IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) ^ ^/ <_ ^ J^^. 1.0 I.I I^|2j8 ■ 50 ■^" Hi 2.5 |Z2 2.0 11.25 i 1.4 1.6 Photographic Sciences Corporation 33 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 \ :^N \\ ^v^ ^ >. Wi<\ ». Q -^CN^ ^ i,^ A CIHM Microfiche Series (l\/Eonographs) ICIMH Collection de microfiches (monographles) Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions / Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques r\r% Technical and Bibliographic Notes / Notes techniques et bibliographiques toti The Institute has attempted to obtain the best original copy available for filming. Features of this copy which may be bibliographically unique, which may alter any of the images in the reproduction, or which may significantly change the usual method of filiv^ing, are checked below. Coloured covers/ Couverture de couleur n n □ Cover title missing/ Le titre de couvsrtu Covers damaged/ Couverture endommagee Covers restored and/or laminated/ Couverture restauree et/ou pelliculee D couverture manque Coloured maps/ Caites giographiques en couleur □ Coloured ink (i.e. other than blue or black)/ Encre de couleur (i.e. autre que bleue ou noire) n D Coloured plates and/or illustrations/ Planches et/ou illustrations en couleur Bound with other material/ Relie avec d'autres documents Tight binding may cause shadows or distortion along interior margin/ La reliure serree peut causer de I'oivibre ou de la distorsion le long de la marge interieure Blank leaves added during restoration may appear within the text. Whenever possible, these have been omitted from filming/ II se peut que certaines pages blanches ajouties lurs d'une restauration apparaissent dans le texte, mais, lorsque cela etait possible, ces pages n'ont pas ete f ilmees. □ Additional comments:/ Commentaires supplementaires: This item is filmed at the reduction ratio checked below/ Ce document est filme au taux de reduction mdique ci-dessous. 10X 14X 18X L'Institut a microfilm^ le meilleur exemplaire qu il lui a eti possible de se procurer. Les details de cet exemplaire qui sont peut-£tre uniques du point de vue bibliographique, qui peuvent modifier une image reproduite, ou qui peuverit exiger une modification dans la methode normale de f ilmage sont indiques ci-dessous. □ Coloured pages/ Pages de couleur □ Pages damaged/ Pages endommagees □ Pages restored and/or laminated/ Pages restaurees et/ou pellicultes Th« poti of tl filml Orig b«gi thai •ion oth« first sion or ill scoloured. stained or foxed/ Pages decolorees, tachetees ou piquees Pages di; Pages de □ Pages de Pages de detached/ detachees I /j Showthrough/ I I Transparence □ Quality of print varies/ Qualite inegale de I'imp impression Continuous pagination/ Pagination continue Includes index(ei)/ Comprend un (des) index Title on header taken from:/ Le titre de I'en-tSte provient: Tho shall TINl whic Map diffa •ntir bfiflii '^ghl raqu matt □ Title page of issue/ Page de titre de la I □ Caption of issue/ Titre de depart de la li n ivraison vraison Masthead/ Generique (periodiques) de la livraison 22X ^tX 30X — 1 J 12X 16X 20X 24 X 28X 32 X Tht copy filmtd h«r« has b—n raproduetd thanks to tha ganarotity of: Library of the National Archives of Canada L'axamplaira film* fut raproduit grAca k la gAnirosit* da: La bibliothique des Archives nationales du Canada Tha imagas appaaring hara ara tha bast quality posslbia eonsidaring tha condition and lagibility of tha original copy and In kaaping with tha filming contract apacif Icationa. Original coplas in printad papar eovara ara fllmad baginning with tha front covar and anding on tha last paga with a printad or illuatratad impraa- sion. or tha back covar whan approprlata. All othar original copias ara filmad baginning on tha first paga with a printad or illuatratad impraa- sion. and anding on tha laat paga with a printad or illuatratad impraaalon. Las Imagas suivantes ont At* raproduites avec l« plus grand soin, compta tanu da la condition at da la nattat* da ('axamplaira film*, at mn conformity avac las conditions du contrat da filmaga. Las axampiiiras originaux dont la couvartura 9n paplar ast imprimia sont filmis 9n commandant par la pramiar plat at an terminant solt par la darniira paga qui comporta una amprainte d'imprassion ou d'iilustration, soit par la second plat, aalon la cas. Tous las autras axampiaires originaux sont fiimis an commandant par la pramlAra paga qui comporta una amprainta d'imprassion ou d'iilustration at an tarminant par la darnlAra paga qui comporta una talla •mprainta. Tha laat racordad frama on aach microfiche ahall contain tha symbol ^o (meaning "CON- TINUED"), or the symbol y (meaning "END"), whichever applies. Mapa. plates, charts, etc.. may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one expoaura are filmad bf;glnnlng In the upper left hand corner, left to '^ght and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Un des symboies suivants apparaTtra sur la derniire image de cheque microfiche, salon la cas: la symboia — ^ signifie "A SUIVRE". la aymbola V signifie "FIN". Les cartes, plenches, tableaux, etc.. peuvent Atra filmAs i des taux da reduction diff*rants. Lersque le document est trop grand pour itra raproduit en un seui clich*. il est film* A p^rtir de I'engle supArieur gauche, de gauche i droite, et de haut en bas. en prenant le nombre d'imeges nicessaire. Las diagrammas suivants lllustrent la mAthoda. 1 2 3 32 X 1 ' 2 3 4 5 6 Mr. Thi ti b and the cipl ins poli will \vitl Pro^ won Can that Yorl that Con In CO Whe on tei to (It St EECIPEOCITY TEEATY WITH GREAT BRITAIN. February 6, 1862.-Orclered to be printed, and recommittec' to the Committee on Commorce Mr. Ward, from the Committee on Commerce, made the following EEPORT, TU Comnuttee on Commerce, to tch^m were referred the concurrent resolu- tions ojthe legislature of the State of Neiv York in ^elation to the treaty between the United States and Great Britain, commonly known a$ the " Reciprocity Treaty;' report qs follows : * The subject of om- commercial relations with the British Provinces and Possessions demands the most close investigation, not only as regards the population and territory of these dominions, but also because the prin- ciples and plans necessary to a mutually .-satisfactory solution of our exist- ing dithcultics with them, may have an important influence on the futun- policy of the United States, and form the basis for a system of interchange with other nations upon this continent. ^ The State of New York having a larger extent of co-terminous frontiW with the most populous portion ofCanada-the most imponant of aTthe Provmces-than is possessed by any other State in the Union^her peoole would naturally be the first to reap the benefits of free intercourse^ with Canada, and the first to be injured by exclusive legislation on "he naTt of that Province The subject being thus brought home to the people o?New Itkt" ^'^^^'I'^S ^^esoMion.,yere dulyVssed by theSltureTf that State, and have been referred to this committee for consideration i Concurrent Resolutions of the Legislature of the State of New York in relation to the treaty between the United States and Great Britain commonly known as the Reciprocity Treaty. ' ^nf S tf t.V^n'-r?i2'^^u" by the United States with Great Britain on behalf of the British North American Colonies, for the purpose of ex' ending reciprocal commerce, nearly all the articles which Canada has to sell are admitted into the United States free of duty, whUe heavv duties are now imposed upon many of those articles which the uS States have to sell with the intention of excluding the United States fJom o 34 the Canadian markets, as avowed by the Minister of Finance and other gentlemen holding high official positions in Canada ; and similar legisla- tion with the same official avowal has been adopted by the imposition of discriminating tolls and duties in favor of an isolating and exclusive policy against our merchants and forwarders, meant and intending to destroy the natural effects of the treaty, and contrary to its spirit ; and whereas we believe that free commercial intercourse between the United States and the British North American Provinces and Possessions, developing the natural, geographical, and other advantages of each, for the good of all, is conducive to the present interest of each, and is the only proper basis of our intercourse for all time to come ; and whereas, the President of the United States, in llie first session of the thirty-sixth Congress, caused to be submitted to the House of Representatives an offi- cial report, setting forth the gross inequality and injustice existing in our present intercourse with Canada, subversive of the true intent of the treaty, owing to the subsequent legislation of Canada; and whereas the first effects of a system of retaliation or reprisal would injure that portion of Canada known as the Upper Province, whose people have never failed in their efforts to secure a permanent and just policy for their own country .-and ourselves, in accordance with the desire officially expressed by Lord Napier when British Minister at Washington, for the " confirmation and ■expansion of free commercial relations between the United States and British Provinces :" Therefore — Resolved, That the senators and representatives in Congress for the ^tate of New York are requested to take such steps, either by the appoint- ment of commissioners to confer with persons properly appointed on behalf ■of Canada, or by such otlu^r means as may seem most expedient, to protect the interests of the United States from the said unequal and unjust system of commerce now existing, and to regulate the commerce and navigation between " Her Majesty's possessions in North America and United States in such manner as to render the same icciprocally beneficial and satisfac- tory," as was intended and expressed by the treaty. And Resolved, That the foregoing preamble and resolutions be transmitted to our senators and representatives in Congress, with a request that they be piisented to both houses thereof. The chief points for consideration are the extent, population, position and resources of the British North American Provinces and Possessions ; the present so-called " Reciprocity Treaty ;" the existing condition of our commercial and fiscal relations with Canada, and the line of policy most conducive to the interest and welfare of both countries ; the tendencies of modern inventions and civilization on the intercourse of nations, including the leading principles of the German Commercial Union or Zoll-Verein, and their applicability to the United States and the co-terminous or adjacent British Provinces and Possessions ; the mutual relations of Great Britain and Canada, and the Colonies, so far as they affect the United States ; and a method of negotiation for the removal of existing difficulties. 890555 35 !e and other lilar legisla- mposition of J exclusive nteading to spirit ; and etween the Possessions, of each, for and is the id whereas, thirty-sixth ives an offi- ?ting in our tent of the whereas the that portion lever failed wn country ed by Lord mation and States and ress for the he appoint- i on behalf t, to protect iuht system navigation lited States id satisfac- iransmitted t that they •n, position issessions ; ition of our >oIicy most idencies of , including Veiw, and )r adjacent eat Britain tates ; and EXTENT, CHARACTER, RESOURCES, &C., OF THE BRITISH NORTH AMERICAN PROVINCES AND POSSESSIONS, AND CLIMATE OF THE INTERIOR. The great and practical value of the British North American Provinces and Possessions is seldom appreciated. Stretching from the Atlantic to the 1 acihc Ocean, they contain an area of at least 3,478,380 square mile«!