a position to which the new comers, how^ever loyal, could never attain. Distinct from the general class is here meant those whose names were entered upon a list oi'dcred to bo prepared by Government. *' To put a mark of honor," as it was expressed in the orders of Council, " upon the families who had adhered to the unity of the empire and joined the royal standard in America, before the treaty of separation in the year 1783, to the end that their post«nty relight bo discriminated from the then future settlers. From the initials of two emphatic words, the unity of the empii*e, it was styled the 640 ORDER OF COUNCIL. ' ' i " U. E. List," and they, whoso names were entered on it, were dis- tinguished as the U. E. Loyalistn, a distinction of some consequence, for, in addition to the promise of such loyalty by themselves, it was declared that their children, as well a» those born hereafter, as those already born, should, upon arriving at the age of twenty-one years, and females upon their marriage within that age, be entitled to grants of 200 acres each, free from all expense." Upon arriving at age, the descendant petitioned the Governor, stating the facts upon oath, and accompanied with the affidavit of one person. The order was issued, and land in one of the newer townshipii was duly allotted and the patent issued free of cost. The following is the order of Council referring to the gi'ants of land to the U. E. Loyalists : « QunBHc Monday, 9th Nov. 1789." Present, Lord Dorchester and thirteen Councillors, ** His Lordship intimated to the Council, that it remained a question upon the regulations for the disposition of the waste lands of the Crown, whether the board constituted for that purpose, were authorized to make locations to the squs of loyalists, on their arriv- ing to full age, and that it was his wish to put a mark of honor upon the families who had adhered to the unity of the empire, and joined the Royal standard in America, before the treaty of sepai'a- tion in the year 1783." " The Council concurring with his Loi-dship, it is accordingly ordered, that the several land boards take course for preserving a registry of the names of all persons falling under the description aforementioned, to the end that their posterity may be discrimi- nated from future settlers, in the parish registers, and rolls of the militia of their respective districts, and other public remembrances of the Province, as proper objects, by their persevering in the fidelity and conduct so honorable to their ancestors, for distinguished benefits and privileges." " And it is also ordered that the said land boards may, in every such case, provide not only for the sons of the loyalists, as they arrive at full age, but for their daughters also, of that age, or on thou" marriage, assigning to each a lot of 200 acres, more or less, provided, nevertheless, that they respectfully comply with the general regulations, and that it shall satisfactorily appear that there has been no default in the due cultivation and improvement of the lands already assigned to the head of the family of which they are members.' '1 AFTER WAR OF 1812. 641 ere dis- quence, J, it was ifter, as »nty-ono entitled wriving he facts ►n. The ivas duly le gi'ants 1789." rs. (Uiained a aste lands pose, were loir arriv- of honor apire, and )f sepai-a- cordingly Bserving a escription discrimi- )U8 of the mbrances g in the inguished , in every 8, as they age, or on re or less, with the I that there lent of the they are In the Srst days of the Upper Canadian Militia, inBtructions were given to the Captains in each battalion that in the roll of members, all of the U. E. Loyali&ts enrolled should have the capitals U. E. affixed to their names. After the war of 1812, it became necessary for the applicant to present a certificate from a Clerk of the Peace that ho retained hia loyalty. The following is the order of the Executive Council ; York, 27th Juue, 1816. " Public notice is hereby given by order of His Excellency Governor in Council, that no petition from sons and daughters of U. E. Loyalists will be hereafter received without a certificate from the Magistrate in Quarter Sessions, signed by the chairman and Clerk of the Peace, that the parent retained his loyalty during th« late war, and was under no suspicion of aiding or assisting the enemy. And if a son then of age, that he also was loyal during the late war, and did his duty in defense of the Province. And if a daughter of an U. E. L. mamed, that her husband was loyal, and did his duty in defense of the Province." (Signed) John Small, Clerk of the Executive Council. The steps taken by Government to prevent persons not actually upon the U. E. List from enjoying the peculiar privileges operated sometimes against the U. E. Loyalists unpleasttnty, which led to some agitation, as the following will show : In the year 1832, a meeting was held at Bath. Referring to thte meeting the Kingston Herald, of April 4, says : The alleged injustice of the Government with regard to the sons and daughters of U. E. Loyalists has been a fruttftil source of complaint by the grievance-mongers. At the late Bath meeting Mr. Pkrry offered the following amendment to a resolution, which was negatived by a large majority, " Eesolved, That a free grant of 200 acres of the waste lands of the Crown, by His Majesty the King, to the U. B. Loyalists and their sons and daughters, was intended as a mark of His Majesty's Boyal munificence towards those who had shown a devotedness to His Majesty's person and government dm-ing the sanguinary stryggle at the late American Bevolution, and that the settlement duty required of late to be perforiped by the above description of per- sons and others equally entitled to gratuitous grants, and also their not being allowe(f the privilege of locating in any, or all townships surveyed and open for location, appears to this meeting to be unjust, and ought therefore to be abolished." 41 iiiil 1 i!i f!:f ifl 642 BOOTH — BROCK. I ! ij CHAPTER LXXI. CosTKNTS — Notice of a Few — Booths Brock — Burritt — Cotter — Cartwright— Conger — Cole — Dempsey — Detlor — Fraser — Finklo — Fisher — Fairfield^ Grass — Gamble Hngerman — Johnson's — " Bill" Johnson — Macaulay — The Captive, Christian Moore— Parliament— Morden — Boblins— Simon — Van Alstine — Wallbridge —Chrysler — White — VVilkins — Stewart — Wilson — Mctcalf—Jayne— Mcintosh— Bird — Gerow — Vankleek — Perry— ^ir Willian , ,^ohfl8CHi'j3,phUdren, VQ f, INDIVIDUAL NOTICES— CONCLUSION. The noble band of Loyalists have now almost all passed away. Theii* bodies have long since been laid in the grave ; their children also have almost all departed, and the grand-children are getting old. Their last resting places — resting from war, famine, and toil — are to be found upon beautiful eminences, overlooking the blue waters of the Bay and Eiver and Lake. All along their shores may be seen the quiet burying-places of those who cleored the land and met the terrible realities of a pioneer life. The present work cannot embrace a history of the many noblo ones, deserving attention, who laid the foundation of the brightest colony of Great Britain. Yet it would be incomplete without giving the names of a few representative persons. They are such as we have been able to procure, and while there are others, not referred to, well worthy of a place in history, these are no less worthy. We have, under "The Combatants," referred to others of the ftcst settlers, and would gladly have introduced the names of all, could they have been obtained. k Booth — " Died — At Eniesttown, on Saturday, Oct. 31, 1813, very suddenly, Joshua Booth, Esq., aged 54 years. He was one of the oldest settlers in that place, and ever retained the character of a respectable citizen. Left a widow and ten children." The Brock Family. — William Bi-ock was a native of Scotland; born in 1715. Was taken by a press-gang when eighteen, and forced upon a man-of-war. Served in the navy several years, when he was taken prisoner by the French. Afterward was exchanged at Boston. Being set at liberty from the servicp, he settled at Fishkill, New York, where he married, and became the fhthor of a large family, two sons, Philip and John, by the first wife; and eight children by a second, named William, Buth, Naomi, Isabel, Deborah, Catherine, Samuel, Garret, and Lncretia. In consequence of the rebellion, he t ii CARTWEIGHT. 