IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) ■^^^ '>"^. ' 1.0 I.I 1.25 tii 128 |2.5 lis *■■ •^' 1^ 1 2.2 12,0 Photographic Sciences Corporation 33 WIST MAIN STiiif T WnSTIR.N.Y. US«0 (716) S73-4503 V r\^ 4 6^ ^. ^ ,!^. c CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHM/ICMH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Instituta for Historical IVIicroraproductions Institut Canadian da microraproductions historiquaa 1980 Technical and Bibliographic Notes/Notes techniques et bibliographiques The Inetitute has attempted to obtain the best original copy available for filming. Features of this copy which may be bibliographically unique, which may alter any of the images in the reproduction, or which may significantly change the usual method of filming, are checked below. L'Institut a microfilm^ le meilleur exemplaire qu'il lui a 6tA possible de se procurer. Les details de cet exemplaire qui sont peut-Atre uniques du point de vue bibliographique. qui peuvent modifier une image reproduite, ou qui peuvent exiger une modification dans la mAthode normale de filmage sont indiquAs cl-dessous. D Coloured covers/ Couverture de couleur I I Covers damaged/ D D D D D Couverture endommagiie Covers restored and/or laminated/ Couverture restaurie et/ou pelliculAe I I Cover title missing/ Le titre de couverture manque I I Coloured maps/ Cartes g^ographiques en couleur Coloured ink (i.e. other than blue or black)/ Encre de couleur (i.e. autre que bleue ou noire) I I Coloured plates and/or illustrations/ Planches et/ou illustrations en couleur Bound with other material/ Reli6 avec d'autres documents Tight binding may cause shadows or distortion along interior margin/ La reliure serr^e pent causer de I'ombre ou de la distortion le long d(» la marge int6rieure Blank leaves added during restoration may appear within the text. Whenever possible, these have been omitted from filming/ II se peut que certaines pages blanches ajoutAes lors d'une restauration apparaissent dans le texte. mais, lorsque cela itait possible, ces pages n'ont pas M filmies. n n n □ Coloured pages/ Pages dc couleur Pages damaged/ Pages endommagies Pages restored and/or laminated/ Pages restauries et/ou pelliculies Pages discoloured, stained or foxed/ Pages dicolortes, tachet^es ou piquies Pages detached/ Pages ddtachdes Showthrough/ Transparence Quality of print varies/ Quality in^gaie de I'impression Includes supplementary material/ Comprend du materiel supplimentalre Only edition available/ Seule Edition disponible Pages wholly or partially obscured by errata slips, tissues, etc., have been refilmed to ensure the best possible image/ Les pages totalement ou partiellement obscurcies par un feuillet d'arrata, une pelure. etc., ont M filmdes d nouveau de fa9on A obtenir la meilleure image possible. D Additional comments:/ Commentaires suppi^mentaires; This item Is filmed at the reduction ratio checked below/ Ce document esw film* au taux de reduction indiquA ci-dessous. 10X 14X 18X 22X 26X 30X 7 12X 16X 20X 24X 2IX 32X The copy filmed here hes been reproduced thenke to the generosity of: Library of the Public Archives of Canada L'exemplaire film* fut reproduit grAce it la gAnArosIt* de: La bibiiothAque des Archives publiques du Canada The images eppearing here are the best quelity possible considering the condition and legibility of the original copy and in iceeping with the filming isontract specifications. Original copies in printed peper covers are filmed beginning with the front cover and ending on the last page with a printed or illustrated impres- sion, or the back cover when appropriate. All other original copie*- are filmed beginning on the first page with a printed or illustrsted impres- sion, and ending on the last page with e printed or illustrated impression. The last recorded frame on each microfiche shall contain the symbol -^ (meaning "CON- TINUED"), or the symbol V (meaning "END"), whichever applies. Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Lea images suivantes ont AtA reproduites avec le plus grand soin, compte tenu de la condition et de la nettetA de l'exemplaire film*, et en conformity avec les conditions du contrat de filmage. Lee exemplaires originaux dont la couverture en pepier est ImprimAe sont filmte en commenpant par le premier plat et en terminant soit par la dernlAre pege qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration, soit par le second plat, salon le cas. Tous les autres exemplaires originaux sont filmte en commenpant par la premiere page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration et en terminant par la dernlAre page qui comporte une telle empreinte. Un des symboies suivants apparaltra sur la derniire image de cheque microfiche, selon le cas: le symbols — ► signifie 'A SUIVRE ", le symbols V signifie "FIN". Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent hue filmte A des taux de reduction diff^rents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour dtre reproduit en un seul clichA, il est fiimA A partir de Tangle supirieur gauche, de gauche A droits, et de heut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images nAcessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mAthode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 1 6 XJ TO THE PKOVINOE OF BRITISH COLUMBIA, J'oiJ -8. ro«P„,KD rnoM rur ..atest an,, m„st AuriiKNTrc soi-bces OF INFORMATION. VICTORIA: T. N. HTRBEN & CO., PUBLISHEKS. 1877. -f- L,a.r..,l„,...,,r,lin«t..Aot,,.l.,„.,i,.nM.ntor '^ «.1« in U,.. ,...ar On,. .„..„„.„„ ,J,J "'.ulml ,.n.| M.v,.„fy.M.v,,,,i.vT N h„„ , v J-".»-om....oM ...M...Me..;rw.,^!:':!r- OS ^377;^ ■ll-rvRu.,. j„i,P,lu.,r Vlctorl. PKKFACK. l'H.o Kssavs ,, ho .,!", :"■ 1 '''"«'■ ""•'»'"■'« "■« various The „.,;:„ J 1 e„: ;;,"'';-7'"™™'>-te. etc. these ana ,.tl„,,i,Zmts,h- T";'"'"';' "" i''f»'"""iou „„ i"'li>'i.Iuah,:-t Hi If tl 1!'""""" *^*™'-'' '""' private meiits. '^ grateful ackuowledg- Intcniling immigrants will do well fn «f., i *i • ^ -.1 vari„„., .atisties to bo foXt^tll,:!;';:;™"""'' CONTENTS, DKSCl'ilPTIVE ]\THOI)l.'fTI()N H) TlIi: PltoVINCF. 1 Admin istratioi of Jiistico IIS AgvicrUiuv, cliniiiic, etc 21 to IJS Aj^ricuKiiVMl proiliu-ts iiupovtoil into 15. (' J I!) Ai^i'iiMiltnv.'il iinil llortifultiu'iil S(»('irt_v 2Si Aliens »'n;il)l('il to Jiold and sell lands, etc 40 Altitudi's of difh-rcMit ]ioints al)()V(' tln^ sen 205 Attornov (Tonoral's OtHco 78 Assay Ollii'crs 8(> ]]ay)us Sound Coal Mine; 1(>7, 107 Jicasts of tho chaso 42 ]'drds 42 JJoundavit^s of l>, {'., UiviTs and liakcs 2 to 5 ]iritisli (.'olund.ia licncvoicnt Society 27'.», 2^'0 Jji'itisli Columbia Pioneer Society 27s IJritisli ('oluinl)ia, — J^ist of woiKs jinblislied describing tilt; rrovino(i 7() rn-itish Columbia Otlicials 7S to ^7 ]>un'ard Inlet Dinu-toiy •'!•")<•, 'Aol Canadian Pacitic Itailway, Ollicers, etc 2">4, 2r)5 Synopsis of En, Caseado liegiou (East,) description of, etc 72, 7l{ (,'emetei'y, Victoria, IJoavd of Manaj^ors 2S1 Cldlcotiu Comdry, etc- 71, 72 Climate and Climatic Divisions of P. C 5 to '.' Coal, desci'iption of mines. A'c 4S to ol Coal ndning, etc 1)7 to KKj Coal lields,.distvibution of, etc 48 to oO Coal, amount raised and sold US Consids at ^'ictovia 28') Co])pci' and copjier nuning 52 County Court Jud ( lold Commissioners Si Government Agents 82 Harbour Dues, ports of British Columbia loH .Karl)ours of British Columbia 41 Harewood ('oal Mine lOt) Hos])itals in the Provime 27U Homestead Act 3'J Hop«,', Yale, and Lyttou ti8 Imports into tlie Province, and expt)rts loO Indian Department, officers of 214 Indians, laws relating thereto 211 to 214 Indians of British Columbia, description, Ac 214 to 221 Indian Trade Language (Chinook) 222 to 2.")(> I.O.O.F.,— Grand Lodge of B. C 275 Victoria Lodge, No. 1 275 Columbia Lodge, No. 2 275 New Westminster Lodge, No. 3 275 Nanaimo Black Diamond Lodge, No. 275 Vancouver Encampment, No. 1 275 CONTENTS. VII Iron, ilcsiM-iptiDH of, iind wIutc found, «'tc'. lOU, 110 Iron, Stone, ctr 50, 51 Inliind Kcvi'nut' Dcp.irtinont 0>ffii"or.s) 77 ,I«'\visli Liidit's' JJfiicvolcnt So(') Kooten.iy Country (>3, M Kiiniloops Directory JJGO, 'M\ Kooteuiiv Directory I}('»*'» liMud L;nvs of Hrifish Columbia 170 to i'.>7 liHnl Coiiiinissioners H7 Lind (Jnints, Ho.ids, etc 33, '{H Lmd Ueveuuo fnun the 1st Jan. to 31st Dec. 1H7() Ur^ lialn)ur. cost for fartuinj,' 57 Ijititudes and lion!.^it tides of diflerent points 'i^V! Law Society of liritish ('olunil)ia '2S0 liij^ht Houses, IJuovs and Beacons 15!>, 1(>0 Lilh.oet-Clinton District _ 6<.), 70 Log^'inj,', saw-milling and tind)or 52 to 5(j Local self-governiuout 38, 3!> Ijegislative As.scmldy 7U Lands and Wiuks De]>.'irtment 7!> Lunatic Asylum (ofticers) S7 liillooet District Directory 3(54, 3(j5 Masonic— (irand Lodge of I». C 27:> Tioyal Arch Chapter 273 Victoria (N)luml>ia Fiodgo 273 Victoria and (Quadra Tiodge 27-1: .\shler Lodge, Nanaimo 271 Union [jodge. New Wcstmiustor 274 C'ariboo Lodge, Jiarkerville 274 Mt. Hermon Lodge, liurrard Inlet 274 Meteorological Table 264 Mines, — Uei)ort of Minister, relating to Ca.ssiar, Cariboo, Omineca, Koot(uiav, Fruscr Itiver, etc 88 to 0() Militia, OfWcers of. ! 2G5, 2(50 Money (coin) passing rates 41 Naturalization of Aliens 200 N(nv Westminster and District 00, 01 NoA\- Westminster, special description of 01 to 03 Newcastle Coal Mine 105 Nicola < 'ountry 67, OS Notaries Public 85, 80 New Westminster, St. Andrew's Society 270 Now Westminster Goal (officers) 87 New W\(stmiuster Directory 347 to 351 VIU CONTENTS. Nt'w WcstmiiiHtfM' DiHtrict Diivctory .3')! to 'WfJ Niiimiiiio l)in'<'t(»ry 'S.Ut to 'M(\ Nicola Diri'ctorv :{«)2, 'MVA Nortli-W.'Ht CouHt Diroftory 'Sl'.i, M4 Onifiiils of tlu" DotninioM in Uritisli Coluiubiii . .77, 7S Ollicial* of tlu' Post OfHeo Dt'partincnt I<'»*' OlHcials of the Proviiu-o 78 to M'J OIVhtis New WcstmiiiHter (nnil OfKcMTs liiiii.itit' Asylum. Okaiia^aii ( 'ountrv 04, < .S7 87 to () s(tV()os I. ikc ('ountrv <•'» '•} Okaua^an Dirct'toJv IMIols. l*ost Otricc l)<'|taitiurnt, ote. :{(;:{ i<;o to i('4 Kates of l*oslap', etc h'>i\ to U)8 Monty Onlcr Hrancli KiH, \M Denomination of Stam])H issued. Suj^'^'estioMs to the I'ultliiv 1(J8 1(52, HW Vost Olliees in Hritisii ('(tluiiibia. K ti} liell''tll of routes political Constitution of Jhitish Columbiu. Provineial seIf-;,foveinnient. 1(51, UV2 . ... :m Provincial Hepresi-ntatives in Dominion ParliaUK'nt 87, 88 Public lUiildin^s in Victoria ''"" "^'^ Public Schools, I'tc I'ublic Works De))artment (otlicers) Provincial S«'cretary"s Deimrtnient .. • .■ .. 28(5. 287 4(1 78 71J Public Works Heports, l87o-(5, »>xtrut't.s from 114 to 12(5 Pilots ir)8 l^uerii Charlotte Islivnd ;')8 Quarterly statements of the Banks of British Columbin and British North America I'M) Kelij^ious, -Church of Enjjland 2(57 Konnm Chatholic Churches and Schools 2(58, 2(5{) Ueformed P^piscojial Church 2(5U, 270 Cliurch of Scotland 270 Methodist Church of Canada 27(» to 272 First Presbyterian Church 270 P»ai)tiHt Church 273 Kepreseiitatives in tlie Provincial Parlianiont 88 Kcf^istrars under the Marriage Ordinance Act,, 80 Return ing Otlicera 86 Return of^ Revenues of British Columbia for the years 1875, 1870, etc '.131, 132 Revenue of B. C. for 1877. , 132 Regulations governing Public Schools 127 roNTI'.NTS. 11 iv»'r-t of British Colninliiii 2, ;i lu'S'»mc(>H of tln' I'roviucc lOVJll ici'istrar o Hospititl of Victoriii 27s f Titl »'S. iVi' V.) ll<'«,Mslrjii's of Hirflis, |)»',itlis, iiinl Marriiigt's HO, SI Kcf^'istrars Coiuity Courts H(» S('lioi)ls, -I'xtriicl from Suix-riiitendcut's report . . .l'2 Victoria,— description of 2S1 to 2S4 Memlters Citv Council, (>tc 284 Census of ISYO 275 Fir»^ J)(^l)artmeiit 2H5, 28(5 ChaTiiher of Cttinmerce 285 (Mtv Directorv 287 to :i27 District Directory '{27 to :529 Victoria (toal, (olHcers) 87 Victoria District Directory H27 to :W Water ])Ower ftu' Mills in JJ. C . . 