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 The Fates 
 Clotho colum retlnet, Uehesli net. et Atrojoi occat. 
 
 M ANOELO 
 
ariagfiiml ^cxt-fiook §cncs. 
 
 VERGIL'S AENEID, 
 
 BOOK I. 
 
 EDITED 
 
 WITH INTRODUCTORY NOTICES, NOTES, COMPLETE 
 VOCABULARY AND ILLUSTRATIONS, 
 
 FOR THE U8K OF 
 
 CLASSES READING FOR JUNIOR LEAVING AND FOR 
 UNIVERSITY MATRICULATION. 
 
 UY 
 
 JOHN HENDERSON, M,A. 
 
 Principal, st. Catharines collegiate iNSTircTB 
 
 AND 
 
 E. W. HAGARTY, B.A. 
 
 PRINCIPAL, IIARBORD ST. COLL. INST., TORONTO, LATE FELLOW BY COURTESr 
 JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV., BALTIMORE. 
 
 TORONTO ; 
 THE COPP, CLARK COMPANY, Limited, 
 Fkost Stf'set West. 
 
Ontario, 1„ the omoe », the mr^LT^f^^" "'""''"' '^•"^- T»r»nto. 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 ousand 
 >ronto, 
 
 It is hoped that the present edition will fulfil the dual object 
 of the editors, namely : first, to assist the pupil to study with 
 intelligence and appreciation the text prescribed for examination, 
 and secondly, to arouse an interest in, and a taste for, classical 
 literature. While it is the duty of an examiner to ascertain whether 
 the student understands the text prescribed, it ought to be the duty 
 of the intelligent teacher to see that the student appreciates the 
 work he is reading. 
 
 The editors have sought to aid the teacher in his work by 
 furnishing the materials in an attractive form. 
 
 John Henderson. 
 E. W. Hag ARTY. 
 
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 The Fates Frontispiece 
 
 Vergil, Horace, and Varius at the House of 
 
 My\jECENAS opp. p. v, Introduction 
 
 Helen of Troy . . . . . opp. p. xviii, Introduction 
 
 Juno opp. p. i, Text 
 
 JUPPITER opp. p. 8, Text 
 
 Dido Building Karthage opp. p. 14, Text 
 
 Diana of the Hind opp. p. 16, Text 
 
 Aeneas at the Court of Dido .... opp. p. 22. Text 
 
 A Bacchanal Reclining at a Feast P- 31 
 
 Funeral OF Hector . . . P- 85 
 
 Diana . . . . . . ... . . . p. 88 
 
 EuRus, the East Wind p. 89 
 
 Ganymede p- 90 
 
 Mercury p- 92 
 
 Neptune . . . , , • p. 93 
 
 An Amazon , » . , . . . . . . p. 97 
 
ONS. 
 
 Frontispiece 
 
 ). V, Introduction 
 
 xviii, Introduction 
 
 . opp. p. I, Text 
 
 . opp. p. 8, Text 
 
 . opp, p. 14, Text 
 
 . opp. p. 16, Text 
 
 . opp. p. 22, Text 
 
 . p. 31 
 
 p. 85 
 p. 88 
 p. 89 
 p. 90 
 p. 92 
 
 P- 93 
 P- 97 
 
LIFE OF VERGIL. 
 
 «0 
 Q 
 
 4) 
 U 
 
 I 
 
 o 
 
 c 
 
 o 
 
 4; 
 
 o 
 3: 
 
 4) 
 
 i^^f^JZ^^'""^ ^*^°' ^^^ ^"^"«^ *h« fifteenth of Birth. 
 Oc ohc, B.C. 70. m the first consulate of M. Licinius Crassus 
 an.l Cn. Pompems. at Andes (now Pietola), a sumll viUaue 
 
 pi:: TZi /Jt ";; '•" ^^^-^^^^^ — * ^^^^^ ^ 
 
 wards' H ^TT ^^«^^^^«^«>' ti» Bome years after- 
 Z P«^\^'ke many of his predecessors and contem- 
 
 proTnir '""' ™ "^* ^ ^^-^"' *^^^* - I^««- 
 
 The parents of Vergil, like those of Horace were of ^- « 
 obscure birth. Some authorities say that the j o^rf he ' 
 
 was a potter, others, that he was a brickmaker, 'while others 
 agam assert that he was the servant of a traveling merchan 
 Magms, whose daughter, Magia Polla. he afterwa 'is TarS 
 Whatever may have been his occupation, certain it is that 
 be was at the time of the poet's birth, the stewa d, fact'or o 
 possessor of an estate near Mantua. The childhood o 
 Vergil was passed amid the hills and woods that frinced the 
 
 t^prtt:hrJ;'^'^^^^^"' ^-^ *'- --^y -— - 
 
 nalivp! y '''"''^ ^^ *^'" neighbourhood of his 
 
 native town may account for the exquisite touches of pas' 
 toral hfe which appear in the Eclogues'and the Georgics ^ ' 
 
 monizes with what is undoubtedly the coret LaUn f Xu""' '^""'"^ *»>^* ''- 
 not common till the middle ages EvervT,! . ™- ^^"^ ^°™ ^•''^'"•"^ ^'^^ 
 
 denoting the indiviaualXeTeLfln and h" r r '"* ''^''''' ^^^^ "^-— 
 
 denoting the .^en* or ckn ; wS'Cot thl '"''''^^""^' ^''^'^'^^^ >« the nomen, 
 an «^nomcu was added for mi iL^ dh lot'. ^"T;'."' '^""'^ "^™«- S°"^««me 
 to Metellus. '^"^ distinction. a« Afruanv^ to Scipio, JVr„^tdtcu, 
 
 2 8.0.49. 
 
vi 
 
 nil ituili^n 
 
 n.o. fifi. 
 
 MFK OF VKUfJit. 
 
 Studlei And Early Llfo. 
 
 to Uomf, 
 
 Goes to 
 Nap/rx. 
 
 N.'.K«I iM'K^n Uin -t.nli.. ufc <Wn,n„a. wImmo. wo h.o iol.l. 
 H^ H.*«.u,M.W M,o ,n,,n nrili. o„ tl.o hu„m, .luy on wl.i<,h 
 '«'«'•"•.•',« ,lMMl. Tho f,own iU.|r |„,| ,un.,.lv I n nut.-.l 
 
 I.Hv.n« I,,,.,, fcl.o lM,t,l,pI,u,o .,f h.HuH Mil,H.,uli,., «„.l of tl,; 
 
 ontio, Qiiiiii'tiliuN V»im>. 
 
 Aft,,M.Hl,nnfHUy,arV.momr. a,,,! «uI,«o.|u«ntIy a<. Mv.fh. 
 ,;"""! ^:"''""^' *'"' I ^ ^""t t«» lt<»"'". In i.|,„ .H,,i,,al. 
 
 r .of,on..mnHHn.l philoHopl.or.. lln.Uu- K,,i.l,„«. ih. rhntonoian. 
 tho (,om,hor of Muro Antony «n.l afionvaHn of (»otaviuH. an.l 
 "••<l«'r th« Mpiourran philoHo,,|,„r. Siron. tho poot l.noiin.o 
 «o.|na.nt.,.l wif I, iho ,M,tIi«.,H of rhotorin an.l phil.,«op|,y. U 
 •1 .pnt., prol,al»l« ti.aJ, Ihh fatl,,.,- int.-n.UMl l.i.n for tl.n l.ar Ix.t 
 li wcmk vo,„o and a .lillLlont n.annor wmo inHuporal.h, lmni.u„ 
 in tho way of d»taininK 'lintinotion in pul)li<, npoakinK VorKil 
 Hoon Kav« ..p rlu,t<.rio, an,l, in fact, nmoi.n.MHl p<M,try for tho 
 m..r« oongonial Ht.nly of philonophy. Un.I.r Hiron. ho h,.ou.h 
 t<. .avo nuulo oonHi.I«rahIo pro„nmH in Kpiourm.i philosophy. 
 HiMl th,. lovo ho rotain.Ml for thin hmnoh of h^arninn in plainly 
 ol»Horvahl« i„ ,„H,.y of hin oxtant w,iti,.««.* Fn a n.inor poom, 
 KOMorally HuppoH.Ml to l»o Konuino, ho w.^oonioH tho ox.^hanuo 
 «»f pootry an<l rhotorio for nioro UHoful Htu<lioN : 
 
 " Away witli y<»u. oinpty o..h)ur«.l Jlag..nH of tho rhot.ui- 
 oian«, wonlH Bwolh-n, hnt n«.t with tho .h,wH .»f <}r«ooo • an<l 
 away with you, Htilo. TaKitiun. an.l N'arn,. yo„. natio,. of 
 I)o<lantH HoakinK >vith fat ; you, on.pty oyn.halH of tho ohiH«. 
 roon.. |.arowoll, t.K>. SahinuH. frion.l of all n.y friond^ : n..w 
 farowdl. all n.y hoautiful o.Mn,.ani<mH, wo nro Hotting ourHail« 
 for a havou of hlisH, going to hoar tho loarno.l wohIh of the 
 groat Siron, an,l wo moan to ro.looni our lifo fnun all diHtrac- 
 tion. Karowell, too, Hwoct Muhoh; for, to toll tho truth 1 
 havo found how Hwoot you woro : and yot, I pray you. |<,ok 
 on n.y pagon again, hut with mo.lo«ty and at raro intorvalH."'"' 
 After a short stay at Homo Vorgil j»r.»hahly wont to NaploH 
 whoro. wo aro told. l»arthoniu8, anothor Epicurean, was hi« 
 instructor. The great Kpic« of Lucretius, added to the 
 
 'Slirj'vu""'""- "•''"= AJr..74.;v,.7«4:««or,.„.47M,,2. 
 * D* Rerum Natura. 
 
filFK Olf VKMflir,. y|| 
 
 Jn/MihlnKn of Uin in«tni.,tor«, Kfivn. no .loi.hfc, hi« mind n strong 
 JHMit tow«nl« Mm. J.M,trin.,ii of K],„umtH. Ifc i^ ,,roUI,l., t».«t 
 tl.n |«M.t n.»..,rn.w| to hi*. UlU^r'n fain, h.forn tl.n out-hronU of Wwur„. 
 Um. war l.«twiM>n roni|ii.y tiwH'.ntmnr, ii.r. iU. M, i« ft|«o Iiki,|y ''""" 
 thftt Im. rmnainml thmo iill aff,.,r Mm, ImiMi, of I'lMlippi (i,.,,. 
 lii), iin.l Unit Im, mnploy,,,! |,i„ f,,,,,,, in KftMnn^ l,y olmorvation 
 inatmwil^ whirl, l.n aftMrwa^U .„«,,|oy.,.l in l.i*. groat (Inlactio 
 |N,f,n,, IIm, HtutrnivM, 
 
 Acquaintance with AuffUNtufi and Maocenan. 
 
 t/nlik., MonuM,, V.,rKi| My,n|.aU,i/,.„| whU thi, ,,arf,y of 
 (Mannar TIm, formation of tho H.„.on<| 'IVinrnvirat., throw th« 
 Hon,an worhl into th« hroilw of a dvil war. In tho.JiviMion 
 of tho iMovinooH, thn (lai.lM {r,r,,pt fMUa Narhonn^in) f.,|| 
 t.. Ant.»ny. Th., lan.lN of oi^ht^.m, oitinii woro K«vm, 
 up t» r«,w»r.I tho h,Kion»i of tho nnncrnpulonH Antony, 
 an.l am.mK t\w lamh w„ro thoM., of Onmru.a. Tho .li«. 
 tnot aronn.I thi. dty failing to .atinfy tl.o Kn„.ly raj.aoity 
 «f tho loKi<maHi,« of tho Triumvir, tho farm« of tho, ,,, 
 noiKhhourioK Mantna won, «oi/,,.,|, an.l among tho lan.N oon-/^"'."^''" 
 llHoatod wo,« thoMo of tho pont'« fathor. (i. A^ininH I'ollio 
 tho profoot of </a/.fia Tran.,.,.Ua,„a, unahio U, ,,Mr,i,n tho 
 law oMHno«« of tho Mol.li.rH of Antony. „o„t Vorgil to Uomo „ , „ 
 w,th a rooon.mon.lation to A„KUMt,.H (., allow tho poot to./^S ""• 
 retain h,H patornal ontat*,. It in .p.ito prohahlo that r:on- 
 gmnal taHt.,H an.l a nuio^nition of tho goninn of Vorgil may 
 havo .nllnonco.! I'olho to tako thin oonrm,. At tho olo«, of 
 tho Ha,n« yoar (41 ,,,-•), howovor. war l,n,ko o„t anow 
 botwcn OctaviuH an.l I. Ant.n.inH. fojljo ^^h .lop<,Ho,| from 
 ort.00. a«.l AlfonnH Vanm appoints in hin ntoad. An.,th«r .Ir^iA/. 
 .iviHi.m of lan.lH follow.i.l, and tho poot in nai.l to hav,. Ihto-^*""- 
 'l«pnv(,.l of hiH cHtato tho Hocon.l timo.^ HiH fri.n.lH. (iaIl.iH 
 ollio an.l VaruH. how«v.,r, intoqKmorl an.l Hav.^.l hiH farm' 
 My th.,m ho waH intro.luo«.l to Maocn.aH. tho patn.n ni 'y' f'^>- 
 horary m.n--aftorwanlH tho primo minintor of AuKUHtnH. tS. ./ 
 IhiH yoar markn tho hoginning of tho riHing fortun.^H of tho ^'"^'^■ 
 poot. W.th hiH friend and patron, I'ollio. an (JoohuI. Vorgil 
 became the honoured member of a lit..rary coOri,^ which 
 graced the table of Maoconan. The intimaov that V.rgil 
 enjoyed at court, in nhown b y hin being one 'ul thoHo w ho 
 
 ^ KulcyuuH I uri.J IX. ' ~~~ ' " 
 
Vlll 
 
 residences. 
 
 Death. 
 
 Epitaph. 
 
 1 I 
 
 LIFE OP VKRGIL. 
 
 went to Brundisium along with Maecenas, when the latter 
 was negofcxating a treaty between Augustus and Antony « 
 Through the munificent kindness of his patrons he was 
 
 rRtlV^'^hTE^^'r^"^"^^^- ^^ ^^^ ^ -gnificent hoZ 
 MalTnls Vs :^^^^^^^^ ^^ H-e and 
 
 Th^ ™;i.j I- ; ° ™"y' »""' «» Campania, near Naples. 
 The m,UI chmate and clear skies ef Southern Italy suited his 
 dehcate eonshtution, and till his death, his Cam^nian res 
 Eor "'".^■t.f''™-ite abode.. From the date o^f his ear ^ 
 Eloguest,Ilh,s death, little need be said of his life except 
 ^a he devoted h:mself to study and to the completion of 
 nis immo.rtal works. 
 
 Death and Character. 
 
 In the year B.C. 10, he went to Greece, possibly with 
 
 great work, the Aeneid. At Athens he met Augus- 
 tus, who had just returned from Samos. Vergil returned 
 to Italy in company with the emperor, but died at 
 Brundasxum three days after he landed, 22nd September, 
 U B.C He was buned near Naples on the road leading to 
 
 by himself in his last moments, was as follows :- 
 
 Mantua me genuit; Calabri rapuere; tenet nunc 
 Pa7thc7iopc. Cecini pascua, rura, duces.io 
 
 It is said that shortly before his death Vergil wished to 
 destroy the Aeneid rather than leave it in its unfinished state 
 His friends However dissuaded him, and the poem was after^ 
 wards edited and published by Varius and Tucca under 
 the sanction of Augustus and Maecenas. 
 
 Vergil is generally described as of tall stature, delicate 
 
 thrul fT^. 'f ^ "^' '^^' complexion, abltinentt 
 the use of food, shy and fond of retirement. Horace is saia 
 to have had Vergd in his mind's eye when he wrote" the 
 lines t hus rendered by Conington : 
 
 8 Horace Satires r, 5 and 10. 
 
 Geo. IV, 563. Illo Vergilium m^ tempore dulcis alebat 
 
 ^"^'''^"''^^' ^i^^diisjlorentem ignoMlis oti. 
 Aeneid '''' ''''" *'^ '^' "^^^ *« ^^^ '^ ^^^ ^^^o^-^ the Georgics, and tbr 
 
 " Hor. Sat. i, 8, 29-34. 
 
IX 
 
 :he latter 
 any. 8 
 
 s he was 
 mt house 
 )race and 
 ■ Naples, 
 uited his 
 lian resi- 
 his early 
 e except 
 letion of 
 
 ly with 
 1 to his 
 Augus- 
 eturned 
 !ied at 
 bember, 
 ding to 
 iictated 
 
 hed to 
 
 i state. 
 
 1 after- 
 
 under 
 
 3licat^ 
 ent ip 
 is saia 
 " the 
 
 ndthr 
 
 Life of vergil. 
 
 ** The man is passionate, perhaps misplaced 
 In social circles of fastidious taste ; 
 His ill-trimmed beard, his dress of uncouth style, 
 His shoes ill-flttmg, may provoke « smile ; 
 But he's the soul of virtue ; but he's kind 
 But that coarse body hides a mighty mind." 
 
 He was so pure and chaste that the Neapolitans gave him 
 the name of Parthenias, or the maiden, i^' He is said to 
 have been shy and even awkward in societv, and these traits 
 <^ven the polished society of the Capital never succeeded in 
 eradicatmg. He was distrustful of his own powers, which 
 hTs high ideas of literary excexlence led him to underrate. 
 
 In the midst of an irreligious age, he had the strongest reli- 
 gious sentiment ; in the midst of vice he remained virtuous • 
 and while licentiousness disfigures the writings of many of his 
 brother poets, the pages of Vergil everywhere inculcate the 
 highest truths of morality and virtue. 
 
 Works. 
 
 Vergil is said to have attempted in his youth an epic poem^^ ^„,,„ „„,,, 
 on the wars of Rome, but the difficulty of the task soon led 
 him to abandon his design. His earlier poems, Oukx, More- 
 turn, Ctris, Copa, and those that pass under the name Cata- 
 lepta, though they give little proof of great ability, still show 
 the careful attention the poet bestowed on metre and diction. 
 
 1. The writings that first established the reputation of 
 \ergd were the Eclogues,^^ pastoral poems, ten in number 
 written between 43 B.C.-37 B.C. This class of poetry was Edojues 
 as yet unknown in Italy, though it had already reached its 
 perfection in the hands of the Sicilian Theocritus, whose in- Tkeocritus 
 nuence may be traced m many writers from the dive ^t'^^'^ Pastoral 
 Vergil to those of Tennyson. The Idyips of Theocritus'"^' 
 exhibits a true picture of the shepherd's life, the joys and 
 s orrows, character, sentiment and habits of the rural swains, 
 
 '* jrapfiei/o?, a maiden. ~~ 
 
 >•'' Eclogue VI, 3. 
 
 '^These were called by the generic term Bucolica (BovKoKcKd soil .„,,! 
 Pov.oAe., to atteM cattle). The term Eclogue is from the Gr"!; LI TT- ? 
 lecU^, and may mean that the poems und/r that .Z^^r::£:Z: ^^^^^l!^ 
 number «penser wrote the word .Eglogue and followed the derivation oiirrar^h 
 acyo,. Adyoc. '^ tales of joats" ov ^' tales of goatherd,." ^«"^»'»o» ^^ Petrarch, 
 
 ^'^iihvKKov, a little picture. 
 
WORKS OP VERGIL. 
 
 Theocritus 
 and Vergil 
 compared. 
 
 The 
 
 Geurgics. 
 
 the pmy woods, the upland lawns and feeding flocks, the sea 
 
 hardly be sa.d to be true pictures of pastoral life. His shep- 
 herds and shepherdesses belong to the island of Sicily rather 
 than to the d.stnct of Mantua. His characters are too con- 
 ventional, his representation of life too artificial. Still the 
 
 ^ction, their soft and easy flowing style,i« were admired by 
 Horace, no mean judge of the poet's art. 
 
 B C S7%^r°Jfi8?"/r/^^ ^^°^«' ™ -"^*«- (between 
 B.C.37-B.C. 30'«) at the request of Maecenas. ^^ to whom 
 
 the poem was dedicated. In this didactic Epic, Vergil copies 
 largely from Hesiod, Nicander, and Aratus.- While the 
 Eclogues have justly been regarded as inferior to the Idylls of 
 hlL r r^"''' 'l^heocritus, the Georgics, on the other 
 hand, have been accounted superior to any other poem on the 
 
 ^^X'^'^r^r'^ *^^* ^- -- -PP-red. The harmonious and 
 graceful language, the pleasing descriptions of rural scenes, 
 the apt and charming episodes, all combine to lend an interest 
 to a subject which in any other hands would have been 
 intolerably dull. The time was ripe for such a poem 
 Agncu ture had been the chief employment and the honored 
 occupation of the Romans from the early days of the 
 
 ItaT; n V ^^"g--^*--^^ ^-8 had, however, desolated 
 Italy Even after war had ceased, the soldier, too long 
 accustomed to camps and the excitement of a military life 
 cared little about the prosaic life of a farmer. To recall the 
 
 •"Sat. I, 10, 45. 
 
 ^^Georgica yecopv^Ka, from Yea = Y^, the earth and epyo., a work 
 
 , "' ^^f ' - ' S62); the irruptions of the Daci on the D«iuhe. «.c. 30 (B. „. 497i 
 
 bee the opening lines of Georgics, i and iv. 
 ^"Hesiod's Works and Days; Aratus's Phaenorr^na; Nicander'.. Georg^ 
 Cvi. wars, almost continuous, had been waged in Italy from 49-31 b.c. 
 
 non ullus aratro 
 
 ■' ' '-y'ttc'ti. uuduciis arva culonis 
 
 Et eurvae rigidum fatces conjlantur in ensem. 
 
WORKS OP VflRGlL. 
 
 XI 
 
 peaceful habits of rural industry, the poem, which Addison 
 pronounces " the most complete, elaborate and finished piece Contentt, of 
 of all antiquity," was written. The /rs« book treats of ^«"^^''<'»- 
 tilling the fields, the second of orchards, the third of the 
 care of horses and cattle, and the fourth of bees. The two 
 most successful imitations in English of this poem are Philips's 
 Pastorals, and Thompson's Seasons. 
 
 3. The Aeneid,22 jn twelve books, written between 29 B.C.- Aeneid. 
 19 B.C., recounts the story of the escape of Aeneas from 
 burning Troy, his wanderings over the deep in search of a 
 home which the fates had promised, his final settlement in 
 Italy as the founder of the Roman Empire destined in after 
 ages to rule the world. No doubt, Vergil borrowed largely 
 from the Greek and Roman writers who preceded him. The chSgLwith 
 Romans were original in no department of literature, except ^^«^*«"«"»- 
 perhaps in the departments of History and Jurisprudence. 
 Vergil can hardly be called a borrower any more than the rest 
 of his countrymen in other spheres of letters. The object of 
 Vergil was to produce a national epic, by showing the vari- 
 ous steps of the growth of the Empire, and in doing this, 
 he had to give prominence to the influence of Greek litera- 
 ture as an important element in moulding Roman thought. 
 Style of the Aeneid. 
 
 Defects.—Vergil has been severely censured "^3 for (1) de- Verail 
 ficiency in the power of invention, (2) intermixture of Greek '^*''"**''- 
 and Latm traditions, (3) anachronisms, (4) his mode of re- 
 presenting the character of Aeneas, (5) the sameness of 
 the mdmdual characters. These are the main charges 
 brought by his detractors, and granting the full indictment 
 brought against the poem, Vergil still has the proud claim 
 of being one of the greatest of epic poets. No doubt his 
 power of invention is less than Homer's, no doubt he did 
 intermingle the traditions of Greece and those of Rome (fc 
 
 lor 
 
 " The first notice of the Aeneid that we have is in a letter of V^rHi ^. a 
 written probably b c 26 when fh^ ipff.. , « '« m a letter of Vergil to Au-uatus, 
 
 " Especially by the Emperor Caligula, .Parkland, and Niebuhr. 
 
 (^i 
 
 c* 
 
xii 
 
 Vergil 
 defended. 
 
 
 STYLE OP TBE AENEID. 
 
 this, as we have remarked, could hardlv h« ^^t, • • , . 
 age), no doubt he did commit thp Z .°*^^^^>«« »n his 
 
 ism hut he .us in this aZ^^r sX;:: U^ 
 
 21 ::z::x^^ ''" '' '^^^ ""'-- '- -''-^^-^^ 
 
 ExceUencies.~These defects, however, are far more than 
 counterbalanced bv his manv «^« ii • * *" 
 
 \T -1 •'^ many excellencies. "Therp ia i« 
 
 knows where to stop ; he i, excellent in his sTnoet teU a 
 
 a h,s speech , Vergil, as Wordsworth says, is a lite o 
 
 language, but no one can really be a master If,' "' 
 
 it^: -rvotrr' ""-•'^' »""^ehi:xi: 
 
 ine expression. To the above-named qualities may be added 
 Picturesquenessin description ; Tarlety and art ,«c teste 
 
 ■■ Self •!!"" ''°'™"'' ""'«*' '» '^«"'' *" ">e -n-n charge ■ 
 The Aeneid was meant to be, above all things a national' 
 poem .arrymg on the lines of thought, the style ofspeel 
 which national progress had chosen ,- and it was not mealt to 
 echpse so much as to do honour to, early literature Th 
 those bards who, like Ennins and Naevius h.TT' f 
 
 service to Kome by singing, however rTdlty 'he histTy 'Zd 
 their ,,„agi,^s ranged in the gallery of [he Tenet T. 
 they met with the flamens and pontiffs, who drew unth" 
 ntual formularies; with the antiquarians'and piouHchola* 
 who had sought to find a meaning in the immemorL tateT 
 whe herof place or custom or person , with the magistrats 
 novelists and philosophers, who had striven to ennoble »d 
 enlighten lioman virtue, with the Greek singers and 1^ 
 for they, too, had helped to rear the towerinTffbric" Vom' 
 greatness. AH these meet together i. the X^eid. ^to 
 
METRE OP THE AENEID. 
 
 • • • 
 
 Xlll 
 
 solemn conclave, to review their joint work, to acknowledge 
 Its final completion, and to predict its impending downfall. 
 This IS beyond question the explanation of the wholesale 
 appropriation of others' thoughts and language, which would 
 otherwise be sheer plagiarism." 
 
 The object that Vergil had in writing the Aeneid is n. . . 
 
 variously stated by writers. Spence, HolZolZTw^Z SS/ 
 say that the poem was written with a political object to re- 
 concile the Romans to the new order of things. This view is 
 also he d by Pope, who says that the poem had as much a 
 political object as Dryden's Absalom and Achitophel ; that its 
 primary object was to praise Augustus, and the secondary 
 one was to flatter the Romans by dwelling on the splendour 
 of their origin. "Augustus is evidently typified under the 
 character of Aeneas, both are cautious and wise in counsel- 
 both are free from the perturbations of passion ; they were 
 cold, unfeeling and uninteresting; their wisdom and policy 
 were worldly-minded and calculating. Augustus was conscious 
 that he was acting a part, as his last words show; and the 
 contrast between the sentiment and conduct of Aeneas, when- 
 
 have t ""Z ™^"'"' '^ "'^''*^^" "^^^-h* ^^ «"PPOBed to 
 have sway likewise created an impression of insincerity. 
 Ihe charnctenstic virtue which adorns the hero of the Aeneid 
 as i:he epithet ,,.., so constantly applied to him shows w^ 
 fi al piety, and there was no virtue which Augustus more 
 ostentatiously put forward than dutiful affection to J^s 
 Caesar who adopted him. »- Browne. 
 
 METRE. 
 The Aeneid is written in the heroic metre of the Romans • 
 
 .t« most perfect shape in the poe, ,, cf Bon^erZH^:^ 
 and the responses of the Delnhio ora l« v ■ ■ . '°''' 
 have d.e.,<,ed the rude S^^ Z;; 'of f p'r^eL:!:" 
 ^ri^"^™ ■'"™"«-'l tto hexamete,. an,on« the Zl' 
 .-S.1 .» generally considered as the model of this kinFoJ 
 verse among the Latins. " °' 
 
 he 
 
XIV 
 
 METRE OF THE AENEID. 
 
 No. of 
 dactyls and 
 spondees. 
 
 The dactylic hexameter consists, as its name implies, of six 
 feet, the first four of which may be dactyls or spondees ; 
 the fifth IS usually dactyl, and the sixth invariably a 
 
 spondee. The following is the scheme : 
 
 y> yf 
 
 \> y> ~ i> \/ 
 
 v» 
 
 I ] 
 
 Rules for Quantity. 
 
 In scanning, the pupil should understand that his general 
 knowledge of quantity must be constantly brought into use. 
 For example, from the outset of his studies he has learnt that 
 ■is of the dat. and abl. plur. is long, and -is of the gen. sing, 
 is short. So -a of the nom. is short, and -a of the abl. is 
 long. He knows also that a vowel before a final t is short. 
 The following special rules may be helpful ; in fact to make 
 scanning easy they must be continually referred to. 
 
 1. A vowel before a vowel in the same word is short. 
 
 Exceptions Aeneas and many other proper names, illius, etc. ' 
 
 2. A vowel before two consonants (not a mute and 
 liquid) is long by position. 
 
 3. Before a mute and liquid (e.g., pi. tr) a vowel is 
 common. 
 
 4. The prefix re- (back or again) and the enclitic -qtie are 
 naturally short. They may of course be long by position. 
 
 5. Both for quantity and for elision (see sec. 5 below) the 
 letter h does not count as a consonant. For instance, as in 
 hlc cur\rri8fmt\hoc, v. 17, the it is short though coming before 
 two consonants; and in atqu{e) hdmln\uvi, v. 65, e is elided 
 as before a vowel. In Samo; hie, v. 16, the pause prevents 
 the elision of o. 
 
 Peculiarities of Metre. 
 
 1. For the comparative number of dactyls and spon- 
 dees in the first four places no definite rule can be given. 
 Generally speaking, the line is more smooth when the 
 arrangement is varied to avoid monotony. A succession of 
 dactyls may be used for various reasons, e.g., quick motion, 
 cp. B. I, 90, 
 
 IntOnii\erS pdl{i),\ et creb\ris mtcm\ignibUs\aether, 
 where the quick flashes of lightning and the instant peals of 
 thunder fall in quick succession. 
 
METRE OF THE AENEID. 
 So in B.I, 150: 
 
 IamqunfUc\es et\ mxd v6\lant fmr\aTmH mln\lstrdt: 
 where the quick succession of brands and stones follows-. 
 
 On the other hand a succession of spondees may be em- 
 ployed to describe a laboured effort : cp. B. i, 118. 
 
 Ad\pdr\ent ra\rl nant\es ln\ gnrgUS\ vasto. * 
 
 Here the slow spondees mark the struggling motions of the 
 CFew amid the waves. 
 
 So also a dignified gait may be imitated by successive 
 ■pondees : B. i, 46. 
 
 Ast Sgd\ quae dt\v(um) lnce\d6 relglnd I6v\isqug. 
 
 2. Rarely the fifth foot is a spondee, in which case the line 
 IB called a spondaic^* line : e.y., B. I, 617. 
 
 Tun(e) m(e)\ Aenelas quem\ Darddni\o An\chlsae'. 
 (Note the absence of elision in Dardanio.) 
 
 3. When the last syllable of a word remains over, after the 
 completion of a foot, that syllable is called a oaesural syllable 
 m consequence of its being separated, or cut off, as it were, from 
 the rest of the word in scanning the verse. The term 
 caesura^" is also applied to a pause or stress of the voice 
 which naturally rests on the caesural syllable. The melod^ 
 of the verse depends in a great measure on the position of 
 the caesura. The chief verse caesuras in the dactylic hexa- 
 meter are : ^ 
 
 Auxm\o Be\Il"; gu\\t6r tum\ Belfis d\plmdm 
 
 bifof ^'^f "fr"''^'' ^"''"'"' ^* '^^ ^^^ «^ *h« first sylla- 
 ble of the fourth foot : B. i, 441. ^ 
 
 ^^"^^' ^'^l ^^*^/«l« ^^dila/' l^eltmmil^l umbrae. 
 
 2«In Vergril we have 28 spondaic lines • 17 nf +h«.ao 7^ ' ~~ 
 
 trisyllable, 2 in a monosyllable. " ^ '""^ '" * Quadrisyllable, 9 in a 
 
 "Called by the Greeks tom>;, a cuttina. 
 
 XV 
 
 Spondaic 
 lines. 
 
 Word 
 Caesura. 
 
 Verse 
 Caesura. 
 
 Penthemi- 
 
 meral 
 
 Caeiura. 
 
 Hephthe- 
 
 mimeral 
 
 Caesura. 
 
XVI 
 
 METRE OF THE AENEID. 
 
 Trochaic 
 Caenura. 
 
 Ill 
 
 m:; 
 
 Bucolic. 
 Caemira. 
 
 Last word 
 in the line. 
 
 (c) Trochaic^, after the trochee of the third foot : B. i, 608. 
 Lmtrd\hunt c6n\vexii," })iil\m dum\ sulirCt\ pdftcet. 
 
 (d) Bnroliv^^ Caesura, at the end of the dactyl of the fourth 
 foot when this foot is a dactyl and ends the word : B. I, 154. 
 
 Sic crmct\m p^l<i\(jl c?c?| dlt frdg6r\" aeth}ird\ i)o»tqfuim.\ 
 
 It may be observed, generally, that a verse may have one, 
 two, or three caesuras ; that verse, however, is best divided 
 in which the sense pause and the caesural pause coincide as in 
 each case given above. 
 
 4. Tlie last word in a dactylic hexameter line is for the 
 most part a dissyllable,"^ or a trisyllable. A quadrisyllable 
 is rarely allowed, except in the case of a proper name. Some- 
 times, but rarely, a monosyllable is employed at the end of a 
 line, and generally in the case of est, and then usually with an 
 elision : B. i, 105. 
 
 Ddt l<ittis\; ins(iquX\tur cftmtd\o" j)rae\rTipttis d\quae mons.\ 
 
 Expldr\dr^ tdh\dr/' mlhi\ ii'oisd cdp\essSrS\ fds est] 
 
 Ac vUii\tl mdg\n{o) In p6pfd\o" cum\ saep^ c6\6rt{,a) est\ 
 
 5. Metrical figures : 
 
 (a) Elision occurs when a word ending in a vowel or diph- 
 thong, or with the letter, -m preceded by a vowel and the 
 following word begins with a vowel, diphthong, or the letter h. 
 When such is the case, the last syllable of the word so ending 
 with a vowel, diphthong, or the letter -m preceded by a vowel 
 is elided, i.e., struck out together, and in scansion is not 
 regarded as a part of the verse, e.g., 
 
 (1) B. i,-95: _ _ 
 
 ^ Quls dn\t{e) Or a pd\tn~cm Tr6\iae s^6| moen'ib'iis\ dltis. 
 
 (2) B. I, 210 : _ 
 
 nil \se prae\d[ae) dcclng\unt ddpl\biisquS fu]turis.\ 
 
 (3) B. I, 180 : 
 
 Aene\ds scdpu\l(ti77i) int^rS\d con\scendU, St\ omnem. 
 
 29 Also called the weak or feminine caesura. 
 
 30 So called beciuae often employed by Vergil in his pastoral or Bucolic poetry. 
 This caesura is common in the poems of Theocritus. 
 
 •■'ilieaving ont the three unfinished lines in the first book of ihe Aeneid we have 
 420 dissyllabic ; 323 trisyllabic ; 8 monosyllabic; 2 quadrisyllable endinjjs. 
 
 Metrical 
 
 fisjures. 
 
 Elision. 
 
oot : B. I, 608. 
 
 t\ pdHcet. 
 
 1 of the fourth 
 m\ : B. I, 154. 
 
 rd\ 2*ostquam.\ 
 
 may have one, 
 s best divided 
 i coincide as in 
 
 line is for the 
 quadrisyllable 
 name. Some- 
 it the end of a 
 isually with an 
 
 dlquae mons.\ 
 
 fas est] 
 cd\ort{a) est\ 
 
 vowel or diph- 
 t?^owel and the 
 or the letter h. 
 vord so ending 
 led by a vowel 
 mansion is not 
 
 tb'iis\ dltis. 
 fu\turis.\ 
 
 ''t\ omnem. 
 
 ■ Bucolic poetry. 
 s Aeneid we have 
 
 I 
 
 METRE OF THE AENEID. 
 
 XVll 
 
 (4) B. 1,21.3: 
 
 Mmm\;/6r»an m\ haec 6\lhn in?mln\i.ssS iUv\dblt. 
 
 (5) B. I, 246 : 
 
 It i}u1r)i\ pr6rapt(uvi)\ et pmj\6 prSmU\ armi 86n\dnti. 
 In (1) the vowel -e in ante is elided, i.e., left out in scansion 
 iicfore the vowel o- in the next word ora. 
 
 In (2) the diphthong -ae in praedae is elided before accingunt. 
 
 In (3) the -urn is elided before the inierea. 
 
 In (4) et is not affected in scansion by the h in haec. 
 
 In (5) -urn in proruptum is elided before e- in et. 
 
 (h) The non-elision of a final vowel or diphthong before an „■ 
 mitial vowel, h or diphthong is called a hiatus, e.g., "*' 
 
 B. I, 16: 
 
 P6sthabl\td 'c6m\lssS Sa\m6, hlc\ ilUus \drma. 
 
 B.I, 617: _ 
 
 Tune tile \ Aenc\ds quern \ DdrddnX\d An\chl8^.\ 
 
 The first hiatus may be explained by the rule that in the 
 case of a proper noun, and a sense pause, the hiatus is admis- 
 sible.. In the second example considerable license is admitted 
 m the case of a proper noun, 
 
 (c) Sjmaeresis is defined as the union of two vowels in e 
 sound wh_ich should bej>roperly pronounced separately: ,/^""""''" 
 ■ei in Oilei; -eu in Ilioneus ; -d in deinde. This figure is also 
 
 called Synizesis ; e.g., 
 B. I, 120 : 
 
 Idm vdU\dam mn\7i ndv\€m, idm IfOrtts Alchdtae 
 B. 1, 195 : 
 
 Vma bdn\ils guVe \ddndS rdd\ls dn^r\drcit Ic\estes. 
 (<0 Synapheia is the principle of continuous scansion It 
 sometimes happens that a final vowel, diphthong, or -m pre- '^^""''' 
 ceded by a vowel at the end of a line is elided before the 
 
 mitial vowel, diphthong, or A at the beginning of the next line • 
 e.g., 
 
 B. I, 332 : 
 
 Idcte\miir doce\ds lg\ndr{i) hdmllnumquS ld\r6rum\quie) 
 Errdmus. 
 
 leia. 
 
XVllI 
 
 THE TROJAN WAR. 
 
 Ilypertnft- 
 rical lines. 
 
 So also in B, i, 448 : 
 
 AerU\ cfii gr(ldi\haa Hur\geMnt \llmlnti,\ nSx^]que 
 AerS trdhes. 
 
 In these lines the final vowel in .que is struck out before 
 the initial vowel in the first word of the succeeding line. 
 
 There are altogether twenty-one hypermetrical lines in 
 Vergil. 
 
 (e) Ictus is the beat of the foot which corresponds with the 
 elevation of tlve voice (ai>aig). This naturally falls on the first 
 syllable of the foot, and we, therefore, find cases occurring in 
 which a syllable naturally short is lengthened, simply from 
 its occupying the natural position of a long syllable. 
 
 (1) B. I, 308: 
 
 Qui thiZ\ant, n{am) ln\cfilta vl\dej, h6mln\e8n}& f^r\aent 
 
 (2) B. I, 478 : 
 
 Per terr(am) \Pt ver\sa pfd\vls tn\scribmr \hasta. | 
 
 (3) B. I, 651: 
 
 Peivjavia \cfim pStS\r8tin\c0ncess\osqu{e) hymhi\ aeos. 
 
 (4) B. I, 668 : 
 
 LU6ra I idcte\tur, ddl\is Iu\n6nU U\lquae. 
 
 THE TROJAN WAR. 
 
 Like Homer's Iliad and Odyssey, the Aeneid is based upon 
 events supposed to have happened in that legendary and 
 romantic episode known as the Trojan War. These events, 
 as depicted in literature, are almost entirely poetic and not in 
 the strict sense historical. The legend is that once there was 
 a wealthy and powerful city named Ilium or Troja on the 
 coast of Asia Minor. In a contest between the three goddesses, 
 Venus, Juno and Minerva, for the Apple of Discord, Venus 
 was awarded the prize by the young Trojan prince Paris (or 
 Alexander), son of King Priam. Paris, who at the time was 
 being brought up as a shepherd boy on Mt. Ida and had been 
 chosen judge for the contest, was bribed by Venus with the 
 promise that she would give him the most beautiful woman in 
 the world for wife. This woman proved to be Helen, wife of 
 Menelaus, king of Sparta. 
 
 
\f/ue 
 
 out before 
 ^line. 
 
 Ell lines in 
 
 Is with the 
 on the first 
 ccurring in 
 mply from 
 
 f(&r\aeni. 
 
 u.\ 
 
 I aeos. 
 
 pym 
 
 ised upon 
 idary and 
 Je events, 
 md not in 
 there was 
 ja on the 
 goddesses, 
 I'd, Venus 
 Paris (or 
 time was 
 had been 
 with the 
 woman in 
 I, wife of 
 
 Helen of Troy. 
 
 SIR FRED'K tllOHTON 
 
( 
 
 f 
 
 !i 
 
 I 
 
 ! 
 
 i 
 
 \ i 
 
 1 ; ;i 
 
 1 i 
 
 f i 
 
 'I ! 
 
8T0KY OF THE AENEID. 
 
 Paris, on a visit to tho court of Menelaus during the absence 
 of tho latter, enticed Helen to elope with him to Troy. 
 MenelauH, to recover his wife an ' ninish the Trojans for har^ 
 boring her, assembled a largo army oi CJ reeks, led by varioui 
 petty Grecian kings and commanded by Menelaus' brother 
 Agamemnon, king of Argos and Mycenae. Thia army laid siege 
 to Troy. After the siege had lasted ten years, by the stratagem 
 of a huge wooden horse tilled with soldiery the city was cap- 
 tured and burnt, and all but a remnant of the inhabitants put 
 to the t..ord. Thia remnant scattered to different localities 
 around the coast of the Mediterranean. According to the 
 Roman legend, Aeneas, led by the Fates, conducted a party of 
 Trojans to the west coast of Italy and there founded the 
 colony from which afterwards grow the "Eternal City " 
 Rome. " 
 
 STORY OF THE AENEID. 
 
 Aeneas was the son of Anchises and Venus, and thus con- 
 nected with the royal family of Troy. In the earlier stages 
 of the war he did not take any part, and not till his flocks 
 were driven from Mount Ida by Achilles did he lead his 
 followers against the Greeks. When the Greeks, after a 
 siege of ten years, took the city, according to Vergil, Aeneas 
 carnes off on his shoulders the aged Anchises, takes young 
 Ascanms by the hand while Creusa follows behind and 
 escapes to Mount Ida. His wife Creusa, in the confusion 
 of the siege, is lost in the darkness. He appears to have 
 left the burning city at the end of the war. when, with a 
 fleet of twenty vessels and a number of followers, he set sail 
 from Troy in quest of lands destined by the fates. He first 
 lands in Thrace, and begins to build a city, but is deterred 
 by Che ghost of the murdered Polydorus. Next he sails to 
 j3elos, then to Crete, where the Penates appear to Aeneas 
 and declare his destined home to be in Italy, the native land 
 of Dardanus. Again he sets sail and is driven by a storm to 
 Strophades, Leucadia, and Ohaonia where he finds Helenus 
 a seer, son of Priam, and king of that country, who tells 
 Aeneas to sail round Sicily. The ships of Aeneas land in the 
 country of the Cyclops Polyphemus, near Aetna, when Achae- 
 
 "* '» "'^""" v^ v=3i;3 iiau leix; Deiimu in the cave of the 
 
 Cyclops, advises them to flee from the land of Polyphemus. 
 
 six 
 
 Ancegtora of 
 Aeneag. 
 
 Leaves Troy 
 
 Wandering 
 of Aeneag. 
 Lands at 
 Thrace. 
 
 At the 
 Strophades. 
 
 At Sicily, 
 
XX 
 
 STORY OF THE AENEID. 
 
 Ill 
 
 
 Guided by Achaemenides, Aeneas passes Scylla and Charybdis 
 and lands at Drepanum, where Anchises dies. He then starts 
 out for Ttaly, but stress of weatlier drives him on the coast 
 At Karthage oi Africa, near Karthage. Juno, aware that Rome one day 
 would conquer her beloved Karthage, had an unrelenting 
 hatred against Aeneas, and instigated Aeolus to let loose the 
 winds and wreck the Trojan tieet. Neptune, however, inter- 
 feres in time and calms the troubled waves. The Trojans find 
 a sheltered harbour for the seven remaining ships aud soon 
 they land. They afterwanis discover that they are on the 
 coast of Africa. Juppiter had meanwhile despatched Mercury 
 to prepare Dido to give a kind welcome to the shipwrecked 
 followers of Aeneas. Surrounded by a cloud, and invisible to 
 all, Aeneas and Achates go to explore the country. They see 
 the towers and walls of the youthful city, and are surprised to 
 find their missing comrades holding audience with the queen. 
 Under the guise of Ascanius, Cupid is sent by Venus to kindle 
 love in the breast of Dido. Dido is married to Aeneas. 
 Other fortunes the fates had in store for him. Mercury is 
 sent to remonstrate with Aeneas. In spite of the love and 
 entreaties of Dido, the order is given to sail, and once more 
 the Trojans steer for Italy. Dido, through grief for her fickle 
 lover, mounts the funeral pile and stabs herself, and then her 
 attendants burn her body. He arrives a second time at Dre- 
 panum, and then for nine days celebrates the funeral games in 
 honour of his dead father, Anchises. While the games were 
 in progress, some of the Trojan women, despairing of ever 
 having a settled home, fire the ships. Juppiter sends rain 
 and puts out the fire, but not till after four ships are 
 destroyed. Aeneas leaves in Sicily all the elderly people and 
 all weary of roaming, where they found Segesta. The rest sail 
 for Italy and land at Cumae. Then he meets the Sibyl, under 
 whose guidance he descends to the lower world and learns 
 the full details of his future life. Latinus, king of the land 
 on which Aeneas landed, had a daughter Lavinia, whose hand 
 is sought for by Turnus, king of the Rituli. The Latins 
 summon allies from all sides to repel the foreigners, while 
 Aeneas obtains the aid of Evander, and seeks the assistance 
 of the Etrurians. While he is absent, the Trojan camp is 
 attacked without success by Turnus and the Latins. Aeneas 
 
 D%do kills 
 herself. 
 
 Arrives at 
 Sia'ljf a 
 second time 
 
 Founds 
 Seifesta. 
 
 Wars in 
 Italy. 
 
 
 
THE CONTENTS OF THE FIRST BOOK. 
 
 XXI 
 
 Chary bdis 
 ;hen starts 
 
 the coast 
 e one day 
 urelenting 
 ; looae the 
 ver, inter- 
 rojans liiid 
 1 aud soou 
 i.re on the 
 d Mercury 
 ipwrecked 
 nvisible to 
 
 They see 
 Lirprised to 
 ihe queen. 
 3 to kindle 
 
 Aeneas, 
 lercury is 
 J love and 
 once more 
 • her fickle 
 
 1 then her 
 le at Dre- 
 1 games in 
 ames were 
 iig of ever 
 sends rain 
 
 ships are 
 people and 
 he rest sail 
 byl, under 
 inA learns 
 P the land 
 'hose hand 
 'he Latins 
 ers, while 
 
 assistance 
 n camp is 
 I. Aeneas 
 
 returns and displays his jjroM'ess in battle. He slays Mezen- 
 tius, the Etruscan, and Turnus, aud afterwards marries 
 
 t 
 
 i <avmia. 
 
 THE CONTENTS OF THE FIRST BOOK. 
 
 The poet invokes the Muse to sing of the wanderings of The invoca- 
 Aeneas o'er the deep, and his sutl'erings while attempting to '"'" »/ '^« 
 Is.y the foundations of imijerial Rome. The trials of the hero ^'"*"' ' ^'^^' 
 are ascribed to the unrelenting rage of cruel Juno. 
 
 Karthage, a city of Africa, was founded of yore by settlers fhe re 
 • from Tyre. This city, rich in wealth and proud in war, wa.sM Juno's 
 cherished by Juno before all other places. She, however, !^,a7nst the 
 was apprehensive of its destruction because she had heard ^y'^'""* • 
 that a remnant of the Trojans were sailing o'er the sea, whose 
 descendants were destined in after days to overthrow her 
 beloved Karthage. The slight offered to her beauty in the 
 decision of Paris, son of Priam, the late king of Troy, and the 
 honours lately heaped on Ganymede tended to foster her 
 burning hate, and she accordingly determined to keep the 
 Trojans away from Italy. 
 
 The Trojans had left the port of Drepanum in Sicily, where Juno's pro- 
 Anchises, the father of Aeneas, had died, and were dashing ^"^f '° 
 through the foaming brine with brazen keel. Juno comes to Si-so. 
 Aeolus, the god of winds, and instigates him to send a storm 
 to overwhelm the Trojans in the deep. In case he carries out 
 her purpose, she promises the fairest of all her nymphs, 
 Deicpeia, as a wife. 
 
 Aeolus lets loose the winds, and in an instant the East, j-^^ ^^^^^ 
 South, and South-West winds lash the waves into fury. Then breaks forth 
 follow the shrieks of the sailors, the creaking of cables, the *^'^^^" 
 darkening clouds which veil the sky and brood o'er the 
 deep, the peals of thunder, the gleaming lightning. While 
 all things threatened instant death, Aeneas wishes that he 
 had died at Troy before his father's eyes. One ship— that 
 commanded by the trusty Orontes— went down and the rest 
 are disabled. 
 
 Meanwhile Neptune, the lord of the main, felt that a storm Neptune 
 had been let loose, and great was his wrath, as he knew well calmTthe 
 the wiles of his aistfir .Tnpn a"'1 b^r -"•"•i.^-h ify-sin-f fH- t- -•- *'''^'" ' 
 He summons to him the winds, and upbraids their king for 
 
B iM i« tf B W' » y f^ J^1 ■ ju ' ^m s ! 
 
 xxii 
 
 THE CONTENTS OP THE FIRST BOOK. 
 
 The tveary 
 Trojans 
 land : 
 ir>7-179. 
 
 Aenens 
 mounts a 
 rock : espies 
 deer: shoots 
 seven and 
 divides the 
 niunber 
 among the 
 surviving 
 ships: 180- 
 
 Venns com- 
 plains to 
 Juppiter of 
 the promises 
 unfulfilled 
 and of the 
 woes of the 
 Trojans : 
 S23-250. 
 
 his presumption in allowing them to have free scope. The 
 sea is calmed by the soothing words of the lortl of the sea. 
 
 The toil-worn crew of Aeneas make for the nearest shores, 
 and turn to the coasts of Africa. There is a bay, protected 
 by an island, affording a safe shelter from every wind, and in 
 this Aeneas takes refuge, with seven ships saved out of 
 twenty. The weary Trojans land. Achates strikes a spark 
 fi-om the flint and tries to start a fire. The corn damaged 
 by the waves is brought out of tiie vessels, and bruised to 
 make a meal for the shipwrecked Trojans. 
 
