ART WORK 
 
 N 
 
 T R N T 
 
 CANADA. 
 
 PUBLISHED IN TWELVE PARTS. 
 
 
 1^\^^ 
 
 W H CARRE AND COMPANY. 
 1898, 
 
HORTICULTURAL GARDENS 
 
 TORONTO. 
 
 
 TORONTO, the capital city of Ontario, although dating as the seat '■' '^.ovcrnmer.t. only 
 from 1793. has a history reaching much farther back in the ar Canada than 
 
 that year. When the plains of Ontario were tenanted by the i tribes ere the 
 
 white trod the forest or sailed the lakes and rivers Toronto was an important ;rminus on the 
 great trail from the Georgian Bay to the outlets on the southeastern shores of Lake Ontario. 
 The tribes knew the well-sheltered bay as •■Toronto." or "Place of Meeting." the word being 
 of Huron origin and dialect. The Murons. or Wyandots. were the chief tribes that inhabited 
 the country immediately to the north of Toronto, and they were of a peaceable disposition, but 
 neighboring to them were more warlike peoples, and the " meeting place " was a rendezvous 
 for feud raid and rapine then, as much as for fur traders and French voyageurs afterwards. 
 
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Fcllowing the nassacre of the Hurons and the martyrdom of the Jesuit Mission- 
 aries. French domination extended over mid-Ontario, and a French Fort was erected at Toronto. 
 \ ,h gave its name for a time to the place, viz : Fort Rouille. the site of which is marked by a 
 memorial pillar at the south western comer of the modern Exhibition grounds. The fort was 
 named, as was wont in those days, after Antoine Louis Rouille, Count de Jouy, the French 
 Colonial Minister of the period. I n 1 756 the stockade at Toronto was destroyed by order of 
 M. de Vandreiul, the Governor, to prevent its falling into the hands of the British. Meantime 
 at this point the fur trade was becoming valuable, attracting attention to it as a place not only 
 of defensive vantage, but of commercial importance, and a thousand pounds were offered by 
 traders for a season's monopoly as far back as 1767. 
 
 The next distinct epoch in the infancy of the city was caused by the advent inio 
 Canada of the United Empire Loyalists, during and immediately following the war of inde- 
 pendence. Many of these settlers found their way to the vicinity of Toronto and civilized set- 
 tlement had then its beginning. At that time the eyes of the Imperial officials were cast on it 
 as a suitable site for the future Capital of Ontario. Surveyor General Collins reported it in i 788 
 as possessing a capacious, safe, and well-sheltered harbour. The Surveyor General at Lower 
 Canada, Colonel Bouchette, who conducted extensive hydrographical tests in the western lakes, 
 wrote approvingly of it, giving among other information the following interesting description of it : 
 '■ I still distinctly recollect the untamed aspect which the country exhibited when first 1 entered 
 the beautiful basin. Dense and trackless forests Imed the margin of the lake, and reflected 
 their inverted images in its glassy surface. The wandering savage had constructed his ephem- 
 eral habitation beneath their luxuiant foliage — the group then consisted of two families of Nis- 
 sissagas — and the bay and neighbouring marshes were the hitherto uninvided haunts of im- 
 mense conveyji of wild fowl." Its situation certainly commended it as a convenient and safe 
 place for the capital of the Province and when Lt.-Col. John Graves Simcoe, the first Lieuten- 
 ant Governor of Ontario, came to the ready conclusion that Newark, as Niagara-on-the-Lake 
 was then called, was unsuitable for the Seat of Government, on account of its proximity to the 
 United States border and its not being central enough for provincial purposes, he had no diffi- 
 culty in selecting Toronto as the place best suited for his capital. 
 
 Accordingly he did so choose and promptly made a progress by water, to lay the 
 foundations of the new town, accompanied by his officers of state and a detachment of the 
 Queen's Rangers. The town olan was very simple, and was in the form of a parallelogram, the 
 street area being founded on the west by George Street, on the south by Palace Street, on 
 the East by Ontario Street and on the North by Duchess Street. At this interval of time it 
 is worth recalling the meaning of the early street nomenclature of the city. George Street 
 was named after George, Prince of Wales (George IV). Duchess Street after the Duchess of 
 
BANK OF MONTREAL, TORONTO BRANCH. 
 
 SAINT ANDREWS PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH. 
 
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CHAPEL MT. PLEASANT CEMETERY 
 
 SCENE IN MT. PLEASANT CEMETERY. 
 
CONF^.DERATION LIFE BUILDING. 
 
VICTORIA CLUB 
 
 TORONTO CLUB. 
 
York, the king's daughter-in-law. Frederick Street, after the duke of York. Caroline Street after 
 Queen Caroline, then Princess of Wales. Yonge Street, after Sir Frederick Yonge, Secretary of 
 State for war. Governor Simcoe changed the name of the new town from Toronto to York, and 
 for many years it was so known 
 
 At the beginning of this century the town had taken form, and was spreading Its 
 buildings over the fairly large area laid out Public buildings were erected, and others were 
 projected and residences sprung up of goodly proportion and architectural variety. At this 
 period the town was twice captured by the Americans. It surrendered in 1813 to General 
 Pike, when the Houses of Parliament and the records were burned and much damage inflicted 
 on property; and three months later the town was taken by the American fleet under Com- 
 modore Chauncy The social and commercial life of the town was progressing very rapidly, 
 but in this brief sketch cannot be dealt with. Some of the leading men. however, may be 
 mentioned and their names will revive the scenes in which they moved as controlling actors. 
 Following Simcoe were Peter Russell, Peter Hunter, Sir Francis Gore, Sir Isaac 
 Brock, and contemporary were the Baldwins. Jarvises. Robinson, Powell. Osgoode. Rolph. 
 Small. Hagerman, Chewett. Draper. Ridout, Boulton, Bidwell, Allan. Shaw and Denison One 
 figure stands out pre-eminent in the person of Bishop Shachan, the sturdy Aberdonian who 
 was an ecclesiastic and statesman who left his mark on the events of the day as probably no 
 one else did. Meanwhile the town grew and prospered. Successful business enterprises were 
 established, churches built, schools provided, and colleges for the higher branches of educaiion 
 founded. The printing press poured forth its broadsheets and "Little Muddy York" then as 
 now was the provincial centre of political agitation and literary activity. As the seat of Gov- 
 ernment this was only natural, but the circumstances of the time were favorable for civil 
 commotion and public unrest. The Family compact reigned supreme, popular rights were 
 ignored or neglected and constitutional agitation having failed in effecting redress and reform 
 the people, or a portion of them arose in revolt, the outbreak being known as the Wm. Lyon 
 Mackenzie Rebellion. Three years before that extreme step was taken York once more 
 changed its name, reverting to "Toronto" and it became a city. From that year 1834, it 
 dates its second birth, and the man upon whom was bestowed the distinction of being the first 
 Mayor was the agitator and reformer Wm. Lyon Mackenzie. The steps taken to incorporate 
 Toronto are worth reciting: Mr. Jarvis, member for York introduced the bill for incorporation 
 into the Legislature in February, 1834. In March it became law. providing for a city divided 
 into five wards with two Alderman and two Councilmen from each ward, from whom was to be 
 elected a Mayor. The wards and their representatives were as follows: St. Andrews': T. D 
 Morrison, John Harper, Aldermen; John Armstrong. John Doel. Councilmen; St. Davids': Wm. 
 3 
 