643 ^airfield— ilay— The ion — Van ■ Wilson- It WlUia n iod away. : children B getting and toil — the bluo horesmay Q land and lany noble > brightest lOut giving luch as we t referred rthy. We f the ftrat all, coald 31, 1813, va» one of tractev of a ■ Scotland ; I and forced len he was i at Boston, khkill, New Irgo family, Children by I Catherine, IbcUion, ho became a refugee, and, at the close, settled in Adolphustown ; lived for^^a short time near the Court House, upon his town lot, two of his neighbors gave him thoirs, and he continued to live upon the three acres for some time. He drew land near the Lake on the Mountain, and in the west, to which his sons went when they grew old enough. One of them was Captain of Militia during the war of 1812. He received at that time a letter from Gen. Brock, who claimed relationship; the letter wa** written a few days before Gen. Brock fell. This letter still exists. The youngest of the children married Watterberry, and still lives, (1867) a^ ed 82, with her daughter, Mrs. Morden, Ameliasburgh. Cartwkight. — One of the most noted of the refugees who settled at Kingston, was Eichard Cartwright. He was a native of Albany, and was forced to leave his home because of his loyalty. He found an asylum with others at Carleton Island, or Fort Niagara. Some time after the conclusion of the war he was in partnership with Ro'iort, afterward Honorable Hamilton, at Niagara. But sometime about 1790, he settled in Kingston, where, as a merchant he acquired extensive property. The Government mills at Napanee came into his pooisession. Those who remember his business capacity, say it was very great. He was a man of " liberal education and highly esteemed. Suifered at last calmly and patiently, and died at Montreal, 27th July, 1815, aged f fty years." The estimation in which this gentleman was held is suiflciently attested by the following, which we take from the Kingston Gazette : York, March 13, 1816. A new township in the rear of Darlington, in the district ot Newcastle, has been surveyed, and is now open for the location of the U. E. Loyalists and militaiy claimants. We understand that His Excellency, the Lieutenant-Governor to testify ini the most public manner the high sense which he entertained of the merit and services of the late Honorable Richard Cartwright, has l)een pleased to honor this township with the name of Cartwright, a name ever to be remembered in Canada with gratitude and respect. Dignified with a seat in the Legislative Council, and also with a high appointment in the militia of the Province, Mr. Cartwright discharged the duties incident to those situations, with skill, fidelity, and attention. Animated with the purest principle of loyalty, and with an ai'dent zeal for the preservation of that noble '1 i ilj 644 COTTER — OONOER — COLE. constitution which wo onjoy, ho dedicated, when ovon struggling under groat bodily infirmity, the remains of a well spent life to the service of his country! Nor was ho less perspicuous for his exem- plary behaviour in private life ; obliging to his equals — kind to his friends — affectionate to his family, ho passed through life, eminently distinguished for virtuous and dignified propriety of conduct, uni- formly maintaining the)[exalted character of a ti'ue patriot, and of a groat man." Ho was a good typo of the old school, a tall, robust man, with a stern countenance, and a high mind. Ho had sustained the loss of one eye, buttho remaining one was sharp and piercing. As the first Judge of Mecklenburgh, he discharged his duties with great firmness, amounting, it is said, often to severity. As an officer of the militia, a position he held in 1812, ho was a strict disciplinarian, and often forgot that the militiamen were respectable farmers. Mr. Oartwright left two sons, the late John S. Cartwright, and th© Bev. Eobort Cartwright. It is unnecessary to say that the descen- dants of Judge Cartwright are among the most respectable, influ- ential and wealthy, living in the Midland District. Mr. James Cotter, was by profbssion, a farmer, residing in Sophiasbnrgh iti good circumstances. He was universally respected ; decided, and well informed in political matters ; and as a proof of the Jiublic conSdonco was olocted M.P.P. In Parliament ho sC!rv6d his constituents faithfully, and maintained a reputation for consis- tencjr and uprightness. In 1819, when party spirit animated the two political parties, ho became a candidate for re-eloction, but after a close contest was defeated by James Wilson, Esq. Conger-" At West Lake, Hallowell, on tke 27th May, 1825, died Dengine Conger, in the 60th year of his age. Ho held a commission in the First Battalion cf the Prince Edward Militia, during twenty- thi'oe years. Ho resided in Hallowell forty years, and lived a veiy exemplary life, and dieu regretted by all who Jcnew him." . Coi/E,— In the history of Adolphustown, reference is made tO Daniel Cole, the very firet settler in that township. The writer in the summer of 1866, took dinner -with John Cole, of Araeliaeburgh, son of Datiiel. John was then in his 92nd year. He has since, 1867, passed away. Born in Albany before the rebellion, ho, with his ihmily during the war j found their way as loyalists to the city of New Yorl?, where they remttinod until the leaving of VanAlstlht'?* company. The old man could remember many of the events of that COtH FAMILY. 645 uggling [b to the is exom- nd to his ninontly luct, uni- and of a \tm, with I tbo loss Ab the ith great officer of plinariftTii farmers. t, and the »e deacen- tble, ittfltt- oaiditig in fespoctod ; a proof of ho seTved for conBis- mated the iction, but 11825, died )mmi88ion ig twenty- red a very V ,\n:ri Is nibde *U) iter in the Iburgh, son lince, 186t, 1, with his Ihe city of InAlstlhe'f* Inteof that exciting period, being, when they came to Canada, about ten years old. Tho brigade of battoaux from Sorel, wan under the supervision of Collins, ho says: " Old Mother Cook kept tavern in Kingston, in a low flat hut, with two rooms. There were four or five houses altogether in the place. Landed in fourth township in June. Saw no clearings or buildings all the way up from Kingston, nor tents ; a complete wildernoHS. Remembers an early settK-r in second township, named Cornelius Sharp, from the fact that he injured his knee, and that Dr. Dougall desired to amputate ; but his fether cured it. His mothers name was Sophia de Long, fi-om Albany. She lost property. A hogshead of spirits was brought up ft'om New York. The settloins were called . gother every morning and sup- plied with a little on account of the new climate. His father had been a spy and carried despatches in a thin steel box, which was placed between the soles of the boot. Before resorting to this mode he hadbeou caught, and sentenced to be hanged immediately. The vope was around his neck, and the end thrown over the limb of a tree, when he suddenly gave a spring ftom their grasp, and ran, while shot after shot was leveled at his flying flgure ; but he escaped, ''God Almighty would not let the balls hit him." Bemembers the Indians when first came, were frequently about, would come iu and look at the dinner table ; but refused to eat bread at first; afterward would, and then brought game to them in abundance at times. Bemombers landing at Adolphustown, he hauled the boat to a block oak tvoe, which overhung the water, his father built a wharf here afterwards. It was ia the afternoon. They all went ashore. There wore throe t«nts of linen put up. His father brought a scythe with him, with which they cut marsh hay, or flags. This was used to cover the houses, and they kept out the rain well. His father's family consisted of twelve persons, two died at Sorel. The settlers used to meet every Sunday to hear the Bible read, generally by Fergiison ; sometimes had prayer. Remembers, Quarter Sessions met at his father's, Gartwright was Judge. The Grand Jury would go to the stable to oonverse. Says he once saved Chrys. Hagerman's life, who was bleeding at nose, after Drs. Dougall and Dunham had failed. His father lived to be lOS, his aister died last year, aged 101. Bemembers the man that was oon< Yicted of stealing a watch, and hanged. Has seen the gallows on G^dlows Poiat, Captain Grass' farm. The gallows remained there ■A down years. The man it turned out, was innocent. 646 DKMPSBY. > J II ? 