 Aeneas, in the meantime, mounted a cliff in hopes of seeing 
 some of the tempest-tossed ships that he had missed. No 
 vessel is in sight. He espies, however, three stags, each fol- 
 lowed by a herd of deer, on the shore. Seizing a bow and 
 arrows from his trusty henchman Achates, he lays low seven 
 of the deer. He returns to the harbour and divides the 
 number equally among the ships — one to each. He also dis- 
 tributes the wine which kind Acestes had given to the 
 Trojans as they were leaving Sicily. With words of cheer 
 he bids his comrades bear up under their hardships. They 
 then prepare the meal and enjoy their repast, after which 
 they talk for a long time of the fate of their lost comrades. 
 
 Juppiter, meanwhile, was gazing on the realms of Africa 
 when Venus, with tearful eyes reminds ' ' the father of gods 
 and men" of the promises that he had uttered as to the 
 destiny of the Trojans. Juppiter bids her spare her fears, 
 assuring her that the decrees of the fates are immutable and 
 that she shall yet behold the Trojan Aeneas wage a great 
 war in Italy, subdue hostile tribes, build walls, reign in 
 Latium, and subdue the Rituli. lulus (also called Ascanius), 
 son of Aeneas, shall reign in Lanuvium and shall fortify Alba 
 Longa. After a period of three hundred years, Ilia, a priestess, 
 shall bear to Mars twin sons, Romulus and Remus, and these 
 shall found an empire to which shall be set "no bounds of 
 realm, no term of years." Even cruel Juno shall join in 
 cherishing the Romans as "lords of the world". As years 
 roll on Greece shall be subdued, and Honor and Vesta shall 
 rule the world and the dread Gates of War shall be closed 
 
 Mercury is sent from heaven to inspire in Dido, the queen 
 
THE CONTENTS OF THE FIRST BOOK. 
 
 XXlll 
 
 •pe. The 
 
 le sea. 
 
 st shores, 
 protected 
 id, and in 
 d out of 
 i a spark 
 damaged 
 raised to 
 
 of seeing 
 ised. No 
 each fol- 
 bow and 
 ow seven 
 vides the 
 
 also dis- 
 n to the 
 
 of cheer 
 )s. They 
 :er which 
 nrades . 
 
 of Africa 
 jr of gods 
 is to the 
 her fears, 
 table and 
 ;e a great 
 reign in 
 ^scanius), 
 'tify Alba 
 priestess, 
 and these 
 jounds of 
 ,11 join in 
 As years 
 esta shall 
 be closed 
 
 ihe queen 
 
 of Karthage, a friendly feeling towards the Trojans who are 
 shipwrecked on her shore. 
 
 All night long after the meal Aeneas broods o'er his own 
 woes and the lot of his comrades. As soon as day dawns he 
 determines to go forth and explore the shores to which he 
 had come in his wanderings. After safely mooring his fleet 
 under the shelter of a rock, he sallies forth with trusty 
 Achates. In the midst of a wood he meets his mother, who 
 was dressed like a Spartan huntress. Venus enquires whether 
 Aeneas had seen any of her sisters wandering there. After 
 telling Venn? that he had seen no one, he hints that her look 
 is more than human, and that she is evidently of divine race : 
 he begs her to lighten their sorrows, and tell to what land 
 they had come. 
 
 Venus tells him he is in Africa and then unfolds the story 
 of Dido's wrongs : how the queen, who was from Tyre, had a 
 husband Sychaeus, and a brother Pygmalion in wickedness 
 far beyond other men ; how the savage Pygmalion killed the 
 unwary Sychaeus at the altar ; how the young Dido collected 
 some companions, sailed away to the west and came to the 
 spot on which the rising city of Karthage was now being 
 built. 
 
 Aeneas tells his name and his race. Italy is the goal of his 
 wanderings. With twenty ships he embarked on the sea, the 
 mother-goddess guiding his course, but only seven battered 
 ships remain. 
 
 She announces to him that his comrades, whom he thought 
 lost, will be safe. She points out twelve swans, with joyous 
 notes circling in the air ; so the twelve ships with full sail are 
 either entering or have entered the harbour. At the end of 
 her prophecy he recognizes his mother, who shrouds them 
 in a cloud, so that no one may see them, though they may 
 see all. She takes Aeneas and Achates veiled in this cloud 
 to Karthage. 
 
 Aeneas, from the hill o'erlooking Karthage, admires the 
 buildings, where lately stood rude Numidian huts. Eagerly 
 the Carthaginians ply their work, some building walls, 
 others a citadel ; some choosing sites for houses, and marking 
 out the boundaries with a furrow ; others digging a harbour, 
 
 Mercury i$ 
 sent to 
 earth: 297- 
 SOU. 
 
 Aeneas 
 meets his 
 mother : 
 305-33/,. 
 
 Venus tells 
 the tales of 
 Dido's 
 Ufrojigs : 
 333-371. 
 
 Aeneas tells 
 his tale : 
 372-386. 
 
 Ventii 
 draws a 
 happy omen 
 and reveals 
 
 hersplf : 
 387-U17. 
 
 Description 
 of Karthage: 
 
 /, 18-1,30. 
 
«-= 
 
 ■ ' j.ss^:r::.^ju 
 
 XXIV 
 
 THL CONTKNTS OP THE FIRST BOOK. 
 
 I ii 
 
 f 
 
 Aeneaa ex- 
 amines the 
 temple : 
 /,30-UO. 
 
 Wallfi of a 
 temple : 
 
 The queen . 
 with her re- 
 tinue enters 
 thf temple : 
 USU-519. 
 
 Ilixmeus, the 
 spokesman 
 of the Tro- 
 jans speaks : 
 Dido replies: 
 520-578. 
 
 The mist 
 dissolves : 
 579-612. 
 
 Dido wel- 
 comes him . 
 61S-6li2. 
 
 A eneas 
 sends for 
 lulus: 
 61,3-656. 
 
 Venus sub- 
 stitutes 
 Cupid for 
 Aseanius : 
 667-696. 
 
 and others still laying the foundations for a high theatre. 
 Among the throng he mingles still unseen. 
 
 In the midst of the ci ♦^^y is a sacred grove, where Dido was 
 building a temple in honour of Juno. While Aeneas was 
 waiting for the arrival.of the queen, he examines with scruti- 
 nizing gaze each object in the great temple. Here he sees 
 depicted the scenes of the Trojan war, the crested Achilles 
 pursuing in flight the Trojans, the snow white tents of 
 Rhesus, the flight of Troilus, the procession of Trojan women 
 going to the temple of Minerva to propitiate the dread god- 
 dess, the dragging of Hector round the walls of Troy : all 
 these scenes and many more were witnessed by Aeneas. 
 
 Meanwhile the queen, attended by her courtiers, enters the 
 temple. With all the graceful dignity of Diana, when she 
 leads the dance. Dido enters the temple and takes her seat as 
 queen and judge of her subjects. Aeneas sees, also amid the 
 throng attending the queen, Antheus, Sergestus, and the 
 valiant Cloanthus, and other Trojani supposed to be lost. 
 
 Ilioneus tells Dido that they are a shipwrecked remnant of 
 the Trojans on their way to Italy. He also hints at the pro- 
 bable loss of Aeneas. Dido assures them of her assistance 
 and protection, and pi'omises them that she wi^l send them to 
 Sicily, if they desire it, or allow them to settle at Karthage. 
 As for Aeneas, she promised to send trusty men to see 
 whether he had bhon cast on shore, or not. 
 
 The cloud which had enshrouded the forms of Aeneas and 
 Achates now parts and immediately Aeiit^as shone forth in 
 beauty amid the clear light, declaring himself. With grateful 
 heart he prays for a blessing on Dido for her kindness to his 
 comrades. 
 
 Dido welcomes Aeneas to her palace, which was furnished 
 with princely splendour for the approaching banquet. She 
 also proclaims a public festival. 
 
 Aeneas sends Achates to the fleet to bring lulus (also called 
 Aseanius) to the city. Gifts also were to be brought from 
 the ships as presents for the queen. 
 
 The wily goddess Venus, meanwhile causes Cupid to be 
 transformed in form and mien into Aseanius, and acccompany 
 the faithful Achates with presents to the queen. 
 
 ■I 
 if 
 
A LITERARY STUDY OP BOOK I. 
 
 The Trojans and Tyrians, amid the joyous luills, recline on 
 the embroidered couches. The gifts of Aeneas are admired 
 by all. Cupid embraces Aeneas and then Dido, and both 
 the Trojan leader and the Karthagiman queen are inspired 
 with mutual flame. 
 
 After the first part of the banquet, the tables are with- 
 drawn and golden goblets crowned with wine are set before 
 the guests. The queen prays that this day may be long 
 remembered by the Tyrians. A libation is then poured on 
 the table ^nd the cup is handed to the courtiers of the queen 
 to dnnk. The long haired lopas sings songs taught him of 
 yore by great Atlas. At the request of the queen Aeneas is 
 aaked to tell the story of the Fall of Troy, which occupies 
 Books II and III of the Aeneid. 
 
 XXV 
 
 Amid the 
 splendour of 
 the/eaxt 
 Cupid in- 
 8/>ire8 the 
 qveeii inth 
 love : 697-7ZX 
 
 The liba- 
 tion : j/ii'o- 
 cation of the 
 godx : song 
 of lopas: 
 723-756. 
 
 A LITERARY STUDY OF BOOK I. 
 The Aeneid, as a work of art. 
 
 The Aeneid is a work of art and as such deserves to be read and 
 admired, not merely translated, in our schools. It is Poetry. It is a 
 thing of beauty. It appeals to the imagination as few works of art in 
 the world's history have been able to do. It was written to please, to 
 stir the finer and grander emotions, not to instruct. It was written to 
 rouse a nation to enthusiabm over its own boasted ancestry. It is one 
 of the few great Epics of literature. It has a hero and has a plot. It 
 IS tragic, grand and sublime, and at the same time it abounds in passages 
 picturesque, beautiful and pathetic. 
 
 The Artistic grouping of the pictures in Book I. 
 
 Those students whose privilege it is to study Book I of the Aeneid 
 have, like Aeneas in the temple of Queen Dido, an opportunity of view- 
 ing at the very threshold of this great work a panorama of beautiful and 
 romantic pictures, artistically grouped by a master hand. Let us pause 
 as we enter and take a rapid survey of the whole. 
 
 1. The weary hero near the end of his wanderings arouses the anger 
 ot the mighty Queen of Heaven. 
 
 2. She enlists the aid of the God of Winds. -The Storm anrl the 
 shipwreck. " 
 
XXVI 
 
 A LITERARY STUDY OP BOOK I. 
 
 3. Neptune rises from the sea, rebukes the winds and lulls the storm. 
 
 4. Aeneas consoles his comrades on the shore. (Note the exquisite 
 beauty and harmony of the picture of the haven of refuge.) 
 
 5. Juppiter in fatherly contemplation of the w orld below.— Venus 
 tearfully pleads with him on behalf of her beloved Trojans. —Jove'» 
 consoling kiss.— He depicts the future glories of Home.— " Parce vietu, 
 Cytherea." 
 
 6. Mercury, the winged messenger of the gods, descends to Karthages 
 on his errand of peace. 
 
 7. Venus disguised as a huntress intercepts Aeneas. She tells of Dido 
 and Karthage and reassures her son.— Revealing herself in all her god« 
 like beauty, she departs. 
 
 8. Aeneas journeys on.— From a hill-top he views the newly building 
 city. He enters, surrounded and hidden by a cloud. 
 
 9. The temple of Juno. ^Pictures from the war of Troy . —Aeneas' 
 astonishment and new gleam of hope. (Note the poetic irony. It is in 
 the temple of the very goddess who drove him on this shore that Aeneas 
 finds deliverance.) 
 
 10. Enter Dido in queenly splendour.— Sudden appearance of the 
 shipwrecked comrades of Aeneas.— Their appeal for protection and their 
 kindly welcome. — Aeneas revealed. 
 
 11. The Banquet.— Cupid substituted for the boy lulus (note the 
 tender appeal of Venus to her son).— Dido luxuriates in the presence of 
 Aeneas and all unconscious fondles the boy of the fatal dart. 
 
 Passages of Special Beauty. 
 
 V.V. 34-49- Juno's Anger: 
 
 Note the fine contrast between the happy mariners swiftly plough- 
 ing througl. the deep and the sullen anger of the goddess gradually 
 rising to passionate rage. 
 
 V.V. 51-G3.— The Cave of the Winds: 
 
 The struggling pack howling to get free. —The King with his sceptre 
 on high controls them.— (Note the elaborate Personification.) 
 
 V.V. 81-123— The Storm : 
 
 The winds rush forth as to battle— the billows rise— the men shout— 
 the cordage creaks—" black night broods o'er the deep "—the light- 
 nings flash— the sailors are terrified and Aeneas despairs. (Observe 
 the Method in the details. ) 
 
A LITERARY STUDY OF BOOK I. 
 
 XXVU 
 
 V.Y. 124- lo6.— Neptune lulling the Storm: 
 
 His fine rage at the usurpation of liis authority.— His imperious 
 dismissal of the winds.— His angry message to Aeolus— the elaborate 
 Simile. — ( How do the details of the Simile accord with the original ? 
 Is it the jnanner of quelling the storm or the effect that is illus- 
 trated ? Is the attitude of the winds to Neptune one of reverence 
 or one of fear ? Does '' j>ectora mulcet " really apply to Neptune ?) 
 
 V.V. 159-169.— The Haven of Kefuge : 
 
 Observe the Method : the approach— the quiet bay inside— vista of 
 woods in the back-ground— the cave and abode of the Nymphs on 
 the shore— the geu.ral air of peace and security that pervades the 
 picture. 
 
 V.V, 198-209.— Aeneas consoling his Companions: 
 
 A fine example of that sweetness and tender melancholy that per- 
 vade the pathos of Vergil; e.g., "o passi oraviora,"~^'forsan et 
 haec olim meminisse iuvabit,"—" spent vultu simulat, premit altuvi 
 corde dolorem." 
 
 V.V. 419-436.— The newly building City : 
 
 Nc-te the point of view— the variety of details impressing the busy 
 nature of the scene— this further emphasized by the simile of the 
 bee-hive. 
 
 A Pair of Portraits: 
 
 V.V. 496-502— Dido. 
 
 V.V. 588-59.3— Aeneas. 
 V.V. 664-688— Venus' appeal to Cupid. 
 V.V. 697-711— The Banquet. 
 V.V. 712-722-Dido and Cupid. 
 
 Book I. essentially dramatic. 
 
 Examine the following dramatic scenes : — 
 
 1. Juno and Aeolus. 
 
 2. Neptune rebuking the winds. 
 
 3. Venus and Juppiter. 
 
 4. Venus and Aeneas on the road to Karthage. 
 «-. Scene in the temple of Juno. 
 
 Aeneas gazing at the pictures. 
 
XXVUl 
 
 HISTORY OP VERGIL S TEXT. 
 
 Entry of Dido. 
 
 The corapanious of Aeneas supplicate Dido. 
 Revelation of Aeneas. 
 (This in itself constitutes a miniature drama.) 
 
 6. Venus and Cupid. 
 
 7. The Banquet. 
 
 A spectacular close. 
 
 The Supernatural in Book I. 
 
 Juno — the Queen of Heaven in offended dignity. 
 
 Neptune — the Ruler of the Sea — resents interference with his domain 
 and defies Juno. 
 
 Juppiter— the kindly though powe»-ful Ruler of Heaven. — His omnipo- 
 tent and final decree fixing the destinies of Rome. 
 
 Venus — the goddess mother of our hero. 
 She supplicates Juppiter. 
 Smooths the way for Aeneas. 
 Outwits Juno by calling in the aid of Cupid. 
 
 Mercury — the winged messenger o.f the gods. 
 
 HISTORY OF VERGIL'S TEXT. 
 
 Not the least of the advantages to be derived from the study of the 
 Classics is the ability to project one's self into the spirit of the past. 
 The effect of this in widening one's mental view, in increasing his 
 sympathies for man as man, need not here be dwelt upon. That we 
 may be able to carry our pupils back with us through the centuries 
 to Vergil's own time, until they virtually live amid his surroundings, 
 and breathe the atmosphere of his early influence, is a "consumma- 
 tion devoutly to be wished." A knowledge of the stages through which 
 Vergil's text has passed before reaching us iu the garb of a nineteenth 
 centi.-y school edition, may be helpful to this end. 
 
 The young student of Vergil is very apt to forget that the neatly 
 printed, carefully punctuated text he uses at school, is not at all hke 
 the text as it left the hands of Vergil, or as it was circulated amongst 
 schooi-boya and Vergil's numerous other readers of the first twelve 
 centuries. He may find it hard to realize that within fifty years after 
 
HfSTORY OP VEUOIL's TEXT. xxix 
 
 the poet's death the Aenei.l was a school text-book, thmnbe.l and oonned 
 by Konian boys and expounded by Konian schoolmasters. 
 
 A glance at the facsimile on page xxxi will give the pupil some i.lea 
 of those early characters which were tlie only means of reproducing the 
 wn mgs of Vergil. When he hears of corrupt passages and disputed 
 readnigs, let him bear in mind that the first copies were made by hand 
 an.l with great labour, by persons who perhaps did not in all cases under- 
 stand what they were copying ; that there were countless chances of 
 mistaking Vergil's own handwriting in the first place ; and that as the 
 centuries of copying went on those chances increased greatly. It is not 
 strange that Vergil's own handwriting has not come down to us when 
 we remember that none of the many copies made during the first three 
 or four centuries are extant. In having one as early as the 4th o • 5th 
 century we are fortunate, for in the case of many other Latin writers 
 we have nothing earlier than the 8th or 9th century. 
 
 All this time, however, Vergil was being read, studied and annotated. 
 We hear of one commentator who said that he had seen a man who 
 had once seen a genuine piece of Vergil's own handwriting. Servius 
 made profuse annotations in the third or fourth century. Other gram 
 marians of that age quoted whole lines from Vergil to illustrate their 
 expositions of syntax, so that even from these quotations an almost 
 complete text could be built up. 
 
 But the ground-work of all modern text criticisms is to be found in 
 four great MSS. of the 4th and 5th centuries. These, verified by the 
 earlier grammarians, who must have quoted from independent sources 
 are m all disputes the ultimate court of appeal. But even these are not 
 conclusive, for the grammarians supply readings that are to be found in 
 none of them. It is altogether likely that the four great xMSS. were all 
 based on one common "Archetype" or original copy, and that what- 
 ever mistakes this copy contained have been perpetuated as the genuine 
 text of Vergil. Hence editors can with impunity go on " coniecturine " 
 and " emending " for all time. ^ 
 
 The four great MSS. are : 
 
 1. 'Vatican,' usually design ^^ted by critics P. ; at present to be 
 seen m the Vatican Library at Rome ; probably of the 4th century. 
 
 2. ' Medicean,' M. ; in the Laurentian Library at Florence ; probably 
 of the 5th century. ' ' Jf 
 
 3. 'Palatine,' P.; in the Vatican Library, brought thither from the 
 
I 
 
 XXX 
 
 HISTORY OF VERGIL'S TEXT. 
 
 3 !• 
 
 si 
 
 ■ 
 
 jli 
 
 ^j 
 
 Palatine Library at Hei<lelherg on its captiare by the Bavarians in 1622 ; 
 probably of the -tth century. 
 
 4. 'Roman,' R. ; in the Vatican I>ibrary. The character (larpe capi- 
 tals : see facsimile, which is reiluced one half from the original size) 
 resembles that fonnu on the walla of Pompeii, anil inscrii)tion8 of the 
 Ist and 2nd centuries ; but it is probably of the 4th or Hth cer^tury. 
 The great critic Kibbeck ranks II. as the least reliable of the four, and 
 justly so, as may be judged from the palpable errors in the passage con- 
 tained in the facsimile. 
 
 After these came the countless small letter MSS. of the 8th and 9th 
 centuries, based upon the great four. 
 
 The period of scientific criticism, of i)rinted editions and elaborate 
 commentary, dates from the Jlevival of Learning in the 15th century. 
 The most noted editors of modern times are Heyne, Wagner, Forbiger, 
 Conington, Nettleship, Ribbeck and Br. Henry. The last named was 
 an indefatigable Irish physician, who spent several years on the con- 
 tinent consulting and comparing MSS., in which work he was ably 
 assisted by his daughter. He has left two monumental works entitled 
 * Aencidea ' and ' Twelve Years' Voyage of Discovery in the First Six 
 Books of the Aeneis.' The other commentators are frequently re- 
 ferred to. 
 
 The best English poetical translations of Vergil are those by Ooning- 
 ton and by Bo wen, and the best prose versions are by Mackail, and by 
 Lonsdale and Lee. 
 
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 VERGIL, THE ROMAN POET. 
 
 P. VERGILI MARONIS AENEIDOS 
 
 LIBER PRIMUS. 
 
 Preface and Invocation. 
 ILLE ego, qui quondam gracili modulatus avena 
 carmen, et egressus silvis vicina coegi 
 ut quamvis avido parerent arva colono 
 ^gratum opus agricolis ; at nunc horrentia Martis 
 arma virumque cano, Troiae qui primus ab oris 
 ' Itaham fato profugus Lavinkque venit 
 litora, multum ille et terris iactatus et alto 
 VI superum, saevae memorem lunonis ob iram 
 multa quoque et bello passus, dum conderet urLem 
 mferretque decs Latio, genus unde Latinum 
 Albamque patres atque altae moenia Romae 
 
 quidve dolens regma deum tot volvere casus 
 msignem pietate virum t^f ^a\^^ i„u— -^ 
 inpulerit. tantaene animis caelestibus irae ? 
 
 [1] 
 
 JO 
 
p. VERGILI MARONIS AENEIDOS LIB. I. 
 
 ■'1... 
 
 The story begins; origin of Juno's hatred of Troy, 
 
 urbs antiqua fuit — Tyrii tenuere coloni — 
 Karthago, Italiam contra Tiberinaque longe 
 ostia, dives opum studiisque asperrima belli ; 
 quam luno fertur terris magis omnibus unam ig 
 
 posthabita coluisse Samo : hie illius arma, 
 hie currus fuit ; hoc regnum dea gentibus esse, 
 
 f si qua fata sinant, iam turn tenditqiie fovetque. 
 
 ** progenipm sed enim Troiano a sanguine duel 
 
 audierat, Tyrias olim quae verteret arees ; 20 
 
 hine populum late regein belloque superbum 
 
 venturum excidio Libyae : sic volvere Pareas. 
 
 id metuens veterisque memor Saturnia belli, 
 
 prima quod a Troiam pro caris gesserat Argis — 
 
 needum etiam causae irarum saevique dolores 25 
 
 exciderant animo ; manet alta mente repostum 
 
 iudicium Paridis spretaeque iniuria formae, 
 
 et genus invisum, et rapti Ganymedis honores — 
 
 his accensa super, iaetatos aequore toto - 
 
 Troas, reliquias Danaum atque inmitis Achilli, 30 
 
 arcebat longe Latio, multosque per annos 
 
 errabant aeti fatis maria omnia circum. 
 
 tantae molis erat Romanam eondere gentem. 
 
 The Trojans^ leaving Sicily^ arouse the anger of Juno. 
 
 vix e conspectu Siculae telluris in altum 
 vela dabant laeti et spumas salis aere ruebant, 35 
 
 cum Iimo aeternum servans sub pectore vulnus 
 haee secum : * mene incepto desistere victam, ' 
 nee posse Italia Teucrorum avertere regem? 
 quippe vetor fatis./ Pallasne exurere classem 
 Argivom atque ipso^ potuit submergere ponto 40 
 
 unius ob noxam et furias Aiacis Oili ? 
 ipsa lovis rapidum iaculata e nubibus ignem 
 disieeitque rates evertitque aequora ventis, 
 ilium exspirantem transfixo pectore flammas 
 turbine coiripuit scopuioque innxit acuto ; 15 
 
IS 
 
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 p. VEROILI MARONIS AENBIDOS LIB. I. 3 
 
 ast ego, quae divom incedo regina, lovisque 
 et soror et coniunx, una cum gente tot annos 
 bella gero. et quisquam numen lunonis adorat 
 praeterea, aut supplex aris inponet honorem ?^^ 
 
 She visits the home of Aeolus^ God of the Winds, 
 
 talia fiammato secum dea corde volutans 50 
 
 nimborum in patriam, loca feta furentibus Austris, 
 Aeoliam venit. hie vasto rex Aeolus antro 
 luctantes ventos tempestatesque sonoras 
 imperio premit, ac vinclis et carcere frenat. 
 illi indignantes magno cum murmure montis 55 
 
 circum claustra fremunt ; celsa sedet Aeolus arce 
 sceptra te lens, mollitque animos et temperat iras v.-^ 
 ni faciat, maria ac terras caelumque profundum 
 quippe ferant rapidi secum verrantque per auras : 
 sed Pater omnipotens speluncis abdidit atris 60 
 
 hoc metuens, molemque et montes insuper altos 
 inposuit, regemque dedit, qui foedere certo 
 et premere et laxas sciret dare iussus habenas. 
 
 Her appeal for help and the god's reply. 
 
 ad quern turn luno supplex his vocibus usa est : 
 * Aeole, namque tibi divom Pater atque hominum rex 65 
 
 et mulcere dedit fluctus et toUere vento, 
 
 gens inimica mihi Tyrrhenum navigat aequor, 
 
 Ilium in Italiam portans victosque Penates : 
 
 incute vim ventis submersasque obrue puppes, 
 
 aut age diversos et disiice corpora ponto. 70 
 
 sunt mini bis septem praestanti corpore Nymphae, 
 
 quarum quae forma pulcherrima Deiopea, 
 
 conubio iungam stabili propriamque dicabo, 
 
 omnes ut tecum mentis pro talibus annos 
 
 exigat et pulchra faciat te prole parentem/,. 75 
 
 Aeolus haec contra : * tuus, o regina, quid optes, 
 
 explorare labor ; mihi iussa capessere fas est. 
 
 tu mihi quodcumque hoc regni, tu sceptra lovemque 
 
p. VERGILI MARONIS AENEIDOS LIB, I. 
 
 
 concilias, tu das epulis accumbere divom, 
 nimborumque facis tempestatumque potentem.' 
 
 8c. 
 
 \ 
 
 The Storm. 
 
 haec ubi dicta, cavum conversa cuspide montem 
 inpulit in latus : ac venti velut agmine facto, 
 qua data porta, ruunt et terras turbine perflant. 
 incubuere mari, totumque a sedibus imis 
 una Eurusque Notusque ruunt creberque procelJ'is 
 Africus, et vastos volvunt ad litora fluctus. 
 insequitur clamorque virum stridorque rudentum. 
 eripiunt subito nubes caelumque diemque 
 Teucrorum ex oculis ; ponto nox incubat atra. 
 intonuere poli et crebris micat ignibus aether, 
 praesentemque viris intentant omnia mortem. .>.^ 
 extemplo Aeneae solvuntur fri gore membra ; 
 ingemit, et duplices tendens ad sidera palmas 
 talia voce refert : * o terque quaterque beati, 
 quis ante ora patrum Troiae sub moenibus altis 
 contigit oppetere ! o Danaum fortissime gentis 
 Tydide, mene Iliacis occumbere campis 
 non potuisse tuaque animam hanc efifundere dextra, 
 saevus ubi Aeacidae telo iacet Hector, ubi ingens 
 Sarpedon, ubi tot Simois correpta sub undis 
 scuta virum galeasque et fortia corpora volvit V 
 
 The wreck of the fleet. 
 
 talia iactanti stridens Aquilone procella 
 velum adversa ferit fluctusque ad sidera toUit. 
 franguntur remi ; tum prora avertit et un iis 
 dat latus ;. insequitur cumulo praeruptus aquae mons. 
 hi summo in fluctu pendent, his unda dehiscens 
 terram inter fluctus aperit ;/ furit aestus harenisv 
 tres Notus abreptas in saxa latentia torquet, 
 (saxa vocant ItaU mediis quae in fluctibus Aras, 
 dorsum inmane mari summo) ; tres Eurus ab alto 
 in brevia et Syrtes urguet — miserabile visu — 
 
 85 
 
 
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1 
 
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 IRGILI MARONIS AENEIDOS LIB. I. 
 
 8c. 
 
 85 
 
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 no 
 
 inliditque vadis atque aggere cingit harenae. 
 unam, quae Lycios fidumque vehebat Oronten, 
 ipsius ante oculos ingens a vertice pontus 
 in puppim ferit ; excutitur pronusque magister 
 volvitur in caput ;.ast illam ter fluctus ibidem 
 torquet agens circum, et rapidus vorat aequore vortex, 
 apparent rkri nantes in gurgite vasto, 
 arniia virum tabulaeque et Troia gaza per undas. 
 iam validam Ilionei navem, iam fortis Achati, 
 et qua vectus Abas, et qua grandaevus Aletes, 
 vicit hiemps ; laxis laterum compagibus omnes 
 accipiunt ininnicum imbrem rimisque fatiscunt. T" 
 
 Neptune rebukes the winds 
 
 interea magno misceri murmure pontum 
 emissamque hiemem sensit Neptunus et imis 
 stagna refusa vadis, graviter commotus ; et alto 
 ^ prospiciens summa placidum caput extulit unda. 
 disiectam Aeneae toto videt aequore classem, 
 fluctibus oppresses Troas caelique ruina, 
 nee latuere doli fratrem lunonis et irae. 
 Eurum ad se Zephyrumque vocat, dehinc talia fatur ^ 
 
 * tantane vos generis tenuit fiducia vestri t 
 iam caelum terramque meo sine numine, venti, 
 miscere, et tantas audetis tollere moles .? 
 quos ego— sed motos praestat componere fluctus : 
 post mihi non simili poena commissa luetis. 
 maturate fugam, regique haec dicite vestro : 
 non illi imperium pelagi saevumque tridentem, 
 sed mihi sorte datum, tenet ille inmania saxa, 
 vestras, Eure, domos ; ilia se iactet in aula 
 Aeolus et clauso ventorum carcere regnet.' 
 
 and lulls the storm. 
 
 sic ait, et dicto citius tumida aequora placet, 
 collectasque fugat nubes solemque reducit. 
 Cymothoe simul et Triton adnixus acuto 
 
 "5 
 
 120 
 
 125 
 
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 135 
 
 140 
 
i; 
 
 I • 
 
 
 i 
 
 6 p. VBRGILI MARONIS AENEIDOS LIB. I. 
 
 detrudunt naves scopulo ; levat ipse tridenti 145 
 
 et vastas aperit Syrtes et temperat aequor, 
 
 atque rotis summas levibus perlabitur undas. 
 
 ac veluti magno in populo cum saepe coorta est 
 
 seditio^ saevitque animis ignobile vulgus^ 
 
 iatnque faces et saxa volant— furor arma ministrc i — i ;o 
 
 turn pietate gravem et jneritis si forte virum 
 
 conspexere^ sileHt arrectisque auribus adstant, 
 
 ille regit dictis animos, et pectora mulcet : 
 
 sic cunctus pelagi cecidit fragor, aequora postguam 
 
 prospiciens genitor caeloque invecius aperto 155 
 
 fiectit equos cui^ruque volans dat lora secundo. ^ ' 
 
 The harbour of refuge. 
 
 defessi Aeneadae, quae proxima litora, cursu 
 contendunt petere, et Libyae vertuntur ad oras. 
 est in secessu longo locus : insula portum 
 efficit obiectu laterum, quibus omnis ab alto 160 
 
 frangitur inque sinus scindit sese unda reductos. 
 hinc atque hinc vastae rupes geminique minantur 
 in caeluip scopuli, quorum sub vertice late 
 aequora tuta silent : turn silvis scaena coruscis ; 
 
 desuper horrentique atrum nemus imminet umbra v 165 
 
 fronte sub adversa scopulis pendentibus antrum ; 
 >v intus aquae dulces vivoque sedilia saxo, 
 Nympharum domus. hie fessas non vincula naves 
 ulla tenent, unco non alligat ancora morsu. 
 
 The weary Trojans land. 
 
 hue ^eptem Aeneas coUectis navibus omni 
 ex numero subit ; ac magno telluris amore 
 egressi optata potiuntur Trees harena 
 et sale tabentes artus in litore ponunt. ^ 
 ac primum silici scintillam excudit Achates 
 suceepitque ignem foliis atque arida ci.cum 
 nutrimenta dedit ranuit'^ue in fomite flammam. 
 turn Cererem corruptam undis Cerealiaque arma 
 
 170 
 
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^^^nKmmmmrw. 
 
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 P. VERGILI MARONIS AENEID08 LIB. I. 
 
 expediunt fessi rerum, frugesque receptas 
 et torrere parant flammis et frangere saxo. 
 
 Aeneas from a cliff spies a herd of deer, 
 
 Aeneas scopulum interea conscendit et omnem 
 prospectum late pelago' petit, Anthea, si quern ' 
 lactatum vento videat Phrygiasque biremes, 
 aut Capyn, aut celsis in puppibus arnia Caici. y 
 navem in Conspectu niillam, tres litore cervos 
 prospicit errantes ; hos tota armenta sequuntur 
 a tergo, et longum per valles pascitur agmen. 
 constitit hie, arcumque manu celeresque sagittas 
 rorripuit, fidus quae tela gerebat Achates, 
 ductoresque ipsos primum, capita alta ferentes 
 cornibus arboreis, sternit ; turn vulgus et'emnem 
 miscet agens telis nemora inter frondea'turbam ; 
 nee prius absistit, quam septem ingentia victor ' 
 corpora fundat humi et humerum cum navibus aequet. 
 
 and brings cheer to his companions. 
 hinc portum petit, et socios partitur in omnes. 
 vii^a bonus quae deinde cadis onerarat Acestes 
 litore Trinacrio dederatque abeuntibus heros, • 
 ^dividit,; et dictis maerentia pectora mulcet : 
 •o socii, neque enim ignari sumus ante malorum, • 
 o passi graviora, ^abit deus his quoque finem. ^ 
 vos et Scyllaeam rabiem penitusque sonantes 
 accestis s,-^puIos, vos et Cyclopea saxa 
 experti :-"revocate animos, maestumque timorem 
 mittite ;,forsan et haec olim meminisse iuvabit. 
 per varios casus, per tot discrimina rerum 
 tendimus in Latium, sedes ubi fata quietas 
 ostendunt ; illic fas regna resurgere Troiae. 
 durate,^t vosmet rebus servate secundis. ' 
 
 / 
 The repast on the shore. 
 
 talia voce refert, curisque ingentibus aeger 
 spem vultu simulat, premit altum corde dolorem. 
 
 180 
 
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5 i 
 
 8 p. VBROILI MARONIS AENBIDOS LIB. I. 
 
 illi se praedae accingunt dapibusque futuris : 210 
 
 tergora diripiunt costis et viscera nudant, 
 pars in frusta secant veribusque trementia figunt, 
 litore aena locant alii flammasque ministrant. 
 turn victu revocant vires, fusique per herbam 
 • inplentur veteris Bacchi pinguisque ferinae. 215 
 
 postquam exempta fames epulis mensaeque remotae, 
 amissos longo socios sermone requirunt 
 spemque metumque inter dubii, seu vivere credant 
 sive extrema pati nee iam exaudire vocatos.y^ 
 praecipue pius Aeneas nunc acris Oronti, 220 
 
 nunc Amyci casum gemit et crudelia secum 
 fata Lyci fortemque Gyan fortemque Cloanthum. 
 
 Venus supplicates Juppiter. 
 
 et iam finis erat, cum luppiter aethere summo 
 despiciens mare velivolum terrasque iacentes 
 litoraque et latos populos, sic vertice caeli 225 
 
 constitit et Libyae defixit lumina regnis ; 
 atque ilium tales iactantem pectore curas 
 tristior et lacrimis oculds sufTusa nitentes 
 adloquitur Venus :/*o^ qui res hominumque deumque 
 aeternis regis imperils et fulmine terres, 230 
 
 quid mens Aeneas in te committere tantum, 
 quid Troes potuere, quibus tot funera passis 
 cunctus ob Italiam terrarum clauditur orbis ? 
 certe hinc Romanes olim volventibus annis, 
 hinc fore ductores, revocato a sanguine Teucri, 235 
 
 qui mare, qui terras omni ditione tenerent, 
 poUicitus \ quae te, genitor, sententia vertit ? 
 hoc equidem occasum Troiae tristesque ruinas 
 solabar fatis contraria fata rependens ; 
 
 nunc eadem fortuna viros tot casibus actos 240 
 
 insequitur. quern das finem, rex magne, laborum ? 
 Antenor potuit mediis elapsus Achivis 
 Illyricos penetrare sinus atque intima tutus 
 regna Liburnorum et fontem su^erare Timavi 
 unde per ora novem vasto cum murmure montis 245 
 
 > 
 
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2IO 
 
 215 
 
 220 
 
 225 
 
 23© 
 
 235 
 
 240 
 
 Juppiter. 
 
 i 
 
 245 
 
p. VEKQILI MARONIS AENEIDOS LIB. I. 
 
 9 
 
 it mare proruptum et pelago premit arva sonanti. X 
 
 hie tamen ille urbem Patavi sedesque locavit 
 
 Teucrorum, et genti nomen dedit armaque fixit 
 
 Troia, nunc placida compostus pace quiescit : 
 
 nos, tua progenies, caeli quibus adnuis arcem, 250 
 
 navibus — infandum ! — amissis, unius ob iram 
 
 prodimur atque Italis longe disiungimur oris. 
 
 hie pietatis honos ? sic nos in sceptra reponis .'*' 
 
 Juppiter promises glory to the Romans, 
 
 olli subridens hominum sator atque deorum 
 vultu, quo caelum tempestatesque serenat, 255 
 
 oscula libavit natae, dehinc talia fatur : 
 ' paree metu, Cytherea : manent inmota tuorum 
 fata tibi ; eernes urbem et promissa Lavini 
 moenia, sublimemque feres ad sidera caeli 
 magnanimum Aenean ; neque me sententia vertit. , 260 
 
 hie tibi — fabor enim, quando haec te cura remordet, 
 longius et volvens fatorum arcana movebo — 
 bellum ingens geret Italia populosque feroces 
 contundet, moresque viris et moenia ponet, 
 tertia dum Latio regnantem viderit aestas . 265 
 
 ternaque transierint Rutulis hiberna subactis.^K>,. 
 at puer Ascanius, cui nunc cognomen lulo ^ 
 additur — Ilus erat, ^um res stetit Ilia regno — 
 triginta magnos volvendis mensibus orbes 
 imperio explebit, regnumque ab sede Lavini ^ 270 
 
 transferet, et longam multa vi muniet Albam. 
 hie iam ter centum totos regnabitur annos ^ 
 gente sub Hectorea, donee regina sacerdos 
 Marte gravis geminam partu\dabit Ilia prolem. 
 inde lupae fulvo nutricis tegniiine laetus 275 
 
 Romulus excipiet gentem, et Mavortia condet 
 moenia Romanosque suo de nomine dicet. j? 
 his ego nee metas rerum nee tempora pono, . 
 imperium sine fine dedi. quin aspera luno, 
 
 nnap mnr** nnnr t^rracnnf^ rnetU rctp^umnuf^ fatiaat. • -jSn 
 
 consilia in melius referet, mecumque fovebit 
 
10 
 
 p. VEROIM MARONIS AENEIDOS LIH. I. 
 
 ti ,i 
 
 . :; 
 
 ! 
 
 Il li 
 
 e^ 
 
 Romanos, rcru^ dominos, gentenuiue togatam. 
 
 sic placitiim.- • venict lustiis labentibus aetas, 
 
 cum (loinus Assaraci Phthiam clarasque Mycenas 
 
 seivitio premet ac victis dominabitur Argis. 285 
 
 ami foretells the golden age of Augustus. 
 
 nascetur pulchra Troianus originc Caesar, 
 
 impeiium Oceano, faniam qui terminet astris, 
 
 lulius, a niagno dcmissum nomen lulo. 
 
 hunc tu olim caclo, spoliis Orienlis onustum, 
 
 accipies secura ; vocabitur hie quoque votis. v 290 
 
 aspera turn positis mitescent saecula bellis ; 
 
 cfina Fides et Vesta, Remo cum fratre Quirinus 
 
 iura dabunt ; dirae ferro et compagibus artis 
 
 claudentur Belli portae ; Furor inpius intus 
 
 saeva sedens super arma et centum vinctus aenis 295 
 
 post tergum nodis fremet horridus ore cruento.\ 
 
 \ 
 
 Mercury despatched to Karthage. 
 
 haec ait, et Maia genitum demittit ab alto, 
 ut terrae utque novae pateant Karthaginis arces 
 hospitio Teucris, ne fati nescia Dido 
 
 finibus arceret. volat ille per aera magnum 300 
 
 remigio alarum, ac Libyae citus astitit oris, 
 et iam iussa facit. ponuntque ferocia Poeni 
 corda volente deo ; in primis regina quietum 
 accipit in Teucros animum mentemque benignam. 
 
 Aeneas meets his mother Venus disguised as a huntress. 
 
 at pius Aeneas, per noctem plurima volvens, 305 
 
 ut primum lux alma data est, exire locosque 
 explorare novos, quas vento accesserit oras, 
 qui teneant, nam incuita videt, hominesne feraene, 
 quaerere constituit, sociisque exacta referre. 
 classem in _onvexo nemorum sub rape cavata 310 
 
 arboribus clausam circum atque horrentibus umbris 
 occulit ; ipse uno graditur comitatus Achate, 
 
p. VEROILI MAUONIS AENEID08 LIU. I. 
 
 11 
 
 285 
 
 290 
 
 295 
 
 300 
 
 305 
 
 310 
 
 bina manu lato crispans hastilia ferro, 
 
 cui mater media sese tulit obvia silva, 
 
 virginis os habitumque gerens et virginis arma, 315 
 
 Spartanae, vel qualis equos Threissa fatigat 
 
 Harpalyce volucremque fuga praevertitur Hebrum. Jc 
 
 namque umeris de more habilem suspenderat arcum' 
 
 venatrix, dederatque comam diffundere ventis, 
 
 nuda genu nodoque sinus collecta fluentes. 320 
 
 ac prior * heus,' inquit, ' iuvenes, monstrate, mearum 
 
 vidistis si quam hie errantem forte sororum, 
 
 succinctam pharetra et maculosae tegmine lyncis, 
 
 aut spumantis apri cursum claniore prementcm.' 
 
 sic Venus, et Veneris contra sic filius orsus : 325 
 
 ' nulla tuarum audita mihi neque visa sororum, 
 o— quam te mcmorem, virgo ? namque baud tibi vultus 
 mortalis, nee vox hominem sonat ; o dea certe, — 
 an Phoebi soror? an Nympharum sanguinis una? — 
 sis felix, nostru.nque leves, quaecumque, laborem, 330 
 
 et, quo sub eaelo tandem, quibus orbis in oris 
 iactemur, doceas ; ignari hominumque locorumque 
 erramus, vento hue v ,stis et fluctibus acti : 
 multa tibi ante aras nostra cadet hostia dextra.' 
 
 Venus tells the stojy of Dido and the founding of Karthage. 
 
 turn Venus : * baud equidem tali me dignor honore ; 335 
 virginibus Tyriis mos est gestare pharetram, 
 purpureoque alte suras vineire cothurnd. 
 Punica regna vides, Tyrios et Agenoris urbem ; 
 sed fines Libyci, genus intractabile bello. 
 imperium Dido Tyria regit urbe profecta, 340 
 
 germanum fugiens. longa est iniuria, longae 
 ambages ; sed summa sequar fastigia rerum. 
 huic coniunx Sychaeus erat, ditissimus agri 
 Phoenieum, et magno miserae dilectus amore, 
 cui pater intactum dederat primisque iugarat 345 
 
 ominibus. sed regna Tyri germanus habcbat 
 
 PV2"nialinn CrplAr^ QnfA qlirvc iriTv^onii-**- ^v^^v^^o 
 
 quos inter medius venit furor, ille Sychaeum 
 
12 
 
 M 
 
 :r 
 
 ; 
 
 P. VERGIU MARONIS AENEIDOS LIB. I. 
 
 inpius ante aras atque auri caecus amore 
 clam ferro incautum superat, securus amorum 
 germanae/factumque diu celavit, et aegram 
 multa malus simulans vana spe lusit amantem 
 ipsa sed m somnis inhumati venit imago 
 coniugis, ora modis attollens pallida miris ; 
 crudeles aras traiectaque pectora ferro 
 nudavit, caecumque domus scelus omne retexit 
 tum celerare fugam patriaque excedere suadet, ' 
 auxihumque viae veteres tellure recludit 
 thesauros, ignotum argenti pondus et auri. > 
 his commota fugam Dido sociosque parabat . 
 conveniunt, quibus aut odium crudele tyranni 
 aut metus acer erat ; naves, quae forte paratae 
 corripmnt onerantque auro. portantur avari 
 Pygmalionis opes pelago ; dux femina facti. 
 devenere locos, ubi nunc ingentia cernis 
 moenia surgentemque novae Karthaginis arcem 
 mercatique solum, facti de nomine Byrsam, 
 taurino quantum possent circumdare'tergo'^ 
 sed vos qui tandem, quibus aut venistis ab oris 
 quove tenetis iter ? ' quaerenti talibus ille 
 suspirans imoque trahens a pectore vocem : 
 
 Aeneas tells his story. 
 
 ' o dea, si prima repetens ab origine pergam, ' 
 et vacet annales nostrorum audire laborum, 
 ante diem clauso componat Vesper Olympo. 
 nos Troia antiqua, si vestras forte per aures 
 Troiae nomen iit, diversa per aequora vectos 
 forte sua Libycis tempestas adpulit oris, 
 sum pius Aeneas, raptos qui ex hoste Penates 
 classe veho mecum, fama super aethera notus. 
 Italiam quaero patriam et genus ab love summo 
 bis denis Phrygium conscendi navibus aequor, 
 matre dea monstrante viam, data fata secutus'; 
 yix septem convulsae undis Euroque supersunt. ' 
 ipse ignotus, egens, Libyae deserta peragro, 
 
 350 
 
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 365 
 
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 375 
 
 380 
 
350 
 
 
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 36o 
 
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 395 
 
 P. VERGILI MARONIS AENBIDOS LIB. I. 13 
 
 Europa atque Asia pulsus.' nee plura querentem 385 
 
 passa Venus medio sic interfata dolore est : 
 
 Is consoled by his mother. 
 
 * quisquis es, baud, credo, invisus caelestibus auras 
 vitales carpis, Tyriam qui adveneris urbem. 
 perge modo atque bine te reginae ad limina perfer. 
 namque tibi reduces socios classemque relatam 390 
 
 nuntio et in tutum versis Aquilonibus actam, 
 ni frustra augurium vani docuere parentes,.*«r-' 
 aspice bis senos laetantes agmine cycnoSy 
 , aetheria quos lapsa plaga lovis ales aperto 
 
 ^ . » iurbabat caelo; nunc terras ordihe longo 
 
 aut caper e aut captas idm despectare videntur: 
 
 ut reduces illi ludunt strident ibus alis 
 
 et coetu cinxere polum cantusque dedere^ 
 
 hand aliter puppesque tuae pubesque tuorum 
 
 aut portum tenet aut pleno subit ostia velo. 400 
 
 perge modo et, qua te ducit via, dirige gressum.' 
 
 The goddess^ revealing herself , departs^ 
 
 dixit, et avertens rosea cervice refulsit, 
 ambrosiaeque comae divinum vertice odorem 
 spiravere ; pedes vestis defluxit ad imos : 
 et vera incessu patuit dea. ille ubi matrem 
 adgnovit, tali fugientem est voce secutus : 
 quid natum totiens, crudelis tu quoque, falsis 
 ludis imaginibus ? cur dextrae iungere dextram 
 non datur, ac veras audire et reddere voces ? ' 
 talibus incusat, gressumque ad moenia tendit. 410 
 
 at Venus obscuro gradientes acre saepsit, 
 et multo nebulae circum dea fudit amictu, 
 cernere ne quis eos neu quis contingere posset, 
 molirive moram aut veniendi poscere causas. 'f* 
 ipsa Paphum sublimis abit, sedesque revisit 41 5 
 
 laeta suas, ubi templum illi, centumque Sabaeo 
 ture calent arae sertisque recentibus halant. 
 
 405 
 
I ; !■ 
 
 1^ 
 
 1^ P. VERGILI MARONIS AENEIDOS LIB. I. 
 
 Aeneas, journeying onward, admires the newly building city. 
 
 corripiiere viam interea, qua semita monstrat : 
 iamque ascendebant collem, qui plurimus urbi 
 imminet adversasque aspectat desuper arces. 42a 
 
 miratur molem Aeneas, magalia quondam, 
 miratur portas strepitumque et strata viarum. 
 instant ardentes Tyrii, pars ducere muros 
 molirique arcem et manibus subvolvere saxa, 
 pars optare locum tecto et concludere sulco ; 425 
 
 iura magistratusque legunt sanctumque senatum ; 
 hie portus alii effodiunt ; hie lata theatris 
 fundamenta petunt alii, imnanesque eolumnas 
 rupibus exeidunt, seaenis decora alta futuris. 
 qualis apes aestate nova per florea rura. 430 
 
 exercet sub sole labor, cum gentis adultos 
 educunt fetus, aut cum liquentia mella 
 stipant, et dulci distendunt nectare cellas, 
 aut oncra accipiunt venientuni, aut agmine facto 
 ignavum fucos pecus a praesepibus arcent : 
 
 fervet opus, redolentque thy mo fragrantia mella. \ 
 'o fortunati, quorum iam moenia surgunt !' ^ 
 
 Aeneas ait, et fastigia suspieit urbis. 
 infert se saeptus nebula— mirabile dietu— 
 per medios miseetque viris, neque eernitur ulli. 
 
 The temple of Juno and its pictured walls bring hope. 
 
 lucus in urbe fuit media, laetissimus umbrae, 
 quo primum iactati undis et turbine Poeni 
 effodere loco signum, quod regia luno 
 monstrarat, caput acris equi : sic nam fore bello 
 egregiam et facilem victu per saeeula gentem. 
 hie templum lunoni ingens Sidonia Dido 
 condebat, donis opulentum et numine divae, ^^ 
 ■ aerea cui gradibus surgebant limina nexaeque 
 acre trabes, foribus cardo stridebat aenis. 
 hoc primum in luco nova res oblata timorem 
 leniit ; hie primum Aeneas sperare salutem 
 
 435 
 
 440 
 
 445 
 
 450 
 
42a 
 
 425 
 
 430 
 
 435 
 
 440 
 
 445 
 
 450 
 
 
p. VERGILI MARONIS AENEIDOS LIB. I. 
 
 16 
 
 ausns et adflictis melius confidere rebus. ^ 
 
 namque sub ingenti lustrat dum singula templo 
 
 reginam opperiens, dum, quae fortuna sit urbi, 
 
 artificumque manus inter se operumque laborem 455 
 
 miratur, videt Iliacas ex ordine pugnas 
 
 bellaque iam fama totum vulgata per orbem, 
 
 Atridas Priamumque et saevom ambobus Achillem. f^ - 
 
 constitit, et lacrimans ' quis iam locus/ inquit, ' Achate, 
 
 quae regio in terris nostri non plena laboris ? 460 
 
 en Priamus ! sunt hie etiam sua praemia laudi ; 
 
 sunt lacrimae rerum et mentem mortalia tangunt. 
 
 solve metus ; feret haec aliquam tibi fama salutem.' 
 
 sic ait, atque animum pictura pascit inani 
 
 multa gemens, largoque umectat flumine vultum. 465 
 
 Scenes from Troy portrayed in the temple. 
 
 namque videbat, uti bellantes Pergama circum 
 hac fugerent Graii, premeret Troiana inventus ; 
 
 hac Phryges, instaret curru cristatus Achilles. . 
 
 nee procul hine Rhesi niveis tentoria velis 
 
 adgnoseit lacrimans, primo quae prodita somno 470 
 
 Tydides multa vastabat caede cruentus, 
 
 ardentesque avertit equos in castra, priusquam 
 
 pabula gustassent Troiae Xanthumque bibissent. ^^ 
 
 parte alia fugiens amissis Troilus armis, 
 
 infelix puer atque inpar congressus Aehilli, 475 
 
 fertur equis curruque haeret resupinus inani. ' 
 
 lora tenens tamen ; huic cervixque comaeque trahuntur 
 
 per terram, et versa pulvis inseribitur hasta. 
 
 interea ad tcmplum non aequae Palladis ibant 
 
 crinibus Iliades passis peplumque ferebant 480 
 
 suppliciter, tristes et tunsae pectora palmis : 
 
 diva solo fixos oculos aversa tenebat. 
 
 ter circum Iliaeos raptaverat Hectora muros 
 
 exanimumque auro corpus vendebat Achilles. 
 
 tum vero ingentem gemitum dat pectore ah imo, 485 
 
 ut spolia, ut currus, utque ipsum corpus amici 
 
 tendentemque manus Priamum conspexit inermes. 
 