Lyon Mackenzie, James Lesslle. Aldermen. Franklin Jackes. Colin Drummond Ccuncllmen St 
 George's Thomas Carfrae. Jr . Edward Wright. Aldermen . John Craig. George Gumett, 
 Councllmen. St Lawrence George Munrc Aldermen, Wm Arthurs, Lardner 
 
 Bostwick, Councllmen, St Patricks Dr Juhn Hulph. George T Dentson. Sr . Aldermen. 
 Joseph Turton. James Trotter, Councllmen , The first meeting of the new council was held 
 on the 3d of April 1834, and Mr Mackenzie was elected Mayor, and It was he who designt-d 
 the city arms and motto " Industry, Intelligence, Integrity" 
 
 Here It may be proper as it surely will be Interesting to give the names of the 
 chief Magistrates who have ruled the city since Its incorporation viz 1834 Wm Lyon 
 Mackenzie, 1835 Robert Baldwin Sullivan, 1836 Thomas D Morrison, M D, 1837 George 
 Gurnett; 1838 John Powell, 1841 George Munro, 1842-44 Hen Henry Sherwood Q C, 
 1845-47 Wm Henry Boulton . 1848-50 George Gurnett, 1851-53 John George Bowes, 1854 
 Joshua Geo. Beard, and John Beverley Robinson, President. 1855 George W Allan, 1856 
 John Beverly Robinson, 1857 John Hutchison, 1858 William Henry Boulton and D B. 
 Read, Q C. , 1859 Adam Wilson, Q C. i860 Adam Wilson Q C, John Carr, President; 
 1861-63 John George Bowes, 1864-66 Francis H Medcalf. 1867 68 James E Smith, 186^ 
 S B. Harman; 1870 S B Harman and George DArcy Boulton, President, 1871-72 Joseph 
 Sheard, 1873 Alexander Manning, 1874 Francis H Medcalf, 1875 Francis H Medcalf and 
 John Baxter, President: 1876 Angus Morrison, Q C, 1877 Angus Morrison, Q C , and F 
 G Close. President; 1878 Angus Morrison. Q. C. 1879 James Beaty. Jr. Q C: 188l-'r2 
 W B McMurrich; UW3-84 A R Boswell, 18H5 Alexander Manning; 1886-87 W H 
 Howland, 1888-91 E F Cis.rke, 1892 93 R J Fleming; 1894-95 Warring Kennedy, 1896 
 R J. Fleming; 1897 R J. Fleming and John Shaw; 1898 John Shaw 
 
 At the date of its incorporation, the population of Toronto was under 10,000 and 
 the ratable property within the city limits did not exceed three quarter.'; of a million The 
 western boundary was Peter Street and the city did not extend to the east beyond the Don 
 There were but few buildings to the north of Queen Street, then known as Lot Street, the 
 primeval forest being still uncut und uncleared on the Northern border In this year the newly 
 born city suffered from an outbreak of Asiatic cholera, which proved a terribly fatal scourge, 
 the death rate being one in twenty of the population. The gloom caused by this disaster 
 deepened the dissatisfaction caused by the misgovernment of the Province and emphasized the 
 disaffection of the populace. Yet the city prospered well on the whole, notwithstanding these 
 untoward experiences. 
 
 With the rebellion of 1837, already mentioned, we shall not deal. T.'onto was. of 
 course, the object of attack, but the defense was more than sufficient to prevent any siege or 
 inroad, Montgomery's tavern, to the north being the point of rally, and a few volleys of mus- 
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MASSEY MUSIC HALL 
 
 PUBLIC LIBRARY. 
 
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 BOAT CLUBS. 
 
