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Les diagrammes suivants iiiustrent ^a mithoda. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 S 6 ■MiHaMPII ^]Sr ES8A.Y ON E MT OZ O A_, BY EDWARD VAN CORTLANDT, H Latb CosaoLTiNo Physician TO THE OttawaGeneral Hospital, AND Cowsui-TiNa Phm I TO THE COUNTI Of CaRLETON ProTjESTANT HOSPITAL, &0., &C. &C. BIOIAM PVBLISHED BY REQUEST OF THE OTTAWA NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY. QUICQUID NASCITUK KOTANDUM E8T. PRINTED AT " THE OTTAWA CITIZBN " STEAM PBINTINQ E3TABLISHM1INT, I86i. t^ T • . > Z ,0 A \ ( .♦ *»**M'ttJ(»- ^ ' » 1 » »S-^*J* . '• 3 •?'■* -. j/ , f/vSp-t f ■.;■ !-», ^ ,4'' » .^ |« ^l»: ^'•<^ TO <■ - ^ !^»^4"^jW^ hf. <.,./. -i K.V. *-.H AT^ T5../ I . THE HONORABLE jrSTICES ;:^;f^; V « n ,, , if ^ f»\''i ?>.A JOHN DUVAL, C.J. ; HENRY BLACK, C.B., t I / *• •^ ' :'v- ff-^t!iB<. -AND — I .V, jtnl ; THOMAS CUSHING AYLWINl WHO HAVE AUKS DIBTINGUrSHKD TH.iMSELVKS BV THKIR PRK-EMINKNT TALKNT. TOdKTHKK * ^ C ' 4C ^ ^ ; WITH AI.li HIS OTHRR SURVIVrNO COM KMPOi; ARIES, ' ' THIS HUMBLE BROCHURE IS DEDICATED BY THEIR OLD SCHOOL-FELLOW. THE AUTHOR. I :*^V;- «'C«-?'- ^■^■f. Tt,'..ii. -ii .. K ^ •»', ■< ■ '!■» ^r^'mnm^m^rn^ nfmm r i;. >. ' '.- ' . V d our own region, it the total 'scene Taints, and assimilates, and loads with death. [J. 3i. Good's tranalatlon of Lucretiua.] It is not many months eince the whole of civilized Europe was startled from its pro- priety, on learning the sad tidings consequent upon a festive banquet which took place at Hettstadt, a small country town near the Hartz mountains in Germany. The following is an abridged account of its very " strange and eventful history": — The large number of one hundred and three persons, chiefly peasants, sat down to a sumptuous dinner. They were all in good health and vigor. After having enjoyed themselves more majorem, to use the words of the chroniclers of the frightful fact, they sep- arated and went to their homes. Of this num- ber, within a few weeks,eighty three men were in their graves. They had all partaken of a poison, not a poison administered either by design or nogligence, but a poison unknown to all concerned, which was eaten with the meat in which it was contained, and of which it formed a living constituent, As is I'sual in these parts of Germany, the third course consisted of Bostewiirst und Oemuse. The former was therefore ordered the neces eary number of days beforehand, in order to allow of its being properly smohed\ On this occasion a measly pig was sold to the butcher — killed and worked up into Sausages. On die day after the festival, several persons who had participated of the dinner, were at- tacked with irritation of the intestines, loss "Of appetite, great prostration and lever. The number of persons attacked rapidly increased, and poisoning was suspected. Every artici* of food and material was subjected to a most rigid examination, without any result in the first instance ; but when the symptoms ia some of the cases invaded the muscles of the leg, particularly the calves of some of the suf- ferers, the description which Zenker had given of the fatal case of trichinous disease was remembered. The remnants of sausages and of pork, employed in its manufacture in the Hettstadt cixse, were examined with the microscope, anti. found to be literally swarm- ing with encapsuled trichnia, in all stages of development. It could not be doubted any longer that as many of the one hundred and three as had partaken of Rostewurat had been infected wiih trichinous disease, by eating of trichinous pork. Since the occurrence of the above tragical event, this disease has been met with on this continent. Several fatal cases have been r^^ corded of its development at New York and Buffalo. To the above facts are referable the circumstances which led to the reading of this Essay, of which tlie following is a summary : Were there no other more mviting associa- tions in connection with the Entozoa than the nature of their habitations, the study of their history would not be likely to be prose- cuted with much ardor. But when we reflect upon the very direful effects which follow in the wake of some of them, when they have become the inmate.