16 
 
 p. VERGILI MARONIS AENEIDOS LIB. I. 
 
 !|i:! 
 
 9 t>l 
 
 i 
 
 ,1* 
 
 If 
 
 490 
 
 495 
 
 se quoque principibus permixtum adgnovit Ac' ivis, 
 Eoasque acies et nigri Memnonis arma. 
 ducit Amazonidum lunatis agmina peltis 
 Penthesilea furens, mediisque in milibus ardet, 
 aurea subnectens exsertae cingula mammae, 
 bellatrix, audetque viris concurrere virgo. 
 
 Dt'cfo appears in splendour, 
 
 haec dum Dardanio Aeneae miranda videntur, 
 dum stupet obtutuque haeret defixus in uno, 
 regina ad templum, forma pulcherrima Dido, 
 incessit magna iuvenum stipante caterva. 
 qualis in Eurotae ripis aut per iuga Cynthi 
 exercet Diana choros, quam mille secutae 
 hinc atque hinc glomerantur Oreades ; ilia pharetram 500 
 fert umero, gradiensque deas supereminet omnes ; 
 Latonae tacitum pertemptant gaudia pectus rV 
 talis erat Dido, talem se laeta ferebat 
 per medios, instans operi regnisqiie futuris. 
 turn foribus divae, media testudine templi, 505 
 
 saepta armis, solioque alte subnixa resedit. ^„^ 
 iura dabat legesque viris, operumque laborem 
 partibus aequabat iustis aut sorte trahebat • >M 
 
 The shipwrecked companions of Aeneas suddenly appear on the 
 scene and ask protection of Dido. 
 
 cum subito Aeneas concursu accedere magno 
 
 Anthea Sergestumque videt fortemque Cloanthum, 510 
 
 Teucrorumque alios, ater quos aequore turbo 
 
 dispulerat penitusque alias avexerat oras. • 
 
 obstupuit simul ipse, simul percussus Achates 
 
 laetitiaque metuque : avidi coniungere dextras 
 
 ardebant, sed res animos incognita turbat. 515 
 
 dissimulant et nube cava speculantur amicti, 
 
 quae fortuna viris, classem quo litore linquant, 
 
 quid veniant : cunctis nam lecti navibus ibant 
 
 orantes veniam, et templum clamore petebant. 
 
 1) 
 
490 
 
 495 
 
 5oo 
 
 SOS 
 
 I) 
 
 Diana of the Hind. 
 
k 
 
p. VBRGILI MARONIS AENEIDOS LIB. I. 
 
 17 
 
 postquam introgressi et coram data copia fandi, 520 
 
 maximus Ilioneus placido sic pectore coepit : 
 *o regina, novam cui condere luppiter urbem 
 iustitiaque dedit gentes frenare superbas, 
 Troes te miseri, ventis maria omnia vecti, 
 oramus : prohibe infandos a navibus ignes, 525 
 
 parce pio generi, et propius res aspice nostras, 
 non nos aut ferro Libycos populare penates 
 venimus, aut raptas ad litora vertere praedas ; 
 non ea vis animo nee tanta superbia victis. 
 est locus— Hesperiam Grai cognomine dicunt— 530 
 
 terra antiqua, potens armis atque ubere glaebae ; 
 Oenotri coluere viri ; nunc fama minores 
 Italiam dixisse ducis de nomine gentem ; 
 hie cursus fuit, 
 
 cum subito adsurgens fluctu nimbosus Orion 535 
 
 in vada caeca tulit, penitusque procacibus Austris 
 perque undas superante salo perque invia saxa 
 dispulit : hue pauci vestris adnavimus oris, 
 quod genus hoe hominum? quaeve hune tam barbara morem 
 permittit patria? hospitio prohibemur harenae ; 540 
 
 bella cient, primaque vetant eonsistere terra, 
 si genus humanum et mortalia temnitis arma, 
 at sperate deos memores fandi atque nefandi. 
 
 7^1?^ tell of their leader Aeneas. 
 
 rex erat Aeneas nobis, quo iustior alter 
 
 nee pietate fuit, nee bello maior et armis : 
 
 quern si fata virum servant, si vescitur aura 
 
 aetheria neque adhuc crudelibus oecubat umbris, 
 
 non metus : officio nee te eertasse priorem 
 
 paeniteat : sunt et Siculis regionibus urbes 
 
 armaque, Troianoque a sanguine clarus Acestes. 550 
 
 quassatam ventis lieeat subducere classem 
 
 et silvis aptare trabes et stringere remos, 
 
 si datur Italiam sociis et recre rerentn 
 
 tendere, ut Italiam laeti Latiumque petamus ; 
 
 sin absumpta salus, et te, pater optime Teucrum, 555 
 
 545 
 
18 
 
 ii 
 
 It "■' 
 
 if? '^ 
 
 Ei I 
 
 i 
 
 P. VERGILI MAKONIS AENEIDOS LIB. I. 
 
 pontus habet Libyae nee spes iam restat luli, 
 at freta l^icaniae saltern sedesque paratas, 
 unde hue advecti, regemque petamus Acesten.' 
 talibus Ilioneus ; cuncti simul ore fremebant 
 Dardanidae. 
 
 Duio promises protection. 
 turn breviter Dido vultum demissa profatur : 
 'solvite corde metum, Teucri, secludite euras. * 
 res dura et regni novitas me talia cogunt 
 moliri et late fines custode tueri. 
 quis genus Aeneadum, quis Troiae nesciat urbem 
 virtutesque virosque aut tanti incendia belli ? 
 non obtusa adeo gestamus pectora Poeni, 
 nee tarn aversus equos Tyria Sol iungit ab urbe. 
 seu vos Plesperiam magnam Saturniaque arva 
 sive Erycis fines regemque optatis Aeesten, 
 auxilio tutos dimittam opibusque iuvabo. 
 vultis et his mecum pariter considere regnis? 
 urbem quam statue, vestra est ; subdueite naves ; 
 Tros Tyriusque mihi nullo discrimine agetur. 
 atque utinam rex ipse Noto eompulsus eodem 
 adforet Aeneas ! equidem per litora certos 
 dimittam et Libyae lustrare extrema iubebo, 
 si quibus eiectus sHvis aut urbibus errat.' 
 
 Aeneas revealed, 
 
 his animum arrecti dictis et fortis Achates 
 et pater Aeneas iamdudum erumpere nubem 
 ^ ardebant. prior Aenean eompellat Achates : 
 ' nate dea, quae nunc animo sententia su ^it ? 
 omnia tuta vides, classem sociosque receptos. 
 unus abest, medio in fluctu quern vidimus ipsi 
 submersum ; dictis respondent cetera matris.' 
 vix ea fatus erat, cum eircumfusa repente 
 scindit se nubes et in aethera purgat apertum. 
 restitit Aeneas claraque in luce refulsit 
 OS umerosque deo similis ; namque ipsa decoram 
 
 560 
 
 565 
 
 570 
 
 575 
 
 580 
 
 l^l 
 
 I; 
 
56o 
 
 565 
 
 570 
 
 575 
 
 5S0 
 
 585 
 
 p. VEROILI MABONIS AENEIDOS LIB. I. 
 
 caesariem nato genetrix lumenque iuventae 
 purpureum et laetos oculis adflarat honores : 
 quale manus addunt rbori decus, aut ubi flavo 
 argentum Pariusve lapis circumdatur auro. 
 
 His appeal to Dido. 
 
 turn sic reginam adloquitur cunctisque repente 
 
 inprovisus ait : ' coram, quern quaeritis, adsum 
 
 Troius Aeneas, Libycis ereptus ab undis. 
 
 o sola infandos Troiae miserata labores, 
 
 quae nos, reliquias Danaum, terraeque marisque 
 
 omnibus exhaustos iam casibus, omnium egenos 
 
 urbe domo socias, grates persolvere dignas 
 
 non opis est nostrae, Dido, nee quidquid ubique est 
 
 gentis Dardaniae, magnum quae sparsa per orbem. 
 
 di tibi, si qua pios respectant numina, si quid 
 
 usquam iustitia est et mens sibi conscia recti, 
 
 praemia digna ferant. quae te tam laeta tulerunt 
 
 saecula ? qui tanti talem genuere parentes ? 
 
 in freta dum fluvii current, dum montibus umbrae 
 
 lustrabunt convexa, polus dum sidera pascet, 
 
 semper honos nomenque tuum laudesque manebunt, 
 
 quae me cumque vocant terrae.' sic fatus amicum 
 
 Ilionea petit dextra, laevaque Serestum, 
 
 post alios, fortemque Gyan fortemque Cloanthum. 
 
 Didds sympathetic reply. 
 
 obstupuit primo aspectu Sidonia Dido, 
 casu deinde viri tanto, et sic ore locuta est : 
 * quis te, nate dea, per tanta pericula casus 
 insequitur ? ouae vis inmanibus applicat oris ? 
 tune ille Aeneas, quern Dardanio Anchisae 
 alma Venus Phrygii genuit Simoentis ad undam ? 
 atque equidem Teucrum memini Sidona venire 
 finibus expulsum patriis, nova regna petentem 
 auxilio Beli ; genitor turn Belus opimam 
 vastabat Cyprum et /ictor ditione tenebat. 
 tempore iam ex illo casus mihi cognitus urbis 
 
 19 
 590 
 
 595 
 
 600 
 
 605 
 
 610 
 
 61S 
 
 620 
 
it 
 
 20 p. VEKOILI MARONIB AKNEIDOS LIB. I. 
 
 Troianae nomcn(|ue tiiuin regescjue Pelasgi. 
 
 ipse hostis Teucros insigni laude fcrcbat, 625 
 
 sequc ortum anticjua Teucrorum a stirpe volebat. 
 
 (liiare agitc o tcctis, iuvcncs, succeditc nostris. 
 
 me quoqiie per imiltos siniilis fortuna lahorcs 
 
 iiictatam liac demuin voluit consisterc terra : 
 
 non ignara luali miseris succurrere disco.' 630 
 
 Preparations Jor a /cast. 
 
 sic memorat ; siiiiul Aenean in regia ducit 
 
 tecta, simul divom templis indicit honorcin. 
 
 nee minus interea sociis ad litora mittit 
 
 viginti taiiros, magnorum horrentia centum 
 
 terga suum, pingues centum cum matribus agnos, 635 
 
 munera laetitiamque dei. 
 
 at domus interior regal i splendida luxu 
 
 instruitur, mediisque parant convivia tectis : 
 
 arte laboratue vestes ostroque superbo, 
 
 ingens ;iigentum mensis, caelataque in auro 640 
 
 fortia facta patrum, series longissima rerum 
 
 per tot ducta viros antiqua ab origine gentis. 
 
 Aeneas sends for Ascanius and for gifts. 
 
 Aeneas — neque enini patrius consistere mentem 
 passus amor — rapidum ad naves praemittit Achaten, 
 Ascanio ferat haec, ipsumque ad moenia ducat ; 645 
 
 omnis in Ascanio cari stat cura parentis, 
 munera praeterea Iliacis erepta minis 
 ferre iubet, pallam signis auroque rigentem 
 et circumtextum croceo velamen acantho, 
 ornatus Argivae Helenae, quos ilia Mycenis, 650 
 
 Pergama cum peteret inconcessosque hymenaeos, 
 extulerat, matris Ledae mirabile donum ; 
 praeterea sceptrum, Ilione quod gesserat olim, 
 maxima natarum Priami, colloque monile 
 bacatum et duplicem gemmis auroque coronam. 655 
 
 haec celerans iter ad naves tendebat Achates. 
 
p. VERQILI MAK0N18 AENEID08 LIB. I. 
 
 21 
 
 VENUS' STRATAGEM. 
 Cupid substituted for Ascanius. 
 
 at Cytherea novas artes, nova pectore versat 
 consilia, ut facicrn mutatiis ct ora Cupiclo 
 1)10 clulci Ascanio vcniat, donisqiic fiirentcm 
 inccndat roKinam at(|ue ossibus inplicet ignem. 660 
 
 (piippe doimiin timet ambigiiain 'I'yrioscjuc; bilingues ; 
 urit atrox Iiino, et sub noctcin cma recursat. 
 ergo his aligcrmn dictis affatur Amorcni : 
 *nate, nioae vires, mea magna potentia solus, 
 nate, Patris summi qui tela Typhoia tenmis, 665 
 
 ad te confugio et supplex tua numina posco. 
 frater ut Aeneas pelago tuus omnia circuni 
 litora iactetur odiis lunonis acerbae, 
 nota til)i, et nostro doluisti saepe dolorc. 
 nunc rhoenissa tenet Dido blandisque moratur 670 
 
 vocibus ; et vercor, quo so lunonia vertant 
 hospitia; baud tanto cessabit cardinc rerum. 
 quocirca capere ante dolis et cingere flamma 
 reginam meditor, ne quo se numine mutet, 
 sed magno Aeneae mecum teneatur amore. 675 
 
 qua facere id possis, nostram nunc accipe nientem. 
 regius accitu cari genitoris ad urbem 
 Sidoniam puer ire parat, mea maxima cura, 
 dona ferens pelago et flanmiis restantia Troiae ; 
 hunc ego sopitum somno super alta Cythera 680 
 
 aut super Idalium sacrata sede recondam, 
 ne qua scire doles mediusve occurrere possit. 
 tu faciem illius noctem non amplius unam 
 falle dolo et notos pueri puer indue vultus, 
 ut, cum te gremio accipiet laetissima Dido 685 
 
 regales inter mensas laticemque Lyaeum, 
 cum dabit amplexus atque oscula dulcia figet, 
 occultum inspires ignem fallasque veneno.* 
 
 paret Amor dictis carae genetricis, et alas 
 exuit et gressu gaudens incedit luli. 690 
 
 at Venus Ascanio placidam per membra quietem 
 
22 
 
 p. VERGILI MARONIS AENEIDOS LIB. I. 
 
 •11 
 
 
 inrigat, et fotum gremio dea tollit in altos 
 Idaliae lucos, ubi mollis amaracus ilium 
 floribus et dulci adspirans complectitur umbra. 
 
 The Banquet. 
 
 iamque ibat dicto parens et dona Cupido 
 regia portabat Tyriis duce laetus Achate, 
 cum venit, aulaeis iam se regina superbis 
 aurea composuit sponda mediamque locavit ; 
 iam pater Aeneas et iam Troiana iuventus 
 conveniunt, stratoque super discumbitur ostro. 
 dant manibus famuli lymphas, Cereremque canistris 
 expediunt, tonsisque ferunt mantelia villis. 
 quinquaginta intus famulae, quibus ordine longam 
 cura penum struere et flammis adolere penates ; 
 centum aliae totidemque pares aetate ministri, 
 qui dapibus mensas onerent et pocula ponant. 
 nee non et Tyrii per limina laeta frequentes 
 convenere, toris iussi discumbere pictis. 
 mirantur dona Aeneae, mirantur lulum 
 flagrantesque dei vultus simulataque verba 
 pallamque et pictum croceo velamen acantho. 
 praecipue infelix, pesti devota futurae, 
 expleri mentem nequit ardescitque tuendo 
 Phoenissa, et pariter puero donisque movetur. 
 ille ubi complexu Aeneae colloque pependit 
 et magnum falsi inplevit genitoris amorem, 
 reginam petit, haec oculis, haec pectore toto 
 haeret et interdum gremio fovet, inscia Dido, 
 insidat quantus miserae deus. at memor ille 
 matris Acidaliae paulatim abolere Sychaeum 
 incipit, et vivo teinptat praevertere amore 
 iam pridem resides animos desuetaque corda. 
 
 JVme and Song. 
 
 1 1" i^s8.!Ui qu'.».a Cj^uiiB, iiicii5iicque remotae, 
 
 crateras magnos statuunt et vina comant. 
 
 695 
 
 700 
 
 70s 
 
 710 
 
 715 
 
 720 
 
 IkL 
 
 
695 
 
 700 
 
 70S 
 
 7IO 
 
 715 
 
 720 
 
h/ 
 
p. VERGILI MARONIS AENEIDOS LIB. I. 
 
 it strepitus tectis vocemque per ampla volutant 
 atria ; dependent lychni laquearibus aureis 
 incensi, et noctem flammis funalia vincunt. 
 hie regina gravem gemmis auroque poposcit. 
 inplevitque mero pateram, quam Belus et omnes 
 a Belo soliti ; turn facta silentia tectis : 
 * luppiter, hospitibus nam te dare iura loquuntur, 
 hunc laetum Tyriisque diem Troiaque profectis 
 esse velis, nostrosque huius meminisse minores. 
 adsit laetitiae Bacchus dator et bona luno ; 
 et vos o coetum, Tyrii, celebrate faventes.' 
 dixit, et in mensam laticum libavit honorem, 
 primaque Hbato summo tenus attigit ore ; 
 turn Bitiae dedit increpitans ; ille inpiger hausit 
 spumantem pateram ct pleno se proluit auro ; 
 post alii proceres. cithara crinitus lopas 
 personat aurata, docuit quem maximus Atlas, 
 hie canit errantem lunam solisque labores, 
 unde hominum genus et pecudes, unde imber et ignes, 
 Arcturum pluviasque Hyadas geminosque Triones, 
 quid tantum Oceano properent se tinguere soles 
 hiberni, vel quae tardis mora noctibus obstet. 
 ingeminant plausu Tyrii, Troesque sequuntur. 
 
 Dido calls for the story of Troy. 
 
 nee non et vario noctem sermone trahebat 
 infelix Dido, longumque bibebat amorem, 
 multa super Priamo rogitans, super Hectore multa ; 
 nunc, quibus Aurorae venisset filius armis, 
 nunc, quales Diomedis equi, nunc, quantus Achilles. 
 * immo age, et a prima, die, hospes, origine nobis 
 insidias,' inquit, ' Danaum casusque tuorum ' 
 
 erroresque tuos ; nam te iam septima portat 
 omnibus errantem terris et fluctibus aestas.' 
 
 23 
 
 725 
 
 730 
 
 735 
 
 740 
 
 745 
 
 750 
 
 755 
 
I 
 
 CONNKCTION OF THE JULIAN FAMILY WITH 
 
 THE TROJANS 
 
 Ilua 
 
 ^ 
 
 LaoiDodon 
 
 Priain - Hecuba 
 
 Hector = Andromache 
 
 Astyanax 
 
 Jupiter 
 
 Dardanus 
 
 Tros 
 
 I 
 
 Gaiivinede 
 
 Tithonua 
 
 I 
 
 Meninon 
 
 Assaracus 
 
 Capys 
 Anchises 
 
 Aeneas 
 
 Ascanius or liilus 
 
 The Julian family 
 
 I 
 
TH 
 
 IS or liiluB 
 unity 
 
 EXCURSUS ON THE OPENING LINER OF 
 
 THE AENEII). 
 
 Most modern editions follow MS. authority in rejecting these lines, but 
 as the editors of the present edition have ventured to recognize th«;m as 
 authentic, a full discussion of the (pieation is appropriate. In present- 
 ing the reasons for rejecuing, Mr. I'age remarks as follows : — 
 
 " The following lines are sometimes placed at the commencement of 
 the Aeneid, 
 
 Ille ego, qui quondam (jrac'di moilu/atus a vena 
 carmen, et ejjreafius silviti vidua cocijl 
 ut quamvis avhlo parere.nl armi colono, 
 gratum opica agricolin ; at nunc horrentia Martis 
 
 * I am that (bard) who once tuned his lay (i.e., the Eclogues) on a 
 slender straw, and then quitting the woods compelled the neighbouring 
 ploughlands to answer the demands of the tiller however grasping, a 
 work dear to husbandmen (i.e., and who subsequently wrote the 
 Georgics) ; but now of war's bristling arms I sing. . . .' 
 
 The lines however are to be rejected for many reasons : 
 
 (1) They are not in any good MSS., but are lirst mentioned by 
 
 Suetonius. 
 
 (2) Anna virumque are (pioted as the first words of the Aeneid by 
 
 Ovid (Tr. 2. 538), Martial (8. 5(5. 19), and Persius (1. 96). 
 
 (3) The commenceui'mt (/rma is an imitation of the first line of 
 
 the Iliad /if/viv ai/At:, Oca, .... and that of the Odyssey, d.'(i/ia 
 fiQi, twtTre, Movcra ... 
 
 (4) That a summary of the poet's history should be introduced in 
 
 the same opening sentence with a summary of the hero's history 
 is extremely harsh. Moreover, the sentence becomes very long 
 and ugly ; the omission too of sum twice over in the first line is 
 very objectionable. 
 
 Milton thought the lines genuine and has imitated them at the com- 
 mencement of Paradise Rt^ained, but his taste when he imitates 
 classical models is not always sound, and the truer ring of Paradise 
 Lost, 1. 1 should rather be compared." 
 
 26 
 
 m 
 
 m 
 
26 
 
 EXCURSUS. 
 
 % 
 
 The opposite contention is tliat the lines were written by Vergil, hut 
 were expunged after his death by his editors Varius and Tucca under 
 orders from Augustus, and that thus the mutilated text became the 
 current and ofhcially authorized one, furnishing ample ground for the 
 error of all the "good" MSS., the earliest of which belong to the 4th 
 century and all of which are obviously based on one archetype ; see p. 
 xxix. Introduction. 
 
 Granted that the common source of all our best MSS. was tainted, 
 then the MSS. themselves must have been tainted, and the argument 
 based on these MSS,, as well as on the subsecjuent tendency of a great 
 number of editors to follow them, becomes valueless. 
 
 The following is a summary of Mr. Henry's admirable dissertation on 
 the subject : — 
 
 " Illk— Martis " iNSKRTED in 18 out of 50 second class MSS. ; quoted 
 by Servius, who says they were omitted, obviously " nt causa operis 
 ohtineret principium" ("that the subject of the poem might hold first 
 place"); accepted by 20 important editors, including N. Heinsiua 
 (1670) and Wagner (1832). 
 
 Omittkd or STIGMATIZED by 2 first-class MSS. (Rom. and Med.), .32 
 out of 50 second class MSS. and 19 important editors, including 
 N. Heinsius (1704), Peerlkamp, Ladewig, Ribbeck, Conington. 
 
 ■r 
 
 Arguments in Favour of Accepting "Ille— Martis." 
 
 1. Their intrinsic merit, — modesty, simplicity, purity (^' vim et elegan- 
 tiam," Wagner, 18.32). 
 
 2. They do not contain a single word unworthy of Vergil (Wagner, 
 
 18.32). 
 
 3. No other plausible origin than Vergil's own hand has been assigned 
 to them. 
 
 4. The turn of thought, the studied comparison of his present subject 
 with a former subject of liis own, or even with other subjects of other 
 writers, is quite in accord with Vergil's habit. 
 
 5. Striking parallels of diction : compare with J^cl. I., 2. Eel. x., 50. 
 Geo. I., 99. Geo. i., 47. Geo. i., 41. Aen. xii., 124. 
 
 G. It is a much easier and safer task to strike out a passage ihua to 
 add or prefix one, especially one which would fit so well. 
 
EXCURSUS. 
 
 27 
 
 7. We are informed by Donatus and Servius that after Vergil's death 
 the order was given l)y Augustus to Tucca and Varius to strike out tohat- 
 ever they might think it advisable to strike out, but not to add anythimj. 
 
 8. Donatus tells us that Nisus, the grammarian, used to say that he 
 had heard "a senioribus" tliat Varius had actually struck out these verses. 
 
 9. From all those MSS. from which these verses are absent, other 
 verses undoubtedly written by Vergil {e.g., Aen. ii., 567-588) are absent 
 also. 
 
 10. In Aen. vir., 37-45, there is a distinct reference to a premeditated 
 division of the Aeneid into two parts, as foreshadowed in the disputed 
 lines, viz., an Iliad in nunc orrentia Martis Anna, and an Odyssey in 
 virumque, Troiae qui primus ab oris, etc. 
 
 11. As early as the age of Domitian, we find Saleius Bassus figuring 
 Vergil's ascent from bucolic to epic poetry under the identical trope 
 under which it is figured in these verses, viz., that of a rural musician 
 issuing forth out of the obscurity of the woods and presenting himself 
 before the world as a performer of the most complicated and difficult 
 pieces. 
 
 12. Priscian, though in his Formula Interrogandi he parses Arma 
 VIRUMQUE CANo as first verse of the Aeneid, nevertheless in his Gram- 
 mar repeatedly recognizes these verses as Vergil's. 
 
 13. Two of our greatest English poets (Spenser and Milton) were 
 unable to find nobler commencement for two of the greatest poems in 
 the English language, than an imitation of the commencement afforded 
 by these lines to the Aeneid : 
 
 "Lo I I the man whose muse whylome did maske, 
 A8 time her taught, in lowly shepheard's weeds, 
 Am now eiiforst, a farre unfltter taske, 
 For trumpets sterne to chaunge mine oaten reeds. 
 And sing of knights', and ladies' gentle deeds." 
 
 Spbnskr, Faerie Queene, I., 1. 
 
 "I who erewhile the happy garden sung 
 By one man's disobedience lost, now sing 
 Recovered paradise to all mankind 
 By one man's firm obedience fully tried 
 Through all temptation, and the tempter 
 Foiled in all his wiles, defeated arid repulsed, 
 And Eden raised in the waste wilderness." 
 
 Milton, Paradise Regained, I., 1. 
 
28 
 
 EXCURSUS. 
 
 13. (Henry's chief argument) : 
 
 The beginning Arma virumque cano would have been essentially 
 and in itself a had heginniiuj ; bad as being 
 
 (1) brusque, abrupt, ttirgid, and devoid of the '■^yiwlle alqiie facetum'" 
 
 BO characteristic of Vergil's style, 
 
 (2) ambigxiotis, a conflict arising between the interpretation ^'the 
 
 warrior Aeneas," and ^^ the rears (of Aeneas) and Aeneas (him- 
 self):' 
 
 In rejecting the arcument based upon Homer, Henry says, "Very 
 well, if the more ancient and ruder poem is to be, in all respects, the 
 model of the more modern and highly linished ; very well, if there are 
 no excellencies in Vergil which we look in vain for in Homer ; very well, 
 if the argument is used in its full strength, and we begin the Aeneid, 
 neither with ille ego, nor with Arma virumque cano, but with musa, 
 Mini CAUSAS me:^iora. Then indeed we shall have the Aeneid modelled 
 on (not an improvement of) the Iliad and Odyssey, the whole three 
 poems shall begin alike with the invocation of the Muse. . . ." If, 
 however, my reader scruples, as no doubt he scruples, to go so far ; if he 
 insists, as no doubt he insists, on retaining Arma virumque cano, 
 though without parallel either in the Iliad or Odyssey, with what vis 
 consequentiae does he insist on rejecting "ille — martis," the explanation 
 and complement of cano, on the ground that there is no parallel for it 
 either in the Iliad or the Odyssey ? 
 
 I 
 
 n 
 
 'I 
 
 Of the quotations from subsequent writers pointing to "Arma 
 VIRUMQUE cano" as the beginning, Henry says, 'the very utmost 
 shown by those quotations or that can be shown by any number of such 
 quotations, is the existence from the earliest times, perhaps even from 
 the date of the author's death, of an Aeneid without the introductory 
 verses, a fact undisputed, nay affirmed and maintained even by those 
 who no less affirm and maintain that the Aeneid did not so come into 
 the world from the creative hand of its author and parent, but only 
 from the mutilating hands of its godfathers, and that co-existent with 
 such mutilated Aeneid but — partly on account of imperial influence, 
 partly on account of the invariable predominance of coarse taste over 
 refined — far less in vogue, there was always the Aeneid as it came from 
 the hand of Vergil." 
 
EXCURSUS. 
 
 29 
 
 The eflFect of a closer study of the question is undoubtedly in the 
 direction of disj^elling the idea that MSS. and learned editors are in all 
 cases to be relied upon, and of creating the impression that the taste 
 ((questionable taste at the best) of Varius and Tucca, coupled with a 
 desire to carry out the instructions of their lord and master Augustus, 
 is to blame for the long chain of error, if error there has been, on the 
 part of MSS. , quoting authors and critical editors alike. 
 
 On the whole, therefore, it seems safer to prefix the disputed words 
 than to omit them. 
 
 Summary. 
 
 The question may be summed up as follows : — 
 
 The words Ille ego— martis are found in some old MSS., though not 
 in the oldest extant ; they are treated by Servius and Priscian, early 
 commentators, as authentic ; it is known that Varius and Tucca had 
 instructions to omit but not to add; no explanation of their composition 
 by a hand other than Vergil's has been offered : that is to say, " if Vergil 
 did not write them, who did?" ; the oldest MSS. extant (4th and 5th 
 century) omit the lines, but these MSS. are no doubt based upon the 
 current and official version published and circulated under imperial 
 authority ; the testimony of critical editors who base their textual deci- 
 sions on a mechanical, not a literary, examination of MSS. is worthless 
 if the MSS. thamselves are worthless ; likewise the evidence of quota- 
 tions, based upon an inaccurate tnough current version ; the fact that 
 the majority follow the edited and expurgated version is natural ; the 
 very existence of the disputed preface is, in view of the circumstances, 
 strong proof of its own authenticity, pointing as it does to an obscure 
 though original version, frowned down by imperial disfavour ; the argu- 
 ment based upon taste and imitation of Homer is weak at the best and, 
 in fact, may be turned against the inventors of the argument : tastes 
 differ, and Vergil did not always imitate Homer ; he was more likely 
 to imitate himself, vide references to parallelisms in the Eclogues and 
 Georgics. 
 
 m 
 
 1 ■ i 
 
30 
 
 EXCURSUS. 
 
 t 
 
 
 Hi 
 
 A LIST OF THE MORE IMPORTANT VARIA- 
 TIONS IN TiiK TEXT. 
 
 N.B.— The reading of the text in the present edition is placed first. 
 The student would do well to look up the context in each case an«l care- 
 fully examine the difverence in meaning depending upon the lufference 
 in the text. On this point see Introduction, p. xxix. 
 
 48. adorat, — adoret. 
 
 49. imponet, — impouat, imponit (see Notes). 
 104. prora avertit, — proram avertit. 
 
 236. omni, — omnes (see Notes). 
 
 317. Hebrum, — Eurum (see Notes). 
 
 365. cernis, — cernes. 
 
 374. componat, — componet (see Notes). 
 
 448. nexaeque, — nixaeque (see Notes;. 
 
 513. percussus, — perculsus. 
 
 518. cunctis, — cuncti. 
 
 599. exhaustos,— exhaustis. 
 
 604. iustitia, — iustitiae (see Notes), 
 
 642. antiqua, — antiquae. 
 
 701. famuli,— famulae. 
 
 725. it,— fit. 
 
 :|lSl' 
 
 i!H 
 
A BACCHANAIi RECLININQ AT A FEAST. 
 
 V. 688, " Aurea compovuit sponda mediamque locavit." 
 
 NOTES ON VERGIL'S A'iNEID. 
 
 BOOK I. 
 
 Note on the introductory lines, J//e e^ct — Martis. — For a disciission of 
 the authenticity of these lines see Excursus, p. 2 Though the editor., 
 are of the opinion that it is safer to insert the disputed lines, as being in 
 their judgment more likely to be the genuine product of Vergil's hand than 
 not, still as most of the usually accepted editions begin with '^ arma vir. 
 umque" this edition, so as to be uniform for purposes of reference, has 
 been numbered from line 5. —Ille ego, sc. sum, making Hie a predicate 
 nominative, ""T am that (poet)." — avena, lit "an oat straw"; here **a 
 reed-pipe," " hepherd's pipe;" the reference is to Vergil's composition of 
 
 31 
 
 !!'! 
 
 I 
 
 m 
 
32 
 
 veugil's AEN. B. I. 
 
 II 
 
 the pastoral poems called EcloKues, cf. Silves/nm tcnu: ?^nsam meditaris 
 avena, Ec. i, z.—c^tiressus si/vis means "turning from i.cpherd life,"— 
 vicina anxx refers to his didactic poem on agriculture, the (icorgics ; vilina, 
 "neighbouring" suggests the close connection between the two kinds of 
 Votixy.-quamvis an adv., "however (greedy). "-^^a/«/// opus in apposi- 
 tion to the clause " coei^H ut, etc."— «/ nunc horrentia Martis anna, the 
 closing words of the fourth line are to be construed continuously with the 
 fifth line or v. i of the text, horrentia (lualifying arwrf the object otcano.^ 
 The usual text begins abruptly "Arms and the man I sing." The introduc- 
 tory lines form a prefoce tracing the poet's gradual progress from pastoral 
 and didactic-agricultural poetry to the loftier and grander Epic. 
 
 l^Amta virumque cam: " I sing of arms and the man." Vergil observes 
 the custom of epic poets by announcing his subject at the outset. 
 Cp. the opening lines of the Iliad, Odyssey and Paradise Lost— 
 arma may be used here to show the contrast between the subject of 
 the Aeneid and tliat of the Georgics (cp. the opening line of Georgic l), 
 in which the theme, viz., the occupations of rustic life, is announced. 
 —virum, referring to the deeds of Aeneas. Distinguish cam and 
 cdm.—qHi--litlora : " who of old from the coasts of Troy came, an 
 exile of fate, to Italy and the shore of Lavinium. "— /r?w«j .• Heyne 
 and Wagner, finding a difficulty in reconciling the usual meaning of 
 primus with the statement of Antenor's previous settlement, men- 
 tioned v. 242, mzk^ primus ^olirn, "of old." Gallia Cisalpina was 
 not formally included in Italia Propria till 42 B.C., and possibly was 
 not considered by Vergil as a part of Italy Proper. Distinguish ora 
 = ««r/), the land or district on the sea ; litus = pnyn'iv, the land 
 'covered by the breakers of the sea ; ripa-bx^q, the bank of a river. 
 
 2-^Italiam := ad Italia >n : Vergil, with many other poets, sometimes omits 
 prepositions after verbs of motion : cp. Aen. I, 365, devenere locos; 
 Shaks. Julius Caesar i, 2 : "But ere we could arrive the spot pro- 
 posed."— >/tf may be taken (r) vfiih profugus as above, abl. of instr.; 
 or (2) with venit, abl. manner. In some compound words pro is 
 short, though it is usually long.— Lavinaque : others read Lavini- 
 aque. In scansion, if the latter reading is adopted, i is consonantal, 
 i.e. pronounced y. 
 
 Z'Q^Ille—Latio: "hard driven on land and on the deep by the violence of 
 heaven, for cruel Juno's unforgetful anger, and hard beset in war 
 also, ere he might found a city and carry his gods into Latium."— 
 
NOTES. 
 
 3d 
 
 tile: cp. Homeric 5 ye, not the subject of iactatus {est), but in appo- 
 sition with qui.— terris— alto: local ablatives.— ji//tf/-/^« -super- 
 orum, scil. deorum.—multa—passiis, like iactatus, a participle, lit. 
 "much, too, having suffered in war a.Uo:'—dum—conderet: "in his 
 attempts to build." The idea kA purpose is implied.— Za/w, dat. = 
 in Latium in prose. 
 
 ^~-Unde=ia quo, %c\\.,ortum est: "from whom (sprung)." Some think 
 that the three stages of the growth of Rome are referred to, viz., 
 the original settlement at Lavinium, the transference of power to 
 Alba Longa, and the final selection of Rome as the seat of empire. 
 The Latins dwelt in the broad plain between the Sabine mountains 
 and the sea, and traced their descent to King Latinus. The word 
 Latini means the dwellers of the plain : cp. latus, nhiTri:, Eng. 
 /at; for the loss of the initial mute, cp. lanx, TrAaf ; lavo, nUvetv. 
 Vergil is incorrect in saying that the Latins were descended from 
 Aeneas, as they existed before his advent : cp. Livy, i, i. Their 
 chief town was Lavinium (now Pratica). 
 7 — Albani patres : Alba Longa was the head of a confederacy of thirty 
 Latin towns. After its destruction by Tullus Ilostilius, the leading 
 citizens were transferred to Rome, and became incorporated in the 
 common state. Many of the noble families of Rome, notably the 
 lulii, traced their descent to the Albans.— ^/(ia Longa occupied a 
 site probably near the convent of Palazzuolo.—moenia (rt. mun, to 
 defend ; cp. d-fivv-eiv), the walls for defensive purposes ; murus 
 (mun-rus, also rt. mun), a wall of any kind ; paries (rt. par, to 
 separate), the partition walls of a house ; maceria, a garden wall.— 
 allae Romae, "of stately Rome." Rome at first occupied the 
 Palatine. Afterwards the Capitoline, Avcntine, Esquiline, Codian, 
 Viminal, and Quirinal hills were included. Also the Pincian, 
 Vatican, and Janiculan hills, on the Etruscan side, were brought 
 within the boundaries of the city under Aurelius. 
 S—Jkfusa : Vergil, following the example of Homer, invokes the muse and 
 refers the whole plot to the gods. Calliope was the muse of epic 
 poetry. — quo numine laeso : there are several ways of taking these 
 words; (l) some supply, impulsus fucrit, " by what offended deity 
 was he (Aeneas) constrained;" (2) numine =^voluutaie, "what 
 purpose (of Juno) being thwarted;" (3) quo = qua de causa, "for 
 what reason, her (/.^.Juno's) will being thwarted;" (4) ob quam 
 lacsioncju jiurninis, "on account of what affrunt to her purpose;" 
 (5) "for what offence to the majesty of heaven." The last is 
 
 II 
 
 i 
 
 Mr 
 
 
 /^^iEm- 
 
w 
 
 34 
 
 VERGIL S AEN. B. I. 
 
 H 
 
 If 
 
 M^ 
 
 probably correct. The first is objectionable because Juno has been 
 mentioned as the offended deity. 
 
 9- Quidve dolens : " or in what vexation ; " lit. "resenting what." For 
 case of quid. — tot volvere casus : "to run the round of so many 
 misfortunes." This poetic use of infinitive with hortor, oro^ suadeo 
 is common for the prose construction of ut with subj. 
 
 10 — Insignem pietate : the hero of the Aeneid is distinguished by the 
 epithet pius, which means that he had filial affection as well as 
 religious reverence. He rescues his father from burning Troy ( Aen. 
 2, 723) ; also the gods (Aen. 2, 717).— a</i>^, "to face." 
 
 11 — Inptilerit : indirect question. — animis, taken either a dative, or a local 
 ablative. — irae^ the plural, denotes the various manifestations of her 
 passions. 
 
 12 — Urbs antiqua: said with '•eference to Vergil's own time. Karthage 
 was founded probably about 855 B.C. — Tyrii coloni: " settlers from 
 Tyre ; " the Tyrians founded also Tunes and Utica, near Karthage. 
 
 13 — Ualiam — longe : longe may be taken either as modifying the whole 
 phrase, "over against Italy and the Tiber's mouths afar; "or 
 equivalent to longe distantia, "the far distant Tiber's mouths." — 
 Italiam contra— contra Italia .. What direction is Karthage from 
 Rom- ? 
 
 \^— 'Dives opum : compare dives ; decline opum. The genitive of respect is 
 common with adjectives of plenty and want. — studiis : abl. of 
 respect: "in its passion for ;" see note on irae for plural, vs. 11. 
 Vergil here, no doubt, alludes to the experience of the Rom.ans in 
 the Punic Wars. 
 
 15 — Qunm coluisse : the Romans identified the Syrian Astarte (the Ashta' 
 roth of the Bible) with Juno. — unam, " especially ; " unus gives to 
 superlatives or to words implying a superlative force (magis quant 
 omnes terras), an emphatic meaning : cp. e'if;.' elf apcarog: "by 
 far the best." 
 
 16 — Posthabita Samo: " in preference to Samos," lit,,, " Samos being held 
 in less regard.'* Herodotus (3.50) mentions a famous temple of 
 Here ( Iww) at Samos. In scanning this line, notice that the hiatus 
 in Samo is relieved by the caesural pause. This especially occurs when 
 a long vowel is in the arsis of the foot ; see introduction, p. xviii. 
 

 NOTES. 
 
 35 
 
 ll—Currus : Juno is rarely represented as a war goddess, though we have 
 some instances: cp. Horn. II. 5, 120-^.— hoc— fffvetque: "the god- 
 dess even now strives, and fondly hopes that this may be the seat 
 of empire for the nations, if in any way the fates permit."— /J<7c is 
 attracted to the gender of the predicate.— «»aM/; subj. of inter- 
 mediate clause i" virtual oblique narration.— eaw tum^etiam turn : 
 " even then," at that early period. 
 
 18—Sec^ enim: "yet indeed," "however." This is usually explained by 
 an ellipsis (cp. aUd yap) for seJ {metuit Karthagini) enim, etc., 
 "yet (she feared for Karthage) for she had heard a race was issuing 
 from the blood of Troy."— duct : present as now in the act of being 
 accomplished, 
 
 20—Tyrias—arces: "which should hereafter overthrow her Tyrian towers." 
 The destruction of Karthage (146 B.C.) is referred io.-verteret= 
 everleret: subj. of purpose.— o//w may refer to either the past or 
 future ; here it refers to the latter : properly (fr. ollus, tile), "at that 
 time." 
 
 2\~mnc=:a qua progmie.—late rfg^m = {hy enallage) hte resnantgni: 
 cp. the Homeric evpvKpeiuv.—belloquesuperbum: "tyrannous in 
 war." 
 
 Tl—Excidio Libyae: "to destroy Libyae;" for the two datives see F. 
 »34. I ; P. n, loi. Some read exscidio, but excidio is not for 
 exscidtoy but for ec-scidio {sc, scindo) : cp. the forms ecjero, ecfari, 
 ^cfodio, found in old ■wai^xs.—volvere Parcas, scil. audierat : there is 
 reference here to the thread of destiny. The Parca£ (rt. PAR, "to 
 allot : " cp. pars, partio, e-Trop-ov) were the goddesses of birth and 
 death: three in number, JVona, Decuma, Morta, and so the 
 arbiters of human destiny. They were identified with the Greek 
 UolpaL (fiEipofim, to allot), Clotho, Lachesis, and Atropos, whose 
 duties are included in the foil, line -.—Clotho colum retinet, Lachesis 
 net, et Atropos occat : cp. Milton's Lycidas— 
 
 •' Cornea the "blind Fury with the abhorred shears, 
 And slits the thin-spuu life." 
 
 '2.'^--Metuens : "fearful of that;" metuere, to dread with anxiety some 
 future evil j timere, to fear an impending danger ; vereri, a respect- 
 ful fear of some superior being ; formidare, to dread.— z/^/"mj belli: 
 the war against Troy.— Saturnia, scil. Jilia, or dea, according to 
 the Greek theogony. Here (Juno) was the daughter of Kronos 
 who was identified by the Romans with Saturn. The Romans 
 however, represent no relationship between Juno and Saturn. 
 
 H 
 
 m 
 
 1 
 
 :^i 
 
 • ''% 
 
 f 
 
36 
 
 Vergil's aen. b. i. 
 
 24r—Ad Troiam : aaf may be taken {\) = adversus, "against," or (2)= 
 apiid, " ai."—Argis : here the town is put for the inhabitants = 
 Argiuis, and this for Graecis. Here, or Juno, was worshipped 
 specially at Argos, one of the chief cities of Argolis.— /r//«a, 
 "before all others," or some say, "long ago:" cp. primus, v. 2. 
 
 25—Necdum animo: "nor had the springs of her anger nor the bitterness 
 of her vexation yet gone out of her mind;" etiam-et tarn. — 
 causae irarum : the motives of wrath ; the plural irae refer to 
 the many manifestations of the passion ; see note v. w.—excidt- 
 rant ; "had faded ; " distinguish in meaning excldo, excido. 
 
 2&— Animo: in prose ex animo.— alta—repostum=alte (in) mente re- 
 positum : " laid away deep in her mind." 
 
 'n— Indicium Pa.ridis : Paris was judge in the contest of Juno, Venus and 
 Minerva for the golden apple ; see Tennyson's Oenone.—sprefaegue 
 —formae: " and the insult offered to her slighted^beauty ; " objec- 
 tive genitive. 
 
 2'^— Genus invisum : referring to the birth of Dardanus, the son of Juppiter 
 and Eleotra and founder of the Trojan line. (See genealogical tree, 
 p. 24.) — rapti, scil., ad caelum. 
 
 *2!Q— His— super : " fired with this, too," i.e., by what has been said in the 
 (orego'wg Vines.— super =insuper, "besides," i.e. in addition to her 
 anxiety for Ka.Ttha.ge.—aequore: the preposition in is omitted. 
 
 ^Q—Reliquias Danaum : mention other words used in the plural only. 
 Danaum — Danaorum : the subjective genitive. The following 
 words haveum for genitive plural : superum (v. 4), Argivum (v. 30), 
 virum (v. 87). Vergil calls the Greeks Danai, Graii, Argivi, 
 Pelasgi, Achivi.—Achilli : irregular form of the genitive : cp. Ulixi. 
 
 31 — Multos: seven years : cp. v. 755. 
 
 ^1—Errabant: " (had wandered and) were still wandering." 
 
 ^—Tantae—erat: "so vast a work it v/as;" the possessive predicate 
 genitive. 
 
 34_Vergil, following the usual method of epic poets, plunges the reader 
 in medias res (Horace A. P. 148), the earlier adventures being left 
 for the hero to tell in Books 1 1 and ill. The Trojans have now lefi 
 the port of Drepanum in Sicily. The natural order for a connected 
 narrative would have been Books ii, iii, then Book \.—in altum— 
 laeti: "did they merrily set their sails seaward." 
 
 Zh—Vela dabant, scil., vefUis.—laeii, because they expected soon to end 
 
NOTES. 
 
 37 
 
 mente re- 
 
 their wanderings.— j/«;«aj salis : observe the alliteration, "the 
 foam of the salt sea ; " sal ; cp. a\q ij,—aere, the bronze keels of the 
 vessel=rt^rm carinis. — ruehant — eruebant. 
 
 36— Cum /uno—secum, scil., loquitur: "when Juno, nursing the un- 
 dying wound in her heart, thus communes with herself."— j«/5 
 pectore, *' in her heart," lit. "beneath her breast." The heart was 
 the seat of intellect according to the Romans ; the lower organs 
 were the seat of passions. ~j^rt/a;«.- cp. Burns' Tam O'Shanter, 
 " nursing her wrath to keep it warm." 
 
 Z*l—Mene—victam: "What! am I to desist from my purpose, as one 
 baffled ? " The accusative with inf. denotes indignation here. 
 
 3%—Nec~regem : "and am I notable to turn the leader of the Trojans 
 aside from Italy?" 
 
 3^—Quippe {-qui-pe) : "because forsooth," ironical; cp. 6t]ttov.— Pallas, 
 epithet of Athene (Minerva), from (i) ndUeiv, to brandish, or (2) 
 TiaXka^, a maiden.— Ne~nonne.—Argivum : see note on Dauaum, 
 V. 30. 
 
 ^^—ipsos^avrovq : "the crew themselves," opposed to the ships.— /^«/^; 
 abl. either of instrument or of place. 
 
 41— Od noxam et furias : either "on account of the guilt and frenzy," or 
 (by enallage) = ob noxam furiosatn : "on account of the guilty deeds 
 committed in frenzy."— With Oilei, scil., /?/«. Ajax is said to have 
 offered violence to Cassandra, priestess of Minerva, daughter of 
 Priam. For another account see Ajax (Proper Names). Scan this 
 line. 
 
 i2~/psa : " she with her own hand." Pallas and Juppiter were the only 
 deities who are represented as yielding the thunderbolt. 
 
 i4^Pectore: ahl sepsireAion.-turdine : uhl of mesuxs. —scopulo : local abl. 
 or dat. 
 
 i6—Ast—gero: "but I who walk with stately tread, the queen of the gods, 
 I, the sister and wife of Jove, with a single people so many years 
 wage wars."— aj^/"; archaic form of at. The language of epic poetry 
 affected archaisms. Note the majestic gait of Juno is imitated by 
 the spondaic character of the verse : cp. vs. 405, 497. 
 
 *7 — Et soror et contunx : matyv^Tijv aTuoxov re : Horn. II. 16,432. 
 
 tyi 
 
^6 
 
 VERGIL's AEN. li. I. 
 
 I* 
 
 fl ■• 
 
 48— f;^r^.- "have been (and still am) yf9iging:'—qutsquam : implying a 
 negative. Distinguish quisquam, ullus and quivis, quilibet.—adorat: 
 others read flw/^r^/ ." a rhetorical subjunctive. 
 
 4P-/V^^/^r^?fl = /^^Mflr.- - hereafter. "-/>///^«^/: fut. indie: the read- 
 ings here are very mixed. We have also imponat (subj.), and 
 imponit (pres. indie). The weight of MSS. evid.^nce is in favour of 
 adorat—imponet, although adoret-imponat would harmonize better. 
 
 51— We have in the following lines a lively personification of the winds. 
 Loca-austris: "a place big with blustering blasts." The winds 
 mentioned in the Aeneid are: N., Boreas. ;'ti.'E.., Aquilo; E., Etirus; 
 S., Notus or Amter ; S. W., A/rtcus; W., Zephyrus; N. W., Corns 
 or Caurus ; N.N.W., lapyx. Distinguish in meaning loca, Ion. 
 
 62— Distinguish in tense venit, venit. -antrum : a cave or grotto, as a 
 beautiful object with reference to its romantic appearance and cool- 
 ing temperature: specus, a gap with a longish opening ; spdimca, a 
 cavity in a merely physical relation, with reference to its darkness or 
 dreadfulness. 
 63~We have here a fine example of imitative harmony {onomatopoeia), the 
 hissing sounds of the winds being well represented by the successive 
 s's : '* the struggling v/inds and sounding storms." 
 h^^—Imperio—frenat: "restrains beneath his sway and curbs them with 
 fetters in his prison house." The picture of the winds may have 
 been suggested by the ludi Circenses, at which chariot racing was 
 one of the chief features.— 7;/«r/w ^/ carcere^vinclis in carcere, or 
 some sa.y =vinclis carceris : what figure? 
 hb-nii-fremunt : " they chaffing, while the great rock roars responsive, 
 rage round the prison bars." Note the aUiteration.— wa^«^ cum 
 murmure, a substitute for the ablative absolute. 
 67-5^^//ra/^«^m=<T«'?7rroiA:of: "sceptre in hand. "-fl«m^^.- "passions." 
 
 —iras: "rage:" cp. v. 25, note. 
 
 58-M archaic form of nisi: see ast, v. A^%.-faciat-ferant-verrant : the 
 pres. for impf. gives greater vividness. In prose we should have m 
 faceret-ferrent.-quippe, "doubtless," ironical. Note, verrant is 
 intransitive, "sweep." 
 