ketry the only expression of war. From the '37 to the present time the leading events must 
 be passed under review kaleidoscopically. The progress made of late years will be shown 
 more fully and a picture of the city as it now is will be furnished, with it beetling life, its 
 mighty commerce, its princely industries, its professional and its civic and other institutions, its 
 social life, its climate, its possibilities of development in many directions— in short, its present 
 and its future. This is a wide field, for Toronto has much to say for herself. But before en- 
 tering on a detailed account, two or three events of peculiar interest must needs be briefly 
 alluded to. In 1841 the city ceased for a time to be the Capital of ti.e Province This was 
 consequent on the Legislative union effected between Upper and Lower Canada. Toronto was 
 considered to be too far removed from the lower portion of the United territory and although a 
 gallant attempt wis made by press and platform to keep the seat of government in the city 
 the attempt failed. However, during Lord Elgin's tenure of the Governor-Generalship, the gov- 
 ernment headquarters were fixed once again in Toronto in the year 1849. The public ques- 
 tions of the day were exciting and had much to do with the changes of the seat of Govern- 
 ment from one Canadian city to another. Montreal. Kingston and Quebec shared with Toronto 
 the honor of being Capitals in those times. In 1860 the social circles were stirred to their 
 depths by the visit of the Prince of Wales and his distinguished suite. The city fathers ac- 
 corded the royal visitor a brilliant and worthy recaption, memories of which still live green in 
 the recollection of many citizens. At that time the city had assumed ambitious proportions 
 giving promise of its still greater future prosperity, and wealth and beauty there were in abund- 
 ance to greet the Sovereign's son and heir. Then as now the prevailing sentiment was one 
 <• intense loyalty to the throne and no means were spared by private citizens as well as by the 
 1. .licipality to give expression to that sentiment. Another event arousing civic interest and 
 public feeling with respect to the city, happened in 1867 when the Confederation of the Pro- 
 vinces having laid the foundation of the Dominion of Canada. Toronto became the Capital of 
 Ontario, the banner and central province of the new Dominion. The significance of this step 
 was fully realized by Toronto and the press of the time testifies to the public ?iirit which char- 
 acterized the community. Meetings were held, discussions took place, and the affairs of the 
 country received direction to no small extent from Toronto The course of events were 
 smooth and upwards in tendancy from that period on until 1884. a year which marks another 
 important period in the city's history. That year closed the first fifty years of the city's civic 
 existence, and the semi-centennial celebration was an event of magnitude and magnificence. 
 Mr. W. B. McMurrich was Mayor, and he initiated plans for a celebration on a large scale. 
 The event happened at an important juncture in the affairs of the city, when population was 
 reachir.'' up by leaps and bounds and the value of real estate was running high. The celebra- 
 tion aided in booming the city still more, and for a few years Toronto was the centre of 
 5 
 
commercial activity in the Dominion. Her borders were enlarged, her commerce flourished, 
 and her people heaped up wealth. But the haste to get rich had its limit and a day of reck- 
 oning came when the boom broke in 1889-90, sweeping fortunes and "equities" before it as 
 a flood. The city suffered greatly, but stood the test marvelously well. The cloud has passed 
 and there have been years of plenty and comfort again within her boundaries, with future 
 prospects of the brightest kind. 
 
 Troni Ihe municipal Siand-poillt. viewed from the Municipal stand-point, Toronto 
 can show a good record. With the increase of population the boundaries were gradually 
 extended, the process necessitating the annexation of the suburban municipalities of Lesslieville, 
 Yorkville, Seaton Village, Brockton and Parkdale and the unification of the annexed interests 
 into a compact, corporate, whole. As the boundaries extended, so did the number of wards 
 increase. Instead of five as in 1834 twelve wards sent representatives to the Aldermanic 
 board as the result of the growth of fifty years. The board having become too large the sys- 
 tem of representation was consolidated by reducing the wards to six and the number of alder- 
 men to twenty-four. The method of electing the Mayor has changed more than once. At the 
 beginning the Aldermen selected the Mayor from their own number, but this method was 
 changed to one by which the voters generally elected him by ballot. This, again, was changed 
 and again reverted to and prevails at present. The city government has been recently changed 
 by the formation of a Board of Control consisting of the Mayor, ex-officei'. and three aldermen 
 elected by the Council Board, and who are remunerated specially for their services. They act 
 as a supervising and also an initiating committee and their reports to Council can only be up- 
 set by a certain specified majority of that Body. The Board of Control therefore has great 
 power in the administration of affairs and the experience of former years of it has been satis- 
 factory. The work of the city is carried only departments presided over by responsible officers 
 and controlled by Committees of aldermen, such as the Board of Works, dealing with the city 
 Engineer's department, the Parks and Gardens and Property Committee, the Fire and Light 
 Committee. The Local Board of Health, and so forth. Th^ permanent staff officers of the city 
 are. the City Clerk, the City Treasurer, the assessment Commissioner, the city Engineer, the 
 Street Commissioner, the City Commissioner, the Medical Health Officer, the Chief Engineer 
 of the Fire Department and the Park Superintendent. These officers have power of regulating 
 their staff, and they recommend appointments and dismissals according to the requirements of 
 their departments. 
 
 The great spending department is that of Works, and the City Engineer is one of 
 
 the most important officers of the city. All public works and the water supply come under 
 
 his control. He acts for the city in the execution of important contracts and on his approval 
 
 or disapproval very large issues often depend. The maintenance of 256 miles of streets, of 
 
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various pavements, asphalt, brick, macadam, etc.. the supervision of 228 miles of sewers and 
 of 248 miles of water mains are under his care, besides 225 miles of gas mains. 120 miles 
 of underground electric conduit and eighty miles of steam railway tract. Then the street 
 railway tracks and running arrangements are within the purview of his office. He r 
 the speed of the cars, the accommodation furnished to passengers and sees to the maintenance 
 of the tracks. But the city treasury is the centre of the municipal system The treasurer, 
 having charge of the finances comes into direct contact with each and every ' : ■ — :3nt and 
 his duties are no sinecure. His annual budgets indi-i*-^ t; probably nothing ..-- -an, the 
 prosperity or unprosperity of the city. His it is to gi. • :iected and complete view of the 
 
 various interests, to suggest methods of increased revenue and "f reduced taxation A brief 
 statement of the rateable property and statistics showing the s; : the city at : .vill. 
 
 therefore, be in place here The value of realty and personalty and the revenue derived from 
 them for a period of ten years ending 1897 will show the growth of the city: — 
 
 Real and Personal Revenue from General Taxes and 
 
 Year. 
 
 Property. Local Improvement Taxes. 
 
