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rangs Educational Series
SELECTED LIVES
KRUM
CORNELIUS NEPO
n
O
EDITED FOR THE USE OF SCHOOLS
WITH \OTES AND VOCABULARY
ARTHUR W. ROBERTS, PhD
Shn-,ok Clasmca. Master o. the Wh.uam Pesn Chakthk Sc„uor.
Philaubli'hia
TORONTO
GEORGE N. MORANG & CO., LIMITED
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PREFACE.
Perhaps it may be fairly claimed for Nepos, that his
history offers a subject more likely to appeal to the aver-
age pupil than the writings of any other Latin author of
equal difficulty. Biography, if not spun out too fine,
seldom fails to excite interest. Caesar, probably indis-
pensable in some part of the preparatory course, has no
claim to possess the field ^ the exclusion of so interest-
ing an author as Nepos. Hitherto the general practice
adopted in Latin study has been to train the pupil in six
weeks or six months for reading Caesar, to thrust him into
the study of Caesar before he: is ready for it, and to keep
him there until he becomes thoroughly tired of the famous
general's campaigns and perhaps of Latin as well, and
then to seek to revive him with a taste of Virgil's poetry.
Now, however, there are indications everywhere of a
healthy reaction against this practice, and the idea is
fast gaining ground that the prose of the preparatory
course should be more varied for the benefit of both
teacher and pupil. As affording suitable material for
such variety the "Lives of Nepos" have a special claim
to recognition.
The text is, with a few minor alterations, that of Halm;
the orthography is made uniform with that of the other
111
IV
PRKFACE.
books in this series. In response to many requests the
quantity of long vowels has been indicated throughout the
In determining quantities, and also in matters of
book.
etymology, Lewis' Elementary Dictionary has been ^or the
most part, though not invariably, followed.
'i'he synonyms placed at the foot of each page of text,
and the word-groups printed just before the vocabulary!
will, it is hoped, be of service in enlarging the pupil's
vocabulary and training him in his earliest reading to
cultivate the power o»^ associating words of like origin.
The aim in the notes has been to supply needed infor-
mation where Nepos is over-brief or in error, to explain
real difficulties in syntax, and to add to the pupil's interest
by giving illustrations of objects mentioned in the text.
The edition, of Nepos by Nipperdey (Lupus), Siebelis
(Jancovius), and Karl Erbe have been drawn upon in the
preparation of the notes.
References have been made to the grammars of Allen
and r.reenough, Bennett, and Harkness. That these
references will be found less frequent than in many
elementary text-books is due to the editor's belief that
constant references to the grammar often prove interrup-
tions rather than helps to the pupils.
ARTHUR W. ROBLRTS.
Philadelphia, June 24, 1895.
■
•I
CONTENTS.
Themistoci.es
Hawibai,
Aristides
Text [ Notes
-'4
VV'ord-(}roui*s
Exercises for Kei ransi.atkin
Abdreviations used in Notes amj Vocak'i \ry
Vocabulary
-'7
45
to
6S
89
lOI
I
ILLUSTRATIONS.
'. TllF.MISTl.Cl.KS
2. Tkikkme
J. Ruins <ik the Airopoms ,,
4. ACRi)"()l,lS RKSTORK.) ^j
5. Hannibal ....
45
6. Lr.ciicA ...
49
7. Amphorai- .... ,,
54
8. Scat HA g
9. Caduceus g
10. Hannibal
•MAPS AND PLANS.
Greece with the Coasts and Islands ok the Akc.ean
Sea
Athens and Salamis .
Route of Hannibal
Plan of Thermopylae
Frontispiece
I
22
INTRODUCTION.
Few details of the life of Cornelius Nepos have come
down to us ; even his praenomen is unknown. The dute
I CO r;.c. is generally fixed upon as approximately the year
of his birth, Ticinum in Cis-AIpine (Jaul (the modern
Pavia in iVorthern Italy) as his birthplace. Karly in life
ht removed to Rome, where he was educated. A con-
temporary of Cavsar and Cicero, he became well acquainted
with the latter throujjh their common friend Atticus. With
this Atticus (Titus Pomponius Atticus), best known to us
as the friend and correspondent of Cicero, Nepos b.-came
very intimate, and, entertaining for him the highest admi-
ration, he imitated his tastes and manner of living. Liivc
Atticus he held aloof from political life, filled none of the
offices of state, and, being possessed of sufficient means,
devoted himself to literary pursuits. The date cf his
death is uncertain; it cannot have been earlier than
29 B.C. and probably was somewhat later. He is said to
have published the following works :
1. Chronica, probably a clironological summaiy which included
the history of outside nations as well as of Rome.
2. Exempia; models for imitation, drawn from the early
Romans, whose simplicity nf life afforded a great con-
trast with the luxury of Nepos' own time.
vii
Vlll
INTRODUCTION.
3. A complete biography of Cato the Censor.
4- A life of Cicero; thought to have been written after the
death of Cicero. Nepos was peculiarly fitted to under-
take this task. • His friendship for Cicero and Atticus
and his access to their correspondence would have made
the work an especially valuable one for us.
5. A wrrk on Geography.
6. De 'irts Inliistribus.
Of these all have disappeared except portions of the
last, which was certainly his principal work, and was
planned on a most comprehensive scale. He purposed
to inform the Roman public about famous men chosen
not only from Roman history, but also from that of the
Greeks and other foreign nations. To this end he arranged
his characters by classes, introducing immediately after a
book containing descriptions of a number of foreigners,
another contraning similarly brief histories of distin-
guishf^d Romans of the same class. Thus there followed
one another in succession descriptions of foreign and
Roman kings, generals, lawyers, orators, poets, historians,
philosophers. All of this voluminous work is lost save
one book, De ExceUcntihiis Ducibus Exteranim Gentium,
which fortunately we possess in its entirety, and two biog-
raphies from the volume nc Historids Zatinis, those of
Cato and Atticus. We cannot with certainty reconstruct its
table of contents, but with nmch probability Nipperdey
in the introduction to his edition of Nepos suggests the
following arrangement :
INTRODUCTION.
IX
I. De Regibus Exterarum Gentium. II. De Regibus Ro-
manorum. III. De Excellentibus Ducibu.s Exterarum Gentium.
IV. De Excellentibus Ducibus RomSnorum. V. De luris Con-
sultls Graecis. VI. De luris Consultis RSmanls. VII. De
Oratoribus Graecis. VIII. De Oratoribus Romanls. IX. De
Poetis Graecis. X. De Poetis Latinis. XI. De Historicfs
Graecis. XII. De Historicis Latinis. XIII. De Philosophis
Graecis. XIV. De Philosophis Latinis. XV. De Grammaticis
Graecis. XVI. De Grammaticis Latinis.
In this comparison or balancing of his countrymen with
foreigners we should naturally look for some disparage-
ment of the latter. But everywhere in the portions of his
work that have come down to us, we are forced to recog-
nize his fairness and impartiality. Even when a foreigner
gains his glory at the expense of Romans, as was true of
Hannibal, Nepos shows the highest admiration for his
exploits and in no way attempts to belittle his achieve-
ments. ^
We find many mistakes and inaccuracies in his historical
statements, but in view of the great task he undertook, of
his haste to finish the work begun only late in life, and
of his being the first Roman historian to use foreign
authorities, this need not excite our surprise.
THEMISTOCLES.
1 T„EM,.,T0C,,S., Neocl, Alius, A.heniensis. Hoius
vrtut.bus, adeo ut a„,efer«„r huic „em6, pa„ci
f. -V *;"""■■ ''" ■•"' """° <^« "<«<="du™. Pater
e us Neoc.es generosus fuit. Is u.orem Acarnan m ,
cvem dQx„, ex qua natus es, Themis.odes. q"
cum mmus asset probatus parentlbus, quod et Ifte-
nus vivebat et rem familiarem neglegebat a n trt
3cxh.red„us est. Quae contumelia^S', . 'e 7
-ed erex,t. Nam cum iudicasset sine summa ,o
.ndustrm „0„ posse earn exs.ingu,, totum se dedidi
re. publ,cae, diligentius am.Cs famaeque serv^n
Mu„um ,„ „-,dici,s privatis versabatur, saepe in ,6,.
..onem popui, p.odibat, nuila res maior sine eo
gerebatur, celeriter quae opus eran. reperiebat, facile „
4 eadem ora„One explicabat. Neque minus in ,ebu
gerend,s pr.mptus quam excogitandis erat, quod e
de .nstantAus, ut ait Thucydides, verissime iodl
caba. et de fu.ur.s callidissime conicieba, Qu5
factum est ut brevi tempore iiililstraretur,
2 emendata, cornea. — 4 nutenfnr ,v-.
iMicasset, ,..,w - „ mauatruX!;,/' "'■'"■ ~ ^
20
THEMISTOCLES. 2.
2 Primus autem gradus f uit capessendae rei publicae
bello Corcyraeo : ad quod gerendum praetor a
populo factus non solum praesenti bello, sed etiam
2 reliquo tempore ferociorem reddidit civitatem. Nam
cum pecunia publica, quae ex metallis redibat, largi- 5
tione magistratuum quotannis interiret, ille per-
suasit populo ut ea pecunia classis centum navium
3 aedificaretur. Qua celeriter effecta primum Corcy-
raeos fregit, deinde maritimos praedones consec-
tando mare tutum reddidit. In cuo cum divitiis 10
ornavit, tum etiam peritissimos belli navalis fecit
4 Athenienses. Id quantae saluti ^uerit universae
Graeciae, bello cognitum est Persiro. Nam cum
Xerxes et mar! et terra bellum universae inferret
Europae cum tantis c5piis quantas neque ante nee 15
5 postea habuit quisquam : huius enim classis mille
et ducentarum navium longarum fuit, quam duo
milia onerariarum sequebantur, terrestres autem
exercitus septingenta peditum, equitum quadrin-
6 genta milia fuerunt : — cuius de adventu cum f.ima 20
in Graeciam esset perlata et maxime Athenienses
peti dicerentur propter pugnam Marathoniam, mise-
runt Delphos consultum quidnam facerent de rebus
suis. Deliberantibus Pythia respondit ut moenibus
7 ligneis se mijnirent. Id responsum quo valeret cum 25
intellegeret nemo, Themistocles persuasit consilium
I capessendae, stiscipicndae. — 3 factus, credtits. — 10 di-
vitiis, opibus. — 19 exercitus, cdpiae. — 23 cSnsultum, inter-
rogdtutn, — 24 deliberantibus, comulentibus.
THEMISTOCLES. 2, 3, 4. 3
esse Apollinis ut in naves se suaque conferrent :
8 eum cnim a deo significari niurum ligneiun. Tali
cOnsilio probato addunt ad superidres totidem naves
triremes, suaque omnia quae moveri poterant, partim
Salamina, partim 'I'roezena deportant : arcem sacer- 5
dotibus paucisque maioribus natu ad sacra prOcu-
randa tradunt, reliquum oppidum relinquunt.
3 Huius consilium plerisque civitatibus displicebat
et in terra dimicari magis placebat. Itaque missi
sunt delecti cum Leonida, Lacedaemoniorum rege, 10
qui Thermopylas occuparent longiusque barbaros
progredi non paterentur. li vim hostium non susti-
2 nuerunt eoque loco omnes interierunt. At classis
communis Graeciae trecentarum navium. in qua
ducentae erant Atheniensium, primum apud Arte- 15
misium inter Euboeam continentemque terram cum
classiariis regiis conflixit. Angustias enim Themi-
3 stocles quaerebat, ne multitudine circumiretur. Hie
etsi pari proelio discesserant. tamen eodem loco non
sunt ausi manere, quod erat periculum ne, si pars 20
navium adversariorum Euboeam supcrasset, ancipiti
4 premerentur periculo. Quo factum est ut ab Arte-
misio discederent et exadversum Athenas apud
Salamina classem suam constituerent.
4 At Xerxes Thermopylls expugnatis protinus 25
accessit astu idque, nullis defende^nibus, interfectis
3 superiores./rwnv. — 1 1 occuparent, tmerent.— 12 vim
peU'bat. - circumir- lauJeretur. - 26 interfecti., ocdu!.
4 THEMISTOCLES. 4, 5.
sacerdotibus quos in arce invenerat, incendio dele-
2 vit. Cuius flamina perterriti classiarii cum manere
non auderent et plurimi hortarentur ut domos suas
discederent moenibusque se defenderent, Themi-
stocles Onus restitit et universos pares esse posse 5
aiebat, disperses testabatur perituros, idque Eury-
biadi, regi Lacedaemoniorum, qui turn summae
3 imperi praeerat, fore adfirmabat. Quern cum minus
quam vellet moveret, noctu de servis suis quern
habuit fidelissimum ad regem misit, ut ei nuntiaret 10
4 suis verbis adversaries eius in fuga esse : qui si
discessissent, maiore cum labore et longinquiore
tempore bellum rorfectiirum, cum singulos consec-
tari cogeretur : quos si statim aggrederetur, brevi
universds oppressurum. Hoc eo valebat, ut ingratiis 15
5 ad depugnandum omnes cogerentur. Hac re audita
barbarus, nihil doli subesse credens, postridie alie-
nissimo sibi loco, contra opportunissimo hostibus,
ade5 angusto mari conflixit ut eius multitudo
navium explicari non potuerit. Victus ergo est 20
magis etiam consilio Themistocli quam armis Grae-
ciae.
5 Hie etsi male rem gesserat, tamen tantas habebat
reliquias copiarum ut etiam tum iis opprimere posset
hostes. Iterum ab eodem gradti depulsus est. Nam 25
4 discederent, ablrent. — 6 aiebat, dlcebat. — 9 noctQ, noc-
turno tempore. — 1 2 discessissent, effugissent ; longinquiore,
longiore. — 14 aggrederetur, impetum faceret in. — 17 doli,
fraudis. — 24 opprimere, dc-zincerc.
I
THEMISTOCLES. 5, 6. 5
Themistocles verens ne bellare perseveraret, ccrti-
orem eum fecit id agi, ut pons quern ille in Helle-
sponto fecerat, dissolveretur ac reditu in Asiam
2 excluderetur, idque ei persuasit. Itaque qua sex
mensibus iter fecerat, eadem minus diebus triginta 5
in Asiam reversus est seque a Themistocle non
3 superatum, sed conservatum iudicavit. Sic unius
viri prudentia Graecia liberata est Europaeque suc-
cubuit Asia. Haec est altera victoria quae cum
Marathon io possit comparari tropaeo. Nam pari 10
modo apud Salamina parvo numero navium maxima
post hominum memoriam classis est devlcta.
6 Magnus hoc bello Themistocles fuit neque minor
in pace. Cum enim Phalerico portu neque magno
neque bono Athenienses uterentur, huius consilio 15
triplex Piraei portus constitutus est isque moenibus
circumdatus, ut ipsam urbem dignitate aequiperaret,
2 utilitate superaret. Idem muros Atheniensium
restituit praecipuo suo periculo. Namque Lace-
daemonii causam idoneam nacti propter barbarorum 20
excursiones, qua negarent oportere extra Pelopon-
nesum ullam urbem muros habere, ne essent loca
munita quae hostes possiderent, Athenienses aedi-
3 ficantes prohibere sunt conati. Hoc longe alio
spectabat atque videri volebant. Athenienses enim 25
I bellare, helium f;erere. — certiorem eum fecit, « nunti-
dvit. — 3 dissolveretur, interscinderetur. — 5 iter fecerat, ve-
nerat. — g altera, secunda. — 10 comparari, cdnferrL — i^
magnus, egregtu:. — 20 nacti, ade/>ii. — 25 videri, appdrire.
6 THEMISTOCLES. 6, 7.
duabus victoriis, Marathon ia et Salamlnia, tantam
gloriam apud omnes gentes erant consecuti ut intel-
legerent Lacedaemonii Je principatu sibi cum iis
certarnen fore. Quare eos quam infirmissimos esse
4 volebant. Postquam autem audierunt muros strui, 5
legates Athenas rriserunt, qui id fieri vetarent. His
praesentibus desierunt ac se de ea re legates ad eos
5 missuros dixerunt. Hanc legationein suscepit The-
mistocles et solus primo profectus est : reliqui legati
ut turn exirent cum satis alti tuendo muri exstructi 10
viderentur, praecepit : interim omnes, servi atque
liberi, opus facerent neque ulli loco parcerent, sive
sacer stve prof anus, sive privatus esset sive publicus,
et undique, quod idoneum ad muniendum putarent,
congererent. Quo factum est ut Atheniensium muri 15
ex sacellis sepulcrisque constarent.
7 Themistocles autem, ut Lacedaemonem venit,
adire ad magistratus noluit et dedit operam ut quam
longissime tempus duceret, causam interponens se
2 conlegas exspectare. Cum Lacedaemonii quere- 20
rentur opus nihilo minus fieri eumque in ea re
conari fallere, interim reliqui legati sunt consecuti.
A quibus cum audisset non multum superesse muni-
tionis, ad ephoros Lacedaemoniorum accessit, penes
quos summum erat imperium, atque apud eos con- 25
7 desierunt, intermiseru^t. — 9 reliqui, ccterl. — 10 exirent,
proficiscerentur. — 14 muniendum, moeuia struenda. — 17 ut,
postquam. — 22 sunt conseciiti, pervenimnt. — 25 contendit,
affirm at.
THKMISTOCLES. 7,8. 7
tendit falsa iis esse delata : quare aequum esse illos
viros bonus nobilcsque inittere quibus fides habe-
retur, qui rem explorarent : interea se obsidem
3 retinerent. Clestus est ei mOs, tresque legati functi
summis honoribus Athenas missi sunt. Cum his 5
conlegas suos 'Ihemistocles iussit proficisci iisque
praedixit ut ne prius Lacedaeinoniorum lej^atOs
4 dimitterent quam ipse csset remissus. Hos post-
quam Athenas pervenisse ratus est, ad magistratus
senatumque LacedaemoniGrum adiit et aped eos 10
liberrime professus est: Athenienses suo consiliO,
quod communi iure gentium facere possent, deos
publicOs suosque patrios ac penates, quo facilius ab
hoste possent defendere, murls saepsisse, neque in
5 eo quod inutile esset Graeciae fecisse. Nam illorum 15
urbem ut propugnaculum oppositum esse barbaris,
apud quam iam bis classes regias fecisse naufra-
6 gium. Lacedaemonios autem male et iniiiste facere,
qui id potius intuerentur, quod ipsorum dominationi
quam quod universae Graeciae utile esset. Hiare, 20
si suos legatos recipere vellent, quos Athenas mise-
rant, se remitterent, atm aliter illOs numquam in
patriam essent recepturi.
8 Tamen non effiigit civium suorum invidiam.
Namque ob eundem timorem quo damnatus erat 2s
Miltiades, testularum suffragiis e civitate eiectus
I esse delata, esse nuKtidta. — 7 praedixit, praecepit. — 9
ratus est, arbitra:us est. ~ 1 1 professus est, verba fecit —
25 Ob, propter.
TllKMISTCJCLES. 8.
2 Argos habitatum concessit. Hic cum propter multas
virtutes magna cum dignitute viveret, Lacedaemonii
legatos Athenas misOrunt, qui eum absentem accu-
sarent, quod socictatcm cum rC-ge PersC- ad (irae-
ciam opprimendam fccissct. Hue crimine absens S
3 proditionis damnatus est. Id ut audivit, quod non
satis tfitum sc Argis vidcbat, Corcyram demigravit.
Ibi cum C'ius principcs animadvxrtisset timere ne
propter se belium iis Lacedaemonii et Athenienses
indicerent, ad Admetum, Molossum regem, cum quo lo
4 ei hospitium erat, confugit. Hue cum venisset et in
praesentia rex abesset, quo maiore religiune se
receptum tueretur filiam eius parvulam adripuit et
cum ea se in sacrarium, quod summa colebatur
caerimonia, coniecit. Inde non prius egressus est 15
quam rex eum data dextra in fidem reciperet, quam
5 praestitit. Nam cum ab Atheniensibus et Lacedae-
moniis exposceretur publice, supplieem non prodidit
monuitque ut eonsuleret sibi : difficile enim. esse in
tam propinquo loco tuto eum versari. Itaque Pyd- 20
nam eum deduci iussit et quod satis esset praesidi
6 dedit. Hic in navem omnibus ignotus nautis escen-
dit. Quae cum tempestate maxima Naxum ferretur,
ubi turn Atheniensium erat exercitus, sensit Themi-
stocles, si eo pervenisset, sibi esse pereundum. Hac 25
necessitate coactus domino navis, quis sit, aperit,
7 multa pollicens si se conservasset. At ille claris-
2 dignitate, >4f wJ/-*-. — 4 societatem, /cv/kj. — 8 animad-
vertisset, cdgnovisset. — 1 3 tueretur, difenJeret.
TUKMlSTOfLES. 8.9. 9
simi viri captus misericordia diem noctemque procul
ab insula in salO navem tenuit in ancoris ncque
quemquam ex ea cxire passus est. Inde Ephesum
pervenit ibique Themistoclen expOnit: cui ille pro
meritis posted gratiam rettulit.
9 Scir,plerc-queitascripsisse,Themistoclen Xerxe
regnantc in Asiam transissc. Sed ego potissimusn
'Ihucydidi credo, quod et aetate proxinuis de iis
qui illorum tcmporum historiam reliquerunt, et eius-
dem civitatis fuit. Is autem ait ad Artaxerxen eum .0
2 venisse atque his verbis epistulam misisse : "The-
mistocles veni ad te, qui plurima mala hominum
Graiorum in domum tuam intuli, quam diu mihi
necesse fuit adversum patrcm tuum bellare patri-
3 amque meam defendere. Idem multo plura bona .5
feci, postquam in tuto ipse et ilie in periculo esse
coepit. Nam cum in Asiam reverti vellet, proelio
apud Salamina facto litteris eum certiGrem feci id
agi, ut pons quem in Hellesponto fecerat, dissolve-
retur atque ab hostibus circumiretur : quo nuntio 20
4 ille periculo est liberatus. Nunc autem confugi ad
teexagitatusacuncta Graecia, tuam petens amici-
tiam : quam si ero adeptus, non minus me bonum
amicum habebis quam fortem inimicum ille expertus
est. Te autem rogo, ut de iis rebus quas tecum 25
I captus, permolus. - 3 passus est, fermisit. ~ 7 potissi-
mum maxinu:-,o ait, duit..-i, epistulam, Utter^s.-
H adversum, ro>,tr,,. - bellare, balu,n ^.r^rc. - 22 ciincta,
umvi sj. — 23 adeptus, nactus.
10
TIItMlSTUCLES. 9, 10.
conloqulvolo, annuum mihi tcmpus ties eoque trins-
acto ad te venire patulris."
10 Huius rC'x animi magnitudinem admirans cupigns-
que talcj.* virum sibi conciliari veniam dedit. Ille
omnc illud tempus litteris scrrnoniquc Persarum sC* s
dedidit : quibus adoo cruditus est, lu miilto commo-
dius dicatur apud reguiu verba fecisse qiiam it potc-
2 rant, qui in Perside erant nati. I lie eiim multa regi
esset pollicitus gralissimumque ilkul, si suis uti
consiliis vellet, ilium (Jraeciam belli) oppressurum, 10
masnis muneribus ab Artaxerxe donatus in Asiam
rediit domiciliumque Mai,mesiae sibi constituit.
3 Namquc banc urbem ei rex donarat his quidem
verbis, quae ei panem praeberet (ex c|ua regione
quinquagena talenta quotannis redibant), Lampsa- 15
cum autem, unde vinum siimeret, Myunta, ex qua
obsonium haberet.
Huius ad nostram memoriam monumenta man-
serunt duo : sepulcrum prope oppidum in quo est
4 sepultus, statua in forO Magnesiae. De cuius morte 20
multis modis apud plerOsque scriptum est, sed nOs
eundem potissimum Thucydidem auctorem proba-
mus, qui ilium ait Magnesiae morbO mortuum neque
negat fuisse famam venenum sua sponte sumpsisse,
cum se, quae regi de Graecia opprimenda pollicitus 25
5 esset, praestare posse desperaret. Idem ossa eius
5 serm5ni, lins^uat-. — j verba fecisse, li-ciltum esse. — c,
gratissitnum, iucundissimtim. — 1 1 muneribus, donis. 13
dSnarat, dedcml. — zd praestare, yutc/f.
IHEMISTUtLES. lo.
11
clam in Attica ab amlcls sopult.i, quoniam I^jjibus
non concfidcictur, quod pn'Mlitionis cssct danmatus,
memoriae prodidit.
3 concMeritur, situritur.
HANNIBAL.
1 Hannibal, Hamilcaris filius, Karthapniensis.
Si verum est, quod nemo dubitat, ut populus RO-
manus omnes gentes virtute superarit, non est in-
fitiandum Hannibalem tanto praestitisse ceteros
imperatores prudentia, quanto populus Romanus 5
2 antecedat fortitudine cOnctas nationes. Nam quo-
tienscumque cum eo congressus est in Italia, sem-
per discessit superior. Quod nisi domi civium
suorum invidia debilitatus esset, Romanos videtur
superare potuisse. Sed multorum obtrectatio de- 10
vicit unius virtutem.
3 Hie autem velut hereditate relictum odium pater-
num erga Romanos sic conservavit ut prius animam
quam id deposuerit, qui quidem, cum patria pulsus
esset et alienarum opum indigeret, numquam desti- 15
2 terit animo bellare cum Romanis. Nam ut omittam
Philippum, quem absens hostem reddidit Romanis,
omnium iis temporibus potentissimus rex Antiochus
fuit. Hunc tanta cupiditate incendit bellandi ut
4 praestitisse, sttpenivisse. — d ciinctas, omnes. — -j con-
gressus est, ditnicSvit. — 13 animam, vUam. — 16 omittam,
12
HANX'-.AL.
13
usque a rubro mari arma jo.iatus sit oferre Ttaliae.
2 Ad quern cum legati verii^.t..;. .■ ..mf.ni, qui de eius
voluntate explorarent darentque operam consiliis
clandestinis, ut riannibalem in suspicionem regi
adducerent, tamquam ab ipsis corruptum alia atque S
antea sentire, neque id frustra fecissent, idque Han-
nibal comperisset seque ab interioribus consiliis
segregari vidisset, tempore d.ito adiit ad regem,
3 eique cum multa de fide sua et odio in Romanos
commemorasset, hoc adiunxit: "Pater meus," in- lo
quit, " Hamilcar, puerulo me, utpote non amplius
novem annos nato, in Hispaniam imperator pro-
ficiscens Karthagine, lovi optimo maximo hostias
4 immolavit. Quae divina res dum conficiebatur, quae-
sivit a me vellemne secum in castra proficisci. Id 15
cum libenter accepissem atque ab eo petere coepis-
sem ne dubitaret ducere, tum ille, "Faciam," inquit,
"si mihi fidem, quam postulo, dederis." Simul me
ad aram adduxit apud quam sacrificare instituerat,
eamque ceteris remotis tenentem iurare iussit num- 20
6 quam me in amicitia cum Romanis fore. Id ego
iusiurandum patri datum usque ad banc aetatem
ita conservavi ut nemini dubium esse debeat quin
6 reliquo tempore eadem mente sim futurus. Quare
S! quid amice dc Romanis cogitabis, non impruden- :;s
ter feceris, si me celaris ; cum quidem bellum para-
8 segregari, excludl. — 10 commemorasset, narrdsset. —
18 fidem, iiisiurandum. — ii) instituerat, f^^/^ra/. — 25 non
imprudenter, sapienUr.
14
HANMBAI,.
2-4-
bis, te ipsum frustraberis, si non me in eo principem
posueris."
3 Hac igitur qua diximus aetate cum patre in
Hispaniam profectus est ; cuius post obitum, Has-
drubale imperatore sufifecto, equitatui omni praefuit. 5
Hoc quoque interfecto exercitus summam imperi
ad eum detulit. Id Karthaginem delatum publice
2 comprobatum est. Sic Hannibal minor quinque et
viginti annis natus imperator factus proximo tri-
ennio omnes gentes Hispaniae bello subegit, Sa- 10
guntum, foederatam civitatem, vi expugnavit, tres
3 exercitus maximos comparavit. Ex his unu'm in
Africam misit, alterum cum Hasdrubale fratre in
Hispania reliquit, tertium in Italiam secum duxit.
Saltum Py.enaeum transiit. Quacumque iter fecit, 15
cum omnibus incolis conflixit; neminem nisi victum
4 dimisit. Ad Alpes posteaquam venit, quae Ttaliam
ab Gallia seiungunt, quas nemo umquam cum exer-
citu ante eum praeter Herculem Graium transierat
(quo facto is hodie saltus Graius appellatur), Alpi- 20
cos conantes prohibere transitu concidit, loca pate-
fecit, itinera muniit, effecit ut ea elephantus ornatus
ire posset qua antea Onus homo inermis vix pote-
rat repere. Hac copias trajduxit in Italiamque
pervenit.
25
4 Conflixerat apud Rhodanum cum P. Cornelio
I friistrabteris, ////^j. — 4 obitum, mortem.— i^ praefuit
Praefectm est—i^ saltum, iugum. — iy posteaquam, fosl
quam. — iS sSiungunt, dtvidunt.
HANMBAL.
4.5-
15
Scipione consule eumque pepulerat. Cum hoc
eodem Clastidi apud Padum decernit sauciumque
2 inde ac fugatiim diniittit. Tertio idem ScipiO cum
conlega Tiberio Longo apud Trebiam adversus eum
venit. Cum iis manum conseruit ; utrosque profli- 5
gavit. Inde per Ligurcs Appenninum transiit,
3 petens Etruriam. Hoc itinere adeo gravi morbo
adficitur oculorum ut postea numquam dextro aeque
bene usus sit. Qua valetudine cum etiamtum pre-
meretur lecticaque ferretur, C. Flaminium consulem 10
apud Trasumenum cum exercitu insidiis circum-
ventum occidit, neque multo post C. Centenium
praetorem cum delecta manu saltiis occupantem.
4 Hinc in Apuliam per\ Ibi obviam ei vene-
runt duo consules, C. .itius et L. Aemilius. 15
Utriusque exercitus uno proelio fugavit, Paulum
consulem occidit et aliquot praeterea consulares, in
iis Cn. Servilium Geminum, qui superiore anno fue-
rat consul.
5 Hac pugna pugnata Romam profectus est nullo 20
resistente. In propinquis urbi montibus moratus
est. Cum aliquot ibi dies castra habuisset et
Capuam reverteretur, Q. Fabius Maximus, dictator
2 Romanus, in agro Falerno ei se obiecit. Hie clau-
sus locorum angustiis noctu sine ullo detrimento 25
exercitus se expedivit Fabioque, callidissimo impe-
2 decernit, dtmicat ; saucium, Tolneratum. — 10 ferretur
vekerctur.~\^ ^d\i\i.%, iUif^mtuis moiilium. — 21 propinquis
finitimh. — 26 callidissimo, peritissimd.
16
HANNIBAL. 5, 6.
ratori, dedit verba. Namque obducta nocto sar-
menta in cornibus iuvencorum deligata incendit
eiusque generis multitudinem magnam dispalatam
immisit. Quo repentino obiecto visu tantum terro-
rem iniecit exercitui Romanorum ut egredi extra s
3 vallum nemo sit ai >us. Hanc post rem gestam
nOn ita multis diebus M, Minucium Rufum, magi-
strum equitum pari ac dictatorem imperio, dolo pro-
ductum in proelium fugavit. Tiberium Sempronium
Gracchum, iterum consulem, in Liicanis absens in 10
insidias inductum sustulit. M. Claudium Marcel-
lum, quinquies consulem, apud Venusiam pari modo
4 interfecit. Longum est omnia enumerare proelia.
Quare hoc unum satis erit dictum, ex quo intellegi
possit quantus ille fuerit: quamdiu in Italia fuit, 15
nemo ei in acie restitit, nemo adversus eum post
Cannensem pugnam in campo castra posuit.
6 Hinc invictus patriam defensum revocatus bellum
gessit adversus P. Scipionem, filium eius Scipionis
quem ipse primd apud Rhodanum, iterum apud 20
2 Padum, tertio apud Trebiam fugarat. Cum hoc
exhaustis iam patriae facultatibus cupivit imprae-
sentiarum bellum componere, quo valentior postea
congrederetur. In conloquium convenit : condici-
3 ones non convenerunt. Post id factum paucis 25
diebus apud Zamam cum eodem conflixit; pulsus
5 egredi, exln-. — S pari, eoif^w. — i^ enumerare, com-
memordre. — 22 facultatibus, copils ; impraesentiarum, m
praesentid.
IIANMIiAl,
17
(incredibile dictfi) biduo et duabus noctibus Hadru-
metum pervenit, quod abest ab Zama circiter milia
4 passuum trecenta. In hac fuga Numidae, qui simul
cum eo ex acie excesserant, insidiati sunt ei ; quos
non solum effugit, sed etiam ipsos oppressit. Ha- 5
drumeti reliquos e fuga conlegit; novis dilectibus
paucis diebus multos contraxit.
7 Cum in apparando acerrime esset occupatus, Kar-
thaginienses bellum cum Romanis composuerunt.
I^lle nihilo setius exercitui postea praefuit resque in 10
Africa gessit itemque Mago frater eius usque ad
2 P. Sulpicium C. Aurelium consules. His enim
magistratibus legati Karthaginienses Romam vene-
runt, qui senatui populoque Romano gratias age-
rent, quod cum iis pacem fecissent, ob eamque rem 15
corona aurea eos donarent simulque peterent ut
obsides eorum Fregellis essent captivique redde-
3 rentur. His ex senatus consulto responsum est :
munus eorum gratum acceptumque esse ; obsides,
quo loco rogarent, futuros, captivos non remissuros, 20
quod Hannibalem, cuius opera susceptum bellum
foret, inimicissimum nomini Romano, etiam nunc
cum imperio apud exercitum haberent itemque fra-
4 trem eius Magonem. Hoc responso Karthagini-
enses cognito Hannibalem domum et Magonem 25
revocarunt. Hiic ut rediit, rex factus est, post-
quam imperator fuerat, anno secundo et vicesimo :
I biduo, duobus dii-biis. — ^ acie, proelio.— 10 setius,
minus. — ;o rogarent, fcUniit. — z-j secundo, alterd.
18
HANNIBAL. 7,8.
ut enim Romae consules, sic Karthagine quotannis
5 annul bini reges creabantur. In eo magistratu pari
dihgentia se Hannibal praebuit ac fuerat in bello.
Namque effecit ex novis vectigalibus non solum ut
esset pecunia quae Romanis ex foedere penderetur 5
sed etiam superesset quae in aerario reponeretur'
6 Deinde, M. Claudio L. Furio consulibus. Roma le-
gati Karthaginem venerunt. Hos Hannibal ratus
sui exposcendi gratia missos, priusquam iis senatus
daretur, navem ascendit clam atque in Syriam ad ,0
7 Antiocnum profugit. Hac re palam facta Poeni
naves duas, quae eum comprehenderent, si possent
consequi, miserunt; bona eius publicarunt, domum a
fundamentis disiecerunt. ipsum exsulem iudicarunt.
8 At Hannibal anno tertio postquam domo profuge- 1 5
rat, L. Cornelio Q. Minucio consulibus, cum quinque
navibus Africam accessit in finibus Cyrenaeo.um,
SI forte Karthaginienses ad bellum Antiochi spe
fiduciaquc inducereatur, cui iam persuaserat ut
cum exercitibus in Italiam proficisceretur. Hue ^o
2 Magonem fratrem excivit. Id ubi Poeni rescive-
runt, Magonem eadem qua fratrem absentem adfe-
cerunt poena. lib desperatis rebus cum solvissent
naves ac vela ventis dedissent, Hannibal ad Anti-
ochum pervenit. De Magonis interitu duplex me- 25
moria prodita est : namque alii naufragio, alii a
II palam facta, ,n7„t,;r^a.-j, ^udicarunt, ^Pc/arav.r,.,,.
ria, A^r '^'"^"''' '■*^"''^™°*' ^^^"overu^t.-zs memo-
HAWIIJAI,. S, 9.
19
servulis ipsius interfectum eiim scriptum relique-
3 runt. Antiochus auter-, si tain in gerendo bello
consiliis eius parere voluisset quani in suscipiendo
instituerat, propius Tiber! quam Therniopylis de
summa imperi dimicasset. Quern etsi multa stulte 5
4 conari videbat, tamen nulla dcseruit in re. Prae-
fuit paucis navibus, quas ex .Syria ifissus erat in
Asiam ducere, iisque adversus Rhodiorum classem
in Pamphylio marl conflixit. QuO cum multitiidine
adversariorum sui superarentur, ipse, quo cornu rem 10
gessit, fuit superior.
9 Antiocho fugato, verens ne dederetur, quod sine
dubio accidisset, si sui fecisset potestatem, Cretam
ad Gortynios venit, ut ibi, quo se conferret, con-
2 sideraret. Vidit autem vir omn'ium callidissimus 15
in magno se fore periculo, nisi quid providisset,
propter avaritiam Cretensium: magnam enim secum
pecuniam portabat, de qua sciebat exjsse famam.
3 Itaque capit tale consilium. Amphoras complures
complet plumbo, summas operit auro et argento. 20
Has praesentibus principibus deponit in templo Di-
anae, simulans se suas fortunas illorum fidei credere.
His in errorem inductis, statuas aeneas, quas secum
portabat, omni sua pecunia complet easque in pro-
4 patulo domi abicit. Goitynii templum magna cura 25
custodiunt, non tam a ceteris quam ab Hannibale,
ne Mle inscientibus lis tolleret secumque ducerct.
6 deseruit, rellquit. — 14 consideraret, dUlheraret. —
19 capit, iniit. — 20 operit, /<i^/. — 26 tolleret, auferret.
20
HANNIHAL. lo.
iO
10 Sic conservatis suis rebus Poenus. inlusis Crcten-
s.bus omnibus, nd Prusiam in Pontum pervenit
Apud quem eodem animO fuit erga Italiam, neque
ahud quicquam egit quam regem armavit et exercuit
2 adv^ersus Romanos. Quem cum videret domesticis s
opibus mmus esse robustum, conciliabat ceterOs
reges. adiungebat bellicosas natiOnes. Dissidebat
ab eo Pergamenus rex Eumenes, ROmanis amicissi-
mus, bellumque inter eos gerebatur et mari et terra-
3 quo magis cupiebat eum Hannibal opprimi. Sed
utroblque Eumenes plus valebat propter Romano-
rum socetatem ; quem si removisset, faciliora sibi
cetera fore arbitrabatur. Ad hunc interficiendum
4 talem mnt rationem. Classe panels diebus erant
decretun. Superabatur navium multitudine; dolo re
erat pugnandum, cum par non esset armis Im-
peravit quam plurimas venenatas serpente. vivas
5 conhgi casque in vasa fictilia conici. Harum cum
effecisset magnam multitudinem, die ipso quo factu-
rus erat navale proelium, classiarios convocat iisque ^o
praecip.t omnes ut in flnam Eumenis regis concur- "
rant navem, a ceteris tantum satis habeant se de-
fendere. Id illos facile serpentium multitudine
6 consecuturos. Rex aufem in qua nave veheretur
ut scirent. se facturum ; quem si aut ccpissent aui ac
interfecss .it, magno iis pollicetur praemio fore.
4 armavit, ,d hdlum cxatavit.-,, utroblque, utrimgue
-.4 rationem. .w..„.-., 7 serpentes, ..,L:_,, Z-
tum, tantummodo. _ 24 veheretur, ndvigSret.
HAWinAL. II.
21
llTali cohortatione militum facta classis ab utrisque
in proelium dediicitur. Quarum acie constituta,
priusquam signum pugnae daretiir, Hannibal, ut
palam faceret suis quo 1 xo Kamenes esset. tabel-
2 larium in scapha cum cadiiceo mittit. Qui ubi ad s
naves ad\-ersariorum pervenit epistulainque osten-
dens se regem professus est quaerere, statim ad
Eumenem deductus est, quod nemo dubitabat qu.n
ahquid de pace esset scriptum. Tabellarius, ducis
nave declarata suis, eodem unde erat egrcssus, se lo
3 recepit. At Eumenes soluta epistiila nihil in ea
repperit nisi quae ad inridendum eum pertinerent.
Cuius etsi causam mirabatur neque reperiebu, ta-
men proelium statim committere non dubitavit
4 Horum in concursu JJithynii Hannibalis praecepto .5
universi navem Eumenis adoriuntur. Quorum vim
rex cum sustinere non posset, fuga salutem petit ;
quam consecutus non esset. nisi intra sua praesidia
se recepisset, quae in proximo litore erant conlocata.
6 Reliquae Pergamenae naves cum adversaries preme- 20
rent acrius. repente in eas vasa fictilia, de quibus
supra mentionem fecimus, conici coepta sunt. Quae
lacta initio risum pugnantibus concitarunt neque
6 quare id fieret poterat intellegi. Postquam autem
naves suas oppletas conspexerunt serpentibus, nova 25
re perterriti, cum quid potissimum vitarent non
10 declarata, inJicata. - 19 se recepisset, rediisset ;
erant conlocata, erant po.ita.- 21 repente, subitd.-z-i
concitarunt, mdvirunt. ^
22
HAN.VllJAl.. 11,12.
5
viderent, puppes verterunt scque ad sua castra
7 nautica rettulcrunt. Sic Hannibal consilio arma
I'eijramenoriim supcravit. neque turn solum, sed
saepe alias pt-dcstribus copiis pari prudcntia pcpu-
lit advcrsariOs.
