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MICROCOPY RESOIUTION fEST CHART 
 
 (ANSI end ISO TEST CHART No, 2i 
 
 ^ r^PPUED IN/HGE In 
 
 aF * ''^^^ ^Q^' Ma-" Sffe^i ' ~"~ 
 
 =^ ('16) ?88-5989 - Fo, 
 
DOC 
 
 i. 
 
 ''•?<a'5^BH 
 
 CANADA 
 
 DEPARTMENT OF MINES 
 
 KIMBS BRANCH 
 
 lloir. W. TsMPUDUX, Mwumt; A. P. Loir, LL.D., DaForr !tIiiii«TKit; 
 Extamni Haaiox, Ph. D., DnutcroK. 
 
 BULLETIN No. L 
 
 INVESTIGATIDN OF THE PEAT 
 PEAT INDUSTRY OF C 
 
 TIH^^IASGN 1908-9. 
 
 SECONi^ EDITION 
 
 %^ 
 
 ^/l,iJ 
 
 BY 
 
 tax. kystMHm. m£. 
 
 S, A. ANREP. PEAT EXPSRT. 
 
 STOP 
 
 FRAGILE 
 
 Do not use 
 book drop. 
 
 Return directly to Main Circulation. 
 
 OTTAWA 
 
 CkjYKRNMKNt PBINTINQ BtTREAL' 
 
 li09 
 
 No. 30. 
 
 s»£v«i'!^>>"-" ''•■ "wr 
 
'^ JO/A 
 
 CANADA 
 
 KPAFiTMKXT OF MINKS 
 
 MINES BRANCH 
 
 Hon. \V Ikmi'LHMin, Mimstkh; A. !'. i.ow, I, I. It. Dkitiv Minitkr; 
 I^U'JKNE IIaanki., Th I)., I)ii:k. run. 
 
 ^957 
 
 BULLETIN No. L 
 
 INVESTIGATION OF THE PEAT BOGS AND 
 
 PEAT INDUSTRY OF CANADA. DURING 
 
 THE SEASON 1908-9. 
 
 SECOND EDITION 
 
 BY 
 
 ERK NYSTROM. M£.. 
 
 AMD 
 
 S. A. ANREP. PEAT EXPERT. 
 
 l^iliL 
 
 ( ITTAWA 
 (iOVERNMENT 1"KI.\TIN<: BrREAU 
 
 No. M) 
 
LI.TTKH or TRANSMITTAL. 
 
 Ottwvv. March S, 19<)!t. 
 Sir,— 
 
 DurinK the mmsuii <,{ IWS, I, witi. Mr. A. Aiircp ;is ;i.-;sistaiit . .started the; 
 in\ estimation of our peat resource.-. The bog.s fir.<t to he considered were 
 those whic!i were favouralily located as to transportation and market. 
 
 Several of these liogs are uf considerable extent, and in order to arrive 
 at a fiurly accurate estimate as to their extent, depth and i|U.Mlity of the i)eut 
 contained, a great number of hole": have to he drilled. 
 
 The diilling, a> well as the cutting out of the nece>sarv lines, especially 
 where the hogs are heavily wocxled, requires ronsiderai)le time, and these 
 investigations will, therefore, involve many years' work. 
 
 I'art of the summer was spent at \ictoria Road [)eat hog, where the 
 Anrep }>eat pulping machine imported from Sweijen was set up, in order (O 
 manufacture sufficient peai ftel to start the Korting f)eat gas producer plant 
 at present under erecti(jn at Ottawa. 
 
 During the summer I also visitod the greater number of the ^.leat plants 
 so far erected in Canada and in October attended the meeting of the American 
 Peat Society held in Toledo, Oliit). 
 
 In the following report the bog.s so far investigated are separately de- 
 scribed, and accompanied by maps showing their areas a.s well as the depths 
 of the peat and the average degree of humitication (•■v each drill hole. 
 
 Dr. EuciF.NK Ha.vnkl, 
 
 Director of Mines, 
 
 Ottawa. 
 
 Yours respc'tfully. 
 
 (Signed) E. Xv.stki 
 
 9 
 f 
 
 1 
 
( o\'ii;n !<. 
 
 Lcttci 111' 'l'raii.-tiiitr:il. 
 
 Mctliiiii Ml' lii\i'stii;;ifiiiri . . 
 
 ('ali:ii|i;iii Mo^s 
 
 CliMiact ■Stic I'lanfs nl' the I'oat |{;.j;> uf Oiitari. 
 I»p>iri|itiiiii lit Iiicliviiltial Peat Hn^s . 
 
 Me:- Mlciic I'cat I'xiii 
 
 Alfrod IVat Huii. 
 
 Wcllaiul IVat Hojj 
 
 Ni>\viii>rlt)ti IVat H.)fi 
 
 IVitl. IVat Kof; 
 
 \'ict<)iia Hciad I'lvit Mdj; 
 
 I'rescnt Status of the I'cat Industry iit Canada 
 
 Victoria l{c>ad IVat Plant 
 
 <iuclpli Pi'at Plant 
 
 lainham l'<'at Platit . . 
 
 Lac du Muniict IVat Plant 
 
 Drvinj;, CariiDiiizinj;. I'tc 
 
 s 
 
 s 
 
 10 
 
 111 
 IJ 
 li 
 
 15 
 17 
 is 
 Ifl 
 
 21 
 o:4 
 
 IM.rsTH\TION>. 
 
 ..M'^ 
 
 Moi- P.loue Peat Hof^ 
 
 Alfred IVat !'<i^- 
 
 Wellaiid p.-. n.-ii 
 
 ""wingtOil . r- ;' peg . . . 
 
 '■ il' Peat \U,ii. 
 
 N'ictoiia Utiad Peat HnK . 
 
 10 
 12 
 14 
 
 m 
 
 is 
 
 • )•> 
 
INVESTIGATION 
 
 OF THE 
 
 PEAT BOGS AND PEAT FUEL INDUSTRY 
 
 OF CANADA, 1908. 
 
 riv 
 ERIK NYSTROM and S. A. ANREP. 
 
 MHTJIOI) OF INVKSTKiATION. 
 
 In Older tn nuip tlir s'urface of the luips, lines were run at certain intervals, 
 generally 1 ,000 feet apart. Drillings were made in each of these lines at inter- 
 vals of .')00 feet, and samples of the peat collected from <liffeiviit depths. 
 Unless the peat was very iliffeient in appearance, all these samples were made 
 into one <;cnpral sample coverini; a certain section of the hog: l-ut the defiree 
 of huinirication was noted foreacii drill hole, and for the difTerent de[)ths. 
 
 The different degrees of Inimitication are expressed in letters in acci>rd- 
 ance with the following scale: — 
 
 (■ 
 
 
 
 M 
 
 
 
 (•4 
 
 
 indicaiing a 
 
 H + 
 
 inilicating a i)eat 
 
 
 ]iV 
 
 — 
 
 peat more or 
 
 .\ H 
 
 more or less suitai 
 
 >le 
 
 BC 
 
 
 ■ less suitahie 
 
 .\ H 
 
 fur peat fuel. 
 
 
 HC 
 
 -U 
 
 for moss litter. 
 
 .\ u . 
 
 
 
 R- 
 
 
 
 A — 
 
 
 
 The peat classiiied in accordance with thi> scale fromC to IV - is only suitaMe 
 for the manufacture of moss litter <ir similar products, and that from M to .\ 
 for peat fuel. H. for instance, indic-'tcs that the [M'at fuel jjr.idui'ed from 
 such peat is light and conse(|Uently bulky, atid .\ M a heavier peat, well suited 
 for the maiiuf.'icture of fuel. In the same manner (' indicates a peat, oi' 
 rather moss, well suited for moss-litter, and B- a less suitai )le material. 
 The signs -i- and - after the letter I'espectively iiK rease or decrease tin- 
 degree indicated. 
 
 Tor the i)urpose in view. viz.. foolit.iin a fairly accurate iilea of our jwat 
 resources, it is cjuite -ullicieiit. at least for the larger liogs. to run the lines 
 1.000 feet, or even fuither apart, as it would othei'wise reciuire a very long 
 time to reach any conclusions; hut when manufacture of peat produi'ts is 
 inti-nded, drillings ought to he made closci-. 
 
 In Canada the inethoil chiefly u.>-vd for the manufacture of peat fuel has 
 Keen to harrow the surface of the iiog, oi' some similar metlnxl, and collect 
 the partly air-dried peat in h()ri:;ontal !a\ers. In -^urh ca.<es the part of the 
 hog which is intended to lie worked slior.id be carefully itnestigateil, 
 and the ()Ualit\ and jiroper'ies of th<' dilYereiit lavers separately ascertained. 
 The peat, in many c;ise-. ].•. of ditTei-ent iialuie in different layer~. even in i1h/ 
 
 i 
 
<:,nip iMiiT, u'ld in sovcrMi .mscs >nnie layers are entirely unsiiital.ie for the 
 .uetho.l al.Mve referrea to. In Kuro|.e the iueth<Ml generally used for the 
 pr.„lu,tM,M .1 peat fuel is diiTereut: the peat is there .lus uiix of the iiog in 
 V. rtieil Tiiches. the ditTeretit Livers „i peat are mixed. a;id a uniform pro- 
 durt I- iiilamed 
 
 ( A\.\1»1.\.V MfKiS. 
 
 The vejietatic.n fnrniiiif; our 1mi};s is in most i-a.ses identical, or very 
 
 siinilar to tiiat formiiif: the i:uroi)ean iiogs. 
 
 In thei(.llowin,s;list.sui)pliedl)yMr..I.M.Macounof tlieCeoh.gicalSurvey, 
 
 the |iriiicipal plants forming our hogs are enumerated:— 
 
 (HAltACTKHISTIC I'l.ANTS oK Till, I'tlAT liOlIS OF ONTARIO. 
 
 ^Vhile tlie numher of species of Sphagnum growing on our eastern hogs is 
 ver\- large, the general hog covering is made up of a few speeie.s only, of which 
 the following are tlie most ahundant:— 
 
 Sphagnum acutifolium. Uuss. and Warn.st. 
 
 Sphagnum recurvum. Russ. and Warnst. and its varietie.s. 
 
 Sphagnum fuscuni, von Klinggraeff. and its varieties. 
 
 Si>hagnum cymhifolium, Khrh. 
 