 1887 S 83.259.533 SI. 481. 449 73 
 
 1888 98.514,463 1.643.854 46 
 
 1889 115.632.017 1.963.145 88 
 
 1890 136,687.328 2.345.969 84 
 
 1891 147.032.589 2.974.554 94 
 
 1892 151.093.328 2.784,063 80 
 
 1893 150.833.796 3.291.95083 
 
 1894 150.766.739 3.098,727 56 
 
 1895 146,427,802 3,063.770 39 
 
 .896 141,000,436 2,952.952 69 
 
 1897 130.296.457 2.799.858 86 
 
 But in addition to revenues raised on personalty and realty there were raised from 
 properties in possession of the city and from other sources, such as licenses, etc., the fol- 
 lowing amounts from 1887 to 1897. viz; $476,300, $550,700, $557,050, 606.100, $620,207, 
 $747,907. $711,873. $722,518. $677,351. $705,899. $670,000. The controllable expei. liture 
 for 1897 amounted to $1,086,236.00 and the uncontrollable for the same year to $1,777,562.00. 
 The fluctuations in the income from general taxes and special revenue are accounted for by 
 the depreciation in values following the breaking of the land boom which we have already men- 
 tioned. The rateable values dropped as the above table shows, but with the re-adjustment to 
 living values the city's finances and the city's credit were placed on a sound basis. At the 
 present moment not only is the credit of the city at the highest point it has ever reached, but 
 it is higher than that of any city in the world. This is a large statement, but we are assured 
 7 • 
 
by financiers that it is quite within the facts of the case. The opinion is based on the last 
 loan placed by the city when the debentures were placed at 104 at 3'- and the loan was 
 subscribed for twenty times over. It is not so long ago since the debentures of Toronto were 
 placed at 90. The present confidence is not misplaced. The city \: well governed. It owns 
 property valued at more than $8,400,000 from which it derives a steady and safe revenue 
 that property is constantly increasing The property exempt from laxation. such as churches 
 and charities, and therefore not included in the above table is moderately valued at $22,158,516, 
 and part of this exempted might in certain contingencies be taxed. The commercial prosperity 
 of the city as shown in its volume of business, is apparent to the investor, and is not of a 
 transient character, and as the city's "esources and government are becoming better known in 
 financial markets of the world the c ' the city rises more and more. It may also bs 
 
 stated that the Bank Clearing House ti, ... for 1896 amounted to $342,031,851.00. arid that the 
 business commercial ratings reach 6. 300, while the value of goods imported for one year 
 reach from $18,000,000 to $20,0(X),00(1 The population is placed at 220,033, residing on an 
 area within the city limits of 10,391 acres or 16.2 square miles. That i? ■ - . . ^q^- 
 
 tury, or taking it from the date of incorporation, of 60 years. 
 
 Toronto is supplied with water for all purposes — household and manufacturing — 
 from Lake Ontario. The water is conveyed from a point far out in the lake b"" --^ 'he Island, 
 by a steel conduit through which it is forced by five pumping engines havin^; ^ _..»pacity for 
 pumping more than 40.000.000 gallons daily. The supply is stored in Rosehill Reservoir which 
 covers a bottom area of more than 40.000 square yards one-third of which is laid with 
 concrete. Thus the supply is kept at a quar tity the sufficiency of which is certain and the 
 quality being good every satisfaction is given by the service. The cost to the ratepayers aver- 
 ages from $260,000 to $265,000 per annum, while the revenue averages $454,000. the 
 difference going to sinking fund, interest, and general revenue and the cost divided over the 
 consumers is considered reasonable in return for the unfailing supply and the quality of the 
 water. The water rates do not go into the general taxes, but are levied on the consumers 
 and collected by a special branch of the treasury under the direction of the treasurer. The 
 system has been subject to many changes, as would naturally be expected in a community 
 where motto has been "reform and progress" all along the line in municipal affairs. 
 
 For the protection of property from fire the city is well equipped. The fire 
 brigade is allowed to be one of the most efficient en this continent. As almost have all other 
 fire brigades of the present day, it originated from the volunteer firemen whose services were 
 adequate to meet the emergencies of early times. The brigade was organized by some of the 
 officers who had had extended experience in fighting the flames and who knew the require- 
 ments of the city well On many occasions, has it been inspected by expert authorities from 
 
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 SAINT GEORGE STREET. 
 
the United States and Great Britain, some of whom had opportunity of witnessing its operations 
 on outbrealcs of fire nnd all concur in according to the Toronto brigade very high commenda- 
 tions. The brigade numbers between 170 and 180 men At the present time there are one 
 central and ten branch stations, distributed so as to cover convt.. ntly the wiae area over 
 which the city is spread. The value of the buildings is a considerable ci*y asset while the 
 engines and necessary apparatus have cost large sums. The salary bill last year amoun^^d to 
 $109,665.00 and the total outlay to $136.909 00 To this department pertains also the lighting of 
 the streets, the medium being gas and electricity, in the proportion of one t the cost hr 
 
 which (paid to private companies) reaches about $103.95800 
 
 Street RiinWiiy. Perhaps no public enterprise in Toronto has attracted more atten- 
 tion from the outside world than the street car service it possesses The history of street cars 
 in Toronto is as instructive as it is interesting. From the first attmpt to establish a street car 
 service in 1861 until now the enterprise has been in the hands of able business men who have 
 made it pay and have given excellent service to the public. In 1861 the city made a con- 
 tract with Alexander Easton, Yorkville. by which he secured the franchise for street railways 
 The system was to serve the central and business portions of the city the tracks extending 
 from Bloor to King Streets on Yonge Street: from Bathurst Street to the River Don, on King 
 Street; and from Shaw to Yonge on Qu^en Street. Mr, Easton was to keep the tracks and 
 the street crossings in repair, a five cent fare for one journey was imposed, and the City Sur- 
 veyor was endowed with ample powers of supervision for the city. The franchise was to live 
 for thirty years. Each and every car was to be numbered and a license of five dollars per 
 annum for each was to be paid to the city. No cars were to be run on Sundays. From 
 Mr. Easton the franchise was acquired by certain gentlemen chief among ■ ^m were Sir Frank 
 Smith and Mr. Geo. W. Kiely, from whom in 1890 the city took it back, letting it in 1891 
 to the present company of whom ir. Wm MacKenzie is president. 
 