5I{ AVelliuf^'ton Colliery 100 to 108 Yield of Caiilioo <;old mines 02 to 1>4 Yield of wheat, itc, on Mainland (»1 Yale and Hope Directorv • M58 to 350 Yale District Directorv. ! 350, 300 rONTENTS. INDEX TO ADVEHTISEIiS. Agents, Accountants, etc: vauk. Phimmer Uobert, BasticMi street 4(K) Kobinsou W. C, Bastion street :{H2 Architects: Symo James, Governnunit street liDG Teajjue John, Govenunent street " ' ' . . HH3 Troiin(5o Thos., Kane street 3'J7 Auctioneers : Davies J. P., it Co., Wharf street 405 Bakers : Thompson Geo , Fort street HSU Banks : Bank of Jiritish Cohinil)';., Government street oS2 AV(>lls, Farj^o \' (-o., Government street ;{i);> Blacksmiths, 5 Webster & Co., Government street, HOIi Butchers : Goo lacre tfe Dooley, Government street 157(5 Tye Chong Yuen, Cv)rmorant street I^Sl) Kong Tiong Sing, Cormorant striset IWl Black Georgti. Bnrrard Inlet. 40() Carpenters, etc : Hayward A: Jenkinson, Langley street 381 Muirhead S: Mann, Bock liay 377 John Hilbert, Nanaimo 401 Dentists: K. B. Thompson, Government street H95 Dressmakers : Halpenny Mrs., Yates street '{',)'{ Druggists: Jackson Dr. Wm., (lovernment street 3!)0 Shotbolt Thos., Johnson street 392 Dry Goods Dealers, etc : Brown A: White, Government street 387 CDXTF.XTS. XI m 87 Dry (loods Dciilcrs, otc: Wilson Thos., A- Co., (ioveninuMit street '{!^7 Ho!ii!ino .roliii (^iiii}j;liotti, Jolmsoii striujt li'.'^ Funiitiuo Dealers, etc: Maiiseil A' Holroyd, Yatt^s street .'{'.^T Sclil J ., (Tovcruineiit stn-et I»7(» Wi'iler .loll II, Fort street :'>'.>S Fish Cuicrs etc: Herrinj^ S. W., New Westminster 4(»7 Deas J, S., Deas Islan.l -H'S (.Iroc'ers. etc : Mitcli^ll (Jeor^'e, Fort street 4()-J Hickiiiaii iVr Ofiier, (loveriiineiit street *1(>4 KuefV J., A- Co., (}nverninent street 40 1 Saunders Henry, Jolmsoii street o'.M Hie Lee, ('oriuorant street •!'*>•') Massa M., (lovernmeiit street 4(l"> (luMsmitlis: Short Henry, Fort street. 40'.! Hardware ^[er(•llants, etc: l"'elh)ws iV Hoscoe, Yates street . . ••1'" Matthews, Itjchards A- 'I've, Vates street .*i'.»:i Hot«'ls, Uestaurants, Saloons, etc: Astrico A., Store street 4112 Ah Poi tV Wun<< Pow, Johnson street 'If^!* Hillings Mrs., Fort street I^IM Hon (5ee, Store street IJ'.I'J McNitVe \Vm.. Trounce Alh>y :iS',) Tn'hait (". H., (lovtu'innent stiecit '>1*;"> McLease U., Soda Creek , 407 Insurance Companies: Accid'-nt Insurance Co., (rovernment stn^et .... "!•(( PlKcnix Insurance Co., (Tovernrneiit street '502 Scottish Ainical)le Life Assurance Co., (Jov't St 4:! Duidop -). T., P.road street :'.•.' I Lunilur Merciiants: Savward W. P., Kock Hav— Mill, Saanich Arm. :5M:; Moo.ly, Nei.s(.n A(\)., Mock liay Mill, Burrardlnlet 4(t('. Match ^^anut",•u•turers : Manson A- Hendry. Fort street -IW Liquoi' De.tlers, Wliolesnle: Davies J. P. , \- Co., Wharf street Mr.) AFoore. Hunt A Co., San Fram-iseo, Cal M'm n Xll CONTENTS. Merchants : Cassimayou A., & Co , Yatea street '500 Carr llichard, Wharf street , . . . . 'Mi Fiiullay, Durham & Brodie, ^^'harf street '>7i> Neuf elder & Co., AVharf street '^^■> Oppeiiheimer Bros., Fort street •'"••'^ Khodes H., it Co , , Store street ;i7S Sproat & Co., Wharf street 40(1 Stahlschmidt tfc Ward, WJiarf street '5>S'> Tai Yuno & Co., Goveriiinent street 'IH'") Turner, Benton k Tuustull, WJiarf street ^575 W.^leli, Uithet tt Co. . Wharf stret^t :iS-t Hi*rvev James, Nanairao 401 Macliinists, etc: Spratt Joseph, Store stn-et -WCt Painters : Crowther John, Yates street •''•>4 Sears Joseph, Government street '»"•'<> Phimbers, Gas Fitters, etc: A. k W. Wilson, Fort street 410 Printers, Job : Hose Alex., Fort street 40!) lioyal Mail Stage: Porter John 40i) Saddlers and Harness Makers : Norris Frederick, Government street oi'l Sewing Machines : Fletcher Thomas, Fort street 400 Tailors: Gilmore A., Government street Ji'J*^ Sam Kee, Yates street '{>^j> Son On liung, Store street -JHo Wau Ying Lun, Yates street 891 Tinsmiths and Stove Dealers: Drummond J. S., Yates street 291 Heal David, Yates street 408 Keajs G. C, Yates street 8S8 Kelly S. L., Yates street 398 Taylor Charles, Johnson street 398 Tobacanists and Cigar Manufacturers: Campbell F . , Government street 402 Wing Lee it Co . , Johnson street. 3ol Schatrer it Co., Wharf street 404 GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA. PROVINCE OF BRITISH COLUMBIA. The following remarks and information on the Province have been compiled from various sources, many items being taken from " The Government Prize Essay, 1872," by Alex- ander Caulfield Anderson, Esq., J. P., and "British Col- umV)ia, Information for Emigrants," by Gilbert Malcolm Sproat, Esq., Agent-General for the Province in England, July Ist, 1873. Authorities quoted are referred to thus, (Anderson), (Sproat). Full returns of statistics, &c., will be found under their proper heads. British Columbia sprang into existence, as a Coloiy, only in 1858, consequently on the gold-discoveries, the r imors of which in that year suddenly attracted numbers to its shores. Previously it had been traversed and partially occu]ii(>d only by the Fur-traders, first of the North-West, and afterwards of the Hudson's Bay, Companies; by whom its various divisions were distinguished by diffierent names, most of which are still retained for local designation. The adjacent Island of Van- couver, separated from the mainland by a narrow cliannel, in its narrowest part scarcely exceeding a few thousand yards, had been partially colonized some years before; .ind it might ha^e l>een reasonably sup]>osed that these two adjacent and almost contiguous lands, with interests'"so closely united, Avould have been incorporated under one Govennnent. But the wisdom of Downing street willed it otherwise. Establish- ed as separate Colonies, (>ach enjoyed for some years tlic honor of paying its own higldy-salaricMl Governor, under the Imperial auspices; with tlu^ dignity of enacting its own s]MM'ial laws, not always in strict observance of the interests of its neighbor. Of course this could not last; and in 1800 the common-sense of the twoColonies, though reluctantly elicit<'d, brought about a union. Subsefpientlv, on the 20tli Jnly. 1871, the united Colony became c(mfeder.'ited as a Province of the Dominicm of Canada. The limits of the Province^ may be thus broadly indicai.d. Co-tenninous on the South with the Ignited States Territorv of i) (MIDK TO nniTISH COI.IMIUA. f I I Wjisliinj^toii, tlu' 4!)tli Paralh'l of North Liititridc forniH the l)onii(l!iry tVoiii tlif (liilf ui (W'ih'^ui to tin- siunmit of tlic! llockv Mountains, wliicli it intersects in liOnfAituile 114 West there toncliin}^ on the Dominion territory of the North- \\ est. Tlience jiloii^ the summit of the Hocky Nlountnins to the ])ar- aih'l of Mount St. HIias, to about Latitu«h' O'i Th-'uce Sonlhwaid as far as .')4 40', ah)n;4 the strij) of coast-line, ten marine lea;;nes in width, foi'ineriy occujtied l»y Kussia, re- cently jHiichased by the I'nited States, and \ui\\ forminj^ part of the Territory of Alaska. Ti:ence Southward to the entrance of the Strait of Fuca, includin;^ (^)ueeii Charlottt; and Van- couvci' Island, and the vast archipt la<^'o conneclcd therewith. The tiirec principal streams of Ih'itish ('oluinl)ia are, the Coluud>ia, the I'^aser. and the Peace. The last-m(nitii»ned, risiiij;- in the ;i)\nh formed by tin- l*eak llan^-e with the liocky Moiuitaius and the Coast l\an;4e, after rr<'eivin^- tlie imi>ort- aiil ,L;(»id-beariu;^ tribntaiy. I'^indlay's ]>rants of water called the Anow Lak(!s, enters the I'luted States Territory in liati- tu(h' 4'.) , and after a course of nearly a thousand miles, falls into the I'aciiic in Latitude 4(')^ 20'. I'^'asei' Kiver, comparatively the smallest, but in its rela- tion to the Province! by far the most im|)ortant. Hows entirely throust Company, who desi}^natin,t;' it as the Tnt name. Tras.>r llivei', a fi'w miles from its s(mrce. flows into a lake some miles in length called Cow-dung Lake, below which, consid- (HTDF: to lUtlTISFI ("OLIMBIA. er;il)!v iiioi'oast'd by n trilmt.irv fioni the north, it enter! i)()Stl L.ike. !i ln'antil'ul sheet of wattM' some nil le miles m fe, a Iwith aser If tlif.' \f-,-hr pome ft.'i- Imon liny: [as.'r lome isid- leii,j:tli. I'lieiice t!ie ri\(U' eontiiuies rapiilly to Tete Jamie's C";iche, l>t 11114 joined midway \)\ a second feeder, likewise from tlie North. Tete JaniK^s Caclie, distant alxmt 70 mih>s from the sum- mit of the Kocky Moiitains and 7;{() from the sesi, is tht' limit of canoe navij^ation on the Fras(;r. About three mil(!s lower down, the stre'am is joined by the Cranberry Fork, a tril)U- tarv tlowiipj; from the South, whidi lieads in with the North liiancli of the 'riiompson, to be presently noticed, and the Canoe Fork of the Columbia. lietween Tete Jauin's ('ache and Thle-et-leh. wh(>re there is a post of the Hudson's i>ay Ccnnpaiiy called Fort (rcorj^e, the river is auj^mented by many tributaries; two of wliich, the Mackenzie Fork and l>ear River, ai-e of considerable maj^ni- tude. This point is in La'. iy'.V ')'.>, Lon;j;. I'll 4o . An im- j)i>rtaiit branch here falls in from the ANCstward, proceeding from the Lakes of Stuart and Fraser. (^uesneirs Kiver, issu- ing from the great kike of the same name, flows in UK) miles lower mpsou's Uiver, a copious tributary Howing from the Eastward. This stream waters an important and extensive section of the country; its nu'thern branch lieading with the Cr.iiiberry I'ork, before mentioned. Yale, a small town at the head of steambttat navigation on the Lower Fraser, is o7 miles lower (U>wn; and New West- minsti-r, the former cajiital of the mainland, some 05 miles below it. This last-named town, pleasantly situated on the nort.ii . ii liank of tlie river, some fifteen miles above the en- tranci', and in Lat. 40' 1*2 47 , Long, l'2'l" ~)'.i\ is, practically the he (1 of ;.liip-navigation on tlu' Fraser. For brevity's siike the names of the various extensive f<>ed- ers, falling in at intervals from Fort George downwards, are omittetl. Of thcM' the Chil-coh, watering the fertile tract oc- cupied by the Chilcotins, and ente>ing on the right about (K) miles below Alexambia, is one? of tiie mostconsjiicuous. The Harrison, joining also from the right, is another. This stream flows by a short course from a jiicturestpie and exten- sive lake: and was at one time the chief route of communica- 4 oriDE TO inUTISH COLUViBIA. tion witli tlu' upper countrv; its coiiliiiuation a^^iiiii stiikin*; the Fi'.'iscr soino 40 rnilos ubovo Lytton, at the ln'iiutital vil- lia^e of LiHooot. In order to u ritisli (Columbia, it is neeess.irj to indicate the ranges of mountains wliicli divide its several portions. TJie more Southerly [)art is separated from tini ("ohiiiil)ia watershcnl by the Cascade Range, so called from tlie rapids of tile (Jas('a(h;s upon the Lower Cohiinbia; the point wiiei-e that fiver bursts through the (diain. This range may be consider- ed as a continuation of tlie Sierra Nt^vada of California, and it 'vanishes at the junction of Thompson's Uiver with th(^ Fraser. The Coast Range, fi. e. th(! chain of ^fountains lying l)e- twcea thi' interior of the Province and the sea-boar(U ct)m- menccs ai)ove Xcw ^^'i'slnlinst(M•. and extends, parallel with the coast, as fir as Afount Si. Elias attlu' northern extremity. — AndcvHon . 