— more than is owned by the United Slates, and not much less than the whole ot t^urope, with its family of nations. No small portion of these British territories consists of barren and inhospitable regions in the extreme north • but, as a recompense, the arid plains extending through Texas, and thence northward beyond the limits of the United States, are comparatively insigni- ficant as they enter the British Possessions, where the Rocky Mountains are less elevated and have a more narrow base. The isothermal line of 60O for summer rises on the interior plains of this continent as high as the sixty-farst parallel, its average position in Europe ; and a favorable compari- son may also be traced for winter and the other seasons of the year. Sprinff opens almost simultaneously on the vast plains reaching from St. Paul's to the Mackenzie river— a distance northerly of about 1 ,200 miles. Westward Irom these regions— now scarcely inhabited, but of incalculable value in the tuture---are countries of yet milder climate, on the Pacific slope and in Van- couver's island, whose relations to California are already important. On the eastward, but yet far distant from other abodes of civilization, are the small settlements enjoying the rich lands and pleasant climate of the Red River ol the North, a stream capable of steamboat navigation for four hundred miles. It is asserted by those who add personal knowledge of the subject to sciemific investigation, that the habitable b,n undeveloped area of the British possessions westerly from Lake Superior and Hudson's Bay, com- prises sufficient territory to make twenty-five States, equal in size to Illinois, f n1 ^I .1^ assertion is, it meets with confirmation in the isothermal charts oiBlodgett the testimony of Richardson, Simpson, Mackenzie, the maps published by the Government of Canada, and the recent explorations of Prolessor Hmd, of Toronto. North of a line drawn from the northern limit of Lake Superior to the coast at the southern limit of Labrador exists a vast region, possessing in Its best parts a climate barely endurable, and reaching into the Arctic regions. This country, even more cold, desolate, and barren on the Atlamic coast than m the interior latitudes, becoming first known to travellers has given character in public estimation to the whole north. ' Another line, drawn from the northern limit of Minnesota to that of Maine mcludes nearly aU the inhabited portion of Canada, a Province extending opposi e the Territory of Dakota and States of Minnesota HalTf; ^^fW^' ^^""' Pennsylvania, New York, yermon"rNew nortfist'ates ^'"^' possessing a climate identical with that of our . The " Maritime Provinces" on the Atlantic coast include New Bruns- wick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward's Island, and Newfoundland. Get 36 graphically they may be regarded as a north-easterly prolongation of the New England system. Unitedly they include an area of at least 86,000 square miles, and are capable of supporting a larger population than that at present existing in the United States or Great Britain. They are equal in extent to the united territory of Holland, Greece, Belgium, Portugal, and Switzerland. New Brunswick is 190 miles in length and 150 in breadth. Its inte- rests are inseparably connected with those of the adjacent State of Maine. It has an area of 22,000,000 acres, and a sea-coast 400 miles in extent and abounding in harbors. Its population some years ago numbered 210,000, whose chief occupations are connected with ship-building, the fisheries, and the timber trade. Commissioners appointed by the Government of Great Britain affirm that it is impossible to speak too highly of its climate, soil, and capabilities. Few countries are so well wooden and watered. On its unreclaimed surface is an abundant stock of the finest timber ; beneath are coal fields. The rivers, lakes, and sea-coast abound with fish. an Nova Scotia, a long peninsula, united to the American continent by isthmus only fifteen miles wide, is 280 miles in length. The numerous indentations on its coast form harbors unsurpassed in any part of the world. Including Cape Breton, it has an area of 12,000,000 acres. Wheat, and the usual cereals and fruits of the northern States, flourish in many parts of it. Its population in 1851 w^as declared by the census to be 276,117. Besides possessing productive fisheries and agricultural resources, it is rich in mineral wealth, having beneath its surface coal, iron, manganese, gypsum, and gold. The province of Prince Edward's Island is separated from New Bruns- wick and Nova Scotia, by straits only nine miles in width. It is crescent- shaped, 130 miles in le.'gth, and at its broadest part is 34 miles wide. It is a level region, of a more moderate temperature than that of Lower Ca- nada, and well adapted to agricultural purpopes. Its population in 1848 was 62,678. The Island of Newfoundland has a sea-coast 1,000 miles in extent. It has an area of 23,040,000 acres, of which only a small portion is culti- vated. Its spring is late, its summer short, but the frost of winter is less severe than in many parts of our own northern States and Territories. It is only 1,665 miles distant from Ireland. It possesses a large trade with various countries, including Spain, Portugal, Italy, the West Indies, and the Brazils. The chief wealth of Newfoundland and of the Labrador coast is to be found in their extensive and inexhaustible fisheries, in which the other Provinces also partake. The future products of these, when properly developed by humain ingenuity and industry, defy human calculation. The Gulf Stream is met near the shores of Newfoundland by a current from the Polar basin, vast deposits are formed by the meeting of the opposing waters, the great submarine islands known as " The Banks " are fonned, few jation of I ho least 86,000 )n than that 7 are equal 'ortugal, and h. Its inte- te of Maine, n extent and ed 210,000, he fisheries, vernment of ' its climate, nd watered. est timber ; bound with iontinent by le numerous )f the world. Wheat, and any parts of ae 276,117. Jurces, it is manganese, New Bruns- Js crescent- !S wide. It Lower Ca- en in 1848 1 in extent, on is culti- nter is less ories. It is trade with Indies, and ast is to be 1 the other jn properly calculation. ly a current le opposing ire fonned. 37 and the rich pastures created m Ireland by the warm and humid iniluences ol the Guf stream are compensated by the " rich sea-pastures of New- loundland. The fishes of warm or tropical waters, inferior in qualitv and scarcely capable of preservation, cannot form an article of commerce like those produced in mexhaustible quantities in these cold and shallow seas, i he abundance of these marine resources is unequalled in any portion of the globe. * * " "i .»iiy Canada, rather a nation than a province, in any common acceptation of the term, includes not less than 346,863 squares miles of territory inde- pendently of Its North-western Possessions not yet open for setllement It 18 three times as large as Great Britain and Ireland, and more than three times as large as Prussia. It intervenes between the Great North-west and the Maritime Provinces, and consists chiefly of a vast territorial projection i°nnn '' T"''"'^, ^^ '^"^ ^"'^^^ ^'^'"'^ '^'^^^""g'' ^' P«««««««« ^^ ^'oas of nearly 1,000 miles on the river and gulf of the St.\awrence, where fisheHes S cod, tierrmg, mackerel, and salmon are carried on successfullv Valuable fisheries exist also in its lakes. It is rich in metallic ore and in the resources Ol Its forests. Large portions of its territory are peculiarly nZnt fh it' TI'^' ''' '^'^"^'' ^^'^'y^ ""^ '^^ other cereals of the north. During the life of the present generation, or the last quarter of a century 2 500 WO "" increased more than four-fold, or from 582,000 to inJ$'^K,n''''M''^''** J'^fuP'^Tu^' "'''>' ^'^ ¥'^y 'estimated as number- ing 3^00,000. Many of the inhabitants are of French extraction, and a lew German settlements exist; but two-thirds of the people of the proYinces owe their origin either to the United Stales or to the British islands, whose language we speak, and who « people the world with men industrious and free." NATURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF NORTHER\ NATIONS, ANU THE NECESSARY PRINCIPLE OF OUU POLICY. The climate and soil of these Provinces and Possessions, seeminelv ess indulgent than those of tropical regions, are precisely those by which the skil energy, and virtues of the human race are best developed Mature there demands thought and labor from man, as conditions of his ex]stenc(!, but yields abundant rewards to wise industry. Those causes which, in our age of the world, determine the wealth of nations are those which render man most active ; and it cannot be too often or too closelv remembered m discussing subjects so vast as these, where the human mind may be misled if it attempts to comprehend them in their boundless variety of detail, that sure and safe guides in the application of political economy, and to our own prosperity, are to be i-iund in the^iS puncipicsoi morality and justice, because they alone are true alike in minute and great affairs, at all times and in every place. They imolv freedom for ourselves, and those rules of fraternity or equality which enjom us to regard our neighbors as ourselves. We can imst in no other ii Ml! 38 PRINCIPLE OF RECIPROCITY ITS NECESSITY KOR THE BRITISH POSSESSIONS, AND APPROVAL BY AMERICAN STATESMEN. While freo acceas to the markets of the United States is mutually valuable to the maritime provinces and ourselves, by far the most extensive portion of the British possessions is behind the territory of the United States, and, under an unwise and illeberal system, would be debarred from dir"!t communication with the Atlantic Ocean and those southern regions whence it must always derive many daily necessaries of civilized life in exchange for the products of its own northern industry. Let us not inquire curiously which of the two would render the most useful service to the other under a just system and perfect development of actual reciprocity. The various parts of the American continent, like those of the human body, are wonderfully adapt'^d to each other. The different portions of the continent do not profitably admit of any commercial separation, and the principle of unrestricted commercial intercourse with the British North American Possessions has been approved alike by the free traders and protectionists at all periods of our national existence. DATE OF THE TREATY, AND POniCY ADVISED BY AOENTS OF STATES TREASURY. THE UNITED With the intention of establishing a system thus mutually advantageous, a treaty was made in 1854 by the United States with Great Britain on behalf of the Provinces of Canada, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward's Island and Newfoundland. Various representations having been made as to the unfriendly, adverse, or restrictive legislation of Canada, the Hon. I. T. Hatch, of the State of New