12 Quae dum in Asia {,'cruntur, accidit casQ ut legati
Prusiae ROn.ac apud T. Quintium Flaniininuni t^6n-
sularcm ccnarent, atque ibi do Hannibale nientione
facta c.K .is finus djccret cum in Prusiae regno esse.
2 Id postero die Flamininus senatu; detulit. Patres lo
conscript!, qui Hannibale vivo numquam se sine
insidiis futuros existimaren . legatos in Bithynuam
miserunt, in iis FlaminiUu.r <^ai ab rege peterent
ne inimicissimum suum .secum haberet sibique de-
3 deret. His Prusia negare ausus non est; iliud 15
recusavit, ne id a se fieri postularent, quod adver-
sus ids hospiti esset; ipsi, si possent. comprehende-
rent : locum ubi esset, facile inventuros. Hannibal
enim uno loco se tenebat in castello. quod ei a rege
datum erat muneri, idque sic aedificarat ut in om- 20
nibus partibus aedifici exitus haberet, scilicet verens
4 ne usu veniret quod accic'it. Hue cum legati R6-
manorum venissent ac multitudine domum eius cir-
cumdedissent. puer ab ianua prospiciens Hannibali
dixit plures praeter consuetudinem armatos apparere. 25
Qui imperavit ei ut omnes fores aedifici circumiret
ac propere sibi nuntiaret num eodem modo undique
6 casu, >-/^._8 cenarent, e/u/dr„ifur. - 10 posters
s,fu,»tr; patres conscripti, ..„^7mV.-,4 dederet, trdJ^J.
HAXNIHAI.. I.-, ij.
23
6 obsiderctur. Pucr cum cckritcr quid csset renun-
tiassct omnt-sque exitiis occupatOs ostcndisset, sensit
id non fortuilo factum, sod sc peti ncque sibi diutius
vitam essf retiricndam. Quam ne alicno arbitrio
dimitteret, memor pristinarum virtfitum vcnennm. 5
quod semper setum habere consuerat, sfimpsit.
13 Sic vir fortissimus, multis variiscjue perffinctus
laboribus, anno adquievit scptuaj,'esim6. (^)iiibus
consulibus interierit. nun convenit. Namque Atti-
cus M. Claudio Marcello (). Fabio Labeone con- ,0
sulibus mortuum in annali suo scriptum reliquit, at
Polybius L. Aemilio Paulo Cn. ibehio 'lamphild.
Sulpicius autem Plitiio P. C'ornelio ("ethego M.
2 Uaebio Tamphilo. Atque hie tantus vir tantisque
bellis districtus nonnihil temporis tribuit litteris. 15
Namque aliquot eius libri sunt, GraecO sermone
confecti, in iis ad Rhodios de Cn. Manli VulsOnis
3 in Asia rebus gestis. Huius belli gesta multi me-
moriae prodiderunt, sed ex his duo. qui cum eo in
castris fuerunt simulque vixerunt quamdiu fortuna 20
passa est, Silenus et Sosilus Lacedaenionius. At-
que hoc Sosilo Hannibal litterarum Graecarum usus
est doctore.
4 Sed nos tempus est huius libri facere finem et
Romanorum explicare imperatores, quo facilius, con- ::s
latis utrorumque factis, qui viri praeferendi sint
possit iudicari.
3 fSrtuitS, cas/}. — j variis, a'/tv-rm.-9 eocvenit, ^<J«.
ifa/.— 17 cintecti, scri/ii.
W!F
ARISTIDES.
1 ARISTIDES, Lysimachi filius, Atheniensis, aequalis
fere fuit Themistocli atque cum eo de principatu
2 contendit ; namque obtrectarunt inter se. In his
autem cognitum est quanto antistaret eloquentia
3 innocentiae. Quamquam enim adeo excellebat s
Aristides abstinentia, ut unus post hominum
memoriam, quern quidem nos audierimus, cogno-
mine Justus sit appellatus, tamen a Themistocle
conlabefactus testula ilia exsilio decern annorum
4 multatus est. Qui quidem cum intellegeret re- lo
primi concitatam multitudinem non posse, cedens-
que animadvertisset quendam scribentem ut pa-
tria pelleretur, quaesisse ab eo dicitur quare id
faceret aut quid Aristides commisisset, cur tanta
5 poena dignus duceretur. Cui ille respondit se 15
ignorare Aristiden, sed sibi non placere, quod tarn
cupide laborasset ut praeter ceteros Justus appel-
6 laretur. Hie decern annorum legitimam poenam
7 non pertulit. Nam postquam Xerxes in Graeciam
descendit, sexto fere anno quam erat expulsus, 20
populi scito in patriam restitutus est.
14 commlaiaset, /easset. ~ 15 duceretur, exlstimaritur. —
21 scitS, ^^^^^/J. — restitutus, rr;roc(ftus.
24
ARISTIDES.
2.3-
25
2 Interfuit autem pugnae navali apud Salamina,
quae facta est prius quam poena liberaretur.
Idem praetor fuit Atheniensium apud Plataeas in
proelio, quo fusus barbarorum exercitus Mar-
2 doniusque interfectus est. Neque aliud :st ullum 5
haius in re militari inlustre factum quam eius
I imperi memoria, iustitiae vero et aequitatis et
innocentiae multa, in primis quod huius aequitate
factum est, cum in communi classe esset Graeciae
simul cum Pausania quo duce Mardonius erat 10
fugatus, ut summa imperi maritimi ab Lacedae-
moniis transferretur ad Athenienses ; namque ante
id tempus et mari et terra duces erant Lacedae-
3 monii. Turn autem et intemperantia Pausaniae
et iustitia factum est Aristidis ut omnes fere 15
civitates Graeciae ad Atheniensium societatem
se applicarent et adversus barbaros hos duces
deligerent sibi.
3 Quos quo facilius repellerent si forte bellum
renovare conarentur, ad classis aedificandas exer- 20
citusque comparandos quantum pecuniae quaeque
civitas daret, Aristides delectus est qui consti-
tueret, eiusque arbitrio quadringena et sexagena
talenta quotannis Delum sunt conlata ; id enim
2 commune aerarium esse voluerunt. Quae omnis 25
pecunia postero tempore Athenas translata est.
Hie qua fuerit abstinentia, nullum est certius
I Interfuit, partkepsfuit. — 3 praetor, dux. — 1 7 applici-
rent, adiungtrent. — 21 C0mparand5s, conligendds. — 23 arbi-
trid, iudicid.
26
ARISTIDES. 3.
nd aum quam quod, cum tantis rebus praefuisset
m tanta paupertate decessit, ut qui efferretur vix
3 rehquent. Qu6 factum est ut fie eius pobll ^
a^ren tur et de commOnl aerario dotibus daul
4 conlocarentur. Decessit autem fere post annum
quartum quam Themistocl.s Ath.nfs erat L
2 decessit, mortuus ../.- efferretur, sepeiiretur.
NOTES.
THEMISTOCLES.
Synopsis. — The youth of Themistocles (1). Themistocles
induces the Athenians to use the revenue from the mines owned
by the state in building a fleet. With this fleet he vanquishes
the foes of Athens. At the beginning of the second Persian war
he interprets the oracle of Apollo
about wooden walls (2). He has
a battle with the king's sea-forces
at Artemisium (3). Through the'
efforts of Themistocles the allied
Greek fleet defeats the Persians
at Salamis (4). Themistocles per-
suades Xerxes to return to Asia
(5). He founds Piraeus, the port
of Athens, and begins the rebuild-
ing of the walls of Athens (6).
His cunning enables him to out-
wit the Lacedaemonians who try
to stop the rebuilding (7). The-
mistocles is banished because of
the jealousy of his fellow-citizens;
after wandering about for some
time he comes to Ephesus (8).
He writes to Artaxerxes, the Per-
sian king, suing for friendship (9). The king meets his overtures
kindly and bestows Magnesia upon him. Themistocles dies (10).
Chronology. — 530 (about) : Themistocles born. 485-465 :
Xerxes, king of the Persians. 484 (4S2 >) -. Themistocles. elected
archon, founds Piraeus and increase-; the Athenian fltisi. 4S0 :
Battles of Thermopylae, Artemi, m, and Salamis. 478-476:
27
Fig. I. — Thbmistoci.es.
Zi\
NOTES.
47r ff Thel- ' ,'?""" ^^^"^' ""P— -ts at Piraeus.
Pe s a 2\ uK'l '■ ^'^'''"^^ ' (Longimanus) king of
Persia. 460 (about) : Death of Themistocles.
^.^y^^' '■^^.*""*°*=^««'Neoclimius,Athenien8i8: these
words serve as a tule. having no grammatical connection J"
what follows ; so also the beginning of Hannibal and Aristides
Nepos disconnects the first fe« words from what follows and
gives us a title in quite modern fashion.
H..1 '■ ^*^!5" ^ ^^"'''''^ ^'■'"" ^ nominative Neocles of the third
declension (G. .3. a; H. 68, i, 2 ; B. 47, 7-.
i^ Huius : . e genitive depends on adulescentiae, with which
ineuntis agrees. Trans. t/>e faults of his early youth.
2. Titia: see group vr-, vie.
se Jh *°**^*"*" • • • P»t*°t"' •• »he use of the present tense in a
secondary sequence goes to show that this opinion still prevailed
in the time of Nepos.
S- generSsus : Le., he belonged to the Eupatridae, or nobles •
5. Acarnanam: a substantive; with substantives denoting
persons, the substantive giving the people's name is regularly
S Pe^L ^'^""^^ '""^^ '^'"" ''-^ ''■' ''^ ^-'«' '^"'
7. mmua: less, then too little; here almost equivalent to n5n
384/4; rr^iss/:"'^ '^^'••^""•^^^-'^^3.0. note; H.
7. liberius : too luxuriously ,- the comparative may often be
trans, by too. ^
8. neglegebat : 7^asteJ; lit. u>as eareless of See grout lfc
9- Q"aecontumelia...erexit:j./M,w,v^«,,^y^„,,,^^,,-
^«/' roused htm. '
1 1. t5tum : agrees with se ; trans, by an adv.
13. ifidiciis prlvatis: >.e., contentions between individuals
who disputed about property, ./.., while iudicia publica would
mean criminal cases in which there had been a violation of the
laws of the stale.
NOTES.
29
13. versabatur: busied himself.
13. c5nti5nein: see group yen-.
14. prSdibat : appeared ixs speaker.
1 5. opus : in predicate apposition with quae.
16. eadem : object of explicabat; not in agreement with
dritione.
17. prSmptus: see group em-; cf. sumptus ; / is not etymo-
logically connected with -iither.
18. instantibus : the present.
Page 2, i . capessendae rei publicae : in handlitig affairs
of state, i.e., in public life as contrasted with his activity hereto-
fore in the concerns of private individuals.
2. bell5 : see group dva-, dvi-.
2. Corcyraed : a mistake ; the war was with Aeglna, 482 B.C.
2. praetor: Themistocles was archon eponynius in 481 B.C.
Perhaps that is referred to here. In the earliest use of the word
from its etymology, leader, general.
5. metallis : this c jmes from a Greek word meaning to search
ox pry into. Metallum first means the place where the search is
carried on, i.e., mine, as here ; then, transferred to the thing found
in the metallum, it gives us our word metal.
5. largltione magistrltuum : Nepos refers to the pay given
for attendance at the popular assembly, courts, etc., and is in error
here. The magistrates were not at fault. The money derived
from these mines had hitherto been divided among the people
according to law. They were the silver mines of Mount Laurium
in the southeastern promontory of Attica. The privilege of work-
ing these was rented out to private parties, who paid the state a
stipulated sum affording a public revenue, quae ex metallis redibat.
8. Corcyraeds, praedSnes : doubtful ; it is generally accepted
that the second Persian war prevented the Athenians from using
their nuw fleet against other enemies.
10. In quo : and by so doing.
10. cum . . . turn: not only, but also.
10. divitiis ornavit = locupWtavit. Trans, affirmatively.
30
NOTES.
i6. huiusenim: the sentence is interrupted by these wnrH.
and everything that follows down through Lrunt 1 be con
.dared as a long parenthesis; the first or main sentence is then
taken up aga.n in a different form by the words cuius diadVenu"
cum; t e length of the parenthesis accounts for the writer "
forgetfulness; misSrunt is the main verb of the sentence and
forms the conclusion of all that precedes.
./. naviumlonglrum: ■^/"/^c/t.,,., so called from their lon«r
narrow shape ,n contrast with the rounder, fuller shap o mer
chant or transport vessels, naves onerlriae.
i8. terrestres : infantry contrasted with cavalry
19- exercitus: Nepos frequently uses this for copigg
,9. septingenta : probably Xepos is following Herodotus here
a. he does for the number of the triremes, and we may assume
hat he wrote Mi,cc and not i,cc , 400,000 is surely much too
large a proportion of cavalry if we retain the text readinr7oo o^
instead of 1,700,000. as the number of the infantry ' '
20. adventu : here means advance.
21 n^ximeAtheniensespetldicerentur: it was reporud that
the attack was directed chiefly against the Athenians, \l the Att
mans were said to be aimed at especially
23. cSnsultum: the former supine expressing purpose (C;. 303).
yy^' 334; H. 529, I.; B. 300. I and a).
24. Deliberantibus : equivalent to consulentibus
24. respondit ut . . . miimrent : respondit here is equivalent
to repUed, direct.., then, to, etc. (G. ,,. ; „. 498, II. ; 7^^^
24- moembus: see group .mv-. ''
25. qu6 valeret : what it meant, lit. in what direction ,t had
force. "
_ 26. persuasit . . . esse : ./ this with note on respondit ut
mumrent m I. 2,. The two verbs .ccm to have exchanged
NOTKS.
31
constructions; but here persuSsit means saiti convincingly, dini.
so is followed hy the inrin. in indir. discourse.
Page 3, 2. eum enim . . . ligneum : /or (/n-sai,/, supplied
from persuasit) ///<// ii'i/j 7i'//iU the ^s^mi meant by a 7vooi/cn wall.
What is the lit. trans. .'
4. triremes : so called from having three banks of
oars arranged diagonally over one anotht
There were also ships hav-
ing four or five banks, as
also with one or two. The
Athenians evidently j udged
the triremes easiest to man-
age, and so most effective
in war.
5. Salamina : in the Sa-
ronic gulf .half-way between
Athens and Megara. After
a long war between these for its possession, the .Spartans, chosen
arbitrators, gave it to Athens in the time of the lawgiver Solon.
Ficj. 2. — Tkikk.me.
Fig. 3. — Ruins of the Acropolis.
XOTKS.
33
5- diportant : this removal tuok place after the battle of
Thermopylae.
5. arcem : see group AR(-; the Acropolis, which served alike
as fort and sanctuary; the beauty of the works of art with which
it was adorned, when restored by Pericles after its destruction in
this second I'ersian war, is famed down to the present day (see
Figs. 3 and 4).
6. ad sacra prficuranda : the mre of perfoimiug the religious
services.
8. Huius consilium : ///j (Themistocks') j//i,';<tm//<>«.
10. dSlScti : the I'eloponnesian contingent was 4000 ; othjers
to the number of 3000 joined them. The Lacedaemonians were
quite indifferent, for they might have sent twenty times as many
as they did.
11. Thermopyl&s: lit. meaning /tot giiUs, called so from
34
NOTES.
I
sulphur spring, found there. It wa, a n,^
ran the road from Thessalv to 1 ^uTP"" "''°««h which
»nd Kast Locris. At thtpoint h ""^ ' '^'"« '^•'^■*^-' '^'-«''
and the Maiicguif was XoC, ^,^,'7/-- -- - ea,t.
ro.u, ro.e .teep and ^he^r on t^e^'o^h:: t'^T""'"" ^'^'"^•
Havi^g^eariir^r-^ti:;' °';r ''''^^y '----'
to the betrayal to the Persfan oT """ '""""' °*'"«
tains, dismissed all his oT o» " '"" ''""" "^ '"^ '"°""
bodyguard of 300 .Sparta s ITT ""*"'' ''^ ''"'"-'-'«
depart, and J TheC "^h ^ heC' ? ° '''-^' '^
suspicious of their fidelity. T^ese ,asT " T'''' '^'"«
^:"n^.---'^----Xrt[^h:;i::
;::r;Sr^^:^- -:;;-- Of the enemy.
'9- pari proelis disceasfrjint . / j
cla..i. commfini, GriecL """"'"""* ""«' »>« supplied from
21- auperisset: for super* vi88«t ««»
--W; 200 Persian shiprwerse:t f T'""' '''^^' ''"^ -''
shipwrecked. ^ ""' ^o"" '»"« Purpose, but were
21. ancipiti premerentur DericnlR- ,a
h danger fro„, ,oth si,.s ; onS« ' Lj' "''''' '" "'"'''^"'
23. .pud Salamlna: i^'^If ' " f "f '""•
retreat was the doubtful is JTT '"'•'''' ""^^"O" 'or this
and the disaster to^^GrlL atTh^ ' ""T ^' ^"^"''-"''
easily block the Eurlpus ( he st aU '' ''. ^''^'' ^^^^''^
mainland) having won'^his lay prkerm^;^^^^^ and the
explctir"-- "^^^ ^'^ -• °^- in Neiis.. we should
attempt to defend th; citadel. "^^ ^" '"^^^'=*"^'
11.^
NOTES.
3S
Page 4. i. incendiS dJUvit: only the buildings on tha
Acropolis ; the city itself was burned the following year by
Mardonius.
a. cum: begin the trans, with this word. It is displaced to
give the foregoing words the emphatic position.
4. diaciderent : their purpose was to go to the isthmus of
Corinth.
6. iiSbat : see group ac-.
6. dispersOs : agrees with eds, omitted subject ace. of perl-
tflrda (eaae), which de|)ends on teatiMtur.
6. id : subject ace. of fore depending on adflrmibat.
7. rtgi : Eurybiades was not king, but Spartan commander
and admiral of the entire fleet ; for, although the .Spartans fur-
nished but sixteen ships, the Athenians, surrendering their just
claim to the leadership by sea, out of devotion to the cause of
all Greece, granted them the chief command by sea as well as
by land.
7. aummae : a noun substantive, as often in Xepos. It is
dat. after the compound verl) praeerat; with impoii praeerat
trans, keid the chief com m ami.
9. vellet: subjunct. by attraction to moviret ((J. 342; H.
529, II.; B. 324, I).
9. de ser/Is suis quem habuit fideliasimum = aervSrum suo-
rum fidSliaaimum.
10. rSgem: />., Xerxes.
11. suis verbis: /'.<•., speaking for, in the name of, Themis-
tocles.
13. cSnfectiirom, oppressQrum : the subject is eum to besuo-
plied = rSgem.
14. brevi : for brevi tempore.
15. H6c e6 yalebat : the object of this was, lit. this had force in
this direction ; cf. almost the same phrase, p. 2, 1. 25.
16. ad depiignandum : to a decisive battle ; cf. the force of dS
in divicta, p. 5, 1. 12.
20. explicari : to be brought into action, lit. to be unfoldfd.
20. potuerit : result clauses often keep a perfect subjunct.
36
1 1
N'OTKS.
to Themistocles the prize f„r «. ' '^P^^a"" awarded
Euryhiades. S,il| ,he shremln... " "i ' ?•*' '"' '^'«^«^y'o
edged, a., he undoubtedly hop..d In.:/,,, '" "-'"^''^» w*'' «Wo.
the very prohal.le event of a I'ersii , " '" ' °* ' "'**'>•"
"'• ''."•'ni'tocli: Kenitive; ^e mo,.. "'/^, ,,
*3.H,c:anadv.,the.amesuh ■, "''
2J. tantia . . . reliquii, c6pUruM v..'
S-Iam,.s. the Greek. 40. A W Ar. ,i ■ ^ ^ ' ' ' ^ '^'P" ^^
by^torm. Vet he was still posset :''::,' . " ^^-^V
Greeks. ULs los.ses at rrhern.onvl. ' ^" ' ^'' ''" "'»" the
.0 h™ ^, acce..„„. ,l'';;:t„^:;:: -'« "-" -"■''= "^
''"" ^''"" ''"•'-'■''«>'/•.• lie. />J./M,>
I'nge if. 2. idagl
.ctiv:^;„i,;^':::;n!:5«<J^er.tur: .ans. into K.g. Hy
of the second. ^ "'^ °'^J«" "^ f'e first ^nd Aim
•■ p8ns : Xerxes had causf^W ♦«,„
-ting of 36o. the other of T," I^ r"'T '"'^^^' °"« -""
Hellespont. B„th of these had h f" ? '" ''""' ^'^^-^ '''e
-hen the king arrived. Rut 1 fll k"^'" ''''' ""^ ^ «'«™
Sala^is before hi. and tra.por ed^^^ "'^'"' ''^'^ ^--
'He Greeks had no serious idroTft li^r^^r '^°"^^'^
4- sex mensibua : in >/.vr,7<,.. m ^ -Xerxes,
by the retreat as one year nrehh'"'"" ''' '™« --P-d
as four months wa. the "a'l tU " '^'^'--"'•- he accurate.
6. reversus est : read •' » ,
Par. n. Chap. „i ,J,'Tj; ' ""''"■" ■>' <!>= '«rea, i„ G,„,e,
and Ko^„..„ a « J. ., .a.^L^rr^S ;----.
XOTKS.
37
consisted of a tree trunk lopjKcl of ii^ branche*. and adorned with
8ome of thf finest spniU,
i.V neque: advirsativf, /*/«/ «,)/.
14. Phalericfi port&: this was ai» open roadstead affording
protection neitlier against storms nor eii>mies' attacks.
If", triplex Piraei portus : the I'ir.itus was a roiky penin»nla
commanded by the height Munychia, and had three (triplex)
excellent harlxirs, vig., the i'iraeus in the narrower stn.se, and two
smaller ones. Aphrodisia (Munychia) and /oa (>ee map opposite
p. 1). Themistocies Ix-^an this work m 4Si-i as archon, hut,
owing to interruption and injury from the Persians, the walls
were not completed till 477. when the Piraeus had a complete
circumvallation of its own. and was connectctl by " the long
walls" with the city, ai)out four miles away.
16. Piraei: this may Ix; a loose descriptive genitive like our
" of " before names of places.
17. dignitate: stute/imss ; it is even suspected by some that
Themistoc'-s wished to change the site uf the city to the Piraeus.
19. su5 : emphasize. A' ///w,f,-^;
21. excursidnes: not to be translated as i.mis.
21. qua: abl. of cause ; causam is it- antecedent.
21. qui neg&rent oportSre, «-/<../. j./t'/;^ ///,// ,10 city . . .
pujr/it to have Willis ; nego (see group v..) is usually broken up
into its compiment parts {say . . . //,./). and the negative is put in
the dependent clause following.
23. possiderent : do not trans, this verb by />ossess ; it comes
from possidd, not pouideo.
23. aedificantes = quSminus aedificarent; the participle indi-
cates that the Athenians were already at work on the wall.i.
24. H6c longe . . . volebant : t/iis had an object quite other
than they wished to have appear ; alio is an adv., here implying
comparison, so atque is to be translated than.
Page 0, 3. principatii : the fint //<»,• among the (Ireek
states ; the so-called " hegemony " (from iri'-'^v, /f>},icr), which
included the chief command in war. Hitherto Sparta had main-
tained this position.
38
NOTES.
U
•3- sibi . . . fore .. ,/,
depend?";/*'^^^ ■ '""^'^ «°rds continue his instructions and
;-^neque:fornNe = etn«.
°f ground consecrated to aLni u ''''' ^"'^^ enclosed bi^
--e not roofed over. '"'""^'- "^^^ -"'ained an altar. Ct
^'-n it i^pHes an e.^ZZZ 1 '' '''''' "'-^"y = ^"t even
-''o says tl,at the walS^ed^^ ^'^'^"^"^ °^ ^'^-/dST
-nt.-ei.Kt.'lXrlr ^'- '^-^^ ^ -ncii of
the Spartan state, but a la'd of"«""'' •^'°"' ^' ^''^ ^ead of
exerased oversight over ev'thV/f^ °'''-"^' ^^"^'^ ephors
--t even the kings. NatuT^fhe e'^ "^"" ^° ^-"- -^
8- quam longissime: see on oul^ r "'' ""'""' ^-^-^
^o. conlegas : Aristides and AW T™""'""'' P" ^- '• 4-
NOTES.
39
i.e., the ephors, subject of mittere, which has virSs
I. iUOs:
for object.
3. se : /.<"., Themistocles.
4. retinerent: in the principal clause in indirect discourse,
representing an imperative (G. 339 ; H. 523, III.; B. 316).
4- Gestus est ei mSs : his sugi^estion was followed ; more lit.
his way was done.
7. praedixit: warned tlum beforehand ; prae has its own force
in this compound, while dixit has borrowed some of the force of
iflssit, and takes the construction of verbs of bidding, urging.
7. ut ne : equivalent to ne alone, common in Cicero, rare else-
where.
11. liberrime : with perfect frankness.
12. quod . . . possent : we should not look for this clause till
, after saepsisse, which, with the rest of the c, jse to which it
belongs, serves as the antecedent ; perhaps it is brought in early
to disarm in part the wrath of the Lacedaemonians.
12. deos piiblicos : the gods worshiped everywhere in Greece ;
patrios, those worshiped in Attica proper; penitSs, those of
each family.
14. defendere: Themistocles cleverly words it as if the object
in building the walls were simply the defense of the gods ; in ed
refers to muros saepsisse ; supply quicquam before quod infitile.
i6. ut: as.
16. oppositum : conforms in gender to the emphatic predicate
appositive propugnaculum, instead of to urbem.
17- apud quam iam bis : i.e., through the battles of Marathon
and Salamis ; the expression is a figurative one with no especial
reference to fighting on sea as opposed to fighting on land ;
apud quam = et apud eam, hence the infinitive construction is
continued.
17- regias : in narrating Greek history, rex and rSgius unquali-
fied are constantly used of the king of Persia and his concerns.
19. qui = cum ii, causal clause, since they.
22. se: i.e., Themistocles.
22. remitterent : cf. note on retinerent in 1. 4, above.
40
NOTES.
'""'^'*-""-'"'P'.eo. .,„...,„,
24- Tamen:
services.
™« i< .bo«, and, „ ,h™'' '"' "■» P"rpo.e mm ba cm ,„
""«» o„ potsherd: (X,Z -? . "' """= "' ">« obn^"ll
spartan kin^ h .^ k n>"erunt, e/c. .• 47 , „ r i.
..'■S'S:r.:rr.r--— .
»byongi„al,,.<,.^„ ," 'f*'"' "Myancien, ,o».„, „„,
9- M : alU .onld be mL *"■"»■ <;X irjj,, , ,
"1^ •• in -bis cU„,e tfe, ;?;'t:' ""' " ^-'P- »« j,e,d,
•«^"n-.«, be c„„M h. J, : Jd "T" "" ""''■'" '<
'»■ MolOMum = llto.o.rt„„ t7 , "«' »f pronoun.
NOTES.
41
II. hospitinm : guest^friendship was a tie between families of
different states, which assured to members of either family a
welcome suited to their rank if they visited the state of the other.
Even whole states had their guest-friends (hospitis public!),
who entertained their ambassadors and protected their citizens.
Thucydides tells us that Admetus was previously an enemy of
Themistocles, who had thwarted him in some demand at Athens.
1 1, in praesentia: for the moment.
12. religiSne: conscientiousness, <>., owing to his fear of the
gods, whom, by this action as a suppliant, Themistocles enlisted
on his side.
12. se: refers to the subject of adiipuit, while rix Admitus is
to be supplied as the subject of tuSrStur.
13. receptum tueretur: the Eng. idiom requires two finite
verbs with conjunction, reciperet et tuSiStur ; the fact of being
received is not doubted, but the obli^^ation JwstiBg upon the king
is to be strengtheneu by an appeal to the gods.
14. quod samma colebatur caerimdnia : which was regarded
with the highest veneration.
1 6. fidem : protection, a frequent meaning of this word, usually
in this phrase.
16. quam praestitit : praestire is used both transitively and
intransitively ; here trans, and he kept his word, more lit. which
he made good.
20. propinquS : <>., near the borders of Greece.
20. tuto : an adv.
20. versari: live.
20. Pydnam: a Greek city at the foot of Mount Olympus, in
Macedonia ; famous for being the scene of the defeat of the last
Macedonian king Perseus by the Roman consul Aemilius Paullus,
in 168 B.C.
21. esset: subjunct., as it gives the thought of Admetus
(G. 341, d ; H. 528, I. ; B. 323).
22. nautis : i.e., no one on board knew him.
23. Naxum: the largest of the Cyclades, famed for its grape
culture. The Naxians had revolted from the Athenian confederacy,
II
42
NOTES.
l»«. renders, ,, . s.r.ng.h™; ^^^^ " '"■""""« '' """•
^*tffe 9. 2 salfi •
decen Jo;'°"'°='*° ^ "'• »"«■ ■■ 'He ending o, .h, o,„k fi„.
5- giittam rettlllit : mm... _
«■ Mat.- '~\l"*"{"^'»""<'"'lh<r,.
the Latin often uses past tenses tT?'""' '" '^"-•- writing
when the letter is read by t e recini nr.r « '"' °' ""''"^ '« P««t
the Eng. requires the pr' sent ten " S^' V-"' ''^^ ' '• «■ ^^5);
»3- Graifirum : an older form or GraecT '' ' "' '^'°^-
'n some sort an excuse for himself '^'^'"^'^^'-^ offers this as
usual" //Wxl."" '^' '"^''' '''""^' •'"P'y'ng opposition, not, as
16. ipse: j^. esse coepi
20. circumirgtur: the subject chan„«
>n parallel passage in p. 5, i. ^ "^'' ^^ *"h exclfiderttur
21. CSnfugl: epistolary perfect for nr« .
23. ere adeptus : from adi^,l ?e' "' ' ''' °" ^^'^' '■ '^•
or simple future is often used f^ ;;: A7//."- ' ^''^ P-ent
25- quas: ace, dir. object of r««. - "'"'^ P"^'^'-*-
ooject of conloqu,, used transitively.
NOTES.
43
Page 10. i. des: subjunct. in a purpose clause with ut
depending on rogo.
4. veniam : not a verb, but substantive ; veniam dare = to
grant a favor.
5. litteris sermSnique : by litteris is meant the Persian liter-
ature, from which he derived a knowledge of the history, habits,
etc., of the people ; by sermdnl, the language as spoken, i.e., for
conversational purposes.
6. eniditKS est : trans, by reflexive.
7. verba fecisse : of formal speech before a court.
9. illud : this, viz., that, etc., explained by what follows.
10. vellet : protasis of a vivid future condition, representing
volet of the direct discourse.
11. Asiam: originally the word seems to have meant a por-
tion of I.ydia only; later (and so here) it refers to Asia Minor,
with the exception of Cilicia in the southeastern part, which
from the earliest times was in close connection with Syria. After
133 B.C., the Romans meant by the province of Asia the middle
portion of the west coast.
12. domicilium sibi cSnstituit : established his residence.
13. dSnarat (donaverat) : it was customary among the Persians
for the kings to bestow on persons of high rank certain places
to supply certain wants. Still the recipient was at liberty to use
the revenue from these places in whatever way he wished.
Lampsacus lay on the Hellespont, Myus on the Meander ; he
received also two other cities, Percote on the Hellespont, and
Scepsis in .\eolis. In return for this income Themistocles
undertook the defense of these cities against his fellow-
countrymen.
13. quidem : emphasizes the word preceding it, and often
admits of no translation.
14. praeberet: purpose clause; quae = ut ea; so sumeret
and habSret, below.
19. oppidum : usually taken to mean Magnesia, but by some
referred to Athens, as it is said that a tomb of Themistocles was
found later in the Piraeus.
44
NOTES.
'■■SrSHFH- ---'■—
. 24. sumpsisse (from .fim«/ ""''^'"y, etc.
'"«"• ; the phrase fui,.e il^ J.;"» ^ -^ject ace. of this
governs the ace. and infin. ' " '' "" "P'-^^^o" of saying.
25- 8«: ace, subject of po„e.
memoriae prSdidlt. ■ "^ ""^ ^«'- ^"'^Ject depending on
5^7"^^" -:.; r^l^^^'^tnT ^ -^y. as Thueydides says
!«de With Thuc/didl ,g,i„':rf "- ^^"-^ -hy the laws fo^'
junctives. «'*'" ^« authority. Hence the sub-
Notes.
45
HANNIBAL.
Synopsis. — Hannibal's inc--. parable military ability; his
implacable hatred of the Romans inherited from his father (1, 2).
He makes his first campaigns in Spain ; chosen commander there,
he vanquishes the various peoples,
captures Saguntum, leads his army
into Italy (3). Three times he
defeats the Romans (4). He avoids
the trap laid for him by Q. Fa-
bius Maximur and does the Ro-
mans fresh injury (5). Recalled
to Africa, he is defeated at Zama
(6). After peace is made he con-
tinues to serve his country; at
length, in fear of Roman treachery,
he flees to Syria to Antiochus (7).
He assists by his advice Anti-
ochus, who is making war upon the
Romans (8). After the rout of
Antiochus' forces, he goes to Crete,
where he eludes the avarice of the Cretans (9). He goes to
Prusias, king of Hithynia ; he assists this king in his war with
P:umenes, king of Pergamus. By his cunning Hannibal defeats
Eumenes in a naval battle (10, 11). Roman ambassadors demand
him from the king; Hannibal takes poi.son and dies (12). His
writings and the historians of his exploits (13).
Chronology.— 247: Birth of Hannibal. 237: Hannibal
goes to Spain. 227-221 : Hasdrubal in command of the army
of the Carthaginians in Spain. 221: Hannibal is chosen general.
219: Hannibal destroys Saguntum. 218: He marches into Italy
and defeats the Romans at Ticlnus and Trebia. 217 : Battle at
Trasumenus. Fabius Dictator. 2 1 6 : Battle at Cannae. 212:
Fig. 5. — Hannibal.
46
NOTES.
T.Sempro„ius Gracchus falls. 2,, : Hannibal at the gates of
returns tolf "'' ""' '' "^'^"'"^ '^"'^''^^■' ^3 : ifanniba
returns to Afnca. 202- HafH«. «f y,„,„ ...
a. .u. . jjattie ot y^ama. 201 : I'eace between
r^rr A :"'r ^''^""'^'- -^^ ■■ Hanmbal flees to Syl
l^'w'.? l^"''^'''^ ^'^g^" W'^'- ^-ith the Romans. ,8j : Uanni-
bal kills himself in Uithynia.
2. quod: ordinarily we find the abl. with U after dubltt-
neuter pronouns in the ace. form the only exceptions. '
2- ut . . . superirit (for •uper«verit) : a result clause where
an ace. and infin. would be more regular ifter v*ru« ^riG]::
* ; H. 501, 1, 2; B. 297, 2). ^ 332.
laterV"^?"^"*"-' P'^'i""^'''^ R°™an« might easily do this-
later several statues of Hannibal were set up at Rome
verb^" 1T^''' r?''?x"''*"P''' '"'''" (^^^•>^^'«^t'^«^o'"Pound
thTrd nl °"' "r"'''' ^ represented as claiming only
iimtlf. ' ' '"' ^'^*'^"'" ^'^ ^^^*^ -^ Py"hus Lore
enJnnT'^^^ '' ""'''' '"''J"""'- ^y ""^^'^^'^^ f^^-^i^^ depend-
ence on the mfin. prae.titi.8e (G. 342; H. 529, H.; B. 324 ,)
thesi' 'TT^ T. • • • ^"*=*"" '' ''■ »""*"«• f°r -beet of
Miceiiuf::'''/'' "r?"' °"^ ^^^^'^^ ^* ^^^^ '-"^^ «f
Marcellus when he attacked Nola, a Campanian city, in 2,4
This was a mere tnfle compared with the long list of Hannil,ars
victories, but the Romans made a great deal of it
8. Quod: therefore.
8. domi : >., while Hannibal was in the field. He certainly
fTct tTat'thT'' "'T:' '^ '" — trymen at home ; but .l,;
fact that the Romans had a number of generals who were more
than a match for any Carthaginian leader other than Hannibal
had much to do with his failure.
II- virtutem: ability.
14- dep03uerit: surrendered.
NOTES.
47
14- qn» quidem . . , ROminis : stnce, thouf^h exiled from his
native land and dependent on the help of foreit^iiers, he never
abandoned his feeling of hostility for the Romans ; tnimS belMre :
lit. to wage war in heart.
i6. nam: thb should introduce a proof of the preceding
statement, viz., numquam destiteiit animS belUre, etc. ; the sen-
tence woulu then read nam Antiochum, qui . . . potentissimua Tix
fult . . . incendit. Nepos b so intent on emphasizing the great-
ness of Antiocbus that he breaks up what follows nam into two
sentences, leaving for the following sentence incendit, the verb
which should depend directly on tijie nam.
1 6. ut omittam : not to mention, a purpose clause depending
on some word understood, as dicam, I will say (G. 317, c ; H. 499,
2, note; B. 282, 4).
17- Philippum : Philip V., king of Macedon, waged two wars
with the Romans (211-205 ; 200-195).
17. absins: he was carrying on the war in Italy; but with
Antiochus he was present in person.
18. Antiochus: Antiochus II., called the Great, was king of
a large part of western Asia, but after his defeat at Thermopylae
and Magnesia by the Romans, he was restricted to Syria.
Page 13, i. rubrO man: this term was originally applied
to the Arabic Gulf (the Red Sea of to-day), to a portion of the
Indian Ocean, and to the modern Persian Gulf. Later it was
confined to the Arabic Gulf, but occasionally was used in its
earlier sense, as it is here, of the sea between Arabia and India.
3. voluntate: intentions.
4- ut Hannibalem . . . adducerent : to make the iking sus-
vicious of Hannibal, lit. to draw Hannibal into suspicion to the
ing: r«gi (G. 235, a; H. 384, II, 4; B. 188, i, note).
5. tamquam . . . sentire: as if he {\\i,nn^iX) had been bribed
by them (and ) were otherwise disposed than before.
6. neque : separate into at . . . ndn and repeat cum from the
beginning of the sentence.
8. tempore: opportunity.
48
NOTES.
10. Inquit : this is usually inserted in a direct (juotation even
where a verb of saying (here adiOnxit) has preceded.
11. pueruldmi: connect the.se words closely with proflcuc«n».
II. UtpOte . . . n4t6: since I was not more than nine years
old ; nits agrees with m*.
13- optimS tniximS: these are con.stant epithets of Jupiter
in prayers and sacrifices, and are added without connective.
Jupiter is here used for Baal, the Sun-God, chief deity worshiped
by the Phoenicians. His name formed the second part of many
Phoenician proper names, ^--i'., llanni-bal (baal), Ilasdru-bal (baal).
1 4- divinarts: fetigious ceremony,
14. dtun c6nfici8batur : dum usually takes the present tense
even to denote past continued action.
18. fidem: oath.
20. tenentem iflrire: /.«•., tenire Ac iQrire; the practice of
grasping the altar or touching the image of the god when taking
an oath may be compared to the modern practice of touching the
Bible or a crucifix.
24. reliqad tempore : for the rest of my life.
26. ml ceiaris : (for cglftveris) c«lo is usually followed by two
aces., before one of which in Eng. we must insert from ; if
you conceal them {viz., si quid . . . cSgitaWs) //-t;w me.
26. quidem : this has oppositional force, on the other hand.
JPdge 14. I. 81 nSn : not iii«i, as n6n is emphatic.
I. in eO : in this matter, i.e., in eo parando,
I- principem: in charge.
3- qua diximus : supply an ellipsis.
5. imperitSre : this forms a predicate with suffecto.
7- delatum: made known; reUtum would be used of an
official announcement.
7- public€: in the name of the state; cf p. 8, 1. 18. They
thought best not to oppose the evident wish of the army, though
Hannibal was very young to hold the command.
9- annis : the regular construction would l>c aasos ; cf. n5n
amplius novem annds nita, p. 13, 1. 11 ; in this instance we have
NOTES.
49
an abl. of comparison depending on minor ; in the former case an
ace. expressing duration of time with nfttd. ( >thers state that
Hannibal was 26 years old at this time.
10. omnSs gentia HispSniae: he remained south of the Kbro
to abide by the conditions of a treaty Hasdrubal had made with
the Romans ; he crossed it first after the taking of Saguntum,
with which began the Second I'unic War.
11. foederatam: i.f., with the Romans.
1 2. Ex his unum, <*/<'. .- he sent 20,000 to Africa, left 45,000 in
Spain, and began his march with 50,000 infantry and 9000 horse.
19. Griium: trans. Gmmn here and below, for the word
originated in the locality and has nothing to do with Greek.
Many Gauls had crossed the Alps before Hannibal, to settle in
Italy. The chief difficulties of the way were caused by the hos-
tility of the natives and the lateness of the season (September)
when he began his march.
20. is : this agrees with its predicate noun, saltus.
22. muniit: do not trans. yi'/-///irV</'.
22. Srnatus: this is in contrast with inennis, below. Elephants
carried towers.
23. ire : contrast with ripere by emphasizing both.
26. Cdnflixerat : an unimportant cavalry battle which the
Romans won took place at the mouth of the Rhone.
"Page 15, 2. Clastidi : probably Nepos refers to the
battle of Ticinus ; Hannibal took Clastidium later.
5. utrSsque : this
is rarely used in the
plural of two indi-
viduals.
6. per Ligures:
the people put for
the country.
10. lectica: a
mode of conveyance borrowed from the East. (See Fig. 6.)
