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TBANSACTIONS.

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and opinions stated in any of its publications.

RPPEOTS OF KNGHNKERINd WORKS ON WATim
CURRENTS.

By Cyrus CARiioi,r., O.E., M.Can.Soo.C.E.

To he read Thursday, 12th March, 1896.

It is believed that in desiguintr piers, abutments, breakwators.
wharves, and the like, too little attention is j^cn' ially given to the
effects such works arc likely to produce by reason of their inducing
-■nrrents or interfcrinji with tho.se alroiidy cxistinj^. W;i see fairly
navigable rivers ruined for purposes of navigation by currents
interfered with by costly works tlint have not fully answered the purpose
intended. These failures very frequently result from ignoring certain
fundamental laws th.at sliould guide us into working in harmony with
the natural tendency oi' the elements we have to deal with. If at
present a beach is Ibrniing, let us, if possible, in using ii. so manage as
not to prevent it from continuing its forination. If a river enters
a lake in a peculiar manner, beware of diverting it — ratlici assist it in
keeping its normal course. In whatever way tlie bar aoro.ss its mouth
has been made, heightened and .-treiigtlu'neil in one part so as to form
a basin at the mouth of the river, by punning hack its waters by the
dam so made, — ami in another part washed away to form a deeper
channel for the river, the natural tendency of the elements is to continue
such action and formation.

Does a current follow along the lake shore or meet a river-current
in any prevailing manner: do not obstruct it very mucli if you would
avoid shoaling water. Do not divert it without weiglnng well the effect
such diversion may have on work-^ already constructed or hereafter to
be made in such locality.

In the ca.se of rivers having one constant direction of current,
resulting from gravity, it has been found that the planting of abutments
on either ide, and piers in the stream will cause a washing away of the
banks above such works— that is to say, on the up stream side. This is
espaciaiiy true of rivers of 50 to 100 yards in width, and having a rapid
current. Such crt'ccts will be minimized by planting tiie abutments well
back into the banks, and making piers as narrow as possible. Where
.timber is easily got, the writer has found it most ceoiioinical to drive a
single line of piles for each pier for common road bridges, then to frame
a heavy cap on lop, making it a bent in tact. The sides are planked up
to above high water line, not only to keep out floating timber, but to
serve as diagonal bracing as well.

Where banks begin to wash away, it has been found th it line brush
is generally the best and cheapest remedy. It should be secured by
stakes or stone, or both, as the case may warrant.

In Lak'e.s Huron and i'lric the shore currents point down the lakes,
in the direction of the natural How ot the water. This, it is thought,
is a mere coincidence, as there is not enough of How of water to make
any appreciable current. The prevailing winds are no doubt the cause
of the more constant currents along the shores.

In Fig. 1, (Miitr II), we havea very I'uir illugtrati'tn of the mouths of
the Rivers Saugecn, North Sables, Penetaugore, I'ine River, Maitland,

Bayfield, South Sal.lo3 and other rivers. By turning tlie .same diagram
as indicated by the dotted north point, it fairly reprcgenis Kottle Creek
Big Ottc. Creole, Little Otter Crock, Catfish Creek, an.i other rivers
and streams flowin- into Lake Erie. Long.l'oint too bears down the
lake.

ft will be noticed that sand bars are lonned across the ends of tho
river valleys, as the results of the opposing currents of rivers and lakes
meeting, soinetimes fairly and squarely, but generally at an angle, when
they coalesce and form one current, the direction of which is dotorminod
by their relative forces after the manner of the polygon of forces.

These sand bars begin at the windward side of the valley, and extend
quite across, being crowded out into the lake water at, the'end, by the
river current prevailing over the lake current at that point. The river
too is crowded against its leeward bank, wl.ich is often very steep from
being washed away at the base. As a result of such crowding of bar
and river, the channel is often narrow and deep whore it pass :^s the bar.
The bar or bank on the windward side is .strengthened and re-enforced
by the wash of lake silt up against it. On the river side of the basin
the bar is strengthened by the silt of the river constantly being deposited.
The river bank, or rather the i.ike bank, on tho leeward side'is generally
washed away. This is particularly noticeable at Port Burwcll and
Port Stanley, where large areas of high table land have been washed
away within the lust 50 years.