1 DiKi». — "On Friday tho SUi of August, at his rcsiflenoe iu AdoU phuHtown, Mr. Daniel Cole, at tho very advanced age oi' 1 05 years, 1 month and 12 days. I^e was a native of Long Island, N. Y., and tho oldest settler in this township ; he was respected and beloved by all who knew him^having long performed his duty as a loyal subject, a faithful friend, a kind husband, an indulgent parent, and an obliging neighbor. Born in the fifth year of the reign of George II, he lived under four Sovereigns, and saw many changes both in the land of his birth, and this of his adoption. He has beheld the horrors of war, and has tasted of the blessings of peace ; he has seen that which was once a wilderneps, " blossom and flourish like the rose," where formerly was nothing to be seen but the dark shadow of tho loiiy pine, oak, and maple, here and there broken by tho thin blue vapor curling above tho Indian wigwam, he has seen comfortable dwellings arise ; out of the superabundance of nature man has supplied his necessity. Beneath the untiring efforts of human industry, the dark woods have disappearetl and waiving fields of gi-ain have taken their place. Where once was seen nought but the light birch bark canoe of the " son of the forest," he . has beheld the stately steamboats sweep majestically along — where formerly resounded the savage howl of the panther, the wolf and bear, he has seen towns and viUages spring up, as it were by magic ; in fact the very face of the countiy seems changed since he first sat down upwards of 52 years ago, as a settler on the place where he died. " But after all he saw, ho too is gone, his venerable age could not save him, for we are told "the old must die." The friends of his early days were all gone before him ; he was becoming " a stranger among men," generations had arisen and passed away, still he re- mained like a patriarch of old, unbi'oken by the weight of years. After witnessing the fifth generation, he died universally, lamented by all his acquaintances, leaving behind him 8 children, 75 grand- children, 172 great-grandchildren and 13 great grandchildren's chil- dren ; in all 268 descendants." Adolphustown, August 9, 1836. T. D. Dempsey. — " Mark Dempsey was sent out by the British Govem- jnent as Secretary to General Schuyler. Married about 1746 to Miss Carroll. Thomas, their youngest son, was born in New Jersey, 9th January, 1762. His father died while he was young, and he was left in a part of the country which was held by the rebels, when he had attained to an age to be drafted, Thomas Dempsey did not like to fight in the rebel ranks, and consequently escaped and jdiiied DETLORS — FRA8ER. G47 the loyalists. "Was in the service when New York was evacnatetl. Married 1782 to Mary Lawson, whose fajier, Peter was imprisoned by the rebels, and liis property nil ])liindereil and contisoated. Came to Canada by Oflwep;o, 1 788, accompanied by his wife and her jjarents. Tarried at Napanee till 1789, when they came to Araeliasbnrgh, and settled on lot 91, which had been purchased from John Finkle. Dempsey's worldly eifects then consisted vi a cow, which they brought with them, seven bushels of potatoes, and a French crown, and a half acre of wheat which Finkle had sewed. They drew land in Craraahe. During the first years they were in groat distress. A tablespoonful of flour, with milk boiled, or grain shelled by hand, formed their daily meals. Their clothing consisted of blankets obtained of the Indians for the women, and buckskin pants and sliirts for the men. Dempsey was the second settler in the township, Weese Iiaving settled two years before. Margaret Dempsey, born October 24, 1790, was the third child born in the township. Detlors — .The Detlors are of the Palatine stock. Says Q. H. Dotlor, Esq., of the Customs Department, Kingston: My grandfather, John V. Deltor, emigrated with my grandmother from Ireland, to New York ; directly after his marriage in the City of New York, they removed to the town of Camden, where they resided with their family — and at the close of the rebellion (having joined the Royal standard) — he with two or three of his sons and sons-in-law came to Canada, and finally located on lands in the Township of Freder- icksburgh. Lot No. 21, 6th concession, where ho and his sons lived and died. My father removed to the town of York (now City of Toronto), in 1802, and at the invasion of that place by the Americans, in April, 1813, my father lost his life in defense of the j)lace. There is now but one of my grandfather's children living, an aunt of mine, Mrs. Anne. Dulmage, resides in the village of Sydenham, Township of Loughboro', Coimty of Frontenac. mmfA They sacrificed their lands, .and suffered great privations. The Detlors have ever been universally esteemed, not alone in the Mid- land District, but in all parts of Canada, and have been found worthy occupants of many responsible positions. Isaac Fraser. — " Among the prominent men who resided in Ernesttown, near the Bay of Quinte, was Isaac Fi-aser, Esq., for many years M.P.P. for the Counties of Lennox and Addington. Mr. Fraser was a man of great decision of character, and dui'ing the active part of his life, probably wielded a great influence, and his opinions always ooramandod great respect. In his political opinions, I i 1 ! :i 'I ^ i f j ^ ' 1 f I \ 648 THD FIT«KLBfl. he wan ideiititiod with tho ConHurvative or Tory party; and when he arrivod at a concluHion on any particular point, ho ndhored to it with all the tenacity which a clear conviction of its jmtico could inspire. With hira there was no wavering, no vueillation. He wm always reliablo, and hiti friondo always knew whero to find him. There is no doubt, he acted from conscientious motives, and fVom a clear conviction of duty ; and, so far as I know, no man overcharged him with acting corruptly. In his religious views, Mr. Fnwer sym- pathised with the Presbyterians, and, if I mistake not, was a member of the church organized, and watched over by the late Rev. Bobert MoDowall, of Fredoricksburgh." FiNKLB. — The late Goo. Finkle, of Ernosttown, says, '• My grandfather. Dr. Geo. Finkle, loft Germany when a young man ; and bought two ofitates, one at Great, and one at T;ittle Nine Partners. In adhering to tho British, he had all his estates, which were valua- ble at Nine Partners, Duchess Co., conftscatod to the Rebel Govern- ment. My lather, Henry, made his way to Quebec shortly after tho war began, being sixteen years old. Entered the Engineer's Depart- ment, where bo learned the use of carpenter's tools. In settling, this knowledge was of great use to him, and he became tho builder of the ftrst fVamod building in Upper Canada. His wife was a sister of Gapt. John Bleeker. Ho settled on the front of Emesttown, lot MX." Finklo's Point is well known. The First court held in Upper Canada, it is said, was at Finkle's house, which being larger than any at Kingston, or olsowbere on the Bay, afforded the most convenience. Mr. Finkle records the trial of a negro for stealing a loftf of bread, who, being found guilty, received thirty-nine lashes. The bosswood tree, to which he was tied, Ie^ still standing; Mr. Finkle had slaves and was the first to give them freedom. One of the brothel's, of which there were three, John, George, and Henry, served seven years in Johnson's regiment. Mr. Finkle wrote us. Doc. 11, 1865 ; he says, "Being in my T4th year, and in impaired health, I am unable to wi*ito more." Tho kind man soon thereafter was called xway, at a good old age, like his fother and grandfather. Geo. Finkle, son of Henry, had three sons, Gordon William, BolMid Robinson, *a4 Henry. The Finkle's, as we have seen else- whers, were actively engaged in theooBstruetionof the firsistoam- boatfl the 'Frontenao ' aad ' Oharloftte^' having had an interest is the *Chariotte,' aad hi» elcket bob, Gordon, ia now one of the oldefft FISHBIl — FAinriBT.n. 94$ id when ed to it uo oould Ho was Ind him. d fVom a •charged u«er ^ym- t, was a lato Rov. man; and Partnorfl. oro vftluR- )l Govorn- y after tho r'8 Depart- [\ settling, ho builder nfe was a meBttown, it Finkle'8 ►whore on acopds the ind guilty, 5h he wa« te first to ere were Johnson's \g in ray lore." Tho age, like William, I seen ekse- Imistoam- itere^t is fche oldefft captains upon the Bay, l>eing attached to tho Htoamor 'Bay Qnint*'*.* The old place gi-anted to tho grandflit h»M', still bolonijH to the family, Koland K. Hti II rctiiding there, and tho youngest, Henry, is Pont* maHtur ut Bath. FiHHKii. — Judge Aloxandor Kinhor, a name woll known in the Midland DiHti'ict, woh a nativo of l^erthshire, Scotland, A*om whence his pai'ontM, with a numerou^4 family, emigratt^d to Now York, then a British province. At the time of tho robotlion they had accumu- lated a ooituiderablo amount of both real and pentonal property; but at tho defeat of Bargoyno, itear tho place of whoHe defeat they lived, tho Fisher family,, who would not abandon their loyalty, left their all, and endured great hardshipn in finding their way to Mon- treal. Alexander WHH Hubaoquently employed in tho Commissariat, under McLoan, utCarloton Islund ; while his twin-brother obtainod the charge of thu High School at Montreal, which situation he hold until his death, in tho yeai* 1819. At the close of the war the family obtained their grants of land as U. E. Loyalists. Alex. Fiiiher was appointed tho first District Judge and Chairs man of Quarter Sessions for the Midland District, to the Itvst of which ho was elected by his brother magistrates. Ho was also for many years a Captain of Militia, which post he held during the war of 1812. The family took up thoir abode in Adolphustown, upon tho shores of Hay Bay. A sister of Judge Fisher was married to Mr. Hagerman, and another to Mi'. Stookor, who, for a time, lived on the front of Sidney. He was related, by marriage, to McDonnell, of Marysburgh. His parents lived with him at the farm in Adolphustown. They were buriod hero in tho iUmily vault, with a brother, and the Judge's only son. Judge Fisher was short in stature, and somewhat stout, with a prominent nose. He vrus, as a jndg^Q, and as a private individual, universally esteemed. " He was a man of great discernment, and moral honesty governed his decisions."