 The present company came into possession of the franchise in 1891 and set to 
 work immediately to increase the milage and improve the service by the introduction of 
 electricity as motive power. The result is that there is a line of street railway in every divi- 
 sion of the city easily tapping the important thoroughfares. The milage has increased to 85 
 miles of track and is still increasing. The people have voted for Sunday cars and in the 
 summer of 1897 a Sunday service was introduced. Transfer tickets on a convenient plan are 
 in use and in addition to a rate of one dollar for every twenty-five tickets, there are cheaper 
 rates during certain hours in the morning and afternoon to accommodate employees, and at a 
 certain hours for school children. The agreement on which the franchise was let provides 
 for a per centage of the gross receipts to be paia to the city Treasury, and for a mileage 
 rental which enables the city to participate to a v^.y considerable extent in the profits of 
 
the enterprise. For instance, from this "^ ist year — 1897 — the city received in round fig- 
 
 ures about $64,000.00 for mileage rental, and $83,000 (.K3 as per centage of gross earnings, a 
 very substantial amount indeed The per centage on gross receipts are fixed en the following 
 scale : 
 
 On all gross receipts up lo Sl.OOC.OOO per annum 30-0 
 
 Between : .:;d 1. 500.000 ... 10 0-0 
 
 1.500.000 ■■ 2.000.000 - 12 0-0 
 
 '0 ■■ 3.000.000 ■• 15 0-0 
 
 On all gr_-,.. :_ ,p:s above 3.000.000 •■ 200-0 
 
 As the population grows and the service extended, the revenue to the city 
 will become lucrative. It may be added that this principal of sharing in the profits has 
 been applied with respect to the telephone service and may be regarded as the thin end of 
 the wedge in the municipalization of industry. The rails are laid in solid concrete foundations, 
 ensuring not only durability but a road bed so solid that the cars run steidily and with a 
 minimum of oscillation over them. The speed o^ the cars, the accommodation to be provided 
 for passengers, and the general comfort of the travelers, such as by heating in v/inter and 
 ventilation in summer, are under regulations requiring the approval of the City Engineer 
 The power house of the railway is one of the finest on the continent. 
 
 n (Centre of Education. Toronto is famed as the educational centre of Canada. 
 No doubt she merits this reputation. As a University city she has much to be proud of. As 
 early in the history of Canada as Simcoe's Governments, representations were made to the 
 British Home authorities for the endowment of a University at Toronto. Governor Simcoe 
 had set his heart upon the founding of such an institution : Writing on the subject he said ; 
 •• A college of a higher class would be eminently useful, and would give a tone of principal 
 and manners that v/ould be of infinite support to Government " He endeavored to enlist the 
 support of Sir Joseph Banks. President of the Royal Society (Mungo Park's patron i for his 
 project, but Simcoe left Canada before his efforts were successful. In 1 7'3 1 the Legislature 
 of Upper Canada renewed the appeal and it was then responded to by the dedication of 
 500.000 acres unsettled lands for grammar Schools at Kingston. Niagara. Cornwall and Sand- 
 wich, at least 200.000 acres to be of that grant reserved for the purposes of the proposed 
 University. In the movement begun by Simcoe. culminating this. Hon. Richard Cartwright. 
 Kingston, had much to do. He was a prosperous resident of Kingston and had influence with 
 prominent men in Canada and with the Government. But for nearly forty years the scheme 
 lay practically dormant, saving references to it 'n addresses and official correspondence. 
 Finally in 1827, Bishop Strachan. who had journeyed to London for the purpose, brought back 
 to Toronto the Charter for the University and the authority for the land endowment previously 
 
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agreed upon The College was named " King s College " and from it through trivlals that net^l 
 not here be enumerated, the provincial University A/hich so efficiently discharges the functions 
 of a great seat of learning in a manner which chall ngi:s the admiration of tht academic world 
 The present beautiful building was begun in 1856 and completed in 1858 The total cost was 
 $355,907 In 1890 the building was partially destroyed by fire and many valuable books in the 
 Library wjre destroyed, but so spontaneous and general was the public sympathy that the build- 
 ing was restored by public s 'bscription. the University capital fund not being called upon for 
 any contribution to the cost Since 1858, large sums hive been expanded on buildings, viz 
 Biological Building (1890) $129,745; Gymnasium (1894) $30,000 Chemical Building (1895) 
 $82,000 The University now is the centre of a confederacy of Colleges University College. 
 Victoria University, Knox College, St Michaels College. Wycliffe College. The Toronto School 
 of Medicine and Dental and Musical Colleges, all situated in the city The corporation con- 
 sists of the Chancellor. Vice Chancellor. Professors and members of the senate and of Convo- 
 cation for the time being. 
 
 A few words are due to these affiliated colleges, the most important of which is 
 Victoria University, the university Methodist body. In 1887 when the Confederation of 
 
 the Universities took place, as rt':trrta to, Victoria was situated at Cobourg, Ont., where the 
 institution had grown strong in the affections of its supporters and prosj^-'rous in its work. 
 The wrench of the removal to Toronto made necessary by confederation was severe and to 
 many graduates painful. Now, however, viewing the handsome structure in Queen's Park and 
 having regard to the point of vantage occupied from the connection with the provincial Univers- 
 ity general acquiesence is expressed in the change. Several Arts and Literary Chairs still 
 remain at Victoria, though the University is naturally developing in the direction of a strong 
 theological seminary, theology being the chief function of a denominational college. The Arts 
 students study at Toronto University or at Victoria as the classes fit in, take their degree and 
 pass on to the study of theology. The same relationship exists with respect to Knox College the 
 old venerable Presbyterian institution, to Wycliffe, and in a measure to St. Michael's College, 
 and if the subjects of study be changed to the Toronto School of Medicine, the Dental and 
 other specialist institutions. 
 
 Next in importance to Toronto University is Trinity University vhich dates its 
 foundations back to 1850. and its active work to 1852 when it was opened It owes its exis- 
 tence to the secularization of Toronto University, originally a close Anglica.i, and to the per- 
 tinacity and indomitable perserverence of the unconquerable Bishop Strachan, whose fondling 
 erstwhile v/as King's College. But he was a sectarian and believed in education being con- 
 trolled by the Church : hence when the State freed one university which he was mainly instru- 
 mental in establishing, he turned around and established another which will ever remain a 
 
monument to hi? memory The institution thus born Is situated on Queen street west com- 
 manding a fine view. Itself possessing many architectural beauties r , complete arts 
 course.'has in affiliation a great and famous medical school. -■• ' r- ..--jlopocal course 
 for students for the Anglican ministry. 
 
 McMaster University, facing Bloor Street West, has also held aloof from confed- 
 eracy It is an important Unive: ^mplishing Its great work "n a manner which com- 
 mands the confidence of ti"* Baptist Church to which It ministers, and the admiration of the 
 learned bodies of the land It owes much to the munificence of the lat':; Hon Senator 
 McMaster whose princely endowments have enabled it to assume the functions of a University 
 under its Charter of 1887, whereby it grants degrees in Theology. Arts and Science. 
 