 Sphagnum medium. Limpr. 
 
 Xe.\t to Sphagnum the moss family which is most common is Hypnum. 
 More than a score of si)eeies are to be found on almost any large bog, Imt many 
 of these are not in sul! •■nt abundance to affect the quality of the peat in 
 any great degree. The most important are: — 
 
 Thuidium IMandowii. Hruch and Schiinp. 
 Camptothecium nitens. Schimp. 
 Hypnum fluitans. Linn. 
 
 On tussocks and other raised paits of bogs a great variety <.f othei' mosses and 
 lichens are always to be found, but few of these are worth noting, as they do 
 not form large masses. .Mmost any hummock will he found to lie composed 
 chieHy of the follDwing:-- 
 
 I'olytricum strictum. Hank.-. Hair-cap moss. 
 Cladonia rangiferina. Hoffm.. Reindeer moss. 
 
 Other siiecies .if I'olytricuni and Cladonia will almost always he noted, hut 
 thoM> mentiuned form the mass. 
 
 The order ('yperace;e is alwavs well represented on and around bogs, 
 in the wetter parts, where there is no Sphagnum covering, many species of 
 Curex are .ihvays to be found. :. ..oiig them: ('. utriculata, Mo(itt;('. vuli>inoi- 
 dea, Michx.; ('. leretiuscuhi. (...od: C. Sarlwellii. Dewey: ('. ri|)aiia. Curtis; 
 and C. a(iu:ililis. Wahl. 
 

 9 
 
 Oil tlif licijj itsclt tlic most ini|iiiitant .-[iccips ■mc: — 
 C'art'X cxilis, Walil. 
 ('.•ircx stcrilis, WilM. 
 (';ii('x iilif;iis[)orma. Michx. 
 • 'ai('\ trisixTMia. ])('\v('v. 
 Tlu'iiiily Dtlicr jiciius (if ('y|)i'ra<'ca' that i> n'lu-cscitecl is I'^riiipliDniin. of 
 wliii-li four or live specie- occur on e\ery Imi;;. ( )f tlie>e the most vahiaMe is: — 
 
 l-j'iophoniiii calhtrix. Cham, 
 or K. \ aKiiiatuiii. a< it was formerly called. The otlier species are: — 
 
 l-rio]>horuiii ('liaiiiiss(jnis. ('. A. Meyer. 
 Ilrioi'lioium i;i';icile, Hoth. 
 Kriophorum aiij;ustifo!ium. Koth. 
 Ijiopliorum X'irgiiiicuni. I,. 
 
 Wliile not properly lioj; jiiants, a hirge numlier of aquatic species' srow 
 ill ponds, or wet, marshy s[>ots m the Ipoj;; or along its lioiileis. 'rhes<> are 
 frequently mixeij togetiiei. luit often largt' areas will lie covereil liy one or 
 two s]iecies. such as: Tyjiha. SaKittaiia. S|)arj;aniuiii. I'triculaiia, or I'ota- 
 inojjetoii. 
 
 Only the most aliuiidaiit species are etiunierated helow: — 
 
 Sagittaria latifolia. Willd iiroad-leaved arrowlifid. 
 
 rtricularia vuljiaris. I (ireater hiadderwort. 
 
 Iris veisicolor, I I^arger blue flag. 
 
 Scir]ni< lacustris. I Lake bulrush. 
 
 Spargaiiiuiu simplex. .Michx Hur-reed. 
 
 Typha latifolia. I Cat-tail, 
 
 tllyreria iiervata. NVilld .\erved iiianna-^rrass. 
 
 (ilyceria .\niericana. Torr Tall maiiiia-iiias.s. 
 
 I'otaniogeton. Several species . . I'oiid-weed. 
 Scirjius cyperinus. Kuntli . . W Ull-gr.iss. 
 
 Xymphaea odorata. Ait White wati-r lily. 
 
 N'uphar advoiia. Ait Yellow water lily. 
 
 C)f herbaceous plants there are more than bid species, in adilition to 
 i1k>.sp mentioned above, which may jirojierly be calle.l bog jilaiits. but the 
 majority of these are either so insignificant in size or grow so far apart that 
 they effect no appreciable change in the composition of th<> peat. The most 
 common and valuaiile species are: — 
 
 .Meii\anthes trifoliata. I I'lUckbeaii. 
 
 hrosera rotundifolia, L iiound-leaved sundew, 
 
 Chiogenes liispidiila. T. and (J,, , Creeping siiowberry. 
 
 Seheuclizeria palustris. I .Scheuchzeria. 
 
 Habenaria dilatata, I'ursh Tall white i-og orchis. 
 
 Halienaria hvpei'iiorea. I Tall grei'n (U'cliis, 
 
 'In Crises wliiTc die I'.iKS li:iM' lii'iMi fiiriiicd hy tln' Krnwiin; over of Juki's tlic ri'lcuin.s 
 iif rli'wf |i|;inl~ itf'iiciallv lnriii llii' dii'iuT layers of tlic ho^s 
 
10 
 
 ^ ;ii'('iiii\iiii iiiMcnuiiipoii. Ail. . . I.arj;<' cranlierry. 
 
 \ ■•icciniutii oxycuccus. L Small cranhprrv. 
 
 Sairaccnia purjjui-oa. L I'iti-hor plant. 
 
 Kveii The m>»X ojifii l>iif:s ate usually cdveicd in jrreat part hy .■ili.uh-' or 
 shnilii)\ plants, ami in lii'fiKy «<)("|s tlicy occur frociupiitly in even greater 
 profusion. The nmst wi.iely distriliufeii ami he-t known species are: — 
 
 Ledum (iniclandirum. O. V.ilor. . Lai)radiir tea. 
 
 Andniineda jtlaucopliylla. Link. . .\ndronieda. 
 
 Kalniia glauca. L .Mountain laui-el. 
 
 Cassandra calyculata. L Leather leaf. 
 
 Sjiira'a salicifolia. 1. Meiidowsweet. 
 
 \;i'(inium Canadense. Rich Canada hhaberry. 
 
 X'acciniuni rennsyivanicuin, Lam. Low hlueherry. 
 
 Vaccinium nigrum, Uritton Low Mack hlueherrv. 
 
 Sali\ myrtilloides, I .Myrtle-leaved willow. 
 
 The only trees tiiat may he .said to he truly characteristic of hog^ are 
 Mack spruce. I'icea .Mariana, fvS.I'. and tamarack. Laris laricina. Koch., but 
 along The margins of most hogs, and on many old hogs where there is gdud 
 drainage, cedar, hemlock, balsam, ash, arcl a few other species will generally 
 be fo\uid. 
 
 M:.-;cRn'Tiox of l\iji\ idcal I'K.vr luxis. 
 
 .Mi:R Jil.KUE I'r.AT licx,. 
 
 This bog is situated aliout S miles from Ottawa. Ont.. in the townships 
 of (;io\iceste'- and Cumberland (see accompanying map) and covers more or 
 
 :if:— 
 
 ownship of (iloucester. 
 
 th: 
 
 Lots 1.M6. con. in, t 
 
 Lots '-il'). con. I\', 
 
 Lots I-IG. con. \", 
 
 Lots 1 9. con. VI. 
 
 Lots 1 2. con. \TI, 
 
 Lots 9-10, con, XL township of Cumberland, 
 
 Ix)ts 12-10, con. X. 
 
 The total are;i covered iiy this bog is. apfiroximateh . •").()()-! 
 
 Of 
 
 l.")<>4 acres h;ive a depth of less than .') feet, average 
 2:S',7 acivs liave a depth cf .j tu 10 feet, average de 
 
 .S.-)0 
 
 .{4 
 
 '>ptli 2 
 [)th O'-S' 
 
 I'res have a depth nf I() to lo feet, average de[)th ll'-s" 
 
 7 ac-i-es have a dejith of more than lo feet, avi'rage depth 10 feet 
 
 lie viilunK 
 
 it tlie I 
 
 ■eat contameil is 
 
 hr' area with a depth i«f les- t! 
 
 feet 
 
 0.9:5S.940 
 
 .") to 1(1 feet .leep l'4,(m,117 
 
 10, 102,011 
 
 111 to !.") fee 
 
 more than ).") feet deep 
 
 I deep. 
 
 N97:5,i):{7 
 
f 
 
 ■MMMMlilHl 
 
 
 iiMi 
 
 ^ifa 
 
DEPARTMENT OF m$WB 
 
 Bkt.W. 
 
 Bmim 
 
 A. F. Imr, LI.J14 Omvn Hamnm ; 
 
 nU>, DDigcMI. 
 
 MER BLEUE PEAT BOG 
 
CA.VADA 
 
 TMKN'T Of MINES 
 
 MINB« BRANCH 
 
 ^..sTEP ; A. i' Low. I.l. 1 DrruTT Minwtcr ; 
 Ik Haanel. Ph I)., DiHEc 
 
 T 
 
 E PEAT BOG 
 
 -:■:•..'.:.. ^ . .V^. . •.v;-.\.t.' ' >^ > v-- '^^^^^^^asj^f /•:.•.•' •/j>v v*,*i • 
 
EMK NYSTR6M. Mamng 
 5. A. ANK£P, Ptat BxpmH. 
 
 ^^^^M^k^ 
 
 iMMtti 
 

 Scale 5 inches = 1 mile 
 
 ^^^B, Margin of bog. 
 y.\\\*::>\ Heavilv wooded areas. 
 
3K 
 
 CAtUi 
 
 [lies = 1 mile 
 
 bOiJ. 
 
 wded areas. 
 
 rfta 
 
 .Mmlkt 
 

 
 No. 36 
 
I 
 
 I 
 
 ft.H^:??^^^-'^"^ '^^^ 
 
11 
 
 The peat is fairly wHl humified and uiiifonn in (juality, and, with proper 
 treatment, will prndnce a comparatively good [H-at fuel. 
 
 The jwat. after the Im)^ is thoroughly drained, will pr()l)ahly settle down 
 from onf- to three feet. 
 
 Deduct iiij;, therefore, the l,.'.(i4 acres, which at present 1 
 
 depth of uhout thi-ee feet and which are not likely to he profitalil 
 
 lave an avcr.-ijje 
 
 y worKcil by 
 machinery, and also allowing for the decrea.se in depth throiijih drainage. 
 we have left : — 
 
 2,2.{" acres with an average d<-pth of approximately . . ."> ffct. 
 .%() acres with an average depth of apjjroxiiiiately . . !»J 
 347 acres with an average depth of approximately . . . 1.'} " 
 with a to'al volume of :{.S.44l>.494 ciil)ic yanls of peat. 
 