-— (Allison.) Ho died in the year 1830, and was buried in the family vault. As an evidence of the high esteem in which he was held, there was scarcely a lawyer or magistrate in the whole Disti'ict, from the Carrying Place to Gananoquo, who did not attend his funoral, together with a g.mi concourse of the settlors throughout the counties. ' « •<" -'<^' FAiariSLD.-T-The Kingston Oazette tolls the followingi ' ' ^- " DiKD.>-At his house, in Ernesttown, on the 1th Feb. 1816, ift' the 47th year of his age, W. Fairfield. His Aineral was attended 1^ a Bameix>U8 circle of relatives, friends and roighbors. He left « ^ ( ; I, 550 CAPTAIN liRASS. widow ami seven children. The first link that was broken in a family chain of twelve brothers and three sisters, all married at years of maturity. His death was u loss to the disti-ict, as well as to his family. He was one of the commissioners for expending the public money on the roads. Formerly a member of the Provincial Parliament ; many years in the commission of the Peace. As a magistrate and a man, he was characterized by intelligence, impar- tiality, independence of mind and liberality of sentiments." Grass. — Captain Michael Grass, the first settler of Kingston township, was a native of Germany. The period of his emigration to America is unknown. He was a saddler and harness-maker by trade, and for years plied his trade in Piuladelphia. It would seem that he removed from Philadelphia to New York, for hi* son Peter was born in this city in 1770. According to the statement of his grandson who often heard the facts from his father, Peter Grass, soon after the commencement of the rebellion, Michael Grass was taken prisoner by the Indians, who were staying at Cataraqui. In this he is probably mistaken, We learn from another source that it was during the previous French war, which is more likely to be correct. It would seem that Grass and two other ]>risoner8 Avere not con fined in the fort, but held in durance by a tribe of Indians, who permitted them to hunt, fish, &c. They made an effort to escape, but were caught and brought back. Again they attempted, carrying with them provisions, which they had managed to collect, sufficient to last them a week. But it was nine weeks before they reached an English settlement, one having died by the way from hunger and ex))osm'e. It was the knowledge Avhich G-'uss had acquired of the teriitory at Cataraqui, while a prisoner, which led to his appointment to the leadership of a band of refugees at the close of the war. — (See settle- ment of Kingston.) It does not appear that Captain Grass occupied any office in the army during the war. His captaincy commenced upon his leaving New York with the seven vessels for Canada. By virtue of his captaincy^ he was entitled to draw 3000 acres. Beside lot twenty-five in Kingston, he drew in fourth concession of Sidney nearly 2000 acres in one block. Captain Grass had three sons, Peter, John, and Daniel, and three daughters. Daniel, some years after, went sailing and was never heard from. Peter and John settled in the Second Town and became the fathers respectively of families. The land drawn by the captain, and the 600 acres by each of his children, has proved a lasting source of wealth and comfort to his descendants. h h V< DR. GAMBLE. m en in a arried at s well as iding the Provincial to. As a je, impar- 3." Kingston migration maker by >uld seem r son Peter jnt of his Srrass, soon was taken In this he that it was be correct. re not con tidians, wlio escape, but vying with lent to last an English exposure, territory at Lent to tho (See settle- jflice in the Ihis leaving Irtue of his twenty-five 2000 acres ^1, and three was never land became |the captain, sting source Captain Grass naturally took a leading part at least during the ui&t years of the settlement at Kingston. He was possessed of some education, and was a man of excellent character, with a strict sense of honor. Although opportunities presented themselves to accumulate property at the expense of others, he refused to avail himself of all such. He was appointed a magistrate at an early period, and as such performed many of the first marriages in Kingston. In religion, he was an adherent to the Church of England. Probably ho had been brought up a Lutheran. His old *' Dutch " Bible still is road by an old Gennan in Emesttown ; but it seems a pity that although none of the Grass family can read its time worn pages, it should be allowed to remain in other hands than the descendants of the old captain. In connection, it may bo mentioned that some time before tho war, a poor Gennan, a baker by trade, came to New York. Michael Grass assisted him into business, and even gave him a suit of clothes. When the refugees came to Canada, this baker accompanied them. He settled in Quebec, where he ama8se ll! 654 JOHNSONS — AN OLD MAIL CARRIER. }■ j On the 26th Maicli, 1811, he was married to Elizabeth, eldest daughter of James Macaulay, Esq., Kingston. JoHxsoNG — Ileniy Johnson was born at New Jersey, 1151, where he lived till the rebellion, when he removed to Poughkeepsie. In June, 1788, being a loyalist, he came with his brother Andrew to Canada, enduring many privations and hardships. He settled in Hallowell, where he lived until his death, which took place 28th May, 1829, being in his Y3rd year. " He was noted for his hospitality — charitable to tlie poor without ostentation, a pious christian. For the last five years he suffered much." Andrew Johnson. — Among the^ combatants, we have given the name of James Johiison j here we design to give a place to some account ot his two sons, Andrew and William, or " Bill," as ho was commonly called, a. name yet remembered by many. Perhaps there is not now living a more interesting historic character than Andrew Johnson, residing in the vicinity of Belle- ville. A native of New York State, Gainesborough, he came in with his father at the first settlement of Upper Canada. He was an eye witness of the first days of Brnesttown, and Kingston. At the beginning of the present century he was known as an unusually rapid walker. Andrew was engaged in carrying the mail from Kingston to York. Mr. Stuart was his employer. His i*oute was by the Bay shore to Adolphustown, across the Bay, at the Stone Mills, by Picton and Welli.igton, to the Can*yiug Place ; and thence along the Lake shore, fording streams as best he could, often upon a fallen tree, or by swimming. He would spend five hours in York and then start back. These ti'ips were generitlly matle once a fort- night. He subsequently lived at Bath for forty years, where he kept a tavern, and strangely enough, ae he avers, he never drank liquor in his life. His father's log house was used by Uev. Mr. Stuart to preach in for three years, before the frame building was erected on the hill, which would hold thirty or forty persons. It was a story and a-half high. Andrew Johnson is now upwards of a hundred. Although his memory is somewhat defective, he retains a great deal of bodily vigor ; and eats and sleeps well. He rarely converses unless spoken to. Ho is a man of somewhat low statm*e, small fi-ame, with spare limbs. Mr. Lockwood, who has known him a long time, says, "He was remarkably quick in his movements. During the war, the two started to walk from Prescott to Kingston, but Lockwood says that Johnson could walk three miles to his one. His brother, ■:ti| BILL JOHNSON. 655 th, eldest 57, where In June, ) Canada, Hidlowell, 829, being able to the five years given the e to some as ho was ig historic iy of Belle- le came in a. He was gston. At a unusually mail from a route was the Stone and thence often upon lurs in York once a fort- where he lever drank to preach in ])n the hill, and a-hali Although lal of bodily lless spoken with spare I time, says, fig the war, Lockwood |[is brother, "Bill," had a fast horse, which could outrun ahjiihing. Andrew oflbred to bet a hundred d >llars that he could travel to York quicker than the horae. Of course there was but an imperfect path, with no bridges. His offer was not accepted. Andrew was a loyal soldier in 1812, and belonged to the same c^iApanies as his brother. The old man is yet very quick in his movements, retaining that peculiar swinging gait by which he formerly so rapidly traveled long distances. His days are passing away in a quiet dream, ten- derly cared for by his son, with his wife. ' fiiusjiiJ.i >.