1 I I T!ie occupation of gold-mining exists still as the princi- j>al industry of Jiritish ('oliimbia and as an unfailing attrac- tion to po])ulation— 4.\ millions sterling h.iving been e.xported within ten y(\irs — but other industries have !ip[)ear<'d and ])r()niiso well. The chiijf of tlu!se has b;>c!i coal. Within tmi years !.>0, ;>'.)") tons of troal hivi^ hv>en s!u|)p.Ml from Xin limo. Many articles of provincial produce, i)esides gold and coil, -namely, lumber (sawn wood, j furs, hides, wool lish, cr.an- bcrrii'S, iVc. — figure now in tln^ list of exports. A small sct- tl (Muent of pra( tical c.r/jfrjr/iof'/ men is found in nearly evfiv U)o district '\\\xi is suitabh; for fai-ming. Such m(>n know, in some d gret;, what tlu>ir own land will ))roduce or sU] and they also liav<' a u'cu' ral idea of the extent of similar no land ar to them. Vvailing myself of the wider sources of iiif.)r- mation thus ojUMie I. T hope to Ix; abh/ to give apictun' of the province whicli is ncnther underdrawn nor i»v(Milrawn. lenb di Ti-ntl not exaggeration, is the basis of these pages. The informa- tion that will be laid b(>fore the reatler, on each ])oint will be fully l)orue out by that best of tests— Experience. Every reader, p(M'ha[>s, may not be ,iware that there is a str.ange contrast betwecm th«» .surfai^e, soil, climate, A'{!.,of the ceuntries on the Atlantic side of the continent, and the coun- tries on the Pacific ()(!ean side of tlu; contiiuMit. British Columbia, (English,) Oregon, and California (^.Vmerican) ai'e the three principal countries on the Pacihc side. Thtse are line countries, but of course each has advantages and disad- vantages. 1 know all of them, ud in my opinion i^ritish cnnr m muTrsn coi.rMiiiA. •> Coliiinlti.i, lipoii the whole, li.is UctMi most favored l)y nature, and is the hcst of the tlirec countries for seeiirinjj; a home- stead in -for thi' follow inif snl)stantia1 I'casons: - 'I'alsinu; the whoh' rear round, or takini;; a s«>ries of vears, th(( olinnte is hettf^r foi' farniin<,', and more healthy and *'njoy- ahle. The wlieat, harlcy ;nid h(t|»s ()f Ihitisli ('olnml)ia l)eat those of ('alifornia. and her root-('i'o)>s l»ea' those of Oregon Britisli Columbia has more eoa superior fish, sonuih'r trees. 1 and l)etter coal, finer liarbors, Ft is r»'asonal)lv believed, and ous ))artly proved, that her mimi-ai lands, containini,' ]»reei metals, are vei'v extensive. The public domain (\vhi(di is at the disposal of the ]).'op|e (tf the province ) is sold morecheap- Iv: th(> taxation is imi nensi \y h til aws ;ire Lett cr carriet onl ; the p opie have as )nuch ]>olitit*al freedom as men can desire. These ;ire facts which ieiiorance onlv cin lead any person to j^ainsay, and I state* them, at the outset, so that they may b(^ exainined and appreci.iteil. Tho couutrv is divided into two perfectly distinct [)arts — Vancouver Island and the .^[ainland. Tiiese were constituted coloni(>s, the first in IHP.I, ;ind the second in ]S,')S: they wer(> then unitofl in iSlKJ, under the name of British Columbia, anil so contiiuiod until the '2(Hh July. 1S71, at which date the colony be' ame one of the Provinces of the tiourishiufj; |)omin- ion of Canada. With j^'rt^iter correctness, pjuliaps, it may l)e said that the ))roviuce is diviv;il sort of way, it may be said that a ion;^ and massive u])lift on the Mainland, ealled the Cascade liane;e, runs ])arallel totlu^Kockv llan}j;(\ and divides tlie I'ouiitrv between it and tlu' Paeitic Ocean into two divis- ions, namely, {ho 'East Cascade Piee;i(>n,' and the 'West Ca-.cade IJeerion." The islamls of Vancouver, (^ueen Charlotte, tVc, mie;1it be considered to make a third division, thou<.di, climatically, tiiey belonif to the West Cascade Rejfion. — S/irn((f. c [j:\r.\TE. This is perh,i]>s th«^ main point in (dioosin Fiihrenheit in t.hade on the hottest day in summer, and rarely falling to'2<><> Fahren- heit in winter, (ienial, though rather humid; humidity in- creases as yon go north. Sumnu^r beautiful, with sonu^ rainy days; autumn, bright and tine; winter, frosty and rainy by tuiiis; the s[)ring very wet. Snow falls to the dtpth of sev- eral inches, rarely to the depth of a foot — melts cpiickly. WheJi the atmosphere is clear, lu-avy dews fall at nights, and fogs are comtii )n during October and Novend)er; sunnner mists rare, partial, and transitory; no tornadoes, such as sweep over Illinois and other Northern Statt'S of the Union, ami occasionally visit New England. Brilliant weather in winter, sometimes for a month at a time. I inchide Vancouver Island al)ove as part of the 'West Cascade ri-gion,' l)ecause the cli- mate is similar. Of course, were the matter gone into exhaustively, th<^ Island climate would present insular peculi- arities. KAST CASCADK lUKilOX. climate diltercait from the climate west of Cascade JJange. Heat and cold greater; almost continuously hot in summer, but not so as to destroy vegetation. Little rain; warm rains, perhaps, April and May — again, but not always, in August and September. AVinter, changeable; Novend)er, frosty; ])(H!em- ber, January, and February cold and wintery, but generally clear and sunny; little ice; snow, say a foot dee]) on an average of years — melts cpiickly, winds melt it and often leave ground l)are for weeks. March and A])ril variaV)le; plains then begin to show grass. Hill-sides, in some ])laces, show green grass in March. Irrigation generally recpiired in this region. The above description a})plies to an inunense territory in the southern portion of the 'East Cascade region.' The des- moditird .IS rci^Mnls ccrtjiin distrit'ts. Ap- |)io\iiii,itioii to tlin Itoi'lvV liaiij;*'. or to tln' ni};>j(Hl ('jiril)oo uiiil otlu'i- liioiiiitains, lis its iiil:ir;il cH.ct; irci's alfouiid, inoro rain falls, siutu is dccjan'. On tli«' ni»|>«'r parts of the Frascr Kivrr, tiic \vint<'i' is capriciuns; very scvcro «'old f<»r a few days, then tluctuatinf; near fr<'<'/in,i; point; another inter- val of intense cold, and then perhaps sprin;^ comes all at once. In the south-east<;rn corner of the province, a re-nnxlilication takes place. The ilVcct i»f .ipproximii' ioa t(» tlie Hocky K.iiij^'e is then^ mitiurited liy the the intlnence of ap])ro\ima- tion to ihe border of the (Ire.it American Desert wliicii str.tches s(»nth to Mexico. Ahout th<' headwaters of the C'ohunltia, the climate is deli^hlful; extremes ar«' rare; snow ji^cnerally goes as it falls. The scenery is very f^nMinl, and it i ; thei'efore pi'oljahlc that, wlien math' access! !»Ie, thi:. region will lie the resort of thonsands of invalids. .\roximatioi\ to the llan^i' does not injuri the climate. For instance, near Jasper House, and for some «listanee in tlu' .Vtha1»asca Valley snow never accnmnlates, thei'c is coiist.mt m;iy he said of other paits. - Sjtrnid. The njainland of l>ritish Cohimbi.i, ap.irt from the sea- hoard, may he divided into throe sections, each ditt'erinj,' fi'oni the otlitn- in its uttril)\ites. The first extends from tlie month of Fraser Uiver to tlie head of the rai)ids above Yale: the se- cond, from th;it point to Alexandria: thi- third, thence to the Ikocky Monntains. The char.icteristics of the lower district are a snrface thickly wooded in most parts with trees of enonnons j^rowth, ♦•hietly varities of the I'ir and Pine, md intermixed with tlu^ Ked i'odiir {T/iiij'a f>rrl(fniftilis ()i Douf^las, (rh/tiiilrd of Nnt- taU and the Mapl(>-])lane ( r/afatins Acerl/nlld.) Low allnvial points fiin;j;e these thickets. 'Ihese. as well as the nnn:erons islets alonij; the riv.i, are coveied with As))ens, Dalsan), Po]>- Tars, and Alders, of luxnriant erowth. In tlie lower ])art are sonu; extensive meadows, yieldi)ig, in their natnral state, heavy crojis of a coarse bnt nnti'itious «j;rass, and nndei' cnl- tivation, enormous returns of ceicals and other produce. I'or ;i certain period of the year mosquitoes are troublesome along the river, as high, neai'ly, asHo|)e: but there lias never been manifested any symptom of fev(!r and ague, or otlicM- .similar endeini(\ so often g<'nei'ati(l in positions of a likedes- cri])tion. GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMWA. On the Verge of tlie Heconil, or central iliviHion ii marked change (!ominenceH. TIio copious rains which fall in the lower district are greatly rao(liH(;d after we pass the moun- tainous ridge through which the river burnts near Yale. Evidences of a drier climate ajipear at every step. The char- acter of the vegetation changes. About Lytton the Cactus V)eginH to a))]»ear. In spots along the Thomj)son the Arte- misia, and other shrubs indicative of a hot and dry climate, are found; and in lieu of the thickly-wooded luxuriance of the \o\vvv region, a succession of open valleys, covered with fine pastur(» and bonhu'ed by grassy hills in parts more or less wooded, delights the eye of the traveller. Here and there belts of forest intervene; amid whicii broad expanses of open laud lie siiattertul at intervals. This general description may be r(!garded as applying to a verv large tract of country, ex- t(;nding from Ah^xandria on the t'raHer, in Latitude 52o HIT, to the Southern Boundary Line on the Okinagan River; and thence at intervals towards the south-eastern angle of the Provinct!. Near the point just mentioned, win re the Boun- dary Line intersects the Ok'nagan River flowing into the Columbia, the country begins to assume, in its general features, a very sterile character. An arid sandy region, almost tropical in its temperature, re])laces the rich scenery through which we have been passing, (-rossing the frontier into the United States Temtory, as we descend the Okinagan towards the Columbia, this character becomes more general. The alluvial bottoms alone, where there is natural irrigation, are susceptil)le of culture: the main feature of the prospect is a torrid waste of sand, in which the Worinwood and other varieties of the Artemisia, the ( actus, and other vegetation proper to similar wastes of remote volcanic and diluvial origin, alone find nutriment. We have entered, in short, upon the North-w(istern angle of the GRE.vr American Desert : and hence, within the Nevada range, to beyond the frontiers of Mexico, the vast 'Sage Barrens' lie extended before the travel- ler. Let us recede, however, from this uninviting field, and ccmfine our view within the more attractive limits of our own favored Province. The third division of British Columbia, from Alexandria to the Mountains, varies materially from the otiier two. The agricultural region, properly so called, may be said to ter- minate in the vicinity of Alexandria ; though there are many small '^spots'beyond that point which may be advantageously cultivated for culinary vegetables and harder cereals. Gener- ally speaking it is a wooded country, through which many open spots of excellent soil are interspersed, with large tracts (juiUE 'vo hhitish culumiua. upon it: and iers of travel- Id, and ir own landria The to ter- ra any leously lener- many I tracts of luxuriant pasture — esnoeially in tlie direction of Fraser and Stuart Lakes, and in tne Chileotin country. From Fort (iei)r^t\ however, up the main branch of tlu* Fraser to Tete Jaunc's Cache, none of these open places appear: and though many cultivable patches along the river banlcs might in parts be rt'adily cleared, it is probabh^ that the occurence of sum- mer night-frosts would prevent the growth of any save the hardirr veg<>table8. Fraser Lake, however, and the neigh- boring lake of Stuart, have been for many years the scene of