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Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent dtre film6s d des taux de reduction diffdrents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour dtre reproduit en un seul clichd, il est filmd d partir de I'angle supdrieur gauche, de gauche d droite. et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images n6cessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mdthode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 k ■ ■:-- ^ ■'■ ": : • 6 BUILDERS OF NOVA SCOTIA i i i I SIU WILLIAM ALKXANIILK (LOKI) STIULIX(i). BUILDERS OF NOVA SCOTIA A HISTORICAL REVIEW WITH AN APPENDIX CONTAINING COPIRS OP RARE DOCUMENTS RELATING TO THE EARLY DAYS OF THE PROVINCE BY SIR JOHN G. BOURINOT, K.C.M.G., LL.D., D.C.L., LIT. D. (Laval), Aitthor of " The Story of Canada " (Nations' Series), "Cape Breton and its Memorials of the French Ee-..'n as Mary Jane Katzmann), one of the very few poets born in Nova Scotia. She was the author also of an interesting " History of Dart- mouth, Preston and Lawrencetown (Akins's Historical Essay) Edited by Harry Piers, Halifax, N.S., 1893," with a portrait. Cape la H6ve was the name given by De Monts and his associates to the first land reached by them in 1601, and in honour of the Cape near Havre in France, the port from which these early voyageurs sailed. See DesBrisay's Lunenburg, p. 166. 2 See " The Masque of Minstrels and other Pieces, chiefly in verse," by B. U. and A. J. Lockhart (Bangor, Me., 1887). The authors are Nova Scotians, educated at Acadia College, in the land of Evangeline. The Gaspereau and Grand Pre are naturally the theme of their graceful and patriotic verses. 3 See Bourinot's " Cape Breton and Its Memorials of the French Regime," in Trans. Roy. Soc, Can., vol. ix., sec. 2 ; also in separate 4to form, Montreal, 1890. I . i ii ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA being clearly a mere anglicizing of the accented "d" — received its name from a Frencli officer. Lingan JJay, where the coal mines were well known to the French settlers, is a vulgar form of iTndienne. The French also i^oftened the harsh Indian names of Nericka to Aricliat. and of Achepe to Aspt?, and of Kami^ok to Canscau. The picturesque Bras d'Or, which divides the island into two sections, is now appropriately named the Golden Arm, but on the oldest maps it is Labrador, which may have been given by some settlers from Bradore Bay on the rugged, inhospitable northeastern shores of the G-ulf of'St. Lawrence. Jn the course of years, after the treaty of Utrecht, when the British began to settle and occujiy the country in earnest, British names prevailed. Annapolis. Halifax. Windsor, Jlorton, Cornwalli«. Cumberland, Lawrencetown, Liveipool. Guysborougli. Sydney, and hundreds of other names attest the British sentiments of the later occupants of the peniiisula. Lunenhurg is a memorial of the first German migration to Malagash or '. erligueche Baj'. While French, English. Scotch, and German peoples have in their turn linked their languages to all time with the geography of the Acadian land, the tongue of the original Indian luitives. the .Mienuics or Souric^uois, a branch of the widespread Algonquin famil}- — whose lodges extended from Cape Breton to the far west of Canada — is still perpetuated largely in the moraenclature of the baj-s, harbours, rivers, and mountains of the beautiful country which stretches from Cheboguc or Jebogue Point on the west to Canscau on the east, and from Arichat to As|)e. Acadie, the oldest name of Nova Scotia, U a memorial of the original Micmac occupants. In the early maps of Gastalili, a distinguished Italian cartographer of the sixteenth century, we sec the name of •' Larcadia " spread over the country now known as the Maritime Provinces of the Dominion, and other mai)maker8 of the same or later time frequently call it Lacadia. It may be fairly presumed, in the absence of any other plausible or infjUigent explanation, that these two names are simply variations of the Micmac Kade, or Akf colonization and mi>rovince in the middle of last century, would even- tually have increased to a very large number, and exorcised most impor- tant influence on the social, religious, and political conditions of No\'a Scotia, even while remaining loj'al to England. In other words, Nova Scotia might have been another French Canada. As it happened, however, an inexorable Fate destroyed their happiness at one fell blow, and placed them among the most unfortunate of God's creatures. The remnant of the French i^cadian race never exercised any influence on the destiny of tlie maritime provinces, when their institutions were boing moulded and established. British influences eventually dominated in every section, and made the Acadian provinces what they have always been — most loyal dependencies of ihe Crown, even in those troublous times when the flag of revolt was raised in the valley of the St. Lawrence. At the present timo there are a hundred thousand people of French Acadian descent living in the maritime provinces, principally on the gulf sliores of New Brunswick, in the western parts of the peninsula of [bourinot] BUILDERS OF NOVA SCOTIA. 11 Nova Scotia, and in tlie counties of Richmond and Inverness in the island of Cape Breton. The total French population of Nova Scotia reached thirty thousand in 1890, when the d<^minion census was taken, and it is inter- esting to note t hat in the old Acadian districts of Annapolis and Kings there were only twenty persons who claimed to be descendants of the French pioneors, out of a total population of forty-two thousand souls. In Yar- mouth, however, they numbered nearly one-half, and in Digby two-thirds of the whole population of those western counties. In Inverness and Rich- mond the proportions were ono-tifth and two-thirds respectivelj'. In the island of Cape Breton there are over twelve thousand people of this national stock, the great majority of whom live in the two counties I have just mentioned. In the district of Louisbourg, once so famous in the days of the French regime in Canada, not a single person is put down as a French Canadian by the census returns. These twelve thousand people or more are the descendants of the seven hundred old French or Acadians who remained in 1'758 after the capture of the fortress of Louisltonrg, and of the one hundred families who came into the island between that year and 1810. Some descendants of the same race are also found in Prince Kdward Idand, where there were probably four thousand people at tho time of its occupation by Kngland, and the greater number of whom were also deported with unnecessary harshness from the lovely island to which they had fled during the troublous years that followed the settlement of Halifax. Of late years the French Acadian population of the maritime provinces have shown a progressive tendency in intel- lectual as well as material matters, and the establishment of such colleges as St. Joseph's at Memramcock, in New Brunswick, and St. Anne's at Church Point, in Nova Scotia — institutions on the plan of French Canadian colleges— is doing excellent work by stimulating the i)est faculties of the youth that frequent them, and in laying the foundations of a brighter future for a race which is now improving in many ways under the influences of modern conditions to which they were very slow to yield in the past.' Their numbers in New Brunswick and elsewhere ' For an optimistic view of tlie prospects of tlic French Acadians see "Le Pere Lefebvre et I'Acadie," (Montreal, 1898), by Senator I'liscal Poirier, F.R.S.C., wlio is himself an example of the intellectual pro-rress of the people, whose condition he naturally presents in the most favoural)le aspect. Father Lefebvre undoul)tedly did much fn connection with St. Joseph's College to entitle him to he called " le futur sauveurde I'Acadie." It was on the formal reciuest of Arclibishop O'Brien that a classical college was founded in the midst of tlie French Acadian communities in the western part of Nova Scotia. Senator Poirier informs us that St. Anne's College was established in 1890, under the auspices of the "Congregation des Eudistes," and the Reverend Father (lustave Hlanche of Rennes, Brittany, tjecnme cui'e of Churcli Point and Saulnierville, to facilitate the foundation of the college. M. Placide Gaudet, who is a teacher in tliis young institution, is now preparing a genealogy of Acadian families which, no doul)t, will be a fitting supplement to Abbe Tanguay's work on Canada. An interesting series of papers on French Acadian families is now appearing in the " New Brunswick Magazine," from the pen of Mr. .Tames Hannay, the author of " The History of Acadia ; from its discovery to its surrender to England by the treaty of Paris " (St. John, N.B., 1879). 12 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA give thorn a certain amount of influence in politics, and enable them to return to legislative bodies energetic representatives who ])rotect the special interests of their people and ably assist in the general legislation of the country. Among the names of early Acadian settlers were Robicheau, Poirier, Landry, Richard, Martin, Leblanc, Girouard, D'Entre- mcnt, Gaudet, Hubert, Boudrot, Cormier (Cormi^), Bourgeois, Melanson,' Doucet, Blanchard, and Tliibaudeaii, whose descendants are still well known in the country which their ancestors loved so well. ^ III. Foundation of Halifax.— The foundation of Halifax' practically put an end to the Acadian period of Nova Scotian settlement. Until that year the English occupation of the country was merely nominal. Owing largely to the representations of Governor Shirley, of Massa- chusetts—a statesman of considerable ability who distinguished himself in public affairs during a most critical period of American history — the British government decided at lust on a vigorous policy in the province, which .seemed more than once on the point of passing out of their hands. Shirley always recognized the necessity, as well as impor- tance, of establishing a British colony in Nova Scotia on a permanent basis, and copies of his letters were given to Governor Cornwallis on account of the valuable information they contained. This eminent man, to whom full justice has never been given by Canadian historians, was governor of Massachusetts in 1745, and it was largelj* owing to his exertions that the expedition led by Pepperrell against Louisbourg was successfully launched ; and had his influence prevailed, no doubt that fortress, so long a menace to British interests in Northeastern America, would never have been restored in 17-*8. He was one of the commis- sionei-s appointed bv Great liritain to come to a conclusion with France as to the rightful limits of Acadie. He was instrumental in having a survey made of Nova Scotia, and otherwise showed his deep interest in the art'aii's of a country so long neglected by England. An American historian* only does justice to this Builder of Nova Scotia when he says : ' Tills family is supposed to have spruiiK from one of Sir William Alexander's Scotch settlers. See "New Brunswick Magizine," Vol. I., pp. 129 et seq. ; 380: Vol. III., pp. 17 et seq. 2 In the following French works there are some interesting details of the early French settlers in Acadie : " La France aux Colonies. Ktudes sur le developpement de la race fran(;aise hors de rEurope. (Les Fran^ais en Amerique, Acadiens et Canadiens.) Par E. Rameau, Paris, 1H511." " Mnc Colonie feodiile en Amerique, L' Acadie (1601-1881). Par Rameau de Saint- Pere, 2 vols. Paris et Montreal, 1889." 3 See Dr. Akins's " History of the City of Halifax," in vol. VIII. of Collections of the N.S. Historical Society, 189.5, for interesting and minute details of the early history of the capital of Nova Scotia. * See Minot's " History of Massachusetts," (vol. I., pp. 202-297) cited by Akins in "Selections from the Public Documents of the Province of Nova Scotia," (Halifax, N.S., 1869), p. :iao. i:o\i:iix<)u siiim.Kv. [nOUlUNOT] BUILDERS OF NOVA SCOTIA. 13 " Altliouf^li 1)0 hold some of tho most lucrative olticos within the ^ilt of the Oronii in Amorioji, yot ho loft nothing to his jiostority hut ii ropu- tation i.i which his vidues greatly prevailed over his faults — a reputation not surpassed hy tliat of any succeeding governor under t'.ie English sovereignty."' Halifax was founded hy Ilonourahlo Kdward Cornwailis, on the slope of tho hill, whoso voods then dipped their branches into the very waters of the nolile harhour long known asCliehuctou, and renamed in honour of the Karl of Halifax, a member of the Montague family, who was at tho OM) i:OUN('II, TAItl.IO IN I'HOVIXCK lUTII.nrNO. head of the Council of Trade and Plantations, which liad in those days full control of the administration of coloiual attairs. Colonel Cornwailis, a son of tho baron of that name — a man of firmness and discretion — entered tho harbour on the 21 at of June, old style, or 2nd July, present style, and soon afterwards assumed his duties as governor of tho province '. The members of his first council wore sworn on board one of tho transports in the harbour. '^ Tho new town was laid out by Mr. Bruce, tho military engineer, and Captain Charles Morris, who had made under tho orders of Governor ' See Appendix C for copy of royiil commission to Governor Cornwailis. - In the smsill coiincil chamber, adjacent to the legislative library, in the old province building at Halifax, can still be seen the table round which Cornwailis and his council first deliberated on board the "Beaufort," July 14, 1749. I give a sketch in the text. 14 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA Shirley of Masaachuaotts, a survey of Nova Scotia in 1745-46, when a plan of colonization was bein^j fornie3 the town, as the i)!an shows, contained thirty-five blocks and fourteen streets, seven running from east to west, and seven from south to north, which ai-e still thoroughfares of the modern city. In the middle of the town was the jiarade, ever since a familiar feature to residents of the town. On the upper part of this ground the barracks of the Eoyal Artillery stood for some years. An historian of the city' tells us that before 1760 "the houses were generally built of square and round timber, some with small pickets placed upright between the stubs of the fi-ame, and the whole covered over with clap- ' I give in Appendix D Dr. Aliins's brief sketches of Governor Cornwallis, Colonel Mascarene, Chief .Justice Belcher, Colonel (afterwards governor) Lawrence, Rev. Dr. Breynton, Hon. Richard Bulkeley, B. Green, John Salisbury, H. David.son, Capt. How, Col. Gorham, Charles Morris (first Surveyor-General), Capt. Cotterell, W. Nesbitt (Speaker of Assembly), A. Hinshelwood, Otis Little, Rev. J. B. Moreau, J. Creighton, Col. Hopson, Capt. J. CloUier, Capt. H. Gates, J. Binney, B. & J. Ger- rish, Major Lochman (from whom Lockman street is named, though spelt incorrectly), M. Salter, R. Gibbons (a name well known in Cape Breton), John Duport, Joshua Mau- ger (from whom Maugerville in New Brunswick is named), Michael Franklin and other persons who took leading parts in the establishment of the government of the new provinces. ' Akins's History, p. 219. 16 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA boiinls ; tlioy wore usually of one story with a hipped roof, tho Bhops and luilfdoorH witli no glass, swinging signs, and wooden sliutters opening downwards, on which goods were exposed for sale." The first government house stood on the site of the present |U'()vinee building, and had only one story, defended by small pieces of ordnance mounted on hogsheads of gravel and sand'. In the plan, ground for a church is reserved at the north end of tho parade, where the City JIall now stands, but as a matter of fact St. Paul's was actually built on its prcwnt site, where the Court House was to liave been erected. This buililing was first built at the northeast corner of Buckingham and Argyle streets, where Northup's well known store and market stood for years within tho menaory of living citizens. Block houses and eventually batteries were raised at all important points around the harbour, whose chief defence for years was the fort on George's Island. In early years there was only a small redoubt on Citadel Ilill, which was included within tho original palisades. That important position was defended by a fort about or after tho commencement of the rebellion of the thirteen colonies, though the present fortifications may be said to date actually i'rom 1794-7, wlien tho Duke of Kent, then in command of His Majesty's forces, ordered tho removal of the old fort and the commencement of new works.' ' The present Hovernmciit house ciiites from IHOd, when the corner .stone was laid. It \v(vs llr.st occupied in 180.5 by the Loyalist governor, Sir .lohn Wentworth. hee paper on this building by Sir Adams G. Archibald in Collections of N. S, Hist. Soc, • vol. 3. Kor view of old government house, sec opi)o.site p. 20. -The plan I give of the town is taken from my copy of " A set of Plans and Forts in America reduced from actual Surveys in ITOIl," a rare and valuable book, from which Dr. Winsor's ''Narrative and Critical History of America" (see vol. V., 14I«) copies many illustrations. The plan, however, is the same as all the plans of the town publislied from 17i).> to ITtKJ, and is evidently taken from the otilcial survey of the original settlement. This is proved by the fact that it gives the site first intended for St. I'aul's, which was actually commenced in 17.tO, or one year after the town was laid out, on the ground intended for the Court House. The plan shows that there was a large space of ground cleared all around the new town ; and that there was a road laid out to the French settlements at Mines where the English had a small fort. The resident of Halifax will recognize the present streets : Salter. Sackville, Prince, (leorge, Duke, Buckingham and Jacob, from east to west ; HoUis, (Jranville, Barrington, Argyle, Grafton, Albemarle, Barrack (Brunswick) from south to north. Water street was not in the original plan, but a space was reserved between the most easterly blocks and the shore. A road to Point Pleasant connected with Barrington street as at present. The progress of the town within thirty years can be estimated by reference to the plan printed in the " Atlantic Neptune," which contains a very perfect set of charts of the coasts and harbours of Nova Scotia and Cape Breton, as well as of the gulf and river St. Lawrence, published by Colonel DesBarres for the use of the royal navy of England, in 1777 and in 1781. The plan in question as well as the view of the town I give was probably prepared before 1780, as it does not indicate any regular fortification, but only a small inclosure on Citadel Hill. It delineates upper and lower Water street, with all the wharfs of those days to which it gave access, as well as tho dock yard, and the ordnance yard— the latter having been only commenced nearly three decades of years after the foun- dation of the town. In addition to the two plans cited above, I have in my library, m ' HON. lllAIII.KS MOHIMS, I'lIlST srit VKVOK-i: K.VKHAI.. From (I portrait hi /musiasion of Mrs. Morris of lluHfii.r. iriiloirofflici/rrat (iraiul .son of the lirxf sitrrri/orj/rii'-rnl of Sovii Sroliti. (>Vr piij/f Ij 71.) [norniNoT] BUILDEHS OF NOVA SCOTIA 17 Holween two and three thousutul people were brou/^ht in by the Uritiwh government to I'oiind tlienew town and Hottlo the couiitrj'. These people weru ehieHy nmdo up of retired military and naval oIHcith, Moldiors and HailorH, r^ont lemon, mechanics and farmers — far too few — and some Swirts, who were extremely indiiHtrious and iiHcful. On the whole, they were not the hewt colonists to build up a proHperous industrial com- munity, The government gave the settlers largo imlucemcnts in the shape of free grants of land, and supported them practically for the tirst two or three years'. It was not untd the Acadian population was removed, and their lands were available, that the foundation of the agricultural ])rosperity of the peninsula was really laid. In the .Hummer of 175;i a considerable number of (Jermans were placed in the present county of Lunenburg, where their descendants still prosper, and take a most active part in all the occupations of life. Many of the settlers came from Liineberg, others from Switzerland, and not a tew from Montbeliard, in the department cf I)oub.s, between the Rhino and Khone. The names of original settlers — of Rudolf, Jessen, Knaut, Kaulbach, Ilobb, Eisenhauer, Gaetz, and Oxner, particularly — arc constantly met in the official and political records of the country for nearly a century and a half. A Kaulbach now rej)rc8ent8 the county in the House of Commons ^ IV. New England Migration.— The settlement of IT-IO was supple- mented in 1760 and subsequent years by a valuable and large addition of people who wore induced to leave Massachusetts and other colonies of New England and establish themselves on the fertile Acadian lands and other favoured parts of the peninsula. Persons not svell acquainted with one publi.slied at Nuremberg in 17.50, another in Paris in 175.5, botti of which are the same as the one I give. The same plan was also printed at Hamlmrgli in 17.51. Oppobite pages 18, 20, 24, 20, I give reprints of four old copper plates (London, 1777), engraved by John Boydell from drawings by R. Short, dedicated to Lord Halifax, and in possession of Dr. S. E. Dawson of Ottawa. ' In Dr. Akina's " Selections from the Public Documents of the Province of Nova Scotia," (Halifax, N.S., 1809) we And the following lists of the early settlers : 1. List of the settlers who came out with Governor Cornwallis to Cbebucto in June, 1749. Page 500 et seq. 2. A list of the families of the English, Swiss, etc., which have been settled in Nova Scotia since the year 1749, and who are now settlers in the places hereinafter mentioned. Page 050 ef seq. A total of 4,249 persons are given as living within the pickets and suburbs of Halifax, town of Dartmouth, on the islands and harbours, employed in the fisheries, and on the isthmus and the peninsula of Halifax. This enumeration is confined to the places named and does not comprise the British people living in Annapolis, then very few in number. The same list is given in Akins's " History of Halifax City." Coll. N.S. His. Soc, vol. VIIL, 1895. Mr. Justice Burbidge, the able judge of the exchequer court of Canada, is a relative of Colonel Burbidge, one of the early English settlers, who became one of the most useful and influential inhabitants of the Cornwallis district. 2 See " History of the County of Lunenburgh," by Mather Byles DesBrisay, judge of County Court, etc., Toronto, Montreal and Halifax, 1896. Large 8vo, illustrated. Sec. XL, 1899. 2 !'l 18 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA the liistoiy of the Aciuliiin provinces are wont to attribute the material prosperity of the peninsula of Nova Seotia, mainly to the lavi^e boiiy of Loyalists who left their homes in tlie okl colonies, ai'ter the war of independence. As a matter of fact, however, tliere were two well- detined streams of immigration into the province after the expatriation of the French Acadians. The tirst was the intlux of the people jjroperly known as Pre-Loya lists, wlio settled in townships of the present counties of Annapolis, Kings, Hants, Queen's, Slielburne, Yarmouth, Cumberland and Colchester, especially in the beautiful townships of Cornwallis and Horton, whore the Acadian meadows were the richest. During the few years that had elapsed since the Acadians were driven from their lands, the sea had once more i'ound its way through the ruined dykes, wliich had no longer the careful and skilful attention of their old builders. Tlie new owners of the Acadian lands had none of the special knowledge that the French had acquired, and were unable for yeai"s to keep back the ever encroaching tides. Still there were some rich up-lands and low-lyin<, meadows, raised above the seas, which richly rewarded the industrious cultivator. The historian, Judge llaliburtoUj describes the melancholy scene that met the eyes of the new settlers when they reached, in ITOO, the old home of the Acadians at Mines. They found ox-carts and yokes which the unfortunate French " had used in conveying their baggage to tlie vessels which carried them away, and at the skirts of the forest, heaps of the bones of sheep and horned cattle that, deserted l)y their owners, had perished in winter for want of food." The}' came across a few stiaggling families of Acadians who '-had eaten no bread for years, and had subsisted on vegetables, tish, and the more hardy i)art of the cattle that had survived the severity of the tirst winter of their abandonment." They saw everywhere " ruins of the liouses that had been burned by the Provincials, small gardens encircled by cherry trees and currant bushes, and clum])s of apple trees." In all parts of the country where the new colonists established themselves, the Indians wore unfriendly for years, and i' was necessary to erect stockaded houses for the protection of the settlements'. 'For details of this early New England niigration, sec foliowing authorities: "An Historical and Statistical Account of Nova Scotia," by Thomas C. Hali- hurtou, barrister at -la'v and nieinlu'r of the House of Assembly of Nova Scotia. In two voluinea, 8vo, v^ith a map and seseral engravings, Halifax. Printed and published by .Joseph Howe, 182!). " History of the County of Annapolis," including old Port Royal and Acadia, with memoirs of its representatives in the provincial parliament, and biographical and genealogical sketches of its early Knglish settlers and their families. Hy the late W. A. Calnek. Kdited and compiled by A. W. Savary, A.M., judge of the county court of Nova Scotia. With portraits and illustrations, Toroi\to, etc., 1S!)7. This book is ably edited by Judge Savary, whose knowledge of the eminent men of his province, and especially of his historic county, is probably not e(iualled by any other living Nova Scotian. I am indebted to him for many valuable details during my studies of the Loyalists and other classes of the people of Nova Scotia. m [bourinot] BUILDERS OF NOVA SCOTIA 19 A number of the Now England people also established themselves at Maugerville, and other places on the St. Jolin River. The peopled district on tlu' St. John River became subsequently known i;riiphic copy of an original painting in the possession of Mrs. Archibald of Halifax, wlio is a dau«liter of the well-known British Consul-General at New York, and the wife of a son of the kite Senator T. D. Arcliibald, who was long engaKcd in important commercial enterprises at North Sydney, U.B., In partnership with Blowers Archiliald, also a- son of the Master of tlie Holls. ^fTi w ii mfiK i H iiMilMMg^JiaMI '^-^te'aaaux [BorniNOT I BUILDERS OF NOVA SCOTIA 23 Chief Justice Belcher — the Hrst chief functionary of the supremo court appointed in Xova Scotia — and ho was stistainwl J)y the opinion of the i'ln^Iish law otHcors, who called attention to the j^ovornor'n commission, whicli limited the councirs powers. The result of this decision was the establishment of a representative assembly, which met for t lie first time at Halifax on the 2nd October in 17'>8. ' Governor Lawrence had the honour ot opening the first legislative assembly of Nova Scotia in 1758, but the reconls of those times also show that ho had been opposed to the introtluction of a popidar assembly on account of the small population of tlie province (not more than four thou- sand souls probably), and his conviction that •' heats, animosities and dissensions' would be created among the few inhabitants '■ at a time when the enomy is at our doors, and the whole should Join together as one man for their mutual safety and defence." These words were written by the governor during the progress of the Seven Years' War, when a groat conflict was being fought between England and France for the supremacy in North America. No doubt, as a soldier, ho preferred the practically supremo control ho jiossessed in the administration of provincial affairs by means of a council nominatcif^nitieiint at that time that it was only practicahle to j^ivo a spoeial representation of four mem hers to Halifax and of two memhers to Lunt'nburj;, while the remainin<^ sixteen re|»re8L'ntatives had to ho eloetod by the ])rovii\ce at larye. Tho representation of the |»rovinco was increased and now electoral divisioiiH were created a(!cordin^ as the population was au^'mented hy settlers from New I'lni^huul and elsewhere. By 1774 the assemlily was composed of thirty two momhers. represonlin|Lj five counties, tho town of Halifax and fifteen townshijis ■ the latter division ccntinuini^ until a very recent date in the history of tlie province to form a feature of lej^islative representation. Soon after liis arrival in Nova Scotia Governor Corn wallis established courts of law to try and determine civil and criminal cases in accordance with the laws of Kni^land, and by 1774 them were in the province courts of general session similar to tho courts of tho sumo name in Knglaiid ; courts of common pleas, formed on tho jjructico of New Knii;land and tho mother country ; and a supreme court, court of assize and general Jail delivery, composed of the chief justice anil two assistant judges. The governor-incouncil constituted a court of error in certain cu.ses, and from its decision an appeal could be made to tho king in counc'' Justices of peace were also ap])ointed in the counties and townships wi jurisdiction over the collection of'snudi debts. Among the builders of Nova Scotia Governors Cornwallis and Lawrence must always occu|)\' a prominent ])lace. They |)osscsscd pcrsoiuil (jualitics which eminently titled them to establish the dominion of Great Britain in the formative and most critical period of a long neglected colony. Cornwallis appears to have been wise, prescient and energetic in his administration of public affairs, and yet. while Xova Scotia owes him so much, not a monument has been raised in his honour, and wo look in vain for his jiortrait on the walls of public buildings of the province. Nor has full justice ever been done to the meritorious performances of Governor Lawrence, on account of the dark cloud which rests on his name ever since the expulsion of the hapless Acadians.' Yet ' In " Acadia : Missing Liiilis of a lost Cliiipter in American History," by Mr. E. Ridiiird, tliere is a most persistent attempt to blacken the diaracter of Governor Lawrence, liut its bitterness shows so obviously that no one is likely to have his judttment warped in recalling tlie services of a stern soldier who, in coasiderinR the security of the province, forgot the dictates of humanity. French historical writers too often look oidy to one side of the sad story, and fail in presenting such an impartial and .judicial aspect of the event in ((Uestion.as is given by Dr. Kingsford in liis account of the expulsion. (See vol. III., cc. and 7). 'II- <*■; 1 ...,■>>-' ^v. "^ '*■■' : %f X h y. y. y. m [bourinot] BUILDERS OF NOVA SCOTIA 28 no doubt there is something to bo said in mitigation of the severe sentence which posterity, largely influenced by the sentiment of pity to which poetry and romance have lent their powerful aid, has passed upon a man, who, in his day, did good service for the crown and for the development of the province committed to his care. One would fain believe that other measures, less cruel in their consequences, could have been devised and successfully consummated to bring the contumacious Acadians to their senses and make them eventually loyal British subjects. But while we pity these exiles and condemn the sternness of the resolve that drove them from the lands which they had tilled with so much industry, it is well to remember that in the conflicts of old times between the French and English colonies humane councils too rarely dominated, and the annals of la petite (juerre, which constantly devastated parts of New England, are full of the stories of murdered men. women and children. E»-en Frontenac, brave .soldier and statesman, was ready to carry out a bold plan bj' which all the British and Duti ii people in what is now New York state would bo forcibly driven from their homes and their places taken by the French. Lawrence was a stern soldier like Frontenac and believed that, in the deadly struggle between France and England for the supremacy in North America, the conditions of the province required that he should deal vigorously with a people who obstinately declared themselves neutrals, and miglit at any moment be found flghting on the side of England's hereditary foe. At the present time, so 'ar removed from the uneasy, insecure condition of things that exi.sted at the beginning of the Seven Years' War, it is not easy to form an impartial judgment on the severe conclusion to which Lawrence came — reluctantly we would fain hope — on the ground of stern military necessity. Lawrence was a man of inflexible purpose who had ever before lilni the object of establishing the authority of England beyond dispute in a province whose security was committed to his care. He conferred enormous advantages on the province by inducing the niigratioa from New England of a large number of settlers, who possessed those industrious, thrifty qualities which have done so much for the old Puritan colonies from which they came to Nova Scotia in the middle of the seventeenth century.' With the names of Cornwallis and Lawrence must be mentioned that of the first chief justice, the Honourable Jonathan Belcher, the si^cond son of a governor of Massachusetts, a graduate of Harvard College, and a student of the Middle Tom|)lo. The earl}- enactments of the legislature were drafted by him and made the basis of the statulory law of the ' NotwithtttandiiiK my etTdrt-s for a number of years I have not been able to lind in England or America u portrait of either Cornwallis or Lawrence, who, above all other governors of Nova Scotia, must be regarded as the makers of the province, and entitled to special recognition in this paper. 26 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA province. It was fortunate for the formative stage of the legal and legislative history of Nova Scotia that there was at the council board and on the judicial bench a man of such varied accomplishments and such high legal acquirement ;is Chief Justice Belcher. The New England element, which was represented by so able a man as Chief Justice Belcher, had not only considerable influence in the early establishment of the province, but must also be credited for the publica- tion of the first newspaper.- On the 23rd March, 1752, John Bushell, of Boston, printed the first issue of the Halifax Gazette, the pioneer in journalism, since it appeared twelve years before the Quebec Gazette. Its chief interest lies in the fact of its early publication, and not in its being an enterprising and interesting medium oi' news. It was soon superseded as a journal by newspapers in a true sense, and it became in the course of time the purely official gazette of the province ' VI. Coming of the United Empire Loyalists.— B3- ITSiJ the legislative and legal institutions of Nova Scotia were fully organized, and the province received a large accession of loyal population from the old thirteen colonies, then recognized as the independent federal republic of the United States. In 1784 there were in the province, according to the most trustworthy statistics available, about forty-three thousand souls, of whom over twenty -eight thousand represented "the new inhabitants '" or loyalists and disbamled troops, who had taken part in the late war. The "old British inhabitants," or the immigration ))revious to 1783, are given at fourteen thousand. Only four hundred Acadian-French were living at that time in the countr}-. Of the loyalists, nearly ten thousand were already settled on the St, .lohn Kiver, and eight thousand in the county of Shelburnc, where they had very bitter experiences. The new popula- tion also included besides black servants or slaves a large number of fugi- tive negroes, many of whom were deported to Africa at a later time by the imperial authorities. The province was now commencing to emerge from its early difficulties. The dykes, which had fallen to ))ieces in many places after the expulsion of the industrious and ingenious people who had constructed them, had been partly repaired, and the amount of products raised on the old French farms was yearly increasing. The scattered settlements of the province had few means of communication with each other except hy water or '' blazed " paths through the woods. In the whole oeninsula there was only one great road, that leading from Halifax to Windsor, through Cornwallis and Horton, and thence along the coast of the Bay of Fundy to Annajiolis Royal. But the "old inhabitants" generally, after the experience of a quarter of a century, were beginning ' Soe an interestinf:; paper on " Pearly .Tournalism in Nova Scotia," i)y J. J. Stewart, in Coll, of N. S. Hist. Soc, 1KS7S8, vol, VI. Also Houiinut's "Intellectual Developtnent of the Canadian People," Toronto, IHSl, and in CnnmlUin Monthly, ISSl, .Mr, Stewart refers to the presence of the famous printer, Thomas, of Boston for some time in Halifax. y. a - » 5 t^ u ,i ,1' ii' s [boubinot] BUILDERS OF NOVA SCOTIA 27 to have confidonco in the future of tlio country and in its capabilities for raising all kinds of cereals and fruits. The Loyalist migration of 1783 commenced a new epoch in the history of British North America. It opened up districts, made additions of a loyal population to the older Bottloments and gave colonies to the empire. Nova Scotia was divided into two provinces, one of which rctaini'd the old name, which had been given to it in King Jamoss day, and the other recalled the Brunswick- Lunenburg or Hanoverian line which had given kings to England. Cape Breton — for the name of lie Eoyale disappeared after the fall of Louirfbourg — also received a simple system of local government, separate from Nova Scotia. Canada was divided into two provinces, Upper and Lower Canada. The articles of peace, which were signed in 1783, afforded no adequate protection to the men who had fought and sutlcred for king and country. The weak congress, which then nominally governed the feeble confederation, formed in 1781, had no real influence over the independent stales, when the question arose of carrying out the provisions of the treaty and granting an amnesty to the people who wi-shed ^to be restored to their homes and estates, or to obtain at least some compensation for the same. The legislatures of these states wore animated by a purely revengeful spirit, and few, if any, estates were given back to their lawful ownei-s. In many places men were tarred and feathered, and even hanged, for daring to remain in the country. Many thousands had no choice o]ien to thera except to seek refuge in Florida, the West Indies, the British Isles, and in the wilderness which still belonged to Great Britain in North America. " They left the homes of their fathers, by sorrow and love made sweet ; Halls that had rung a hundred years to the tread of their people's feet ; The farms they liad carved from the forest where tlie maples and pine trees meet. " He left Ills years of manhood, he left his place of pride ; And she, she left the little room where her first l)aby died. Ah, God, how each familiar thing to that fond mother cried. " The rebels held our homesteads ; ' Ours ' laid them down in tl>e moss. The world was loud with their triumph ; the woods were dumb with our loss. They sat on the throne as victors ; the throne of our love was a cross. " 'Mid slow, soft-footed things that creep ai, ..ne edge of the eve and dawn, The women went with their young ones, as a doe goes by with her fawn, While the men they loved went on before, guns ready and sabres drawn. " They passed down the silent rivers which How to the mighty lake ; They left what they'd made for England (but those who have made can make). And founded a new Dominion for (iod and their country's sake." ' • The.se verses are taken from a spirited poem published by Mr. Clive Phillipps- Wolley— now a resident of British Columbia— in Longman's Magazine (London, Eng.), for .Tune, 1807. The poom Is Imbued with that imperial spirit that animated the Loyalists, and is far above the average of verses yet written by Canadians on the same inspiring subject. \n 28 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA p.: It is impossible to tell exuctly how many persons altogether became exiles. All the men wiio hud taken an active part in the war, and were consequently most hated by the successful revolutionists, certainly left the United States. As we know that ai the very least twenty-tive thousand men fought in the i-ogularlj- organized royal regiments, we may fairly estimate that between eighty and one hundred thousand men, women and children, were forced to leave and scatter throughout the M'orld. Of this number, between thirty and forty thousand people came to the j)rovinces of the ])resenl Dominion, .More than two-thirds of the exiles settled in the provinces of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick) the remainder in the valley of the St. Lawrence, The British govern- ment granted ])eouniar\- compensation and lands to the Loyalists who had suffered such great losses — almost irreparable in numy cases— for the sake of the empire. It took some years before the pecuniary claims of the numero"s ui)|>licant8 for aid could be investigated and relief afforded. Man}' pei-sons fell all the misory of " hope deferred." In 17S() a writer stated that '-this delay of justice has produced the mo.st melancholy and shocking events." Kventually the exiles, who made out their claims, were voted by parliament an ..;iowance of nearly sixteen millions of dollars ; othei-s received considerable annuities, half l^ay of military otHcers, large grants of lands, and offices in the provinces. In Nova Scotia, the principal settlements of the exiles were in the present counties of Annapolis, Digby, ,jhelburno, and Guysboro'— so named from Sir Guy Carleton — but a considerable number also found homes in the old settled townships vvhvjre the American Pro-Loyalists, Irish, Germans and others had estuolished themselves from 1745) until 1783.' Nearly all the men who came to Nova .Scotia and New Bruns- wick had served in the royal regiments of the old colonies. The condition of many of the ])eo])le is described in 178:$ by Governor Parr, of Nova Scotia, as '■ mosi wretcheil." Thej' were ■' destitute of almost everything, chiefly women and children, all still on board the vessels," and he had not been "able to find a ])lace for them, though the cold was setting in very severe.'" Rude huts were erected for the temporary accommodation of these unhajjpy people when all the available buildings were crowded. At Shelburne, on the first arrival of several thousand exiles, chiefly from New York, there were seen "linos of women sitting on the rocky shore, and weeping at their altered condition." Some of those people, says Sabine, tried to make merry at their doom, by saying that they were "bound for a lovely country, where there are nine months' winter and three months' cold weather every j'ear" — .so little did they know of the climate and resources of their new homes. , ' Sue A|)petulix 11 for Colonel Monse's "Return of dislmniled Troops and liOyul- ists, settliiiK ia the province of Nova Seotiu, mustered in the summer of 1784." I 1 '> = .!•(.' M»g*T j t=» T i I ■ ' , ' mfaniSm/r. f [uoitrinot] BUILDERS OP NOVA SCOTIA 20 The Loyalist poet Stansbury ' wrote ihe following verses from N')va Scotia to his wife to whom he did not jir-jsent a very encouraging prt«- poct for the future : " Believe ino Love, this vaKrnnt life O'er Nova Scotia's wilds to roam, While far from children, friends or wife, Or place that I can call a home DeliKhls not me ;— another way My treasures, pleasures, wishes lay. " In piercing, wet, and wintry skies. Where man would seem in vain to toil I see where'er I turn my eyes. Luxuriant pasture, trees and soil. Uncharm'd I see ;— another way My fondest hopes and wishes lay. " Oh, could I through the future see Enough to form a settled t)lft", To feed my infant train and thee And till the rank and style of man ; I'd cheerful be the livelong day. Since all my wishes point that way. " But when I see a sordid shed Of birchen bark procured with care. Designed to shield the aged head Which British mercy placed there 'Tis too, too much ! I cannot stay. But turn with streaming eyes away. " Oh, how your heart would bleed to view Six pretty prattlers like your own, Expos'd to every wind that blew ; Condemn'd in such a hut to moan. Could this be borne, Cordelia, say ? Contented in your cottage stay." " 'Tis true, that in this climate rude, The mind resolv'd may happy b>? ; And may, with toil and sol'tude. Live independent and be free. So the lone hermit yields to slow dec.iy. Unfriended lives— unheeded glides away. " If so far humbled that no pride remains, But moot indifl'erence which way flows the stream ; Resigned to penury, its cares and pains. And hope has left you like a painted dream ; ...len here, Cordelia, l)end your pensive way, And :lose the evening of Life's wretched day-" 1 See " The Loyal verses oi Joseph Stansbury and Doctor Jonathan Odell, re- lating to the American Revolution. Now first edited by Winthrop Sargent, Albany, 1860." A rare book ; No. VI. of " Munsell's Historical Series." 'ViS m so ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA At Guysboro', the first village which was hurriedly built by the settlers was destroyed by u bush tiro, and many iKJi-sons only saved their lives by rushing into the sea. The Loyalists had also to suflFer much in the valley of the St. John. Many of the ])eople spent their first winter in log huts, bark camps, and tents covered with spruce, or rendered habitable only by the heavy banks of snow which were piled against them. A number of persons died through exposure, and 'strong, proud men," to quote the words of one who lived in those sorrowful days, " wept like children," and lay down in their snow-bound tents to die. The ditficulties of the sottlera appear to have been aggravated by doubts as to the location of their promised grants of land, and the cold- mOEON WHITE.! ness and jealousy with which they were received by the old settlers on the St. John Eiver, who, in the majority of cases, had little sympathy with the resolute loyalty that had driven them from their old homes in the United States. However, the provincial authorities, in accordance with their instructions, did their best to ameliorate the condition of the refugees. Supplies of the necessaries of life were granted to the people for three years. At Port Roseway, now Shelburne, and at the mouth of the Eiver St. John — to quote the words of Colonel Morse, in 1784 — "astonishing towns have been raised in less time, perhaps, than was ever known in any country before." Shelburne was for some years a place of great expectations, and had a population larger than that of Quebec and i > From a miniature in possession of N. W. White, Q.C., Shelburne. [■oubisot] BUILDEKS OF NOVA SCOTIA 31 Montreal combinod, but it tmnspirod after a Hhort and bitter exporionco that it had none ol' the elenientrt of stable prosperity, lari^oly owing to the rugged nature of the country around it : and when the British gov- ernment stopped the wupplieH and withdrew the troops, its people began to leave and seek homes elsewhere in the provinces, and a few even in the United States. A pretty town now nestles by the side of the beautiful and spacious harbour which attracted the fii-st ill-lated settlei-s, and its residents point out to the tourist the sites of the buildings of last century, one or two of which still remain, and show you many documents and relics of the days when the old inhabitants were fidl of liopo. If we review the lists of the Loyalists who settled in the maritime , ■^■^■-^'f2^.^. I BISHOP CHARI.KS INOI.IS.' I provinces, we find the names of many men who had distinguished them- selves in divinity, law, medicine and commerce in the old colonies, especi- ally in New England. Among thorn, there were some who wore direct descendants of the fpraous Puritan migration of 1629-1640. A i'aw were sprung from the Huguenots — the Bayards for instance — who fled from France on the revocation of the edict of Nantes. I shall only now recall the names of Ingiis — who gave two bishops to the Church and a famous general to the liritish army — Mather Hyles, an ancestor of Senator Almon — Isaac Wilkins. the ancestor of several men distinguished in law and politics — Gideon White, one of the founders of Shelburne and great-grandson of the first born of New Kngland — John Howe, the 1 This portrait of the flr.st colonial 1)ishop is taken from one in the Magazine of 4mericaii History, vol. ix., p. MS. It is that generally given in all books relating to ttie Bishop. Bttiigaa hi 89 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA ftttlior of tlio great Nova Scotian Htatoprnaii, and oiio of tho printorHol' tho lk)Hton Nt'ws Letter — Minor IIuntiiij,'t<)n, who wan conni'cled with tho Croniwi'lis—FoHtor Ilutchinwon, a Nova Scotia Jutlgo and brother of tho liiinoUH historian and loyal j,'ovornor of Massachusetts — Sampson Salter MIowors. a idiii'f justic*' — ('iinard, tho father of the pioneer in siU'eo(»sful steam navigation of the Atlantic — Tiiiiothy Iluggles, wlio had hoen president of tlie stamp act congress, of 1Tl!8 — IIallil)iirton, one of whom became a chief justice — Marshall, one of whom was a speaker of the asHomhly and another a well known judge — Jolinston, the famous leader of tho Consorvativo party — Jones, one of whose descendants is a well known resident of Halifax, and was a menihor of Mr. Mackenzie's Liberal ministry- of 1H73-18|8— Vail, one of whose deseendants was a minister in the same government. Fielding, Savary.tlesner. Seaman. Mooily, lirenton, I! I' KKVF.RKM) Dll. MATHKK HVI.ES. From au old portrait. Barclay, Eyci-son, Nutting, Stuart, Hatfield, Church, Russell, Ray, Robie, Robertson, Blackadar, Blanch.;- I, Van Buskirk, CoflBn, Wickwire, and many other familiar names will be found in tho annals of the province towards the closing years of last century. Their descendants are still influential in their respective vocations and professions at tho present day. A Fielding is the able finance minister of the present dom- inion government ; a Russell is a learned professor in Dalhousie college, and one of the representatives of Halifax in the Canadian House of Com- mons ; ?. Church is a member of tho provincial government ; a Ray is a member of the legislative council : a Savary is a judge in the historic county of Annapolis whore he relieves his judicial duties by a close study of local history ; a Blackadar is still connected with the well known Halifax journal The Acadian Recorder, which was founded by Anthony [BOI'HINOT] BUILDERS OF NOVA SCOTIA 88 llonry Holland iiw ourly un 18l;j, iirid piililirtlicd by tho IMiickiidarM Kiiico 1837 i 11 Wliito wiiH fill- ^omo yt'tii-H a roprofti'iitalivo of tlio liiHtoric county ot'Slii'lburrio in tlie dominion parliamont, and is one of llio ieadiiig burris- torsof tho wt'slorn diHtrict. Tho town ofSydiu'y had just boon foundod l)y Lioulonant-j^ovornor JoHoph Frodorioii Wailot DcsHarros, in 17^4, un tho capital of tlio now colony of ("upo Hroton, when a body of loyalists arrived under tho diroc- tion of Abraham Cuylor, who had boon mayor of Albany in tiio stato of Now York. Anionj^ these now settlors wore Colonel IVtors, Captain Jonathan Jones, Robertson, Lorway. MaoAljiine, Mooro. Crowdio, I '^ \i \f \l It! A HAOriK OK TlIK BAUONKT8 OK NOVA SCOTIA. Scotia was again ceoded to the French under the treaty of St. Gerniain- en-Laye, in 1732, and the Scotch fort was abandoned. A number of the setUei-s had died during their short residence in the country and the remnant went to New England or returned to Scotland. '•' The only memorials that remain of this unsuccnssfui effort to found a permanent Scotch settlement in Acadia are the jiresent name of the province and the title which was established by the king in 1625 to assist Alexander's plan ' A fftirly accurate list of the principal Loyalists who .settled in the province of Nova bcotia, will be fuuiul in " Hio^^raphical Sketches of Loyalists of the American Revolution, with an Historical Essay, by Lorenzo Sabine, hi two volumes. Boston Ed. of 1804." A list of Hoston Loyalist.