^ whetber cf our own bodies or of the carcases of our domestic animals, and consider the great and lament- able uncertainty and even entire ignorance which in many instances still exists in rela- tion to them and their natural history— an ignorance and uncertainty of all vital mo- ment in the ecooomy of Man — we cannot wonder that the reoearches of Bome of our most eminent physiologisUi have been direct- ed towards the elucidation of this obscure but all important subject, and whilst we are pre- pared to extend the hip;he8t meed o( pniisi* to the me.norv of the late Adolph ^^ illhelm Otto, she pre-eniinontly great Silesian Human and Cooiparative Anatomist, and Pathologist for his researciies in this peculiar branch of sci- ence,&nd for the records of very many cases and facts connected with Ento parasites, (and cspeeiallv amongst others, of the fact that the Entozoa known in the Cystic f^rm us the Cuaticercus ceUuhsce,waa peculiar to the Pig, whilst at the same time that animal constitu- ted an exception to the presence of the para- ■ite in its perfect form as a 'I'ape-wormJ it 18 a curious fact in connection with our sub- ject that, up to the year 18.)6, and even for some years later nothing defini'e was known respecting the cause of 'Irkhina disease. '■The symptoms caused by the sausap;e pois- on are very slow in appearing. They partake ol ttie narcolico-irritant character. In the Medical Gazette for November, 1842, there is an account oi the cases of three persons who had died from the eflfects of liver sausages which had been made from an apparently healthy pig, slaughtered only a week before. The inspection of the bodies after death threw no light on the cause of death. " The poisonous effect is supposed to depend on a jiartial decomposition of the latty parts of the sausages I What the nature of the poi- son was we are quite unable to determine." (Vid^ Taylor's Jurisprudence, by Edward Hartahorne, Philadelphia, 185G.") Supposing always as we proceed that the ani- mal known as the Cysticercui Cellulosm is only the humble progenitor either of an Entozoon known as the Irichina S/)iVa?w of Owen, or sub- sequently (but now has not been clearly and satisfactorily explained) to develope itself in its entirety as a Tape-worm The word Entozoa derived from two Greek words entos vviihin, and zoos an animal, was first applied by Rudolphi lo those entopara- Rite^ which inhabit permanently the internal parts of other animals, and exclude, inter alias, the larvae of insects, which not un''''equently take up a temporary abode in various parts of the bodies of sundry animals, and where they undergo a portion only of their meta- morphosis. The different sorts of B(jt known in the horse, in cattle, and in the frontal sinuses of sheep and deer, are familiar in- stances, and from which they are either voided, per anum, or escape otherwise from their temporary abodes, in due season lo per- fect their existence under dilTerent circum- stances and in different situations. 0. In their cases the egga or ova are either deposited where they undergo their first change, or, as in the ^strum equi, the horse- bot, are licked off the legs by the tongue of the animal and conveyed into the stomach, where they undergo their larva transforma- tion, and are ultimately passi'd by the bowels, completing their metamorphosis in the ground Although the Vermes or worms have ac- quired the highest position amoDgst the En tozoons, withal It is a curious fact that some of the higher animals, even sundry of|the Vertebratu, assume the positions and charac- ters commonly allotted to the true Entozoa. Thus a fish of the genus Fierusfur is often found occupying the respiratory apparatus of the Hotothiiria or sea cucumbers, and others ha\e been found taking undisputed posses- sion of the central cavity of thu Asterias, dis- cnides. Crustaceans are also sometinr^.es found enjoying a parasitic existence, as many of us must have seen in the crab occupying the mussel and oyster. Amongst the E'.itomos- tracians many of the Larnce are constantly found fixed to the gills, mouths and throats of various fishes, whether natives of salt or of fresh water, sundry