 61 — Molem et monies- molem motiiiitm \^ J i.-»:i.=...- ....;- 
 
 tains. "—insuper : "on the top of them. " 
 
 62-Jiegemque-kadeas: "and gave them such a king as knew, when 
 
uplying a 
 — adorat: 
 
 the read- 
 ibj.), and 
 I favour of 
 lize better. 
 
 the winds, 
 rhe winds 
 L. , Etirus; 
 W., Corus 
 ca, loci. 
 
 rotto, as a 
 ; and cool- 
 spelunca, a 
 iarkness or 
 
 opoeia), the 
 ; successive 
 
 them with 
 ; may have 
 racing was 
 
 carcere, or 
 
 responsive, 
 magno cum 
 
 " passions." 
 
 'errant: the 
 
 lukl have ni 
 
 verrant is 
 
 ss of moun- 
 :new, when 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 39 
 
 bidden (by Jove), by a fixed law either to tighten or to loosen the 
 reins." — quisciret, sub. of purpose.- -/r<?w<?r^, scil., habenas or 
 vetttos. — dare laxas = laxare. — z'ussus, scil., a love. 
 t^—IVamque: in prose usually etenim, introduces a self-evident reason, 
 "seeing that." Here the particle assigns the reason of her coming 
 to him: "I have come to you, for, as you know," etc.— dtvum— 
 rex : Hom. II. l, 544 ; Trari/p avdpuv te deuv re. 
 
 65— Mu/cere— fo//ere=uf mtdceas — to//as: see note on the infinitive, v. 9. 
 
 venfo must be taken with both mulcere and tollere. The ancients 
 seem to have thought that some winds calmed, while other winds 
 raised the sea. 
 
 67 — Aequor : a kind of cognate, or adverbial, accusative : cp. Uvai b66v. 
 
 68 — Ilium—Penates : the meaning seems to be that the conquered Trojans 
 will in Italy perpetuate their race and establish their religion. The 
 Penates, are said to be m'ctos, as their old home Ilium was destroyed. 
 —Penates, Roman household gods, of which each family had its 
 own. These were worshipped with Vesta, the goddess of the hearth. 
 Each city also had its Penates. Those of Lanuvium, the chief city 
 of Latium, were brought by Aeneas from Troy. Afterwards they 
 were transferred to Rome. The root o{ penates is from pa, or, pat, 
 "to nourish:" cp. T^ari/p, irdaig { = Tr6Tig), (ka-Tr6T-f/g ; cp. pater, 
 pasco, panis, penus: Eng. father. The word may therefore mean 
 the images of "the original founders " of the clan ox gens. 
 69 — Incute — ventis: " rouse thy winds to fury;" lit. " strike strength into 
 the winds," as if by a blow of his sceptre. — submersas : "so that 
 they will be sunken," a proleptic use of the participle fcp. v. 29) = 
 obrue et submerge puppes : cp. Shaks. King John, •' Heat me those 
 irons hot.^^ 
 
 Id—Diversos, scil., viros, "the crew far apart." Others read diversas, 
 scil. naves. 
 
 71 — Corpore: abl, speciPcr'^ion. 
 
 72 — Deiopea. If this ' e fix'; correct reading, Deiopea is a case of inverted 
 attraction, /.(?., the antecedent i'' attracted into the case of the rela- 
 tive quae • cp. v. 573. Other'; read Dewpeam. 
 
 73 — lungar , scil., tibi. — conubio: to get over the f" " 'rUy of scansion, 
 some take this word as a trisyllable, making i ^^asonant, i.e. =y. 
 Monro (on Luci. 11 1, 776) shows, however, that the quantity maybe 
 coniibio.- '^ropriam-perpetuam: "and grant her to thee as thy 
 wife for ever : " cp. Eel. 7, 31. 
 
 'Hi' 
 
 III 
 
 %H 
 
 P 1 
 
 fi"^ 
 
r'r 
 
 m 
 
 11 'i> 
 
 40 Vergil's aen. b. i. 
 
 15— Pukhra— prole : taken either (i) with parentem, abl. quality, or (2) 
 with facial, as abl. means. 
 
 76— Tuus—explorare : " thine is the task to determine what thou choosest." 
 —optes : subj. of dependent question 
 
 IT—Tu—tu—tu: note the emphasis: "'tis thou who gavest me whatever 
 realm this is which l\\7i\Q."—sceph-a lovevique : *' the sceptre and 
 the favour of Jove," or by hendiadys = jr^//'ra lovis, "the sceptre 
 derived from Jove." All kingly power came from Jove. 
 
 19— Epulis: decline this vfou\.—accumbere : Vergil here ascribes to the 
 gods a custom prevalent among the Romans of his own day. The 
 Greeks sat at meals as we do. 
 
 i^tO—Potentem: "lord," see note on Penates, v. 68. 
 
 %\— Dicta, scil. sunt.—cavum—Iatus: "with spear-point turned that way, 
 the hollow hill he struck on the side." Note the alliteration. 
 Distinguish in meaning Idttis and Idtus. 
 
 82— Veltit agmine facto : " as in banded array." abl. manner. 
 
 S3— Data {est).— terras pe.rflant : "they blow a blast across the world." 
 
 M—Incubnere mari : " they swooped down upon the sea : " for momentary 
 action of perfect, cp. ETieaKnipav. 
 
 S5—Puunt : the change of tense is supposed to give vividness to the de- 
 scription.— rr^^^r /r^r^/Zw Africiis: "the gusty south-west wind." 
 —Africus : cp. Ati/;, as blowing from Libya ; called by the Italians 
 siiW Africa, or Gherbino. 
 S6—£t fluHus : the successive spondees well described the measured 
 motion of the heavy surges. 
 
 Sl—Insequitiir—rudcntum : " then follow both the shrieks of the crew and 
 the creaking of the ':.ovi\^gQ." —virum — virortun : see note on 
 Danaiim, v. ^o.—rMdenfes: were the light hanging gear of a ship 
 (joKda), while funes {oxoivia), were the strong ropes to which the 
 anchors were attached, and by which the ship was fastened to the 
 land. 
 
 %^—Eripitint—oculis : " suddenly the clouds blot from the eyes of the 
 Trojans both sky and light "—t//Vj, "light," probably the original 
 meaning of the word ; cp. div, "bright : " cp. 8lFoq, At F6g (gen. of 
 Zevg, god of the air), luppiter {=Divpita-), Diana {-Div-ana, the 
 bright one), " the moon." 
 
NOTES. 
 
 41 
 
 jr, or (2) 
 
 hoosest." 
 
 whatever 
 jptre and 
 e sceptre 
 
 :s to the 
 ly. The 
 
 that way, 
 iteration. 
 
 i world." 
 omentary 
 
 :o the de- 
 st wind." 
 le Italians 
 
 measured 
 
 J crew and 
 i note on 
 of a ship 
 which the 
 led to the 
 
 yes of the 
 le original 
 6g (gen. of 
 v-ana, the 
 
 90- 
 
 ^^—Incubat : " broods over." Morris well translates : 
 
 •' Night on the ocean lies, 
 Pole thunders unto pole, and still with wild fire glare the skies, 
 And all things hold the face of death before the seamen's eyes." 
 
 —atra: "sable." Distinguish ater, denoting black as a negative 
 of all colour, opposed to albus, white : niger, black, as being itself 
 a colour, and indeed the darkest, opposed to candidiis. 
 Intomiere poli : "it thundered from pole to pole ; " lit. "the poles 
 thundered."— /^/wj, (7ro?.of): the Latin term for rroAof is vertex, the 
 end or axis on which, according to the ancient notions, the heavens 
 turned {verto).—et— aether : " and the heaven gleams with frequent 
 flashes."— a^M(;r, the bright upper sky above the clouds (aWr/p) -. 
 aer, the lower air {ar/p). Here the distinction is, however, un- 
 observed. 
 
 ^\—Praesentemque— mortem : "and all things threaten the crew with 
 instant death." — intentant, note the force of the frequentative. 
 
 %2.~Extemplo{=ex tempulo, ixom temptihim, dim. oi tempus), "at once." 
 —frigore, " with a chilling fear." 
 
 %%—Duplices: not "clasped," as this was not the attribute of prayer 
 among the Greeks and Romans, who extended the palms of their 
 hands to the supposed dwelling place of the deity addressed, but 
 "both": cp. the use of (krAorff for a//06), dyw : Aeschylus, Prom. 
 Vinctus, 971, iirjfik fioi diirlag otWvc^^ Ilpo^ySev, TrpcUf3d?.yg. So also 
 duplex, said for ambo, uterque, of thirigs in pairs : Aen. 7, 140 : 
 duplices parentes.—pabna, " the open hand " : cp. iraAafiy, "the 
 blade of an oar :" root pal, " to spread ; " palor, " I wander," and 
 pando, "I spread : " for ^ passing into / : cp. odor, olere ; dingua, 
 lingua ; 6at.pv, lacrima. 
 
 %^—Refert=dicit. The meaning may be he brings back to light thoughts 
 hidden in his heart : cp. Hom. Od. 5, 309, tt sqq. 
 
 95--Quis contigit : " whose happy lot.it ^tsa^ —quts^=zquibus.—accidit, it 
 happens unexpectedly, said of good or bad events : contigit, it 
 happens, said of fortunate events : evcnit, it happens, said of events 
 expected, good or bad.— ««/c <7ra .• considered a happy lot, because 
 their fathers would see their noble deeds. 
 
 %—Oppetere, scil. mortem, to die, as a moral act, in so far as a man, if he 
 does not ^eek death, at any rate awaits it with hrmness : obire 
 mortem, to die, as a physical act, by which one ends all suffering. 
 
 97 — Tydides=Diomedes, who met Aeneas in single combat : II. 5,297. — 
 
 III 
 
 %\ 
 
 ill 
 
 'iijfi 
 
 ii-tj 
 
 If*-'. 
 
42 
 
 veroil's AEN. B. I. 
 
 mene—dextra : " alas ! that I could not have fallen on the Trojan 
 plains and gasped out this life beneath thy right hand ! " For the 
 case of tfie, see note, v. yj .—occumbere^ soil, mortem, or mortCy or 
 obviam morti. — cam pis, local abl. = »« campis. 
 
 ^^—Saevtis: perhaps "terrible in battle": cp. Homer's &uvl>q ndxTjv. 
 Aeneas himself is called saevus in Aen. 12, 107.— Aeaddes: Achilles 
 is meant, who was son of Peleus and grandson of Aeacus. Some 
 render tat-et by "fell," a historic present, because we learn from 
 11. 16, 667, that the body of Sarpedon was conveyed to Lycia 
 by Sleep and Death. 
 
 lOO—Stmot's : decline. Name the other rivers in the Troad. 
 
 102— Ta/ui iadanti: "as he utters these words:" dat. of reference. 
 —stridens—procella: either "a squall howling from the north 
 {Ai]tiilone = ab Aqtiilone);' or "a squall howling with the north 
 wind," abl. of accompaniment. 
 
 \Oi—Avertit, scil., se = avertitur (middle force), "swings round." 
 
 105— Z^a/, scil., prora; "the prow exposes the side (of the ship) to the 
 ^x^t.%:'—insequitur—mons: "close (on the ship) in a mass comes 
 on a precipitous mountain hi\\oMV."—inseqmtur, scil., navem.— 
 ctimulo, abl. manner, with iusequitur. 
 
 106— Bi, properly = viri, "the crew," hut hy sjfnecdoche=/iae naves.— his 
 —aperit: " to those the yawning billow discloses ground amid the 
 waves." Distinguish tmda, a wave, arising from the ordinary 
 motion of water ; fluctus, a wave, caused by some external force, as 
 storms. 
 
 \0'J—Ft*rit—harenis : ' ' the seething flood rages with sand, "—harenis : abl. 
 of instrument. Ccnington translates : " sand and surf are raving 
 together." 
 
 \{S^^Abreptas—torquet-abripuitettorquet: "has caught and whirls."— 
 hxtentia, "hidden " by the overflowing sea in stormy weather ; in a 
 calm they were visible. 
 
 lO'^—Saxa—aras. The order is saxa quae mediis in fluctibus (exstantia) 
 Itali vacant Aras: " rocks which (standing out) in the midst of the 
 billows the Italians call Altars." The saxa referred to are probably 
 the rocks just outside the bay of Karthage. Of these, the insula 
 Aegimuri is the chief. Some say the Karthaginian priests used to 
 offer sacrifices there to avert shipwrecks on the rocks, hence the 
 term Ara. Others say the Skerki rocks are alluded to, situated in 
 the shallow between Tunis and Sicily. 
 
NOTES. 
 
 43 
 
 WO— Dorsum — summo: "a vast reef rising to the surface of the main," — 
 dorsum, properly "a back" of an animal: cp. ^fo'paf : hence, a 
 low, rugged rock rising like a hog's back on the surface of the 
 waves. — mart: local abl. — Ab alto: "from the high seas." 
 
 Ill — In brevia et Syrtes = in brevia {/oca) Syrtium : " on the shoals of the 
 Syrtes." The Syrtes (so called from dragging in the ships; anh 
 Tov avpeiv rag vf/ag, or from the Arabian word iVr/, meaning a 
 desert,) were two gulfs in Northern Africa, the Syrtis Maior(Giilf 
 of Sidra), the Syrtis Minor (Gulf of Khabs). 
 
 114 — Ipsius, scil., Aeneae. Ipse like avrog is often used of a superior, as 
 of a leader, master, etc.: cp. avrog ecpTf : ipse c.xil, said of Pythagoras 
 by his disciples. — a vertue=KaT* aKp^, "vertically." Scan this 
 line. 
 
 115 — Puppinu Many "i" stems have the accusative in ini ovem.—excw 
 titur — caput: "the pilot is dashed away and headlong is rolled 
 forward."— ^jrr«/?^, often used "to throw out " of a ship, chariot, 
 or from a hax^^.—pronus, cp. TTfnjvfjq opposed to supinus^^vTrnog. — 
 magister, i.e., navis gubernaior, 
 
 116 — Ast, old form of at, and like the Greek arap, it joins a previous 
 thougLi to a new and different one: "whilst on the spot thrice 
 the billow whirls it (scil., illatn, or navem), driving it round and 
 round. " 
 
 117 — Et— vortex: "and the swift eddy engulfs it (i.e., navem) in the 
 deep.^'—rapidus, root rap : cp. dpK-d^u (by metathesis).— aeguore, 
 local abl. 
 
 118 — The spondees describe well the laboured movements of the struggling 
 sailors. — rarz: "scattered here and there." 
 
 119 — Arma — undas. The shields and spears may be referred to as floating 
 for a while in the waves, or the picture may be merely momentary. 
 — •^a2rt=^^CTavp(5f, a prince's wealth. / 
 
 120 — Scan this line. Achati : see note on Achilli, v. 30. '\ 
 
 121 — Qua = :n gua: local a.h\. 
 
 122 — Hiemps. The / is merely euphonic, because it is difficult to pro- 
 nounce s after m: cp. sumpsi. — laxis—fatiscunt : " through the 
 loosened fastenings of ihe sides, all (the ships) draw in the unwel- 
 come water and e^aoe with (manv) seams." — imber : orooerlv rain 
 water: here — war^; cp. Verg. Georg. 4, 115. — rimis, abl. manner. 
 
 124 — Interea : refers to a matter of some duration : interim : to a thing 
 
44 
 
 veroil's AEN. B. I. 
 
 i1 '■ 
 
 i i i 
 
 merely momentary; intfrea, incliules the time occupied from the 
 winds swooping down on the sea (v. 84) up to the present. We 
 may translate, "while this was going on, Neptune, greatly moved, 
 felt that the deep was disturbed with dreadful din." 
 
 125 — Ei — vastis : " and that the still waters were forced up (to the surface) 
 from their lowest depths. " Servius takes stagtia to mean the still 
 waters at the bottom of the deep. — vadis^ abl. of separation: 
 — commotus : "moved" in heart, though of serene countenance 
 (placidum caput). — alto prospiciens may mean (i) "looking forth 
 from the deep sea," where his palace was ; abl, sep. : (2) 'looking 
 forth o'er the deep," the abl. representing the space over which the 
 view is taken : cp. v. 81 : (more corxQCiXy prospicere take an ace. in 
 this construction, as in v. 155) ; (3), " in his regard for the main," 
 the dat. 
 
 127 — Unda : abl. of sep. : see note on incepto, v. 37. 
 
 128 — Toto — aeqtiore : see note, v. 29. 
 
 129 — Caeli ruina : ** by the wreck of heaven." The violent storm of rain 
 is considered as the downfall of the sky itself. 
 
 130 — Latuere—fratreni : *' were unknown to her brother : " with lateo and 
 ace, cp. use o{ "kavdava. 
 
 131 — In scanning this line note that dehinc is scanned in one syllable, 
 deinc. 
 
 132 — Tantane — vestri : "has such confidence in your origin possessed 
 you? " The winds were the sons of Aurora and the Titan Astraeos, 
 so that they were on the one side of divine origin and on the other 
 they were descended from a rival of the gods. 
 
 133 — Numine: " consent : " from nuo, " to nod." 
 
 134 — Tantas moles: "such mighty billows." What is peculiar in the 
 inflection of audeo? Name other verbs of the same class. 
 
 7.35 — Quos ego, scil., ulciscar: aposiopesis. 
 
 136 — Post—postea: "hereafter." — Non may be taken (i) either with 
 simili, (2) or with luetis ; the former is preferable : "you shall pay 
 me a different penalty for a second sin," or "you shall afterwards 
 atone for your crimes with a far different penalty," i.e., different 
 from what is suggested in componere. — Commissa luere : cp. 
 TTE-payfiha ?ii>eti>. 
 
 13S — JVon — datum : " not to him, but to me was allotted the stern trident 
 
46 
 
 of oc'-an empire," literally *' the empire of the* ocean and the stem 
 \r'u\ent."—snevuM : •'stern," as the sceptre is the badge of Authority. 
 
 139— ^t; '^ ; Juj)piter, Nepluac, an Pluto are said to have received tti >ir 
 rep 1ms by allotment, a notion probably suggested by the Roman 
 mode of assigning the pr- le beginr ing of the year. 
 
 140— y^s^ras: referring to the .. ole winds, though directly addressed to 
 Kums.—iUa—Aeo/us: •'let Aeolus glory in his place," literally 
 "give himself s." 
 
 \i\—Fj—regtt(i : " . .d let him i ign wh^n he has closed the prison of 
 the winds," or "in the close<l prison:' —carcere : abl. abs. or local 
 abl. urith in omitted. 
 
 U2-~Dicto citius : 'ere the words were spoken."— //oca/; distinguish in 
 meaning pldcare, plAcere ; ^?re, pend^re ; albare, albere ; /tigare, 
 /•.tg^re ; idcSre^ iacere ; i>edare^ sldere . 
 
 lH—Adntxus, scil., navibus : " pushing against the si ps." 
 
 WhScopulo : abl. of separation. Vergil does not seem to distinguish 
 scopuhis, a high pointed cliff, affording a wide lookout (rt. SCEP : 
 cp. (T/c(57rfAof) ; saxum, a huge rock o whatever form : cp. 'nirpa ; 
 rupes, a jagged cliff; cautes, a small rock down in the water and 
 invisible to the sailors. — levat^ scil. naves. 
 
 \\&~Aperit: " he makes his way through."— .9j/r/w; see note, v. ii2.~ 
 L'mperat: distinguish the meaning of this verb with (i) dat., {2) ace. 
 
 Ul—Leinbus : distinguish in meaning, levts, /m>. The adj. is best taken 
 ^leviter, an adv., modifying /^r/a(^jV«r : "and gently in his car he 
 glides o'er the top of the waves. "-/Ww : part for whole {synec 
 doche) = curni. The sound of the verse is suggestive of the cairn of 
 the sea. 
 
 148-150— y/c velutix "even as when oft in a throng of people strife arises, 
 and the fierce multitude rage in their minds, and now brands and 
 stones are flying ; madness lends arms." One of the best known of 
 Vergil's irniles. This simile reverses the order observed by Homer. 
 In II. 2, 144, Homer compares the din of the assembly to that of 
 the sea. Vergil here compares the sea pacified by Neptune to a 
 violont mob swayed by some respected orator, " Man reminds the 
 mo.-e pictorial poet of nature ; nature reminds the more philosophic 
 poet oi mAXi:'—magno in populo : lit. "in a vast throng. "—co^r/a 
 est : gnomic perfect, denoting habit, 
 
 Seditio : detived from se, itio, " a going apart," i.e. " a riot : " for d 
 epenthetic : cp. redeo, prodeo.—animis i probably a locative j cp. 
 animi Uiscrucior, animi cuger. 
 
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 150 — iamque : "and at length : " iant implies the idea of a gradual pro* 
 gression up to a certain time ; nutu^ definitely the present.— y2zf« 
 ei saxa were the arms of a Roman mob, as the carrying of arms was 
 forbidden within the city. 
 
 151-152 — Turn, correlative with cum ; v. 148 : "then if, perchance, they 
 catch f.ight of one revered for goodness and service, they are silent 
 and stand by with attentive ear."— //^^a/^^aww acmeritis: some 
 say that Cicero is meant. — qusm : note quis^aliquis after si, nisiy 
 nHtfif ne, quo, quanto.— forte ^ "perchance," takes the indie, so 
 ?\%o forsan ; fortasse has once the indie, in Vergil, otherwise the 
 %xM].\ forsitan has regularly the subj. 
 
 152 — Conspexere: the individuals composing the throng (vulgua) are 
 thought of; hence the plural. The perfect is used to express 
 momentary action. — adstant '. ** they stand by." Note force oi ad. 
 
 154 — Cunctus—fragor : "a'.l the uproar of the sea is at once hushed." 
 Decline pelagus. Distinguish in meaning cectdit, ceddit. — aequora 
 prospiciens : " looking o'er the calm deep." See note v. 126. 
 
 155 — Genitor—Neptunus: pater seems to have been a general epithet of a 
 river or sea deity ; cp. pater Tiberinus (Livy, 2, lo) ; pater Oceanus 
 (Verg. Georg. 4, ^2) \ pater Portunus (Verg. Aen., 5, 241). So 
 also Homer calls Ocean ^fwv yiveacv. It was one of the dogmas of 
 the Ionic School of Philosophers that water was the primary element 
 of all things — a doctrine evidently held by Vergil. — aperto: "cleared" 
 of clouds, i.e., "serene." 
 
 156 — Cumique — secundo : * * and he lets his gliding chariot fly with loosened 
 rein," literally "he flying gives reins to his gliding chariot." — curru 
 =curmi. — secundo: i.e. "following" his steeds, hence "gliding." 
 
 Ibl—Aeneadae: "followers of Aeneas;'* so the Athenians are called 
 Cecropidae, Thesidae, from their original leaders. — quae litora: "the 
 nearest shores;" the relative here supplies the place of our article. — 
 cursu — rapide, abl. of manner; cp. 6p6/i(f)=sTaxif. 
 
 158 — Vertuntur=^vertunt se: literally "turn themselves." The passive 
 endings in Latin arose out of the reflexive forms of the active by 
 adding to the verbal stem with the connective vowel the ace. of the 
 reflexive pronoun which was for all persons — se; — e final was after- 
 wards dropped, and the remaining form sometimes changes stor; 
 vertor = vertO'Se ; verteris = vertesi-se ; vertitur — verteti-se. 
 
 159 — Est locus : probably an imaginary place. Some refer the description 
 to Nffva Karthago {Cartagena) in Spo'a; others to Neapolis. — in 
 
NOTES. 
 
 47 
 
 i< 
 
 the 
 
 secessu longo : "in a deep receding bay." Coninpton finely renders 
 these hnes : — ' . 
 
 Deep in a bay an island makes 
 
 A haven by its jutting sides, 
 Wherein each wave from Ocean breaks, 
 
 And, parting, into hollows glides. 
 High o'er the cove vast rocks extend, 
 A beetling cliff at either end ; 
 Beneath their summits far and wide. 
 In sheltered silence sleeps the tide, 
 While qnivering forests crown the scene— 
 A theatre of glancing green. 
 
 \m^Objectu /a^en^^: <'by the shelter of its sides. "-^^^Z^^,, -against 
 which;" abl. instr. ^ 
 
 \Ql-Inque-reducios : " and wave parts into the deep hollows of the bay » 
 -stnus, properly "a bosom," then "a gulf." Cp. the change of 
 meaning of Kd^no,, Romaic yd^og, Eng. ^u// _ ,«w// ,,,, ^ 
 sctnattur. 
 
 \Q2~mnc~scopult: "on this side and on that, huge rocks and twin cliffs 
 tower threateningly towards heaven. "-wma«^«^: rt. min, "to 
 jut : " cp. mons : minae, properly the gabk end of a house. 
 
 163— Lafe: "far and wide." 
 
 lG4-Af^uora~st7en^ : "the calm sea lies safe and still," lit. "the calm 
 sea safe (from the winds), is still. "-/«/a may, however, mean 
 safe for ships, -^um-coruscis : "then a background of waving 
 woods, -scaena : cp. ck/^v?,, the background of the Roman theatre 
 the circular form of the bay {sinus) having suggested the idea of the 
 pit {cavea).si/vzs : abl. quality. Distinguish si/va, a wood in a 
 general sense, with reference to the timber ={;;i7 : »emus, a pleasant 
 place, a grove=i'o^(5f. 
 
 m-Fronfe-^ntrum : "beneath the brow (of the cliff) facing (the en- 
 trance of the harbour) is a cavern (formed) of hanging rocks."— 
 scopulis, abl. of description.— with antrum supply est. 
 
 m~ Aquae dulces', "springs of fresh water:" opposed to aquae amarae, 
 salt water springs. -z.^z/^,a^^: "of natural {i.e. unhewn) rock," 
 abl. of description. 
 
 \6S-Non-ulla=nuiia. The calmness of the harbour is contrasted with 
 the raging of the %t^.-fessas : the ships are spoken of as if endoi^ed 
 with hfe : cp. Shaks. Romeo and Juliet : " thy sea-sick weary 
 
 
'W^ 
 
 i I 
 
 W i 
 
 :i II 
 
 i. I 
 
 48 Vergil's aen. b. i. 
 
 U9—Unco- morsu : "with its crooked bite." Vergil here is guilty of 
 annchronism. Anchors were not in use in the Homeric ships, which 
 had large stones {tvvai, sleepers) to steady them. 
 VJQSepiem : the original number was 20 in all (v. 381). The seven 
 were made up of ihree from the reef (v. 108), three from the sand 
 bank {y. no), and hisown.—collectis: " mustered. "—Mrtz///J«J : 
 abl. of accompaniment, or abl. abs. 
 ViX—Subit'. ''&a.\.Q.x%y—aniore—desiderio\ ** longing," for something 
 
 absent or wanting. 
 \T2.—Egressi, scil. ex navibus: "having disembarked;" cp. eK(3aivu, 
 often used with ek vf/ng omitted. —ar^«a : what other deponent verbs 
 govern the ablative ? 
 MZ—Et—pouunt: "and they stretch on the shores their limbs drenched 
 
 with brine : " tab-es, tab-esco same root as TijK-w by labialism. 
 Yl^—Silici : " from flint ; " the dative with verbs of separation is confined 
 
 chiefly to poetry. 
 Yih—Suscepitque—foliis: "and nursed the fire amid the leaves :" abl. of 
 me^n?,.—atque—dedit: "and besides be placed around (the fire, 
 i.e., ignem) dry chips : " or circum—dedit may be by tmesis =circum- 
 dedit, scil., igni. The original meaning of dare (of. with root DA, 
 de- in Ti-drj-fit) is " to place." 
 Yl^—Rapuitque—flammam. Servius says rapuit=^raptim fecit, "and 
 quickly he started a blaze among the touchwood." Keyne makes 
 rapuit —raptim excepit, probably meaning that the fire started by 
 rubbing together the dry pieces of wood and then quickly placing 
 the fire around the tinder. 
 VJI—Cerereni corrtipiam : "the com damaged ;" note the metonymy : so 
 V. 21$.— Cerealia arma : "the vessels of Ceres," may refer to 
 the handmi/I {saxa,) kneading trough, etc. 
 ll^—Expedittnti "they fetch," out of ihe ships.-ym/ rerum, either 
 "weary with the world," or rerum = rerum adversarum, "weary 
 with their misfortunes : " the genitive of reference is common with 
 adjectives in Vergil: cp. trepidae rerum, 12, 589 ; ingratus salutis, 
 10, 6(i6.—receptas : "recovered " from the sea. 
 iBO—Scopulum, properly, "a look-out"; cp. (TK<}7re;io?, Lat. specula, 
 
 SPEC = CTKCT, by metathesis. 
 \%\—Pelago, see note on alto, v. 126 ; the abl. of the space moved over in 
 vision : " o*er the dee\i."—Anthea—'videat ; lit. "if he can see any 
 
■ 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 s guilty of 
 iiips, which 
 
 The seven 
 m the sand 
 — navibus : 
 
 something 
 
 p. CK^aivo, 
 onent verbs 
 
 3S drenched 
 ism. 
 
 ! is confined 
 
 ;s:" abl. of 
 d (the fire, 
 is^circuni' 
 th root DA, 
 
 fecit, "and 
 eyne makes 
 ; started by 
 ckly placing 
 
 tonymy : so 
 lay refer to 
 
 '.rum, either 
 on, "weary 
 )mmon with 
 -atus salutis, 
 
 ,at. specula, 
 
 oved over in 
 ; can see any 
 
 49 
 
 Antheus," i.e., **if he can anywhere see Antheus." It may also 
 be taken,^ " in the hope that he may see some tempest-tossed (btirk oO 
 Antheus." Tor Antkea quern =Antheiqua?n (navem):cp. Aen. 2 311- 
 tarn proximus ardet Ucalegon = iam proxima ardet dotnus Ucakgon- 
 its -biremes : Ve.-il is guilty of an anachronism here, as no such 
 ships existed in the Homeric era. 
 
 1%^-Arma, shields arranged on the stem which would flash in the sun- 
 shine : cp. Aen. 8, 92. 
 
 184-Some have raised the question whether deer are found in Africa. 
 
 m-Armenta: properly, "ploughing cattle," i.e., "oxen," but often 
 applied to other kinds of animals : to horses (Aen. 3, 540) ; to apes 
 (Phny 7, 2); to sea monsters (Georg. 4, ^9S\-iumentumi = iug. 
 mentum)'. "draft cattle." 
 
 \%Q—Hic : distinguish in meaning htc, hie. 
 
 m-Sternit : "he lays low. "-z,«/^., sdd of bea..:, cp. Georg. 3. 469: 
 vulgus tncautum.-et turbam : "and driving with his shafts the 
 whole herd (of deer), he disperses them amid the leafy woods." 
 
 \92~Prius quam, denotes purpose: hence the subj. in fundat.—prtus^ 
 aequet : " nor stays he till he stretches on the sod seven great victims 
 and thus has a number equal to that ot the ships. »—/i«w/ : like 
 belli, militiae, domi, ruri, a locative. 
 
 \^^~Partitur, scW., praedam. * 
 
 m-Vina cadis cnerarat, by hypallage^vino codes onerarat.-deinde 
 dtvidtt. Scan this line, and tell what metrical figure in \\..— bonus ' 
 join with Aeros. * 
 
 m-Trinacria. Sicily was called by the Greeks Gpivanpia, TptvaKpta, 
 TpivoKpig, from its three promontories (rpf/f oKpai), and by the 
 Romans Triquetra. The promontories are Pelorus {Faro), Pachy- 
 num {Passara), Lilybaeum {Bona, or Marsala). 
 
 m^Neque-malorum : either "for we are not ignorant of our former 
 misfortunes," taking ante malorum^riiv nplv naKuv; or, "for we 
 have not been formerly ignorant of misfortune," taking ante sumus 
 i=ira?iai eofiiv. 
 
 199— 0—graviora : " O ye who have suffered heavier woes." 
 200-5Vy//a^aw rabiem (by enallage)=Scyllam rahidami "the raging 
 Scylla:" cp. Herculeus labor, fiin 'llpaKXtjeiv.—penitus sonanteti 
 4 
 
 

 mmmm 
 
 I Ml 
 
 M, 
 
 50 vebgil's aen. b. i. 
 
 . "resounding through their caverns," or "deep sounding." The 
 •reference is to Charybdis. The onomatopoeia well innitates the 
 hissing sound of the seething whirlpool. 
 4 7Xi\—Accestis - accessistis : "you drew near. " For similar cases of syncope, 
 in Vergil : cp. extinxem, extitixti, traxe, vixet.—Cyclopea saxa, 
 referring to the cave of Polyphemus. The usual quantity is Cyclo- 
 peus, not CyclopSus : cp. Aen. 3, 569. 
 7m—Forsan—iuvabit\ "this, too, sometime we shall haply remember 
 with delight ;" elliptical for fors sit an ; lit., " the chance may be 
 whether," i.tf., "perhaps." See note on >r/^, v. 151.-^/1 w, here 
 = aliquando in prose : see note, v. 20. 
 <lO\—Discriminarerum=-respericulosas.—discrimen-y properly, the turn- 
 ing point ; root KRI, "to decide" or "to separate;" cerno, Kpivu. 
 205— Tendimus, scil., iter : " we pursue our course." 
 IQQ—Ostendunt : " promise."— /a^ est, "'tis heaven's will."— /aj: root 
 
 FA, " to declare " : cp. fari, (j>Tifii ; fatum, <^VH-il. 
 2Jl—Vurate=T?L^Te : " bear \xp."—re6us : dat. 
 
 208— Distinguish in meaning voces, vdces ; refert, r^fert. Morris renders 
 this passage : 
 
 So spake his voice, but his sick heart did mighty trouble rack, 
 As, glad of countenance, he thrust the heavy anguish back. 
 Spent simulat vultw. "hope in his look he feigns."— zw//« : abl. 
 instr. Distinguish simulare, to feign what you are not : dissimulare, 
 not to shew what you actually are.— /rmiV-rf^/orm : "he holds 
 hidden deep in his heart his grief."— corde : local abl. 
 ■Se accingunt'. lit, "gird themselves," i.e., "busy themselves.' 
 The toga of the Romans, hanging loose, had to be tucked up for an 
 active task. Hence, succinctus, accinctus, ** i>.ci\\e." 
 •Vergil was well versed in the ceremonial rites of the Roman religion. 
 The minuteness of the description is paralleled by Hom. II., i, 458- 
 /^^l.—costis : abl. separation.— wV^m, properly, the great internal 
 organs, as the heart, liver, etc., but also applied to the flesh in 
 general, or to anything beneath the skin. 
 112— Pars— secant— Jigunt '. note the sense construction.— z/m*«j : abl. 
 
 lu^ix.—trementia, scil., viscera.— figunt-transfigunt. 
 21S-Aena, scil., vasa : "the bronze pots." Vergil is here guilty of an 
 anachronism, Homer's heroes knowing nothing of boiled meat. 
 The hot water may have been for the bath ta«.en before t..e mea- 
 began. 
 
 209 
 
 210— 
 211— 
 
NOTES. 
 
 51 
 
 rris renders 
 
 215 — Bacchi=vini '. see note v i7'7 »w*«/«. • ..» 
 
 ir8 /• • ."• *'7.—m//w/«r=:j(; !«;)/<;«/: see note V. 
 
 i58.-/m«a^, sell., far«w ; "venison:" cp. agnina "lamb-" 
 
 sir. 'r ^;. sr„- ^r h^'-- '^ «-;! 
 
 ««« • * • ^^^^^^ ^^^'*^> Eng. deer, which was once a 
 
 generic term, as is each of its Ar>an equivalents. 
 
 2\Q^Pastguamypulis: - after hunger had been appeased by the feast " 
 Dechne fa„.es and epuiun. Vergil is thinking of the customs of his 
 own day, when the tables were brought in and taken out. It is no 
 hkely that the shipwrecked Trojans had any tables at all 
 
 m-Amissos-reguirunt: -they talk with lingering regret of their lost 
 comrades .n many words. "-..,«.>,, to .sk about something 
 
 21S-Spem inter: anastrophe.-duHi, " wavering. »-.«,_,,v, ^ i„ t^e 
 pre-Augustan period we find ....-«W, seu-seu, but after thai 
 t.me we generally find seu-si.e, si.e-seu: po^ically used fo 
 utrum or num—an. ^ 
 
 called. The reference is to the conclamatio, i.e. calling the dead 
 
 by name, and also shouting vale, or ave. 
 220~Oroniei: from Orontes ; see note on Achilli, v. 30. 
 22l-.Secum : " by himself," not in sight of his comrades. 
 2^~4ethere\ abl. separation. 
 ^IZ-Finis I the end of the day, or of the least. 
 
 224-Z>..//.^.: "looking down upon." Others read ^>;»/a>«.. "look- 
 ing abroad. '-z/^/«W«/« : "alive with flitting sails." 
 
 225-Sic-constitt^: "even so took he his stand on a peak of heaven • " 
 cp. use of Homeric Kal, Kal 6^, ovr., 6rj, summing up a description. 
 
 226-^^^.-.: "on the realms:" probably a dative oi recipie.^t used for 
 ace. with preposition =fl'^,:;)^;c?//« regna, 
 
 'm-Tales euros : "such cares " as became the ruler of the worid 
 
 'i^^Trutior^subtristis: "sadder than was her wont : "-..«/.. suffusa 
 -..«/«. «^«.^. : Vergil i„ fond of using an accusative with a pafsive 
 participle used m a middle sense : cp. vs. 320, 481. 
 
 ^SS^Fulntine'. the lightning that strikes the earth = /£eoaw(^4- : fuhur the 
 gleam of the lightning=a<Trpa;ri7. 4 • /«/^«^, the 
 
 
 ii 
 
 ^1 
 
lOr 
 
 ssas 
 
 wmm 
 
 i hi 
 
 ' if 
 
 
 • ■'■' \ 
 
 ^ 1 
 
 4 
 
 52 
 
 VBRGIL S AEN. B. I. 
 
 231— Quid— orbis : " what sin so heinous could my Aeneas have committed 
 against thee, what sin, the Trojans, to whom, after suffering so many 
 hardships, the whole world is closed on account of Italy? " cuucius, 
 for co-iuuctus or co-vinctus.—ob Italiam : to prevent their coming 
 to Italy. 
 
 2,M—Certe : distinguish certo, a particle of affirmation joined with scio, 
 "surely," "certainly," and f ^/^, which modifies a statement, "at 
 least," joined to any verb. Join with pollicitus, scil., es.—hinc-hinc 
 is (I) either a repetition, (2) or, there are two clauses ; hinc Roma- 
 nos fore, hinc dudores fore a sanguitte Teucri.—volventibus annis \ 
 cp. Homer's nepinTM/xhuv kviavruv. 
 
 23^—Qui—tenercnt'. "shall hold," imperf. subj. of virtual oblique narra- 
 tion and also because qui \^ final.— omnix abl., "in universal 
 sway," i.e., with every form of sway, over life, death, property, etc. 
 Some important MSS. read omnes, agreeing with terras, which is 
 simpler. 
 
 237 — Pollicitus, scil., es. 
 
 23S—//OC: "by this," abl. of means; referring to the promise mentioned 
 
 before. 
 
 239— Fatts—rependens : "balancing fates by opposing fates;" strictly 
 contraria is an inverted ^■^x\\v^\. = contrariis.—fatis : the downfall of 
 Troy is compensated by the hope of reaching Italy. 
 
 240— Tot— actos : "harassed by so many woes." 
 
 242—Mediis—Achivis : ' * escaping from the midst of the Greeks. " Sopho- 
 cles represents Antenor as having escaped by collusion from Troy, 
 the Greeks having spared his life as he concocted a plan Ho deliver 
 Troy into their hands. Some say he survived the fallen city, and 
 founded there a new kingdom ; others, that he settled in Libya. 
 
 243— Penetrare '. "coasted along." 
 
 245— /V/- era novem : the Timavus rises about a mile from its mouth at 
 the head of the Adriatic sea. Between the fountain of the river 
 and the outlet are several subterranean channels, through which the 
 salt water of the sea is forced back by a storm, breaking out at the 
 fountain through seven holes or crevices in the rock, and overflowing 
 the channel of the river. 
 
 24&—It—proruptum: (l) "the sea comes bursting up;" (2) "it (the 
 Timavus) rolls as a dashing sea; (3) "it rolls to break upon the 
 sea;" proriipium, a supirxe in this last. The first is the most 
 natural explanation.— /<j/a^(i7, "surge." 
 
NOTES. 
 
 63 
 
 iil-Taj, : "in ,pi,e of all his dangers. »_„.*« /.,,,„. .^^ 
 
 of ,,,Wm„ ,„ description after such words as .fp.wJZrL 
 
 Jiumm is not found in Terence and Pi FF""''", uns, 
 
 nnr, mr-i- ■ ™" *"" •^'""'"S, occurs perhaps but 
 
 once in Cicero and seems confined to a few cases of poetry and later 
 prose. I. IS possible that r,W,„ here may be 'he god of X 
 
 sa^o In Vergil's day Patavium (now Padua) was the fourth city 
 
 PanhL . T , '""'■ '"• "•"=■'• "'= ^^id '<> h-'ve come from 
 
 Paphlagonia to Italy ; others say they were Kelts 
 
 ^^'^l;. '•'■• '""^ ""^ "•• '" *' '""P'' - =" '"I-" »f >■- -rs being 
 
 atdy'forS:^ '"""' ^'- '-*«— ^-. 'o «retc1; on. 
 
 up to di«Pnf / assent; ^<?««^=avav.^t., to nod the head 
 
 Dei «iZ 7 '""^ •* ^'^"^"^ "^^ worshipped as one of the 
 net tndigetesx Aen. 12, 794: Livy, i, 12. 
 
 251— /;//a«</«;;^. .< Oh, horror unsoeakabl.*." c-« . 
 
 VAX ,y.„«. • "' unspeakaDie: see note on w^-— wV/aw, 
 
 V. 41.— ««;«j: 2.^, of Juno. 
 
 252-/>r^^,>,,«^. ..are forsaken" byJuppUer 
 
 "^'"tVe^T" "''''' predicate W: '^is this the reward shown 
 
 "^"^Itf-Ir^"' "'^ "^^"^ °^^^^ ^P'^ P-^« ^^ ^o-l 0^-chaisn.s: 
 
 of^Tc"; Z'of*''^'' "'''^'- '56.-^«W.«.: with the force 
 01 suD' cp. that of vno. m viroyeTidv. 
 
 265-The majestic spondees give dignity to the look of Jove 
 256_scan this line and name the metrical figure in it : see note. v. ,31. 
 Itw ::i7„f T= adjective fem.. from C.th.ra, seenoteon 
 
 at the il'd Tr k ? ^'' '° ^'"'^ ^^^^"^^ ^^^ ^'^ worshipped 
 at the Island of Cythera (now Cerigo). Her worship was probably 
 
 wa d r :,/ °u '''°^""^^" "°^^^'P of Astarte, who was after- 
 wards identified with Venus and Juno 
 
 adi) ^i' :^ ""'f'"''-^-''' here ; in v. . = Za„.,u, 
 
 laaj.j. buch variations in quantity ar- ^- .- • *i, 
 
 proper names. - ^ ^ ^ ""'i""'' ^" *^^ ^'^'^^ °^ 
 
 tfl 
 
 1 ! 
 
54 
 
 veroil's AEN. B. I. 
 
 ■' ?1 
 
 259—Sublunem -." on high." 
 
 260— Ufa^attimum : cp. Homeric /xey'i^/«'f, fityaliiTup. 
 
 26\—Hic —subactis : '*this one according to your wish— for I shall declare 
 the fates, since this anxiety torments thee, and, unrolling the 
 mysteries of destiny at greater length, I will bring them to light— 
 this one, I say, shall carry on a great war in Italy, and shall crush 
 the warlike tribes, and shall give laws to the people, and shall build 
 towns, until the third summer sees him reigning in Latium and 
 three winters are passed after the subjugation of the Rutuli."— /»*/: 
 see note, v. 2t^%.—qtiando = quandoquidem\ this meaning occurs 
 only in poetry and in post- Augustan prose : cp. Sre for hri in Greek. 
 —volvtns'. the metaphor is taken from the unrolling of a book: 
 cf. volunun, properly an unrollins, hence a volume.— mores — 
 moenia ponere : cp. v6}iovq—rtix^a delvai. The two ideas were 
 inseparable in the Roman mind, as the building of a city implied 
 the establishment of laws. There is no real zeti^ma, as the 
 difference in sense exists only in the English translation.— 7/iV/mV: 
 literally "shall have %tQ\\."—jRutulis—subactis: either (i)an abl. 
 absol., or (2) dat. of reference: as in Juv. 14, 12 : cum septimus 
 annus transient puero.—terna—hibema, scil., castra-tres hiemesx 
 lit. "winter camps," J. tf. winters. Note the use of the distributive 
 instead of the cardinal numeral with a noun having a pi. form only. 
 
 261— At: the idea is "though the reign of Aeneas shall be short, still," 
 
 etc. : see note, v. 1 16. ' 
 
 26S—Stetit: literally " while the Ilian state stood firm in imperial sway." 
 
 Note that dum with perfect indicative is used when the emphasis is 
 
 on the /act, not upon the duration. 
 26'd—Magnos—orbes : referring to the annual cycle in contradistinction to 
 
 the monthly xtvo\w\.\on.—vohendis-volventibus, from the deponent 
 
 xeAcxxyQ volvor : see note on vertitur, v. 158. The gerundive has 
 
 here the force of the present participle.— w<f«jiiJ«j : abl. absol., or 
 
 abl. inst. , or manner. 
 Jmperio: either=tmperando, abl. of manner; or dat. "for his 
 
 reign. 
 ■Longam Albam : cp. Livy I, 2. For inversion of names : cp. Hor. 
 
 Od. II, 2, 3. 
 -IHc: at A-lba. —»■«.*» : "henceforth."— /«r ««/«w : according to 
 
 the received date of the fall of Troy, this would put the foundation 
 
 270- 
 271 
 
 
NOTES. 
 
 55 
 
 Of Ro'»e about 850 hc. instead of 753 ^^.c.~re^a(,ifur, "the 
 dynasty shall last:" a passive impersonal, the verb containing the 
 subject : cp. pugnatur, curritur. 
 
 m-Heciorea: the race takes its name from its greatest hero : cp. /W«. 
 
 he warl.ke spmt of the Romans. -..^.y,. saceraos: it is difficult 
 to say which of these substantives is used adjectively. The refer- 
 ence is to Rhea Silvia, daughter of Numitor. 
 
 '^"""J^irVV''"' family of Ilus. one of the founders of the Trojan line : 
 J^hea S,iv^a is generally given as her name. The ordinary account 
 s that she, a priestess and princess hf the house of Aeneas, was 
 by Mars tne mother of the twins, Romulus and Remus. 
 
 276-Z«/a.-W : "gay in the tawny hide of the she-wolf that nursed 
 
 Z \ rr^ : u T"-^"-^" «'-y o( the twins being exposed 
 and stranded on the banks of the Tiber, where they were found by 
 a wolf. ' 
 
 276-^j.,»/: "shall receive by succession :" cp. h^^:xeoeac.-Mavor^ia : 
 Mars (old form Afwors, Mamers) was the patron deity of Rome 
 and universally worshipped by the Italian people. The word is 
 from MAR MAL. "to grind" or "crush." He is identified with 
 Thor Mwlmr, t.e., Thor, the Smasher, of Norse mythology. 
 Metasrerum, "limit of empire": the meaning is that Rome shall 
 have a universal and an eternal empire. Note the dignified confi- 
 dence in this sentiment. 
 
 m~Quin = gui ne : -nay even. " Distinguish the meanings of quin when 
 used with the mdic, the subj., and the imperat. 
 
 ^^\-Co„sili_a-referet: "shall amend her plans." Distinguish in mean- 
 mg refert, rSfert. 
 
 Togatam-iht Romans had the toga, or "gown." as their charac- 
 teristic dress; as the Gauls had the braccae, or "trews-" the 
 Greeks the /a/^«.,, or "cloak." Hence ^.«x to.aia^RLahi ; 
 gens braccata = Galli ; gens palliata = Graeci. As the toga was the 
 civil gown (m contradistinction to sagtim, the military cloak) Vereil 
 may refer here to the civil greatness of the Romans as he refers 
 to their military prowess as lords of the world {rerum dominos). " 
 283 — Sic — placitum 
 
 lustris labentibus 
 
 278 
 
 282 
 
 scil.. mihi est-=sic mi hi placet : " such is mv nl 
 
 ' as the 
 
 easure 
 
 years glide by," abl. abs. ": cp. vo/vefufis 
 
 
 M' SI 
 
^'frzz 
 
 I 1 
 
 i 
 
 
 !'iti' 
 
 Hi 
 
 t 1 i 'J 4 
 
 » 1 ■■ t; 
 
 •i 
 
 [ I 
 
 I • 11' :* 
 
 56 
 
 veroil'h AEN. B. I. 
 
 fHensibus.-Iusirum, properly the period between two successive 
 purifications (lu, "to wash") : cp. Greek h>i'o. After the censor 
 had completed his enumeration of the people {cefisus) which was 
 done every five years, an expiatory sacrifice Uusfrum) was held. 
 2S4r-Domus Jssaraci : "the line of Troy." The family of Aeneas is 
 meant, being descended from Assaiacus (see table, p. 24.).— P/iihta : 
 a district of Thessaly, in which was situated Larissa, a town, where 
 Achilles and Neoptolemus were horn.— Mycenas : the royal city of 
 Agamemnon, near Argos. A reference is made here to the 
 subjugation of Greece in 146 B.C. 
 7»I^—Victis—Argis : " shall iord it over conquered Argos." Only in late 
 writers dominor governs a dative or genitive. In the best writers it 
 is construed in aliquem, or in aliqua re.-Argis : Argos is neuter in- 
 declinable in sing, form : the plural Argi is masc. 
 2S^—0rigine: abl. origin.— Caesar, i.e., Augustus. His proper name 
 was C. Octavius Thurinus, but by tho will of his uncle, C. Julius 
 ' Caesar, he was made his heir, and consequently took the name, 
 
 C. Julius Caesar, adding Ociaviantts, his own gentile name. 
 Augustus {Revered) was bestowed on him by the Senate and 
 the people, 27 B.C. 
 ^1—Qui—terminet: subj. of purpose : "destined to bound."— O^mwo: 
 
 abl. of means. 
 'iSA—Caelo'. Yioetic = ad caelum in prose. Augustus in his lifetime was 
 worshipped as a deity : Hor. Od. 3, 5, ^.—Orieniis onustum. The 
 reference is probably to the restoration of the standards taken from 
 Crassus at the battle of Carrhae, B.C. 53. These were restored, 
 B.C. 20. Others think the poet refers to the return of Augustus 
 after the battle of Actium, B.C. 31. 
 2^—ffic quoque : i.e., Caesar, as well as Aeneas. 
 
 292 — Cflwa : * ' untarnished. " The Romans often exalted abstract qualities, 
 as Pudor, Fortuna, etc., to the rank of deities. The return of the 
 golden age is here prophesied. 
 TQ^—Iura dabunt : "shall impose la.yfs."—dirae porlae-. "the gates of 
 war grim with closely welded iron bars shall be closed."— /rrr^ et 
 ♦ compagihus -ferratis compagibus, by kendiadys. The reference is to 
 
 the closing of the temple of Janus, either in B.C. 29 or B.C. 25. 
 
 294 Inpiusx "unholy," as the cause of the civil wars of the Romans. 
 
NOTES. 
 
 67 
 
 ' — Oceano : 
 
 These three line, are said to describe a picture by Apelles repre- 
 sentmg War fettered with chains, or a statue of Mars exhibiting the 
 god bound with chains and seated on a pile of arms. 
 
 ^^"'C'Trj^'f?- ''f-/'""""' implied in /..//..^„..: .-his hands 
 bound behind h.s back with countless fetters of brass. "-««/«;,; 
 often used for an indefinitely great number. 
 
 ^^"""^f AtiT''"'" '* ^'''"'^ ^"^ '"" of Juppiter and Maia, the daughter 
 
 ^-Arceref the historic present may take in form a present subj. 
 