^, who migrated to EnKland and her colonies, can be also seen in tlie tliird volume, (pp. 17i5-lHO) of " The Memorial History of Hoston, edited by .lustin Wiiisor, Hoston, IHSl." See also an article by the present writer on "The Loyalists of the American Revolution" in the QiKirtfrli/ Herini', October, IHUH. Also an article by the same in 77i»' Caiiddian Muf/azinc, April, l«i)H. Mr. George Johnson, the able Uoniinion Statistician, in a letter to the author, estimates that the number of the descendants of the l^oyalists reached, in 18i)l, over five hundred thousand in the Maritime provinces, and over seven hundred thousand for all Canada. See " Trans, of the U. K. Loyalists' Association of Ontario." for 181t.5, pp. 73-71. '' See n valuable paper on Sir W. Alexander's experiment by Dr. Patterson in the Trans. Roy. Soc. Can. vol. X., Sec. 2. Also, nupra, p. 12»i, where allusion is made to a probable descendant of one of the Scotch settlers who remained in Nova Scotia. *li\ [bourinot] BUILDERS OF NOVA SCOTIA 8B of colonization. Baronets of Nova Scotia were to be created to the num- ber of one hundred and fifty on condition of payincf a large fee and settling considerable grants of land attached to the title. Such a scheme was quite in :i cordance with the spirit of the ago and it might liave brought some colonists to the peninsula as well as to Cape "Breton, in- cluded in the charter, had Charles of England not handed Nova Scotia back to France in his desire to please her king. ' The title continued to be ' Whilst this work was in the printer's hands, Sir E. MacKenzie-Maunde-Thomp- son of South Yarra, Melbourne, Australia, has kindly sent me iicopy of an interesting pamphlet by Major Francis Duncan of the Royal Artillery on "The Royal Province of New Scotland and her Baronets," I1S7HJ, from which I make the following extract : " The colonial policy of James I. had in it much of the paternal, as was to be expected ill days when the rights of kings were considered divine, but it was also eminently shrewd, far-seeing and commercial. To persuade men to quit their homes, however poor and rough, was in the beginning of the seventeenth century a very different thiiiK from what it is now The figuratively mailed hand had to seize the land before the naked hand could till in safety. The emigrant to a soil un- settled, uncivili/ed and without law, dared not go out a lonely pioneer, but must be one of a strong and sympathetic band. Temptation of no ordinury degree was needed to secure a good stamp of emigrants. In the case of New Scotland it took the form cf titular lionourK, combined with prospective possession in a land which a patriotic king had determined should have a special alliance and sympathy with the country oi his birth, .lames I. conceiveil the scheme ; it was uppermost in his mind when he died ; but it fell to his son to carry it into execution." Three years later than the chartergiven to Alexander for the colonization of Nova Scotia, "on the IHtli October, 1021, King .lames announced to the privy council his intention of erecting the heredi- tary order or dignity of //dj-o/i^^ vrithin the kingdom of SvotUuul /or thr purpose of tiilniiirhig thr pliintadon of Xora Scotia. With some fervour he added that he proposed to make this undertaking, of which he was so hopeful, a wor/c of his own, and he felt confident that from so noble a purpose the whole nation would have honour and profit. In their reply ' the Lords of the privy council showed that they clearly recognized the king's patriotic motive, for they alluded to ' His Majesty's great afTection toward his ancient kingdc of Scotland, and his most judicious con- sideration in making choice of so excellen. a means, both noble and fit, for the good of the same.' " " On his deathbed, - with plaintive but earnest words, the king again alluded to what was still uppermost in bis thoughts, although to his son was to fall the privi- lege of carrying out his 8chen;o. He spoke of it as a nood work, a Royal work, and one for the good of the kingdont in {/eneral, as well as for the particular interest of every baronet. ' " It will thus be seen that King .lames I. was actuated by |)ure motives in found- ing this order; that be di'siriMl to establish across the Atlantic a country which should be a complement to his old kingdom of Scotland, and which should be knit to it l)y special t'u— 'if commcni' and of sentiment, and that be endeavoured by tlieofTer of titular li()ri()Ui>. iind promises of land, to tempt men to emigrate, whose social IMsltion would ensure them n considerable number of followers, and assist them in maintaining llicir aut hority as leaders in the distant community which it was pro- posed to form. It is I o Im- regretted that partly through misunderstanding of the original s('heme— partly tlirough the vicissitudes of subse(|uent coni|uests— the special coniv 'lion Ix-I ween old *ting fallen into desuetude, and, except with the consent of the provincial go\prnment, cvuld never be revived." ' Nov, 23, ;OIM. a Maroli a*, U>W,, i I 36 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA conferred without reference to the conditions of the original patent until the legislative union of Scotland with England, when such 8e]>arate ordere wore superseded by the one general title of baronet of the United Kingdom.' A number of natives of Scotland came to Halifax during iU early days, and many of the New England immigrants of 1760 62 were of Scotch descent.' As early as the 20lh March 1768, the North British Society was instituted in Halifax, and has had a continuous and success- ful career to the present time. On the same day St. Andrew's Lodge of Free and Accepted Masons was organized and subscquonlij' chui"tored. ^ The great Scotch immigration, which has exercised such an im- portant influence on the eastern counties of Nova Sroiia — and I include Cape Breton of course — commenced in 1773, when o^er thirty families arrived from Scotland and .settled in the present county of Piclou, where a very few American colonists from Pennsylvania had preceded them.* ' By a royal warrant of Charle.s I. in 162!l tlie baroiu'ts were entitletl to wear as a " personal decoration," an oranjii' tiiwny riband and l)adKe— viz. : in a scutcheon, argent, a St. Andrew's cross, azure, thereon an inescutcheon of the royal arms of Scotland, with an imperial crown above the scutcheon and encircled with the motto " Fax Mentis Honestae (iloria," beinn the motto of Henry I'rince of Wales, the eldest son of the royal founder of the order." (See Hurke's Peerage and Baronet- age, p. 39.) The title is still borne by heirs of the baronets created in the seven- teenth century. For insta.ice, the Karl of Aberdeen, late governor-general of Canada, inlierits the title from ."^ir John (iordon of Haildo, who was created in 1042. The premier baronet is Sir Robert (Uendonwyn (Jordon of I.etterfourie, Banirshiro, by virtue of his descent from that Sir Robert Gordon of (iordontown, a younger son of the Earl of Sutherland, who was the first person dignilied with the title in 1025. The Earl of Granard dates his baronetcy to that of Sir Arthur Forbes, who was created in 1028. Sir W Stuart Forbes, of Pii.'-ligo, can truce the title to 1020; Sir Duncan Edwyn Hay, of Sinithtield and Haystoun, IVeblcssliire, to ItKto ; the baronetcy of Sir Arthur Henry Grant, of Monyniusk, was created as late as 1705 ; that of the Earl of Minto (Elliot), now governor-general of Canada, in 17tK) ; in both cases, before the union of the t wo kingdoms in the days of Queen Anne. For a list of the oriuinal baronets of Nova Scotia, see " Koyal Letters, Charters and Tracts relating to the colonization of .N'ova Scotia and the institution of the order of knights baronet of Nova Scotia, l(i21-10;W. Published by the Kannatyne Club, Edinburgh, 1H(S." The sketch of the badge in the text is taken from one sent me by Sir E. M. Maunde-Thonipson, and dilFers slightly from the one in Uebrett. In most cases the badge is descrilted as oval in shape, but the sketch in the te.\t shows that it was not necessarily so. - In 1707, according to the otHcial return of that year, there were only a hundred and seventy-three persons given as Scotch, but among the large proportion of people recorded as Americans and Iri.sh there were a considerable nuinb^ of Scotch origin. See Appendix F. ■' See " Annals of the North British Society of Halifax, N.S., for 125 years ; com. piled by T. S. Macdonald, Halifax, N.S., l8iM." The first members of this Iwjdy were as follows : John Gillespie (Moderator or President), John Taylor, .lames Clark (Secretary), William Scott, William MciA-nnan, Robert Kills, .lohn Fraser, Walter Harkness, John Gedd-s, Dutuel Morrison, James Thomson, .lohn McCrae, William Luke, and Thomas McLennuu. * See Dr. I'acterson's " History of the County of Pictou," Montreal, 1877. ' T [bourinot] BUILDERS OF NOVA SCOTIA 87 In later years a steady tide of Scotch population flowed into eastern Nova Scotia and did not cease until 1820 and oven later. The tirnt direct migration of Scotch arrived at Sydney in August, 1802. A great current of population then began to flow into Cape Breton from the islands and northern parts of Scotland where the great landlords wished to rid their estates of their peasantry and turn them into pasture lands for the raising of cattle and sheep, just a . in later times they have driven off the humble crofters from lands which they wish to make preserves for deer. This Highland migration settled the counties of Pictou and Antigonishe, in Nova Scotia, and then began to And its way to Cape Breton, at first to the western coast. From the close of the last century, when this popu- lation first came into the country, until the reunion with Nova Scotia when it licgan to ])ractically cease, at least twenty-five thousand persons are estimated to have settled on the public lands, waste for so many years. Cape Breton from that time was no longer a French but a Scotch colony, whose old homes must be sought in the Hebrides, on the rocky, windy shiA'-s of far away Lewis or Stornoway, or in some rude sheiiiiig by the side of a lonely loch or stream amid the mountains of northern Scotland. The Scotch po])ulation in the early days of settlement led quiet unevent- ful lives on that remote island of eastern North America, though some- times their thoughts went back to the islands of their native land. " From the lone .sheilin^; of the misty iahind Mountains divide us, and a waste of seas, Yet '^'ill tlie blood Is strong, tlie lieart is Highland And we, in dreams, l)ehold the Hebrides. " We ne'er shall tread the fancy-haunted valley Where, "twixt the dark hills, creeps the small clear stream, In arms around the patriarch banner rally, Nor aee the moon on royal tomb-Htones gleam. " When the bold kindred, in the time long vanished, Con(|uered the soil and fortilled the keep. No seer foretold the children should be banished That a degenerate lord might lM)ast his sheep." ' But memories of the "lone shelling of the misty island " were soon effaced by the -truggle for existence in the new world, and the descendants of the Highlaii rseven learned to forget their poverty antl wretchednesB and the greed of !ue great lords under whom they lived, and to congratulate themselves on tlii' complete freedom whiih they enjoy«'d on lands which were now their own. and which with industry and patience gave them at least a comfortable ^ubsisten^•e. The wati-rs that surround the island, and the r iraerous streams which f-very where tind thoir way to the sea, abound in fish of all kinds, and it war easy for them to live comfortably in this > These verses are taken frmn a translation of an alleged Gtelic Cftnaditkn boat song that appeared in Tncli iiicinorinlH of Cape Breton, and nn liiteri'stlM)i uriicli' In (lie Jlnlifii.i- Ilinild for August 11, 1HU2, on "Glimpseaof Ciipe Ureton" l)y I'roft'ssor U. Ranti, of Harvard I'niverslty. [boi'rinot] BUILDERS OF NOVA SCOTIA 89 science, letters, divinity, law and politics. Notably the Reverend Doctoi-s MacGrej^or and MacCulloeh— to the latter of v/hom Pictoii Academy owes its existence — Chief Justice Sir Bronton Halliburton, Chief Justice Sir William Young, Judge Haliburton, ("Sam Slick"), the Reverend Dr. Forrester, superintendent of education I'or years, the Honourable James MacXab, long i)rominent in the ranks of the Liberal party. Sir James William Dawson, the scientist. Principal Grant, now the able head of Queen's Univei-sity at Kingston in Ontario, the Reverend Dr. Patterson, the archax)logist and historian — a descendant of one of the first Scotch settlei-sof Pictou — the Honourable A. W. McLclan, once finance minister of Canada and lieutenant governor of Nova Scotia, Dr. A. H. Mackay, present sujierintendent of education, Mr. Simon H. Holmes, once a Con- servative premier, the Reverend Dr. Forrest, now head of Dalhousie College, the Honourable William Ross, minister of militia in the dominion government of 1873-1878, Chief Justice Macdonald of the provincial supreme court. Professor MacGregor of Dalhousie — a grandson of the Reverend Dr. MacGregor — Mr. Justice Henry of the supreme court of Canada, Mr. Justice Sedgwick of the same court, whose brother was an eminent moderator of the Presbyterian Church of Canada, Bishops Eraser, Mclvinnon and Cameron of the Roman Catholic Church, Premier Murray of the present Liberal ministry of the province, Lieutenant- Governor Mc I nnes of British Columbia, and very many othere who might be named to show how important has been, and is still, the influence of the Scotch element on the political, material, moral and intellectual development of the province. VIII. Influx of Irish.— [ have now briefly referred to the important migrations of the Pre-loyalists, Loyalists and Scotch settlers from whom by far the greater jtroportion of the present inhabitants of Nova Scotia have sprung. It must not bo supposed, however, that I intend to do any injustice to the Kmerald Isle because I have not so far spoken of its influence on our people. The Irish have never formed a large class as comi)arcd with the Knglish, Scotch and New England immigrants. I have mentioned that some L'lster Presbyterians of Scotch descent settled in the present county of Colchester and in other parts of the province at an early date- The Roman Catholic Irish only came in later times, chiefly to the citj' and county of Halifax, where they have been for years an influential, and, on the whol< , prosperous class. We '(■(■ mile. j). it- f "II I I is- ! i fclrJ J [nocRiNor] BUILDERS OF NOVA SCOTIA 41 ton and others. Uniacko joined the liberal forces at a critical time, when Sir Colin Campbell, an honest but obstinate old soldier, and confirmed Tory, was throwing obstacles in the way of the establishment of respon- sible government. In later years Howe and Uniacke became colleagues in several adminiHtrations, and when the latter died the great Liberal paid to his memoiy an eloquent tribute. "His noble form," said Howe, " easy deportment, graceful manners, and ready flow of language, are familiar to many. ... A mind ever fruitful, a tongue over eloquent, humour inexhaustible, and pathos whicli few could resist, were among AltCHBlSHOP CONNOI.lv. the gifts or attainments of my honourable friend. His colloquial powers were even more marvello\is tluin his forensic or parliamentarj* displays. He charmed the senate by his eloquence ; but how delightful was he when surrounded by a knot of friends beneath the gallery or seated at the head of his own hospitable board." But the very exuberance of his social gifts, his irrepressible love for companionship, during the close of his brilliant life, impaired the vigour of an intellect which might have achieved much moi-e for Nova Scotia under happier awi wiser conditions.' ' I am indebted to Mr. .Iftines.). O'Hrieii, secretary of the irish Charitable Society, for the iMjrtriiits of the two I'lilackes that appear in this i>ook. I understand that the portraits in tlie possession of tli is .society are taken from the original paintings in the posses.sion of the Rev. .1. H. Uniacke, of Mt. Uniacko, the well known country seat of the family. Attorney-deneral R. J. Uniacke was the first president of this society, which was founded on the 17th January, 1786, und continues to show every evidence of usefulness. The other ofHcers were : vice-president, Thomas Cochran; tlrst assistant vice-president, G. W. Sherlock; treasurer, Charles Hill; and secretary, Gerald Fitzgerald. For Interesting details of distinguished men connected with this historic society, see a paper by Mr. O'Brien contributed to the Halifax Herald of the 17th March, 1800. 1 , 42 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA I might oIho refer to the Tohina, once conspicuous in public utTuirH, as the annalH ot the old council chiimbor siiow ; to the Powers, one of whom is now un energetic and able member of (he upper house of the Dominion ; to Judge McKeagney, of Sydney, who died a member of the supremo court of Manitoba. Martin J. GritHn, formerly a clover journalist, and now an accomplisiicd librarian of tl»e dominion parlia- ment, is of the same origin. Archbishop Connolly, that generous, whole- souled, hospitable i)relate, was not a Nova Scotian by birth, but he always identified himself with its best interests and must claim honourable mention hero. The present arclibishop, Dr. O'Brien, is a native of SIR IJDWARn KKNNV, KNT. Piinco Edward Island, but we must also place him on the list of those adopted sons of Xova Scotia who have won a reputation not only in the church but in Icttci-s. The ])n^8ent lieutenant-governor, Mr. Daly, bears also an honoured Irish name, loni,' idenlitiod with colonial history, and all Nova Scotians will admit that the provimc was exceptionally favoured when he was chosen to preside at government house with that ability, dignity and discretion, which place him deserved!}- in the fore- most rank of dignitaries who have tilled the same po.-ition since ii was opened to the laudable ambition of Canadians by the formation of the Dominion. i in II. Rhtablibiiment or the (treat Ciiuncncs. I Boman Catholioi. — Tliin review of tlio CoimdorH of Novii Scotia wonlil bo very incomplete, did it not inclinie Horao mention of tlio j^reiit influence exercised on the Bocial and moral devol()|iment of the people by the derfjy of varioiiH denominations in the early days of the province. The French miwHionaries to Acadia were necessarily the tii-st to :nter on the field of religious effort within the limits of the present dominion of Canada. Two piiests, one of whom was Father Aubry, as well as two Huguenot ministers, accompanied Sieur de Monts in 1604, and religious controversy is said by Champlain to have raged, consequently, with much vehemence at Port Jioyal. The Huguenots, however soon disappeared, and the Jesuit Fathers. Pierre |{iard, Knnemond Massi'-. and Guertin, and ilrother T>u Thet entered into the wilds of Acadio between Kill and ltll3. The tirst convert among the Indians, the old Micmac Sachem Mcmbcrtou, a steadfast friend of the French colonists, was brought into the church by Father LaFliV-he. The ruthless freebooter Argall, of Virginia, in 1013 broke up the little mission near the mouth of the Penobseot (Pentagoi't) and the settlement on the western baid< of the lovely ba.sin of Port Koyid. In the course of time, as the Acadian settlements grew up in the proviiK-e, Rdcollet and other priests were sent to the province by tiie ecclesiastical authorities at (Juebec, and accounts luive come down to us of faithful and unselfish devotion to tht-ir floeks. These Frencii ndssionaries were loyal to Franco previous to 17f»5, when the Acadians were expoUod, but oidy one of them. IjeLoutre. appears to have forgotten the duties of their peaceful office, and acted as a dangerous secret emi.ssary of the French government. Oneof the most notable missionaries was Antoino Maillard, who was vicar-general at Louisbourg until the capture of the town by the Knglish in 1758, when he was invited to come to Halifax and assLst the government in the pacification of the Indians of the province. On liis death in 1762, ho was succeeded by Father Hailly, an earnest, useful 1,1 44 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA ^i missionary, who did good service in reconciling the Indians to Britisli rule. At !i later time, when the Acadian settlements were populous and prosperous, the Abbc' Sigogne, u most scholarly priest, made for himself an historic name for the fidelity and ability' which he showed for nearly tifty years in the western i>art8 of the province. For some years after the foundation of Halifax, the liritish author- ities passed various statutes which prevented Irish or English speaking Eoninn Catholics from holding titles to land, building churches, or obtainl.'ig the ministrations of their own clergy, although there was a largo number of Irish, nearly all Roman Catholics, living in Halifax. In 1783 these obnoxious rogulatio s, chiefly inspired by the New England element that so largely prevailed in the pi-ovince, were repealed, and in 1784 the frame of the (ii-st Roman (Catholic church was raised in the capital on the site where now rises stately St. Mary's Cathedral, on Spring (iarden road, and in 1785 the Reverend James Jones, the first Irish ])rie8t in Nova Scotia, was given charge of the parish. Other useful workers in the infancy of the Irish (,'atholic Church in the peninsula of Xova Scotia were Fathers Power, Grace, Whelan, and J. McDonald. The founder of the Trapplst Monastery at Tracadie, Father Vincent, was also a pi-oniinent worker in those early days. The first ]>rie8t who came to Nova Scotia in connection with the Scotch mignition was the Reverend James McDonald, who arrived in Pictou in 17!>1, and laboured there and in other places. Father Angus Hernard McEachran, afterwards bishop of Priu'e Edward Island, also ministered at a very early date to the s|»iritual wants of the Roman ('atholics of eastern Nova Scotia and Cape Breton, especially of the Gulf shore. The first Highland Catholic Church in Nova Scotia was St. Margaret's at Arisaig, and was Itegun and built of logs in one day. Father Alexander McDonald — not the vicar-general of the same name at a much later time — became the tii-st regular pastor of St. Margaret's in 1802, and for over twelve years 'iivided with Father McEachran the labour of minister- ing to the religious necessities of the Scotch and Englis': sjioaking Catho- lics of the eastern parts of Nova Scotia and Cape Breton. In later years the following priests were the workers : Fatliers (iaulin, consecrated Bishop of Kingston in 1S32 ; Thomas Chisholm, Colin Grant, James Grant, William Dollard, afterwards first bishoji of New Mrunswick ; William Fraser, later a bishop ; William McLeod, Neil McLeod, after- wards vicar-general, whom the present writer in his boyhood often met at East Bay, and 1 must add the present venerable |)aiish priest of Syd- nej', Father (^uinan, loved by Protestant and Catholic alike. The first mis.sionarv to labour among the Acadians in Cape Broton from 1798 to 1808 was Father Gabriel Champion who was driven by the revolution from Avranches, in France. liator workers in the same field in Cape Bretor were : Fathei-s Araable Richard, Antoine Manscau, I .>t^ [boupixot] BUir.DERH OF NOVA SCOTiA 45 Ma^loiiv Ulnnchot, the bisliop of Wal In- Walla in 184S, who tnuisforred his see to Nosciiialy in ix^tO, and difil at VancouviT in 1H87 ; Julion Courtoau, Lo Janitci, AugUHle Laiirv, Mi^i". (Jaiiiin, incntionod above; Ilyaoiiiiho lliidon, afterwards vicar-fjenoral ofMontreai ; J. l'>. Potvin, ,1. H. Marunda, Joseph Triulel and M. Vincent, the founder of the Trappist monastory at Traoadie.' The most notable itieident in the l)eginnini.; of the present century wa^i the arrival of the scholarly, earnest priest, lievercnd Kdmuml Hurlve, who had ioryeirs iu'cn a faithful worker in the pi-ovineescdCanada.' Ifo performed a meritorious work for reliirion and education among the aiSHOP HI'KKK. pooplo for whom ho lai)Oured so conscientiously for nearly twenty years. In 1817 lie was ajjpointed bishop of Zion, and first viear-apostolic of Nova Scotia, though he was not consecrated until the following year. Ho was succeeded as vicar-ipostolic by the Jteverend William Fraser, who became in IHJiJ, bishop of Halifax' — including then Nova Scotia and Cape Breton — ' For these ininiite details of Koinaii (^iit)ioli<- inisHioiis in euHtern Nova Scotin, I am indebted to Vieur-Cieiifriil Qiiiniin, I).l). (l.nviiM. '' " Memoirs of the liiKlit Hev. Kdmuml Kurkc, lllaliop of /ion, llrst Vicnr Apostolic of Novii Scot ill, l)\ tlie Most Kev. ('oinellus O'Milen, D,!),, Olliiwii, ISIM", 8vo. (IlluHtrutedK TliiH iiitcrestlMK little volume coniuinH in tlieapiiemlix " ii partial list of missiiiimries who liilioiiri'il In Vcmliii fiom KKH to the expulHlon. t7-'i'>", as well ax "H complete list of priests wlio liilM)iirei| in the misHioii of Nova Scotiii ", whieli included Nova Scotia, Cape Hretnu. Prince Kdward Island and the eastern part of New Hrunswicl;, from the expuUimi, IT.Vi, to ihc death of Hisliop Hiirkc, 18'J(». -' As some confusion exists as In the ntiiiiU date of the foundation of the Uoman ('atholic See of Halifax, I |jit« lim foliowluK note from Ilia Uracc Archbishop 46 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA nnd when he was transl'errod in 1844 to the new diocese of Arichal, the lii^'ht KeviTcnd William Walsh, who had been his coadjutor, became his successor in the see of Halifax, and, in 1S52 the fii-st archbishop. Ho ortjanized the diocese very thoi-onijMy, and was an important entity in the atVairs ol' the province, where he died in 185S. His successors in the archil, )iscopal see have been the Most Reverend Thomas (Junnolly, Miehaol Hannan, and Cornelius O'Mrien. The diocese of Arichat as estab- lished in September, 1844, eorn|)rised the three eastern counties of Pictou, Antigonishe, and f■;nysb(^!•o'. and all of the island of Cape Ureton. Hishoj) ^[cKinnon succeeded Bishop Fra.ser in 1S52, and wln-n he died in 1877, the Iliijht Heverend John Cameron, who had been his coadjutor siiice 1870 wa- elevated to the see over which he continues to preside with encrijy and ability. In lS8(i the title was changed from Arichat to Antigonisl'c, where the bishop resides ant numerous denomination in Nova Scotia. Hy the census ivtuvua of 18!t0-!tl they numbered over a hundred and twenty two thousand souls. The number of jjriests at the pri'.senl time in Xova Scotia |>roper and Cape Hreton island are a hundnd and eiLchi ^\n\\ about a hundred and seventy-three chapels to attend. II. Church of England — 1 Imve ^iven priority to the Komaii Catholic Chureh because its missionaries were the pioneers in Acadia. The Church of Knifland, however, had it.-- teacher.- in the province, when Nova Scotia became an Hn,ii;lish ])osse.ssion by the treaty of Utrecht, ai\d eventually when Halifax was founded it became practicallj' a State chureh for very many years in the formative period of l'jii,'lish institutions. Army chap- lains necessarily for a while pertcirinetli his coadjutor. I have not at hand the olllcial docu- nienl, or Hull ol cri'ct ion, lint proofs of the fact aliound. (1.) I liave letters of Misliop B'raser's up to .Noveniiter :!(', ISIl, and he always si^ns Kishop of 'I'lini'n. The (list of his which I have in lS|:i is dated I'dlli Oclolier, and he s'ufHs Itisliop of jlalifa.x, <2,) llishoi> Walshin a hrief nienioraiiduin of events in his life says: 'Coadjutor- Hishopof Halifax runijiirr Miimssionis, .lanuary, \X\2.' .Slioitiy after his arrival in llalil'ttx, viz., on Itli Noveinher, lSl:i, he ollicially .sinus ' Coadjtitor of Halifax ' to documents and letters. Later on he speaks of, and addresses Dr. Fraser as ' Bishop of Halifax." There are other proofs, hut these sullice. Iloth Bishop I'"raseraiid Bishop Walsh knew tlieir correct titles. Their letters estal>lish the erection of th.' Diocese of Halifax in lKI:i. In Sept., ISII, tlie diocese was divided, and Bishop Kriser trans- ferred to the new See of Arichal. l''or a few months Dr. Walsh was ' Aiiostolic Administrator' of the diocese of Halifax, and tlien hecunie it.s Hccond hishop. " -m.« [bourinot] BUILDERS OF NOVA SCOTIA 47 institution so intiniat«!ly associated with the establisliment of the church in all the colonies ol' the Mritish crown. The first missionaries, sent out in 17-IM and the following yetirs. were Reverend Messrs. Anwell, MoreaUj Tutlj', and Hreynton. St. Paul's Church — the oldest Protestant church in the Dominion — was commenced in 175(( on its present site, with materials brought from New Kngland, and was o|iened for service in an (11. 1) SAI.NT I'AII.'s (III HCII I.N IHOII A.VII I.ATKK. incomplete State on the 2nd September, 1750, by the Reverend Mr. Tutty, who died in 1754, and was succeeded by the Reverend Mr. Mre^iiton. The present St. Paul's' has had aildilions made in the course of a hundred ' .St. I'liiilV church coiitiiiiis more muriil lahU'ts mid esculclieoiis than even tlio Aiinliciiii Cittlieiiral at t^iieliec. (Joveriior Lawrence was (h'sl Ixirieil in its vaiilt.s and his eHcuteheon hai lieeii pl'ieed on its walls. Other eniliienl men buried liere are tlie fciilowiiifj : I laron iniddlo of last century. Old St. Gcorgo's, tho next oldest historic ciiurcli, always kept in repair since ITtiO, is to be seen on Hrunswiek street ut the corner of c St. Pftiil's Parish " Year Hoolc " (Hulifiix, N'.S.. IHltti), kindly niven mo l)y tlie Reverend Mr. ArinitiiKe, rector, to whom I iim also indul>tud for photogrnpliN of Dr. Breyuton and others. [iioubinot] BUILDEKS OF NOVA SCOTIA 49 Bennett, Roliert Vincent. William KIMh. 'I'honias Wood, Joliii Kaj^leson, and John Wihwoll, whose mission tiold extended over the districts of Lunenliurgh, Hants, Kinjjfs, Annapolis and Cuinljerland, where the New ]'!nylanil mij^rati'Mi had hrouifht .•(, ^">nsideralile popnlatitni. Mr. Wood had iieeii an assistant to KcvereiMl Mr. Mreynton of St. Paul's, and was noted for his knowledge of the Mioniae language, to tlie stuily of which he had been directed iiy his acquaintance with Alilie Maillard. He wrote a granunar, and translated various religious services, which enahlcd him to bo especially useful to tho Indians, among wliom he worked assidu- ously. INTKIUOK OK ST. I'.VII.'S, MAr.IKAX, AT PHESK.NT TIMK. The coming ofthe Loyalists gave a great impulse to the growth of tho Church of Knglaiid, as nearly all of the twenty-eighl thousand people, who found their way to the maritime i)rovinces. belonged to that faith. Over thirty clergymen sought refuge in these |)rovinces, between 1770 and 17H(), and the majority made their homes in the now coloii}' of Xew Brunswick, A very few soon left for Kngland. or returned to the United States, where the distinguished Mr. Seabury. of Connecticut, becamo tho first Kpiscopulian bishoj). The following gentlemen remain«Ml in Xova Scotia, and ministered to tho religious nece.wities ofthe exiles whom they hud accompanied: Tho llovorend Messrs. Jacob IJailey, Ihnulcnell, Isaac Sec. II., isifu. I \ M 80 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA Brown, William Clarko, lk>rnurd Michael IIuwhuuI, Nathaniel FiHhor, John Hamilton Rowland, .lohn Rutj^ers Mui-shall, (ieor."" Panton, Ro/^ur Veits, William Waltui* — tho tlrst pastor at Shelhunio- '>shuu Wingatc WcUm, Mather Byles and John Wiswoll, At Sydney, wliich was made the capital oj'(!a|>o Breton in 1784, the first clergyman was the army ihaphun, the Revei-end Benjamin Lovoll, but in I78(ilhe Reverend Raima Cosset, who was of French extraction, and had otiiciated in New Kn3 first Anglican itishop of Qiiolioe. Kiwlioi* Inglis was a memlicr of the oxocutivo council and exercised jifreat influence in the government of the province. He was the founder of the University of Kinj^'s, which had its liofjinning as an academy, in 17H7, became a colle<,'o in 1789, and received a royal charter in 1S02. It received larjre ini|ierial and pnn-iiicial grants for man}' years, and was a power in Ihe politics of the country, when a fierce controversy raged between the supportei-s and opponents of denomina- tional colleges. Among the distinguished men who were educated within its walls in its palmy and j)rosperou8 days were Judge Halii)urton (" Sam Slick"). Sir John Hardly Wilinot Iiiglis. of Lucknow fame. Chief Justice Cochran, of Gibraltar. Judge K. J Uniacke, Bishop Jol)n Inglis, Chief Justice Stuart, of Lower Canada, Reverend Dr. Crawley, Judge Wilkins, Martin J. Wilkins, Uev. Dr. McCawle}- (a president of the college), Judge Mliss, Sir Ks since it is remove! from the |tolitical animosities and ivligious jealousies which its position ovokcnl in old times. At present, it comjti'ises between sixty and .seventy thoii.>*an(l people, and ii|>war(ls of two hundred and ten churches, with one hundred ami I'ight cU'rgymen.' 'For liiteresliiiK piirliruliirs rtiMpeotlnK the (^hurili of Kiiulniid in Novii Scotia, see ;—" Till' Clmrcli of ICni^liinil in \(»va .Scotia, iin(», Illlilicrt Hiiiney (lS."il S7( imd l''rcdcrick Court. icy, who wtili orciij)icN the poHition. " Kiirly History of the I'lirisli of St. (itjornc's, llnlifa.x," l)y Itcv. I'luioii I'lirtridKc in Collections of N.S. His. Soc, vols. VI. iind VIII., 1HH7H, ISIH. "A. Sketch of the Itisc imd Progress of the (Miurcli ol Kn^^liiiid in the U.N. A. rrovincc's. My T. Hcainish Akin-, Halifax. ISl!), Ii'mo." "The Iniversity of Kinn's ColleKc, Windsor, N.S., I7l»() IHIK), by H. V. Hind, .M.A., New York, IMHI." fi u ; B2 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA III. Baptiats. — Tlio now sottlors who ciimo to Novn Scotia from Xfw England botweon 17, as an academy at ilorton. owed much of its success to the ability and energy of the Reverend I)rs. Pryor ami Crawley, who with the Honourable Mr. Johnston, always a supporter of denominational colleges, were sccoders from the Church of l:^ngland. The most striking figure in the history of the Maptists of Nova Scotia is undoubtedly that of Dr. Crawley, a member of a family which had always held an honourable jjosition among tlie gentry of Kngland. J lis lather was a commander in the Royal Navy, where, as a midshi|)man, he had servtid under Nelson. The captain scittled in the island of Cai>e Mre'on, and the present writer well remembers his beautifid home across the harbour of Sydney, where the boyhood of Dr. Crawley was passed among the trees and flowers I s « [houbinot] BUILDERS OF NOVA SCOTIA ea which woiv ciiUiviitod and toiKhnl with nuch loving euro by his father and mothiT, w!i(» hrmifrht wit!) tiiom llu'ir tino Ki^jjlish tUHtoHund iiabilH. l"'or inoro than sixty years, aftor ho had loft tlio Hur. for which ho was educated, and Joined tho Baptist Cinirch in 1827, lie exerted a remarkable influence in its a Jlaii-s, especially in connection with Acadia ('ollej?o, which ho was proud to see established on a tirni foundation lon^ before his death. ()ri>,'iruiliy connected with the Church of Kiif^iand, and educated in old Kinj,''s, ho formed an association with tho Granville Sli-oet Haptist Church when it was established nearly throe-quartoi-s of a century ai;o, jtrincipally by individuals who had recently separated front tho communion of tho Church of Knj^land— notably tho Honourable James W. Johnston, tho Pryors and others of hi^h standing' in llie social and political life of the province.' Up to that time tho Maplists were, as a body, pnor, iliitcruto and unim|iortant in every sense, from a worldly point of view. Tho ministry were ifi;norant aud ovon antai^onistic to retfular theological or liberal traininj^. Tho conversion of such men as Dr. Crawley, with superior inlcllec ual powers and learned al(ainm«iits, brought about a remarkable chan.^e in tho mental developmeiit anl numerical jijrowth of llio Hapli-.! Cliiiro in the Maritime Provinces, wbertMt still occnpics a position much in ai vance of that held by the same body in other parts of tho |)i)minion. Dr v'rawle}- was in every senstt a gentleman, not simply by artificial lialidiig, but by natural instincts inberilcd fn»m a tine strain of blood. Ho was dignilicd and urbane, full of benevolont sympathy for young and old. and I lie language in which ho clothed tlie elevated ■See "UriKiii imil fiiriiiatiiiti of Mie llii|i(iMt Cinircli in (iniavilie Street, iliill- fiix, N.S., ('i)iistitii(tMl on I 111- IMIIIi St'plciiilii'r, lH;i7, in wliicli .sonic niitice is liilicn of the iiitliit'iR'u of I'^viin^clicii! tnitli iiiid of tlic iiiDlives wliicli induced a recent scpurution from tlic ('fmrcli of I-hii^'lanii, ttiilirit.x : I'rinicd ai the Nova .'scoriiin Olllcc, ISiiS." Svo. Sec iil.so in tliis coiineclioii II scries of inlet'cstinKai'liclcH on llic " History of .St. I'liui'HChiiich.'liylhc Itcvcrcncf (i. W. Hill, D.C.L., in the Collect ioim of the .N. S. Hist.Soe., for 1H7H, 1,S71) H), 1HHl',>«, voIh. ', II, III. Dr. Hill gives copies of the oriKiniil documents showing tlie niitiiru nf tlie serious dispute, wliicli com- menced in 1S2I and ended eventually in tlie secesHion of a iiiiinher of inllnential people from the Churcli of l')iigland. Tlie ditllculty oriKiniUeit with tlie appoiiitnient liy the Imperial (iovernmcnl of the Iteverend Itolicrt Willis, afterwards Ari-lideacy any con- ciliatory counsels, and such men as the Honourable .fames W. .lolinston, wlio Iiad very democratic idem hh to tlie control of |)arocliial allairs, ere long .joined tlie Baptists and gave them new vigour. I remember perfe<>lly well the Venerable Archdeacon Willis wlio remaiiiivl in charge of t lie parish for forty years, and won, as Dr. Hill, his successor, very truly says, "liyliis conciliatory spirit and beiievdleiil course of life the goodwill of the people, " ' ip •4 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA thoughtH to which ho guve uttoriuioo in thu pulpit or on thu ptihiii- plat- form woro chaHtu, cloar luul irnpruHMivu. Kvon to hiH iiinutiuth yt'iir, when liv clcsod a loni;, iM-illiant and iisut'ui caruur, hix t'aco ri>tain(>t HI.ACK From ticvennd l>i'. HirhijiH Miiiioirs. i IV. Methodists.— Tlic pioneer of the Methodist church of Xova Scotia, and indeed > .Methodism made through his un- tiring energy. I)r. AUler, who hecame one of the secretaries of the Wes- loyan Missionary Society in the parent state, was also a useful worker for his church in its formative jioriod. ' One of the most eloquent ministers of this church, who ohtaincd a reputation beyond tho province, was the Jleverend Dr. Matthew Uicliey, whose .son l)ccame. in 1883, a lieutenant- governor of Nova Scotia in succession to Sir Ailams Archibald. Dr. Itichey was for a while pivsident of Victoria College, and also |)residont of the ' See " Menioriuls of Mi.ssioiiiiry Life in Nova .Scotia " Ity Charles Cliiirchill, We.s- leyan Mis.sioiiary, London, 1SI."». Also " llistory of Metliodist C'liurcli, iiicludiuK Nova 8i'otla, New lirun.swii-k. Prince Kdwiinl Ireland and liernuida," l»v Rev, Dr. T. Watson Sudtli, who hai* recently Issued an Interesting essay on Slavery in ('anada in Collectlon8 of Nova Scotia Hist. Soe., vol. \, "^^ (>. S^.. \t; IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) ^^ '/:8. -See DesBrisay's Lunenburg for interesting details of the different religious bodies in that historic section. " The Relations of the Jesuit Fathers. Patterson's " MacGregor," Richey's " Black," cited in these pages, and some of the reports of the missionaries sent out by i'le Society for the Propagation of the Gospel, form an exception to the remark in the text above. i i \% [61] m. Reminiscences of Eminent Nova Scotians for rouTv Years. ^ I. Bacial Elements of the Nova Scotian People. — The ^hort liistorieal review which I have given in the tirst ])art of this monoifraph shows tiiui the i^eopie of Nova Scotia can cUiim a most honourable ancestry — that many important racial elements have entered into their composition in the course of two centuries and longer. Frencii Catholics and Hugue- nots. Puritans and Cavaliers of the days of the Stuarts, (iernian Lutherans from the oUl kingilom of Hanover, Protestants from Mont- bdliard between the Rhine and the Rhone, Scots from the Highlands, the Hebrides and the Lowlands, Scotch-Irish Presbyterians from the north and Catholic Celts from the south of Ireland, Englishmen from the hop gardens of Kent and the meadows of Devon, from all parts of the ancient kingdoms where Celt, Saxon and Norman liave blended in the course of centuries — all these have contributed to form the people who have made the Acadian ]jeninsula and the island of Cape Breton such prosperous and influential sections of the Domiiiion. I have shown that each class has contributed its quota of men who have made the name of Nova Scotia so well known in many lands. The dark stone floors of the gloomy corridore of the old legislative building in Halifiix have echoed to the tread of many men, statesmen, jurists, journalists, historians and poets, associated with the most interesting epochs of provincial history. Those legislative halls seem to one like m^ self full of the voices of men who proved the energy, the eloquence, the vitality of their national origin. To me those corridors and halls are familiar ground — associated with memories of my early manhood. When I visit the old town of Sydney, where I was born, or walk the streets of the old city of Halifax where 1 was a journalist from 1859 till 1S(J7, I begin to recognize the fact that I am growing old and becoming a man of reminiscences. As I look at the faces I meet, or enter the legislative chambers of the province building, it is chiefly memories now that come to greet me. "Let me review the scene, And summon from the shadowy past The forms that once have been." I' ' h I 62 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA I I I II. Memories of Some Men of the Old Timea.—Thu ycuru of which I am about to speak — IS^H-lSdT — werolliu clo>-c of tho "old times," and the heginning oi' a new era in the history ol" Nova Scotia. The "old times" had been noted for the presenc<* of eloquent, wi*ty, versatile, accomplished men, but by 1859 their ranks had been severely thinned, some by the course of nature, and otliers, unhappily, by the excess of social pleasures, which, as in the days of Fox and Pitt, were no social crime in Halifax. To drink deep potations and disappear regularly under the table, was then no dishonourable or unpojmlar feat. I can still well remember the evil consequences to Halifax and other towns in Xova Scotia of the mad enjoyment of drink. Assuredly life in Nova Scotia and other parts of Canada has in this respect vastly improved for the better, and no one can now taunt public men with excess as in old times. It was in 1859 that I first took my seat at the official reporters' desk and saw many men wlio have been most closely identified Avith the political history of the province, for the second luilf of this century. James Hoyle Uniacke, Lawrence Doyle, Herbert Huntington, and other men of the generations who had taken part in the struggle for resjionsible government, liad passed away, although as a boy I had seen and heard some of them. 1 can well remember hearing James Boyle Uniacke address a jury in the old court house at Sydney — long since levelled to the ground — where the old judge — the famous author of " Sam Slick " was presiding — one of his last appearances on the bench where an innate sense of humour often got the better of the judicial dignity. I can still hear the sonorous voice of the eminent lawyer when he drew himself up in his moat stately fashion, and, as it were, embraced with voice and gesture "this sea-girt isle" — a phrase which local parliamentarians would hardly now use with the same effectiveness in the relatively placid, dull debating hall of the assembly where speeches are no longer delivered with the ore rotundo that was so successful in the old times of Uniacke, Lewis Wilkins and their contemporaries. As I have already said, I was only a boy when I first saw Judge Halil)urton, who soon afterwards removed to Kngland from the province where he had been for so many years a conspicuous figure, and conse- quently I have nothing to say of his personal characteristics from my own knowledge. I can well remember, however, the complex feelings Avith which his name was once mentioned by many Nova Scotians who were ju'oud of his re])utation as an author, and at the same time inclined somewhat to resent his sarcastic allusions to foibles and weaknesses of the Nova Scotian people. •' It's a most curious unaccountable thing, but it's a fact, said the clockmaker, the blue-noses are so conceited, they think they know everything. . . They reckon themselves here, a chalk above us Yankees, but I guess they have a wrinkle or two to grow afore they progress ahead on us j-rt. If they ha'nt got a full cargo of conceit here, I I I .irixii-: iiAi.iiiiiM'o.N. [bourinot] HUILDER& OF NOVA SCOTIA 68 then I never we'd a 'oad' 'Imt'a all. They have the hold chock rail, deek piled up to the punnp handles*, and netippers under water." In thewe times, when all of uh can atl'ord to he Ichs touchy than the generation among wliom the humourist lived, we cannot tail to bo amused at his references to the self-satisfaction which was and is u conspicuous trait of our fellow-countrymen and to the want of "go- alieaditiveness" which was too ])revalent among a people whose relations wi;h the restless world of ])rogre8s beyond i hem were relatively insig- nificant. F']ven in tliese days ^Tova Scotians, who mi.x little with communities beyond their provincial lini'ts, carry about them an air of superiority and a shade of disappointment that there are so many j)eoplo who have not luid tlic advantage of being born and bred in the land of the maytlower. Such traits were notably prevalent in the old times when Nova Scotia liad a distinct colonial government, and JIaliburton could not resist the temptation to liit off the self-conceit of a largo class in his inimitai)le book ''The Clockmakor," and at the same time the brag "of the most free and enlightened citizens on the face of the airth," whom Sam Slick was always representing 'as takin' the .shine off all creation." Sam Slick remains still one of the tew original creations of American humour, and new editions continue to be printed from time to time. All his other books are readable and full of" spicj' " observations, which show his keen knowledge of human natui-e, but they are little read now-a-days and his reputation must always rest on the sayings and doings of Sam Slick. His history of Is'ova Scotia in two octavo volumes is distinguished by that lucidity of narrative which was one of his merits as a writer, but it is no longer an authority in view of the new light thrown upon the various epochs of our annals by the co])ying and publication of important archives with which he was entirely un- acquainted. In his first volume he is open to a charge of j)lagiarism, since the narrative of the events of the seven years war, and especially the account of the second siege of Louisbourg are either condensed, or taken verbatim I't literatim, from the English history by Smollet. The Second volume is largelj' made up of contributions from residents of the counties and townships, of which he gives interesting geographical and topographical descriptions. For instance, the very full account ot the island of Cape Breton was written by Mr. W. II. Crawley, who was connected witii tha surveys of that island, and is much above the average merit of the volume from a literary as well as economic point of view. I do not, however, mention these facts with any desire to detract from the undoubted merit of a history which at the time it was published — seventy years ago — was the first attempt of importance made by a Nova Scotian to give to the world of letters a history of the province, and at the same time, describe its interesting scenery and valuable resources then relatively little known to the great world of commerce and er ter- i !1' 04 ROYAL 80CIKTY OF CANADA ' I I III I' prist'. Even now, it in moro interest iiit; and rcmlahio than IJouiniwh Miinluiir.-i valiialdi- Murnniary nt provincial ari'iiivcH and rare IhmiIvs, or the lutcHl history written in 1S1I2 li_v a Mr. l)nii(an CuinpUill, a Scolili- man hy liirth and oduiatioii, wlio had hoen only u I'l'w yoars in the country wlu-n lu' vontinvd to write a iiistory which has novcr risen hoyoiid the ii'vci of ordinary contrihutions to newspapers. Tlio Jud^'e's liooUs slioiild assuredly tind a place on the shelves of every public library in the Dominion '. One of his son8 has been recently elevated to the jieeraLje of I'lngjand on account of his usefulness as u mend)er of the MtatV of tlie war ollice, but he does not appear to have nuide any venture into the world of literature where his father has nuule a nermanent name. Another sou, who in ids early numbood bad .some literary aspirations, has di.sajjpeared from public view -perhaps lost in those mysterious Pleiades where be passed in inuiginalion so many of liis brii^htcst yeai-s, in an endeavour to connect "the sweet influence" of those seven stars with the lu.lding of "festivals of the dead" — All JIalloween, All Saints, All iSouls, etc. — among many [leoples from immemorial times. To [irove the unity of the origin of the liunuui race by the univer.sality of certain superstitions, he did not consider the Jiuman, and very comforting act of sneezing beneath elaborate comment in learned treatises which, tbougji necessuril}' conlined to a very limited class of readers, showed much evidence of thought and learning which, ])rofitably and pei-severingly directed, might linve enabled him to realize the promise of his youth. In connection witli tliese brief rel'erences to the literary labours of Judge Jlaliburton, mention may be made of an interesting fact, not generally known, wliich is one example of many that might be adduced to show that the historian and humourist was always alive to the material interests of hi province. Indeed the second volume of his history, and the frequent re, irences in his humorous books to the stagnant industries and the absence d' a spirit of enterprise in his native provinces, show that he had a very practical side to his character. The fact to which I allude is the part he took in initiating steam navigation across the Atlantic in connection with Mr. Howe, of whom he was always a warm friend, though their views on political questions as the years passed by were not ' For a correct bibliography of the .Judge's writings see one l)y J. I'arlver Anderson of the British Museum in " Ilalibiirton, a centenary cimplet, printed for the Haliburton Club, King's College, Windsor, N.S., at Toronto, 1897. " A complete set of the first editions of the .Judge's boolis are now difJicult to purchase in London, where they were all published, and is worth about sixty dollars at the very least. His history is fre(|upntly ofFered in catalogues of old books from five to eight dollars, according to its condition. It contains a map and several illustrations, one of which, the province building, is given on page 74 of this bools. An e.xcellent criticism of "Haliburton: the man and the writer" has been written by F. Blake Crofton (King's College, Windsor, Haliburton series, 1880). [iioukinot] UUILDEKH OF NOVA SCOTIA 68 uhvuyM idt'nticiil ; for tlio ol'l jii See vol. I., p. 180. Sec. II., 1800. 5. 66 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA II ': both fame und fortune. " All honour to the Nova Scotian who has car- ried forward this great work with such signal success. But those gentle- men ' ought not to 1)0 forgotten who, at this early period, first turned the attention of British statesmen to a subject of so much importance." Mr. Lawrence Doyle was born in Nova Scotia of Irish parents and educated at Stonoyhurst, whore he acquired a very thorough knowledge of the classics for which he showed a special aptitude. His legal learning — undoubtedly considorabk — his natural eloquence — never surpassed by any of his compeers— his thorough insight into any subject which he HON. L. O CONNOR DOYLE. Studied, well fitted him to win a high place at the bar as well as in the legislature of the province, but his tendency to wit, his geniality of manner, his love of society, led him to form habits which gradually lost him the confidence of his countrymen. Many people still remember the stories their grandfathers and fathers have told them of his ready humour and repartee, and do not know that he was in the early part of ' The most ciuhusiaKtic of these was Moijor Robert Cannichiiel Smith, who did much in his life-time in diiecting public attention to the importance of railroad communication between old Canada and tlie eastern provinces. The late Judge Fair- banks, long an important figure in Nova Scotia, was also one of the passengers, and an earnest advocate of the necp.ssity of the steam navigation of the Atlantic. (See note, p. 180, to Howe's " Speeches and Letters.") The name of Fairbanks, I may add, ic that of a family also long connected with the commercial interests of the colony. [bourinotJ BUILDERS OF NOVA SCOTIA 67 his logislp-tive career an industrious and useful representative. Among the measures ho carried was one for the reduction of the term of the assembly from seven to four years — a practical extension of the control of the people over their representatives. " Have you heard," said one of his friends on one occasion — to relate one of many anecdotes of his wit — " that Street, the tailor, has been found in a well on Argyle street ? " "Yes," replied the wit, " i)ut you have not heard how ho was discovered. An old woman, it soems, wiiile drinking her tea was taken with a violc t stitch in her side, and called out that there must be a tailor in the well ! " Judge Savary, of Annapolis, also tells a story of Doyle's ready wit at a public dinner in Halifax many years ago, when public and social life HON'. HKHBERT HUNTINOTON. > was more brilliant than it has been ever since. The late Thomas Kenny, a brother of Sir Edward, happened to drink a glass of chanpagne somewhat hastily, and was nearly choked by a bit of cork that had escaped into the glass. The chairman ca'led out, " Anything wrong at your end of the table, Mr. Vice?" Honourable James BojMo Uniacke, the vice-chairman, replied, " Oh, nothing serious, only a little champagne gone the wrong way to Cork!" Whereupon Doyle ex- claimed, " but it has gone the right way to kill Kenny (Kilkenny) !" In striking contrast to the versatile, eloquent, witty bon convive, " Larry Doyle," as he was always called, was Herbert Huntington, of Yarmouth, whose physical proportions, courageous character, were typical of the ' The portrait of Mr. Herbert Huntington is from an original in the possession of his son ut Yarmouth, N.S., and lia.s been ki adly given me by Mr. Flint, M.P. \'.^ !(* 68 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA Hi Cromwells from whom ho was descended — whose sound sense, love of freedom, adherence to principle, and solidity of argument were characteristic of men of the Hampden school of parliamentary debate. Under ordinary conditions he was a pleasant companion, but at other times when his mind was overburdened or ill-health oppressed him, he became, according to his friends, " as moody and irascible as Oliver him- self.'" No man in the legislature evoked more interest or confidence. Mr. Howe, of whom he was always a personal friend, found him his most useful and even powerful ally in the stern fight for liberal govern- ment. Like S. G, W. Archibald, and Howe himself, as well as many other able public men of those days, Huntington was self-taught, but no one had a larger store of general knowledge or better understood the social and political conditions of the people. A notable figure in Halifax when I first made the acquaintance of Nova Scotians, eminent in law, politics and divinity, was the venerable Chief Justice who had sat on the provincial bench for the remarkably long term of fifty-three years, duiing twenty-seven of which he had been chief judge. He was the son of a loyalist. Dr. Halliburton, who came from Ehode Island to Halifax in 1782, and succeeded Chief Justice Blowers, also a distinguished loyalist, who had sat on the bench for thirty- five years. Sir Brenton received the honour of knighthood in 185!>, and was probabl}- the first acting judge of the province to obtain this roj^al recognition.'^ He was deeply versed in the principles of English law and equity and in his prime was noted for his acute analytical power. He was dignified and urbane in deportment and gifted with a facile pen. He was a strong advocate of imperial unity and wrote an able pamphlet iSee note to Howe's "Sijecclies and Public Letters," vol. L, p. 201). -Chief Justice Strange (1'91-17!X)) was knighted in 171*7, but he went to England In 179(j and appears to have resigned his seat on the Nova Scotia bencli before he re- ceived the honour and was appointed recorder in Bombay. If this be so, Chief Justice Halliburton was the first Nova Scotian judge who was made a kniglit. A number of native Nova Scotians have been enrolled among the Knights Bachelor, or placed on tlie list of the orders of merit like the Bath, aud St. Michael and St. George, which take precedence of the former. Admiral Belcher, a grandson of the first chief justice, was a K.C.B. Admiral Provo Wallis, who took coumiand of the " Shannon " when Captain Broke was disabled in the famous fight with the "Chesapeake," was made a G.C.B. Sir William Robert Wolseley Winniett, son of Sheriff Winniett, of Annapolis— the oldest family ofEnglish origin resident in Nova Scotia— and a governor of British colonies in Africa, was a Knight Bachelor. Governor Darling of Victoria, also born in Annapolis, was a K.C.B. Chief Justice Cochrane of Gibraltar was a Knight Bachelor. Sir Samuel Cunard was a baronet, and his grandson, Sir Bache, now bears the title and lives in England. Sir Edward Kenny was a Knight Bachelor. Williams of Kars vas a G.C.B. and a Baronet before his death. Inglis of Lucknow was a K.C.B. Sir C'larles Tupper is a Grand Cross of St. Michael and St. George as well as a Baronet. Sir T. Dickson Archibald, a son of Judge S. G. W. Archibald, master of the rolls, and a justice of the court of king's bench in England, was made a Knight Bachelor in 187.3. Another eminent son, Sir Edward M. Archibald, consul-general of England in New York, was a K.C.M.G. The late Chief U..^LJ^C.. t.