of them moreover being peculiar to our own inland fresh water seas, whilst some of the Linguatula frequently oc- cupy the nasal and frontal sinuses, as well as the lungs larynx. together with the peritoneal cavities of mammals, reptiles and fishes. Al- though Mollusca are more rarely met with in such unnatural positions, yet sundry of the Oasteropoda inhabit the bodies of Echino- derms, Hglothuria and ComatuU^s; and in fos- sil Zoology are to be met with in the siphun cles of Orthocerotites and imbedded in Jiecep- taculites, whilst the Mytilus and Modiotaria, amongst the Llammellibranchia infest the bodies of Ascidians. With the Polyps and P-'otozoa which are sometimes met with in animal fluids and the morbid evacuations of man, which belong to the family of Homa- tazoa and whose structure is so extremely minute that no internal organization can be detected we have nothing to do here. As might readily ise supposed aquatic ani- mals are,as a class,most infested with Entozoa. A low degree of organization and a tardy digestion favors their production ; whilst the external 'coverings, in the form of hair feathers, «fec., which characterize terrestrial ani- mals, renders them most liable to the visita- tions of ecto, or outside parasites. The Entozoovs again are much more fre- quently met with amongst herbivorous than carnivorous animals, at the same time that some of the latter have their own p.'culiar attendants, as the dog, fox and wolf, and which in their case is a very small tape-worn W- ■ ova »re either rgo their first qui, the horse- tho tongue of the stomach, ■ft tninsfornria - by the bowels, Jin the ground orma hare ac- lougHt liio A'n riict that some sundry of|tho 18 and clmrao- true Entozoa. •ust'ur is often ) apparatus of tk, und others )uted posHfS- Asterias, dia- metirres found s many of ua ccupying the the EatomoH- re conataniiy and tliroatsof of salt or of reover beinf; h water seas, requtnily oc- BS, as well as be peritoneal d fishes. Al- met with in undry of the of Echino- ; and in fos- the siphun led in Recep' Modiolaria, 1 infest the Polyps and met with in acuations of y of Homa- o extremely ition can be lere. iquatic ani- ith Entozoa. nd a tardy whilst the lU of hair restrialani- } the visita- 7. known in scientific lanpfiiage as the Tcunia tchinococcus. In its more pristine fbrm us a cystic worm or hydatid, it Ih commonly found and constautly proves fatal, wlieii it iivkea up its aliode in the internal organs of man, where it is introduced by our partaking of either water or food containing the ova of the entozocn. In its new abode it speedily undergoes i's first transfornmtioii, from that of a hydatid, and immediately begins its fatally desirui;tive operations upon the hver and other important viccera of its recently selected victun, alterv/ards to undergo its final und complete transformution in th" car- cases of the animals above mentioned, take a rank considerably higher on tlie scale of nature, and de novo to begin the work ol ahemation of (jineration. " TImt the hydated disenso arises from the tenir., observes Doctor Cobbold, acoourits f^r the great prevalence of the cliueuse in Iceland, and wherever large numbers of dogs are kepi. The dis- ease is much more prevalent in women than in men ; the explanation of which must be sought lor the ditforeuce of ihe habits of lite. No doubt the water used as drink by the women is con- stantly obtained from supplies in the immediate neighborhood of theird>^eUingsandin localities, to which dogs have couliuued access. More- over, ttie women in Iceland prcbably obey more Implicitly the dictates of the quacks who supply them with filthy medicine iu the form of dogs urine and fresh dogs excrements I " At Ihe meeting of the British Association at Ba»h, Sept., 1864, where I'r. Cobbold read an espay on the Entozoa, Dr. Crisp re- marked that the Echino cocci hydatids have been found to infest the bodies of por- poises to a swarming extent, and yet the animals were apparently in as good condition and yielded as much oil and of as pure a quality as did their congeners who were wanting in the parasites. As far as is known of them, the Entozoa are in the first instance introduced