1 1 . circumventum occidit : see on receptum tuSretur, p. 8, 1. 1 3.
Fig. 6. — Lrctica.
50
NOTES.
11
from 2,7 to 208 inclusive. «.hro„ology £0. event.
'6. an8proeU8: /r, Cannae.
Cant.**""" •■ ""'^ "'' '"'• '«■«' <-•■■) '1.... .h. b,,.,e „,
24 HIc: adv.
25- locCrum: omit \v Tans.
5. talScrt : Bannibil is ii, subject.
6. rtUum: il «>, ihi; constant piactke viiih Pnm.
•he same case as ma.totol iv '"?""™ " '"""'d imo
Of the p„p„,ace STZ.^^'X^ "a wt""T"'"
ever, illeeal anH -.!>.,. ^- i F"'ii-y or i^abius; it was, how-
the dicta^X v^ ht Ir^r tL'^ 7r' ^'^^"'^«^ °^
of one person over .ulT '? '^f '■^^'^^ Po^*-'--"' 'he hands
divided "etvL two The 1 ■"; " ''''" ''^ ^^^^^^ ^"^-^
subordinate .f the dictatir '"*" '*'""'"" "^^ "^ ^^ief
10. itenim c6nsulem : this should read (Gracchum^ k- .
aule» and. i.iow, MarceHu. ,.„tu„ can.ule^rjrt h^ t
Notes.
51
killed nfier the expiration of his second, Marrellus tiuiini; iii.t
fifth consulship.
10. in L&cinU: join with lustulit ; see note on per LigurSi,
p. 15,1. T).
10. cbsins : /.«•., through his l)r{)ther Mago
13. Longum est : it won/il he Uuiums, an expression ot i>r'>-
priety talcing the indie, in latin, but trans, as if thi suhjunrt.
(G. 311, c; H. 271. \,h).
14- «x quO: ut ex ed.
15. quamdia . . . posuit: he was not defeated in Italy (If w^
accept Nola). The rest of the statement is ab.surd.
18. definsum: the former .supine expressing purpose (<;
302; U. 341).
18 revocitus: 203.
19. P. Scipidnem: />., P. Corailius Sclpi«, to which the
agnomen Africinua was added after his defeat of Hannibal. He
conquered all .Spain l)etween 210 and 206. In 204 he went over
to Africa from Sicily and won a great battle near Ltica, which
occasioned the recall of Hannibal. .
22. impraesentiirum : an adverb equivalent to in praesentiA,
p. 8, 1. 12; a colloquial expression, probably from in praesentii
rirum.
23. bellum compdnere = pacem facere.
24. In conloquium convenit, etc. : a couference is at^reedupon ;
on firms they did not agn-c (lit. te mis did not meet).
25. Post id factum : nfter this took pluce, lit. after this died.
26. Zamam : this was .southwest of Carthage. It is thought
that Naraggara, which lay fifty miles to the west of /ama, was
the scene of the battle ; the armies had encamped there prior to
the colloquy. Hadrumetum was not over 100 miles from Zama,
150 from Naraggara; hence the statement trecenta miUa is an
exaggeration.
Page 17. 2. abest ab Zama : ab is used even with names
of towns when the distance from one place to another is stated.
8. icerrimS OCCUpatus : most actively engaged.
52
NOTES.
9- bellum composuerunt : the CarfK^^w •
"P all their war vessels ex L ten 1 ^"""' ''^''''' '° «'^'^
for fifty years, and never t7L^^e''jV°° '"^'^"'^ ^^^^^'^
mission. "^"^ *a' without Rome's per-
'o- resgessit: wag^c/war
yea: by^:::^^-::;!^ -: :zz '-^--^^ ^— ^ ^
were indicated (as in this instanced '''.^"*"°"^°« ^^ the men
omitted (..^.. Po„pei5 et CrLlr'-^' ?'"^ '' ^'''" '^''^ ^-^e
always be trans. rTLlZZZlZTT^' '"'^^ P*"'^- -^X
(abl. abs.). ' ^""suM^p of (ad), in ike consulship of
abl.':bs'''^^°^"°^^^«*'^«b«s: .«.«^ ...,.,_ ,^^^^^^^^
this'phrtsl^n wS^Xifai/'' ''T''' ''"'"^'^'^ ^^^en
'5. cum ils: for secum rSr'i IT T '^^''"'''"' '" ''^""^■
->.. the ambassadors wh^'s rlou' "t toV"'^^^ °' ^"^™^
selves «4th the Carthaginians a ho u ^'' '''""''^^^ ^'^em-
'6. donlrent, peterenTh 1 ^ i^tL ' "" ''^•"- '
as agerent. having qui for subject '""' '-■^"^'■■"ction
i6. eos : />., the Romans
Liris. ^'•<?^//«., a cty of Latium on the river
i8. ex senitiis consults • e» h«,«
'9. acceptum: ^W.^. an aSi "''"'''''''^''^^-''*-
20. quo loc5 rogarent fufnrRo . t
essent rogarent. freely t°ans/!T;." "^^ '"*""« <»- "*
sum est = responderunt. ' ""' '" '^ ^"PP"^^ ^'^t" "spon-
21. cuius opera; ./ «.^<,.. ,W,Va//.«.
6 ^st ^^'^''^^-- title .as suffete.
20. postquam : this takp« tu^ ,
-easure of time is Joined Jtht t' "' "'^" ^ ^^«"''^
before the postquam clause. ^^ '" ""° " " " ^'<=«i»«
NOTES.
53
Page 18. i. quotannis annul bini rigSs : two kings tach
year, holding office for a year.
2. pari . . . ac : just such . . . as.
4. ut : trans, before non solum.
5. ex foedere: see ex senStiis consultd, p. 17, 1. 18.
6. superesset : might be {something) over.
8. ratas : from reor ; trans, by a .usal clause. Some perf.
participles of deponent verbs do not difft. in meaning from
the pres. act., e.g., ratus, arbitrltus, usus, veritus, etc.
9. sui : genitive of the reflexive pronoun ; sui exposcendl
grStift : to demand his surrender ; \it. for the sake of demanding
him from (them).
9. senatus : i.e., an audience of the senate.
11. Antiochum: see note on p. 12, 1. 18.
12. possent : (G. 341, b ; H. 529, i, note i ; B. 323).
14. iudicarunt: declared.
15. postquam . . . profugerat: see on postquam, p. 17, 1. 26.
18. si: whether ; see on possent, 1. 12, above; it introduces
an indir. quest, and we must in trans, supply in order to see
'efore si.
18. Antiochi spe fiduciaque : their hope and confidence in
Antiochus. Antiochi is objective genitive.
20. exercitibus = copiis, as often in Nepos.
2 1 . excivit : from excieo.
22. absentem : i.e., they did not wait for him to return to
Carthage and appear before a court.
23. nil : begin the sentence with cum.
23. solvissent naves : in this instance trans, had weighed
anchor.
25. duplex memoria prodita est : two accouttts are given.
Page 10, i. inter! ectum : supply from inteifectum, perisse
to go with naufragio.
3. eius : i.e., Hannibalis.
3. quam in suscipiendS instituerat : as he had done at the
outset in underliikin^ it.
54
NOTES.
4. propiua Tiberi: propiu. Tib*rim » ,^ ..
10. rem gessJt = pOgnivit numbers.
12. quod: somei/,,,,^ u>/,/c/,.
preposition. ^^U ^^'^^^l ^^ we should expect a
e^'pres.ing limie of motion '"'" °^ '''^ *"• ^^one
'4. ibi : /.,.., in Crete.
14- quo: an interrogative adv
precaution. ^ "'** " **"'"' ^' '^ould take „,easures of
'9-i«phor.3: these .e.ej„gs or iarsofvario.ssi.es from
m, tfr^ ^ ^ mirry° '^'^ '^'■g^' "«-d
mostlyforkeepinrjiquids. They
had two handles (hence their
name), were generally pointed
below, and so were either leaned
agamst the wall or buried in the
ground. (See Fig. 7.)
20. summas: adj.; sc. am-
Phort8(G.,93,. H. 440, note 2;
21. principibus: /eaJi„^ „,,„ ''JV\ . c
republic. ^ '^"' ^-^ P- 8. 1- 8. Crete was a
25- abicit: as if of no value
^7. tolleret,dnceret: ..an object from a«pb«r,..
Fig. 7- — Amphorae.
NOTES.
55
Page 20, i. Poenas: both Carthaginians and Cretans
were reputed very clever among ancient nations.
2. Pruaiam: this king of Bithynia had been allied with
Rome in the Syrian war, but, receiving no return for his services,
he invited Hannibal to his court. His weak and incapable son
surrendered Hannibal to the Romans.
5- domesticis : Ais own, i.e., unsupported, he wa^ ao match
for Rome.
6. conciliabat : with this and adiungebat, below, sc. Prusiae,
to whom also ab eo reft-s.
10. qu9 = itaque eo.
11. utrobique : i.e., et mari et terrfi.
12. remdvisset : this represents a. fut. perf. indie, of dir.
disc.
14. talem iniit rationem : kit upon the following way.
15. Superabatur: Hannibal by Eumenes.
16. Imperavit . . . conligi : more regularly we should have
at conligerentur with imperS ; so also conici = ut conicerentur.
19. effScisset = conlegisset ; the subjunct., as usual in Nepos
after cum, whenever.
21. omnes ut : this order emphasizes omnep ; the usual order
= ut omn§s.
22. a ceteris . . . defendere : be satisfied merely to defend
themselves from the rest.
23. illSs . . . consecuturds : sc. esse; "he said" is to be
understood from praecipit.
24. Rex . . . facttirum : the clauses are arranged so as to
gain emphasis ; the dependence of the parts of the sentence on
each other is shown by the following order: se factunim ut
scirent in qui n&ve lix veheretur.
25. cepissent, interfecissent : see on remdvisset in 1. 12,
above.
Page 21. i. facta: after {^xX. being made).
1 . utrisque : both parties.
2. Quarum: ?.c-., classium.
56
NOTES.
4- qnS .
It
>i
:i
• e.8et : an indir. quest., the object of faceret.
5- scapha : see Fig. 8.
S- caduceo : this served
as does our flag of truce ;
" ^as a wand carried by
heralds, etc., an emblen- of
the god Mercury; it was
twined with serpents ; see
Fig. 9.
Fjc. 8. -Scapha
5- Qui : i.e., tabeliariua.
7. professus est : from profiteor
"• «°1«« epistula: the ancients wrnt»
smeared on one side with wax TnA '"''"''^ °" '^'^'«^^«
12. Quae «.^ ' ' "^ ''^'"'S •■aised rims
/«.. '"* • • • P*^— t ^ -^'^/' -- su,,esH.e 7',usuU to
•5-H6rum: this refers to both parties.
!«• quam: /.<?., safety.
18. praesidia: '>•. the castra nautica, p. ., , ,
tkro'wins; of these. ' ^^^'^''•"''
-S- oppletas : see group ,.,.k. r!"'" ''
I- castra nautica : this was a for.ifi " ,• ,
shore to protect the ships whilst „Hif" ''""' "P*^" ^''«
"P on shore , it was const! ; ' 2, t?"^ "' ^'^" ^^^-
2. cSnsiliS: /^j' r/.:er.,J ' '^X a garnson.
4- alias : an adv.
:»i.t
NOTES.
57
7. apud : at the house of, with name of a person ; cf. chez in
French.
7. Flamininum : he was consul in 198, and conquered Philip
of Macedon in 197 (p. 12, 1. 17).
10. Patres cdnscripti = sen&tores. After the expulsion of
the kings at Rome in 510 the senate was enlarged by the admis-
sion of some who were not patricians, and the assembly was
called patrSs et cdnscripti, fathers and the enrolled ; later the et
was dropped.
11. qui: since they; hence existimirent is subjunct. Cf.
qui . . . intuSrentur, p. 7, 1. 19.
14. ne . . . secum haberet sibique dederet: not to keep with
himself but surrender to them ; ut is to be supplied before dederet
from ne. Notice that suum and sibi refer to the subject of
miserunt, but se (cum) to the subject of haberet in its own
clause.
15. Prusia: nom. case; so we find (Ireek nouns in -os con-
forming to the Latin first declension in the ending of the nom.
sing., e.g., NiKias, Lat. A'icids and iVicia.
15. negare : to say no, without object.
15. illud recusavit, ne . . . postularent : (ox\\\).this much he
objected to, that they should ash, etc.
16. recusavit: see group c a v-.
16. id . . . fieri: postulo regularly takes ut with subjunct. ;
cf use of impero, p. 20, 1. 16.
16. id . . . quod adversus . . . esset : an act -which was incon-
sistent with, etc. His idea of what guest-friendsiiip demanded
of him seems merely to have kept him from murdering Hannibal
either by his own hand or by the hand of a subordinate.
17. comprehenderent : a subjunct. representing an imperative
of dir. disc. Cf. opus facerent, p. 6, 1. 1 2.
18. inventiiros : supply esse.
21. haberet : the subject is a pron. standing for Hannibal.
22. ne USU veniret : lest that should come to pass.
24. puer : used of a slave without reference to age.
24. ab ianua : join with prospiciens.
58
NOTES.
25- pluris praeter cCnsuftudin^m .
V. num: «'//.///.r • this in . ^- *"0'^' tha,, usual.
regards the answer. ' " '"''""• ''''"''■ ''^^^-- nothing as
2- aensit: 'ts subject is Ilannih.!
-y express „ere„ pol'bilurCoT^^^^ ZT ''' ^^^""^'^^
S- virtutum: the nii.r ;„ j .
^ V wh.H ho hit'.: l^^^^ ■>' '^^ .,„, .„.,
>-. o, a«. The .hreX: r :t„Tr °"' '- "•' -^^
i»i, respectively. '^ "^ '" "^^ years 183, 182,
9- Atticus: this was the friend nf'r-
an account of his life ''^'''- ^"^^P^^ wrote
„.,;:;.."°°'*"°» ^ "•• «"" -«•"» ..", d.p.„d,„, „„ „„.,.„„
12. Polybius: 210-12- Hp „,„ .
no.'L!,?f "^ ' ""-P-'y »' N-epo. whose .,,t ha,
-;«trrh^rtr,':rr '"'---''•
emphatic mig.„. », ,i„,ila, J„, "'"' '" '1" '"'«"' •« an
o'ulC"r,"„r«-'"""^^"'^^-""^".- o™, ,h..,„
'7- adRhodiSs: /> liheraHi*.. j.-
book to then. ; in the Sy ^ war thlrh H 1""''^' '''''''^^' '^-
'7- de: join .^th r^bus gesU. ' '''" '"'" °^ ^^^^
NOTES.
59
17. Cn. Manli VulsSnis : he conquered the (lalatians, who had
been allies of Antiochus in the Syrian war. The Rhodians had
been allies of Rome in the war with Antiochus and so were much
concerned in the peace that followed.
18. Hiiius: /.^., Hannibalis.
18. memoriae prddiderunt : haie described for us.
20. simul : i.e., cum eo, tof^cther luith, not at the same time with.
22. usus est doct5re : had as instructor.
24. tempus est: this can be followed by the dat. ndbis, or, as
here, by nds, the subject of the infin. following.
24. huius libri: <.^., the book De excellentibus ducibus exte-
rftrum gentium.
25. ezplicare imperatOres: this is instead of vitam imperitd-
rum.
26. utrSrumque: ».<?., of Roman and foreign leaders.
26. qui : for utri, the Romans or foreigners. This is a rare
substitution.
FjG. 10. — Ha.nnibal,
mm
60
NOTES.
1
ARISTIDES.
part in the battles of SaiaJ,"' d pI .^ ''"' ^^^ ."« takes
he gains for the Ath^ni.n u "^ '"^ '*■•■ dealing
Though placed in charrof .i /'"' ^°'"'"^"^ '^^ ^^ (2)
in extreme poverty (3^^ ^ ' '^'"'"^ °^ '»>« Allies, he dies
contingent at PlataeT ^^.^i" A '' '" "'"'"'"'' °^ ''^^ A^*^-"-"
of the Athenian flee't, ^[turtlolT "'^' ''™°" '" ^'^"^^
mand by sea. 467: His death '^^"ntrymen the com-
Nef^p' x^f X.-'- ^'""^'^'^^ '''^•'^^'y ^ «-itive for.. Cf.
in^S::'^,;!nV??;°:^f- in«ue„ce-_here of
between states for the leadership " '° ^ '''""^' '''"^gle
3- obtrectanint (avgrunt) inter ae • m.„ • / ,
-'M.r. The reflexive Drononn /J T " ''^'-^■^'"^^"^^-^ "//"^ .a.;5
omitted, inter s. taking iUpLJ " ""^ ""'''"^ ^'^^ ^^^ -
3- In his : /■« //,^ ,ase 0/ these met,.
thepr^e^iueTse in jr"'"' "'"'""' '^"^ '° ^ ^-^^^^ed by
as if^t were Z:^^!^^- H ^ r^ r^^'
5- innocentiae: this word anH ' "..'♦^^.V.; B. 268, 6).
chiefly to the fact that ArilHdtr. ""'*'"«*^« f°"°«ing refer
for his own persona, gt "in weal h'V^' l"^'^ '^"''^^ P^'-"
his poverty, p. 26, 1. 6 '^^ statement about
6. post: since.
^i.'sm
NOTES.
61
7- quem : here the ace. stands for dS with the abl., a rare
use with audire in the meaning hear of.
7. quidem : in a restrictive sense, a/ least, hence audierimut
is in the subjunct. (G. 320, d; 11. 503, I, note i ; H. 283, 5).
8. sit appellitus : the perf. subjunct. is common in Nepos in
result clauses following a secondary tense (G. 287, c ; 11. 495, VI.;
B. 268, 6).
9. testula ilia: by that {well-knowH) decision 0/ the potsherds.
nie is not uncommon in this sense, usually following its noun.
10. quidem : this word hardly admits of translation in this use,
merely emphasizing the qui. Cf. this use with that above in 1. 7.
11. cSdSns : either {a) on his having (the assembly) or (b)
giving up (the struggle), the latter perhaps to be preferred.
12. ut . . .' pelleretur: a substanti e clause of purpose in
the subjunct., depending on the idea of command implied in
scribentem ((^. 331 ; H. 498, 1. ; B. 295, i). See note on respondit
ut, p. 2, 1. 24. Only the name Aristides was written upon the
potsherd. Another version of the story represents Aristides as
writing his own name at the request of the stranger who gave his
reason as stated in the text.
14. ctir = ut e5.
15. poena: abl. depending on dignus (G. 245, a ; II. 421, III. ;
B. 226, 2).
16. ign5rare: more emphatic than ndn ndsse, did not know
at all.
16. placere : not with the same subject as ignor&re, but used
impersonally with the clause quod . . . appeilSrStur serving as
its subject.
17. laborasset = laborlvisset ; subject, Aristides.
18. legitimam: imposed by law : this word and also per in
pertulit refer to the full period of exile demanded by the law,
i.e., ten years. Give force of the suffix per in translating.
20. descendit : perf. tense, as usual with postquam, instead of
the pluperfect.
20. sext5 fere annd : cf. this statement with the dates given
above.
'ft
62
NOTES.
H
1 f
is stated. ' ' ^'■^"'•*' * '''^^^''^e amount of time
bee?ra.fd- frl':!!,?"-" ct T ""' '"- "« ^''^ - Xe^
«-e; but. acting ind"^U:„ H,;" T^ ''^ ">« ^'"-^an
troops, he recaptured .HsnTJlMl , '/r' °' '''^^^y-'ned
Salami, destroying .he Per Lt:t;^^^^^ '>-« -ear
'• apud Salamini • th.. Jl f ^" possession of it.
an adjective. 67 for ;h ^ "'"^''^^" **^«"« -=* *' it were
p. . 1. ... wit'if;';?;x:arrhr:"^^'n^"» --*^«-^-
a participle. .,., J/r^.^X'^;;;^-.* -'' ^'^use or
Salamh. -^ ^ '^ ^<//r/w/j or /ouj^Jit off-
3- Idem : furthermore. CY n n ] , r i. •
the connection. ^' ^' " " "^^^^ to establish
3- praetor: in its earliest m.»ani.,„ / j
lo. quSduce: abl. abs.
m.a'ni'gC^,.'j,r ""^ """"»"'"■ "'*"^ - "» and
«UJ.™„ (G. =35, a . ° /a H '"' '''■""ding on
.88, ,,. ^* ' ^''"^ "■ W' ■■ 3S4. II, I, 2, B. ,77,
'9- ,« : for „. in p„,po» cl.„a containing a co„p..a,ive.
N'OTl.S.
63
10 si . . . cSnirentur: not a prota-: of a condition contrary
to fact, but a suhjunct. tluiny<.-(i hy informal indir. di"'-. from
cOnibuntur, in a fut. more vivid Lt^iidition, and imperf. in tinse
because of tl»' secondary sequt-nce after delectus est.
■:o. ad classia aedificandas . . . comparandSs : join closely
in translation with quantum . . . daret ; it expresses purpose.
21. quantum . . . daret: substantive clause in an indir. quest.
Trans, closely with cdnstitueret, of wiiich it is the object.
2 1 . quaeque : from quisque.
24. Dflum: it wa» in the temple of Apollo in the island of
Delos that the representatives of the league formed by Athens
met for over twenty years. Thtir treasure was kept there also.
Undoubtedly this was done to hold in check the natural jeal-
ousy and fear of Athens entertained by the weaker members of
the confederacy.
24. id: regularly attracted in gender to aeririum, the pred.
noun in the same sentence, ra! tr than in agreement with its
anteci lent word Delum, which i ;eminine {(',. 195, d ; II. 445, 4).
25. Quae omnis pecunia : of course Nepos means by this all
the money, outside of expenses, previously gathered into Delos
by the yearly collections.
26. posters tempore : /tif,r pu.
27. abstinentia : aM. of qiutlity.
J*ayf 2ft. I. quod ... in tanta . . . decessit : p. substan-
tive clause. Trans, quam, eU., than his dyiii}; so poor that, etc.
2. qui: an old aljl. form; see Vocabulary.
2. qui efferretur : a rel. clause of purpose.
6. Athenis : the abl. of platey/cw which, preposition omitted
with name of a town or small island. ("/•', for the same omission
with the ace. to which, Athenis and DSlum just preceding.
6. erat expulsus : pluperfect after post quam. See on erat
ezpulsus, p. 25, 1. I.
MICROCOirf RESOLUTION TEST CHART
(ANSI and ISO TEST CHART No. 2)
I.I
la ■2.8
1^
1.8
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^^ 1653 Eost Main Street
y-a Rochester, New York U609 USA
■^— (716) 482 - 0300 - Phone
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1
I
WORD-GROUPS.
I AC-, sharp, pierce.
icer, sharp.
acriter, sharply, fiercely.
acies, edge, battle-line.
acumen, /<?/«/, acuteness, shrewd-
ness.
acerbus, sharp, bitter, sad.
acerbitas, harshness, bitterness.
OCulus, eye.
% kOr, swift.
equus, horse.
eques, horseman.
equitatus, cavalry.
I AG-, drive.
ago, put in motion, drive.
c6go [for co-igo], drive together,
compel.
redigo, drive back, bring.
subigo, bring under, subdue.
transigo, drive through, bring to
an end.
exagito, drive out, persecute.
exiguus, weighed, scanty, small.
2 AG-, say.
aio [for agio], say, speak.
nego [fr. obsolete ne-igus, deny^
ing], deny.
cogito, consider.
c5gitatio, thought.
excogit"), find out by thinking,
devise.
I AL-, AR-, feed, grow.
alo, nourish.
altus, grown ,, reat, high.
altitudo, height.
arbor, tree.
2 AL-, ALI-, other, strange.
alius, another, other.
aliquLs, some other, some one.
aliter, otherwise.
aliquandd, at some time.
aliquanto, somewhat.
aliquot, some.
alienus, another's, foreign.
alieno, alienate, estrange.
alter, another, the other (of two).
65
66
WOKD-GROUPS,
AM-, love.
amicus, friendly, frictid.
amice, in a friendly manner.
ami;) tia, friendship.
\\nm\cus,unfri(iidly, personal foe.
inimicitia, enmity.
amor, love.
AN-, breathe.
anima, breath, life.
animus, spirit, soul, mind.
aniniatus, disposed, inclined.
SL-mianimis, half alive.
exanimo, deprive of breath, kill.
[ANTE, before:\
ante, before, formerly.
antea, before, formerly.
aiaA(\m\.ls,, former age, antiquity.
AP-, 0P-, lay hold of, work, help.
a^ius,. Joined to,fit:cl, suitable.
aciiplscor, reach, obtain.
opera, labor, exertion.
opus, work.
(ops), help, poiuer ; pi. wealth.
inops, without resources, poor.
inopia, want, scarcity.
copia (co-opia), abundance.
Opulentus, rich.
of ficium (opi-ficium), .r,-;--'/<Y, duty.
officlua (opi-ficlna), workshop.
A.'R-, ft. Join.
ars, skill.
arma, implements, arms.
&xmr>, ft out, furnish with arms.
arniatus, armed.
inermis, unarmed.
ARC-, shut in, keep off.
arx, straii^hold, citadel.
exerceo (drive out of confine-
ment), drive on, keep at work,
exercise.
exercitus, trained or disciplined
body of meUr army.
exercitatus, trained.
exercitatio, exercise, practise.
ARG-, shine, be light or bright.
argentum, shining metal, silver.
arguo, make clear, prove, accuse.
co-arguo, cz'erwhelm with reason-
ing, expose, prove guilty.
AV-, mark, notice.
audio, heay.
oboedio, hearken to, obey.
auris, ear.
AVG-, grow.
augeo, increase.
auctor, author.
auctoritas, authority, influence.
WORD-GROUPS.
67
auxilium, re-inf or cement, help.
vigesco, become stroi . hoiverful.
CkTi-,/all.
cado,////.
casus, fitll, chance.
2iCCW\ Jail to, h •ppen.
concido, fai! down.
recidn, fall /',ui:
occasiij, happening, occasion.
Cedo, give place, go, yield.
accedo, go to.
antecedo, go before, excel.
concedo, go atoay, give way.
decedo, go from, depart, die.
discedo, go apart, depart.
CAL-, CLA-, call.
concilio, call together, unite.
recor ilio, call together again,
make friendly.
classis, men cal'-d to service, fleet.
clasbiarius, pertaining to a fleet.
clarus, called, reno'ivned, clear.
declaro, make -lear, show, declare.
CAND-, ghnv.
incendo, set fire to, bum.
incendium,yir;v.
succendo, set on fire from belo7v,
kindle.
CAP-, take, hold.
capio, tn (y.
capcssn, take eagerly, lay hold of.
accipii"', take to one's self, receive.
dccipiO, catch, deceive.
incipin, lay hold upon, begin.
praccipio, take beforehand, in-
struct, direct.
recipio, take back, reco7'er.
suscipio, take upon one's self,
undertake.
occupn, fake possession of, seize.
praecipuus (taken by pref u-renceV
especial.
^nncfgs,frst, leading man.
principalus, fust place, leader-
ship.
captlvus, taken prisoner, captive.
caput, head.
aiiceps, two-headed, doubtful,
dangerous.
CAV-, watch, ware.
caveo, take heed, watch.
causa, cause.
accuse, call to account, accuse.
reCUso, bring cause against, object.
cura [for cavira], anxiety, care.
procure, take care of.
accurfite, carefully.
seCUrus, tree from care, secure.
68
WORD-GROUPS.
I CEL-, CER-, strike, drive, run.
percello, strike down.
celer, swi/t.
celeriter, szviftly.
celeritas, suuftness.
procul, (// or to a distance.
clava, stick, stuff.
curro, run.
concurro, rush together.
occurrS, run agaiitst, meet.
cursor, courier.
cursus, course.
concursus, running together, en-
counter.
excursio, running out, raid.
2 CEL-, conceal.
Celo, conceal.
occulo, cover over, hide.
clam [for calam], secretly.
clandestInus[forclam-dies-tInus],
secret.
CER-, CRE-, part.
cerno, separate, perceive.
decerns, decide, contend.
cert us, settled, certain.
certamen, contest.
crimen, means of distinguishing,
fault, charge.
discrimen, difference, decisive
moment, crisis.
CI-, rouse, excite.
concito, put in violent motion,
rouse up.
excito, rouse, excite.
sollicito, stir up, incite.
CLAV-, lock.
Claudo ahut up, surround.
concludo, shut up together, in-
cluac.
excludo, shut off.
claudus (shut in, hampered),
lame.
CLV-, hear.
laus [for claus], praise.
laudo [for claudo], praise.
conlaudo, praise 7varntly.
laudatio, praise, commendation.
gl5na, glory.
gloriosus, glorious, famous.
COL-, till.
COlo, ////, cultivate, cherish.
colon us, tiller of the soil, settler.
COlonia, settlement.
cultus, cultivation, manner of
living, dress.
inco'.O, iivcll in.
incola, inhabitant.
CRB-, make.
creo, bring forth, create, make.
procreo, bring forth, beget.
■ -4. .
■' ^
WORD-GROUPS. r.9
Crtsco, increas,.
credo, put faith in, trust.
Crtber, frequent.
incredibilis, not to be believed, in-
caerimoiiia, sacred work, cere-
credible.
mony.
commendatiu, recommending, ex-
corpus, body.
cellence.
CRV-, raw.
DAC-, DIC-, sho^v, point.
crudeliter, cruelly.
dico, say, tell.
Crudelitas, cruelty.
dictum, what is said, word.
cruento, statn with blood.
dictator, dictator.
indico, declare publicly.
CVR-, CIR-, curve.
index, one who points out, in-
corona, crown, garland.
former.
circiter, around, about, nearly.
indicium, evidence.
circa, around.
praedico, foretell.
circulus, circle, group.
praedico, proclaim.
condicio, agreement, condition.
I DA-fgive.
maledicens, ez'il speaking.
do, give.
doceo, show, teach.
dedS, give up, surrender.
doctrina, teaching, instruction.
prods, give over, betray.
disc5, learn.
reddO, give back.
disciplTna, instruction.
trado [for trans-d6],^»W over.
condiscipulus, fallow-pupil.
deditio, surrender.
dos, do-wry.
DEM-, DOM-, build.
donum, gift.
dSno, gi7'e, present.
domus, building, house.
proditio, betrayal, treason.
domicilium, dwelling, abode.
sacerdds, giver of sacrifice, priest.
domesticus, pertaining to home,
domestic.
2 DA-, put.
• abdd, put away, hide.
DIV-, DI-, shine.
addd, put to, add.
divinus, divine.
circumdS, put around, surround.
divino, foresee, divine.
70
WORD-GROUPS.
divuiti, sky.
deus, deity, god.
dives, s/iitihiff, rich.
divitiae, riches.
dies, li^hty day.
meridies, tniJdoy, south.
diu (by day), long.
interdiu, by day.
iuvo (diuvo). //<•//, assist.
adiuvu, bring aid to.
Diana [for Divana], shining one,
Diana.
luppiter [for Diupiter], Jupiter.
DVA-, DVI-, apart, two.
duo, two.
dubius, doubtful.
dubito, go to and fro, doubt, hesi-
tate.
duplex, twofold.
bis [for dvi-ies], twice.
bini, two by two, two.
bellum [for duellum], contest be-
tween two, war.
bello, wage war, fight.
bellicosus, warlike.
bellicus, pertaining to war, mili-
tary.
DVC-, lead.
dux, leader.
diico, lead.
ductus, leadership.
deduco, lam down, conduct.
ediico, lead forth.
tduco, bring «/>, rca educate.
inducn, Ifiui in, draw into.
obdJiCn, draw mrr, draw before.
produC", lead out.
subducO (lead from under), re-
morr. witlidraw by stealth,
tradiico, Lad across.
EH-, take.
sumo [for subimo], take up, use,
s/'i-nd.
sunij>tus, expense.
cunsumo, use up.
exempluni, sample, copy.
eximie, uncommonly, exceedingly.
praemium [for prae-emium]
(what is taken above others),
reward.
prSmptus [for pro-emptus],
brought out, at hcnd, ready.
ES-, be, live.
sum [for esum], be.
absum, be away.
adsum, be present.
dtsum, he xvanting.
obsum, be in the way, injure.
possum [for pot-sum], be able.
praesum, be oz'cr, be in command.
prosum, be for, help.
subsum, be under, be by.
supersum, be over, be left.
WORn-OROUPS.
•1
al)sens, kitis^ tiw.iy, nhu-nt.
pracstns, heiiii; at luntJ, /■nsotl.
VX-, front.
ex or i, out of, from.
extrii, outside of, heyoiiJ.
extrCnuis, outermost.
FA-, shine, s/io^i'.
adfabilis (that can be easily
spoken to), tiffahle.
fama, report.
infamis, /// spoken of disrefiit-
able.
infamo, say ill of Jefime.
infamia, ill-report.
fanum, a place consecrated to a
deity, a temple.
nefas, ///(// which is contrary to
divine law, sin.
infitior, not to confess, deny.
(infitiae), denial.
profiteer, declare publicly, ac-
knowledge.
FAC-, make, do.
facio, make, put.
patsfacio, make or lay open.
vacuefacio, make empty.
adficio, (/(' something to cne, affect.
conficio, make co '>lete, finish.
ef ficiu, work out, bring to pass.
'\x\\.*ixfi.tw, put betiLiccn, destroy, kit I.
l)raf ficin, set ii'er, put in ehiirge.
actlifiC", erect a building, build.
slf;nific", sho7i< by tigns, point out.
fin, be made, become.
proflciscor, make oJ)\ u-t out.
facilis, easy to do. easy.
difficilis, fir from easy to do,
difficult.
factio (a takini; part with any
one), (/ company of persons
acting togitiier, party.
facultas, capability, power.
Infectus, unfinished.
praefectus, one put in charge,
commander.
profecto, as -'redly, certainly.
FEND-, Jrike.
defend", ward off, protect.
defensio, defense.
offendo, strike agiinst,come upon.
offensio, offense, displeasure.
I FER-, bear.
fero, bear.
adfero, bear to.
antefero, bear before.
aufero, bear away.
confero, bear together.
defero, bear away.
effero, bear out, set forth.
infers, bear upon, wage.
72
WORD-GROUPS.
offern, hear tmvird.t, offer.
pLTfero, hear through^ endure,
hrtng.
praefero, bear before, prefer.
refer bei:.- bad; refort.
(Wrs), t/iat which brings itself,
chance.
fflrtiilto, by chance.
lOrtuna, chance, fortune.
a FER-, PRE-, hold, fix.
frStus, sustained, relying.
Infirmus, 7iieaJi:
firmitas, endurance, strength.
adfirm;'), affirm, confirm.
conlirmo, strengthen, encourage.
forti^', strong, brave.
fortiter, strongly, bravely.
fortitudi"), fortitude, bravery,
ffirmosus, finely formed, hand-
some.
defdrmitas, deformity.
I FID-, FID-, bind, trust.
fides, trust, confidence
t^tWs, faithful.
fidficia, confidence, assurance.
confido, trust firmly in.
diffido, distrust.
ir dus, league, -ompact.
foederatus, leagued together.
a FID-, split.
finis [for fld-nis], dividing thing,
border.
adfiiiitas [adflnis, I)(>rderinR
upon], conncilion by marriage,
praefiiiio, limit beforehand.
FVG-yffee.
fuga, ff/ght.
fugo, make flee.
K.^mi}X%\^\ ffee for refuge.
Mm%\o, flee from, escape.
profugir., flee before, flee from.
trSiisfugio,y:^tr to the other side,
desert.
GEN-, GN-, GNA-, beget.
gSns, begetting, race.
genus, birth, stock.
generusus, of good birth, noble,
generous.
gener, daughter's husfymd, son-
in-law.
privignus [for prhi genus], o/a
separate race, step-son.
progenitor, progenitor, ancestor.
progenies, lineage, offspring.
ingeir um, innate quality, natural
capacity.
nascor [for gnascor], be born.
natu, only in abl. (gnatu), birth.
natid [for gnatio], nation, race.
natura [for gnatfua], nature.
WORD-GROUPS.
".?
GNA-, GNO-, Jtnoii'.
enirro [for t-gnir-j, wi/Xy cUarly
ktunvn, tell in detiiil.
nfttiis [for gnd-], kno'„ii.
ignfttus [for iii-gnfttus], uiikuon<t,.
ndbilis [for gn&-], nnimnicd.
agnS.scO, retO)^itizt\ (ft/v/cti'M/^v.
cognftscfi, become thoroii^lily tic-
quaiitUJ •«. .n, learn.
ignSsco [for in-gnfisco], not to
7i.<ish to kiio'a', pardon.
incognituK, uukinnun.
nSmen [for gn5-]. means of
kinnvhii,', name.
nominatim, l>y name.
n&minu, name.
cognimtn, surname, second name.
ignSro [for in-gn6ro], be unac-
quainted.
Igndrantia, ii^noranee.
6RA-, desire, favor.
gritus. agreeable, grateful.
fjiXxdi, favor, gratitude.
t'itia, abl. in favor of, for the
sake f.
^tis [for gratiis], out of favor,
for nothing, willingly.
'■- •Kp'itls or 'igratiis, without one's
, against one's will.
GRAD-, ^oa/i:
pflias, stcf.
!»l^ -dior [for adg-],^v to, attack.
congredior, meet.
(ligredior, go apart.
t'gredior, -iOtlk forth.
prugredior, step fonuard, ad-
vance.
HAB-, have, hold.
habeu, have, hold.
ailhibco. //('/(/ tii'.oiiid, apply, use.
debco [for clt-hiber>j, have from,
mve.
praebfco [for pi le-hibfo], hold
forth, offer, shiK^.
prohibff), //('/(/ before, h: >:der,
prevent.
habitd, hai'C possesion of, dwell.
dCbilito [from dtbilis == il'^habi-
lisj, lessen in activity, loeaken.
to, go.
adeo, go to.
circutneo, ,<,<' around.
coeo, assemble.
exeo, gofo'-ih.
ineo, go into, enter.
obeo, go to meet, meet.
pereo, go to the end, perish.
praetereo, i,v past.
prodc", fonuard, advance.
redeo, go back.
■- uljei"), go under, suffer.
transeo, cross.
adii'is, approach.
\V0Kl)-{.KOUPS.
comes, lompanion.
t( nitium, f-hh,' oj assembly.
initiiim, A iiiiini;^.
\\i:r,Jonniry, nhiil.
prat-tor [for prac-itor], /<■ '■
reditus, XW//4' /'iici.; ntiiru.
IAC-, // :.'.
iacio, thrmv.
conici" [for conilcio], thrmo to-
y,it' • . Cttst.
tit'ici'i, 'hnmi tfinoii.
disicio, thfino asiiiukr, siiitler.
ciciu, cast out.
inicio, t/iiuKi) into, ill/use.
obicio, tlttino before, presetit.
subicio, thnnu under, place be-
neath.
traiciu, throw across.
iaceu (be thrown), lie.
amiculum (a garment one throws
around him), mantle.
coniectus, zjlley.
[IN-, ,«]
in, ///, into.
inter, /;/ the midst, bet",ueen.
intert- a, in the meantime.
interim, mean-while.
intimus, inmost.
intra, /;/ the inner part, within.
intro, ^o within, enter.
IV-, WO-, bind, yoke.
iQs, that -.K'hieh b'tids, law.
iflstus.y,/^/.
ia>tiiia,y//f//, ,•.
iiiiu^ti", nniiistly.
iniuria (anything done contrary
to right), in/my, wron^;.
iQ.s-i&randum, oath.
ptriuriuni, /;/(,■ (V////. 1 y.
iudiLO, /('//// ('/// the > ■ , «(/;"■(•.
i6diciuni,y;/(/j,'///< ;//, trial, court.
iflro, tahe oath.
coniiiratir), taking oath together,
conspiracy.
adiungo, /<>/// to.
stiungn, disjoin, separate.
coniugium, connection by mar-
ria-^i, marriage.
functus [for con-iiknctus], ;W;/tv/
together, all in a body.
iv fa, closely Joined, near by.
LEG-, gather.
lego, gather, select, choose, read.
deligu. choose from, select.
diligo, '-hoose out, esteem highly,
love.
intellegri [for inter-lego], choose
between, perceive, understand.
neglego [for nec-lego], not to
gather, neglect.
coi'i^^a, t 'le chosen with another,
colleague.
WORD-(iKOUrS.
/■>
(U'lCctus, picked, chosen.
ilWctus, c/ioiic, icty.
■liligtiiM, c/ioiuiHi^ out, Un'iiig,
iittciitivc, dilii^cnt.
tlillgenter, ililii^cully, (arcfitlly.
(lillgentia, Uilii^cncc, carc/iilncss.
lector, leader.
nfulegenter, cnrehssly.
-.11 rilegiutn, stcttlnii; of sacred
1/iiHi^s, s<i<r//,xe.
sacrilegus, o/ie 'oho takes altered
things.
LIB-, desire, loiiij for.
libit (inipers.), // pleases, it is
pleasiiii;.
libenter, ■7i'illiiif^/y, f;ladly.
libul'"', desire, iiuliiiation.
libidinr.sus.yi'/A'Tr///^' desire, dis-
sc/ii/e.
liber, doiui^ as one desires, free.
libfrc,//V(7)', boldly.
libertas,y>i . dom, liberty.
libero, liberate.
liberal is, befittins:^ a free man,
iioble-tninded, liberal.
liberal ita.s, noble spirit, liberality.