^ >££ t. [bourixot] BUILDERS OF NOVA SCOTIA 69 on the- importance of the Xorth American colonies to Groat Britain.' Sir Brenton'sson John, clerk of the legislative council, was also for years a well known figure in Halifax society, though his only claim to celebrity was the fact that he had in his youthful days fought a harmless duel' with the great Liberal. Joseph Howe, who fired into the air. Hcwe had, in his opponent's opinion, reflected upon his father in the course of a criticism of the salaries of the bench at a time when there was a fierce conflict going on between the popular leaders in the assembh' and the united legislative and executive councils, of which the chief justice was the mo.st prominent member. Judge Lewis Wilkin.s, the grandson of the loyalist, Isaac Wilkins, was a familiar figure for years on the streets of Haliffix. In his general intercourse with men, and in his public utterances he assumed a great deal of digiiitj-, which sometimes was called pomposity by his sarcastic friends, though it was well carried otf by a tall and erect form. lie was too apt in his speeches on the floor of parliament to .sacrifice substance to form, and his witty brother gauged him fairly well on one occasion when in reply to the question — " Was not that a sound speech, Martin ?" " Yes, Lewis, all .sound." Still he was a learned lawyer and had scholarl}' ta.sles. which were characteristic of many men in the old times of Nova Scotia. Somehow old fashioned courtes}' and graceful conver- sation are not sf> much cultivated in these practical days !'s in the old times, when common school education was confessedly wretched, but individualism wa.s nevertheless stimulated by the habits of study and reflection, which men gave to every subject. In tlio.--e days I wa.s editor of the Halifax Reporter and at the same time chief ctficial reporter of the debates of the assembly. Under these circumstances I had the advantage of hearing some of the best men and reporting them a-s well, in a.ssociation at finst with the father of Sir John S. D. Thompson, and subsequently with that able man himself, who was Justice of the supreme conn of Canada, Sir J. W. Ritchie, was a. Knight Bachelor. Sir Adams Archiljald, Sir John Thompson, Sir Charles Hil)bert Tupjier and Sir Johr^ G. Bourinot received the K.C.M.G. Sir J. \V. Dawson was a Knipht Baclielor. Baron Halliliurton was a G.C.B. before elevated to the Lords. The distinction of Knight Baclielor is chiefly oftieia ' in it.** chsiracter, and is consecjuenlly conferred as a rule on judicial functionaries. The recipient has to pay a fee and has no right to decorations. The Orders are given, free of all e.xpenses, for imperial or other special services, and carry with them a star and badge. The distinguished order of St. Michael and St. George is chietiy intended for ser» iues in the dependencies of the crown, and has the lollowing motto on a badge (susp«'nded by a Saxon-blue ribbon, with a scarlet stripe), Auxpicium im-lioris irri. Sir John Thompson was a " Uight Honourable '' as a member of the Queen's Privy Council. ' This essay is reprinted in the Reverend George llill's " Memoir of Sir Brenton Halliburton, late chief justice of the province of Nova Scotia," published at Halifa.\ in IHtii. The essay also appeared in pamphlet form at Halifax in 182.5 and in Lon- don, \m\. - See " Life and Times of the Hon. .Joseph Howe, with briaf references to some of his prominent contemporaries, by G. E. Fenety, St. John, N.B., 1834." I liud no reference to this incident in Howe's " Speeches and Letters." 70 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA ;■! I " i to become the first minister of the Dominion, while I was — us I am still — the chief clerk of the House of Commons. It was ray good fortune to hear the Honourable William Young, the leader of the Liberal party. He belonged to a Scotch family who came to Nova Scotia in 1816, when he was still a lad, and several members of whom besides himself were conspicuous in the public aftairs of the CHIEF JUSTICE am W. YOUNG, KNT. I)'-' i; maritime pro m3. His father was an able member of the assembly for years and wrote under the pseudonym of " Agricolu'" a number of valuable letters which gave a decided stimulus to agriculture on scientific principles. His brother George was a journalist and literary man of no ' " The Letters of Agricola on the Principles of Vegetation and Tillage written for Nova Scotia and published flrat in the Acadian Recorder by John Young, Secretary of the Provincial Agricultural Board, etc., Halifax." Printed by Holland & Co., 1822. 8vo., half roan, xvi., 462 and index of 10 pp. In Campbell's '■ History of Nova Scotia," a dull though accurate book, so far as it goes, I find the following anecdote of Mr. John Young and Mr. James Boyle Uniacke : " In a debate in the House of Assembly on a grant of money for the importation of Imrses for the province, several members expressed their opinion as to the most suitable breed. John Young was in favour of hoj-ses for farming purposes, of which he was con- sidered a good judge. James B. Uniacke was in favour of importing horses, half- blood, and in his remarks spoke sarcastically about the kind of horses kept by Mr. Young, who lived at Willow Park, and which were occasionally employed in driving agricultural produce to market. Mr. Uniacke was an elo(|uent speaker, graceful in manner and appearance, and by his ready wit and a sly allusion to Mr. Young's cabbages, turned the laugh of the House against that gentleman. Mrs. Uniacke was a lady possessed of a large fortune at the time of her marriage, but happened, like many of the very best of her sex, not to be remarkable for her beauty. Mr. Young, who had sat dreimily listening to Mr. Uniacke, bv-and-by rose to reply, and with a complacent smile beaming on his countenance, said : ' We, in Scotland, Mr. Speaker, select our horses upon the same principle that some gentlemen select their wives— not for their beauty but for their sterling worth.' All eyeb were immediately on Mr. Uniacke, and there followed a universal burst of laughter." [bouhinot] BUILDERS OF NOVA SCOTIA 71 mean qualifications and a politician of note for many years.' William Young's own Scotch shrewdness and tenacity of purpose, his vast store of legal knowledge and experience, made him a power at the bar and in politics, although his public utterances, always conspicuous for their Doric accent, failed to moke any deep impression on my mind since I can hardly now revive them in my imagination. Ho was, however, a man of ripe scholarship and high culture though he never rose to the heights of eloquence which his great rival, James W. Johnston, often reached, or captivated the mind, like Joseph Howe, to both of whom I shall refer at length in a few minutes. His Scotch qualities of shrewdness and acquisi- tiveness enabled him to acquire a fair fortune, a goodly portion of which he devoted lo public objects, especially to the construction of the roads 1 ■ SPEAKER MARSHALL (1807). over which the citizens of Halifax can drive so agreeably amid fragrant spruce groves through Point Pleasant Park, from which so noble a pros- pect can be had of the harbour and ocean glistening away beyond. Both John J. Marshall and Martin Wilkinshad lost their seats at the previous general election in 1859, but they were men of marked ability and were borne by thoanti-conrederation wave of 1867 into the legislature where one became speaker and the other attorney-general. Speaker Marshall — a descendant of a Loyalist — was a man gifted with great volubiliiy of expression, but the attorney-general — a grandson of Isaac Wilkins — was by far more interesting to hear, since he added to the qualities of a great advocate a fund of natural humour which unfortun- ' " On Colonial literature, science and education written with the view of improving the literary, educational and public institutions of British North America, in three volumes, by Geo. R. Young, Halifax, N.S., &c., 1842. Only one volume was ever published." \H ill H 72 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA ately is hardly now heard in our legislative halls at Ottawa and elsewhere, except when my vei-satile friend Mr. Nicholas Flood Davin now and then airs his Hibernian temperament. It was in 1860 that I firet made the acquaintance of the present chief justice of Nova Scotia who, in later times, became a minister of justice of the Dominion. Many of my readers will remember how forcibly and even passionately he gave utterance to his opinions, and I can well imagine that before he accepted his present dignified position he must have been a most aggressive opponent to meet on the political platform. I can see before me the stately proportions of William A. Henry, afterwards a judge of the supreme court at Ottawa, also a prominent man in those days. He was an acute politician, gifted with a great flow of language, but it lacked clearness of expression and logical arrangement, He possessed many amiable qualities which made him very popular in a constituency, and I have heard it said that when there was a vote or two in question he would spend much time in his 1' .SIR ADAMS Ci. AUCHIBALU, K.C.M.G. rpi I district, and smoke many a pipe on the fences with the doubtful elector. On the supreme court he was a success, for he possessed an excellent judgment, and understood perfectly well that it was often a mistake for a judge to enter ii.to a lengthy disquisition on the merits of a case. Another public man who won much distinction in the larger field of Domin- ion statesmanship, was Sir Adams Archibald, to give him his later title His suavity of demeanour was allied to 80u?ul legal attainments and a great fund of discretion, which won for him much confidence as a minis- ter of the Crown and a lieutenant-governor, at a most critical period of the affairs of Manitoba. He was never a man of words, but rather one of thought and argument at opportune moments. A. W. McLelan, who died in government house at Halifax, took a conspicuous part in the politics of his native province as a representative tf vi r J I ^ ! t [lOrRINOT] BUILDERS OF NOVA SCOTIA 73 f f f ; tf of Colchester, as well as in those of the Dominion for a decade of years or so. His success was largely due to the fact that ho was a shrewd man of Scotch descent, who never failed to make ])r\ctical use of thoie onpor- tunities for personal advancement, which often otler themselves to a keen politician in the operation of party government. His specialty was finance — he was a successful business man for some years before he entered politics — and his speeches wei'e always carefully committed to heart and handed to the reportei-s in manuscript. Never did ho rise to eloquence, but his studied essays were as icy as his general personal demeanour. Ho oppo-sed the financial terms of the Quebec resolutions with some reason, and when they were amended largely to the advantage of Nova Scotia, and Joseph Howe felt it his duty to give up w lat was clearly then a useless opjiosition to federation, Mr. McLelan found it expedient, like all the opponents of federation in the House of Commons, to yield to the irresistible logic of circumstances, which held out abundant promise for the gratification of his personal ambition. He became a senator, a commis- sioner of raihviiys, cabinet minister, and lieutenant-governor in succession to Mr. Matthew Richey. Though only a few years have passed since his death in government house before the expiration of his term of office, his name is almost forgotten, perhaps because his career was in some degree seltish — more noted for the attainment of office than for the dis- play of qualities which appeal to the hearts and sympathies of men and women. Another eminent man who became a member of Dr. Tupper's mini.stry with a seat in the legislative council, when Mr. Johnston was elevated to the bench, was the Honourable John W. Ritchie, a member of a family identified with the hi,story of Nova Scotia for a century, and distinguished for having given not only a chief justice to Canada but three judges to Nova Scotia.' His reputation rested chicHy on his legal know- ledge which was very extensive and sound, and on his acuteness of intellect which made him an admirable legal counsel, but he occupied no notable place in the political life of the country, and never attained any measure of popularity in the province at large. He became a member of the Senate, 'vben first organised, and was very soon appointed to the judicial bench for which his long legal experience and intellectual tem- perament eminently fitted him. Jonathan McCuUy, who sat in the legislative council — for he never ' Judge Savary in the History of Annapolis (p. 3!Hi) givi-.s a list of members of the Ritchie family, distinguished in politics, law and divinity. The most notal)le are Hon. Thomas Ritchie, judge of the inferior Court of Common Fleas,— the second .son of John Ritchie, M.P.I'.— who was father of Hon. J. W. Ritchie, mentioned above ; Sir W. T. Ritchie, Chief Justice of Canada ; Hon. J. Norman Ritchie, judge of the Supreme Court of Nova Scotia. The first Judge Ritchie filled an important place in the legislative history of the province from WK! until 1H24, during which Jong period he was elected continuously without opposition. tM n! 1^ m 74 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA obtained a .seat in tiio assembly — was chiefly influential for years as an editorial writer on The Mornimj Chronicle. Senator Diekoy was a Con- servative member of the council, which he left in 1867 to take r prominent place in the senate of Canada, whoro his aged, bent tiguro — such a contrast to the dapper, well-dressed figure of old times — can still be seen. His colleague from the same county of Cumberland, Mr. Alexander McFarlane, has quite recently joined the ranks of the great majority, and only Senator Miller is now left to represent the original twelve members who wore appointed from Xova Scotia in 1867. He is, however, a much younger man than tho.se I have just named I'nd conse- quently takes still an active part in the debates and proceedings of the upper house, where his facility of speech and incisiveness of argu- ment make him a factor of importance at critical times. I'HOVINCK HUII.DINr. .\T HAMFAX From H(i/ihurtoii'n Xorri ycotia. si! 1 1 III. The Old FroTince Building and 11; Associations. — lUit time warns me that I must not dwell too long on men, who were, after all, minor figures on the political stage of those dajs, but shoiild now pass on to the two statesmen who above all others, occupied the larger share of public attention forty j'ears ago. One was James W. Johnston, a descen- dant of a Georgia loyalist, who represented for manj- years the aristocratic and conservative traditions of that class — the other was Joseph Howe, also the son of a New Mnglaml loyalist, who became a leader of the people, in some respects the '■ Sam Adams" of Xova Scotia, though never disloyal to the crown or prepared to press his arguments to the arbitrament of revolution. Between two of the principal and oldest .streets of Halifax there is an old brown stone building, well darkened by the damp sea air and coal tit [DOI'RINOT] nUir.DKUH OK NOVA SCOTFA 70 HiiioUc of tho (lin/^y city of iriilifiix — ii hiiililin^ wliich Iiuh (or tliroo- (imirliTH i(|' II cotiliiry l-ccn (Ik^ coiilrn of tlm iioliticiil conlliilM tliiit liiivo alwayH ai,'iliitc(l ii iiniviiicn unlwl i'ur (ho viriilfiuo oC liictinri us well us lor III)' i'liH|tii>n('t) and ^oriiiiH of tho men who havo admiiiiHlonMl ilH piihlic atliiirH and H|Mik('ii within itH Ic^iHlutivc halin. It waw in 1^11 that tho lit'iitcimnt ^ovcrnof — that Sir (ioor^o Provost, whoso iiaino will ho alwayH aMno(iat»N| with tht^ diMcicditahlo allairs of HacUolt's harhour aiui I'latts hiir>,' in the war of 18r--14 — laid tho i'oiindatiotiH o!' tho now ' I'roviiioo Miiildin^r," lictwoon lIoIliH and (Jranvillo HtrootH, and oxpro-wtMl llio hopo that "tho lMiilur|)osos of inihlic husinoss l>y tho Karl of Dalhousio, aftorwardi governor i^cnoral of ("anaila, who stated in tho [irosonco of a brilliant assonihlai^o that it would always rotnain "to tho latest poslority a proud record of tho puhlic sjiirit at this oarly poriod of our history." With tho /growth of Iho UrilishAnicrican jirovincos in popula'ion and wealth this old " Province Ruililin^' " has heen left hohind, and now Hoenis, at tirst si^ht, small and inferior in accommodation, compared with tho ^rcat structures that have heen raisi^l at Toronto and (iuehec ; hut nevertheless it has a certain ijrandeui '. its own as wi! glance over its woll-i)ro|)oriioned, simple and niassiv(! cfxtorior, only ornament(!i| hy statedly Ionic c((lumn.s, Hurmounted hy a well cut representation of tli»! royal arms. The dark tint that tlu! stones hnvc assumeil in iho coui>e of years f^ives tho whole Htrucluri' an ap|)earancc ot antiquity whidi is quite refreshintj in theso (hiys of nu)dern improvementH, and recalls tho many interesting historic associations that cWufr to its venerahle walls. ThiuntcTior of the huiidinf? itself has heen very littli! chariifeil since the days it was opened with s*) much ceremony hy lioril halhowsie, and it was ilescrilied hy a con- tcmporar}' writer as -tlK! most splendid lof^islutivo buildirii,'" on tho continent. The huildini^ contains tla^ two le/^islative ehamhers, a small lihraiy atul provincial otlices, all of which are n'aehed hy i^loomy corridors and stairs redolent with the odours >f af,'e. .\o marhle pillars or tiled floors meet the eye as in later striuttures of a similar kind ; hut tho whole aspect is somlms and uninviting until we look into the hanilsomo k\t;islative council chamher,' which has fine |»ro[>orlions ami a ' Around ttic walls of this historic bhiiinhor are portraits— some of Kreat value !)>• fiiinous painters— of C!eorj>' Henjainiii West) and .Sir llren- toii Halliburton, .IiidKe Halliburton (".Sam .Slick '), Sir W. Ken wick WIllianiH, Sir John hiKlis, Major (Jt-neral Sir Charles IlastiiiKs Doyle, the Hrst li(!Ulenantxovernor after Confederation. A brass tablet in honour of the famous navi^^alor, .John ("abot, also occupies a conspicuous place on its walls. The foui hundredth anniversary of his voyage of 1407 was celebrated in Halifax by the Royal Society of Canada on the *l m KOYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA I I i I Himplo arcliitocturul beiuity, very ploiimri;; to tlio eyo in tlicso iluyH when tlu' ((.'iKU'iicy JH (() lavish onmto diroration on our jniltlic biiililin^.s, Mova Sfdliaiis, liowovcr. like tlu' j>ro>ent writor, who Iihvo known thcso lL%'islativ(' liall.s for halt' a ciMilury, will 1 I ri I'l [boi'rinot] BUILDERS OF NOVA SCOTIA 77 IV. Honourable James William Johnston. — It is quite ])rc>l)ul)io tliut few persons in Canada, outside of the maritime provinees, are familiar with the name of James William Johnston though he exorcised in Ins life- tinio large inthienec in the legislativ; halls and in liie law courts of Nova Scotia. Indeed the ignorance that prevails in Ontario with respect to our jiolilical history- is sur})rising. To vorif}' a fact or date, I have just turned over the pages of the " Aujorican Cyclopa'dia of Biography," hut the name of this distinguished Nova Scotian does not appear though space is devoted to vastly' inferior men in the several provinces, 'the portrait that recalls his memory in the Commons House of Nova Scotia, whore he was so long an honoured leader, delineates a face of great intellectual power, with its tinei}' cut features as if chiselled out of clear Carrara marble, his prominent brow, over which some scanty white hairs fall, his earnest, thoughtful expression, and his bending form, which tells of unwearied application to the many responsible and arduous duties that devolved upon him in the course of a bus}' life as lawyer and politician. The portrait 1 give presents him when age had accentuated all the forces of his character and the cares of his life, in the very expression and lineaments of his visage. He was, during his life, the clioseTi friend and adviser of governors, during the most critical period of the history of responsible government. He was a Tory and an aristocrat by education and inclination, but the annals of the legislature show he was not an obstinate opjionent of reform, when he came to believe conscientiously that the proposed change was really a reform. A great lawj'or in every sense of the term, an impassioned orator at times, a master of invective, a man of strong and earnest convictions he exercised necessarily a largo power in political councils, and did much to mould the legislation of the province. His speeches, however, were too often the laboured efforts of the lawyer, determined to exhaust the argument on his side — in this respect he resembled Hdward Hlake in these later days— and he had none of the arts of Joseph Howe, whose eloquence had more of nature and capacity to reach the hearts and sympathies of the people. He had no deep sense of humour or ability to amuse an assembly — qualities indispensable for a great popular leader, especially on the plat- form. At rare times, however, he forgot the lawyer and gave full scope to the pent-up tires of a man in whoso veins flowed the hot blood of the tropics, for he was not a Nova Scotian, but a West Indian by birth. It is an interesting fact that, while a Tory by education and aspiration, lie was more than once an advocate of most liberal and even radical measures, one of which, simultaneous polling at elections — or the holding of elections on one and the same day — he himself carried ten years even before it was thought of in the Canadian provinces. To him more than any oiher does Nova Scotia owe the relief from tho monopoly of the coal mines, long hold by an English company under a royal charter given to a w 78 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA h I royal tiuke who sold it for jewels for his mistresseH. When responsible government was in full and satisfactory operation, lie advocated an elective lei^islative council — a certain number of members retiring periodically — with the avowed object of solving what has been for years a problem with some Canadian thinkers — to preserve and at the same time strengthen the upper house in our system of government. Mr. Johnston was also a sincere and earnest prohibitionist, and attempted, unsuccessfully, in 1855, to ])ass a measure to ])rohibit the sale and manu- facture of liquor in the province ; a measure which evoked the sarcasm of Joseph Howe, who never believed in its practicability and had no objection to the moderate use of wine, though he himself was a man of most abstemious habits at a time when over-indulgence was unhappily not uncommon in the public and social life of the province. ITe was the first British American to ])ropose and carry in a provincial legislature a resolution in favour of a union of the provinces '• as calculated to perpetu- ate their connection with the parent state, promote their advancement and prosperity, increase their strength and influence, and elevate their position in the empire." It was on this memorable occasion that Joseph Howe delivered a speech on the organization of the empire in which he gave most eloquent expression to his iniperial sentiment and advocated that federation of the empire whicli in the.se later days has found so many able and enthusiastic exponents.' It is an interesting fact that loyalists or their descendants — notably Chief Justice Smitli of Lower Canada, in 1789,'^ Chief Justice Sewoll, of Lower Canada, in 1814,^ and Me^sl■s. Joiinston and IJowc in 1854 — should have been the first to urge such a scheme of colonial union as was vainly pressed by Joseph Galloway on the attention of the colonial congress in 1774, as a moans of adjusting the serious diflSculties which had arisen between the thirteen colonies and the parent state .* In social intercourse, ilr. Johnston ap])eared much buried in his thoughts and never displa^-ed those magnetic and sympathetic qualities that made Joseph Howe so widely liked by all classes, especially the poor Mr. Howe's Chief .Iu.stice Smitti ' Set' Appendix I for a full report of tliis eloquent address famous speech on this occasion is also given in Appendix J. -See Kingsford's "History of Canada," vol. VII., p. 311 had also been a justice of the supreme court of New York. 3 See Sewell's " I'lau of I'nion," London, 1814, and Lord Durham's Report, 1839. Chief Justice Sewell was a son of the last attorney-general of Massachussets, as an English colony, and became chief .judge of Lower Canada in 1808. He was suc- ceeded in 18H8 by the son of another loyalist, Sir .James Stuart, Hart. ■• See pages 50-52 in " The Examination of Joseph Galloway, Esquire, late Speaker of the House of Assembly of Pennsylvania, before the House of Commons in committee on the American Papers, with explanatory notes. London, 1750." An edition of this scarce pamphlet was printed at Philadelphia in 18,55 by the Council of the Seventy-Sixth Society. See also vol. I., pp. 371-37.') of "The Literary History of the American Revolution, 1703-1783. In 2 vols., by Professor Tyler, of Cornell Uni- versity. New York and London, 1897." ]■ i I f I [bourinot] BUILDERS OF NOVA SCOTIA 79 and humble. For many years the prize ho had always in view was the chief justiceship — the natural ambition of a great lawyer. The contest lay between him and Willium Young, of whom 1 have already briefly written. Both in politics and law Johnston and Young were rivals ; their aim was the same, the leadership of tbo government, and the chief justice- ship as the crowning result. The office had been already held for very many years by Sir Brenton Halliburton— no relative of the famous humorist, also a judge whose name must bo spoiled with onl}' one " 1." When the contest was at its height Sir Brenton was an octogenarian and his usefulness was fast disappearing, but ho held on with persistency, to the great anxiety of Conservatives and Liberals, who wished the prize to fall to their '•cspective chiefs, Johnston and Young. One day Sir Brenton died and unhappily for the aspirations of the Conservative leader, the Liberals wore in office, and William Young became chief justice and was afterwards knighted. It was undoubtedly a blow to Mr. Johnston, not quite mitigated by his subsequent ai)pointment as chief judge in equit^' — an office made specially for him by the Conservative party as soon i s they came into power. New generations have grown up since Mr. Johnston was a force in law and politics, and his name seems fast fading away from the memory of the people of the province where he laboured so earnestly and conscientiously. His speeches have never boon collected in a volume, but it is questionable if they would now be read, since they were, as a rule, powerful political and legal arguments intended for present effect, and not replete with those graces of literary culture and eloquence that still make the best efforts of Howe and McGee quite readable. He was no writer and consequently wo have no memorial of his undoubted genius excej)t in the statute book and the official debates which can be found in pamphlet form or in the old tiles of the party newspapers. He was a pure and incorruptible politician, and despite his natural aspiration for the chief justiceship, to win it he would never have sullied his character by corruption or intrigue. Although he had, for a while, doubts as to the successful operation of responsible government, once it was won, he used his great talents to work out its principles with fidelitj- to the crown and people. He remained on the equitj' bench from 18G3 to 1872, when he visited Europe with the hope of prolonging a life which was too obviously ebbing to its close. Ho would have boon appointed lieutenant-governor of the province in succession to Joseph Howe, but relentless fate intervened and Nova Scotia was not permitted to welcome the great Conservative chieftain and distinguished jurist to that venerable building, which in old times of conflict, before the union of the provinces, seemed so far beyond the reach of colonial politicians, though it had so frequently for its tenants fur inferior men from the parent state, who happened to be favourites with Downing street and imperial politicians. 80 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA ill P'' V. Honourable Joseph Howe. — As I recall the portrait of the most famous Nova Scotian of his time — famous for the brilliancy of his eloquence and his wide popularity in the province where he struggled suc- cessfully for the people's rights — I can still see in my mind's eye the face and figure of Joseph llowe, when ho stood by the clerk's table in the session of 18G0, answering Dr. Tupper, who was the most formidable opponent the Liberal leader over met in the political field. Howe was claiming the victory for the Liberal party at the elections in 1859— a elf im which was denied by Dr. Tupper, then provincial secretary. Much excitement existed in political circles on accountof the government being defeated by a small majority, made up of a few members who held cer- tain offices and were notoriously ineligible. The Conservatives endea- voured to force Lord Mulgrave, then lieutenant-governor, to interfere and even to go as far as to grant them a dissolution on the ground that the members in question were disqualified and could not legally sit. Lord Mulgrave refused to interfere in a matter which was clearly within the exclusive jurisdiction of the House itself, and the Conservative party never forgave him when the government was forced to resign and the Young-Uowe administration was formed, as a consequence of his action. Mr. Howe, on the occasion to which I am referring, was defending the attitude of his party, which was using the votes of the disqualified men to come into office. Then, as always when excited, he had thrown his coat back on his shouldera and denounced his opponents with his forefinger pointed at them individually, and with all that scornful accent which his voice could assume on momentous occasions. He was a very ready and vei-satile debater, but his greatest and most readable speeches were the results of careful study and preparation, although never written out in full and memorized. He used notes, but not to a very great extent, depending chiefly on his memory of the arguments that he had previously passed through his mind when preparing for a debate. Although I reported many of his speeches in the years when I sat at a desk with the late premier of Canada on the floor of the old chamber, a little beyond where the Speaker's chair is now p'aced, I never saw a manuscript of any of them ; but he was a merciless corrector of proofs, and gave the printers a groat deal of trouble, although ho had been in his young days, a compositor and knew something of the trouble of " over-running " in his long journalistic experience. The fact is, ho was a very keen critic of his own performances, and attached great importance to the literary finish of his speeches and to their easy reading — an explanation of the in- terest and pleasure one can now take in the published volumes of his addresses. He did not speak entirely for the present but for future generations. His massive head was set on a sturdy framework, his eyes were always full of passionate exj^ression, his voice had a fulness and a ring of which he had a most complete mastery, his invective was as ^ xx^|^^HH[9 .\ /j^tBB^^f^^:^ i^^ "mBM^W^jp ^ ''" 'M tf>^ ^9 ^^^H^\ \ 1 HJj^^^Hn^i'S'-' V-' t^ 1 Hl \ 1 1 ^^B^fiB^iSrV'' -- '" ' '" ^'" MW nl 1 i 1 1 ^H^fe^/ ^1 I j 1 Ul ^^^^^^^^^^^^|^U«^''' ' ^^^HHf ^^■/ ) 1 J^^^^mm I F "^l^^^l r/ i r.^ijflitical history lost him many staunch friends in his own provinc*.', and no doubt he was, until liis death, sometimes an unhappy man when he fretted under the difficulty of bringing his associate- and »r*rtcr» of a long political career to understand the loftiness of his mtnivea and the true patriotism that underlay his whole conduct at thin critical )»tagc in the history of the Canadian Dominion. Howe left behind him two volumes ' of Hf*ecches and addresses which he delivered in the course of his long and theqoered career, with an appendix containing the letters he wrote to Lord Rassell on responsible government — the ablest exposition of the subject written by any of the actors in those stirring times. These volumes hare on the title page the name of William Annand as the editor, but it is well known that Mr. Howe himself collated and corrected all these speeches and letters which cover the most momentous period in the history of Nova Scotia. Mr. Annand was chiefly noted as the publi««her of The JMornimj Chronicle and Nova Scotian, the organs of the Lil>eral fjarty, and as the friend and follower of Joseph Howe for many years. Intellectually he was weak but his paper and his friendship gave hima»r)rt of factitious weight in public aft'airs. It was men like Howe. Jonathan McCuUy, and other strong writers in the Liberal party who. l>efore 18«7, gave vigour to the editoi-ial columns of The Chronicle. However, Mr, Annand thought he saw his opportunity when Mr. Howe entered the dominion government, to become a leader himself, and refused to liow to his former idol, but used his best efitbrts to de-stroy his usefulnew in the province. While the friendship was real, and Mr. Annand wa« nominally editing Howe's " Life and Letters," ho might have performed a useful task if ho could have actually devoted himself to give us au inidght into his great friend's '"The speeches and Public Letters of the Hem. Joseph Howe, edited by W. Annand, M.P.P., Boston, Halifax and Montreal ; 'A rote., li)S6." [uourinot] BUILDERS OF NOVA SCOTIA 88 8 character, some accounts of his inner life, some stories of his humour and wit, some description of those jjersonal traits which delight all readers, which give such a chiirrn to Boswell's Johnson, and Lockhart's Scott. As it is, however, Mr. Howe attempted no more than to give a very meagre account of his own life, and a short and even inadequate historical narrative to explain each speech and address. Ills speeches and letters, however, were corrected by him with a careful literary hand, and are well worthy the study of every 3'oung man who wishes to think well of his country and imbuo himself with the true principles of political liberty and sound jiatri )tism. Although delivered so many years ago they can still bo read with pleasure and profit, replete as they are with passages of striking 'oquence and illustrating his deep study of the great masters of thought, wit and oratory. It is his graces of stylo — evidence of how deeply he had drunk from the well of English undeliled that give to his speeches and letters a value and interest that cannot be found in the efforts of any other public man of British Xorth America. We find more incisive debating power, closer argument, more legal and constitutional learning, in the great speeches of Mr. Johnston and other contemporaries, but in none of them is there thai rare genuine eloquence, that wealth of illustrations drawn from the masters of English prose and poetry, that originality of idea, .that comprehension of what consti- tutes true political liberty, which we find in the speeches and lottei-s of iho famous Liberal of Nova Scotia. His career was in many respects most remarkable, from the day he worked at the compositor's case until he died in that old brown stone government house which has stood for the greater part of this century a few blocks from the somewhat younger province building. During the hot fight he carried on against Lord Falkland, who was sent out to Nova Scotia as a lieutenant-governor at a most critical stage of its constitutional history, ho found himself actually shut out from the hospi- talities of government house and was " cut " by the governor and his friends. Indeed, it could hardly have been otherwise, as Howe fiercely attacked Lord Falkland for his very doubtful course during a time when impartiality and tact were qualities indispensable in a governor, called upon to work out responsible government at its very inception. The lieutenant-governor had been chosen unfortunately for Nova Scotia — for ho was not a strong man intellectually — to conciliate the popular loaders and give them a legitimate share in the government, but it was not long before he practically found himself at the head of the Tories and engaged in a conflict with Howe and his friends. Ho even so far forgot his dignity as to publish a letter in his own defence in the public press. Howe wrote as well as ho spoke ; he could be as sarcastic in verse as in prose, and Lord Falkland suffered accordingly. Some of the most patriotic versos ever written by a Canadian can be found in his collestion 84 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA ■ V of pooms ; but rolntivoly very fow porsons nowadays recollect those once famous satirical attacks upon the lioutcnant-govornor, which gave much amusemutit to the people throughout the province, and made his life almost unbearable. These verses contain too many local allusions to bo appreciated by those who are not thoroughly conversant with the history of those times, and 1 shall content myself with a quotation from "The Lord of the Bedchamber," an allusion to one of the positions previously held by Lord Falkland. The following verses show the lieutenant- governor's opinion of the troublesome house of jissombly, and his way of conciliating some of its unruly elements : — Lord Falkland is supposed to bo in the privacy of his bedroom at govern- ment house waiting for a reply to a message he had sent some time before to the people's house. " No answer. The scoundrels, how dure they delay, Do they think that a man who's a peer Can thus be kept feverish, day after day, In the hope that their Spuaker'll appear. "How dure they delay when a Peer of the Realm, And a Lord of the Bedchamber too, To govern them all has been placed at the helm. And to order them Just what to do I "Go I) -dy ; go D— dy '; and tell them from me. That, like Oliver Crom., I'll come down. My orderly sergeant mace-bearer shall be And kick them all out of the town. Then his Tory friend ventures to hint that it might not, for him, be safe to repeat what the governor had said. " They've got some odd notions, the obstinate crew. That v.'e are their serviints— and they A sergeant have got, and a stout fellow too, Who their orders will strictly obey. " Besides, thr i-^h their leader and I have averred That justice t'loy soon shall receive, 'Tis rather unlucky that never a word, That we say will the fellows believe. " How now, cries his Lordship, deserted by you, I hope you don't mean to retire. Sit down, sir, and tell me at once what to do. For my blood and my brain are on fire. ' Mr. Dodd, afterwards a justice of the supreme court, and a strong Tory during his political career. He lived in Sydney, where I knew him well in my boyhood. [nOUBINOT] BUILDERS OF NOVA SCOTIA M mee uch life ) be ory rhe JBly mt- 5rn- imo bo Then the govornor'H friond HuggostH u iiiuthod of Hottling mnttere, quite common in thoHo as in old timoH. "Siippos*' ; iiiid Ills voli'o half recovored lt» tone, You aMk tlieni to (liiincr, hu crii'rac'donald, who in some respects was not his equal, and not more deserving of the gratitude of his fellow countrymen. Howe's life was rarely free from pecuniary embarrassment, fortune never smiled on him and gave him large sub- scriptions and possessions of land and money, the res anjusta doini must at times have worried him. Ho had an aim before him— not wealth, but his country's liberty atul her good. It was, however, a titting termi- nation to his career that he should have died a tenant of that very government house whose doors had been so long in old times obstinately closed against him. His voice had been often raised in favour of apf>ointing eminent Canadians and Nova Scotians to the position of lieutenant-governor ; and he was wont in some of his speeches to make caustic comparisons between the men of hi!> province and the appointees of Down'ng street. Stern destiny, which is ever playing such jirankswith poor humanity, with statesmen as well as mechanics, with the greatest as well as the humblest of mortals, placed him for a while — too short a while — where Falkland hail lorded it over him and others, and whore he could recall the i)ast with all its trials and struggles, humiliations and successes ; and then Kitte. in its irony, suddenly struck him down, and the old govern- ment house lost the noblest and greatest man who ever lived within its walls. As I close this imperfect tribute to a man whose broad statesnuvn- ship and undoubted genius I recalled as I stood last before his portrait in the assembh' room of the Province lUiilditig, 1 ask his countrymen to remember bis own noble vei-ses. and apply them not only to the famous Liberal orator, jioet and statesman, but also to his eminent opjjonent, the Conservative chief, who, like himself, was an honest conscientious man ditl'ering in principles, but equally influenced by loft^' aspirations : " Not \w\\'{ Oh VL-s, our hoiirls tlii'ir pro-sciico feel ; N'k'wlcs.s, not voict'lcss. from tlu' deepest shells On ineinory's shore Imrmonious eehoes steal, And iiiiines, which, in diiys none by, were sj>ells, Are hleiU witli that soft inusie. If there dwells Tlif spirit here our coi itry"s fame to spread, Where every lireast with joy and triumph swells, And earth reverherates to our measured tread, Banner and wreath will own our reverence for the dead. " The Hoinan gather'd in a stately urn The dust he honored— while the saered lire Nourished liv vestal hands was made to burn From age to ajie. If titly you'd aspire. Honour the dead ; and let the soundinR lyre Keeount their virtue.s in your festal hours ; (lather their ashes— hijJthcr still, and hijiher Nourish the patriot llame that history dowers. And o'er the old men's graves go strew your choicest Mowers." lli)\. SIK I IIAlil.l S III'l'IMi, l!\l!l., i: (.M.c .1 / llt/i 1,1' ,' '. n . r'i i I I [bourinot] BUILDERS OF NOVA S(X)TIA 87 VI. Sir CharlM Tapper, Sir John Thompioj, and others.— On tho re- tirement of Mr. Jobn;$ton from the field o." political competition the lcii(ler8hi|) of the Conservative party dovolvod naturally upon Dr. Tapper, a descendant of a pre-loyalist stock. lie became one of the most influential actors in the public affairs not only of Nova Scotia hut of the new Dominior-. lie established the present admirable system of public education in tho country, where it was previous to 1864 in a most deplorable condition. It was largelj' througli his remarkable pertinacity that the Ctmfederation was eventually established, and though so many years have passed since those eventful and trjing times, he is still an active and conspicuous figure in j)olitical life, while the voices of his famous compeers have long since been hushed in the grave. He continues to show that tenacity of opinion, that jiower of argument, that confideiice in himself, and that belief in Canada's ability to hold her own on this continent, which have been always characteristics of a remarkable career, and though he is now drawing to the end of his eighth decade of years, time has in no sense dimmed his intellect, hut on the contrary he is capable of the same vigorous oratory which was first displayed in the old chamber of the assembly oi Xova Scotia, while the progress of age has only given additional breadth to his statesmanship.' It does not, however, fall within the scope of this paper to refer to men who are still alive. Tho time has not come for speaking calmly and dispassionately on the merits of men like the venerable chief of the Opposition who has, naturally, in the course of a remarkable life, evoked many antagonisms. He that as it may. Nova .Sc<»tians. Lilnrals and Conservatives alike, cannot fail to admit that his intellect, energy and orator}', entitle him to the highest place in the roll of Nova Scotia's most distinguished statesmen. 1 have still before me the well-known figure of Sir ,(ohn Thompson, the IVieiid of my early nianhominion field of jHilitics was one of promise rather than of performance in successful statesman>hip. and I doubt verj- much if ho could ever have been willing to mjister all the arts and intrigues of a successful politician. In him Canada lost a man who. above all others, would have brought to the supreme court of Canada, or to the judicial committee of the privy council of the empire a clearDC.'is of intellect, a soundness of judgment, and an aecumulafvMl ston- of leg.il knowledge as well as intensity of purpose which would have been invaluable to this country during this practically formative stage of our constitution ; but that obdurate fate, which has hovered over the Conservative party since the death of Sir John Macdonald, the great prime minister, struck Sir John Thompson 88 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA down almost at the foot of the Throne and placed Canada in mourning for one of her sons torn from her in the prido of his intellect. It was my good fortune to win the kindly regard of Bishop Binnoy, who was a native of Sydney, though he left that »iiaco at a very early age, and subsequently received all the advantages of Oxford University, where he won much distinction. As head of the church in the province he evoked much antagor-sm during his administration, on account of his great determination of character which brooked no opposition, and his pronounced high church views, which he always asserted as the true historic principles of the church. Now that the mellowing influences of time have softened the asperities of the bitter past, those who think of the bishop and knew him best must bear willing testimony to the depth msUOP BINNEV. of the kindly and generous feeling that he had always in his heart for his friends and oven for his opponents when they met him in a spirit of fair play and sincerity. If he was unbending at times when he believed a great principle was at stake, it is well now to remember he was influenced by strict conscientiousness and lofty motives. In his social life he was remarkably hospitable and was not niggardly of his .neans when the poor clergy came to his doors, which they found always "on the latch.". VII. Some Famous Soldiers. — It was my good fortune over thirty yeai-s ago to meet ai:d converse on more than one occasion with the hero of Kars, who became for the first time since his boyish days in Annapolis Royal, intimately associated with the public att'airs of Nova Scotia as lieutenant-governor in 1865. Sir William Fenwick Williams was ap- < i I K'l'. HON. Sl|{ .l()ll\ lllllMl'SON, K.(..\l.(i. From (I phutdifrii/i/i hy Tajiliy of Ottairti. T |i/! I ' ■.I :p,1 i i [boubinot] BUILDERS OF NOVA SCOTIA 89 pointed at that critical moment when the provinces were threatened by the Fenians and the federal union was trembling in the balance. The imperial government felt it was advisable that un officer of signal military ability should bo stationed in the maritime provinces— for General Hastings Doyle was more remarkable for his careful uniform and padding and social graces than military experience— and that every possible influence should be brought to boar on the unstable politicians who were opposing the consummation of this imperial and intercolonial measure. A man of high conceptions, broadened by contact with able statesmen of many nations, raised far above the petty jealousies, rivalries and preju- dices of a small colony always noted for the intensity of its party GENERAL SIR F. W. WILLIAMS, BABT., G.C.M.G., OF KAKS. conflicts, he recognized the danger under existing conditions of the con- tinued isolation of Nova Scotia from the other British North American provinces. No doubt he considered it his duty to use his persuasive tongue and gift of clear and conclusive argument to promote the realization of the project to which his deliberate judgment was completely wedded. Of the extent or value of his influence on the uncertain minds of some opponents of confederation, it is impossible for me to say any- thing definite, and all we positively kiiow is the historic fact that during his short administration of the government Dr. Tupper, then premier, succeeded in bringing Nova Scotia into the federal union with the consent of a large majority of the legislature. General Williams, in appearance, » 90 ROYAL POCIETY OF CANADA carao fully up to tho ideal one Ibrms of a brave soldier, though in tho ordinary relations of social life he was full of bonhomie and genial talk, which gave no one tho thought that ho was the name man whoso gifts of command so completely swayed tho garrison at Kars amid tho most extraordinary privations, and whose resolute courage had won tho admiration of the Bussians, who only conquered him by the horrors of starvation. I pause for a moment in tho recording of thoKc desultory remi- niscences, to recall to the memory of his countrymen and countrywomen the unqualitied praise which General Williams's indomitable courage drew from friends and foes alike when tho defenders of Kars were forced at last to capitulate " General Williams,'' said Mouravielt", tho Eussian general to whom ihe fortress surrendered, " You have made yourself a name in history, and posterity will stand amazed at the endurance, the courage, and the discipline which this siege has called forth in the remains of an army which has fcovred itself' with glory and yields only to famine." In the English House of Commons, Lord Palmerston said : " A greater display of courage, or ability, of perseverance under diffi- culties, or of inexhaustible resources of mind, than was evinced by General Williams, never was exhibited in the course of our military history." In the House of Lords the Earl of Derby paid his tribute in those eloquent words : " I would say to those gallant spirits, to Williams, to Teasdale, to Lake and Thompson, ' you may rest assured that this house and the country deeply sympathize with you in your misfortunes, and we honour the valour and prize the fame of the brave but unsuccess- ful defenders of Kars as not below those of tho more fortunate conquerors of Scbastopol.' " " The name of Kars," continued the noble leader of the Conservative party, once aptly called in his impetuous youthful days theHupert of debate, "will bo remembered to the immortal honour of its defenders ! a name of everlasting triumph and distinction to the valiant souls, who, amid all the horrors of famine, and hemmed in on all sides by an overpowering force, again and again repulsed their enemy, on whona they on one occasion inflicted a loss almost exceeding tho carnage of any battle of modern times, and who, in spite of every discouragement, maintained their high spirit, and achieved victory after victory until finally compelled to yield not to the overwhelming numbers of the foe, but to the still more unconquerable force of sheer famine." ' It was but fitting that the representatives of the province, when assembled in parliament, should immediately recognize in a tangible form the valour of an illustrious son, and I well remember — though 1 was but 3, more boy then — the eloquent words with which Attorney-General (Sir 'See "Portraits of British Americans" by Fennings Taylor, (Montreal, 1865,> Vol. I., for an admirable sketch of Willianas's career. The portrait I give is by Notman„ who illustrated this book. [houiunot] BUILDERS OF NOVA SCOTIA 01 William) Young moved, and the Ilonoiirablo James W. Johnston supported an address to the lieutenant-governor for the purchase of a sword ''as a murk of the high esteem in which his character as a man and a soldier, and especially his heroic courage and constancy in the defence of Kars, wore held by the legislature of his native province ". " Of all the ])roof8 (iENERAL SIK J. E. W. INOI.IS, K.C.B., OF LUCKNOW From a portrait in Province liuildinfi. which I have received, or shall receive of this too general sentiment in my favour," wrote General Williams when he heard of the action of the Nova Scotian legislature, "the sword voted to me by my fellow-country- men is the most acceptable to my heart ; and when I again come in sight ' 92 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CAMADA of the shores of that land, whoro I firat drew my breath, I shall foel that I am i' thousand times requited for uii I have endured during the event- ful years of the lust terrible struggle." At a later time another sword was i'«leeen cducatcri in llorton Academy or in Acadia College as it became at a latt-r time, and after a meritorious career of .sixteen years in the BritiNli army, met a soldier's death in the final attack on the Eodan. Hi.s comrade in death and fame, Major Welsford — the grandson of a Loyalist of llH^i' — wan a graduate of old King's, where his name is kept green in the memory of its students by an annual prize founded by that staunch old loyalist, Senator Almon of Halifax. He too found a ]ilace among the gallant dead who fell as they were scaling the parapets of the Bedan. " Sound, sound the clariMti, lilt thrumh life Is worth an age without a name." Williams of Kars may appropriately find a niche among the builders of Nova Scotia since he was closely identities! with the closing years of the province as a distinct goveinment, but while Ingliit, Parker and Welsford were not directly connected with phases of the internal develoi)ment of the province where they were born and e a short monoKrapli giving his personal reminiscences of the hardships and dilliculties that attended a judicial circuit in those dayfi, "when large poriions of my journeys were performed in Indian canoes, in which I have sometimes passed the greater i)art or tlie whole of the night, occasionally paddling to lessen chilliness and to afford the poor, tired s(|uaw a partial relief." Tlic old judge -lie died in his ninety-fourth year— descrihes the lawless elements that existed for years during liis judicial term in this then sparsely settled island, which is now the resort of tourists attracted by its pictur- esque scenery and historic associations, and is ahniit to become the head(iuarters of great iron works in connection with its collieries, whose annual product is very large and steadily on the increase. See " The late Judge Marshall, or the record of an earnest life," by J. G. Hourinot (a grandson on his mother's aide), in "Canadian Monthly," 1880; also " Personal Narratives, with Rellections and Remarks," by J G. Marshall, Halifax, N.S., lS«(i. - His able son. Dr. George M. Dawson, C.M.G., F.R.S., who is also a native of Pictou, is the Director of the Geological Survey of Canada. i &vi£I^;i;^ •■^^i-rf^, '• ■ BfTi rr" ', j§ i ^Ri ;'■ .'; " 1*' Ir - •,%«''. J -.f.,*. Ik'^ "■ 1 --;..- a!«assa:t'Sd liit>%-.if k i 'JM g ^DH^aJ^^^BH^^H r ^^:' -^ f r r / pars, uplifting On the desolate, rainy seas." And we may be sure that wherever Nova Scotians may be found — whether toiling under the burning suns of India, or amid the sands or jungles of Africa, or planting orange groves in the sunny land of Florida, or in the fruitful valleys of Southern California, or seeking fame and fortune in far Australian lands, or searching for gold amid the rocks of Klondike, or driving the plough through the rich grasses and flowers of the western prairies, or illustrating the intellect and genius of their people in legislative halls, — they never forget that Acadian land which is associated with the most cherished memories of their boyhood or manhood. m o ■ i 1' ' ;^ ' [97 J APPENDICES Sec. IL, 1899. 