York, and James W. Taylor, of Minnesota, were appointed as agents of tlie Treasury Department of the United States to inquire into the operations of the reciprocity treaty. They reported the results of their investigations in 1860, Minor difierences of opinion exist between the two commissioners, but they fully agree as to the ultimate object of our national policy towards the Provinces, that of unrestricted commercial intercourse. COMPREHENSIVE STATEMENT BY HON. I. T. HATCH. Mr. Hatch briefly sketches the chief causes of the uniformity of opinion among all political parties in this Country, at all times, by the following comprehensive statement : " The territory of the Provinces is indented with our own along a line extending across the continent from ocean to ocean. The wages of labor (the great modern test of one phase of national equality) are nearly equal in both Countries. The cost in the production of wheat and other cereals differs but little on both sides of the boundary line. Shown thus to be apparently commercially alike by these leading considerations, and minor parallels confirming the similitude, it is not singular that at various periods of our national existence the idea of reciprocity in trade between the two countries has received the favorable regard of eminent men." I'OSSESSIONS, is mutually st extensive the United )e debarred sc southern of civilized Let us not jful service t of actual ike those of he different commercial !ourse with like by the tence. PHE UNITED vantageous, Britain on )tia, Prince unfriendly,, itch, of the ! appointed inquire into ilts of their jetween the 3Ject of our commercial ^ of opinion J following ilong a line es of labor early equal ther cereals thus to be and minor ous periods en the two 38 DECIDED OPINION OV MR. VAN HURKN. " The policy of the United Slates," wrote Mr. Van Buren, referring especially to the North American Colonies, to Mr. McLean, who was then our minister at the Court of St. James, in 1829, during the Presidency of General Jackson, " in relation to their commercial intercourse with other nations, is founded on principles of perfect equality and reciprocity. By the adoption of these principles they have endeavored to relieve themselves from the discussions, discontents, and embarrassments inseparable from the imposition of burdensome discriminations. These principles were avowed while they were yet struggling for their independence ; are recorded in their first treaty, and have been adhered to with the most scrupulous fidelity." MUfUAL ADVANTAGES OF A HOME MARKET. The consideration which have led many American statesmen ta advocate a " protective" system, and establish " home markets," dictate the adoption of unrestricted intercourse with the provinces. A " home market " is the market nearest home, and this is furnished by our respective possessions to each other Jit every point of our neighboring or co-terminous territory. ADVANTAGES OK A CONTINENTAL OR AMERICAN POLICY APPRECIATED BY BOTH POLITICAL PARTIES. The recent increase of faeilities for communications by canals, railroads, bridges, steamboats, and telegraphs, assisting the transfer of merchandise, the travel of passengers, and the free interchange of thought between the United States and the British i)rovinces, add to this policy a value which we cannot estimate too highly, and of which we cannot foresee the future greatness. Long before these additional r, .,. iderations pressed upon public attention and brought home a knowledge o; aur irue continental policy to almost every iniiabitant of our vast northern frontier, by the common experience of his daily life, the exceptional character of our natural rela- tions with the provinces had been duly observed by those American states- men who have advocated a protective policy. OPINIONS AND TESTIMONY OF HENRY CLAY. Among the foremost advocates of this system was Mr Clay, who, in his letter dated October 11, 1826, to Mr. Vaughan, alike expressed his own convictions and added his valuable testimony to the uniformity of opinion among American statesmen in his time, and of the policy by which this government has always been guided He said in his letter to Mr. Vaughan dated October II, 1826, "the govemment of the United States has always been anxious that the trade between them and the British colonies should be placed on a liberal and equitable basis. There has not been a moment sinc^ the adoption of the present Constitution when they have not been willing to apply to it principles of fair reciprocity and equal competition. '* 40 UN.VNIMITV OV THK AGENTS APPOINTED BY THE TREASURY OF THE UNITED STATES. Mr. Hatch iiiuintuinB " tlmt noconinioicial arrangement can be pt5rman- cntly adyaiitagcous to one party willioui being ho to both ; that the basis of virtual, if not of literal, reciprocity is the only solid ground of international relations ; and that the increased prosperity of one of the family of nations only oflers an enlarged market for ihe industry and an expanded field for the couimerce of every oilier, " and that with reciprocal free trade we should present to the world the " sublime ('xample of two contiguous nations abandoning suspi(!ion of injury from each otiicr, and pjactising in their intercourse the best principles professed in modern civilization. " To these opinions Mr. Taylor gives a hearty assijnt, quoting, in his sup- port, the opinions of various eminent statesmen. He presents to the consi- deration of the gov(!rrmient of tlie United States the removal of all restrictions upon the commerce of these kindred communities, and brings forward a suggestion which has long engaged the attention of many intelligent men on both sides of the frontier— to extend the principle of reciprocity to manu- factures as it now exists in raw or unmanufactured products, and '• establish an American Zoll-Verein, each country adopting the policy of unlimited free trade vnlh the other. " COMPLETE RECIPROCITY RECOMMENDED BY THE CANADIAN PARLIAMENTARY COMMITTEE IN 1858. The same plan has, on more than one occasion, received the sanction of the Canadian parliamentary committee on commerce. In 1858, taking cognizance also of the restrictions checking the mutual intercourse cfthe different provinces which have been aptly termed " countries foreign to each other without diplomatic relations," the same committee advised the removal of all duties on the productions of the British Possessions in America, so that " precisely the same principle as exists in the intercourse between Ihe different States of the American Union may be established in these <5olonies, " and also that " the principle of reciprociti/ ivith the United States may be extended to manufactures, the registration of Canadian and United States built vessels, and to the shipping and roasting trade, in the same manner as to the productions of the soil. " In the Canadian parliament a desire has frequently been expressed to do away with the four or five currencies and the four on five dillerent tariffs now existing in the Provinces, and to remove obstacles to trade with the United States, thereby mitigating many evils which are injurious to the national interests of the Provinces, and tend to dwarf the minds and pat- riotism of their people. It will be impossible to say how far these opinions prevail in Canada, until some more eflicient indication on our part has been given of a desire to reciprocate this policy fully and cordially, and to liberate the people on both sides from the present oppressive restrictions. The market to be created by free access to our citizens for all the products of Canadian industry is duly appreciated by many influential men in all parts of the Province. In Upper Canada the chief journals of both political parties are HE UNITUO l)e perman- the basis of iternalional f of nations led field for J we should )UM nations iig in their , in his sup- the consi- ri'strictiona forward a ;(;nt men on y^ to manu- " establish limited free lAMENTAKY sanction oi" 158, taking ursc of the ign to each dvised the n America, *G between id in these %ited States nd United n the same •ossed to do rent tariffs e with the •ious to the Is and pat- se opinions rt has been I to liberate rhe market • Canadian (arts of the parlies are 41 alike in favor of a liberal system of commerce with the United States, although many inequalities and mu^h inju«tic«! towards this country now exist in cou8e(|uence of the adverse and restrictive policy of Canada, aclopted since the date of the treaty. FORMER REVENDE ON ARTICLE!* MADE KflEE IIV THE TREATY. The amount contributed to our revenue by taxes on Canadian pro- ducts on articles rendered free by the treaty was, during the previous year, nearly $1,300,000, while the amount contributed to the Cana- dian revenue on the corresponding articles was less than $800,000.* VALUE OK CANADIAN I'RODUCTIONS INCREASED TWENTY PER CENT. BY THE TREATY. Hern the special operation of the laws of political econoniy is worthy of note. Superficially, it is said that \\w. markets of Europe regu- late for agricultural productions the markets of this continent, and that the duty remitted on Canadian products was a saving to the pockets of our peop.o ; but the products of Canada and our relative position and re- quirements are such that the United States possess, to some extent, a monopoly of the Canadian market as purchasers of the products of the field. For cattle, sheep, swine, the coarse grains, and certain kinds of lumber, we constitute for Canada the only market worthy of naming ; and the wheat of Canada, from its peculiar adaptation to our uses, was largely *old to us before the treaty. Of the large amount of wheat received a't Toronto, the metropolis of Upper Canada, in 1839- the last year of which we possess any authentic statistics on the subject, which have been published— only two per cent, were sent vid the St. Lawrence ; the rest having been received at Oswego and other American ports ; f and that the duties (of 20 per cent.) were, in effect, paid by the Canadians prior to the treaty is ineontrovertibly established by the report of the select comi.ittee on commerce, .appointed by the legislative assembly of Canada in 1858, testifying that the effect of the repeal of discriminating duties on grain imported into Great Britain was » to depreciate the value of all articles grown or produced in Canada 20 percent, under the value of like articles grown or produced in the United States, and this difference in value con- tmuedup to the year 1854, (the year of the treaty,) a period of nearly nine years." "^ . RIGHT OF THE UNITED STATES TO A JUST RECIPROCITY. The '« reciprocity treaty " is thus shown to have been productive of extraordinary advantage to Canadian industry, which is chiefly employed in agricultural pursuits. From Canada, as fro»i the newer States of this Umon, the eliluf art'cies of export are raw products; but a considerable share of the exports naturally made from tlie United States to Canada * As nearly as can l>e ascertained— See report of Canadian Commissioner of Customs. t See report of Canadian Commissioners o( Public Works, page 7. 