LIC-, LIQU-, let, learc.
licet (impers.), it is allo-..'cd.
scilicet [for scire-licet], r<7/ may
kno-iO, a'idently, of course.
licentia, freedom to do as one
pleases, license.
reHnn"'>, hate behind.
re -Uii.-*, reman: '\'.
rt.'liquiae, that xchieh is lejt,
mains.
(iClicium (a falling short of a
standard), yi/////.
LOC-, LOQU-, sound, speak.
conloquor, speak ',oith, eon-erse.
conloquitim, com'crsation, confer-
ence.
cloquentia, clear speakint^, elo-
quence.
LV-, loose, rel-asc.
solvn [for se-luo], loose, release.
ihsolvn, set free, aci/uii.
dissoliitus, loose, careless, dis-
solute.
LVC-, shine.
elQceo, shine forth.
lucus, shiniui; spet, sacred f;rcve,
diliicidt, clearly.
inliistro [for in-luctrr>], lit;ht up
greatly, make famous.
inlustris, ln^hted up, famous.
MA-, MAN-, measure.
manus, measuriui; thini;, hand,
armed force.
iminus (hands apart), from a
dtstani.e.
76
WORD-GROUPS.
nimius, beyond measure, too much.
mensa, table.
mensis, month.
trimestris, of three months.
MAG-, BIAC-, big.
magnus, great.
maior, greater.
maximus, greatest.
m&gis, greater, more.
mazime, in the highest degree,
especially.
magnitudo, greatness.
maiestas, greatness, majesty.
magister, master, commander.
magistratus, office of magistrate,
magistrate.
malo [for magis-volo], wish
rather, prefer.
I MAN-, MEN-, mind, stay.
maneo, stay (orig. in thought).
mens, mind, thought.
detnens, out of one's mind,foolish.
dementia, madness, folly.
mentio, calling to mind, mention-
ing.
mentior (form in the mind, hence
in a bad sense), lie.
comminTscor, devise.
reminiscor, recall to mind.
Minerva, Minerva, goddess of
wisdom.
moneo, make to think, advise,
admoned, remind, warn.
monumentum, memorial, monu-
ment.
2 MIN-, MEN-, diminish.
minor, less.
minus, less.
minuo, diminish,
administro, help (as a subordi-
nate), do, perform.
GtatvAb, free font defects, amend.
I MAR-, think.
memor, mindful.
memoria, memory.
commemoro, recall to memory,
mention.
a Mor-, from MAR-, waste away,
die.
morior, die.
morbus, sickness, disease.
mors, death.
mortuus, dead.
immortalis, undying, immortal,
MIL-, associate.
miles, soldier.
militaris, of a soldier.
mille, thousand.
WORD-GROUPS. 77
MIR-, smile., wonder.
MOV- [MV-], m<rve. ■
mirus, wonderful.
moveo, mo^'e.
miror, ivoiider.
commoveo, put in violent motion.
mirabilis, wonderful, strange.
disturb, alarm.
admiror, wonder at, admire.
permoveo, moi'e greatly, startle.
admirabilis, xuorthy of admira-
removed, moz-e away.
tion.
mSmentum [for movi-mentum],
movement, moment (time),
•
JSlT-t send, let go.
moment (importance).
mitto, send, let go.
commutatio, change.
amitto, send away, let slip, lose.
admitto, let go to, admit, commit.
MV-, shut, fasten.
committo, send together, join.
murus, zvall.
•t
place with.
moenia, avails.
dimitt5, send apart.
tavimb, fortify.
emitto, send forth, let go.
comtaanib, fortify strongly.
imtnittd, send against, let loose at.
muni tic, f or tif cation.
omitt5, pass over, omit.
munus, service, duty, gift.
praetermitto, let go by, pass over.
communis (bound together),
remitto, send back.
common.
commissum, that which is in-
communiter, in common.
trusted, secret.
communitais, fellowship, courtesy.
missus, sending.
I NA-, NAV-, swim.
MOD-, from MA-, measure.
navis, ship.
modus, measure, manner.
modo, only.
admodum, exceedingly.
commode, properly, skillfully.
navalis, naval.
nauta (navita), sailor.
nauticus, of a ship or sailor^
nautical.
immoderatus, excessive.
modestus, moderate, modest.
a NA-, no.
..
modestia, moderation, modesty.
ne, not, that not, lest.
immodestia, immoderation.
oefas, contrary to divine law.
78 WORD-GROUPS.
neque or nee, and not, nor.
enuntio, say out, tell.
nemo, no one.
pronfintiiJ, make publicly kno^on.
neve or neu, and not, nor.
renuntio, carry back word, re-
nihil, nothing.
nounce, break off.
nimis, too much, very.
imeTnvLntius,mediator, go-between.
nisi, if not, unless.
non, not.
OR-, grow, rise.
nonnullus, some one.
orior, rise.
nuUus, not any, no.
adorior, rise up to, attack.
numquam, never.
coorior, rise together, break forth.
nusquam, nowhere.
ordo, row, line, order.
-ne (interrogative particle).
adulescens, growing up, youth.
NEC-, NOC-, kill.
adulescentulus, a very young
noceo, hurt, harm.
man, youth.
•«
innocens, harmless, innocent.
adulescentia, youth.
innocentia, blamelessness.
innozius, innocent, harmless.
OS-, mouth, face.
pernicies, destruction.
5s, mouth, speech.
pemiciosus, hurtful, destructive.
0r5, speak, entreat.
nox, night.
per5ro, speak to the end, conclude.
nOCtu, by night.
draculum, divine announcement.
nocturnus, of the night, nocturnal.
oracle.
NEM-, NVM-, allot, number.
oratio, speech, oration.
c5ram, in the presence of.
numero, count.
emimero, count over, relate.
'9k-, feed
WiXD.x(MS, piece of money, money.
■^^i&c, father.
NV- (pron. St.), now.
paternus, of a father, paternal.
_ _ . • /• J- a7. ... . ..* 7
nunc, now.
novus, new.
renov5, renew.
nuntius, bearer of tidings.
nuntid, announce.
i^SiKndi, fatherland, native country.
panis, bread.
Penates, deities if the interior of
the house.
k
WORD-GROUPS.
79
PAC-, PAG-, make fast, fix.
pax, compact, peace.
pactum, agreement.
pacti5, agreement.
pecunia, money.
pecuniosus, rich.
pila [for pigla], pillar.
PAR-, breed, part.
pario, bring forth, bring about,
procure.
aperio [for ab-pario],^^//rww,
uncover, open.
operi5, cover over, conceal.
reperio, get again, find.
pars, part.
partim, partly, some.
expers, having no part in.
dispertio, distribute, divide.
PAV-, little.
paucus (in Tp\.),feiv.
paucitas, fewness.
pauper, poor.
paupertas, poverty.
paulo, a little, somewhat.
parvus [for paurus], small.
parrulus, very small.
PED-, tread.
f6S,foot.
T^eies, Joot soldier.
pedester, on foot.
^edisequus, follower, servant.
expedio, free the feet, extricate,
explain.
impedi5, entangle the feet, hinder.
PEL-, PVL-, drive, scatter.
pello, drive.
appello, 3, [adp-], drive to, bring
near.
appello, I, [adp-] (go to in order
to address), speak to.
compello, 3, dri7'e together, force.
compello, I , address, speak to.
depello, drive away.
impello, drive on.
repello, drive back.
impulsus, instigation.
PER-, through, reach, try.
per, through.
perTculum, means of trying, peril.
experior, try thoroughly.
peritus, experienced, skillful.
imperitus, inexperienced.
portus, entering, harbor.
porticus, coi'crcd walk between
rows of columns, colonnade.
opportunus,y?///«^.
■4
80
\\'ORD-GROUPS.
PET-, mnie quickly, fall.
peto, /till upon, attack, seek.
appeto, strive after.
impetus, attack.
perpetuus, contimwus, perpetual.
^^\i^tX\io,conf'iiuously, constantly.
PLE-, fLy-,fl/.
plenus,/«//.
compleo, fll completely.
oppleo.yiV/ up.
plerusque (usually pi.), very
many.
plus, more.
plurimi (pi.), most, very many.
plurimum, %'ery much, most.
complures, very many.
locuples, rich.
locupleto, enrich.
populus (redupl.), people.
publicus [for populicus], /w^//V.
publice, on the part of the state.
publico, seize for public use.
PLEC-, -.i'eave,fold.
duplex, twice folded, double.
triplex, thrice folded, triple.
supplex, suppliant (bending the
knee in entreaty).
supplicium, supplication, punish-
ment (as criminals were be-
headed kneeling).
explico, unfold, explain.
implies, yi'/t/ into, entangle.
complector, tivine around, em-
brace.
[PON(J,/«/.]
pdno, put, place.
compOno, put together, arrange.
expdno, set forth, explain, disem-
bark.
interp5no, put between, interpose.
oppSno, put against, oppose.
praep5no, place over.
propono, put forth, propose.
POS-, behind.
post, behind, after.
postea, aftenuards.
posteaquam, after that, after.
posterus, coming after, next.
posterius, later, afteraiards.
postridiS, on the day after.
postquam, after that, after.
postremS, at last, finally.
POT-, master.
potior, become master of.
potius, more, rather.
potissimum, /// pref. ' to all
others.
potens, powerful.
potest as, power, ability.
possum [for potsum], be able.
m
WORD-GROUPS.
81
PREC-, PORC-, pray.
precor, pray.
posco [for porc-sci)], demand.
exposco, demand from, ask.
postulo, demand.
postulatum, demand.
[PREM-, press.'\
prem5, press.
exprimo, press out, represent, ex-
press.
opprim5, press against, erush,
overwhelm.
reprimo, press back.
PRO-, PRI-, PRAE-, before.
pr5 [prod-], before.
procul, at or to a distance.
prope, near.
propius, nearer.
propTnquus, near, related.
prStinus, ri);ht onward.
proximus, next.
prius, before, sooner.
primus, y?; J/.
primo, at first.
pristinus, earlier.
praeter, before, beyond, besides.
praeterea, besides.
PV-, cleanse, purify.
puto, make clear, set in order,
consider.
disputo, consider well, discuss.
reputo, count over, reflect up>on.
PVG-, thrust, strike.
pugno, /f;--///.
expugnij.y?;'/;/ out, take byfii:;hting.
impugnu, fii^ht against, attack.
oppugno, y?^'/// against, asscil.
repugnd, fight against, oppose.
pugna, battle.
oppugnator, assailant.
piopugnaculum, bnlwark,defense.
QUI-, CI-, lie, abide.
quiesco, rest, keep quiet.
adquiesco (acq-), come to rest, die.
quietus, quiet.
Civis, citizen.
civilis, of a citizen, civil.
civitas, citizenship, state.
REG-, RIG-, stretch, guide.
regio, direction, quarter, region.
dirigo [for A^-xi%o\, place straight,
direct.
erigo, raise up, raise.
rex. king.
regius, of a king, kingly.
regtium, soa.<ereignty, kingdom.
regno, rule.
SAC-, fasten.
sacer, dedicated, consecrated.
sacerdos, priest.
sacellum, little sanctuary.
82
WORD-GROUPS.
sacra (pi.), sacred things, worship.
sacrarium, place for keeping holy
things, ihrine.
sacrilegus, sacrilegious person.
sacrilegium, sacrilege.
sacrifices offer sacrifice.
resacrf), beseech again, free front
a curse.
sanctus, made sacred, inviolable.
SEC-, SCI-, SCII>-, split, dis-
tinguish.
sezus, division, sex.
SCio, know.
nestio, not know.
scitum, decree.
c5nscius, knowing in common,
conscious.
insciens, ignorant.
Tnscltia, ignorance, awkwardness.
descisco, withdraw from.
resciscS, learn, find out.
rescindo, cut off, break down.
incido [for in-scldo], cut in or
upon.
caedes [for scaedes], slaughter.
SAL-, SAR-, guard, save.
salus, safety.
servo, save, guard.
conrfervo, preserve, sa7ie.
SCAND-, climb.
ascends, go up, ascend.
escendo, climb up, go up.
descendu, climb down, descend.
SCARP-, SCRIB-, cut, scratch.
SCribo, write.
inscribo, write upon.
scrlptor, writer.
S'E/C-, follow.
BtHViOT, follow.
consequoT, follow up, overtake.
perseqi'.or, pursue.
secundus, following, second, fav-
orable.
secius, following, less.
consector, pursue eagerly or con-
tinually.
p^disequus, attendant.
socius, associate, ally.
&Oc\e\.z.s, fellowship, league.
SED-, SID-, sit.
sedeo, sit.
obsideo, sit bef. :, blockade.
possidd, take possession of, occupy.
sessor, inhabitant.
insidiae, ambush, snare.
obses, hostage.
obsidio, siege, blockade.
praesidium, protection, garrison.
subsidium, support, assistance.
WORD-GROUPS,
83
SEM-, SIM-, together, like.
semper, always.
semel, once.
simul, at the same time, together.
similis, like.
simulo, make like, pretend.
simulacrum, something made like,
image.
dissimilitudo, unlikeness, differ-
ence.
SEN-, old.
senex, old.
senesco, become old.
seaatus, council of elders, senate.
SEJXT-,/eel.
sentio, feel.
sententia, opinion.
seUBus, feeling.
consensio, thinking together,
agreement.
SER-, string, bind.
servus, slave.
servulus, young slave.
servio, be a slave, serve.
Inservio, serve, devote one^s self to.
servitus, slavery.
consero, bind together. Join.
intersero, place between, interpose.
disertus [for dis-sertus], methodi-
cal in speaking, fluent.
dSaetXl, fluently.
praesertim (connected before-
hand), especially.
rite [for srete], net.
[SIGNUM, mark.-\
signum, mark, signal.
signo, set a mark on, seal.
Slgnifico, make a signal, signify,
Insigniter, remarkably.
[SPES, hope.]
8p€s, hope.
spero, hope.
despero, give up hope.
prosperus, answering to hope,
favorable,
^ros^xt, fortunately.
SPEC-, see, spy.
aspicio, look upon.
conspici5, get sight of.
despicio, look doivn upon, disdain.
respicio, look back upon, regard.
suspicio, look up to, admire.
suspicio (subst.), mistrust, sus-
picion.
specto, look at.
exspecto, look out for, await.
exspectatiu, awaiting, exspecta-
tion.
speculator, py, scout.
84
WORD-GROUPS.
STA-, stand.
ftSt stand-
constS, stand together, agree.
\nt,\Ji,stii>td on, he at hand, set upon.
obst5. stand against. '//fJt.
praestO. stand out, excel.
praestans, remarkable, preemi-
nent.
statim, steadily, immediately.
statua. statue.
statf 'a, height, stature.
superstes, surviving.
statuo, cause to stand, establish,
determine.
constituo, place firmly, establish.
dcstituo, set do7vn, abandon.
Tnstituo, place into, establish,
begin.
restituo, set tip again, restore.
substituS, put in place of.
institutum, regulation.
desistd, stand off from, leave off,
cease.
obsist5, stand against, resist.
resistS) withstand, resist.
STER-, STRA-, strew, thread.
prosterno, throw down.
stratum, couch.
stramentum, straw.
struo, pile up, build.
exstruo, build up.
instnio, build in.
obstruo, block mJ>.
[SUPER, above.]
superior, higher.
summus [for sup-imus], highe:t.
summa highest part. top.
supra, ('// the upper side, above.
supremus, highest, last.
supero, overpiKver.
superbe, haughtily.
TA- (pron. St.), that.
tain, so.
tilis, of such a kind.
tantus, so great.
\An\.\xm, only so much, only so far,
tamen,/cr all that, nevertheless,
tot, so many.
tOtidem,y//j/ as many.
turn, at that time, then.
TEG-, cover.
tego, cc^'er,
contego, cozier up, conceal.
tectum, coi'ering, roof.
TEM-, cut.
tempus, section of time, time.
tempestas, time, time (with re-
spect to its physical qualities),
weather (good or bad), storm.
templum, space of consecrated
ground, temple.
contnmno, scorn.
contuiiielia, reproach.
WORD-GROUPS.
S5
TEN-, 5tret(h.
tend5, st.'etch, direct.
attendo. 'irect to.
conten'ici, strain for, contend,
hasten.
ostend5, spread out before, slum).
contentus, held together, satis-
fied.
contentio, struggle.
tempto [for tentb], handle, try,
tempt.
teneo, hold.
obtineo, maintain.
pertineu, reach, belong to, relate
to.
retineo, hold back.
sustineo, hold up, sustain.
tenuis (drawn out), thi.t, tri-
fling.
continC'iis, holding together.
protinus, right onvmrd.
abstinentia, self-restraint.
TERS-, shake, scare.
terror, terror.
d^ietztb, frighten from, deter.
pertttreo, frighten thoroughly.
TIM-, stun.
tirAOT,fear.
t'.meo, fear.
extimes 5, fear greatly.
pertimesco, fear greatly.
TRAG-, drag.
traho, drag, drajo.
contraho, draw together, assemble.
extrahu, drau> out.
retrahu, dram back, remorr.
tractus, drawing, nrw, tin :.
obtrectatio, envious detracting,
disparagement.
TRI-, TRE-, TER-, three.
tres, three.
trecenti, three hundred.
tertius, third.
tertio, thirdly.
tribuu {ong.gii'e to a tribus,t.c.,
a third part of the Roman
people), bestini\ allot, ascribe.
trieniiium, space of three years.
trimestris, of three months.
triplex, triple.
tripus, tripod.
triremis, vessel with three banks
of oars, trireme.
TV-, watch, guard.
tueor, watch, guard.
intueor, look at, regard.
tutus, guarded, safe.
tiitum, a saje place.
TUTOR, use:\
fitor, use.
Qtilis, usefm.
86
WORD-GROUPS.
Qtilitla, usefulness, utility.
in&tilis, useless.
&8US, use, need,
VEH-, [VAii-J, move, earry.
veho, bca: , carry.
invehor. bear one^s self against,
attack, inveigh against.
perveho, carry, carry to,
vectigal, income, revenue, tax.
obviam [for vehiam], in the way
of.
vSlum [for vehelum], sail.
VEN-, [VA-, BA-],^«;.
venio, come.
adveni5, come to, arrive.
invenio, come upon,fnd.
perveni5, come to, arrive at.
adventus, approach, arrival.
contio [for con-yentio], meeting.
conventus, meeting, assembly.
advents, come to, approach.
arbitror (ar = ad) [go to as -vi'Vi-
vc\\Xx\.\3im, judgment, will,
VERT-, turn.
verto, turn.
Sverto, turn away.
adverts, turn to.
converts, turn completely, turn.
revertor, turn baek, return.
animad verto, turn the attention to.
versus, turning, line, verse.
Tenor, keep turning, move about,
be.
adversus, turn towards, facing,
against.
adversarius, .opponent.
adversum (prep.), against.
adversum (subst.), calamity.
exadversum, oi'er against.
diversus, turned different wayr,
different.
rfirsus [for re-vor>us], turned
back, backward, again.
universus, turned into one, all,
whole
VI-, VIC-, twine.
vinum, w/W(product of the vine).
vinolentus,///// of wine.
vinea, vineyard, shed (built like
an arbor for vines).
devinciS, bind fast.
yincvAwm, fetter,
yiiinx^, fault (twist).
VIC-, conquer.
vines, conquer.
devincS, conquer c npletely, sub-
due.
victor, conqueror.
victSria, victory.
invictus, unconquered.
\
W( 1)-GR0UPS.
87
VID-, set.
video, see.
vltu.s, si):;ht.
▼lifi, look rtt attentively, go t<,
look at.
invidia,yV"<//f'ttj:j, envy.
prfidens [for pro vidrns], / .-
siiiH)^, prudent. ■<', -^,
priidentia, yi'^i 17 «m.
imprfidens, not Ji -r, uH/>te-
pared.
imprQdenter, *><' ../y.
imprudentia, la tj^kt.
[VIH-. J
vir, man.
virllis, manly, ma-le.
virltim, man Av man, Dm^ itkt-
ally.
VI V-, VIO-, Inv
vivo, live.
vivus, alivf
vita, life.
YiCtus, /ood, living.
convlvium, a living together,
soiial feast, banijuet.
VOC-, call.
VOCn, call.
advoco, call li , summon.
tievoco, call away, invite.
revoco, call back.
voc&tus, net called, ununited.
vu^cilo, be wont to call, name.
VOL-, will, wish.
vol' Will, vish.
vrtuittas, will, choice.
b85 \f ~ix ne-vol6], will or with
ptc't, rt' u 'twilling.
beneyolf^ da, well-wishing,
friendliness.
[ViS-, strength.]
vw, strength.
violo, treat toith violence.
i violatus, unharmed.
▼indicn [for vim-dico] (asseii
authority), claim.
i I
EXERCISES FOR RETRANSLATION.
THRMISTOCLES.
I. I. No one should be placed before Th^'mistocles.
2. His father thought that Thcmistocles was neglecting
his property. 3. No disgrace can be blotted out with-
out the greatest diligence. 4. After he devoted himself
wholly ' to public affairs, Thcmistocles soon became
famous. 5. The result was''' that nothing of unusual
importance' was done without him.
* Not an adv. in Latin. * " Hy which it was brought al>out."
* One word — a comparative adj.
II. I. To render ' the state bolder, he built a fleet.
2. He built the Heet with money which came in from
the state mines. 3. After firs' crushing ^ the CJorcyreans
with this fleet, he made war upon the sea-robbers. 4. He
persuaded the Athenians to defend * themselves against
Xerxes with their ships. 5. When they sent to Delphi
to ask what to do,* Themistocles alone could understana
what ^ the reply of the priestess meant.*
1 Not infin. in Latin. ^ Abl. abs. ^ ut with subjunct.
quest. * " whither the reply had force."
89
* Indir.
9C
EXERCISES FOR RETRANSLATION.
in. I, The Lacedaemonians sent their king, Leonidas,
with chosen men to fight ' on land. 2. The result was ^
that all these men perished. 3. For although they took
possession of Thermopylae, they could not hold out
against « the number of the enemy. 4. There is danger
thatMf the Greek fleet remain near Artemisium, it will
be threatened* by a twofold peril.
* Rel. clause of purpose. 2 c/. I., 5. s Use perf. indie, of
sttstinere. ♦ ne. ^ fremo.
TV. I. Themistocles believed that if his countrymen^
defended themselves there, they would finish the war
immediately, 2. Therefore ^ he urged Eurybiades, the
commander-in-chief,^ to remain* in the narrow strait.
3. He declared that the great number of the king's
ships could not be manoeuvred in the place where he
wished the Greeks to attack him. 4. "If your oppo-
nents depart,* O King, you will be compelled to pursue
them one by one." 5. The shrewdness of Themistocles,
rather than the arms of Greece, defeated the king.
1 Omit. ^Itaque. 3 Use a rel. clause. ♦ Cf. II., note 3.
^ Not pres. tense.
V. I. Although the king could have crushed^ Greece
with his remaining forces, nevertheless Themistocles
persuaded him to return ^ to Asia. 2. For the king
feared that his enemies would destroy the bridge which
had been built over the Hellespont. 3. Within the
memory of man so great forces have not been defeated
THEMISTOCLES.
91
in a similar way by one man's cleverness. 4. We have
been informed that the king marched from Asia to
Athens'^ in six months but* returned in thirty days.
5. In this manner was Greece freed from her enemies.
1 Pres.infin. of "crush "with perf. indie, of /t;jj«w. - C/.U., note 3.
* Athends, without preposition. * sed.
VI. I. The Athenians followed* the suggestion of
Themistocles in regard to* the threefold harbor of
Piftieus. 2. The Lacedaemonians said' that the Athe-
nians ought not'' to rebuild their walls. 3. "For wo do
not wish there to be fortihed places outside of the Pelo-
ponnesus for* the enemy to seize." 4. The Athenians
understood that the I'eloponnesians had said this because
they wished them to be as weak as possible. 5. Themis-
tocles advised them to send him alone as ambassador
to the Lacedaemonians and to rebuild the walls mean-
while.
^ " used." 2 ^,-. 3 .. said not " — one word in Latin.
* " which the enemy may seize."
VII. I. Themistocles gave his attention to deceiving*
the Lacedaemonian niai;istrates as long as possible.
2. When it was leported to him by his colleagues that
very little of the work-of-fortifying- was left (to be
done"), he bade tiie Lacedaemonians send trusty citizens
to Athens. 3. As soon as they had complied with his
wish,* he sent back his fellow-ambassadors. 4. Witii
perfect frankness* he said to the ephors : "If you wish
92
KXERCISES FOR RETRANSLATION
to recover your ambassadors, send me back to Athens."
5. " It is right for the Athenians to surround their city
with walls." 6. You Lacedaemonians regard the advan-
tage of* your own state rather than that of all Greece.
> ttt with subjunct. 2 One word. » Omit. * Cf. " Gestus est el
mos." 6 Adv. in superlative. « «. that which will be useful to."
Vm. I. Themistocles, in his absence, after being
banished, was accused of treason by the Lacedaemo-
nians. 2. He said> to the king of the Molossi, with
whom he - was living : " If the Athenians come here, I
must die."» 3. The Athenians demanded him f rom *
the king in-the-name-of-their-state,* and promised that
they would declare war if he did not give him up.
4. The king gave sufficient force to conduct « him safely
to Pydna. 5. From there he was compelled to flee to
the Persian king and reveal to him who he was.
1 died. 2 /^^ Themistocles.
* d. 5 Qne word.
•' Use gerundive construction.
Cf. qui accusdrent.
IX. I. Nepo tells' us that Themistocles and Thu-
cydides, the historian^ of those tin.^s, belonged to the
same state. 2. He has informed us that after the battle
was fought at Salamis, Themistocles freed the king from
peril by a message. 3. "If the bridge which you have
built over the Hellespont is destroyed," you will be sur-
rounded by your enemies." 4. " I ask you to return to
Asia and to protect* me if I ever* come seeking for your
friendship." 5. Afterwards," in the reign of Artaxerxes,
HANNIBAL.
93
when he fled to Asia, he was in safety, although all
Greece pursued him.
^aid. * "who has left a history." " Cf. IV'., note 5.
* difendd. ' uniquam. • Posted.
X. I. In the presence of the king, Themistocles spoke
fluently and made many promises. 2. " If you present
me with great gifts, I will establish my home in Asia,
and subjugate Greece In war." 3. That he might have
bread and wine, the kmg gave him the annual income *
from two cities. 4. If we accept the authority of Thu-
cydides, Themistocles, being unable ' to overcome Greece,
voluntarily took poison. 5. There is a report that his bones
were secretly buried in Attica by his friends. 6. Many
writers ^ have told us that burial ^ in Attica was not allowed
to those who had been condemned for treason.
* " that which came in each year." 2 « siiice he was unable."
' scrtptor. * " to he buried."
HANNIBAL.
I. I. Hannibal never ceased i.. cherish in his heart
his father's hatred of ^ the Romans. 2. He so far sur-
passed the Roman generals in wise-leadership- that they
never defeated him in Italy. 3. But it must not be denied
that he was driven avCay. 4. If no one had been able to
defeat him, the Romans would have been conquered.
^ Not genitive. - One word, ptudeiitiu.
MH
94
EXERCISES FOR RETRANSLATION.
II. I. He attempted to make Philip a foe of the
Romans/ and to fire Antiochus with a desire to make
war.** 2. Roman ambassadors made"" the king suspicious
of Hannibal.^ 3. When Hannibal was not more than
nine years old he asked his father/ the general Hamilcar,
to take him to camp. 4. " If you will give me your
word," said his father, " never to entertain any friendly
thought for" the Romans, I will take you with me."
5. No one should doubt' that he always kept the oath
which he gave his father.
1 Dat. 2 Use the gerund. » adJfud. * Recast like the text.
* Use i with abl. « " that you will never think friendly
about." ' " it ought to be doubtful to no one."
III. I. Nepos says that after the death of Hamilcar
Hasdrubal was chosen* general in his stead,* but that
Hannibal was in charge of all the cavalry. 2. It has
been reported* to us that the army conferred the chief
command on Hannibal when-he-was * less than twenty-
five years old.^ 3. Within the next three years all the
tribes of Spain were overcome in war by Hannibal.
4. After he nad raised three armies he caused a road to
be built across * the Alps. 5. Whenever the Alpine tribes
attempted to prevent his passage, he cut ^ them to pieces.*
1 sufficio. 2 Jicd. 8 Trans, by a participle. * trans. 6 One word.
IV. '. Near the Rhone, the Po, and the Trebia,
Hannibal engaged battle with Roman consuls and routed
their armies. 2. After he had passed the Apennines on
HANNIBAL
95
his way to Etruria, he was troubled with a severe disease
of the eyes. 3. Never afterwards could he use his right
eye as well. 4. He was so grievously affected ' with this
disease that he was carried in a litter. 5. He faced two
consuls and in one battle put both to flight.
^ Use premd.
V. I. After he had waited several days in the moun-
tains near Rome, he set out for Capua. 2. We are able
to understand how great a man Hannibal was. 3. It
will not take ' long to tell how * he cheated Fabius, one
of the shrewdest of generals.' 4. For under cover of
the night * he so terrified the Romans that he got clear
without any loss of his army. 5. Not very many days
after the battle of Cannae he ought* to have set out
again for Rome.
i"be." "^quomodo. « Trans, freely. < Abl abs. 6 pgrf.
tense of debed ioW. by pres. infin.
VI. I. His country recalled him undefeated to defend
it against Publius Scipio. 2. He was defeated by this
Scipio, who was the son of the Scipio with whom he had
fought at the Rhone. 3. In his flight after the battle the
Numidians desired to destroy him, but he escaped them.
VII. I The Carthaginians thanked the senate for'
having made peace and begged them to restore the
captives. 2. "We will not release the captives, because
you keep "^ Hannibal, our bitterest foe/^ in charge of an
96
EXEKCISKS FOR RETRANSLATION.
army."* 3. When by the decree of the senate this reply
was given, the Carthaginians called Hannibal home and
elected him 'ang. 4. Hannibal thought he would seize
a ship and flee * secretly to Antiochus before men should
be sent to" demand his surrender. 5. With the same
diligence with which' they had conducted matters in
war, the Carthaginians paid money to the Romans accord-
ing to * compact.
^quod. 2 "have." » "most unfriendly to us." */>.," near the -\rmy
with command." » se recipid. * Use gratid. ' dc. *■ ex.
VIII. I. Hannibal had set sail from home in utter
despair,* but he persuaded Antiochus to undertake war.
2. It has been reported that the Carthaginians visited
the same punishment upon Mago as upon his absent
brother, Hannibal. 3. Although Antiochus, in the hope
that ''■ he could bring the Carthaginians into the war, was
willing to follow the suggestions of Hannibal, he acted
stupidly in many ways. 4. But if he had seen that
Hannibal was superior to himself, he would not have
been overcome by the Romans.
1 " things being despaired of." 2 sT forte.
IX. I. The opportunity arising,^ Hannibal betook him-
self to Crete. 2. There he would have been in great
danger had he not been the shrewdest of men.^ 3. For
report had gone out that he was carrying with him a
great (amount of') money. 4. Having formed* his plan,
he filled with lead, jars which he pretended contained "
HANNIMAL.
97
all his possessions. 5. He saw that if he should place
these in the temple of Diana, the Gortynians, misled,
would guard them carefully.*
» " being made." » " a man shrewdest of all." •• Omit.
* Capio. ^ Infin. of coutineo. '' " with great care."
X. I. Seeing 1 that the Cretans were thus deceived,
he went to Prusias in Pontus.'' 2. He thought that if
he should rouse this king against the Romans, he would
wage war (with them') by land and sea. 3. He promised
that he would destroy* Eumenes, the king of Pergamum,*
if Prusias wished him to be killed. 4. He instructed all
the king's seamen merely to defend themselves from the
rest, but to seize or kill Eumenes. 5. He made them
know how great a reward this would bring*' them.
1 Not a participle in Latin. Cf. Them. X., note 2. 2 Ace.
* Omit. * oppyimd. 6 ^dj. « " be."
XI. I. Hannibal did not doubt that he could show
his (followers') in what ship Eumenes would engage
battle. 2. When the Bithynians, following ^ Hannibal's
instructions, together attacked the ship of Eumenes, the
king did not hesitate to seek safety in flight. 3. The
king's men wondered why their opponents cast earthen
jars into their vessels. 4. Not then only, but often on
other occasions, did Hannibal terrify his foes by his
cunning. 5. For^ these ja.s were filled with snakes, and
the .seamen could not see how to * avoid them.
■ Omit. ^ Trans, by the case of " instr jctions."
* " they should."
•'' nam.
98
EXERCISKS FOR KKTRANSI.ATION.
XII. I. The Romans, fearing that with Hannibal
alive they would never be free from ' plots, sent armed
men to the kingdom of Prusias to seize him. 2. Prusias
commanded the Roman officers ^ themselves to find the
place where he was, (saying ') that they could easily capture
him. 3. That he might not be shut in on all sides, Han-
nibal had built his house in such a way that from its doors
he could get a view* in evsry direction. 4. When his
slave reported to him that armed men were surrounding
the house, Hannibal feh that he must take* poison.
1 "without." '^Vsc /I'xiUtts. -^ Omit. ^ prospicere.
« Cf. Them. VIII., note 3.
XIII. I. Hannibal died in his seventieth year. 2. Many
have written that he devoted some time to literature.
3. As long as he lived he wrote books. 4. It is agreed
who was Hannibal's teacher in* Greek literature. 5. But
that we may more easily decide which general is to be pre-
ferred, we will permit you to describe the deeds ^ of others.
1 " of." 2 ris gestae.
ARISTIDES.
I. I. Although the Athenians knew that Aristides
surpassed Themistocles in uprightness, they exiled him
for ten years. 2. It has been asked why the excited
people could not have been quieted. 3. One man ' has
replied that Aristides was driven out because he strove
AKISTIDKS.
99
eagerly to be called the Just. 4. What has Aristides
done worthy of this punishment? 5. I have heard that
after Xerxes came down against (ireece, the people were
pleased ^ to recall Aristides to his country.
' qiiiiiam. - " it pleased the people."
II. I. In the naval battle of Salamis,' Themistocles
was leader ; but at I'lataea the Athenians, under the lead-
ership of Aristides '^ put the barbarians to Hight. 2. It
was owing 3 to the justice of Aristides that a league of
almost all the Greek states was made. 3. Before this
time the chief command by sea had not been held ^ by
the Athenians. 4. Then many Greek states chose them
as their* leaders on land and sea. 5. For after the bar-
barians had been routed, the justice of the Athenian
Aristides became celebrated.
» i.e., " which was fought off Salaniis." 2 Ah!, abs. •'' " It was
brought about l)y," etc. < habed. ^ Dat. of reference.
m. I. Although Aristides built fleets and raised
armies, he died extremely poor.' 2. His daughters
were reared at the state's cost. 3. Later on when they
were betrothed in marriage, dowries were provided '^ for
them from the public treasury. 4. Each state chose
Aristides to collect the money for renewing the war
again the barbarians.
1 /.i"., "in great poverty." "^ dd.
1
'^mm
ABBREVIATIONS USFD IN NOTKS AND
VOCABULARY.
abl.. . .
. ablative.
abs. . .
absolute.
ace. . .
accusative.
act. . .
. active.
adj. . .
adjective.
adv. . .
. adverb.
B. . . .
. Bennett's
Grammar.
</. {confer)
comfarey see.
comp. . .
. comparative.
conj. . .
. conjunction.
dat. . .
. dative.
declens. .
. declension.
defect.
. defective.
deinonst. .
. demonstrative
dim. . .
. diminutive.
dir. . . .
. direct.
disc. . .
. discourse.
distrib. .
. distributive.
e.g. (exemp
li
gratia)
. for example.
Eng. . .
. English.
F., felii. .
. feminine.
f., ff. . .
. folloiving.
foil. . .
. followed.
fr from.
freq. . . V freijuent. frequently,
frequentative.
fut future.
G Allen &• Green-
oug/i's f.atin
Grammar. Ae-
vised Edition.
gen genitive.
H Harkness'' Latin
Grammar, Stand-
ard Edition.
Han. . . . Hannibal.
i.e. (id est)
. that is.
imper. . .
imperfect.
impers.
impersonal.
indecl. .
indeclinable.
indef. . .
indefinite.
indie.
. indicative.
indir. . .
. indirect.
infin. . .
infinitive.
intens. . .
. intensive.
interrojij. .
interrogative.
intrans.
. intransitive.
lit. . . .
literally.
loc. . . .
. locative.
lOI
I02
ABHkKVIATlONS.
I i
M. . . .
mascMline.
rt-l
relative.
N. or ntut.
noni. . .
num, . .
HfHler.
. tiominative,
. iiumcnil.
sc. (scilicet) .
Mng. . . .
»tt
UHJerstaml, suffly
sing II III r.
stem.
orig. . .
. orij^inally.
iiibjiinci . .
iiibord. . .
subjunctive,
suhontinale.
part. . .
|KiSH. . .
. fartiiifU.
. fassive.
»ul»t. . . .
iiiperl. . . .
siibitantive.
suferlative.
perf. . .
ptTS. . .
pliir. . .
. t^rfect.
. fersonal.
. fliiral.
Them. . . .
trans. . . .
Tliemistocles.
translate or traHsla-
tion.
pri'tl. , .
prep. . .
. /n't/im/f.
. /n/,).<i/ton.
lit. {videlicet)
namely.
prei*. . .
pron. . .
. frestnt.
. fronoiitt.
w
with.
froKominnl.
I, 2, 3, 4. with
quest. . .
. question.
verbs . .
ist, lit, jil, anil 4th
conjugation
VOCABULARY.
i, seeab. Acarnina, -ac. v., a woman 1h-
ab (before vowels and some con- l..n(-ing to Acarnania. in iinrtl.-
sonants),* (before consonant). wtstern f;ree»e; TliLni. i, 2.
prep. w. ah\.,,ni'„y/n'w, /,,>,„, accedS (adc-), 1, -.essl. coMin.s
Them. 3, ., ; 7, 2; /^, .\ris. 1, (ad, /, -rt,) ^v), .;v or <<-/;/,•
3; a, 2; Thtm. 5, r ; 9, j; 10, /,., •,
2; 10,5; </.v.'/«.f/, Han. 10, 5. accept J , ■ ;i(lj. (pi-rf.
•bicia (pronounce oNicid), 3, part. v vrr), //,,/>-
-iecl, -iectiis (ab, </Tfr/)'; iacio, ///;% tw/< .///.• 1.7, ^.
Mr<;7.'). t/i,;ni> one side (as of accidS, 3, a<(.i(.. (ad, V. .- cado
no vahie), Man. 9, 3. fall), fall to ; harfcn, I Ian!
absins, -entis, adj. (j)art. of g, i.
absum) [ks-, h], hthif; away: accipiS, 3, -cepl, -ceptus (ad, to:
away, a/'seiit. Them. 8, 2; c&^ib, takt), tair to (o,„-'s .ulf)-
Han. a, i; 5, 3. n<«Vv, //<wr. Han. 2, 4.
abstinentia, -ae, k. (abstingns, accusS, 1 (orig. r= ad causam
abstinent), ahstineme ; tnuelf provocare), call one to account,
ishness,frteJom from anvtous- aaiis,; Them. 8, 2.
'"'"• ^^"'*- ^ 3; 3, -• acer, acri.s, acre, adj. [ac-, j//(//-/>J,
absum, abesse, af ul, af uturus sliar/ : capahU; . neixctic.
(ab, away; sum, A), be away, aciea, -ei, K. [ac-, s/iarp], e.l^e ;
be absent, Them. 8, 4; part. line of battle.
absens, -entis, absent. Them. acriter,adv.(acer, j/;</r/),j//,7;//,..-
8,2; Han. a, i ; 5, 3. .v(j,Yr/,', Han. n, -, ; <„-//r.,./,.,
ic, conj. (see atque), and, as, Han. 7, i.
tAan, etc.: simul ac, <7j .r,.-,..« acumen, -inis, n. (acuo, w.7.<v
OJ.
sharf), acuteness. Han. 11, 3.
VOCABULARY.
ac", prep. w. ace, to, towards,
■"•' 'is. 2, 2 ; before, Them. 7, i ;
7, 4: fot. "hem. 2, i; 6, 5;
A lis. 3, I
.iddo, 3, -cli li, -ditus (ad, to ; 2
u,x-,j'it', add. Them. 2, 8.
adduce, 3, -cluxi, -ductus (ad, to ;
duco, lead), lead, bring, Han.
2, 2 ; 2, 4.
adeo, adv. (ad, to ; eo, thither, to
that point), to suck a degree,
Them, i, i; 10, i; thus far,
so much, so very. Them. 4, 5 ;
II m. 4, 3; Aris. i, 3.
adeo, -Ire, -ii (-IvI), -itus (ad, to ;
eo, go), go or come to, approach,
Them. 7, i; 7, 4.
adficio (aflf-), 3, -feci, -fectus (ad,
to; facid, do), do to, affect;
impose, Han. 8, 2 ; in pass., be
troubled, Han. 4, 3.
adfirmd (aff-), i (ad, intens. ;
finno, strengthen, confirm), pre-
sent in words as firm, true ;
assert, declare. Them. 4, 2.
adipiscor, 3, adeptus (ad, to ;
apiscor, reach), obtain, gain,
acquire. Them. 9, 4.
Admetus, -I, m., Admetus, a king
of the Molossians in Epirus,
who befriended Themistocles
in his exile ; Them. 8, 3.
admiror, i (ad, at ; miror, look
with wonder), be astonished at.
adorior, 4, -ortus (ad, against ;
orior, raise one''s self), attack,
Han. II, 4.
adquiescS (acq-), 3, -quievi, -qui-
etus (ad, denoting beginning ;
quiesco, rest), become quiet, rest ;
die, Han. 13, 1.
adripi5 (arr-), 3, -ripul, -reptus
(ad, to [one's self] ; rapid,
snatch), seize, catch up. Them.