into the bodies of their fosterers, in the Egg or Ova form and ahcays from without. Steenstrup has proved to demonstration that the Trema- tode 07-Jlat Entozoa, (.of which the Fluke ia an illustration ) undergo various transformations, amongst others that one q\ ih\; Distomata can be plainly traced back to the parent stock in the form of an infusorial animal (the Cerca- ria.) Mr. Busk has also aiiewn that at least one of the Nematoid (or Round Worms. Filirana Medensis, familiarly known as the Guinea Worm), undergoes sundry changes befoio it penetrates the human body where it assumes the complete and perfect form, and again the Eggs of one of Ihe Botriocephala, a tamily of worms closely allied to to tke Tape Worm, are constantly met with in wading and other flsh eating tnids, never, atlaiiiilheir perfect form unless they have been swallowed by the Slicklebach und which aiterwsrls be- comes the prey of the bird, and in vv1ioh« body theEntozoon attains the form tiliing to bo conveyed to the human auliject. The Gordiva or HairWorm dt|.osits its ijfgf^on water where they are swallowed by iiiHecla.in whose bodies they are hatched, producing the perfect ani- mal, which when duly impregni.ted is (jeeted Irorn the body of 'Jio iiiicci, to undergo a similar generative . .ternation. Lastly, the eggs of a species of a Tape Worm when swallowed by the lint or Mouse, will not produce perfect Tape Worms in the in- side of their devourers, in the livers of which they are constantly met with a.s Oystic Wornia or Hydatids. Hut it, again, either of these troublesome rdden's constitutes a casu- al repast for a dog or cat, itieii we may, with- out any fear of coiitradiction,count upon a geti uine Tape Worm being ilie result of ihf* tieach- er(>us meal. In short, tlie first conclusive ex- periments are nferruble lo the Ilylutids locat- ing these organs. Since then the Cystic worms have been taken frmn the hodiesof her- bivorous and transported into those of carni- vorous animals when tape worms of one de- scription or the other were ttio invariable re- sult. Segments also of mature tape worms when administered to herbivorous atiimaU were found to produce the animal in its Cystic form. Pallas transposed the ova of the tape worm from one dog to the peritoneal cavity of another, and a month afterwards detected young tape worms as the result of the ex- periment. EntoparasitM have been found in all the mammals from Man down to tbt Cetacea, as well as in all the otlier Vertebrr.te animals, more of them even in Birds, Reptiles and Fishes, than other animals. Nor thiff alone, since they are met with perpetually in the invertebrata and e^en the articulata as many of the insect tribe are infested with them. The owners of Apiaries have constant oppor- tunities of witnessing this fact from the great destruction committed on their hives by the insect known as the Miller Moth. The domestic Fly again constantly falls a victim to the insidious operations of the Boda family, one of the flesh-eating insects, the Papains as well as one of the Myrioptda. The Julusare well known by Zoologists to be constantly the subject of a fatal entozoio dis- ease. As far as their history is known, it would appear that twenty different species of the Entozoa infest man, fourteen Dogs, fifteen Horses and eleven Domestic Fowla. (Cob- bold.) Ze^er, b German Naturalist, was the first who established HiiyihiiiK like a Rood classi- flcatimi of tlio Entotoa. dividing them (at the iiistiuico of lludolphi, liowcvcr,) into families, which again were subdivided into KUiidry gcmra and species, and as tills ur- ranpeiiiciit constitutes the accepted one of the present diiy, we cannot do bettor than adopt it on ihis iivcasion. According to this clu>»fifii;ation, tlio Entotoa are divided into five dif/eruht families or orderti, viz.: — The Kimnfoidenov Rnund Worms, Acanthoeeph- aid or Hooked Worms, Trcmatoda or Fluke Woims, Ccstoidea or Tape Worms, and Cystica or Ihjdntidn. i We shall endeavour now to pfive a few of the striking cliaracteiistic-i of each group, and thus, as far as may be, describe tlie subject of the Essay which I have the high honor ot Kuhmitting to the Natural History Society for hill