42 consists of the products of manufacturing industry ; and it does not admit of any doubt or question that commercial reciprocity, apart from the con- fusion arising from a conventional and technical construction of the words— actual reciprocity of commerce between the two countries — implies a free and fair exchange on equal terms of all the products of labor in both. In admitting Canada to the commercial advantages she would enjoy if she were a State of this Union, we have a right to expect from her in return the same commercial privileges which each State of the Union confers upon the others. CANADIAN MINISTER OF FINANCE OFFICIALLY AVOWS A POLICY ADVERSE TO RECIPROCITY WITH THE UNITED STATES. It was indeed expected, when the treaty was made, that Canada would continue to impose moderate dut'os upon American manufac- tures ; but if at that time she had announced a determination to enact laws especially discriminating against all forms of our industry, except those which are nominated in the bond, the benefits we have conlerred upon her would never have been granted, nor can she expect tlieir contmuance beyond the time required by the treaty. Yet this tendency and intention to isolate herself and exclude us, except so far as we may bo purchasers of her products, was not only commonly proclaimed by a large party in the Province, but was officially avowed by the Canadian Minister oi fi- nance, * and various alterations have been made in the method of levying "duties on merchandise of foreign origin for the avowed purpose of checking the trade of New- York and Boston. CANADIAN TAXATION OF AMERICAN PRODUCTIONS IN CONTRAST. The statistics of the Canadian government show that for the first three years after the treaty Canada taxed forty-five times as large an amount of American productions as the United States taxed of Canadian productions. Since that time our exports of manufactures to Canada have diminished. Having deducted from the importations from Canada into tliis country the articles of iron, hardware, and salt, as they are not produced for exportation in Canada in appreciable quantities, but are evidentely of foreign origin, the following is a tabular statement for each fiscal year since the treaty went into full effect to January 1, 1861 : 1856. 1857. 1859. 1859. 1860. Products ol' the United Slates on ■which duty was paid in Canadft. Products ofCanada ou which duty \yas paid in the United Sinieii. $7,981,284 136,370 $6,203,320 160,086 $4,524,503 119,358 $4,197,316 173,478 $4,425,001 174,259 Value of American products charged with duty in Canada above thai ol Canadian products chargetl with duty in the United States. 7,844,914 6,043,234 4,405,145 4,023,838 4,250,742 ♦ See report, May 1, 1860, pp. 34, 36, and elsewhere. not admit n the con- m of the s — implies af labor in ihe would pect from ate of the • ADVERSE lat Canada manufae- enact laws xcept those ferred upon ontinuance d intention purchasers je party in lister of Fi- l of levying of checking BAST. for the first s large an if Canadian to Canada om Canada ^hey are not 2s, but are nt for (61 : each 1S60. 6 18 $4,425,001 174,259 JS 4,250j742 43 THE UNITED STAIES TAX CANADIAN PRODUCTIONS ONLY $40,000, WHILE AMERICAN PRODUCTIONS ARE TAXEi^ $1,000,000, ANNUALLY IN CANADA. While we have levied annually since ihe treaty only about $40,000 on Canadian productions, * the average amount of duties levied on Ame- rican productions in Canada has been more than $1,000,000 annually. ff the policy of the United States towards Canada had been founded upon the theory of free imports only, our objections to this state of things would have no weight, but as our intention was to act upon the principle of reciprocity in the common sense of the term, the giving and receiving of equivalents on each side, any intentional adoption of the spirit of isolation or exclusion on either side is a departure from that system of mutual liberality and profit which the treaty was intended to inaugurate. INTENTIONS FORMERLY EXPRKSSED 'N CANADA. In those diplomatic positions where official changes are frequent, and where those who are the chief agents in important negotiations are frequently removed to distant spheres of labor, verbal understandings are readily forgotten ; but when delay occurred in the negotiations leading to this treaty, Canada, through the British Minister at Washingion, empha- tically declared ^^ the disappointment ivas the greater, inasmuch as the Cana- dian government has always adopted the most liberal commercial policy with respect to the United States, as well in regard to the transit through its canals as in regard to the admission of manufactured goods coming from this country;'' and alleged, upon the official authority of the Canadian government, that if the natural products of Canada should be admitted duty free, that government would be willing to carry out still further the same liberal commercial policy already pursued towards the manufactures of the United States, adding that, in the event of our refusal, " the Cana- dian government and legislatures are likely forthwhh to take certain measures which, both in .themselves and their consequences, will effect a con- siderable change in the commercial intercourse between the Canadas and the United States." NATURAL EXCHANGES OF CANADA AND THE UNITED STATES. Canada is in many respects like our new north-western country, her farms and forests yielding a great variety of products, which under a fair system of reciprocity would be exchanged for articles manufactured in the eastern and older States. So different are the relative circumstances of the two countries, that, under the moderate Canadian tariff in operation when the treaty was made, we exported to Canada manufactures to the value of nearly eight millions of dollars in one year, while the manufactures of Canada sold to us have never exceeded about one hundred and fifty thousand dollars in value, so far as they can be ascertained. The free nadian*orSn.^°'"'^°'"^ '"'''^ '* '°° favorable to Canada, and includes many articles evidently not of Ca- 44 admission of the products of Canada is injurious to our farming and lumbering interests, while our manufacturers, shippers and merchants are attacked by the unjust and restrictive laws of that province. * VNtAIR SYSTEM OF CANADIAN TOLLS DISCRIMINATINS AGAINST THK UNITED STATES. t Under the Stipulations of the treaty Canada granted the use of her canals to American vessels on the same terms as those enjoyed by British vessels. The Welland canal, connecting Lakes Erie and Ontario, is extensively us(fd by American shipping. Under an enactment of 1860, if vessels and goods having paid toll on the Welland canal entered the St. Lawrence canals or any Canadian jjort, all except ten per cent, of the Welland charges is refunded ; thus creating a discrimination of ninety per cent, against vessels going to American ports, besides a free passage through the canals of the Galops, Point Iroquois, Rapid Flat, Favian's Point, Cornwall, Beauharnois and Lachine— a discrimination against the forwarders and millers of Rochester, Oswego and Ogdensburg, the carrying systems of New York, and the shippers and merchants of that port. In the same way, vessels from Canadian ports on Lake Ontario or the St. Lawrence are charged only one-tenth of the Welland tolls exacted if they pass from American ports. These enactments are evidently inconsistent with our just expectations. They clearly discriminate in favor of the route viii the St. Lawrence, and against the great carrying systems of the United States. By thus throwing off a large amount of its revenue, and at the same time unnecessarily assuming large debts already incurred by municipal incorporations for a similar purpose, the Canadian government has lost all claim to the plea frequently urged on its behalf, of financial necessity, as a reason for its high tariffs on American manufactures. THE LATE OOVERNOK GENERAL OF CANADA REPRESENTS DISCRIMINATING TOLLS AS A FREE TRADE MOVEMENT. Although the policy of Canada in reference to her canals is thus plainly restrictive and adverse to American shipping and ports, Sir Edmund Head, lately the governor of the province, in a despatch to the Secretary of State for the Colonies of Great Britain, dated July 26, I860, represented these discriminating measures, subversive of the intentions of the treaty, as steps towards greater freedom of trade. CANADIAN SYSTEM OF FREE PORTS. Canada is also deprived of the plea of insufficient revenue, the excuse u.sually alleged bv the apologists for her adverse tariff, by having given up the collection" of customs duties in different parts of her territory, throughout lines of frontier extending for some thousands of miles, evidently to the injury of her revenue and our own. irming and irchants are THE UNITED use of lier d by British Ontario, is t of 1860, if 3red the St. cent, of the jf ninety per free passage at, Favian's against the , the can-ying port. In the >t. Lawrence ey pass from expectations, wrence, and bus throwing mnecessarily rations for a to the plea eason for its SCRIMINATING anals is thus i ports, Sir spatch to the ily 26, 1860, intentions of ie,the excuse having given her territory, lies, evidently ilwaukie. i5 By proclamation dated November 30, 18G0, and published in the Cana- dian Gazette, It was officially declared, in pursuance of an act of the pro- vmcial parliament, passed the previous session, that the harbour of Gasne Basin, m the gulf of the St. Lawrence and on the southern side of that river, was constituted a free port, where goods, wares and merchandise of every description may be imported either for consumption or exportation without being liable to any duties of customs ; and the limits of this port were practically extended so as to include so much of the promontory on the southern side of the St. Lawrence as is eastward of a line formed by and from the river Nouvelle, in the Bay of Chaleurs, to the headwaters ot the river Chatte, and thence down that river to the river St. Lawrence— V^^/Ton''''"f ^' ^«a«"ying from its chief headlands, has a sea-coast of about 220 miles; and the privileges thus conferred upon this section of the district of Gaspe are also extended to the Magdalen Islands and the Island ol Anticosti, and also to the north shore of the river St. Lawrence from Point des Moms eastward to the eastern limits of Canada on the coast ol Labrador, including an additional line of sea-coast of more than live hundred miles,* measuring on the water from the chief headlands • the whole following the lino of indentations on the shore, preseminir a sea-coast of 1,200 or 1,500 miles, where goods from all parts of the world can be bought free of customs' duties at the entrance to the river St Lawrence, and near tlie other British Provinces and the United States. It is more important to the United States that by a similar nrocla- mation another "free port " has been established, under the name of the port ot hault St. Mane, so as to include practically not only that port itself but also nearly the whole Canadian coast of Lakes Huron and Superior' beginning at the point of intersection of the principal meridian line with the waters of Lake Huron, extending westerly and northerly along the line of Canada to the westerly boundary of the Province, and inr-ludinff the adjacent islands. All goods, wares, and merchandize from any' part of the world can be brought into this port, and thence exported or taken to any part of a coast which, by land measurement, commencing from the chief headlands, is not less than 400 miles, and including th(f islands is more than 1,000 miles in extent. A wholesale merchant from the North- western States, or the region of the lakes, may purchase goods in bond in New York, convey them free of duty to Sault St. Marie and the territory fascally attached to that port, and thence smuggle them into the United btates--a process of which the risk of insurance by responsible parties is asserted to be no more than from five to ten per cent., according to 'the nature of the commodities themselves. Besides the injury which such a state of things must inflict upon the revenue of the United States, and the great expense of maintaining a sufficient number of officers to check illegal traffic, injnnpg no less seriou- will arise from the demoralizing influence of the vast army of smucr^ere topvetoo;owr..h«rlh«ntooexa»germX;mtelnt^^^^ ° °'-'""'"' 'n«"'"'^«'"e"< can be given. 