8, 4.
adulescentia, -ae, f. (adulescens,
young), youth (from the seven-
teenth to the fortieth year).
adventus, -us, m. (ad, to ; vkn-,
come), coming to ; coming, ap-
proach, arrival.
adversarius, -a, -um, adj. (ad-
versus, opposed), opposing; as
a subst., opponent. Them. 3, 3 ;
Han. 8, 4.
adversum, -I, n. (neut. of the
adj. adversus, opposite), the
opposite direction ; calamity,
disaster.
adversus and adversum, adv. (ad,
towards ; verto, turn), opposite ;
prep. w. ace, against, Han.
4, 2; 8, 4; Aris. 2, 3.
aedificium, -T, n. (*aedifex, build-
er), building, house, Han. 12, 3 ;
12, 4.
aedifico, i (*aedifex, builder),
build, construct, Them. 2, 2 ;
6, 2; Han. 12, 3; Aris. 3, i.
Aemilius, -i, Lucius Aemilius
Paulus, a Roman consul, killed
at the battle of Cannae, 216
B.C. ; Han. 4, 4 ; another of
the same name was consul in
182 li.c; Han. 13, i.
aeneiis, -a, -um, adj. (aes, copper),
of copper, of bronze, bronze
(adj.), Han. 9, 3.
VOCABULARY.
aequalis, -e (aequus, equal), adj.,
equal in ,/i,v ; as sul)st., con-
temporary, coe7'al, Arii-. i, i.
aeque, adv. (aequus, equal),
equally, J Ian. 4, 3.
aequipero, i (aequipar, 'Perfectly
equal), equal, Them. 0, i.
aequitas, -atis, v. (aequus, equal),
equality ; fairness, justice, Aris.
2, 2.
aequus, -a, -um, adj. [ic-, aic-,
like\ equal ; favorable ; proper.
Them. 7, 2.
aerarium, -I, n. (aes, money),
treasury, Han. 5, 5; Aris. 3, i.
aetas, -atis, k. (for aevitas, fr.
aevum, a^'e), i^v ; time. Them.
_ 9, I ; Han. 2, 5.
Africa, -ae, f., Africa, .sometimes
used of the continent, I)ut
more usually of the vicinity
of Carthage only, Libya; Han.
3, 3; 7, '; 8, I.
ager, agri, m. {d-yp6s), fielil, dis-
trict, territory, Han. 5, i.
aggredior, 3, -gressus sum (ad,
against; gradior, ^-^t;), attack.
Them. 4, 4.
ago, 3, egi, actus [ac;-, drive,
lead\, put in motion ; do, act,
Han. 10, I ; plan. Them. 5, i ;
9, 3 ; gratias agere, t/iank,
Han. 7, 2.
aid, defective (for agio, fr. ag-,
say), say. Them. 1,4; affirm,
declare, Them. 4, 2 ; 9, i.
ali&s, adv. (alius, other), on other
occasions, Han. 11, 7.
alienus, -a, -um (alius, other), of
another ; unsuitable, disadvan-
tageous. Them. 4, 5.
ali5, adv. (alius, other), to an-
other place ; elsewhere ; to a
different object. Them. 6, 3.
aliquis, -qua, -quid, indef. subst.
pron. (alius, other ; quis, who),
some one or other; something
(neut.), Han. 11, 2.
aliquot, indef. num. adj. indecl.
(alius, other ; quot, how many),
some, sez'erul, a fexv, Han. 4,
4; 5, '; 13, 2.
aliter, adv. (alius, other), other-
wise. Them. 7, 6.
alius, -a, -ud, gen. -lus, pron.
adj. [ai,-, AI.I-, othcr\, other,
another, Aris. 2, 2; neque aliud,
and nothing else ; alii . . . alii,
some . . . others, Han. 8, 2.
alo, 3, alui, altus or alitus [ai,-,
grow], nourish, support, Aris.
3, 3-
Alpes, -ium, v., the Alps, the
high mountains of .Switzerland,
in ancient times the northern
boundary of Italy.
AlpicI, -orum, m. (Alpes, Alps),
the inhabitants of the Alps.
alter, -era, -erum, gen. -his, pron.
adj. [ai.-, am-, ot.'.er], another
(of two); other; one or the
other ; second. Them. 5, 3 ;
Han. 3, 3.
altus, -a, -um, adj. (part, of alo,
feed), grown ; high. Them. 6, 5.
amice, adv. (amicus, friendly),
in a friendly manner, Han.
2,6.
VOCABULARY.
amicitia, -ae, v. (amicus, frieml-
ly),fric)idship. Them, g, 4.
amicus, -I, M. [am-, icrve],
fricnti.
amicus, -a, -um, adj. [am-, love],
friendly, I Ian. 10, 2.
amphora, -ae, v. (dfitpopeiis), a
two-handled jar, Ilan. 9, 3.
amplius, adv. (amplus, lart^e),
more, more than, Ilan. 2, 3.
anceps, -cipiti.s, adj. (an-, around ;
CAP- in caput, head), two-
headed: double. Them. 3, 4.
ancora, -ae, v. (Aysvpa), anchor.
Them. 8, 7.
angustiae, -arum, f. (angustus,
narro7i>), narro7us ; straits.
Them. 3, 2 ; narrow defiles,
Ilan. 5, 2.
angustus, -a, -um, adj. [axc.-,
squeeze, choke], narrow. Them.
4, 5-
"alma, -ae, f. [an-, breathe; cf.
animus], breath; life, Han.
I, 3-
animadverts, 3, -ti, -sus (animus,
attention; adverto, turn to),
attend to ; notice ; see, perceive,
Aris. I, 4.
animus, -I, m. [an-, breathe ; cf.
anima], mind ; heart, Han. i,
3; ability. Them. 10, i.
annalis, -is, m. (annalis, of a year;
sc. liber), record of a year, his-
torical work, Han. 13, I.
annus, -!, m. [ac-, bend, swell],
year, Aris. i, 6 ; 3, 4.
annuus, -a, -um, adj. (annus,
year), of a year; lasting a
year, annual. Them, g, 4 ;
Han. 7, 4.
ante, prep. w. ace, before (of time
or space), Han. 3, 4; Aris.
2, 2 ; adv., before, previously.
Them. 2, 4.
antea, adv. (ante, before ; ea,
these things), before, previously,
Han. 2, 2 ; 3, 4.
antecedo, 3, -cessi (ante, before ;
cedo, go), go before, excel, Han.
I, I.
antefero, -ferre, -tull, -latus (ante,
before ; fero, bear), bear before ;
place before, Them. 1,1.
Antiochus, -j, m., Anliochus, king
of .Syria 223-1S7 b.c. He
engaged in war with Rome at
the instigation of Hannibal;
Han. 2, i; 7, 6.
antisto, i,-stetl {axAt, before ; sto,
stand), stand before, be superior,
excel, 'Aris. i, 2.
aperio, 4, -eruT, -ertus (ab, from ;
I'AR-, get), lay bare, uncover;
disclose, reveal. Them. 8, 6.
Apollo, -inis, M., Apollo, son
of Jupiter and Latona; the
god of the sun, prophecy,
etc. ; his chief shrine was at
Delphi.
appareo (adp-), 2, -uT, -iturus
(ad, to; pare5, be at hand), be
clear; come in sight, appear,
Han. 12, 4.
appar5, i (ad, for; paro, pre-
pare), prepare for ; make ready
for, prepare, Han. 7, i.
I appello (adp-), 3, -pulT, -pulsus
VOCAHUI.ARV
(ad, to ; pello, c/rne), drive to :
/'/tut,' to laud.
2 appello (adp-), i [pei.-, d,hc:
if. app.Uo, 3], accost, address:
call, name, I Ian. 3, 4 ; Aris. 1,3.
Appenninus, -I, m., the Apen-
nines, a mountain range ex-
tending' nearly the length of
Italy; J Ian. 4, 2.
applied (adp-), i, -avl or -ul, -atus
(ad, to; V'^xzh, fold ox lay), place
to, join, attach, Aris. 2, 3.
apud, prep. w. ace, near, Han. 4,
3 ; 6, 3; at, Aris. 2, i ; I Ian.
2,4; before, Them. 7, 2 ; 10, I ;
anioni;, with, I Ian. 7, 3; at the
hon.<:e of, Han. 12, i; in the
writings of, Han. 4, 4; on.
Them. 7, 5.
Apulia, -ae, v., Apulia, a country
in southeastern Italy; Han. 4,4.
ara, -ae, k., altar, Han. 2, 4.
arbitrium, -T, n. (arbiter, yV/,/^.^,),
judgment: vjill, Han. 12, 5;
Aris. 3, I.
arbitror, i {a.r\A\.&c, judge), judge ;
think, Han. 10, 3.
argentum, -I, n. [arc,-, shine, be
bright], shining metal ; silver,
Han. 9, 3.
ArgI, -oruni, m., see Argos.
Argos' (only nom. and ace),
usually in the form ArgI,
-orum, Argos, the capital of
the country Argolis in north-
eastern Peloponnesus.
Aristides, -is (ace. Aristiden), m.,
Aristidcs, an Athenian states-
man and general, contempo-
rary and rival of Themistocles,
surnamed the "Just" for his
absolute integrity; Aris. i, i.
arma, -nrum, n. [ak-./zJ, imple-
ments : arms : force of' arms,
Han. 10, 4; II, ;•; 7oar, Han.
2, I.
armati, -Hrum, m. (armatus,
armed), armed men, Han.
12, 4.
armatus, -a. -um, adj. (part, of
armo, arm), armed : see armati.
armo, i (arma, arms: ar-, ///),
<■'//"/; rouse, incite, Han. 10, i.
Artaxerxes, -is, m., Artaxerxes,
Longimanns (" Long-hand "),
king of Persia. 473-4-5 li-<'. ;
Them. 9, i; 10, 2.
Artemisium, -T, n., Artcmisium,
a promontory on the north-
eastern shore of Iviboea; the
(Meek fleet met the Persian
off this in 480 n.c. and fought
a drawn battle; Them. 3 2;
3, 4-
arx, arcis, v. [arc-, shut in:
keep oj'], citadel. Them. 2, 8.
ascendo (adsc-), 3, -dT, -cnsus (ad,
to ; scando, climb), climb to, go
to; embark, embark upon, Han.
7,6.
Asia, -ae, f.. Asia, either (</) the
continent so far as known to
the ancients; or (b) Asia Minor,
as termed later; Them. 5, i.
astu, N., i'ulecl. (&<jTv), city ;
usually Athens, Them. 4, i.
at, conj., but, yet. Them. 3, 2 ;
8,7.
VOCAliULAkY.
AthSnae, -arum, k., Atfiois, the
leadiiifi city of (Ireece, the tapi-
tal of Attica; Aris. 3, 2, i-tc.
Atheuiensis, -c>, adj. (AthSnae,
At/ifHs), as a subst., an At/ie-
uMfi, Aris. I, r; 2, i, ftc.
atque or (l)efore consonants
only) ac, conj. (ad, to, in addi-
tion ; -que, and), and, and
furtlwrmoie, and in fact, and
yet, Han. 2, 4; 13, 3; Aris.
I, I; after words of conipari-
son, as, than. Them. 6, 3;
Han. 2, 2.
Attica, -ae, v., Attica, the coun-
try of dreece of which Athens
was the capital ; Them. 10, 5.
Atticus, -I, M., Titus Potnponius
Atticus, a great friend of
Cicero ; he wrote history, and
resided chiefly in Athens, from
which fact he received his cog-
nomen; Han. 13, I.
auctor, -5ris, m. (auge5, increase ;
AVG-, gro'v), author, historian.
Them. 10, 4.
auded, 2, ausus sum (for avided)
[av-, mark, desire\,dare, Them.
4, 2-
audiS, 4, -ire, -ivi or -ii, -itus [av ,
ma) k, notice], hear. Them. 4, 5;
7, 2 ; learn, Aris. i, ^
Aurelius, -i, m., C. AurcUus Cotta,
a Roman consul in Hannibal's
time ; Han. 7, I.
aureus, -a, -um, adj. (aurum,
gold), of gold, golden, Han.
7, 2-
aurum, -i, n. [ays-, burn\ gold,
money.
aut, conj. introducing two alter-
natives, either . . . or, Han.
10, 6; Aris. j, 4.
autem, t ^versative conj., post-
po.sitive \cf. aut), but, Aris.
I, 2; 2, i; 3, 4; Han. 8, 3;
moreover. Them. 9, 4 ; now.
Them. 2, i ; Han. 9, 2; ho^o-
ever. Them. 9, 4 ; furthermore.
Them. 10, 3; Han. 13, i.
avaritia, -ae, f. (avarus, covetous),
avarice, Han. 9, 2.
B
Baebius, -i, m., Cn. Baebius
Tamphilus and M. Baebius
Tamphilus, Roman consuls,
182 and 181 B.C.; Han. 13, i.
barbari, -orum, m., barbarians,
especially Persians, Them. 3,
i; 6, 2;.7, 5; Aris. 2, i.
barbarus, -a, -um, adj. ((idp^apoi),
foreign, strange; as a subst.,
a barbarian ; Persian, viz.,
Xerxes, Them. 4, 5.
bellicSsus, -a, -um dj. (belli-
cus, of war), warlike, Han.
10, 2.
bello, I (bellum, war), carry on
war, fight, Them. 5, i ; 9, 2.
bellum, -i, n. (old duellum) [nvA-,
apart, twol, contest between
VOCAIiUl AkV
two: war. Them. 2, i; Aris.
3, '
bene, adv., comp. melius, superl.
optime (bonus, ):ood), welt,
Han. 4, 3.
biduum, -I, n. (fr. adj. biduus
[bi-dies], containini^ hvo i/nys),
the space of t7vo days, I Ian.
_6, 3-
bini, -ae, -a, distrib. num. adj. (bi-
[l)Vl-J, two), two by two, Han.
7,4-
bis, num. adv. (bi-[DVi-], two),
twice. Them. 7, 5.
Bithynia, -ae, k., Bithynia, a
country on the northwest coast
of Asia Minor; Han. la, 2.
Bithynii, r.runi, .m., /Uthy»iaus,
Han. II, 4.
Blitho, see Sulpicius ; I Ian. 13, i .
bonum, -i, n. (bouus, f:ooii),i;ooJ
"''".<, plur. ; };o,>d ij untitles ;
sen-ices. Them. 9, 3 ; propertv,
Han. 7, 7.
bonus, -a, -urn, adj., comj). me-
lior, superl. optimus, .i^ood.
Them. 7, 2; safe. Them. 6, t
brevis, -e, adj., short ; brevi, adv.
(i.e., for brevi tempore), shortty,
presently.
C (occasionally G), an abbrevia-
tion for the praenomen Gaius
(Caius).
caduceus, -I, m., ,; herald's staff,
Han. II, I.
caerimdnia, -ae, v. [cke-, malce'],
strictly sacred work, ceremo-
ny ; respect, rcc'crence, sanctity.
Them. 8, 4.
callide, adv. (callidus, shrewd),
shrewdly, cleverly. Them, i, 4.
callidus, -a, -um, adj. (called, f>e
skilful), skilful, shreziul, Han.
5, 2 ; saj^acious, Han. 9, 2.
campus, -T, M. [scAp-, scamp-,
scratch. di!f\, plain, field, Han.
5,4-
Cannensis, -e, adj. (Cannae, Can-
nae), of Cannae, a town of
Apulia in Italy. It was the
scene of Rome's worst defeat
at the hancLS of Hannibal in
216 li.c; Han. 5, 4.
capesso, 3, -IvI, -Ttus (desidera-
tive form of capio, take), take
eai^erly ; lake part in, under-
take. Them. 2, i.
capiS, 3, cepT, captus [cap-, take\
take, capture, Han. 10, 6; moz'e,
affect. Them. 8, 7 ; form, Han.
9, 3-
captivus, -a, -um, adj. [cap
takel, captii-e ; as a subst.,
captive, Han. 7, 2; 7, 3.
Capua, -ae, p., Capua, the chief
city of Campania, the divi.sion
of Italy just south or south-
east of Latium ; Han. 5, i.
castellum, -I, n. (dim. of ca-
9\mm.,castle, fort), fort, fortress,
fl
VOCABULARY.
caftlt' ; fortified dwellitti,', Han.
", 3-
castra, -orum, n. (plur. of ca-
strum), camp.
c?«trum, -i, N. [scad-, cad-,
coTi-r], fortified town.
casus, -us, M. [cad-, ////], fall :
chance, Han. la, i.
causa, -ae, K. [cav-, -watch, wa: e^,
cause ; reason ; responsibility ;
causi (abl.), for the sake of,
with a dependent genitive pre-
ceding ; ob earn causam, on that
account ; tua causa, on your
account.
cedo, 3, cessT, cessus (for cecado)
[cad-, fall], ^o away; yield,
Aris. I, 4.
celeriter, adv. (celer, swift),
swiftly, quickly, Han. 12, 5.
celo, I [CAI.-, cover, hide], hide,
conceal, Han. 2, 6.
cena, ae, v., the principal meal
of the Romans, dinner.
cen5, I (cena, dinner), take din-
ner, dine, Han. 12, i.
Centenius, -T, m.. Cuius Centenius,
a Roman general defeated by
Hannibal ; Han. 4, 3.
centum, indecl. num. adj., hun-
dred. Them. 2, 2.
certamen, -inis, n. (certo, con-
tend), contest, struggle. Them.
6,3-
certus, -a, -um, adj. (part, of
cem5, distinguish, discern), cer-
tain ; trusty, Ari.s. 3, 2.
Ceteri, -orum, m., the rest, Han.
»o» 5-
(ceterus), -a, -um. adj. [pron. .st.,
CA-, CI-], u.sually in plur., re-
maining, rest of, other, Han. i,
I ; 10 2 ; very often used a.s a
subst.
Cethegus, -T, m., /'. Cornelius
Cethcgus, a Roman consul, 18 1
B.C. ; Han. 13, i.
circiter, adv. (circus, circle),
round about; about, nearly,
Han. 6, 3.
circumdo, -dare, -dedi, -datus
(circum, around; DA-, put),
place around; sur-onnd, in-
vest, Them. 6, i ; Han. 12, 4.
circumeo, -ire, -ivi (ii), -itus
(circum, around ; eo, go), go
around ; surround, Th m. 3,
-'1 9> 3 i 'i'i^iti make the round
of, Han. 12, 4.
circumvenid, 4, -venT, -ventus
(circum, around ; veni5, come),
come around ; surround, Han.
4, 3-
civis, -is, M. or f. [qui- (ci-), lie],
citizen, fello^v-citizen. Them, i ,
2; 8, I.
civitas, -atis, F. (civis, citizen),
citizenship ; body of citizens ;
state, Aris. 2, 3; 3, i; Han.
3,2.
clam, adv. [cal-, cover, hide],
secretly. Them. 10, 5 ; Han.
7,6.
clandestinus, -a, -um, adj. (clam,
secretly), secret, Han. 2, 2.
clarus, -a, -um, adj. [cal-, call],
clear, distinct ; celebrated,
Them. 8, 7.
VOCAIUI.ARV
tlassiarius, -a, -um, adj. (classis,
fleet), helonf^iiii;; to a Jlct ;
mostly ill phir. as subst., «„rw/
Jon-:s, se.nne/i. Them. 3, 2 ;
4i 2 ; Han. 10, 5.
classis, -is, I-. [c\i.-, oi/i], that
w/iii/i Js ca/IiJ, i-Aiss ; y/,,/,
Them. 7, 5 ; Ifa... 7, 4 ; Aris.
2, 2; 3, I.
Clastidium, I. s., ClastUium, a
town of Cisalpiiif (Jaul; Han.
4, '•
Claudius, -i, m., Manus Cl,i,„/i,is
Marcellits, a k<irnan consul,
196 I!C. ; Han. 13, I.
claudo, 3, -si, -sus (for *clavid6)
[i-'LAV-, An/'], shut: shut in;
suriouuJJicm in,euclose, Han.
5, 2.
Cn., abbreviation for Cnaeus
(Gnaeus); Han. 4, i ; 13, ,.
(coepio), 3, coei)i, Cfjeiitus (com-,
iniens. ; *api6, fr. ap-, lay hohi),
lay hold of; k-^ni. Them, g, 3.
COgitO, I (com-, iiitens.; agito,
cousi(lci), toiisiilcr thorout^hly ;
think, Han. 2, 6.
cognomen, inis, n. (com-, -with ;
(;Nij-, l-iioui), surname, seeond
name, Aris. i, 3.
cognosce, 3, -gnOvI, -gnitus (com-,
inteiis. ; (g)n6sc5, become ac-
quainted with), ^t,W a thorou,i;k
knowledge of: recognize, Aris.
I, 2 ; learn, Han. 7, 4.
COgO, 3, coegT, coactus (com-, to-
gether, or intens. ; ago, drive),
drive ; drive together ; force.
i i'nur
iiifi, c^Tfij\i, I nem. 8
cohortatiO, onis, f. (cohortor, en-
courage), encouragement, Han.
II, I.
C0I6, 3, colul, cultiis [coi.-, till],
till, cultivate: regard, esteem,
rcTcrcncc, 'I'hem. 8, 4.
commemoro, i (com-, completely:
memoro, bring to remembrance),
mention, tell, Han. 2, 3.
committo, 3, -misi, missus (com-,
together ; mitto, send or let go),
send to'^'cthcr , connect ; proe-
Hum committere, engage battle,
Han. II, 3; do, be guiltv of,
Aris. I, 4.
commode, .k!v. (commodus, hav-
ing a due measure), fitly : slil-
fnlly, fluently. Them. 10, I.
communis, -e, adj. (com-, togeth-
er: *munis, bound, fr. mv-,
futen), common, united. Them.
3. 2; 7, 4 ; Aris. 2, 2 ; 3, i.
1 compare, I (com-, /,';',///,v .• paro,
get, briui^), get together : collect,
prepare , Aris. 3, i ; ,n„ke ready
for: raise (exercitus), Han. 3, 2.
2 compare, i (compar, lihe or equal
to one another), compare, Them.
5, 3-
comperio, 4, -perl, -pertus (com-,
thoroughly; n: R-, through, try),
go through thoroughly: ascer-
tain, fnd out, Han. 2, 2.
compleo (conp-), 2, -plevl, -pletus
(com-, completely; pi.f.., f//)^
fill up, Han. 9, 3.
compliires, -plura (rarely -pluria),
gen. -ium, adj. (com-, intens. ;
J , ., ... ..,.,, ,i^,-,y,
10
VOCAHULARY.
il!
very many, Man. g, 3; as
subst., M. or K., very many,
sez'eral.
compdnS (conp-), 3, -posul, -posi-
tus (com-, toi^cther ; p6n6, put,
place), put or briii^ toi;ether,
settle ; bellum compdnere, end a
■war /y treaty, make peace, I Ian.
6, 2; 7, I.
comprehends (conp-), 3, -di,
-hensus (com-, toj^eihcr, com-
pletely ; prehendS, seiie), take
hold of with both hanas ; seize,
Han. 12, 3.
comprob5 (conp-), i (com-, w/wl-
ly ; probo, appro^i'e), assent to;
ratify, sanction, Han. 3, 2.
concedS, 3, -cessi, -cessus (com-,
completely; cedo, go), go a7vay;
depart, withdraw, Tliem. 8, i ;
grant, allow. Them. 10, 5.
concidd, 3, -cidi, -cTsus (com-,
completely ; caedo, cut), cut to
pieces, kill, Han. 3, a.
conciliS, i (concilium, meeting),
call together ; make friendly,
join, Han. 10, 2 ; Them. 10, i.
concitatus, -b., -um, adj . w. comp.
and superl. (part, of concito,
arouse), aroused, excited, Aris.
1,4-
COncitS, I (intens. of concied, more
together), arouse, spur on, urge
on, Han. 11, 5.
concurro, 3, -currl or -cucurri,
-cursus (com-, together; currd,
run), hurry together ; assemble;
make an attack on, Han. 10, 5.
COncuisus, -lis, M. (concurto, run
together), a running together;
attack : conflict, Han. II, 4.
condiciS, -onis, k. (com-, together •
Die-, sho7v), agreement, pro-
posal ; terms, Han. 6, 2.
cdnferS, -ferru, contull, conlatus
(com-, together; fero, bring,
carry), bring together; collect,
gather ; concentrate ; co.npare,
Han. 13, 4; contribute; bestow;
turn, apply ; convey, carry
away, Aris. 3, i ; se conferre,
betake one V self, go. Them. 2, 7 ;
Han. g, i.
c5nficid, 3, -feci, -fectus (com-, com-
pletely, thoroughly ; facid, do),
do complet''ly ; cany through,
finish, perform, Them. 4, 4 ;
Han. a, 4 ; write, Han. 13, 2.
c5nfligo, 3, -flixi, -fiictus (com-,
together ; fligo, strike), strike
together; fight, engage battle.
Them. 3, 2; Han. 6, 3.
cSnfugid, 3, -fugl, — (com-, com-
pletely ; fugi5, flee), flee for
refuge, flee. Them. 8, 3 ; g, 4-
congero, 3, -gessi, -gestus (com-,
together; ger5, bring, carry),
bring together; collect. Them.
6, s'.
congredior, 3, -gressus sum (com-,
together ; gradior, walk, go),
come together; engage battle,
Han. I, 2 ; 6, 2.
COniciS (pronounce coniicio), 3,
-ieci, -iectus (com-, together;
iacio, throw), throw together,
Han. 10, 5 ; infer ^ conjecture^
Tliem. I, 4.
VOCAIJULARV.
11
c6nlabefi9, -fieri, -factiis (com-,
intuns. ; labefacio, ,;ii,sc to tot-
f-r), he iHiide to /all .• A- (^-.v
thnrtoit, siifplantetl, Aris. i 3
conlega (coll-), -ae, m. (com-.
toi^etlur : leg6, (hoose) (one
cho.sfii at the same time with
another), colhagiu.
C0nlig5 (coll-), 3, -iGgf. .lee.us
(com-, tox.-t'u-r; legs, X'^t/n-r),
bri„f^' tof;ether ; collect, Kan. 6,
4; 10, 4.
conlocS (coll-), I (com., to,^H-tlur .•
loco, place), //// or //„^^ /^.
^v///.-/-.- //„<Y, Han. II, 4;
betroth, give in marriage, Aris.
toi^ether .- serS, twine), connect ;
y''"/ .• manum cSnserere, y.v«
//!/;/</ /<) Aan,/, join t'urtlc.
c5nserv6, i (com-, intcns. ; servS,
/;<■</), icep: /-rccrrc; sure,
Them. 8, 6; /r,/, «^j<-r?v,
clietiih, Han. i, j.
c5nsiderd.
con.iJer, rejlect.
3,3-
conloquium (coll-), l, n. (conlo-
quor, talk witA), conference,
Han. 6, 2.
conloquor, 3, -locutu.s .;um (com-,
together: loquor, ta'.k), con-
verse, discuss. Them. 9, 4.
c5nor, i, try, attempt, cndeai'or.
Them. 6, 2; 7, 2 ; Han. 3,4;
Aris. 3, I.
c5nscriptus, -a, -um (part, of
conscribo, write together), en-
rolled ; patres conscripti, sena-
Jors, Han. 12, 2 (see note).
consector, i (com-, intens.; .sec-,
follow), follow eagerly; pursue.
Them. 2, 3.
consequor, 3, -seciitus (com-,
intens. ; stf^wx, follow), follo-io ;
mertake, arrive, Them. 7 2;
Han. 7, 7 ; obtain, gain, accom-
plish, Han. II, ;; 10, 5.
cSnsero, 3, -semi, -sertus (com-,
Han. 9, I.
consilium, -I, n. (,/ cSnsuIS, con-
sult), advice, suggestion, coun-
sel, Tht^m. a, 7; 7,4; intrigue,
Han. 2, 2.
cSnspicio, 3, -spexi, -.spectus
(com-, together [seeing all parts
at a glance]; specio, spy), look
'It : see, Han. 11, 6.
c6nstitu5, 3, -m, -ntus (com-, to-
get her .• statuo, set), set together,
arrange: set up, huild, estah-
lish, found : station, 'VWnx. 3,
4; acterinine, Aris. 3 i.
cSnsto, I, -stiti, -staturus (com-,
together ; sto, stand), stand to-
K'ther, agree ; constat, impers.,
It is agreed : consist of Them.
6, S-
c5nsuesc6, 3, -suevi, -suetus (in-
ceptive form fr. «c6n8ue6, he
accustomed), accustom one's
self: in perf. tenses, be accus-
tomed, Han. 12, 5.
consuetiido, -inis, v. (consuetus,
accustomed), custom, habit,
usage, practice.
consul, -u!is, M. (,/ consuls)
[sal-, leap^, consul: one of
the ivvo chief magi.strates at
Kome, chosen annually after
12
VOC M'.ri.AKV.
the expulsion of the kings ;
H.m. 4, 4.
cSnsnlaris, -e, adj. (cSnsul, ((•«
mi), fiifiiiuiiii,' to ti ioiisiil:
as a subst., oiw -n'ho has lh\ii
consul, ex-ioitsul, Man. la, i.
c5nsul9, 3, -ul, -ultus (com-, to-
Xi't/nr ; s.M.-, Ifn/'), loiisuiir ;
(onstilt, ask iOiiiiscl of, ask ad-
vice of. Them, a, (>■
cdnsultum, -i, n. (consuls, ,/,7/7-
c/atc), rcsoiution, decree, I Ian.
7, 3-
contends, 3, -ill, tus (com-, in-
tens.; tendo, stieteli), strain;
s/nti^^t,'/e, contend, contest, Aris.
I, I ; assert; affiim. Them. 7, 2.
continens, -entis (])art. of conti-
neo, //('/(/ tixet/ier), self-eou-
tr oiled ; continuous ; with ter-
ram, mainland., Them. 3, 2.
cSntid, -oiiis (for conventio, fi.
convenio, assemble), ,. cmbly.
Them, i, 3.
contra, adv. and prep. w. ace.
(comp. form of com-, -oith),
(a) adv., ou the other hand, on
the contrary. Then .4,5; (/')
prep., against, contrary to.
contrahd, 3, tra.xl, -tractus (com-,
together ; trah5, draw), gather
together, collect.
contumelia, -ae. v. (cf. contumax,
obstinate ; contemnd, disdain),
reproach, disgrace, 'I'hem. i, 3.
convenio, 4, -veni, -ventus (com-,
together ; veni5, come), come
together, assetit'-le ; meet With,
go to ; agree with ; foint to, fit
to (foil. I>y in); agree ufon ;
im|)ers., convenit, // is agreed,
llan. 13, r.
convocS, I (com-, together ; voc5,
call), call tigether, assemble,
Han. 10, 5.
cOpia, -ae, V. (for coopia, com-,
intens.; ops, ^inoer, wealth),
abundance ; in plur., forces,
troops.
Corcyra, -ae, 1., Corcyra, an
island west of northern (Ireece,
near llpirus ; Them. 8, 3.
Corcyraeus, -a, -urn, adj. (Cor-
cyra, Cortyra), Coreyrean, of
Corcyra ; as a suhst., Corcyraei,
-orum, M.. Corcyreans, 'I'heni.
a, 3-
Cornelius, -I, m., Lucius Corne-
lius, a Ron consul of the
year i()3 i!.<'. , Han. 8, i; see
also Scipio and Cethggus.
COrnii, -us, N. [<'ar-, hard, scrape ;
cf. I'.ng. horni, horn, Han. 5,
2 ; wing, Han. 8, 4.
corona, -ae. I". [cvr-, curt'el, gar-
land, wreath, crown, Han. 7, 2.
corrump5, 3, -rfipi, -ruptus (com-,
intens.; rumpo, break), break
to pieces ; corrupt, bribe.
credo, 3, -didi, -ditus [crat-,
faith : DA-, put], put faith to ;
ha;e confidence in; entrust,
Han. 9, 3; think, believe.
Them. 4, 5 ; 9, i.
Cre6, I [CRE-, make, bring forth],
create ; choose, el, -f, Han. 7, 4.
Creta, -ae, v., Crer the large-^t
of the Clreek islands, situated
VOCAHULAkV.
11
south of the AoKean. in thr
Mediterranean; Man. g, i.
Cr«t*ns«s, -ium. m. (Crtta, ( V,/, ).
Cr.i.uis, inhabitants of thL-
jslami Crete; Man. 9, 2; 10, r.
crimen, -inis, n. [,/.;k., , ,a;.,
/'"•/J, <//,7/:;v, ai.KSatlOII,
I'hem. 8, 2.
cum, Lonj. (-_- quom, a ca-^e fnrm
of proi, St. (A-; ./qui). :,,//,//,
^'•^•a. -; 3, -^'■A■..• r..//,'//,7r/-.-
Han. ,,3. ' ^•
cum, prtp. w. abl. (f,,r »8com,
fr. >>v.C;/oa,mi), -wif/i, lo^ctlur
■with, Aris. 2, .'; with. /.,■„
^rt<w,/„/, Them. 3, - .\,is. I, ,.
cunctus, -a. -urn, adj. (f„r con-
iun'-tus, i)erf. part, of coniungo,
join tor;rt/u-r), all, J Ian. i, j.
cupide, adv. w. comp. and .snperl.
(cupidus, r./i,vr). eagerly, zeal-
ously, Aris. I, 5.
cupidiWs, atis. V. (cupidus, ,/,•■
""'"■'• •■'^''' ). •■'!<'■> uess, joiui.
lliiU 11,111. 2, I.
cupidus, .,. -urn. a.lj. (cupia,
'/o/;,, fr. c\c.. «,„/;), ,.„^,,.^^
cupifl, 3, ivi or -if, -itus f( VIS
?<■/.,//], /„. ^„,,,.,.. ,/,..,,.,._ j^,^.^.^^*
"'fni. 10, r; ,/,,v,v ,„;v/,j//,.,
I Ian. 10, J.
cflr (ohkr form quor, forquoi and
rei). interroR. and rel. adv.,
■fliyf li'lieiejoref on aeeoiint
oj -.vliicli, Aris. i, j.
cura, -ae, 1 . (for *cavira, fr. <\v-,
JtVA //), ,,/;■,-, eoncern, dili^'.nee,
Han. 9, .,.
custSdio, 4, -ivI or -il. it.is (cQ-
Stos, Kit" J), giiara, r..,//,//,
Han. 9, ,.
Cyrenaei, -orum, m. (Cyrenae,
iyicne), Cyreitaeans, t/u in.
habitants «/ Cyrene, Han. 8, t.
damns, i (damnum, hurt, loss),
l>rin,i; a loss upon; condemn.
Them. 8, 1; 10, 5.
de, prep. w. 2^A.,fro,n, out of;
ffom, of. Them. 4, 3 ; g^ , .
ahout, concerning, in regard to,
Them. 1,4; 2,6; 10,4; Han.
a, 2; Aris. i, i.
debe5, 2, -ul, -itus (de, from :
habeo, have, hold) [\i.\h.,have],
o-Jic; ought (loll, by intin.;,
Han. 2, 5.
debilito, i (debilis,?m//),j..,,,/.,//,
Han. I, 2.
decedo, 3, -cessi. -cessns (d6,
from : cedo, go), go away, die,
Aris. 3, 2.
decem, indetl. num. adj.. ten,
Aris. I, 3.
decerno, 3, <revl, -cretus (de,
from ; cenio, separate) [ckr-,
t'KK-. /,/;-/]. decide, deferinine :
decree ; vote; do battle, Han.
4, I-
14
VOCAIU I *RY.
diclirS, I (d<, intens. ; cUi5,
mtiAi' clear), make clear, skmo,
ilan. II, z.
didS, 3, -didi, -ditus (di, away ;
Ab,fut) [2 V\;/'uf],surren(/er,
Han. 9, I ; liejoU, Them. 1, 3.
d§duc5, 3, -duxi. -ductus (d*,
Jrom,ihywii : dflcS, /<■.•,/) [nvc-,
lead\, bthif^ : coniiiut, 'I'hem.
8, 5; I Ian. II, 2; leaii out,
lian. II, I.
defends, 3, -fendi, -fen.sus (d8,
/rum, off: ♦fendo, slriii), -wan/
off; (then of the object from
which an attack is warded off),
defend. Them. 7, 4 ; Han. 10, 5.
diferS, -ferre, -tull, -latus (dS,
from ; fer6, carry) [ker-,
hear~\, report. Them. 7, 2 ; Han.
12, 2 ; offer ; confer upon (ad),
Han. 3, I.
deinde (de, from ; inde, t/nnce),
thereafter, Han. 7, 6; then,
next. Them. 2, 2.
delectus, -a, -um, adj. (part, of
2 deligo, select), picked, chosen,
Han. 4, 1 ; Aris. 3, i ; .sul>*t.,
dSl^ctus, -i, M., chosen one.
Them. 2, 6.
deled, 2, -evi, -etus (de, out, away;
I.1-, smear), blot out ; destroy.
Them. 4, i.
deliberd, i (dS, thorouf^hly ;
libro, weigh, consider), consult
an oracle. Them. 2, 6.
1 deligd, I (de, close ; lig6, bind),
bind fast, Han. 5, 2.
2 deligo, 3,-!egi, -Icctus {^iffrom;
lego, gathc! ), choose.
Delphi, -orum, m., Delphi, a
town at the foot of Mount
I'urna.sMis in I'hocis in which
was tlie famous temple and
(jracle of Apollo.
D£lus (-08), i. K-. /)elos, a small
island in tiie Aegean sea, ttu-
central one of the ( ycladts,
famed as the birthplace if
Apollo :iiu! Diana; Aris. 3, 1.
dSmigrO, I (d«, from ; migro,
depart), depart from, remir c.
depellO, 3, -pull, -pulsus (th,from ;
peI16,</''m'),'/''/rvi'///.Them.5, i .
dipdnd, 3, -posui. -positus (de,
away; pdn6, pl^ce), lay asuie.
give up, Han. 1,3; store away,
Han. 9, 3.
deportd, i (de, away : porio, car-
ry), carry a'i'iiv. Them. 2, S.
dSpugno, I (de, ^'la ; pugnd,
fight), fight out, '1 hem. 4, 4.
descends, 3, -scen<lt, -scensus (di,
(/(Ti'// ,• scando, climb), go down,
Aris. 1, 7.
deserd, 3, -s> lui, -sertus (de, //'/-,•
sero, /"«./) [sKR-, bind], aban-
don, dcici t. Han. 8, 3-
dSsiderO, i , long for, wish for,
desire : miss ; require, need.
desind, 3, -sil (sIvT), -itus (dS,
dow'i ; sino, ////, set), stop,
cease, desist. Them. 6, 4.
desistO, 3, -stiti, -stitus (Ai,from ;
ststo, stand), stop, cease, leave
off, Han. I, 3.
desperd, i (de, negative; spero,
ho/'C), •■ in despair of, Them.
xo, 4-
WT:
■np
i\
■rwNt-
VOCABLI.AkY.
15
dJtrimentum, -I, n. (d«ter(, ru/>
inixiy), /est, Han. 5, 2.
deus, -I, M. [i)iv-, s/tin.'], .1 ^W.
Them. 3, 7.
devincO, 3, vkl, -vlctus (d«,
thoroughly; ylnc6, (-otL/iur)
[vrt-, fOHi/aei], lom/iiff thor-
0Hi;hly, I'hcm. 5, j; menonif,
Han. 1, 2.
dexter, -tra, -trum, adj., rii^/it,
Han. 4, 3; dextra, -at (ftin.of
dexter, rii^ht ; sr. munxxt), ni^'ht
hand, pltdi;,; Them. 8, 4.
Diana, -ae, v., Diana, a Latin
divinity, identified with the
(Jreek Artemis, dauj^hter of
Jupiter and I.atona; the god-
dess of hunting; llan. 9, ;,.
dico, 3, di.\i, dictiLS [nil-, shonv,
point], say, Man. 3, i ; 6, 3 ;
Aris. I, 4.
dictator, -ori.s, m. (dicto, diclare
repi;it,;ily, liiitatt), Jiit.itor,
Ilan. 5, I ; 5, 3 ; a Roman
officei outranking the consuls,
appointed with aI)solute pow-
er when gre-* danger threat-
ened tiie state.
di€s, -eT, M., somtimes k. in sing,
[nr-, shine], day, Han. 5, 3;
5, I-
difficilis, -e, adj. (dis-, negative;
facilis, easy), difficult. Them.
8,5.
dignitas, -atis, f. (digous, ^vor-
thy), dignity, position ; splen-
dor, mas^nijicence. Them. 6, i
respect. Them. 8, 2.
dignus, -a, -um, adj. (for decnus,
fr. DV.C; beseem), destrving,
worthy, Ari.s. 1, 4.
dilictua, -us, M. (dli-, apart;
i.K(.-, feather), selection ; lr,y,
Han. 6, 4.
dQigenter, adv. (dIUgena, care-
ful), cirefully, Ilu-m. x, 3.
diligentia, ac, v. (diligeni, care-
Jul), carefulness ; dili^'ence,
earnes/h.ss, Han. 7, 5.
diligd, 3, Itxi, -lectus (dli-,
•'Part: legd, choose), choose
out, hn'e, Aris. 3, 3.
dimicS, i (dis-, i^rcatly ; mk6,
UI07C to and Jro) (brandish
weapons against an enemy),
fi^'ht, Han. 8, 3.
dimittd, 3, -misi, -missus (dia-,
ap<irt ; mitto, send), send away,
let t;o a-Miy, Them. 7, 3 ; Han.