 (paieant), or an imperfect in respect of sense {arceret) 
 SOl--,^e.nJru,a^arurn: "by the oarage of his wings:" cp. Aeschylus, 
 //: ^ \ IT/^" '^^^"'"'^ h^aa6^cevoc. The wings of the cap 
 rA/a.«.; of Mercury and of his sanda's (talaria) are aptly compared 
 to a ship s banks of o^rs.-ac-oris : "and quickly he alighted on 
 the coasts of Libya. "-aV«. : predicate adj with the force of an 
 adverb. -.,m : local abl. : cp. Milton, Par. Lost, 5, 266 :_ 
 " Down thither prone in flight 
 He speeds, and throu^rh the vast ethereal sky. 
 Sails between worlds and worlds," etc. 
 ^^-Facit—ponunt'. note the simultaneous order and result. 
 2XS7^~Volmte deo^Beov Oaovro,: "since the god willed it."- i„ primis- 
 bemgnam : " most of all does the queen entertain a peaceful dis- 
 position and friendly mind tov^^ards the Trojans." Dido is repre- 
 sented as receiving these feelings from Mercury. Distinguish animus 
 
 7y.Z\ f ^' ^^^' °^ '^^ ^""''"Ss ; mens^<ppyv, the mind as 
 tlie thinking faculty. 
 
 ^5—Volvens, scil., in animo : "revolving in his mind." 
 
 Z^-Lux alma : " the kindly light. "-m>., governed by constituit. 
 
 m-Vento:^y ^'t^ess of weather. "-^a. : explanatory of /....: "to 
 what shores he has been borne by the wind : " governed by ad 
 m accesseHt. The subj. is used in indirect questions. 
 
 m-Exacta: either (i) "the result of his enquiries;" ex.gere, is some- 
 times used in the sense of, "to enquire:" so exar^en:^exag.men, 
 the beam of a balance," or {2)^:Ta ^.^pay^iha, "the report of 
 what he did : " "and to bring back the results o.. his enquiries to 
 his comrades." 
 
 '''-\ 
 
 ■m 
 
^k 
 
 58 
 
 vsbgil's AEN. B. 1. 
 
 m. 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 
 1 
 
 I ■ 
 
 '«1 
 
 
 i M 
 
 U' 
 
 I 
 
 see note, 
 
 310-/« convexo nemorum : "within a vault of woods," i.e., "within the 
 vaulted woc'ls," the overhanging cliflFs were formed into a cave by 
 the action of the waves. 
 
 Sn-C/assem-clausam-occu/iirzcIassem clausit et occulit 
 
 V. 69. 
 %Vl~Comitatus : deponents are sometimes used passively : adeptus, experius, 
 pactus, partitus, sortitus. - Achate -. this ablative of agent is rare 
 .xcent with the ^^xi.-comitatus : others explain it in the ablative of 
 accompaniment with cum omi.ted : cp. B. IX, 48, 'vig^nti lecUs 
 comitatus. 
 313— ^ma : " a pair : "—ferro : abl. of quality. 
 ZU-Cui mater sese tulit obviw. "to meet him his mother crossed his 
 
 ^N^y:' -obvia, poetic for t>i -am.— media— silva : local abl. 
 315 -Cj habitumque : "the look and dress." 
 
 'm-Vel-Harpalvce^ a condensed mode of saying, vel {talis virginis) 
 quails ThreissaHarpalyce{estquum)fatigatequos: "or (of such a 
 maiden) as the Thracian Harpalyce (is when she) out-tires the 
 steeds." Others take fatigat : " presses sore." The Spartans were 
 noted for their scanty dress ; the Thracians were famous hunters. 
 m-Praev^rtiturHeh■um^. " outstrips the Hebrus : " the accusative is 
 sometimes use 1 after verbs that acquire a transitive meaning : cp. 
 erumpere nubem, v. 580, MSS. all read Hebrum : but as (l) it 
 is no proof of swiftness -.0 outstrip a river in .speed and (2) the river 
 Hebrus is not a sv.ift stream, some of the most critical editors, in- 
 cludinir Ribb-ck and Peerlkamp, conjecture Eurum. There is no 
 need, however, of the conjecture, for (i) MSS. are unanimous m 
 reading Hebrum, (2) Sir Walter Scott, Lady of the Lake, 5, i». 
 
 ^^y^" "Alongthybanks, swift Teith, they ride, 
 
 And in the race they mock thy tide." 
 
 (3) Seneca and Plutarch both refer to the Hebrus as a swift r-er. 
 
 (4) It is natural to associate a Thracian maiden with a Thracian 
 stream. 
 
 ^\^-Umeris: dat. or abl.-^. more, scil.. venatricum-. "after the man- 
 ner of hunivesses."-^a^/7m-7;^«a/^^'^: " the huntress had slung a 
 light bow." The bow and sometimes the arrows ire carried in the 
 bow case (y<jpt'r<5c) and slung over the shoulder. 
 
 m-DifHndere=ut diffunderent : the epexegetic (explanatory) infinitive 
 is often used in Greek, expressing a purpose, Ui^^ ^a/3eiv. 
 
NOTES. 
 
 59 
 
 325- 
 326- 
 
 320— Genu: ace. of specifica.tion.— nodogue—^umfes : "with her flowing 
 folds collected in a knot. " 
 
 321— JMonstrate : "point out where she is." 
 
 322— Quam : see note on v. 1 8 1.— When is quis used for a/iquis ? 
 
 323—Maculosae—lyncis : cp. Eur. Ale. 579 : ^aXiai rt- "XvyKtq. 
 
 324 — Aut—prementem : "or with a shout closely following the track of 
 the foaming boar," opposed to errantem, scil., per silvas : "saunter- 
 ing ^through the woods)." 
 
 -Sic Venus, scil,, loquitur.— orsus, scil., est, from ordior. 
 -Mihi. The dat. of agent is often used in poets of the Augustan age 
 after a perf. pass, and is the regular construction after the gerundive. 
 327 — Memorem : subjunctive of doubt. 
 328 — Hommem-=.humanum sonat : a kind of cognate ace. 
 329 — Phoebi soror, i.e., Diana. — sanguinis: partitive genitive. 
 330— Felix: " propitious, "—/^jz/^j : distinguish in meaning levis, levis.— 
 quaecumque, scil., es. 
 
 331 — Tandem: cp. (J^ra : "pray." 
 
 335— Fenus, scil., loquitur.— equidem: "'tis true, I consider myself 
 worthy of no such honour." She refers to the honour of being 
 addressed as a goddess or nymph. 
 
 337 — Purpurea — cothurno : ihc purple buskin was worn high and generally 
 by hunters, horsemen, and actors. 
 
 338 — Punica : also Poenica : connected with Phoenix : cp. munire, 
 moenia. For the dropping of the k, see Papillon's Comparative 
 Philology ; p. 82. 
 
 339— Libyci. The original Karthaginian settlers did not throw off the yoke 
 of the Libyan tribes till about the age of Cambyses of Persia, i.e., 
 530 B.C.— genus : in apposition with the noun implied in Libya'. 
 3iQ—Imperium— regit : "holds the sway," not "rules over the domain." 
 3^\.—Longa — iniuria : " tedious would be the tale of wrong." 
 3^3t— Ambages', "details ;" lit., " round about ways : " "ins and outs."— 
 sed—rerum: "but I shall relate in order the main points of the 
 story. " — sequar^perseqtiar. — summa—fastigia — capita. Conington 
 renders : 
 
 " long 
 And dark the story of her wrong ; 
 To thread each tangle time would fail, 
 So learn the summits of the taie." 
 
 ii 
 
 il 
 
 
 ;'!V«;. 
 
 

 60 
 
 vkrgil's AEN. B. I. 
 
 m 
 
 ^5 1 
 
 343-Scan this line ; also line 348. Is there any word varying m quantuy 
 ia these two lines ?-^/mm«^ agri-. "richest m land; see note 
 on opum, V. 14. As the Karthaginians were not so much an agri- 
 cultural as a commercial people, some propose to read aurv for 
 agri. Vergil, however, is describing Sychaeus as he would describe 
 a, Roman of his day whose chief wealth consisted in land. 
 ^i^-Et~-amore: "and beloved with great affection by the hapless 
 
 (wife) : " for the case of iniserae : see note, v. 326. 
 y^h-Intactam-. "a maiden:" cp. aQiKr6,.-Primisque-ominibus : "and 
 had united her in the first rites of wedlock. »-/««^. : as C^uj^v/.. is 
 often applied to wedlock : cp. coniunx, ov^v^. 
 3i&-0mtmbus: the consultation of the omens wa. regarded of great im- 
 portance before the celebration of the marriage rites. Here omtmbus 
 is put for marriage rites.— Tyri: local genitive. 
 Z4,1—Ante alios— omnes = maior quam alii omnes. 
 Z\^—Quos furor-. «* betwixt them a feud came. " 
 
 ^\^-Impius'. "unnatural," because violating all natural claims, refer- 
 ring to his disregard for his sister or for the place, as well as to his 
 treachery. 
 ^ffy-Securos amorum : " regardless of his sister's love ; genitive of respect : 
 see note, v. 14. Distinguish in meaning and derivation securis, 
 shuris. 
 352— Malus = male, by enallage : " wickedly. " 
 
 355-Sedipsa: the idea is: "but 'twas in vain that he deceived her, for 
 etc "-ipsa: " of its own accord;" cp. avTog^avrdfiarog.-mhu- 
 mati : " unburied ; " this may account for the unrest of the shade. 
 -i^-Nudavit : a zeugma : "he revealed the cruel altars and shewed his 
 heart pierced with the sword."-^^/««. scelus: "the crime done to 
 the family." What kind of genitive ? 
 mi-Celerare=uUeleret: see note, v. ii.-patria: ablative of separation. 
 358— Auxilium viae in apposition to thesauros. 
 35^-Ignotum pondus'. "untold mass:" kept secret and apart from the 
 
 rest of his wealth. 
 WS-Fugam-parabat : " Dido began to prepare for flight and to collect 
 
 companions." With socios, parabat^comparabat. 
 ?m—Pelago : abl. of space moved over. 
 3^-Devenere locos, i.e. devenere ad locos: "they reached a spot."-^^ 
 
NOTES. 
 
 I 
 
 61 
 
 373- 
 
 venire: cp. mrdyeiv, to come from the high seas to land : opposed 
 io conscendere, v. 381 : cp. av&yetv. For the omission of the prepo- 
 sition, see note on Italianiy v. 2. 
 
 367 -Construe: mercatique (sunt tantum) soli— quantum, etc.: "and 
 they bought (as much) land as they were able to surround with an 
 ox hide." The Phoenician name for a fort is Bursa (Hebrew, 
 Bosra). It is probable that the confusion of the Phoenician Bursa 
 with the Greek ^hpaa "a hide," gave rise to the story, according to 
 which the Phoenicians cut up the hide into thongs and so surrounded 
 a considerable portion of ground. —/m^«^ : virtual oblique narra- 
 tion implying the terms of agreement. 
 
 369— ^«/, scil., estis, 
 
 370— Quaerenti vocemx "at her question he sighing and drawing his 
 voice deep from his breast answered in these words : " with ille, 
 scil., respondit. With quaerenti, scil., Hit, i.e.. Dido. 
 
 ?n\—Si—pergam: "if going back, I were to tell thee the story in full 
 from the very beginning." With repetens or pergam, scil., famam. 
 
 -Facet, scil., iibii "you had time. "— a««a/« : properly ih^ annales 
 libH were "year books" recounting the events of each year, and 
 were kept by the chief officers at Rome : hence, the story of events, 
 generally. 
 
 3U—Ante—Olympo: "ere (I had finished my tale), the evening star 
 would lay the day to sleep, closing (the gate of) heaven."— 
 componat: this is the more elegant reading ("would lay to rest"), 
 but almost all MSS. and some of the best editors read componet, 
 (" will lay to rest ").—ante= ante finem annalium : " before the end 
 of my idX^."— vesper: cp. eairepog, i.e., FtoTrepo^ : root VAS, "to 
 dwell," as the abode of the sun : cp. Eng. : west.— Olympus, a high 
 mountain (now JSlimbo) in Thessaly, the dwelling place of the 
 gods according to Homer, afterwards often in the poets used as a 
 conventional term for heaven. 
 
 Zl^—Troia join with vectos : see note on patria, v. iK^'j.—per aures : i.e., 
 has been heard of by you. 
 
 ^l^-Diversax either (i) "various," or (2) "distant," i.e., far separated 
 from each other. 
 
 ^ni~Fcrte sua : " by its own chance : " i.e, by mere accident : /ors, only 
 here used as a substantive. 
 
 378— i-«w notus I this vainglorious method of amiouncing one's self was 
 
 i !l 
 
 iM 
 
 i 11 
 
',f--- 
 
 I 
 
 ■9. 
 
 ir> 
 
 111 
 
 1 
 
 1} 
 
 62 
 
 vergil's AEN. B. I. 
 
 common among the ancients: cp. Od. 9, I9 : el^OSvcevC ^aepn- 
 ddnr, k ndac 66?,ot<Jc ' AvOp^nocat fi^co, Kai fiev Kh:og ovpauov *««.- 
 rapios ex hoste : " rescued from the midst of the foe." 
 ^Q-Quaero-summo : " I am seeking Italy and my race (descended) from 
 Jove on high." With^.««. scil., ortum. Dardanus, the founder of 
 the Trojan line, son of Juppiter and Electra, originally came from 
 Italy. Aeneas seeks Italy to re-establish his line in its ancient seat. 
 2;,X-Bisdenis. the distributive, rather than the cardinal, is used because 
 ten are reckoned each time.-conscendt'. "I climbed: the sea 
 seems to rise as it recedes from the shore: <^^^ ,f^^\> _]'''' . 
 barked:" cp. note on v. 365: cp. Morns (Life and Death of 
 Jason) • -And swiftly Argo climbed each changmg h.ll, and ran 
 through rippling valleys of the sea : " cp. hvayetv. 
 ^%2-Monstranie : i.e., by a star Aeneas was led to Italy : Aen. 2, 801. 
 383-//.., opposed to the ships.-^-/^.:" unknown" to the inhabi- 
 
 fants, far from friends, as he was well known by report : v. 379- 
 384-The reference to the three continent s gives dignity to the story. 
 385-/V«ra querentem-. -beginning to make fmther complamts:" con- 
 
 ative participle. 
 387-^.-^ carpis : " not an object of hatred, I ween, to the Pow^''^ ^^°J« 
 you breafhe the vital air, inasmuch as you have come to thej Y^^^^^^^^ 
 city. "-Join hand with invisus. The meamng is, it is by heaven s 
 will that you have reached here. 
 m-Quiadveueris: "seeing that you have come:" causal subjunctive== 
 
 cum iu.—urbem, i.e., ad urbem. 
 m-Fer,e modo: -only_ go on.'^ Conjugate /^i?.. Distinguish m 
 
 meaning mSd(f, mddo. 
 ^^Q-Namoue nuntic. "for I announce to thee the return of thy corn- 
 ''' td/sand the recovery of thy fleet." Make ..^....predicative with 
 
 .... understood. Distinguish in meaning r^^to, n^«.... ^^ 
 
 7,o,\-.Et-actam : " and borne into a safe (place) by the shifting winds. 
 's92-Ni^nisi.-rrustra: "in vain," disappointed hope of the subject : 
 '' %:id,uaL -to no purpose," refers to the -lUty - -^-^ 
 the thing has ended. -ausurium : {avzs, a bird, root gar- to 
 chatte ' hence yrjpvnv, garire) properly an omen from the ../.. of 
 td but often uLd for an omen from any source : auspurum (a... 
 a td and .,.-- to see ") omens from the flight or f-m an - ac- 
 tion of the entrails of birds. -z;a«/: -deceivers." t.e., impostors. 
 
NOTES. 
 
 63 
 
 393-Ve„„s here g.ves fdings of the missing ships from the omen of the 
 wans, herfavounte birds. There are twelve swans as there were 
 twelve m,ssmg sh.ps. Some of thoseswans have already settled on the 
 ground Oen:s capere), others are on the point of settling on the"and 
 already occup.ed Uapia. OesfeCarO = so the ships either now occupy 
 the haven (porum ten,,) or are entering i. (s.Ml) with lull sail -- 
 
 ,0^. T "^""^ "'" ^■"''""" ""'""' ■'•"'"'y' "Joyf-Hn line." 
 
 1:/tr~""'" "?.'"■ "■= "''' °f ■f"'^' ^"-Ptae f™, the heigh, 
 of heaven, scattered ,n a clear sky. ^'-p,aga. Distinguish in me! n 
 
 ■ng /%../%.,-/«,,> .Us = a,uila.-ate,ioca,,o:lu. place cp 
 
 396-.^«/-^iil^«,: "the, seem in a long array either to be choosing 
 the ground, or to be gazing downwards on the ground alreadv 
 (tam) chosen by them." ^ aireaay 
 
 397-W-**.,: "even as these returning sport with whirring pinions 
 and g,rd the sky w.th their circling flock, and give lorth thelLg " 
 The swans were first scattered by the bird of Jove (as the ships hL 
 been by the storm) ; they have now united, and with whizzing „i„" 
 and song they descend to earth. It appears that these words shouH 
 naturally come afu^r cae!a.-aHs: distinguish a,a, a wing : fi„„,^ 
 
 softer feathers of the body.-„>«^._^,^,^,, .^^ „f^^,^ ° 
 
 HiSd '"""•"^"""''^ "' absence of fear, perfect securityris 
 Z99—Tuorum for tua, for the sake of variety. 
 
 m-Subii ostia : "are making an entrance. " Note the verb agrees with 
 
 the nearest nominative. 
 ^^l~Pergc modo : " only go on." 
 402_^z;.r/.«.: -as she turned ^^^y--rosea~.refulsit : -she flashed 
 
 fo:ih : Viet '""'' °' '" "^' ^"''" ^■•^•' ^^^^ ^-^ "-^ ^•^o- 
 
 m^Ambrosiae-comae '. cp. a/z/?pomm ;,«rra., Horn. II., i. oq , .^i^ 
 
 f^d fir'':!, K ''°"" ""^'^^^^'^ '^ ^^'"•^-'^ ^pp'-Vto Z 
 
 food of the gods, but It is also us. vr ointment and perfume 
 404- Vestis : in v. 320 she was dressed as a huntress. She now appears in 
 
 the flowmg robes characteristic of a goddess. 
 W^Et-dea : "and by her gait .she revealed the true .godde.ss 
 
 sus and incedo are often aDolied to the dignified gait of tl 
 
 -tnces- 
 
 cp. v. 46. Scan this line. 
 
 gods 
 
 f 
 \ I 
 
 A- I 
 

 '■■'■ J 
 
 
 m 
 
 
 ' II 
 
 iHi 
 
 I,' 
 
 64 
 
 Vergil's aen. b. i. 
 
 ^^—Adgnovit : distinguish in meaning : adgnoscoy cognosco, ignosco. 
 
 m—Toties\ exaggeration, as Venus had appeared only once to Aeneas 
 before: B. 2, ^%().—tu quoque \ i.e., you as well as Juno.— /fl/m 
 imaginibus : "by empty phantoms," i.e., by assuming disguises. 
 
 4tQ9—Audire— voces: "to hear and reply in real words," i.e., words with- 
 out disguise. 
 
 410— Ta/iius, scil., verbis or vocibus: "in such words -."—incusai -. {in, 
 causa) "he chides her." 
 
 4ll—Aere: aer (cp. arjp), the misty air near the earth, "a cloud," dis- 
 tinguished from aeiher (cp. ai%), the bright air above the clouds. 
 
 4,\2—Circum—fudit = circumfudit : by tmesis. 
 ^Yi—Molirive moram : "or to plan a delay." 
 \\h—Paphum : Paphos, in Cyprus, was a noted seat of the worship of 
 
 Venus. — stiblimis '. "aloft in air." 
 \\^—Templum {est) illi.—centumque halant -. "and (where) a hundred 
 altars smoke with Sabaean frankincense and breathe with the 
 fragrance of gar'ands ever fresh." Cp. Paradise Lost, IV, 162: 
 "Sabaean odors from the spicy shore of Arabic the blest." In 
 Horn. Od., 8, 362, we learn that "laughter-loving Aphrodite" had 
 one altar in Paphos. 
 iS&^Corripuere viam : " they hastened on their way." Here via and 
 semita are not distinguished; generally via is "a highway;" 
 semita ( se "aside," ^.vAmeare, "to go") "a by-path." 
 4\%—Qui—imminet: "which hangs over the city with its mighty mass." 
 A20—Adversasque—arces: "and looks down from above on the opposing 
 towers." This may mean that the towers rise up to meet the moun- 
 tain which gazes down upon them, or that they are over a valley 
 and so adversas. 
 421— Mo/em : to Aeneas, the city is a heap, a mass of buildings, for he 
 gazes from a distance.— wfl^a/za quondam: "once a cluster of 
 h,nts"—magalia is said to be a Phoenician word applied to "huts." 
 In some places it means "the suburbs" of Karthage. 
 42Z—Sirepitumqtie : "and the hum" of the thronged streets.—J^ra/a 
 viarum: "the paved streets :"=J/rfl/aJ vias : cp. opaca viarum. 
 4U— Instant— muros; "the eager Tyrians are hot at work; some trace 
 the ^aWs.''— instant, scil., operi.—pars in app. to Tyrii.—ducerc 
 muros : cp. k'>Mvv(.iv toIxov. 
 
 \:\ 
 
NOTES. 
 
 65 
 
 Aeneas 
 —falsis 
 lises. 
 
 Is with- 
 
 al : {in, 
 
 id," dis- 
 louds. 
 
 >rship of 
 
 hundred 
 vith the 
 V, 162 : 
 :st." In 
 ite" had 
 
 via and 
 jhway ; " 
 
 ty mass." 
 
 opposing 
 he moun- 
 • a valley 
 
 Ts, for he 
 cluster of 
 "huts." 
 
 ;s. — strata 
 % viariim. 
 
 lome trace 
 'i.—ducere 
 
 ^''^t^^uJ.''" ""'"'" "" "' '"" °' "■= ■»»K"i"«'e(,W„, of .he 
 
 m-Pan optar,: "some choose a site for their dwellings and mark it 
 oat ,v,th a furrow." The plough does no, seem td h'ave heen te^' 
 for s,„gle dwelhngs The poe, in Uc,u,n means the portion of the 
 c..y selected for habitation, in opposition to that chosen for military 
 
 m-Iura-senatum'. "they appoint laws and choose magistrates and a 
 reverend senate." Vergil is here thinking of the custom prev^l nt 
 among the Romans in the establishment of colonies. There is a 
 
 ^i;r4r' '^•' ^^^— ^^- ^^ ^-^ --w .,,.. 
 
 427-7-^/.: others read //J.a/r.. There is an anachronism here. No 
 theatre was bmit even at Athens till 500 B.C., and no permanent 
 theatre was erected at Rome till b.c. 58; no one of stone till 
 
 55 B.C. , 
 
 m-Rupibusexcidunt- "quarry from the rock : "-Distinguish in mean- 
 mg : decora, dhdrd, decord. 
 
 m-Qualis-iabor: the full 'construction is: {faiis est) labor (eorum) 
 quahs exercet apes nova aestate sub sole per florea rura: "(such 
 tod (IS theirs) as engages the bees in early summer 'neath the sun- 
 shme throughout the flowery fields." The hive, awakened from its 
 torpor by the warm sunshine of spring, displays unusual activity. , 
 
 m-Cum-fetus, "when they lead out the full-grown young of their 
 race. — Distmguish in meaning edfuo, edilco. 
 
 432— Distinguish liquentia from Itqueo and Itquentia from liquor. 
 ^'^Z—Stipant : " pack : " cp. ffre//3w. 
 
 ^'i^-Venientum^venientium.-Agmine facto '. "in martial array. "-;>. 
 
 na;vum {in, gnavus—gnarus, connected with nosco), "unskilful," 
 
 i.e.,'^\zxyy—pr(usepibus'.gxvQ the different nominatives of this 
 word. 
 
 436-^,/ opus : "hotly goes on the work : " with ferveo : cf. dtpfu - 
 Ger. dorren : Eng. dry. 
 
 m-Suspicit : " looks up to : " he has now reached the bottom of the hill. 
 439~£>ictu : distinguish the use of the supines. 
 
 m-Mque~u/li: " nor is he visible to anyone : " ulli=abullo: see note 
 on miAi, v. 326. 
 
 1: 
 
66 
 
 vergil's AEK. B. I. 
 
 fil 
 
 111; 
 
 I Mil 
 
 1 'i 
 
 441— Lneiissimus umbrae: "most luxuriant in foliage:" see note on 
 
 opum, V. 14. 
 442— ^wo /<?f(?: inverted attraction.— /W/««w signum: "the first sign," 
 
 /.<?. of res! from their toils. 
 444—Acris : "spirited," a token of their bold and active disposition.— 
 
 navi sic, scil., monstrarat : "for thus had she pointed out." 
 4ib—Facilem victw. may mean either (i) "rich in provision," or (2) 
 
 " easy of maintenance." The horse points to warlike prowess and 
 
 wealth, probably because the cavalry were supplied by the nobility, 
 
 and formed an important part of the Karthaginian army. The 
 
 horse was au emblem of Athens also. , 
 
 445Stdonta = Pkoemssa : Sidon was the parent city of Tyre and, for 
 
 many years, the chief city of Phoenicia. 
 441 -Doms—divae : a zeugma, * ' rich with gifts and favoured by the presence 
 
 of the goddess." The two notions are, however, closely connected. 
 
 4/^—Aerea—limtna : " of which the brazen threshold crowned the steps : " 
 lit.: '' xo?,c on siQ^%."—nexaeque—trabes, scil., gradibus surgebant x 
 *' and its door posts plated with brass (crowned the steps)." 7rabes 
 are the door ^o%i?,.—nexae—aere ~ aeratae, plated with brass. Others 
 read nixae (from nitor) and take trabes to mean the roof or the 
 architrave and translate : "its roof was supported on brazen pillars," 
 or " its architrave was supported on jambs of brass." 
 
 449— In reading this line, note the frequency of r and s to express the 
 sound of the creaking doors.— foribus—aems : "the hinges creaked 
 on doors of bronze."— fores : cp. Ovpa : Eng. door. Cp. Milton's 
 description of the grating noise of the opening of Hell's gates :— 
 
 On a sudden, open fly 
 With impetuous recoil, and jarring sound 
 Th' infernal doors : and on their hinges grate 
 Harsh thunder. 
 
 452— Ausus, scil., es/: what verbs are semi-deponent ?—f^*« J : dative: 
 not for in — adflictis — rebus. 
 
 453— Lustraf : originally applied to. the priest /wn^m^ the people every 
 five years {lustrum), then used in the general meaning, " surveys." 
 
 454— Dum, join with miratur : " while he was wondering. "—5// : depend- 
 ent question. 
 
 454— A rii/cumt^ue— miratur : "and was admiring the handicraft of the 
 • rival {inter se) workmen and their toilsome labours." 
 
 :M 
 
NOTES. 
 
 67 
 
 note on 
 it sign," 
 sit ion. — 
 
 ," or (2) 
 wess and 
 nobility, 
 yr. The 
 
 and, for 
 
 I presence 
 snnected. 
 
 e steps : " 
 irgebant : 
 ' Irabes 
 3. Others 
 af or the 
 n pillars," 
 
 cpress the 
 is creaked 
 . Milton's 
 ites : — 
 
 s : dative : 
 
 ople every 
 surveys." 
 t\ depend- 
 
 raft of the 
 
 466-^^ ordinex cp. i^dm : " in detail : " join this with tugnas The 
 question has been raised by Heyne. whether the pCf^eant to 
 represent these battles as depicted in sculpture or in painting. The 
 
 custom"lT^^ p'''""''''°" """'^ '^ "^°^^ ^°"^i«^^"^ ^i'h the 
 custom of Vergil's own age. The poet ascribes here to the Phoeni- 
 
 Clans the practice of the Greeks and Romans of his own time. 
 \h1—Iatn : " by this time." 
 
 Ah^-Saevum : in refraining from the war and in killing Hector. 
 \m—Nostri—laboris'. "of our sorrows." 
 461-^;; Priamus The ransom of the body of Hector by Priam was a 
 
 'Tere L"h"' ^"^ ^^'-^ "^ists (v. ^^sunt - laudi . 
 nere, too, has worth its own reward." 
 
 \^1-Sunt-rerum : "(here) there are tears for woes." 
 
 m-F.re,-sa^uten^:'^the fameof this will bring thee sure deliverance." 
 —jama^ scil. Froiae. 
 
 i64-/nani: because the persons represented are now lost. Painting was 
 unknown at the time of the Trojan war. ^ 
 
 m-J\ramfue-zuven^us : "for he saw, how warring round the Trojan 
 
 citadel here the Greeks fled, (how) the men of Troy pressed in thei^ 
 
 rear ~w/^ = ^uo modo : see for the mood of fugerent : impulerit 
 
 , V'^^'f '^ "''^""' '' ^"^'^^opke. With Pergama : cp. ety- 
 
 molog.cally^.pyo,, "a citadel," German burg, "a town ; " berg, 
 
 Fct^bL '^''''' '^''''^^' '^""'^ '' ''^' ^^^"■'^"''^' Edmunds.<J«ry, 
 
 467— ZTor, scil., /«/-/tf: '< in this quarter." 
 
 m-Curru insiaret, "pursued them with his car:" curru • abl of 
 means : with cristatus : cf. Homeric KopveaioT^o^, IttttSkojuoc 
 
 m-Mveis velis : « with canvas white as snow : " an anacJironzsm, as the 
 Homeric tents {.haiai) were planks thatched with grass The story 
 of Rhesus is told by Homer (II. ,o, 474). Rhesus came from 
 Ihrace as an ally of Priam, with the oracular promise that should 
 his steeds drink of the waters of the Xanthus, Troy would be im- 
 pregnable. Rhesus pitched his tent near the shore, was slain by 
 Diomede and Ulysses, his horses were captured, and thus the fate of 
 1 roy was foreshadowed. 
 
 ^lO-Prtmosomna: either abl. (i)of time: "in their firsf cjeep"/^ in 
 their deepest sleep, or (2) of instrument ' ^.r prodi^a : "betrayed to 
 nim by their first sleep." 
 
 
s i 
 
 .P^ 
 
 sir 
 
 iii 
 
 ill 
 1 ■ 
 
 ;l-«5 
 
 68 
 
 veroil's aen. n. i. 
 
 4n2-^Ardmtesqu^-equos : "and he turned aside his fiery steeds. One 
 
 MS reads albenUs, a reading sanctioned by Horn. II. lo, 437, >n 
 
 which the steeds of Rhesus are said to be : -ktvK6rtpm Af/ovof, iiunv 
 
 (J' hvtunimv dfioloi) so Vergil 12, 84.— tflJ/ra, scil., Gratca. 
 
 m-Gustassent-bibissent'. the subjunctive m virtual obliciue narration, 
 
 and indicating the purpose of Diomede. 
 m--Troilus: the death of Troilus is mentioned (II. 24, 25) as occurring 
 before the time of the action of the Iliad. Vergil may have derived 
 the story from other sources. 
 Alb—Achilli : decline this word. 
 m-Curruque-inani: " and lying on his back clung to the empty car." 
 
 curru may be either ahl. or da^—currut. 
 MI-Huic-terram: "both his neck and locks are trailed along the 
 
 ground." 
 4!J%—Hasta : the spear of Troilus. 
 
 m-Nonaequae^tniquae: «' unjust," 1..., unpropitious.-/'a//a^. : from 
 (,) ^aUeiv, to brandish, i.e. the " brandisher " of the spear; or 
 (2) ■KoXka^, "a maiden." 
 m-Crinibus passis : " with dishevelled locks." -passis : from paftdo.- 
 mlum • {n^^M\ the sacred shawl embroidered with fi^jures repre- 
 senting mythological subjects was carried as an offering to Athene 
 (Minerva) by the Athenian matrons in the public procession at the 
 Panathenaea. Homer also represents a similar custom prevaihng 
 in Troy (H. 6, 90).' 
 A&\-Suppliciter: "in suppliant guise. "-/««.a. /../.ra : "beating their 
 b'reasts." Beating the breasts and tearing the hair were signs of 
 grief. 
 ^1—Aversa : "averting her face." 
 
 m-Raptaverat : Homer says that Hector was thrice chased round the 
 w^lls and dragged to the tomb of Patroclus. Vergil here follows 
 probably some Cyclic poet or Tragedian. 
 ^^-Exanimum '. "lifeless." What adjectives are Heteroclitic ? Some 
 take exanimum = ita exanimatum : "thus made lifeless, as Vergd 
 seems to have represented Hector as being dragged while still alive 
 at the car of Achilles : cp. Aen. 2. 273 : Soph. Ajax 1030 : Cic. 
 
 Tusc. I, 44- 
 A9&-Ingentem'. emphatic: "then truly deep was the groan he utters 
 from the depths of his breast."— rfa/ : historical present. 
 
5." One 
 
 ), 437. in 
 I'Of, Oeieiv 
 
 larration, 
 
 occurring 
 e derived 
 
 ipty car. 
 ilong the 
 
 idis : from 
 spear ; or 
 
 I pando. — 
 ures repre- 
 to Athene 
 ision at the 
 prevailing 
 
 lating their 
 re signs of 
 
 L round the 
 lere follows 
 
 tic ? Some 
 
 ," as Vergil 
 
 le still alive 
 
 1030 : Cic. 
 
 .n he utters 
 t. 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 fiO 
 
 '^"T:::vt., °' ^^'"'^- '' ^^^^^ ^^--^ -- ^^^ - of Hector, 
 
 m~Inermesx "unarmed." /.... suppliant. 
 ^^—Principibus : abl. 
 
 Trojan Aeneas:" ^.„,^ : Oreek da,. =L ^«r: ".'Li e 
 these thmgs seemed wondrous ,0 the Trojan Aeneas." 
 m~Oi,ulufue-uno : '• a„d remained fixed in one (long) gaze. > 
 496— F„rma : abl. of respect. 
 497-/»«„,V : expresses the dignity of her walk • cd v ^fi 
 
 c^en,.: "a great crowd of youths thronging L„t lerTrC' 
 J/</<i/<»-, "an attendant." t g aoout her. cp. 
 
 498-e«a/^r-rW: a condensed construction tor Ua«s era, D.W.) f„„as 
 
 <^if-s;rr;rre:trir^'''""'^ "^'■' -^^'^ 
 
 the dance." ^^^^where Z?iiz«a._^^^,^ ,/,^^^, ^ ..j^^^^ 
 
 ^99--Quam : governed by j^<rw/a^. 
 600-0..^,: from Oreas "a mountain (»^,c, "a mountain ") nymph " 
 
 -,//. ^«„<.<, : ef. co^la.na, as an Homeric epithet of Diana 
 
 """"tXrDi::.^™^^-" "■''- •""- "'"«'" *- -^^ ^X-X of her 
 503-/^<fr^^a/ : "joyously she advanced." 
 
 H 
 
 si 
 
 ii; 
 
 
 
<#■ 
 
 70 
 
 vergii/h a en. B. I. 
 
 I 
 
 m 
 
 ihI" 
 
 m-/nstans-/ufuris: "intent on her work and on the (glory of her) 
 
 realms yet to be." 
 m-Foribus-iestudine : local ablatives. Temples, at least among the 
 Greeks, had generally three distinct parts : (i) t*- outer cour 
 (vestibu/um, ^i>6^<m) ; (a) the inner court (wl/a, vc6,); (3) the 
 treasury {tAesaurus, eriaav,6,). Viy/oriius is meant the riocnvay of 
 the ce//a, or inner court, which here was a vaulted roof (fesfudo) 
 • resembling a tortoise shell. 
 m-Armis = ab armatis viris.-solioque-resedit -. "and supported from 
 beneath by a lofty throne, she took her seat. "-..//«/« (.t. SEI> to 
 sit), a high chair of state.-a//. = ^//^, limiting solic, rather than 
 resedit. 
 m-Iura-hgesque '. d. ^iKtjv, v6fim rMva^ : iura dare v^^s said of a 
 judge ;/.,v.^a.. was said of a lawgiver. Distinguish .«.. what is 
 just and right in itself or what from any cause is bmding {tungo) 
 upon us and lex, the written {lego) statute or order. 
 m-Operumque-traAedat: "she adjusted into equal shares the toil of 
 the work or divided it by loi>^ -partlbus : abl. of xnstr.unent or 
 manner.-..;/, ira/iebat : either for sortem unius aausque trahebat, 
 or nomina uniuscuiusque sorte trahebat. 
 m^Concursu-magno : either (i) abl. of accompaniment = cum concursu 
 
 viagno, or (2) abl. of place = /;/ concursu niagno. 
 610-Addison in Spectator, 273. points out the fact that Vergil is defectwe 
 in characterization. Gyas, Mnestheus, Sergestus, and Cloanthus are 
 all of them men of the same stamp and character : fortemque Cyan, 
 fortemque Cloantkum. 
 512-Pemtus'. "far ^^^y.^'-avexerat : other readings are advexerat, 
 
 averterat. 
 5\3^Perculsus : " was struck dumb." Others read percus^us. 
 ^l^Avidi-ardebant-^avide-ardebantx "they eagerly long," by enal- 
 
 51Q-Dissimulant, scil.. laefitinm metumque : "they ^^^'^'^'^'^^l^l 
 fear : " some suppl-, '. a.m. •- " hide their presence Distinguish 
 dissUnulo, to conca^ .1 motion which does exist ;...«/.. o 
 exhibit an emot„ou vvhich does not exist -./--.»./- and 
 shrouded iu a hollow cloud they see from a distance, -amut^ . ht., 
 " wrapped around " (amb—iacio). 
 
 5n—Quae~vtris, scil., sit : dependent question. 
 
 . .4 
 
of her) 
 
 long the 
 er court 
 (3) the 
 orway of 
 {tesludo) 
 
 ted from 
 . SED, to 
 her than 
 
 said of a 
 r, what is 
 g {hitigo) 
 
 he toil of 
 rument or 
 ' trahebatf 
 
 n concttrsu 
 
 s defective 
 anthus are 
 que Cyan, 
 
 advexerat^ 
 
 ," by end' 
 
 eir joy and 
 Distinguish 
 simulo, to 
 :// : " and 
 imicti : lit., 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 71 
 
 ^\%—Na7ibus = ex navibus. Others read mnci ■ for cunctii. 
 h\^-Orantes veniam : "to prr / <br the grace ( .f the ,,ueen) : " the pres. 
 
 part, here = oratuti : express ig a purpc jc. 
 mS-Coram-fandi : " of speaking openly to y. u," with the queen. 
 Vl\~-Maximus, scil., aetate et dignitate. Tie calmness of the aged 
 
 Ilioneus well befits his age. 
 
 ffn-Novam-urbem : the word Karthago m« .is " new town." probably 
 being contrasted with the parent city of 1 yre. 
 
 f^'l^-histit^aque-superbas : " and with the res raint of justice to curb the 
 haughty tribes. "-.WiV;Vi. from rt. yug = jvc. : "that which binds 
 states or communities together or that wh ch restrains : " cp. tungv 
 tt4s, religio.—gentes i the African peoples ' 
 
 62i-y^^is-^,ai: "by the winds borne over ill the seas. "-;w.ma: ace. 
 of the space moved over. 
 
 hlh—Infandos = d^^^of : "unspeakable," i.e., horrible. 
 
 h2^-Propius : " either (i) " more closely." or ( •) " more propitiously" = 
 praesentius. 
 
 ^21-Populare = ad populandum : a Graeasm. The infin. offen expresses 
 a purpose m Greek : so also in case ofver, ire. 
 
 m-Animo : either (i) dat., after../ omitted, or (2) local ahl^ in ammo. 
 
 m-Hesperiam : cp. Feo'^epia. The term Hesper 1, meaning the " western 
 land, ' was applied to Italy by the Gre, ks, and to Spain by the 
 Italians. Spam was called also ?<////«« ^ ^^j^^^/^. 'E^Trf^of z> 
 Wfpof : from root WAS or VAS. " to dwel ;" vesper, FaarvjEu's 
 IVest ; probably the abode of the sun at nigh .. 
 
 -Oenoiri: probably Oefw/ria, the poetic name for Italia, meanf vine- 
 land (oivog). Vergil makes Italus kingof th( Oenotri, while Thucy- 
 dides makes him king of the Siculi. The La in Varro (R. R 2 12) 
 derives liaiia from Ira^og, vitulus, "an ox"- -as being rich in oxen 
 The probabilities are that Itali, Fi^uii and Si u/iare varieties of the 
 same word. 
 
 -Hic-fuit'. « this {i.e., to this land) was our . ourse." The simpler 
 reading hue is given by some editors. This is the first of the fifty- 
 eight lines left unfinished by Vergil. Accordir ^ to accounts Angus- 
 tus gave instructions to Varius and Tucca. the li erary testators of the 
 '■' '"' -- r- '•' i"c iicneia \viiii meimes unnm shed. 
 
 Cum-Orion: "when suddenly arising o'er the billows the stormy 
 
 632 
 
 634 
 
 636 
 
iifr"";;,; 
 
 ass^^Siiii^^Mi 
 
 p- 
 
 n !. 
 
 ml 
 
 Ui 
 
 ii . 
 
 f I 
 
 f ;! k 
 
 72 
 
 Vergil's aen. b. i. 
 
 Orion ''-/i^ucfu may be either a dat. or an ah\.-Orton or Orton 
 in Latin : 'Hfuf^v or 'ilplu^v in Greek. Orion rises about -adsummer 
 and sets early in November. 
 536-7«//V. sc\l, nos.-J>emtusqu,-dtspulii : - and afar by wanton winds 
 and whelming brine o'er waves and trackless reefs scattered us. 
 The sibilants well express the whizzmg of the wind. 
 5:i:-su/eran^esah: either (i) " the briny deep overpowering us." or (2) 
 
 •* the briny deep roaiing high." 
 53S-IIuc-oris : " only a scanty remnant of us have drifted hither to your 
 
 shores."— /a«« has a negative meaning. 
 5S9-Barbara : hospitality was regarded as a sacred duty among the 
 ancients, and rudeness to strangers was a mark of barbarity punish- 
 able by the vengeance of heaven. 
 5iO--I/ospiito-karenae : " we are debarred the shelter even of the strand," 
 i.e., we are not allowed even to land, a right which is given to ship- 
 wrecked men. 
 5il-Prtma terra : " on the brink of the shore :" local abl. 
 m-Mne/andi: " yet expect that gods are mindful of right and wrong." 
 Fandi-nefandi are used as genitives of the indeclinable fas-nefas, 
 Sperate - exspectate in prose. 
 544-^ra/: Ilioneus supposed Aeneas ^^z.^.-quo-alter : " in justice 
 
 second to none." 
 ^h-Pietate-bello-arvm : ablatives of respect or specification. 
 5iQ-Si-aet/.erza : i.e., if he is still alive What verbs govern the abl. ? 
 547— Occubat : "lies \ow."—umbris : local abl. 
 
 ^^%-Non metus, scil., est nobis. -officio-paenit eat: -nor are you likelyto 
 regret that you were the rirst to vie iu an act of kindness, -paemteat 
 has nearly the force of a future. 
 56\-Quassatam-classem'. sciL, nobis-. " may we be allowed to land our 
 fleet shattered by the winds." With snbducere naves : cp. avt^KUV 
 rac vavq, opposed to dediicere naves ^Ka%klmiv rag vavg. 
 552-£t-remos: "and to shape forest trees into beams and strip thein 
 for 03.TS."-st/vis : local ^hl.-stringere : to strip them of leaves and 
 
 twigs. 
 
 -^^ ,, ,. . .-,.y.^, V. ad Tinlinm iter tendere \ "to pursue our way 
 053 — liauam—icHaerc, t.e., aa 
 
 to Italy." 
 
 554_f/^, depends on liceat {nobis) deducere dassetn. 
 
 i I 
 
 m 
 
)r Orion 
 Isummer 
 
 an winds 
 ired us." 
 
 ;• or (2) 
 
 r to your 
 
 (long the 
 ^ punish- 
 
 ; strand," 
 \ to ship- 
 
 \ wrong." 
 'as — nefas. 
 
 in justice 
 
 he abl. ? 
 
 5U likely to 
 —paeniteat 
 
 land our 
 
 ;p. hvtkKUV 
 
 strip them 
 f leaves and 
 
 lie our way 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 73 
 
 555-5-m: opposed to ./, v. 553, "but \V^~Teucrum : for the form of 
 
 gerative plural : see note on deum, v. 9. 
 556— /am : "any longer." 
 
 657-/>./^ : distinguish in meaning ; >^/^, /r^^a.-Sfahzrae : elsewhere, 
 S^canrae.-s,des./ue para^as : "and abodes already built," .> tlie 
 cities built by Acestes who was in Sicily as opposed to those 'they 
 expected to build for themselves. 
 
 559--Ta//3us,^scil,verh-s dixit.~ore fremebant -. "murmured their ap- 
 plause: ^^. m^r^vfir,aav : literally, " murmured applause with (one) 
 mouth," or "unitedly murmured applause." 
 
 56\ — Vultum : ace. of specification or respect. 
 
 5iolSolvile corde metum = solvzte corda metu: "free your hearts from 
 k^r."~secludiie '. "dismiss." 
 
 5Q^~J<e^^ninovitas = regnum novum : "my youthlui realm. "-/a/m .,;./^W : 
 to take such a course," i.e., to prevent the Trojans from landing. 
 5Q5-Aeneadum=Aeneadurum : a complimentary reference to their chief. 
 566— FmW« : " their manly deeds." 
 567-03tusa : " dulled," by their own calamities. 
 668-^.. ,c.mj.urbe: the meaning seems to be that we are not so far 
 
 removed from the pale of civilization as to be ignorant of the manly 
 
 deeds of the heroes in the Trojan war. 
 
 569-Sa^urnta arva: Italy was often called Saturnia, scil., /.^-a. "the 
 
 land of Satumus," the so7aer (from satiis, sero). 
 5n^~Erycis fines - "the realm of Eryx." Eryx a mountain (now St. 
 
 Guihano) of western Sicily, noted for a temple of Venu« Here 
 
 dwelt Acestes. 
 
 51\-Auxilio tutos, scil., viros : "(men) guarded by an escort." 
 
 572- Fo/tzs-regms? Some remove the interrogation mark, and place a 
 
 comma. The sense would then require st before vuUis. 
 57S~Urdem~est i ir^verted attraction =«r3., ^uam statue, vestra est-, cp 
 
 i^laut. Cure, m, 49: istum quern quaeris ego sum.-subducile -. 
 draw up on shore ;" cp. hvayEtv vavg opposed to deducere uaves, 
 
 to launch ships : cp. Ka'&e'kKav mvg. 
 
 57^~Agetur: either (i) ^ dirigefur, "shall be governed." nr (2) "shall 
 
 be regarded ----ducctur,'' or (3) ' * shall be deSt with. "' 
 575-Utinam~affor«t : what is the force in the tense here ? 
 
1 y^-SSaBBIKMBB^" 
 
 II ■ 
 
 14:4 
 
 74 
 
 VERGIL S AEN. B. I. 
 
 iij 
 
 b1&—Equtdeni : '' ixvXy^—certos, scil, viros: "tried men," or "trusty 
 
 men," ov^cretos, " picked men." 
 Sll—Lusirare: " to scour ;" see note v. 283. 
 ^1^—Si—errat \ "to see whether he wanders about." The subj. would 
 
 be the more common construction in prose. 
 S79—Animuf» arrecti: "roused in spirits." 
 b^2—Sententia i " purpose." 
 58A—C/fius: i.e., Orontes, v. 113. 
 dSG—Circum/usa : "encircling." 
 fi<^^—Sciudit—aperttwi: "parts and melts into the open sky." With 
 
 purgat, scil., se from the scindit se. 
 h%8-KestUit : "stood forth." 
 
 589— Oj umerosquex ace. specification. — namque — honores: "for his 
 mother herself had given her son graceful flowing locks and the 
 ruddy glow of youth, and inspired his eyes with a joyous lustre." 
 There is a zeugma in adjlarat.—caesaries, long flowing hair (from 
 caedo, as K-ovpa from Kdpio).—purpureufn : does not necessarily mean 
 merely "purple," but embraces all colours from scarlet to dark 
 violet inclusive : so also Trop^vpeo^. 
 fm— Quale- deais : - {tale) decus {est) quale . . . ebori : "such is his 
 
 beauty as the craftsmen give to ivory." 
 fiQ^—Paruts lapis, i.e., marble. 
 
 m4t—Cunitis, join with improvisus : " unexpectedly to all." 
 525— Coram : "before you." The sudden announcement of Aeneas is 
 paralleled by the declaration of Ulysses : Od. 24, 321 : keivoc; /livToi 
 66' avTug eyw, Tzdrep bv ov fitraTCkaq. 
 mi—Misei-ata : distinguish miseror, to express pity in words (cp. oiktu- 
 
 peiv), and misereor, to feel pity in the heart : cp. eT^eIv. 
 5gS— Quae— ordem : " thou who dost welcome us as partners in your c=ty, 
 in your home, a remnant escaped from the Greeks, now worn out l)y 
 all our troubles by land a'nd sea, in need of all things : 'tis not in our 
 power to pay you worthy thanks, O Dido, nor can all the race of 
 Troy scattered everywhere throughout the world. "—Z)a«a«w : see 
 V. Tp,—urhe—domo\ local ablatives.— With socias^ scil., tecum or 
 tibi. — grates— opis : decline. 
 mZ—Si—numina : " if any deities regard the benevolent." When is quis 
 
NOTES. 
 
 75 
 
 trusty 
 
 )j. would 
 
 With 
 
 ' ' for his 
 ; and the 
 s lustre." 
 I air (from 
 rily mean 
 t to dark 
 
 iich is his 
 
 Aeneas is 
 
 VOf /livTOl 
 Cp. o'lKTEl- 
 
 your c"ty, 
 orn out l)y 
 not in our 
 he race of 
 taum : see 
 tecum or 
 
 hen is quis 
 
 used for aliquis?~st quid-est -. "if justice in any place avails 
 aught. '— Distmguish in meaning usquam and unquam. 
 
 m-si quid-iustitia : this seems an odd construction for ./ quid iustitiae 
 (partitive gen. ), which some editors read. With iustitia, quid must 
 be adverbial, "at all." 
 
 605— Za^/a: "blessed." 
 
 m-Dum-current : distinguish dum with indicative and with subjunc- 
 tive : note v. il^-dum convexa : " while the shadows shall course 
 along the slopes of the mountains. "-^«t7«//^«j : dat. of reference. 
 
 608— Dum~pascet : according to the ancient philosophers (cp. Lucr. i 
 231) the perpetual fire of the siars was maintained by the aether 
 refined from exhalations of the earth. 
 
 610— Quae— cumqiie =r quaecumque, tmesis. 
 
 611— In scanning this line, notice that e in //ionea is long. 
 
 6l2-Post==postea.-a/ios, scil., dextra petit : "he grasps the right hand 
 of others." 
 
 613 — Prima : adverbial. 
 
 6\^Cam-tanto : " at so great misfortune ; " distinguish casus, a natural 
 agent not the consequence of human calculation or known rauses : 
 fors, a kind of mythological being sporting with and thwarting 
 human affairs. 
 
 615-F/.: not -power," but "violence:" cp. ^ia.-inmanibus-oris : 
 " savage shores. " 
 
 617- Vergil here refers to the wild African tribes. Scan this line. Note 
 that when final the vowel is often left unelided {hiatus), especially 
 m the case of proper names : cp. v. 16 : so also Aen. in, 14 ; m, 
 667, et saepe. What kind of line is this with regard to scanning }— 
 27/e= Greek e/ceZwf, " that celebrated : " cp. vs. 379, 565. 
 