46 which in a few years will thus be called into existence, and who, both by day and night, will be engaged in a system of continual secret warfare against the laws of the United States. FISCAL REASONS FOR A CONTINENTAL SYSTEM. A valid reason for a fiscal system which should embrace the whole American continent is to be found in the extreme difficulty which must always attend the collection of revenue on botli sides of any boundary in the interior, and the comparative ease with which smuggling on the Atlantic coast can be prevented. An army of functionaries, maintained at vast expense, would be needed on both sides of our northern frontier, if under a system of retaliation, aiming at injury to each other, each nation should endeavor to promote a system by which the revenue of the other will be defrauded of its just dues. »EBT OF CANADA CREATED IN EFFORTS TO DIVERT THE TRADE OF THE UNITED STATES. While it is to be regretted that the Canadian Government, having thought proper to diminish its own revenue in various methods known to be injurious to the revenue and commerce of the United States, should also have relied for its own revenue chiefly upon a tariff avowedly adverse to the interests of the United States, although many other usual sources of revenue remained untouched, the justice of this complaint becomes yet more clear upon examination of the report intituled : " Canada, 1849 to 1859, by Hon. A. T. Gait, finance minister of Canada, 1860," showing that the direct public debt of the province then amounted to £8,884,672 or $43,001,812 ; all of which, except $107,796, was contracted by making canals and railroads in Canada to compete with i^merican interests, and in fruitless but persistent efforts to divert the trade of the Western States from the natural channels it had already formed. OFFICIAL AVOWAL OF DISCRIMINATING DUTIES AGAINST THE MERCHANTS AND CARRIERS OF THE UNITED STATES. Mr. Gait thus explains the change in the method of levying duties so as to divert trade from the ports of the United States : " By extending the ad valorevi principle to all importations, and thereby encouraging and developing the direct trade between Canada and all foreigii countries by sea, and so far benefiting the shipping interests of Great Britain — an object which is partly attained through the duties being taken upon the value in the market where last bought — the levy of specific duties for several years had completely diverted the trade of Canada in teas, sugars, &c., to the American markets, (our Atlantic cities,) and had destroyed a very valuable trade which formerly existed from the St. Lawrence to the lower provinces and West Indies. It was believed that the competition of our canals and railroad systems, vid Portland, together with the improvements in the navigation of the Lower St. Lawrence, 0, both by t warfare the whole licli must lundary in g on the ntained at rontier, if ch nation the other JF THE t, having known to 2s, should y adverse sources of 3omes yet 1, 1849 to showing 34,672 or J making ests, and m States JCHANTS duties so ons, and aada and Uresis of ies being f specific anada in and had the St. sved that together awrence. 47 justified the belief that the supply of Canadian wants might be once more made by sea, and the benefits of tliis commerce obtained for our own merchants and forwarders. Under this conviction, it was determined by the government to apply the principle of arf valorem duties." SPECIAL EXEMPTIONS IN FAVOR OF THE GRAND TRUNK RAILROAD. In pursuance of this discriminating system, it was also provided (see Consolidated Statutes of Canada, chap. 17, sec. 24) lliat the governor of Canada, by a departmental order, might discreminate in favor of particular routes through the United States — a singular violation of the comity or hospitality of the United States in extending unusual facilities not required by any treaty for the transfer of goods on the Grand Trunk Railroad, md Portland, into Canada. TALUE OF THE ST. LAWRENCE HITHERTO. During the debates in Congress on the subject of the treaty, great stress was laid on the use of the St. Lawrence. One honorable member, expressing only the general expectation of many others, said : " The free navigation of the St. Lawrence is only necessary to show us, in the fall of every year, long lines of vessels seeking the Atlantic, through Canada, laden with western produce, and in the spring making their way back with foreign wares, and with the avails of p'-ofitable labor for nearly half a year." Hope seldom told a more flattering tale than on this subject. Sixteen hundred vessels, with an aggregate burden of 400,000 tons, were, so long ago as 1856, employed on our northern " inland seas ;" but from the date of the traaty to 1860, a period of nearly six years, only forty American vessels, with a burden of no more than 12,550 tons, passed seaward through the St. Lawrence, and less than one half of them ever retumed while in 1867 alone no less than 109 British vessels cleared from Chicago alone, on Lake Michigan — a privilege which they only enjoy by means of the treaty. Remembering that the treaty had no practical effisct until 1855, the following table of the imports and exports into and from Canada, vid the St. Lawrence, from 1853 to 1859, inclusive of those years, aflbrds the best data for an accurate comparison of the value of the St. Lawrence and those routes through the United States through which free transit was granted to Canadian productions by the treaty. It is compiled from the official returns published by the Canadian government. / 48 Comparative imports and exports into and from Canada, by way of the St. Latvrence river, from 1853 to 1860, inclusive. Imports. 1853* 1854. 1855 . 1856 . 1857 . 1858 . 1859 . 1860 . $19,268,260 21.171.735 11.494.028 15.319.361 14.561.884 10.795.077 11.472.754 13.527.160 Goods in transitu for United States. $1,047,964 495.326 18.014 13.492 183.789 26.916 76.314 21.505 Exports. $15,556,594 14.709.621 8.195.500 11.817.137 13.756.786 9.727.413 8.983.773 8.400.096 Since 1855, the first year when freedom of import, export and transit through the United States was granted to Canada for all her raw products, her people, as is shown by the foregoing table, rhose routes through our territory as most conducive to their own interests ; and this diminution of trade vid the St. Lawrence has occurred when the aggregate of the imports and exports of Canada, from all sources together, has greatly increased. The " reciprocity treaty " removed many impediments to our use of the St. Lawrence and the free use by the Canadians of the routes through the territory of the United States. In 1864, the year before the treaty, the value of imports by the St. Lawrence was ^21 171 756 Value of exports '/.*'* I2,'50l'372 Total value of trade $33,673,128 In 1855, the year after the treaty, the value of imports by the St. Lawrence decreased to ^1 1 494 828 Exports decreased to 6'975'600 Total value of trade $18,469,528 The decrease thus exhibited, so soon as the routes and markets of the United States were opened, was $15,203,600, and the whole was transferred to our carriers, for in the same time the trade to the United States increased $16,856,624, or from $24,971,096 to $40,827,720. In these estimates no notice is taken of heavy diflerentiai duties in Great Britain in favor of colonial timber sent by way of the St. Lawrence, tending to increase the shipments by that route. * W^e fiad no statistics on this subject previous to 1853, 49 The ready access to New York at all times of the year, alike from gouthern and northern regions, making it a market for the products of all, ^ives it insuperable advantages over ports in the St. Lawrence, shut out Irom all connection with the south except by a route always circuitous, and entirely closed by ice for nearly half the year. Let us at least concur in the belief that a system of free competition will best solve the question, and that the cheapest and safest route is the best for both countries. TRADE OF CANADA WITH THE UNITED STATES GREATER THAN WITH ALL OTHER COUNTRIES TOGETHER. The natural commercial relations of Canada and the neighboring States are so great that they may justly be said to arise from geographical necessities; conditions not indeed necessary to existence, but absolutely necessary to the full development of the prosperity of each country. They are amply shown by the statistics of the Canadian government. Every year since the treaty, to January 1, 1861, she has sold a larger amount of her productions to us than to all other countries together. The relative value of our markets to Canada is already increased by the removal, in 18C0, of very important duties discriminating in favor of colonial timber in the markets of Great Britain. Timber is a very large item in the exports of Canada, and the effect of the change in the English Jaw must be to increase the sales to the United States. Summary showing an annual excess of exportations from Canada to the United States, above those to all other countries together, from December 31, 1854, to January 1, 1861. Years. Total exports from Canada to the United States, Great Britain, and all other countries. Exports from Canada io the United States. 1855 1856 .• 1857 1858 1869 1860 Total exports Total exports to the United States. Amount of exports from Canada to the United States, above those to all other countries together, for the last six years . $28,108,461 32,047,016 27,006,624 23,472,609 23,102,378 34,631,890 $20,002,290 20,21^,653 f4,762,641 13,373,138 13,922,314 20,698,398 168,368,978 97,956,504 ^ ,97,955,604 76- ///3 .rf/v 7954135474- 7 -7. -3 aid 3^ 50 if Although our importations into Canada have been made under legis- lative restrictions, they yet exceed those from all other countries together, as is shown by the following table : Summary showing an annual excess of importations into Canada from the United States, abore those from all other countries togeth^, from December 31, 1854, to January 1, 1861. Years. Imports into Canada from the United States and all other countries. 1855. 1856. 1857. 1858. 1859. 