7. m I '! ;' 1 -■'! ^ J ' ■1 i ii 'w i ! •i fill iM [98] APPENDIX A. COMMISSION DU ROY AU SIEUR 1)E M^NTS, POUR l/nABITATION ts TERRES DE LA CADIE, CANADA ET ADTRE8 ENDROITS EN LA NOUVELLE-FRANrE. Froin Jj'Kscdi'hiifs " llistoirr <1e In Xoiircl/e France," Vul. II., p. 40S. Hexhv, par la grace de Dieu Roy de France et de Navarre, a notrc clier el bien ame le sieur de Monts, Gentil-homine ordinaire de notre C^lianiljre, Saint. Comino notre plus t^rand soin et travail soit et ait toujours este, duiniis n»")tre aveiienient a eette Couroime, de la niaintenir et conserver en f'on ancieiine dijiniti-, ^'randeur et splendeiir, d'etendre et aniplitier aiitant (pie le^;itimenient se pent faire les Imrnes et liniites d'icelle ; Xous estans des long temps a inforniez de la sitnation et condi- tion des pais et territoire de la Cadie ; Meuz sur toutes choses d'vn zele sinpculier et d'une devote et fernie resolution que nons avons prinse, avec I'aide et assistance de Dieu, autlieur, distribntenr et protectcur de tous Hoyanines et otats, de faire con- Tcrtir, aniener et instruirc los peujiles qui habitent en cette contree, do i)reseiit gens barl)ares, atliees, sans foy ne Keligion, au Cliristianisme, etenla creance et profession de notre foy et religion, et les retirer de I'ignorance et inlideliti' oil ils sont : ayanS aussi des long temps reconeu, sur le rapport des t'apUaiiies de navires. jtilotcs, mar- elians et autresfpii de tongue main ont liante, frequente, et trall'i(ine avee ce qui se trouve de jieuples esdits lieux, eombien pent estre frnctueuse, commode et vtile a nous, a noz etats et sujets, la demeure, possession et habitation d'iceux pour le grand et apparent prolit ((Ui se retirera par la grande frequentation et liabitnde (|iie Ton aura avec les peuples qui s'y trouvent et le tratlic et commerce qui se jiourra par ce moyen seurement trailer et negocier, Novs, pour ces causes, a plein conflaiis de voire grande jirudence, et en la comissance et experience que vous avez de la (lualite, con- dition et situation dudit pais de la Cadie ])our ks diverses navigations, voyages, et frequentations(|\ie vous avez faits en ces terrcs et autres procbes el oirconvoisines ; nous asseurans que cette noire resolution et intention vous estant commise, vous la svaurez attenlivement, diligeniment et non moins courageusemeni at valeureusenu'iit executer et conduire ii la perfection ((ue no\is desirous, Vous avons expi'cssement conimis et etabli et par ces jiresentes sigm'-es de notre main, Voiis conimettoiis, ordounons, faisons, constituons cl etablissons notre Tiieutenant general, pour repre- senier notre peraone anx pais, territoirea, coles et confins de la Cadie, I'l commencer des lequarantieme degre juscpies au (piarante-sixieme ; Kt en ieelle etendne on jinrtie d'icelle, tant et si avant que faire se pourra, etablir, etendre et faire conoil re notre nom, puissance et authorite, et a ieelle assujettir, submetire et faire obeir tous les peuples de ladite terre et les circoiivoisins ; et par le moyen d'icclles et toutes autres voyes licites, les appeller, faire instruire, provoquer et »''niouvoir a la connoissance de Dieu et a la lumiere de la Foy et religion Cliretienne, la y etablir et en I'exercice et profession d'icelle niaintenir, garder et conserver leadits peiii)les et tous autres liabituez esdits lieux, et en paix, repos et tranquillite y commander tant par mer que par terre ; ordonner, decider, et faire executer tout ce que vous Jugerez se devoir et pouvoir faire, pour maintenlr, garder et conserver leadits lieux souz notre puissance et autborite, par les formes, voyes et moyens prescrita par nos ordonnances. F.t pour y avoir egard avec vous, commettre, etablir et constituer tous Ottlciers, tant es WM J [99] APPENDIX A. kino's commihsion to de monts for the settlej'ent ok the lands in la cadie, canada and other places in new france. Tniiinlat ion, from Church ill's Voijikjih, "W-Vftv. Suva Fraiirid. HENRY, by the Grace of God, King of France and Navarre. To our dear and well beloved the Lord of Monts, one of the ordinary gentlemen of our chamber, greeting. As our greatest care and labor Is, and always hath been, since our coming to this crown, to maintain and conserve It In the ancient dignity, greatness and splendor thereof, to extend and amplify, as much as lawfully may b* done, the bounds and limits of the same ; we being of a long time Informed of the situation and condition of the lands and territories of La Cadia, moved above all things, with a singular zeal, and devout and constant resolution, whkh we have taken, with the help and assistance of God, author, distributor and protector of all kingdoms and estates, 'to cause the neouie, which do inhabit the country, men (at the present time) barbarous atheists, without falLh or religion, to be converted to Christianity, and to the belief and profes- sion of our faith and religion ; and to draw them from ignorance and unbelief wherein they are. Having aloo of a long time known, by the relatjon of the sea captains, pilots, merchants and others, who of a long time have haunted, frequented and trafficked with the people that are found In the said places, how fruitful, commodious and profitable may be unto us, to our estates and subjects, dwelling, possession and habitation of these countries, for the great and apparent profit which may be drawn by the greater frequentation and habitude which may be had with the people that are found there, rnd the traflick and commerce which may be, by that means, safely treated and negotiated. We then, for these causes, fully trusting on your great wisdom, and In the knowledge and experience that you have of the quality, condition and situation of the said country of La Cadia ; for the divers and sundry navigation, voyages and frequentations that you have made in those parts, and others near and bordering upon ; assuring ourselves that this our resolution and intention, being committed unto you, you will attentively, diligently and no less courageously and zealously, execute and bring to such perfectio ,s we desire, have expressly appointed and estaljllshed you and by these presents, signed by our hands, do commit, ordain, make, constitute and establish you, our Lleutenaiit-General, for to represent our person in the countries, territories, coasts and confines of La Cadia. To begin from the 40lh degree to the 46th and in the same distance, 0ir part of it, as fur as may be done, to establish, extend and make to be known, our name, might and authority. And under the .-nme to subject, submit and bring to obedience, all the people of the said lands and borders thereof ; and by the means thereof, all the lawful wayfi, call, make, instruct, provoke and incite them to a knowledge of God, and to the light of the faith and Christian religion, to establish it there ; and exercise a profession of the same, keep and conserve the said people, and ail othor Inhabitants in the said places, a'ld there to command In peace, rest and tranquillity, as well by sea as by land ; to ordain, decide and lause tc be executed, all hi : 11 ^ ; ' i ! f^' if lOO ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA ftffaires de la Rucrre (lue de Iii.stice ct police pour la prt'miero fois, et de hi en avant nous Icsiiominerct presentiT, pour en I'stre par nous dispose et douncr les lot tres, tiltiTs et provisions tels (|u'il8 seront iiucossairL's. Kt ;^elon les ofc\irrences des airiiires, vous-nienios avee I'avis de gens prudens et eapables, preserire souz notre bon plaisir, des loix, stntuts et ordonnances autant (lu'il .-c pourra eonformes aux notres, notainnient es choses et nuitiercs aus(iuelles n'est pourveu par icelles ; traiter et contracter a mcnie ett'et paix, alliance et confederation, bonne ainitie, correspon- dance et conimunication avec lesdits peuples et leurs Princ'cs, ou autres ayans pou- voir et commandement s.ir eux : Entretenir, garder et soi^neusenient observer, les traitez et alliances dont vous conviendrez avec eux, pourveu qu'ils y satisfacent de leur part, Et a ce defaut, leur faire guerre ouverte pour les contraindre et aniener a telle raison que vous jugerez neeessaire, pour I'honneiir, ol)eissance et service do Dieu, et I'etablisscinent, manutention et conservation de notre dite autliorite parnii eux ; du moins pour banter et frequenter par vous et tons noz '"ijets avec eux, en toute asseurance, liberte. frequentation et communication, y negoHer et tralli(iuer amiablement et paisiblement, leurdonneret octroyer graces et privileges, charges et bonneurs. Lequel entier pouvoir susdit, Voulons aussi et ordonnons que vous ayez sur tous nosdits sjjets et autres qui se transporteront et voudront s'habituer, traflllquer, negocier et resider esdits lieux, tenir, prendre, reserver et vous approprler ce (|ue vous voudrez et verrez vous estre plus commode et propre a votre charge, qualite et vsage desdites terres, en departir telles parts et portions, leur donner et altribuer tels tiltres, bonneurs, droits, pouvoirs et facuU >/ (|ue vous verrez besoin estre, selon les ()ualitez, conditions et nieritesdes personues du pais ou autres. Sur tout peupler, cultiver et faire babituer Icsditcs terres le plus i)romptement, soigneusement et dextrement que le temps, les lie^x et conimoditez le pourront permettre ; en faire ou faire faire a cette fin '.a decouverture et reconnoissance en Tetendue des cotes maritimes et autres contrees lis a cet ell'et, nous reservans seulement le dixieme denier dece (lui proviendra de celles d'or, d'argent et cuivre, vous alFectant ce que nous pourrions prendre auxdits autre metaux et mineraux, pour aider et soulager aux grandes depenses que la cbarge susdite vous pourra apporter. Voulans cepen- dant(|ue pour votre seurete et commodite, et de tous ceux de noz su.jetsqui 8"en iront, habitueront at tralHiqueront esdites terres, comme generalement de tous autres qui s'y accomnioderont souz notre puissance et authorite, vous puissiez faire batir et construire vn ou plusieurs forts, places, villes et toutes autres maisons, demcures et habitation^., ports, havres, retraites et logements que vous connoitrez propres, vtiles et necessaires a Texecution de ladites entreprise. Etiiblir garnisons et gens de guerre a la garde d'iceux ; vous aider et prevaloir aux effets susdits des vagabonds, per- sonnes oyseuses et sans aveu, tant es villes qu'aux champs, et des condamnez a banissement perpetuel, ou a trois ans au moins hors notre Royaume, pourveu (pie ce soit par avis et conscntement et de I'authorite de nos Offlciers. Outre ce que dessus, et qui vous est d'ailleurs prescrit, mande et ordonne par les commissions et pouvoirs que vous a donnez nostre tres-cher cousin le sieur d'Ampville, Admiral de France, pour ce qui concerne le fait et la charge de I'Adniiraute, en I'exploit, expedition et execution des choses susdites, faire generalement pour la conquete, peuplement, habituation et conservation de ladite terre de la Cadie, et des cotes, territoires cir- convoisins et de leurs appartcnances et dependances souz notre nom et authorite, ce que nous-memes ferions et faire pourrions si presens en persone y estions, ja^oit que ]e cas requit mandement plus special que nous ne le vous prescrivons pas cesdiles ■ I If t i [nOURIXOT] BUILDERS OF I,'OVA SCOTIA lOl that which you shall Judge fit and necessary to be dona to maintain, keep and conserve, the said places under our power and authority, by the forms, Wiiys and means prescribed by our laws. And for to have there a care of the same with you, to appoint, establish and constitute all ofllcers, as well In the affairs of war as for justice and policy, for the first time ; and liom thenceforward to name and present them unto us ; for to be disposed by us, and to give letters, titles and such provisos as shall be necessary : and according to the occurrences of affairs, yourself, with the advice of wise and capable men, to presciibe under our good pleasure laws, statutes and ordinances, conformable, as much as may be possible, until ours, especi- ally In things and matters that are not provided by them ; to treat and contract to the same effect, peace, alliance and confederacy, good amity, correspondence and communication with the said people and their princes, nr others, having power or command over them, to enterla'n, keep and care- fully to observe the treaties and alliances wherein you shall covenant with them ; upon condition that they themselves perform the same of their part. And for want thereof to make op'.n wars against them, to constrain and bring them to such reason as you shall think needful for the honor, obedience and service of God, and the establishment, maintenance and con- servation of oTir .said authority amongst them ; g,t least to haunt and fref|uont by you and all our subjects with them. In all assurance, liberty, frequentation and communication, there to negotiate and trafflck lovingly and I eaceaoly ; to give and grant unto them favors and privileges, charges and honors. Which entire power aforesaid, we will likewise and ordain, that you have over all our said subjects that will g-o that voyage with you and inhabit there, ^.rafflck, negotiate and remain In the said places, to retalr take, reserve and appropriate unto you what you will and shall see to \ie most commodious for you and proper for your chaise, quality and use of fthe said lands, to distribute such parts and portions thereof, to give and attribute unto them such tlUes, honors, rights, powers and faculties as you shall see necessary, according to the qualities, conditions and merits of the persons of the same country, or others ; chiefly to populate, to manure and to make the said lands to be Inhabited, as speedily, carefully and skilfully as time, places and commodities may permit. To make thereof, or cause to be made to that end, discovery and view along the maritime coasts and other countries of the mainland, which you shall order and prescribe in the aforesaid a^.^ce of the 40th degree to the 46th degree, or otherwise as much and as far as may be, along the said coast, and in the Arm land.- To make carefully to be sought and marked all sorts of mines of gold and of silver, copper and other metals and minerals, to make them to be digged, drawn from the earth, purified and refined, -Cor to be converted into use, to dispose according as we have prescribed by edicts and orders, which we have made in this i.-alm of the profit and benefit of them, by you or them whom you shall esta lish to that effect, reserving unto us only the tenth penny of that which sh-.U issue from them of gold, silver and copper, leaving unto you th.it whir .1 we might take of the other said metals and minerals, for to aid and e& ;e you In the great expenses that the aforesaid charge mny bring anto yo j. ■Willing In the meanwhile that as well for your security and ciiixmodiity as for the security and commodity of all our subjects who will g:fj, Inhabit and trafflck in said lands ; as generally of all otners that will accommodate themselves there under our power and authority, may cause to 0)6 built and framed one or many forts, places, towns and all other houses, dwelling and habitations, ports, havens or retiring places and lodgings as you shall know to be fit, profitable and necessary for the performing of the said enterprize. To establish garrisons and soldiers for the keeping of them. To aid and serve you for the effects aforesaid with the vagrant, Idle m ''1 1 n :^ i HM . 102 ROYAL. SOCIETY OF (ANA DA jtruHi'iites, ftu contunu (lenciuflli's, MhiuIomh, onloniioiiH et trcs-pxprossement en- joiKiions a tou8 nos juHticieri*, oUifiers el sujets, de sf coiiforiiuT ; Kl ii vous oboir e enttiidru uii toutus et chiicuiu's le.s clioscs HiisditcH, leiirs cirt'onstuiices et dopoii- ditnces ; Vouh donni>r iiii.sHi en IVxecul ion d'ici'llos tout aydeil confort, nminforte et iissistiince dont vous luirez besoin et soront piir vous i'ei|uis, le tout ii peine de rebel- lion et de.sobei.sHiince ; Et A tin ipie pei'.>-onne ne preteiide eauHC d'innorance de cette notre intention, et we vueille ininiiseer en tout ou piirtie d_' la eharp>, (lignite et iiuthorite <|ne nous vous. donnons pur ces presente.s, Xous avons de noz certiiine science, pleine pulssniiee et iiuthorite Royiile, revo(|ue, supprinie et deelare nuls etde nul ed'et ciiipres et des I'l |)resent, tons iiutres pouvoirs et Coinndssions, Lettres et expeditions donnez et delivrez a (|uel(|ue persone (|ue ee soit. pour deconvrir, con- (pierir, peupler et hal)iter en I'etendue susdite desdites lerres situees depuis ledit (|uaraiitienie dej^'re ,jns(|ueH au (luarantesixieine (pielles (|u"elles soient. Kt outre ee, nmndons et ordonnons a tons nosdits Ullieiers de (|uel(|ue (pialite et oonditiou ((u'ils soient, (jue ces presentes, ou Viilinnis deuenient eol-lationne d'ieelles i)nr I'vn de noz ainez et feaux t'onseillers, Xotaires et Seeretaires, ou autre Xotaire Hoyal, ils facent a votre recpiete, poursuite et dilinenee, ou de noz I'roeureurs. lire, pid)lier er registrer es registres de leurs Jurisdictims, pouvoirs et detrois, cessans en tant iju'a euxappar- tiendra. tons troul)les et euipeclieinens li ce contraires. Car tel est notre plaisir. Donne li Fontaineldeau le liuitienie jour de Xovcnd)re, Tan de urace mil six cens trois, et de notre refine le (|uiiizi«'U!e. Signe, IIexky. Pit plus bas : I'ar le Roy Potier. Et scelle sur simple (lueue de cire jaune. 'm ill [uoiniNOT] BUILDERS OF NOVA SCOTIA 103 persona and masterless, as well ovit of towns as of the country ; and with them that be condemned to perpetual banishment, or for three years at least out of our realm provided always It be done by the advlc*, consent and authority of our officers. Over and besides that which Is above mentioned. (And that which Is moreover prescribed, commanded and ordained unto you by the conditions and powers which our most dear cousin the Lord of Ampvllle, Admiral of France, hath given unto you for that which concerneth the affairs and charge of the admiralty, In the exploits, expeditions and executing of the things above said), to do generally whatsoever may make for the conquest, peopling, Inhabiting and preservation of the said land of La Oadla ; and of the coasts, territories, adjoining and of their appurten- ances and dependencies, under our name and authority, whatsoever our- selves would and might do If we were there present In person, although that the caae should require a more special order than we prescribe unto you by these presents : to the contents whereof we command, ordain and most expressly do enjoin all our justices, officers and subjects to conform themselves ; and to obey and give attention unto you In all and every the thlnpra afore.said, their circumstances and dependencies. Also to give unto :m\i In the executing of them, all such aid and comfort, help and assistance as you shall have need of, and whereof they shall be by you required ; and this upon pain of disobedience and rebellion. And, to the end, nobody may pretend cause of ignorance of this our Intention and to busy himself In all or in any part of the charge, dignity and authority which we give unto you by these presents ; we have of our certain knowledge, full power and ri>gal authority, revoked, suppressed and declared void and of none effect hereafter, and from this present time all other powers and commissions, letters and expeditions given and Ucl'vered to any person soever, for to discover, people and Inhabit in the aforesaid extension of the said lands, situated from the said 40th degree to the 46th, whatsoever they be. And, furthermore, we dommand and ordain all our said officers of what quality and condition soever they be, that after these presents, or the duplicate of them, shall be duly examined by one of our beloved and trusty counsellors, notaries and secretaries, or other notary-royal, they do upon your request, demand and suit, or upon the suit of any of our attornles, cause the same to be ead^ published and recorded In the records of their Jurisdiction, powers and precincts, seeking, as much as shall appertain unto them to quiet and appease all troubles and hindrances which may contradict the same ; for such Is our pleasuro, Given at Fontainebleau, the eighth day oi November, in the year of our Lord l(iO;{, and of our reign tlie 1.5th. Signed " HENRY," and underneiilh " By tlie King, I'otikh," and sealed upon single label with yellow wax. [104 J APPENI3IX B. >i I if III CARTA DOMINI WII.LELMI ALEXAMiMI EQt'lTIS IJOMINII ET HARONIAE NOVAE 8COTIAE IN AMERICA. 10 8EPTBMIIRIS lt;21. ^roin " Hnynl /.rffir.i, Cli'irlirn dii'l Trni-lM," ftuhllMh^f/ hy the. /ianntifi/iif Club, h'lliiihuryh, H~ . JACOBUS Dei pnitia Mu^;ri!ii? Uritariiii.«4' Fmri(-fa Rex &c. Fidoifiue Defensor Oiniiihns prohis liomiiiilxis iDiiii" i<-rra»' »»iiafi clcrieis at laicis Niiliiteni, SilATls iios semper ad i|naiiililiet 'piae ad «Im-ii« f\ t-moIiitMeiitiiiii re;fiii nostrl Seotiae -speetarel o(•c•a^i()lU'lll anipleeteinlaiii fuUMr \n\fuUr>L iiiillarni|iit' /nit facilioreiii aut ina^is iinioxiaiii ae(|iii.siti(>iieiii ceiiHcrc <)iiarii <|)me in e.xteri.s et itieultis ref^nis nl)i vitaeet viL'tiii suppetuiit e()iiiiiii)(laiioviKrporumi|Uc roliore et virilms (luilmscumiue diflicultatibus si <)iii alii iimrtnliurn nspiam se audoant opponere liunc eonatum Imic re;riio niaxiiue idorK^um infle arltitramur (piod virorum tanlummodo et nuilierum .jumentorum et friitnenti rion etiam pecuniae trnns- vectionetn postulat nei|Ue iiK.oininodHin ex ip«ii|i> m-jfni merfil)us retrilmtionem lioc tempore cum negotialio adeo imminuta sit |K>>'Hit rvfxmere liincc de causis sicuti et propter 1ilt»rii Domini Willelmi Alexandri e(piitis servitium nobis praestitum et pra«staiiditon]iii>ii<'ti rfrjfiii nostri Scotiae acipiirendam eiira sieuti alii lu'inclpes extranel in tali>»ii)« catilmis liactenus fecerunt cum avisamento et consensu i>raedileeli nostri <'oii'«An(^iin(;i fX consiliarii .loannis Coniitis de Mar Domini Ersl;in et Gareocli suiniiii ii<>t>tri ttu'Haiirarii computorum rolulatoris collecloris ac tliesaurarii novarum nostraruiii aiii^nifrntationum liu.jus regni nostri Scotiae ac reliciuorum dominoruni iiostroruiii coinniionimus jiraefato Durnino Willelmo Alexander liaeredil>us siiis vel assijjnatis (piil)uscun priiiiuiii |)nii'ili('t<) lltivii) iiiiiniHci't iindc |i(M' iinimiimriiitii ilirci tiiiii liiiciuii i|iiiic pcrKi-re |it>r lorriiiii h(mi currt-rt' vitmih ><'|>tt'iitrioiii'ni coin i|iieliir ml |irii\iiimin iiiviiiiii KtittlDiu'iii lluviiiiii vi'l MciiliiriKlrirrii in iiiiiKin) lluvluilc ('iiiiiiinlii si'sc •Xdiirriiiitciii I't (il> co pcrnfiido vi'i'Mii.H oriciili'iii |irr iiiHiis (iiii-* lldonili's ciiisdi'in lliivil tie ("iinii'lii ml llinluiii stiitidiii'iii iiiiv iiiiii poi'liini iiiit litlHo (■oiiiiiiiiiiiti'i' noiiiiiit- tie (iiithi'pc vt'l (iaspio iiiiliiiii el iippt'lliiliiiii I'l (li'iii('i'|is vci-MiN I'liniiiotuiii ml liisiiliis Kiu-alaos vi-l Cup Hi'lttOII VIICUtltN IVllll<|ll('ll Cuiimla nIvc iiinKimc HtiiiionlH imvliiin ft icrraH du Ni-wfiindliind i-iiiii insiills ad (■ii>idfiii tcrriis pcrliiuMit iliiis i\ .HliiiHtni I't ilciiicfps nd ciipiit >iv(^ pi'oinnntnriiiiii tie Cup llrltlnii priii'dictuin jiu'ciim propc JHiitudiiicni i|UiidniKiiitii ipiliHinc unidiiiini mil <'o ciicii i-t ii diclo proiiiuiilorlo dc Cup llrilton mtsiih incridit'iii el iiccidi'iili'lii ml pi'iicdli'l illii Cup Siililr iilii ill' rpit prniiidillliil ii> liii'lu- dcndii I'l t'liinpi'i'lii'iidt'iido liilrii dicliis marls iiras llllDralcM ac I'liruiii lirnim- rci'i'iil ias a iiiiiri ail iiiai't> iiiiiiich trrras coiitilii-lit )H ciiiii lliiiiiiiilliiis toi ii'iil iltilM .slniiliiis llliDi'jIiii.H jiiMiiliH aiit, iiiailldiM .jaccnliliiiH jnopi- ant Infra m'\ Iciiras ml aliipiiiiii caruiidnii |iiii'li'iii t-x oci'ldi'iilitll lionall vcl orli'iiliili partilius oraniiii liltoralliiiii ct pi'iu-ciiichiiiiii t'liruiidi'iii ct al) ciiruiiolo (iilil .jacrt Cap Hrilloii) i-t i-x aiistrali paric rJuMlnii iiiM c-t ('apdf SaliieHiiiiiiia iiiarla ac iiiMUlas vimmih iiii'ridiciii intra (piadr^iKinla Icucas diclariiiii oraniiii littiiraliiiin i-ariindciii iiia^iiaiii iii'-iilaiii viii>;aiiti'r appi'lliilaiii Ylf dc Salijc vcl Salilon iiicliidciidn Jaccntciii versus Carliaii viil;{i).s()i(//i..s(i)///(.(/.s/ circa trininla Iciicas a dicio Cap Itriltoii in iiiarl ct cxislcntcni in latitndiiic i|iiadra>iiiita i|uatiiiir Knidiinm ant en circa Qiiaci|iiid(-ni tcrrac prac- dictac oiniii Icim p irc atl'utnro noniinc Novak Si ui'iak in A.Mliliir a ni""l<''i""t ipias ctiani pracfalUN Duniiniis Wiliclnin.H in partes et porliiines sicnt el vImiiii fiicrit dividet ii.sdeiiii|iie iininlna pro lieiicplacilo linpniiel I'liacnin oninilins fodinis lam rcnalilms anri el arKenti (plain allis fodinis ferri iiliunlii ciipri slanni acris ac aliis niineralilius ipiilinscuni|uc cum polcslale edodiciidi et dc terra elloderc causandi piirilleaiidi ct rcpiirpindl easdem et converlendi ac iitLMidi mio proprio Usui nut aliis iisiliiis ipiiliiisciinipie siciili dIcIo Domino Willolmo Alexander liacredilpiis siiis vel asslKiiatis aiit lis i|uos hiio loco in dictis tcrris staliilirc ipsnin eonligerit visum fiu'iit (rc-crvaiido solumniodo noliis et suceessorilnis nostris dcciniam partem nietalli viiljro doit aiirl ct ar^enti ipiod ex terra in posteriim cllbdicliir aiil lucraliltiir) liclinipieiido dicto Domino Willclmn siiisipie praedictis i|iioilctiii(pU' I'X aliis melallis cupri clialiliis ferri Htaniii |)luinlil aiit aliorum miiieraliiim iios vel succesHores nuslri ipiovismodo cxikci''' po.ssiimus ut co facilius niaunos siiinptUH in extraliuiidis priefatls metallis tollerarc possil Unacum miirnaritis viilpi ;»r»»7(' ac laplus praetiosis (piilinscum|iH> aliis lapicidliiis silvis virKullis inossis marrcsiis laculius aquis piscatioiiiliiis lam in aipin salsa (|uani recenti lam ropilium pisciiim (|uam iilioriiin venal ione aucupalioiie commo(litatil)us et linereditamenlis <|uiliiis- cuiii|ue I'nacum plenaria pole-; te privilcKio et jiirisdlctioiie lilicrae rc>?alitatis capellae et eiincellariae imperpetuiim cumque donatione et patronatiisjiirc ccclesi- arum capellaniarum et benelleioruin cum tenentlbiis tenandriis ct lil)creteneniium servitiis earundein una cum olllciis Justiciariae et admiralitatis respective infra omnes bondas respective supra menMonatas Una etiiim cum potestate civitales liberos burros lilieroH portus villas et burros buroniae erinendi ac foru ct niindinas infra Imiidus dlctnriim terrarum coiistituendi curias justiciariae et admiralitatis infra limites dictarnm terrarum lluviorum portunm ct marium tenendi una ctiam cum potcstate imponcndl levandi et recipiendi omnia tolonia custumas anclinraKia aliasipie dictorum bur);orum fororum nundinariim ac liberoruni portunm devorias et eisdein ))ossideiidi et gaudendi adeo libere in omnibus respectlbiis sieuti ipiivis baro major aut minor in hoc re^no notro Scotiae )j;avisus est nut K^'Klere poterit quovis temjiore praeterito vel future cum omnibus aliis praeronati vis privilegiis iminuni- tatibus dignitatilms casualitatibiis prolicuis, et devoriis ad dictiis terras niaria ct bondas carundcm spectantibus et pertinent! bus et (luae nos ipsi dare vel coucedere possumus adeo libera el ampla forma sieuti nos aut aliquis nostrorum nobiliutn [iioi'binot] r.ni.i'KKs or nova hoti \ 107 C'ltnii only cnllpil Cipo of S;ihl'', lyliiK '""n- tlin furly-ililrd dfitro' of north latitude, or Ihiii'iibouts ; tr»m thN Cip • dtretuhliiff alon« llio shoro.s of tho sea, wcMtwanl Ui Iho roa{endum et ))unieiulnni oniues iiov'. n-s siilxlitos (pios ad dietas terras ire aut easdeni inlialiitare eonli^'erit ant iini nenot iationeiii euni C'isdem snseipient vel in eisdem Incis reinanelinnl ae eisdem innosei'udum et iid staltilienduin tales leases statnia eonsiituliones direetiones instrnetimies formas Huliernandl et. inaKistratuum eeremnnias infra dietas lionc.as sicnt ipsi Domino WI"elino Alexander ant ejus i)raedirtis ad nul(enialii)nem dietae rejjionis el e.jusdem ineolarum In omnllnis eausis tam eriminalilins ipnim ci^ ililnis visum fiu'ril et easdein le).res re^iinina I'orinas et > i remonias allerandnm et mutandunt i|Uolies sil)i vel suls praedi( lis pro Iiono et eommodo omnes alios olti( liu.ju s refill n istrl Seotiae terrestres vel maritlnios ipii In posterum alli|nid juriselamei < onnnodllalis autliorl- tiitls aut interesse in et ad dietas terras aut provineiam piaedietam vel alli|uain inilii Jurisdietionein virtnte alienjus praeeedentis dispositinnis ant diplomat Is praoteiidere possunt Kt lit virls honest o li: latls scse ad expeditioneni istaiii MilM>iindain et ad eoloniae )ilantatiiineiii in dietis lerris addatnr animus nos pro lioliis nostrisipie liaeredlhils et sneeessoribiis cum avisainento I't eoiisensu piaedieto virtnte praeseiitis earlae nostrae damns el eoMcediinus lilierain et i)lenariam polestatem praefato Domino Wille Alexander sulsipie praedleli- eonfereiidi favores privile;;ia inunia ot lioiiores in demerentes euni |ilenaria polestale eisdem aut eornm aliciii <|U0s enin ipso Domino Willelmo suixiue praedlulls pact iones vel eontraetns faeere pro eisdem terrls eontinerit sub siiliseriptione sua vel suornni praedietorum et si<^iJlo infra inentionato allr|uam portionem vel portiones dielarnm terrariiin pcntiium naviiim Stat ionum lluvinrnm .int praemissorum alicujus partis dispnnendi el exiiadonandi eiijiendi etiam omnium Keneii.;ii maidilnas artes facilitates vel sclent las aut easdcm exerceiidl in toto vel in parte siculi el pro bono i|isornni visum fuerit Daiiili etiam eonccdendi el attribui'iidi lalia ollieia tlliilos Jura et potestates eonslitiiendi el ilesiiinaiidi tales eapilaneos ollieiarios balivos uubcrnatores elericos omnesipie alios refiaiitat Is bnroniae et biirni ollieiarios alioscpiu miiilKiros pro ailmiiiistrat lone .jnsliclae infra bondas dictarum terrariiin aut in via diiin terras istas petunt per mare et ab eisdem redeiint sieuti ei neeessariuin videbitnr seeiinduin cpialilale.'- eonditiones el personarnm mcrit:i ipios in aliipia eoloniariiin dietae i)ri)vinciae aiil aliijua e.jusdem parte liiibllare coni i;.'eiit aut <|ui ipsorum bona vel forluinis pro eommoilo I't increment o e.jusdem pcrlcnio eoinmittent et eosdein ab ollicio removcndi alierandi et miilandi pront I'i suls(|ne praescriptis expediens videbitnr Kl cum linjnsmi'di conalns non sine inauno labi>re et sumptibus tl'fiit inau;nainipie pecuniae lar^itionein rei|Uiranl a [lioniisoT] Bf II.DKUS OK NOVA SCOTIA 109 limits of such lands, rlvera, ports and seas; also with the power of Improving, levying and receiving all tolls, customs, anchor-dues and other revenues oi the said towns, marts, fairs and the free ports ; and of owning and using the .-me as freely In all rispccts as any greater or lesser Baron in our Kingdom of Sci Hand has enjoyed In any past, or could enjoy In any future time; with all other prerogatives, privileges, Immun'Mts, dignities, per- quisites, profits, and dues concerning and belonging to said lands, seas, and the b iundarics then of, which we ourtelves can give and grant, as f:e>ly and in as ample form as we or any of our noble ani-cstorp granted any charters, letters patent, enfeoffments, Rifts, or commissions to any subjects (if whatever rank or character, or to any society or company leading out such colonies into any forilgn parts, or searching out foreign land in as free and ample form as If the same were Included in this present charter ; aieo we make, constitute and ordain the said Sir William Alexander, his heirs and assigns, or their deputies, our hereditary Lieutenants-General, for repres iitiiig ( ur royal person, both hy sea and by land, In the regions of the sea, and on the coasts, and In the bounds aforesaid, both iti seeking said lanils and remaining there and returning from the same ; to govern, rule, pui:l^h and aiqult all our i^ubjects who may chance to visit or inhabit the same, or who shall do busincsa with the same, or shall tarry in the ;■ ' J places ; also, to pardon the same, and to establish such laws, statutes, eon- stitulions, oiders, instructions, forms of governing and ceremonies of mavr- istratcs in said bounds, as shall seem fit to t. of erecting machines of all sorts, lntTOnditlons and deserts of the persons who may happen to dwell in *ny of th*- colonies of said province, or In any part of the !;ame, or who may rn-k their goods and fortunes for the advantageB and Increase of the same ; also, of removing the same persons from office, transferring or chang- ing them, as f.«r a.s it »liall seem e.xpedlent to him and his aforesalds. no ROYAL SOCIEIY OF CANADA I i't : . : tionibus et si«illis t-xpedient liiiiitiindo assigimiulo ct afllnendo diem et locum pro personftruin bonorum et leruni ad navem delibfiatioiie sub pena et forisfactura cujusdam inoiu'tae suiniiiae et eosdeiu I'oiitractus non perticieiit sed ipsum fiustrabunt et in itiiit're de.siKimto ci noct'buiit (|uod non solum dicto domino Wiili'lmo suis(iue pruediclis poterit t^sse i)rai'.judiiio et nocumento verum etiam noslrae tnm laudabMI intentioni olistabit et di'irlmentnm infe.t't tunc licitum erit piaefato Domino \Villi'lniosuis((ue i)raedictis vel eorumdoputatis el conservatoribus inframentionatis in eo casu sibi suisve praedi<'tis (|Uos ad hnnc .ilectum sul)Mtiluet omnes tales snnnnas monetiu' bona el res forisfactas per taliuin eontractuuni violationem iissnmeie t^uod \U f.icilius Hat et lenum prolixitas evitetur dedimus et i-oncessinms lenore(|Uc pniesenlis cartae nostrae damns el eoncedinius plenariam licentiam lilierlalem <'l pote.statem dicto Domino Willelmo suis(|ue liaeredilms ei assij^natis ])r;u'diclis eliKeiidi nominandi assinnandi ac ordinandi lllicrtalnm et pri\ iieniorum per praesentem nostram carl.im sil)i snixpie praediclis eonressonim conservatorem ipii expeditae execntioni leges et sialiita per ipsum s\ioM|ue praedielos faela secundum jioleslatem ei suisiiue praedictis per dii^tam nostram earlum concosam demandabil volumusrpie et ordinanms poteslatem dicli con- servaloris in aclionibns el runsis ad jjersonas versus dictam plantatiiinem contra- lientes s|)eet.iulil)us absolutam esNe sine ulla ajipi'llaliimc .ml piocraslinalione «iuaeun(|ue <|ui(|\ii(lciii (Minsevvalor possid('l)il el nau(lel)il omnia privilcLiia immnni talis lil)erlates et diLtiiilales (luascuiKpie i|uae quivis conservator Scolicorum lu'ivileniorum apnd cxlraneDs vel in (!allia Flandria aut alilii liactenus possiderunt aut gavisi sunt (|»i(ivis ti-mjiore i)raeterito Kt licet omnes tales eonlractus Inter dictum Dominum Willelmum suosfpu' praedictos el praedictus |)ericlitatores per periclilat ionem et transporlationem ])opulorum cum ipsorum bonis et rebus ad slatulum diem iierfliienlnr et ipsi cum suis omnibus pecorilms et lionis ad litlus illius ])i'(>vinciai' aniiuo coloniaiii duccndi el ri'iiianendl appellent et nibilomiiius j)oslea vel iimiiinu )irn\ iiieiam Nnvae Scoliaecl e,j\isdem conlinia sine licentia dicti Domini Willehi i i',ju''i|Ue praedictorum vel cornm de|)Ulatorum ve! socielatem et, coloiiiam pra<'(li('tani ulil primum conibiiiali el conjunct i t'nerant ilcrclln>{iient et ad aiiiestcs ituii^enas in lucis remolis et di'sertis ad liabitandiim sese conferent (|Uod tunc amiltcnt et lori-lacient omiu's terras prins lis eoncessas omnia eliam boini infra omnes praedielas limidas et licitum erit praedicto Domino Willelmo sulMpu' pracdictis eadem llsco applicare el easden; terras reeopnoscere eadem(|ue omnia ad ipsii> vel eornm allciuiin ([uovisniddo s])e(lantia possidere ct siio peciiliari usui suoniiiHinc ])ia<'di(i(iriiiii ciuivcrlere Kl ul omnes dilecti nostri subditi lam re;inoniin iioslnirnm ei dominiorum (piam alii e\tranel c|Uos ad diclas terras ant alli|uam earundcm pariein ud mcrclmoriiu conlrahcnda navi;rare conilueril m<'lius sclant el obeillcnio sjni potestali ct aulborilati per iios in praedutum lidelem nostrum cousili.irnm Dominum Willelmum Alexander sui)s(|ue praedictos collalae in oiunibuH talibus commlssionibus warrantis |et| conlractibus (|uos (piovls tempore fnluro faciei concedel et constiluet pro dccentlori ct validiori constitutlone olllclariorum pro ;rnberiialione dictac coloniae coucessione terrarum et exccutione justlciai- diclos inbabitanle- periclltantcs depntatos factores vel asslirnalos tan- jtcntlbns in allcpia diclainm terrarum parte vel in navlgatione ad easdem terras nos cum avisamenio el consensu praedicto ordinamns (|uod diclus Domlnns Wlllehmis Alexander suib|| i|uo proni occaslo rcipiirct In olllcio suo utetur I'^l cum niuximc nccessarium sit ut omnes dllecll nostri subditi (pn)l(|U()t dictam i)rovinciani Novae Scotiae vel ejus conlinia incolciit in timoru OinnipotentiH ■^>\'f- ■Ji' \ [BoiaiNor] BUILDERS OF NOVA SCOTIA 111 And. since attempts of this kind are not made without great labour and expense, and demand a large outlay of money, so that they exceed the means of any private man, and on this account the said Sir William Alexander and his aforesalOs may need supplies of many kinds, with many of our subjects and other men for special enterprises and ventures therein, who may form contracts with him, his heirs, assigns or deputies for lands, fisheries, trade, or the transportation of people and their flocks, goods and effects to the said New Scotland, we wiii that whoever shall make such contracts with the said Sir William and his aforesaids under their names and seals, by limiting, assigning and fixing the day and place for the delivery of persons, goods and efficts on shipboard, under forfeiture of a certain sum of money, and shall not perform the same contracts, but shall thwart and Injure him in the proposed voyage, which thing will not only oppose and harm the said Sir William and his aforesaids, but also prejudice and damage our so laudable intention ; then it shall be lawful to the said Sir William and his afore- sal is, or their deputies and conservators hereinafter mentioned, in such cas! to j-tlze for h'mself, or his deputies whom he may appoint for this purpose, all such sums of money, goods and effects forfeited by the violation of thcS'i contracts. And that this may be more easily done, and the delay of the law be avoided, we have given and granted, and by the tenor of these presents do g-ive and grant full power to the Lords of our Council, that they may reiiuce to order and punish the violators of such contracts and agreements niaili; for tlie transfporration of pt'r.sons. And alihoug'i all such coiiiracts between the gaid Sir William and his aforesaids and the aforesaid adven- turers shall be carried out in the risk and the conveyance of people with thls.-ir goods and eff-.-cts, at the set time ; and they with all their cattle and goods arrive at the shore of that province with the Intention of colonizing and abiding there ; and yet, afterwards, shall leave the provimo of New Scotland altogether, and the conflneg of the same, without the consent of the said Sir W.lli.im and hi- aforesaids or their deputiis, or the society and colony aforesaid, where first they had been collected and joined togetlier; and shall go away to the uncivilized natives, to live in remote and desert plae'- ; then they shall lose and forfeit all the lands previously granted them ; also all their goods within the aforesaid bounds ; and It shall be lawful for the said Sir William and his aforesaids to confiscate the same, and to reclaim the same lands, and to fieizo and convert and apply to his own use and that of his aforesaids ail the same belonging to them, or any one of them. And that all our b'doved subjects, as well of our kingdoms and dominions, so also others of foreign birth who may sail to the said lands, or any part of the same, for obtaining merchandise, mny the better know and obey the power and authority given by us to the aforesaid Sir William Alexander, our faithful eounsellof, and his deputies, in all such commissions, warrants and contracts as he shall at any time make, grant and estal)lisli for the moro fit and safe arrangemi^nt of offices, to gos'-rn said colony, grant lands and execute justice In respert to the said inhabitants, adventurers, deputies, fact" '■1 or assigns. In any part of said lands, or in falling to the same, we, with I advice and consent aforesaid, do order that the said Sir Wllllum Alexander and his aforesaids shall have one common seal, pertaining to the office of Lieutenant of Justiciary and Admiralty, which by tlie «aid Sr Will am Alexander and his aforesaids or their deputies, in all time to como, shall be safely kep'. ; on one side of it our arms shall be engraved, with these words on the circle and margin thereof :—" Sigillum Kegis Scotlai? Angliae Franclae et Hybemiae," and on the other side our imago, or that of .piir succeesors, w.-h these words ;— " Pro Novae Scotlao I-oeum Tenento." and a true copy of ,' shall be kept In the hands and care of the conservator of the privllefes r<^ New Scotland, and this he may use in his office as f. : ptl I- 1 i 1 _ 1 1 j 1 ■ i 112 ROYAL SOCIETY OV CANADA Dei et vero ejus cultn .siinul viviiiit omni conaniiiii' niteiiteis Christianain relinioneni il)i stahilirc piifeni i-tiiiin ct (|Uietoiii cum nativis incoliH I't aKrestibus uboriKiiii')UH faruiii tcrrariiiii oolere (unde ipsi ct <'oru>n quilila't niorcimonia il>: exiTccntCH tuti cum obli'ctamcnto ea quae miiKiio cum lal)oi'e et periculo ae(iui«iveruut (|Ui('te posHhlere |)o.ssint) nos pro iioWis nostriH(|ue successorilms volumus uobiscpii' visum est per praeseulis cartae nostrae tenorem dare et conccdere dicto Domino Willelmo Alexander suiscpie iiraedicti.s et eorum '. rejrimen et imlestatem in ipsos habentibus contrahendi oliservandi et alcndi tales utliiiitates et collo<|uia (piae ipsi vel sui predicti cum lis contrahent modo feodera ilia ex adversa parte per ipsos silvestres (Ideliter observentur (piiid nisi liat arma contra ipsos sumendi (piibus redigi possnnt in ordinem siculi dido Willelmo suis;Krediendi ex inopinato invadendi expellendi et armis repellendi tani per niaro (piani per lerrani omnibus moilis omnes et sinjiulos qui sine speciali li''entia dicti Domini Willclmi suorunique praedietorum terras inhaliitare aut mercaturam facero in dicta Novae Scotiae provincia ant (piavis e.jusdem parte conal)untnr et similiter oniiies alios (|uos('un(|iie qui aliquid damni dttrimenti destructionis laoionis vel invusioni.1 contra provincium illam ant e.jusdem incolas Infern; praesumiml qiuid ut facilius tint licitum erit dicto Domino Willelmo suis(|Uc praedictis eonim deputatis factoribns el assifinatis contribuliones a periclitantil)ns et incolis e.jusdeni leviire in nnum ns sicuti dicto Domino Willelmo suis(|ue praedictis expe;iiens videbilur omnes nostros subditos infra :i(aos limiiites didae i)rovinciae Novae Scotiae iiiliabitantes et mer.wnoniu ihuiem exerccntes convocare pro meliori exercituum necessariorum Hupiilemento ei populi el |)lanlal ionis dictarum terranini au)j;mentatione et incremento I ueh plcnaria potesliite privileKio et libertate dicto Domino Willelmo Alexander saisque praedictis per ipsos vel eorum substitutos per (|uaevis maria sub no.rtris iimiKiiiis et vexillis navipmdi cum tot navilius tanti oneris et tarn bene munitione viriH et victualil>u«< instnictis sicuti possnnt parare quovis tempore et (pioties iis vn4ebitnr expediens ac onines cu.juscunque ((ualitatis et gradus persoiias subdili nosnri ' exislenles anl qui impcrio noslro sese snlxlere aol)us ovil)us l)0iii ei rebus omnibus munitionilMis macliinis nia.joribus armis et instrnmentis i ilitaribns (piotquot volueriiir aliis(|ue commoditatibus et rebus nccessariis pro us' e.jusdem coloniae nnituo cninniercio cum nativis inliabitantilnis earuin provinciarun. :'.it aliis (|ui cum ipsis piantatoril)Us niercimonia contrahent transportandi et omnes couuuoditates et uiercinumia quae iis videbuntur necessaria in reKnum nostrum Scotiae sine alW-u.jus taxaiionis custumae aut impositionis pro eisdem solntione nol»i- vel nostris cuslnmariis aui eorum deputatis iude portandi eosai)itare vel ibiisdL>in suppetias ferant DcclaramuH iiusupcr per praexentis eartac noHtrac tenoreni omnibus chriatiani.s regibua prini-ipibus et MtatibiiH quod si alitiuis vel aliqui qui in poMteruni de dictis colonlis vel de carum ali<|ua sit in dicta provinciii \ovae Srotiae vel aliqui alii sul) eoruni licentia vel niandato quovifl tempore futuro piraticiiin excrcentes per mare vel terrain Imna alicujus abstulerint vel a1i(|U04l injustuiii vel indcbitum hostilitcr contra aliquoH noHtroH noHtrorunive haeredum et succcssoruni aut aliorum reguni principuni Kiibernatoruni aut Htatuum in foedere nobiHCiini existcntium BulxlitoH quod tali injuria hIc oblata aut jUHta querela desuper niota per aliquem regeni principeni guliernatoreni statum vel eoruiii Hubditos praudictcs nos nostri hneredes ot sueccssores publican proclaniationes liericural>hnu^i in ali(|Ua |)artc dicti rogni noNtri Scotiae ad hunc cirectiim niaglH conimoda nt dictus pirata vel piratae qui tiiles rapinas conimittent stato tempore per prnefatas proclamationes limitando plenarie rcHtituent quaecun(|ue lx>na sic al>lala <>t pro dictis injurlis oninimodo satisfaciant ita ut dicti principen aliiquc sic coniiuacrentes satisfiictos su esse reputent ctquod si talia facinora conimittent bona ablata non restituent ant restitui faciant infra liniitatum tenipiis quod tunc in posteruin sub nostra protectione et tutela niinime erunt et quod licituni erit omnibus principibus aliisquc praedictis delinquentes cos liostiliter prosc(|ui et invadere p]t licut ncnilneni nobilcni aut gcnerosuni de patrla hac sine licentia nostra decedere statutum sit nihilominus voluniUH quodpracsens hoc diploma sutlicicnscrit licentia et warrantum omnibus qui se huic itinuri conimittent qui laesaemajestatis non sunt rci vel aliquu alio speciali mandato inhibiti atque ctiam per priicscntis cartae nostrac tenorem declariimus volumusque quod nemo patria hac dccedere permittatur versus dictam Xovam Scotiam nullo tempore nisi ii (|ui juramentum supremitatis nostrac primum susceperint ad III lieij, Mag, Sigilli mariia. [noiniNOT] BUILDERS OF NOVA SCOTIA 117 and stales', that If, hereafter, any one, or any, from the said colonlcH, In the province of Nl»w Scotland aforesaid, or any other persons undfr ihi-lr llcfnae and command, exorcialng piracy ; at any future time, by land or by sea, shall carry away the goods of any person, or in a hostile manner do any Injustice or wrong to any of our subjects, or those of our heirs or suc- cessors, or of other kings, princes, governors or states In alliance with us, then, upon such Injury offered, or Just complaint thereupon, by any king, prince, governor, state or their subjects, we, our heirs and successors will see that public proclamations are made. In any part of our said Kingdom of Scotland, Just and suitable for thto purpose, and that the said pirate or pirates, who shall commit such violence, at a stated time, to be determined by the aforesaid proclamation, shall fully restore all goods so carried away ; and for the said Injuries shall make full satisfaction, so that the said princes and others thus complaining shall deem themselves sati.-=fled. And, if the authors of such crimes shall neither make worthy satisfaction, nor be careful that It be made within the limited time, then he, or those who have com- mitted such plunder, neither are nor hereafter shall be under our govern- iment and protection ; but It shall be permitted and lawful to all princes and others whatsoever, to proceed against such offenders, or any of them, and with all hostility to Invade them. And though It Is appointed that no nobleman and gentleman may depart from this country without our consent, yet we will that this our present charter be a sufficient permission and assurance to all engaging In the said voyage, save those who may be accused of treason or retained by any special order ; and according to our present charter, we declare and decree that no person may leave this country and go to the said region of New Scotland unless they have previously taken the oath of allegiance to us ; for which purpose, we, by our present charter, give and grant the said Sir William End his aforesalds, or their conservators and deputies, full power and a.uthorlty to extct the said oath from and administer It to all persons proceeding Into the said lands In that colony. Moreover, we for ourselves and our successors, with the advice and consent aforesaid, declare, decree and ordain that all our subjects, going to the said New Scotland, or living In it, and all their rjhlldren and posterity born there, and all adventuring there, shall have ant' enjoy all the liberties, rights and privi- leges of free and native subjects of our Kingdom of Scotland, nr of our other dominions, as if they had been born there. Also, we for ourselves, and our i-ucoessors, give and grant to the said Sir William and his aforesalds the f.-ee power of regulating and coining money for the freer commerce of those 'nhablting the said province, of any metal. In what manner and of what forr.i they shall choose and direct for tha same. Ami if any questions or dioubts shall arise on the meaning and con- struction of any clause in our present charter, all these shall Be taken and explained in their amplest form, and In favour of the said Sir William and his aforesalds. Besides Tve, of our certain knowledge, proper motive, regal authority and kingly power, have miide, united, annexed, erected, created and incorporated, and, by tho tenc; of our present charter, do make, unite, annex, erect, create and Incorporate, the whole and undivided, the said province and lands of New Scotland, with all the seas and limits of the same, and minerals of gold and silver, lead, copper, steel, tin, brass, iron and any other mines, pearls, precious stones, quarries, forests, thickets, mosses, marshes, lakes, waters, fisheries as well In fresh waters as in salt, as well of royal fishes as of others, cities, free ports, free villages, towns, baronial villages, seaports, roadsteads, machines, mills, offices and Jurisdic- tions, and all other things generally and particularly mentioned above. In U 118 ROYAL gCK lETY OF CANADA i^i I' f« ^ ^ : futuro appellandum VolumuK(|ue »'t corK-mliniaK «f pro nobix et BUCceosorOnis iioHtriH (Iccorniinus et orciinaniiiH ijufx! iini<-a MUiina niinr per dictiiin Doiiiiiuini W'illolinuiii HuoMi|iii' praudictoM oiiint t4'iiipdcm HiiperiiifiitioimtiK aliM|uc alifjan alia Npeciali et particiilari saxina per ipHiim Hiiosve praedictOH npud «li<|iiaiii aliam partem vel ejil.sdem loeuni capieiida penes (|iiuin saHinam (>mnia'|ue<|ua<' itide M«rata sunt ailt Necpii poxsiint nos cum aviHaniento et cuMHeiiHii pra»'kcript« pr<» iiobi>» et surres.sorilius iiostris dispen- savimiiH teii<)rei|ue praesentis cartae tut^trnt; uunln siiMns rnentinnaln dispcnsamus imperpetuiim Tknandam irr iiAKiivnAM totairi et inteKrnrn dir'tam reKionem et dominium Novae ScoMae eiim oniniliiM ejiiMletii llinitiiiUH iiifr> praedirta maria mineriklibus auri et ar^unti eupri clialilti^ htADiii fus a(|ui.s piMcationilius lam in a<|uii< dulcibiit'innni wilsis ram reKallum pl.Hcium quam aliurum eivilatilxiM lil)eriH liiirxis liberin |K>rlHbus iirl>ilitiH l)aroniii(> l)urKl.s liuiris portul)Us aiicliuraKils macliiniH miis omni- biis(|ite aliiH ^''U'-'i'ivliter et partieulariter nupn iiienlionatis oumipie us aliis privile^^iiH libertatil)us immunltatiliUH i-amialilalilnis aliisipie .supra expressis praefatu Dominii Willelino Alexander livrredibiis suls et assiKiiiilii de MmillH .'upiis staKniH riviilis pratis paHcui.set paHturis niolendinis tiiulliiriK et eonitii »«f|iielis aii('U|>atinnil)Us venalion- ibu8 piseationiliUH pelariis turbariiH earlMinitniH <-ar>ionariis cuniculJH cuniculariis columbis eolumbariJH fiiln ilibuH linminis bnjerii^ et (;etii'>ti.s Hilvis neninril)us et virpillis li^niH lapicidiis lapidc < Ice euiii <'iirils et niriarum exitiliUH lir I'xeldis bludewetiH et nnilierum marcliel uni fun-a f'xMM sok sak tliole tliame infanj^lheiir outfaiiKtlieiir vert wrak wair vetli vennyMtiin pill et kaIIdus ac cum omnil>ns aliis et sin>;ulis libertatil>us comnioditalilmK proflcuis a.Hiaiiientis ac jiislis siii.s perlin- entiis i|uilius(Mini|ue turn non numinatiK <|iiaifi iiotninatis lam .sulilns terra (piam supra terrain proculet propead prai'dicliim r<'Ki<>iierri speetaniiiiUHweu Juste Hpect are valentibiiM (luomodolibet in futurum liltere •|ufetif plenari: InteKre lionoritlce bene et in pa''e a1)H(|ue nlla revocution<- conlradii-tioiie i.iifiedimento aut olj'-tacula ulii|iiali Solvendo inde annuatim dielus I)(>millU^ Willi-li'ias Alexander Huii|Ue praedioti liol)iH noslrisipie liaeri'dil)us el siicceMMjril»m» uouiii dennrium monetae Hcotiae super fundum dietarum terraruni et provineiiu? Xovae Hcofiae ad festum Nativitalis Christi nomine albae lirmae si pctatur tantutii Kt >|uia tentione dietarum terraruni et provinciae Novae Seotiae et alba llrnia pra^licta detlriente tempestivo et legitimo introitu euju.svis liaeredis vel liaereduni otet>t «b loiiiciti'iaam distantiani ab boe regno nostro eaedem terrae el provincia ratloiie iion'iiitr'>it.a.s in maiiil)us nostris nostro- rumve MUceeH^oruni devenient UM|ue ad leKitiriiniii lefptimi haeredis iniroitum et nos nolentes dictas terras et reKioiiem <|Uovi« tempr>re in non introitu caderc ne<|ue dictum Doniinuni Willehnum suoMjue praedictos Itenetlciis et profleuls ejusdem eatenus frustrari iil. irco nos cum avisaiiieniu praedlrto com dii f'l non-introitu> quandocun(|Uc conti^erit dispensavirnUH t«nor«^|iie prae^entis rartae nostrae pro nol)is et succesHorilnis nostris diH[)enitamui>ac etiani reniinciavimus et exoneravimus tenoreciue ejusdem cartiie nostrae cum conM-tutii prawlicto renniicianuis et exoner- amuH dictum Dotniniini Willelmum ejuwiue praeMTipton praefatum non-introitum dictae provinciae et regionis ((uandocuntiue in rnanitm.H nostriii devenict aut ratione non-introitus cadet cum omnibus quae deituper ttenu'i pOMHunt proviso tamen quod dictus Dominus Willelmus Huique haere III Ki'g. M.ig. SigiUi introilii. [bourinot] UUILDEU8 OP NOVA SCOTIA 119 one entire and free lordship and barony which shall be called In all future time by the iiforeanld name of New Scotland. And we will iind grant, and for ourselves and our succesBors decree and or'l'r, that ime seisin now made by the said Sir Wlllliun and hi aforoauUU, UP"U any part of the soil of thf said lands nnd upnn the province before described, shall In all future time be effective ; and shall be ,'t sufllelent seisin for the whole reffii'i, with all the parts, appendages, privlleffi-*. f ccl- dents, liberties, nnd Immunities, of the sanie mentioned above, wlth'iut any other special and doflnlle seisin to be taken by himself or his aforesalds» on an other part or place of the same. An- 1 concerning? this sel.