 .\ssuniing that one cul>ic yard of such drained lio-r will furnish L»(M) llis. 
 dry peat substance, the total tor i<^e of dry peat .substance availal.Ie is 
 3,844,249 tons of 2,(M)() Ihs., or .").12.").<).") tons {)eat fuel, with 2."/ ; moisture. 
 
 The hog consists of three distinc; basins, partly separated l.y two com- 
 paratively hi<;h ridges. These ridges are east of lot ."> in (ilouce.stcr town- 
 ship, partly submerged in the bog, but in plac«>s form what may pro|)erly be 
 called islands in the bog. The ' ottom of the bog is a compact blue clay. 
 
 The principal vegetation foiming the |)eat in this bog is .Sphagnum, more 
 or less nii.xed with Krioidiorum and most of the other plants given in the pre- 
 ceding tables. 
 
 J.arge area.s of the surface of the bog are covered by a more or less heavv 
 growth of spruce and tam;irack, and the peat itself is intermi.xed with large 
 quantities of roots, trunk*, and stumps of trees. 
 
 Analyses oj Peat Uibmlutibj drij). 
 
 (i,")!«) :(i7,i7 (i.S-40 (i.M.>L' CS-Vfi (W-7:i 
 24- JL' 2.'i;C L'.-i-OlJ 24S(i J.")-;.!-'!) J7 
 10 HS ; 7- 18 (Mil) Hi)'.' .-,..-,1 .VOO 
 
 I ()02t) 00-'4 
 
 0:{14 0-317 
 
 1-40 MS 
 
 ll!l 
 
 ■41» 
 
 ■Jti 
 
 ■04 
 
 I 
 
 •47 
 
 
 SKO.-, 
 
 0120 0441 
 
 0.«)1 
 
 Volatile tii.ittcr 
 
 Fixed Parboil 
 
 .\.-h ; ; ; ; ; 
 
 I'tiosphonis 
 
 Sul|>lMir 
 
 .\itn)gpn 
 
 Caloritic value H. T.I', per Ih 8821' tio21 
 
 The content of ash, although in .some ca.ses comparativclv high, is not 
 exce.ssive. and the calorific value is satisfactorv. 
 
 In order to work thi> bog protitai)ly on a larger .scale, it has to be thor- 
 oughly drained. Such drainage will, undoubteilly, involve a large expendi- 
 ture of money, luit con.sidering the value of the land that would be recovered 
 and which at [ireseiit is j.racfically vaiiiele.-s. and also the improvement which 
 would result in the surrounding farming land through such draini'ge, such an 
 undertaking would eventually !■(■ a paying |)ropositi()n. The greater part 
 of the bog coidd then be utilize<l. either for the manufacture of peat I'liel, for 
 agricultural purpo.ses. ooth. 
 
I-' 
 
 III.- Ih-k is fvr<.,hn«l.v «,.|| ~itiiat..,| l..tl, in ivj;...!.! t„ .|,i|>|.,r.« f,Milifi,.s 
 ••mcl pr. .:.l,|,. ,„ark.t. »!„> .-..ntr.. ol tl,,- I.-k l«.|„i;un|v :,l,.,ut ciKl.t niil,-. from 
 < tfawa. il;,. (•.■miul.an I'anlir railway (< >ttawa-.\i..ntr..al liiu-) ,,a>^>. „„ 
 M.0 hnrtl. si,|,. „t the Im.^. aii.l tli.- (oa.i.l Trunk railwav (Ottawa- \I.„,Tn'-,l 
 line) on the south si,|,.. 
 
 Ai.iiii.i. I'lvr |{,,i,. 
 
 This Im.k is situatcl al-out 4(» miles from Ottawa, in the townships of 
 Allre.l ali.l ( aletloina (see a.x.,mpaiiyiiiK map) .liid .overs iimie or le.. .,f: - 
 Lots «) 10, cull. \||. towiisliip ,,f Alfred. 
 Lots Q-V.i. eo,,. VIII. 
 Lots H-V.t, eon. IX. 
 
 Lots 1.T24. eon. I. towiisliip of Caledonia. 
 
 Lots !l LM. (•,,„, II, 
 Lots !t is. ,•011. III. 
 al.so e.xtendinff into the towi, liip of I.oiisueuil. 
 
 The total area covered \,y this lio^ is appnixiiiiatelv (i.MMI aires. ( >f this 
 a If a 
 
 1,:<77 aeres liave a deptii of j.-ss than .*. 'eet. average deptii :;' Id" 
 :L0.S4 aeres have a depth of .', to It) feet, average depth S feet. 
 I.."{1() aeres have a depth of It) to 1.") feet, average depth 11' lo" 
 1.014 aeres have a depth of more than 15 feet, average depth l(i' -o' 
 The volume of the peat confained is: — 
 In the area with a .lepth of less than .I feet .... ,S.441,9i>s euh. vds. 
 
 .5 to 1(1 feet deep :{i)„S()o!.J02 '■ ■' 
 
 10 to 1.") fe<"t deep 2.J,()<);i,i;iG " 
 
 more than 1.") feet deep l.'(i..S4(i.,S(M) ■• 
 
 The PA ' in ! pan -,; li;, |„,j; h„ated in .Mfred township is. with the 
 
 e.\eepti<m of that immediately surrounding the small pond sli..wn .r. the 
 
 map. comparatively well humifie<l and will produce a good fuel. 
 
 The upper la.ver.^ of the part of the l.og loeate.l in Caledonia township 
 
 are, especially m the centre of that piirt, comparativelv poorh humified, and 
 
 a fairly light fuel can there l>e e.xpected. 
 
 I )educting the 1 MTT a.'ies with a depth of less than five feet, and allowing 
 
 for the de.rea.se in depth through .Irainage, we h.ive left : — 
 
 ■■i.0S4 acres with an average depth of appr..xiinately . . (i fe .. 
 l.:51() acres with an average depth of approximately . . <( •' 
 1.014 acres with an average depth of approximatelv . .l:i •• 
 
 with a total volume ..f 7().L'70.2()() .Milii.' yards of peat. 
 
 Calculating that one cuhic yard of su.'h .Irained ho- will furnish 200 li)s. 
 dry peat sui,stan.'e. the t,,tal tonnage of ,|rv |)eat suhstani'e availaMe is 
 ' •"-'"■•WJ" t"".-^ «>f -'. ) ll>s.. ,,r il.Hti!t,0()0 t,.ns peat fuel, wi'li 2.V ; m,,isture. 
 
 The hog .•onsists of one large ha.sin, the .leeper part of which is located in 
 Caleiionia t..wnship. In the northern part of th.. hog in .\lfre.l township a 
 
m: 
 
 4^ 
 
 1 
 
 E ,ffi^j/A' ..I'M, g ■ <<-'- -- i.ir . 
 
 iHl^ 
 
i 
 
 Tl 
 
CA.NADA 
 
 Di:;- .I'T.MKNT OF MINKS 
 
 MINKS BRANCH 
 
 II. IN W. ItMrli '. MiN.Mm; A 1'. I...\i. I.I. I) I ini i> Mivtitfi, 
 f\K lliwKi , I'h I) . Ilirt ( 
 
 rHE ALFIIEDPEAT BOc 
 
 
CAXAUA 
 
 :paktmi;nt or minks 
 
 MINES BRANCH 
 
 KMAN. MlM«ri|i; A 1' !..,» i I |l, | >M'I I» VivI«TKI, ; 
 
 lii i.tvf H,<\\Ki I'h 11 |in:K. ic.ri 
 
 : ALFRED PEAT BOG 
 
 ■4 J-mi-:M4-4 
 
 ■ ' - '^■' -'-- ■'- • - ■ ■ l"^ 
 
W^\ 
 
 irr J 
 
ALFRED 
 
 CON.X 
 
 ERIK NYSTROM. Mi'iWiic CncuiMr. 
 5. A. ANREP, l^tit £x|Mr<. 
 
 - ■ 
 
Scale 5 inches = I mile 
 l Margin of bog, 
 '::}}Y::. Hfitvily M'ooth'd iirvas. 
 
 

 Sc^^lc 5 inches = I mile 
 viE Mary in of bog. 
 !v! Hi avilv woodtni (tri:as. 
 
 - ■' 
 
No. 37 
 
i:: 
 
 niiiiiiariitivcly dcop <lci,ics,-i(.ii also iiccuis, ami tlio peat containcil in tliisf 
 part of the lioj; i.~ well siiitcil foi' tlu' ino'liictiim (if fuel. 
 
 Tilt' peat is principally foiinod \>y Sphafinuni. Imt in cci-tain parts nf the 
 iiofC it is alsii mixed with i;riu])h(priiiii. Hypntim. Carcx. and. cspccial'v arouu'l 
 the small ponil. with the remains of tyincal aquatie plants. Tiie nortli western 
 })ai1 of the liof; in .\lfred township, for instanee. is strongly mixed with Krio- 
 lihorum, Hy|)iium. and. towards the maifjin. with Carex. The soiitiieastern 
 l)art of the liofr in the same township is prineipally formed hy Sphafinum. 
 only slightly mixed with Mriopliorum and the remains of jjrasses. The northeiii 
 part of the hog in Caledonia township is .strongly mixed with Hypiium. and 
 the .southern an<l eastern part with the remains of plants, such as X'accinium 
 and similar plants. In Caledonia township the hog is more or less heavilv 
 wooded with spruce and tamarack, and towards the margin with cedar and 
 hardwood trees. 
 
 Certain parts of the Img contain large amounts of roots and stumps, 
 especially in the southern |)art of Caledonia tow-n.^hip. where in places it was 
 impossilile to get tiie drill through ,o the bottom, on account of the.se oiistacles. 
 
 The liottoin of the hog i.s a com[iact hlue clay. 
 
 Aniili/ycs (if PkiI {aimilidihj tfrij). 
 
 1 2 
 
 Volatile matter t)S-i;{ tiS.72 
 
 Fixed carl)oii 20 -oO 24-22 
 
 Ash .j.;U 7-06 
 
 riiosjihorus ().()2!t 0-U22 
 
 Sulphur (1-292 0-:{7.") 
 