3, 3 ; .!.■■'>''• up, Han. 12, 5.
discedd, 3, -cess?, -cessus (dis-,
apart; cedo, .j,v), depart, go
a-way; come off, Han. i, 2 ;
scatter. Them. 4, 3.
disicid (pronounce disiicio), 3,
-ieci, -iectus (dis-, apart ; iacio,
thrtnv), scatter; rout; raze,
Han. 7, 7.
dispalatus, -a, -um, adj. (part, of
dispalor, wander off), strag-
gling, Han. 5, 2.
dispergS, 3, -rsi, -sus (dis-, apart;
spargo, scatter), scatter, sepa-
rate. Them. 4, 2.
displiceo, a, -ul, -itus (dis-, nega-
tive; placed, please), displease;
nnd no Jul or with. Them. 3, i.
dissideS, 2, -edi, — (dis-, apart ;
ww^i:-^- c
16
VOCABULARY.
■ 1 1
:l 1
sedeo, «'/), sit apart; have a
quarrel (ab) loit/i, Han. lo, 2.
dissolutus, -a, -urn (part, of dis-
solvo. loose'), reckless, dissolute.
dissolvo, 3, -solutus (dis-, apart ;
solvo, to loose), to unbind, to
destroy, 'hem. 5, i ; 9, 3-
distringS, 3, -nxl, -ctus (dis-,
apart; stringo, draw), busy,
occupy, Han. 13, 2.
diu, diutius, diutissime, ady. [di-,
shine'\, long, Han. I2, 5.
diutius, see diu.
divinus, -a, -um, adj. {Mvvia,god),
of a god ; divine, sacred, Han.
divitiae, -arum, F. (dives, rich),
riches, wealth. Them. 2, 3.
d5, dare, dedl, datus [da-,^/?'^],
give ; grant. Them. 10, i; Aris.
3, 3 ; furnish. Them. 8, 5 ;
Aris. 3, I; verba dare, cheat,
deceive, Han. 5, 2; operam
ABlK, give attention to, put forth
efforts. Them. 7, i.
doctor, -oris, M. (doced, teach),
teacher, instructor, Han. 12, 3.
dolus, -T, M. {cf. 56\oi), deceit;
trick, cunning, strategy. Them.
4, 5; Han. 5, 3.
domesticus, -a, -um, adj. (domus,
house) [dem-, build], personal,
private, Han. 10, 2.
domicilium, -I, n. (domus, house ;
DEM-, build ; CAL-, cover), resi-
dence. Them. 10, 2 ; castle.
dominati5, -onis, f. (dominor,
bear rule) [dom-, tame], rule,
sway; power.
dominus, -I, m. [dom-, tame],
master, captain. Them. 8, 6.
domus, -us or -i [dem-, build],
house, dwelling place, Han. 7,
7; home. Them. 4, 2; Han. 8,
I ; house, household, family,
Them. 9, 2 ; in the locative,
domi, at home, Han. i, 2.
d5no, I (donum, gift), present,
Han. 7, 2 ; give, bestotv. Them.
10, 3-
dOS, dotis, F. \ps.-, give], a mar-
riage portion, dowry, Aris. 3, 3.
dubito, I (dubius, doubtful),
doubt, Han. i, i; 11, 2; hesi-
tate, Han. 2, 4; II, 3.
dubium, -i, N. [dva-, apart, two],
doubt; sine dubid, without
doubt, undoubtedly, Han. g, i.
dubius, -a, -um, adj. [dva-, apart,
two], going in two directions,
doubtful, Han. 2, 5.
ducenti, -ae, -a, num. adj. (duo,
two ; centum, hundred), two
hundred. Them. 2, 5 ; 3, 2.
duc5, 3, duxi, ductus [dvc-,
lead], lead, bring, Han. 3, 3;
8, 4 ; take, Han. 2, 4 ; carry off,
Han. 9, 4; prolong. Them. 7,
i; consider, Aris. i, 4.
dum, conj., while, Han. 2, 4.
duo, -ae, -o, num. adj. [dva-,
two], two, Han. 4, 4 ; 6, 3 ; 13,
3, etc.
duplex, -plicis, adj. [dva-, two;
Pi.EC-, fold], t^oofold, double,
Han. 8, 2.
dux, -ucis, M. or F. [dvc-, lead],
leader, Aris. 2, 2.
VOCABULARY,
17
A Tdv T^hl f "^ ''' "■ '°™' ^^"J- (postpositive), /or,
ea adv. abl. fem of « ; .<•. via). /«/.v, ,w,,y, ^ris. 1,33.,.
^^_M,;/ «,<,;, ; aere, Ilan. 3, 4. Them. 2, 5 ; 8. ;. '
effero, -ferre. extull elatus (ex. enumero, x (e, '.i ..«,./.,./,-,
out carry a.v.,y; bury {carry count, relate, emunerate, Ian.
out/or (•una/), Axis. ■^^ 2. 5 4.
efficio, 3, -feci, -fectus (ex, ..«/, e5, adv. (old dat. of is), //////;.v-
///>/< ; corfiplete, Them. 2, 3.
effugio, 3, -fugi, — (ex, from ;
eo, Ire, ivi or il, itfirus [i-, _^,>],
.iro, Han. 3, 4.
fugi5, y/.r), Jice from ; escape, eodem, ad'v. V-ld dat. and loc. of
Them. 8, i
ego, mel, plur. nos, pers. pron., /,
idem, t/u- same), to the same
place, Han. ii, 2.
me we, us, Them. 9, i ; Han. Ephesus, -I. v., Epkesus, a city of
s»,I/-*„ - ^°"'^ '" Asia Minor: Them.
egredior, 3, egressus .sum (e, out, 8, 7.
from; graiior ^^o, come), .^o or ephorus, -1, m. (.Vopo.), .//.„...
Han xf . "• ^' '' ""'' ''^''' '' ""P'^'^-' '^'^'^ I-«-
SiojR /" " exceeded that of the kings.
-lectus (e, o^rt; ,acio, .,,./), Tiiem. 9, ,; Han. „, 2
Them's 'i "'' '""■"'• "*"'"' ■•^'^' •^'- ^^''""^> ^""-)'
»i«.„i.,»* ' - , , /""'•f'^'«"«;plur.,r</r'<///-i',Them.
elephantus, -i, .m., elef/iaut, Han. 2, 5 ; Han. 5, 3.
3,4-
eloquentia, -ae, f. (eloquens, <•/<>
quent), eloquence, Aris. 1, .\
emendo, i (e, from, out ; men
equitatus, -us, m. (equito, rule),
cavalry, Han. 3, i.
erga, prep. w. ace, towards, Han.
I. 3; 10, I.
I'lw.n''^'.^ ^"f"' """' "^' "g6. '^'o"j'andadv.,.V...,M.v-,
»//«/./.], free from faults ; fore, Them. 4, 5.
amend, make jrood. Them, i, i.
emitto, 3, -misl. -missus (k, forth,
out ; mitto, send, let ^■-«), send
^"gO> 3, -lexT, -rectus (e, out,
up ; rego, make straight), raise,
arouse. Them, r, 3.
^^^I'T' '''f'' ' ^'"^'" error,-oris, ^,. ^,g: astray), m.s-
emittere, ^/^, exp,re. take, delusion, blunder, Han. 9, 3.
^i
IS
VOCABULARY.
'li
SrudiS, 4, -Tv! or -il, -Itus (8,
from ; rodia, rough), free from
roughness ; train, educate,
teach. Them. lo, i.
gscendd, 3, -dl, -ensus (6, from
[below], up; scando, climb),
mount upon, embark. Them.
8, 6.
et, conj., and ; too, also.
etiam, conj. (et, and ; iam, now),
and also, even also; '< besides.
Them. 2, 3 ; still. Them. 4, 5 ;
non sSlum . . . sed eti»in, not
only . . . but also. Them. 2, i.
etiamtum, adv. (etiam, even ;
turn, then), even then, still,
Han. 4, 3.
Etruria, -ae, f., Etruria, the
division of Italy on the west-
em coast just above Latium ;
Han. 4, 2.
etsi, conj. (et, even ; si, if), er<en
if, though, although. Them.
5, I-
Euboea, -ae, f., Euboea, a large
island, just off the coast of
Attica and Boeotia.
Eumenes, -is, m., Eumenes, king
of Pergamum, 198-158 B.C., a
friend and ally of Rome;
Han. 10, 2 ; 11, 4.
Eurdpa, -ae, f., Europe, the con-
tinent.
Eurybiades, -is, M., Eurybiades,
a Spartan general, commander
of the entire (ireek fleet Jn
the battles with Xerxes' fleet ;
Them. 4, 2.
ex or (before consonants only) e,
prep. w. abl., out of, from.
Them. 1, i ; 8, 7; 10, 3; in
conseqiKuce of, Han. 7, 5.
exadversum, prep. w. ace. (ex,
from ; adversus, opposite), over
against, opposite. Them. 3, 4.
exagit5, t (ex, from, out; agitS
[intens. of ago], drive), drive
out, pursue. Them. 9, 4.
excedo, 3, <essT, -cessus (ex,
away ; c6d5, go), go away, de-
part, Han. 6, 4.
excello, 3, -celsus [ex, out; cel-,
rise'\, be eminent ; be superior,
surpass, Aris. i, 3.
excied or exciS (ex, out; cieS,
cause to go), call out; summon,
Han. 8, i.
excludo, 3 -clusi, -clusus (ex,
from ; claudd, shut), shut off,
cut off, hinder. Them. 5, i.
excdgito, I (ex, out; cogitS,
think), think out ; devise, plan.
Them, i, 4.
excursid, -onis, f. (ex, forth,
out; CVR-, run), a running
forth ; raid; invasion. Them.
6, 2.
exed, -ire, -il or -TvT, -itus (ex, out,
from ; eo, go), go out, go away ;
start, Them. 6, 5 ; have, disem-
bark. Them. 8, 7 ; spread, Han.
9, 2.
exerceo, 2, -ul, -itus (ex, out;
arced, confine), keep out of an
enclosure ; keep busy ; train ;
exasperate, Han. 10, I.
exercitus, -us, m. (exerceS, train),
army {trained force), Them.
VOCABULARY.
19
8, 6; plur. in sense ol forces.
Them, a, 5; Aris. a, i; 3, i.
exhaurid, 4, -hausl, -haustus (ex,
out; haurio, draw (water, etc),
draw off; exhaust, Han. 6, i.
exheredS, i (exhSrts, disinher-
ited), disinherit. Them, i, 2.
existim5, i (ex, out, up ; aestimo,
reckon), value, judge ; think,
consider.
exitus, -us, M. (ex, out; i-, f<j),
■way out, exit, issue, Ilan.
".3-
expediS, 4, -ivl or -il, -itus (ex,
out; pes, foot), free, extricate,
Han. 5, 2.
expellS, 3, -pull, -pulsus (ex,
out ; pello, drive), drive out or
away ; expel, banish, Aris. i,
7 ; 3, 4-
experior, 4, pertus sum (ex,
out, thoroughly; per-, try),
try thoroughly ; try ; f„d by
experience. Them. 9, 4.
explicd, 1, -avi (-ul), -atus (-itus)
(ex, ottt; \>\\zl, fold), unfold;
explain, set forth, state, describe.
Them. 4, 5; unfold, deploy.
Them, i, 3.
explSrd, 1, investigate, search
into, Them. 7, 2; endeavor to
learn, Han. a, 2.
exp8n5, 3,-posuI, -positus (ex, out,
forth ; pono, place), place out ;
disembark, land. Them. 8, 7.
exposes, 3, -poposci, — (ex,
from ; posco, demand), ask
earnestly from, demand. Them.
8, s; Han. 7, 6.
expugno, I (ex, to the end;
pugno, fght), take by storm,
capture; capture, fight past.
Them. 4, i.
exsilium, -I, n. (exsul, exile),
exile, Aris. i, 3.
exspectatiS, -onis, f. (exspecto,
wait for), a waiting for ; ex-
pectation, eagerness, Han. 6, i.
exspecto (exp-), i (ex, out;
specto, look), look for, wait
for, await, expect, Them. 7, i.
exstinguo (ext-), 3, -stinxl,
-stinctus (ex, out, completely;
stinguo, quench), extinguish;
blot out. Them, 1,3.
exstruo, 3, -struxT. -striictus (ex,
out, forth ; struo, build), build
up ; raise, erect. Them. 6, 5.
exsul (exul), -ulis, m. or k. (ex,
forth ; SAL-, leap), exile, Han.
7, 7-
extra, prep. w. ace. (exter, on
the outside), outside of, beyond.
Them. 6, 2.
P
Fabius, -I, m. (d) Quintus Fabius
Maximus, Roman consul and
dictator in the Second Punic
War; Han. 5, i; (b) Fabius
Labeo, Roman consul in 183
B.C.; Han. 13, I.
! I!-
20
VOCABULARY.
11
IS
facile, adv. (facilis, eas^'), comp.
facilius ; siiperl. facillimS ; fasi-
/)', Aris. 3, ( .
facilis, -e, adj. (facio, t/o), that
may he done ; easy, Han. lo, 3.
facio, 3, fecT, fact us [hac-, make,
do], make, do. Them. 8, 2; Aris.
i> 4; a, i; 3, 3; Han. 2, 2; act,
Them. 7, 6; build. Them. 9, 3;
palam facere, disclose, make
kmnvn, Han. 7, 7 ; 11, i ; verba
facere, speak, plead. Them. 10,
I ; certiorem aliquem facete, in-
form any one, Them. 5, i.
factum, T, N. (facio, do), deed,
act, occurrence, Aris. 2, 2 ;
Han. 13, 4; 6, 3.
facultas, atis, f. (facul = facilis,
that may be done), capability,
ability, power ; plur., wealth,
means, resources, Han. 6, 2.
Falernus, -a, -um, adj., Faler-
nian ; of Falernus, a district
in Campania; Han. 5, i.
falls, 3, fefelli, falsus [kai,-, trip],
make fall ; deceive,
falsus, -a, -um, adj. (fallo, de-
ceive), false, untrue. Them. 7, 2.
fama, -ae, f. [f.\-, show], report,
news, 1 umor. Them. 2, 6 ;
10, 4 ; Han. 9, 2 ; reputation.
Them, i, 3.
familiaris, -e, adj. (familia, /?«/-
ily), belonging to the household,
private: res familiaris, prop-
erty. Them, i, 2.
fere, adv., for the most part,
almost, Aris. i, l ; 2, 3; about,
Aris. I, 7; 3, 4.
ferS, ferre, tuli, latus [ff.r-, M/z-.-
tal-, ILA-, lift], bear, carry,
Han. 4, 3.
ferox, -ocis, adj. [ff.r-, wild,
strike], bold; warlike. Them.
2, I.
fictilis, -e, adj. [fig-, handle,
fix], made of clay, earthen,
Han. 10, 4; II, 5.
fidelis, -e, adj. (fides, trust),
trusty, faithful. Them. 4, 3.
fides, -ei, F. [FID-, bind, trust],
trust, faith, confidence, belief.
Them. 7, 2; promise, oath,
Han. 2, 4 ; protection. Them.
8,4.
fidiicia, -ae, f. (*fiducu8 = fidus,
trusting), confidence, Han. 8, i.
fnia, -ae, F. (filius, son), daughter,
Them. 8, 4.
filius, -i, M. [fi-, nurse], son.
Them, i, i ; Aris. i, i.
finis, -is, m. (often f. in sing.)
[for »fidni8, fr. fid-, split],
boundary, end, limit, Han. 13,
4; plur., territory, Han. 8, I.
flO, fieri, factus (used as pass, of
facid), be made : bring abcut.
Them. 6, 5 ; be done, Han.
11, 5 ; 12, 3 ; happen, Han.
12, 5.
Flamininus, -i, m., T. Quintius
Flamininus, envoy of the
Romans to King Prusias, to
demand the surrender of Han-
nibal, who was at his court;
Han. 12, I.
Flaminius, -!, m., M. Gains
Flaminius, a Roman consul ;
VOCAHULARV.
21
he commanded the Romans in
the battle of Lake Trasume-
nus ; Han. 4, j.
flamma, -ae, v. (for *flagma, fr.
V\.m:-, MiKt-), hlazt\ '1 "hem. 4, 2.
foederatus, -a, -um, adj. (part, of
foedero, h.ij^'in), hi L-nguc wit/i,
allied, Han. 3, 2.
foedus, -eris, .\. [kid-, /,/;/(/]
tcii^i^m; treaty, Han. 7, 5.
fore, forem, see sum.
foris, -i.s, V. [i.-(,K-, hou\ door,
Han. 12, 4.
forte, adv. (.ihl. of fors), hv
chaftic, ferc/iamc, perhaps,
Han. 8, i ; Aris. 3, 1.
fortis, -e, adj. [n-.K-, //„/,/], stead-
fast : vii^oroits, hrare, Han. 13, i .
fortitudo, -inis, v. (fortis, brave),
bravery, courage, valor, Han.
I, I.
fortulto, adv. (fortuitus, aceiden
tal), by cliance, Han. 12, 5.
fSrtuna, -ae, v. (fors, chame),
fortune; luck; property, Han.
9, 3-
forum, -I, N. [i.(jK., /,,„.,.], open
thoroughfare ; market-plaee, fo-
rum .
frango, 3, fregl, fractus [kkac-,
brea/i-], break; crush, 'I'lieni.
frater, -tris, m., brother, Han. 3, 3.
Fregellae, -anini, k., J-Wgellae,
a city on the river l.iris in
I.atium; Han. 7, 2.
frustra, adv. (,/ fraus, deception),
III a deccned manner ; in vain,
Han. 2, 2.
frustror, i [frustra, in 7Hiin ;
lER-, wild, strike], deceive, Han.
2,6.
fuga, -ae, v. [v\^:; Jlee], Jli^-ht,
Them. 4, 3; Han. 6, 4; u, 4.
fugo, I [IV(;-, y/.v], niakejlee;
put to Jlight, discomfit, rout,
Han. 4, 1; 4, 4; Aris. 2, 2.
ful, fui.sse, see sum.
fundamentum, -T, .v. (fundo, lay a
foundation), foundation, Han.
7, 7-
fundo, 3, ffidl, fusus [KI-, iri).,
pour], pour, scatter ; overcome,
rout, Aris. 2, I.
fungor, 3, functus sum, busy one's
self vi'//// ,• perforin ; hold, fill.
Them. 7, 3.
Furius, -i, M., /7„///j- Pur ills, a
Roman consul in 196 B.C. •
Han. 7, 6.
futiirus, -a, -um, adj. (part, of
sum, be), future ; as a subst.,
futura, -urum, a., future, Them.
I, 4.
Gallia, -ae, f., Gaul, includ-
ing modern France, Belgium,
Switzerland, and part of
no.'thern Italy; the Romans
called the portion correspond-
ing to modern France, Gaitia
■
i
i
t
i \-
'
■
22
VOCABULARY.
Transalptna ; that correspond-
ing to northern Italy, Gallia
Cisalptna ; Han. 3, 4.
Geminus, -i, m., Cn. Servilius
• Geminus, Roman consul in
217 B.C.; he was killed at the
battle of Cannae; Han. 4, 4.
generOsus, -a, -urn, adj. (genus,
birth), of nobkbirth,'Y\i&va. i, 2.
gens, gentis, F. [ckn-, beget^
race, people, nation. Them. 7, 4.
genus, -eris, n. [cen-, bege^, race,
birth ; family ; sort, kind.
gerS, 3, gessi, gestus \i:,VS; carry],
bear, carry; carry on, wage,
Han. 8, 3 ; do, perform. Them.
1, 3; Han. 5, I ; conduct, Han.
7, 1 ; mdrem gerere, humor, com-
ply with one 'j wish. Them. 7, 3 ;
rSs gestae, exploits, deeds.
gesta, -orum, n. (neut. plur. of
part, of gero used substantive-
ly), events, Han. 13, 3.
glSria, -ae, F. [clv-, hear}, glory,
fame. Them. 6, 3.
Gortynii, 'rum, M., Gortynians,
citizens of Gortyna, a city in
Crete ; Han. 9, i ; 9, 4.
Gracchus, -1, M., Tiberius Sem-
pronius Gracchus, a Roman con-
sul, 215 and 213 B.C.; Han. 5, 3.
gradus, -us [orad-, walk], step,
Them, a, 1 ; /. sition. Them.
5, I-
Graecia, -ae, f. (Graecus, Greek),
Greece, used not only of the
country occupying the eastern-
most of the three southern
peninsulas of Europe, but also
of the Greek colonies in Asia ;
Aris. I, 7; 3, 2.
Graecus, -a, -um, adj., Greek.
Grai, -orum, m., a less frequsnt
form for Graeci, Greeks.
Grains, -a, -um, adj.,Cn;/(»«, Han.
3, 4 ; see note on passage ;
Greek, Grecian, Them, g, 2.
gratia, -ae, v. (gritus, pleasing),
that which gives pleasure ;
favor, service, kindness, Them.
8, 7 ; in the abl. with preceding
dependent genitive, gxii.^k,for
the sake of Han. 7, 6; gr&tias
agere, thank, Han. 7, 2.
gratiis (grStis), adv. (abl. plur.
of gritia), out of kindness ; for
nothing, without reward.
gratus, -a, -um, adj. [gra-, de-
sire, favor"], welcome, agreeable,
pleasing, Han. 7, 3.
gravis, -e, adj. [grav-, heavy],
heavy ; severe, Han. 4, 3.
H
habe9, a, -uT, -itus [hab-, have],
have, hold. Them, a, 4 ; 6, 2 ;
keep, Han. 7, 3 ; fnd, Them.
9,4-
habito, I (freq. of habed, have).
have possession of; dwell, live,
reside, Them. 8, i.
Hadriimetun, -I, n., Hadrume-
tum, a Carthaginian town ly-
ing on the coast, to which
VOCABULARY,
23
Hannibal fled after the l)attle
of Zania; I Ian. 6, j ; 6, 4.
Hatnilcar, -aris, m., Ilamilcar,
the father of Hannibal; llaii.
i| '; a, J.
Hannibal, -alls, m., //,uini/>,tl, a
Carthaginian, son of Hamilcar,
one of the greatest generals of
the world's history; he enabled
his country very nearly to crush
Rome in the Second I'unic
War; I Ian. i, ',eu.
Hasdrubal, -alis, m., I/asdmhal,
(rf) brother-in-law of Hannibal,
who succeeded him as com-
mander of the army; Han. 3,
I ; (b) brother of Hannibal,
who was killed in battle when
coming to Hannibal's support
in Italy; Han. 3, 3.
Hellespontus, -I, m., the Helles-
pont (the modern strait of the
Dardanelles), between Thrace
and Mysia ; the name was also
applied to the shores about the
strait ; Them. 5, i ; 9, 3.
Hercules, -is, m., //erculcs, son
of Jupiter and Alcmena ; the
national hero of Greece ; after
his death deif .■.' and made the
god of strength ; Han. 3, 4.
hereditas, -atis, f. (heres, /leir),
inheritance, Han. i, 3.
hie, adv., in this place, here,
upon this, at this, hereupon,
now, Han. 5, 2.
hie, haec, hoc, gen. huius, de-
monst. pron. (a) (used adjec-
tively), this, these, Aris. a, 3 ;
(/') (used substantively), this,
these, .\ris. i, 2 ; (as pers.
pron.), //.■, etc.. Them, i, i ;
Han. I, 3.
hinc, ad\., from this 7 cry place :
hence, from this place, llan. 4, i .
Hispania, -ae, f., S/>ain, includ-
ing the whole peninsula ; Han.
2. 3; 3, 3-
historia, -ae, K. (iaropLa), history.
Them. 9, i.
historieus, -i, m. (j<i-ropt/f6s), stu-
ilent <f history, historian.
hodie, adv. (contracted from
hoc die, on this day), to-day,
Han. 3, 4.
homS, -inis, m. and k., human
beiui^ ; man. Them. 5, 3 ; 9, 2 ;
Aris. I, 3.
honos (or honor), -oris, m., honor ;
oficial position. Them. 7, 3.
hortor (for heritor), i, exhort,
encourage. Them. 4, 2.
hospes (hostis, stranger; pot-,
master), -itis, M., visitor, guest,
friend.
hospitium, -I, n. (hospes, host),
hospitality, guest-friendship.
Them. 8, 3.
hostia, -ae, k. [has-, hurt], ani-
mal for sacrifice, victim, Han.
2, 3-
hostis, -is, M. and f. [has-, hurt],
stranger ; a public enemy, foe,
Tht-m. 5, I, etc.
hue, adv. (*hoi [st. ho- of hie,
this] ; and -ce), to this place,
hither^ to this point, Han.
la, 4.
7>4;
^1
' t
24
VOCAUULARY.
iaciS, 3, icci, iartus [ia< -. v'.
St- II J ; cf. iaceo, //r], /luil,
t/iii'w, Han. n, 5.
iam, adv., iiliiiii/y, iimv, Justy
at last, Them. 7, 5.
ianua, -ae, v. [1 \-, .voj, i/ooni'<iy,
lioiisc-dooi\iiitiaiUi\ Han. 12, 4.
ibi, adv., in that /•/ace, thirc.
Them. 8, ,5; Han. 12, i.
idem, eailtni, idem, dpmonst.
pron. [pron. st., I-, this ; -dem,
demonst. suffix], the sarin;
Aris. 2, I ; Them. 8, i ; iihc-
7c>isi; I'hem. 9, 3.
idSneus, -a, -um, ad}../t, /ro/'er,
siiilal'lc.
igitur, conj., to rcsiinic, then, 1 Ian.
3, I ; therefore, aecontiiif^ly.
ignorS, I (*ign6ru8, ignorant)
[(;n.\-, cno-, kiuyii)\, be igno-
rant of, be unacqtiainteJ with,
Aris. I, 5.
ignStus, -a, -um, a'l' ''-'■ m-
(g)n6tu8) [c.NA-, (..-.J-, A-nojul
(f r. in-, not . notus, in wn). un-
known. Them. 8, 6.
ille, ilia, illud, gen. -lus, dtmon.'^t.
pron. (ii) (used adjecti vely),
that, those, Aris. 1,3; (/') (used
substantively), that one, the
other, the former. Them. 8, 7 ;
in almost all cases best trans-
lated by an emphatic pers.
pron., he, they, etc. ; Them. 2, 2 ;
5, I ; Han. 2, 4; Aris. i, 5.
immitto (inm-), 3, -misi, -missus
(in, upon, against ; mitto, setui.
let go), send against, let loose,
Han. 5, 2.
immolS, 1 (in, n/>on : mola, sac-
ri/icial meal), s/rinhle meal
upon ; sacrifice, Han. a, 3.
imperator, -oris, m. (imperS, com-
inand), commander, leader, gen-
eral, Han. I, 2; 2, 3.
imperium (inp-), -i, n. {cf. impe-
ro, command), command, Aris.
2, 2 ; Them. 4, 2 ; Han. 3, i ;
fouur, siK'ereignty ; authority,
Han. 5, 3.
imper5 (inp-), i (in, uf>on : par6,
/«/), put a com in a lid upon;
command, order, Han. 10, 4.
impraesentiarum, adv. (in prae-
sentia rerum), for the present,
Han. 6, 2.
imprudenter, adv. (impriidinB,
not foieseeint,'), umvisely, im-
prudently, Han. 2. 6.
in, prep. vv. ace. a. 1 abl., in;
\s. ace, into, to, Aris. 1, 7 ;
for (against), Han. 2, 3; over,
ThL-m. 9, 3.
incendium, -i, n. [in, to; cand-,
glo7ii (cf incendo, set fire to)],
fire, Them. 4, i.
incend5, 3, -cendi, -census (in, to,
on ; *cand6, set fire, fr. CAM)-,
glo7v), set fire to: inflame, Han.
2, i; burn, Han. 7, 3; 7, 4-
incola, -ae, m. and f. [in, in ;
CO].-, till, dwell], one who dwells
in ; inhabitant, Han. 3, 3.
incredibilis, -c, adj. (in-, net •
VOCAHll.AkV.
25
credibilia, to k- beliei-eil), not to
be bcliei'nt ; imndihlf, I Fan.
6,3
inde, adv., tlun, mxt (of stic-
ces.sion in time or plact), I fan.
4, 2 ; from that place, from
there, thence. Them. 8, 7.
indicium, -i, .n. (in, to: nic-,
point), point ins; out ; i //forma-
tion, e-,'iJence, .\ris. 3, 2.
indlcS, 3, -dTxI, -dictu.s (in, to;
dic6, say) [indicd], declare pub-
licly, declare. Them. 8, 3.
indiged, 2, -igul, — (indu = in,
without force ; egeo, need),
stand in need of; be in want
of, lack ; be dependent upon,
Han. I, 3.
indued, 3, -duxi, -ductus (in, in ;
duco, lead), lead into, draw
into, Han. 5, 3; 8, i; 9,3.
industria, -ae, f. (industrius, ac-
tive, diligent), activity, diligence.
ineS, -ire, -IvI or -ii, -itus (in,
i//to ; eo-, go), go into ; begin.
Them, i, i; for/n, Han. 10, 3;
inire gratiam, gain favor.
inermis, -e, adj. (for ftiarmis,
fr. in-, negative ; anna, arms),
without arms ; u/tarmed, Han.
_ 3,4-
infers, ferre, -tull, inlatu.s (in,
in ; fero, bri/ig), bring on ;
bring upon. Them. 9, 2 ; Han.
a, I ; wage, carry on. Them,
a, 4.
infirmus, -a, -um, adj. (in-, t/ot ;
firmus, firm, strong), weak,
powerless, Them. 6, 3.
infitior, i (inlltiae, denial), deny,
Han. I, I.
ingratiis (ingritU) (abl. plur. of
ingritia, thanklcss/iess, u.sed
adverbially). without one's
thanks, against one's will.
Them. 4, 4.
iniciS (pronounce iniicid), 3,
-ieci, -iectus (in, tipon ; iaci6,
throtv), throw upon; infuse;
inspire, Han. 5, 2.
inimicus, -a. um. adj. (in-, not;
amicus, friendly), unfriendly,
hostile, Han. 7, 3 ; as suhst.,
inimicus, -I, m., enemy, personal
foe. Them. 9, 4; Han. 12, 2.
initi.'.m, -i, n. (ineS, go into), be-
ginnit/g. Them, i, i ; Han.
II, 5.
iniuste, adv. (iniustus, unjust),
unjustly. Them. 7, 6.
inludd, 3, -IfisT, -lusum (in-, on,
upon ; ludo, play), to make sport
of, deceive, Han. 10, I.
inlustris (ill-), -e, adj. (in, in-
tens. ; I.VC-, shine), lighted up ;
illustrious, famous, Aris. a, 2.
inlustrS (ill-), i (,/ inlustris,
lighted up, famous), make clear,
make famous. Them, i, 4.
innocens, -centis, adj. (in-, not;
noceo, harm), doing no harm,
guiltless.
innocentia, -ae, f. (innocens, ,^///-
less), bla/nelessness, i/itegrity,
Aris. I, 2.
inquam, -is, -it, defect., say or
said, Han. 2, 3.
inrideO (irr-), a, -risl, -risus (in.
I i
26
VOCAMUJ.ARY.
at; ridai, /aui:;h), Liu^h at,
mock at ; make s/iort I'f, I Ian.
insciins, -entis, adj. (in-, m>f ;
•ciO, l-How), not kiunvin^, una-
tcare, Han. g, 4.
iosidiae, -arum, v. (in, against ;
SEI)-, sit), a sittinii^ against,
ambns/i, I Ian. 4, 3 ; 5,3; //''A
Han. 13, 2.
insidior, i (insidiae, am hush), lie
in ambush, liv in ~,>.<ait for ;
plot against, Han. 6, 4.
instins, -antis, adj. (part, of
instd, be at hand), pressing,
threatening, impending ; a.s
subst. in plur., instantia, -ium,
ti., present. Them, i, 4.
instituO, 3, -stitui, -stitutus (in,
into ; statuo, sfl, place), place
into ; establish, set up : begin,
Han. a, 4; 8, 3.
insula, -ae, K., island.
intellegd, 3, -iCxI, -lectus (inter,
between ; lego, choose), choose
between ; discern, see ; kno'w,
Them. 6, 3 ; understand, Han.
5, 4; Aris. I, 4.
intemperans, -antis, adj. (in-,
not ; temperSns, observing mod-
eration), immoderate, reckless.
intempecantia, -ae, k. (intempe-
rans, immoderate\, excess; ar-
rogance, Aris. 2, 3.
inter, prep. w. ace. (comp. form
of in, in), between. Them. 3, 2 ;
Aris. I, I ; Han. 10, 2.
interea, adv. (inter, among; ea,
these thing:), in the meantime.
meantime, meanwhile, 'i'hem.
7, 2-
intered, ire, -ii, -itfirus (inter, be-
tween ; ed, go), go among, be
lost: die, Han. 13, 1.
interficiS, 3, -feci, fectus (inter,
between ; faci5, make), put out
of the xoay ; kill, slay, destroy.
Them. 4, i ; Han. 5, 3 ; Aris*.
2, I.
interim, adv. (inter, between, dur-
ing; im, an old ace. of is, this),
in the meantime, meanwhile.
interior, -ius (comp. of *interu8,
within), inner, more secret,
Han. 2, 2.
interitus, -us, m. (</. intered, per-
ish), destruction, death, Han.
8,2.
interpSnS, -posui, -positus (inter,
behueen ; p5nd, /;//, place), put
between, interpose, insert, ob-
serve ; put forward, allege.
Them. 7, i.
intersum, -esse, -fui, -futurus
(inter, between ; sum, be), lie
between, be present at, take part
in, Aris. 2, I.
int.a, adv. and prep, (contracted
fr. interft [*interus, within"] ),
prep. w. ace, within, inside of,
Han. II, 4-
intueor, 2, -tuitus sum (in, upon ;
tueor, look), look at, look upon,
regard, consider. Them. 7, 6.
inutilis, -e, adj. (in-, not ; utilis,
useful), of no advantage, harm-
ful. Them. 7, 4.
inveni5, 4, -veni, -ventus (in, up-
VOCAUl I.AkV.
27
<"/ ; veniS, come), cmic ///,.//,
>«</. IliLin. 4, I ; Ilaii. la, 5.
invictus, -a, -um, adj. (in-, not:
victus, iom/iund), iiHiOu,/ii,n</.
invidia, -ac, v. (invidu«, nni,;,^),
finy, jealousy, hatrni, 'riitin.
8, r; Han. 1, 2.
ipie, -a, -um. ntn. ipsiuB, inteiis.
,)ron., s,-lt\ rnvM-//, you,:ulJ\
himsdf, /i,-,s,lj\ its.'!/'; t/,„t i>r
this very ; in person ; he, she,
ete.: Han. a, 6, ete.
is, ea, kl, gen. iius, demonst.
pron. [pron. .st., i-, this one, he],
(</) (u.secl adjeitively). this, that,
these, those : (/;) (used sul).st.iii-
tively), this, that, these, those,
(very freq. a.s a pers. pron.), //.•,
she, it, they. Them, i, j ; 1,3;
6, 4; Aris. 3, (, ete.
ita, adv. [pron. .st., 1-, this:
pron. St., r.\. {ef. tarn) J, ///
this way : thus, so. Them. 9, 1 ;
Ilan. 2, 5.
Italia, -ae, r., Italy, the middle
one of the three southern pen-
insulas of Kurope; Han. 8, i.
itaque, conj. (ita, thus : -que,
ami), and so: hence, accord-
*"Kh'> there/ore.
item, adv. [pron. st., i-, this:
pron. St., TA- (cf. tam)], just
so : in like manner, lihewise,
"an- 7, I ; 7, 3-
iter, ilineris, .\. [i-, t,'o], y,:ul,
march, u<ay. Them. 5, 2 ; Han.
3, I ; iter facere, march. Han.
3, J-
iterum, adv.. a^'.iin, a second
tunc, Tluin. 5, 1 ; Han. 5, 3.
iubeS, 3, ifissi. iussus. bid, order,
command. I htm. 7, 3 ; 8, 5 ;
Man. a, 4.
iudicium, -i. n. (jQdex, >./;<),
Judi^ment : tn.il, riani. i, j.
iiidicS, i (iudex, /ndi^c), f^oint out
the ri^ht, judxe. decide, /ass
/nds^ment on, I lum. i, j; 5, j;
declare, jroda/m, Han. 7, 7.
luppiter (liipi-), lovis. m. {i,<\-,
shine : pater, father), Jn/t cr,
Jo7e, the son vi Saturn ; the
( hief god among the Romans ;
Han. a, 3 ; sit- iif)teon passage.
iiirS, I (ius, n^'ht), h,nd one's
self (morally) ; swear, take an
oath, Han. 2, 4.
iiis, iuris. n. [iv-, hmd], that
which is I'indint:: ris^ht, law,
'I'hem. 7, 4 ; right. pri7iUxe,
Ilan. la, 3.
iusiurandum, lurisiurandl. .\.
(ius, ri);ht : iuro, swear) (rii;ht
to he sworn to), oath, Han. 2, 5.
iustitia, ae. v. (iustus, Just),
/us/ice, iiprii^htncss, Aris. 2 2.
iustus, -a, -um, adj. (ius, right),
that acts in accordance with
right, Jii si. u /right, Aris. i, 3.
iuvencus, i, m. (for *iuvenicu8,
fr. iuvenis, young), a young
bullock, bullock, Han. 5, 2.
H
ii
28
VOLAHUI.AKV.
Karthiginiinsia, e, adj. (Kar-
thigd, Ctiitli.ii^i), Ciiitlitr^iiii
an: nl>.o as a siil)H(., Man. 7, 4.
KaithigS, -iiiis, »., Cuilmi^i:, a
tity of northern Africa ; its
niins ari; in t far from Tunis.
It was u Kilony frnm Tyie
ami uri'W to he- \i'iy powerful ,
I Ian, 7, 4; 7, f,
L., an al>l)reviation for Lucius;
llan. 4, t ; 8, I.
L«bed, -oius, M., see Pabius,
llan. 13, I.
labor, -oris, M. (i.Mt-, tiikt, seiz,- :
if. Xafifldi/u), toil, effort ; iahor,
Han. 13, ! ; JijH'ulty, Then).
4,4-
labdrd, i (labor, /«'//), labor ; take
trouble., .An--, i, 5.
Lacedaemonius, -n. -uni, adj.,
LacedaemoiiiiiH, I.aiouiaii ; as
a subst., Lacedaemonius, 1. m.,
Laceilnemoiiiaii, Aris. 3, i-
Lampsacus, -i, k., or -um, -I, n.,
Lamps(Hus, a town in Mysia, on
tiie Helles[><)nt ; Tliem. 10, 3.
largitid, -on is, v. (largior, i;ive
bountifully), distributint^. liber-
ality, bribery. Them. 2, 2.
lectica, -ae, v. (lectus, <ouili),
litter, seilau, Han. 4, 3.
legatid, unis, k. (Ieg5, send 7vitli
II I otii mission), embassy, 'llieni.
6,5-
legatus, i. m. (16g6, send -.oitli ,/
eotn m is si on ), avi bassador. Them.
6» 4 ; 6, 5 ; 7, 3.
ISgitimus, -a, -um. adj. (lix, law),
le^'dl, fixed by law, Aris, i, 6.
Lednidis, -ae, .M , Leomdas, a
.Spartan kinfi, lonmiander <if
the famous three hundred who
were slain defending the pass
of Thermopylae agai.ist the
I'ersians under .\erxes in 4S0
B.C. ; Them. 3, i.
lex, leRis, K. [i.i.(;-, bejixeil},law,
Ihem. 10, 5.
libenter, adv. (lib^ns, 'u<illin,i,'),
-oillini,'ly, ^i^ladly.
liber, -era, -eruni, adj. [i.iii-.
desire^, doini; as one desires,
free. Them. 6, 5-
liber, -bti, M., the inn, r bark of
a.'r,'; u.sed to write upon and
so book, Han. 13, 2; 13, 4.
libere, adv. (liber, fee), freely :
fianl;:y. Them. 7, .(.
liberi, -orum, m. (liber, free),
■Jiildren (of free parents).
libero, i (liber, free), set free.
Them. 5, 3 ; Aris. 2, i.
ligneus, -a, -um, adj. (lignum,
wood), ofioood, zuooden, Th^m.
2,6;
2» 7-
VOCAmi.AKV.
29
Ligurl*, •m. \t , /./^'/„, ,;;/>, .,
people luiiig «ii llicat'st c.a^t
'f northtni Italy; llati. 4 j.
littera, -ae, 1. [n. /,.,/,. ,»,^„,],
a /,//,r ,,( thf alph.il). I ; in
plur.. /,7A;- lit,r,itiir,\ lliem.
9,j: 10,1; Man. ,3,,; ,3,3.
UtUS, r.ris. N. [ I.I ,/„///. .«/r./; J,
"■""'""'• . .'//I'r,-, I Ian. 12, |.
locus, i. M.. plur. loca, .N...)r loci,
«■■.//'■/<,■. /.'/;//, /,>,i///,v/, I Ian.
7,3
longe, adv. (longuB, Av/j,), , omp.
longius, Miperl. loDgissimi, ///,
Them. 6, 3; ^//^', Ihem. 7, i.
longinquuB, a, um.adj (longm,
/"'/,». li'»sU Thftn. 4, 4.
longus, a. iiin. a.lj.. /,„/,, ,„f
lincir f.xtciit>. ilKn.. a, 5;
/iv/;', t,-iiii>iis, I Ian. 5, 4.