1860. Imports into Canada from the United States. $36,086,169 43,584,387 39,430,597 29,078,527 33,555,161 34,447,935 Total imports Imports from the United States. Imports from all other countries Imports from the United States, above those from all other countries together, for the last six years 215,982,776 114,259,345 101,723,431 12,535,914 $20,828,676 22,704,609 20,224,650 15,635,565 17,592,916 17,273,029 114,259,345 NATDRAL RESULTS OP THE TREATY AND ITS ABROGATION. A great and mutually beneficial increase in our commerce with Canada was the natural and primary result of the treaty. Many causes of irritation were removed, and a large accession to our trac^e was acquired, through t\\e treaty, with the Maritime Provinces. * Arguments founded upon the results of the treaty, as a whole, with the various Provinces, have a valid and incontrovertible application against the unconditional and complete abrogation of the treaty, so far as it refers to Provinces against which no complaint is made. The isolated and disconnected condition of the various governments of these Provinces to each other, and the absence of their real responsibility to any common centre, are little understood. No fault is found with the acts of Newfoundland, Prince Edward's Island, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick. These separate Provinces and that of Canada have each a separate tariff and legislature, and neither of them is * See Appendix Nos. 1 and 2, 61 accountable to or for any other. An abrogation of the treaty, as a whole, would therefore be a breach of good faith towards the other Provinces, even if it were expedient to adopt such a course towards Canada, but no advantages gained by the treaty with the Maritime Provinces can be admitted as offsets in favor of Canada. Each province made its own bargain, and gave and received its separate equivalents. KXPORTS AND IMPORTS BETWEEN CANADA AND THE UNITED STATES. The following presents a comparative view of all the imports and exports to and from the United States and Canada from December 31, 1849, to January 1, 1861 : 1850. 1861. 1852. 1853. 1854. 1855. Imports into Canada.. Imports into the United States $6,594,860 4,951,159 $8,365,765 4,071,544 $8, ,77,693 6,284,.521 $11,782,147 8,936,382 $15,533,097 8,649,002 $20,828,676 16,737,277 Excess of imports into 1,643,701 982,083 4,294,221 845,833 2,193,172 1,251,632 2,845,765 1,789,073 6,884,095 1,769,880 4,091,399 Other imports into U. States! 3,265,013 Estimated excess of im- ports into Canada from the U. States above Canadian Imports into the United States. . . 661,618 3,448,388 941/J40 1,056,692 5,114,216 826,386 Imports into Canada.. . . Imports into the United States Excess of imports into Canada • Other imports into United States t ' Estimated excess of im- ports into Canada from the United States abnve Canadian imports into the United States . . • • 1856. $22,704,509 17,979,753 4,724,756 2,238,900 2,485,856 1857. $20,224,660 13,206,436 7,018,214 1,556,206 5,462,009 1858. 1859. $15,635,565 11,930,094 3,705,471 1,443,044 2,263,427 P 17,592,9 16 13,922,314 3,670,602 1,664,603 1860. $17,273,029 18,427,968 2,270,430 2,005,999 l,n.V91 t These amounts are named in the statistics published • government a? returned not reported at inland ports m Canada, ." to the United States. ;." the sanction of the Canadian ■nay be inferred were chiefly sent 52 The following table shows the imports and exports between Canada and the Lnited States of articles free under the treaty to January 1, 1861 : $Ui,.176,093 7,72'j,.061 Imporl.s iiilo lliu United .Stnte.s liom Caiinda.. . Imports into Canada from tlic L'liilud Slnle.s,. . Excess of III) ports iVeo uiidur tlie treaty in /nvor o'Caiiada 8,750,532 1866. 1856. 1857. 1863. $17,8I0,()84 7,909,554 $17,812,308 8,012,030 9,901,130 4,170,278 $11,514,364 5,564,015 5,949,749 1S59. 1860. ImportN into ilie IJnilcd Stales fioni Canada. . . Imports into Canada from tlio United States. . . £xcess of imports free under the treaty in favor of Canada $."5,289,070 7,100,116 8,182,954 $20,305,829 7,0t)9,089 13,290,140 Totals. $94,268,348 44,017,565 60,250,783 CONTIINUED INCREASE IN CANADIAN TARIFFS SINCE THE TREATY, AND THEIR INJURIOUS EFFECT ON OUR NORTHERN FRONTIER. During this unequal condition of trade few complaints were made until the Canadian tariff of 1859 was enacted. Until that time, when a tariff agamst American manufactures reached its maximum, Canada had increased her tariff every year since the treaty, as will be seen by the following sketch of the Canadian tariff from 1855, the year when the treaty went into effect : ¥ Articles. 1855. 1856. 1857. 1858. 1859. Molasses Per cent. 16 32 27i 12i 12^ ' 12i 12i 12i 121 Per cent. 11 28 20 14i 17 m m 14 Per cent. 11 25 m 20 20 15 15 15 16 Per cent. 18 26^ 21 21 21 15 16 17 18 Percent. Sugar, refined Sugar, other Boots and shoes . . . Harness ...... .... 30 40 30 25 25 20 20 20 20 Cotton goods Iron goods Silk goods Wool goods The duties now levied in Canada on many of our manufactures such as boots and shoes, harness and saddlery, wearing apparel, &c., 63 • f I are a hundred per cent, heavier timn in 1Q54, when the treaty was BiLmed, and on nearly all our other manufactures— such as woollens, toitona leather, hats, household furniture, hand-bills, glass, a^'rieultural imple- ments, edge tools, fire-arms, carriages, nails, and other hardware, India rubber goods, mannfactures of brass, copper, lead, tin, &c., and almost all our otiier rnanufactures— it has been increased sixty-two and a half per cent. Ihe injury thus inflicted upon our people is avowed by the Hon. A. 1 . Ualt, the imaneiul mmisfer of Canada, to be " no subject of regret to the Canadian government." The tariif of which Mr. Gait speaks with so much complacency, extinguished the trade of our frontier cities with Canada 111 their own manufactures. Many manufacturing establishments on our side dismissed their workmen and were closed, and many were removed to Canada in order to avoid the payment of duty on their produc- It can create no surprise that much indignation was excited, without exception, in all those cities on the Canadian frontier which are daily and hourly witnesses of the one-sided nature of our dealings with Canada in the products of American labor. Some parts of Buflalo, for instance, are scarcely halfa mile from the Canadian shore Fort Porter, until lately unoccupied on this side, and Fort Erie, in ruins on the other, attest the long cessation of warlike aggression on both sides. But the natuml benefits ol peace do not exist. Under the full operation of these causes Buffalo would be the commercial and manufacturing metropolis of a large region m Canada, greatly for th'j common good. With a view to this natural advantage she advocated the enactment of this treaty. She expended large sums Ol money on a railrot d extending across Canada from Niagara river to Lake Huron, and has been ready to assist in constructing a bridge over the river. Many of her citizens, and those of Rochester also, have been compelled by the Canadian tariffs to leave th.^r homes and remove their families to Canada. The daily and hourly view of a country close IL ?f ''Jf 1 ""■'' ^""^ Z!'^'' ^'"^'^ ^'^^^'' manufactures and goods are almos forbidden to enter although the chief prodvcts of that country are admitted free of duty, under the name and disguise of" reciprocity," into all ports of the United States, must be a cause of frequent irritation to the citizens of Buffalo and in tne early periods of this discussion such projects ol a reta hatory policy naturally arose as, from other poims of view, seem less likely tlian more moderate counsels to accomplish the desired object. BEMONSTRANCES FROM BOARDS OF TRADE IN CANADA WEST. The origin of the tariff, tolls, and discriminating dmies, of which the people of our northern Slates complain, is not with their neighbors of the Upper Province, who have always opposed this legislation, but with those of the Lower Provmcn,xyho have endeavored, in violation of i he laws of trade to force the trade of Canada West and of the western States to Montreal and Quebec, instead of allowing New York and Boston to com- pete on equal terms with the ports on the St. Lawrence. As the chief exports of Canada to the United States are made from the Upper Province to stop the importation of these productions imo the United States would injure most that section ofCanada against which no complaint has \ma made. ' The chief cities of^ C'mnr^n Wf^t, through their bonnf?- of trade, pre- sented petitions against Uic o^. . i ^mablc tariff, of which the ibllowing is an exaiiiple : => n on!,'!/"'-'" P^'f'''?"^''"? «•■« "/ opinion that so unealled-for and unwise tion^lZVV' ■ ?'''^ '; affect the existing pleasant conunercial rela- tionship f)etween Canada and the United States in the workinir of the recjnrocty treaty, the great advantage of which to this province is wcfl known to your lionoraljle house, inasmucli as the proposed policy of the mspector general practically shuts the door to the admission into Canada of the h-admg articles of commerce hitherto purchased in the great market^sofih,.Ln,ied States, nndforcin^r [jpper Canada to import vidihe M. L,awrence, or olhmoisepay an enormous increase of duty y RETALIATION CONSinflRED. Cor^imerci^l retaliation is justified by the highest authorities and pre- oedent.s, ,)ut or, when it is the l)est course towards the desired end. It is not always the bliortest or safest road to our objects. As in a war of arms, 80 also in a war of legislation, the influence of reason is . -.oo.^ of : - .ercourse by means of steam and electricity. In the pov^-er of :>.%/. ,:..?'>.,;,s we have a guarantee for the indestructibility of the beneficen! t:vj! -avion we d- \c to establish ; and frorn their agency, seconded and advanced in mutual alliance by the power of the printing press, arises from one end of the northern frontier to the ) ' ' ♦ See report of Detroit Board of Trade. 55 other an universal knowledge of the adva.iiages to be rained in both countries by a remova of the legislative barriers to our cfmrnerciul and socm intercourse with the Provrnces, in pursuanco of a settle'l pol." baned upon a ,ust regard t(, their intc-rests aid rights. Let practical uS lation secure the beneficent results of this wisdom. ^ PREVALENT OIIVIONS THROUGHOUT THE NORTHERN FRONTIER Or THE UNITED STATES. till.v^"f^f''";r'"^'\ "'''' P'^''"'*''' '^'"''^*' » knowledge of the climate and fer- ft. ^ ' . .' ?J'' ' ! ""•"^J':^"^'''"''" Possessions prevails, a strong and uniform feeluu' as to the value ofih.seomn.erce exists. At Milwaukie, the ehamber d senv/.rT /"P"'''"^ •" t""' "*". '^^^P'-^'^'ly. l>"t stated it^ inability to discover any fmr or equitable equivalents for tlu; present advantages given 2..?.i",; r1 r* ^'"^■'Y!'' «""«cious that, by the interposition of the gn a Cham oflakes stretching northward from her through seven degrees sion, in .'i' ' '^^ ''^' " T'^'t^l'' ^'"'"'''■"y '" '^"^ ^r"'" the Hritish Posset sions mthe north-west," and that, being within striking distance of the navigable waters lalhng into the Gulf of Mexico, and hav'ing both railway andwaereommunieationwithit, she will collect whhin lu-r storehouses noTnlT ii ^?J^ '"'"''' '^r '^"^ ^'■^"^ commercial metropolis between the rec proc.ty treaty.'' Detroit, of which the neighboring region of Canada is naurallva suburb or apart, finds that the sale of her manufactures and goods of foreign origin is almost prohibited in Canada, while the winter wheat and other products of her State meet those of Canada in eastern markets free of duty. Her Board of Trade expressed its preference of a cessation «,! intercourse with Canada to the present system, Im isTn favor nio^i, i'.v!l ''^"''! '■^ciprocty. Cleveland desires a complete and harmo «ee in r- P""'"' "•^'^'" ''^'^''T "^ ^'^'^h country. Buffalo and Rochester valuahiet'^rf -'"y '^ '^' '"^ of Pennsylvania, and the absence of this valuable mineral in the geological formations of Canada West, and in other themselve^ «"n 1 r^'^'S'" '■?"