 Nitrogen 1.2;5 1-92 
 
 Cah)ritic value H.T.C. per lli ,S7;{0 9().5.S 
 
 The content of ash is atiout the average, and the calorilic value satisfac- 
 tory. 
 
 I'art of this hog in .\lfred towiishi]) is traversed l>y tiie Canadian I'acilic 
 railway (Ottawa-Montreal line), which also touclio a part of the hog in 
 Caledonia townshii>. .\s regards transportation ficilities the hog is. there- 
 fore, well situated, and the .jistame to Ottawa being only some forty miles 
 the freiglit rates ought not to be evcessive. 
 
 The greater portion of the bog in .Mfred townshij) is already fairly well 
 drainetl and the balance of the water could probably be hainlled by a pump. 
 I.iirge areas of the shallow part> of the beg are yearly burnt off by the farmers 
 and the land utilizeil for agricultural purposes. 
 
 Some years ago the .Montreal and Ottawa I'eat Cumpanx- err'clc(| a peat 
 plant at this iiog. and stiii-ted to iiiaiiufacture peat bi'ii|uettes in accord.'ince 
 with the Dolisoti method. (I cr desci'iption of this method see Mulleliti .\o, ."i 
 pul>lished by the Ont:irio r.iueau nf Mines. Toronto, and .-ilso Ueport on I'eat 
 and I. ignite, by !■;. Nystrciii. pulili.-ii<'d by the Mines Hrancii. |)ci.,Mtnicnt of 
 
aip I, J,™1' ■'■ """" "■' ■"■"" """-' '•■>" »■ '" ».i .1. ™... vi„, ,„„„. 
 
 Wklland Pkat Hog. 
 This bog is situated in the townships of Wainflcet and Ilnrnl.^n.* 
 
 Lots ]^ s. coi:. I\-, township of Wainfieet. 
 I^ots 1-13, con. Ill, 
 Lots 4-13, con. II, 
 
 Lots 27-3.3, con. IV, township of Humberstone 
 Lots 27-33, eon. Ill, 
 
 The total area covered l.y this hog is appro.xirnately 4,90() ac.s. Of this 
 
 M23 acres have a deptli of less than 5 feet, average depth 3 feet 
 2,Hu acres have a depth of .5 to 10 feet, average depth 7'-3' 
 a8S acres have a .lepth of n.ore tiu.n 10 feet, average depth 1 1 feet 
 The volume of the peat contained is:— 
 
 ^i!!!:^ t^ ''''' °^ '^^^ ^'^'^ '^^'■- .^>^!^;';^ -h. yds. 
 
 more than 10 feet deep .'.■.■.■.■..•• ; ; ; lo.'S^'.GOO •' '' 
 
 peat t ItlirrT h" 'f"" ^""'^ "^ ''''''"^ ^"^' ^••°""'» the n.argins the 
 
 in I e central part of the bog tiie peat is inainlv forhied bv Sohaenum «itl. 
 small amounts of Eriophorum and other plant; The ne.t in th :* 
 
 1 aJ^^ '"'^•. f ''';''''" "''"''*'• '« '•omparatively shallow, and deducting the 
 1423 acres w,th a depth of less than .5 feet, allowing for tL deer '^t den h 
 throu_gh dra.nage, and assuming that the balance could be uSL^ we hte 
 
 2,S77 acres with an average depth of appro.ximatelv 5 feet 
 
 ^•i.f, ''f /"'^V" ' "" '''■'"■"^^ ^^f'tl^ "^ iippro.vimatelv s " ' 
 
 vv.th a total volume of 30,796,480 cubic vards of peat 
 
 200 li^ '^'' 1^''" ''''''"'^'r "'"* """ '"'''^' >■"'■'' *'f '^"'•'' ''--'"""'J I'og will furnish 
 
mff^^'^m 
 
THE 
 
CANADA 
 
 DEPARTMENT OF MINES 
 
 ■INBa aRANOH 
 
 Hon. W. TiMfLEMAN, MiNi»T«H ; A. P. Low, LL.D., DeruTT Minihtbh ; 
 Enir-.N-r Haancl, Pn.H , Directok. 
 
 E WELLAND PEAT BOG 
 
.DA 
 
 OF MIXES 
 
 (ANCH 
 
 '. l.f.W. I.I.I) , r)EPUTr MlNWTBN ; 
 
 [•h 1» . UlREcroR. 
 
 D PEAT BOG 
 
EMK NYSTR6hl. Mimng Engmmmr. 
 5. A. ANREP. Pmal Expnt. 
 
Scale 5 Inches- 1 mile 
 
 
 Margin of bog. 
 
Inches- 1 mile 
 
 irgin of bog. 
 
ON III 
 
 No. 38 
 
1 
 
\ viMV nrv.o uihiMiin iir rcmt- i^riil stump-i niticc^ aii- intciPiixfd with rlic 
 iXMt ;in(l hiruc nii'.-i- liavo ^ccii liiinit to (M.ii-i.lioalilc u<'|itli. Taking iiit'i 
 ;Mf<mnt :il-o ilic l.irj^c ini-.-i ■■[' |iiii.iiy c|cciiiii|iip I peat, liu- Imj; i-^ ii"t '.veil 
 !:<';t[)t<*<l fill- tlio liiuiiufai-tiirc <if I'licl on ;i lar:^i' sralc. 
 
 Tllf I'lip <-<)i|-ii>ts of one lat'^f lia^slll \,illl i a\- liultulii. Tllf >Ull":"' ul 
 
 the I'M^r i-^ ciiniiiMiativcly lice ttuni j;iu\viiij; trc uitli tlif cm fptioii nt' -ome 
 small atia^ il. ,' • I'ciitiai parts aii<l aiMuii<l the i iaij;iii. 
 
 A/i-i! /<<•■■ <)/ i'liil (iihxDliitihi ilrii) 
 
 I 
 
 .iilaiilf iiiif tcr (17 • H 
 
 l'ixe.l ari.oii '2(i-4S 
 
 .\>h 6-;{S 
 
 I'h.isi.lii.nis (I (».'7 
 
 Siilpliiir 0-')l7 
 
 \ittoj;(>ii ! • i:{ 
 
 Cali.iilir \„Ui- IVT.r. per II. 91 IS 
 
 Tlir lioi; i.- iichi uiiiler Ic'se l>y the l'<-at hulustrip.s, l.til.. i' MrantfonI, 
 V ill, il I r)iii|)any ^nme years aijii crcctei! a plant and carrioil out oxtcii-.ive 
 p\l)en;iioiits, Thf results nl.t- iiied must ha%'c been unsatisfactory, since 
 nil Work has lieeii ilotie for several year^. (For liescription of the metlKwls 
 u-ic,i,s<>4' Hullctin No. .V pulilislie<l liy the Ontario liure;iu of Mines, and 
 Keport "■) I'eat and Lignite liy \'.. Xystroin). 
 
 Xi;\vis:.'-(«\ Pkat Moii. 
 
 70 •',»() 
 
 7(1 •.")■{ 
 
 '-"•SI 
 
 .•4-2S 
 
 •MO 
 
 .")I!> 
 
 ()-l).'l 
 
 
 •)-J4S 
 
 
 1-7I 
 
 
 SoiKi 
 
 Mitl7 
 
 I •■■ of C)snal>ruck, Roxlioroufth, and 
 i v York and Ottawa railway, some 
 ;.; of Newinjctoa (sc!C uccotnpaiiying 
 
 .> 'it" ()snaliru<'k 
 
 This I'og is situated .■ (!.e i":v 
 Cornwall, county of ."^tor.iiotit, in ; 
 40 miles from Ottawa. c!<.-- ; : . .• 
 map) and covers more ■•; i ■' 
 
 l.ots 1 .j, con. , ' •,-. 
 
 Lots 1 (i. coll '. 1 I 
 
 Lots 2 '.i. con. \ I 
 
 L(.ts 17 ;}■"). con. II. 
 
 Lots 17 -lO. con. I, 
 
 Lots 20 _'.!. con. I\ 
 
 Lots 2)> .{<). ion. I.\. 
 
 Lots ;{1 ;>(). con. VI. ' " 
 
 The cotai area co\-ercd I'y this liof; is appiii\iiiiately o.'^dO acres. Of this 
 area 
 
 •tl'it acres ha\i' a depth of less than ."» I'eet . average depth 2 feet. 
 1.191 acres ha\e a dr| ih of "> to 10 feet, average depth S I'eet. 
 74S .icres have a depth of 10 to 1.') feet, axcrage depth 12 feet, 
 ()9(i acres have a depth ■>( l.'> to 20 feet, average dejith l7'-4" 
 
 ' V li-liip of Hoxliorough. 
 town-ihi|i of Cornwall, 
 
I.-.s 
 
 l(i 
 
 ivs li.ivc a (Icptli of 20 to J.") foot. 
 
 Th( 
 
 llMI Mcrcs liMVc :, .Ippfli ,if moii" than S, f,.,.t 
 
 notano (|c|.tli 21' 4" 
 
 iM'iaK'- 'lf|>tli I't) tcft. 
 
 'lie VdluiiUMif the |K"Mt cKntaiiicd i^: - 
 111 the area with a .h-pth of Ic.s than :. tW-t. . J 'Mi 7tl» ,miI, v,U 
 
 •"""""■•■''' •'<"<'l' i:..;i7s.-,is •■ ' •• ■ 
 
 """ '•■"•■<'' •'"'f'P urti 11: •• ■■ 
 
 '••'"-'"••''"'•••■P I'...^.2 777 •• •■ 
 
 -'""-■'^••''"''•'■1' V4.il.!.2.i •• •• 
 
 MluiV tllMIi J.") feet iUMM> \il*- .. 
 
 Tlu. w..s„.n, part of th.- Ko^ it, ()s„aKn>.k f.wn-h,,. ,> a |.u.v S,,ha«MUM. 
 