discussion and further elucidation. I. Kcmatiodea or Rinind Woims. This family eonslitiites the must highly organized group of all the Entozor. contains a greater number o^ genera, and comprises more speci- es which are occupants of the human body tlian any of the other liimilics. Amongst them the Filiaria or Guinea Worms which burrow under the skin ; have been known to attain a length of twelve feel in the human subj:!Ct,and inlest all classes ot animals from Man to insects. Amongst other strange situations tiiey have been found in, is the human eye; and recent rese arches have detected them m the blood of some animals. Thus the number of Microscopic Filiaria, inhabiting the blood "f dogs, have reached in 20 specimens the enormous num- ber of 20,000. Some years since it was spoken of by M. Ci.apolin as abounding at Bombay dining the rainy season, and as being most comnion amongst the negioes. And it is stated that the dogs which were kept at the hospital and fed with the poultices which had been applied to the patients wlio were suffering from the flesh worm, becam*: also infested with them. It is well-knowi: that the Red Gur- nard (I'rigla Pini), a fish familiarly known on the western coast of E ngland, is constantly found containing entozoons allied to the Guinea Worm, in countless num bers, which completely T,ermeate the muscular structure of the fish, and yet no external indication of disease is perceptible, or the lightest diflfer- enc 5 discernable between ita and its more favored allies. The Strongylus gigas another nematoid Entozoon is frequently met with in the kidneys and bladder of man. It has been found in the human kidnejs thrM feet long and a half an inch in diameter, its ordinary length, however,being fifteen inches. Its colour is blood-red, owing to the fact of its obtaining its nourishment from the Renal vessels. It is more frequently met with in the kidneys and bladder of the horse and dog than man. Ascaria Vermiculmi^, (Thread-worm or Mawworm. Constantly met with in large quantities in the rectum of childreen, from which they frequently crawl spontanoously in great inimbers; and althorgb they are looked upon as proper to the large intestines, they have occasionally been met with in the stomach, and even the {esophagus sometimes, enclosed in a cyst. As many as a thousand have been passed from the human bladder. Tricocephalua dixpar (Long Thread-woriU.) Although to a casual obscrvei' this worm ap- pears identical with the foregoing, it is never- theless a liifi'erent species, being considerably larger and longer. Like its congener, how- ever, the sexes are distinct and separate. As a general, bat by no means universal rule they arc met with "n the human coecum ; and in the Museum of ihe Royal College of Sur- geons in London, there is a wet preparation showing the coecum perforated as with pin- holes by this worm. AacarLs Lambrtcordea or common round Woi-m. This Entozoon is too well known as a liuman parasite to require a lengthened notice. It is a curious fact that it has never been detected in man in its young state. From well-authenticated cases, the num- bers v/hich have infested the human subject at the same time has been very great, as many as from three to four hundred have been vomited up within the space of a few days, and from 50 to 80 have been voided from the bowels at the same time. Many members of this family infest the Pig and sundry other animals as well as the hu- man subject. One remarkable circumstance in connection with them is, that they, under some circumslances, have been known to pierce the intestinal canal, and they are some- times met with within the Peritoneal cavity, and outside of the intestine. I can bear testi- mony to one having been found in this situ- ation in a Wolf which was poisoned by Stry- chine some twenty years afi0, ot the farm of Mr. Bradley : it measured 22 inches. Unfor tunately for the cause of science and the Ot- tawa Natural History Society, it has been lost. They are not unfrequently found to attend soorpbula in man and glanders ir> the horse. II. Aeanthoewhala, or Hooked Wornas, ar« ■A laD kidneji thr«« 1 in diameter, iti ling fifteen inches, ig to the fact of t I'rom the