 Intermediate Education is imparted through the media of many schools and col- 
 leges such as Upper Canada College and the numerous Ladies' Colleges whose uniformly 
 fine buildings adorn the streets. These schools ar*" r.'-i -ou, enterprises and a test of their 
 success, and ipso facto of the prominence of Toron'. ; educational centre. Is to be found 
 
 in the fact they are all prosperous, money making concerns. 
 
 The general public is supplied with three Colle;^iste Institutes or High Schools 
 controlled by a Public Board of High School Trustees, and go' erned by Statute. They at- 
 tract a large attendance of pupils, are strongly : 'y well-paid, first clas;i specialists and 
 are liberally equipped with modern apparatus and aids. They are maintained by a fairly high fee 
 from each pupil, by a Government grant, and by an appropriation from the community through 
 the City Council. 
 
 The public and separate schools are considered to be very good, performing ex- 
 cellent educational work in the elementary stages, bringing the pupils to a position from which 
 they can enter upon a business career. The subjects taught are those of the ordinary ele- 
 mentary schools, with perhaps superior grading and adaptation, options, and as a matter of 
 course the best teachers the profession can furnish. Toronto pays liberally and ungrudgingly 
 for her public schools. The total amount per annum averaging $400,000. If the amounts 
 granted to the High Schools, Separate Schools, Technical School and special institutions 
 where elementary education is imparted be taken to account, then the average annual charge 
 on the Civic Treasury would be about $600,000, a princely sum truly. The attendance at 
 the public schools during 1897 was 34,163, including 4,773 in tne Kindergarten department. 
 The teaching staff exceeds 600, and the numbers of Public Schools is 49, while 7 other 
 schools are maintained in public institutions, making a total under the control of the Board of 
 56. Text books and school supplies are free, the cost being borne by the general ratepayer. 
 
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ISLAND PARK. 
 
 HALLAM BRIDGE— Island Park. 
 
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H CUV *T GNrclXJ. Th* number rf sacred edifices and the large average atten- 
 dance at public worship has won (or Toronto the appellation of the "City of Churches" Not 
 only are there niany churches but they are distinguished as beautiful structures showing at 
 once the good taste and the popular liberality, for the value of the properties amounts very 
 high Indeed Church property Is exempt from taxation, so that a valuation for assessment 
 purposes Is not made, but a fair estimate would give millions of dollars as the '.-alue of the 
 church buildings and their sites The denominations, of course vary In strength 
 
 The Anglican communion predominate; its members and adheren". being estima- 
 ted at from one-fifth to one-fourth of the church population, having forty-five churches and mis- 
 sion stations wlthl.1 the city Its first Bishop was the Rev. John Strachan, D. D to whose work 
 allusion has already been made. He was succeeded by Bishop Bstune. and he In turn by the 
 Right Rev Dr. Sweatman, the present Bishop, who has founded St. Albans Cathedral as the dioce- 
 san centre St. James Cathedral, is still, however, the leading Anglican church in the city, as 
 It is the oldest of all, dating from the Infant days of the city. The present Rector the suc- 
 cessor to a brilliant line, is the Right Rev. Bishop Sullivan. Among the leading Anglican 
 church are Holy Trinity. Little Trinity. St. George's. St. Stephen's. St. Luke's Church of 
 the Redeemer. Church of the Ascension. All Saints Church, St. John's. St. Margaret's. St. 
 Peter's. Crac? Church. St Matthias, St. Phillips. St Thomas. St. Anne'5. al! buildings of pre- 
 tension and beautiful design. On St. Jamss Cathedral, about $220,000 has been spent in 
 building, enlarging, renovating, etc. It is one of tiie historic churches, of the city worth visiting. 
 
 Its neighboring Cathedral is that of St. Michael, the Roman Catholic edifice on 
 Bond and Church Streets, the scene of many historic events in the history of that body In 
 Toronto. It was begun and almost completed by Bishop Fewer the first Roman Catholic 
 Bishop of Toronto diocese, and was dedicated by his successor Bishop Charbonell in 1848. 
 It is a fine specimen of Gothic Architecture with towering spire of much beauty, the latter 
 being surmounted by a cross of huge dimensions. The Roman Catholic body possess much 
 valuable property in the city for religious and educational purposes, and among the notable 
 churches are St. Paul's, tha oldest church of this denomination in the city. St. Basil's adjoin- 
 ing St. Michael's College. St. Patrick's. St. Mary's. St. Helen's. St. Peter's, St. Joseph's and 
 Our Lady of Lourdes. 
 
 The Methodist church ranks numerically next to Anglicans, and second to none 
 in public influence. Its chief place of worship is the Metropolitan church situated In the cen- 
 tre of a large open square on Queen Street East, the lawn of which is kept in beautiful 
 order, being about three acres in extent. The church is of white brick, massive size and is 
 surmounted by a tower 30 feet square, and b_, smaller towers. The seating capacity is from 
 2,500 to 3,000 and being in a line with it between St. James and St. Michael's forms, as It 
 J3 ^ _ 
 
were, a link in a chain of prominent churches. The cost of construction was about $150,000 
 and much of the credit of erecting the building belongs to the late Rev. W. Morley Poushon, 
 D. D. Some of the most important Methodist churches are those on Carlton. Sherbourne, 
 Elm. Queen. McCaul Streets, and Central, Trini*y, Broadway and Berkeley Churches. 
 
 The Presbyterians make a brave showing and in members. The head offices 
 of the church for the Western section being in Toronto interest centres largely there 
 from ail parts of Canada west of the Maritime Provinces. The Presbyterians being thor- 
 oughly democratic in government, no one church can claim superiority, unless on account of 
 the influence of its pastor and the power of the congregation. In both respects St. Andrew's, 
 the oldest congregation also, is given pre-eminence by common consent. The church is a 
 noble stone pile in Middle Norman style, with ornamented arches and pointed towers. Situated 
 at the corner of King and Somcoe Streets, opposite Government House, and near the railway 
 depot, it is conveniently seen by visitors and is universally admired as an imposing structure. 
 St. James Square, also a stone building, shares with St. Andrews the credit of being among 
 the finest church in the city. Others are Old St. Andrews on Jarvis Street, Westminster and 
 Bloor Street Churches, Erskine, Central, Chalmers, College, West. Oak Street, Parkdale, Knox 
 and Cooke's Churches, the most of them of modern construction and of beautiful design. 
 