■■"" «f '""tually profitable commerce between themselves and Canada, but cannot deem that system reciprocally free rTc n m'anufa ^- ^'^'^^ ^^ ''^^ Province free of'^duty, but'cloTes^Ame- no, n manufactories and removes them to a foreign country. At Oswego tht Joard of Trade declared itself in favor of a Zdl-Verein^ Ogdensbuf? muJe i to'h /'r""^' ^.'""''' -*^"^^ ^^^^^f' l''^« ^he other frontier cities, pef: muted to buy from, but prevented from selling to, that Province The Jer^'i^rv'nfifp'' "^^--"'y.' ^-'^ '-^ googrfphiJal prJiection into th^ Prn^\2.J M P^r:"^;*^^' t^'"^J strongly towards commercial unity with the Provinces. No State is more inteiested than Massachusetts, whose manu- Thee'n!. '"•'"'? would thus become free throughout the entire noMh. rmvecThtfrH ''^'''\'^^ P'^P'^^ "^^'^^ ^^""^•'^r ^^^^^'^ t''"« unanimously arrived has not been reached at any moment of nassini. excitement. It d he aeiiberate opinion of practical men, whose daily interests "" "involved hev .;''"'' ""', '"'"' P?T'r ^^^^ ^h" attait.ment of the objec, U which theyaun may be retarded, but cannot be prevented, and who ask of the * Report of the Board of Trade at Chicago. 9$ statesmen m their country to cast the sentiment of the frontier into a useful and permanent form by the removal of restrictive laws, and by opening such channels of rade as, beginning at the frontier, will enrich the interTo? of their various States, concentrating wealth and commerce at our seaports increasing our shipping, and adding materially to our national resources! OUR MUTUAL INTERESTS. The British Possessions on this continent have a population nearly equal m number to that of our Union at the time of its orSin a S ?roA \''' as larp as that of the seven originally seceding States.^Sprung from the two great rival nations of the Old Word, their people so cloself resemble our own that they mingle with us unobse'rved, anSo t w S distinction, m our daily thoroughfares, wondering, it may be, Xthev and their vast country, close to our own doors, sl^ould ha^ve ie rlmpo'? tance as may superhcially appear, in the estimation of the United States than has been awarded to the small and remote island of Japan and is or en al inhabitants, on whom we have lavished large sums for luxurious entertainments and costly embassies. luxurious U onnt- '"""IJ'P^^-n u""^ ^""^''^ ^'^"^' ^f '^^^ Pa«t ^"d present rate of increase IS continued, will have twenty millions of inhabitants at the end of th^s SnlSSryTg^r"^ '''-'''^' ''^ ^'^^'^'^ ^' ^^^^^ w. fi»^1i"? ^"^ ''T l^"-i'oi-ies to those of Great Britain on this continent we find that instead of discussing only the interests of a few frontie? cS' ZluX!" V" '^'fT'^ 'V^' commercial relations of one-eigl^th of the habitable surface of the world. There is no part of the globe where sealer natural advantages await the use of civilized man. ^ And ^r^niir'^ ^^"^ ^''^'"'T- J?''"P°':\'.""S of the subject, but the political ideas And moral agencies which public opinion desires to apply to it are vet more comprehens.ve, sublime, and perpetual. It seeks a unity "not^of governments but of people." It desires to extend to the provinces and ourselves the same system of mutual and material benefits which ha^ been found so beneficial to the various State^of this Union. It is the svsfem by which the present enlightened rulers of England and France are SdcSv?- nng to reverse t!ie pol.t.enl estrangement of •' those two great nations whose contlets have often shaken the world, by undoing for their purpose it whK , the.r fore-fathers did for a difter'.if purpose", and pmCn" w i equal consistency, an end that is more beneficial.''* "" ^ The Provinces may be said to be foreign countries, but each of them IS less distant from the United States than many of our own States a o from each other; and while Providener- has thn. made us neighbors and by the md.mtations ol our respective territories has rendered nutnal rights } J 860. * See the memorable .si^eech of Mr. Gladstone, chancellor of the British exchequer, February 10, 67 of transit almost necessary to both, it has also given to us, as northern and southern nations, so great a variety of cliroate and productions as to ren- der us capable of conferring upon each other such benefits as we cannot estimate too highly. The timber, wheat, and other grains, water power and fisheries of the Provinces, furnish abundant material of beneficial exchange for the corn, cotton, tobacco, coffee, sugar, fruits, and mineral wealth of the more southern portions of this contineiit. With full development of these material interests, social relations and the beneficial interchange of ideas will increase. It was an object worthy ol J^uropcan s.ate^smen, and honorable to our common natur»>, to eclipse the glories of former history by endeavoring to substitute between France and England the realities of peace and those true and mutual interests which, when understood, are always found to be harmonious, for the me- mories of ialse glory and " a policy founded upon war, conquest, expen- diture, and patronage." To us a wider and clearer field is open on a new continent. We and the British provinces, young as nations, are com- paratively unimpeded by petty interests and hostile traditions. A policy based upon the best and surest foundation will grow with our growth and strengthen as we become stronger. The traveller on our joint irontier has been accustomed to see our forts in ruins or without garrisons. The stand- ing armies of Europe are computed to intrude more than 3,000,000 of men withdrawn permanently from productive pursuits. Less than 20,000 men nave hitherto sutticed for defence on both sides of our frontier. In the Old World the enormous evils resulting from the system of isola- tion, althougn deplored by all who deserve the name of statesmen, have been continued through mutual ignorance and f(!ar, ibrming a vast inter- national aggregation of crimes which all civilized men abhor in detail and among individuals ; for war, when it is the habitual condition of mankind, bequeathing legacies of hatred and revstimates, that the amount now remaii-ing as the national debt of Great Britain alone would suffice to construct fifty railroads from the cities of the western StaK-s to the Pacific ocean. ft is not Utopian to believe that the world may be better governed than It has been heretofore, or that nations, for the purposes of peaceful 58 policy, should avail themselves of the new discoveries and material aeen- cies known and useful to mdividuals in common daily life. Free intercommunication and the great material interests of our conti- nent are under a wise guidance, the true medium for its government. Instead of garrisons and armies, our policy should be to substitute those mutual interests and quiet forces by means of which each individual, even when he seeks only his own personal welfare, is, perhaps unconciously, subserving the great decrees of Providence. ^' THE ZOLL-VEREIN, OR GERMAN COMMERCIAL UNION— ITS ORIGIN, SUCCESS EXTENSION, CHARACTER, AND TENDENCIES. ' By adopting the principles embodied in the Zoll-Verein, or Pmssian confederacy of the German states, we and the British Possessions can obtain all the commercial advantages of union without political entanglement leaving each country free to practise in its own self-government such rules as its believes to be most in accordance with the genius of its people, and best adapted to promote its own interests. The principle of the Zoll-Verein, Toll-Alliance, or Custom's Union, is an unjlormity among its component States as to imports, exports and TRANSIT. ' ' It allows and encourages among its members as complete freedom of communication and exchange as exists between different counties of the same State or between different States of the American Union, and com- mends itself to the approbation of all who comprehend the spirit of the age It lacihtates the collection of revenue, by collecting only on the frontier of Its confederated States. The payment of duties in one of the States is suffi- cient to procure a free sale or transit in each other, and the revenue wan originally divided among its members in proportion to the number of their respectives inhabitants. In the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland the custom house laws, which formerly separated Scotland and Ireland from England, have 'been superseded by a general system of taxation applicable to the whole. In trance, local barriers have given way to a general system of taxation. These two empires have now entered upon a system of legislation for their mutual beneht ; but the Zoll-Verein itself arose in Germany. The wisdom of its founders is demonstrated by the great test of time No material alteration has been made in the principles, or even in the details, of the laws established at its origin. Many additional States have voluntarily become members of its Union. It began in 1818— forty-four years ago— when Prussia formed a com- mercial union with a few minor States. The alliance arose from no hostilitr to other powers, but from a desire to get rid of those obstacles to intercourse which separate fiscal laws created among people whom natural feelings i i . ! 69 'I and commercial interests would otherwise connect more intimately together. The Prussian tariftof 1818 was adopted. In 1834 the expel-ience of its benefits had given strength to its influ- ence. Statesmen perceived that Prussia had, by her liberal policy, con- ferred upon Germany advantages second only to those she had initiated by the diffusion of education and intelligence. At that time the Zoll-Verein was joined by other states, and thenceforward included Prussia, Bavaria, Saxony, Wurtemburg, the Grand Duchy of Baden, the Electorate and also the Grand Duchy of Hesse, and the Thuringian Association ; representing, in all, a population of 26,000,000. It was regarded by philosophic minds throughout Europe as having brought many liberal and patriotic ideas out of the realms of hope and fancy into those of positive and material interests. The political consequences which must arise from it did not escape the notice of its founders. They pursued no aggressive policy, but could not avoid the knowledge that it tended to lessen the hostility of differently constituted governments, and that a powerful political alliance would arise npon the basis of pecuniary interests and intimate social intercourse. It effected so great a saving in the collection of revenue that in three years— from 1834 to 1836 — the expenses of the fiscal establishments were reduced from $18,000,000 to $14,500,000. Advantageous to all, this result was especially beneficial to the smaller States, whose revenue service like that of Canada, was spread along extensive frontiers, and absorbed a large proportion of their income. Owing to increased prosperity, and the consequently' increased con- sumption of tax-paying articles, the revenue of Prussia rose from 18,8 silve«- gros. per head in 1834, to 23.4 in 1838. The saving in the expense of collection, the increased prosperity of our people, and the additional demand for foreign goods conj^cKiuent upon it, would afford a basis for a friendly and satisfactory arrangement with European powers, so far as they might be affected by the adoption of a policy which could not fail to be beneficial to the Provinces and the United States. The laws of the Zoll-Verein provide for the means of mutual investi- gation, so as to insure accurate returns of revenue from each place of collection. They contemplate the extension of its operations to other states, and provide for retaliation where commercial restrictions adverse to it are adopted. Its influence has continued to spread more and more widely. On September 7, 1861, a treaty was made with a rival a?