 "'«. Ih.- Morth.Tn i-ai-t .n thr sa,„,. (..wn-hip ,~ ludlv ,lan.aj;...l on th.- .ur- 
 
 la<-«; I'.v Hits. an,i niom or los unsuitaM.. fm- ,'„. nianufarturo of fuol l.v 
 
 ';-■• man ,.ro,.,.ss<.>. at l.-ast ^^■l,n■.• the .urfa. th.- l,o« ,s umvI for a .irvini 
 
 Th,. w,.M,.rn part of thr !..g i„ l{oxl.„rouKh townMnp is pnn.ipallv 
 tonn..,l !,v .sphanniun. only >h«htl,v n>,x..,l w,th th,. r,.n.ain. of a.p.at,.. plants 
 1 ns ,,ait n,P fuirnsh fairly fjoo-l n.aterial for the inan.ifm'tui.. of n,os,-htt,'r 
 111.- eastern part ol th.' i.o« m th.. same township is h.-avilv woo,|,.,l an-l of a 
 Mvainpy .■hara.t,.r. Th,. |«.at is her.- inix,.,! with h,.il,a.Toiis phint^ 
 
 I h,. I.0K IS fairly in-v from .stumps ati.l ro.,ts an.j laiw aivas aiv. as shown 
 ahov,.. ot .•onsHl.-raM.. .h.pti,. \Vi,h th,. ,.xr,.p.ion of ,1,,. part of tho I,ok in 
 th,. n,.st,.rn parr of |{oxl,orouKh township. tl„. p,.at is fairlv well Imniili,..! 
 aticj -iiiiaM,. for fuel. 
 
 l>...lu,tinK the ..:.>!. aeivs With a ,l,.pth of |,.ss than .1 f,.,.t. al.,1 allowing 
 for th,. .lerreas,. m (h-pth iIiioukIi <lrainage. wp have left: - 
 
 I.^!»l ,i<r,.s with an average <|,.pth of approximately || feet. 
 
 74s aerj-s witli an averafr," .lepth of ap|iioxiniatelv . . . () •• 
 
 (i!Mi aiivs with an a\,.ra>i;,. 'lepih of approxim;itely 14 •• 
 
 I'A acivs with an av,.r:i^'e depth ..f approxim.it,>ly 17 ■■ 
 
 ll'O ai'ivs with an av,.raK,. .|,.ptli of approxiiiiat,.rv . . .'l ■• 
 Willi ;, total voliim,. of 4(i. .•»()♦;, 17s ciihie yards of |K.;it. 
 
 With Ih,. assiinipiiun that one eiihi,- y.inl of surli .IraiiH'd Lo- w;P f,iini-.h 
 2IH1 ll>s. dry |K.,-,t sul.M.aii.',., th,. t,,t,al loniiaK,- of dr\ p,.:,i Mil„iaii.... .> 
 M,...i.ti(M) Ions „f j.oi),) ||,s , „r ti.-.'us.siin „„„ ,„,„ f,„.|. with .•-,■ ; mo Mur.. 
 
 .* 
 
 '-# 
 
 .{//(//./s. V „/ /',„/ {'ih^nhitih, iln.f. 
 
 V -I iiili- Mi.ii!ir 
 I iM'il r:irlH.:i 
 
 \sl, 
 
 l'lMi-|.lh.|i|~ 
 sillplnir 
 
 Silrii:."'!! 
 
 < ::l..nli.- \:,htr H I I |., , II, 
 
 liii ^:. liTOT lissiri :(.' I.'' :.l 1,:, 77 in;.i): 
 -^> 77 -'li .'7 .'li li.'i _'l t4 _'i, 7,, .'7 ill jii 70 
 
 71 <. I' ; ii:i;t 
 
 7 Is li liii 
 
 1 .■.! 
 
 1 .' 1 
 
 IMIJS IMi:«l 
 
 
 iM<:i. 
 
 II .Vtii II I'll 
 
 
 II .ii. 
 
 1 S.-, 1 Ml 
 
 
 1 ,..i 
 
 S7J1 Mi;;, 
 
 SS77 
 
 si',;<i; 
 
 'Inj 
 
 -'III s.ll. 
 
4^1^;;,r,.:'.4j 
 
 .•-^•■r^BPI 
 
 mSiimiiS^^SmiSm 
 
■k 
 
MICROCOPY PESOIUTION TEST CHART 
 
 lANSI and ISO TEST CHART No. 2l 
 
 _j /APPLIED IKUCE 
 
 ■6^! C-JSf Mot „,,ep, 
 f'ochesier. New rofk i*8na ..ca 
 (^'6) *82 ^ 0300 - Pno^,*^''' "^ 
 f^'6) 288- 5989 - Fa. 
 
co^. 
 
 OSNABRUCK 
 
 'SKfc* ^A • i i • 
 
 ^■ 
 
 s 
 
 M 
 
 "^ 
 
 
 > .'Vi 
 
CANADA 
 DEPARTMENT OF \| 
 
 MINBS BRANCH 
 
 lli>N. W. Tejiplkman, Mimsteh; A V. l.iw. Ill 
 Eror.xE Haanei., PhO., DihkI 
 
 THE NEWINGTO 
 
CANADA 
 
 DEPARTMf:NT OF MINES 
 
 MINBS BRANCH 
 
 llu.N W Tejipleman, Mimstkk; A. P. lx)W. I.L D.. Dkpltt Mini>>tek ; 
 
 EriiKNK HaANEI., I'H.D., DlKB< TOR. 
 
 INGTON PEAT BOG 
 
CON 
 
 CON 
 
 N 
 
 15 
 
£ A. AMtCP, Pint Expert. 
 
cor 
 
 Scale 5 inches = 1 
 
 l^^ Margin of bog. 
 :•'•:•:•:•: Heavily wooded ai 
 

 
 
 a^ 
 
 s<»- 
 
 ^v-ie 
 
 ,*fei 
 
 iJ^^; 
 
 
 ivie-^^' 
 
 .^!^^^ 
 
 ^i?*- 
 
 .^^ 
 
 ■yW-'- 
 
 m'!^^ 
 
 ,J^ 
 
 ^i- 
 
 rA' 
 
 -^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^\ 
 
 l4^ 
 
 .•^ 
 
 ;?'^^ 
 
 .^' 
 
 \" 
 
 
 \. 
 
 \" 
 
 \ 
 
 
 %^.*'.*~--< 
 
 NORTMOTELD P.O. 
 
 COR]S 
 
 CON. VI 
 
 WAl.L 
 
 CON. IX 
 
 30 
 
 'J^rW 
 
 W 
 
 
 ^cale 5 inches = 1 mile 
 
 ^m Margin of hog. 
 
 ••V ;: Heiij^lv ivooded areas. 
 
 
 25 
 
 id^ 
 
 rf^^^dWi 
 
CON^ I 
 
 20 
 
 15 
 
 1 
 
 No. 39 
 
 ■^h 
 
A peat plant w::- erecte'l at thi> ;")g vsfi<' '"!>!>) ''.V 'li« Domini,- " 'i* 
 Products I'dinpiiny, Lt<l., of l'.i,.nttonl. A .(•siTiji!! u. oi the laetliou .1.- 
 tend(Ml to lie used is given in tlic i'.ulltnii on IVat .-mk-.; in I'M'A t>y tin liei)- 
 logical Survey. The j-eat was to !* cut '.lit of the 'og l:\ iiieun.' dI ii.'i .eig 
 cutting niai'liincs. and cunxf-xod, ny nit-an~ ir, a ci('i\l',ci. [v tlie i>!aa:. '..iii'it' 
 it was put thruugh a noli.crf; peat riiacii:nc. Tn peal brick.- .vere th'Mi 
 loaded on iron trucks, w'turh vere n.a<lc t( tit a tuiiiiel furnace, -.vherc tlie 
 drying was to be ucconipli^hed. In order to dry tlie iwai. Lot air was :'oii ed 
 through the furnace tiy mean.- uf a I'ai.. Tlie iii'.pos^ibilny of sui-h a luetiiod 
 is evident from the calculation given on page .'i. Tae piuue.sa uas claimed 
 to be in successful operation in liurope, l(Ut althoigh processes ol tiii.- kimi 
 have been tried, none have proved suci.ewfui. 
 
 For several years the [ilant has been ciused u p\\n. 
 
 I'l.UTH I'rat I'.ci. ,. 
 
 V 
 
 F 
 \ 
 
 P] 
 
 St 
 
 This bog is situated in the township of l)ruiiiii;oiid, a'iout a ai.lc ami a 
 half north of the town of I'eith. and covers (.see ac'oinpaii.Miig map) more 
 or less cf : — 
 
 Lots 1- 5, con. Ill, township of l)rumra ond. 
 Lots 2- 6, con. r\', 
 
 Lots .VII, con. \', " " 
 
 Lots 4-i:i. con. \1, 
 
 Lot.s 12-l;5, con. VII, " " 
 
 The total area covered by tiiis bog is appioximately o.'^.k) acre.-^. Of this 
 area ' 
 
 67S acres have a dei>th of less than feet, average' ue- tli 2'-^'. 
 95S acres have a depth of 5 to 10 .''eet, average depth ^ teet. 
 2,098 acres have a depth of 10 to l.j 'eer, average depth 11 feet. 
 
 106 acres have a dejith of more than 1.") feet, average depth i<j feei. 
 The volume of the peat contained is: — 
 In the area with a depth of less tlian ■") feet :i,UOt,lo-j cub. yds. 
 
 5 to 10 feet deep 12.ao_',',tt>o • 
 
 10 to 15 feet deep •}7,2:jo.UU1j " 
 
 more than 15 feet deep 2,S60,SnS " " 
 
 The peat is formed by Sphagnum. Ilypimm and Erie lurum, in placas 
 mixed with the remains of aquatic plants ami gra.-sos. Ti "eat in tiie open 
 part of the bog is principally formed by S[)hagi!um and Hy]).iiun, on! .-lightly 
 mixed with Eriophorum, but in the wooded parts of the bog tlie pea! is more 
 mixed with the remains of various plants and also with roots and trunks of 
 trees. The surface of the latter pa.'ts is covered witii a layer of .Spiiagnum 
 moss, 1 to 2 feet in thickness. Certain parts of the Ijog, which are mor(» or 
 less drained, are heavily grown o\-er with uillow Ijrushes, and in places with 
 hardwood trees. The peat suitai'le for tlie manufacture o( fuel is comfia.-a- 
 tively little humified, and the fuel produced vail he comparatively light. 
 2 
 
IS 
 
 Deducting the 678 acres with a .jppth of less than 5 Wt -n i ii • 
 for the decrease u. depth through -Iruinlge, weTavelef;:! ' ' """"'"« 
 
 958 acre, with an average depth of approxin.ateiv « feet 
 
 J.098 ncres wuh an average depth of upproxi.uatelv 8 " 
 
 with „ t ?; "T ""''') '" ''"'''^' ''"p^'' "^ "pp'-«^i'"ateiv .:'.:: 12 - 
 
 with a total volume of .•W,44.-),222 cul.ic yards. 
 