Renal itly met with in the hurse and dog rhread-worm or net with in large f childreen, from vl spontnnooualy Ithorgh they are B large intestines, met with in the hagu8 sometimea, ^y as a thotisand uman bladder. g Tlireud-wonii.) Si' this worm ap- joing, it is never- ing considerably I congener, how- nd separate. As IS universal rule nan ooecum ; and College of Sur- wet preparation atcd as with pin- common round well known aa e a lengthened lat it haa never ts young state. :ase8, the num- ! human subject very great, as r hundred have ^ space of a few ve bceu voided ime. infest the Pig veil as the hu- c circumstance lat they, under t'cn known to they are some- ritoneal cavity, can bear tesli- d in this situ- soned by Stry- 01 the I'arm of nchcs. Unfor ce and the Ot- y, it has been ently found to [landers ir> the )d Worms, art FteTer fouDd in man : The family contains only onegenus. They are mot with fn the intestinal canal, fixed between its membranes, and occa- sionally in the ''critonoal cavity of sundry animals. Its history is uninteresting. III. Trematoda, or Fluke Worms, con- •ista of six genera, and several species. One of them, the Distoma Hspnticum, or Lirer Fluke is proper to th« liver ot the human sub- ject, sheep and other unimaU as well us birds and flshe.s. It is a Kcncrally accepted fiat that sheep when infented with flukes, obtain tliem by eating a small amphibious snail, which is to bo met with in h)w and moist situations attached to blades of tho grass on which the animals feed. It has been found in the hepa- tic ducts of the foetus of that animal. They are also constant attendants upon the disease known as the Rot in sheep, and in these cases are frequently vomited by the onimal in consid- erable numbers. Distoma opthuhnohium has been found in the eye. The Trematoda are higher in organization than the Cestoid worms. They are generally about an inch in lengtli, as- Bumlug aliver colour, they have nojeyes or oth- er organs of special sense, they are androgyn- ous animals occupying the Hepatic ducts and gall bladder and living on their secretions and contents, 'i'hey are found in immense numbers in the liver of the sheep, but recent investiga- tions do however, not confirm tho belief once entertained that they multiply in this organ. True,indeed, it is that the ova are exuded trom the parent in that situation, but only to find their way thence to undergo transformation in different situations, and under i.iioumstances which as yet in their entirety, have not been deflnitely ascertained. One species, tho Dis- toma Ifomoiubiiim is very common inEgy")t, infesting not only the liver but as well the bladder in the human subject and producing general disease. This f )ecies is remark- able in differing from tho others sexual- ly, it not being an hcrmophradite. Promi- nently peculiar botli in appearance and organ- ization amonast tlio members of this family is the Fasciola I'rachealix.— It is generally about an inch long, and presents the sem- blance of a bifurcp.tcd or two headed animal, but one of the bii'iirfiations is in reality only a suctorial disk Lv wliich it adheres to the inside nt tlic wintlpip'^ of sundry gallinaceous birds.lhe other ticiMlisision terminates in the niiuth (.1 the animal, it is generally found in ci)nsiderab!e numbers in the tracha; of young piier-uints, partridges and domestic chickens where itpiO'.liices tho disease, known as Gapes, and is a source of great moriality amongst the young broods. lY. OettQidM orlape Worme. The members of this family evince no trsoe of inleatfnal canal, and are androgvnouK. Con idering the researches of Siebold Van Benedenand other modern Physiologists, are conclusive, we must arrive at the extraordinary inference that the Cystic A'nlozoa, viz,, Cijniicerci Echinococci ind Caniiri, .iro partially de- veloped Ceatoidea,anA that the same embryos may evolve themselves either into the Cys~ tic or the Cestuid form according to the cir- cumstances under which they are placed, for when lodged in the parenchyma of organs, such as the Urain or the Liver, they take the Cydic form, when they on tho other hand puss into the intestinal cauul, their generative sections are developed, and