Longua, i, m , lilu-.ius Sem /■,■„.
mil'. /..oi^iK, A Kuman <onMil
whom llaiii)il.al .leftated at
Irtbia ; Man. 4, ;:.
LQcini, .",i,ini, m.. r„c,i,n,,,ts, a
people li\ inn in lovx.r Italy just
J>tlow < inipania: I Ian. 5', 5.
Lyslmachus, i, m.. /, .i,„.'u/,us.
the father of Aristidc.'*; Ari.v
M
M., ahhreviation for Marcus ;
Han. 7,6; 13, I.
magis, adv., comp. [mm-., mm,.,
%] (superl. mjlximd), vtor,:
magister, -trf. m. [.\i\<:., /y,],
'H(ist,)\ lommini,/,)-. Pan. 5 3.
magistratus, us, m. (magister,
niiistii), niiix'is/nit,; iivil oj/iar;
fninristi;i,y, offi<<\ Han. 7, 2.
Magnesia, -ae, v., M„.^',usia, a
i-ity of s(nithwestLin .Asia
Minor, on the Maeander river;
'I'hem. 10, 2.
magnitudS, -inis, ?•. (magnus,
great), f^rciitness, i'hem. 10, 1 ;
pmvcr.
magnus, -a, -urn, adj., comp.
mSior ; stiptrl. mSximus
[.M.\(i-, big], great, Han. 5, .-,
etc.; impoiiant, Them. 1, j;
large. Them. 6, 1 ; eminent.
I liem. 6, I ; mignfi opere, also
written mannopere, i;ieatlv,
ex,ee,iiiii;(y ; miior natu, e,',/e>.
Them. 3, S.
MagiJ, unis, m.. .)/„.,,,_ hmth. r
of Haiinil)al : Han. 7, ^ ; 8 .•.
maior, mains, ^rf.,,. mai6ris, . omp.
of magnus [m.\(;-, hig].
maifires, um, m. and v., omp,
of magnus (used sulisiaiui.t! .
ill plur.) [m\(;-, hg\, i„ees/„y.'
male, ailv. (malus, A;,/), A„/.v,
tiiisiteeesst'iti/v.
malum, -1. .\. (malus, c-//), e-'i/,
I 111 ni. 9, _' ; Hit ^/,) tune.
maneo, 2, nuinsl, man.sus \\\\\ .
stay], stay ; re/fia/n, 'I hem. 3
5 ; 4, -'•
Maiilius, i, M., O/, Manlius
I'ulso. u Roman consul in iSy
H.f. ; \[jt,\\. 13^ 2.
\ :
30
VOCABULARY.
manus, -us, f. [•ma-, pleasure],
hand; company, body of men,
number, band; manum con-
serere, engage battle, Han. 4, 2.
MarathSn, -onis (ace. Marath5na),
Marathon, a town on the east-
em coast of Attica ; in tiie
plain near this, Miltiades won
his famous victory over the
Persians, 490 B.C.
Marath5nius, -a, -um.adj. (Mara-
thon, Marathon), of Marathon.
Marcellus, -i, M-, Marcus Clau-
dius Marcellns, (</) a famous
Roman general, conqueror of
Syracuse, consul a number of
times, repulsed Hannibal at
\ola; Han. 5, 3 ; (/') a Roman
c. isul in 183 B.C. ; Han. 13, i.
Mardonius, -i, m., Mardonius, a
Persian general, si n in-law of
Darius ; he commanded the
earliest Persian expedition
against Greece, which only
reached Thrace ; he also com-
manded and was killed at
Plataea, 479 b.c. ; Aris. 2, i .
mare, -is, N. (</. Eng. mere), sea.
Them. 2, 3 ; 4, 5 ; Han. 2, i ;
Aris. 2, 2.
maritimus, -a, -um, adj. (mare,
sea), of the sea. Them. 2, 3;
Aris. 2, 2.
maxime, adv. (maximus, great-
est), in the highest degree;
especially. Them. 2, 6.
maximus, -a, -um, superl. of
magnus, Han. 2, 3-
Maximus, see Fabius ; Han. 5, i.
memor, -oris, adj. [mar- (dupli-
cated), think], mindful, Han.
12, 5.
memoria, -ae, f. (memor, mind-
ful), memory, recollection.
Them. 10, 3 ; Aris. i, 3.
mens, mentis, f. [m.\.\-, men-,
mind], mind, thought, idea,
purpose ; feeling, Han. 2, 5.
mensis, -is, m. [ma-, measure],
month. Them. 5, 2.
mentio, -onis, f. [man-, men-,
mind], mention, Han. 12, i.
meritum, -i, n. (</• mereor, de-
serz'e), serz'ice ; merit, Them.
8,7-
metallum, -i, n. (niraWov),
metal : mine. Them. 2, 2.
meus, -a, -um, poss. pron. (me,
me), belonging to me ; my,
mine. Them. 9, 2 ; Han. 2, 3.
miles, -itis, M. [mil-, associate],
companion ; soldier, Han. 11, i.
militaris, -e, adj. (miles, soldier),
belonging to a soldier or to war,
military, Aris. 2, 2.
mille, indecl. num. adj. [mil-, as-
sociate], a thousand ; as subst.,
mille, sing. ; milia or millia,
plur., N., thousand, Them. 2, 5.
Miltiades, -is, M., Miltiades, {a)
the celebrated Athenian gen-
eral who defeated the Persians
at Marathon ; (b) the founder
of an .vthenian colony in the
Chersonesus.
minor, minus, -oris, adj. (comp.
of panrus) [min-, diminish],
less. Them. 6, i.
VOCABULARY.
31
Minucius, -i, m., (a) A/. Mini,cius
Rufus, master of horse under
Fabius ; by his recklessness he
nearly destroyed the army of
Fabius during the latter's ab-
sence; llan. 5, 3; (/,) Quiutus
Minucius, a Roman consul,
B.C. 193; Han. 8, i.
minus, comp. adv. (neut. ace. of
minor, less), less, Them. 4, 3 ;
5» 2; minus rdbustum, not
strong enough, Han. 10, 2 ;
almost equal to non, Them.
1,2.
miror, i, -atus (minis, wonder-
ful), wonder, be surprised at,
Han. II, 3.
misericordia, -ae, f. (misericors,
compassionate) , compassion,pity.
Them. 8, 7.
[missus, -us], M. ^mitto, send),
sending, demand, mmand.
mittd, 3, misl, missus [mit-,
send\ send, let go; send.
Them. 6, 4, etc.
modus, -I, M. [MA-, measure^
measure, manner, ivay. Them.
5» 3; lo, 3; Han. 5, 3.
moenia, -ium, n. [mv-, fasten],
walls, city walls.
MolossI, -orum (-urn), m., Molos-
sians, a people in the eastern
part of Epirus ; Them. 8, 3.
moned, a, -uT, -itus [.ma.v-, think],
make to think ; admonish,
warn. Them. 8, 5.
mSns, -tis, m. [man-, project],
mountain.
monumentum, -i, n. [ma.\-,
mind], that which brings to
mind ; monument, memorial,
Them. 10, 3.
morbus, -T, m. [.mar-, imste a^vay],
illness, disease. Them. 10, 4 ;
Man. 4, 3.
morior, 3 and 4, -tuus sum [mar-,
waste away, die], die. Them.
10, 4 ; Han. 13, I.
moror, i (mora, delay), delay,
linger, Han. 5, i.
mors, -tis, K. [mar-, waste away,
die], death. Them. 10, 4.
mortuus, -a, -um (part, of morior,
die), dead.
m6s, moris, m. [ma-, measure],
way, manner. Them. 7, 3.
moveo, 3, movi, motus [mov-,
moT'e], maze. Them. 2, 8 ;
influence. Them. 4, 3.
multititdS, -inis, f. (multus,
much), multitude ; great num-
bers. Them. 3, 2 ; Han. 5, 2 ;
body of men; populace, Aris.
1,4.
multo, I (multa, flne, penalty),
punish one with anything,
fine ; Aris. i, 3.
multo, adv. (multus, much), by
much, by far, much. Them. 9,
3; 10, I ; Han. 4, 3.
multum, adv. (multus, much),
often, frequently. Thorn, i, 3.
multus, -a, -um, adj., comp. plus,
superl. plurimus, much, many.
Them. 8, 2; Aris. 2, 2; as
subst., multi, -orum, \\.,many ;
multa, -orum, n., many things.
Them. 10. 2.
si
f ^
I
I
I
' r
32
A'OCABULARY.
muniB, 4, -ivi or -ii, -itus (moenia,
defensive walls), surround with
a wall; fortify, Them. 6, 5;
defend, protect. Them, a, 6 ;
build, Han. 3, 4.
munitiS, -onis, F. (munio, sur-
round with a wall), a fortifying,
work of fortification. Them. 7, 2.
munitus, -a, -um, adj. (part, of
mnrala, fortify), fortified. Them.
6,2.
munus, -eris, n. [mv-, fasten],
duty ; serz'ice ; present, gift.
Them, xo, 2; Han. 12,3.
mums, -I, M. [mv-, fasun], wall.
Them. 6, 2.
Myus, -untis (ace. Myunta), My-
us, a city in Caria.
N
nam, conj., for. Them. 1, 3 ;
Aris. I, 7.
namque, conj. (nain,y<'r; -que,
and) (stronger than nam), and
with reason for; for indeed,
for. Them. 5, 3 ; 6, 3 ; Aris. i,
i; 2, 2.
nanciscor, 3, nactus or nanctus
sum [nac-, get], get ; obtain.
Them. 6, 2.
nascor, 3, natus [gna-, beget], be
born, spring, derive origin,
Them, i, 2 ; Han. 3, 2.
nitiS, -onis, f. [gna-, beget], race,
nation, Han. 1,1; 10, 2.
natus, -us, M. [gna-, ^<f^/], birth.
Them. 2, 8; 10, i.
naufragium, -i, n. (nlvis, ship;
FRAG-, break), shipwreck.
Them. 7, 5 ; Han. 8, 2.
nauta, -ae, m. (for navita, fr.
^s\;wet,switn), sailor. Them.
8, 6.
nauticus, -a, -um, adj. (nauta,
sailor), pertaining to sailors or
ships, naval, Han. 11, 6.
nivalis, -e adj. (nivis, ship).
pertaining to ships, naval, Them.
2, 3 ; Han. 10, 5 ; Aris. 2, i.
navis, -is, f. [nav-, wet, swim ;
cf. vovt], ship, vessel.
Naxus (os), -1, F., Naxos, an
island in the Aegean sea, the
largest of the Cyclades ; Them.
8, 6.
ne, adv. and conj. [na-, no], {a)
conj., in order that not, that
not, lest. Them. 3, 2 ; 5, i ;
8, 3; often best rendered not
to, Han. 2, 4 ; {b) adv., ne
. . . quidem, not ez'en.
-ne, enclitic particle [.na-, no],
used in asking questions and
appended to the first word in
its clause regularly, which is
the most emphatic word ; in
direct questions it is rendered
by the interrog. form given to
the clause ; in indirect ques-
tions by whether ; Han. 2, 4.
nec or neque, conj. (ne, not;
-que, and), and not, nor;
neque . . . nec, neither . . . nor.
Them. 2, 4 ; see neque.
VOCABUL VRY.
33
necease, neut. adj. (found only
in nom. and ace. sing.), n^ccs-
sury. Them, g, 2.
necessitas, -atis, v. (necesse, neces-
sary), necessity. Them. 8, 6.
neglego, 3, -lexl, -lectus (nee,
not; lego, feather), not to heed ;
be indifferent to, .tegUct, Them.
I, 2.
nego, I (ne, not; ag-, say), say
"no," Han. la, 3; say not,
Them. 6, 2 ; deny. Them. 10, 4.
nem5, [inis], m. and v. (n6, not;
hom5, man), no one nobody.
Them, i, i ; 2, 7 ; ),_„. i, i;
(for gen. and abl. sing, and
entire plur., supply correspond-
ing forms of nuUus).
Neocles, -is and -I, m., NeocUs,
the father of Themistocles.
neque or nee, conj. (ue, not;
-que, end), and not, nor. Them.
I. 4; 7> 4 ; xo, 4; Aris. 2, 2;
neque . . . neque, neither . . ,
nor ; see nee.
nihil, indecl., n. (n8-, not; hilum,
a whit), nothing.
nihilum, -I, n. (ne, not ; hilum, a
whit), nothing; usually in the
abl. with a comp., ni) ,'.5 mraus,
nihilo setiu8, nevertheles. , none
the less. Them. 7, 2 ; Han. 7, i.
nisi, conj., ;/ not, Han. u, 4;
unless, Han. 9, 2 ; except, Han.
X-, 3-
n6bilis,-e, adj. [(;No-.,t«r-y], a^^/,-.
known, proniinen ', Tl em. 7, 2.
noctu, adv. (nox, night), by night,
in the night.
n616, nolle, nolul, — ne. not;
void, wish), be un u ;tg ; re-
fuse, Them. 7, i.
nomen, -inis, n [■, .o. k,io-u>],
me.uis of knoriviii^ : name;
people, Han. 7, -;.
non, adv. (for out r.jenum, fr.
ne, not ; oenum - '-aum, one),
not. Them, i, 7; 7, 2 ; 10, 5.
nSnnihil (non, not ; nihil, noth-
ing), indtcl., N., somewhat,
something, Han. 13, 2.
n6s (plur. of ego), we.
noster, -tra, -trun', possess, adj.
(nos, we), our. Them. 10, 4.
novem, indecl. num. adj., nine,
Han. a, 3.
novus, -a, -um, adj. [nv-, now'l,
new, fresh, Han. 6, 4 ; 7, 5 ;
strange, Han. 11, 6.
nox, noctis, f. [noc-, /t///, w„Xv
disappear], night, Them. 8, 7 ;
Han. 5, 2; 6, 3.
nullus, -a, -um, gen. -lus, adj. (ng,
not; uUua, any), not any ; no.
Them, i, 3; Han. 8, z\ Aris.
3» 2 ; as a subst. for nemo,
Han. 5, I.
num, an interrog. particle ex-
pecting (in direct questions) a
negative answer; in indirect
questions translated whether;
Han. 12, ;.
numerus, -I, m. [ne.m-, allot],
number. Them. 5, 3.
Numidae, -arum, m., A'umidians,
a people of northern Africa;
their cavalry was of great ser-
vice to Ha-.inibal ; Han. 6, 4.
34
VOCABULARY.
numquam or nunquam, adv
(n6, not ; umquam, n<er), never,
Them. 7, 6; Han. i, 3; 13, 4
nunc, adv. (num, ftcmi ; -ce, de
monst. suffix), ttmo, at this time^
Them. 9, 4; Han. 7, 3.
nuntiS, 1 (nOntius, announcing),
announce, carry word ; report,
Han. 13, 4-
nuntius, -i, M- (adj., nuntiua, an-
nouncing, u.sed substantively),
messenger; message. Them. 9, 3.
Ob, prep. w. ace, on account of,
for. Them. 8, i ; Han. 7, 2 ; ob
earn causam, on that account,
therefore. Them. 6, 2.
0bduc5, 3, -duxl, -ductus (ob,
over ; ducd, lead, draw), draw
oz'er, overspread, Han. 5, 2.
Obicid (pronounce oNicio), 3,
-iecT, -iectus (ob, before; iacio,
throw), throw in the 7vay of,
Han. 5, I ; present, offer, Han.
5, 2.
Obitus, -us, M. (cf obeo, go before)
(it going to or doiun ; dinun-
fall), death, Han. 3, i.
Obses, -idis, m. and F. (ob, before,
by ; SKD-, sit), hostage. Them.
7, 2; Han. 7, 2; 7, 3.
ObsideO, 2, -sedi, -sessus (ob, be-
fore ; sedeo, j'V), sit before,
stay; besiege, beset; occupy,
Han. 13, 4.
obsonium, -I, n. ((Jfficwi'), that
which is eaten xvith bread,
viands, victuals, fish. Them.
10. 3-
obtrectatiS, -5nis, f. (obtrectS,
disparage), envious detracting,
jealousy, Han. i, 2.
Obtrectd, i (ob, against; tracto.
handle, act), be opposed to ; dis-
parage, Aris. I, I.
obviam, adv. (ob viam, in the
way), in the way of; obviam
ire (foil, by dat.), go to meet,
Han. 4, 4.
0ccid5, 3, -cTdT, -cisus (ob, against ;
caedS, strike), strike down; kill,
Han. 4, 3.
0CCUp5, I (ob-, without force ;
CAP-, lay hold of), seize ; take
possession of, Han. 12, 5 ; pass.,
be engaged or busy with, Han.
7, '•
OCUlus, -T, M. [AC-, sharp], eye,
Han. 4, 3.
odium, -I, N. [on-, push, iate],
hatred, enmity, Han. 1,2; 2, 3.
omittS, 3, -mlsi, -missus (for
obmitto, fr. o^ oz'er, past;
mitto, send, let ), let go by;
pass 07'er, omit, i..in. 2, I.
omnis, -e, adj., all, the whole,
Aris. 2, 3, etc.
onerarius, -a, -um, adj. (onus,
burden), belonging to a burden ;
that carries burden ; nSvis
onerlria, a transport ship.
opera, -ae, f. (opus, work) [op-,
lay hold\ exertion; work, ser-
VOCABULARY.
35
vice ; operant dare, bc-stfl7v care
on, give attention to, Han. 2, 2.
OperiO, 4, -ul, -ertus, cover iK<er,
conceal, Han. 9, 3.
oportet, 2, -uit {cf. 2 opus, need),
impers., it is necessary, Them.
6,2.
oppidum, -I, N. (Ob, on, oz-er :
*pedum [(/ TiSov], ground, fr.
PEI)-, tread), fortijied to7vn,
town. Them. 2, 8 ; 10, 3.
oppleS, 2, -plivi, -pic t us (ob,
intens.; pleo, fill), fill com-
pletely, fill, Han. II, 6.
Oppdno, 3, -posui, -positus (ob,
against; pono, place), set
against, put in the -way of.
Them. 6, 5.
opportunus, -a, -um, adj. (ob, fie-
<are ; *portunus, fr. portus.
harbor; per-, through), fit-
ting, suitable, advantageous.
Them. 4, 5.
opprimo, 3, -pressi, -pressus (ob,
against; premo, press), press
against; crush, subdue, over-
power, o^'erthrow. Them. 4, 4.
oppugnator, -oris, m. (oppugno.
fight against), besieger, assail-
ant. Them. 7, 3.
(ops), opis, V. [op., lay hold,
help], help, aid, support ; gen-
erally in plur., opes, -um,/(w. /- ,■
wealth ; forces ; resources, Han.
I. .3. 10, 2.
optimus, -a, -um, adj., superl. of
bonus, good [op-, lay hold],
best, Han. 2, 3 ; see bonus.
1 opus, -eris, n. [op-, lay hold],
work, labor. Them. 6, 5 ; 7 2.
2 opus, N. (found only in nom.
and ace. sing.), need. Them, r, 3.
5rati5, -6nis, v. (Sro, speak), speak-
ing, speech, manner ofi speakin",
delivery. Them, i, 3.
Srdior, 4, orsus [ui.-, i^^nnv, rise],
begin a web ; begin, 'I'hem. i, 2.
ornatus, -a, -um, adj. (part, of
omo, ei/uip, adorn), furnished,
equipped, Han. 3, 4.
orno, \, fit out; J«///j',Them. 2, 3.
OS, ossis, \., bone. Them. 10, 5.
ostendo, 3, -tendl, -tentus (obs
[old form of ob], before ; tendo,
stretch), spread out before;
show, Han. 11, 2.
P., abbreviation for Publius.
Padus, -I, M., Po, the principal
river of Italy; Han. 6, i.
palam, adv., openly; palam
phylian, i.e., of Pamphylia in
Asia Minor; Han. 8, 4.
panis, -is, M. [I'A-, feed], bread.
Them. 10, 3.
facere. make clear, disclose, par, paris, adj., equal, l,ke, the
make known, Han. 7, 7. same ; indecisive. Them. 3, 3
^amphyhus. -a, -um, adj.. Pam- parco, 3, pepercT (pars!), jSrsus
36
VOCABULARY.
[spar-, scatterl, act sparingly,
spare. Them. 6, 5.
parCns, -entis, m. and f. (part, of
pari5, beget) [par-, breed\, one
who bears or begets; parent.
Them. 1, 2.
p&reO, 2, -ui, — , appear; obey,
submit to, comply with, Han.
8,3-
pars, I, prepare, prepare for,
have in view, Han. 2, 6.
pars, partis, F. \y\9.-,part,breed'\,
part ; some. Them. 3, 3 ; side,
Han. 12, 3.
partim, adv. (old ace. sing, of
pars, part), partly, in part ;
some, others. Them. 2, 8.
pamilus, -a, -um, adj. (dim. fr.
parvus, little), little. Them.
8,4.
parvus, -a, -um, adj. (for*paums,
fr. PAV-, little), small. Them.
5,3-
passus, -Qs, M. ^vsn-, go\, going ;
pace, step, Han. 6, 3.
patefacid, 3, -feci, -factus (pateo,
lie open ; faciS, make), make
or lay open ; open up, Han.
3,4-
pater, -tris, M. \VA-,/eed'\, father.
Them. 1,2; 9, 2.
pater nus, -a, -um, adj. (pater,
father), of a father, Han. i, 3.
patior, 3, passus sum, bear, en-
dure ; suffer, permit. Them. 3,
I ; 8, 7 ; 9, 4-
patria, -ae, f. (fem. of patrius,
of ancestors : sc. terra) ( father-
land), native country. Them.
7, 6; 9, 2; Han. i, 3; Aris.
If 4; »f 7-
patrius, -a, -um, adj. (pater,
father), of one's forefathers,
ancestral. Them. 7, 4.
paucus, -a, -um, adj. [i'AV-, little],
(sing.) small ; (plur.) few.
Them, x, i ; Han. 8, 4; 10, 4.
Paulus, -I, M., see Aemilius, Han.
4,4-
paupertas, -atis, v. (pauper, of
small means), scanty means,
moderate circumstances, Aris.
3, 2
Pausanias, -ae, m., Pausaniat, a
Spartan, son of Cleombrotus ;
he commanded the < Greeks at
the battle of I'lataea ; Aris.
2,2.
piz, pacis, F. [PAC-, fix\, com-
pact, treaty of peace : peace.
Them. 6, i; Han. 11, 2.
pecunia, -ae, f. (pecu, cattle, in
which wealth in the earliest
times largely consisted), wealth,
property ; money. Them. 2, 2 ;
Aris. 3, I.
pedes, -itis, m. (pSs, foot) [pkd-,
tread"], he who goes on foot ;
foot-soldier, infantry-man;^\\ix.,
infantry.
pedester, -tris, -tre, adj. (pes,
foot), on foot ; on land ; pe-
destris copiae, infantry; land
forces.
pello, 3, pepuli, pulsus [pf.l-,
drij'cl, drive ; drive out, banish,
Han. I, 3 ; drive back, rout,
Han. 4, I ; Aris. i, 4.
VOCABULARY.
i7
Peloponngsus, -I, f., rtlofo„„esus,
all that part of the Grecian pen-
insula south of the isthmus and
gulf of Corinth ; Han. 6, 3.
PenitSs, -ium, m. [pa-, fe(d\
household ifods, Penates. Them.
7,4-
pendS, 3, pependi.pensus [pand-,
Jerk, swinfr], muse to hati^;
down, iveitrh, pay, Han. 7, 5.
penes, prep. w. ace. [pa-, f(ed\
with, in the possession of.
Them. 7, 2.
pepuli, see pello.
per, prep. w. ace. [per-, through^
through, by way of, Han. 4,%.
pereS, -Ire. -IvI (-ii), -iturus (per,
throt4gh : e6, go), perish, die.
Them. 4, 2 ; 8, 6.
perferS, -ferre, -tull, -latus (per,
through; fero, bear), bear
through or to the end ; enaare,
Aris. 1,6; carry, convey; bring.
Them. 2, 6.
perfungor, 3, -functus sum (per,
completely; fungor, perform),
fulfil, perform, Han. 13, i.
Pergameni, -6rum, m., Pergame-
nians, inhabitants of the king-
dom of Pergamum in north-
western Asia Minor; Han. n, 7.
I'ergamenus, -a, -um, adj., ^orV
longingto Pergamum(\n Mysia),
Pergamenian, Han. 10, 2; n, 5.
periculum, -I, .n. [per., throttgi,',
try], trial; risk, danger, peril.
Them. 6, 2 ; Han. 9, 2.
pentus, -a, -um, adj. (part, of
♦perior, try; cf experior, fr.
per-, through, try), tried, expe-
rienced, skilftil.
Persae, -arum, M., /Vr«a«.f, origi-
nally the inhabitants of the
provinr ; of Persis. later of the
great Persian kingdom ; Them.
PeraSs, -ae, m., Persian (abl.
PeraS, u.sed adjectively with
rSge, Them. 8, 2), the sing, of
Persae.
perseverS, r (persevirus, %-ery
strict), adhere to strictly, con-
tinue steadfastly; persist, per-
severe. Them. 5, i.
Persicus, -a, -um, adj., Persian,
Them, a, 4.
Persis, -idis, f., strictly Persis, a
principal distrie. of the Persian
empire, but often put for Per-
sia, the entire Persian empire ;
Them. 10, i.
persuaded, a, -suasl, -suasus (per,
completely ; suideo, persuade),
persuade, convince. Them, a, 7 ;
5, I ; persuade ; prevail upon,
induce, Han. 8, i.
perterred, a, -terrul, -territus (per,
thoroughly; terreo, frighten),
frighten thoroughly, terrify.
Them. 4, 2.
pertineo, 2, -tinui, — (per,
through, to; teneo, hold), ex-
tend to ; relate or pertain to ;
serve, Han. 11, 3.
perveniS, 4, -veni, -ventus (per,
through, to ; venio, come), come
to, reach, arrive at, Them. 7 4 •
8»7-
«i9a
38
VOCAIJULARY.
petd, 3, ivl or -il, -itus [i'F.t-.
fall, fly\ fall upon ; aim at,
attack, 'I'hem. a, 6 ; I (an. la, 5 ;
seek to reach, go to, Ilan. 4, 2 ;
seek, llan. 11, 4; ask, ask for,
urge, request, Han. 7, 2.
Phalericus, -a, -um, adj., of
Phaleruni, PhalcriaH.
Philippus, -I, M., Philip, king of
Macedonia, 220-179 ii.c; Ilan.
a, I.
Piraeus, -1, M., Piraeus, the chief
port of Athens, established by
Themistocles.
placed, a, -ui, -itus [r\.\c-, please,
soothe], please, Them. 3. i ;
Aris. 1, 5.
plac5, I [PLAC-, please], appease,
calm, propitiate ; reconcile.
Plataeae, -arum, v., Plataea, a
town of Boeotia, the close ally
of Athens, and bitter foe of
Thebes ; close by it was fought
the battle of Plataea, 479 H.c,
in which the Greeks defeated
the Persians under Mardonius;
Aris. a, i.
plerusque, pleraque, plerumque,
adj. (a strengthened form of
plerus, a very great part), usu-
ally in plur., very many, most.
plumbum, -i, n., lead, Han. 9, 3.
pliirimus, -a, -um, adj. (superl. of
multus [plus, more]), fullest ;
very muck ; very many, most.
Them. 4, 2 ; quam plurimi, as
many as possible, Han. 10, 4.
plus, adv. (neut. ace. of plus the
adj.), more, Them. 5» 2 ; 5» 5-
plus, pluris, adj., cornp. of mul-
tus \y\.v.; fill], m.-tre. Them,
g, 3 ; in plur. (as a subst.), ma-
jority.
poena, -ae, v. [pv-, cleanse], expi-
ation ; punishment, penalty,
Han. 8, 2 ; Aris. i, 4.
Poenus, -I, M., a Carthaginian,
an inhabitant of Carthage ;
Han. 7, 7 ; 10, i.
poUiceor, a, -licitus (for •porli-
ceor, fr. por- [</. pr6], forth ;
liceor, l>iil), hold forth, offer;
promise. Them. 8, 6; 10, 2.
Polybius, -I, M., Polybii ', a
(ireek historian ; he resided in
Rome for many years, and was
an intimate friend of the
younger Scipio, whom he ac-
companied on his military ex-
peditions; Han. 13, I.
pdn5, 3, posuT, positus (for posi-
no, for old prep, por-, forth,
down ; sino, set), set down,
put ; place, Han. a, 6.
pdns, -ntis, M., bridge. Them.
5, I-
Pontus, -T, M., Pontus, a country
of northeastern Asia Minor
on the southern shore of the
Euxine sea; Han. 10, i.
populus, -T, M. (cf plebs, common
people, fr. V\X.;full ), the many ;
people, nation, Aris. i, 7 ;
Them, a, 2.
ports, 1, bear, carry, Han. 9, 2.
portus, -us, M. [per-, through],
harbor, fort. Them. 6, i ; 6, 2.
possidd, a, -sedl, -sessus (from
VOCAHULARV.
39
poaaideO, which is for porsideo,
fr. old prep, por-, /.;///, dene,, ;
•edeS, St/), have and hold, /v-
come master of, oaupy, take
possession of, Thum. 6, j.
possum, posse, potui (potis, ahle ;
sum, /v), he able, can, oe power-
ful. Them. 1, 3 ; j, s ; lo, i,
etc.
post, adv. [ros-, behind^, after-
wards; prep. w. ace, after,
Aris. 3, 4 ; shut, tvithin. Them.
5, 3 ; Ari.s. i, 3.
postea, adv. (post, after; ea,
these things), after this; after-
wards, later. Them. 2, 4 ; 8, 7.
posteaquam, conj. (postei, later;
quam, ///,/;/), <,//t.r, Han. 3^ 4.
[posterus], -a, -um, adj. (post,
later), earning after ; following,
next, Han. la, 2; Aris. 3, j.
postquam, conj. (post, later;
quam, ///,»«), <///^^, „j j^^„ ,,j^
w/f^//, Them. 6, 4 ; 7, 4; 9, 3;
Aris. I, 7.
postridie, adv. (*po8teru8,/V/<^</.
»«,4' .- dies, ^/,;i'), on the follo^u-
ingday, next day. Them. 4, 5.
postulS, I (r/ posc6, ,/,/«,///,/.
fr. PREC-, pray), demand, ask,
require, Han. la, 3.
potens, -entis, adj. (part, of pos-
sum, he able), able ; po^verfiil,
influential, Han. 2, i.
potestas, -atis, k. (potis, able),
ability; power, control, rule;
opportunity, Han. 9, i.
potior, 4, itus (potis, able), get
possession of, become master of
potissimum, adv. (potissimus,
strongest ), ehiejly, espe.ially,
in preference to all others.
Them. 9, I ; xo, 4 ; Han.
potius, adv. (potior, better, pref
crable), rather, more, in prefer-
ence. Them. 7, 6.
praebed, a, -bul, -bitus (prae, be-
fore ; habeo, hold), hold forth ;
offer, shmv, I Ian. 7, 5 ; furnish,
supply. Them. 10, 3.
praeceptor, -oris, m. (praecipid,
instruct ), instructor.
praeceptuni, i, n. (neut. part, of
praecipid, ttstruet, used suh-
•stantiveiy), direction, instruc-
tion, bidding, Han. n, 4.
praecipid, 3, -cepi, -ceptus (prae,
before: capiS, take), take he-
forehand, advise, warn, in-
struct, Han. 10, 5.
praecipuus, -a, -um, adj. (prae,
before: CAI'-, take), taken by
preference ; especial. Them.
6,2.
praedico, i (,/ praedico, /.// be-
fore), declare publicly, pro-
claim ; state, declare, report.
praedico, 3, -dixi, -diet us (prae,
before; dico, say), tell before-
hand, charge. Them. 7, 3.
praedo, -onis, m. (,/ praeda,
booty), one that makes booty,
plunderer, robber; praedonSs
maritimos, pirates. Them, a, 3.
praeferS, -ferre, -tulT, -latus (prae.
before ; fero, bear), bear or bring
before ; prefer, Han. 13, 4.
40
VOCAHUI.ARY.
praemiam, -l, m. (pr»e, hffore,
beyond; EM-, taie), somethin,;
taken above othert ; reward,
prize.
praesSns, -entis, adj. (pr«Mam, be
be/ore), present, at hand. Them.
a, I ; «, 4-
praesentU, -ae, f. (^imUxi*, pres-
ent), a being at hand ; in pr»e-
•eiitii, for the moment, then.
Them. 8, 4-
praesidium, -T, n. (praeiideS, sit
in front of), defense, protec-
tion, help ; garrison, troops
(plur.) , force, armed escort.
Them. 8, S ; intrenchments
(plur.), Han. ii, 4.
praestS, 1, -stitl, -stilus (pra», be-
fore ; 8td, stand ) , stand before,
be superior ; surpass, Han. 1,1;
fulfil, perform. Them. 10, 4 ;
make good, furnish. Them. 8, 4
praesum, -esse, -ful (prae, cn'er ;
•um, be), be o-Jer, be in charge,
be in command. Them. 4, 2 ;
Han. 7, I ; 8, 4 ; Aris. 3, 2.
praeter, prep. w. ace. [prae-
(PR(}-), before], past, beyond,
Han. 12, 4 ; Aris. i, 5.
praeterea, adv. (praeter, besides ;
ea, these things), beyond this,
besides, moreover, Han. 4, 4.
praetor, -oris, m. (for •praeitor,
from prae, before ; e6, go), one
that goes before, leader ; general,
Aris. a, i ; Them, a, i ; prae-
tor (a Roman magistrate rank-
ing just lower than a consul),
Han. 4, 3.
premfi, 3, pressi, pressu* [prem-,
piss], press, press hard, pur-
ine closely ; threaten ; bear
,l,m<n upon, Han. xi, 5; urge,
importune ; in pass., be affected
or afflicted with Han. 4, 3.
primQ, adv. (primui, first), at
/..St, first, in the first place.
Them. 6, 5 ; Han. 6, i.
primam, adv. (neut. of primus,
first ), first, in the first place.
Them, a, 3 ! 3i 2-
primua, -a, -urn, supcrl. adj.
[PRI-, before], foremost. Them,
a, I ; in primls, especially, Aris.
a, 2.
princepa, -cipis, adj. (primua,
first ; capiS, take, taking first
place), first ; foremost ; gener-
ally a subst., M., prominent
or leading man, Han. 9, 3 ;
leader, Han. a, 6.
principatus, -us, m. (princepa,
leader), leadership, chief place.
Them. 6, 3; Aris. 1, i.
pristinus, -a. -um, adj. [pri-,
before], former, Han. |a, 5.
prius, adv. (prior, sooner), sooner,
before; usually foil, by quam,
f rming priusquam ; Them.
7. 3-
priusquam, conj. (prius, snnner ;
qu than), hi fore, Ari>. a, i.
(Tiie component parts are
often separated by intervening
words ; see prius.)
privitus, -a, -um, adj. (part, of
privo, dipiifi), />clonL.:ing to an
individual, private; as a subst.,
V(H AUULARY.
41
priTltut, -f, M., a friviiU indi-
vidual, citizen.
prt, prep. w. ahl. [i-ro-, h.fore\
in front of; Jor, in return for,
Thet.i. 8, 7.
probO, I (probui, exnl/tnt), ///■
fro7e. Them, i, 2; a, S ; 10, 4.
procul, adv. {fti,/i>rw,ird; ( KI, ,
drive), dr/7,n forward ; at a
distance, fu off, afar.
pr5c&r&, I (pro,/*'/-, in hehalfof;
cQrO, exercise (are), care for ;
attend to. Them, a, 8.
prOdeO, 4, -il, -itus (pr6d = pr8,
forward ; ed, ,i;o), ,i;o or come
forward, appear. Them. 1, j ;
8, S-
pr&ditid, onis, f. (pr6d6, betray),
treason.
pr6d8, 3, -didi, -ditus (pr6, forth ;
d6, Kf'^'e), give out, disclose :
betray; hand down, Han.
8, 2.
prSducS, 3, -duxi, -ductus (pro,
forth ; duc6, lead or draw),
lead out ; draw out, Han. 5, 3.
proelium, i, n., battle. Them. 3,
3 ; Aris. a, i.
profanus, -a, -um, adj. (pro, be
fore ; finum, temple, a being
before, i.e., outside a tem-
ple), unholy, profane, common,
Them. 6, 5.
proficUcor, 3, -fectus {^xh, forth;
off; *faci8cor [facio], be):in to
make), set forward, set otit,
start, depart.
profiteor, a, -feisu.-* (pro, forth ;
out ; fateor, fr. fa-, show), de-
clare puhlily; declare one's self.
Them. 7, 4 ; state, I Ian. 11, 2.
pr6fllgft, I (pr6, forward, down ;
Fl.u;-, striie), strike dinvn, iK'er-
tkro7v ; rout. Han. 4, 2.
profugi6, 3, -fugl. — (pr«, for-
ward, away ; fugii, flee), Jtee
away, flee, escape, Han. 7, 6.
prSgredior, 3, -gressus (pr«,
forth ; gradior, step), ffo for-
ward ; ad7-ance. Them. 3, i.
prohibed, a, -ui, itus (prd, before,
in front; habed, hold), hold
back ; stop, prevent. Them. 6, 2.
pr6mptus, -a, -um, adj. (part, of
promd, bring forth), brought to
light ; at hand ; ready, quick.
Them, i, 4.
pr6patulum, -I, n. (prfipatulua,
open in front, open, f r. pro, be-
fore ; patulus, open), open
court, Han. 9, 3.
prope, prep. w. ace, near. Them.
10, 3 J as adv. in comp., pro-
pius, nearer, Han. 8, 3.
propers, adv. (properus, tfuick,
speedy), quickly, speedily. Han.
la, 4.
propinquus, -a, -um, adj. (prope,
near), near, adjacent. Them.
8, 5; Han. 5, i.
propius (comp. of prope), adv.,
nearer, Han. 8, 3.
propter, prep. w. ace. (prope,
near), near; on account of,
because of. Them, a, 6 ; 6, 2,
etc.
propugnaculum, -I, n. (pr6pugn6,
fight for, defend), that which
42
VOCAHl'LARY.
teri'ts for thfending : hulwnrk,
rampart, dtftusf, Thim. 7, 5.
pr&apiciO, 3, spexl, spectus (pr6,
forward; tpeclA, AW), look
out, watch, Han. la, 4-
prOtinua (tenun). alv. (prt, /or
ward ; ttnut, •ill the way to),
right onward, on, forward.
Them. 4, i.
pr&vide6. 2, -vldi, -visus (pr6,
btforf : vide*, ^ee), see before
one; fonsc . fCUiird attain ^t,
take f'rc-caHiiom, Han 9, i-
prozimuii, -■!, 'm, ^ p^rl. adj..
nearest. Them. 9, t , «<-r,'. 1 Ian.
3, 2; f/w^ ^j, H:^' u, 4'
prQdentia, -ae, v. (prfldfins, /f>-<-
seeing), foresight ; wiidom,^ood
judgment ; shrewdness. Them.
5, 3-
Prusiis, -ae, or Prfliia, -ae, m.,
a king of Biihynia to whom
Hannibal fled for refuge ; as
he failed to afford him protec-
tion, Hannibal was compelled
to end his own life ; Han. xo,
2; la, I : la, 3.
publics, adv. (pflblicus, of the
state), in the name of the state.
Them. 8, 5 ; Han. 3, i ; Aris.
3,3-
publics, I (pflblicuB, of the state),
make the property of the state,
confiscate.
p&blicu), -a. um. adj (contracted
from populicut, ir- * populM,
peof'le, state), of or Ihlonj^nig
/.■ the people or stat,\ Them.
3, 1.
puer, -erl, M., boy ; sen ant, slate.
Han. la, 4.
puerulus, T, .m. (dim. of pu«r,
boy), little boy, Han. a, v
p&gna, ae, f. [i-vc;-, strike jight,
battle, Ari». a, i.
pugnft, 1 (pflgna, battle), fight,
contend, Han. 5, 1 ; 10, 4-
puppil, -is, F., stern of a vessel,
Han. II, 6.
putfl, X (putus, clean, bright, fr.
rv-, cleanse), cleanse, go oi'er in
detail ; consider. Them. 1,1;
6,5
Pydna, -ae, v., Pydna ■. i-wn of
Macedonia, cv h'" s.i. 'i."'.;
Them. 8, 5.
Pyrinaeus, -r. ■';'m. .I'-i}-
naean, of .'■'<< .'''r'.'i; v, '!".■
range of rH>.i::'.,''ii;.. •' ''*.v..i;,i
Spain and (it-ui i'.i j,
Pythia, -ae, k., ;;'*-, »: *
priestess of Apo)lc i. T; . ■!.. ;
her utterances when I'l a kind
of frenzy were interpreted by
the priests of the temple, and
given out to questioners of the
oracle as the answers of the
god ; Them, a, 6.
VtXAHULARV.
43
Q., al>breviatinn for Qulntus.
quAdringtni, ac, a, dwtrih. num.
adj. (quadrlngentl, four hiin
drtJ), four huHdrCii ,aifi, Aris.
quadringenti, ae. -a. num. a«lj.