-- > .iri.>..ji w lOv f Bill Johnson. — "William Johnson, brother of the 'M'^gdlng, was one of six sons of James. Johnson, born in Ernesttown. His youthful days wore spent in the vicinity of what is now the village of Bath. About the time of the commencement of the war of 1812, he was engaged in Kingston, in trading, and had a store of general merchandize. When the first draft for men was made, Johnson was one of the conscripts. For a very short time, ho did sen'-ice, and then procured his brother (not Andrew) as a substitute. There was not at this time any doubt of his loyalty. It was natural he should desire to attend to his business in Kingston, which at this time was lucrative. And there does not appear that he employed his brother in other than good faith. But some time after his brother entered the service, he deserted to the United States' shore. Even now it does not appear that the authorities of Kingston suspected iiis loyalty, for they desii-ed that he should take his place in the ranks which his brother had for- saken. This, however, *' Bill " would not do. The result was that a file of soldiers commanded by Sergeant Lockwood, (our principal in- formant) was sent to arrest Johnson, by order of the captain, Matthew Clark of Ernesttown. Upon the approach of the soldiers, Johnson shouted to Sergeant Lockwood, who had been his life long playmate, " I know what you aro after; but you won't get me yet," and immediately shut tho door and turned the key. Lockwood, without hesitation, raised his musket, and with the butt knocked the door open, in time to see Bill escaping by tho back door. A close chase ensued into a back enclosure, and Lockwood succeeded in catching him by tho log as he was passing through a window. Johnson then submitted, and was conveyed a prisoner to the guard house within tho jail. After being confined for sometime he escaped by break- ing the jail ; probably aided by sympathizers, for a good many thought he was badly treated. Whatever may have been Johnson's feelings towards the British ii • 11 h 'Jl I.|| r I III 656 Johnson's oa»eer. Government before, he now became a most determined enemy of his native country. He vowed he should " be a thorn in Great Britain's side ;" and his goods and some property at Bath, a few town lots, being confiscated, he declared he would get back all he lost. The foregoing mjcurence took place sometime during the fall of 1812. It would appear that Bill Johnson set to work in a syste- matic manner to carry out his threats. Being well acquainted with the country and people, and, withal, a bold, determined and fearless man, he did not hesitate to visit the Canadian shore, and was even seen at Bath in day light. He built several small boats, light and trim, and he would at times unhesitatingly voyage upon the broad lake in bold undertakings. His operations consisted in privateering, in inducing American sympathizers to accompany him to the States, and in acting as a spy. During the war there were frequently boat loads of goods, consisting of liquors and other valuable articles passing up the bay, and across the Carrying Place, thence to York. On one occasion Thomas Parker, who was eng.aged in the business, left Kingston with a batteau laden with valuables for York. Johnson, who watched such events, saw Parker depart. While the latter made his way up the bay, Johnson proceeded in his craft around by the lake, and awaited Parker off Presqu'isle. In due time the batteau was seized by Johnson and his comrades, and taken to the other side. Paiker being landed on Point Traver , off Marysburgh. Another exploit was the seizure of Government despatches near Brighton. A company of Dragoons, Captain Stinson, were on duty to can'y despatches between the Eiver Trent and Smith's Ci*eek, Port Hope. On a certain occasion when a dragoon, by the name of Gardner, was pursuing his way with despatches, he was suddenly seized by Johnson, v/ho deliberately took him with his horse to the lake shore, where hd shot the horse, placed the despatch bag in his boat, and then 'permitted the man to find his way on foot through the woods to report himself to his captain. " Bill Johnson still lives at French Creek upon the American shore of the St. Lawrence. He was an active participant in the events of 1837, and it is supposed had much to do in recruiting for the army of sympathizers. There is so much of fiction to be found respecting him in connection with that time, that it is difficult to say what part he did take. It has been generally supposed that he was one of the few who escaped from the Windmill, but while, no doubt, he was engaged at the time, there is nothing to rest a decided MACAULAY. 657 jnemy of in Great th, a few ick all he g the fall 1 a syste- id, withal, ) visit the ght. He at times ertakings. American icting as a of goods, p the bay, te occasion Kingston nson, who atter made and by the he batteau the other tburgh. ktches near |re on dxity 's d-eek, the name suddenly lorse to the bag in his •t through American kant in the [sruiting for be found difficult to bed that he It while, no It a decided statement upon. We suspect that " Bill," in his later days, was given to boasting a little, and took pleasure in entering to the taste of his Yankee friends, in" relating what he and his daughter Kate did, (in imagination.) Macaulay, " the father of the Uoiiorable John, and the Rev. William Macaulay, settled during the Revolutionary war on Carle- ton Island, then a British station and fortitication, where he sup- plied the commissariat and garrison, and carried on business. In 1794, Mr. Macaulay removed to Kingston, where he amassed con- siderable property. When he removed to Kingston, he had rafted over from Cax'leton Island his log dwelling house, and placed it where it now stands at the corner of Princess snd Ontario Streets. It has since been clap-boardod over and added to, and having been kept painted and in good repair is still a very habitable building." — (Cooper.) Mr. Macaulay had come to New York shortly before the com- mencement of the Colonial troubles, and as a loyalist- had his house pillaged and burnt, by the rebels, and became a refugee at the military post at Carleton Island. About 1785, he settled at King- ston, where he married, and remained until his death, in September, 1800, being fifty-six years old. He wa« at no time connected with the service, but engaged his time in commercial business, and was on most intimate terms with those in authority, being a particular friend of the Buke of Albano. His sons continued his business and in time were called to occupy honorable and responsible situations under Government, as Legislative Councilor, Surveyor General, Provincial Secretary, Inspector General, Chaplain to Legislative Assembly, and Commissioners on various important matters. THE CAPTIVE CHRISTIAN MOORE. Upon the 19th March, 1867, the writer was privileged, through the kindness of the Rev. Mr. Anderson, to visit an-individual who, of all others, p )sse8ses historic interest. About half a mile north of the Indian Church upon the old York road, Tyendinaga, lives Christian Moore. Beside the stove, in a low Indian chair, sat a woman whose shi'unken and bent appearance made her appear no larger than]^a girl of sixteen. But the face, with its parchment-like skin — the "deeply wrinkled features, bespoke the burden of many winters. Yet, the eye still flashed looks of intelligence, as the face was upturned from her hands on which she almost incessantly rested her head, as if the shoulders had wearied in their long life 42 658 CHRISTIAN MOORE. If duty. Chi'istian is about a hundred years old, during eighty of which she has remained a captive with the Mohawks. Although a white woman, she knotvs not a word of English. Long, long years ago, in becoming the wife of an Indian, and the mother of Indians, she became to all purposes one of themselves. She is a living relic of the American Eovolution, as well as of the customs of the Mohawk Indians n hundred years ago. In the first days of the rebellion, in an encounter between the Indians and a party of rebels in the Mohawk valley, one of the Indians, by the name of Green, was killed. The custom among the sevei'al tribes, or families, when one of their number had been lost in war, was to take the first captive they could, and adopt him or her, into the tribe, to keep up the number. A party of Indians, under John Green, a chief and brother of the one killed, called in after days Captain Green, in