agricultural operations on a small scale, at the Posts, formerly of the North-West, and since the coalition of 1821, of the Huilson's Buy Company. At the former place, especially, these limited operations were invariably successful. Potatoes, turnips, anil other vegetables throve womlerfuliy. liavley 3'ieliled invariably a lieavy return; and though wheat was cultivated occasionally only, on a very small scale, and rather experimentallv than as a croj), it ripened well in favorable positions. The pasture in these vicinities is of the most luxuriant description, consisting of tine natural grasses intei'- mixed with a nutritious kiml of wild pea, or vetch. C'attle and horses of course tlirive wtill; but the necessity of provid- ing fodder against the lengthened winter of these elevated parts, discourages their being raised beyond a limited extent. This upper regi»)n, however, is to be consitlered more especially as th(^ m'nii»'j o of sawn liinihcr iiiul Hpiirn to variouH \u)rtH in ( 'limti and the Pai-ific, and in Hparn and inastH of th«ilar<;»'Htditn«asses. A useful and durable wood . Found also on Vancouver sland; but more rarely, ami of smaller si/e. The lied Cedar ( 7'/////" (h-rhfcnfnlis, or (i'nnnitrti). A most useful tree, found throughout the Province, up to theheait of the Kocky Mountains, but esjivcially abunr as hi^di as tin' head of the Yalt llapids. It is usrd l»y tin' luttivtss for tlu* niannfactnre of hows and it is aj>|>lifal»l(' to various, useful purposes, i)ut dofs not ;ilt lin lo lliu size of the Kn^lish Yew. The Alder, useful lor luiu in;^ and carvin;.;, is widely distiil>uled, and in (Iw Coast vieinity attains to a ^I'eat si/<». The Plane-maple ( I'!it/iiii"s A'ivlf(»l!'i) is abundant in the Lower District and Vancouv. r Island, and of very vi^'orous ^'rowth. A useful and hij,'lily ornament d tree, yieldijin; in »>iuly Spri ij a copious sup|)!y of sap, which, thou;^li less rich in saccharim' matter than that of the Canadian Su^ar-miple, ^ives a j)roduct not inferior in quality. The Udsani l*opular, or (%)tton-wood, and tat* .Vspen, i,'i-<>\vin<4 ahund intly alonj; the Low(M' FrastM-, are very •.generally distrihuted, nearly to the summit of the lloiky .Mountain |)as-;"s. From the Mais i-n Po|)la''. whitdi attains to very considerabht dimensions, ('X(!ellent canoes are oxca- vatiid l»y the Indians of the interior, which liavi? this advan- taj^e over th' -.e constructed of Cedar, that they do not split tliroiij^'h exposure to tin; sun, imdironseipiontly dr> notdeimiud the s!i!'ie iissiduiMis care. But these peri^uas are nowise comparaole in f(M'ni to the beautiful canoes of the Coast, formed of the more delicate material, and with a far higher di^gree of art. The liirch, which is the clii(>f hard-wood of the interior, is comparatively lare in the Lower District and on Vancouver Island; hut throughout the C^itix'r Fraser, up to the verge of the Kocky Mountains, it is common, and attains ill parts to a v»M"v consichu'ahle size. The h irk of this tree was formerly emidoyed at the intei'ior posts for making canoes for transport; hut boats were afterwartls substituted. The natives do not emph)y it, hoAvever, for that purpose, like those of the Eastern Continent. Thev construct tlieii- light hnnt- ing-canoes of single sheers sti'ipped from the trunk of the WeynKHith Pine, where procurable: els(nvere of tiii- Si)ruce. Peculiar to a i>ortion of the Central District is the Ived Pim; (P. PiDiifrrosa ); ;i very beautiful tree, growing cliieHy in gravelly opens, and attaining a large si/e. The timber is good, close-grained, and durable; i)ut as its name indicates, compaiatively heavy. It is found commonly as far noi'th as the upper ford of the Bonaparte; but its nearest approacli to the Coast Range, westward, is the head of Anderson Lake. 12 GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA. j II ii A variety of the Larch (L. Occidental is) is found at various points along the eastern portion of the Southern liomdary of the Province. It grows to a large size, cliiefly in cold moist bottoms; but though a beautiful tree, its timber does not share the character for durability ascribed to its Eastern con- gener. Some other varieties of Pine besides those that have been mentioned are found in the mountainous parts : but none of these being of marked utility it is needless to enumerate them. Of edible fruits there are many kinds. Of these perhaps the most important is the Service-berry {Amelanchier Race- mofia, or Caiiast Range, and op- posite to the Southern heads of the Skeena. This process, actuated by an infallible instinct, goes on m mi m GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA. imtleviatingly from year to year: and thoiigli at times there may occur, from iuHcratable causes, a partial failure of the supply, the periods vary but little, and the regularity of the system is never interrupted. A brief notice of several other varieties of the Salmon re- sorting to Fraser River, m ly be made, some of which, diverg- ing u]) the Tiioinpson's Branch and other tributaries, do not ascend to the U|»p(n- Fraser: and I will now advert to a pecu- liarity in their fat(% which, strange as it may appear, distin- guishes the majority from all other known varieties of the g(!inis. There seems to be no question that the shoals re- sorting to the smaller streams (U touching upon the Coast return, after performing their procreative functions, to the sea, as elsewhen;. Indeed, I am disposed to think that those varieticis which rescn't to the; smaller tributai'ies of the Lower Fraser and the Columbia, ])robably fullil th-ur course in like manner. ]}ut as regards the main body, ri?so!ting to the distant head-waters of those great rivers, it may be incontest- ably asserted (hnf llieyneverreturn fofhrsm. At tfrstinciedulons of this asserted fact, subversive of all my preconceptions on the subject, it was only after the observation of years, under circumstances which seem to preclude' the possibility of error, that I was constrained to arrive at the same conclusion. Without ])relonging my notes by entering oji the particulais of these obser\'ations, I may conlidently repeat the assm*- tion that, the function of 8i)awning over, the ftsh, still strug- gling upwards, die of exhaustion. Upon the main, or Eastern, branch of the Fraser, which as I have said is fre- quented only by the large variety or Kase, the strongest of tlios(! fish attain as high as Tete Jeanne's Cache, between 700 and 800 miles from the sea : there their further progress is ar- resfed by a steep fall. At the foot of this fall, and elsewhere below, the stream swarms, in Sciptember, with dead and dying fish. The once brilliant Salmon, no longer recognisable save from its general form, may here be seen, the function of spawning completed, almost torpid from exhaustion; its nose in many instances worn to the bone, its tail and fins in tatters, nay, .its very flesh in a state of half-animated decay, either helplessly ticniting in the eddies, or with mt>mentary ex- rtion still struggling to ascend. In no case is the smallest disposi- tion to descend perceptible: its course is still onwards, until, dying at last, it floats with myriads of others to be cast upon the beach, attracting to a hideous banquet a multitude of Bears and other carnivorous beasts from the adjacent mountains. In like manner perish the other shoals upon the head-waters of the several streams to which they resort. OUTDE TO liRITTSH TOLI'MIUA. IT or fre- est of 700 save of liefon^ quittinfj; this braiu-h of the subject, 1 may supply soiue luemoranda whidi will convoy an idea of tlie produc- tiveness, in favorable years, of tlie salnion-fislieries on the Frasrr. At tlie Post of Eraser's Lake, in IS'^fi, 8(),0()0 dried salmon were purchased and stored for use; and at other Posts pro})ortiouate (piaiitities were likewise secured out of the superabundant pi'ovision mad(^ by the natives. The year in question, it is trui', was one of ^reat abundance. At Fort Langley (some tlfteen miles above New Westminster), lar^e quantities were formerly salted every year by the Hudson s ]3ay Company, as well for home consunqition as for ex])orta- tion. In some so sons biiv.veen two and thre<' thousand banvsls were thus ])rovided; the fish ])rocured by barter from the natives. Fo)" soiuc years ])ast ]n'ivate lisheries have been established, where ]ar^;<' quantities nrv annualh' cured: and recently an establishment foi ])reserving the fish in cans for exportation has ]>een started, which promises to be very successful. The chief niarkets are South America, the Sand- wich Islands, and Australia. We may here ni-ntiou cur.sorily that, while the salmon, of sonie pai'ticida)' variety, is comm( n, ])erhaps, to every stream issuiiii^' aloii^' the ('oast from the Coast-ran,i,H3 of Mountains, as well as the many tributaii(;s of the Fraser, it is not found ujH)n the waters of British Columbia tributary to the Peace liiver, or iiidc(>d to ai.y of the streams fl()win,!j; eastward from the Jiockv-Mountain boundary of the Pi'ovince. Thus Peace Iiiver, and its co-tributary to the (front McKenzie, the Athabasca, as well as th<> Saskatchewan, are destitue of this valuable tisli. ^\ ith oui' knowledji;e of the liabits of the g(mus it would l)e a facile undertaking to introduce the fish artificially into tliesi' rivers, by spawn taken from the west(a-n watershed : but it is questionable whether the extreme len that the attem])t may at some future day be made. A very valuable fisli entering Frasiu- liiver to spawn, in tlu> early S])rin;jj, is the UinJclrlilJnjti (or preferably (hnienis) lUvJi(n'ihoiiil — locally known as the Oola-han. It appears in innuense shoals, and is caught either with the scoop-net, or, like the Herrinp; on the seaboard, with the rake. This sim]>le device is merely a lonj? lijj;ht i)ole, fiattened in one direction so as to ])ass readily tliroufrh tlu' water, and with the edge set towar.ls the lower extremity with a row of sharply-pointed teeth. The fisherman, entering the shoal, i>iisses the iiu])le- ment repeatedly tlirough the water, with a ra]iid sti'oke, each 18 GUIDE TO URITISH COLIMIJIA. time transfixiuf^ several fish. Tims ii copious supply is soon secured. The Oola-hcin is, in the estimation of most people, one of the most delicious products of the sea. Smaller than the Herring, it is of a far more delicate ilavor, and so rich that, when dried, it is inliammable. This fish is not confined to Fraser Jliver, but frecpients likewise the Nass, a large stream issuing on the frontier between British Columbia and Alaska; another stream debouching into Gardner's Canal; and probably rivers along the coast. Those caught at the mouth of the Nass are of a (piality even richer than those of Fraser liiver. The natives, who assemble there in great numbers in Spring to prosecute the fishery, Ix'sides drying them in large quantities, extract from the surplus a fine oil, which is highly prized by them as a luxury, and forms a staple article of barter with the interior tribes. This oil, of a whitish color, and approaching to the consistence of thin lard, is reg.uded by those of the Fiiculty who are acquainted with its properties, as equally etficacious with the Cod-liver Oil so commonly pre- scribed: and it is said to have the great advantage of being far more palatable. With the exception of a few scores of casks salted annuall}' for local sale, and a (juantity prepar 1 like the Red-herring, this fish has not yet, I believe, been systematically cured, or become an article of exjiortation. There can