(qaattuor /i'ur ; c vntum, ////«-
drc'J), j\itr huitJit-ii, Them.
a. 5
quaerO, 3, quaeslv! or quaesil,
quaesltiis [«jv,\ks , s(ek\, lock
for, seek, I Ian. 11, j; nek to
get, seek Jo gain, Them. 3, z ;
ask, itKjuire, Aris. i, 4.
quam, interrog. and rel. adv. (ace.
fern, of qui), /« whut ni,i>inet;
how, Aris. 3, 4; (correlative
w. tam in comp.), as, Han.
9,4; (after comparatives) M/?«,
Aris. 3, 2 ; (with super!.) as, as
possible, joined to the positive,
e.g., Han. xo, 4 ; quam plQri-
aiis, as many as possible.
quandiii, rel. adv. (quam, as;
dia, long), as long is. Them.
9, 2 : Han. 5, 4 ; 13, 3.
quamqaam, conj. (case form of
quiiquii, wkoet-er), li,<~,vn'er ;
although, Aris. i, 3.
quants, adv. (abl. neut. of quan-
tus, as much), by as much as,
Han. I, I ; by how much, Aris.
1,2.
quantum, -T, n. (quantut, hmo
much), interrog. pron. u.sed
substantively, how much, Aris.
3i '•
quanttts, a, -um. pron. adj.
(pron. St., <A-. «'//.), (.,) inter-
rog. or exclam., him< mu,li,
ho-u> great. Them, a, 4; (/•) rel.,
as Hiiiih as, as great as, as (w.
correlative tantut); tantd . . .
quantd, <;/m</<7/ . . .as, Han.i,i.
quire, adv. (qui, l>y what; ti,
mains), by what mrans ; where-
/I't,-. ■u'/iv, for what rcii'oii,
Thew 7, 2; Aris. i, 4; Han.
II, ;; consiqueHtly, therefore,
Th»ni 7, 6; Han. 3, 6.
qoartua, -a, -um. ati= (quattuor,
four), fourth, Ari.s. 3, 4.
que, enclitic conj., and.
queror, 3, (juestus [',>vvs-, sigh,
lamtiif\ iOHipLiiH, Them. 7, 2.
qui, a<lv. <o|(! abl. of qui), where-
U'if~, xuhereby, Aris. 3, 2.
qui, quae, quod, .-l. pr(-n. (pron.
St., I A-, who), who, which,
what, that, Aris. i, 3 ; a, i, et<
qui, quae, quod, interrog. pron.
[pron. .St.. c.\-. who], who,
ivhich, what; cf. quia. Quia
asks the name ; qui, the nature
or characirr.
qnicuraqae, quaecumque, quod-
cumquc. indef. rel. pron. (qui,
who: cmaque, indef. suffix),
(j) y^Mt., whoever, whosoer<er ;
(b) adj., whate-, er, whatsoez'er.
quidam, quaedam, quoddam and
iuiddam .'sulMt), indef. pron.,
a certain ame, a certain, certain,
several, Aris. i, 4.
44
VOCABULARY.
quidem, adv., indeed^ Aris. i, 3;
to be sure, certainly ; hut, hoiu-
ever, yet, Han. 2, 6.
quin, conj. (nom. or abl. qui,
who, by which ; -n6, not), by
which not; who not ; but that,
Han. 2, s; II, 2.
quinquageni, -ae, -a, distrib. num.
adj. (quinquaginti, _fi/ty), fifty
each. Them. 10, 3.
quinque, indecl. num. adj., five,
Han. 3, 2; 8, I. j
quinquies, adv. (quinque, five),
five times, Han. 5, 3.
Quintius, -i, m., Titus Quintius
Flamininus, see Flamininus,
Han. 12, I.
Quintus, -i, m., Quintus, a Roman
praenomen ; Han. 13, i.
quia, quid, interrog. pron. [pron.
St., CI-, whol, who ? which ?
what? Han. 11,6; cf. qui.
quis, qua, quid, indef. pron. (w.
si, nisi, nS, num) [pron. st., ci-,
who], any one, anything, any,
Han 2, 6; g, 2.
quisnam, quaenam, quidnam,
interrog. pron. (quis, who;
-nam, adding emphasis), who,
fray i what now ? what then ?
who ? which ? what ? Them.
2,6.
quisquam, — , quicquam or
quidquam, indef. pron. (quis,
any one ; quam, indef. suffix),
any one whatever, any one, any-
thing, Them. 2,4; Han. 10, i ;
as adj., any at all, any.
quisque, quaeque, quodque (adj.)
and quidque, indef. pron. (quis,
who ; -que, indrf. suffix), who-
ci'er it be ; each, every, each
one, every one, Aris. 3, i.
qu6, adv. and conj. (old dat. and
abl. form of qui), to what place,
whither, where; interrog., Han.
9, I ; on which account, where-
fore, whence, Them. 3,4; ( =
ut eo), in order that, so that,
that, Aris. 3, i. ,
quod, conj. (ace. neut. sing, of
rel. qui, as to which), where-
fore, Han. I, 2; in that, for
that, because, since, Aris. 2, 2.
quoniam, conj. (quom, when,
since; iam, now), since or
when now ; since, seeing that,
because. Them. 10, 5.
quoque, conj., also, too (placed
after an emphatic word), Han.
3, I-
quotannis, adv. (quot, how many,
all, every ; annus, year), year-
ly, annually, et'ery year. Them.
2, 2 ; 10, 3 ; Han. 7, 4 ; Aris.
I.
quotienscumque, adv. (quotiens,
ho7i> often; -cumque, indef.
suffix), ho7i< often soever ; as
often as, whenever, Han. i, 2.
VOCABULARY.
45
ratiS, -onis, f. [ra-, count], reckon-
ing, account; view, opinion,
plan, Han. lo, 3.
ratus, -a, -um, adj. (part, of reor,
think), fixed, c-'rtain, sure.
recipid, 3, -cepi, -ceptus (re-, back
again ; capio, take), take back.
rfgii, -orum, .m., nobles of the
king's court.
regnS, i (regnum, rule), be king,
reign. Them. 9, i.
regnum, -i, n. [rec-, guide],
royal authority, sovereigntv ;
kingdom, Han. 12, i.
retake, recoz>er. Them. 7, 6; Xiligib, -oL, v.\xj, back ; 1.IG.,
take back, receive, welcome.
Them. 8, 4 ; se recipere, betake
one's self, return, retreat, Han.
II, 2.
reciis5, 1 (re-, against; causa,
fr. CAV-, watch), make excuses
against ; object, Han. 12, 3.
reddo, 3, -didi, -ditus (red-, back ;
do, give), give back, restore;
deliver ; render, Them. 2, I.
redeo, -Ire, -il, -itus (red-, back;
•®i /?■'')> ffo or come back, return ;
lie, bind), respect for the gods, re-
ligion; conscientiousness. Them.
8,4.
relinquo, 3, -IlquI, -lictus ^re-, be-
hind ; linquo leave), leave be-
hind, leave, leave remaining.
Them. 9, i ; Aris. 3, 2 ; leave,
go away from, abandon. Them.
2, 8.
reliquiae, -arum, f. (reliquus, re-
maining), remainder, remnant.
Them. 5, i.
come in, proceed, Ih^txiy, 2, 2; reliquus, -a, -um, adj. (re-, be
iO| 3
reditus, -us, m. (red-, back; 1-,
go), returning; return.
refers, -ferre, rettull, relatus (re-,
back; fero, bear), bring back,
carry back, return ; se referre,
betake one's self retreat, return.
hind; l.igv-, leave; cf relin-
quo, leave behind), remaining,
rest of, other. Them. 2, 8 ; 6, 5 ;
remaining, future, subsequent.
Them. 2, i ; a.s a .>iubst. in
plur., reliqui, -orum, .m., the
rest, Han. 6, 4.
Han. 6, 7; gratiam referre, remitto, 3, -misl, -mls.Mis (re-
requite, reward. Them. 8, 7. back; mitto, send, let ,-.), send
regis, -onis, f. [rec, guide], d,- back; release. Them. 7 v ,
rection ; region, quarter, dis- 6. '» J - /,
Urri oi^!"""' ' •"'"'■' """'^''^' removes, 2, -movT. -mr.tus (re-,
,zIZ"'"^^' ,. ^""^^'' ««"y''' moved, mot'e),
regius, -a -um, adj. (r6x, king), m<Kr awav ; remot,e, Han. 2
ofoxoelonging to a king royal, , ; put out of the way, destroy,
kingly; as sub.st. in plur., Han. 10, 3.
•I'm
46
VOCABULARY.
renorS, i (re-, again ; novS, make
new), renew, Aris. 3, i.
renuntid, x (re-, back; la&aXih,
announce), carry back word,
report, Han. la, 5 ; revoke,
break off.
reor, a, ratus [ra-, reckonl, think,
Them. 7, 4 ; Han. 7, 6.
repellS, 3, rf ;puli (repull), repul-
sus (re-, back; pello, drive),
drive back, repel, Aris. 3, i.
repente, adv. (repins, sudden),
suddenly, Han. 11, S-
repentinus, -a, -um, adj. (repine,
sudden), sudden ; unexpected,
Han. 5, 2.
reperiS, 4, repperi or reperl, re-
pertus (re-, again ; PAR-, pro-
duce), produce agatn ; find,
discover, ascertain. Them, i, 3;
Han. II, 3.
rep5, 3, repsi, reptus [sarp-,
creep ; cf. serpins], creep, Han.
3, 4-
repdnd, 3, -posui, -positus (re-,
back, away; pono, put), put
back or away ; store up, Han.
7, 5-
reprimd, 3, -press!, -pressus ^re-,
back ; prer ^, press), press uck,
check, restrain, calm, Aris.
1,4-
res, rei, F. [ra-, count], thing,
circumstance, matter, act, affair,
Aris. a, 2 ; 3, 2 ; Them. 6, 4 ;
7, 2 ; cause, reason ; deed, ex-
ploit, Han. 13, 2 ; fact, Han.
7, 7 ; property, Han. 10, i ;
res publica, public affairs, poli-
tics, state ; ris miuails, science
of war ; r5s familiiris, prop-
erty ; rem gerere, fight, conduct
a battle, act. Them. 5, 1 ; Han.
8, 4-
resciscd, 3, -sclvi or -scii, -scitus
(re-, again ; seised [inceptive of
sei6], seek to know), learn, as-
certain, find out, Han. 8, 2.
resists, 3, -stiti, — (re-, back,
against; sistS, stand), stand
back, stand against, resist, op-
pose, Han. 5> ' ; 5i 4-
respici5, 3, -spexi, -spectus (re-,
back ; * speciS, look), look back ;
look back upon, regard. Them.
8, 4-
responded, 2, -spondi, -sponsus
(re-, in return ; spondeo, prom-
ise), present in return ; answer,
reply, respond. Them, a, 6 ;
Aris. I, 5, etc.
resp5nsum, -i. n. (responded, re-
ply), something answered ; an-
swer, reply. Them, a, 7 ; Han.
7,4-
restitu5, 3, -ui, -utus (re-, again ;
status, set up), set up again ;
restore, rebuild, reestablish.
Them. 6, 2; Aris. i, 7.
retined, a, -tinui, -tentus (re-,
back ; tened, hold), holdback;
hold ; retain, keep, Them. 7, 2.
reverter, 3, -versus sum (re-,
back; vert6[r], turn), turn
back ; return, Them. 5, 2 ; 9, 3.
revoc9, i (re-, back; voeo, call),
call back, recall, Han. 6, i ;
7,4-
VOCABULARY.
47
r6x, regis, m. [reg-, guide],
king. Them. 3, i ; 4, 2 ; Han.
6,1.
Rhodanus, -1. m., Rhone, a large
river of Gaul emptying into
the Mediterranean (Mare In-
ternum) ; I Ian. 4, i ; 6, i.
Rhodi (Rhodii), -orum m., Rho-
dians, the people of Rhodes,
an island olf the southwestern
coast of Asia Minor ; Han. 8,
4 ; 13, 2-
riSUS, -us, M. (rideo, laugh), laugh-
ter, laugh, Han. 11, 5.
rdbustus, -a, -um, adj. (r6bai,
strength), strong, powerful,
Han. 10, 2.
rog5, I , ask, request, entreat.
Them. 9, 4 ; Han. 7, 3.
R5ma, ae, v., Rome, the capital
of the Roman empire, situated
on the Tibe- in I.atium, a
division of Italy ; Han. 5, i ;
12, I ; la, 2.
RSmanus, -a, -um, adj., Roman,
Han. 7, 2 ; as subst. in plur.,
RSmAni, -Grum, M., Romans,
Han. 5, 2; 7, I.
ruber, -bra, -brum, adj. [rvb-,
red], red, Han. a, i.
8
sacellam, I, n. (dim. fr. sacrum,
sacred thing, sanctuary), ,7 littU
sanctuary ; in Them. 6, 5,
stones of a sanctuary.
sacer, -era, - f "U, adj. \?,.kc-, fas-
ten], dedicaii.d ty a divinity;
consecrated, hallotved, sacred.
Them. 6, 5 ; neut. plur. as
subst., sacra, -orum, N., reli-
gious worship. Them, a, 8 ;
mysteries.
sacerd5s, -dotis, m. and v. (sacer,
sacred; DA-, give), priest.
Them. 2, 8 ; 4, i.
sacrarium, -J, n. (sacer, sacred),
a place for keeping sacred
things, sh rine, chapel, sanctuary.
Them. 8, 4.
sacrifice, 1 (sacrum, sacrifice ;
FAC-, make), offer sacrifice ;
sacrifice, Han. 3, 4.
saepe, adv., often, frcijuently.
Them, i, 3 ; comp. saepius,
repeatedly, very often.
saepio, 4, .saepsi, saeptus (saep^s,
hedge), hedge in, surround.
Them. 7, ;
Saguntum, -i, .v., Saguntum, a
town of eastern Spain, on the
Mediterranean , the besieging
and capture of this by Hanni-
bal led to the breaking out of
the Second Punic War.
Salaminius, -a, -um, ;.dj. (Sala-
mis), of Salamis. Them 6, 3
Salamis, -inis (ace. Salamina), f.
Salamis, an island in the Saronic
gulf, off the coast of Attica;
close by this, in 4S0 n.c, the
united Greek fleet defeated the
fleet of Xerxes ; Them, a, 8 ;
3. 4 ; 9, 3 ; Aris. a, i.
,JArX,irit\^- AJV'k*^^
48
VOCAbULAkV.
MltUS, -us, M., ravine, mountain
pass, Ilan. 3, 4; 4, 3 ; in Han.
3, 3, perhaps Ijest trans, moun-
tain chain.
salum, -I, N., open sea, high sea,
Them. 8, 7.
salus, -litis, K. (cf. salvus, sound),
soundness, health ; safety, Ilan.
II, 4 ; safety, deliverance, recov-
ery ; benefit, help, Them. 3, 4.
sarmentum, i, n. (for *sarp-men-
tum, fr. sarpo, fr. sarp-, trim,
prune), twig; plur., twigs, brush-
wood, Han. 5, 2.
satis, adv. [sa-, sate^ enough,
sufficient, sufficiently, tolerably.
Them. 6, 5 ; Han. 10, 5 ; comp.
satius, better.
saucius, -a, -um, adj., hurt,
wounded, Han. 4, i.
SCapha, -ae, F. (<rKd0r;), small
boat, skiff, Han. 11, 1.
scilicet, adv. (scire, to hnow ;
licet, /■/ is permitted), you tnay
kno-.i' ; evidently, Han. 12, 3 ;
that is to say.
scio, 4, scivi or scii, scTtus [sci-,
split, distinguish], distinguish ;
know be aware, Han. 9, 2.
SCitum, -J, N. [sci-, j/ '//, distin-
guish], decree, Aris. x, '
Scipio, -unis, M., {a) P. Corne-
lius Scipio, consul 218 B.C., de-
feated repeatedly by Hanni-
bal ; {h) P. Cornelius Africa-
nus Major, son of (a), defeated
Hannibal at Zama in 202 11. c.
and ended the Second Punic
War; Ilan. 4, i ; 6, i.
scribd, 3, scrips!, scriptus [scarp-,
cut, scratch], scratch; write,
state. Them. 9, i ; 10,4; Aris.
1,4.
sS, see sui.
sed, conj. (old abl. of tui, by it-
self, apart), but, but yet, yet,
however, Aris. i, 5; Them. 9,
I ; 10, 4 ; non solum . . . sed
etiam, not only . . . but also.
segregS, i (s8-, aside ; grex,
flock), separate from the flock,
separate, keep out, exclude,
Han. 2, 3.
seiungd, 3, -iunxi, -iunctus (se-,
"dis-"; iwnga, join), disunite;
separate, Han. 3, 4.
semper, adv. [sem-, like ; -per,
through], always, at all times,
Han. I, 2 ; 12, 5.
Semprdnius, -i, m., Scmpronius,
a Roman family name.
senatus, -us, m. [sen-, old],
council of elders, senate. Them.
7, 4 ; Han. 7, 3 ; audience of
the senate, Han. 7, 6.
sentid, 4, sensi, sensus [sent-,
feel], perceive by the senses,
fee!, Han. 2, 2 ; perceive, be
aware of. Them. 8, 6.
sepeliS, 4, -ivT or -ii, sepultus,
bury, inter. Them. 10, 3.
septingenti, -ae, -a, num. adj.
(septem, sei'en ; centum, hun-
dred), seven hundred. Them.
septuagesimus, -a, -um, adj.
(septuagintfi, se-oenty), the seven-
tieth, Han. 13, I.
:i^j&*':
woasmm^:
VOCAHULARV.
49
■epulcrum, -l, n. (upeiid, finry),
tomb. Them. lo, j.
■equor, 3, secfitus sum [skc-,
foUow\, follow, attend, 'Ihem.
a, 5-
aermO, -onis, m. [skr-, string,
bind], connected discourse, dis-
cussion ; conversation, Tliem.
10, I.
serpens, -entis, f. or m. (part, of
serpo, creep), the crcepini; ani-
mal, scr/rent, snake, Han. 10,
4; 10, 5; II, 6.
Servilius, -I, m., Serz<ilius, a
Roman family name ; .see
Geminus.
servid, 4, -IvI or -il, -itus (serrus,
slave), serve; he subject to;
devote one's self to. Them.
servulus, -I, m. (dim. of senrus,
slave), little slave, slave, Han.
8,2.
servus, -I, m. [skr-, string, bind],
slave. Them. 4, 3 ; 6, 5.
setius (secius), adv., comp. [sec-,
follow], in a less degree, less.
sex, num. adj. (</. Eng. six),
six. Them. 5, 2.
sexageni, -ae, -a, distrib. num.
adj. (sezaginta, sixty), stx/y
each, sixty at a time, Aris. 3, i.
sextus, -a, -urn, adj. (sex, six),
sixth, Aris. i, 7.
81, conj., ;/, in case that, Aris. 3, i.
sic, adv. (loc. form of pron. st.,
SA-, this ; -ce, demonst. suffix),
in this manner, thus, so; tn
like manner.
signified, I (signum, sign, signal;
KA(--, mahe), point out, indicate,
intimate ; mean, signify. Them,
a, 7-
signum, -I, n., mari; sign, indi-
cation ; signal, Han. 11, i ;
seal.
Silenus, -i, m., Silenus, a Greek
historian ; he wrote of Sicilian
affairs, of the campaigns of
Hannibal, and of Roman his-
tory; Han. 13, 3.
simul, adv. [sim-, together, lihe],
together, Aris. a, 2 ; at the same
time, Han. 2, 4; simul atque
(ic), as soon as.
simuld, I (simiiis, like), make
like, assume appearance of, pre-
tend, feign.
sine, prep. w. abl., 7vithout.
singuli, -ae, -a, distril). num. adj.
[siM-, like], one by one, indi-
vidually. Them. 4, 4.
sive or seu, conj., or if, sive . , .
sive, whether . . . or. Them.
6,5-
societas, -atis, f. (socius, com-
panion), participation, associa-
tion ; alliance, league, Aris. a, 3.
s51um, adv. (solus, alone), only,
merely, Han. 11,7; usually in
the expression non solum . . .
sed etiam, not only . . . but also.
solus, -a, -um, gen. -lus, alone,
only. Them. 6, 5.
SOlvo, 3, solvl, solutus (s§-,
apart ; luo, loose), loose ; open,
Han. II, 3; pay; n&ves sol-
vere, weigh anchor, Han. 8, 2.
m(!'K^mB*Jin->'sinmsm^r*sm-¥m(
50
VOCABULARY.
SStilos, -I, M., Sosilus, a Spartan ;
a writer of history ; Han. 13, 3.
8pe€tS, I (intens. of tpedfi, iook
at), look, aim. Them. 6, 3.
8p*s, spel, K., hope, Han. 8, i.
sponte (abl. of noun *ap5B8,
•pontis), of one's own accord,
voluntarily. Them. 10, 4.
statim, adv. [sta-, stand'\, stead-
ily ; immediately, straightioay.
Them. 4, 4.
statua, -ae, f. [sta-, stcmd\
statue. Them. 10, 3.
statu5, -ul, -utus (status, station),
set, place ; erect ; desire, deter-
mine.
8tru5, 3, struxi, structus [strv-,
spread\, bring together, heap
up ; build, raise, Them. 6, 4-
stulte, adv. (atultus, foolish),
foolishly, stupidly, Han. 8, 3.
subigS, 3, -egT, -actus (sub, un-
der ; ag5, drive, bring), bring
under ; subjugate, subdue, over-
come, Han. 3, 2.
subsum, -esse, — , — (sub, under,
at hand ; sum, be), be under-
neath, lie concealed. Them. 4, 5.
succumbs, 3, -cubu! (sub, under;
CVB-, bend, lie), yield, submit.
Them. 5, 3.
sufficid, 3, -feci, -fectus (sub, un-
der, in place of; faciS, make),
put under or in place of, elect
as successor, elect in one's stead,
Han. 3, I.
suffragium, -i, n. (cf sulfrigor,
vote for), voting tablet, ballot,
vote.
stti, sibi, s€ or sese, sing, and
plur. pron., 3d pers., (a) direct
reflex., himself, herself, itself,
themselves. Them, i, 3 ; a, 6;
8, 4; Aris. a, 3; (b) indirect
reflex, (in dependent clause,
referring to subj. of principal
clause), he, she, it, they. Them.
7, 1 ; 10. 4-
SulpiciuB, -I, M., (a) Publius
Sulpicius Galba, a Roman con-
sul in 200 B.C. ; Han. 7, i ;
(b) Sulpicius Blitho, a writer
of Roman history ; Han. 13, i.
sum, esse, fui, futurus [ks-, be ;
cf elfd; FV-, breed; cf ipvu],
be, be placed. Them. 7, 2 ; be,
be standing; be, prove. Them.
a, 4-
summa, -ae, f. (summus, highest),
highest part, top, Han. 9, 3 ;
chief point; chief part, Han.
8, 3 ; Aris. a, 2 ; with impeii
meaning chief command, Han.
3, ^^'tc.
summus, -a, -um, adj. (superl. of
superus, upper), uppermost ;
highest, greatest, utmost. Them.
7i 2 i 7, 3-
sumS, 3, sumpsi, sumptus (for
*sabimo, fr. sub, from below ;
EM-, take), take up ; take, Han.
", 5: .r''' Them. 10,3.
superior, -ius, gen. -oris, adj.
(comp. of superus, high),
higher; earlier, former. Them.
a, 8; superior, stronger, Han.
8, 4-
8uper5, I (superus, above), rise
mm
^mmm.
VOCABULARY.
51
above; f ass around, sail around,
double. Them. 3, 3 ; overcome,
conquer. Them. 5, 2.
supersum, -esse, -f ul (luper, over ;
■um, be), be over, be left, remain.
Them. 7, 2 ; Han. 7, 5.
aupplex, -plicis, adj. (sub, under;
PLEC-, fold), kneelinf^ down,
(hence) humble, beseeching; as
a subst., suppliant. Them.
8, 5.
supra, adv. and prep. w. ace.
(for supers, abl. of superus,
upper ; sc. parte), on the upper
side; above, Han. 11, 5; prep.,
beyond.
suscipiS, 3, -cepi, <eptus (sub,
from below ; capiS, take), take
up ; undertake. Them. 6, 5 ;
incur ; enter upon, Han. 7, 3.
SUspIciS, -onis, V. (tub, from un-
der; SPEC-, see, spy [a look-
ing at secretly]), mistrui.' ;
suspicion; indication, appear-
ance.
sustineS, 2, -tinul, -tentus (subs
= sub, from under, up ; teneo,
hold), hold up, stisttiiit : with-
stand, hold out against. Them.
3, i; Han. 11, 4.
sustuli, see toUo.
suua, -a, -um, poss. adj. (cf. su!,
of himself, itself, etc.), his oxon,
his, her own, her, its own, its,
their own, their ; as a sub.st.,
one's own, one's soldiers, etc.
Syxitif -ae, F., Syria, a country
of Asia lying on the eastern
end of the Mediterranean Sea;
Han. 7, 6 ; 8, 4.
T., abbreviation for Titus ; Han.
12, I.
tabellarius, -I, m. (tabella, 7urit-
ing tablet; dim. fr. tabula),
letter carrier ; messenger, Han.
II, i; II, 2.
talentum, -i, n. (riXoi^oi',
weight), talent, first a (Jrecian
weight varying in different
states, then a sum of money
varying in amount ; the Attic
talent amounted to $1080. For
a careful computation of its
value, see White and Morgan's
Dictionary of Xenophon's
Anabasis under rdXamov.
talis, -e, demonst. adj. [pron. st.,
TA-, thati, of such a kind, such.
Them. 2, 18; 10, i; this, the
following, Han. 9, 3: 10, 3;
this, the preceding, Han. 11, i.
tarn, adv. [pron. st., ta-, thai\, to
such a degree; so, .Aris. i, 5;
so much, Han. 9, 4; as much,
Han. 8, 3.
tamen, adv. [pron. st., ta-, that],
for all that, nevertheless, still,
j^-A Them. 3, 3; Aris. i, 3.
52
VOCABULARV.
Tamphilus, -I, m., Tamphilus,
see Baebius, Man. 13, i.
tamquam, adv. (tam, as much ;
quam, as), as much as ; as if.
Just as if, Han. 3, 2.
tantS, adv. (abl. of tantus, so
much), by so mtuh, so much,
so much the, Man. i, i.
tantum, adv. (neut. ace. of tan-
tus, so great), so much, so far;
only so much, only, merely,
Man. 10, 5. i
tantua, -a, -urn, adj. [pron. st., ta-,
M<r/ ], of such a size or measure ;
so large, so great, so vast, Them.
5, i; Aris. 1, 4 ; 3, 2.
tempestas, -atis, f. (tempua,
time), portion of time j storm,
tempest, Them. 8, 6.
templum, -I, n. [tem-, cut; cf
rifuvoi, sacred enclosure], place
marked off and consecrated to
sacred uses, sacred enclosure,
temple, Han. 9, 3 ; g, 4.
tempus, -oris, n. [tf.m-, cut],
section of time, time, Aris. 3, 2;
crisis; opportunity, Man. a, 3.
tene5, 2, -ul, — [ten-, stretch],
have, hold, Han. 2, 4 ; keep,
hold. Them. 8, 7.
Terentius, -I, m., Caius Teren-
tius Varro, Roman consul in
216 B.C.; he e.scaped from the
disastrous field of Cannae with
a few followers ; Han. 4, 4.
terra, -ae, f. [for *tersa, fr. ikrs-,
parch], the earth, land ; Them.
2, 4; 3, '•
terrestria, -e, adj. (terra, earth.
land), of the land, land (adj.).
Them, a, 5.
terror, -oris, m. [ters-, shake,
scare], terror, alarm, panic,
Man. 5, 2; 8, i.
tertiQ, adv. (ahl. of tertius,
third), for the third time,
Man. 4, 2; 6, 1.
tertiua, -a, -um, num. adj. [ter-,
three], third, Man. 3, 3.
testor, I (</ teatia, witness), bear
witness ; declare, assert. Them.
4, 2-
testula, -ae, f. (dim. of tiata,
tile), a small tile or potsherd,
voting tablet. Them. 8, i; Aris.
Themistocles, -i and -is (ace.
ThemistoclSn), m., Themisto-
cles, a celebrated Athenian
statesman and general. His
influence led the Athenians to
build a navy, and his .strategy
prevented Xerxes and his host
from subjugating Greece ;
Them. I, 1, etc. ; A lis, 1,1.
Thermopylae, -arum, f., Ther-
mopylae, literally "The Hot
Gates," the famous deii!' o:'
Mount Oeta where Leonid.'-
and his band perished rather
than retreat ; Them. 3, i ; 4,
I ; Antiochus of Syria was de-
feated there by the Romans
in igi B.C.; Han. 8, 3.
Thucydides, -is, m., Thucydides,
a celebrated Greek historian
who lived at the time of the
Peloponnesian war, of which
VOCABULARY,
53
he wrote a most carefully pre-
oared and valuable history ;
'Ihem. I, 4; 9, I.
Tiberis, -is, m., //Ar, the river
upon which Rome is situated.
Tiberius, -I, m., a Roman prae-
nomen ; see Gracchus, Longus.
times, a, -ui, — [tim-, stun], /far,
dread.
timor, -oris, M. [iim-, stuti\,fear,
alarm, apprehtusioK
tolls, 3, sustuli, sublatus [nil.-,
/'// ; perf . and perf. part, bor-
rowed from suffers], take tip,
remove, Han. 9, 4; put out of
the way, destroy, kill, Han.
5,3-
totidem, indecl. adj. (tot, so
many ; -dem, demonst. ending),
just as many, the same number
of, Tliem. 2, S.
t6tU3, -a, -um, gen. totius, adj.,
whole, all.
tradS, 3, -did!, -ditus (trSns,
across, cx'er ; do, give), hand
oi'er, pass over. Them. 2, S.
traduco, 3, -duxl, ductus (trans,
across : duco, lead), lead over,
Han. 3, 4.
transeo, -ire, -Ivi or -if, -itus
(trins, across ; eo, j^^o), ^^o oz'er,
cross 07'er, cross. Them. 9, i ;
Han. 3, 3.
trar.sfero, -ferre, -tuli, -latus (also
tr.ilatus) (trans, across ; fero,
■'■■',■■:■), bear over; traus/er,
shiji, Aris. 3, 2.
tranaigo, 3, -egl, -actus (trins,
throuifh ; ago, drive), drive
throui^h, complete ; in pass, of
time, pass, ji^'o by. Them. 9, 4.
trSnsitus, -us, .m. (tr4ns, across;
'-- A'")- .C"'«,;' «?»■/-, pa.isiHi,' oi'er,
crossing, Han. 3, 4.
Trasumenus, -f, .m., Trasume-
*iUf. lake in Ktruria near
I'erusia, famous for Hannibal's
victory over the Romans under
Flaminius in 217 ii.c; Han.
4, J.
Trebia, -ae, m., Trebia, a river
of northern Italy, flowing into
the I'f) ; it is celebrated for
Hannibal's victory over the
Romans in 218 b.c. ; Han. 6, 1.
trecenti, -ae, -a, num. adj. (trSs,
three ; centum, hundred), three
ndrcd. Them. 3, 2.
trSs, tria, num. adj. (cf. TptU and
Eng. three), three. Them. 7, j.
tribw5, 3, -ui, -utus (tribus, tribe,
third part; cf. group TR[-,
three), assign, attribute; give,
bestow.
triennium, -J, n. (trSs, three;
annus, year), a space of three
years, three years, Han. 3, 2.
triginta, indecl. num. adj. (cf.
trSs, three, and [dejcem, ten),
thirty. Them. 5, 2.
triplex, -icis, adj. (ter, thrice;
I'l.KO, fold), threefold, triple.
Them. 6, i.
triremis, -is, k. (ter, thrice;
remus, oar), a vessel 7uith three
banks of oars, a trireme. Them.
2,8.
Troezen, -enis (ace. TroezSna),
mmm
^fflC
14
VOCABULARY
F., Troeun, a city of Argolis
in northeastern Peloponnesus ;
Them, a, 8.
tropaeiun, -i, n. (r^atov), a
sign and memoriai of victory,
trophy ; victory. Them. 5, 3.
t&, gen. tui, plur. vos, gen. ve-
Btrdm or vostrflm, vestri or
vostri, pers. pron., thou, you,
Han. a, 6.
tueor, a, tutus [tv-, watch,
guard 1, look at; watch m>er ;
defend, protect. Them. 8, 4.
turn, adv. [neut. ace. form of
pron. St., TA-, that\, at that
time, then, A ris. a, 3 ; cum . . .
turn, not only . . . hut also,
Them, a, 3.
taw, adv. (tatua, safe), safely,
without danger. Them. 8, 5.
tutum, -I, N. (tatus, safe), safety.
Them. 9, 3.
tutiu, -a, -um 'nart. of tueor,
Tvatch over), protected; safe.
Them, a, 3 ; 8, 3.
tuua, -a, -um, pos.s. adj. (tfl, thou),
thy, thy own, your, your own.
Them. 9, 2 ; 9, 4-
^^V
ttbi, rel. adv. (for *quobi, loc.
form of pron. st., CA- ; cf. qui),
(of place) where. Them. 8, 6 ;
Han. I a, 3 ; (of time) when,
Han. 8, 2; 11, 2.
uUus, -a, -um, gen. flllius, adj.
(dim. of anus, one, for unulus),
(with negative expressed or
implied) any. Them. 6, 2; 6,
5 ; Han. 5, 2 ; Aris. a, 2.
umquam or unquam, adv. (quom
[cum], when ; -quam [cf quis-
quam], indef. suffix, ever), at
any time, ever, Han. 3, 4.
lude, adv. (f or * quonde, fr. pron.
St., CA- ; cf. ubi), whence, from
which place.
undique, adv. (unde, whence ;
-que [</. quisque], indef. suffix,
soever), from all sides, from
every quarter, Them. 6, 5 ;
Han. 12, 4.
aniversus, -a, -um, adj. (Onus,
one; versus, turned), turned
to one; united, all together.
Them. 4, 2; Han. 11, 4; all.
Them. 2, 4; -r, 6.
unus, -a, -um, gen. Qmus, num.
adj. (cf. Eng. one), one. Them.
5, 3 ; Han. 4, 4 ; alone. Them.
4, 2 ; rt single, Han. 3, 4.
urbs, urbis, v., city, town. Them.
6,1.
usque, adv., all the way ; up to,
Han. 2, 5 ; 7, i; as far as, Han.
a, I ; usque eo, up to that
point.
usus, -us, M. (cf ator, use), use,
need ; iisu venire, come about,
happen, Han. la, 3.
ut or uti, adv. and conj. (for
* quoti or * cuti, fr. pron. St.,
CA-; cf. ubi and qui), in what
manner; as. Them. 1, 4; 7,
mmm
mff^PH
VOCAIU'LARY.
ss
5 ; wA^n, Them. 7, i ; 8, 3 ; i»i
pri/fr that, that, to. Them. 4, 2 ;
7, I ; llan. 11, i; so that, that.
Them, i, 4; 4,4; xo, i ; Aris.
«. J; a. 2; 3, 2-
uterque, -traque, -trumque, gen.
utriusque, pron., «•<».//, bt'th one
and the other; both (in the
plur.), Han. 4, 3.
QtilU, -e, adj. (Otor, use), use-
ful, serviuable; good; advan-
tageous.
utilitaa, atia, f. (atiHs, useful),
usefulness, utility. Them. 6, i.
Utor, 3, u.sus, use ; enjoy : make
use of, etnf'loy ; nuft with; live
with ; follow, Thf-m. 10, 2.
Utpote, ail v., namely, us being,
Han. a, 3.
utrobique <utrubi-), adv. (utrubi,
(// whiih of ttoo places ; -que,
indef. surtix, son'er), in both
ways ox places, llan. 10, 3.
uxor, -Oris, v., wife. Them. 1, 2.
Talini, -entis, adj 'part, of yaled,
be stroma), stroni;.
TAled, a, -ui, -iturus [yw.-, strong],
be strong, have force, have power,
have influence, prevail; plus
Talire, have more influence, be
more po-verful, Han. 10, 3.
raletudo, -inis, f. (valeo), condi-
tion or strength of body (good or
bad) ; illness,infirinity,llAn.^,j.
vallum, -I, .N. {cf. villus, stake),
an earthen wall set with stakes ;
palisaded rampart, inlrench-
ment, Han. 5, 3.
rarius, -a, -um, adj., changing,
different, Han. 13, i.
via, vasis, plur. visa, -orum, n.
[VAS-, put on, cover], vessel. Jar,
Han. 10, 4 ; ii, 5.
-ve, enclitic conj. [vol,-, will,
wish], or, if you will.
vectigal, -alls, n. (vebS, bear,
tarry), tax, income, revenue,
Han. 7, 5.
TehO, 3, vexl, vectus [vag-,
VKH-, move, carry], bear, carry;
(pass.) ^'o; sail, Han. 10, 6.
velum, -I, N. (for *vehelum or
♦vegelum, fr. vkh- [va(;-],
moiY, carry), carrying thing;
sail, Han. 8, 2.
velut or veluti, adv. (vel, even ;
ut, as), even as ; just as, just
as though, Han. i, 3.
venenatus, -a, -um, adj. (part, of
venind), poison, poisoned ; poi-
sonous, venomous, Han. 10, 4.
venSnum, -I, n., poison. Them.
10, 4; Han. la, 5.
venia, -ae, k. [van-, vkn-, desire],
indulgence, fivor; veniam dare,
grant permission. Them. 10, i.
venio, 4, venT, ventus [ven-, go,
come], come. Them. 7, i ; 8, 4,
etc.
ventus, -T, M., wind, Han. 8, 2.
Vcnusia, -ae, f., Fenusia, a town
of southern Italy, on the bor-
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VOCABULAkY.
ders of Apulia and Lucania,
where Hannibal conquered
Marcellus, 208 n.c. ; Han. 5, 3.
verbum, -I, n., worJ, Them. 4, 3;
verba dare, c/ieat, Han. 5, 2;
verba facere, speak, Them.
10, I.
vere, adv. (verus, true), truly,
with truth, -with reason, accu-
rately. Them, i, 4.
vereor, 2, -itus [ver-, cover,
guard; cf. o^dw], reverence;
fear. Them. 5, i ; Han. 11, i ;
", 3-
vero, adv. (neut. abl. of verus,
true), in truth ; indeed, further-
more ; hut, ho-ivever, Aris. 2, 2.
versor, i (freq. of verto, turn,
used reflexively in pas.s.), turn
one 's self repeatedly ; be engaged
in. Them, i, 3; be, live. Them.
8,5-
verto, 3, verti, versus [vert-,
turn], turn, Han. u, 6.
verus, -a, -um, adj. [vel-, cover,
guard], true, Han. 1,1.
veto, I, -ui, -itus, not permit;
bid not, forbid, Them. 6, 4.
vicesimus, -a, -um, num. adj.
(for vigesimus ; cf. viginti,
twenty), twentieth, Han. 7, 4.
Victoria, -ae, f. (victor, victori-
ous), victory, Them. 6, 3.
victus, -us, M. [V1V-, vk;-, live],
means of living, manner of liv-
ing, food, fare.
video, 2, vidi, vlsus [vid-, see],
see, perceive, notice ; (in pass.)
appear, seem. Them. 6, 3.
vlgintl, indecl. num. adj., twenty,
Han. 3, 2.
vinco, 3, vicl, vTctus [vie-, con-
</ucr], conquer, overcome, defeat.
Them. 4, 5; Han. 3, 3.
vinum, -i, n. [vi-, twine ; cf. vitis,
vine], wine, Them. 10, 3.
vir, virl, m. [cf. g.-oup vik-, man],
man. Them. 5,3; 7, 2, etc.
virtiis, -utis, k. (vir, man), man-
liness ; manhood, character ;
courage, bravery, valor ; virtue,
excellence; ability, capacity;
plur., bra-.'e acts, Han. 12, 5.
VIS, gen. vis, plur. vires, virium,
V. {cf U, strength), force,
pffiuer , .f/orw, Han. 3, 2; num-
ber. Them. 3, i ; in plur., power,
strength.
Visus, -us, M. [VID-, see], act of
seeing, sight ; thing seen, sight,
Han. 5, 2.
vita, -ae, v. [viv-, via-, live], life,
Han. 12, 5.
vitium, -1, -N. [vi-, twine], twist;
fault ; vice.
vito, I (for*vicit6, fr. wc-, yield,
give way), shun, avoid, Han.
II, 9.
vivo, 3, vIxT, — [viV-, VIG-, live],
live, Them. 8, 2.
vivus, -a, -um, adj. [viv-, vig-,
live], living, alive, Ifan. 10, 4.
vix, adv., scarcely, hardly, with
difficulty, Han. 3, 4; Aris. 3, 2.
V0I5, velle, volui, — [vol-, wish],
wish, will, be willing, intend.
Them. 9, 3; Han. 8, 3; Aris.
VOCABULARY.
57
VOluntia, -atis, f. [vol-, wisA], Vulso, -onis, m.. C». MauHus
WIS A, content, desire, good will ; Vulso ; see M&nUus.
disposition, attitude, Han. a, 2.
X
Xerxes, -is. m., Xerxes, son of
Darius Hystaspes, and his
successor on the throne of
Persia. As his father had
done, so he tried to subjugate
Zama, -ae, k., Zama, a town of
Numidia in Africa, near which
<;reece; t)ut he was defeated
by the Greeks at .Salamis as
was his fjeneral, Mardonius.
at Plataea; Them. 2, 4 ; 4, i ;
Aris. I, 7.
ScipioAfricanus defeated Han-
nibal in 202 B.C.; Han. 6, 3.
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