In Fig. 2 (Plate II) we see how some of these basins have been made
to answer as harbours, after a fashion, as they could not always be
entered during storms, though, sis a general lule, any v;'.s.sel making the
lee side of the longer pier could in the stilkr water move along into the
harbour, or tie up to the pier. In ca.sc of very rough weather on
Lakes Huron a.'d Erie, vessels make (or the large rivers at either end
of s>ich lakes, or seek the shelter of an island if near to one. Failing
these, they anchor and endeavour to ride out the cale.

Ttishere submitted that the plan, Fig. 2 (Plate II), is the best that
can be adopted in utilizing at a moderate cost the mouths of rivers
entering lakes. Where such works have not proved sufficient, it would
be much the best and cheapest way to continue such works out into
deeper water.

In no cas" is it advisable to clo.se u]> the old channel and form a
new one by cutting through the bar or beach. In Fig. 3 (Plate III)
we have an illu.stration of the etfeets of changing the channel of a river.
Lake Burwcll, with its neighbour. Lake Smith, formerly portions of
Lake Huron, but in comparatively recent times cut off from that body
of water but not yet filled up by sand dunes, have for their outlet the
South Sables river. The sand dunes extend from the old shore of Lake
Huron to its present shore, the distance Ixtween sucli old nnd uew
shores being at Port Franks about 4 miles. The river reached the lake
by a very circuitous route. Lakes Burwell and Smith being first cut
olf by the dums, the river flowed out northerly, the dunes about said
iaUes becoming higher and extending northerly by the action of Lake
Huron, crowded the river up against the edge of the higher land.
Thus was the line of tho dunes extended northerly— and with it, the
ehatnel of the river, till the nature of the shore at the Great Bend turned
the river nearly duo west. There llio current of the lake opposed it
Irom the noitli west, and then a bar or beach began to form between
the river and lake, crowJing the river close up to and along the base
of tho dune.s alieady formed. The beach extended severarmile.s, as
shown in the .sketch. Had the river not been interfered with, the bwieh
would in time doubtless have reached Kottle Point, where, from tlie
nature of the bottom, the formation of the beacli and of the dunes must
hav3 ceased.

In the sketch Fig. 3 (Plate III) it will be noticed there are a few
sections of old channel not yet filled up. The river must have been
obstructed here at different times from natural eau.se.s—new inouth.s
made and old ones elo.scd.

From Grand Bend to I'ort Franks the eonvse of the. river .shows that

•"'"■-""■■■"-* "•"•^-. ." ..II, u.uu „uu. -.aim. xuuiunv,,! water

1K.S now ,uade a chaunei out to tl.o lake 100 to 200 yar.ls i„ J tT
A« m.g.t have ee„ expected, a beach or bar at on.o'bo.an o
ncroH. the mouth of the oanal from its north .side. This is rani
oxtend.ng .southerly, and carr,in. the chaunei alon, the base of the 1
uues on the l.ne that .as the u.argin of Lake~ Huron proviol

;^;r;:f:r:Kzt:---^^

cnannei oi me rivur. in wiiicii-il wis ■■■ ,

ha. now ,uade a cl.aanel out to tl.e lake 100 to 200 yar.Is in «".'
As might Lave been expected, a beaeh or bar at onoo be^ln to f
ncro. the .outh of the eaoal fro. its nor.h siZ 1S s 1 I
cxtend.n. southerly. andcarr,in, the chunnel aion, the base f I S
unes on the hne that was the .„ar,in of Lake Huron provi s
1 bujld.ngof t .s canal, with the bead, between the channe Z th
lake^imost parallel to the old channel of the river.

t f llowod nlo„« tho buHcnf ,hn .1,.„.. ,ha, l.a.i I.en previously formed

< r al Th.- c«,„.l waH mton.K.d to act nna drain, to rod .im W, 000 noron

Of land. wh.eh nt (5 p.r no,.- ,vo„M , ,u,.f „, «ho 0(M

Ih., cost of th.. canal was ab.u,t «H(»,0()0, l,,,! tho result was vorv

Jiily 1000 aoros o( tho btmofltou lands have btvn hoI.I TI, . . i
;^;;..i.i-...a.,y..Hnr.,,,hot..:ir^

ami "Oft mu.i. i,„„ „,„ ^,f j^^,^^, ^^^^

.5 and 7. foo. ol«v,„.io„, ,„..] g.n.r.dly «l,out :{0 foot ofei-vi C"
t^.c distance of lh«i|,..,„ „,„ Sabl,... River wher- the . n i .

toU.o„or. Moutl. ,ver..,sno..c.>Mv.ly ,;.nu.,l ...n,l elo.se.l in r ,r " r^'^^^^

Ihere wa.s a conH.dorablo an,ount .,f ,un,ber producc.l a P [
Pranb; « ,so ,salt._therc being large salt works there Si ce o
canal was dug, the river i.s «„ «,,oiled fbr navi.-ation fl,/ 1' .