they become Cestoids, but an immense amount of doubt still remains to be cleared up in conuection with their history. The Tieiiia Solium or ccmmon tape worm often attains a length of twenty feet, but owing to the fal)ulous statements which, from tho lime of Pliny, who makes mention of one three hnn- clreU c'lblta lon(jr, down to our own tim(B, uothing dehnitc is known of its extrerno diincn BioBS, fro'n what would appear to bo creditable testimony, however, they have bten known to attain great lengths. Thus there is one spoken ufin the Copenliagen transactiun.s whiiHi mea- sured eight hundred ells. Van Uoevereu tella us of one one hundred ond fifty feet long. It is questionable, however, if these wera not por- tions of more than a single worm, since, in the bodies of dogs at least, more than upwards of bixty diU'erent tape worms have been found to exist at the same time. On the other hand, Goc'/.e detected a Tape Worm iu a sucking lamb which measured fifty-one ells. Nothwithstanding the generally accepted opinion that the Tccnice have an external ori- gin, some doubt has been thrown m the way by their having been met with in the alimen- tary canal of the human foetus. It is seated on very good authority that they will live iu water after expulsion per vias naturalea for several days, and many authors, even at the present day believe that the Toeniceaswellas their congeners are only an accompanyment of, and not the cause of disease since like them they h""-'' been found to exist of great dimensions v nout any apparent indisposi- tion or even in Dnvenience to their fosterers. Pallas generated the Tape Worm by trans- position 100 years ago, but it was left for Dr. Cobbold to carry out the operation to greater or less perfection, and this he did effectually. His experiments consisted in imparting either the proglottides, the scolices or the perfect En tozoons of Flukes, Tape Worms cr Round Worms, whilst the animals invited to partake of these dainties, were dogs, horses, goats, monkeys, rabbits, frogs, fishes udcockroaolieiL Ofitt* theo«n* w :?'■.! 10. •fc mon eHrth worm lias het-u found infested with tnc!:ina, a {)ossible souice of the disease in Bwinw. IhtriocrphaluesUduft. Although tiiis worm baara a Biitlicifntly great ^'''^tTnl rt'semblance to the foregoing, iiin ix'inMrliibie for poveral iraportaut, differeut and distiucL characters which show thut it v;ot only \a a diflbrent species but as wi'l! K (lifi'iTont innns. The gieat distinctive iiiuiii jiioiols in ita not being armed with the hooii-hiie processes which exist with its humu- lated congo»" ,. s. Like theiu, however.it attains on many occasions a great length. Ge 'ze had one in his possession sixty ells long, whilst Boer- Iiaave speaiis of a specimen which was obtained from a Tlussian, and which measured 100 ells. I'rom investigation made by parties, entitled to the very highest consideration, it would appear that the Tonia Soliiin, Common Tape worm, in fests the poor; whilst this Eiitozoon.ortho hook- less tape worm, 's more frequently met with amonj^st the rich and luxurious — a fact supposed to be referrable to tne former living chiefly upon pork, whilst their more fortunate brethren dije upon mutton, veal, and uiulerdoiie roast beef. It is also supposed to be imparted to man, by his eating salads, water-cresses, and •tber crude vegetables, which either grow on the bo""' dors of streams, or are watered from stagnant ponds containing tiuir ovn. V. Cifulica or Hydotidn. — Although to com- mon observance the members of this family of Eiitozoons only present the cppoarauce of an inanimate bladder like cyst filled with a pellucid fluid ; withal, by the researches of mo- dern physiolodi^ts, it has been clearly proved that they really constitute living orgo-^lams, p.ud in sundry instances, as that of the Cysticercua and Cuinuvus, already alluded to.that they are the young of Cestod wuruis. It is the former ot them which produces tiie Trichinia disease in man before spoken ot; and the latter which leads to the fatal disease knrwn as staggers, when it finds its way to the brain of sheep. It haa sometimes, though ' rao'e rarely than its con- gener, been found in the general musr