-'ln and all thiiiK^ whieh have fallowed it, or can follow it, with the advice and consent above mentioned, for ourselves and successors have dispensed, and by the tenor of our present charter, ,m the manner ht^reafter mentioned, do dispense for ever : To hold i-nd to possess, the whole and umlivlded, t\u\ said region and lordship of New Scotland, with all the bounds of the same within the seas .tbove mentioned, all minerals of gold and silver, ci>i)per, steel, tin, lead, brass and iron and any other mines, pearls, precious stones, ciuarrieH. "wood*, thlikets, moFsrs. marshes, lakes, waters, tishetlea. as well In frr IpNtm vol cnruiii leKitiinoH |)i-uciiriitori>N itii liiiiic cirvctuni |)oU>Htut('in hiibcntuH iioliis noHtriHi|iie Hucc-uHsuribuH IioiiiiikIuiii fiu-iant t^t dictiis Ii'itrh doiiilniiiiii ct Itaroniani iiliiii|uo pi'iifilictii lulciint i^t per moh rt-ciplniitur hcciiiicIiiiii Ick'^h el Mtiktulii tllcti rcKiii lumtri Si'dliii* I)t'iiii|ui< iioH pro iioIiIn t't Huci't'HNorllxiM iioHtrLs viiIuiiiiih (Icci'mlinuH vt oriliiiikiniiH pritt'.sciili'iii liuiic iiONtrain ciirtcin ct infcoranu'iituiii Niiprii Hcriptuiii pi'ui'ilii'tuniiii IriTiiruiii (loiiiiiiii el rt'KionIs Novno Srotiiii' privili'Kia ft lilu'rlittcH i'JUH(l('iii ill proximo luiNtro piirliuiiicnto dieti rt-Kiii no.Nt.ri Scoiiiiu cum t'ontlKfrit riitillciu'i iippruliai'i ft conlirmiiri ill vim vt t'Dli'iiciam duuri'li iiiil)i halu'al pcni'M iiiiod iioH pro niiliis t'l Hiu'('i'H.s(>ril)Us iioHlriH (Ict'laramuH lianc noMlram cartam Hiilllcii'im fort' warrant iiiii v\ In vitIio principiH faiidcm iiti ratilicnri vt approltari promitliiims alipif I'liam alteraiv rtMiovarc ct oaiidcm in ampli^Hlma forma aiiKcrc ct vxtciidure ((uotics diclu Domino VVillelino c,jnsi|uc pracdicli.s iicccs.Harium et expedient vide- liiliir IiiHupur nolii.H visum cnI ac inandamuH ct pravclplmuH dilcctiH noslris vlccc'(iinitil)iiH nostris in liac parte Hpt'cialitcr coiiHtitiitiH ipialcnus post liii.jim cartac noNtrac nostro sub iniiKno Ni^ilio aHpectiim Ntatuni ct NaHinam acliinlcm ct rcalcm pracfato Domino Willclino .siiisiiuu pracdicli.s uoruinve actornato vul actoriiatis tcrrarnin ilominii liaroniac aliorunii|Uc pracdiclorum cum omnibus lilieratibiis pr! vilc^iis iinmunitatibus alils(|iio supra uxprcsHis dare et concederc (|uani sasinam nos pur pracsciitis cartae iiostrau lenorem adeo IcKitimam et ordinariani esse dcclarainiis ac si praecoptiim hiiI) tcstiinoiiio nostri Magni SiKiHi in ampiissima forma cum omnibus clausulis reipiisitiN ad liiinc cIVectuin pracdictum bal)crct penes ((Uod IIOH pro nobis ct siiccessoribus nostris iinpcrpctuum dispeiisamus In ciijiiH rci testimonium biiic pracscnti cartae iiostrac magnum sigillum nostrum apponi pnicecpimus testil)UH pracdilcctis nostris coiiHanKUineis et consiliariis .lacol>o Alarcliioiic dc Ilnminiltoun comite Arranic ct CamliridKc domino A ven et Inncrdaill (Jeornio Mariscalii coinitc domino Kcytli &e. renni nostri mariscallo Alexandro coinitc de DumferiiieliiiK domino Kyvie ct Ur(|uliart &c, nostro canccilario Tlioma coinitc dc Metros domino BinniiiK et Dyres nostro secretario diiectis noHtris familiaril)us consiliariis dominis Kicardo Colcburne Junioru de Cierkii (toun nostri secreti si^illi custodc (icor>;io Hay dc Kinfawnis nostrorum rotulorum rc^lstri nc consilii clcrico •loanne Colilniriic dc Ormestoun nostrae Jusliciariae dcrico ct Juanne Scott de Scotstarvett nostrae canccllariac directore niilitibiis Apud castellum nostrum dc Windsore declmu die incnsis Scptemliris anno Domini millesimo sexcentesimo vigesimo priino reKnoruinquc nostroruni annis )|uin(|Uagcsinio quinto et declmo iioiui. 1 it, 'J' 1 1 1 1 i i 1 1 1 Per signaturam manu S. D. X, Uegis suprascriptam ac manibus Cancellaril Tliesaurarii Principalis Sccrctarii ac rcliquorum Dominornm nostrorum Coinmissionariorum ac Secreti Consilii ejusdem Kegni Scotiao subscrip- tarn. Writtin to the Great Seall, 21). Septcmb. I(i21. .1. SroTT, i/ratin. SiKellnt. Edinburgi 29. Septcmb. 1021, .Ta. Kaitiik, yrntis. [■01 HI not] IJUILDKUS OK NOVA SCOTIA Itl renounce and exonerate the said Sir William and hia aforeialda In reiipt'ot to the above-mentioned non-entrance of the aald province and region when- •ver It shall come Into our handa, or, by reason of non-entry, may fall, with all thln»i that can follow therefrom ; provided, however, that the aald Sir William, his heirs and assigns, within the space of seven years after the decease and death of their predecessors, or entry to the possession of said lands, and of other things aforesaid, by themselves or their lawful unenta holding power for thia purpose, do homage to us and our successors, and come to and receive througli us. the sajne lands, lordship, barony and other thlHBs aforesaid, according to the laws and statutes of our aald Kingdom of Scotland. Finally, we, for oursplves, and our sucoesHors, do will, decree and ordain that thUs our present charter and enfeoffment above written of the lands aforesaid, lordship, and region of New Scotland, and the prlvllegeg and liberties of the same, dhall be ratified, approved and established In our next Parliament of our said Kingdom of Scotland whonevor it shall meet, BO thiit It shall havi? therein tho force and efllcacy of a decree ; and for this we, for ourselves and our successors, declare that this our charter ■hall be a sufflclent warrant ; and as a prince, 'we promise that the same ■hall be ratified and approved, and also we promise to alter, renew. Increase and extend the same Into the most ample form, as often as It sholl deem necessary and exi)edlent to the said Sir William and his aforesalds. Moreover It has seemed best to us, and we order and enjoin our beloved . . . our sheriffs especially appointed on our part, on seeing this our charter under our great seal, so to give and prant to the aforesaid Sir William and his aforesalds, or their attorney or attorneys, possession and sel-'ln, actual and real, of the lands, lordship, barony and other things mentioned above, with all privileges, immunities, liberties, and other things above expressed : and this seisin we, by the tenor of our present charter, declare to be as lawful and regular as If he had a precept, under proof of our Great Seal, and In tJie most ample form, with all clauses requisite for the aforesaid purp'-rse ; with which we, for ourselves and our successors, do for ever dlsrense. In witness whereof we have commanded our Great Seal to be afll-ced to this our present charter. Witnesses ;— Our well-beloved cousins and i.'ounclllors, James, Marquis of Hamilton, Earl of Arran and Cambridge, lord Aven and InnerdalU ; George, Earl Marlschal, Lord Keith, Ac, Marshal of our Kingdom ; Alexander, Earl of Dunfermline, Lord Pyvle and Urquhort, &c., our Chancellor; Thomas, Earl of Melroa, Lord Binning and Byres, our Secretary :— Our beloved familiar Council! ors. Baironets ; Sir Richard Cockburn. Junior, of Clerklngton, Keeper of oar Privy Seal ; Sir George Hny, of KInfawins, our Register of the Rolls and Clerk of the Council Sir John Cockburn, of Ormlston, Clerk of our Justiciary ; and Sir John Scott Scotstarvet, Director of our Chancery, Knights. At our Castle of Windsor, the tenth day of September, In the year of our Lord 1621, and of our Rjedgns tihe flfty-flftJh and nineteenth yeoni respectively. By signature superscribed by the hand of our Sovereign Lord the King ; and Bubsorlbed by the hands of our Chancellor, Treasurer, Provincial Secre- tary, and of the other Lords, our Commieslonere, and of our Privy Council of the said Kingdom of Scotland. Written to the Great Seal, 29 September, 1621. J. SCOTT, gratis. Sealed at Edinburgh 29 September, 1621. JA. RAITHE. gratis. NOTB.— Tbii tranalation ia made from the Latin ai found in tho " Qreat Ser.l Rogiitor," and printed in the collection of Boyal Letteri, Cbarturg and Tracts, by the Bannatyne Club, Edinburgh, '67. N.B. ■' III the Regist. Mag. Sigilli the names of the witnesses are not given, but only a refereno* •i specified in an earlier chapter in the Record. The endorsement of tho charter * Written,' Ao., of oourse is not found in the Register itself.'' Note by David Lalng, LL. U., Bannatyne Colleotion of Boyal Letters, Cbarton and Tracts. [122] APPENDIX C. Jr f m m % ': ! 1 i0 ' i'i \ ! ins MAJBSTY8 COMMISSION TO IIIM KXCKM.KXCY OoVKRyoU OOHNWALLIS. Fniiii A/tiiis's " Silirfii>ii.s I'roiii t/ir I'lihlic DiiiiniiiiitM oj'lln- I'rofiiKT of Xoni ^ciiliti." Gk-orge the Second, by the srrace of God o( Great Britain, France and Ireland. King, Defendeir of the Faith, crtc. To our Trusty and \\^\\ beloved the Honourable FJdw-ard Cornwallla, EJsq., a grj-ctinir :— Wherens we did hy our Tetters Patent under our Great Seal of Great Britain 1' taring date at Westinlnster the llth day of September, In the secon<'. year of Our Reign constitute and appoint Richard Phlllpps, Esquire, our Captal). General and Governor In Chief in and over our Province of Nova Scotlr. or Acadia In America, with all the rights, members and appurtenances wheiBoever belonging, for and during our will and pleasure, as by the said rerltea Letters Patent relation being thereunto had may more fully and at Jarg^e appear. Now, know you that we ha o revoked and Determined, and by these pres- ents do Revoke and Determine 'he Huiil recited Lt'tters Patent, and every clause, article and thing ther«ln contaln«?d ; a.iid Furthe-, Know you that we reposing apeclal trust and conlldonce 1p the prudence, courage and I^oyalty of you, the Bald Kdward Cornwa.lUs. of our esjjecial Grace certain knowledge and mere moiian, have thought fit to constitute and appoint you, the said Kdward I'ornwallls, lo be our Captain Gt^mir:!!! and Governor in Chief In and over our Province of Nova Scotia or Acadia In A»norlca with all the rights, mem- bers and appurtenances what8oevi>r thereunto belonging, and we do hereby reou lake the usual oath for the ilue execution of the ofTlce and trust of Our Cnptaln General and Oovernor In Chief of our said province for th© due and hnpartl.il administration of Justice; and further that yi>u take the oath required to he taken by Ciovernors of Planta- tions to do their utmost, that the several laws relating to trade and the plan- tdtieiis he oliserved. All which said oaths. Declarations Our Council In our said Provinc" -ir any five membirs thereof have hereby full power and authority and are rofiuired to tender and administer unto you and In your absence to our IJeutennnt (lovernor. If there be any upon the place, .all which being duly perf(u-m<'d you shall administer unto each of the members of our said Council as also to Our Lieutenant Governor, If there be any upon the place, the paid O.iths mentlono fur- ther security of His Majesty's person and Government, and the succession of the Crown In the Heirs of the late Princess Sophi.a being l'ri>test;ints and for extinguishing the hi>pes of the pretended I'rince of Wales and his open and secret abettors ; as .alsi- to cause them to make and subscribe the afore- mentioned declaration and to administer to them the Oath for the due execu- tion of their places and trusts. And We do iKTeby give a.nd grant unto you full power und authority to suspend any of the members of our said Coimcil to be ajipninted by you as aforesnid from sitting, voting and assisting therein If you shall find just Cii.u.se for so doliiB. And If It shall at any time happen that by the Death, departure .,ut of our said I'rovlncc, su.«penslon of any of our said Coimdllors or otherwjae there shall he a vacancy in our said Council (any live whereof \\ do liercby appoint to be a Qtiorum) otir will and pleasure is that you signiiy the same unto us by the first opportunity that we may under our slgiic' •■iiid sign manual constitute nnd appoint oth^-rs in their stead. But that our affairs at that distance may not suffer for want of a due number of Councillors If ever It shnll happen that there shall be less than nine of them residing lij our said Province we hereby give and grant unto you the said lOdw.ird Cornwallls full power ami autho'-lty to Chuse as many persons out of the principal freeholders inhabitants thereof as will m.ike up the full number of our said Council to be nine and no niore ; whlcli jierson 90 chosen and appoint^'d by you shall he to all Intents and purposes Coun- cillors In our said Province until either, they shall lie conllrrned hy us or that by the nomination of others by us tmder our sign manual or fignet our Bald Council shall have nine or more persons lit It. And We do here'iy gu e and grant unto you full power and authority with the advice and consent of our said Coum-ll from time to time as ne<>f the rest of our Colonies and idanlntlnnH In America. And oui will uinl plea.sure Is tlm.1 the person.s thereupon duly elected by ti 'U Ifl 124 KOYAL SOf'lKTY OK CANADA h if Uie major part of the FroehoMers of the Respective Counties and places and so returned shall ht-fore their setting take the Oaths m-ntlnncd In the said Act entitled an Act for the further security at Hla Majesty's person and government and the succession of the Crown In the Heirs of the late Princesu Sophia being Protestants, and for extinguishing the hopes of the pretended Prince of Wales aj>d his opin and secret abettors, as also make and subscribe the aforementioned Declaration (which Oaths and Declaration you shall oommlssionate fit persons under our seal of Nova Scotia to tender and administer unto them), and until the same shall b. so taken and subscribed no person shall be capable nf sitting tho' d'octod, and we do hereby declare that the persons so elected and quallfled shall be ca' ed and deemed the General Assembly of that our Province of Nova Scotia. ,.*nd that you the said r.dward Cornwallls with the advice and consent ot ou;- said Council and Assembly or the major part of thcin respectively shall have full powor and authority :• make, constitute and ordain laws, Statutes and Ordinances for the PuhU( 'i jieace, welfare and good govern- ms'.i of our said Province and of the people ami Inhabitants thereof and such others aa shall resort th<-reto and fTr the benefit of us, our Heirs and Succeaanrs, which said Laws, Statutes and Ordinances are not to be reuug- naiit but as near as may be agreeabl'e to the laws and Statutes of this our Kingdoni of Oreat Hrltaln. I'rovlded that all such Laws, Statutes and Ordinances of what nature or duration soever be within ihiee months or sooner after the making thereof transiiiilted to us undtr Our Seal of Nova Scotia for our apinobation or Disallowance thi.ret>f as also a duplicate by the next conveyance. And in case any or all of the said Laws. Statutes and Ordinances not before i oiillrmcd by us shall at any time be disallowed iind not approved and so signyfled by us, our Heirs or successors under our or their sign manual and signet or by order of our or their Privy Council unto you the said Edward Conuvallis or to the Comm.^nder In Chief of our said Province for the time being then such and so many of the said Laws, Statutes and OrdlnoJices as shall be so disallowed and not approved shall from thenceforth cease, deter- mine and become utterly void and of none effect anything to the contra.ry thereof notwithstanding. And to the end that nothing may be passed or done by our said Council or Assemibly to the prejudice of us, our Heirs and Successors We Will and ordain that you the .said ICdward Cornwallis shall have and enjoy a negative Voice in the making and passing of all Laws, Statutes and Ordinances as aforesaid. And you shall and may likewise from time to time as you shall judge it necessary, adjourn, Prorogue and Dissolve all General .Vssenvblies as aforesaid. And our further will and pleasure is that you shall and may keep and use the Publlck Seal of our I'rovlnce of Nova Scotia for Sealing all things whatever thai pass the Great Seal of Our aaid Province under your Oovern- ment. And We dj further give and grant unto you the said Edward Cornwallis full power and authority from time to time and at any time hereafter by yourself or by any other to be authorized by you In that behalf to administer and give the Oaths mentioned In the aforesaid Act to all and e^-ery such person or persons us you shall think HI who shall at any time or times pass In our s.iid piN>vlnce as shall bo residing or abiding there. And We do by these presents give and grant unto you the said Edward Cornwallis full pi. wer and authority with advice and consent of our said Council to erect, constitute and establish such and so many courts of Judicature and publlck Justice within our said Province and Dominion as you and they shall think fit and neces.«ary for the hearing and detenminlng all causes as well Criminal as Civil according to Law and Equity and forr awarding the Execiltion there- [boubinot] BUILDERS OF NOVA KCOFIA 128 upon with all reasonable and necessary powers, Authorities, fees anJ Privi- leges belonging thereunto as also to appoint and commlsalonate flt persons In the several parts of your Government to administer the Oaths mentioned In the aforesaid Act entitled an Act for the further security of His Majes'.y's pci-son and Government and the SucC'Sslon of the Crown In the Heirs of the lati- Princess Sophia, being Protestants, and for extinguishing the hopes of the pretinded Prince of Wales and his open and secret abettors ; As also to tender and Administer the aforesaid Declaration unto such persons belong- ing to the said Courts as shall be obliged to take the same. And We do hereby authorize and empoiwer you to coiisUtutc and appoint Judges and In cases requisite Commissioners of Oyetr and Terminer, Justices of the peace and other necessary offlcers and ministers in our said province for the better administration of Justice and putting the Laws in execution and to administer or cause to be administered unto them such oath or oaths as re usually given for the due execution and perfoxmajice of ofHoes and places and for the clearing of truth in Judicial Causes. And We do hereft>y give and grant unto you full power and Authority wlhere you shall see cause or shall Judge any offender or offenders m Crlm- nal matters or for any fines or forfeitures due unto us, flt objects of our mercy to pardon all such offenders and to remit all such offences, fines and for- ffiitures, Treason and wilful murder only excepted ; In which cases you shall likewise have power upon extraordinary occasions to Grant Reprieves to the offender? untill and to the intent our Royal Pleasure may be known therein. We do by these presents Authorize and empower you to eollato any person or Persons to any Churches, Chapels or other BJcclesiastlcal Benefices within our said Province as often as any of them shall happen to be void. And We do hereby give and grant un'..j you the said Edward (Jornwallls by yourself or by your captains and Coinvt; ^nders by you to b*.' authorized full pon\er and authority to levy, arm, .nuster, command and employ all persons whatsoever residing within our snid province and as orraslon shiili serve to march from one place to another or to embark them for the resisting and withstanding of all enemies. Pirates and Rebels, both at Land and Sea, and to transport such forces to any of our plantations in America if m-ces- sity shall require for the defence of the same against the invasion or attempts uf any of our enemies, and such enemies, Pirates and RebeJs if there shall be occasion to pursue and prosecute in or out of the Limits of our said Province ana Plantations or any of them and (Lf it shall so please God) to vanquish, appreh«id and take them and being taken, according to Law to put to death or keep and preserve them olive at your discretion and to execute Martial Law in time of invasion or other Times '.hen by Law it may be executed and to do and execute all and every other 'hing ni- things which to our Captain Geoi^ral and Governor In Chief Doeth or ou^hi of right to belong. And wo do hereby give and grant unto you full power and autliority by and with the advice and consent of our «ald Council of Nova Scotia to erect, raise and build in our said province such and so many forts and platforms, oastles, cities, boroughs, towns and fortiflcallons as you by the advice afore- said shaJl Judge Necessary, and the name or any of them to fortify and furnish with ordnance, ammunition and all sorts of arms flt and neci.ssary for the security and defence of our said Proivinoe and by the advice afore- said the same again or any of them to demolish or dismantle a.i may be most convenient. And for as much as divers mutinies and disorders may liappi.-n by per- sons shipped and eniployed at sea during the time of war and to the end that such as shall be shipped and employed at sea during the lime of War may be better governed and ordered, We hereby give and grant unto you the l/j ) i 126 UOYAL SOCIETY OF ( ANADA said Ednvard CornwalliB full power and authority to constitute and appoint captains, lieuteiiianta, masters of ships and other cumnKiiiidtrra and ofUcers, and to Ki'ant such captains, lieutenants, masicrs of ships and other com- manders and ofllcerB, commissions In time of war to execute the law martial ac'.ording to th« directions of sudh laws as are now In force or shall here- after be passed In Great Britain for that purpose and to use such proceedings, authorities, punisihmenits and executions upon any offender or offenders who shall be mutinous, sedltiolia, disorderly or any way unruly eltheip at sea or during the time of theJr abode or residence iu any of the ports, harbors or bays of our said Province as th« cause shall bo found lo require according to the martial law iin the said dirfotions during Che time of war as aforesaid. Provided that nothing herein conlained shall be construed to the (^n.'iliilng you or any by your authority to hold Plea or have any JurUdilctiua of any offence, cause, matter or thinK committed or done upon the high sc or within any of the havens, rivers or creeks of our said Province und..>r your government by any captain, cuuiniunder, lieutenant, master, olllcer, seaman, soldier or person whatsoever who shall be in our actual service and pay in or on board any of our ships of War or other vessels, acting by immeJiiiiie com- mission or warrant from our conimisislof tlie niiiny imiwrlant services Which the Province had rcLOiveij fiiihi hllli iluiliig a coiitinned course of zealous .) d liiilettlllguble ciuleavoura for the iiubllc good, anil u wise, uiiright, and disinterested administratlim." This niunument has now disappeared fronj St. Paul's church. HIb esciitchcfm remains In the Kast Oallery. Lawt-ciice, though an active and zealous guvi.-rnur, by lUa deitire to favour tlii> o(Ilcoi"R of (lovernniont with a partiality for his military friends, brought on himself an organized opposition from the leading Inhabitants of the town, who petitioned the Home Government for redress of their grievances, which they In a great measure attributed to the Oovernor and his Lieutenant Colonel Monckton. His re'jlstance to the desire to call a Legislative Assembly was among the chief charge.s against him. His death shortly after the petition put an cr.cl co the difflculties. He was succeeded by Judge Belcher as Administrator of the Government. Charles Morris was a native of New England; he was Captain of Provincials under General Pepperrel at the sloge of Louisibourg In 174ri. He had been engapod by Governor Slilrley, of Boston, in a survey of the Interior ot Nova Scotia with 1 vlmw to British colonization in 1745. He also commanded one of the I'rovincia', Companies sent to Jflnaa under Colonel Noble In 1747. He was In Halifax In li'49, and in company with Mr. Bruce the Military Engineer laid out the town and peninsula. He was appointed to the Council In 1755. Though Surs'eyor General of the Province he acted for some time aa Judge of the Supreme Court during the time of Chief Justice Belcher, which offlces were both afterwards filled by his eldest son Charles. Captain Morris dle^ in 1781, and was succeeded In the office of Surveyor General by his son Charles, whose son, the Hon, Charle« Morris, also filled the same offloe and was a member of Council In 1808. He was the father of John Spry Morris, Esq., afterwards Surveyor General, who was the fourth In successicii who had charge of the Surveying Department in Nova Scotia. There are numerous descendants of Captain Morris In Halifax. Jonathan Belcher, the first Chief Ju.«tice, was a native of Massachusetts, son of the Governor of that province, of an eminent colonial family ; he was appointed Chief Justice of Nova Scotia In 1754, when a young man, and admin- istered the government on the death of Governor Lawrence ; Chief Justice /Belcher arranged and revised the laws as they appear on our first Statute Book, and rendered go<5d assLstance to Governor Lawrence In founding the settlements at Horton, tTornwallis, Falmouth. &c., in 175S, '!), and 1760. Judge Belcher died poor ; the Legislature voted a provision to his only daughter, His son, the Honourable Andrew Belcher, wa« for ni.iny years a resident m Halifax and a member of Council. Captain Wm. Cotterell was the first Provoet .Maf»hal or Sheriff (there fnOfRISOT] RUILDERS OF NOVA SCOTIA 131 beiiUT no county dlvtolorm at thia time). He wa« succeeded In that office In 1750 by Captain Foy, who held that situation many years, and received a small pension on his retirement. Mr. Cotterell aXterwardia acted aa aaolatant Pro- vlncial Secretary. William Nlabett came out with Cornwallla in 1749 as one of the Governor's clerks. He practised as an attorney and solicitor. He waa appointed Attor- ney General on tTie reslgrnatlon of Mr. Little, which office he held for 25 years. He was one of the first representatives in the General Assembly of 1758, and was pl(>otp(l apoal^s:iry of Slore.=<, from which office he v/as dismissed on suspicion of having traded In the supplies for the settlers. He acted as first Attorney General of the Colony and was probably a lawyer by profession. He was the author of a weli-wrlt- ten pamphlet on the resources of Nova Scotia, written in 1748 with a view to encouraging British emigration to the province. Captain Little left a daugh- ter, who died unmarried at Halifax early in the present century. John Baptlste Moreau, designated gentleman and schoolmaster In the book of the settlers, had been originally a Uoman Catholic priest, and Prior of tlu- A:l>l)oy of St. Matth^nv at Hreste. He Joined th ■ expedition under Corn- wallls in 1749, and went to Lunenburg with the settlers in 1732. He received ordination as a clergyman of the Church of England In 1750, and officiated to his countrymen and the Germans In vhe County of Lunenburg, where he died much esteemed and regretted In the year 1770. He left a son, CornwalUs Moreau, who was the first male child bnrn In Halifax, and was called Curn- wallis after the Governor. This old man was living at La Hftve, In Lunen- burg County, in the year 1S4S, being nearly 100 ye.irs of age. He received pecuniary assistance from the Nova Scotia Philanthropic Society in that year. Doctor Joi.n Itreyton came up from Loul^jourg with the army, where he had been acting Chaplain to the Forces. He succeeded Mr. Tutty at St. Paul's in 1761 or 1752, In conjunction with Rev. Thomas Wood. Mr. Breynton was Inducted Rector in 1758 or '9, under the provisions of the Statutes of the Province, and Mr. Wood acted as Cuia.te or Vicar. After Mr. Wood's removal to Annapolis In 1763, Mr. Joshua Wlngate Weeks, from New England, became asaistant minister at St. Paul's. Dr. Breynton reoelved liJs degree of D.D. In 1770, He died In 17—, and was succeeded at St. Paul's, as rector, by the Rev. Doctor Robert Stanser, afterwiards Lord BlKliop of the Diocese. Dr. Breynton ! litl m 132 HOYAL KK-IETY OF CANADA 1 i: .« ^ was esteemed an elcxiuent preacher, and was in the habit of addresstng the gettlere In English, French and German. John Crelghton waa an officer in the artnjr. He served In the Dragoona at the Battle of Fontenoy. Having t>een dlicharged at the peace of Alx la Chujiflli'. hu was uluced on Uiilf yny a« L,ieuten:»nl of VVarburton's llegl- ment of Infantry, and cam* out with the expedition In 1749. Mr. Crelghton was sent t> Maligaah with Culonel I^wrenc e In 1752 to anslst in formInK the settlement at Lunenburg, wh'-re he continued to reside until his death, which took place In 1807. He waa Colonel of the Militia Judge of the Common Pleas, and for some time a member of HIa Majenty n Council, to which he waa appointed in 1776. Colonel Crt-lghi in the town, and was the ancestor of one of our most numerona and estimable families. Colonel Crelghtun's daughters married, one to the late Judge Wiikins and another to Hon. Hibbert N. BInney, both of wfiom have left numerous descendantn. IViL'Kiiiiu Tlioiiias lioiJ.--oii. tli<- inMs'jti'l 0»viTnor at lialitax, was Coiu- mander-'.ti-Chle* at LoulBbourg when that place was delivered up to the French after the Treaty of Alx la Chapelle. He came up with the army and was Bworn In a member of Council In August, 1749. He succeeded to the govern- ment on the resignation of Governor Cornwallla In August, 1753. He did not remain long at Halifax. In 1756 h* wa* gazetted a Major CJeneral. and In the following year was appointed to the command of the forces destined for the West Indies. He died before Guadaloupa a «hort time before the Island was captured. John Collier was a Captain In the army and member of Council in 1732. He wui; appointL»d by Coveriiur Cornwallis on« of the maglatraies of the town, and had command of a section of tha militia ; one of the divisions of the town being named after him. He died at Halifax in 1769. It is uncer- tain whether he left any descendants. Richard liulkeley accompanied Governor Cornwallis to Nova Scotia us one of his A.D.C, in 174i>. He was appointed Uecr»;tary of the Province in or about 1769, which office he held until 17M when, on nis retirement, he waa suc- ceeded by his son, Michael Freke Buikeley, who died a few years after hia appointment, 1796- Captain liulkeley was called to His Majesty's Council in 17S9, and as Senior Councillor, he administered the government on the death of Governor Purr, In 17yi. He held, at various times, the offlces of Judge of Admiralty, Brigadier General of Militia, and Grand Master of the Masons. He Jied December 7th, 1800, iit th« agt- of M, bePn-ed and respected by all classes throughout the province. He was Justly esteemed the father of the settlement, being the only pemson of conaldenUlon then living who came in 1749. He had been twice married. Hl» hrst wife was a daughter of Captain Rouse, R.N. ; she died In 1775. He bad three sons all of whom died before him. His ri;siUence was at the conivr ot I'rino: and Argyle Streets, opposite tho southwest corner of St. I'aul'is chur'.h. The old stone house built by him still remains ; and it was for many years the residence of the late Hon. H. H. Cogswell, and is now known as the Carlton House. Mr. Bulkeley was buried under St. Paul's church. His escutcheon, with the bull's head crest, hangs In the west gallery. The Hon. Richard Bulkeley was the only person who ever held the rank of General of Militia In this country. Captain Horatio Gates was A.D.C. to Governor Cornwallis with Captain Bulkeley. He had been in command of an independent company of provln- [bovrikot] RUILDERS OF NOVA Pf'OTIA 133 clal« In New York In the year 1737. After his arrival In Halifax he was em- ployed for a short time In the country agnln«t the Indians and French. In 1762 he waB appolntpd A.D.C. to Genoral Monckton, with the rank of Major. and accompanied him In the expedition asralnst Martinique. Gates was after- wards better known as a General In the American Revolutionary Army. Sir {Robert Walp.le, In a letter dated 1778, sayn Gates was tbe son of a house- kpfipor of fhp Pnk(» of Tjonds. Sir Hivh^rt charffi^ made airainst him. Mr. BInney married Hannah, 'i luphter of Mr. Henry Nfwton, a mem- ber of Council, and Is the ancestor m the whole BInney family now In Nova Scotia. Joseph Fairbanks was from Massachufott> He was one of the repre- sentatives In the first House of Assembly, summoned In 1758, Mr. Fairbanks left no children. His nophew, the late Rufus Fairbanks, became heir to all his property In Halifax, -which at the time of his death was very considerable. Mr. Rufus Fairbanks v/as for many years one of the miisristrates of Halifax ; he married a dauRhtor of Charlos Proscott, sister to th.> Hon. Charles Prescott, of Cornwallis, and was the father of the Hon. Johi 10. Fairbanks, of the firm of FalH).inks & M<'Nal). f>f TInn, ciiir!.>s It. Faii-lrinks. many years a mem- ber of Assembly for Halifax and Judffo of Admiralty and Master of the Rolls, and nf Somuel P. Fairbanks, formerly member for Queen's County, with other children. Benjamin and Joseph Gerrlsh were both from Now England, The former was a member of His Majo-ty's Council, appointed In 1768, and Agent for Indian Affairs In 1760. The latter wa."* many yoai-s Naval Storekeeper at Halifax. He was also a member of Council. Kis appointment to the board bears date August 16th, 1759, from which he was suspended In 1762 for non- attendance. He died at Halifax fi 1774. Mr. Joseph Gerrlsh built a resi- dence In the north suburbs, south of the dockyard, between Lookman and Wator Stroets, and had a fruit garden, the old stone wall of which remained on the east side of Lockman Streot until about 1835. One of these gentlemen carried on bu.'^iness for .«ome year.s In company with Mr, C~ay, who was con- nected with him by marriage. Mr. Gray was father of the late Rev. Dr. Ben- jamin Gerrlsh Gray, minister of St. George's, and afterwards Rector of Trinity, St. John, New Brunswick, who was succeeded by his son, the Rev. Dr. AVIllIam Gray, lately docoased. Ho was also ancestor of Mr. rharles Gray, British Consul at Virginia. The Hon. John Gray, of St. John, New Brunswick, and Benjamin Gerrlsh Gray, Esq., barrister at law, of Halifax, are their descendants ; one the son of Mr. Charles Gray, the other of Dr. Wil- liam Grey. A Mr. John Gray came out with Governor Cornwallis In 1749 as a Dop'ity Serrotary ; probably Mr. Gray who was In partnership with Gerrlsh waj the same person. Major Leonard Lochman, (spelt wrongfully Lockman), was a German doc- tor and practlsrd his profession in early life. H'> cams otit with the pottlofs In 1749 and resided In the north suburbs, where he built a residence for him- self and had a large garden. This old house was lately pulled down. It stood on the upper side of Lockman Street and was built with a hipped or gamble roof. He received the rank of Major In the army for services per- il- !(• M M llr m IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I 1.25 i KS 110 JJ. U 11.6 Phoi MA ^ A* l 134 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA i formed to the British Government. He died at Halifax, and was buried under the little old Dutch Church, in Brunswick Street, where his escutcheon and monument with armorial bearings are still to be seen. The street between Brunswick Street and the water, which was laid out between the German lots, was named Lockman Street in oompliment to the Major, wttio was for many years a leading man in Dutchtown. It is not known whether he left any descendants in the province. Ti : names of Jonathan trescott, Malachi Salter, Richard Gibbons. Lewis Plers~and Otto William Schwartz appear among the principal inhabitants of the town in 1750. Mr. Salter was from New England, had been extensively engaged in thj fishery, and had visited Cheibucto Harbour in 1744, five years before the settlemerit, while on a fishing' voyage aJong the coast. Chebucto waa the 'frequent resort of Cape Cod and MarWehead fishermen previous to the settlement. He was a member of Assembly and Justice of the Peace for the town in 1759. The old house at the corner of Salter and Hollis Streets, afterwards the residence of the Hon. W. Lawson, and later of Mr. Esson, was built by Mr. Salter and was his place of residence for many years. During the American revolt, Mr. Salter, with several other gentlemen of the town, became suspected of treasonable correspondence. He was twice under prosecution, but on a full investigation nothing appeared to have been said or written by him of sufllcient moment to warrant the charges. Mr. Salter was the ancestor of the family of that name now remaining in Halifax. He died at Halirax, in January, 17S1, aged 65. Mr. Gibbons was acting Attorney General for several years, and a leading practitioner at the bar of Halifax. His son, Richard Gibbons, died at Sydney, Cape Breton, at an advanced age, where his descendants are numerous. The old gamble-roofed hoi.se at the corner of Buckingham and Grafton Streets, known as Isles's corne.-, lately pulled down, was the residence of ^Ir. Gibbons. John Duport was the English attorney. He came jut with the settlers In June, 1749, and In Jul> following was a^>poiijited a Justice of the Peace. In 1752 he was made Judge of the Inferior Court of Common Pleas. He performed the duties of Secretary of Council for many years. He was sent as a Judge to St. John's Island in 1770, and was afterwards Chief Justice of the Island. Mr. Duport left a daughter married to Mr. P. Skey. of Fa,lm'Outh, and a son who was in the army and was father of Mr. Robert Duport, lateT an ofUcer In the Purveyor's Department of the British Army. Judge Duport was much esteemed, and appears to have been an active public servant during the lirst tweinty years of the settlement. Joshua Mauger was an English trader, who had been connected with the governmenit contracts at Louisibourg, and appears to have resided in Halifax for the purpose of commerce only. In 1751 he held the ofllce of Agent Victu- aller for the navy at Halifax. In 1754 he had shops established at Pisiquld, (Windsor), MInas. (Horton), and other places, where he sold goods and spirits to the French and Indians. He had still houses In Halifax where he made rum which he supplied to the troops and the navy. Mr. Mauger had some dltficulties with Governor Cornwaliis regarding illicit dealing. He went back to England ajbout 1761, and was appointed Agent of the Province In London, which he resigned in the following year, having secured a seat in the British Parliament. He owned much prop:ab's Island, was originally :granted to Mr. Mauger, and still bears his name. Michael Franklin was a merchant from England who settled in Halifax about 1752 or 1753. He was elected a member of Assembly in 1759, and appointed to His Majesty's Council In 1762. In 1766 he received the appoint- ment of Lieutenant-Governor of the Province, which he held until 1776, when he again took his seat at the Council Board. Governor Franklin was a most 1' I ' [dourinot] BUILDERS OF NOVA SCOTIA 13S active anc esteemed public officer. His name appears connected with almost all the transactions of importance which occurred in the town from 1763 to 17S0. IJuring the American lievolt, his exer'.ions in support oC British authority while administering the goverrinent, were in a great measure instrumental in preserviiiR- the tranquillity ( f the iir'>vince. He married a daughter of Mr. Botcneau. of Boston, whose wife was a daughter of Peter Faneuil of that city. He left several childien. The late James Boteneau Franklin, for many years (".erk of the House nf Assembly, was his elde.-t son. Mrs. Fitzgerald T^nlacke was lus, grand-daughter. Iiowis Piers was a grand-son of Sir Henry Piers. 1st Bart, of Tristernagh Abbey, Ireland. The Hon. Thomas Saul was the wealL'hiest and most enterprising merchant from 1749 to 17l!l'. The names '.'f Benjamin Gerrish, Charles King, Henry Ferguson, Joseph Fairbanks, William Piggot, William Fury, James Grant, Jacob Hurd, Daniel Shatford, Sarrael Stllon, Charles Mason, Lewis Piers and Robert Campbell appear on the lists of the Grand Jury between 1751 and 1754. The followinK names appear on the register of early settlers :— Richard Wenman, Tho.m^?: Key.s, John Edes, John Gosbee, Ralph Coulston, Ed'.vard Orpen, John C h'^'stopher, Laurilliard, Philip Knaut. Peter Burgman, Otto William Scliwa'tz, J()!in Jacob Preper, John Woodin. Andrew Wellner, Chris- topher p!ep(r, SJmrn Tlioroughgood. w \ ir ;i [136] i! i', i Al'PKNDIX ]•:. ODVEiiNilIl f.AWUE.NCK'.S I'ROCL V.MATluN Of 1758 TO INIH.'CK SETTLEMENT IN NilV.V SCOTfA. From lldlihurlniia " IlisI tit'ii 1) I' Xoni Scd/lii," I'd/. /. /'■ .'/.'/. I I II Ai I 111' s;iiMi' liiiif tli.-ii Hi-- I'Aci'llriirv (• MiM'ucil till' Li'4i>-liilnrc (in 17")'^>, he in V ted people from the o.X CDlonies to settle up( n the lands which had l)0(?ome vacant by the remov. '. oC the Acadians. In addition to the instruc- tiona >vhich he grave. to the agent, in Boston, ho issued a proclamation in which he declared that he was ready to receive any proposals that might be made (o him for settling this valuable tract of country "one hundred thous- and acres of which had produced wheat, rye. barley, oats, hemp, flax, &c., without failure for the last century ; and another one hundred thousand had been cloQ.rcd and st'vcked with English grass, planted with orcliards and embellished with gardens, the whole so intermixed that every individual farme:- might have a proportionable quantity of ploughed land, grass land and wood land." In consequence of this flattering but faithful description, there were severa' emigrations of agriculturists from Nev/ England, and agents were sent to the Province to make terms with the Governor, and report to their employers the encouragement likely to be given to persons desirous of removing thither. As this proclamation was silent upon every subject, but that of the quality of the land, His Excellency was required to state in explicit terms, the nature of the constitution, the protection to l)c afforded to the civil and religions liberties of the sub.iect, and the extent of the elective franchise of the people. Ho therefore issued another, explanatory of the terms upon which the Province was to be settled, which, as it contains the solemn assurances of Govenn- ment upon these subjects, is justly regarded as a most important state paper and has not inaptly been styled the Charter of Nova Scotia : — " By His Excellency Charles Lawrence, Esq., Captain General and Govemor-in-Chlef, in and over His Majesty's Province of Nova Scotia, or Acadia, in America, Vice Admiral of the same, &c., &o. " WhcrecLs, stnoe the issuing of the proclamation dated the 12th day of Oct., 1758, relative to settling the vacant lands in this Province, I have been informed by Thomas Hancock, Esq., agent for the affairs of Nova Scotia art Boston, that sundry applications have been made to him in consequence thereof, by persons who are desirous of settling the said lands, and of know- ing what particular encouragement the Government will give them, whether any allowance . f provisions will be given at their first settlement, what quantity of Ir.nd will be- given to each person, what quit-rents they are to pay, what the constitution of the Government is, wlhether any, and whait taxes are to be paid, and whether they will be allowed the free exercise of their religion ? I have therefore thought fit, with the advice of His Majesty's Council, to issue this proclamation, hereby declaring, in answer to the said enquiries, that, by His Majesty's royal instructtons I am empowered to make grants on the following proportions :— That townships are to consist of one hundred thousand acres of land, that they do Include the best and most profitable land, and also that they do comprehend such rivers a«» may be ai or near such settlement, and do extend as far up Into the country as con- [roi'RiNor] r.UILI)EK.S OF NOVA SCOTIA 137 veniently may be, taking in a necessary part of the sea coast. That the ciuanililes of land granted will be in proportion to the abilities of the plan- ter to SL'tUf, culthalo and enclose tliL- same. That one hundred acres of wild wood land will be allowed to every person being master or mistress of a family, for himself or herself, and fifty acres for every white or black man, woman or child, of which such per&on's family shall consist at the actual time of making the grant, subject to the jiayment of a ftult-rent of one shilling sterling jier annuni. for every fifty acres ; such quit-rent to commence at the expiration of ten years from the date of each grant, and to be paid for His Majesty's use to his Receiver General, at Halifax, or to his Deputy on ■ he spot. " That the grantees will be ol)liged by their said grants to plant, cultivate, improve or enclose, one-third part of their lands within the space of ten years, another third part within the space of twenty years, and the remain- ing third part within the space of thirty years, from the f^a^e of their grants. That no one person can possess more than one thousand acres by grant, on his or their own name. " That every grantee, upon giving proof that he or she has fulfilled the terms and conditions of his or her grant, shall be entitled to another grant, in tlie proportion and upon the conditions aliove mentioned. That the Gov- ernmrnt of Xova Scotia is constituted like those of the neighbouring col- onies ; the Legislature consisting of a Governor, Council and House of Assembly, and every township, as soon as it shall consist of fifty famille."!, will be enlitled to send two reiiresentatives to the General Assembly. The Courts of Justice are also constituted In like manner with those of the Massa- chusetts, Connecticut and the other northern colonies. That as to the article of roligion, full liberty of conscience, both of His Majesty's Royal instruc- tions and a late ai't of the General Assembly of this Province, is secured to persons of all persuasions, Papists excepted, as may more fully appear by t1ic foI!o\\'rcr nl>s,ti-ift .if tli^^ saiil net, vix. : -Prntf^slnnts ilis-onting from tho Clnir'h of Kngland. nvhether they be Calvlnists, Lutherans. QnnUers, or undi-r what denomination so^^ver. .=hall have free liberty of conscience, and may eroct and build mei'ting houses, for public worship, and may choose and elect ministers for the carrying on divine service and administration of the sacrament, according to their several opinions, and all contracts made be- tween their ministers and congregations, for the support of their ministry, ar.-' heroliv declared vni'd. and sliall have their full force and effect accord- ing to the tenor and conditions thereof, and all such Dissenters shall be ex- cused from any rates or taxes, to be made or levied for the support of the Established Church of England. "That no taxes have hitherto been laid upon His Majesty's subjects within Ihls Province, nor are there any fees of office taken upon issuing the grants of land. " That I am not authorized to offer any bounty of provisions : and I do hereby declare that I am ready to lay out the lands and make grants Imme- diately, under tBe conditions above described, and to receive and transmit to the Lords Commissioners for Trade and Plantations, In order that the same may be laid before His Majesty for his approbation, such further pro- posals as may bo offered by any body of people, for settling an entire town- ship, under other conditions that they may conceive more advantageous to the undertakers. "TKat forts are established In the neighbourhood of the lands proposed to be settled, and are Tarrlsoned by His Majesty's troops, with a view of glvfng all manner of aid and protection to the settlers. If hereafter there should be need. — Given in the Council Chamber at Halifax, this 11th day of January, 1759, in the 32d" year of His Majesty's reign. (Signed) "CHARLES LAWRENCE." I)' !th li:! J ll \ 4' ^ I I o t [138] Wllf lpt;,)\' pui: ui.'iuj.if) • Z ^^ iC I- ff. X = ~ C ^ T) t- I-- -r 2 .- .- I- -I 04 ^ i^. 15 ~ — ■?! r. ?i — *» Z) a» .- z I"* i^ -N -M i.t :s : ^ o •||D)0.1S ilB!l«ii;.| ~i J. ■; t- r- /- c . r- 7t -c "ij - ■ — I- -f *<• ^ . ir- ^ .- t- ni.'lllnJI ; ; -w ci ■imi)~.ni.,i,| V / •* ri Ti ' M ?| ?i I' : i|.)i!.) Ill siiu8j,),| imo.i, :^ ^; -J ic: I- — — I- -r r. I' Ti ^ -M r-. •» -T -♦ A ^. — r r: i": ?: r. — c ^t - Ti -• I' r. _ ^ M Ti :■: r: * r x '.i •.- r: ^ :- -r .= -^ .; i- -r -r ^ = ^ — i- " '.t M I- 1.1 ?( t- ;^ »-< ?t : . r F^ X ;c p- -f Tl ?i ri cc '.-. :- ri cc M £/5 ■«IJ!!) M 'n.iiiio.w ■i 'H'\',t ? •iiouiu.w ID 'siCog pi it 'A 1 •"■>« ■B.COfI r. — ; t^ -T t~ -^ n ::: jt — M .- la •uoK •sXoa •uoK 1 '- '^ Ol ffl i-- Ti "-2 ; : : i - I Tl '. ei - ^„c=.--c. " ; ■* - •CI • ; j Si r-. r. ^ s ■* ;?) ■?! b. !■: *r -ri "♦ ."0 eo « oi .- -x i tc I- -* .r c; t x — cjr-'*co«c M^ci-rtO COM— 'I* !?<•■© ^i'» = ;c«'v:': m a< hH C 75 rr y, K & S o -i; H >5 » '■3 :" -ri - ^ '" y,o — 6^ a -S -» M M C h« ^ I- » l-» I- « »-« M 00 C M ^ M 1* ^ ^ t» f-< I.. X w -^ ~. r- X t-» CUM t^ BaiqsaMOx OU) JO 'BOX ""-"p'-- wiw rtrt^»-«i-i»-ifi»-i^THc««cioioici«Mei52 S B APPENDIX G. KSTABLIHHMKNT OF HEI'HKSKNTATIVE INSTITDTIONS IX NOVA SCOTIA. From AA-ins'a " Selections fro in the Publiv Documents of the Province of Nova Scotia." At a Council holden at the Governor's House In Halifax on Saturday the 20tb May, 1758. PKESENT- Hi8 Excellency the Governor, The Lieut. Governor, John Belcher, -v r Benj. Gkeen, Jno. Collier, - Councs. ' Robt. Grant, Montague Wilmot, J [ Chas. Morris. Hfg Excellency having communicatea to the Council an extract of a Lietter to him from their Lordships of the Board of Trade dated February 7th, 175S, relative to the plan framed by the Governor and CouncU on the 3rd day of January, 1757, and transmitted to their Lordships by the Governor for carrying Into Execution His Majesty's Instructions upon jailing GenexaJ Assemblies within the Province, signifying their Lordships' approbation of the same In General, with some few alteratloiia which beinfe considered the Council came to the following Resolution thereon, vizt., That the said plan with the amendments proposed by their Lordships ahall be forthwith carried Into Execution and published in form as follows, vizt.:— His Excellency the Governor, together with His Majesty's Council, having had under mature comsideration, the necessary and most expedient measures for carrying into execution those parts of His Majesty's commission and Instruction which relate to the cajling of General Assemblies within the Province, came to the following Resolution thereon, vizt., That a House of Representatives of the inhabitants of this Province be the Civil Legislature thereof in conjunction with His Majesty's Governor or Commander in Chief for the time being, and His Majesty's Council of the said Province. The first House to he elected and convened in the following manner, and to be styled the General Assembly, vizt.. That there shall be elected for the Province at large until the same be divided into counties. Sixteen Members, for the Township of Halifax Four, for the Township of Lunenburg Two. That umtiil the said Township can be more particularly described the limits thereof shall be de«med to be as follows, vizt.. That the Township of Halifax comprehend all the lands lying southerly of a line extending from the "Westernmost Head of Bedford Basin across to the northeasterly head of St. Margaret's Bay, with all the Islands nearest to said lands, together with the islands called Corn .valUs's, Webb's, and Rous's Islands. M vi 140 ROYAL SOCIETY OF PANADA il I ! I i That the Township of Lunenburg comprehend al, the lands between La Have TUvor and the easternmost Head of Mahone Ray. With all the Islands within said Bay and all the Islands within Mirllgruash Bay, and those Island! lying to the southwards of the above limits. That when fifty qualified electors Shall be settled at Plslquld, Mlnas, Cobequld or any other township which may hereafter be erected, each of the said Townships so settled shall, for the encouragement be entitled to send two Representatives to the General Assemibly and shall likeiwise have a right of voting in the Election of Representatives for the Province at Large, That the House shall ahviays consist of sit least eleven Members oresent besides the speaker, before they enter upon business. That ro person shall be chosen as a member of the said House or shall have a right of voting In the Election of any Mamiber of the said House who shall be a Popish Recusant, or shall be under the age of twenty-one years or who shall not at the time of such election be possessed In his own Right of a Freehold Estate within the District for which he shall be elected, or shall 80 vote, nor shall any elector have moro than one Vote for each Meonber to be chosen for the Province at large or for any Township and that each Free- holder present at such election when giving his Vote for one Member for the Province at larg.-? shall be obliged to vote also for the other eleven. That respecting Freeholds which may have been coui^eyed by the Sheriff by virtue of an Execution, the right of Voting shall remain and be In the persons from whom the same were taken In Execution until the time oif redemption be elapsed. That no non-commissioned officer or Private Soldier in actual Service shall have a right of voting, by virtue of any dwelling built upon sufferance, nor any possession of Freehold, unless the r>ame b"e registered to him. That all the electors shall, if so re(iuJred at the time of the election, take the usual State Oaths appointed by Law, and declai-e and subscribe the test. That any Voter shall at the request of any Candidate be obliged to take the following Oath, which Oath together with the State Oaths, the returning Officer is hereby empowered to administer. " I, A. B., do swear that I am a Freeholder in the Township of , in the Province of Nova Scotia, and have Freehold Lands or hereditaments lying or being at , within the said Township, and that such Free- hold Estates hath not been made or granted to me fraudulently on purpose to qualify me to give my vote, and that I have not received or had by myself or any person whatsoever in Trust for me or for my use and benefit, directly or indirectly, any sum or sums of money, office, place or employment, gift or reward, or any promise or security for any money, office, employment or gift in order to give my vote at this election, and that I have not before been polled at this election and that the Place of my aljode Is at ." That a precepit be issued by His Excellency the Governor to the Provost Marshal or Sheriff of the Province requiring him by himself or his deputies to summon the Freeholders of the Province to meet within their respective districts, at some convenient place and time, to be by the said Provost Marshal or one of his Deputies appointed, and of which he or they shall give Twenty days' notice, then and there to elect (Agreeable to the regulaitions hereby prescribed) such a number of reprepentatlves as shall In the said precept be expressed, agreeable to the preceding detail. That on account of the present rigorous season the precept for convening the first Assembly be made returnable in Sixty days from the date thereof, at which time the Assembly shall meet at such place as His Excellency the Governor shall appoint in the Precept. That the Provost Marshal or his Deputy shall be the returning officer of the elections to be held by him with the Assistance of three of the Free- holders present to be appointed and sworn by the returning officer for that [bourinot] BUILDERS OF NOVA SCOTIA 141 purpose, and In case a scrutiny shall be demanded, the same shall be made by them, and in case of further content the sajne to be determined by the House. The Poll for each township to be closed at the expiration of Forty- clglht hours from the time of ila being opened and for the Province at large the Poll, after four days from the time ol Us being opened for the election, shall be sealed up by the returning officer for eaoh Towmshlp and transmitted to the Provost Marshal by the first opportunity, that seasonable notice may be given to the persons who shall upon examination appear to have been chosen by the greatest number of the said votes. Pi-ovideU, nevertueless, thai if the votes in the Tmv-nshlpe of Annapolis Koyal and Cumberland for the first members of the Provincie at large, ehajl not l>e returned ElgOit days b>fore the expiration of the time limited for returning the Precept, the Provost Marshal shall in such case proceed to declare who are the persons elected, from the other votes in his hands. That the Provost Marshal or his Deputy shall appoint for each candidate, such one person as slhall be nominated to him by each candidate, to be inspectors of the returning officer and his assistants. That no person shall be deemed duly elected who shall not have the vote of the majority of the electors present. That the names of all persona voted for, together with names of the Voters, shall at the time of voting, be publicly declared and entered on a Book kept for that Purpose. That In case of the absence of any of the Members from the Province for the term of two months. It shall and may be lawful for the Governor, Lieut. Governor or Commander-in-Chief (If he shall Judge it necessary) to Issue his Precept for the choice of others in their stead. That the Returning Officer shall cause the foregoing Resolution to be publicly read at the opening of each meeting for the Elections and to govern the said Meetings agreeable thereto. Jno. Duport, Sec, Cone. CHAS. LAWRENCE. i i ; Extract from a letter of Govt. Laurence to Lords of Trade dated, Halifax, 20 December, 1758. I have now the honour to acquaint your Ixirdshlps that the Assembly met according to appointment on the 2nd of October and passed a number of laws, a list of which are enclosed and I have reason to hope from their pro- ceedings hitherto that we shall get through the whole business in good time and with less altercation than (from the seeming disposition of the people) I ■was heretofore apprehensive of. Whenever the session is closed I shall take particular care that your Lordships have fair copies of the Laws at large, under the seal of the Province as directed by His Majesty's instructions together with transcripts of the Journal and proceedings of the Council and Assembly during their session. < i, ] ' 71 j»i :|l!. '\ 1^1! I 142 1 I KOYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA VOTES OF THE IIOI'SE OF ASSEMBLY. Province or Nova Scotia. llAMPAX, Monday, October 2nd, 1768. Joseph Gerrlsli,* Robert Siiiidcr.son, Hi-nry Ni'wton, William Foye, Williiini Nf.sl)itt, .io-sepli Kundc'l, .lonntluiii Hiiini'y.t Henry I'VrKnuoii, Ueorne SuuiclinK, ■loliii Hnrl)idKe,;: 3 t4 il Hol>ert Ciinipl>cii, Wiiliiini I'antree, •loHeph Fiiirbanl{.s,ti Pliiilip Hammond, .lohn FiillH, Lambert I'^olkers, Philip Knaut, William Best, Alexander Kedie, V 4 Met at the Court Uuuse pursuant to a summons from the X'rovost Mar- shal aoqualntlng them that they were duly elected and chose William Neabltt, ITenry Newton and .Tosp^h RnndPl tn wnit on the Governor wHth a message that they were assembled at the Court House and were ready to enter on business. And they were answered that he would send down two members of the Council to swenr them. Arcoi-dlnBly the Hon. Benjamin Green and Charles Morris, Esqurs., came to the Court House and administered the oaths to the aforenamed, and they all made and subsorlbed the Declaration, after which the House received a message that His Excellency would meet the Assembly at his fv/n House pursuant to which they waited on His Excel- lency who was then in Council when be directed them to proceed to the choice of a Speaker, upon which they went down and chose Robert Sanderson, Ksq., for their Speaker, and returned to ac(iualnt His Excellency therewith, who approved of the choice they had made and was pleased to make the following speech : — " Gentlemen of the Council and House of Representatives :— His Majesty having been most graciously pleased by His Royal Instructions to his Gov- ernors of this Province to direct the calling and assem'bly of the Freeholders to act In conjunction with his Governors and Council as the Legislative av.thority when such a measure should be found essential to his service. I ar.