 The Baptists and the Congregationalists also flourish in the city and possess many 
 fine buildings. The former body boasts of Jarvis Street Church as not only its leading church 
 but as one of the strongest congregations and most beautiful edifices in the city. While the 
 latter point lo Bond Street, Western, Northern and other churches as evidence of the strength 
 and influence of their denomination. Other churches there are also representing various 
 smaller religious bodies, all making a total of 183. or almost one for every thousand inhabi- 
 tants. 
 
 Che Scat of Government. As a capital of Ontario, the seat of Government is at 
 Toronto. The Legislature is housed in a massive pile of buildings situated in Queen's Park. 
 Built of Brown stone and handsomely designed, it is one of the architectural features of the 
 city. From its elevated situation a sweeping view is to be had of the city and adjacent promontor- 
 ies and of Lake Ontario in front. The Government offices are centered here and are spacious 
 apartments suitable for the varied work of the many departments. The provincial education 
 department is apart from the general building being situated in St. James Square, an open 
 area of from seventy-eight acres. The architecture is Roman Doric and the effect is an im- 
 posing block of substantial brick buildings, attractive if not handsome. In front is a statue of 
 Dr. Ryerson the founder of the Public School system of Ontario. Government House, the 
 residence of the Lieutenant Governor, is a commodious mansion at the corner of King and 
 Simcoe Streets. It is surrounded by tastefully laid out grounds and has been the scene of 
 
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CANADIAN BANK OF COMMERCE. 
 
HANLAN 5 POINT. 
 
 VICTORIA PARK. 
 
TORONTO STREET. 
 
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 WYCLIFFE COLLEGE— Efiscoj-AC 
 
 McMASTER UNIVERSITY— Baptist. 
 
notable social events in the history of the city. The Law Courts are held at Osgoode Hail 
 as the buildings are called. The " Hall " is on Queen Street in a spacious enclosure of lawn 
 and green sward, and is unquestionably one of the sights of the city. The facade is of cut 
 stone, pillared and capitalled. and is very handsome. It was completed in 1859, although there 
 have been recent additions and is named after the Hon. William Osgoode, the first Chief 
 Justice of Upper Canada. It ; ossesses a valuable Law Library and on its corridor walls are 
 hung many fine portraits in oil of the learned judges who have occupied the benches of its 
 Courts. 
 
 CibrarieS and museums. The public Library is one of the most valuable and best 
 managed on the continent. On its shelves are hundreds of thousands of books which are free 
 to the general reader, and books of reference for the student. The law library at Osgoode 
 Hall has already been referred to. It is handsomely housed and is the pride of the legal 
 profession whose benches manage its affairs. There are also valuable libraries in connection 
 with the Legislature, the Education Department and the Canadian Institute, the latter institu- 
 tion being a corporation organized for the furtherance of scientific, literature and historical re- 
 search and subsidized by Government. Its red brick building fronts on Richmond Street, and 
 here on Saturday evenings the learned servants of the city meet to hear essays and ad- 
 dresses on recondite subjects as varied as the sphere of knowledge. Here too was formed the 
 nucleus of the Provincial Museum by David Boyle, Ph. D. now housed in Education Depart- 
 ment. Indian relics are made a specialty of and the collections of valuable specimens are 
 large and growing more so year by year. 
 
 ChtiritkS and l)0$pit(ll$. Nor does Toronto lack in munificent charities. Few 
 cities anywhere, of its population can make as creditable a showing in this respect. With 
 education and religion have gone hand in hand, benevolence and care for the poor. Toronto 
 General Hospital is the chief institution of the kind in the city, drawing support from patients, from 
 thecity and provincial government. Others less prominent but important are St. Michael's. Grace 
 and Western on the same basis of support. The Asylum for the insane may also be classed 
 with these institutions. The Burnside Lying-in-Hospital, The Eye and Ear Hospital also de- 
 serve mention while among the many charitable institutions are the House of Industry, the 
 House of Providence, the Home for Incurables, the Infants' Home and Infirmary, the Boys' 
 Home, the Girls' Home, the Haven, the News Boys' Lodging, the Hillcrest Convalescent Home, 
 the Industrial Relief Society, the Orphans Home. &c. In addition to the work accomplished 
 by these, much is accomplished by the national societies, such as the St. George's, St. Patrick, 
 St. Andrew, Irish, Protestant Benevolent. Catholic Societies. German, and societies represent- 
 ing various nationalities, whose objects are benevolent and national and whose celebrations and 
 entertainment enter largely into the life of the community. 
 >5 
 
H ConoCHtion CltV- ^0''^ and more Toronto is becoming a convention city, a 
 •Place of Meeting." For this, the hospitality of the citizens, the central position the city 
 occupies, the splendid hall and hotel accommodation, are responsible. In 1897 for Instance. 
 the summer months were entirely occupied by large conventions such as the Epworth League. 
 30,000 visitors, the British Associaiion for the advancement of Science, which brought to the 
 city learned men from Great Britain and the United States by the hundred ; the international 
 Association of Charities and Cc-rection, etc. In the Armories the annual Spring horse show is 
 held and combines a society function with its main object. The Industrial fair also brings 
 hundreds of thousands visitors to the city during the first two weeks of September, the at- 
 tendance in 1896 having been 303,000. The hotel accommodation is ordinarily ample and 
 good, but at times such as are referred to. it is taxed to its utmost and private dwellings are 
 turned open to meet the demand. One of the needs of the city is a large hotel and such is 
 being projected by a number of public spirited citizens. 
 