 V\ith tiie assuniiition that oneculi-- v'lnl f>f on/i, i i> 
 
 ofin II 1 . , •" "iif^curi \ art! of such <lr;tined joew 11 furnish 
 
 Analysts of Pml {absolutely dry). 
 
 Volatile matter 
 
 lixed carijon .... 
 
 Ash 
 
 Pho.xpl)()rus 
 
 f-'ulphur 
 
 Nitrogen 
 
 Calorilic value H.T.L". per Ih 
 
 A jicat plain was erected at this 
 Peat I'uel fomi)an\ ..f Perth. Tl 
 of the plant liai 
 
 1 
 70-34 
 2.5.;{5 
 4-:jl 
 0-030 
 0-40o 
 1-G6 
 90ti7 
 
 2 
 71-51 
 24-60 
 ;j-S9 
 0-027 
 0-834 
 1-94 
 9148 
 
 Vinnity of the Peat Plant. 
 64-80';;, 
 
 'og (see map) I,y the Lanark County 
 
 cohesive properties were very poor, and content of ash high 
 
 Analysis of Peat from the Bog in the 
 
 Volatile matter 
 
 ^'f ^ ^^'•'^^'^ '■■ 21-74% 
 
 ^^'^^^^^ ^--'^^ 8319 B.T.U. per lb. 
 
 To judge Irom the work done hardlv -inv nf..,t fn^i u i 
 tured and the plant has heen closed d:!;;. 2- ZtllfJ::. '"" '"'^""^^•^- 
 
 Victoria Road Peat Bog. 
 
 This bog is situated in the townships of Bexlev an.) C^r Ur. u . 
 .ile from Victoria Koad station on the I^^^JTZ:^^^^^^. 
 railway, and .overs (see accompanying map) more or les« of:- 
 Lots 3-4, con. I, township of Bexley. 
 Lots 3 4, con. X. township of Garden. 
 T1.0 total area covered by this bog is only 67 acres. Of this area 
 3b ac...s have a depth of less than 5 feet, average dej.th 2 feet 
 lo acres have a depth of 5 to 10 feet, average depth 6'-4' ' 
 
CANADA 
 
 DKPAKTMKXT (»F 
 MiMsa shamc 
 
 lli>\ W renin. l.H(\ M>MM-i>.li; A V l.n« 
 Kc..»\> H«\\>i. I'll l> . 
 
 THE PERTH 
 
A.\ADA 
 
 :\T OF MINKS 
 
 Ca SIIAHCH 
 
 < : A I* l.iiw. I.I. I> \*K¥i TV MlNtoTKM ; 
 \n. I*H l» . I>lh»i t"H 
 
 PEAT BOG 
 
ERIK NYSTROM. Mimng Enginnr. 
 S. A. ANREP, P»al Exptrt. 
 
 Scale 5 ir 
 
 ^mm Margl 
 
 •■;-■:•.••:-.•■•• Heavily 
 
 ^"f^f^f^^!''- 
 
 Jt-i-^ ^-j<^.l:--«;«i^, . _ 
 
 IMP^" 
 
DRu:^[MOND 
 
 5 inches = 1 mile. 
 
 Margin of bog. 
 cavity wooded areas. 
 
 No. 40 
 
19 
 
 12 a<Tes have a lepth of !() ti, I.") fc<>t. averaef- leptti 12 feet. 
 3 acres huvp a df'pth fif I "> fu ■_'() feet, ivtnuijc lepfli 1"> t'eet. 
 1 acre h.ts .'i (ipptluif inorf •haii .'tiiVc'. ;.vpra!;fitf>ptii :i.5 fpet. 
 
 The volume of the f)ont ^•(i'Uaiiu'<l i< — 
 
 In the area ■ 'h .i iit>p'h ot Ic-- fli.ni .'> ''.^t. . . ! iH.4"«l ''ib. vis. 
 
 o to 10 fcft .jeep . !.'.',U4 ■• 
 
 10 to 1.") feet ilcpp . . . _':!."•. 'i.Vj " ' 
 
 15 to 20 feet 'jeep. . ... 7s. ■>:!:! " ' 
 
 more than 20 feet iloey> ")2 S!«» '■ " 
 
 The peat i.-: principaliy formed l.'.' H\piiUni n \\vi\ ^Mtli .■>pli:if;iiiiiii, anil 
 in place.s with the remain.- of ,i((iiatic [ \:iu--- .tii.l i aicx. 
 
 The peat is well hiittiifio'l .-hmI uih [^i-oiIu'-h a n !?ipai'ati\-e'\' lioa'.y fuel, 
 but in the more shallow parts if -he Imj; he cohe.sivc [)ropLTTifs are [>i)or and 
 the dried peat has a t<'iiii(>nr'> to crark 
 
 Deiluctinn the :«> at rt-s w.-h .i .l»>pth of jv-s than rivf fef. and allowing 
 for the decrease in dejith Iv dr;iiii:;(je. we ha'.e icf; : — 
 
 1.") acres with an avera,i."' dc; ll. of appi'.Kiniat^'lv .... ■"> feet. 
 12 acres with an averajrc depth of apppwiinafoly .. . 9 " 
 '.i acre.s witli an aveia<;f depth of .ippro.xiTiiatcly . . 12 
 1 acre with an averajje depth of at'proxiiaately .10 " 
 with a total volume of 402,441 cubic yards. 
 
 With the a.ssumption that one cuiiic yard of such drained fui^' will furnish 
 200 lbs. dry peat substance, the total tonnajro of drv peat substance is approx- 
 imately 40.(K)0 tons of 2.000 lbs., or .W.OOO t.'i- pent fnei, with 2-'><"I moi^^ture. 
 
 I ArKtliiri!-- of P'l^t lnhf:i)hit<'ly drij;. 
 
 Volatile iuatter. ...69-.52';, 
 
 Fixed carbon 25'IS' . 
 
 Ash ^-30% 
 
 Calorific value B.T.T. per \h S640 
 
 A peat i>lant was erected at this place !iy Mr. E. V. Moow who carried out 
 some experiments. The details of this plant are aescrii)eu on pages 21-22. 
 
 PRESENT STATUS OF THi: I'KAT IXDr.'^TRV I\ rWWW. 
 
 During the ve.ar 190^ only one sni,all peat plant was in operation, daring 
 art of the season, and only a few hundred tons of jjeat f'.iel were )litainal>ie 
 for local consumers. This deplorable fact is, un(!oulitedl\ . due to tlie failures 
 of the peat companies formerly starte*!. to laci< of knowledge of the properties 
 of peat, and to the employneut of impracticable methods, or unsuitable bogs. 
 I., ;,;;...;* .•■■;jp.: » j-.p fop '!!,", fi ip.s t H fit h.avp erectcd olants nni! re.allv intended 
 to manu.'acture fuel or other peat [iroducts have nevci produced any .quan- 
 tities of fuel worth mentioning. Their i)rincipal object iia.s lieen to produce a 
 
 r 
 
20 
 
 cnn<lpiisp(lfuol ill the shapoof Iriqnettes. ami for this purpose lars;o amountsof 
 II"-- ■• have l^cfii spent In cxpr'riinents. liiit without n'achiuf; satisfactory 
 
 '] 'est n;ftlioils so far triod fur tlic aliove purpose are umlouhteilly 
 
 .,, ,oiIiii-(h1 h\- Mr. A. holison, of Hcavorton. and later, with some niodi- 
 lu'ations. i V Mo-^-i-. Milne ami l>r. Mi'\M!!iani. at 1 lorchester, near Ltrndon. 
 Ont. 
 
 Mr. piplscn'.- method and inachincry ;ire riescrihed in detail in Bulletin 
 No, .'i of the Hiire:!n fi Mines of Oiitari", and in H(-port on Peat and Lignite, 
 liv i;. \\-Tr(>ni. .\t the presetit time, the plant at Heaverton, Out., where 
 Mr. Ii(.l M.ii lir^t stV.ited. is the only oiie of his [ilants which is in fvj.eration, 
 and t! at otilv occa-ion:dl\ . Hudnu; the h'.st seasons, however, no peat fuel 
 has Iceii iiiiducei!. 'hut Mr. Holison states that at lleaveiton, and also 
 at flli-it Meado".-. \..i., peal imill is produi-ed !>>■ liis tnaehinery, which pro- 
 ihict i- used a< a filler in tl'.e manufacture (jf fertilizers. 
 
 The l)orehes1ei)ilant is situated about tw<i sniles from 1 »orchester station, 
 near London. Ont.. and is operated hy I'r. .L McWiliiam. This was the only 
 plant in aclual operation durj'i,^ part of last season. The method employed 
 is briefly as follows; 
 
 The surface of the ' .o.s; is harrowed l.\ means .if a comm<in harrow drawn 
 l.v a horse. T!ie peat is then exposed to the air and sun and left until partly 
 air-dried. When siiflicientlv dried, the upper laser is c<i!lected l>y means of 
 a -uction fan mounted on :i!i electricallv drawn ear moving cm rails laid down 
 on the l.oi;. and deposited in a -|.eci.al car niiivini; <in the same rails. 
 
 The collector travels hack and forth and collects the peat from the area 
 which'ean lie reached ly the suction pipe of the fan. This pijie is connected 
 with the fan l.\ means of a Hexihle joint, and can he swunf: out at a greater 
 or less'distaiice from the track on which the car travels, thereby covering 
 :i c,,!isi<le:'al'le area from oi;e track. The loaded car is hroujrht to the plant, 
 where the peat is deposited in a storage shed, i'rom the shed it is conveyed 
 to a drier and suLsequenth- to the briqtietti:!!,' press. 
 
 The n ■ >ture in the peat collected from the hog is not, as a rule, tiniform, 
 and with tlie dryer used it wa.s not easy to retnilate the percetdage of moisture 
 in the peat going to the jire.ss, which, to some extent, ma> explain the irregu- 
 lar iiuality of the liriqtiettes produced. .\ large percentage of the I uiquette.s 
 made ,'ire verv -olid and would prohaMy stand shipping and rehandling, hut 
 others ..'asily fall to pieces :;tid produce a large lount of line dust, which is 
 ol.jectioiiaMe, especiallv for domestic purpose- This large amount of dust 
 produced i,- the |.nncip;d .lefect with all the pe,it-hri(Hiettes so far produced, 
 and up to the pivsent time this difTlculty ha- not been overcome. 
 