be no question, however, that, when more widely known and })roperly prepared, it will be the object of much extraneous demand As already remarked, all the larger streams along the Coast abound with Sahnon. The Skeena, l)efore mentioned, dis- charging at Port Essington, and the Bilwhoola, fiowing into the North Bentinck Arm of Milbank Sound, may be specially noted; though equalled, doubtless, by many others. The minor streams swarm during the season with a small variety, known locally to the northward as the Squwj-ijan; inferior in richness to the larger fish, and therefore not so well adapted for salting, but nevertheless of excellent quali^. I may here mention as a peculiar trait that the Salmon of this Coast — at least those ascending the larger rivers, siich as the (Jolumbia, the Fraser, and others — unlike their European congeners, do not rise to the artificial fly. In the inlets around Vancouver Island and elsewhere, while they remain in the sea, and at all seasons of the year, they are readily caught by trolling. The natives employ generally a herring as the bait: but the spoon- bait is found t3y amateurs to be equally efiicacious. It will be inferred that the fish occupy continuously the narro • waters, adjacent probably to the entrance of the streams of their nativity, \\\\W\ they finally le-enter the rivers to spawn: GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA. ly and, admitting the apparently unquestionable fact that some varieties, at least never return to the sea, it follows as a con- sequence that the whole term of their existence, from the time when the fry descend the rivers until their final return to spawn, whatever the interval may be before they attain matu- rity, is passed in these retreats. The quality of the winter fish, caught in these localities in their full perfection, is in- comparably fine. The size varies, appaarently, in different positions. In the Saanich Arm, for instance, a little to the north of Victoria, the weight may vary from fifteen to thirtv pounds or more : but it was mentioned about a month ago (in March) in the British Colonist newspaper, that a fish caught with the bait in the outer harbour of Victoria had been brought to market, the weight of which was fifty-five pounds. Fish of this size are, however, comparatively rare. Repeated examination leads me to the conclusion that the Herring is iiere the favorite food of the Salmon. It is the most suc- cessful natural bait; and I have almost invariably found one, and frequently several, of those fish, in the stomachs of ordi- nary-sized Salmon; but smelts, and occasionally prawns, are also found. It may be added that, while the Salmon refuses the fiy or any other bait after entering the fresh water, the closest examination of the intestines of the ascending fish does not, as far as my experience goes, reveal upon what nutriment they then subsist. A mucous substance alone is discernible; and it must be inferred that minute infusoria, the nature of which the microscope might probably detect, is at this period their sole source of nourishment. But we have dwelt sufficiently on this theme, and must proceed to notice the other products in which these waters are notably prolific, ind first of the Herring. This valuable fish resorts in prodigious numbers, at the spawning season in early Spring, to the bays and inlets of the Gulf of Georgia, and elsewhere generally along the Coast. The method by which the natives capture them at this season, mentioned be- fore while treating of the Oola-han, suggests an idea of their scarcely conceivable numbers. In appearance they do not perceptibly differ from the European variety, though rather smaller. At the period in question the quality of these fish is inferior; but when caught during their prime, with the net, on the banks which they permanently frequent, they are, to my conception, fully equal to their congeners of the Atlantic sea-board. This remark applies at least to some of the loca- lities bordering on the Gulf of Ge(>rgia; and I fancy is gen- erally true. The .spawn, attached to sea-weed, or to branches I 20 GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA. li^ ■I purposely sunk in the shallows for its reception, is gathered in large quantities by the natives, and dried for food. The Cod caught in the narrow waters are inferior to the Atlantic fish. There are, however, certain outlying banks upon which they are found abundantly, of a quality, it is said approaching, if not fully equal to, the last. The Halibut attains upon this Coast a very high degree of perfection. On the outer shore of Queen Charlotte's Island, especially, it is found of a very large size; frequently exceed- ing 100 pounds in weight, and not unseldom, I am assured, of twice that size. Caught with tbe hook, these fish are dried iu large quantities by the natives, especially of the more northerly parts of the Coast. To those may be added the Smelt, the Rock-coil, the Floun- der, Whiting, and a host of others, with which, in season, the markets of Victoria are constantly supplied — chiefly through the industry of Italian fishermen, who appear here to enjoy a prescriptive monopoly of the trade. Oysters are very abundant. Those dredged near Victoria are of small size, but well- fiavored; northward, in the vicinity of Comox, a larger sample is procured. Of Cockles, Mussels, and other shell-fish there is a copious supply. Crabs and Prawns are not wanting; but there are no Lobsters, save a small kind found in fresh-water streamlets. Oil-producing fish, such as the Ground-shark and the Dog-fish, are common to the whole Coast: the latter so abundant as to give lucrative employment to many fisher- men and afiord a boundless resource prospectively to others. Of the Phocida), the Hair-seal is the most numerous, while the Fur-seal, the Sea-lion, &g., are found, chiefly on the outer shores. The whale-fishery has of late attracted much attention, and has been prosecuted with a certain degree of success; though, from want of experience probably, less than one might have been justified in expecting. On the outer Coast Whales of the largest description are numerous; which, by the native inhabitants, who combine in parties for the purpose, are harpooned and captured by an ingenious process which it is unnecessary here to describe. In the inland waters of the archipelago a variety known as the Hump-back Whale is very numerous. These yield from 30 to 50 barrels, or more, of oil; and so far have been killed by the whaling-parties with the harpoon-gun and shell. Many wounded victims, however, through some mismanagement of detail, or perhaps unavoid- ably under the system, have thus escaped. The system, how- ever, from its assumed wastefulness, is, I am informed, de- clared illegal by the general laws of the Dominion : in which (jmi)R TO RUITTSH COLUMBIA. 21 case it will of courso be interdicteil, and j^ive place to other schemes, less liable to objection. On the whole the pursuit of the Whale in these waters, vip;orou8ly prosecuted, with a competent knowledge of the business, will doubthss prove ere loiifj; a lucrative and extensive branch of the Provincial industries. The Beasts of the Chase found in British Columbia are sufficiently varied, and in parts very numerous. Of the fur- bearing kinds the following list comprises the chief exports of the Hudson's Bay Coni])any, and recently of private traders who have engaged in the businc^ss : — Bears, Brown, Bla<^k, and Oriz}?ly; Beaver : Badgers ; Foxes, Silver, (Voss, and R^d; Fishers ; Martens ; Minks; livnxes, Grey, and Spotted; Mnsquasli ; Otters, Sea, and Land; Panthers ; llaocoons ; Wolves, Black, and Grey, of the large kind; Wolves of the smaller kind, known as the Oa/fofe; Wolverines. CLIMATE, AflRICULTUUE, ETC. Before entering on the subject of the Climate of British Columbia, it is necessary to remind the reader of the follow- ing facts: namely, that the winter temperature of positions on the northern Pacific Coast, as compared with others on the Atlantic sea-board, is equivalent to at least ten degrees of Latitude in favor of the former. Thus the isothermal line of the mean annual temperature of 50° Fahrenheit, which leaves the Atlantic in about Latitude 41", and. curving into Ruperts- land as high as the 50th parallel, is assumed to cross the Rocky Mountains in about Latitude 49°, strikes the Pacific near Milbank Sound, in about Latitude 52°. This is of course an approximation, only, as regards intermediate points; but the extremes are marked too strongly to escape even the most casual notice. We are not, however, to enter into a disquisi- tion as to the possible causes of this disparity; it is enough to know that it exists; and that, for instance, while the winter temperature of Quebec is proverbially severe, the correspond- ing season at the mouth of the Columbia, in the same degree of Latituile, is as mild as that of the South of England. t' 99 22 GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA. Upon the southern portion of Vancouver Island the climate, as a whole, may periiaps be compared with the last, saving that there is a greater degree of summer heat, with less hu- midity. The maximum temperature in the shade near Vic- toria, in parts of July and August, ranges from 80' to 90° of Fahrenheit; and has on several occasions been remarked by the writer as high even as 90°, carefully noted on an excellent thermometer, by Dollond, placed in the shade, out of the in- fluence of reflected heat. The mercury in winter sometimes descends as low as lOo — i. e. twentj'-two degrees below the freezing-point of Fahrenheit — in seasons of extreme severity; but this very rarely, and for a very brief period. Hence, though some winters may afford good skating around Victoria, and this occasionally for several weeks together, more gener- ally the ice Avill last only for a few days, or not become suf- ficiently strong to bear. At Now Westminster on the Mainland, as elsewhere on the Lower Fraser, there is a greater degree of humidity through- out the year, and the temperature, if more equably warm in summer, does not probably attain to the same extreme of heat. In winter, on the other hand, the lowest extreme, as might be inferred from its inland position, is comparatively more severe. In the Upper Country the climate is dry, and continuously hot in summer; especially from the vicinity of Thompson's River towards the southern frontier, east of the Cascade Range. The same characteristic^, however, apply in a some- what less degree to the portion lying northward, towards Alexandria. Approaching the Okinagan, on the southern frontier, the summer, temperature is almost tropical in its character. The winter cold, on the other hand, is compara- tively sharp; but there is nothing approaching the continuous severity experienced on the eastern slopjBS of the Rocky Mountains. Little snow falls on the general surface; and in many parts it is almost entirely absent for any lengthened period. In the Upper District, beyond Alexandria, notwithstanding the elevation above the sea, the climate is warm in summer; in the higher localities, subject to occasional night-frosts. But as a general rule these do not affect the lower levels, where modifying influences exist. In winter, a moderate de- gree of cold prevails; alternated occasionally with severe intervals produced by winds from the northward and east- ward mountains. Thus the thermometer will, during such intervals, sink to 15o or 20° below zero of Fahrenheit, and sometimes even to the freezing point of mercury. But