 6\%—Aima : ' ' fostering. " 
 
 6\9-Sidona : Greek accusative. Teucer, after the Trojan war, wa< ex- 
 pelled from Salamis by his father Telamon because he' failed to 
 avenge the death of his brother Ajax, and sought a home at 
 Cyprus, where he built a second Salamis. He is here represented 
 as stopping at Sidon to make terms with Belus, who was at that 
 time master of Cyprus. Distinguish this Teucer, a Greek, from 
 Teucer one of the founders of Troy.— venire : here venire is used for 
 venisse. 
 
 W 
 
 m 
 
 i 
 
it:t 
 
 1^ 
 
 .V ' < i 
 
 
 76 
 
 yerqil's AEN. B. I. 
 
 &2S—Duione : " under his sway : i.e., sub dicionepx in dicione. 
 
 623 
 624 
 
 -Jam: "even. — casus: "downfall." 
 
 Pelasgi: "the Greek ;" according to Gladstone, the Pelasgi were a 
 pre- Hellenic race, and formed the basis of the Greek army in the 
 Trojan war. 
 625— //J^ hosiis : "he, though an enemy."— /ereiaf : " used to extol." 
 626— ^tf vo/ebai : " would have it that he was sprung : " distinguish volebai 
 
 and vel/el in meaning. 
 628 -Per multos labores with iactatam.—similis : scil., tuaefortunae. 
 &2!Q—Demum : "at length," not till now ; denique, opposed to primum, 
 "finally," "in short;" tandem, "at last," after many efforts or 
 disappointments ; postremo, " last," in order of time. 
 QZ^—Divum—honorem: "she proclaims in the temples of the gods a 
 sacrifice."— /WzVtV, a technical word for ordering a religious observ- 
 ance : Caes. B. G. 7. 9°: supplicatio indie itur. 
 633— iW^ minus interea : often used in transitions : nee minus, adds little 
 to the force of interea.— sociis = ad socios : a Greek dative. 
 
 634 Magnorum — suum — magnos horrentibus centum tergis sues : by 
 
 synecdoche. Suum, gen. pi. oisus. 
 %Z^—Munera—dei : " the gifts and cheer of the god," i.e., Bacchus. 
 637 — At: see note v. Ii6. 
 
 638 -Splendida, proleptically used = {sic) instruitur {ut) splendita {sit). 
 The atrium in a Roman house occupied the centre and was gener- 
 ally used for a dining-room. The use of the present tense gives 
 animation to the description. 
 639— Arte— superbo : " skilfully wrought were the coverlets and of bright 
 purple.— .w/r^ : properly the blood of the sea snail, which supplied 
 the ancients with their rich, purple dyes. 
 64,0—Cae/ata : *' embossed : " i.e., on the goblets, vases, etc., were carved 
 
 the deeds of their fathers. 
 641— Series— gentis : " a very long, unbroken chain of feats continued by 
 so many heroes from the early origin of the race : " a reference to 
 the deeds of the Tyrians. Vergil had here in view the Roman 
 customs prevalent in his own time. 
 GiS—ATeque enim—mentem : " for neither did his love as a father suffer his 
 
 mind to rest." 
 644—rapidum : "in haste," join with praemittit, although grammatically 
 connected with Achatem. 
 
NOTES. 
 
 77 
 
 i were a 
 ly in the 
 
 :tol." 
 ;h volebat 
 
 tag. 
 
 primum, 
 efforts or 
 
 ; gods a 
 s observ- 
 
 idds little 
 
 sues : by 
 
 lUS. 
 
 diia {si/). 
 vas gener- 
 snse gives 
 
 of bright 
 \ supplied 
 
 ere carved 
 
 vtinued by 
 iference to 
 he Roman 
 
 r suffer his 
 mmatically 
 
 646-/^^0/ =r^/.ra/: subjunctive of oblique narration: corresponding to 
 
 fer m direct narrative. * ^ 
 
 646— .S/a/: "centres." 
 
 648-^<^. ,«^./. scil., AcAa/grn.-paUar., properly a long, seamless gar- 
 ment worn by women over the /u,nca, corresponding to our gown or 
 aress.- stents -rtgenf em = si^uis aureis rigeniem : ''stiff with 
 figures of gold : " a hendiadys, 
 
 m-Circumtextum-acantho : "and a veil fringed with a border of yeL 
 low acanthus.' -z../a^,.« : veils were considered a very important 
 portion of a Roman lady's dress, and were of costly material and 
 exquisite workmanship.-^.a«//.. : abl. of description : ,\.^acanthus 
 irt. AK, sharp ), a thorny shrub, now called bear's foot 
 
 m-Mycenis : abl Helen is mentioned in Aen. ii, 577, as coming from 
 Mycenae, whereas she really came from Sparta, the royal city of 
 Mene laus. Vergil confounds the city of Agamemnon with that of 
 Menelaus. 
 
 ^^X-Pergama : " the citadel of Troy is called Pergamus {ntpyat^o, ^), and 
 rergama {Trepyaf^a rd), connected etymological ly with nvpyor a 
 tower : German burg, a town'; berg, a hill ; Eng. bufg, bu,y : as 
 
 7T^:, ^'^'^'"''^'■^"''y-^^^oncessos ffymenaeos : "unlawful 
 wedlock : scan this line. 
 
 ^m-Sceptrum : i.e., iubet Achatem ferre sceptrum. Ilione was married 
 to Folymnestor, the treacherous king of Thrace. 
 
 654-M.W, scil..^a/«: give the other degrees of comparison. -C.//. 
 monikx "necklace." 
 
 -Duplicem-coronam : probably a crown formed by a circle of two 
 rings one of gems and one of gold. Others say of one ring, and 
 translate, a crown of blended gems and gold." 
 
 ThesetSrs' " "' '^'^' ''^"''''■" '■'''^^'^'"'' •• " ^° ^''^^"te Pro'^Ptly 
 
 657-^/: see V. M^.-faciem~ora -. accusative of specification. ->«W 
 
 (from/a«., the natural make of the face, i.e., the countenance as 
 
 expressing emotion by the mouth or by the eyes. 
 m-Donisque-i^„em : "and by gifts influence the queen to frenzy, and 
 
 insinuate love's fire into her heart. "~/«^.„/.;,, : p^deptic use of 
 
 the adjective: v. 70. 
 mS-Ossibus : often used for the seat of feeling, 
 661-^;«>^,: see note v. z^.-amhiguam domum : "the treacherous 
 
 house: literally, "going round about" (ambt, ago).-bilingues : 
 
 655 
 
 656- 
 
78 
 
 vergil's aen. B. I. 
 
 I ■' 
 
 
 ■ti 
 
 h'> 
 
 li 
 
 1 .! 
 
 ' « double tongued," saying one thing and thinking another, referring 
 to the proverbial treachery of the Karthaginians. 
 662- ^nV, scil., earn cura: "harasses her with anxiety. ''-^«^ nodem: "at 
 
 the approach of night : " cy>.v^o vvKra.-rtcursai : "oft returns. 
 QU-Meae-so/us : i.e., {qui es) solus meae vires, mea magna potentia. 
 Q^^-Patris-temnis'. " who dost despise the sovereign father's bolts that 
 struck Typhoeus." The giant Typhoeus was slain by the lightning 
 of Juppiter. The poet here represents the undying power of love. 
 ^QQ—Numina : " divine aid." 
 
 mi-Frater: Cupid and Aeneas were sons of YenMS.-l7t = quo vwdo: 
 "in what way:" introducing an indirect question.— «o/a=;w/«^« 
 est by a Graecism. 
 668— Scan this line. 
 
 %1Q~.Tenetj scil., eum : " detains him." 
 m\—Vereor-hospitia : " I am anxious how Juno's welcome may end : " 
 
 dependent question. 
 i^l^-Haud-rerum, scil., luno, from lunonia : "Juno shall not be in- 
 active at such a crisis," lit., " at such a turning point of affairs. 
 iol^-Quocirca-meditor'. " wherefore I purpose to anticipate her by craft 
 and to surround her with (such a) flame (of love)." The Romans 
 borrowed many of their metaphors from military affairs. 
 ^-l^-Ne-mutet'. " that she may not be changed by any influence," i.e., 
 any power but mine, or " by the influence (of Juno) in any way."- 
 se mutet-mutetur : see note v. 158. 
 676— ^wa, scil., ratione.—accipe : " hear : " cp. da, " tell." 
 ^Yl—Accitu : " at the summons." 
 ^1^—Pelago—restantia : " remaining from." 
 
 6S0-Sopiium-somno : "slumbering sound in sleep:" such pleonasms 
 are common. Note the alliteration. Decline Cj^t/iera (see Proper 
 Names). 
 681-i'a^''^^'^-^^^^ : " in a consecrated spot : " either grove or temple. 
 QS2- jyediusve occurrere : " or to interpose to prevent it." Here medius 
 
 — obviam, 
 &^Z—Tu-dolo: " do you counterfeit his looks for one night, no more." 
 -noctem: why this case ?-aw//»W : often used like plus, minus, 
 without changing the case. 
 685— Laelissima : " at the height of her joy." 
 
NOTES. 
 
 79 
 
 Gi&—Laticemque Lyaeum : " the cups of Bacchu. " /./ 
 
 from cares." ^' " ^^^ °"^ ""^^ ^'■^^^ (^'^-) men 
 
 688«^«..,«. ..«.., 3ci,., ..: ..„, ,,^ ,,^,,^ ,^^ ^^^^ ^^^^^,^^ 
 
 689-Distinguish in meaning pdrer, pdret 
 ''^~1nl'.'';^tr'-'"''-^ "^"" a-adly he warns .i.h .he s.ep 
 
 0\f6 — C/6t — umbra: "wher«» fho o^f* ^ • 
 
 696-^„„_^,^,,,, "elad in having Achates as a guide." 
 
 beneath . rr rich curat .Xnlrr- "" ""T" "^^ "''-"^ 
 had stationed herself in th eel " "^Z T.' ■'°''"" '"'"'■' """ 
 
 698-^«r.« : in scansion (synizesis).-,,,,^,^^, : ^he as ho.fe« 
 
 IfcdiM* Uctus. a Roman feast there were usually 
 
 three couches. The room in which 
 the feast was held was called iri- 
 clinium {Tpelg K^bat). The couches 
 were arranged as in the annexed 
 figure, and were called by the 
 names s»mmus lectus, medius ledus, 
 imus lectus. There were usually 
 three guests on each, according to 
 
 v« r .u . *^^ custom that there should never 
 
 be fewer than the niimhpr ^f the Grar^- ^r 1 - 
 
 Mn«c Tu 1 "; ^"^ ^'^^^^e^. Of more than that of the 
 
 Muses. The places of each were styled (i) locus medius, (2) locus 
 summus, (3) locus imus. The host occupied (i) in medius lecLs 
 
 
 
 3 12 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 M 
 
 
 M 
 
 r 
 
 iJ 
 
 IH 
 
 1 
 
 ^ 
 
 § 
 
 M 
 
 w 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 ^9 
 
 
 ■ i 
 
m 
 
 \fi 
 
 :l 
 
 80 
 
 Vergil's aen. b. i. 
 
 
 'JQO—Discumdiiur : " they recline in their several (dis-) placo§." 
 ':01—Cererenu/ue-€xpediune : " and serve out promptly the bread from 
 
 baskets." For Cererem : see note, v. 117. 
 *JQ2—Tonsisque—vims: "and napkins with shorn nap:" vilUs ', abl. 
 
 quality. 
 IQ^-Quibus— Penates', "whose care it was to furnish in turn the lasting 
 store, and to worship the Vtnzit%:'—orJine^hv fiepei, referring to 
 the division of the labour . —/^««w/ and Penates are connected etymo- 
 logically, root PA or PAT: cp. nhojmi, irmg, irevia, 'Kovoq.—aiiolert 
 Penates may mean no more than to keep up the fire for cooking. 
 With adolere : cp. " magnify " in our ecclesiastical writings. 
 'jQQ—Qui—otterent : subjunctive of purpose. 
 101— Nee non et : the negatives -ancel each other, giving an affirmative 
 
 sense: "moreover, ioo"—livnna=r atria: synecdoche. 
 *IQ%— Torts— pictis- ad coenani convenire itissi, 
 
 1\Q-Flagrantesque-verba: "the glowing looks of the god and his 
 feigned words." The poet here transfers the looks and words of 
 lovers to those of the god of love. 
 1\2-Infelix join with Phoenissa.-pesti-futurae x "doomed to her 
 
 coming ruin." 
 n\^~Expleri mentem-. "to satisfy her soul ;" note the reflexive use of the 
 
 passive and the accusative of specification. 
 1\b-me-pependit : "when he hung on the embrace and neck of 
 Aeneas : " abl . separation. Distinguish in meaning pemere, pendlre. 
 n5--£t-amorem : "and gratified to the full the affection of his pretended 
 
 father." 
 n\l-Haec-haeret : " she hangs on him with her eyes, she (hangs on him) 
 with her whole soul : " cp. Tennyson's Locksley Hall : ' and her 
 eyes on all my motives with a mute observance hung. " 
 IV^-Insidat-deiis : "how dread a god is lying in wait for her : " i.e.y is 
 
 plotting against her : with imidere cp. insidiae. 
 m-Paulatim-. "little \^ \^:' -Acidaliac - reforring to the Acidalian 
 
 spring, near Orchomenos, in Boeotia, the haunt of the Graces. 
 n<2\-Et-corda : "and he tries with a living affection to pre-occupy a 
 soul long since dead to love, and a heart long unaccustomed (to 
 \ostV-praevertere: explained by ^oxv^^^praeoccupare. Others 
 like it to mean, "to surprise. "-mz^« : decline. -^.i«^/a, scil., 
 amori. 
 
NOTES. 
 
 81 
 
 ad from 
 
 is : abl. 
 
 e lasting 
 :rring to 
 i etymo- 
 —aiiolere 
 cooking. 
 
 iiirmative 
 
 and his 
 words of 
 
 I to her 
 
 use of the 
 
 neck of 
 ?, pendire. 
 
 pretended 
 
 TS on him) 
 "and her 
 
 :" i.e.i is 
 
 ! Acidalian 
 aces. 
 
 e-occupy a 
 Lstomed (to 
 ;. Others 
 ueta, scil., 
 
 
 723— Arf^Mwi—e^a/iV . sjjl . , r, ,. 
 
 i" La.i„ a,e heleroL-eneou. ? "' '^"'"- ^haf words 
 
 was over : hence ,„cTXl« '"'" ""'' ""' """"^•" """ ■' 
 
 Tii-CraUra.-,,aluu,„ : .- ,hey place the large mixer, • " en H„„ „ 
 
 «ni .he Ji;::L-™ir:.rr"v:;7:rrr^^^^^^^ 
 
 725-/i/_,,,„v , . . ^ h„^ „.^^^ throughout the halls "/,/•• ■ 
 
 wonls .o'rcect^^^^' ""f • " '""'' '^'^ ""^^ ""» "'"' 
 Roman house. I, w^us;.. tr""' "" "'' P""'^'^^' '~™ '" " 
 place where the ,mal« of^l!: '': ''''"T '°°"' ""^ "'»° ^ "'« 
 
 "black," ,.., blacSe^ ;7 rsn:i::T ; ''T "'"^'"''^ 
 litlaOpov, from /<<Aaf. ^ "'^ ""'' ''='""> </«'") = cp. 
 
 "*~tl;:ii/:^!i^;:--^«'" -ir^ °" "^^^ "«=y -ad finished .heir 
 
 work of th Hrost Jm "t ""',"'" """^' '■°™''' ^^ "" '- 
 Scan this line ' '"'""« ""= <'='=°"'^'l w"!- SiUing. 
 
 7«t,r;tr'^ "' ^'°"' '"''" <^''""' "" -"- -'■ -• 
 
 729-^,„ : distinguish i„ meaning «.V«„, -nure • , • 
 
 -^'■-P'x."wine:",.„L„;'::,j;^jr-<J — ; " 
 
 ' •-s:^\h:"i;n:':;B:;r:ir T-" -~- '-^^ --= 
 
 customary to pour oma ^'n^I^r ' '/"'" '""° '"'f'"'- I' »-« 
 
 .0 .he gojs asr/ptiir:,^ ^f :r t°'"'" "'"■ '"^ "--' o^^^- 
 
 as the guaMia' g;d of ^u^t "m 'Tf hfc T"'', T ""'^"^PP^" 
 7^^ !>-./• w . ^"^^^^ ^'"°"& the Greeks and Romans 
 
 complrison. "' "'" "'^'^ = ^ive the other degrees of 
 
 Tii-Laetiitae~dator : cp. Hesiod /W.^ks and D.v a ^ - 
 
 Karthage "" '' J""" "^^ ^^^^ ^"'^^-X deity of 
 
 731- 
 
 
ip 
 
 82 
 
 veroil's AKN. B. I. 
 
 !i 
 
 III 
 
 ^36-M«m-aMraU■. "attend i.. throngs th= gathenng. -""""- 
 cJZ Uum, .o).-favmU.: " speakinR words of good omen, or 
 'Cping lence." Especial care was taken durin« an offenng to 
 .he g^s or during any religious rite that no inausp.c.ous or frtvo o„ 
 lords should be uttered. Hence the admon.t.on of he pnests 
 Ich we find a. the beginning of a ceremony = >.«/. Ungu.s am- 
 tl^fue. cr^faveU, fave Unguis: cp. ^i^V^re; .v^-: -^ '^" 
 Ituq. drdfia avyaltiaag. 
 
 736-Z.«««-i— - •■- offering of win.:" the .«««<. betng re- 
 carded as the altar of /uf filer hosplahs. 
 
 ■,,r,Jprima,u,-or, : " and she the first, when the libation had been made, 
 rilthe tips of her lips touched it."-/W«a, as be.ng the first n, 
 rank.-l'*a/<-: impersonal.-/^.-. = what is the construct.on of 
 
 n-^'K-n.dit scil toculunu-increpitans '. " with a challenge to drmk 
 ' X'- P the Saxon, drinc haeL-ilU-pateram . "he qu.ckly 
 
 drLn;d the foaming bowl." There is some humour m contrasting 
 
 the act of Bitias with that of Dido. 
 17f6-Et-auro : ' ' and swilled himself with the full cup of gold." 
 
 imitation of Apollo are often represented with long hair . cp. 
 
 , .r\\ fl/rm- "causes the halls tore-echo." The Greeks 
 ~l:::,-as ru- . mediaeval nations, often enlivened thetr 
 
 feasts with the songs of minstrels. 
 
 / «. . ,• ^ the revolutions of the mo()n.—labores : 
 Z!Z. echDses • such a theme was common among ancient bards. 
 
 Eclogues, passim. 
 
 - ^ 'AmfToFnor- "the watcher {Fop'. cp. r-ng. 
 744-^^rf„«« : •Ap«™p»C = kpKr.Fjm . '»' \ Cesser Bear 
 
 ■ward warv) of the bear (opurof). Ihis reiers lo u.c 
 Turs'a Minor), called also Arctophylax. Arcturus .s often l.nnt«l 
 oTe Mght t star in the Lesser Bear (Urs. Minor), calkd Boote 
 
 oxdriver).-^W-: >'- -B'J""'" -"' ="™ ^'"^ "' '^.' T^t 
 
 he BuuVtI.,, J.), the rising of which (May, ^^^) was attended by 
 
 the milt.'n" X I. ,„ „:_.n ^^minosqm Triones : two pair 
 
 ir: oneT .rend of .roreaf Bear (^.. M.ior), and the 
 Mht I^'thrend of the Lesser Bear ^Ursa Min^). The word ir. 
 
 741- 
 
 742- 
 
 ^1 
 
NOTES. 
 
 oetum = 
 men," or 
 ffering to 
 
 frivolous 
 le priests 
 guts ani- 
 
 irdg eoTU 
 
 being re- 
 
 een made, 
 he first in 
 ruction of 
 
 to drink 
 be quickly 
 :ontrasting 
 
 : bards in 
 hair : cp. 
 
 rhe Greeks 
 rened their 
 
 I. — labores : 
 cient bards, 
 hie writers, 
 ind Vergil's 
 
 83 
 
 ~ s/rio ; root star, *« to scatfer . " », 
 cp. Sanscrit /.;^==;Jr' he' h " ^^^^-•'^"erers of light : " 
 
 C^er. s^ern : Lat. .W^' y'r.o ^T f "f ^ ^" ^'^ ^^"^'- ^^-•• 
 connects it with tero- en r.^/. /•' ' "' ^^^ ^'''^^ trio ^ bos and 
 the " seven stars " of the LSlrr''^ " " ^'^ "°^^^ ^ " P^^-^^ 
 
 745-C«.^__^,^^,„,^ ^^P^"^'^"t question. 
 
 1^^-Tardis '. opposed ioproperent. 
 
 their applause." *ieaiy. i,t.^ "redouble with 
 
 n\%~Ncc non et : see note, v. 707. 
 
 We:'' note the force of the imoei.."^'" ' '°"^ draught of 
 
 showsherdesiretopro,:n^tS^^^^^ «^ ^hese words. This 
 
 ''^l^r-' -^^•— -^>: aep. quest. : .«...^, ^ 
 752^Quafes, scil., ...«..__,«,«,,,, 3,,^ ^^^^^ 
 
 phasis to what has been said beforl / '°""^'^' "^ ^^^ «"»' 
 
 lar imperatives. '^■—atc : g,ve examples of irregu- 
 
 754 — Tuorum : referring f« fT,^ t • 
 
 «fe« .0 .he r/e '„° A „Ir-L?° ""^ '-™"'^ ^ ^'"X - '- 
 amongs. ,he number, coXeThTr ^'T """"' ^"''"='- 
 settled the chronology of.he t*,id T ? "" '""''^ ''' '™"/ 
 -y. .ha. seven yearfhad pLtd^L .1 1' , "", l.^"" ^' ''"■ -'- 
 year mu.t have elapsed belween CtiZlftU ""''. ''""""«■■ » 
 and the celebration of the games. 'ecept.on of Dido 
 
 I 
 
 'V 
 
 » : cp. Eng. 
 Lesser Bear 
 ften limited 
 ailed Bootes 
 the head of 
 attended by 
 fs : two pair 
 iar), and the 
 he word ^rio 
 
I Hi 
 
FUNKEAL OF HKCTOE.— V. 488. 
 
 INDEX TO PROPER NAMES. 
 
 ABBREVIATIONS. 
 
 -Adj. = adjective ; J»r.=noun : m = mft«. • f t 
 sinfirular. ' '"• ™*«'- ^-^'em.; n.=neutcr ; p^=piu ^, . ,,.„^^ 
 
 Ab^S. -antia ; m. : a Trojan, one of the companions of Aeneaa. 
 
 ;»« '^^^. '^::. z ::z r ^; t^ ^^^y r "-^ - -eas an^ 
 
 Egesta. or Segesta. river-god Cnmisus and of a Trojai woman 
 
 itres ri:-; ^^'""•' ^^^'^^^^^^-^^''-^-^t^st. henchman of Ae. eas. 
 
 caused his withdrawal from the war The rr!!"^' ^""""'^ ^''^ ^^'^"^ •'"""" 
 
 drawal plunged into misfortunes and def aid L' bltn" ^T'"" °' *»^'' ^^'^^■ 
 who fell by the hand of Hector roused Achnl . ."' ^' "^'"^^ "' P"^*' •«'"«' 
 Blew Hector. Homer repr^^nis hTm Ifh \ ^*'°"- "' ^"^'^ ^'^^ ««'' '^"^ 
 later traditions, however mrkehim^o^ ^'^*"' '* *^' ^'"^^*" * **« = 
 
 Ach^v.us. -a. -urn ; ad "rl' "" ""^' "^^^^^'^"^'^ '^ '^^^ 
 
 ^''^t?nd rhe"Zisl;,t ^^^^^^^^ "^ ^''^''^^' ^ '°-^- - «-tia. wh .e 
 Aeacld-es. -ae ; m.: a descendant of Aeacus. e.,., Achilles or Pv..Hn- 
 
 TS^d^enTar^ft^TroC^^^^ ""'"'"• '"" ^"^^"^' ''^ ««'-"«' «' 
 
 86 
 
 ;i 
 
 ;l 
 
 M 
 
 
86 
 
 Vergil's aen. b. i. 
 
 f I- 
 
 i ;:.il^ 
 
 Aene-as, -ae ; m. : Aeneas : a Trojan prince, son of Anchisea and Venus. After the 
 fall of the city, he and his followers set out for Italy, where he arrived after many 
 wanderings. He married Lavinia, daughter of king Latinus and succeeded to the 
 power of that monarch. 
 
 Ae6li-a, -ae ; f.: Aeolia : the country ruled by Aeolus, the king of the winds. The 
 irmilae Aeoliae or Vulcaniae, north of Sicily, comprise hia domain. 
 
 Aeol-us, -i ; m.: Aeoltts : the god of the winds. 
 AfWc-U8, -i ; m.: the South-we$t wind. 
 
 Agen-or, -oris ; m.: son of Neptune and Libya, king of Phoenicia. Vergil (B. i, 338) 
 calls Karthage the city of Agenor, since Dido was descended from him. 
 
 Ai-ax, -acis ; m.: Ajax: son of Oileus, king of the Locrians ; to be distinguished 
 from Telamonian Ajax or Ajax the Great. He is described as of small stature, 
 but of great skill in hurting the spear, and. next to Achilles, the most swift- 
 footed of the Greeks. Homer represents him as having been wrecked, on his 
 return from Troy on the " Whiriing Rocks." Ajax escaped and boasted that 
 he could escape without the aid of the gods. For his impiety he was 
 swallowed up by the sea. Vergil represents him as being especially hated by 
 Minerva, because on the night of the capture of Troy he insulted Cassandra, the 
 priestess, in the temple of the goddess, whither she had fled for refuge. 
 
 Alb-a, -ae ; f.: Alba Longa, the most ancient city in Latium, and the parent city of 
 Rome. It was destroyed by Tullus Hostilius, and never rebuilt. 
 
 Alban-U8, -a, -\im; adj.: of, or belonging to Alba. 
 
 Alet-es, -ae ; m.: Aletes : one of the companions of Aeneas. 
 
 Amazon-es -urn; f.: a fabled race of female warriors who dwelt on the banks of 
 
 the Therniodon, in Pontus. They came to the aid of the Trojans in the war 
 
 under the command of their queen, Penthesil^a. 
 
 Amj^CUS, -i ; m.: Amycus : a companion of Aeneas. 
 
 AnchiS-ec, -ae; m.: sor, of Capys, and father of Aeneas. He survived the fall of 
 Troy, U.A accompanied Aeneas, but died on Aeneas' first arrival in Sicily. 
 
 Anien-or, -oris; Antenor: m.: a Trojan: according to Homer, one of the wisest 
 of the Trojan elders. IBefore the taking of the city he was sent to Agamemnon to 
 negotiate a peace, and concerted a plan of delivering the city into the hands of the 
 Greeks. On the capture of the city he was spared. His subsequent history is 
 variously related. S'-orae say that he founded a new kingdom at Troy ; others that 
 he went to Libya or Gyrene ; others, that he went with the Heneti to Thrace, and 
 thence to Italy, whese he founded Patavium. 
 
 Anth6-us, -i ; m.: Anlh&m : a follower of Aeneas. 
 
 AqvUl-O, -onis ; m.: the N.E. wind : called fiopias by the Greeks. 
 
 Arcturus, -i; m.: Areturus: a constellation near the Great Bear; called also 
 Bootes, or Arotophyla:?. 
 
 Arg-i, -drum ; m.: Argos: one of the chief towns in Argolis. in the Peloponnesus. 
 
 ArffiV-U8, -a: -um ; adj.: Argive : of, or belonging to Argos. 
 
 < 
 < 
 ( 
 C 
 C 
 
 c 
 c 
 
 Cj 
 
INDEX TO PROPER NAMES. 
 
 87 
 
 ^t^^l^; Z^Z £:T^^- ■' -" °' --- -^ Crea.. rescued 
 Asia, -ae ; f.: Asia : one of the continonts 
 
 MhS^T' H ^""""' ■'^■' ■"°'" """"• "" »' ^- -<• '»"- Of Cap,, 
 AthSma-s. -ntis ; m. : Athama, : » M;„wer ol AMea, 
 
 Atla^. -ntis ; m. : ^H„, , a Titan who „,,h.„ „„ ,^^^„ ^_^ ^^^ 
 
 "^M.;:I:T'' •"■■■"'^"''^■- O-endanteo-AW; appUed to A^.»,„o„ 
 
 ^"":a?;;^;:;;t^ircLrar„'r,or:r -'" °' "'^- - <• 
 
 B. 
 
 B«ch^«s -i; „. Ba^,.: son oU„pp,.e, „d Sen,e,., a„<„od „, w,„e. 
 aeilum, -i: n,: TFar personified. 
 
 Bel-US. -i ; m. : £e/«« : king of Tyre and Sidon, and father of Dido. 
 Bltl-as. -ae ; m.: Bitias: a Tyrian companion of .lido 
 
 ^^'^^:b;^^::z:x:'^^:':s^^ -- -"^^' ^" ^^^ ^^^-ician 
 
 formed the citadel of Karthage. ^ *"'^' "°'^- Afterwards it 
 
 . O. 
 
 C&1C-U8. -i ; m. : Caicus : a follower of Aeneas. 
 Oap^s, -OS (ace. Capyn); m.: Ca^j,, .. a follower of Aeneas 
 Cer6al.ia. -e; adj.: of. or belonging to Ceres, goddess of agriculture. 
 Cloantti-us. -i; m.: Cloantku,: a follower of Aeneas 
 Ciipid.o.-ini8; m... Cupid: son of Venus and god of Love 
 
 Cyclopg-us, -a, -urn (the regular quantity is CyclopeusV ndl • r , 
 
 belonging to the Cyclopes. ^ycioptus), adj.: Cyclopean: of, or 
 
 C.3/m6th6-e. -es ; f . : Cyrmthoe : a sea nymph 
 
 Cy^^th-us, -i; m.: Cyntnus: a mountain in Delos. the natal ,lac. of Apollo and 
 
 or Cypria. The chief towns .ere ^^J:Z;:^;Z: '^" ^^"^^ "^'^^ 
 
 rd.ng t. s.n.c .raai«ons sh« arose .rom the foam of the s.a near the is Ind 
 Wh.re-UB. -a. -un. ; ad,: .,.._ .. ., ., ,,,„^,„^ ^„ ^^^^^.^^^^ --• ^^ 
 
 |: 
 
I ll^ 
 
 88 
 
 Vergil's aen. b. i. 
 
 ii 
 
 I 
 
 ir 
 
 DUHA.— V. 501. 
 
 D. 
 
 D&n&i. -orum; m., pi.: Danai: a name given to the Greeks, as descendants of 
 Danlus, son of Belua and twin brother of Aegyptus. 
 
 Dardanid-ae. -arum; m.. pi.: DardanMae: the descendants of Dardanus: i.e.. 
 Trojans. . 
 
 Dardani-us. -a, -urn ; adj.: Dardanian : of. or belonging to Dardanxa or Iroy. 
 
 Dei6De-a. -ae ; f. : Deioyea : a sea nymph, wLom Juno promised to Aeolus on con- 
 dition that he would aid her in destroying the fleet of Aeneas. 
 
 Dian-a -ae ; f.: Diana : daughter of Juppiter and Latona, goddess of the chase, the 
 moo; and archery. From root Div. " bright :"=di«ana. -bright one." 
 
 Did o -us and -onis : Dido : aiso called Elissa, the reputed founder of Karthage. 
 8°; w!s the daughter of Belus. or Antenor. and sister of Pygmalion, who sue- 
 Led i to the crown of his father. Dido married Acerbas. or Sychaeus. a pnest of 
 Hercules and a man of great wealth. In consequence of the murder of her hus- 
 ban7£ pTgnLion. she sailed from Tyre, and finally landed at Karthage. She 
 purchased from th; simple natives as much land" as she could cover with an ox- 
 Wde Cutting the hide into strips, she surrounded the spot on which she subs ^ 
 Vwhnilt Bursa (flupcra, a hide), the citadel of Karthage. Vergil represents 
 "l^rarflngrZ with Aenei;. although an interval of fully three hundred 
 yea^ eCed between the taking of Troy (1184 B.C.) and the founding of Karthage 
 
 (853 B.C.). .^^„ t 
 
 Diomed-es -is ; m.: Diomede : son of Tydeus. and one of the bravest of the Greeks 
 ""'Thf fought':; Troy. He was the special favourite of Minerva^ -^^ll' ri' 
 
 direction did many feats of bravery. He engagea m suiglc ^^^. ^^^^ 
 
 AeTealTwounded Mars. Venus, and Aeneas; with Ulysses, carried off the hor«.. 
 
 of Rhesus and the Palladium. 
 
cendants of 
 
 danus: i.e., 
 
 or Troy, 
 alua on con- 
 
 le chase, the 
 
 It 
 
 3f Karthage. 
 >n, who sue- 
 fl, a priest of 
 of her hus- 
 rthage. She 
 r with an ox- 
 ch she subse- 
 fil represents 
 iree hundred 
 ', of Karthage 
 
 of the Greeks 
 fid under her 
 
 i- XTo/vfiM* QfflH 
 
 off the horws 
 
 INDEX TO PROPER NAMES. 
 
 89 
 
 ■URUS, THE BAST WIND.—y. 85. 
 
 E. 
 
 ^■US. -a, -um ; adj.: of. or belonging to the East. Eastern (^.S,=e-«o,. "the dawn"). 
 
 JlJr-yx, -ycis ; m.: Eryx: a mountain and town on the west of SiniW • „oo -f . . 
 
 Egesta. or Segesta. the city of Acestes. ^ ' "'*' '* '*°*^ 
 
 Europ-a. -ae ; f.: Europe: a division of the Eastern world. 
 
 Eurot-as, -ae; m.: Eurotas, the chief river (now Basilipotamo) of Lax^onm flowing 
 through a narrow and fruitful vale into the Laconian Gulf. ' ^ 
 
 Eur-us. -i ; m.: Eurus : the S.E. wind ("EiJpoO. 
 
 Fides. -Si ; f. : Faith personified. 
 Piiror, -oris; m.: /^ury personified. 
 
 P. 
 
 G. 
 
 "^^ H^^fstfrrie;' ni T'' ^"T''' '' "" ^' ''^°^' ^"^ '""^ ^"^^ b«-"""» of mortals. 
 He was carried off by an eagUi to act as cup-bearer to the gods. 
 
 ^"^of'FnfnT^AirviVS^'*?' ^''"'''' °"^^"*"^ * •'''^»^« ^'^^^ to the people in the N W 
 Of Epirus. Wi h this tribe the Romans first became acquainted, fence the appiied 
 the tenn Graii, or Graeci. to a people who called themselv«« K.n^nl t'JS', 
 country Heilas. ""'^ 
 
 Gy-as, -ae (ace. Gyan); m.: Gyas : a follower of Aeneas. 
 
 il 
 
 II 
 
90 
 
 YEROIL^S AEN. B. L 
 
 A 
 
 ^^ ^ 11 
 
 GANTMEDB. 
 
 H. 
 
 Harpaitc-e, -es; f.: Harpalyce : daughter of Harpalycus, king of Thrace, noted for 
 her swiftn'ess of foot and for her skill in martial exercises. 
 
 m. 
 
 Hebrus : a river of Thrace, now the Maritza. 
 
 Hebr-us, -i ; 
 
 Hect-or -oris; m.: Hector: son of Priam and Hecuba, the bravest of the Trojan 
 ^ea^e;s. He long baffled the Greeks, and when Achilles withdrew from the contest 
 he drove the Greeks before him and burned their ships. The death of Patroclus 
 arled Achilles to action. The two heroes met. and Hector fell. The conqueror^ 
 according to Vergil, attached the dead body of Hector to his chanotai^d dragged 
 it thrice round the walls of Troy ; but according to Homer he dragged it away to 
 the Greek fleet, then, for the space of twelve days, to the tomb of Patroclus. The 
 body was at last ransomed by Priam. 
 Hect6r§-U8. -a. -um ; adj.: Hectorean: of, or belonging to Hector. 
 H616n-a. -ae ; f . : Helen : daughter of Juppiter and Leda. who was wife of Tyndarus ; 
 hence Helen is sometimes called Tyndaris. She was the most beautiful woman of 
 her time, and her hand was sought for by the most illustrious princes of Greece. 
 She was married to Mcnelaus, king of Sparta. Paris, son of Priam, king oi Troy, 
 was kindly entertained by Menelaus, at the Spartan court. In consequence of an 
 elopement with Helen, Paris brought on the war against Troy. Menelaus after the 
 war forgave her infidelity, and carried her back with him to Greece. 
 Hesp6ri-a, -ae ; f.: Italy : literally, the land to the west ; t.c., west of Greece. 
 Hf&d-da, -vim : f., pL: a group of stars at the head of the constellation of the Bull 
 
 
, noted lor 
 
 the Trojan 
 she contest 
 : Patroclus 
 conqueror, 
 lid dragged 
 I it away to 
 XJlus. The 
 
 [Tyndarus; 
 il woman of 
 i of Greece, 
 ng of Troy, 
 uence of an 
 kUH after the 
 
 Ireece. 
 
 of the Bull 
 
 
 INDEX TO PROPER NAMES. 9 J 
 
 Hym«nae.U8,-l; m.: Hymm: the god o( marriage. 
 
 '""Th^aruiL'^^J^i^-'; "iL/r"' f """•^ «8-e.nd height o, C.pr„, 
 oae ot Venus. There was al«, a town in the island, sacred to Venu.! 
 
 ■%T.;l;;e™:Lror„ir:Xr„f"™'"''''-'''' °' ^«— •>-"- 
 
 llHo.ua, .a, -um ; llian : adj.: o,, or belonging u, Iliun,, or Troy. 
 mad.es, -um; pi.: »„„.„ „/ Troy, the Trojan women. 
 
 Th* e"° '■ '■' "^ '""^'■'*' ■" »"^ ^"-. «-> wi'e 0, Poi^nestor, i^ing „, 
 Ilion-eus, -ei ; m. : a follower of Aeneas. 
 Ill-um, -1 ; n.: Ilium ; another name for Troja. 
 ill-US. -a. -um : Ilian : of, or belonging to Ilium. 
 
 '"^o^g'lldZc: '"'"'""■ ^'' "^ '^'^"^^"^ ^ "'^^^'^' ^ <^'«*-t north Of Epirus. 
 
 ''"Shiiir^J!';;;:^::^^^*"'"^^^ '^--^-^^ ^-^ ^- — ogie. 
 
 Was, -ae : a bard who sang at the entertainment given to Aeneas 
 Italia; ac.,f.: Italy. 
 
 lul-us, - i ; m. : lulu, : another name of Ascanius, son of Aeneas. 
 Iuli-U8, -a, um ; adj.: Julian : the nome.n of the Julian family 
 
 '"^Wstlied^tr"^^^^^^^^^^ «a.urnus. The 
 
 DJovino: not.l: "to shine ^P '"' "'"^ '""^ ^"^"^^ ^^^^-^ '^''->'- (For 
 Iun6ni-U8, -um ; adj. of, or belonging to Juno 
 
 nigand%hysica;;"lir:;^^^^^^^^ ^^^ *'^--' '-- 
 
 Karthago. The ruins are near El-Marsa. coioTim 
 
 L. 
 
 I.atm-u8, -i ; m.: Latinm : son of Faunus, and king of the aborigines of Italv H« 
 
 ^ Aftertsd^T; ^"' '''' *'^ "^°^^" >^^" '-- ^-ghf;:rvilt mar 
 nage. After his death Aeneas succeeded to the throne of Latium. 
 
 i 
 
Vergil's a en. b. i. 
 
 
 »! 
 
 92 
 
 T a« «m 1 • n • Latium : a broad dW.tict south o( the Tiber, and between the Alban 
 ^'hmsand 'the' st Probably call^ from its flat character (latus, cp. .Aa... Eng. 
 
 flat). 
 Laton-a, -ae ; f . : Latona : the mother of Apollo and Diana. 
 
 i^ton a, tt« , founded by Aeneaa in honour of 
 
 Lavini-um, -i; n.: Lamnmm: a city of itaiy, lounueu 3 
 
 Lavinia, his wife ; now Pratica. 
 Lavini-U8, -a, -am ; Lavinian : of, or belonging to Lavinium. 
 Led-a. -ae ; f.: Leda : mother of Helen and of Castor and Pollu 
 Libum-i. -drum; m.. pi.: the Libumi: a nation of lllyna. 
 
 Austrian Croatia. 
 Libt-a, -ae ; f.: Libya : a district of Northern Africa. 
 T ,->^«-/- nH -a -urn • Libyan: of, or belonging to Libya. 
 ^t!:Z'ZZ:^ e^het o, Baceha. -on, W„, .ro. W. "to „e. :- cp. 
 
 Liber : quia liberal mentem a curis. 
 Ltci-U8. -a. -urn ; Lycian : of. or belonging to Lycia. 
 L^c-UB, -i ; m.: Lycus: a comrade of \e.iea8. 
 
 .ving modern 
 
 MBRCURY, MESSBNQKR OF THB 00D8.— V. 297. 
 M. 
 
 Mai-a, -ae; f.: Maia: daughter of Atlas; the eldest of the Pleiades, and the most 
 
 beautiful of the seven stars; uic mutuci ot ....^.-...r^. 
 Mar-s, -tis ; m.: Mars i the god of wars ; son of Juppite 
 of Rome. 
 
 ir and Juno ; the patvon deity 
 
INDEX TO PROPER NAMES. 
 
 93 
 
 the Alban 
 aTu's, Eng. 
 
 honour of 
 
 ip modern 
 
 free :" cp. 
 
 Mavortl-US, -a, -um ; Mavortian -. of, or belonging to Mars, or Mavora. 
 Msmnon, -cinis ; m.: Memnon: a king of Ethiopia; son of Tithonus and Aurora; 
 
 came to Troy with a body of soldiers to aid Priam ; distinguishwl himself by his 
 
 bravery ; was slain by Achilles. 
 
 Merciirt-U8, -i ; m. : Mercury : son of Juppiter and Mai^ ; messenger of the gods. 
 
 Musa, -ae ; f.: a Muse : the Muses were daughters of Juppiter and Mnemosyne, and 
 born at Pieria. Hesiod states the names as Clio (history), Euterpe (lyric poetry), 
 Thalia (comedy), Melpo7ne7ie (tragedy), Terpsichore (dance and song), Erato 
 (amatory poetrj), Polymnia, or Polyhymnia (sublime poetry), Urania (astron- 
 omy), Calliope (epic poetry). 
 
 M^cen-ae, -arum; f., pi.: Mycenae: one of the chief cities of Argolis, in the 
 Peloponnesus. 
 
 NBPTUNB RISING FROM THE SEA.— V. 156. 
 
 ind the most 
 patvon deity 
 
 N. 
 
 Neptun-US, -i ; m.: Neptune : the god of the sea ; the same as the Greek Poseidon. 
 N6t-us, -i ; m.: Notua : the south wind. 
 
 O. 
 
 Oenotr-us, -a. -um ; adj.: Oenotrian : of, or belonging to Oenotria, an old name 
 for Italy, 
 
 Oile-us, -i ; m. : Oileus : a king of Locris, father of Ajax the Less. 
 
 6lymp-us, -i ; m : a mountain of Northern Greece, near the Aegean sea : according 
 
 to Homer, the abode of the gods ; hence often used for Caelum ; now Elimbo. 
 6rea-s, -adis ; f.: an Oread or mountain nymph (opetis : from opos, a mountain). 
 Orien-s, -tis ; m.: the quarter where the sun rises (oriem) ; hence, the East. 
 Orion, -onis ; m.: Orion -. a celebrated hunter and giant ; placed after his death as 
 
 a consteUation in the heavens ; showers attended its rising and setting ; B. i, 635. 
 
 if«^ 
 
 t 
 
n 
 
 ■iuimaUhF-^- 
 
 94 
 
 vebgil's aen. B. I. 
 
 
 6ront-e8, -is and -i : Orontes : a leader of the Lyciana, shipwrecked on his voyage 
 from Troy to Italy : B. i, 113, 220. 
 
 P. 
 
 Pall-as, adis ; f.: Pallas: an epithet of Athene, or Minerva, the goddess of war and 
 
 of wisdom. The epithet is derived from (I) either irdWiiv, " to brandish," i.e., 
 
 "the brandisher" of the spear : (2) or from TraAAa^ "a maiden," i.e., the virgin 
 
 goddess. 
 
 Paph-08, -i; t.: Paphus: a city of south-western Cyprus, where Venus was 
 
 especially worshipped. 
 Parc-a, -ae ; f .: one of the three Fates or Destinies. According to the Greeks their 
 names were Lachesis (Aavxa*'"*', "to allot"); Clotho (<cAai,>eiv, "to weave "); 
 AtroposCa, "not,"Tpe»rei»', "toturn"). Their duties are expressed in the foUowmg 
 line:-CTo</to colmn retinet, Lachesis net, et Atropos occat. With the Romans 
 these were worshipped as Morta, Decuma, Nona. The best derivation seems to 
 hepar=fiip, "to allot;" cp. Uolpat. For the interchange of p and m: cp. 
 (uioAujSSos, plumbum. 
 Pari-8, -dis; m.: Paris: also called Alexander, son of Priam and Hecuba. He 
 carried off Helen, wife of Menelaus, King of Sparta, and thus was the cause of the 
 Trojan war. He was slain by the arrows of Philoctetes. He was the especial 
 favourite of Venus. 
 Pari-us, -a, -um; adj.: Parian: of, or belonging to Faros, one of the Cyclades, 
 
 noted for its quarries of white marble. 
 Patavi-um, -i; m.: Patavium: a city of Gallia Cisalpina, founded by Antenor, 
 
 between the Meduacus Major and Minor (Breiita), now called Padua. 
 P61a8g-U8 -a, -um; adj.: Pelasgian: of, or belonging to the Pelasgi, an ancient 
 race who inhabited Gracci before the arrival of the Hellenes. The word is derived 
 from jreAAos : cp. palidtis, palleo : hence, dark, or ash-coloured. 
 P6nat-e3, -ium ; m., pi.: the Penates : deities who presided over the household and 
 the state. The word seems connected with pa, " to feed" or " protect ;" hence 
 pater, panis, penus ; 7t6a,, ( = ttotis). potens. They were probably deified founders 
 of the family. 
 Penth6sile-a, -ae ; f. : Penthesilea: queen of the Amazons, an ally of Priam in the 
 
 war of Troy. 
 Pergam-a, -orum ; n., pi. : the citadel of Troy : connected with nvpya, " a tower : " 
 
 German -burg ; Eng, -borough, -burgh, -bury. 
 Phoeb-us, -i; m.: Phoebus: an epithet of Apollo; cp. <^orpos, "bright;' fa, "to 
 
 shine ;" cp. 4>aiveiv, (|(dos. 
 Phoenic-es, -um ; m., pl.r Phoenicians: people of Phoenicia, a district on the east 
 of the Mediterranean, bounded on the south by Palestine, and on the north and 
 east by Syria. The Phoenicians were the most celebrated navigators of antiquity, 
 and founded colonies along the shores of the Mediterranean ; notably Karthage, 
 Tunis, Utica. Tyre and Sidon were their chief towns. 
 Phoeniss-a, -ae; f., adj. a Phoenician woman; from mas. Phoenix (cf. 
 
 Threissa, from Threx ;) a Phoenician woman. As a nour\ = D%do. 
 Phr^g-es, -um ; m., pi.: the Phrygians, a people of Central Asia Minor. 
 
 
 i^ »i 
 
Is voyage 
 
 if war and 
 ish," i.e., 
 the virgin 
 
 enus was 
 
 jeks their 
 iveave "); 
 ■ following 
 e Romans 
 I seems to 
 id m : cp. 
 
 cuha. He 
 use of the 
 le especial 
 
 Cyclades, 
 
 Antenor, 
 
 an ancient 
 is derived 
 
 isehold and 
 2t ; " hence 
 id founders 
 
 riam in the 
 
 •a tower:" 
 
 ;' fa, "to 
 
 on the east 
 : north and 
 f antiquity, 
 T Karthage, 
 
 >enix (cf. 
 
 !■ 
 
 
 INDEX TO PROPER NAMES. 
 
 95 
 
 Phr^grlus, -a, -um; adj.: Phrygian. 
 
 '^'^.^\iu.^'''''' "" ''''''''' '" «°"*^"" ^»'^->'- Achillea was born at 
 Poen-i, -orum ; m., pi.: the Karthaginians. 
 
 ^"^T^^^'^^i "'•■ ^r'""" ■ '"" °' Laomedon. and last king of Troy. Hercules took 
 s^ t o"f P "• * " "i'"* ''"'^"^"^' "- '^'"«"^' the prisoners. He "on the 
 Z ^. tT' T'""''^ '^^'" ^"■°^^«'-' ^"^ h- ^•^'-"ired his name to Pr^^mus 
 
 ZTJ:' ?.' ^^ '■""""'" "^- "« "^'-^'""^^ '^««»ba. the daughter of 0^ 
 
 and had among his sons Hector, Paris. Polites. The conduct of Pari invoh ed h s 
 
 are"(n8:BT:a:d p -'^ ''"^'^ "•^'^■^ '^^'^^ ^^^ ^^" ^-- ^roy :.?; !»; 
 
 taken (1184 B.C.) and Pnam was slain by Pyrrhus, son of Achilles. 
 Punic-US, -a, -um; adj.: Karthaginian. 
 
 ... Q- 
 
 Quinn-us, -i ; m.: Quirinua : a name given to Romulus after his ascent to h^avon 
 Derived from rt. kur, "powerfu' •" cd Om>i7o« .r.„« "* 
 
 R. 
 Rem-us, -1; m : Remus: the twin-brother of Romulus. 
 
 ^*'t!rt''H:1' "!;\^^fT'' '^'"^^^'^^''•^^^^'hocametothealdoftheTrojans. An oracle 
 had declared that Troy would never be taken if his snow-white horses drank of 
 the waters of the Xanthus or fed upon the grass of the Troian nla^n HU T 
 _ were captured and he was slain by DiomedeLd Ulysses onTrS'of hi^arrir 
 
 Bom-a, -ae; f.: Rome: a city in Italy, on the banks of the Tiber; the capital of 
 the Roman worid. Derived : Roma=(s) Roma : root sau ; (cp. peL : " to flow •" 
 hence, "the stream town." '^ °^ ' ■' 
 
 R6man-us, -a, -um ; adj.: Romun. 
 
 R6miil-us, -i ; Ro^nulus : The founder of Rome ; son of Mars and Rhea Silvia 
 Rlitm-i, -orum ; m., pi. : the Ruttdi : a people of Latium. They oonosed th. «»f f lo 
 .ent Of the Trojans in Italy. They were defeated, and thS kir^rn^ wi' 
 
 S. 
 
 ^^^t^Jw^ ■*' •.^;^J-J.^««'«^««-- of, or belonging to 5a6a (the Sheba of Scrip- 
 ture), the capital of Arabia Felix, situated in the S. W. part of Arabia. 
 
 Sam-08. -i ; f.: Santos : an island, S.E. of Chios, opposite Mt. Mycale. It was noted 
 for a magmficenUemple of Here (./„no), situated about two miles from the ow^ 
 Samos. The remains of this temple are still to be seen. 
 
 ®^?fr'^°Tf ' "^""^f '• "t'' ^""^"^"" • ^'"^ °^ ^^'"'"' ^"'^ ^'' ^»y of Priam in the Trojan 
 war. He was slam by Patroclus. ^rujan 
 
 Saturni-US, -a -um; ^j.: Satumian: of, or belonging to Saturnus, Satumian 
 Saturn, accordmg to the Romans, was the father of Juno. His name is derived 
 from sero, to sow ; hence he ' , ,s the god of agriculture. 
 