=soeiation, called the Steuverein, and consisting of Hanover, Oldenbmg, and Brunswick, by which, from the 1st of January, 1854, both wer(« ineiiided in one revenue system— the ZoU-Verein~\him extending its operatiim to 36,000,000 of Germans ; and a treaty for limited reciprocal trade has been made with Austria, to last for twelve years from February 19, 1853. It is believed , f 60 by many that this treaty will lead to the actual consolidation of the whole Germanic race now existing in Europe. KEASONf FOB ADOPTING A SIMILAR SYSTKM. At the present period of history, assuming that the popular .sentiment of the Canadian people is monarchial, and not republican or democratic, the benefits of reciprocal trade can only l)e enjoyed by the United States and the I3ritish North Ami^rioan possessions under a system resembling that of the ZoU-Verein. It might include other regulations necessary for the freedom and convenience of our commercial and social intercourse, such as a uniform system of light-houses, copyrights, postage, patents, telegraphs, weights, measures and coinage. Neither country is ready to adopt the plan of collecting a revenue entirely by direct taxation. Duties on imports are at present necessary for the government of each. It is desirable that the principle of reciprocity should be extended to manufactures as well as to the products of the field and forest ; but to do this fairly there must be an uniformity of duties on the mate- rials forming the component parts of the articles manufactured. If of two manufacturers, one purchases his material free of duty, and the materials used by the other are subject to a high duty, there is no equal competition. The same is true of every consideration affecting the price of labor ; hence an identity of tariffs is necessary. The ease with which revenue can be collected on the Atlantic frontier, and the difficulties which attend its collection in the interior of the continent, and in the neighborhood of countries commercially hostile, have already been indicated. Nor can the natural, geographical, and other advantages of our respective countries, in their several parts, be developed upon a proper continental plan, unless a system of free purchase and sale is extended through all their parts, in rei'erence to productions of forqign as well as of domestir origin. There is a great difference between a bonded system and a sj stem of perfect freedom, as to exports or imports. The annoyances, vexations and delays necessarily attached to any bonded system are often sufficient in this day of easy comnuuiication to turn away business from its natural and best centre. It is also to be remember-d to this upon Its own measures of taxatiofm?ahtirK ^T'^^*"''^ ^o decide ment, and that Her Maiestf S?/ 3, T^ ^l^""^^ ^^^ ™P«"al govern- this kind. (Hear ! re^ )^ TSii fead a^rt "f . ?' ^ io'difallotv lets of ment of this country though Tt theTr dmv o'^^J'^n T^^l' '^^ g^^ern- (Hear! hear!) ° " ''"^^ ^^ ™ake to these remarks. CC ( the provL^^l^lTuTr^^^^^^^^^ ^-j;e-ce to the sanction of the suggestions of its disa lowance aSd thnnif I ^-^ T"" entertained not been so advised, yet the question hlvin^^K ^^^^u^^ ^"' ^^J««ty has consequences of such a stepjrcver adon^d h'" '^"Z l^'''^^ ^"^ ^h« character, it becomes the duty of the nSn'- . '"^ "^ ^'^^ "^""'^ -^^"ous state what they consider to be the noStion f Z^"'.""'".''' ^'^^^^'"^^'^^ '^ legislature. (Hear! hear!) Kesneerto X • "^ "ghts of the Canadian always dictate the desire to satisfyTheL tl-t t r^T^ government must neither hastily nor unwisely fSed an ^nr f '^ °^ '^'' ^"""'^^ ''' * See his letter to the Duke of Newcastle, October 25, 1859. 64 manner waive or diminish the right of the people of Canada to decide for ^eJo" maintained by felt it their duty tified to be able le house, it will fthey have been assumed inter' ment to be enter- ace between the inada as to the ide public ; but ;t, the governor ment in March, fine by statutory 5 and customs of ment of Great Britain, through the Duke of Newcastle, Secretary for the Colonics, objected in terms of force unusual in diplomatic correspondence The reply ot the Canadian government was a declaration of complete seJt-control or independence in its financial affhirs, and as regard'* its commercial relations with the United States. It seems that Great Britain acquiescing in the principle of colonial self-government, made no further public attempt to regulate the tariff of Canada, retaining only the power to make treaties on behalf of the Provinces, while Canada assumes and exercises a right to make laws in opposition to their spirit and intentions the enactments of the Canadian government being opposed to the develop' ment of those mutual interests which on botli sides of our vast and co-termmous frontier contribute no little to the best system of national defence, although it yet relies to a considerable extent for military protec- tion upon the arms and expenditures of a power whose policy and wishes it disregards. NO BASIS or SETTLEMENT HITHEKTO OFFERED BY THE UNITED STATES, The government of the United States has never yet presented to Great Britain on behalt of the Provinces any basis or ^eans of negotiation bv which the existing causes of complaint on both sides may be removed and a system established enabling the people to enjoy all the reciprocal advantages which they and Mieir posterity must be capable of conferring upon each other so long as the relative geographical position of their respective territories remains unchanged, increasing the liberties and rights ot each, and strengthening the sense of honorable patriotism by demon- strating Its consistency with international good-will. c ^ '^*l\_^""^"iittee on Commerce believe, with the legislature of the Mate ot New York, that " free commercial intercourse between the United Mates and the British North American Provinces and possessions, deve- lopmg the natural, geographical, and other advantages of each for the good ot all, IS conducive to the present interests of each, and is the proper basis ol our intercourse for all time to oome." ciprocity treaty" lie " to reguiate sessions in North render the same cial minister of y restrictive and fforts the govern- 66 APPENDIX. In No 1 of the following tables 1 ho commorce of tlie United States with Canada aiid tlH> other Provinces is shown distinc^tly and apart inasmuch as no complaint is made against the " Maritime Provinces. In No. 2 a general view is given of the trade with all the Provinces together. No. 1. Table shoivinfr the exports from the Unilcd States to Canada and the other British North American Provinces, and the inqwrt>i^ into the unital States from Ihc sam!'. places from 1850 to 1859, inclusive. Date. Provinces. Domestic ex- ports. 1850 iCanftda .• • ' i Other British North American provinces. .. 1851 iCtinadn : • • * * ! 'Other British North Amenc-nn provinces. . 1832 ! Canada •.••••; J Other British North American provinces. .; .1853 Canada : • • • * I I Other British North American provinces. . 1854 i Canada , • • • ' • I Other British North American provinces. ., 1855 Canada • • ' * I Olher British North American provinces. .| 1856 Canada : .•••'', Other British North American provmces. .. 1857 i Canada ■, j 'other British North American provinces. . 1858 i Canada , • • • " ; Other British North American provinces. . 1859 iCanada ••.•••• '. Other British North American provinces, . $4,641,451 3,110,840 5,635,834 3,224,f).')3 4,004,963 2,()50,1?.4 4,005,512 3,398,575 10,510,373 4,693,771 9,950,764 6,855,878 15,194,788 7,519,909 13,024,708 6,911,105 13,663,465 5,975,494 13.439,667 8,329,960 Ofloreign origin. $1,289,370 501,374 2,093,306 861,230 2,712,097 ^,141,822 3,823,587 1,912,968 6,790,333 2,572,3h3 8,769,580 3,229,798 5,688,453 626,199 3,550,187 776,182 3,365,789 646.979 5,501,125 883,422 Total. $5,930,821 3,618,214 7,929,140 i 4,086,783 I 6,717,060 3,791,956 7,829,099 5,311,543 17,300,706 7,266,154 18,720,344 9,085,670 20.883,241 8,146,108 36,574,895 i 7,637,587 ! 17,029,254 I 6,622,473 18,940,792 9,213,382 Imports. $4,225,470 1,358,992 4,966,471 1,736.051 4,589,969 1,520,330 5,278,116 2,272,602 6,721,539 2,206,021 12,182,314 2,954,420 17,488,197 3,822,224 18,2.96,834 3,832,463 11,581 ,.571 4,224,948 14,208,717 6,518,834 No. 2. TRADE BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES AND THE BRITISH PROVINCES. Stotement exUbiiins: the increase in the exports to, and the imports from Canada and other British possessions in North America from the 30th day of June, 1851, to the \st day of July, 1859^ Exports. Years ending- June 30, 18.'J2. 1853. 1854. ISriS. 1856. 1857. 1858. 1859. Foreign. $3,853,F19 5.736,555 9,362.716 11,999,378 i;,;>14,0.)2 4,326,309 4,012,768 6,622,473 Domestic. Total. 52,228,83C $6,655,097 7,404,087 15,204,144 15,806,642 22,711,697 19,936,113 19,638,959 17,029,254 $10,509,016 I 13,140,642 24,566,800 27,806,020 29,0'29,349 24,262,482 23,651,727 28,154,174 Imporis. $6,110,299 7,5.50,718 8,927,560 15,136,734 21,310,421 22,124,296 15,806,519 19,727,.551 Increase each successive year over 1852. Exports. 124,388,993 181,120,270 , 110,594,098 $2,631,626 14,057,844 17,297,004 18.520,333 13,753^466 13,142,711 17,654,158 Imports. 97,0.?7,142 $1,440,419 2,817,261 9,026,435 15.200.122 16,013.997 9,696,220 13,617,252 67,811,706 itcd States with apart, inasmucb ;> In No. 3 a ogother. ida and the other into the Untied Ive. rotnl. i,930,821 1,61S,214 r,0'M,MO t,0No,7S3 j,7n,o(jo 3,791,956 7,829,099 5,311,543 7,300,706 7,2()U,la4 8,720,344 0,085,670 :n.S83,241 8,146,108 6,574,895 7,637,587 17,029,2.'54 6,622,473 18,940,792 9,213,382 Imports. $4,225,470 1,358,992 4,966,471 1,736,651 4,589,969 1,520,330 5,278,116 2,272,602 6,721,539 2,206,021 12,182,314 2,954,420 17,488,197 3,822,224 18,2.96,834 3,832,463 11,581,571 4,224,948 14,208,717 5,518,834 ISH PROVINCES. the imports from •rica from the SOth Increase each successive year over 1852. Exports. $2,631,626 14,057,844 17,297,004 IR.520,333 13,753,466 13,142,711 17,65i,158 Imports. 97,0*7,142 $1,440,419 2,817,261 9,026,435 15.200.1 22 16,013,997 9,696,220 13,617,262 coisrTEisrTs. PAGE. Despatch of His Excellency the Governor General to His Grace the Duke of Newcastle, in reference to the Report of the Minister of Finance , , 3 Minute of the Executive Council /ft. Report of the Minister of Finance 4 Reciprocity Treaty between the United States and Great Britain. . . 25 Despatch from Lord Lyons to His Excellency Viscount Monck. ... 28 Memorial of the Chamb'^r of Commerce, St. Paul, Minnesota 29 Report of the Committee on Commerce, of the Legislature of the State of New York, in relation to the Reciprocity Treaty. . . 33 67,811,706 QUEBEC i PRINTED BY STEWART DERBISHIRE & GEORGE DESBARATS, Printer to the Queen's Most Excellent Majesty. RATS,