such (H'Il)K TO lUUTISH COLUMUIA. '>■{ •j 5 Fahrenheit, that of the Fi-aser was oM' Fahrenli(at; and at 10 A. M. on the 'iOth of September, tlie ti'mperatures of air and water were res[)ectivelv •'j^ and 4(r Fahrenheit." With reference to points in the vicinity of Alexandria he says: " The altitude of tliis district is frequently quoted as rei'.dering it unsuital)l(* to agriculture, but the highly satis- factory results obtained at Williams Lake and lieaver Lake, two of the most ;i(lv,iuctMl farms in the ('olony, where at an elevation of 2,100 and '2,200 feet, varieties of giain and veg- etables are yearly raised in great perfection and abundance, indicate the fertiliiy of the soil, and the absence of influences materially discour giiig to agriculture. There are, in the section of country under discussion, large tracts of unot'cupied land, where the soil riv.ils that of the farms above-nuui- tioned, and where much of llie ground is literally tit for the ])lougli."' Of th(^ portion lying between Alexandria and Thompson's • Uiver, Ca))ta'n Parsons writes: "Bridge-Creek flows into a large stream which is saitl to be a tributary of Horsi^Fly C'reek. Trougliton's boiling-point thermomi^ter showed a tempei-ature at the level of tlu? house of 200« on the 20th August, and of 20()'j 40 on Hist August, indicating altitudes of ab(mt rJjllO and 3,054 feet res])ectively, or a mean of 3,080 feet above the level of the sea; nevertheless the temperature of tlie air in the shade at H v. M. of the 20th was 57<', and of the water of the Creek o4o. On the :Ust, at 7 i'. M. the air was HOo 75, and on the 1st September, at 7 a. .m., it was 48" of Fahrenheit. * * * * Lake La Hache is about 2,488 feet abov(^ the sea. The tem])eratuve of the air at 5 a. m. on the 30th August was 42<> 5, aiid at 7.30 v. m. 54", at which time the temperature of the water in the lake was 04". On the same day the thermometer (not blackened) showed 80" at noon in the sun. * * * * From tlie foregoing descri])tion you will see the great altitude of ev(Mi the valleys between Jjake La Hache and the Pavillion. whilr> the c.isual thermomet(n'- It' m OUIDE TO nUITISlI COLL'MIJIA. ro:i(liii<^s montlonnd will sorvo to iiulit-ato th<' tompcmiturrs (luviiit; t\\(i inonth of Auf^ust iiiid tho first Imlf of S»'|)tt)iiil)(^r. Tlio wlu)l(! poriod wiis pxt'OHsivdly hot in the day tinw, with a plc-iiHiiiit iiiildiH'Hs at night. Tlici-o was no frost oxcopt at thd Imad of the (rrtiat (Jhasin on tlu; (xu-asion iiuMiti(>u*Hl hut it seoiuH rcasoiial)!*? to sn[)[)ose that al)Out amoiith hitor uij^ht- frosts would ho found to prevail. '^ ^ * * Heavy dews wero pnnahMit, hut it .s, hoth from report und the ap)H>araiiee of the watcr-couvses, that very little rain falls in this part of the oouutty. J)uring six weews, from the com- nuMRH^ment of Au;.?ust, there were only two (hiys on which rain f(dl, and then it was accompanied by heavy thunder and lightnin*^." in the settled portions of V^ancouver Island all the com- mon ccn'ojjs aviy j)rodus not an economical crop for this locality, ripens freely by the end of Se|)tsicum yield copiously; the Peach ri})ens its fruit us a standard, und the drape (of the Isabella variety) produces abundantly and comes to full maturity in a favorable exposure. Orchard fruits, exclusive of the Peach which is not generally plantod, are cultivated abundantly throiighouf the settlements, and with marked success. (3n the Lower Fraser the climate is ada])ted generally for the same ]>iodiictions, and most of those eruuierated are cul- tivated tliere. About Thompson's Iliver the continuous summer lieat is specially favorable for the production of such fruits as the Melon. Indian Corn would probubl}' be protitable as a gen- eral crop. Wheat und other cereals, with all kinds of culi- nary vegetables, flourish. In parts, where the nature of the locality demands it, irrigation is resorted to Avith, us may be supposed, the most successful results. Approaching the Southern frontier, iipon the Okinagan, the Grape, were it inDE TO nniTisFT roirMni.x. the en- uli- the ■ be (losinihlc, inij^ht bo l!ir«»oly cultivntod, .oitl I do not hosit.ite to say, with suoeoss. I have iilrefuly iioli t'd the juoximity of this j)()rtioii of the Province to the (xieut Ooscrt, the intense Louts from wliich extend an influence far around. At Alexandria, long before the general settlement of the Province, Wheat was cultivated on a limited scale. From 1843 to 1S4S, between 400 and 500 bushels were raised annu- ally at the Hudson's Bay (Company's Post, and converted into tlour by means of a mill, with stones eighteen inches in di- ameter, wrought by horses. As much as forty bushels to the acre, by careful measurement, and of the finest quality, were raised on poitioiis of the land cultivated during the interval mentioned. Of late years large quantities are annually raised in till' same neighbourhood, as well as elsewhere in the Cen- tral District, and it is needless to add with the advantage of very difi'erent appliances for its subsequent manufacture. As before (Msu dly rem irked, the country from Alexandria upwards is to be regarded ntherin the light of a hunting and than as add- /ted for agricultural settlement. mniin!' region Nevertheless, as higli as Eraser's Lake, Barley yields abund- antly; and the Potatoe, with of course othar culinary vege- tables, comes to great perfection. There are large tracts of the most nutritious pasture throughout. Before quitting this important subject, however, I judge it well to pursuri it a little further than I had at first intended. And first, proi'orring to quote, where possible, an indepen- dent authority, I avail myself of the following excellent remarks which I find published in the British Colonist news- paper, from the journal of Mr. James Richardson, conducting the Geological Survey of the Province for the Dominion Government: — "The vegetable soil which has been mentioned seems to be of a very productive character, and whether in the forest, the field, or the garden, appears, combined with the favorable climate, to yield large returns. In the Comox district, about 140 miles from Victoria, as already stated, the soil is spread over a very considerable area of prairie country, commonly designated an opening, extending from the Coast up the dii- ferent branches of the Courtenay River for seven or eight miles. The surface of this district, which is naturally free from timber, with the exception of single trees and stumps, chiefly of Oaks (Qiiercm Garryanna) and strips of Alder (Alnm Orejomi) in the bottoms, may be some twelve square miles, the scenery of which is picturesque and parklike. Its margin is very irregular in shape, and it is surrounded by a growth of very heavy timber, among which are the Douglas 4 i; m 26 GUIDE TO BllITISH COLUMBIA. Pine (Ahics Dotujlami) often attaining ten foot in diameter ami 200 feet in height, lialf of which is free from branches, and the Cedar (Thuja G'ujantea), often equally large. The oper. country in its natural state is mostly covered with a growth of ferns, which sometimes attain a height of ten feet, with stems three-quarters of an inch in diameter, and roots descending to a depth of three feet. These roots the native Indians prepare in some pecidiar way for winter food, and excavate deep trenches to obtain them. The farmers are under the necessity of grubbing up the fern roots before the ground is ready for use, and they are often voluntarily assisted by their pigs in this operation; tliese animals, it is said, relishing the fern root as food. I was informed by Mr. John liobb and Mr. John McFarlau, two partnersliip settlers of the district, that the average yield of land, after it is ck^ared and thoroughly under cultivation, is, of Wheat, from 80 to H5 bushels per acre; Bi\^-V^j, 4u to -5 bushels; Oats, 50 to 00; Pease, 40 to 4o; Potatoes, 150 to 2(0; Turnips, 20 to 25 tons. Some of the Turnips exhibited by Mi". Robb at the agricul- tural show are said to have been remarkably heavy; but those of the Sweedish and yellow \arieties, seen by me, I consider rather small. The season, however, was said to be an un- usually dry one. The yield of timothy hay is said to bo about two tons per acre. Clover thrives well, and rye grass is valued for its after crop. "The yield of butter per cow, after calf feeding, is about 150 lbs. annually, the ordinary selling price being 40 cents per pound. Cattle geneially require to bahcmie-fed li'om the beginning of December to the middle of April. Snow seldom lies long. Heavy falls sometimes occur; but generally disap- pear in a few daj's. Once or twice snow has remained on the ground for two months. Api)los, pears, plums, cherries, white and red ras})berrii'S, red, white and black currants, and most kinds of fruit, thrives remarkably w(!ll. Som:- apples, of which I obtained samples, measured thirteen inches in circumference and weighed nineteen ounces. They were high-llavourtul and well adapted for eating and cooking. Of the i)ears many measured eleven inches in circumference, and were high-Havoied and juicy. " At (labriola, ])rairie land, or openings, such as those al- ready described at CJomox, occur. More of them are met with on Salt Spring Island, but in neither })lace of the same extent as at Comox. Mr. GritHth, »)ne of the settlers at Salt Spring, inftn-nn^l uw tliat th<' fall wheat thrives well there, and yields from 155 to 40 Inishols per acre. Of other grains t\w yield seems to be about the same as at Comox. In GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA. 27 Mr. Griffith's garden there was a large plot of common winter ciibbiige, the solid heads of most of which measured from three to four feet in circumference. Red cabbage and 3auli- flowers were equally largo and sound. Carrots and parsnips were large, as well as onions; and there was abundance of tomatoes, and several varieties of gooseberries, which did not seem to thrive so well at Comox. Mr. Griffith informs me that at Salt Spring the bushes give in quantity and quality a crop equal with the best English. The crops of all the varieties of currants and raspberries in quantity and quality vied with those of Comox. " Mr. Griffith's orchard occupies about two acres, and has been set out only three or four years. I saw different varieties of apple, pear, peach, plum, and cherry trees, and the pro- prietor informed me that all kinds bore fruit last year The apples are excellent in quality, and the pears, though not large, were equal in flavor and juicyness to any I have ever tasted. " Mr. Griffith has about 300 barn-door fowls, which are fed on the grain of the farm, and enable him to supply a great abundance of eggs to the Victoria and Nanaimo markets, where they sell from 25 to 40 cents per dozen. "AtFulford Harbour, Mr. Theodore Frago shewed me a pumkin which measured 32 inches in length, with a diameter of 15 inches at the small end and 22 inches at the other; and ho informed me that the larger ones had been used before mv arrival. The settlements of North and South Saanich, as well as of other districts near and around Victoria, show a good deal of prairie land 'oak openings,' as they are called in that part of the country, from the greater abundance of trees of this species than elsewhere. In these oak openings many beautiful farms are met with, the soil and aspect of them re- sembling those of Comox. In addition to the grain, fruit, and vegetables enumerated elsewiiere, the hop vine has been introduced in North Saanich and in the neighbourhood of Victoria. In the forr.er place, Mr. Isaac