 Scyllae-U8. -a. -um; adj.: Scyllaean: of, or belondng to Scvlla, a mop^t^r -'ho 
 mhabitea the rocky strait of Messina, between Bruttium and Sicily. '" 
 
 Sergrest-us, -i ; m.: Sergestus: a follower of Aeneas. 
 
96 
 
 VERGILS AEN. B. I. 
 
 '*; J 
 
 
 SIc&nl-a, ae ; f.: another name for Sicily. The Sioani, from whom the island ob- 
 tained'its name, were an Iberian people, while the Siculi were an Italian tribe. 
 
 SICiil-US, -a, -um : Sicilian. 
 
 Sd-on -dnisCacc. Sidona); f.: Sidon (now Saida) : the most ancient of the Phoeni- 
 ' cian cities, and for a long time the most powerful. It was eclipsed by its own 
 colony. Tyre. 
 
 Sid6nl-U8, -a, -um; adj.: Sidonia7i: of Sidon. 
 
 Simo-is, -entis ; m.: ace. Simoenta (now Gtimbrek) : a river of the Troas falling into 
 the Scamander (Mendere). 
 
 Spartan-ua, -a, -um : Spartan: of, or belonging to Sparta. 
 
 Sychae-us, -i : Sychacus : the husband of Dido. 
 
 Syrt-is -is; f.: the Syrtes: two gulfs on the northern coast of Africa: the Syrtis 
 Major (Gulf of Sidra), Syrtis Minor (Gulf of Cabes). The word is derived (1) either 
 Uom avptiv, " to draw," (2) or from the Arabian word Sert, a desert. Both were 
 proverbially dangerous to sailors on account of the quicksands and their exposure 
 
 to winds. _ 
 
 X« 
 
 Teuc-er, -i; m.: Teucer : (l) an ancient king of Troy; (2) a son of Telamon, king of 
 
 Salamis, and brother of Ajax the Greater. 
 Teucr-i, -drum ; pi., m.: the Trojans. 
 Threiss-a, -ae ; fem. of adj. Threx, Thradan. 
 TibSrin-us, -a, -um ; adj.: of, or belonging to Tiber, a river of Italy, on the banks 
 
 of which Rome was built. 
 Timav-US, -i ; m. : Timavus (now Tiiruivo): a river of Istria. 
 Trinacri-us -a, -um; adj.: TrinacHan: of, or belonging to Trinacria, another 
 name for Sicilia. The island obtained its name from its three promontories (rptts 
 aKpcC): Pelorum (now Capo di Faro, or Peloro); Pachynum (Caj)o di Pasmra); 
 Lilybaeum (Capo di Bona, or Marsala). 
 Trion-es -um; m., pi.: also called Septentriones, the Seven Stars or the North 
 (8eptem=^seven; tHo = 8trio; root stri, "to scatter," hence, scatterers of light, 
 near the north pole). 
 Triton, -onis; m.: Triton: a sea-deity, son of Neptune and Amphitrite, and trum- 
 peter to his father. 
 Troil-US, -i ; m. : Troilus : son of Priam and Hecuba, remarkable for his beauty. He 
 
 was slain by Achilles. 
 Trol-us, -a, -um; adj.: rroj«?i. 
 
 Troi-a -ae; f.: Trot/: also called Ilium, one of the most noted cities of antiquity; 
 situated in the north-eastern part of Mysia, in a district called Troas. It was built 
 near the junction of the Simois and Scamander. It was taken by the Greeks after 
 a siege of ten years, B.C. 1184. Recently Dr. Schlieman has, by excavating the 
 ground, brought to light the remains of this once memorable city. 
 Troian-us, -a, -um; adj.: Trojan. 
 
 T^5 „ i- • ii> • T-«s- n\ son of Erichthonius. and grandson of Dardanus. He mar- 
 ri'edCailirhoe, daughter of the Scamander, and had three sons-Ilus, Assaracus. 
 and Ganymede ; (2) an adj.= Troianua. 
 
 
[Bland ob- 
 Tibe. 
 
 le Phoeni- 
 y its own 
 
 ailing into 
 
 the Syrtis 
 1 (1) either 
 Both were 
 r exposure 
 
 on, king of 
 
 1 the banks 
 
 ia, another 
 tories (rpeis 
 ; Passara); 
 
 the North 
 rs of light, 
 
 !, and trum- 
 
 }eauty. He 
 
 f antiquity; 
 It was built 
 Greeks after 
 javating the 
 
 18. He mar- 
 I, Assaracuij, 
 
 INDEX TO PROPER NAMES. 
 
 97 
 
 
 Tj^dldes, -ae ; n..: »on o/ Tydens, an epithet of Dion.edes. 
 Typh6I-U8, -a, -um; Typhoian: adj.: of or bplonmn.- tr, Tv«v,««, 
 
 gmnt pro^^eny. He was deHtroycl by Juppiter and placed beneath Aetna 
 
 Ph'ieniS."''^' '^^''' "^^""""^ "'' "' ''''''"'^"'' *° '^y'' " «^'«»^''^t^J ^-^*y of 
 
 ^^olde;dtv';isirn ""/"••'^"', f/ "' »'»^-'"«!''^. '-"^'ed by a colony fron, the 
 oiaer tit} of hidon. It was noted for its famous purple. 
 
 Vfinus -Srls ; f.: Venus : the godd'>ss of" beauty and the mother of Aeneas For 
 adjudg„.gthe award of the, golden apple to Venus, when Minerva Juno and 
 
 the"hlnd " "T'f ^"' '"•■ ^''^ P^'"' ""' '^^'^"^•^' ^'-'^ -*« Pronnsed t, he hand of 
 he handsomest of earth's daughters. He soon eloped with Helen, and hence 
 
 Bid^rthi ?::ians''^ ^-"-^-^^ °' ^^--^ '- ^'^^ --^^ -- ^'-- ---d ^z 
 
 ^^fv^i^rj lu ^''^""'-^^^ «°^d««« ^^ho presided over the hearth (i^rCa), She 
 8yn>bohzed the sanctity of the fan.ily ties. In her ten.ple at Rome, the attend! I 
 priestesses. Vestal virgins, kept alive the sacred fire. attendant 
 
 X. 
 
 Mf^ TH^' "^ • ,™";. ^""''^"* • *''° ^^""^ 'Sca7«and.r. a river rising in the defiles of 
 Mt. Ida and after receiving the Sinmis. falls into the Hellespont The n ne is 
 derived from theyellow colour of its waters (^a.So.) : now the Uendere). 
 
 z. 
 
 Z6ph:^-U8 -1; m.: Zephyrus: the western wind (from ^d«o., fi.o0o. cp 
 nubes, all referring to the dark region of the world). ^' 
 
 Vf^X-'i, 
 
 f 
 
 AS AMAZOy 
 
 490. 
 
Ii if 
 
 ABBREVIATIONS. 
 
 a active. 
 
 abl ablative. 
 
 ace accusative. 
 
 adj adjective. 
 
 adv adverb. 
 
 comp comparative. 
 
 conj conjunction. 
 
 dat dative. 
 
 dep deponent. 
 
 f, , . .... feminine. 
 
 indecl indeclinable. 
 
 indet indefinite. 
 
 interj interjection. 
 
 m masculine. 
 
 n neuter. 
 
 nom nominative. 
 
 num numeral. 
 
 part participle. 
 
 perf perfect. 
 
 plur plural. 
 
 prep preposition. 
 
 pron pronoun. 
 
 sinK singular. 
 
 sup. supine. 
 
 superl superlative. 
 
 V verb. 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 a, &h, prep, with ahl. from ; by. 
 
 abdo, €re, didi, drtum, put nivai/; 
 hide. 
 
 &beo, Ire, Ivi or li, Ituin, 70 away. 
 
 aboleo, fire, evi, itmn, make to grow 
 leas ; take away, deMlroy. 
 
 abrtplo, Cre, ui, reptum, gnatch away 
 (ab, rapio). 
 
 absisto, 6re, stiti, no sup. stand 
 away ; leave off. 
 
 absum, esse, fni, am away, absent. 
 
 ab3umo, fire, mpsi, mptum, take 
 away. 
 
 ac, see atque. 
 
 Acanthus, i, m. bear's-foot. 
 
 accedo, 6re, cessi, cessum, go to, 
 approach. 
 
 accendo, Cre, di, sum, kindle ; rouse, 
 enrage. 
 
 accing-o, Cre, nxi, nctum, gird on, 
 girdle; ifp .ccingere, gird oneself, make 
 oneself ready. 
 
 accipio, Cre, cCpi, ceptum, receive; 
 hear (ad, capio). 
 
 accitus, us, m. summoning (ad, cieo). 
 
 accumbo, Cre, cObui, cfibltum, with 
 dat. recline at. 
 
 acer, oris, cre, adj. sharp, fierce. 
 
 acerbus, a, um, adj., sharp, bitter; 
 cruel. 
 
 &CieB,ei,t.edge; line of battle ; battle. 
 
 &CUtus, a, um, adj. sharp (acuo). 
 
 &d, pvep. with ace. to, towards ; at. 
 
 addo, ere, dIdi, ditum, add, join to. 
 
 S,deo, Ire, Ivi or ii, itum, go to, ap- 
 proach. 
 
 &(166, adv. to such an extent ; go. 
 
 adfligo, tre, flixi, flictum, strike down 
 crush. ' 
 
 adflo, fire, avi, atum, breathe upon. 
 
 (adfor), ari, atus sum, v. dep. speak to 
 (ad, fari). 
 
 adgrnosco, Cre, novi, nltuni, rccng. 
 nise. 
 
 fi-dhuc, adr. hitherto. 
 
 adllgo, are, flvi, .itum, bind to, bind. 
 
 adloquor, i, locntus sum, v. dep. 
 H2>eak to, address. 
 
 adriitor, i, uixus or nisus sum, v. dep. 
 lean upon ; strive, labour. \ 
 
 adno, are, avi, atum, swim to. 
 
 adniio, Cre, ili, atum, nod assent; 
 nrant by a nod. 
 
 adoleo, ere, fli, ultum, make to grow. 
 
 adoro, are, .ivi, atum, pray to, entreat. 
 
 adpareo, see appareo. 
 
 adpello, ere, pnii, pulsum, drive to. 
 
 adplico, are, tli or avi, Itum or atum, 
 drive to. 
 
 adspiro, are, avi, atum, breathe upon. 
 
 adsto, are, stIti, stitum, 8ta7id by; 
 halt by or at. 
 
 adsum, esse, f ui, am present. 
 
 adsurgD, Cre, surrexi, surrectum, 
 rise up. 
 
 adultus, a, um, adj. full-grown 
 (adoleo). 
 
 advSho, ere, vexi, vectum, carry to. 
 
 adv6nio, ire, veni, ventum, come; 
 arrive ; arrive at. 
 
 adversus, a, um, adj. opposite. 
 
 adverto, f re, ti, sum, turn toivards. 
 
 aeger, gra, grum, adj. sick, weary. 
 
 I: 
 
iA f- 
 
 ,1 
 
 h 'I 
 
 n " 
 
 l«£ 
 
 ' ( 
 
 100 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 aenus, a, uni, adj. ../ 6ia«fi or copper; 
 aenum,.i, n. brazen caldron (aes), 
 aequo, are, avi, atum, make equal. 
 aequor, Oris, n. level surface, sea. 
 aequus, a, um, adj. level; /air; 
 favourable. 
 
 a,er, Cria, m. (Greek accu8. aera) air ; 
 the lower air ; mist (arip). 
 aereus, a, um, adj. of bronze. 
 aes, aeris, n. bronze or copper. 
 aestas, atis, f . sujnmer (ai9a>). 
 aestUS, us, m. heat; billows, surge 
 (aifcio). 
 
 aetas, atis, f . time of life ; time, an 
 age. 
 aeternus, a, um, adj. everlasting. 
 aether, 6ris, m. (Greek accus. aethera), 
 the bright upper air, ether (atfljjp). 
 
 aeth6rius, a, mu, adj. belonging to 
 the upper air ; heavenly. 
 &ger, gri, m. feld (a-ypos)- 
 agger, Cris, n. bank, mound (ad, gero). 
 agmen, Inis, n. army on line of 
 march ; line ; troop, array. 
 agnus, i, m. lamb. 
 ago, Cre, egi, actum, drive, move; 
 deal with ; age, come now, come (ayia). 
 aiO, V. defect, say ; 3rd pers. sing. ait. 
 ala, ae, f. wing. 
 
 ales, Itis, adj. winged; then as subst. 
 m. and f, bird. 
 
 aliger, era, Crum, adj. winged (ala, 
 gero). 
 
 Sliqui, qua, quod, indef. pron. adj. 
 any, some. 
 aliter, adv. otherwise. 
 anus, a, ud, adj. another, other ; alii. . 
 alii, some. ■ .others (aAAos). 
 
 almus, a.um, adj. nurturing; kindly 
 (alo). 
 alte, adv. on high. 
 
 alter, tera, terum, adj. one of two, 
 another, a second. 
 
 altU8,a,um,adj.Zo/"«2/; deep; altum, 
 i, n. as subst. the deep ; the sky (alo). 
 amaracus, i, m. and f. marjoram. 
 ambages, is, f. rare in sing.; gen. 
 plur. ambagum ; a going round ; devious 
 tale (anibi, ago). 
 ambigiius, a, um, adj. doubtful. 
 ambo, ae, o, adj. both (a/i(^w). 
 ambrosius, a, um, adj. ambrosial, 
 from ambrosia, the unguent used by tlie 
 gods. 
 
 amicio, Ire, Icui or ixi, ictum, wrap 
 round, clothe. 
 
 amictUS, us, m. clothing, cloak (ami- 
 cio). 
 amicus, i, m. friend. 
 amitto, ere, inlsi, missum, let go, lose. 
 amo, are, avi, atum, love. 
 amor, oris, m. love; Amor, Love, 
 Cupid, the son of Venus. 
 
 amplexus, us, re. embrace (amplec- 
 tor). 
 amplius, comp. adv. more. 
 amplUS, a, um, adj. spacious. 
 an, conj. whether, or. 
 anohora, ae, f. anchor {ayKvpa). 
 anima, ae, f. breath, life. 
 animus, i, m. mind ; in plur. spirits, 
 wrath {avefxoi). 
 
 annalis, e, adj. belonging to a year; 
 as plur. subst. m. annaleo, ium, a7mals, 
 records. 
 annus, i, m. year. 
 ante, adv. and prep, with ace. before. 
 antiquus, a, um, adj. old ; ancient. 
 antrum, i, n. cave {avrpov). 
 aper, pri, m. wild boar. 
 ap6riO, Ire, Gi, ertum, open. 
 apertus, a, um, adj. open. 
 apis, is, f. bee. 
 
 appareo, ere, Oi, Itum, appt^'. 
 apto, are, avi, atum, make, fit, shape. 
 apud, prep, with ace. with, among. 
 
, ; altum, 
 
 y (alo). 
 
 irjoram. 
 
 sing.; gen. 
 id', devious 
 
 uht/ul. 
 
 >(»). 
 
 ambrosial, 
 ised by the 
 
 jtiim, wrap 
 cloak (ami- 
 
 , let go, lose. 
 
 nor, Love, 
 
 ice (amplec- 
 
 e. 
 ious. 
 
 yKvpa). 
 
 plur. spirits, 
 
 g to a year; 
 ium, aiinals, 
 
 ace. before. 
 i; ancient. 
 
 V). 
 
 jen. 
 
 appt,,.i. 
 ke. fit, shape, 
 ih, among. 
 
 Vocabulary. 
 
 101 
 
 &qua, ae, i. water. 
 
 ara, ae, f. altar. 
 
 arbor, Oris, f. tree. 
 
 arborSus, a, um, adj. belonging to a 
 tree ; tree-like. 
 
 arcanus, a, um, adj. secret (area). 
 arceo, ere, Oi, no sup. shut up, con- 
 fine ; ward off. 
 
 arous, us, m, bow. 
 
 ardeo, Cre, arsi, arsum, blaze, bum • 
 am eager. ' 
 
 ardeseo, 6re, arsi, V. inceptive, begin 
 to glow or burn. 
 
 arena, see harena. 
 
 arg-entum, i, n. silver. 
 
 arldus, a, um, adj. dry. 
 
 arma, Omm, n. plur. arms. 
 
 armentum, i, n. herd (aro). 
 
 arrigo, ere, rexi, rectum, raise tip • 
 rouse, cheer. . ' 
 
 ars, artis, f. art, skill; cunning. 
 artifex, icis, n-.. and f. cunning work- 
 man, contriver (ars, facio). 
 
 artus, us, m. joint, limb (ipapiaKu>). 
 
 artus or arctus, a, uni, adj. made 
 close ; close. 
 
 arvxim, i, n.ploxighed land, field (aro). 
 arx, arcis, f. place of defence, citadel 
 (arceo, apKeto, a\Kr}). 
 
 ascendo, 6re, di, sum, climb (a<l 
 scando). ' 
 
 aspecto, are, avi,atum, gaze at, vietv. 
 
 aspectus, us, m. sight. 
 
 asper, era, erum, adj. rough. 
 
 aspicio, spIcCre, spexi, spectum, 
 behold. 
 
 ast, see at. 
 
 astrum, i, n. star {aarpov). 
 
 &t, aat, conj. but. 
 
 ater, tra, trum, adj. hla^^l-^ gloomy. 
 
 atqviS, ac, conj. and. 
 
 atrium, ii, n. hall (ater). 
 
 atrox, ocis, adj. fierce, savage. 
 
 attingro, ere, tlpi tactum, touch, 
 touch lightly (ad, tang.), 
 
 attollo, ere, no perf. or sup. lift up. 
 
 audeo, ere, ausus sum, semi-dep. dare. 
 
 audio, Ire, ivi or II, itum, hear. 
 
 augriii'ium, li, n. omen by the utter- 
 ance of birds ; omen (avis, garrio). 
 
 aula, ae, f. court, hall (avXrj). 
 
 aulaea, Onim, n. plur. curtains. 
 
 aura, ae, f. air, breeze, breath (avpa). 
 
 auratus, a, um, adj. gilded (aurum). 
 
 aureus, a, um, adj. f;oWe?i (aurum). 
 
 auris, is, f. ear. 
 
 aurum, i, n. gold. 
 
 aut, conj. (fr. 
 
 auxilium, ii, n. help. 
 
 avarus, a, um, adj. greedy. i. 
 
 aveho, ere, \exi, vectum, carry away. 
 
 aversus, a, um, adj. turned away. 
 
 averto, ere, ti, sum, turn away. 
 
 avidus, a, um, adj. eager, longing 
 (aveo). 
 
 B. 
 
 bacatus, a, um,' -dj. adorned with 
 pearls (baca). 
 
 barbdnxa, a, um, adj. speaking an 
 unknown tongue; barharoue (;8(ip/3ap.js,. 
 bSatus, a, um, adj. ha^jji). 
 
 bellatrix, Icis, f. female warrior (bel- 
 lator). 
 
 bello, are, avi, atuni, airry on war. 
 bellum, i, n. wa?(=duelJum). 
 bene, adj uell. 
 benignus, i, um, adj. kitul. 
 bibo, 6re, i, Itum, drink {nivm). 
 
 bilinguifs, e, adj. having two tongues 
 or a double tongue. 
 
 bini, ae, a, fUstrib. num. adj. two for 
 each. 
 
 biremis, e, adj. rvith two oars, or 
 rows of oars; as subst. f. (supply naviis) 
 
 h i 
 
II 
 
 lit 
 
 102 
 
 Vocabulary. 
 
 ship with two rows of oats on each side, 
 a bireme. 
 
 bis, num. adj. twice (=duis). 
 
 blandus, a, um, adj. smooth, ivinning. 
 
 bonus, a, um, adj. comp. mulior, 
 superl. optlmus, good ; favourable. 
 
 br6vis, e, adj. short; shalloiv {=hreg- 
 vis, Ppaxiis). 
 
 breviter, adv. shortly. 
 
 G. 
 
 C&do, 6re, c6cldi, casum, fall. 
 
 Cd,d.US, i, n. ivine-jar (Kafios). 
 
 caecus, a, um, adj. blind; dark; 
 secret, hidden. 
 
 caedes, is, f. slaughter. 
 
 caelestis, e, adj. heavenly ; caeles- 
 tes, as subst. the inhabitants of heaven. 
 
 caelo, are, avi, atum, engrave. 
 
 caelum, i, n. heaven. 
 
 caesaries, ei, f. flawing locks. 
 
 C&leo, ere, fti, no sup. am hot, glow. 
 
 campus, i, m. plain, field. 
 
 canistra, firum, n. plur. basket woven 
 from reeds ((cai'ao-Tpa). 
 
 C&no, ere, c6cini, cantum, sing. 
 
 cantus, us, m. singing. 
 
 canus, a, um, ad}, gray; hoary, 
 ancient. 
 
 C&pesso,. 6re, sslvi, ssltum (intensive 
 from capio), take ; undertake, perform. 
 
 capio, ere, c6pi, captum, take, seize. 
 
 cAput, itis, n. head ; top (Ki^aK-q). 
 
 career, eris, n. prison. 
 
 cardo, Inis, m. hinge, pivot, socket. 
 
 carpo, ere, psi, ptum, pluck, take. 
 
 car us, a, um, adj. dear, loved. 
 
 castra, orum, n. plur. camp. 
 
 casus, lis, m, fall; accident, hazard. 
 
 C&terva, ae, f. crowd. 
 
 causa, ae, f. cause. 
 
 cavo, are, avi, atum, make hollow. 
 
 C&VUS, a, um, adj. hollow. 
 
 cSlebro, are, avi, atum, make crowded, 
 throng, celebrate. 
 
 C§ler, oris, 6re, adj. sivift. 
 
 cel6ro, are, avi, atum, make quick, 
 hasten. 
 
 cella, ae, f. cell, chamber (celo). 
 
 celo, are, avi, atum, hide, conceal 
 (KoAvTrTio). 
 
 celsus, a, um, adj. lofty. 
 
 centum, num. adj. indecl. hundred 
 (e/cardi'). 
 
 cerno, 6re, crCvi, cretum, distinguish 
 (with the eyes) ; see ((cpiVo)). 
 
 certe, adv. assuredly. 
 
 certo, are, avi, atum, contend, strive. 
 
 certus, a, um, adj. sure, fixed ; trusty. 
 
 cervix, vlcis, f. neck (cer-=»cdpa; 
 veho). 
 
 cervus, i, m. stag (xepas). 
 
 cesso, are, avi, atum, am idle, inactive. 
 
 ceterus, a, um, adj. the other. 
 
 chorus, i, m. dance; band of singers ; 
 troop (xopos). 
 
 Cieo, 5re, civi, citum, set in motion, 
 rouse. 
 
 Cin^o, ere, nxi, nctum, put round; 
 gird. 
 
 cingillum, i, n. belt. 
 
 circum, adv. and prep, with ace. 
 around. 
 
 circumagO, -agfire, -egi, -actum, drive 
 around. 
 
 Circumdo, are, dtdi, datum, ptit 
 round ; surround. 
 
 circumfundO, ere, fudi, fusum,iyour 
 round. 
 
 circumtexo, Sre, ui, xtum, weave 
 around. 
 
 Cithara, ae, f . lyre ; harp (/ciOupa). 
 
 Clto, adv. quickly. 
 
 citUS, a, um, adj. qxiick (cieo). 
 
 clam, adv. secretly (celo). 
 
*"" • ■■" ---IT-- J 
 
 VoCABUtAfeV. 
 
 clamor, oris, m. shout. 
 
 Claims, a, um, adj. clear, bright- 
 glorious. ' 
 
 Classis, is, f . fleet. 
 
 Claudo, 6re, si, sum, shut ; shut in. 
 
 Claustrum, i, n. bar (claudo). 
 
 Coepi, isse, V. defective, begin. 
 
 coetus, us, m. gathering ( = co-itus, 
 cum, eo). 
 
 cognomen, Inis, n. surname ; name. 
 COffnosco, ere, novi, nitum, inoep- 
 tive, begin to recognize, learn. 
 
 COgO, ere, cdCgi, cfiactum, drive to- 
 gethcr, compel (=.co-igo cum, ago). 
 
 cohigo, 6re, legi, lectum, gather to- 
 gether (cum ; lego). 
 
 CoUis, is, m. hill. 
 
 COUiun, i, n. neck. 
 
 Colo, 6re, ui, cultum, take care of; 
 till; cheri,sh. 
 
 COlonus, i, m. tiller ; settler. 
 
 Columna, ae, f. column. 
 
 coma, ae, f. hair (KOfit)). 
 
 comitor, ari, atus sum, accompany • 
 COmitatus often passively, accom'- 
 panted. 
 
 COmmissum, i, n. ofence, crime. 
 
 commltto, €re, misi, missum, incur 
 or do a wrong. 
 
 commoveo, ere, movi, motum, move 
 strongly, stir up. 
 
 compages, is, f. fastening (cum 
 pango). 
 
 compello, are, avi, atum, address. 
 COmpello, ere, pOli, pulsum, drive. 
 complector, i, xus sum, embrace. 
 COmplexus, us, m. embrace. 
 COmpono, ere, pdsui, pesltum or 
 postum, lay to rest, arrange, calm. 
 
 COncIlio, are, avi, atum, bring to- 
 gether : procure. 
 
 conclndo, ere, clusi, clusum, shut in 
 (cum, claudo). 
 
 103 
 
 concurro. 6re, curri, cursum, run 
 together ; meet (in battle). 
 
 concursus, us, m. meeting, assembly. 
 
 condo. ere, didi, ditum, put together- 
 build. ' 
 
 confido, ere, conflsus sum, v. semi- 
 dep. trust in. 
 
 confugio, ere, f figi, f Ogltum, fly for 
 refuge. 
 
 congredior, i, gressus sum, come 
 together, fight. 
 
 coniungo, ere. nxi, nctum, join to. 
 gether. 
 
 coniunx, tigis, m. and f. one joined- 
 husband, wife, spouse (cum, iungo). 
 
 conscendo, ere, di. sum, climb, 
 mount ; embark on. 
 
 conecius, a, um, adj. knowing or 
 conscious of (with gen. ). 
 
 consido. ere, sedi, sessum, settle 
 down. 
 
 consilium, li, n. counsel, plan. 
 
 COnsisto, ere, stiti, stitum, stand 
 still ; settle ; rest. 
 
 conspectus, us, m. sight. 
 
 conspicio. ere, spexi, spectum, be- 
 hold, view. 
 
 constituo, 6re, ui, Qtum, establish : 
 determine. 
 
 COntendo, ere, di, turn, strive, use 
 eager effort. 
 
 contingo. 6re, trgi, tactum, touch. 
 contra, prep, with ace. agaimt, op. 
 posite ; adv. in answer. 
 
 contrarius, a, um, adj. opposite. 
 contundo, ere, tQdi, tusum, crush. 
 conubium, ii, n. marriage (in the 
 poets often a trisyll. = conubyum). 
 
 convello, ere, velli, vulsum, tear or 
 pluck vigorously -, shatter. 
 
 ConvSnio, ire, vcni, ventum. come 
 together, assemble. 
 
 converto, ere, ti, sum, turn-, turn 
 towards. 
 
104 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 . I 
 
 ii 
 
 jiSi is. 
 
 m ■ .4. 
 
 COnvexuB, a, um, adj. vaulted, 
 rounded;asBuhst.conve7i\im,rounded, 
 arched sjiot ; valley. 
 
 convivium, li, n. banquet. 
 coorior, Iri, ortus sum, collect a7id 
 rise up. arise. 
 
 copia, ae, f. plenty; opportunity 
 (cum, ops). 
 cor, cordis, n. heart (Keap). 
 coram, adv. before any one ; face to 
 face. 
 
 cornu, us, n. horn (/tepa?). 
 corona, ae, f. garland. 
 corono, are, avi, atum, crown. 
 corpus, Oris, n. body. 
 corripio, Cre, ui, reptum, snatch 
 eagerly ; seize (cura, rapio). 
 
 corrumpo, ere, riipi, ruptum, bi-eak 
 up ; cause to decay ; spoil. 
 
 coruscus, a, uin, adj. vibrating ; 
 flashing. 
 
 COSta, ae, f. rib. 
 
 cothurnus, i, m. high hunting-boot 
 ((coflopi'os). 
 
 crater, Cris, m. mixing-bowl ((cpar^p, 
 Kepat'i'x/bii). 
 creber, bra, brum, adj. frequent. 
 credo, ere, dldi, ditum, believe. 
 crinis, is, m. hair. 
 crinitus, a, um, adj. long-haired. 
 crispo, are, avi, atum, make to quiver, 
 bratidish. 
 cristatus, a, um, adj. crested. 
 crocSus, a, um, adj. sajffron-coloured, 
 yellow. 
 > rv Mb, e, adj. cruel. 
 cru ':us, a, um, adj. bloody. 
 car conj. when, since, although, 
 CUtn, prep, with abl. with ; always 
 put after tb-* personal pronouns me, te, 
 ee, nobis, vo-vli. e.g. mecum. 
 
 ciimulus, ij m. heap. 
 
 cunctus, a,um,adj. oW(=co-iunctuB). 
 
 cur, adv. wAy* ( = qUor, qttare 
 cura, ae, f. care, anxiety. 
 curro, 6ro, cficurri, cursum, rtin. 
 currus, us, m. chariot. 
 cursus, us, m. running, course. 
 cuspis, Idis, f. spear. 
 CUStOS, odis, m. guard. 
 cj^^cnus, i, m. swan (kvkvo^). 
 
 D. 
 
 daps, dapis, f. feast ; usually in plural. 
 
 dfirtor, oris, m. giver. 
 
 de, prep, with abl. from, down from ; 
 in accordance with. 
 
 dea, ae, f. goddess. 
 
 decorus, a, um, adj. graceful. 
 
 decus, Oris, n. grace, beauty ; orna- 
 ment. 
 
 def§tiscor, i, fessua sum, become 
 weary ; defessus, weary. 
 
 defigo, fire, fixi, fixum, fix on. 
 deflvlo, ere, fluxi, fluxuni, flow down. 
 dehinc (usually monosyllable), adv. 
 after this, thereafter. 
 
 ddhisco, ere, hivi, no sup. yawn 
 apart, gape (de, hisco, cf. hio, xa.o<;, 
 xaivoi, yawn). 
 
 deinde, adv. thereafter, then, next. 
 
 demitto, ere, misi, missum, send 
 down. 
 
 demum, adv. at length. 
 
 deni, ae, a, distribut. num. adj. ten 
 each. 
 
 dependeo, ere, di, sum, hang down. 
 
 deripio, fire, ui, reptum, tear off. 
 
 desertum, i, » '? ert, solitary place. 
 
 desisto, 6re, stiti, at\tum, stand apart, 
 leave off. 
 
 despectO, are, avi, atum, lookdownon. 
 
 despicio, Sre, spexi, spectum, look 
 down on. 
 
 desuesco, fire, suCvi, suetum, render 
 unaccustomed ; deauetua, unaccustomed. 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 105 
 
 are 
 
 run. 
 
 trse. 
 
 f in plural. 
 ijvn from; 
 
 ful. 
 
 ity ; oma- 
 
 m, become 
 
 : on. 
 
 How dovm. 
 
 able), adv. 
 
 sup. yawn 
 hio, x^os, 
 
 ten, next, 
 isum, send 
 
 n. adj. (en 
 
 ear off. 
 itary place, 
 land apart, 
 
 jokdownon. 
 ectum, look 
 
 turn, render 
 nccustomed. 
 
 destiper, adv. /rom above. 
 
 detrudo, fire, si, sum, push off. 
 
 d6us, i, m. god ; gen. pi. deum or 
 deorum ; di a/id dis are often used for 
 del and deis ; dSa, ae, goddess. 
 
 dev6nio, Iro, v6ni, ventum, come 
 dovm to. 
 
 devoveo, ere, vovi, votuni, voiv to, 
 doom. 
 
 dextSra, or dextra, ae, f. the right 
 hand (Se^ios). 
 
 dicio, onis, f. power, rule. 
 
 dico, ere, dixi, diotum, say, speak ; 
 call; name (SeUvvfii). 
 
 dico, are, avi, atum, dedicate. 
 
 dictum, i, n. word. 
 
 dies, ei, m. (in sing, so.-netimes feni. 
 day; time. 
 
 diflfundo, ere, fudi, fusum, pour or 
 scatter apart. 
 
 digrnor, ari, atus sum, deem worthy. 
 
 dig-nus, a, um. adj. worthy (gov's aW.). 
 
 dilectus, a, um, adj. beloved, dear 
 (diligo). 
 
 dimitto, ere, misi, missum, send away 
 or in different directions (dis, mitto). 
 
 dirigfo, ere, rexi, rectum, direct. 
 dirus, a, um, adj. fearful, terrible. 
 disco, ere, didici, no sup. leant. 
 discrimen, inis, n. that which divides; 
 critical moment, danger (diacerno). 
 
 discumbo, 6re, fQbui, oQbltum, lie 
 loosely; recline. 
 
 disicio, ere, ieci, iectum, Jling apart ; 
 scatter. 
 
 disiungro, ere, xi, ctum, disjoin, sepa- 
 rate. 
 
 dispello, gre, pOli, pulsum, drive 
 apart. 
 
 dissimdlo, ai-e, avi, atum, hide, con- 
 ceal. 
 
 distendo, 
 
 cause to swell 
 
 ere, di, tum, stretch out, 
 out. 
 
 diu, adv. for a long time. 
 diva, ae, f. goddess. 
 
 diversus, a, um, adj. different (dis. 
 verto). ' 
 
 dives, rtis, comp. ditior, superl. ditis- 
 simus, adj. rich. 
 
 divido, ere, visi, visum, divide. 
 
 divinus, a, um, adj. divine. 
 
 divus, i. m. deity (gen. i>Iur. often 
 divom). 
 
 do, dare, dedi, datum, give; givefm-th • 
 place (SiSiufxi). ' 
 
 doceo, Sre, ui, doctum, teach, instruct 
 (StSdaKU}). 
 
 doleo, Cre, fli, Itum, grieve; am angry. 
 
 dolor, oris, m. grief; indignation. 
 
 dolus, i, m. guile (ooAo?). 
 
 dominor, ari, atus sum, hold sway. 
 
 dominus, i, m. master, lord. 
 
 domus, lis (locative domi), f. house 
 (66m os). 
 
 donSc, conj. until. 
 
 donum, i, n. gift (do). 
 
 dorsum, i, n. hack, ridge. 
 
 dubius, a, um, adj. doubtful. 
 
 duco, ere, xi, ctum, draw, lead, draw 
 out. 
 
 ductor, oris, m. leader. 
 
 dulcis, e, adj. sweet. 
 
 dum, conj. while; until. 
 
 duplex, icis, adj. two-fold, double (duo, 
 plico). 
 
 dUTO, are, avi, atum, make ard ; en- 
 dure. 
 
 durus, a, um, adj. hard; cruel. 
 dvix, dOcis, m. leader. 
 
 B. 
 e, ex, prep, with abl. from, out of. 
 ebur, Oris, n. ivory. 
 educo, ere, xi, ctum, lead out. 
 
 
106 
 
 VOCAfiULARY. 
 
 M :', 
 
 eflflcio, Cre, fOci, fectum, make, com- 
 plete. 
 
 efifodio, Cre, fodi, fossum, diff out. 
 
 efit'undo, Cre, fudi, f usum, pour forth. 
 
 6geo, Cre, ui, no sup. am needy. 
 
 dg'enus, a, adj. needy, in want of 
 (with yen.). 
 
 S^6, pers. pron. / (eyui). 
 
 egrSdior, sredi, gressus sum, go out ; 
 go out from. 
 
 egr6gi\xa, a, um, adj. distinguished 
 ("out of the common herd"; e and grex). 
 
 eicio, ure, ieci, iectum, cast out. 
 
 elabor, i, lapsus sum, glide out, slip 
 from. 
 
 emitto, ere, misi, missum, send out. 
 
 en, interj. lo! 
 
 6nim, conj. for. 
 
 eo, Ire, Ivi or li, Itum, go. 
 
 eodem, adv. to the same place. 
 
 epiUum, i, n. very rare; 6pulae, 
 arum, f. plur. feast, banquet. 
 
 dquidem, adv. verily, truly. 
 
 equus, i, m. horse (iTrn-os). 
 
 ergo, adv. therefore. 
 
 eripio, ere, Oi, reptum, snatch away, 
 forth (e, rapio). 
 
 erro, are, avi, atum, wander. 
 
 error, oris, m. wandering. 
 
 erumpo, 6re, rupi, ruptum, burst 
 forth; burst forth from. 
 
 6t, conj. and; even; et . . . et, both. . . 
 and. 
 
 eti.am, conj. also. 
 
 everto, ere, ti, sum, overthrotv. 
 
 ex, see e. 
 
 exactus, a, um, accurate, exact. 
 
 exanimus, a, um, adj. breathless, 
 lifeless. 
 exaudio, ire, ivi, Itum, hear. 
 excedo, ere, cessi, cessum, go forth. 
 
 excldium, Ti, n. destruction. 
 
 excido, Sre, cidi, no sup. fall out (ex, 
 cado). 
 
 excido, Sre, cIdi, olsum, cut or hew 
 
 out (ex, caedo). 
 
 excipio, ere, cepi, ceptum, take from 
 some one else ; take in turn. 
 
 excudo, ere, di, sum, strike out. 
 
 excutio, fere, cussi, cussum, shake ofi. 
 
 ex6o, ire, li or ivi, Itum, go out. 
 
 exerceo, ere, ui, itum, keep busy; 
 busy oneself at, practise. 
 
 exhaurio, ire, hausi, haustum, drink 
 up ; drain. 
 
 exig'O, 6re, egi, actum, lead out ; com- 
 plete, bring to an end. 
 
 eximo, ere, emi, emptum, take away. 
 
 exp6dio, ire, ivi or li, Itum, set free ; 
 make ready (ex, pes). 
 
 expello, ore, pOli, pulsum, drive out. 
 
 experior, Iri, pertus sum, try ; test. 
 
 expleo, Cre, plGvi, pletum, fill up. 
 
 explore, are, avi, atum, search out. 
 
 exsero, -serCre, -serui, -sertum, put 
 forth, make bare, uncover. 
 
 exspiro, are, avi, atum, breathe forth. 
 
 extemplo, adv. forthwith, at once. 
 
 extremus, a, um, superl. adj. out- 
 most ; utmost, last. 
 
 exiio, 6re, Gi, utum, put off. 
 
 exuro, ere, ussi, ustum, bum up. 
 
 P. 
 
 fdiCies, ei, f . face ; appearance, form. 
 
 facilis, e, adj. easy. 
 
 fd.cio, 6re, feci, factum, do; mal-e; 
 cause. Passive flo, fieri, factus sum, am 
 made ; become. 
 
 factum, i, n. deed. 
 
 fallo, ere, fefelli, falsum, make to err, 
 deceive (<r</)aAA(«»). 
 
 falSils, », um, adj. false. 
 
 f&ma, ae, f. report, rwrHour (fari,<^jj/*7j). 
 
VOCAflULARV. 
 
 107 
 
 t&m&e, is, f. hunqer. 
 
 famiilus, i, m. and famula, ae, f. 
 servant. 
 
 fandus, a, um, gerund of fari, fit to 
 bespoken; right, 
 
 fas, n. indecl. divine law ; what is law- 
 ful. 
 
 fastigrium, li, n. gable roof, roof; 
 point. 
 
 fateor, Cri, fasaus sum, confess. 
 
 f&tig-o, are, avi, iitum, make weary; 
 harass. 
 
 fatisco, 6re, no pert, or sup. gape, 
 break into cracks. 
 
 fatum, i, n. that which is spoken ; 
 oracle ; fate (fari). 
 
 fatur, 3rd sing. pres. ind. of v. defect, 
 fari. fatus sum, speak. 
 
 ft.^eo, ere, favi, fautum, am favour- 
 able. 
 
 fax, facis, f. torch. 
 
 felix, Icis, adj. happy ; propitious. 
 
 femina, ae, f. woman. 
 
 fera, ae, f . wiM beast (ferus). 
 
 fSrina, ae, f. flesh of wild beast ; veni- 
 son (really f. adj., caro being supplied). 
 
 ferio. Ire, no perf. or sup. strike. 
 
 fero, ferre, tflli, latum, hear,' carry, 
 bring ; say, relate; se ferre, advance. 
 
 ferox, ocis, adj. fierce. 
 
 ferrum, i, n. iron ; sword. 
 
 ferveo, ere, ferbui, no sup. am aglow. 
 
 fessus, a, um, adj. weary. 
 
 fetxis, a, um, adj. pregnant, filled 
 with. 
 
 fetus, us, m. offspring. 
 
 fides, ei, t. faith ; honour (niO-, jtio-tis). 
 
 fiducia, ae, f. confidence. 
 
 fidus, a, um, adj. faithful. 
 
 figro, 6re, xi, xum, fix ; fasten. 
 
 filius, ii, m. son. 
 
 finis, is, m. end ; in plur. boundaries. 
 
 flo, see facio. 
 
 fl&erro, are, avi, :.tum, blaze (4>\iyu). 
 
 flamma, ae, f. fiame (<ft\iyui). 
 
 flammo, are, avi, atum, set on fire. 
 
 flaviis, a, um, adj. yellow. 
 
 flecto, ere, xi, xum, bend, turn. 
 
 florSus, a, um, adj. flowery. 
 
 flos, floris, m. flower. 
 
 fluctus, us, m. joave. 
 
 flumen, Inis, n. river. 
 
 fluo, ere, fluxi, fluxum, flow. 
 
 fluvius, ii, m. stream. 
 
 foedus, Cris, n. bond of faith, treaty 
 (fidus, fides). 
 
 folium, ii, n, leaf((t>v\\oi'). 
 fomes. Itis, m. touch-wood, tinder. 
 fons, tis, m. fountain. 
 foris, is, f. door (0vpa). 
 forma, ae, f. form, shape ; beauty. 
 fors, f. chance, used only in nom. and 
 abl. forte by chance (fero). 
 
 forsan, adv. perchance, perhaps. 
 
 fortis, e, adj. brave. 
 
 fortuna, ae, f./or«Mn«. 
 
 fortunatus, a, um, adj. having good 
 fortune, lucky. 
 
 foveo, ere, fovi, fotum, cherish; fondle, 
 tr&gor, oris, m. breaking, crash 
 
 fragrro, are,''avi, no sup. am of sweet 
 smell, scented. 
 
 frangro, 6re, fregi, fractum, In-eak 
 iprtyvvfii). 
 
 fremo, Sre, ui, Itum, roar, shout 
 
 freno, are, avi, atum, control with 
 reins; curb. 
 
 frSquens, ntis, adj. crowded, in 
 crowds. 
 
 fr^tum, i, n. strait ; poetically the sea. 
 frigrus, 6ri8. n. coM coZvocV 
 frondeus, a, um, adj. leafy. 
 frons, tis, f. forehead ; front. 
 
108 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 ft*ustra, adv. in vain (fraas). 
 fY*ustum, i, n. jnece, morsel. 
 (ftrux, gis) f. mostly in plur. fruges, 
 fruit of the earth, grain, corn, 
 
 fucus, i, m. drone. 
 
 fdga, ae, f. flight. 
 
 fdffio, 6re, fugi, fOgltum, flee ; escape 
 
 fClgro, are, avi, atum, put to flight. 
 
 fulmen, Inis, n. thumierbolt. 
 
 fulvus, a, urn, adj. yellow, tawny. 
 
 funale, is, n. thing made of rope; 
 torch (funis). 
 
 fundamentum, i, n. foundation. 
 
 fundo, 6re, f udi, f usum, pour ; spread 
 out. 
 
 funus, eris, n. funeral, death. 
 
 filriae, arum, f. olur. rage, madness. 
 
 fiiro, 6re, ili, no 8i\p. ravt, rage. 
 
 fCiror, oris, m. rage, madness. 
 
 gr&lSa, ae, f. helmet. 
 gaudeo, ere, gavlsus sum, rejoice 
 (YTjflew). 
 
 eraudium, ii, n. joy. 
 
 gaza, ae, f. treasure (yd^a, a Persian 
 word). 
 
 Grdminus, a, um, adj. twin. 
 
 gexnitUB, us, m. groan, roar. 
 
 gemma, ae, f. jewel. 
 
 gemo, Cre, ui, Itum, groan ; groan for, 
 lament. 
 
 gendtrix, icis, f. mother (gigno). 
 
 genitor, oris, m. father. 
 
 gens, tis, f. family, race. 
 
 gSnu, iis, n. knee (voi'v). 
 
 gdnus, firis, n. race, kin (ye'vos). 
 
 germanus, i, m. full brother ; ger- 
 mana, ae, f . full sister. 
 
 ggro, 6re, gessi, gestum, carry, wear ; 
 carry on. 
 
 gesto, are, avi, atum, keep carrying ; 
 wear. 
 
 gigno, 6re, gSnui, gCnltum, bring 
 forth, bear (yiyvofiai). 
 
 glaeba, ae, f. clod. 
 glomdro, are, avi, atum, form into a 
 ball ', gather together. 
 
 gr&dior, i, gressus sum, step, ad- 
 vance. 
 
 gr&dus, us, m. step. 
 grandaevus, a, um, adj. of great 
 age. 
 
 grates, ium, f. thanks. 
 
 gr&vls, e, adj. heavy ; weighty ; heavy 
 with child ($apvi). 
 
 gr&vlter, adv. heavily, vehemently. 
 
 gremium ii, n. bosom, lap. 
 
 gressus, us, m. step. 
 
 gurges, Itis, m. whirlpool, 
 
 gusto, are, avi, atum, taste. 
 
 h&bena, ae, f. the holding thing, rein 
 (habeo). 
 
 h&beo, 5re, tii, Itum, have, hold ; re- 
 gard. 
 
 h&bilis, e, adj. easily handled, handy. 
 
 h&bitus, iis, m. a holding one's self, 
 bearing ; dress, garb. 
 
 hac, sc. via, adv. by this way. 
 
 haereo, ere, si, sum, cling, remain 
 steadfast. 
 
 halo, are, avi, atum, am fragrant. 
 
 hd.rena, (also arena) ae, f. sand, shore. 
 
 hasta, ae, f. spear. 
 
 hastile, is, n. spear-shaft. 
 
 baud, adv. not at all ; not. 
 
 haurio, ire, hausi, haustum, drink 
 up. 
 
 herba, ae, f. grass. 
 
 berOS, ois, Tii. hero (^pu>$). 
 
 beu, irterj. atos/ 
 
 :1 -t 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 109 
 
 heus, interj. ho ! 
 
 hibemus, a, um, adj. wintry ; hi- 
 berna (sc. castra) as subst. winter camp 
 (hieras). 
 
 hie, adv. here ; hereupon. 
 
 hie, haee, hoe, dem. pron. this. 
 
 hiemps, (==hiem8) hICmis, f. icinter, 
 storm (xtiniuf). 
 
 hinc, adv. hence, from hence ; hence- 
 forth; hinc... hinc, 07i the one side... 
 on the other ; of cause, heiice. 
 
 hdmo, Inis, m. man. 
 
 honos, or honor, oris, m. honour ; 
 offerinff. 
 
 horreo, ere, no perf. or sup. am 
 rou(jh, bristle. 
 
 horrldus, a, um, adj. bristling, 
 dreadful, grim. 
 
 hospes, Itis, m. and f. host, guest. 
 
 hospitium, li, n. hospitality, welcome. 
 
 hostia, ae, f. victim. 
 
 hostis, is, m. stranger, enemy. 
 
 hue, adv. hither. 
 
 human us, a, um, adj. behnging to 
 men, human (homo). 
 
 hiimus, i, f. ground ; humi is the 
 • locative case used adverbially, on the 
 ground (\aixai). 
 
 hsnnenaeus, i, m. wedlock. 
 
 l&eeo, ere, ai, Uum, lie, am prostrate. 
 
 iacto, are, avi, atum, keep throwing, 
 toss, move up and down; se iactare, 
 boast (iacio). 
 
 i&eiilor, ari, atus sum, fling, hurl. 
 iam, adv. already. 
 
 iamdudum, adv. some time since or 
 ago. 
 
 lampridem, adv. long since or ago. 
 
 ibidem, adv. in the same place. 
 
 idem, eadem, Idem, pron. same. 
 
 ignarus, a, um, adj. not knowing, 
 ignorant. 
 
 igrnavus, a, um, adj. lazy. 
 iffnis, is, n). fire. 
 
 ifirnobllis, e, adj. u»iArnomi, m^tan 
 (in ; (jr)nohili8). 
 
 Igndtus, a, um, adj. unknown (in, 
 (g)no8co). 
 
 llle, a, illud, dem. pron. tliat ; that 
 famous ; that man. 
 
 illie, adv. there. 
 
 illido, 6re, lisi, lisum, dash against 
 or on. 
 
 imagro, Inis, f. phantom ; /(irw(imitor 
 =miinitor). 
 
 imber, bris, m. rain ; water. 
 
 immineo, ere, no perf. or sup. over- 
 hang. 
 
 immd, adv. 7iay rather. 
 
 impSrium, i, n. military command ; 
 empire (impero). 
 
 imus, a, um, adj. used as superl. of 
 infdrus, lowest. 
 
 in, prep, with ace. towards, into, 
 against ; with abl. in, on. 
 
 inanis, e, adj. empty 
 
 ineautus, a, um, adj. not taking pre- 
 cautions, careless. 
 
 incedo, ere, cessi, cessum, move, ad- 
 vviVfie. 
 
 inoendiima, ii, n, burning, fire. 
 
 ineendo, ere, di, sum, kindle, fire. 
 
 inceptum, i, n, beginning; design 
 (incipio). 
 
 incessus, us, m. gait. 
 
 incipio, ere, cepi, ceptum, begin. 
 
 incognitus, a, um, adj. unknou^. 
 
 inconcessus, a, um, adj. not granted, 
 forbidden. 
 
 incrdpito, are, avi, atum, make a 
 noise at, challenge. 
 
 incubo, are, ui, Itum, lie upon; 
 brood over. 
 
 
 inc\iltus, a, um, adj. uticultivated ; 
 I desert. 
 
110 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 i i 
 
 incumbo, Cre, cubui, no Bup. settle 
 upon ; bear down upon. 
 
 lllCUSO, are, avi, atiiin, blame (in ; 
 cauHa). 
 
 incxitio, Cre, cussi, cussum, strike 
 into ; datih into (>n, quatio). 
 
 ind6, aflv. thence ; after that. 
 
 indico, Ore, xi, ctum, proclaim. 
 
 indlg'nor, ari, atus sum, think un- 
 worth}! ; am wrathful. 
 
 indlio, ere, ni, fitum, put 07i. 
 
 inermis,e, adj. wnormcd (in, armum). 
 
 infandus, a, um, adj. unutterable ; 
 awful (in, fari). 
 
 infelix, icis, adj. unhappy. 
 
 infero, ferre, tnli, latum, bring in; 
 se inferre, enter. 
 
 infigo, Cre, xi, xum, fix on. 
 
 ing^mino, are, avi, atuni, redouble. 
 
 ingdmo, Cre, ui, no sup. groan. 
 
 ingens, tis, adj. huge. 
 
 inhumatus, a, um, adj. unbtiried. 
 
 inimicus, a, um, adj. unfriendly. 
 
 iniquus, a, um, adj. unfair, hostile 
 (in, aequus). 
 
 iniuria, ae, f. injustice, %vrong. 
 
 inlido, Cre, si, sum, dash into or upon. 
 
 inmaniS, e, adj. huge, vnxt, mon- 
 strous ; tvicked (in, and root of nietior). 
 
 inmitis, e, adj. not gentle, fierce. 
 
 inraotUS, a, um, adj. unmoved. 
 
 inpar, is, adj. unequal. 
 
 inpello, Cre, ptili, pulsum, push. 
 
 inpigrer, gra, grum, adj. not indolent, 
 vigorous. 
 
 inpius, a, um, adj. unholy. 
 
 inpleo, Cre, Cvi, etum, fill up. 
 
 inplico, are, ui, or avi, Itum or atum, 
 enfold, wrap in. 
 
 inpono, Cre, p5stti, pSsitum, place on. 
 
 iiiprovisus, a, uru, u,dj. utifureseen. 
 
 inquam, v. defect, say; inquit, says he. 
 
 iniigo, are, &vi, atum, convey water 
 to, irrigate. 
 
 insclus, a, um, adj. ignorant. 
 
 inscribo, Cre, psi, ptum, write on. 
 
 insfiquor, i, aecutus sum, follow. 
 