 Public Resorts and JRmUSementS. Toronto is blessed with many and very beauti- 
 ful public parks and gardens. Queen's Park is centrally situated and is the best known of 
 them all. It is reached by one of the finest avenues on the continent extending from Queen 
 Street to the Southern entrance to the Park. This Avenue is covered with old trees, the 
 chestnut prevailing the leafy shade furnishing a grateful protection from the summer sun. In 
 and about the park are the Universities, the Colleges and the Parliament Buildings. Here also 
 are monuments to Hon. George Brown and Sir John A. Macdonald and two erected to com- 
 memorate the heroes of '66 frontier war and '84 North West rebellion. The grounds are well 
 kept and are beautifully surrounded by graceful trees and handsome private residences. High 
 Park at the western limit of the city v/as the gift of the late J. G. Howard. It is conven- 
 iently reached by street cars, and being in a state of nature having natural glades and ravines 
 densely wooded, well graded drives, &c., is very popular as a place of rescrt. Few cities can 
 boast as large and so beautiful public park. The Island lies outside Toronto Bay. It also 
 belongs to the city and is used for park purposes. Reclaiming and Improving works have of 
 late years transformed the centre portion of it into a large and beautiful park, and being situ- 
 ated on the lake the cool breezes attract thousands of citizens during the summer months. It 
 is essentially the people's reso.*^. A cheap and frequent ferry service is in use. Riverside 
 Park and Rosedale with its deep and picturesque ravines, its variegated foliage and its charm- 
 ing villa are two other parks which with the Reservoir ParK are included in the area of 
 1,114 acres set aside for public park purposes. 
 
 The turf has many patrons in Toronto, the city being the headquarters for that 
 sport in Canada. Lacrosse, Baseball, Cricket. Curling, Rugby, and Hockey Clubs, are numer- 
 ous and strong. The athletic club, housed in a tall well proportioned building on College 
 
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 SHERBOURNE STREET. 
 
 ELM AND MAPLE AVENUES-^Rosedale. 
 
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Street give cohesion to some of the sports ; the curling clubs of which there are five with 
 expensive rink buildings, viz: Victoria, Granite. Moss Park. Prospect Park and the Cale- 
 donian are important organizations in winter sport. Bicycle clubs abound and are beyond 
 enumeration. 
 
 The stage has always found a generous patron in Toronto, so has its sister, 
 music, and the halls are specially adapted for musical functions and the public taste has been 
 pxemplified often by crowded audiences listening to classic compositions rendered by the lead- 
 ing artistes of the day or by local organizations. The theatres are large and comfortably seated 
 and representations of the best plays from London and New York houses are successfully 
 given every winter in the Grand Opera House or the Princess Theatre. Art. a twin sister, 
 has a home on King Street West in the Art Gallery, the headquarters of the Ontario Society 
 of Artists, whose annual exhibition of pictures have done much to educate a public taste and 
 to stimulate the artists themselves to better things. The city press is influential and deserved- 
 ly so. Three great morning dailies and four evening dailies are published and are conducted on 
 a metropolitan scale with great ability and enterprise. Of weeklies and monthlies several hun- 
 dreds emanate from the city press and circulate throughout the length and breadth of the land. 
 
 B CiMti of Cotnincrcc. As a centre of commerce brief reference has already 
 been made to the city. Its banks, large insurance companies have their headquarters in the 
 city, and financial agencies also flourish within its borders. Trade is represented by large 
 wholesale and retail houses in every line of business and mercantile pursuits are extensively 
 followed. Departmental stores have their Canadian centre in Toronto and packages with their 
 trade labels are to be found in distribution all over the Dominion. Industry flourishes likewise. 
 Factories, converting the natural products into finished articles are in full blast. Shipbuilding, 
 iron work, foundries and such works are carried on with enterprise and success. The live 
 stock trade carried on in the city is most important and is constantly growing. The cattle 
 market, largest in Canada, is under municipal control and rent accrues annually from the lease- 
 hold. Railway facilities conspire to develop the city's trade. To the east and west the rail- 
 way lines branch out conveniently and to some extent to the north seems to be desirable, and 
 the city has taken steps to open up the country between the present terminus and James 
 Bay, and excursion steamers play in summer to the numerous resorts on the lake, and the 
 easy communication with the north induces many to summer in the wilds of Muskoka and 
 other districts where fishing and shooting can be enjoyed as well as pure air and exercises. 
 
 }\ RCSidcntiill City. Toronto is par excellence a residential city The salubrity 
 and moderateness of its climate, the shelter of the northern ridges by which it is protected from 
 gales, the coolness of the air by the lake in front, the proximity of pleasant summer resorts, 
 the educational advantages, the high sanitary condition of the city, all conduce to attract resi- 
 
dents, many of them of the class retired from business in country towns and villages. The 
 attractiveness of the city from the architectural stand point has much to do with this also. Not 
 only are the majority of the residences on the best streets, such as St. George's. Jarvis. Sher- 
 bourne. Carleton. College. The Park. Bloor St.. &c.. very handsome in design, construction and 
 surroundings of lav/n and trees, but the boulevarded streets and the imposing public buildings 
 combine to give an appearance to Toronto seldom equalled and in summer never surpassed. 
 Some of the buildings, such as the Universities, have already been mentioned Others equally 
 notable might be mentioned by the score For instance, the new County Court House and 
 City Hall is a vast building in Romanesque style of which any city might be proud. The 
 Post Office, the Customs House, the Bank of Commerce, the Bank of Montreal, are examples 
 of beautiful buildings delightful to the artistic eye. The streets are well laid and well kept 
 Asphalt has been extensively used and the pleasure and ease of driving is much enhanced 
 thereby. 
 
 Toronto's future is bright and promising. As in the past and present she has 
 been well served by her citizens, so in time to come a like public spirit will no doubt con- 
 tinue to maintain her interests and to utilize opportunities for the advancement and welfare of 
 the community. 
 
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TORONTO GOLF CLUB. 
 
 GOLF CLUB. 
 
ST. JAME'S CATHEDRAL. 
 
TEMPLE BUILDING. 
 
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 QUEEN'S PARK. 
 
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JARVIS STREET — North from Cawthra Sc'Jake. 
 
 Jj*RVIS STREET — North from Carlton Street. 
 
UNION DEPOT. 
 
BLOOR STREET. 
 
 ST. GEORGE STREET. 
 
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McKlNNON BUILDING. 
 
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