Cloake and Mr. Henry Wain, with some others, have each a hop orchard, as it is there termed, of several acres in extent. Mr Cloake, who spent nine years amongst the hop fields of Kent, England, informs me that his hops are quite equal, if not superior, to the English, which, acording to him, was tantamount to say- i'.ig that they were the best on the face of the earth; and Mr. Wain, who likewise had practical experience, stated that in ragard to aroma they were equal to the best he knew. They are of the variety known as the grape hop. It was introduced li. GUTOE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA. from California, and is said to have greatly improved in British Columbia. " The yield of hops is here from 1,000 lbs. to 1,700 lbs. to the acre, and it brings in the Victoria market from 22 to 60 cents per pound. When railway communication is established the article may become one of trade between the two Pro- vinces, for if I am rightly informed, the hops imported from England are superior to any raised in Canada. "Other settlements of a similar character t" *^^hose described are established between Saanich and Nanaimo, which I had no opportunity of visiting. Near and around settlements Eossessing farms such as mentioned, in many places rocky ills rise up to heights of 1,000, 2,000 and evon 3,000 feet and more, the surface of which is in some parts craggy, but in others they present patches with a thin soil, covered Avith a firm short banch-grass, on Avhich sheep and cattle thrive well; for such of them as I saw were in good condition. The temperature is cooler in such places than in the lower and more level country, and during the heats of summer they afford excellent pasture, which will much assist the industry of agriculturists. Along the coasts and in the interior of Vancouver Island, as well as on those of the archipelago surrounding it, many localities for farms, similar to those which have been here described, will be discovered, and hereaft<'r become the homes of thousands of a hardy and in- dustrious people." With reference to the judicious remarks above quoted, I may observe that the winter feeding of cattle referred to by Mr. llichardson does not imply the n cessity of continuous stall-feeding, which of course with large herds, such as some possess, would be an impossibility. The under-growth of the adjacent forests aftords, even during the severest season, co- pious and nutritious browsing. A supply of fodder at night, shelter of commodious sheds, serves to maintain the if the cattle in condition; while the milch-kine and stock receive such additional care as they may re- auii \ By this wintei'-tendance a two- fold advantage, beyond le mere welfare of the herds, is obtained: the straw and other oifal of the farm are converted into manure for the future enrichment of the soil, and the cattle, knowing their homes, continue in all respects more tractable. The fern alluded to is characteristic of most of the open parts of Vancouver Islnnd, and a portion of the Lower Fraser. The highest point at which it appears on the Mainland is at Spuzzum, a few miles above Yale. The whole of the Central District is free from it. Though rather troublesome to eradicate entirely, it pi'e- witl inaior'' »fnng< lUli , GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA. 29 111- i, I by LOUS >mo the co- ;ht, [the lud re- did nd ire |es, to >d, at les )m i'e- sents no serious impediment to the cultivation of the soil. By mowing in early summer — affording, if stored, an excellent litter for cattle — its subsequent vigour is immediately chocked. A deep ploughing and cross-ploughing with a strong team prepares the soil for a first crop of pease or oats; but it takes some years of cultivation before the last vestiges disappear. Swedish turnips, I may add, are generally culti- vated, and in most parts attain to an enormous size, though as mentioned by Mr. Richardson, at times subject to partial failure either from the attacks of the fly, or long continued drought. The comparatively humid climate of the Lower Fraser, adaptr; the viciidty specially for the successful culture of green crops. With this advantage, operating on a soil of teeming fertility, enormous products are obtained. The daii-y-yield, promoted iy the copious and succulent natural herbage that 1! -ds, is very great. At the mouth of the Fraser m an ex- leu . \B delta, of wliich the soil, many feet in depth of pure iil] avium, is productive in an f^xtraordinary degree. For in- stance, a few years ago, the new3oapers took notice of a cauliflower, raised in this locality ani brought over by one of the residents of Victoria, the weight of which I am almost afraid to repeat. It was given if my memory be correct, at twenty-eight pounds; and certainly, whatever its exact weight may have been, excited in Victoria general attention as a vegetable curiosity. Portions, only, on the borders of this exuberant tract have hitherto been pre-empted; and before the whole can lie rendered available for occupation a system of dyking mnst bo resorted to, (surveys have since been made — Ed.} t.: exclude the overflow of the summer freshets. This procob; • f Uii informed, has already been entered upon, '. by individual settlers : by a systematic pro- V *irk, whoreb}' a wide expanse may at once be ' lously n cessary in an economic point of view. T^ blic dinner recently given at New West- that the Premier oi the Province alluded o.n 1- on a sma]] sedition 'f >hx redeemed, in . >' In a speech at minster, I notj snocially to this important undertaking as having engaged the f attention of ihe local Government: But there are obstacles to its iTianediate prosecution. By reference to the terms of Confederation in the Appendix it will be perceived that, in connection with the undetermined line of the projected rail- way from Canada, it is provided that, for two years from the date of rj.rtn, (July 1871) "the Government of British Col- umbia .n H ;ot sell or alienate any further portions of the Public Lu s of British Columbia in any other way than under right of pre-emption, requiring actual residence of the 15 I: '* m GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA. pre-emptor on the land claimed by him." I am not pre- pared to state, even approximately, what amount of valu- able land might thus be made available, as no actual surveys have been made; but it may be safely set down at many thousands of acres, bordering on navigation, and with prolific salmon-fisheries immediately adjacent. With regard to the agriculture of the Central District there is perhaps little to add to what I have already stated. In connection with the Upptr District, however, I may make some remarks, applicable to it in common with other elevated portions of the vast territory over which the Dominion Fed- eration now extends. I have mentioned, as a drawback, in parts, the occurence of summer night-frosts, rendering pre- carious the cultivation of the less hardy cereals, and vege- tables of the more tendci ^'•ow*h. In qualification of this remark I may now state, tha >, choice of position this evil may be greatly obviated. ai. ill be found that in many localities the low bottoms, too frequently selected for their apparently superior fertility, are subject to these frosts, while the slopes which border them are entirely exempt. For this condition, Avithout wishing to philosophize, a satis- factory reason may, I think, be given. The cold air, occas- ioned probably through rapid evaporation suddenly checked at night-fall, with its suspended vapour, decends to the lowest level, displacing the warmer and lighter superficial air below, which in turn ascends the acclivity. I do not question that a due regard to this natural law would, in many parts where summer frosts are found to prevail, save the farmer from fre- quent disappointment. The fertile bottoms, meanwhile, specially favorable for certain classes of vegetation, should be reserved for these : such as the turnip and other crops that are virtually frost-proof. The capacities for pasturage of the Central District are very extensive, and of a character unsurpassed, perhaps, in any pirt of the world. While the valleys, as shown, are fertile for the production of all the cereals and other produce in ordinary cultivation, the hills which bound them, extending on all sides in eudless continuity, sparsely dotted with wood in parts, are covered with herbage of the most nutritious description. Along Thompson's River, and throughout the Southern portions, there is a species of grass, called by the Voyageurs Fmn Bond, by the English settlers Bunch-grass, which is 8f>ecially noted for its valuable qualities. The whole tract is well watered — in the intervals between the hills by frequent streamlets, in the level depressions by small lakes ; while the groves and scattered trees afford a grateful GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA. ;{i shade by day, at niglit a shelter. Under this conjunction of favorable circumstances it is not surprising that tlie herds of cattle, roaming at large in the natural pastures, attain a con- dition approaching to that of stall-fed stock. Winter feeding is in most parts q^uite unneccessary ; and it is found that the • cattle in early spring, if short of their summer condition, are still in order for the butcher. The Similkameen beef* for ex- ample, when occasionally a herd is brought to Victoria, excites the attention of epicures by its excellent quality, and commands always the highest market-price. In such parts, on the other hand, as it may be found expedient to give oc- casional assistance to the cattle during winter, when snow is on the ground, an advantage is indirectly gained, the herds become more domestic in their habits, and are gathered af ter- Avards, when necessary, with less difficult}'. Horses, however, even daring the severest winters, require no such aid. Unlike horned cattle, they instinctively scrape through the snow for a subsistence; and such is the nutritious quality of the herbage that they winter well. In this way the large herd of horses, some two hundred ia number, formerly maintained by the Hudson's Bay Company at Alexandria, were constantly kept in that vicinity: and the band at Kamloops, on Thompson's Itiver, including brood-mares and young stock, probably from five to six hundred, in like manner shifted for themselves at all seasons. There are probably now, grazing at large throughout the Central District, under the circumstances I have mentioned, a good many thousands of head of cattle, chiefly of superior breeds. Of these a large proportion belong to permanent settlers; the rest to graziers resorting thither from Washington Territory and Oregon, as to a lucrative market, and for facile feeding. The capacities of the country are, however, so ex- tensive, that the herds at present scattered through it have no appreciable effect upon its resources, beyond the compara- tively limited area of their feeding-grounds. It might be supposed that, free to wander as they are, the cattle might gradually become wild and unmanageable, as formerly in California, or as still in the Southern Pampas. I have heard, however, no complaint on this score. By a simple expedient indeed — resorted to formerly at the interior posts, as well as by the Indians for their horses, and practised, I do not doubt, by the modern settlers — the herds can be readily attracted homeward during the summer season. While the hills are free from flies at night, during the heat of the day *Large hcnls iire now (1877) regularly brought to the Victoria, New WoHt- luiustor auJ Nauiviiuo luarkuta from tho nbove iiuJ other iaterior aettlemouta . !