the course of their foray, caught a little girl about ten years of age. That little girl is the old person of whom we are speaking. The old woman yet recollects the fact that her father's family, on the approach of the Indians,- made haste to escape; she by accident was left alone or behind. She remembers to have been running along the road, when she was taken. She says there were a good many Indians. After this there is a blank in her memory, until the period of the Indians leaving their homes to escape. This was the time when they buried their Communion Plate. Christian says she was carried upon an Indian's back, as they fled to Lachine. She recollects that they were staying three years at Lachine, when the tribe set out to take possession of the land which Govern- ment was to give them. It was about a year from the time they started from Lachine, until they, under Brant, reached their desti- nation, the Grand River. Captain Gi'oen was with this party, and stayed with them at Grand River for six years, when, becoming dissatisfied, he, with hi» family, came to the Bay Quinte. Chris- tian remembers all this. She was living with Captain Green's sister. They came in a batteau, down the north shore of the lake, and crossed at the Carrying Place at the head of the bay. Christian in time became the wife of an Indian, by the name of Anthony Smart, who, she says, has been dead now thirty-eight years. They had but one child, a daughter, who was married to Abram Maricle. They had three children, one being a son. Chris- tian's daughter has been dead many years, but the old lady now is surrounded by grand-children to the third generation. PARLIAMF.NT. 659 ighty of though a ng yoai'H Indians, ring rolic s of the woon tho 10 of the n among aber had y could, number, rother of tio course e. That ig. The ly, on tho idont was ing along ood many until tho is was the 1 says she ine. She when Govern- tirae they leir desti- )arty, and )eeoming Chris- n Green's the lake, e name of irty-eight narried to n. Chris- dy now is ino Some time after the closo of tho Revolution, a person by tho name of Moore, camo with his family to Canada, and fettled at Napanoe. By Home moans he learned that there was a white woman among the Mohawks, and he visited them tc see if it might be his long lost daughter. Such proved to ho the caHe. He was Christian's father. She rememboi-s the occasion, (it was about forty-five years ago,) her father was then a very old man. Of course, there was no resemblance between the womun in Indian garb before him, and his little girl of ton years. But there was a mark upon her arm, the result of a burn by whicli he was enabled to recognize his own flesh and blood. The scar, upon the loft fore- arm, can yet bo distinctly sooj. Painful, indeed, must have been the fieelings of the parent, to know she was his daughter, and yet knew not a syllable of her mother tongue. The natural channel by which parental and filial affection mi^ht have flowed was sealed. She says, she has a sister now living back of Napanec. She asked her father if she had been christened, and he informed her she had been. Upon our asking her the question, if she ever went to school, she mys, "No;" that she was "always working hard." Asking her the question, if she did not think she had lived a long while, she replied, " I don't/ think I'll live very long." The Rev. Mr. Ander- son informs us that she has ever maintained the character of a true Christian, and is alwaj'^s happy to partake of the Holy Communion, Christian's great-grandson, himself a father, acted as interpreter. Itispossibio thatthis woman, who belonged to another century, may live yet several years. There is much of vigor in her move- ments and conversation. Although shrivelled and bent almost double with age, her hod}' seems to be well nourished, and her arms possess considerable thickness. She always enjoyed good health, and now eats and sleeps in the moat comfortable manner. We are informed by a recent letter ft*om Rev. Mr. Anderson, 1869, that the old woman continues quite well, and works in the garden in summer. Parliament. — Mi*s. Mordcn, of Sophiasburgh, was born upon the banks of the Hudson, forty miles from its mouth. Her birthday stretches back ninety-eight years. She came into Canada with her father, George Parliament, who was of German parentage, born upon the sea ; and like the ocean, he was through out his brief life tossed up and down with scarcely a day of calm and suns'hine. The family reached the Fourth Town, and only six weeks after her father's eyes were closed in death. Mrs. Morden has a distinct 660 blSTRESS. i-eeollectioii of the rebellion, llor father wan staunchly loyal, and she han hoard him repeatedly declare that ho would lay his bonoB in the King's domains. During the war he was imprisoned twice, at Goshen and Poughkeopsie. She was thirteen years old when they came to (Canada, and remembers the many weary days of travel by Oneida Lake. Hor father walked and drove the cattle all day, hor mother would sit up till late at night over the cam|vkettle preparing food for the party to use the following day, so that there would bo no delay on the way. Having croHsod from the States, the Skenectady boats landed at Little Catariqui. The father was down below on the St. Law- rence swimming the cattle across the stream. They found their flour was nearly done. She, with a little sister, wont along the shore to the village of Kingston to buy flour, she had only enough money to buy a qiiirter of a hundred of second flour, which she carried from MeA.ulay'8 store to the hungry company at the Little Catariqui, where they were wind-bound. She remembers the appearance of the shores as they journeyed along ; the rude log cabins in the small clearings. The family of eleven children settled upon tho north shore of Hay Bay. The eldest boy was nineteen years old. They now thought that they, in common with other settlers, would be permitted to work out a peaceful and happy future, but the arrow of death was already in the bended bow. The mournful occasion can hardly be appreciated, the father of eleven children in the wilderness suddenly cut down. Each of the neigh- bours had quite enough to do to care for his own family. All these terrible facts are fresh in the mind of the venerable lady. The events of later years are fkied from her memory, but those are too deeply engraven upon her mind, by the pen of sorrow, to be erased while life lasts and mind sits enthroned. The subsequent events connected with the ftimily for a time are no less distressing. They had one cow, the milk of which supplied them with their principal food. Fish was occasionally caught. But they often had to seek herbs and greens. For weeks they wore in the greatest distress for the very necessai'ies of life. All of the family who were old enough went out to work. The following spring, and the subse- quent ones, her mother made sugar, not to use in the family, " oh 1 no, that was too great a luxury." It was all carried and sold for floui*. Mi's. Morden remembers it, for she carried much of the sap. She subsequently worked out, until after several years she found a kind supporter. Mrs. Morden, whom the writer saw nearly four THE R0BLIN8. 861 al, nnd ay his risonod I years many [od and ill late •arty to on the J landed 5t. Law- id their ong the enough lich she le Little xjrs the rude log n settled nineteen th other i happy )w. The f eleven le neigh- A.11 these ly. The e are too )e erased events They principal to seek distress were old le sahse- ly, " oh 1 sold for the sap. found a larly four years ago, (186S), was then, although ho old, yet vigorous and sprightly, with a kindly face, and oven a sharp oyo. Of all the persons it has been our privilege to converse with, there are only a few who gave such clear and appropriate testimony, and afforded BO much satisfaction. She confined her remarks strickly to the questions, and Ave learned much in a short hour. She spoke feel- ingly ; and with Christian nobleness said she, *' I have lived a long time and had many blessings, thanks bo to Gotl.'' Thus spoke the lips of one whoso youth had been spent in another century. BoBLiNS. — The Koblin family is extensively and favorably known in Upper Canada, esjiecially in the 4)ay region. They, although numerous, have sprung from a common ancestry. Origi- nally of English or Welsh nativity; at the commencement of the rebellion they wore found dwelling in New York, and Now Jersey. As a result of the Revolution, four branches of the Roblin family came into Canada, two of whom, John and Stephen, were brothers. John Roblin lived in New Jersey, he toolc no part in the contest, but his sympathies were doubtless with the loyalists. One day, ho was sitting in the door-way, when a scouting party fired