-i to assure you that it Is with particular pleasure I now meet you convened in that capacity In consequence of a plan sometime since formed here for that purpose with the advice and assistance of His Majesty's Council, and my me transmitted to the Lords, Commissioners for Trade and Planta- tions to be laid before His Majesty for his approbation. Gentlemen of the House of Representatives : — I entertain the most san- guine hopes that you are come together unanimously disposed to promote the service of the Crown, or in other words the real welfare and prosperity of the people whom you have the honour to represent in every point to the utmost of your authority and capacity. This I presume you will conceive Is justly to be expected not only from the immediate regard due to the olvH rights and interest of your constituents but likewise from the unspeakable obligations you are under to demonstrate in their behalf your dutiful sense of His Majesty's paternal concern for the prosperity and security of these Ms Subjects in those distinguishing marks of his Royal Favour and protec- # See Appendix T>. t See Appendix D. X Col. Burbidge afterwards settled in King's County. § Great uncle of the late Hon. Jolin Fairbanlcc, the late Hon. Judge Fairbanks, and W. B. Falr- banlis and Saml, F. Fairbanlcs, Esquires, of Halifax. [boirinot] lU'lLDEUS OK NOVA SCOTIA 143 tlon which we have from time to tltno no happily experl<>nced In the fleeta and armies sent out for our linmedlat« preservation when we were under the moat Imminent danircr of being swallowed up by a merciless enemy, also In the ample supplies of Money for so nriany years annually granted for the support and en<.'Ourage(m«nt of thiB Infant Colony and moreover still In the continu- ance of His Majesty's Royal Bounty for that purpose When from the seeming inolination oif the Initaaibltants to have an Aaoumbly convened some time since. It might have ocen presumed and Indeed by an article of His Majesty's In- structions (whli h I shall order to be laid before you) It has been Judged that the Colony wis become capable for providing necessary support of Govern- ment here as has beon usual In all His Majesty's other American Dominions. Gentlemen of both Houses,— As my military occupation requires my atten- d«,iice as early as possible upon the Commander In Chief of the Forces to the Westward and as the Lieutenant Governor is now necessarily employed and will be for some time to come upon an enterprise of importance In a distant part of the province, there Is not at presetnt an opportunity of entering upon ■ucJi particulars as mlRht ntherwlse f^all for your attention, I am therefore earnestly to Recommend, to your serious consideration the expediency or rather necessity of unanimity and dispajtch In the confirmation of such acts or resoilutlons of a Legislative nature, as the Governors and Council under His Majesty's Royal Instructions have found expedient before the forming of an Assembly and Indispensably necessary for promoting the welfare and peaceable Government of this people. You may depend upon It Gentlemesa on my return to the Government you will find me perfectly disposed to concur with you In enacting such further laws, making Buch amendments to the present ones and establishing such other Regulatlona as shall appear upon more mature deliberation to be con- sistent with the Honor and Dignity of the Crown and conducive to the lasting Happiness of His Majesty's subjects where I have the honor to preside." CHAS. LAWRENCE. .1 11 •I •, The House went down and proceeded to the choice of Officers and voted Mr. Dav'd Lloyd be olerk of the Assembly. Voted that William Reynolds be door-keeper and have Five shillings a day for his attendance. Voted that John Calibeck be Messenger to the House and have Three shillings a day for his attendance. The question being put whether any money should be voted to the mem- bers of the House for their service during the present session, unanimously resolved In the negative, and that they would all serve without reward this session. A motion being made by Mr. Suckling for leave to bring In a Bill to establish the authority of the House. Voted, that Mr. Suckling bring In the Bill on Wednesday morning. Voted that committee, vizt. Mr. Nesblt, Mr. Newton, Mr. Gerrlsh, Mr. Foye and Mr. Burbidge should prepare an address in answer to His Excel- lency's Speech by Ten o'clock to-morrow morning. Then adjourned till to-morrow morning ten o'clock. 1i Tuesday, October 3rd, 3/58. The committee appointed to prepare an address In answer to His Excel- lency's Speech reported to the House that they lad prepared the same, which being read was approved of. ^ m 1 h\ I 144 KOYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA II 1 III Voted that a monsnre bo ient by a Conimtttee to desire Hlti Bxcelltncy will be pleiised to order that all the Ilesolutlona of Ills Majesty's Governora and Council heretofore made and r^iesed, may be laid bofore the House, and uI»o Lh« collection of the EjiKllsh Statute*. The Clerk of the Council came do ,»-n with a Measagre from His ExoeJlency, that ho was ready to receive any message from the Aaaembly. A iiiininittee, vlzt., Mr. Uerrlsh, Mr. Newton, and Mr. Suckling were directed to carry a message to Hla Excellency, that the Houae Is ready to at- tend hini with ail Address, To whloh His Excellency answered that he was ready to receive It, whlcih being reported they accordingly -walled upon His Excellency with their address which was read by Mr. Speaker as follows :— TO HIS EXCELLENCY CHAS. LAWRENCE, Esquire, Captain Geuiral and Governor In Chief in and over Hla Majesty's province of Nova Scotia or Acadia In America, Vice Admiral of the same, Etc., Etc. The Humble address of the House of Representatives met In General Assembly. "MAY IT PLEASE YOUR EXCELLENCY,— We His Majesty's most Dutiful and Loyal Subjects of the House of Repre- aentatlv^e«, having taken Into consideration your Excellency's Speech delivered upon the opening the first General Assembly, beg leave to return Your Excel- lency our thanks for the particular pleasure you express In meeting us con- vened as Representatives of the Freeholders of this Province to act In con- Junction with His Majesty's Governor In Council as the Legislative Autihority. We assure Your Excellency that we are come together unanimously dis- posed to promote the service of the Crown, and the real welfare and prosperity of the people whom we represent, In every point to the utmost of our authority and capacity, which we conceive may Justly be expected from us, not only from the immediate regard due to the Civil rights and Interests of our Constituents, but likewise from the unspeakable obligation we are under to demonstrate In their behalf our dutiful sense of His Majesty's paternal concern for the prosperity and security of His Subjects In general ; and for the many distin- guishing marks of His Royal favor, protection and bounty to this Infant Colony in particular having so happiJy experienced the same in the means directed by His Majesty for our immediate preservation when we were under the most eminent Danger of being swallowed up by a most merciless enemy, also for the ample supplies of money for many years annually granted for the support and encouragement of this infant colony, and not only In the con- tinuance of His Majesty's Royal Bounty for that purpose but also for the Happiness and prosperity which we conceive will with the blessing of the Almighty flow from His Majesty's Royal Favor to this Infant Colony in directing the calling a General Assembly within the same from minds deeply Impressed with a sense of the greatest loyalty and gratitude to the b'est of kings, everything may Justly be expected to answer His Majesty's RoyaJ intentions In directing the calling of a General Assembly In this Province which the present low circumstances of the Colony and our authority and capacity are able to provide. We beg leave to assure Your Excellency in particular that It Is a great concern to us that your military o<:cupatlon requires your attendance so soon upon the Commander In Chief to the Westward, as the Lieut. Governor Is necessarily absent In a distant part of this Province ; we are fully sensible of the great necessity of a due consideration of such acts or Resolutions of a Legislative nature as the Governors and Councils under His Majesty's Royal Instructions have found expedient before the forming an Assembly. The work is great and will of course take up much time to dierest into due It [llOrKINOT] BUILDERS OF NOVA i^COTIA UB method to answer your Excellency's Intentions In recommending the same to our speedy consideration, but In the niounwhlle wo shall oh well In that as In everything else that may require our consideration (with your Kxcellency's assistance) dlsinterectedly endeavor to promote the welfare and peaceahle government of His Majesty's people in this province and the future oaae and assistance of your Kxcellemy, and we doubt not on your Kxcellency's return to the Government Tve shaJl find you perfectly disposed to concur with us In enacting such further laws and estal)llshlng such other regulation.^ as shall appear upon more mature deliberations to be consistent with the honor and dignity of the Crown and conducive to the Uisting huppineSH of iliH .Majesty's subjects of this I'rovlnce." ROBiaUT SaNDEUSON, Speaker After which His Excellency acquainted the House that be would return his answer to-iaoirow morning. Then adjourned till to-morrow morning Ton o'cJoek. THE SECOND SESSION. ■Wednesday, August Ist, 1759. A Quorum of the House having met agreeable to the prorogation the Clerk of the Council attended with a mes.sage from His Excellency that he was In the Ohalr and directed the attendance of the House who attending accordingly he was pleased to direct them to proceed to the choice of a speaker which they did and chose WUliam NeSbltt, Esquire, and immediately attended His Excellency with their Speaker who being presented was approved of by His E cellency who was pleased to make tlit- following Hpuecli :— " Gentlemen of the Council and House of Representatives : Tour remarkable zeal and attention to the true inte- .st and prosperity of the Province in the business of the last long session give me the strongest assurances of your coming together again with dispositions that cannot fail 10 afford the public and me the highest satisfaction. In the course of that Session you got through almost everything essen- tially necessary of a legislative nature and of consequence there can be but little remaining to be done at this season, when your private avocations but ill admit of your attendance upon the publlck service. The most materiaJ points that seem to call for your consideration under the present circum- stances of the Province are a provision for maintaining the Light House erecting on Cape Sambro, and the establishing such ru'es and regulations as may be necessary in conducting and managing the affairs of the Work House. And as overseers are appointed for taking care of the poor, I conceive in order to render them of any use in their ofTlce, some provision should be thought of for enabling them to give relief and assistance to such objects of compassion as must perish without it ; how far the state of our finances may encourage the consideration of a measure so laudable and expedient, It is not easy to form any tolerable conjecture, unless it could be ascertained what demands will probably be made on the Treasury under the promises of the Publlck for exciting labor and industry ; but I fear there Is too much reason to apprehend from the inconsiderable amount of the sums collected upon the different Duties since October last that if the bounties upon Industry be demanded In a degree that it were to be wished they may, the Funds wiU prove far from more than sufficient for answering the several purposes to which they have been appropriated. I cannot therefore refrain from recom- Sec. II., Itm. 10 I I m 146 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA ,t, >rt: ■ l: merdlng to you genUem'ein. In the most earnest manner the resumption of a bill under your consideration last session, making liable to th'e present Duty all spirituous liquors retailed in any quantities under fifteen gallons ; such A bill I am well informed would greatly Imiprove our circumstances be a fur- ther check upon vice and debauchery (In my opinion) stand unexceptionable In every publlck llg*ht whatever ; If upon th* revival of It you should find yourseltds of the saime opinion I make no doubt of Its taking place as I can have no room to suppose there are any amongst us so sordid as to sacrifice publlck benefit to privaie views of personal advantage. You have a most pleasing and flattering prospect now before you, Gentle^ men, \are the Grants, and I make no doubt but tihat the w^ peopling of the whole will keep pace with our warmest and most rapid wlsihes. The estAbllahment of a yard in this excellent Harbor is a matter of the highest advantage and Importance to up. and If His Majesty's arms in North America be blessed nith that success this Summer ■^•hich all appearances are big with at present, the progress made in the Province of Nova Scotia during one year will exceed the gToi^\'th of hailf a century In the most boasted of His Jla.lesty's Ameilcan Dominions. Let me entreat you therefore Gentlemen of the House of Representatives to make despatch in the Business before you, to conduct it with mildness and unanimity and to record nothing in your Journals wthich can serve onily to tarnish the credit of your proceedings. If anything for advancing the happiness of the people sliould present Itself to your consideration which has escaped my notice, you may be assured of my ready concurrence with you ;>' che prosecution of It, that I ahall adhere strictly to every proposal and join heartily in every measure- to promote the publick welfare and in that the lasting honor and reputation of the Legis- lature." RESOLVED, That a Committee be appointed to answer His Excellency's SD«€ch. RESOLVED, That for the future the Assembly meet at the Court House. Then adjourned till to-morrow morning ten o'clock. SiX'OXl. AfiSE.MHI.Y. \ 1st Session. I VOTKS OF THE IIOU.SE OF ASSKMHLY, Province of Nova Scotia, Halifax. Tuesday, December 4th, 1759. List of' Meiiihirs trtiiriii'd hi/ f/ic ProiosI Morslxil. ■\Villiam Xesbitt, Es(i., Capt. Charles Proctor, Era.snms Jas. Philips, Esq., Henry Newton, Es()., JSIr. Michael Franklin, .lohii Newton, Esq., Malachy Salter,* Mr. Archibald llinshehvood, Winckworth Tongc, Esq., Air. Jo.'iatlian Minney, Sabastine Zouberlmhler, Esi).,t Capt. Simon Sloconib, Mr. John Burbidge. Mr. Phillip Knaut, Col. Josep.i Fry, Mr. Benjamin Gcrrish, Col. Jonathan Hoar, John I'uston, Esq. Josepli Scott, Esq., Mr. Isaac Deschamps, A Quorum of the House being met a Committee waited on His Excellency the Governor to acquaint him therewith and that they were ready to r^-2z:l * Mr. SalttT was a n:itivo iif Nmv Kn^l:ind. Si'o Appcmlix D. t .Afterwards a im'iiibcr ot Council. HF [bocrinot] BUILDERS OF NOVA SCOTIA 147 f a uty li ft ur- ble Ind ian Ice le- ng 3es on I us ne ;st ca >ig ng of es -id to !lf at re le on business. The Committee having returned acquainted the memlbers that His Excellency desired tlhat they would attend him p.t the Counell Chamber to be qualified which being: done His Excelletncy rjlgnifled to the House that they should proceed to the choice of a Speaker, the Members then returned chose William NeSbltt, Esq., ajid presented him to His Excellency who approved of their dhoice. Mr. Speiaker then prayed His Excellency that the members of th« Assembly might have their usual privilege, to which His Excedlency answered that he world allow the House all such prIvUeg«s as ^'T's Majesty's Insitruc- tlons would permit. Xhen His Excellency was pleased to make the following speech : " Gentlemen of the Council and House of Representatives,— I embrace this pleasing opportunity of our first meeting to congratulate you on the universal bucocbs with whlcli It has pleased the Almighty to bless His Majesty's Arms by sea and land, in this year of His most Glorious Reign : but as we are more immediately interested in these events of the conquest that have been made In the northern countries of this Continent, I would more especially rejoice with you upon the victory of that ever memorable day which (by Divine permission) through the wise perseverance and pctlve vigor of His Majesty's Admirals and Generals, seconded by the matchless iutrepldity of their followers, Justly rebuked the pride of France and put His ^Majesty In possession of that barbarous metropolis from whence his good subjects of this Province and of the King's other American Dominions have groaned under such contmual and unpardonable wrongs. It is not to be doubted but that this blow will soon be rendered so fataJ to the insolence of Canada by the unwearied zeal vigilance and activity of our first Deliverer General Amherst as will put a final period to those interruptions the Fnemy have too successfully thrown In the way of our progress in every part of this province as well as to the monstrous cruelties they have hitherto exercised with impunity over the British American Empire in peace and In war without distinction. This, Gentlemen, is the important chanpe we have all along look'd and wished for, and for which I am persuaded our spirited and Nobleminded Countrymen by sea and land, Resulai-s and Pro%incials, who performed the work, will have our latest and slncerest acknowledgments with the prayers of our children's children ; This I say is tihe crisis we have eagerly but justly panted after and which thank Heaven our most Gracious and August Sovereign has outlived his labors to be happy in. Under these circumstances and with the enlivening prospect that Is before us of introducing so many hundreds of youthful settlers 'nto the Colony as are now preparing to Establish the va.cated and other Lands we may form to ourselves the strongest assurance that if we rightly improve the oppor- tunity, we cannot xall to be as much an object of envy as we were before of compassion. I persuade myself, gentlemen, that on your parts nothing will be wanting that may contribute towards it, on my own, I can only renew those engagements which I entered into with many of you as members of the Houses before. In the meantime the Gentlemien of the House of Representatives as I see more reason than ever for doing it I must here repea.t my recommendation of the Bill for laying a Duty on Spirituous LiquoTii reitailed in any quantities under Fifteen gallons, it was rejected by the late Assembly upon considera- tions I will no enter Into; but as I flatter myself no such motives will Influence the conduct of the present Assenbly, I make no doubt of your see- ing It in I very different light and passing It ; because it cannot but be of Publlck vtillty. If 1! r:\ h 148 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA lii:; il' i I must likewise recoiranend to your consideration the framing some amendment to taie second and third clauses to the act Conoernins Marriages and Divorce, the Inconvenlency of them as they now stand are too obvious to need belnjr pointed out and I am of opinion likewise that upon perusal of the first clause of the Act for establishing Religrlous Publlck worship you •will perceive its insufficiency for effectually answering the end of such an act. These, Gentlemen, are the matters that have occurred to me as necessary to be laid before you ; any BUla you Shall prepare you may depend upon it will have their due weight with me, for I can have no other standard for the regulation of my conduct than the Duty I owe to my Sovereign in my ambi- tion to see you a very happy people a very flourishing and a very con- siderable people." Tiiu House then went down to the Assembly Room. Hhe oaths of Allegiance were taken l>y t3ie House and the memlbers present subscribed the Declaration. Resolved thait the office of Clerk to the Assembly be executed by a member or members of the House. Voted, that Mr. Hinshelwood and Mr. Deschamps be Joint cderks to the Hou«e. Voted that John Callibeck be Messenger and Doorkeeper to the House. Rsolved that a Committee, vlzt., William Neabltt, Esq., Mr. Hinshelwood and Henry Newton, Esq., Malachy Salter, Esq., and Mr. Franklin, do prepare an address in answer to His Excellency's speech by to-morrow morning. Then adjourned till to-morrow morning Tem o'clock. :\].\ Wednesday the 5th of December, 1759. The Committee appointed to prepare an address in answer to His Excel- leucy'a Speedh reported to the House that they bad prepared the same vvthiob being read was approved of. A message was sent by a Committee to acquaint His Excellency that the House is ready to attend him with their address ; to which His Excellency answered that he was ready to receive them which being reported the House accordingly waited on His Excellency with an address wlhlch was read by Mr. Speaker aa follows :— TO HIS EXCELLENCY Charles La/wrence, Esq., Captain General and Governor in and over His Majesty's Province of Nova Scotia or Acadie, Vice Admiral ot the same, etc., etc. May it plesuse your Excellency,— We His Majesty's most dutiful a,iid loyal subjects, the representatives of this Province, return your Excellency our sincere and Hearty thanks for your speech delivered from the Chair. It is with inexpressible Joy that we reflect on the glorious and successful events that have attended His Majesty's arms under God, and the vigilance and good conduct of our AdmlraJs and Generals in all parts of the vorld, but more especially In North America and it is with infinite pleasure ve foresee the great honor, dignity and advantage that will accrue therefrom to His Majesty's sacred person, his Crown and his Dominions. And we have the most saf^gulne hopes from the experienced great abilities of our worthy Comman 5r In OKief, General Amherst, and from the known valor and intrepidity of the troops, as well regular as provincials under his command, that he will be able soon to finish the glorious work he has begun by entirely subduing the pride and insolance of France in the compleat \i I ■I [boubinot] BUILDERS OF NOVA SCOTIA 149 reduction of Caiiada, the mother and nurse of the most crueJl, sava^re ent«mle« to these his Majesty's American Colonies. It Is with pleasure we evnbraoe this occasion of expressing the gratefui sense we have of your Excellency's paternal oarj In the wise and prudent steps taken to engage such great numbers of substantial and reputable Protestant families from the neighborln^r Colonies to settle on the vacated and other lands of this province which your Excellency has been enabled to efleot by rightly Imiirovtng the favorable opportunity which the success of his Majesty's arms has afforded the consequence whereof must throw the highest lustre upon your Exceilency's administration and cannot fall speedMT to render this a rich and flourishing Colony. On our part we beg leave to assure you, Sir, that as we have no doubt of the rectitude of your measures no assistance in our power shall be wanting to strengthen your hands In the conducting so great and laudable an undertaking. We shall take into our Immediate consideration the matters recommended by your Excellency as first necessary to be done upon this session and we s\iall in these as in all other Cases, pay the' highest regard to whatever your Excellency may propose to us for the welfare and prosperity of this province which under the happy influence of your wise administration we hope to see the real barrier, as well as the envy of our most opulent neighbors." His Excellency acquainted the House that he would return his answer on Friday morning. Then adjourned till to-morrow momnng Ten o'clock. 'I' f , ¥t \n ! it /i iH \i mh ht [180] !V' ! i ,ii III 1 I APPENDIX H. STATE OP NOVA SCOTIA IN 1783-84. From Colonel Morse's Report on Nova Scotia in l7iS3-S.'f (See Report on Canadian Archix'es for 1SS4.) Tlie extent of this Province,' beginning, as before, with the Peninsula, from the nortli-east to the soutli-west, the greatest lengtli, is about 225 miles ; and tlie great- est breadth, wliich is nearly north and south about 75 miles, containing, l)y calcula- tion, 10,271 square miles. There are, in dillerent parts of the Province, about I^O.OOO acres of cleared up lands, and 24,000 acres of marsh land dilced in, making together about 00,000 acres under cultivation. The extent and contents of that part lying on the Continent, cannot be ascertained with the same precision till the boundaries are better established. There may be about 27,(WO square miles, making; the whole con- tents of the Province upwards of 4.3,000 square miles. The old inhabitants, whom I shall first name, separately from the disbanded troops and loyalists, which have come since the late war, are computed at about fourteen thousand, exclusive of Acadiansand Indians. Of the former, who are the remains of the old French inhabitants, and are dispersed all over the Province, there are about one hundred families ; of the latter about three hundred men of the tribe of Mickmacks, the original Indian of the Peninsula ; and upon the rivers St. John and the Scodiac about one hundred and forty men of the tribe of Mareshites ; but as I could not obtain such information upon this head as I wish, the computation may not t)e strictly correct. Before I proceed to give the number of the disbanded troops and loyalists, it may not be improper to observe that a great part of the old inhabitants, especially the wealthy ones, are from New England, and that they discovered, during the late war, the same sentiments which prevRiled in that country. I think it necessary to add that the Legislature is principally composed of these men, and that some of the higher public offices are at present filled with the most notorious of such characters. The number of new inhabitants, viz., th'-. disbanded troops and loyalists who came into this Province since the peace, I shall be able to give with precision, the whole having been mustered in the summer of 1784, in order to ascertain the number entitled to the Royal bounty of provisions. The following Return will not only show the number of men, women and children, but the different parts of the Pro- vince in which they are settling, and here I am sorry to add that a very small pro- portion, indeed, of these people are yet upon their lands, owing to dillerent causes — First— their arriving very late in the season. Secondly— timely provision not having been made by escheating and laying out lands, in which great delays and irregulari- ties have happened. Thirdly— a sufficient number of surveyors not having been em- ployed, but lastly and principally, the wantoi foresight and wisdom to make neces- sary arrangements, and steadiness to carry them into execution, the evils arising from which will be felt for a long time to come, not only by the individuals, but by Government, for if these poor people who, from want of land to cultivate and raise a subsistence to themsolves, are not fed by Government for a considerable time longer, they must perish. They have no other country to go to— no other asylum. They have hitherto been mostly employed m building towns at the principal settle- ments. At Port Roseway and the mouth of the River St. John, astonishing towns have been raised, and in less time, perhaps, than was ever known in any country Tlie province then included New Brunawick. [bocrinot] BUILDERS OF NOVA SCOTIA IBl before. It is, however, much to be liimented such great exertions had not been more profitably directed in ciiltivntinK their lands, for Ijesides loss of time, they liave wasted their substance in that whicli can never prove proHtablc to themselves of useful to the country. Return of (he Disbanded Troopa and Loyalists Settlinfi in the Province of Nova Scotia, Mustered in the Summer of 17S4. Wlicro Settling. When Musturi'd. About Halifax Harbour . . '.luly 1.3. Dartmouth ; do 14. Mus(|uudobbin May 2K. Jedorc i.Iuly 17. Ship Harbour IJuiie 2. Sheet do i do 5 Country do do IH. Chedebucto i do 21 . Island Siiint .John ' do 12. AnliKonish. July 12. I'iotou and Merrigonish, . do 2(i. Cumberland, etc .lune 28. Partridne Island Cornwallis and Horton. . . .lune 4. Newport and Kenticook. . .May 27. Windsor , do 20. Windsor Road and Sack-' ville Inly S. Annapolis Royal, etc .June 2-1. Bear River do 2.5 . Digby May 29. Gulliver's Hole, St. Mary'sl Bay June 0. July U). do 27. Nine Mile River Chester Road Pasamaquodv . . River St. .lolin At Halifax, being the widows and children of Loyalists and .soldiers, and other objects of charity Between Halifax and Shelburne Shelburne Total Men. 27 175 1(1 7 77 71 201 58(1 202 70 102 2.57 ;<:■. iU 1.50 127 52 (iOH 71 4«3 5;{ ;i8 10 8;j:{ 4,131 00 320 3,401 Chililren Cliililri'ii Womon. iibovc iinilrr 10 Yi'arB. 10 Years. 15 104 4 21 20 20uni< ili.' Imnli'n of sustaining thoir views— unless there be something In the nature, sltuntlon and clrcumstancea of the several parties to be amalgamated, uiisulted for effective union, If niillilng be found to show that the Provlnco-s aro unsulted fi>r union, then the way la cLear for the Question ; and the cotni)arlsoii will present Itself between : — The Provinces severed and dls-unlted ; and The Provinces combined and one. In the preliminary enquiry, the obstacles to unlun, arising from distance, dissimilarity of race and habits— the difference In their public debt— opposing Interests of trade and reve^nue — geographical obstructions— seem the most obvious and serlouB. The Impediments resulting from distance and from the unhappy circuiu- Btances of both the Canadas, at the time, were chiefly felt by Uord Durhlam In 1837 when the subject was discussed at Quebec by that distinguished and acute Btatesinan and his able advisers— among whom were the late Charles Buller and Mr. Turton ; and the delegates attending from the Provinces. These impediments have passed away. Since that time railroads have been introduced into Canada, and the time I believe will not be long before the works of the Grand Trunk Railroad Company will unite Sarnla, on Lake Huron, with Rive-r du Loup, on the banks of the St. Lawrence, below Quebec. I hold In my hand a prospectus and plan of the vast undertakings of that company. Behold here their lines of railways— running a distance of 1,100 miles, and .versing the whole extent of Canada, by an unbroken line, and with an almost undevlatlng course, bringing the distant Huron nea^/ly to the border of New Brunswick. Still shorter will be the time that wUl suffice to show St. John connected by the iron road with Shediac. For this we have the high authority of Sir Edmund Head in his opening speech to the LeKlslaturo of New Brunswick: 'and I assume as an inevitable concomitant of the Union a continuation of the railroad from River du Loup to Halifax. Thus Montreal, situated not very far from a central position, will be but a few days' journey from the extremest points of the Provincial lines. Since 1837 the almost magic power of the electric telegraph has been called Into use, to annihilate time and distance In the communication of thought and intelligence ; and thus the objection from the distances that separate the inhabitants of these Provinces no longer offers any sound reason against their Union. The condition of Upper anS I.jwer Canada was In 1837 unable for Union, Both Provinces still heaving and agita.ted under the effects of recent trou- bles, and divided Into parties embittered by a strugg.' ■ of no ordinary charac- ter, were In a condition the worst imaginable for adjusting a new constitution, or carrying a Union into operation. Besides— differences in language, laws, habits and modes of thinking and feeling— and the rivalry naturallj growing out of these differences, placed an obstacle in the way of the Union of Lower Canada with the Upper or the Lower Provinces, which in the nature of things, is the most difficult to be overcome. This barrier was not sufficient to prevent the amalgamation of the Canadas, and the successful result of that measure not only proves ade- quately that no dissimilarity that exists in the habits and feelings of different sections of the population of the various Provinces, is a Just reason againtet entertaining the question of their Union, but affords encouragement to its extension to the other Provinces. The geographical relations of the Colonies can, I think, be no hindrance. I: i: Ml l: I, I u i! \ ■Tyi: 168 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA ^k The lino xeparatlng Canada and New Brunawlck creates no •oparatlon between the people Inhabiting on either Hide. The Canadian Inhabitants there have long found It to their advantage to deal principally with New Uruns- wick, and to avail thenuelvea of the conveniences afforded by that flne river, the St. John. The people of New Brunswick ond Nova Scotia (once united In the name Province) know no distinction. Some of the finest portions of Nova Scotia,— Cumberland, Dlgby, Annap- olis, parts of Kings, Hants and Colchester, — are more closely united by busl- nes.s relations with New Brunswick than with any part of their own Province, —while the north-eastern coast of that Province,— with resources of great value, derived alike from the land and the water, are drawn by the facilities of navigation to Halifax rather than to St. John. The Gulf of St. liawirenctj brings us all together. There Canada, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia and Cape Breton and New- foundland unite In encircling the e«tuary of the great river of the north, and there as to a common centre, the traders from all the Colonies are every season brought together. The hindrance to a Union which probably will be found the mo3t (lllllcult of removal will result from real or supposed differences of Interest In relation to the regulation of commerce and tariff. But If arrangements of '.his nature necessary for the common good, should oppose in some particulars the policy of a portion of the Union, It may well be supposed that more tiian compen- sation will be found In the advantage of a uniform system, em'ii'iiclns .nil the Colonies, .and conferring on each the privileges and benefits of unfettered Intercommunion which at present Is not and cannot (easily, be enjoyed. It does not, however, appear to be necessary or expedient to deal at large with this (luestlon now. If, on general and enlarged views, a, Union be desir- able or necessary, I cannot but think that all suoh questions wilU be found capable of a solution consonant with the g«neTal welfare— and besides they require to be brought Into definite form after Interch.ange of opinion and dis- cussion among the several governments, before they can be practically dealt with In open debate In the Legislature. The same remarks are applicable to the present disparity In the liabilities of the several Provinces, which I have made In reference to the disparity In the rates of their several tariffs, and supposed differences of commercial policy. The debt of Canada Is very large— but the works for which It was Incurred remain— and her abundant revenues, after meeting the expenses of Govern- ment—the Interest of her debt— the contingent of her sinking fund— and liberal allowance for education and other objects of public benefit— leave still a large surplus. Lord Elgin's despatch, of the 16th August last, states the net revenue of 1852 to be greater than the expenditure including interest on public debt and sinking fund, by $188,553. Gentlemen may see the statistics at large. In the very useful compilation I have In my hand— Mr. Scoble's Canadian A'manac for the present year. But, Sir, when I reflect on the immense resources of Canada, I apprehend the obstructions to the Union may arise from measures very different from the fastidiousness of the Lower Colonies, In view of the Canadian debt. Let us then assume that if a Union of the British North American Prov- inces be a measure calculated to consolidate their strengtih— improve their Institutions- accelerate their progress and promote their well-being— there exists no insuperable objection to that Union — either in the distance that sep- arates — the diversities of races and of habits and sentiments— from geographi- cal impediments, or ilnanclal or fiscal difficulties, or other causes of an indivi- dual nature. Hkvrinot] BUILDERS OF NOVA SCOTIA 159 This places ua on the broad fleld at enquiry to which the aubject Invitex. The :ifflcultle« are to select and arranfre the materials ^'Ithin a rnaaunable compass, rather Chan to And matter for observation. The Unlet' of the Coloinles of Great Britain In North Amorlca is a familiar Idea, of which their history before and after the Revolution furnlsheit many InstancM. As early as 1643 occurred the Confederation of the New Kngland Colonies, and It is not unlnstructlve to notice tthe causes and motives of that Union— by which, to use the language of the day, the Coloniea of New England •were "made all as one." Bancroft, from whom I quotp, says:— " Protection against the encroachment of the French and Dutch— security against the savages— the liberty of the goapel in peace, wore the motives of the confederacy." The Union embraced Massachusetts, Plymouth, Connecticut and New Haven. Its affairs were conducted by Commissioners, two from eaoh Colony, Irrespective of their size or population. The ConimL'^sioners, who were to meet annually, or oftener if necessary, might deliberate on all things which are " the propter concomitants or consequents of a confederation." Peace and war and especially Indian affairs, exclusively belonging to them— they vAdre authorized to make internal improvements at the common charge, and they were the guardians to see equal and spfedy Justice given to ail the confi'dfratea. Tho coTttnum expenses ^yere to be assessed according to the papulation. But the Coninilssloners were in reality little more than a deliberative body ; they posses.sed no executive power, and while thi-y could decree a war, and a levy of troops, It remained for the Colonists Hhemselvos to carry the vote into effect. " Thug remarkable," Bancroft notices, " for unmixed simplicity was the form of the first federated Government In America." Among the active agent.s In forming this Union, and Us first President, was Wlnthrop, Governor of Massachusetts— a name distinguished In the early annals of New England for the wisdom and virtue of Its possessors — and which at the present day has been borne to situations of high elevation and made conspicuous by the Integrity, ability and eloquence of the patriotic statesman and the refined taste of the scholar. T refer to one known publicly to us all for the wisdom and moderation of his course in Congress on the Oregon boundary question— while those who have the pleasure of his acquaintance personally have found him the courteous and urbane gientleman. The next Instance Is the proposal of ■William Penn In 1697, for an annual Congress of all the Provinces on the continent of America, with power to regulate commerce— but which does not appear to have issued In any practical result. This Is followed at tihe distance of more than half a century by another proposal for Union which reached greater maturity, although It failed In ulti- mate adoption. The celebrated Albany Convention Is a well-kno\\in historical fact, and I shall beg the attention of the committee to this case, both as showing the motives that Incited to union at that time, and also for the purpose of enquir- ing at another stage of my argument Into the probable effect that Union, had It gone Into operation, would have had on the connection between England and the Colonies, which not very long afterwards revolted from her away. The dread of approaching hostilities with France, and the necessity of Increased contributions from the Colonies, Induced high Colonial officials to entertain the Idea and to desire to see It enforced by act of Parliament. In- telligent Colonists preferred a voluntary Union, and they used a elsrnlfloant argument :— " It would be a strange thing If six nations of Ignorant savages should be capable of forming a scheme for such an Union, and be able to execute In such a manner as that It has subsisted for ages, and appears Indis- soluble, and yet that a like Union should be Impracticable for ten or a doaen II \ '\ r] ■? 160 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA Ml !' * 1 Enffllph c'dlonie*, to whom it is more necessary and must be more advan- t^'sreous." Kevrrscs In contests with the P/ench at length hastened forward the pro- ject ; and nt Albany, to use the words of Bancroft, " on the 19th January, 1794, assombJed the memorable Congress of Commissioners from every Colony north of the Potomac. " America had never seen an assembly svo venereble for tihe States that were represented, or for the great and able men who composed it. Every voice doi'lared a Union of ail the Colonies to be absolutely necessary " ; and It adds interest to this transaction thot at its commencement the representa- tives of the Six Nations were present. Franklin's project was the basis, and after great debate and deliberation wrs modified and adopted. Philadelphia was deemed conveniently situated tor the site of the Federal Government, becau.'e it could be reached from the most distant parts in fifteen to twenty days. The constitution was a compromise between Uie prerogative and popular power. The King was to name and support a Goveriior-Greneral, who should have a negative in all laws ; the people of the Colonies, through their legisla- tures -were to elect triennlaliy a grand Council, which alone could originate bills. Each Colony was to send a number of members, in proportion to its contributions, yet not less thai? two nor more than seven. The Governor-General was to nominate military olllcers, subject to the advice of the Council, which was to nominate all civil olllcers. No money was to be raised but by their joint order. Each Colony was to retain its domestic constitution— the Federal Government was to regulate all relations of peace or war with blie Indians ; affairs of trade and purchases of lands noi within the bounds of particular Colonies ; to establisli, organize and tem- porarily to form new settlements ; to raise soldiers, and equip vessels of force on the seas, ri\'%fs and lakes, to make laws, and levy Just and eqnai taxes. The Grand Council wore to meet once a year ; to choose their owui Speaker, and neither to be dissolved, nor prorogued nor continue to sit more than six weeks at any one time but by their own consent. " The Board of Trade," adds Bancroft, " on receiving the minutes of the Congress was astonished at a plan of general government, complete in itself, RellcL-ting men in England dreaded American Union as the keystone of inde- pendence." It is well worthy of note Uiat Franklin's mind took a wider range, and comprehended " the great country back of the Apalachian Mountains," where he predicted in less than a century would grow up a populous and powerful dominion ; and through Thomas Pownell, who had been present during tlie deliberations at Albany, he advised the immediate organization of two new Colonies in the west. The whole of this transaction offers so much incident for reflection and application, that I make no apology for presenting it so much at large to the Committee. This was the scheme devised by wise and practical nen for protection against foreign invasion and for internal Improvemen;.. England rejected it, and reflective men Uiere, as Bancroft says, were al- ous lest it should lead to the independence of the Colonies, May we not well doubt the reasonableness of the apprehension ; as surely we may qr.esuor. the liberality and generosity, and I will add the justice of the principle ta'at sought to keep the Colonies weak that .hey might be preserved dependent. Lot it be remarked that the thirteen Colonies whose Union was projected, contained at ;.hat time less than one million and a half of people, including the colored poi-ulation. I reserve as illustrative of a later part of my argumeni, the Union of [UOI'RIKOT] BUILDERS OF ,NOVA SCOTIA 161 the American States after their independence ; and now take up Lord Durhan/j report of 31st January, 1839. In this we find that In 1814, the project of a Union of the North American Colonies had been formed by the late Chief Justice Se<^vell of Lower Canada ; and by him submitted to hla late Royal Highness the Duke of Kent— rthe father of our sovereign — and approved by the Prince, w-those personal kiiow- ledgre of these Colonies, and whose deep Interest in their welfare are well- known facts. The report of Lord Durham gives the Duke^s letter in ans:wier to Chief Justice Scwell's proposal. So interesting a document coming from such a quarter, the House will excuse me for reading :— Kensington Palace, November 16th, 1814. " My Dear Sewell,— I have this day had the pleasure of receiving your note of yesterday, with Its enclof.sure ; nothing can l3 better arranged than the whole thing Is, or more perfectly I cannot wish ; and when I see an opening, lit is fully my Intiention to hint the matter to Lord Bathurst, and put the paper Into his hands without, however, telling him from whom I have It, tlwugh I sliall urge him to have some conversation with you relative to it. Permit me, however, Just to ask you whether it was an oversight in you to state that there are five Houses of Assembly in the British Colonics in North America, for if I am not under an eiTor, theiH; are six, viz.:— Upper and Lower Canada, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, the Islands of Prince Edward and Capo Breton.' Allow me also to beg of you to put down the propor- tions in which you tliJnk the thirty members of the He present at ive Assembly ought to be furnished by each Province ; and to suggest whetner you would not think two Lieut. -Governors, with two Execuitlve Councils sufllcient for the Executive Government of the whole, viz.: — One for the two Canadas, and one for Nova Scotia and Neav Brunswick, comprehending the small depen- dencies of Cape Breton and Prince Edward Island ; the former to reside at Montreal, and the latter at whichever of th» two s.ituatlons may be con- sidered most central for the two Provinces, whether Annapolis Royal or Windsor. But at all events should yooj even consider four Executive Gov- ernments and four Executive Councils requisite I presume there cannot be a question of the expediency of comprehending the itwo small islands In the Gulf of St. Lawrence with Nova Scotia. EDWARD." Loid Durham's report has been in everybody's hand and need only be referred to. That able statesman believed a Union of the North American Colonies to be most desirable for their progress and advancem'cnt, and after much deliberation, and lit would sejim some change of opinion, adopted the conclusion that the Union should be Legislative, and complete to secure the full attainment of its advantages. The reasons by which His Lordship's views are sustained are griven succinctly, but powerfully in the report. So clearly "-nd conclusively Indeed that it seems as if the best advocacy of the measure might be confined to the reading of those passages of His Lordship's report which relate to this point. Next and last in the order of time, is the scheme of the British Ameri- can lieague, adopted at Its second convention at Toronto, in November, 1849. I hold in my hand a full report of the speeches and proceedings on that occasion , and I may say that the knowledge, ability and eloquence, displayed, well entitle to our respectful consideration the opinions of the gentlemen who adopted the conclusion that a Union of all the Provinces was desirable and proper. They wiere strong in number as In talents— of varied engagements In life, and being selected from all parts of the Province may be considered as expressing sentiments widely diffused. 1 Capo Urctou never Imd iin A«80iiibly and Chief tTinlicr HowcU was correct. Sec. II., im). 11 111 mi 11 I? i m 162 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA :U. i.'' tJ i ■ i The plan tbey agreed to submit for the consideration of the Provinces ia set out In detail, and occupied consdderable spa«€. I will notice the leading portions. The Canadas, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince EMward Island and Newfoundland, to be Joined in a Federal Union under the name of British North America— with a Secretary and office In Downing Street— and a Vice-Regent and a Federal Legislature. Each Province to have its local Legislature, the Legislative Council to be elected. The Federal Government to be vested in a Viceroy or Governor-General- a Legislative Council appointed by the Crown, or elected by the Legislature of the Provinces for .six years, one-third returning every second year — and an Assem- bly chosen by the Provincial Legislatures from their own members, by a special election— a deputation of members from the Legislative Council, and from the House of Assembly to have seats in the House of Commons, The powers of the General Government were to be the imposition of taxes, duties and rmports, which wiould be uniform throughooiit the Province —to jissume and pay the debts of the several Provinces, and provide for the peace and welfare of the Union — to establish uniform commercial relations between the different Provinces and foreign countries, not repugnant to the laws of the United Kingdom — determine disputes — regulate navigation of the rivers and lakes — promote Internal improvements — regulate post-office, militia, &c. A Supreme Court, being also a Court of Appeals, &c., &c. A subsociuent resolution passed against the election of the Legislative Council. Here is presented a schemo of confedieration, evidently prepared with care, and worthy of consideration, which it is to l>e regretted had not been pressed upon the notice of the different Provinces. I turn next. Sir, to a significant and pregnanf example drawn from the history of the United States, after their Independence, of the necessity of an Union of an energetic character, for the prosperity and ajdvancemertt of com- munities bearing many resiembiances to the British North American Provinces— and if history be philosophy teaching the example, the lesson will Iprobably be not uninstructlve. Examine the condition and prosperity of the States collectively after the peace that ensured their independence, and we are presented with a lamentable picture of national wealcness — both material and moral. Look at their present national greajtness. Then trace the causes of eacli result and we can, I think, be at no loss to make the application to our present subject. Language could scarcely be stronger than that used to describe the ruinous effects of the weakness of the confederation that bound the States together after the peace — as may be seen on reference to Marsliall's Life of "Washington, from which I quote on this point :— Washington earnestly deprecated these consequences, and urged as the only remedy increased confederative powers. He felt very strongly thi.s necessity in relation to the commercial arrangements necessary for the national interests, and the redemption of debta contracted during the war, essential for the national honor. " America," he said, " must appear In a very contemptible point of view to those with whom she is endeavoring to form commercial treaties, without possessing the mieans of carrying them Into effect " ; and In other aspects of the case his expressions are not less forcible. Lafayette, the friend of America and of Washington gives the opinion entertained in Europe : — " I have often," he says, " had the mortification to hear that the want of power In Congress, of Union between the States, of energy In the Oovem- ment, would make the Confederation very inslgnifloant." [boubinot] BUILDERS OF NOVA SCOTI/V 163 The testimony of the historian Is no less clear and positive. Marshall's language is thus strong :— " That the imbecility of the- Federal Government — the impotence of its requisitions— and the Inatlemtion of some o termed a predlcUon. From its inability to protect the general Interest, or to comply with Its political or pecuniary engagements, already had that course of national degradation commenced, which such a stn'a> of things must leoeesarily produce." Again he says :- 'The Confederation was apparently expiring from mere debility. The last hoi>es of Its friends having been destroyed, the vital necessity of some measure which might prevent the separation of the integral parts of which the American Kmpire was composed became apparent even to those who had been willing to perceive it." Such, then, was the condition of the American Confederation after their independence had been achieved by sacrlficefi, self denial ar 1 fortitude that all must admire, whatever opinion as to the merits of the contest may be entertained. What are the United States now ? This map answers the question. Nearly half in superficial extent of the northern continent is embraced within their Iimit.'