".•e.ca„.ed 4 u.ile. over the Jx ,lune. foZ^'i^ T "''

The .,,.,.* „f ,,, Hver h„. been eon,p,eU..?rtro;e"\^'tS
o^a permanent na.ure ean be n.ade ,.t the Mo s,l .„. Z^^

nver. T he damug.. re«ulfng is not e.my to eou.pute in dollar; and
cents. Kvory y.,n-, and „p to ,he present time, cvory fell
down a lot of .and f„r ,be river ,o work througl/^Zt ^ iu ^
The narrowest part of the canal is C(» feet its widest i J[ • ^^1
H.is through and an.ongst ,l,e highest of ,: ^^^ rt:
.s nearly dry every .sun..er. Lake Hn.itb eovers twcthird.s of k fri

From the (Jrand Bend, the old ehannel. deprived of its current and
of carrying tI,o water out of Lakes Burwell and Sn.ith, Klled up f'rf

verycons.derabcpa.tof the distance between d He , . J > r

Hanks-on tb.s porl.on so filled, the sands are heaped ud JLM
■•ace of the former channel is visible. The land ' ar ' .I ' Be d
became worse flooded with water than belbre

ata'c'olVsoTl"'"Tr '"\''"""'^'' ''" '"'''''' '" »-' B-d.
at a cost ot «21,50a. it was to have ,•. boti„m width of "{0 Cnf .

H to 1 The general depth of the beach wJI 1," ':,;:':;

canal J of a m.le. It was excavated as follows: top par by s lis

hen by .spade, tr,.m c.r, etc.. til! a sn.all sfean. ,r c le tLZTlL

.rench. Tb..s soon washed out a channel nearly as renu d^ T

-a„n.ofthe..iver.i„wbiehZ::^:;tri^;^;;;f
... contact w.tb ti.nber buried in the n.ud and .sand. iZJjJZZ
has now made a channel out to the lake 100 to ''Of) ^T

As .igl. have been expected, a beach'^ t Z :! o^^ T;; li
..cross the mouth of the eanal from its north side. T.l s ."
extending .southerly, and carrying the channel alon^^ ,he b e f U n

unes, on the line that was the n.argin of Lake^ r< p vi ;'
the bu.ld.ngof t ..s canal, with the beach between the chann . U
lake^lmost parallel to the old channel of the rive.'.

■' '■- «c,p.ire,i Vron. nat,„ai cl^ij^'i^iiit >;.,:;^';;S;:;i':;!,;-:^-' -"" -

The hko buttom at Graml Bumi boiii^^ harUur than it is farther
•outh. the duneit wuro kns there than t\wy won- further to ihu m>ath,
— whoro tho Hofl niiture uf (he Ink.' hothmi ruvound thi'ir forinutioii.
ll<noo th.i wutcrx penned hack Howed out ut (Jriin.l McmhI, ami scoured
out a channel from that point to Lake .Smith, through the soft material
along that p.irt of ' .. riv.r. Hut ut (im.id Bend a hiir.l hank if chiy
with hnulde-N -.Tiif. eucountiMed. \vhi-:ii lur.iod the stream we- 1 or Houlh
of wcHt. Here the hcach began to form which erowded tiu^ oiu rivir
lip apainit th(! base of the diineM,— and extonde<l it*»elf, carrying the
river witii it to and h. low Port Franks.

One of our lonrnod ('iiief Ja»ticoH has r<'iniirkod, that the man wi>;^
diverted a largo river asounicd an immense amount of reHponHihi.'ity.
An the writer in 1885 stood on the bank of the oanal 100 fuot above
the water, with ihe washed-out channel J of a mile wide in Iront of
him, he ihouglit he could appreciate the force of the Judge's remark.