upon the house as they approached. Some fourteen shots were fired. This was done without any warning, the house being inhabited by a private familj'. John Roblin was wounded in the knee. The party entered the house and completely ransacked it, searching lor valu- ables; not satisfied with what they found, they demanded whei-e the money was ; John's brother, Stephen, was suspended by his thumbs to a tree with the view of forcing him to tell where the money was concealed. John, although wounded, was stripped almost naked. The ruffians, who did all this under the name of ^' Liberty," destroyed what they could not carry ; and flour, furni- ture, everything in fact, wjis strewn about and broken. One of the party put his bayoneted musket to tho breast of Mrs. Roblin, and dared her to call George her king. She fearlessly replied, he once was, why not now. The demon was pulling the ti-igger, when a more human comrade knocked the weapon aside. The rebels wei'o near by under Washington, and this was a regular detailed foraging party. John Roblin was afterward placed in the rebel hospital, but the doctor was unnecessarily cruel, and so maltreated him, that he became a life-long cripple. The family came into the rebel camp, and Mrs, Roblin complained to General Washington of the conduct of his men. He had her look among the men, and pro- mised to punish any she said had been among tho party. But of course they kept out of the way. 662 HIMON — VANAfiMTINK. I if vm Tho KoblioH Kultlcd originally in AdolpiitiHtowii, John Roblin died, and his widow, with tho family, romovod to Sophiusburf^h, whoro slio b()U;^lit 100 acres of laud for ^25, and j)aid for it by weaving. Sho likowiso cut «ii»\vn trocs and niado hor hut. lloblin, who :Hottlod in tho lliiid conoosMion of FourtliTown, bo- camo u nionilior of I'arliainent. Simon. — John Simon was born in Jlassachnsctts, joined tho Royal Standard wlien tho n-bollion coninu'nood. At tho cdoso of tho war, ho sottlod at first noar Montreal, llu soon roniovod to Catarar[ui, and fnially to tho Townshijt of l-'Iuniborough Wost, County \Vestnu'alli,*vhcrc lio lived till his death, lie hud throo sons, Titus, John, AValler. A dau;.;liter nuirried Detlor, another Jnnios MeNablt, ono J)r. ^leachani, ono Thoniiison, tho last threo lived at ikdievillo. One oi' the sons, Titus, we believe, distini^uished himself in 1812, at the batik- of Lundy's Ltiiie. He had boon Com- missary at Kingston, and moved lo Toronto. -Majoii Van'Ai.stink. — '^fhe life of this man wo have boon unable to trueo in full ; butsulUcient remains known to sup])ly the requisites for a whort skoteh. Ifo must have eomo from tho vicinity of Albany, for ho was docidodly Dutch, and spoko tho lilniciish lanjs^uago very imperfocti}'. He was a stout, I'obusL man, with a dark complexion, not ono of military bearing ; and u\ost likely, until the rebellion, had nothing t) do with militiry matters. Among the first to settle in Adolphustown, he well knew the hardships of pioneer life. During the course of tho nbcllion he had sutVcred many privations. Xatui-ally a kind-hearted man. he for man}' years alforded to tho now comers )nueh comfort and nuitorial aid. His house was ever open to the passing stranger — tt) the old soldier, to poor refugees. lie was known to everybody in tho avIioIo settle- ment of the Bay. Xo matter who came, he would ox-dor uj) from his collar kitchen — tho old Dutch stylo — his negro servants — slaves he had brought in with him, and set betbro tho traveler the necessary refreshm«- its. The son of t)no who knew him well, says he was hospitable to a fault, llis religion was Lutheran, and the Government granted him a pension for distinguished service. Thk WAi.LijRinoK Family — Are of English descent, and wore among the first settlers of America. There wore several families of the name existing in America at the breaking out of tho rebel- lion, ono of which had been residents of Bennington, and wore known as the Bennington Wallbridgo's. Tho rebellion led, as in many other instances, to a division among tho sons ; some sided WALLIimnGF. — WHITE. 063 1 1 wore hmilies rebel- wore tis in sided with the rebels, ollicrs n'nmiiied loyul. Klijiih W.i'l!ii'iil;Lj<' IodU part with the loyalists. Ills children never heard him sponkini? of the part he took ; but it is learned throiii^li another soiiroe that lie was one of a j)arty wlio on one occasion nia presoiit *century, came to the Uay and purchased the tract of land held in Ameliasburgh by the family. Hlijah Walliiridge marrii'il the dau;L,diler of a ('. H. Loyalist, Capt. JJoliert llverott, of Kiui^stun. ^Mr. Wallbrid/,'e, In makin;( his visits to the front of Krnesttown, found it convenient to cros.s the J3a3' from Mississauga I'fdiit to Ox Point, an located iu tho ucif^jhborliooil ; au iutiraucy soon sprang up bolwoou tho partios, whioli ended in a liunily union. Clergy- men wore scarce in those days, hul llov. llobort McDowell, of tho reformed Dutch Church, who kept a horse and traveled through the wilderness, tondored his servicoti. By that worthy pionoor, Mr. and l\Irs. White were happily united in country simplicity. Those prinievnl days wore often roforrod to as attording more solid happiness than modern linery and ostentation. May tho present generation never lo 'c ^ight of those good old times. She fulfilled tho decUiration of that discerncr of the human heart, Solomon, who ^ says: ''She looketh well to the ways of her liousehold, and eatoth not the bread of idleness. Her children rise up and call her blessed ; her lutsband also, and he praiseth her.'' WiLKiNS. — Col. Ohrtvles WilUins, althotigh not one of the old U. E lioyalists, yet having come to Canada at an early date, and taken an active part in matters pertaining to tho welfare of tho country, respecting military matters, and especially in the history of the Bay, this work would not Ik^ complete without a special notice of this very worlliy gontlonum. The writer had the privilege of visiting him at his home, the Carrying JMace, in the summer of 186(5, and procured many valuable facts, which were imparted with a kindly courtesy. Tho winters of 81} years had left their impresB upon the tall and once erect ligure. But notwithstanding the wear and tear of life, with manj' cares, and the intractable disease which sttiadily julvanccd, his face beamed with a ])leasant smile, while he recounted many events with which lie had hail to do. While relat- ing matters of a general nature, he was niost unwilling to s]ieak of his own services, and the dittidenco and Inimbleness of manner, with which ho roforrod to hitnsolf was reaarkablo. We have made reforoncc to C/t)l. Wilkins elsowhere, aind will here allude to some events in hii li.o. Ho came to Canada with his father in 1792, aged 10 years. At an early period ho took up his abode at the Carrying Place and engaged in business; was married in 1804 to Miss Mary, daughter of Charles Smith, of Port l[opo, who died in 1847. Else- where has boon mentioned the part he took in tho war of 1812, for which ho received an ofHcial recognition. Mr. Wilkins had for several days, the late CJonoral Scott of the American army, when n priaonei' in Canada. Mr. Wilkins' kindness to him was remem- boro«l in later years. In tho trouble of 1836-8, the Government called upon Mr. W. t<> take command of the militia. Ko was THE /.IE TO WIHOH THKY MYKO. 6«r> sprang Clorgy- , of tho through pionoor, iplicity. re solid present fulfilled an, who ^ i oiitoth blessed ; the old ftte, and t> of tho history ul notice ■iloge of iimor of •ted with impress tho wear which yrhile ho rolut- >oak of manner, Vc have ude to years, g Place Mary, El se- lf 1812, had for when a remom- rnmont To was appointed to many posts of honor and duly, and in 1840 was called to tho Legislative Council. Mr. Wilkins was always exceedingly popular, not because ho sought popularity, but because of his natu- rally kind and gentlemanly deportment to all classes, and his many sterling (lualities. Tho very high estimiition in which ho was hold was fully evidenced on tho occasion of his death in 18(57, when old friends camo long distances in unpleasant woathor, to see his remains deposited in thoir last earthly resting place. Stewart. — " A traveler writing in 1835, says of Canada, " I oilcn met tho venerable in years," and " on March 8, 1833, died Mrs. J. Stewart, near St. David's, Niagara District, agod 109 years ; her husband died ^ few years sinco at the ago of 96, leaving children, now living, agod 80, and grand-children at <>0." " Last year a woman by the name of Metcalf, residing near tho capital of Upper Canmia, bore a child when past her sixtieth year.'' Among obituary notices wo find the following : " At Hope Village, Kast CuiUiamsbury, in 1829, much and go nenilly regretted, John