= — an ocean is the territoiial limit on either side, the Gulf of Mexico on the south — British soil on the north — and twenty-five millions of people occupy and own this vast domain. Harper's Magazine for last month contains a very impressive review and comparison of the several census taken in the United States since 1799. On the population and territory the article decants in a tone high indeed, but warranted by the facts. We are told that the lajw" of growth lias been remari-iably uhiform. In sixty years it varied but little from tbirty-four per cent.:— in ten years, and assuming thirty-three and one-haif as the decimal increase for the next half century, at the end of another sixty years the Rep"blic will contain one hundred and thirty millions of people. Its territorial extent is stated as nearly ton times the size of Groat Britain, and France combined : three times that of the whole of Franco, Britain, Austria, Prussia, Spain, Portugal, Belgium, Holland and Denmark together. It would, sir, be as vain as ignoble tc attempt to decry the national position of the United States. America stands high among the nations ; and vigorous In youth — pressing onward and upward, well may her sons be dazzled in the prospoction of her destiny. Year after year the wilderness retires before the energy and endurance of iier people ; and her commerce spreads more widely over every sea. Her iEgis guards her humblest citizen in the remotest lands, until the title of an American citizen is as secure a passport as of old was that of Roman. What has achieved this great result ? Union — effective confederate Union. Would it have been thus had the state of imbecile and imperfect confed- eraitlon continued, that Lafayette deplored and Washington mourned over, reproved and redressed '? Assuredly not. Let it be remembered that when Washington showed the evils of dis- union on the commercial relations of his country her population did not very greatly exceed that of the British North American Colonies at the present day. The dissimilarities In the circumstances of the United States, and the British Colonies, do not, I think, prevent the application of this example. Foreign negotiation was necessary for the commercial arrangements required by the United States, and with us the Imperial Parliament exercises this duty. But it is clear that the conamercial reaatlons of the provinces wi.l demand a special consideration controlled by their own clrcumst ,nces and interests ; and Union may be found requisite to give efficacy to these con- siderations. ■m:^! ^IIK If ; H |i 164 ROYAL yOCIETY OF CANADA I . ij: I I ' 1 li ) * li'. The subject naturally leads to the enquliry whether the North American Provinces possess a sitreingth and capacity suited far Union. Scotland, In 1707, ait the Union, had a populaiblon oif abouit 1,050,000. Ireland, In 1821— twenty-nine years after her Union— a population of not seven millions — pro'bably at the Union not more than four millions. The thirteen Provinces, previous to the Revolutionary War, afford, how- ever, the best materials for comparison. In Ithlnking of (their strengtth and condition we a^re apt to be misled by wii_t they achieved in a struggle — for a time unassisted— with a powerful nation— as well as by what they had before done In the wars with the French and Indians. Franklin, in his examilnajtion In 1766 before the House of Commons, declared that In the French war ths Colonies had raised, clothed and paid 23,000 men, and spent many millions— and that Pennsylvania alone disbursed £500,000. Yet he rated the number of men from sixteen to sixty years of age in British North Ajmerloa at about 300,000, and estimated that the inhabitants of all the Provinces at a medium doubled in twenity-flve years. In Pennsyl- vania the taxes annually realized, he said, about £25,000 — and her Imports from Great Britain amounted to £500,000, and exports thither to £40,000. The whole population of the thirteen colonies at the beginning of the Revo- lution did not exceed two and a half millions, and In 1770 it had not reached four mllldons — a very small advance for the numtier of years. Bancroft descPibes them thus : — " Yet the thirteen Colonies in whom was involved the futurity of our race were feeble settlements In the wilderness, scattered along the coast of a con- tinent, little connected with each other, little heeded by their metropolis, almost unknown to 'the world. They were bound together only as British America, that part of the "Western hemisphere which the English mind had appropriated. England was the mother of its language, the home oi its tra- ditions, the source o( its laws and the land on which Its affections centred. And yet it was an oftset from England rather than any Integral ; art of it ; aoi empire of itself, free from nobility and prelacy, not only Protestant, but by a vast majority dissenting from the Church of England ; attracting the commoners and plebeam sects of the parent country and rendered cosmo- politan by the recruits from tlie nations of the European continent. By the benignity of the law, the natives of other lands wiere received as citizens ; and political liberty as a birthright, was the talisman that harmoniously blended all differences, and inspired a new public life, dearer than their native tongue, their memories and their kindred. Dutch, French, Swede and Ger- man renounced their nationality to claim the rights of Englishmen." The present population of the British North American Provinces greatly exceeds that of the thirteen Colonies at the Revolution. Taking the result of the last census in each Province, we have the following statement of popula- tion :— Population of British North American Colonies, from Hunt's Magazine, January, 1854, page 181 :— Yeai". Provinces. Population 3ix. Miles. 1852— Upper Canada 953,239 147,832 1852— Lower Canada 890,261 201,989 1851- New Brunswick 193,800 27,70(i 1851— Nova Scotia 276,117 18,746 1851— P. E. Island 62,678 2,134 2,376,095 1852— Newfoundland 101,600 57,000 1851— Hudson's Bay Ter 180,000 2,600,000 1851— Labrador 5,000 170,000 2,662,695 3,125,401 [bouhinot] BUILDERS OF NOVA SCOTIA 163 The population may now be faii;ly taken at three millions. For the rate of increase In the Canadas, I avail myself of two lectures of the Rev. Adam Liale, before the Mechanics' Institute, Toronto, In February, 1S52, In which, with much research and aibllity, the Rev. gentleman has triumphantly vindicated Canadian aa compared with United States progress. A single passage will serve my present purpose : — " Taking Canada as a Whole, Its' population has Increased from 60,000 to 1,582,000 In seventy years." Hence, in 1850, It was over twenty-six times what It wa« In 1760 ; miore, con- siderably, than two and a half times what it -(Mas in 1825, when It numlbered 6Sl,657." Thus the Increase In twenty-flve years is over a million, or about sixty- eight per cent. In ten years. We have seen that the present decimal Increase of the United States is thdrty-three and a hailf— much beneath that of Canada, Looking foirward for a quarter of a century, the population of the North American Colonies may be assumed to reach over seven millions, and In another quarter to be pressing on to eighteen mlllious. .A.S to territory, we have but again to look to the maip to perceive that Vfsit as is the extent of the United States, the British domain exceeds it, — and although much of this large territory lies in the inhospitable region of the north, yet more ithan enough for accumulated m'Mlons of people remains of lands of the best quality for settlement. The extent of the several Colonial limits I have already stated ; and beyond Canada to the wesit onward to the Pacific and Vancouver's Island lies a vast country destined to be the home of multitudes. Aware that a gentleman aimong us, distinguished by his benevolent regard for the aboriginal Inhabitants of Nova Scotia, and hi® earnesit efforts to pre- serve from destruction our river fisheries, had, under the influence of an ener- getic spirit, an enquiring mind, and the indomitable zeal of an ardent and scientific sportsman, crossed the American continent and visited the coasts of the Pacific, I sought informaitlon from him aa regards the country to which I have last alluded. Although his observaJtion has been chiefly confined to the United States side of the line, yet he crossed over to Vancouver's Island, and had some know- ledge of the coast of the British terrii-ory extending to the northward. Captain Cheamley, whom the Committee will recognize as the gentleman to whom I have made reference, has kindly favoured me with Information which cannot fail to be interesting. At Vancouver's Island the sqil is good, and the country in every way adapted for settlement— the vegetables were of superior size and quality, and he witnessed the importation of cattle, Intended to be turned out for breeding, and there coal abounds. Nlsqually, at the south-east extremity of the Straits of St. Juan de Fuca, wa,q highly esteemed for sheep farming, and he there saw an establishment of the Hudson Bay Company at which was probably not less than 3,000 sheep, tended by men from the old country. The salmon fishery was of boundless producitiveness, and fish of great size were ordinarily sold by the Indians for the most Inslgniflcant price— a leaf of tobacco purchasing a large eajmon. From what he saw of the Oregon territory, wheat of the finest quality Is grown, and foresits of magnificent pinea abound, he had no doubt that across the line on the British side of the country WiMch he did not visit, would present similar characteristics. But, sir, it is needless to pursue these observations. The Crown of England possesses territory enough in North America to occupy centuries In filling up, and to give space for many national communities. i CoE'^ning ourselves to what has been allotted to the Provinces, the field is large enougih to exercise the most ardent Imagination In the vision of the future. In view of the increase and trade of the Colonies the facts are more than sufficient for the argument. "i I ^ I m I t|f li^4 166 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA The present revenues of the several Provinces may be set down at one and a (judrter million of dollars. In 1852 Canada had $723,720 In 1853 New Brunswick had $180,554 In 1853 Nova Scotia, say $120,000 ■(■ :i !*'■■ 'i f ■'I I.' I t The Prince Edward Island and Newfoundland revenues and the dnereaae on the Canadian will probably bring the amount not much bel&w the sum I have naJTied. TwiQ years ago the Imports of the five Colonies reached $8,000,000, and the exports exceeded $5,000,000. In ttie Halifax Sun a few weeks ago the imports in 1852 are said to have reached $5,720,000, the tons of shipping built, 112,878— not much under half the amount in the United States ; and the tons of shipping owned, half a million, exceeded only by England and the United States. In view of all these facts it may be assumed that the British North American Colonies possess a strength in population, territory, commerce and material resources that entitle them to a higher national position than they occupy, and that would Justify their union as the means for attaining that position. I shall, therefore, proceed to offer s^me remarks on the motives to union in addition to what has already been incidentally said. The Union may be pre.^ented in a two-fold aspect :— The benefits it will yield. The evils it will avert. Looking at each Colony as possessed of soone advantages — some resources peculiar to itself, it seems a conclusion almost inevitable and self-evident, that combination must increase their effectiveness ; and that the whole, developed and directed by one governing power, representing all the Colonies, must produce a result greater than the aggregate of the product under the separate, unassisted agency of each separate Colony. As an example:— Nova Scotia, with her eastwardly position, and excellent harbours, offering the first stopping place in the navigation between Europe and America — surrounded on every aide by the sea or extensive bays-^furnishing great facilities for commerce and navigation— possessing unrivalled mines oif wealth, in flsiheries and min- erals — needs a field larger, a strength greater than her own to give full effl cacy to those elements of adva.ncement. Canada— vast in her dimensions — unexcelled in her agricultural powers — equal to unllnilted Immigration — a,nd teeming wttth the materials and means of progress, almost without a precedent — is shut out from navigable com- munication with the sea, by the rigours of winter for a large portion of the year. Without Union, the Colonies will not minister as they might, to each other's benefit. At present they feel not the disposition ; if they would, they cannot without an united govormment, and a common system and policy. The small interest felt in each other by the Colonies would be almost incre;lible to strangers. They confound us as one. We, as communities, are not only several in fact, but In feeling. Union, giving us a common InteTest, and making us fellow-workers in idvancing that interest, would remedy this great evil : and an uniform sys- tem would remove Iniipedlments, which the regulations and partial interest* of the Colonies will, While separate, ever be presenting. If it toe objected that Union would be distracted by opposing interests, 1 answer that Union is not anticipated except on the basis of mutual toeneflt. and the assumption that no large interest would be sacrificed. If, again, it be urged that the United States afford to the Colonies many of tihe facilities that are presented as reasons for Union ; the reiply Is :— That [bourinot] BUILDERS OF NOVA SCOTIA. 167 to a large extent that Is impossible — that as far as the fact does extend, the continuance cannot be relied on— and abofve all that one of the chief objects of union is to concentrate Colonial interests and to augment Colonial strength, and thereby avert the otherwise inevitable consequences of gradual absorption into that republic ; which I believe must result from keeping our interests deitacilied, while each Colony is gradually drawing itself closer to the United States. It is Impossible to entier into details— 'the occasion permits only the con- sideration of general primlples, and on general principles I cannot but assume that the balance of good as regards each portion of the Union would predomi- nate over partial Inconvenience. Rising to a higher point of view— and turning from the influence of union on the internal improvements of the Colonies, to the effects of the Union in external aspects— the relation of the Colonies to Great Britain and to the United States present themselves as the principal subjoots of consideration. In these relations the weakness of the Colonies — separate ; their strength, united, present a contrast that strikes the mind instantly and with irresis- tible force. This contrast gathers power as it Ig carried forward, and let it not be forgotten that undevintiiig smoothness in the progress of events as little characterises the existence of communities as of individuals. Times will come and occasion wlill arise when these Colonies in whole or in part will find emergencies demanding all their strength and forcing to united effiirts, when, perhaps, the opportuniiy and means of effective Union may be wanting. We may find some illustrations at the present time, in the cases of the navigation of the St. Lawrence, sought by the United States — reciprocal trade between the Colonies and the United States — and the fisheries on our coasts. United, the Colonies would have a common interest sustained by consoli- dated strength and promoted by undecided counsel. Divided, each pursued its own views, on its own strength, and according to its own judgment, pos- sibly at conflict with the others, and It may be with results at the moment considered for the benefit of one, but which had an united interest compelled to more enlarged views, would have been rejected by all. Let us consiider for a few moments the case of the fisheries wlhloh peculi- arly affects us in Nova Scotia. "Within the limits of three marine miles the coasts of Nova Scotia abound with fisheries o£ incalculable value. The law of nations and sanctions of treaties give to the Queen's subjects as clear a right to their exclusive enjoy- ment as llhey have to merely any territorial possession ; and this right Is essentially Colonial, because its enjoyment is inseitarably incident to Colonial residence. Yet It n.ay be that at this v^'ry moment tihis birthright and property of Colonists is being the subject of treaty and traffic at Washington— nay, they may already have been surrendered for some partial compensation, add- ing insult to wrong. I will not say that Nova Scotia has not been consulted; but has her voice been Invited or been Iheard as the voice of a free people ought in such a matter ? Who has most Influence in this affair— the manufacturers of Manchester — sustained by a Parliamentary host or Her Majesty's loyal subjects of Nova Scotia, unaided by one vote — whose geographical position, if not existence, is, it may be, unknown to one half the assembled commoners of the parent state ? If it shall be said that exclusive possession requires protection against encroaohment beyond what we can afford, I might in the present relations of the Colonies question the conclusion. But admit Its correctness. It is the consciousness of this wealcness that prompts me. Prom this injurious im- becility I would see my country delivered by a Union that would give the North American Colonies in matters affecting themselves a prospect of having I 'Ml $ Ml '^> m m ir /I 168 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA !■ : ] 'I It )\ m i welgrht proportioned to their rigtits In the Councils of the Empire, and In the dellberationB of foreign States. I would see It raised to the dignity and poa- sessed of the ability of contributing towlairds expenditures incurred for its benefit. I attempt not to conceal the fact that Uhe United Colonies would be called to aseume burdene and resiponBlbllltiea greater than tdiey have yet been accustomed to. No. Enlarged privileges must bring Increased obligations, and no man worthy of the name would evade the privileges of manhood that he might escape Its duties. It may be objected that Interests prized by some Colonl«a would be lightly esteemed by others :— Canada, for Instance, may be supposed to care little for oiir fisheries. The answer Is that what promoted the common welfare can- not be presumed to be disregarded by any of the members of the Union ; and that -what is valuable to one Is an accession to the gmeral stock, not likely to be Inconsiderately sacrificed by their united government. But, however this may be, If any surrender .^liould be made after du« del beratlon by ihie Supreme Colonial Government, none— dissatisfied though they might be with the act of their own Government — could comiplaln that their rights had been disregarded, without having enjoyed the privilege of constitutionally vindicating their claims ; ajid tihey would be I'elleved from the humiliating consideration so often forced upon them In their present con- dition. No part of this subject Is In my mind more Important than the bearing It has on the systemis of government and administration of justice, especially In the smaller Colonies. The consequences affect society In Its vital Interest— the moral sentiment of a people. How far the artificial system of administration, through a parliamentary majority, as in England, Is well adapted to any country frc<; from the com- pile itlons of an Imperial State, and ancient Institutions It Is not necessary to .inquire— as I assume the Government of the United Colonies, if a Legis- lative Union should be effected, would b« modelled after the British form. But quite sure I am that for a Colony with a small population, scattered thiniv over its surface — a large proportion of them scantily educated — having no men of leisure— compaiativelj' few of much wealth, and still fewer dis- tinguished by literary attainments, such a system of administration Is un- suited alike to the moral elevation and to tl j material progneiss of the people. That it Is British prove.^ nothing, unless to prepare us to expect that what suits a country circumstanced as England would not be fitted for com- munities such aa ours. There exist the opposite principles of monarchy, aristocracy and democracy, and there, too, are large clajsses of landholders, and men of property whose Interest Is alive to preserve the balance necessary for the security of the State ; while learning, refinement and leisure abound to assist the Interests of property in creating, fostering and preserving those sentiments of public virtue, essential for the well-being of society, and in guarding against and checking the abuses and corruptions to which govern- ments are prone. Hence a puDlic opinion, which through the medium of a free press, is able aJike to control the Crown, nobles. Parliament, statesmen and the people, wihen strong occasion calls it forth. In suoh a country conflicting elements require to be combined, harmonized and kept in check, and the means exist to effect that object. But here we have not and cannot h'^-'e the presence of the influence of monarchy or nobility, and all attempts t,t imitation wlU but produce spurious and Incongruous results. We have and can have but one element of Government— the democratic, and that it is our Interest so to regulate and check as to create and preserve a simple, an incorrupt and an economic system of government. The great want in a small community such as Nova Scotia, under tihe system of government instituted among us, Is the free working of a healtlhy f [noUBlNOT] BUILDERS OF NOVA SCOTIA 169 public opinion. The party divisions which will exist under this system, and which, indeed, may be deemed neceasary for Its effective operation, leaves no middle class to adjust the scale and check the violation of public faith and personal honour In public men, and the clrcumstancps of the ci>untry furnish not men of education and leisure adequate to control and direct the public sentiment. We have but to examine the system In Ita operation— to trace the Influences of the Executive on the Legislature, and of the Legislature on the Executive, and of both on the people to perceive that Its tendencies are to Imbecility of executive action, to defective Legislation, and above all to corruption; and that there exists no Influence to stay the evils. It was my Intention to have gone Into this branoli of the subject more largely, but I pass over my notes on this topic— 'because I shall, without fur- ther enlargement, more than aufflclenitly occupy the time of the House and tax its patience, and because I might awaken feelings opposed to the calm- ness essential to the proper consideration of the question before us. The evils to wfliloh I have alluded must reach the administration of Justice, and gradually, but inevitably deteriorate the Intelligence and professional knowledge and the Independence of the Judges, not only because the system makes to a considerable extent political position the path to the Bench, but because the causes that led to the toleration of corruption In private and public men, will be fruitful of evil throughout society In all Its relations. The Union of the Provinces, with one general government, would at least diminish the evil consequences Inevitable In tommunltles too small— too poor — too little advanced for the advantageous exercise of the system. A wider field would give greater scope to the aspiring and larger, and perhaps more generous. Influences would be required for success. Party action operating in an extended circle, would become less personal In Its nature, and be consequently mitigated In Its acrimony and less powerful in suppressing a wTioIesome public opinion. There is another consideration not yet touched, but which lies deep In the foundations of the subject, and pervades It in all Its relations, awakening emotions too powerful not to make themselves practically operative— the anomalous position of a Colonist. The Englishman, Scotchman and Irishman has a country by which he calls himself, and claims a nationality that commands respect. The United Sitates citizen has a national character that is a passport over the world. The eagle of his country follows Wm in the remotest regions, and he is sure of the vindication of his violated rights at all hazards and any expenditure. The Colonial subject of Great Britain may. Indeed, find a similar protec- tion and redress in the case of flagrant wrong. But his national standing as he realizes it In the ordinary occurrences of life. Is dubious and unsatis- factory. Let him go to England and he perhaps discovers his cherished home to be there an unknown land, or in some strange geographical confusion con- founded with distant and unconnected places ; and when his countrymen have clearly ascertained the fact that he is indeed a Colonist, he perceives that he has sunk in estimation; and that he occupies in their consideration a standing of inferior order to that accorded to the citizens of the United States, or other subjects of a foreign State. It fares not much better with him anywhere else. He carries nowhere a recognized name or acknowledged national character. It Is true communities as well as individuals may be virtuous and happy in secluded and inferior stations ; but in this age of progress and of cbange, those who are pressing on our footsteps, and will presently occupy our places, and for whom it Is our duty to think and act, will not be contented to hold /I 170 KOYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA I I H:i 4 II the equlV(X"al and hybrid relation of Colonists, unk-ss their owin BlandlnR shall befonie elevutfd, and fn met In the spirit which I trust wo shall display. Ono half of the House might have fancied that some sinister design lurked within the resolu- tion, and the supposed Interest of parties might have combined them against It ; but I desire to treat the gentleman with more courtesy— the resolution with the conelderatlon It deserves, and I trust that the day Is yet far distant in Nova Scotia when questions of transcendent Importance will be entangled In the meshes of party, or fail to challenge, no matter whence they emanate, earnest and thoughtful Investigation In this Assembly. Sir, I differ from my honourable friend from Londonderry, and from ail those who are disposed to treat this subject lightly. Come from whose hand It may, the resolution before the Committee opens up for discussion the broadest field, the noblest subjects ever presented to the consideration of the Legislature. A day, or even a week, may be well spent upon such a theme. If, sir, such topics were oftener pre- sented here, our Ideas would expand beyond the charmed, it may be. but the contracted circle of party disputations ; our debates would assume a higher tone ; and the hopes and aspirations of our people, clustering around their firesides, would point to Interests more enduring than even the result cf half our controversies — some poorly paid ofllce, of paltry provincial distinction. Sir, I regret not the time which this question will engross, but my Inability to do it Justice. When the prophets and orators of old were about to discourse of the destinies of nations, they retired to the mountains or by the streams, to meditate ; they communed, in the abundance of the leisure with God above, and caught their Inspiration alike from the tranquillity which enabled him to penetrate the dispensations of His Providence, as some phenomena of nature all around them ; and which tinged with beauty the " thoughts that breathe, and words that burn " which have come streaming down like lines of light, even to the present hour. They were often untrammelled by daily duties and human ohligations borne down by official labour and responal- jJiiMi u 174 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA ''! 1 •? i ; bllitles of various kinds. I feel that, for me at least, the oiccaslon of this discussion is Inauspicious. Believe, tne. Sir, that my obligations to my Dov- ereign as her Bwoiin Counsellor to the head of the Quvemment, as his con- stitutional adviser, and to the party with which 1 act, press heavily upon me. But yet, rising with the magnitude of thds great theme, I shall endeavour to catch ita Inspiration ; remembering only that 1 am a Nova Scotian, the son of a loyalist, a North American, a true subject of the Queen ; but one whose allegiance, to the perfect, must include every attribute of manhood, every privi- lege of Empire. Sir — I wish that my leisure had been greater, that I might J Prjvince of Canada la equal In slae to Great Britain, Prance and Prussia. Charmed by her classic reooUectlons, Jvow apt are we bo magnify everything in the old world, and to Imagine that Providence has been kind to her alone. Yet the noble St. Lawrence Is equal In proi>ortlons to the Nile— the great granary of the ca.st, which, from the days of the patriarchs, has fed millions with its produce. Take the Italian's Po, the Frenchman's Rhone, the EnRiishman's Thames, the German's Rhine and the Spaniard's Tagus, and roll them all into one channel and you then have only a stream equal to the St. Lawrence. The Great Lakes of Canada are larger than tlie Caspian Sea, and the Gulf of St. Lawrence (with which we are so familiar that we forgoit what it Is) contains a surface of one iiundped thousand »(iuare miles, and is as larffo as the Black Sea, on which the proud fleets of four hostile nations may at this moment be engaged. Accustomed to think and feel as Colonists, It Is (lifTicult for us to Imagine that the Baltic, Illustrated by Nelson's achievements and Campbell's verse, is not something different from the Gulf of St. Laiwrenco, and yet it is not. Its dimensions are about the same ; Its climate irigorous ; its cf.asts originally sterile, and the sea kings and warriors who came out of it, made of no better .stuff than the men who shoot seals on the ice flakes of Newfoundland, till farms on the green hills of Pictou, or fell trees in the forests of New Brun^^vk■k. But, Sir, let us coniflne our attention for a few minutes to the Ma.ritime Provinces alono. Of theco you rarely hoar in the mother country. f an Englishman thinks of North America at all he divides It between Canada and the United States. Except In some sets and circles, chu'ily mircanllle, you rarely hear of Nova Sooitia, New Brunswick, Prince Kdward Island or New- foundliind. The learned member for Annapolis truly described the Colonial condition when he stated that in the estimation of our fel'.ow subjects at home, a Colonist Is nothing. But with Cmd's blessing wo will wipe away the invidious distinction. The Maritime Provinces alono cover 86,000 squa.ro miles of territory. They are half as lai-ge again as England and Pcotland together. They are as large as Holland. Greece, Portugal, Belgium and Switzerland all put together. New Brunswick alone is as large as the klngd^ m of Sardinia and even Nova Scotia Is larger than Switzerland. Mr. Chairman, I listened with plea.sure to the member for Annapolis, when he spoke as he did yesterday of ..no resources of Nova Scotia. I do not so listen to him when, misguided by passion, he disparages his country that he may have a fling at the Government. I have said that Nova Scotia Is as largo as Switzerland, a country which has maintained its ireodom for ages, surrounded by European despotisms. If it be answered that Switzerland owes her national existence to her inaccessible mountains, then I say that Nova Scoila is as large as Holland, w^hich, with a level surface, did the same. The Hollanders, wmo almost won from the sea a country no larger than ours, defied the whole pnwer of the Spanish monarchy, swept tlio Brlti.^h channel with their brooms, and for a century monopolized the rich commerce of the Eastern islands which they had subdued by their enterprise and valour. Our country Is as large as theirs, and let us not he told then that wo are getting on stilts when we either point to the resources whi.h past industry has but imperfectly developed, or foreshadow that future which looms before us so full of hope and promise. Why, Sir, even little Prince Edward Island Is larger than all the Ionian Islands put together, and yet they are n'.jre thought of by European diplomats than are our Provinces, only because ihey sometimes indulge themselves in the dignity of insurrection. But It may be said. What is extent of territory If It bo a ho^vllng wlldor- 176 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 4 I ness ? If you have not the population you can aspire to no national existence. Let us see. sir, If we have not men enough to assert and maintain any status to which we may aspire. Inhabitants. Canada contains 1,824,264 New Brunswiclc 200,000 Nova Scotia 300,000 Newfoundland 100,000 Prince Edward Island 75,000 Yet, after all. it may be retorted, what are two millions and a half of people? Not many indeed, but everything must be tested by comparison. What have two millions and a half of people done? That is the question. Talce Scotland, for example ; she has but two millions six hundred and twenty thousand now, yet will any man assert, that if Scotland desired a distinct national existence, if the old lion which Punch affects to laugh at wore really angry, that Scotsmen would hesitate to unfurl the old flag and draw the broad claymore ? True it is, that Scotland lias not her separate legislature, but she has what we have not.— and to this point I shall shortly turn the attention of the Committee,— her flfty-^ree members to represent lier Interests in the Imperial Parliament. British America, with an equal population, has not one. Turn to our own continent, and by way of example, take the State of Ohio. She has but a million and a half of people, yet she has not only bar State Legislature and Government as we have, but sends nineteen members to the National Congress. She is a Sovereign State, but she farms a part of a great confederacy, and her nineteen members guard her interests in the discussions which touch the whole, as ouirs are n^t sruarded in the gpreat Council of the Empire of wlhich we form a part. W ' orth Americans long be satisfied vr'-ii less than every State of the Union claims ? Turning again to Europe we find Saxony, that centuries ago gave con- querors and kings to England, has but one million seven hundred and fifty- seven thousand inhabitants. Wurtenaburg, with about the same population Is a kingdom, with its European potentate at its head, its Court, its standing army, its foreign alliances. Denmark, which also gave kings and ravagers to England and has retained her national position from the days of Canute to our ov/n, has but two millions two hundred and twelve thousand and seventy- four inhabitants. Yet her Court Is respected ; her alliance courted ; she maintains a peace establishment of twenty-five thousand men, which is raised to seventy-flve thousand in time of war. Look at Greece :— " The isles of Greece, the Isles of Greece ! Where burning Sappho loved and sung." Greece that broke the power of Xerxes, and for arts, arms, oratory, poetry and civilization stands pre-eminent among ancient states. Greece, at this moment has her King, wlio reigns over but nine Hundred and thirty-alx thous- and subjects. But, sir, does extent of territory make a nfii'on ? Never, Numbetr of people ? No. What then ? The spirit which anhr,3iK>?, the dis- cipline that renders them invincible. There were but three h'-n i ?C men at the pass of Thermopylae ; yet they stopped an army and th.-lr a ■ le tream down the page of history, while millions of slaves have lived an i > ad and are forgotten. Glance at Portugal ; she numbers less than three ana a half millions (3,412,000), and yet, when she had a much smaller population, her mariners explored the African coast, found their way around the stomy cape and founded In the East a political and religious ascendancy which lasted for a hundred years. We, North Americans, sit down and read the exploits of Gustavus Vasa, or of Charles XII., of Sweden. Wo wonder at the prowess of those Noi'man advenhirers who carved out kingdoms -vlth their conquering 'i'm [bourinot] builders OF NOVA SCOTIA 177 swords and founded dynasties, in France, Italy and England. Yet we are apt to forget that Sweden and Norway together have but four million three hundred and six thousand six hundred and fifty souls, and that the mingled blood of the Scandinavian and the Saxon cbursef through their veins. The men who are Jelling pdne trees upon the Saguenay, or catching fish in our Baltic would make good sea kings to-morrow, if plunder and not commerce were the order of the day. Let us, in Heaven's name, then, throw aside our stupid devotion to his- toric contemplation and look the realities ot, our own position fairly In the face. Sir, I have spoken of Switzerland but I forgot one striking fact ; that with a population less than that of Bnisi: America at this moment, she has not only maintained her nationality, but has sent armed warriors to fight the battles of half the states of Europe. L^et me now turn your attention to South America. Here we find a Cluster of states, certainly not more Intelligent or more deserving, but all challenging and enjoying a higher status than our own. Let us group them : — People. Venezuela 1,000,000 New Granada 1.678,000 Eauador 600,000 Peru 1.373,000 Bolivia 1,700,000 Chili 1,200,000 Buenos Ayres 675,000 iP: ll!!^» Some of ttiese countries are, In education and political knowledge, beneath contempt, not one of them contains two millions of people, yet all of them not only manage or mlsjnanage their internal affairs, but form alliances, exchange diplomatic representatives, and control their foreign relations. Is there a British statesman then, with a. head on his shoulders, who, looking at what North America is, and must become, but must feel the necessity for binding her to the empire by some enlightened provision for the protection of h/er material Interests for the gratification of her legitimate ambition ? Sir, a country must have resources as well as breadth of soil. Are we destitute of these ? I think not. Between the extremes of cold and heat lies a broad region peculiarly adapted for the growth of wheat. About half of this, the peninsula formed by the great lakes, belongs to Canada. The soil of Lower Canada, of New Brunswick and of Prince Edward Island, if lees fertile, is still productlvi,. Boundless forests supply with materials for ships and with an inexhaustible export. Are there no mineral resources ? I believe that the riches of the copper mines of Lake Superior have scarcely yet been dreamed of. We know that in the lower provinces Tve have Iron and coal In abundance. I have spoken of the St. Lawrence, but have -we no other navig- able rivers ? What shall we say of the noble Ottawa, the beautiful Richelieu, the deep Saguenay 7 What of the broad MiramichI, of the lovely St. John ? Nova Scotia, being nearly an island has no mighty rivers, but she has what Is better than them all— open hair1)oairs throughout the year. She has old ocean wrapping her around with loving embracements ; drawing down from every creek and cove and harbour her children to share the treasures of an exhaustless fishery, or to carry commodities across her bosom. Though not large, how beautiful and diversified are the lakes and streams which every- where gladden the eye, and give to our country water carriage and water power In every section of the Interior. Already Nova Scotia has shown wihat she can draw from a soil of generous fertility. What she can do upon the sea. Sir, I am not a prophet nor the son of a propHet, and my head will be cold long before my prediction is verified ; but I know that the day must come Sec. II., IHIH). 12. 1 .i VI a '.\ I 178 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA ! :(. I if !f Si when Nova Scotia, small as she is, will maintain half a million of men upon the sea. Already is she becoming remarked and remarkable for her enter- prise. Tailing her tonnage and applying to all the other provinces her raitio of Increase since 1846, they coUectively own six thousand one hundred and thirty-nine vessels, measuring 453,000 tons. We are perpetually told of the progress made by the great republic and the learned member for Ann>a,poI!B ascribes all their prosperity to their unioii. But the North American provinces have not been unJted, and yet they own as much tonnage aa the fifteen of the United States which I am about to na,me. I take ^■'oDth and South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama. Mississippi, Texas, Tennessee, Kentucky, Missouri, Ohio, Michigan, Wisconsin, Oregon and California ; and, altogether they owtn only fom- hundred and fifty-three thous- and nine hundred tons of shipping, or but nine hundred and forty-six tons more than the Ave North American provinces which have no union, no national investments, no control over their foreign relations, no representation in the national councils of the Empire to which they belong. I may be told that some of these States raise more com, cotton or tobacco or have more manu- factures than we have. I care not for these. Since the world began the nation that had the most ships, has had the most Influence. Maritime countries ever take the lead in freedom, in commerce, in wealth and true civilization. Sir, let not the member for Annapolis, while hs directs our attention to higher objects, fail to see In the maritime position which his country has achieved, unmistakable evidence of her energy and enterprise, and let It ever be borne in mind that the United States were a century in advance of us in point of time, and that she came into possession of all the property that the Loyalists left behind them. But, sir, take the comhlned tonnage of North America and you will find it equals that of Holland, Belgium and the two Sicilies, three of the maritime powers of Europe. Who then will say that we have not a mercantile marine wherewith to endow a nation ? Scotland maintains ujion the Clyde the greatci'St manufactory of ships in the world. Vessels glide up and do^vn that beautiful stream like swallows round a barn, scarcely a moment passes but richly laden vessels atTive or depart with domestic manufactures, or the products of foreign climes. Go into the factories where the mighty engines for her steamers are wrought and the noise of the fabled Cyclops' cave Is realized. The roar of waters behind Niagara Falls Is scarcely more incessant or more deafening. And yet, sir, the tonnage of Scotland is only a trifle more than that of the North Amei-ican provinces. Her whole commercial marine included but five hundred and twenty-two thousand two hundred and twenty-two tons in 1853. At the risk of being tedious let me now turn your attention to two or three curious historical facts illustrative of this argument. Since we were boys we have all read of the Spanish Arma.da. We have all read of Queen Elizabeth reviewing her land and sea forces ; and preparing with grave doubts in her royal mind, to defend her sea-girt isle against the foreign Invaders. This was In 1588. We read In old chronicles that England then owned but one hundred and thirty-five merchant ships. But that some were " of great size " ; some were four hundred tons, and a few reaching five hundred tons ! If my friend George McKcnzle, of New Glasgow, had dashed Into the midst of the maiden Queen's navy with his one thousand four hundred and forty-four ton ships, I fear that he would have shaken her nerves and astonished our forefathers of whose exploits we are so enamoured that we never think of our own. Sir, in 1702 the mercantile marine of England and Wale,: Included only 261,290 tons ; and even as late as 1750, not a century ago, It was 'DUt 432,922 ; less than the tonnage of North America at this moment ; and yet for ten centuries prior to that period they have maintained an inde- pendent national existence. [boueinot] builders OF NOVA SCOTIA 179 Let me now enquire, Mr. Chairman, whether we have or have not other elemente upon which to rest our claims. Is there any reason to fear that our ships will rot in the docks for want of commoditiea to carry, or of oommerclal activity ? Look to our imports of 1853 :— Canada £8,200,640 Nova Scotia 1,194,175 New Brunswick, 1852 1,110,600 Newfoundland. 1852 795.738 Prince Edward Island 298,543 £11,599,696 The Imports of the whole United States In 1791, sixteen years after they had established their Independence, only amounted bo $52,000,000 ; but a trifle ovar TV-hat ours are at the present time. Yet with that limited amount of commerce, they had gone through a bloody and expensive war with one of the foremost nations of tho world ; whose statesmen, unfortunately, still go on dreaming that they can keep continents filled witb, freemen, without making any provision for their Incorporation into the realm or for securing to them any control over their foreign relations. Let me now turn your attention to the exports of British America :— Canada £5.570,000 Nova Scotia d70,780 New Brunswick, 1852 796,335 Prince Edward Island (about) 242,675 Newfoundland 965,772 £8,545,562 I!: jp'r i'i! And if we add to this amount another million, for the value of new ships annually built and sold, we may take the whole at £9,545,562. Turn again to the statistics of the United Stales for 1791 and you will perceive, that sixteen years after they had declared their independence, their exports amounted to but $19,000,000, or about half the value of our own. Glance again at the parent state, from whom we have learnt so much, and to whose history we always recur with interest. She occupies a proud position now ; but what was she, commercially, a few centuries ago ? In 1354, wh-^ii the Black Prince was carrying the conquering arms of England half over France, her exports were but £212,338 ; less than one- fourth of what the exports of Nova Scotia are now. Turn to the period of the civil wars, when the people of England felt strong enough to dethrone a King and cut off his head. When Cromwell's Puritan sea warriors so raised the national character abroad, that an Englishman was secure and respected '.'A every quarter of th,e globe, how limited was the trade of England then ! Even after the Restoration, so late as 16G9, the exports of England and "Wales only amounted to £2,063,294. I have anoTher remarkable contrast for you, Mr. Chairman. In 1688 England secured for the first time in her history that system of acknowledged accountability which we call responsible Govern- ment. Now, from 1698 to 1701 the average exports of England and Wales did not exceed £6,449,394 ; lesis than our own by two million, s ; not more than ours were when we claimed and established the same political safeguards. The exports of England in 1850 had risen to £175,416,000. Expanding with the principles of unrestricted commerce, their value must now be above £200,- 000,000. While then we look back at her days of decrepitude let us borrow hope from her small beginnings, and cherish the freedom and self-reliance which have ensured her prosperity. yi 1 180 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 1 ^^? 1 "' If i'j 1 1, . " ■II i m ri But, it may be said, If you are going to looli like a nation, if you wish to put on the aspect of a great combined people — you must have some revenues to support your pretensions. Well, sir, look at the revenues of these provinces under tarifCs remarkably low : — Canada collects £1,053,026 Nova Scotia 125,000 New Bninswick , 125,000 Prince Edward Island 35,345 Newfoundland 84,323 £1,477,694 We raise this amount now without any extraordinary effort, with but a very Inefficient force to collect, without anybody feeling that It Is collected ; the sum is not large, but oth«r people, even in trying times, have had less ; and see what they have done with what they had. Take the United States. At the Declaration, of Independence the revenue of the thirteen states was but $4,771,000, or £1,200,000, so that when those thirteen colonies entered upon a mighty struggle with the parent state they had less revenue, by $300,000, than these five provinces have now. But, sir, we are told every now and then, that there is something in these northern regions adverse to the increase of population. That the Mayflower may flourish under our snowdrifts but that children will not ; that, compao-ed with the so-created powers of the " sunny south " here they must be " few and far between." I deny the Impeachment. In the North marria.ee Is a necessity of nature. In the South a man may do without a wife, but in the long cold nights of our winters he cannot sleep alone. Large, vigorous, healthy families spring from feather beds in which Jack Frost compels people to lie close. The honourable member for Annapolis showed us, yesterday, that the inhabitants of Canada have Increased sixty- eight per cent, in ten years. New Brunswick has advanced in about the same ratio, while Nova Scotia has (luintupK'd her population in fifty years. At the same rate of Increase Nova Scotia will count her population by millions before a new century begins and British America — taking every means of calculation Into account— will probably then contain at least ten millions of people. If then, Mr. Chairman, the Britisli and colonial statesmen at the present day, cordially co-operating, do not incorporate this people Into the British empire or make a nation of them, they will, long before their numbers have swelled so much, make a nation of themselves. Let me not be misunderstood, sir, I shall say nothing lu^re that I would not utter In the presence of the Queen. If disposed to decl.ire our independence to-morrow, I do not believe that Her Majesty's Government would attempt to prevent us by force. If they did, they would fail. But wBat I want them to understand is this, that they lost one-half of this continent from not comprehending It, and that just so sure aa they expect a sentiment of loyalty to attach the other half to England while the people of two small islands divide the distinctions and the Influence of empire among them, they will by and by be awakened by the peaceful organization of a great country, whose Inhaibltants must be Britons in every sense of the word, or something more. This may seem to be vain and arrogant language, and I may be asked to support It by some reference to the ultima ratio of nations — physical force. Taking our population at two millions and a half, every fifth person should be able to draw a trigger, giving 500,000 men able to bear arms. Such a force would be powerless as an invading army, but In defence of these provinces. Invincible by any force that might be sent from abroad. Put into these men the spirit wihich animated the Greek, the Roman, the Dutchman or thte Swiss; [boubixot] BUILDERS OF NOVA SCOTIA 181 let them feel that they are to protect their own hearthstones ; and my word for It, the heroic blood whloh beats in their veins will be true to Its characteris- tics. How ofteTi have we heard that our republican neighbours " down south " were going to overrun the Provinces. They have attempted It once or twice, but have always been beaten out and I do not hesitate to say, that the British Americans, over whom the old flag flies, mo iiblo to defend every inch of their territory, even though Her Majesty's troops were wlthdra-wn. Indeed, sir, If these 500,000 men are not able to defend our country, they deserve to be trodden down and made slaves of for the rest of their natural lives. Why, sir, the standing army of Great Britain, charged with the defence of an Empire Including provinces In every quarter of the globe, numbers but 120,000 men ; In war this force is raised to 380,000 ; so that North America can muster for the defence of our own soil more men than are required to main- tain the honour of the Croiwii or the Integrity of the Empire at home and abroad. The whole standing army of the United States Includes but 10,000 men, a number that "we could call out in a day from our Eastern or Western counties. Sir, my honourable friend from Pictou has only to sound the PibroKih In the county he represents, and 10,000 sons of the heather, or their descendants, would start up wiith musket and claymom, and I am nol sure that theire would not be bagpipes enough found In the county to cheer on the warriors wdth the wild music of a martial nation. Why, sir, the old thirteen colonies, sixteen years aifter their Decltiratlon of Independence, deducting slaves, had but a little over three millions of people ; while at the Declaration of Independence o.f 1775, they had only two mdllions two hundred and forty-three thousand all told, or a smaller physical force than we have now. My father used to toll me curious old stories of the colonial army that went to talefore_ while ours has lncrcerB 25,000 Inhabitants. How many oilties in the whole United States are larger ? Only twonty-onie. Montreal has 60,000 people ; there are only eight cities in the republic more populous. Let us now, sir, turn to another aspect of the question. If we have got the resources, the trade, 'the territory, the men and the cities to begin with, have we not get the freedom ? Look to your old monarcihles or recent repub- lics and see If any of ithem have exhibited any more of the love of liberty, or tihe oapadty for securing Its praotlfal enjoyment than we have. The very tone of this debate proclaims Nova Sodtla a free country, and whatever we may lack, we ihave the flrst best glift of God to man ; freedom of thought, of speech and of public discussion. The people of this country select every public officer, from one end of It to the other, either direoHy or by their representaitdves, with one single exception. The Lieutenant-Governor alone Is appointed by the Imperial Government ; we have more power over those whio manage our affairs than they have In England, where the Peers are permanent^-'taie Crown hereditary. Our people. In their town meetiing«v do their local bustoiess ; thils Legislature forms the adnvinlaitration and sustains It. We are las free as any i)€ople in Europe. Asia or Africa ; and as for America, I believe the principle's oif the British constitution secure a sounder [bourinot] BUILDERS OF NOVA SCOTIA 183 Btate oi rational freedom than the cui:3titutlon of the republic. And, sir, let ua bear In mind, tihait these form the only cluster of coloniee that have devised a sysitem which makes freedom cwmpatlble with allegiance, and to whom free inistltutions have been conceded. I recolleot, when In England three years ago, meeting (lelepates from Australia and the Ca.pe, In search of constltutloins for their colonies. I told tlheim that we had a very goixl one In Nova Scortl.i which tlhey ought to copy. But their heads were fllli>d with theories, repudiating, as wo have done, the principles of the British Constitution, they saw visions and dreamed dreams. The delegates from the Cape wanted an elective council, thij mtmbera to be elected by the constituency of the whole colony. I tried to make him understand that canvassing a county in Nova Scotia was no joke and that before a geiitlciman got through his c;invaas of the whole Cape Colony he would either be devoured by lloina or shot by Kafhrs. My friend would not believe me, but before he got homo the Kaillr war broke out and I fear that he has been e tiier killed or eaten bttire ;hls, while in search of his new constitution. If you look across the border, Mr. Chairman, we have in some respects not much to onvy. I have never sought to disparage the United States. PamiUar wMh their early history, their trials, their achievements and their blunders, I give 'thfthere would be no time in the na.tlonal congres.s to get through with the work that ought to be well and wisely done. There is another queetion which must be settled before you or I or any Nova Scottlan willl be party to annexation. Sir, I believe the question of slavery must be settled sooner or later by bloodshed. I do not believe it can ever be setitled in amy othier way. Thait quesition shadows the institutions and poisons the springs of social and public life among our neigh- bours. It saps all principles, overrides all obligations. Why, sir, I did believe until very lately, that no constable, armed with the law, which violated the law of God, could capture a slave in any of the Northern States. But the Fugitive Slave Law has been enforced even In Puritan New England, where tea could not be sold or stamps collected. British North America, sir, has not a slave in her boundlesa terriitory ; and I, for one, would never cast my lot in with that of the people who buy and sell human beimgis, and who would pix)f;uie or snll with the Fugitive Slave Laws, or Involve us in agrarian war for the preservation of an institution thiart. we despise. There is anothier reason that would make me reluctant to be drawn into the vomtex of the republic. There might coone cause for conflict hetween that country and Old England. Sdr, there is not a man In this Assembly who does not aspire [nouBiNor] BUILDERS OF NOVA SCOTIA 18B to hoM his head as hlsh as the head of any other man on earth ; but 1 trust, nay, I know, thiat thi ro l» nmt one who wnuUl raise his hand In hiatlllty against that revered country, from whose loins wo have sprung and whose noble? Imst.RutlO'ns It has been our prldo to Imltaite. lif the slavo statos could be cut off, and the free stfl could be coniblnid with un, in pi'rpiars ? That there was no Parliament in College Oreon. Of Scotland at this moment ? That thr-re Is no Parlianionit at Holyrood. A higher doscription of talent, a more elevated Old 'f mtin, In a u-nltrd l(>»:slature would noit compensate the people for the losis of local legislation whloli they have enjoyed for a ceintury. By a Federal Unirni of the Colonics we Should have something like the neighbouring ropubMc ; and If I saw nothing better, I should say at once, lot us keep our local Legislatures, and have a President and Central Congress for all the higher and external relations of the United Pi-ovlncc^s. We should then have nationality with purely republican Institutions. But if we so far change our organization, we must substitute American precedents and pracitise for British. We now refer to Hat'sell, as our guide in Parliamentary perplexities. We should then have to take the practice of the neighbouring republic. There might be rme disadvantage In having a king or a viceroy. The Queen across the water, because the Atlantic rolls between us, offers nothing obnoxious to the prejudices of our American neighbours. But once establish a monarch or viceroy here and I am not quite sure that wo would not have a fight to maintain him on his throne, with those who apprehended danger from our exan'ple. Under a Fedeo'al Union we elhouid form a large and prosperous nation, lying between the other two bi-anches of the BrHli.