 The power for the p.lant is supplied by a H)i) h.p. boiler, furnishing the 
 steam h.r ,a To h.p. emrine. which al.-o drives the d\iiamo. 
 
 The machinerv employed is gradu.ally being improved, but it cm hardly 
 be clainied that this process is >ef fully worke'l out. 
 
 Ik'i^-k-^' 
 
 21 
 
 The :i,et!,od of i(,!!ccTing ^iie -.v marerial i.'i ^hin hon/ontai 'aver-- is in 
 most ca.--e> n-.t a- g....,; as rhe ■ ■m ..\ i,e-e th. peat i- di.i; oir veir ,-:,liy to tlie 
 bottom of the bo- aii i t l,e differer.I lavers mixc- i. h ■;; ; ner-ii .n^. the der^end- 
 enceon fav.-urable w.-i'her cnditio!.- f.i d.-yiei; i-, with tt !-■ net!,. id. ju-t as 
 great as. or e\i-ii L'rc; -t-r tn: ': with the !"u"oiie:in nut'i'd.- eni|'l<i>- ■-'. lor the 
 produi-tio'i of a.ir-dn.d inaCi'.e i.e. it. i"'..lei favuutable condili' 'ii- t he jieat 
 naturallv cries more qmckl;> , 'v.en 't ,s oivk.-n up ;!'to sm: 11 pie.'c-. but m 
 damp ■- ■ ; ■•■■inv wvath-r the w, 1 ..n th. ' ol' has i. be susi.ended entirely, 
 ar. : n!es- ;. : u:'i ■;'■'»' amouT . ;' Irv :ieat :s stored tin rest of t!ie |..lant has 
 
 ah to ! h -ed , >vn. 
 
 ,\ .,oth.- ii,-a' aiitage with th" taetho.'. eniploved .it 1 icv.'i.'ster is that 
 the •.'' t. r ..,'.iu re- a well l.n.i -rack, u,,! the wire- f-r the ele.-tnr current 
 also need to be ..irefitllx out up. Tiiis wiil o-.,oablv bi (..umt to mvulve a 
 considerable expense, a- tiiL- track- au., .vi-es re.|u;re to be i.ioved a- -oon a-^ 
 the excavation of the p.-.-u ,,ii eadi -i le >•' ! ae track- a,i.-^ n-vh<-i -ucli .- 
 tlepth that the portion- .-. whi"h the tl, ■■k,- :r-e laid pre-.e.,t ;he lO'C access 
 
 of the wiml. 
 
 H,,th the D.ibsoii 111. •■■lo.l ,nd ;he •,,..-t!iod eu olo ye.' M 1 ), .nhe-ter. even 
 
 with more perfected aopiiat ,-, cati onb. i .-u-hierci f.i oogs contruiiiu,- 
 
 well humihed peat, and c,,iii;,,,r iiive'.v Ire- fr.im roots :;n ; s' ,:iips. 
 
 \ ]• iMlil ' 
 
 I'i \r I'l.wT. 
 
 This plant, which 1- -■' lated ..oout ,■-.'■ 'nile ■'oiii \ i-toii,. UoMd >tation. 
 ontlie(;randTruid^ Ibnlu ■:! = ;," I.ornevill.- .) m it^.t („,o.-o,d., was f .rm- 
 erlv operated bv Mr, L. \ \h • r.-, of I'etrr -oocdi. >v:,o ina.le extei-ive expen- 
 
 ment- a cotqile of vear- ,,gi, with : no, i-vi-'d by liim-lf. Hie -.ki- 
 
 chinerv used.,- fullv de-c:.be! m Mr, Mo,.:.'- patier: - Som. m.'c- „i ihe 
 development ot the I'ea- 1 i"! bci ,-trv and fs po-'biliTav. p,,bi,.!,ed m 
 the Transactions ot tiie i:,-,"'Mn <ociety .1 Civil h.n-meers, Mov \l,: 
 Moo,-e's idea wa- to ,e "iuc a- .v.lnM i-mr li.c! on lities ^nmhir m those 
 emph)\ed in liurip.-. but i'l -otnc o-peeK . lai'iie 1 to be s;iiierio., 
 
 Hisi,h-awaStotake.icran ,., ,1 • om t he ^ ■-. PM-th ai,-d.,ed : t > al ^out 
 (j()'-, moisture) and then let it pa- -hro i-.i the pub m- im.chm.'. The amount 
 of drv peat substance which the. coull !.• 'aid out h,r dvMtur on a limited 
 ar-a of drviiig gpcmd woui.i •• ••.n-idci-My ii,cre,i-ed, ^ 
 
 The apparatus eiuplov.., lo- diugnu Mid .-oHecr:, - ihe oeat <rou, the 
 
 ,., :;(. •,.,.! ii'iiu'. I'loiinfeil on a car which 
 
 ig ci>ns!stei 
 
 ,'in eM':Pa'r;!i a''l 
 
 The 
 I her 
 
 travels on a track laid m :■ treiicl, the li.il iengiii oi tlic w..H.;ni: area, 
 arm is atta.he.l to a fi,.m.. ul.;.-l: proj-t- fiom Hie -ide ->t the car. 
 ,.„.t ..f this .irm .an I .■ r:„-ed or iow.ivd ai wii!; .md conne.'te.l t.> th.. .inter 
 ,.n.l 1- a tiMid' whi.'h ie;,-i- back to th.' ruaciau.. the inner eicl ot which 
 is fixed s., tiiat th,. peat b-i-i,' UP ia il b;, a .ham cnv-yer i< alwass ,U'- 
 livered at th<. >ame t^ ice. M.m- the m, le,-id,. ..^ the arm. aii.l guid.-.l i.v ,t, 
 runs .1 .diaii. .■onvev..r. tic- Mi^:hls of which are s,. arran-e.l that wh.m the 
 chain is ,n tnolion .nd the ,,riii hevercl to the -urface the peat is s-ape,! 
 
22 
 
 tow.nls the ..u.si.l. end, pi-ke-l up ...to the tmugh i"^J. -^"*f '^J' ^"^ 
 Iv the san,e -ha... .m .ts retun. jo,.n.ev take,. i,.to the .nach.ne ami deh vei^d 
 
 , t , U . ul.i.- va,d t.a,.. ...... tw., .f wh.eh are always on ,ts platfor.n. I heae 
 
 e ,. n.oved a. filled. a..d e..,pt,- ones put in place l.y a t.-ansfer ran runmng 
 Tthe ;:^ne ;ra..k as the excavator, and wh...h travel, i-etween the n.ach.r.e 
 and a track h-adin^ to the mill. . 
 
 Mounte,! on thi. a.m. also on the hack of it. when the '«";t""^ '«J 
 n.otion Is a ^cond cha.n. c.rry.ng harrow teeth, wh.ch ten^ the surface 
 »nd leave it ready for air-drying. 
 
 The area .s laid out in such a way that when the machine has travel led 
 its length the peat at the place of starti.,g is agai,. ready tor ''''l - '-- ^7 
 .^.turn ,.ips ..re ahvavs acco,..plished with the excavat..,g ar... hfted clear of 
 The bog The fi.-st trip of the .....chine si.nply ha.n.ws the surfa..-. On the 
 
 next t ip the excavating ar... i^ lowere.l a little ....,1 -"-^'"^ '^^'^^^f 
 
 during this second trip a little Lank ,s fo,-med at the outs.de e,.d of the arm _ 
 ^facilitates p.ckl.g up the peat into the return -oug • K. ,^ U^n^ 
 tri,. the outer end is kept at the san.e height as ... the seco.id. wh.le the inM.le 
 ::;:; olSv -s .owced, aid so on for .everal tr.ps, unt.l ,1. ^J^^^^^:^ 
 towards the inside suirunentlv for the heavv ,a,n to run off ... kl • A^^K)n 
 .„ the inside end .s sufflcientlv low, l>oth end< a.e lowe.ed ..bout H inches 
 ;::cll;.me !m,.l the .n.ide end reaches the i.tton., when the outs.de end .s 
 lowced little l.v Httle u.itil it too reaches the san.e level. 
 
 The track for this ...achhu- is hud o,. the hottom of the l,..g. which ...nse- 
 quentlv neces-sitates a level hotton. an.l thoro..gh ^^-"^^^J^^/^^ 
 re,,ui.ed is fu.-nished l.y .. sn.all gasoline e.ig.ne. m..unted on the sam. truck 
 
 '''''t^^W a.r-.lried peat i^ brought to the statiom.rv m.U, which is 
 locatcl close to the bog .u.d ..Iso close to the drying grou.^d. 
 
 The ...ill is prov,.le.l w.th bo.lev and stean. e,.g...e, whad. --1- he 
 power u.sed for .Iriving the pulping ..,ach...e. co..veyers, and oth. r uu.scel 
 lai.eous machinerv, such as hoist, pump, saw, etc. 
 
 The loaded cars -.uv b,-ought up a tmstle l.>- ...e...is of .1 cable and ho.st 
 „..l I^.m:,.cal.v du...,.d i..to .. large b.n. In the botto... ^^ ^^^^^^ 
 .onvever whi.di convevs the peat to the pulp.ng ...a.dune .\fte. pa.s.r^g 
 Z; h ;...s n,..chi..e, the peat is t:.ken up on V^^^-;^^\^^;^:^l 
 nuKle to t.t the c..,s which con.stitute the conveyer e.nployed fo, bringing 
 
 " ''T.;'c2r:!i ....mature cable car w.th four wheels, e^-h car deigned 
 to ,..„dle ..ne pallet. a..d caused to t.avel a.ouml a syste.n o ^^^^ 
 
 > 
 
 mm 
 
PEAT PLANT 
 
 r 
 
 
 I 
 
 ^ 
 
 mAorm ro BK covsna 
 
 nm — rr~r 
 
 I I 
 
 LilllllllLi 
 
 
 IIIIIIIIIIIIMIIIIIIIII 
 
 IIMMIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII 
 
 MIMIHIIIIilUlllllllllllllMHHIIIIIIIIHII 
 
 III I IIIHIIinilllUIIIIII 
 ■■•llllillUliaiinnuiM • 
 
CANADA 
 
 DEPARTMENT OF MINES 
 
 ■INia BIIANCH 
 
 Hon. W. TEurLutAN, Mimwtsr ; A. P. Low. LL.D., Deputt Minihtih ; 
 
 Kl'liENE HaANEL, Ph.D., l>lRECTt»R. 
 