Wilson, Esq., a native of the Province of New Jersey, aged 90 years, 14 days." Death op a Pioneer ok London Township. — Wo have to record tho decease of Mr. Joseph Jayne, which took place at his residence in London Township, 7th concession, lot 32, on Wednes- day last, tho 10th insfc., at the advanced age of nearly 101 years. He was l>orn on Long Island, N. Y., on Juno 13, 1764, some yeare before tho State of Now York had ceased to be a British Province. Deceased was revered and held in esteem by a large ciirle of ft'iends, for whose entertainment ho was over fond of recounting his adventures in tho revolutionary period, and whi) dc?ph* regret his loss. — London Frk' Press. McIntosh. -" On tlio 2.')th February lust at his rosidonco In Mniysburgh, in tho y3nl yo;ir of his ago, rospcotod by all liis ftcqunintancos, Mr. nnno.l.i Mcintosh, who cjuno to Amoricii ui tho 42nd Royivl lligLUuidors, imilurrivod the day boforo tho battlo of Bunker's ITill, ami wius in that ongugcnuMit. Uo was subsequently in tho 84th, and was at (iuoboc, when Montgomery made his misucoossful attempt on that stvunghold, and during last war, won a Liou- tenaut in tho Istllogt. of I'rinco Edward Militia.' BuiD. — " At his rosidonco in Marysburgh, Mr. Henry Bml, in tho 9()tli year of his ago. Ho oppearod to bo in good hoalth till a few niomont-s before tho vital spark took its flight ; ho was well respected ; ho cama to Canada iu the 54thIlogt." Gkkow. — " At Amolioaburgh, in the County of I'rinco Eklward, on Wed- nesday, the lOtli inst., Mary (iorow, aged 81) yooi-s. Deceasod was ono of the first settlors on tho borders of tho B»vy of Quinto, whero tho greater part of her long life has 'er. siio was seizen ; and a hirge circle of friends andacijuaint- ances. Her loss is extensively felt. In the various relations of lii'e, as a wife, i niotlier, a sister, a neighbour, i'.nd a member of (uvil and Christian society, her cxempLiry conduot entitled her to th4. Avhcn ;' id seems William came to Canada 5. Ouo gimont, inl John of the Jacob Weogiii- Aloxaiidcr Clark Alexander Platto Jacob Cobniau Jouas Simmons James Kiinkins Jonas Larmnary Richanl Albery (iabricl Hrefsea Christopher Brefsca Bankes, Jolin, Jr Bankes, John, Sen Brant, Franc • Baxter, Lawrence Benedict, Benjamin Coons, Jacob Coons, David Campbell, Matthews <;onnrad, William Coolcraft, Christian Cook, Seth Catchcatch, Cliristian Drihell, Cornelius Dewitt, (Jartou Dyckman, Martines Foster, Moses Hopkinson, John Haines, Barrnst Haines, Frederick Haines, John Haines, David Hoyle, John Hoyle, Peter House, Jolin Huffman, Jacob Henerham, Andrew Hill, Timothy Mordon, John Alorrison, James Wher, John Phillips, Michael Phillips, Peter Pember, Phillip Priest, Jacob Redding, Francis Friar, Samuel File, John Franklin, John Fend, Andrew Gates, Thomas Hart, Zai'harlah Howell, Warren Johnson, Henry Rahall, John Loukes, Jacob Millross, Andrew JlcCarty, William .Matthews, Ponipey Mi(klelton, liubon Northrup, Kson Reynold, William Scot, Daniel Sliaw, William Sholtos, .John Snartfager, Frederick Sipperly, Pliillip Smitli, Stephen Smith, Jacob Cornell. I'atner Shilliner, Christian Wallan. Samuel Wirst, Jolin Young, Daniel Dctbrorost, Abraham Willoughbv, William William, Albert Young, Peter Young, Stephen Deal, Peter Bernus, Gother Fletcher, .lohn Lount, John Michael Roughnett Alexander Grant George Christie John Bondish David Lishsamblin Peter Zenith Nicholas Schyler Atherson, Charles Magle, Gottip Badernacli, John Ross, Alexander John Casscallion Cornelius Pitcher Peter Deal John Litcher Ahixander McDoiigall Luke Carscallion John P.errn George Sullivan .lames V. Alstino Bcrron, John Iluben, Peter Barnhart, David Cole, John Cahlen, John Coons, Simon Coons, Peter Cronkhitc. John Conhn Foy, .John Fory, Daniel Farlinger, John Fike, Peter Fairchild, Benjamin Faish, Christian (toosc, Frederick Hugh, John 668 APPENDIX, Bandal, Josoph Snider, Jacob Snider, Lidwich Sills, John Sills, Lawrence Sills, George Smith, Michael Smith, Phillip Swathager, Jolin Vszie, Joseph Baltingal, Jacob Baltingal, Samuel Raulev, Jacob Plant," Peter Rollin, Thomas Clark, Hugh Chrisholm, Donald Sutter, Isaac Thomson, Thomas Thom, William Christie, George Beedehee, John Samuel Ashley James McPherson George Barnhart George Dagetgcr George Prest George Fitzpatrick James Titehert Peter Young Cain Young Clute, John Cooper, Thomas Cook, Silas Coomb, John Coomb, Barnard Donser, John Dire, John Davis, Hcnery Dogstader, Adam Dengandrc, Garrett Dogstader, Pompey Edgar, Jolin Foy, Francis Gilbert Luke Thomas Graham Grant, Peter Gold, Edward Gallingher, George Heming, Henry Hawley, Jacob Helmer, Adam Helse, Frederick Hugh, Henry Hendrick, Peter Harbinger, John Tarhoson, David Kough, Peter Kreem, John Bailer, William Bell, Johnson Beittc Barnard Barnhart, Nicholas Barnhart, Jacob Barnhart John Brown, Nicholas Burch, Jacob Brown, James Christian, John Christian, Simion Cameron, William Medagh, John Myers, John Cugh, George Culmau, Frederick Parsons, John Kood, Mitchell Ka Msay, Adam Sulivan, Cornolius Shirley, John Shellop, Henry Winter, Jacob Winter, Henry Wilson, James Kough, James Connor, Christian Wilinger, Michael Smith, Jacob Earner, Phillip Hawdord, Edward Mure, John John Miller Fossern, Daniel Latoch, Halburt Elijah Sarrabe George Murraoff Luke Bourteal Toll Hurd Samuel Suckey John Saver John Toague Barnhart, Charles Beramy, William Boner, (lasper Boner, Adam Bonder, Samuel Cox, Alexander Grander, Anthony John Grander Grander, William Cadman, William Cadman, George Coundouse, George Dow, Thomas Delong, John Evans, Tony Landras, Samuel Logest, Andrew Hamilton, Thomas Henning, Andrew House, Coonroot Hedlar, Adam Johnson, John Hellen, John Himmerly, Andrew Ylline, Law, Samuel Heller, Henry Noon, William Battingal, Jacob French, Albert Flamsbury, William Howard, William Harding, Richard Jones, Thomas Johnson, William Jones, John Roughnet, John Rentner, George Knight, Benjamin Koughnot, John Lonhey, George Lonhey, Henry Lonhes, Abraham Savanay, Alexander Sambert, David Sawyer, William Loft, David McGowen, Stephen Murdoft", James Murdoff, George Moss, Simon Critchert, Bartholomew Rogers, John Rambaugh, Jacob Rarabaugh, John Raiubaugh, Andrew Rambaugh, William Shellop, Christian Smith, Daniel Shuk, Christian Tute, John Kerady, Robert Church, Oliver Hillinger, Abraham Laryo, Matthew Erwiny, Robert Schnars, Frederick John Howell Francis Hoyb Richard Cotter Matthew Farrent Jothan Hart Joseph Clement Henry Davis John Windaker Brant, John. APPENDIX. IB89 Borvcn, William, Senr Baker, Henry Borven, Willinm, Junr. Bush, Henry Cameron, Archibald Dodger, Thomas McDonnell, John, Senr. McDonnell, John, Junr, McDonnell, Roderick McDonald, Ronald McPhcrson, Laughlin Matthew, Jacob Naramorc, Esau Penn, Matthew Prentice, Daniel Prichell, John Phillips, Jacob Porker, Isaac Ross, Thomas, Senr. Ross, Thomas, Junr. Ross, John Boaf, John Ryan, Dennis Rowland, Jervis Tingorac, John Starring, Jacob Severn, Peter Scrvus, Phillip Smith, John Hart, Nathaniel Sherman, William Tuniver, William Valentine, Alexander Warmly, Jacob Cook, Robert Rieiman, Henry SchilVis, Henry Henry Deal John Seryin Andrew Eiabury Thomas Claik William Nicholson John Dogstider Allen Chrisholm John Dervitt Arginsinger, John Bartley, Muherd Bartley, Isaac Chrisholm, Duncan Cain, John Coon, Jacob Campbell, John Cain, Barney Cook, Joseph Farling, John Hough, Georgo Hight, Mathew Johnson, Princo Peacock, John Kenton, John Delorm, John Donevan, Herener Evans, Bolton Eglon, Leonard Estwood, John Flanagan, James Gardiner, John Horon, Peter Horon, Jacob Hubbert, Jubilee Hegle, John Koughnet, William Koliph, Henry Toyer, David Toyer, Richard Martin, Robert Murphy, Patrick McGran, Owen McGran, Dennis McDonnell, Daniel Nel linger, Abraham Phillips, Elijah Rapole, George Shaver, Adam Sample, Hugh Street, Daniel Staly,' Tobias Stering, George Truax, Isaac Turnburny, John Woodcock, Abraham Woodcock, Peter Welsh, Morris Argussiger, Phillip Wilson, James Thomas Cavan John Mclntyre John Ham, Abiah Christie Donald McPherson John Tower Peter Winter John Lambert Albert Edward Ball, Samuel Crawford, William Crumwell, Nicholas Snntnerc, Jacob Witts, Henry Witts, John McCar(i Wolliii<;ton, S I4,;i47 Wellington,*.' 24.4.VJ Wellington. N ' 24.484 York, North 24.262 York, Wor»t 16,260 York. East, 10. .360 CENSUS OF 1H71. TOWNS AND VILLAOKS IN ONTARIO OF OVER !flO(> INHABITANTS. IM Aurora, 1,132 Almonte, •2,080 Brantf ord, .. \ 8,107 Berlin, 2,743 Brampton, Brad^rd, 2,090 1,130 Barrie, 3,398 Bowman viUe, •'3,034 Brighton, Belleville, 1,357 ... 3 7,306 Brockville, 75,102 f 1,298 Bruce Mines, Chatham, ... ^ 5.873 Caledonia, 1,246 Clifton, 1,610 CoUingwood, 2,829 Cornwall, 2,033 Carleton Place, ... 1,205 Dunville, 1,452 Dundas, 3,135 Mora, 1,498 Fergus, 1,666 Ooderich, 1*3,954 Gait, •