«h faimily, and our duty would evidently be to keep them both at peace. Bui, sir, T will say to the member for Annapolis that before we can have tills organization or any mtheir we must ha.ve railways. The company which his made a line of railway from Hamilton to Windsor, Camiada West, deserve great credit for their enterprise and energy. I admit that the Graml Trunk Company of Camada is pre iring to conncot a large part of that country with these indispensable lines of communication ; but, sir. It will take years to complete what Canada has begun; and then we have New Brunswick between us. It is clear wie cannot have a united Parliament without railroads ; for if any o us were summoned to Quebec tomorrow we should have to travel from tu^ end of our ovm country to its metropolis through a foreign state. Wo must have railroads, first ; and then take my word for It, the question wie are now discussing will assume a form and shape that would soon lead to a tangible solution. Once put my honourable friend from Clare (Mr. Comeeu. a French Acadian) on a raUiway, and send him up among the /I 186 lioYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA I Inhabitants of I^iwer Canada, and ho would fefl no lonK^r ns a poor colonist, but 0* Olio iit a, minion of nu-n, spfiikliiB the same laiiKuaB", anlrnjited by the MUtn.' ho|ieH, partioli ating in kmdreid a.Hiilmatlonf. Let lilin seo the noble St. Lawrence and the lakfH that lie beyond ; let him survey the whole of tihJ» magnincinit country that and ha.s given t'> his race, and to mine on this' side of the Atlantic, and he would come back ta m<«t, without a blush ti'V iier capacity, or a fcoi- for her fortunes, an Englishman, an Irishman, a Si'i iolimaii, a German, a Pn-nchman or even a republican, from acroaa the boidar. Dvcrsirfead the Cdlonles with ralKvays and I care nc»t what you have, —a united Congress or nothing. The people of Brlilsh America will then be unilid, an. I will soon asscpt the pisltlon wlik'^h they wHll f . el their capacity to maintain. Pi nclering on tliesi' thoima, -"Ir, my mind ever turns 'to an old statea- man, whi> has gone I trust to Honvcme, on Ivth sides of the Atlantic — I mean old Qoveinor PownaJI. Looking throug-h lihi' sti-lfc and I'asslcn which preceded iihe Amcn-ican Revolution, through the fire and .smoke of It, at the stupid prejudices and bUindeirs wlilch It engendered and has entiilled, it Is curious to see hiw a cajin mind and sagacious Intellect pene- trated hi'to tJae philosophy of a gi'eat controvei-py, and would have laid the foundatlins of the empire In mutual coiifldeiice and respect. AVli.it was his advice when the rehels of the Colonies were preparing their muskets and the 81 ate.'^nu-n of Kngland were deaf and blind? He said ;—" You are one family—the ocean dlvltle.s you ; you must have different forms of govern- nient, but that Is no reason why you should not be a united f.unilly ; urbitrata i«n disputed points ; keep the piace ; have distinict forms of government, if you pleas.', but establish a zolvereln, and let there be perpetual amity and free tiade bi-tween the British races on both sides of the Atlantic." Had his adviie been taken, tlie revoiulion would never have oecurred ; we should have be«n spared the second war ; and the paltry jealousies which any sneering scribbler or uiijirliu ipled poliiielan may now blow i 'i a llame, would never have ixistej. Let us, as far as we can, lend ourselves to t) zatlon of this grand Idea. I fe.l now as I felt yesterday, that every .^ whloh dropped fixxm the menxber for Annapolis "was pregnant with meaning, and full of Interest. Let us suppose, sir, that our railroads were flaished, and that we had the rapidity of Intercourse necessary for union. Are there, then, no difficulties In the way ? First, the French Canadians may not favour a union. I should like to be asi.-^ured tihat they did ; but certain facts have given me a con- trary impression. Upper Canada favours a union, because the people there think it would tend to keep the French Canndian Influence doiwin. That View of 'he matter has been po-opagated In Lower Canada, and it has rals<;d prejudxio wlilch caiin<»t, perhaps, bo easily overcome. The Lower Provinces would never sanetlon Ineciuaiiity or Injustice of any kind ; but yet the French Canadians may have their fears. My honourable friend from Clare might, indeed, be sent up as a missionary, to convince his bix-thren that we would not be less just to them than we are to him ; that Nova Scotlans treat those of French descent as brethren, who are never permitted to feel any political, religious or social distinctions. The prejudice may be overcome, but it exists in Canada, and may be found a difficulty In the way of a union of the Colonies. There are other difllcultles. If a project of union Is to be discussed, let the proposition con.e from the other Provinces. For various reasons, I have but little desire to reopen Intercolonial negotiations about anything just now. The Beat of government would be a knotty question ; the large debts tihbn;l)le that the farmers of Western Canada, In thi'Ir anxli^ty to gpi't their wheat Into the Tlnlted Statec, might throw our fl.4^herles overboard. The member for Annapolis hopes such would not bo the case ; go do I. But he wlil agree with me, that th« lnt(^n»st« of all tho Colonies are rot the same In every ri>flp*^ct ; and what we have to fear la, that tho smaller Provlnees may be swamped, and their Interosla aacrlflcod, for the benefit of their more populous nelffhbours. Paat experience leads me to Kuard against such a coiutlngency, for I know that in negotiations wlilch deeply atliTod the hopes of our people, Canada lias been satisfied to sac- rliloe nattiinal and provincial interests, for not very weighty nor very worthy considerations. There la yet another position, Mr. Chairman, which North America may a«plre to ; and to my mind It presents a solution of all the difficulties which attach to this question in other directions. I thilnk the time la raj>ldly approaching, when iher« must be Infused Into the Brltlah Empire nn element of sitrength which has scarcely yet been regarded. North America must ore Jong claim consolldatioin Into tho realm of Englaiud as an Integral portion of the Empire, or she will holsit her own Hag. Let us look at this proposition In its broades't light and In its local bearings. We are, and ever will be, a commercial people. It is our Intea-est to hav« free trade, and olose alHance wltti the largi St number of human beings who produce and consume ; who have commodities to carry, and who will give the greatest activity to our commercial marine ; provided always, that our security and honour can be as well malntai I'd. Suppose Nova Scotia were to form a union with New Brunswick and Canada, to-morrow, and they weav all to withdranv from the empire, as they will, if not elevated to ectuallty with their British brethren. Sir, I do not undervalue the olainxs or standing of the Colonies ; but we would withdraw from an emplri> peopled by hundreds of millions, and unite our fortunes with but two and a half millions of people, with an exposed frontier of fifteen hundred miles, and with no Heets and armies to apare, to jxrotect our sea coast. Suppose we should prefer annexation to an Independent national existence ; we should become allied to but thirty mil- lions ; and though the proportionate advantages would be greater, tho loss by withdrawing from the mother country would be Immense. We should be part of thirty millions of people. It is true ; but they have neither troops nor ships of war to apare to aid us in any great emergency, and they «X)uId have enough to do to defend themselves. Now, sir, let me claim your atten- tion for a moment, while I deveilop another view of this question. What Is (Jhe Brltlah Empire ? Look at tihe outlyinig portions of It, which contain : — Inha.bitants. West Indies 900.000 Australia 307,645 Africa 218,908 Ceylon 1,506,326 Mauritius 159,243 New Zealand 204,000 India 94.210,218 /I 97,506,340 I \ 188 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA I'M it B This Includes the oolondal portion of the empire strictly speaking, but to the 97,000,000, three times the population of the United States, we must add 133,110,000, being the population of states which aire our allies or tribu- taries In the East Add agiain 30,000,000, the population of the Britdsh Islea, and we have In round numbers, 260,000,000 of people within the boundan^les, or BUbJect. to the Influence of the empire, to w^hlch we at presenit belong. All the stMes of Euroipe Include but 233,000,000 of people. Then, sir, I ask, will any No\"a. Scotl«in fwiho pretends to be a staiteisman, will any North American, with hia heart In the right place, llphtly entertain the idea of withdrawing fron; the enjoyment of free commercliaj intercourse with 265,000,000 of human beings ; from participation In the securities, the sources of pride which auch an empire affords, to form, ■wlBhout cause, an isolated community of two milllc na and a half, or even ten millions, or to seek a dislhonourable share of the ndvanjtiig«s enjoyed by thirty mlUioms : While, hoavever, we value our conneotlon with the empire hlgihly, let not Bri'Llj^ih stattQ.iien, too Imtenit upon the Intrigues and squabbles of Europe, undervalue our resources, our claims, our pride in that connection, or our physical force to achieve another whenever this becomes irksome. All that I seek for Is entirely compatible with our pre.=ent reilations ; by elevaillng North Amerkans to the common level wtlth our brethren at home, I would but dvaw tihe bonds which bind us closer t>>getheir. Thjre i.s no necessity to endanger the conneotion, commercial or physical or international, which we enjoy in common "with so many human beings. " Ships, colonies and com- merce " have long formed the boast of Old England. Ships we have In abund- ance. Her colonies are ours. The eanplre includes every climate which the sun liversifles, every soil, every race of men, every variety of production. It Is guarded by the largest fleet and the best disciplined army Iji the world. It has for Its metropolis Che mosit populous city of modern times. The nursery of genius and the arts. The emporium of commerce, the fountain-head of cap- ital, the nursing mother of skilled labour, in every branch of manufactures. Let us then, ret cast ajbout for new modes of political orgaaization until we have tested the expansive powers and intellectual capabilities of what we have. Let us, then, demand with all respect, the full rights of citizenship in tills great empire. It is clearly our Interest to do this. Surely It Is congenial to our feelings. Sir, I would not cling to England one single hour after I was convlnotx'l that he friendafliip of North America •w:a.s undervalued, and that the status to -. in.h we may reasonably aspire had been deliberately refused. But T -.i-lU endeavour, while asserting the rights of my native land with boldnrss, to perpetuate our connection with the British Isles, the home of our fathers, the cradle of our race. The union of the colo^nies is the object of the re; y'ution, In my judgment such a proposition covers but a limited por^io^n of ground wihlch the agitation of that subject opens up. What questions of Importance have we to settle with Canada. New Brunswick or any of the other colonle.i ? We have free trade and friendly relajtions with theon all. What ha\e -we to ask or to fear ? What questions are at issue with tho United States ? None but that of a reciprocal trade, which would have been suttled long ago, if North Au.oiica had had a voice in the making of treaties and ill the discussions of the Imperial Parliament. But have v,e not questions of some Interest to adjust with the mother countiry ? There Is one, of more Importance than any other except the railroads, — the question of our mines and minerals. Does any man believe that any company wooiid have monopolize! for thirty years the mines and minerals of an entire province, had British America been represented In the Imperial Parliament ? That monopoly would go down b.^fore a seatxshinig investigation for a single night in 'the House of Commons. No Minister could justify or maintain it. Here there is no differ- ence cf opiniion. But wliat avails our unanimity ? The baittle is to be fought it [nOCRlNOTJ BUILDERS OF NOVA SCOTIA 189 In England, but here It never is fought and never will be, unlll we have a representation In Parllajnent or until the Legislature votes £5,000 for a luminous agitation of the question. I yield to the association all that I have ever said in its favour. I would do it justice to-nioTTOw had I powea* to do injurj', but I do not believe that one Nova Soatian witMn the walls of Par- liament woul-J do more to reclaim our natural rights in a single year, than the L«gl9lature could do, by remonstrances in seven. Take the question of the fineries. Your fisheries, Including all the wealth that is within three marine miles of a coast fronting upon the ocean for Ave thousand miles, are at this moment subject of negotiation. What have you got to do with it ? What influence have you ? Who represents you in London or in Washington ? or discusses the matter in your bohalf ? The British Minister, pressed upon by the United States on the one hand, and by the prospect of a war with Russia on the other, may at this moment be giving away our birtliright. Tell me not of your protest against such an act of spoliation. It would amount to nothing. Once committed, the act would be krevooable, and your most valuable property would be bartered away for ever. Sir, I know what gives influence to England, what confers power here — the right and the opportunity of public discussion. Your fisheries, if given away to-morrow would scarcely provoke a dlsoufsion in the House of Commons ; but place ten North Ameri'oans there, and no minister would dare to bring down a treaty by which they were sacrificed. Howi often have questions in w'hicth we took a deep and abiding interest been decided without our knowledge, consultation or consent ? I am a free trader, and I am glad that unrestricted commerce is the settled policy of the mother country, as it is of this. But can I forget how often the mlnlstcir of the day has' brought and carried out commercial changes which have prostrated our interests, but in the adoption or modification of which we ihave had no voice ? Sir, with our free Legislatures, and the emulation and ambitious spirit of our people, such a state of things can not last for e.'er. Is there a man who hears me, that believes that the question of the fisheries can be settled well, or ought to ba settled at all, without those who are most initerested, being represented in the negotiation ? What is taking place at this moment la the old world invests this argu- ment with painful significanct. Notes and diplomatic messages are flj-ing' from St. Petersburg to "Vienna, and from Vienna to London. A despot is about to break tibe peace of the world, under pretence of protecting the Greek religion. A fleet of Turkish ships has been sunk in the Black Sea. The Cunard steamers have t>een taken off the mail routes to carry troops to the Medlterianean. To-mrTTow may come a dcclaraUon of war ; and when it eomes, our six thousai. . vessels, .scattered over tihe ocean, are at the mercy of England's enemies. Have we been consulted ? Have we had a voice in the Cabinet, in Parliament, or in any public departme-'t by whose action our fleet is jeopardized 7 No, sir, we have exercised no more Influence upon nego- tiations — the issue of which must peiil oar whole mercantile marine— than If we had had In danger but a single bark canoe. I do not complain of the stntnsmen of England. I believe that Lord John Russell and the other members of the Cabinet are doing their i>eist for the honour of old England, and for the welfare of the Empire. But I will not admit that they have the right, at the present day, to deal with subjects which so largely affect the interests and touch the feelings of two million five hundred thousand people, scattered over millions of square miles of land, whose canvas whitens every sea — without our being consulted. (Mr. Howe next turned to the United Services, and showed how slight was the chance of British Americans to rise in the army and navy. Their brethren at home had more money to purchase ; they had all the Parilamen- I ; VI 190 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA VJ'' 1 ■ 1! tary interest to Insui-e promotion. What Induceonents had our young 'men to enter either service ? He had five boys, but he would as soon throw one of them overboard as send him to compete where the chances wiere all agrainst him ; to break has heart In a atruggrle where money and friends, not merit, V 'uld rend'sr emulation vain.*) The statesmen of E>ng'Iiaiid, sir, may be assured, that If they would hold this great empire together, tihey must give ithe outlying portioms of it some Interest in the naval, military and civil services ; and I will co-operate with any man who will impress upon them the neceisslty for lengithenlng the ropes and strengthening the stakes, that the fabric which shelters us all may not tumble about our ears. I now tuim, Mr. Chairman, to a topic upon which it may readily be supposed I feel keenly— ithe negotiations touching our Intercolonial railroad-s. To Impress the minds of Imperial statesmen with the truly national charac- ter of the \Morks we had projected, I spent six months in England. Here was a noble scheime of internal improvement, requiring about £7.000,000 ■terling to carry out. Had It been a question about holy place? In Turkey, or some wretched forbpeee on the Danube, eeven millions would have been risked or paid with s'lght demur. The object was, however, to streniglhen and com- bine four or five noble Provlncea, full of natural resources and of a hlgh- Bpirited peopla ; but, unfoptuniately, with no representation in the Natinn.il Council tif the Empire to which they belong. The single guarantee of Eng- land would have saved ug nearly half the cost of this operation, or £200,000 a yttir. The Queein's naime would liave been stamped upon every engine running through one thousand five hundred miles of her dominions. On the hearts of two millions five hundred thousand people would have been stamped the grace of the act, which, while it cost nothing— for our revenues were ample enough to i»ay principal and intereat h.ad the roads been unproductive —would have awajtened gfratoful recollections and a sense of substantial obli- gation for a eenitury to come. At last, by the true nobility of the enterprl.se, ralher than by the fkill of its advocate. Her Majesty's Government consented to give the guarantee. The Provinces were proceeding to fulfil the con- ditions, when, unfortunately, two or three members of the Imperial Parlia- ment took a fa.ncy to add to the cost of the i-oads Ois much more as the guarantee would have saved. It was for their Interest that the guarantee should not be given. It was withdrawn. The faith of England— till then regarded as something sacred — was \-Iolatoil ; aivd the answer was a criticism on a phrase— a quibble upon the construction of a sentence, which all the world, for six months, had read one w'.ay. The secret history of this wretched transaction I do not seek to pene^trate. Enough. Is written upon stock-books, and in the records of courts in Canada, to give us ithe proportions of that scheme of jobbery and corruption by which the Interests of British America WiTe overt hriiwn. But, sir, who believes, that if these Provinces lu''d ten members In the Imperial Parliament ? who believes — and I say it not boast- ingly — had Nova Scotia had but one, who could have stated her case before Six hundred English gentlemen, that the national faith wculd have been sullied or a national pledge wlthdraAvn ? There are other questions of equal magnitude and Impoitance to the empire and to us. Ocean steamers, caiTyIng British mails past ': JriUsh Prov- inces to reach their destination, through a foreign State ; emigration unoared for and undirected flowing past them, too ; or, when directed, sent at an enormous cost to Australia, fourteen thousand miles away, whiJe mil- lions of acres of unsurpassed fertility remain unimproved so much nearer # Two railctaliips in thi' Navy, annually, httvi> since been given to Oauiulu : one to Nova Scotia and one to New Urunswick. Tliii is a move ia the right diructioa, for which the ministers deacrvu much credit. [bourinot] BUILDERS OF NOVA SCOTIA 191 home. Upon thege ajid other kindred toiplce I do not dwell. But thore Is one to which I must, for a brief simcf, crave your attention. Sir, I do not envy our neighbours In the United State®, their country, their climate, or their institutions. But what I do envy them is, the bound- less field of honourable emulaition and rivalry In whldh the poorest man In the smallest Stajte may win, not mere colomdail rank and position, but the highest national honours. Here lies the marked distinction befcw^en Ilepub- lloan and Brltisrti Ameirloan. The sons of the rebels wiere men full-grown ; the sons of the Loyalists are not. I do not mean that physically or ment- ally there Is any difference ; I speak of the standards and stamps by wbich the former are made to pass curront in the world, while the latter have the ring of metal as vaJualble p.nd as true. This was the thoughit which laboured for utterance In the mind of -Vhe member for Annapolis yesterday. Let me aid it In Its lUustnation. Some years ago I had the honour to dine with the late John Quincy Adams, at Washington. Around his hospitable board were asaemb. ^d fifteen or eighteen gentlemen of the hlfiheat distinction In the political circles of that capital. There were, perhaps, two or three, who, like Mr. Adams himself, had been trained from early youith In diplomiacy, in litera- ture, and In the highest walks of socia.l and public life. These men were superior to any that we have in our Colonies, not because their natural endowments were greater, but because their advantages had been out of all proportion to ours. But the resit wore Just such men as we see every day. Their equals are to be found in the Legislatures and public departments of Canada, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia ; men superior to most of them have been on this floor eveiT soseion for twenty years. Their equals are here now. But how different are the fields of «niulatlon ; how dlspropor- tloned the Incitements to excellence, the distinctions, the rewards. Almost every man wlbo sat round me on that night either then enjoyed, or has since won some national distinction. They were, or are now, senators in the National Council, foreign d.nbassadors. Governors, Secretaries of State, com- manders of squadrons, or leadera of armies. Sir, my heart rose when I compared these men with those I had left at home, their eownlng Street. No man can now be elevated to the office of Secretary of State for the Colonies who Is not a man of business habits, holding high rank in either House of Parliament. Tttiere Is, perhaps, not a man In the dai>artnieint who is not able or adroit in the perfonnance of duties which are admirably subdivided. The under secretaries are men of genial mannei"S, high attainments and varied information. They are something more ; they are thoroughly well disposed to strve, and to stand well with the Provinces committed to their charge. But what then ? They have no personal knowledge of Colonial public or social life ; no hold upon the con- fidence or the affpctlons of the outlying portions of the empire. ComiKired With the men who might, and ought, and must be there, if the empire is to be kept together they are what the clever secretaries of the old board of trade were in 1750, compared with such men as Franklin, Washington and Ad&ms. What these last were then, the Baldwins, Lafontaines, Chandlers and Wllmots of North America are now. I speak not of Nova Scotia, although I know that her sl?ter Provinces accord to her the Intellectual rank to which she is emtltiled. I know the men who sit around me here ; already I can hear the heart-beat of the generation which Is springing up to take our places ; and I do not hesitate to say that room must be made on the floors of Parliament, and within the departmental offices of England, for the aspiring and energetic spirits of this continent ; or they will, by and bye, assert their superiority In the intellectual conflict with those who attempt systematically to exclude them must provoke. Talk of annexation, sir ! what we want Is annexation to our mother country. Talk of a union of the Provinces, which. If unac- companied with other provisions, would lead to separation ! What we require Is union with the empire ; an investiture with the rights and dignity of British citizenship. In the United States, every forty thousand people send a. member to Con- 1 " I i [boubinot] BUILDERS OF NOVA SCOTIA 193 B •6?. North America has sixty-two times that number, and yet sends not one member to the National Council which regulates her trade, controls her foreign relations, and may involve her ait any moment In war. Mark the efCect^s of the American syateim. The discovery of grold threw Into California In two or three ye^ars a large and h°iterogeneous and comparatively lawleisa population, California was many thousands of miles away from Washington and from the old Ptates of the Confederation. It was essentially a Colony ; and, under our system, would have been so treated for a century. Our neigh- bours are wiser in their generation. Hardly were the rude communities of California formed, while women were sleeping under tents and men under •wagons ; while Judge Lynch presided over the Judicatory, and the better class liung thlovea In the market square ; the oltizens mot together, formed their oonstltuilon, provided for education, and elected bhree or four men to represant CaJlfornda in the National Congress of the United States. Nova Scotia has been a loyal Province of this empire with all securities of law, and the refinements of civilization, for an hundred years, and to this hour has no such privilege. What binds that rude Callfornlan community to the parent States ? The presence of her four or five representatives In the National Council. They may be negligent, IncapaTjle, corrupt, but they are there. Australia, not much farther off, with richer treasures, with wider space, ha.s no such privilege, and the wit of British statesmen, with the exarnple of Ropublloaii America before tht^Tn, seems Inailequate to a taisk whicih els?- whore is found so easy. Sir, this cannot last. England herself has a deep Interest, in this question, and the sooner her statesmen begin to ponder the matter gi^avely, the better it will be for us all. Th ■ thirty millions who Inhabit the British Islands must make some pro- vision fi r (he two hundri>d and thirty millions who live beyond the narrow seas. They may rule the barbarous tribes who do not speak their language, or share their civilization, by the sword ; but they can only rule or retain such Provinces as are to be found in North America by dntwing their sym- pathies around a common centre — by giving them an interest in the army, the navy, the diplomacy, the admlnistratJon and the leglslaition of the empire. While a foreign war Is impending, this may appear an inappropriate time to discu.-s these questions ; Kut the time will come, and Is near at hand, when they will command the earnest attention of every true British subject. We hear much, sir, every day, about the balanre of power In Europe ; and we all remember Canning's boast, that he was going to call a new world into existence to redress the balance of power In the old. A' this mrment we are plunging Into a foreign war — the (lorcesit and most bloody it will be thai we have ever seen. What is the pretext on one side ? SoMie question about thie Greek religion. What Is suppf)sed to warrant our expensive armaments on the other ? The balance of power In Europe. But Is the balance of power in Amerira nothing ? and have these Pru.vinors o weiglvt in the scale ? God forbid, sir, that at this moment a word of menace should escape my lips I am incapable of such a meanness. England's hour of (Xtrmity should never be our opportunity for anything but words of cheer and the helping hand. But, sir, come peace or war, it Is the Interc'St of Englind that the truth be told her. Is the balance of power in America, an unl nportant consideration, and how is it to be preserved, except by preserv- ing ihal ha.lE of the continent wlilch still belongs to England ? and that oan only be done by elevating the Inhabitants of these Provinces in their own opinion, and In that of the world at large. I kncrw that it is fashionable in England to count upon 'he sjniipalhies and cnrdial co-operation of th > R''pub- llc. A year ago, Cobden and other apostles of his school, were preaching and relying up in universal peace. Now all Europe is arming. They proaoh day by day that Colonics are a burthen to the mother country. The reign of Sec. II., 181)9. i:i. /I 194 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA If peace, of universal brotherhood, may come. Should It not, and gho'Uld Repub- lican Amerioa throw herself into tihe contest against England, when engaged with other 'powers, aa she did In 1812 ; what then wiould be England's position should the noble Provinces of North America have been Hung away, for want of a little foresight and common sense 7 The power of the Rupubllc would be broken If our half of the continent maintained Its allegiance. But If that were thrown into the other scale, what then ? Pam y the stars and strii)es lloating over our six thousand vessels ; fancy five hundred thousand hardy North AmeMcans with arms in their hanJs In a defiant att/'.tude ; fancy half a continent .v'iih its noble harbours and five thousand miles of sea-coast, with all its fisheries and coal mines and timber gone. Fancy the dockyards and depots and arsenals of the enemy advanced 1,C00 miloa nearer to England. Oh ! sir, I have turned with disgust from the eternal ga.bUle about the balance of power in Europe, -when I have thoue^ht how lightly British statesmen seem to value the pow°»' that can alone balance their only commercial rival. One subsidy to some petty European potentate has often cost more than ali our railroads would have cust ; and yet they would have developed our resuuroea in peace and formed our best security in time of war. A single war ■vith half this continent added £120,000,000 to the national debt of England. What would a war with the whole of it coat ? And yet these Provinces are 90 lightly valued, that a loan for public Improvements cannot be guaranteed or a single s at in the Naitional Councils yielded, to preserve them. Sir, whatever others may think, I paus > In the presence of the great peril which I foresee. I pray to God that it • ^^ be averted. Heie, sir. Is work for the highest intelleotsr— ifor the purest patriots, on boitJi stdcis of the Atlantic. Here Is a subject worthy of the consideration of the largest minded British siateamem now figuring on the stage of public life. In presence of this great theme, how our little squabbles s'nk into insignitlcance, as th> witches' cauldron vanishes from the presence >f Mac- bath. How Insignificant are many of the topics wllilclh they debate in the Imperial Parliament lompawd with this. I have seen night after night wasted while both Houses jlscussed the grave question whether or not a Jew should sit in thfc Hou6', of Commons ; a question tliat It would not talce five min- utes to d clde in any Legislature fix>m Canada to California. How often have I siild to myself : — I wonder If It ever enters the heads of those noble Lords and erudite Commoners, who are so busy with this Jew that there aiie two millions and a haJif of Christians in British America who h;\ve no representation in either House ? A little consideration given to that subject, I have thought, would not be a waste of time. When I have seen them quibbling with the great questions of a surplus population, mendicity and crime, I have asked myself :— Do these men know that there is, within the boundaries of the eonpire, within ten days' sail of England, employment for all ? fri ehold estates for all, with scarcely a provocative to crime ? I have often thought, sir, how powerful this empire might be made ; how prosper- ous In peace, how invincible In war, if the statesmen of England would set about Its organization and draw to a common centre the hig'h intellect which it contains. With our maritime positions in all parts of the globe ; with every variety of soil and climate ; with tlje industrial capacity and physical resources of two hundred and sixty millions of people to rely on ; what might not this empire become If Its intellectual resources were combined for its government and preservation ? If the whole population were united by common interests, no power on earth ever wielded means so vast, or influence so Irresistible. But, sir, let the statesmen of England slumber and sleep over the field of enterprise which lies around them ; let them be deluded by economists who despise Col- onists, or by fanatics who preach peace at any price with foreign despots ; fc' [boubinot] BUH/UEKS OF NOVA SCOTIA 198 while no provision la made to draw around the throne the hearts of millions predisposed to loyalty and affection ; and the result we may surely calculate. Should the other half f this continent be lost for the want of forethought and sound knowledge, there will be trouble In the old homestead. " Shadows, clouds and darkness " will rest upon the abode of our fathers ; the free soil of England will not be long unprofaned ; and the gratitude of Turks and the friendship of Austrlans or Republican Americans, will form but a poor sub- stitute for the hearts and hands that have been Hung away. /I [196] It ii'i APPENDIX K. COPY OF RECEIPT FOR PAYMENT OF ALABAMA AWARD. I Rive below a copy of a famouH liistoriciil document wliich has a special interest for my Nova Scotian readers on account of its connection with Sir Kdwiird Mortimer Archilmld, a ineml)er of a distinguished Nova Scotian family (see siipm, p. 21). Sir Edward was the llftli son of Judge S. G. W. Archiliald, and after holding several important onicial positions for many years in Newfoundland he was appointed in 1857 Hritisli Consul at New York, and held this responsible ollice for twenty-two years, until he was obliged to retire at the age of 70 on a pension, in accordance with the rules of the consular service. He was made consul-general in 1871, a Companion of the Bath at the close of the civil war— during which he gave constant evidence of his signal ability, and a Knight Commaridcr of St. Michael and St. George on his retirement froi'i< otHce. The following facts will explain his con- ner»,ion with the payment of the Alabama award. The accompanying certiHcate is a facsimile of that obtained from the Secretary of the Treasury of the United States upon the occasion of the payment in full of the fifteen million Hve hundred thousand dollars indemnity for the " Alabama" claim.s which the Geneva Conference of September 14, 1872, awarded to them on the pc-t of Great Uritain. As will be seen by the endorsements thereon, the great banking lirnis of Drexel, Morgan & Co., Morton, Bliss & Co., and Jay Cooke & Co. made a contract with the British Government to pay this award on or before the 14th September, 1873. Sir Edward Thornton, H. B. M.'s Minister at Washington and Consul General Archibald of New York were appointed joint agents to pay over the indemnity. During three months previous to this event Consul-General Archibald was constantly receiving instalments of the amount, in the form of numerous partial payments which were deposited with the U. S. treasurer and for whicii coin certificates were issued. The whole transaction was one involving no small responsibility and actual work in accounting and correspondence with the U. S. Treasury, as in the whole of this important transaction, the Secretary of State, Mr. Hamilton Fish, absolutely declined to have anything whatever to do vith the bankers employed by the British Government, and all communications were there- fore made only through H. B. M.'s representative at Washington. When the amount was complete and the final deposit to be made, it was Consul-General An'hibald who proceeded with it to Washington, and in the presence of Sir Edward Thornton, Secretary Fish and Assistant-Secretary Davis handed over the last amount to U. S. Treasurer Richardson, and received from his hands (after surren- dering all previous certificates of deposit) the single one, covering the entire amount, of which this is a facsimile. A leading New York paper, commenting upon the situation, says of the document that " the series of distinguished endorsements make it an historical document which, when cancelled and flied away, will cause it to be much enquired after by curious visitors. The presence of the official representatives of the two greatest nations in the world— "made a picture for history,"— and the article concludes by saying — " Everyone here looks upon the notable event as the last feature in the greatest victory of peace." [bourinot] BUILDERS OF NOVA SCOTIA 197 The original certificate of deposit was of course retaincn l)y the Secretary of the Treasury of the U. S. and hi.s been framed and preserved a-nons the archives of Government "as a memorial o/ the amical)le settlement of the difference between the two countries without resort to arms." Each endorser of the receipt received a facsimile of the oriKinal document, and the one I reproduce in this book was In the possession of Mrs. Charles Archibald, daughter of the Consul-General, until she Kavc me permission to copy It, and then hand It over to the public archives of Canada. /I Mi! 1^ ■Ml (. V 1^ ' (iyn. C^ %x^> yCCcrrA C-/%^^-fx/L^ \ AC^ J^C^ ^^ ^^u^u^^^^ ■CCy >i; ^ INDEX. ^ Al)LTdicii, Eiirl or, l)nronet of Nova Scotia, :«Wi, 7(1. " AcHdIiin Recorder," ;{2. Afiidla I'lilviTNltv, foundt'd, Wl\ dLstlii Kuisln.<| incii I'diiciili'd iit, ."lO. Aciidic, origin of iiiiiiif, I, Acad inn I'Vencli in Nova Scotiii, at present time, II). Advcnti.stH in Nova Scotia, (HI. " AKrIcola," author of, "0. Alal)aina Award, nccipt for. .sVc «;);). A'. Alexander, Sir William, portrait of, :u, (frontispic, ,.» ; names Nova .S'olia, ."> ; royal charter of Nova Scotia to, sci- iipp. It, Alline, Rev. Mr., 52. Allison family, dlstinKulNhed members of, 2J. Allison, Dr., on early settlement, li)(i. Sff (ipp. F. Annand, Hon. William, H2. Annapolis, foundation of, (i ; history of tSavary) lj»/i. "Anti-lhirKhers" (Presbyterian) in Nova Scot ia, 57, 5H. Archil)ald family, distinK'iiished members of, 21. Archibald, Sir Ai. Collier. Captain John. AVc a})/). I). Coniingo, Hev. H. !(., M. Confederation, opposition of Nova Sco- tia ns to. SI. H2. Confederal ion, anticipated by descendaiitR of Loyalists, 7H. CoiigreRationalists in Nova Scotia, 'rl, flCi. Connolly. Archbishop, I! : portrait of. ib. Cornwallis, Hon. Kdward. founder of Halifax, i:!, 21. Snap)). I). Cosset, Hev. Hanna, 5(1. Cotterell. V■.^^\. W. S,r app. I). Council, lii'st appointed in Nciva Scotia in 17ii». i:i, 14. Court iii'V, Hishop, "ilii. Courts of Nova Scotia, founded. 21. Crawley, Hev. l/r.,.").S: |iortrait of, ih. Creinhton. Col. .lohii. Si-r iipp. />. Ciiniberland, settlement of, IS. Ciinard, Sir Haclie, (iS;i. Cunard, Sir Saiimel, portrait of, (Tc (iSii. Cuvler, Abraliani, .'Ct. Palhousie, Lord, .")!». Dalhousie I'niversity, founded, ."iD. Daly, Lieutenant (lovernor. 12, 7fbi. Davidson, Hunb, 11. Strnpp. J). Da v.son, .Sir ■lames W., scientist, 80, OUn, 01; portrait of, 04. Dawson, Dr. S. h., 21. De>nile, I'rofessor, liltfrnlnir, Oil. De.Monts, Sieur. Ser Moutx. Dickey, Senator, 74. j De.s Barres, Colonel J. Frederick Wallet ; I governor of Cape Breton, 3;j ; his At- j lantic Neptune, liSn. Desbrisay, M. H., 17/i. Disloyalty of Truro, Onslow, Cumberland and Londonderry settlers, during Ame- I rican Revolution, 20, 2L Dodd, .Judge, S4?i, 04. ; Doucliet Island, tirst attempted settlement I '.i /rench in Acadie, 0. Doyle, Lawrence OConnor, wit and orator, 30, («i ; portrait of, (10. Duporl, .John. Sfr a pp. J). Dutch Calviiiist Cliurcli at Lunenburg, ,5(1. Dutch Church at Halifax, 48. B Katon, Hev. A. W., on Church of England ill Nova Scotia, ."il/i. KiiKlish settlers li, Nova Scotia, 17, 10, 22. Kxpulsion of the Acadian French from Nova Scotia, 0, Id. 2."). r Fairbanks, .loM'pli. See app. 1). Fairbanks, .Judf.'t'. ''('"i. Falkland. Lunl : satirical verses of .J. Howe on, SI. s.i, l'"ai(|uaharsi)M, llcv. Mr., 'A). Fieldiiij,'. Hon. W. S.. ;t2. Fleche, l''ather la. |:!. Flint, T. H.. MI'., 21, 07/1. Forrest, Rev. Dr., :i.^. l''orrester, Hev. Dr. : portrait of, :ts. Franklin, (lOvcriiDr, on native maniil.ic Hires in 17(>ii, 2il/i. Fraser, IJisImp, |."i. I(i. French settleiiicnl of Nova Scotia, (i, 12. Fundy, Bay of. oritiiii of name, 1. (iabarus. Bay of, origin of name. ;!. O.ielic Canadian Noal song, 37. (rarvie, William. !K). (iaspereau, 3. (iates, Horatio. Siiitpp. 1). Gaudet, I'rof. I'lacitie, a Caii.idiaii gene alogist, 11/1. (iaulin, Bishop. 1 1. German sett Ids in Nova Scotia. 17, -IS, ,>fi, 00; their dex'i'iidants, 17. Gerrish, Ben.i.iiniii. See app. I>. Gerrish, .losepli. Srr app. !>■ Gesner, Abraliuiii, 03, iii let ; At- o(i. J. Gi'ibons, Richard. See app. D. Gorliani, Col. John, 14. See app. D. Government House ivt Halifax; foundation of, 10. Governmoiii of Nova Scotia ; foundalion of, In 1741), 14, 22-2(1. Grant, Principal, 31). Granville, French and Scotch posts at, 7. Granville Street Bapti.st Church in Hali- fax, '-tAn. Green, Hon. Benjamin, 5. Ser npp. 1). GrilHn, M. .1.. 42. Guysboro, fuiiiided by Loyalists, 30. H Halibnrton, Haron, 64. Httlilmrton, .Judm- ("Sam Slick"). 6207 ; portrait of, 02. Halifax, foundation of, 13-10 ; plan of, 14; views of, IH, 20, 21,20, 28. Halifax (lazttfe founded, 20. Halifax lieporii't-, 01), !i;i. Halliburton, Chief .lustice, 68, 00. Halliburton, .lohn, 01). Hamilton. I'l-tcr S., l):i. Hannan, Archbishop, 4<>. Hannay, Dr. .lames, author of a History of Acadia, llii. Henry, Mr. Justice, 72. Hill, Heverend George, o3«, 04. Hinslu'lwo(>er of. 70, 77 ; view of, 70. How, Captain Kdward, 14, 15. See app. D. Howe, John, 31, 32. Howe, Joseph ; tribute to his public char- acter and services, 80-87 ; as an orator, 80, 81 ; as a poet, 8."); his satirical verses on Lord Falkland, 8;)-85 ; portrait of, 80. See his speech on imperial federation. app. .1. Hutchinson, .fudj/e Foster, 32. Huntington, Hon. Herbert, 07 ; portrait if. //;. HuntiuKton, Mln*^, 32. Huguenot mihsicmaries in Acadie, 43, iJO. Imperial honours conferred on Nova Sco- tians, 08». .Sec. II., Inglis, Rt. Reverend Chnrles, first Church of England Bishop of Nova Scotia and the Colonies, 31, .50, 51 ; portrait of, 31. Inglis, Bishop .Tohn, 31, 51. Inglis, General Sir .lohn W. K. (of Luc- know), 31, 08/1, 02 ; portrait of, 01. Irish Charitable S-^ciety of Halifax, founded, 41. Irish settlers in Nova Scotia, 30-42. James I. of England, founds baronetcy of Nova Scotia, 34, JW. .lesuit Missionaries in Nova Scotia, 7, 43. .lohnson, George, on Loyalists, 34h. Johnston. Hon. James William, his emi- nence as a statesman, lawyer and orator, 77 7!) ; portrait of, 78 ; his speech on Inter- colonial Union in 1854, see App. I. Johnston, Judge J. W., on Dr. Craw.tj, 51*1. Jones, Father James, 44. Jones, Hon. Alfred, 32. •lustices of Peace, tlrst appointed in i740, 15. Kaulbach family, 17. Kenny, Sir Kdward, portrait of, 30, 42, 68n. King's College, Windsor, founded, .">(), 51 ; distinguished men educated at, 51 ; view of, 50. Kinloch, Rev. Mr., 50. Knight Bachelors, Nova Scotians made, (W>i. Knights of St. Michael and St. George, Nova Scotians made, 08)i. ; badge and' motto of, OOn. La Heve, origin of name. 3h. La Tour, Charles de, in Acndie, 7. Lawrence, (Jovernor, 15, 24. .See App. D. Lawson, Mrs., (Mary Jane Katzumnn), •.ill. Legislative Council Chamber in Halifax, view of, 74. Lefebvre, Father. 11//. Lingan Bay, origin of name, 1. Little, Otis. .sVr .4////. IK Lochman, Major Leonard, 15ii. .See All,,, n. Lockhart, Arthur John, poet. 3. Londonderry, settlement of, 20. 1800. 14. IV Lon^ley, Hon. J. W., politician and litter- attur, 21. Longwortli, Israel, ID, 21 n. Lorim, origin of naiuo, I. Louisboiirg, origin of name, :). Loyalists. I'liited Knipire, in Nova Scotia, 20-H4 ; loyalist c'lerny in Xova Scotia, 40; distinguished descendants of, 32, '.iH. Lunenburg, origin of name, 17. Lutheran Church in .Nova Scotia, (MK M MacCnlloch, Uov. Dr.. ."iS ; portrait of, .". Mncdonald. Chief .Instice, ;iit. Ma('(iregor, I'lofessor, US). MacCregor, lie v. Dr., 57, iSH. Mackay, Dr. A. H., :«». -McCnlly, Hon. .lonathan. 7!l. iMcFarlane. Senator, 71. McKachran. Hisliop, 41. Mclnnes, l.ientenunt-Covernor, :tt). MeKeagney. .ludge, 12. McKeen, Senator, 22. jVIcIvinnon. Uisliop, 4(). McLelai",. Lieurenunr-Covernor. :!!•, 72, 7H. McNal>, Hon. .lames, :«». McXiiit. Alexander, 20. MacV.itie, I'rofessor, .">!>. Maillard, AMm-. 4:<. Marehington. I'liiliji, 'J-lii. Marsliall, .lud^ic, portrait of, !>;i. Marshall. Hon. .1. .1., 71 : jiortrait of, ib. Mascarene. Colonel, 14; portrait of, ill, .sy-e .1/)/). 1). Masse, Father Ennemond, 43. Miither's Cliurch in Halifax, 48. Hauger, Joshua. Srr A/)/!. D. ■Ktluxiist Chuich in Xova Scotia. 54, 5i). Kicnuics, or Souricpmis Indians, 4, .5. Miller, Senator. 22, 74. Miller, Thomas, on first settlers of Col- chester. 21 »i. .Minto, Earl of, l)aronet of Xova Scotia, :«wi. Mira, Bay of, origin of name. 3, 4. Missionaries In Xova Scotia: Homan Catholic. t;i 4ti ; Church of England, 4li-51 : Haptist. .")2-51 ; Methodist, .54-.")(( : Presbyterian. ."((i-Od ; Lutheran, tH). Monts. -Sieur ile ; in Acadie, 2, (1; sup- posed portrait of, 2. Moreau. Hev. Mr.. 48. Jtorris. Hon. Charles Morris, tirst SurveyiM'-Ceneral of Xova Scotia, 13 ; portrait of, 16. Sir App. JK Mt. Allison University founded, 22. Muhlenberg, Rev. .Mr., (10, Murdoch, Beamish, (liistorian), SO, 94. Murdoch, Kev. .lames, ."i*!. Mui'ray, Premier, 30. N New England nugration to Nova Scotia, 17-22; prominent descendants of, 21. 22. Sir A jtj). V. N'ews|,aper, tIrst in Xova Scotia, 2(i. Nicholson, (ieneral. captor of Port Hoyal, 8. Nesbitt, Speaker, 23. Set' Ap/i. I). Norsemen in Acadia, 1. Nova Scotians, who have received Im- perial honours and titles, IWii. North liritish Society of Halifax, when founded, iMi; original niendiers of, 30(1. Nova Scotia, origin of name. 5 ; French settlement of, 012; foundation of Hali- fax, 12-17; New England nngration to, 17,22; (iermans in, 17: (iovernment of, 22-20; coming of C E. Loyalists, 20-34: Scotch in. 34-30; Irish in. 30-42 ; Homan Catholics in, 43-40 : Church of England in,4(i-5l ; HaiUists in, .")2-."i4 ; Methodists in, .>l-."i(! ; Presliyterians in, ."ititK) ; Lutherans in, (iO; racial elements of people of, 01 ; reminiscenccH of famous men of, 0205 ; great seal, sketch of, I. O'Brien, Archbishop, 42, 45(i. O'Brien, .lames .1., 41/(. Onslow, settlement of, 20. Parker. Captain, a hero of the Redan, 02. Partridge, Hev. Canon. 51.1. Patterson, Rev. Dr., 3!), 57, i)^n. .")!i»i. Pictou Academy, founded, .58 ; di>tin- guished men educated at, .W/i. Piers, Lewis, .s'cc app I). Poirier, Senator Pascal, on the French Acadians, IDi Portraits of famous Nova Scoiians. See list at beginning of volume. Portuguese in Acadia, 1, 2. Power, Hon. li. G., 40h, 42. I'resbyterian Church in Nova Scotia, 56- 00. Presbytery, flrst in Nova Scotia, 50. I Prevost, Sir George ; lays corner stone of Province Building in Halifax, 75. Prima ViHta, origin of name, 1. Port Royal, 6. Poutrinconrt, Baron de, founder of Port Hoyal, 0. Province Building in Halifax, 74-76. Puritans, descendants of ; settled in Nova Scotia, II). Quakers in Nova Scotia, 00. Quinan, Father .Tanu-s, 14. Quinan, Vicar-General, 45n. Harial elements of Nova Scotia people, 61. Uand fi\niily, distinguished members of, 21, 51). Ray, Colonel, 32. Razilly, Claude do, in Acadic, 7. Reminiscences of some famous Nova Sco- tians, (i2-!t."). Representative Institutions in Nova Scot ia, 22, 2;t. See np/t. (1 . Richard, Edouard, on French Acadians, 24/1. Ilichey, Rev. Dr. M., m : portrait of, ib. Richey, Lieutenant-Ciovcrnor, 55. Ritchie family, 7H. Ritchie, Hon. .1. W., 7:i. Ritchie, Sir W. J.. Tin. Roman Catholics in Nova Scotia, 43-40. Rosewny, Port. See Hhellnirnc. Ross, Hon. W., 3!». Rossifinol, Lake, origin of name, 3. Rugglcs, Timothy, 32. Russell, Benjamin, 32. St. Francis Xavier College, founded, M\. S lint Anne's College, at St. Mary's Bay, N.S., 11. St. George's Church at Sydney, 50. St. George's, old, in Halifax, i«. St. Germain-en-Laye, treaty of, 7. St. Joseph's College (Acadian) at Mem- ramcook, N.B.. 11. St. Matthew's fliurch in Halifax, 48, 56. St. Michael ati^ St. George, Nova Scotian Knights of tlie Order of, 68n ; decora- tions of, t)t>n. St. Paul's Church in Halifax, oldest Pro- testant church in the Uominion, 47, 48, views of, 47, 40. Sabine, Lorenzo, on the Loyalists, 34»i. Salisbury, John, 15, See App. D. Salter, Malachi. See App. IK " Sam Slick." See Ifntihurton, Judge. Saul, Thomas. See App. D. Savary, Judge, 18>i, 32, 07. Schurman, President, 50. Scotch Presbyterian mi.ssionaries in Cape Breton, .50. Scotch priests in Nova Scotia and Cape Breton, 44, 40. Scotch settlers in Nova Scotia, !M, 30. Seabury, Bishop, 40. Seal of Nova Scotia, great, sketch of, 1. Secession (Presbyterian) Church in Nova Scotia, 50. Sedgwick, Mr. Justice, 30. Shelburni , founded by Loyalists, 30, 31. Shirley, Governor, 12 ; portrait of, 12. Sigogne, Abbe, 44. Smith, Archdeacon, on St. George's Church, Sydney, C.B., 50n. Smith. Rev. f. W., 55;i. Stansbury, Loyalist poet, verses on land- ing of Loyalists in Halifax, 20. Stanser, Bishop, 51 u. Stewart, J. J., on early Nova Scotian journalism, 20rt. Stirling, Lord. See Alexander, Sir Wil- iinni . Sydney, C. B., founded, 33 ; Anglican Church at, 50. Strange, Chief Justice, 08h, Swiss in Nova Scotia, 17. Tablets in St. Paul's Church, Halifax, 47n. Thomas, Printer, 20/i. Thompson, Right Hon. Sir J. S. U., 08h, H" ; portrait of, 88. Thompson, Sir M. M. (of Australia), on the baronets of Nova Scotia, Ifen. Tobin family, 12. Trappist Monastery in Nova Scotia, 44. rruro, setileraent of, 20. Tapper, Sir Charles, made a baronet and G. C. M. Vt., 08« ,• statesman, 87; por- trait of, m. Tupper, Sir Charles Hibbert, made a K. C. M. G., 60/1. Tupper, Rev. Dr., Baptist minister, 52. Tutty, Rev. Mr., 47. vi u Uniacke, Attorney-Genenvl R. J., 40 • nor trait of, 40. ' ^ tS.?r '"'"''^ ^"'■'^' ^"' •'- •'- rniacke. JudKe R. J., (junior), 40. Uniaeke fiiniily, .31), 40. Utrecht, Treaty of, 8. Vail, Hon. W, B., ,32. Vincent, Fatlier, 44. w Wallis, Admiral I'rovo, 08n. Walsh, Arclibiisliop, 40. Watts, Rev. Mr., 40. Welsford, Major, a hero of the Redan, 02. Wentworth, Sir John, Loyalist Governor. White Gideon, one of the founders of hhelburne, .31 ; his portrait, 30 White, N. VV., 30«. Wilkins, Isaac, Loyalist, 31, Wilkins, .Judge Lewis, 00. Wilkins, Martin .L, 71. ^"''r^-^'""™' ^'^ ^'""»"'' <°' Kars), M8-92 ; his portrait, 80. Willis, Archdeacon, 53n Winniett. Sir W. R. Wolseley, 08„ Wolley, Clive-Phillipps, verses on the Loyalists, 27. Wood, Rev. T., 40. Yarmouth, History of, lOn. Young, Sir William, Chief Justice. 70 71- portrait of, 70. ' ' ■ . Young, George R., 70. Young, John (" Agricola "),70.