 VICTORIA ROAD 
 
 B 
 
 GARDEN 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 0X 
 
 #■■■ 
 
 w 
 
 -^ 
 
CANADA 
 
 DEPARTMENT OF MINES 
 tunmm ■kanch 
 
 Hon W. TuirLKa<N. Mimi«tir ; A. P. Low, LX.D , UiniTT lliMwnii ; 
 F.I I, EMI HA/tNEL. Ph.D., DmBcroii. 
 
 VICTORIA ROAD 
 
 GARDEN 
 
 j^ 
 
 ita 
 
 idMii 
 
PEAT BOG 
 
 X' 
 
 '^ 
 
iiillliaiillMaiiniiii 
 
 SrOPE HOUSE 
 
 £RIK NYSTKOM. Mimn, Entin,.r. 
 S. A. ANKEP, p,at Exptrt. 
 
 Scale. 20 feet = 1 inch. 
 
S( 
 
 i Margin of bog. 
 
 :::::::. Wooded areas. 
 
 „^^^_^.^_ 
 
mmmm Margmofbog. 
 
 * * • • • 
 
 Wooded areas. 
 
 Sci 
 
Scale, 25 inches - 1 mile. 
 
 No. 41 
 
quOB 
 recgi. 
 
 p<'«iB 
 
 lanMi 
 
 andll 
 coafi 
 
 niu4|| 
 
 to lit 
 
 3 
 
 to lai 
 
 pa^t^< 
 mottei 
 knolK^ 
 engMji 
 put* 
 
 m 
 
 ■" — ^ 
 
23 
 
 of thedrvinR area, and rro*s tracks at the top or farther cik I, and at the hottdiii 
 or nearer end, are iirovided. and there is als^o a means of conneetin)' any tip and 
 down track with the eml tra<k.s. using .sjietially designed portable corufr.s in 
 sueh a way as to form with tiie return track a rectanguhir coui-s<^ .vith -liarplx 
 roundeil corners, the iergth of w.'iich is tlie lengtii of the dryinj; :iit'a. and tiie 
 width tlie distance from the return track to tliat particular up aiul down 
 track in use. 
 
 This phint l)eing tiie oidy one where power and drying arrangetneiit.s 
 could \>e obtained for the iiiaiiuiacture of air-dried j)eat, it was decided to 
 install the Anrep peat niachine imported by tlie Department, as the plant 
 was represented to he in good condition, and with a slight expenditure could 
 be put in running order. 
 
 It was verj- soon found, however, that the condition of the plant was 
 anything but good, the tracks, drying racks, and most of the other apparatus 
 were ver>' poorly built, and in order to make a fair trial of the plant more time 
 and money tl»an was availalile would have l>een required, the object being to 
 manufacture sufiicient peat fuel for the gas producer plant under erection and 
 to test the -Vnrep peat machine. Work was, however, started in the early 
 part of .August. The peat machine fulfilled every expectation, and with 
 proper arrangements could easils treat an amount of wet peat ecjuivalent to 
 25 to 3.5 tons air-dried peat per day. 
 
 The principal objection to the plant as con.structed by .Mr. .Moore is its 
 complicated design. Even if the plant had been properly Ijuilt, its practi- 
 cability for the purpose is <iuestioiiai)le. With sufiicient area for drying 
 purpose^s, the conveyer used is bound to cau.se trouble, and the unloading of 
 the pallets from the cars on to tiic drying racks, as well as the sul)se(|uent 
 transportation of the dried peat to the .storehou.se, is neither practical nor 
 labour-saving. The excavator formerly used at this plant was disnumtletl 
 and its o{)eration and practical u.^e could not be a.scertained, but even a.ssum- 
 ing that mechanically it worked satisfactorily, it is questionalile if the air- 
 drying down to some 50 or tiOf ,' moisture before the peat is put through the 
 pulping machine is advantageous. Such drying is liable to decrease the 
 cohesive properties of the peat and cause it to crack and crumble to pieces 
 more than would otherwise be the case. 
 
 GuELpH Peat Plant. 
 
 This plant is owned by the Imperial Peat Cotnpany, Ltd., and operations 
 have recently been started. Tlie object is to manufacture peat briquettes. 
 No data as to the success of this Company are as yet to be had. 
 
 I"arnha.m Pkat Plant. 
 
 The plant near Farnham. Que., was erected l)y the United States Peat 
 Fuel Company, with head olfice in Chicago. .\t my visit to this plant, 
 during the summer, [ was refused admittance, but it is evident that this 
 Company, up to the present time at lea.st, has no definite plan for the cariyi- " 
 out of the work. 
 
 mi 
 
24 
 La(- do BoNNirr Feat Plant, 
 
 A peat plant, owneil \>y tlie li>ter-\vest I'eut Fuel Co., of VVinnifieg, Man., 
 vva.-< crectptl at this place, Ixit .m) far no practical results have been obtained. 
 The plant is locuWd at the .Julius muskeg, oast of Winiiiieg. whicli covers an 
 enormous area, t>ut from information receive<l it is pr()l>iil)lc that large areas 
 of this hog are sliallow and tiiat the [leat is more or le.ss jworly humilied. 
 Dkyinu, L'ARnoXlZlNti, ktc. 
 
 The idea of the possibility of drying the wet peat as dug out of the bog, 
 by means of artificial heat alone, seems still to prevail amongst a nuinl>er^of 
 p^ple interested in the i>eat ind- try. .\ very simple calculation shows, 
 however, the impracticability of such an undertaking, .\ssunung that a 
 drained bog contains 12i' ; dry peat substance, which is a good average, 100 
 lbs of wet peat contains S'i lbs. of water, .\ssumii.g further that >*7c of 
 the fuel value of the fuel used could be utilized, that 1,100 U.T.U. are required 
 to evaporate 1 lb. water, and that the dry peat has a calorilic value of 9,000 
 R.T.''. per lb.; in order to evaporate the water, we consequently require:— 
 
 8<-oxl,100^^ ^ 11,3. of drv peat substance, or 
 0-80 X 9,000 
 
 more than is contained in the peat. 
 
 The only possibility along this line is the employment of vacuum ap- 
 paratus, but no such apparatus suitable for peat has yet been produced. 
 
 To eliminate the water content by mechanical pressure down to kss 
 than about TO*;;, has, with this apparatus, so far as tried, also been found 
 practicallv impossible. The explanation is, according to Dr. M. Ekenbcrg 
 who has thoroughly studied this subject, the presence of a shmy hydrocel- 
 lulose, whicli substance is produced from the cell residues of decaymg plants 
 by prolonged contact with water. 
 
 The principle of the Kkenberg wet ■ .onizing process is based^on this 
 point; the process aiuis at the destiucti of this alimy substance_and is ol>- 
 tained through the heating of the wet . ,at at a temperature of loo to 180 
 Cent with a corresponding pie.ssure, in order to prevent the formation of 
 steam and the loss of heat which such formation would involve. 1 he process 
 is further described in my report on I'eat and Lignite in Europe, pages 160- 
 
 ' ' In cases where the peat contains a considerable amount of nitrogen, 
 1-5-3% (in dried sample), Dr. Kkenberg proposes to employ Mond gas- 
 producers to furnish the gas required for the gas engines, as well as for the 
 heating of the carl .onizing ovens. In that case the nitrogen will be recovered 
 as' ammonium sulphate, the value of which will considerably decrease the 
 
 cost of manufacture. ,,,,. ™ii 
 
 .\ plant with a capacity of 50 tons of briquettes per <lay of 24 hours wiU 
 
 nrobablv be in operation in Swc.len during 1909. 
 
 The peat coking plant at Heuerberg, Germany, has, durmg the last year, 
 
 been further in.proved by Mr. M. Ziegler. In order to produce a good coke, 
 
I' 1- f--l'llti:ii tii il tin 
 
 |..nt UM'd .-liuiilil nut ciMitaiti m..n' than _'•"»' ,' iiMi-tu;'-. 
 icwcvfT v»MV >«-|(l<iiii uniform in I'loistiif tontftit. an.i 
 ,V„'". ix-at i.,;.nuf..>tUM-i .lu.inK tl.c latt.-r pa>1 -I the sun.ln.-r \.-n ..ffn .-..n- 
 ,,,„> mo,.- that, -.'.V, n,.M,tu,-. Mr. /...-kI'-' ..v.-m-m.'. th,. .l,lt„ulT.x !,^ 
 .,„pi.,v,„jr th.. «a>t.. Ka>rs fro.n tl,.- ..-tort, lor pn-linimarv ,ir.v.l.« -f t .<■ 
 |.-.t Th.- KHM'> ai.- nnx.-l VMth aif. -<> that a .Mlitahl.- t.-inpr, aturr l> .' - 
 ,,,n.Ml al>.l th.M. |.a.M'a thnni^^h tlu- [..'at it. spcrial .liviliK .•han.Wn-. 
 
 \ nrw peat niarhinr. uith a h.i^f .-ai-a.-ilN . inv.-nt.-.l i.v Mr. \. \nr.r. 
 ,. at |.r.-Mit \>i-mii intHHlinva in Kurup... an-l the- san..- invont.,r i^ al>u ->, - 
 ,„ni."i with th.- rolistril.'ti..n of a inr.haiii.-al fx.-avator m .•oinl.matiot, w,tl. 
 a JK-at plant of sontrwliat nrw .i..>,gn. Tiu' .l.'ta.U of th.> ph,nt are not as 
 >,.t avaihil.l.'. A n,^^^ -tun.p pullnifc n;,paratu> has also l«M-n n.v-nt.-.l Lv 
 
 '' l,,,' tlic iMaiiuta.'t.ir.' of [..•at pow.l.'r, in an-o.danre witli thf |.ro.'..s.- 
 i„v,-nte.l !,v Mr. 11. Kk.-l-ma, of Sw.-.i,-!.. an .■xfiLsiv,- plant was M arf.l la^t 
 \.-ar an.l uill prol.ahiy U- in full o|«Mation .luring thr ronims s,..,s,,n.