 Insidiae, arum, f. ambush, plot (in, 
 sedeo). 
 
 insido, Cre, sCdi, sessum, settle on. 
 
 Inaignis, e, adj. marked out, distin- 
 guished., 
 
 inspire, are, avi, atum, breathe in. 
 
 insto, are, stlti, statum, press on. 
 
 instriiO, Cre, xi, ctum, bxiild up, equip. 
 
 insula, ae, f. island (in, salio). 
 
 insuper, adv. on the top. 
 
 intactus, a, um, adj. untouched ; 
 virgin. 
 
 intento, are, avi, atum, direct agaimt, 
 threaten. 
 
 inter, prep, with ace. among. 
 
 interdum, adv. sometimes. 
 
 interna, adv. meanwhile. 
 
 (interfor), fari, fatus sum, interrupt. 
 
 interior, ius, comp. adj. inner (intus). 
 
 intimus, a, um, superl. adj. inmost. 
 
 intono, are, fti, no sup. thunder. 
 
 intra, prep, with ace. within. 
 
 intractabilis, e, adj. hard to deal 
 with. 
 
 introgrSdior, i, gressus sum, enter in. 
 
 intus, adv. from within, within 
 (evToi;). 
 
 inveho, Cre, xi, ctum, bear in or on ; 
 in passive, ride. 
 
 invisus, a, um, adj. hated (invideo). 
 
 invius, a, um, adj. pathless. 
 
 ipse, a, um, pron. self; him-, her-, it- 
 self 
 
 ira, ae, f. anger. 
 
 iter, ItlnCris, n. road, journey. 
 
 lubeo, Sre, iussi, iussum, bid, coin'' 
 mand. 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 Ill 
 
 indicium, ii, n. judgment. 
 
 liigro, are, avi, atuni, yoke, join 
 (f«uyi/i;/ui iunjfo). 
 
 liififum, i, n. that which joint ; yoke. ; 
 mountainridge (iungo ; ivy6v). 
 
 iungro, 6re,nxi, nct\im,join(CtvyvvtJii). 
 
 ius. Oris, n. right ; law ; ordinance. 
 
 iussum, i, n. command. 
 
 iussus, us, m. com,mand. 
 
 iustltia, ae, f. justice. 
 
 iustus, a, um, adj. ju8t. 
 
 iiivSnls, is, in. and f. originally mI\ 
 young, then used aa subst. youth, young 
 man. 
 
 Kiventa, ae, f. youth. 
 
 Wventus, utis, f. youth; body of 
 young men. 
 
 iiivo, are, iuvi, intuni, asgint ; hivat 
 impersonally, it delights. 
 
 L. 
 
 Wbor, oris, m. toil ; trouble ; work. 
 
 labor, i, lapsus sum, glide. 
 
 laboro, are, avi, atum, toil; make 
 tmth toil. 
 
 lAcrlma, ae, f. tear (SdKpvop). 
 lAcrimor, ari, atus sum, weep. 
 laedo, 6re, si, sum, httrt, injure. 
 laetitia, ae, f. gladness. 
 laetor, an, atus sum, rejoice. 
 laetus, H, um, adj. glad ; joyous. 
 laevus, a, um, adj. on the left; 
 laeva, ae, f. (sc. manus) left hand {\a,6^). 
 lapis, idis, m. stone. 
 
 laquear and laqueare, is, n. j ^nted 
 ceiling (lacus). 
 
 largrus, a, um, adj. plentiful, abund- 
 ant. 
 
 late, adv. far and ivide. 
 
 lateo, ere, Qi, no sup. lie hid (AavOdpu,). 
 
 l&tex, IciSj m. liquid, wine. 
 
 -H-„f53i a, um, adj. broad. 
 
 I&tus, 6ris, n. side. 
 
 laua, dis, f. praise, renown. 
 
 laxus, a, unj, adj. loose. 
 
 Ifjgp, Cre, Uxi, lectuni, choose (\iyu,). 
 
 lenio, Ire, Ivi or ii, Itum, soothe. 
 
 16vls, e, adj. light. 
 
 16vo, are, avi, atum, make light; 
 easy ; remove. 
 
 lex, ICgis, f. law. 
 
 liber, bri, ni. book. 
 
 libo, are, avi, alum, take small portion 
 of, touch, taste ; pour a libation. 
 
 licet, ere, uit and llcltum est, v. im- 
 personal, it is allowed, lawful (lex), 
 limen, Inis, n. threshold. 
 linquo, Cre, llqui, no sup. leave. 
 liquor, i, no. perf. jlow, am liquid. 
 litus. Oris, n. shore. 
 loco, are, avi, atum, place. 
 
 locus, i, m. plur. loci and loca, place 
 position. * 
 
 longe, adv. afar. 
 
 longrus, a, um, adj. long. 
 
 loquor, i, lOcutus sum, speak ; say. 
 
 lorum. i, n. thong. 
 
 luctor, ari, atus sum, struggle. 
 
 lucus, i, m. grove. 
 
 ludo, 6re, si, sum, play ; treat play- 
 fully, mock. 
 
 lumen, Inis, n. light (=lucmen, luceo. 
 lux). 
 
 luna, ae, f. nioo7i (=lucna). 
 
 lunatus, a, um, adj. moon-shaved- 
 crescent-shaped. ' 
 
 Wo, ere, i, Itum get rid of; atone for 
 expiate (Aiiw). ' 
 
 lapa, ae, f. she-wolf (\vK0i). 
 
 lustro, are, avi, atum, go round ; tra- 
 verse ; survey, 
 
 lustrum, i, n. expiatory offering • 
 purification ; a solemn purification held 
 at Rome by the Censors every five years ; 
 a space of five years. 
 
 lux, ucis, L light. 
 
 11 
 
 < 
 
I •] 
 
 112 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 i , ii; 
 
 luxus, fi8, III. luxury. 
 lychnus, i, m. lamp {Kvxvok). 
 lympha, ae, f. water. 
 lynx, ci8, f. lynx (\vy()- 
 
 M. 
 
 m&ci^ddSUB, ft, uin, adj. spotted. 
 
 maereo, ore, no perf. or suj). mourn. 
 
 maeatus, a, uin, adj. sad. 
 
 magralia, ium, n. plur. Mils. 
 
 m&gri's, oonip. adv. more. 
 
 xn&giBtGr, tri, m. manter ; of a ship, 
 pilot. 
 
 xa&gistr&tus, (is, m. magistrate. 
 
 magn&nimus, a, um, adj. great- 
 aouh'd. 
 
 magnus, a, um, adj. great ; comp. 
 maior ; superl. maximus {tiiya<i). 
 
 md.lus, a, um, adj. had, evil \ vomx*. 
 peior ; superl. pessimus. 
 
 mamma, ae, f. breast. 
 
 m&lieo, ere, maiisi, mansum, remain. 
 
 matltele, is, n. napkin (manus). 
 
 maaus, us, f. hand. 
 
 m&re, is, n. sea. 
 
 mater, tris, f. mother (fxjJTr/p). 
 
 IE.atu.ro, are, avi, atum, perforia in 
 good time ; hasten. 
 
 maximus, see magnus. 
 
 mfeditor, ari, atus suni, ponder over ; 
 plan. 
 
 m>)d!us, a, um, adj. middle, in the 
 midt le (/ixeo-os). 
 
 mol, mellis, n. honey. 
 
 membrum, i, n. limb. 
 
 m5m!ni, isse, remember (mens). 
 
 mfimor, firis, adj. mindful. 
 
 memoro, are, avi, atum, relate. 
 
 mens, tis, f. mind (cf. moneo). 
 
 mensa, ae, f. table. 
 
 mensiS, is, m. month (jurji'). 
 
 mercor, ari, atus sum, buy (merx). 
 
 mdrltum, \, n. merit, de$ert. 
 mdrus, a, um, a«lj. alone, pure; 
 m6rum, i, n. undiluted wine. 
 
 meta, ae, f. coni'-shapetl column 
 placed at the end o( the course in the 
 circus; ^700/, limit. 
 
 mdtCiO, Cre, ui, Mum, fear. 
 
 rafitus, us, ni. /ear. 
 
 m^US, a, um, poss. adj. my. 
 
 mico, are, ui, no sup. move quickly to 
 and fro \ glitter. 
 
 mlUe, num. adj. inded. a thousand ; 
 as subst. n. with plur. milia thousands. 
 
 minister, tri, m. attendant. 
 
 ministro, are, avi, atun;, serve, 
 supply. 
 
 minor, ari, atus sum, jut forth ; 
 threaten. 
 
 minor, us, adj. comp. of parvus, less ; 
 minor^s, as subst. those ttho are 
 younger. 
 
 minus, comp. adv. less, 
 
 mirabilis, e, adj. wonderful. 
 
 miror, ari, atus sum, wonder ; wonder 
 at. 
 
 nairus, a, um, adj. wonderful. 
 
 misceo, ere, ui, mistum and mixtum, 
 mingle ; conj'ound (f^iyi/vjui). 
 
 miser, era, erum, adj. superl. miserri- 
 nius, wretched. 
 
 mlsSrabilis, e, adi.pitiable, wretched. 
 
 miseror, ari, atus sam, pity. 
 
 mitesco, fere, no perf. or sup. grow 
 mild ov gentle. 
 
 mitto, ere, misi, missum, send. 
 
 naodd, adv. only. 
 
 modus, i, m, manner. 
 
 moenia, ium, n. plur. walls, a for- 
 tress (munio). 
 
 moles, is, f. mass ; difficulty. 
 
 molior, Iri, Itus sum, perform ivith 
 toil or effort; build, rear; attempt 
 (moles). 
 
rt. 
 
 mf, pure ; 
 
 \e. 
 
 ?d column 
 Lirse in the 
 
 e quickly to 
 
 thousand ; 
 \ou8andii. 
 
 It. 
 
 unx, serve, 
 
 jut forth ; 
 
 larvuH, lens ; 
 ! uho are 
 
 'ul. 
 
 ler ; wonder 
 
 ful. 
 
 nd mixtum, 
 
 erl. miaerrl- 
 
 le, toretched. 
 
 ty. 
 
 r sup. groio 
 
 iend. 
 
 mils, a foT' 
 
 'ty. 
 
 rform with 
 
 r ; attempt 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 113 
 
 molllo, Ire, Ivl or fi, itum, go/ten. 
 
 mollis, e, adj. Hoft. 
 
 mdnile, is, n. necklace. 
 
 mons, tis, III. tmuntain. 
 
 monetro, are, avi, atum, ghow. 
 
 m6ra, ae, f. delay, 
 
 mdror, ari, atu8 Hum, delay, 
 
 mora, tis, t, death. 
 
 morsue, us, m. bite (mordeo). 
 
 mortails, e, £wlj. mortal, human, 
 
 moa, njoris, ni. custom, 
 mdveo, Cre, movi, motum, mave. 
 mulceo, Cre, mulsi, niulsum, soothe. 
 multua, a, um, adj. much, many a ; 
 in plur. many; multum, a<Jv. much, 
 munio, ire, Ivi or ii, ituni,/or<i/j/. 
 munua, eris, n. gijt. 
 murmur, oris, n. murmur. 
 murus, i, m, wall, 
 
 muto, are, avi, atum, cha7ige; ex- 
 change. 
 
 N. 
 nam, namqud, conj. for. 
 
 nascor, i, natus sum, am born ( = 
 gnascor, yiyvofiai.), 
 
 natus, i, m. son; nata, ae, f. 
 daughter ; natl, children. 
 
 navigro, are, avi, atum, sail; sail 
 over, 
 
 navis, is, f. ship (foCs). 
 ne, conj. lest. 
 
 -n6, interrogative particle appended to 
 other words. 
 
 n6bula, ae, f. mist (nubes, j'e'^os). 
 
 nee, see neque. 
 
 necdum, conj. tior yet, 
 
 nectar, aris, n. the drink of the gods, 
 nectar, 
 
 necto, fire, xui, xum, weave. 
 
 nefandus, a, um, adj. unutterable ; 
 impious. 
 
 nSmus, Cris, n. grove, 
 
 nfiqud or nee, conj. neither, nar, 
 
 nSquSo, Ire, Ivi or il, ttuni, am unable. 
 
 nesclo, Ire, Ivi or ii, itum, am ijno- 
 rant of. 
 
 nesclus, a, um, twlj. ignorant, 
 
 neu = ncve, conj. and that. ..not, nor, 
 and lest, or lest. 
 
 ni, conj. -:. nisi, if not, unless. 
 
 plger, gra, grum, adj. black. 
 
 nihil or nil, nihlli, n. nothing (ne, 
 hilum, not a bit), 
 
 nimbosus, a, um, adj. stormy. 
 
 nimbus, i, m. raindoud. 
 
 niteo, Ore, ui, no sup. am bright. 
 
 niv6ua, a, um, adj. snotcy (nix). 
 
 no, nare, navi, no sup. sioim (vim). 
 
 nodus, i, m. knot. 
 
 nomen, Inis, n. name (nosco). 
 
 non, adv. not (cf. vr^., no-, noenum, 
 Eng. no, Ger. nein). 
 
 noster, tra, trum, pronominal adj. 
 our. 
 
 notus, a um, adj. well-known. 
 
 novem, cardinal num. adj. nine. 
 
 novitas, atis, f. newness. 
 
 novus, a, um, adj. new (veo^), 
 
 nox, noctis, f. night (vv^). 
 
 noxa, a, f. guilt. 
 
 nubes, is, f. cloud (i/e^os). 
 
 nudo, are, avi, atum, lay bare. 
 
 nudus, a, um, adj. bare, 
 
 nullus, a, um, a<lj. not any, no, 
 
 mimen, Inis, n. nod; divine will: 
 deity, 
 
 numerus, i, m. number. 
 
 nunc, adv. now {vvv). 
 
 nuntio, are, avi, atum, announce. 
 
 nutrimentum, i, n. nouriskment, 
 
 food. 
 
 nutrix, icis, f. nurse (nutrio;. 
 
114 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 I'M 
 
 hi 
 h" 
 
 .1" . ': 
 
 .1^ 
 
 o. 
 
 O, interj. ! 
 
 ob, prep, with ace. on account of. 
 
 objectus, us, m. a throwing across ; 
 barrier (ob, iacio). 
 
 oblatus, see offero. 
 
 obruo, 6re, id, Qtum, overwhelm. 
 
 obscurus, a, um, adj. shady, obscure. 
 
 Obsto, are, stiti, statum, with dat. 
 stand in the way, hinder. 
 
 Obstiipesco, &re, sttkpui, no sup. 
 become amazed, confounded. 
 
 obtundo, 6re, tOdi, tusum or tun- 
 sum, rnake blunt or dull, insensible. 
 
 obtutus, us, ni. gaze (ob, tueor). 
 
 Obvius, a, um, adj. in the way, 
 opposite. 
 
 occasus, lis, ni. fall, destruction. 
 
 OCCiibo, are, no perf. or sup. lie (in 
 the grave). 
 
 OCCiilo, fire, ui, cultum, hide (ob, celo). 
 
 OCCUmbo, 6re, cftbui, cttbltum,/aM 
 (esp. in death). 
 
 occurro, fire, i, cursum, run against, 
 thwart. 
 
 ocdanus, i, m. ocean (wKcafot). 
 
 ociilus, i, m. eye. 
 
 odium, ii, n. hate. 
 
 odor, oris, m. scev.t (6^<o). 
 
 oflfero, ferre, obtQli, obl3,tum, put 
 before, present, 
 
 ofiT icium, ii, n. duty ; act of courtesy. 
 
 ollni, adv. at that time ; some day , 
 hereafter ; formerly ( = ollim from o!Ie, 
 ille). 
 
 Olli, old fonn=illi, dat. of ille. 
 
 omen, Inis, n. omen. 
 
 omnlpotens, tis, adj. almighty. 
 
 omnia, e, adj. all. 
 
 onero, are, avi, atum, load, 
 
 onus, firis, n. burden. 
 
 onustus, a, um, adj. laden. 
 
 opimus, a, um, adj. rich, fertile, 
 
 opp6rior, iri, pfirltus and pertus sum, 
 await. 
 
 oppeto, fire, Ivi or ii, Itum, go to 
 seek ; then with mortem understood, die. 
 
 opprimo, fire, pressi, pressum, crush, 
 overwhelm. 
 
 [ops], fipis, f. aid, power; in plur. 
 opes, opum, wealth. 
 
 opto, are, avi, atum, desire. 
 
 opiilentus, a, um, adj. wealthy. 
 
 opus, firis, n. work, 
 
 6ra, ae, f. shore, coast. 
 
 orbis, is, m. circle ; the (round) world. 
 
 ordior, iri, orsus sum, begirt. 
 
 ordo, Inis, m. order, row. 
 
 oriens, ntis (sol), the rising sun, the 
 East. 
 
 origo Inis, f. source, beginning, 
 
 orior, iri, ortus sum, v. dep. arise, 
 
 ornatus, Qs, m. decoration. 
 
 OS, oris, n. mouth ; face. 
 
 OS, ossis, n. bone (oareov). 
 
 OSCiUum, i, n. little mouth ; lips ; 
 kiss. 
 
 OStendo, fire, di, pum and turn, show 
 (ob, tendo). 
 
 ostium, ii, n. mouth (of river). 
 
 ostrum. i, n, purple, 
 
 P. 
 
 pabiilum, i, n. food, pasture (pasco). 
 paenitet, fire, Git, it repents. 
 palla, ae, f. loose shawl, robe. 
 pallidus, a, um, adj. pale. 
 palma, ae, f. palm (of the hand) 
 
 (iraMiXT)), 
 
 pando, fire di, pansum and passum, 
 02)en ; passuE , of the hair, flung loose, 
 disi.^velled. 
 
 par, paris, adj. equal. 
 
 parco, fire, pfirperci, parcltum or par- 
 j auiD, with dat. spare ; cease. 
 
fertile. 
 ertus sum, 
 
 um, go to 
 stood, die. 
 um, cruth, 
 
 ; in plur. 
 
 althy. 
 
 nd) world. 
 
 iff suTi, the 
 
 ing. 
 
 iep. arise. 
 
 ih ; lips ; 
 tum, show 
 iver). 
 
 re (pasco). 
 
 ts. 
 
 >e. 
 
 the hand) 
 
 d passum, 
 iiiiff loose, 
 
 um or par- 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 115 
 
 p&rens, tis, m. and f. parent. 
 
 paroo, ere, Qi, Itum, with dat. obey. 
 
 pfi.r.io, ere, pgpdri, partum, produce, 
 bring forth. 
 
 p&riter, adv. equally. 
 paima, ae, f. a small shield. 
 p&ro, are, avi, atum, make ready. 
 pars, tis, f. part ; often = some. 
 partior, iri, itus sum, dimde. 
 partxis, us, m. bringing Jorth, birth. 
 parvus, a, um, adj. small', coniR, 
 minor, sup. minimus. 
 
 pabCO, 6re, pavi, pastum,/eed. 
 
 passus, see pando. 
 
 p&teo, ere, tti, no sup. am open. 
 
 p&ter, tris, m. father [irayrip). 
 
 p&tdra, ae, f. open goblet, cup (pateo). 
 
 p&tior, pati, passus sum, suffer, en- 
 dure (navxo)). 
 
 pfttria, ae, f . fatherland. 
 
 patrlus, a, um, adj. belonging to a 
 father. 
 
 paucus, a, um, adj., small; in plur. 
 few. 
 
 paulatim, adv. little by little. 
 
 pax, pacis, f. peace. 
 
 pectus, dris, n. breast. 
 
 pecus, 6ris, n. flock, throng. 
 
 pecus, adis, f. beast. 
 
 peiagUS, i, n. sea (TreAayo?). 
 
 pello, ere, pfipftii, pulsum, drive. 
 
 pelta, ae, f. small crescent-shaped 
 shield. 
 
 pendeo, Cre, p«pendi, no sup. hang. 
 p6netro, are, avi, atum, go into the 
 inmost part of, enter, penetrate. 
 penitus, adv. from vrithin, deeply. 
 
 pSnus, us and i, m. and f. store, food, 
 provisions. 
 
 peplus, i, ni. robe (ireVAos). 
 
 per, prep, with ace. through, among, 
 along. j 
 
 p6ragTO, are, 5vi, atum, traverse, 
 roam over. 
 
 percutio, Sre, cussi, cussum, strike 
 (per, quatio). 
 
 perfSro. ferre, tOli, latum, -carry 
 through. 
 
 perflo, are, avi, atum, blow through.. 
 
 perg-o, 6re, perrexi, perrectum, go 
 forward, proceed. 
 
 periciilum, orpericlum, i, n. danger. 
 
 perlabor, i, lapsus sum, glide over. 
 
 permisceo, ere, ui, mistum or mix- 
 tum, mingle. 
 
 permitto, Cru, mlsi, missum, allow. 
 
 persolvo, ere, i, sOlutum, pay in full. 
 
 persono, are, Oi, Itum, «ound(through 
 a place) ; fill with sound. 
 
 pertempto, are, avi, atum, try; 
 thrill, pervade. 
 
 pes, pedis, m. foot (n-ov's). 
 pestis, is, f. plague. 
 peto, ere, ivi or ii, itum, seek. 
 pharetra, ae, f. quiver (iftaperpa). 
 pictura, ae, f. painting. 
 
 pietas, atis, f. dutiful behaviour, 
 reverence, holiness. 
 
 pingo, 6re, nxi, pictum, paint ; em- 
 braider. 
 
 pingUis, 6, oAi.fat (TraxJs). 
 
 pius, a, um, adj. dutiful, pious, 
 righteous. 
 
 plGCeo, ere, ui, Itum, please ; placet 
 impers. with perf. placitum est, it ig 
 pleasing, resolved. 
 
 placidus, a, um, adj. cahn. 
 
 placo, are, avi, atum, appease. 
 
 plftgra, ae, f. region. 
 
 plausus, us, m. clapping. 
 
 plenus, a, um, adj. full. 
 
 plus, gen. pluris, in plural plures, 
 plura, comp. adj. more. 
 
 plurimus, a, um, superl. adj. very 
 much, ffreat ; in plur. very many. 
 
116 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 l-t i 
 
 [1 ■' 
 
 '' 
 
 
 ija^m 
 
 
 IfWBBB 
 
 
 ¥ 
 
 ■■■\ 
 
 pliivius, a, uni, adj. rainy. 
 pociilum, i, n. goblet (nivui, iriitoiKo). 
 poena, ae, f. jnmishment {noivr{). 
 polliceor, eri, Icltus sum, promise. 
 pdliis, i, 111. the pole, heaven (woAo?). 
 pondus, Cris, n. weight. 
 pono, ero, pOsui, pSsItum, put, place ; 
 put aside. 
 
 pontus, i, ni. sea (n6vTo<s). 
 
 populo, are, avi, atum, lay waste. 
 
 populuB, i, m. people, nation. 
 
 porta, ae, f. gate. 
 
 porto, are, ilvi, atum, carry. 
 
 portus, us, m. harbour. 
 
 POSCO, 6re, pdposci, no sup. demand. 
 
 possum, posse, pOtOi, no sup. am 
 able (potis sum). 
 
 post, prep, with ace. after, adv. after- 
 wards. 
 
 posthftbeo, Cre, ui, Itum, hold as 
 inferior, despise. 
 
 postquam, con^ ,%fter. 
 
 potens, tis, adj. powerful ; with gen. 
 powerful over, ruler of. 
 
 p6tenti8/, ae, f. poiver. 
 
 potior, iri, Itus sum (with abl.) gain. 
 
 praecipfie, adv. chiefli'. 
 
 praeda, ae, f. booty. 
 
 praemitto, Cre, misi, missum, send 
 forioard. 
 
 praemium, ii, n. reward. 
 
 praeruptus, a, um, adj. broken of in 
 front, rugged. 
 
 presens, tis, adj. present, immediate. 
 
 praesepe, is, n. fenced in place ; en- 
 cloixtre, hive (sepio). 
 
 praesto. are, stiti, stitum, stand be- 
 fore, excel ; praestat, impers. it is better ; 
 praestans, as adj. excelling. 
 
 praeterSa, adv. besides ; after this. 
 praeverto, Cre, i, sum, outstrip, a?iti 
 cipate, seize beforehand. 
 
 pr6ino, 6re, pressi, pressum, press ; 
 keep down ; overwhelm ; follow closely. 
 
 pridem, adv. for a long time. 
 
 primum, adv. first, drstly. 
 
 primus, a, um, superl. adj. first. 
 
 princeps . cipis, m. and f . chief. 
 
 prior, us, comp. adj. former, before 
 another. 
 
 priusquam, conj. before. 
 
 pro, prep, with abl. /or; on behalf of \ 
 instead of. 
 
 procax, acis, adj. wanton. 
 
 procella, ae, f. tempest. 
 
 procer, Cris, m. nobleman. 
 
 procul, adv. at a distance. 
 
 prodo, Cre, didi, AMnra, put forward ; 
 betray. 
 
 proficiscor, 1, prOfectus sum, set 
 forth. 
 
 profor, fari, fatus sum, speak out. 
 
 proMgUS, a, um, adj. exiled. 
 
 profundus, a, um, adj. deep, high. 
 
 progenies, ei, f. offspring (pro, 
 gigno). 
 
 prohibeo, ere, ui, itum, keep off. 
 
 proles, is, f. offspring. 
 
 proluo, ere, ui, utum, rinse out, wash 
 out. 
 
 promitto, Sre, misi, missum, hold out, 
 promise. 
 
 pronus, a, um, adj. headlong 
 
 propero, are, .avi, atum, hasten. 
 
 propior, us, comp. adj. nearer, pr8- 
 pius, comp. adv. 7iearer. 
 
 proprius, a, um, adj. one's own. 
 
 prora, ae, f. prow (npiUpa). 
 
 prorumpo, ere, rupi, ruptum, cause 
 to burst forth. 
 
 prospectus, us, m. outlook. 
 
 prospicio, 6re, spexi, spectum, seein 
 front, see. 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 117 
 
 proximus, a, um, superl. adj. 7iear- 
 est (prope). 
 
 pubes, is, f . youth, body of youths. 
 puer, eri, m. boy. 
 pugrna, ae, f. fight (nv^). 
 pulcher, chra, chruni, adj. fair. 
 pulvis, eris, m. dust. 
 pappis, is, f. stern, poop. 
 purgo, are, .ivi, atum, clear. 
 purpureus, a, um, adj. purple ; 
 with the sheen 0/ purple, dazzling. 
 
 qua, adv. by what way ; where. 
 
 quaero, ore, quaeslvi, quaesituni, 
 seek ; inquire. 
 
 quails, e, adj. of what sort. 
 
 quam, conj. than ; adv. how. 
 
 quando, adv. when • conj. since. 
 
 quantus, a, um, adj. how great ; as 
 great as. 
 
 quare, adv. wherefore. 
 
 quasso, are, avi, atum, keep shaking, 
 shake strongly (quatio). 
 
 quater, num. adv. four times. 
 
 queror, 1, questus sum, complain. 
 
 quicunque, quaecunque, quod- 
 cunque, relative pronoun, whoever. 
 quid, interr. adv. tvhy ? 
 quies, etis, f. rest, repose. 
 
 quiesco, 6re, evi, etuni, become at 
 rest, repose. 
 
 quietus, a, um, adj. peaceful, calm. 
 
 quin, adv. nay more ; with subj. but 
 that. 
 
 quinquagrinta, num. adj. fifty. 
 
 quippe, conj. for surely, for indeed. 
 
 quis, quae, quid, interrog. pron. 
 who? what? After si, ne = a?ij/. 
 
 quisquam, quaequam, quicquam, 
 pron. indef . any one. 
 
 quisquis, quicquid, indef. pron. who- 
 ever, whatever. 
 
 quo, adv. whither. 
 quocirca, adv. wherefore. 
 quondam, adv. at a certain time, once. 
 quoque, conj. also. 
 quot, how many ; as many. 
 
 R. 
 
 rabies, no gen. or dat: rabiem, rabie, 
 raje. 
 
 rdpidus, a, um, adj. hurrying, rapid 
 (rapio). 
 
 rfi,pio, 6re, Qi, raptum, seize, S7iatch. 
 
 rapto, are, avi, atum, snatch violently, 
 drag. 
 
 rarus, a, um, adj. not frequent, scat- 
 tered. 
 
 ratis, is, f. ship. 
 
 rScens, tis, adj. fresh. 
 
 recipio, 6re, cepi, ceptum, take back, 
 recover. 
 
 r6cludo, ere, si, sum, opeti (re, 
 claudo). 
 
 recondo, fire, didi, ditum, hide (far 
 back), stow away. 
 
 rectus, a, um, adj. straight, right 
 (rego). 
 
 recurso, ari, avi, atum, run back, 
 return. 
 
 reddo, fire, reddldi, reddltum, give 
 back, restore. 
 
 redoleo, Ore.ui, no sup. am fragrant. 
 
 reduco, ere, duxi, ductuni, lead back, 
 draw back. 
 
 rSdux, flcis, adj. returned. 
 
 rSfero, ferre, rettilli, relatum, carry 
 or take back ; relate. 
 
 rSfulgeo, ere, fulsi, no sup. shine out. 
 
 refundo, fire, fudi, fusum, pour back. 
 
 regalis, e, adj. royal. 
 
 regina, ae, f. queen. 
 
 reg-io, onis, f. district. 
 
 reg-ius, a, um, adj. royal. 
 
 regno, are, avi, atum, hold sway, rule. 
 
Hi 
 
 Mi ' i 
 
 llJJ 
 
 I i . 
 
 •t 
 
 118 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 11 
 
 regnum, i, n. kingdom. 
 
 r6go, ere, rexi, rectum, rule. 
 
 rSlatus, see refero. 
 
 reliquiae, arum, f. that which in left, 
 remnant (relinquo). 
 
 reraigitim, ii, n. oarage, collection 
 of oars. 
 
 remordeo, ere, no pcrf. rsum, bite 
 far back ; gnaw deeply, 
 
 r^moveo, Cre, movi, motiim, talce 
 atvay. 
 
 remus, i, m. oar (eptTjutds). 
 
 repelldo, are, di, sum, weigh back or 
 against something else. 
 
 rSpente, adv. suddenly. 
 
 rep6to, fire, ivi or Ii, Itum, re-seek, 
 seek back. 
 
 repono, ere, pdsfli, pt^sltum, place 
 back ; place far back, store up. 
 
 require, ere, quislvi, qiiisltum, seek 
 again; regret. 
 
 res, rei, f. thing ; affair. 
 
 reses, Mis, arlj. sitting still, sluggish. 
 
 I'esido, ere, sedi, sessum, sit dotim. 
 
 rSsisto, ere, restiti, i.o sup. stand 
 back ; stand against, stand out from any- 
 thing. 
 
 respecto, are, avi, atum, lookback at, 
 regard. 
 
 respondeo, ere, di, sum, ansu'cr; 
 answer to. 
 
 resto, are, stiti, no sup. remain, am 
 left. 
 
 rSsupinus, a, um, adj. bent back- 
 wards, face upwards. 
 
 resurgo, fire, surrexi, surrectum, 
 rise again. 
 
 r^tSgo, ere, text, tectum, uncover, 
 reveal. 
 
 rfevfso, 6re, si, sum, re-visit. 
 
 rSvoco, are, avi, atum, recall. 
 
 rex rSiris TTi. ki'iif^. 
 
 zigfeo, ere, ui, no sup. am stiff. 
 
 rima, ae, f. chink. 
 
 ripa, ae, f. bank. 
 
 robur, flris, n. oak-wood, oak ; strength 
 (pu'ivyvixi), 
 
 rogito, are, avi, attmi, keej) asking. 
 
 roseus, a, um, adj. rosy. 
 
 rota, ae, f. wheel. 
 
 rudens, tis, m. cable, cordage. 
 
 ruina, ae, f. downfall, ruin. 
 
 ruo, ere, ili, titmn,ru^h ; cause to rush, 
 drive, 
 
 rupes, is, f . rock. 
 
 rus, ruris, n. country. 
 
 S. 
 
 sS-Cerdos, Otis, m. and f. priest, 
 jmestess. 
 
 sacro, are, avi, atum, make holy, 
 hallow. 
 
 saeculum, i, n. generation, age. 
 
 saepe, adv. often. 
 
 saepio, ire, saepsi, saeptum, hedge 
 in, enclose. 
 
 saevio, ire, ii, itum, am fierce, un-ath- 
 ful. 
 
 saevus, a, um, adj. fierce, cruel. 
 
 sagitta, ae, f. arroiv. 
 
 sal, salis, n. salt ; sea {a\<:). 
 
 saltern, adv. at least. 
 
 salum, i, n. brine ; sea. 
 
 salus, utis, safety. 
 
 sanctus, a, um, adj. holy, reverend. 
 
 sanguis, Inis, m. blood. 
 
 sator, oris, m. sower, father (sero). 
 
 saxum, i, n. rock, stone. 
 
 scaena, ae, f. background, stage 
 
 ((TKYivri). 
 
 scelus, 6ris, n. guilt. 
 
 sceptrum, i, n. sta.ff'r scept-<? (ctk^itt- 
 
 pov). 
 
 scilicet, adv. on« inay know, doubt- 
 less (scire, licet). 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 119 
 
 / 
 
 SCindo, fire, scTdi, scissutn, cleave, tear 
 
 scintilla, ae, f. spark. 
 
 SCio, Ire, scivi, scltum, know. 
 
 SCdpiilus, i, m. rock, crag (vKoneKoq). 
 
 * scutum, i, n. shield. 
 
 secessus, us, m. retreat, recess. 
 
 secludo, ere, si, sum, shut off, baninh 
 (sine ; claudo). 
 
 Sdco, are, fli, sectum, cut. 
 
 Sdcundus, a, um, adj. following, 
 favourable ; speeding along, smft(seqvkor). 
 
 securus, a, um, adj. careless (se = 
 sine, cura). 
 
 eed, conj. but. 
 
 s6deo, Cre, pedi, sessum, sit (efowoi). 
 
 sedes, is, f. seat ; abode. 
 
 sedile, is, n. teat. 
 
 seditio, onis, f. going apart, discor^ 
 (=8e-d-itio). 
 
 semita, ae, f. by-path. 
 
 semper, adv. always. 
 
 senatus us, m. assembly of elders, 
 senate (senex). 
 
 seni, ae, a, distribut. num. adj. six 
 each. 
 
 sententia, ae, f. opinion, judgment. 
 
 sentlo, Ire, sensi, sensum, feel, per- 
 ceive. 
 
 septem, num. adj. seven (euTd). 
 
 Septimus, a, um, ordinal adj. 
 8eve7ith. 
 
 Sequor, i, secutus sum, follow. 
 
 sereno, are, avi, atum, make cloud- 
 less, calm,. 
 
 sSries, no. gen. or dat. em, e, f. rotv, 
 succession, 
 
 sermo, onis, m. conversation. 
 sertum, i, n. ivreath. 
 servitium, ii, n. slavery. 
 servo, are, avi, atum, keep, preserve. 
 seu, see si. 
 
 si, conj. if; sive (seu)...sive (seu) 
 whether . . .or. 
 
 sic, adv. 171 this tvay, so. 
 
 sidus, 6ris, n. star, constellation. 
 
 signum, i, n. sign, figure. 
 
 silentium, li, n. silence. 
 
 Sileo, Cre, fii, no sup. am silent. 
 
 Sllex, icis, m. Jlint. ». 
 
 Silva, ae, f. wood (v\yi). 
 
 Similis, e, adj. like; superl. similli- 
 nuis. 
 
 simul, adv. at the same time. 
 simiilo, are, avi, atum, imitate. 
 sin, conj. but if. 
 sine, prep, withabl, without. 
 
 singiili, ae, a, distribut. adj. one each, 
 one at a time. 
 
 sino, ere, sivi, situm, let be ; permit, 
 allow. 
 
 sinus, us, m. bend ; bay ; fold. 
 
 sive, see si. 
 
 socio, are, avi, atum, m.ake a com- 
 panion or partner. 
 
 socius, ii, m. companion. 
 
 sol, solis, m. the sun (fjAios). 
 
 soleo, ere, sClitus sum, am accus- 
 tomed. 
 
 solium, ii, n. throne. 
 
 solor, ari, atus sum, console. 
 
 solum, i, n. ground. 
 
 solus, a, um, adj. alone. 
 
 solvo, ere, vi, sdlutum, unloose 
 ( = se-luo, Av'w). 
 
 SOmnus, i, m. sZtfcp( = sopnus, uttcos). 
 
 sono, are, fii, Itum, sound. 
 
 aonorus, a, um, adj. loud, noisy. 
 
 sopio. Ire, Ivi or ii, Itum, lull to sleep. 
 
 soror. '"iris, f. sister. 
 
 sors, tis, f. lot ; fate. 
 
 spargo, Cre, si, sum, scatter (o-n-eipuj). 
 
 spdciUot', ari, atus sum, look out. 
 
120 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 ! I' 
 
 !-■' 
 
 Ill 
 
 h 
 
 Ml 
 
 \im 
 
 spelunca, ae, f. cavern. 
 sperno, ere, sprevi, spretum, degpine. 
 spero, are, avi, fitum, hope, hope/or. 
 spes, Ci, f. hope ; expectation. 
 spiro, are, avi, iltuni, breathe. 
 
 splendidus, a, um, a<ij. bright, 
 brilliant, 
 
 spolium, ii, spoil(,ijKvKkui-I strip). 
 
 sponda, ae, f. conch. 
 
 spuma, ae, f. foam. 
 
 spumo, are, avi, atum, foam. 
 
 std>bilis, e, adj. steadfast, firm. 
 
 Stagnum, i, n. standing -water, pool 
 (8to). 
 
 st&tiio, fire, Oi, utum, set up. 
 
 sterno, ere, striivi, stratum, stretch 
 out, lay low (aTopevwut). 
 
 stipo, are, avi, atum, press close, 
 throng. 
 
 stirps, pis, f. stock. 
 
 sto, stare, stCti, slatum, stand (itrrrtui). 
 
 stratus, a, um, adj. laid down, paved 
 (sterno). 
 
 str§pitU8, us, m. din. 
 
 stride, 6re (also strideo, 5re), di, no 
 sup. creak, grate (Tpt'^o)). 
 
 stridor, oris, m. ct'eakitig. 
 
 Stringo, ere, nxi, strictum, strip ; 
 cut off. 
 
 Struo, ere, xi, ctuni, build. 
 
 Studium, ii, n. zeal (ajrovSrj). 
 
 stupeo, ore, ui, no sup. am amazed. 
 
 SUadeo, 5re, suasi, suasum, advise. 
 
 sub, prep, with ace. to, beneath, to- 
 wards ; with abl. wider (Otto). 
 
 SUbduco, ere, xi, ctum, draw up, 
 beach (on shore, of vessels). 
 
 Subeo, Tre, ivi or Ii, Itum, go under, 
 come up, approach, enter. 
 
 Siib][?0, ere, egi, actum, drive under ; 
 subdue. 
 
 Siibitd, adv. suddenly. 
 
 SiibltUS, a. um, adj. sudden. 
 SUblimis, e, adj. on high. 
 SUbmergro, ere, si, sum, sink. 
 
 subnecto, Cre, no perf., xum, wea\'>e 
 or bind beneath. 
 
 subnitor, i, nisua or nixus sum, 
 with abl. rest upon. 
 
 subrideo, Sre, si, sum, laugh slightly, 
 smile. 
 
 subvolvo, Cre, vi, vOlutum, roll up 
 (from below). 
 
 SUCCedo, fire, cessi, cessum, go be- 
 neath. 
 
 succipio, fire, cepi, ceptum, catch up, 
 take up (usually spelt suscipio). 
 
 succinctus, a, um, adj. girt up (sub, 
 fingo). 
 
 succurro, fire, currl, cursum, run up 
 to, aid. 
 
 sufifundo, ere, fudi, f usum, pour up 
 from, below, suffuse. 
 
 sulcus, i, m. furrow (6Ak6s, t\Ku>). 
 
 Summus, a, um, superl. adj. highest, 
 see superus. 
 
 super, prep, with ace. upon, to ; 
 with abl. above ; as adv. in addition 
 (uirep). 
 
 siiperbia, ae, f. ^ride. 
 superbus, a, um, adj. proud. 
 superemineo, sre, ui, no sup. 8t':ind 
 out above. 
 siipSro, are, avi, atum, overcome. 
 svipersum, esse, fui, am over, survive. 
 
 SlipSruS, a, um, adj. that is above ; 
 8upei-l. sOpremus, last, and summus, 
 highist ; stipfiri, orum, those above ; the 
 gods. 
 
 SUpplex, ids, atij. bending tl e knee, 
 suppliant (sub, plico). 
 
 sappliciter, adv. in mppHant 
 fashion. 
 
 Ejura, as, f . calf of the leg. 
 
 3\irgro, fire, surrexi, surrectum^ rise. 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 121 
 
 BUS, sQis, m. and f . pig (vt). 
 
 suscipio, see stuccipio. 
 
 suspendo, fire, di, sum, hang. 
 
 Busplcio, £re, spexi, spectum, look 
 up at. 
 
 suspiro, are, avi, atum, sigh. 
 
 Siius, a, um, possess, adj. his — , her 
 — , its — , their own, 
 
 syrtls, is, f. sandbank (<rupw). 
 
 T. 
 
 tabeo, ere, no perl, or sup. melt away, 
 drip. 
 
 t&biUa, ae, f. plank. 
 
 tacitus, a, um, adj. silent. 
 
 talis, e, adj. of such kind, such. 
 
 tarn, adv. so. 
 
 tdindn, adv. notufithstanding, 
 
 tandem, adv. at length. 
 
 tangfO, Sre, tetlgi, tactum, touch 
 (Biyyavia). 
 
 tantus, a, um, adj. so great ; tantum, 
 as adv. only. 
 
 tardues, a, um, adj. slow. 
 
 taurinus, a, um, adj. belonging to a 
 bull. 
 
 taurUS, i, m. bull (rawoos). 
 
 tectum, i, n. roof; house (tego). 
 tegxaen, inis, n. covering ; skin. 
 tellus, uris, f. the earth ; country. 
 telum, i, n. weapon. 
 temno, 6re, psi, ptum, despise. 
 
 tempero, are, avi, atuin, check ; re- 
 frain. 
 tempestas, tatis, f. storm. 
 
 templum, i, n. temple {piece cut off, 
 Tffivoi, cut). 
 
 tempto, are, avi, atum, try, attempt. 
 tempus, oris, n. time (re'/w.i'a),, c\it). 
 
 teildo, ere, tetendi, tensum, stretch ; 
 atrioe ; direct one's course (reivoi). 
 
 teneo, ere, ui, tentum, hold, occupy. 
 
 tentorium, il, n. tent (tendo). 
 
 tdnils, prep, with abl. put after its 
 case, as far as. 
 
 t6r, num. adv. thrice. 
 
 tergfum, i, n. hack ; also tergfua, 
 Oris, n. covering of the back, hide. 
 
 termino, are, avi, atum, limit, bound. 
 
 terni, ae, a, diatribut. num. adj. three 
 each. 
 
 terra, ae, f. earth, dry land (torreo, 
 
 Tepffo/noi). 
 
 terreo, ere, fli, Itum, terrify. 
 
 tertius, a, um, ordinal adj. third. 
 
 testudo, Inis, f. tortoise ; anything 
 shaped like a tortoise shell, vaulted roof. 
 
 thSatrvun, i, n. theatre (OeaTpov). 
 
 thesaurus, i, m. treasure (flTjo-aupos). 
 
 th:^mum, i, n. thyme (0viJiov). 
 
 timeo, Sre, Oi, no sup. fear. 
 
 timor, oris, m. fear. 
 
 tingUO, tire, nxi, nctuni, wU ; dip 
 (reyyui). 
 
 togratUS, a, um, adj. wearing the 
 toga, a larj^e gown or robe specially worn 
 at Rome ; toga wearing. 
 
 tollo, ere, susttili, sublatvan, raise. 
 
 tondeo, ere, tdtondi, tonsuin, shear. 
 
 torqueo, ere, rsi, rturo, twist, whirl. 
 
 torreo, ere, fti, tostuni, roast. 
 
 torus, i, m. cotich. 
 
 tot, num. adj. indeel. so many. 
 
 totidem, num. adj. indecl. just so 
 many. 
 
 totiens, adv. m many times. 
 
 totus, a, um adj. whole. 
 
 trab^:, trabvs, f. beam. 
 
 trdiho, 6ve, traxi, tractum, drag, 
 draw along, 
 
 traicio., 6re, iCci, iectum, throw 
 through, pierce. 
 
 transeo, ire, Ivi or ii, \i\im,pass by. 
 
 transfero, ferre, tali, latum, carry 
 acrosfi, remove. 
 
122 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 If? 
 I'i 
 'i 
 
 :i' 'i 
 
 if 
 
 m 
 
 I 
 
 \h 
 
 w 
 
 "i 
 
 transfigfO, Cre, flxi, flxum, pierce. 
 
 tr6mo, 6re, fti, no sup. tremMe, quiver 
 (rpiui), 
 
 tree, tria, num. adj. three. 
 
 tridens, ntis, m. trident, a fork with 
 three teeth rtrried by Neptune (tres, 
 dens). 
 
 triginta, num. adj. thirty. 
 
 trio, onis, m. see note on 1. 744. 
 
 tristis, e. adj. md ; gtern. ) 
 
 tueor, eri, Itus sum, v. dep. see ; de- 
 fend. 
 
 turn, adv. at that time, then 
 turaidus, a, um, a<lj. swelling. 
 tundo, Cre, tOtndi, tunsum, beat. 
 turba, ae, f. crowd. 
 
 turbo, are, avi, atum, throw into 
 wnftision, disturb. 
 
 turbo, Inis, m. ivhirli^ind. 
 
 tus, turis, n. frankincense (Bvos). 
 
 tutus, a, um, adj. .90/e (tueor). 
 
 tuua, a, um, possess, adj. thy. 
 
 tjrrannua, i, m. tyrant (jvpawo-:). 
 
 U. 
 uber, firis, n. udder ; richness (oCflop). 
 ubi, adv. where, when. 
 ■iibique, adv. everywhere. 
 ullus, a, um, adj. any. 
 umbra, ae, f. shade. 
 umecto, are, avi, atum, V}et. 
 iiraerus, i, m. shoulder (i/aos). 
 una, adv. at one time, together. 
 uncus, a, um, adj. crooked. 
 unda, ae, f. wave. 
 unde, adv. %vhence. 
 unas, a, um, num. aaj. one. 
 urbs, is, f. city. 
 
 urgeo, ere, ursii, no sup. press hard, 
 drive. 
 uro, fire, ussi, ustum, burn. 
 usqioam, adv. anywhere. 
 
 lit, adv. and conj. with indie, ojr, when ; 
 with suhj. 80 that, in order that ; in de- 
 pend, ({uestions, how. 
 
 Oiti = ut, hoio. 
 
 utinam, atlv. O that l would that ! 
 
 utor, i, fisus sum, with abl. use. 
 
 V. 
 v&co, are, avi, atum, am at leisure; 
 vacat, iinpers. there is leisure. 
 
 V&dum, i, n. shallow, shoal. 
 
 V&lidus, a, um, adj. strong. 
 
 vallis, is, f. valley. 
 
 vanu3, a, um, adj. empty, vain, false 
 ( = vacnus, cf. vacuus). 
 
 vfi,riU8, a, um, adj. different, chang- 
 ing, various. 
 vasto, are, avi, atum, lay waste. 
 vastus, a, um, adj. htige, vast. 
 -ve, or, an enclitic. 
 v6ho, ere, vexi, vectum, carry. 
 v61, conj. or. 
 velamen, Inis, n. a covering, veil. 
 
 velivolus, a, um, adj. flying with 
 sails ; sail-covered (velum, volo). 
 
 velxim, i, n. sail. 
 
 veliit, veWti, adv. jttst as. 
 
 venatrix, -trlcis, f. a huntress. 
 
 Vendo, 6re, didi, ditum, sell. 
 
 venenum, i, n. poison. 
 
 venia> ae, f . favour, pardon. 
 
 venio, ire, veni, ventuni, come. 
 
 ventus, i, m. wind. 
 
 verbum, i, n. roord (epa»). 
 
 vSr6or, eri, vgritus sum, /«or. 
 
 vero, adv. assuredly, indeed. 
 
 verro, 6re, verri, versum, sweep. 
 
 verso, are, avi, atum, keep turning, 
 ponder. 
 vertex, Icis, m. top, head. 
 verto, ere, ti, sum, turn, overturn. 
 v6ru, us, n. spit. 
 verus, a, um, adj. trv*, genuine. 
 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 123 
 
 vescor, i, no pert, or sup. with abl. 
 feed on. 
 
 vesper, (iris, and eri, ni. mening, the 
 evening Htar (to-trepos). 
 
 vaster, tru, trum, posBcsN. adj. your. 
 
 Vestis, is, f. raiment, drcns (tVdrj?). 
 
 v6to, are, fii, Ituni, forbid. 
 
 V6tus, Cris, adj. old ; superl. veterri- 
 mu8. 
 
 via, ae, f. road. 
 
 victor, oris, m. conq\uror. 
 
 Victus, us, ni. food (vivo). 
 
 video, ere, vidi, visum, see {Ft&ilv). 
 
 viginti, num. adj. twenty. 
 
 Villus, i, m. tuft of hair. 
 
 Vincio, Ire, nxi, nctuni, hind. 
 
 vlnco, ere, vici, victum, conquer. 
 
 vinciiluin or vinclum, i, n. chain. 
 
 Vinum, i, n. wine {Folvo<;). 
 
 vir, viri, m. man, hero, 
 
 virffO, Inis, f. maiden. 
 
 virtus, utis, f. manliness, virtue (vir). 
 
 Vis, vim, vi, f. violence, force ; plur 
 vires, ium, strength. 
 
 Vitalis, e, adj. helongimj to life, 
 vital. 
 
 Vivo, Cre, k\, ctum, live, 
 
 Vivus, a, urn, adj. livinj, 
 
 Vix, iulv. scarcely, 
 
 voco, are, avi, atum, call, summon. 
 
 volgrus, see vvjigus. 
 
 volnus, see vulnus. 
 
 Volo, are, avi, Umn, fly. 
 
 VOlO, velle, V(Mui, wish. 
 
 Volucer, oris, ere, adj. .'<wift. 
 
 VOllito, are, avi, fitmn, Iri'ep rolling, 
 ponder. 
 
 volvo, ere, vi, vOlutum, roll; turn 
 over in the mind, poyider. 
 
 voro, are, avi, alum, devour. 
 
 vortex, Icis, m. whirlpool. 
 
 Votum, i, n. vow (voveo). 
 
 VOX, vocis, f. voice. 
 
 VUlgfO, are, avi, titum, make known. 
 
 VUlfiTUS, i, n. but sometimes m. 
 common people, multitude. 
 
 vulnus, tris, n. wound. 
 
 vultus, lis, ni. countenance.