•" ill- "^tl ^w m GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA. the animals eagerly seek refuge from their attacks. The smoke from a smouldering fire, maintained near the home- stead, readily attracts them; and, once accustomed, they afterwards habitually resort to it. This, however trival the relation may appear, is by no means an unimportant consid- eration, for the ulterior effect produced: and thus even the gad-fly, pest though it be, is not without its uses. On the whole it may be safely affirmed that there exist throughout the region great facilities foi rearing cattle on an extended scale, so far only very partially availed of. Sheep thrive well in the interior, but, so far, no l;irge flocks exist, but are gradually increasing. The paucity of their numbers, indeed, has prevented the establishment of a wool- len factory which was projected about three years ago. The abandonment of this project is to be regretted, as its prose- cution would at once have given an impetus to a branch of pastoral industry which, failing a convenient market for its product, has so far been only partially attended to — and then rather for the butcher than the weaver. There are, however, extensive tracts which I can recall to mind which seem specially adapted for the pasturing of very extensive flocks. For their successful nurture, moreover, the dry nature of the uplands, the quality of the pasture, and the character of the climate, w^oultl, as it seems to me, be conducive in a peculiar degree , As regards salubrity of climate there is probably no part of the world that enjoys greater advantages. We are aware of no endemic disease that manifests itself in any part; and even upou the Lower Fraser, which from its comparative humidity might be supposed favorable to the generation of fevers of the ague type, we know of no single case that has originated there. On the contrary, where the seeds of these troublesome com- plaints have been imported from abroad, their effects have been re-produced, if at all, with less virulence, and the suf- ferers, we have been informed, have gradually recovered. Of course, as in all other countiies, occasional epidemics run their course: but so far as the intrinsic healthiness of the climate, throughout, is concerned, nothing is left to be de- sired. The waim dry climate of tlie inland summer, it may be observed, is specially favorable in cases of pulmonary disease : and in a more marked degree as we approach the Southern frontier. Lower down on the Columbia River, be- yond the limits of the Province, where the climate is analo- gous in character, we liave known cases of the recovery of consumptive patients, of the most signal nature. To sum the qualifications of British Columbia as a field for GUIDE TO nniTISH COLUMBIA. 3.'J settlement, I may succiuetly state, that, though it may never bjcome a hirge exporter of cereal products, like the Western States of America or California, it possesses within itself all the requisites for success: and the power to support, in con- nection with its varied industries and its external relations, a population, at least of several millions, in ease, happiness, and comparative affluence. I would fain avoid the imputation of seeking, possibly, to draw a picture too highly coloured; but I am free, nevertheless, to state my own personal con- victions in all sincerity. I conceive of no country presenting greater solid attractions. The varied climate and capabilities of the several sections, Avhereby diversity of taste is accomo- dated; the general salubrity and proved fertility of the whole; the magniticent commercial prospects that loom in the not distant future ; and, not least, the genuine home-feeling which impresses every English settler whose lot has hitherto b .en cast within the Province — all combine to recommend it as a future home for those who, weary of the Old World, are bent on seeking a wider scene for the "xpansion of their energies, amid "fresh fields and pastures new." TERMS OF LAND GRANTS — ROADS, ETC. From the account given in the preceding chapter it will be inferred that both the soil and climate of a very large portion of British Columbia are highly favorable to encourage settle- ment . We may now add that vast tracts of land, and especially of the Central District, lie waiting for the plough. It is of course impossible upon a mere cursory review of the subject such as this professes to be, to state, even approximately, what number of cultivable acres there may possibly be : but we may safely assert that, in addition to the many farms already scattered along the main lines of communication, there is immediate room for many thousands more in various directions, all more or less easily accessible. It would be utterly fallacious to attempt to give an estimate of the number of available acres scattered over the broad surface of the mainland of British Columbia. The country, as before remarked, is capable of supporting its several mil- lions at least. On Vancouver Is: and, an estimate made by the Surveyor-General gives more than 300,000 acres of good land, known to be available for agriculture; but this estimate refers only to the Districts bordering on the sea, on the southern and eastern shore. Elsewhere, and in the interior are doubtless valuable and extensive tracts yet to be developed. Its exhaustless gold-fields are, however, the great feature of Vancouver Island — pointing to it as the future 5 '■'I -♦7'*« m GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA. manufacturing emporium of the Pacific. Its agricultural claims, thougn very substantial, must be regarded as second- ary to those of the mainland. The terras upon which the settlement of unoccupied and unsurveyed lands is permitted, are very liberal. Every male person of eighteen years of age or over, being a British sub- ject, born or naturalized, may enjoy the right to pre-empt, under certain stated conditions, a tract not exceeding three hundred and twenty acres in extent, to the n(»rthward and eastward of the Cascade Bange of. Mountains; and one hundred and sixty acres in extent in other parts of the Province. Personal occupation during a period of four years, (intervals of absence when necessary being permitted), and improvements to the value of two dollars and fifty cents per acre, are necessary to complete the pre-emptive right. On proof of this, the title is finally issued by the Government, on the payment of such sum, not exceeding one dollar per acre, as may be determined upon by the Governor for the time being. Thin payment, if required, may be extended, in equal instalments over a period of four years after the pre-emptive right is established, and the necessary surveys made. Power, at the same time, is resei*ved to the Governor in Council to make such free, or partially free, grants of the unoccupied and unappropriated Crown Lands of the Province, for tho encouragement of immigration, or other purposes of public advantage, as may seem advisable. For pastoral purposes very great facilities exist, beyond the limits actually pre-empted. In every part of the Central Districc extensive ranges of hilly or partially wooded land rich in the finest pasture, are accessible. These may be re- garded as common-land: but each bona Jide pre-emptor is permitted to lease, in the vicinity of his farm, a tract of un- occupied land for pastoral purj>osea, to which, during his lease, he possesses the exclusive right. Eligible portions of such leased lands, however, are open to pre-emption, mean- while, by intending settlers; the lef.see, of course, being en- titled to claim a corresponding deduction from the triiiing amount of rent he may be required to pay. The upset price of Surveyed Lands, for agricultural pur- {)Oses, is fixed at one dollar per acre; subject to public sale in ots, at certain intervals, to the highest bidder. All lands remaining unsold after such public exposition, can be pur- chased by private contract from the Government at the upset price. A market is constantly available; on the sea-board through the local demand incident on the variom industries of the GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA. y5 towns, with the fleet and the mercantile shipping; in the in- terior through the mines. The products of the farm com- mand, consequently, always a remunerative price . Owin<» to the high rate of wages current for European labour, Indian labourers are largely employed. These can be obtained at a comparatively cheap rate, and for most pur- poses connected with agriculture and fishing they are very erticient. Being cheerful, obedient, and generally industri- ous, the services of the young men are of much local value. I have before noticed the principal routes of communica- tion Avith the interior, and it seems nciulless to dwell with minuteness on this point. A brief summary' may, however, be given. There is a regular steamer-service twice a week, or oftener when necessary, between Victoria and New Westmin- ster; the running time being about six hours. Thence large stern- wheel steamers navigate the Eraser as high as Yale; the ascent occupying a day or more, according to the condition of the water. Erom Yale there is a weekly mail-service by stages, up to Barkerville, in the heart of the Cariboo mining region. Transport along this line of road is performed with waggons drawn hy mules or oxen; relieved when required, by a stejimer wliich runs from Soda Creek, twenty miles below Alexandria to Quesnel, forty mile;; above that point; or some twenty miles highei when necessary. The navigation is then interrupted by a rapid, tlie ascent of which is not attempted. Above this point there is a clear navigation for steamers for a distance of sixty miles, to within twenty miles of Fort George, where another rapid, impracticable for steamers, occur. Erom this point upwards, both by the Stuart and Eraser Lake Branch, and in the direction of Tete Jaime's Cache, there are stretches very favorable for steam-navigation, but tlu^ occasional breaks are m great drawback. Neverthless, witli the extension of the mining operations these will doubt- less in time be made available, in parts, so as to meet the increased demand for ti-ansport; and inducements for settle- ments thus arise in the upper portion of the Province which do not at present exist. The route of access to the mining region on the heads of the Peace liiver, known generally as the Omineca Mines, has the great advantage of shortness of land-travel, and consequently of economy, to persons desiring to proceed thither from Victoria. By this route the first stage is, by steamer to Port Essington, about three days' voyage. Thence the Skeena River is ascended by boat or canoe, as far as the Babine Eorks; after which the remainder of the distance to the mining locality (estimated at from 180 to 200 miles) is per- |.!;' m ^•'1 ■•*r<»« »H I I" l " ' ' 'l**- 3G GUIDE TO BllITIHH COLUMBIA. formed partly on foot, and partly by water on the interveninfj: lakes. Ah I have perhaps before remarked, botli lines of ap- proach to these mines have their advocates; and each has in some respect an advantage. For the introduction of live stock it is needless to say that the route from the interior is the only one at present used. rOLITICAL CONSTITUTION — SCHOOLS, CHURCHES, TELEOUAPH8, ET(\ The Government of Britisli (Jcjlumbia, as of the other Pro- vinces provided for under the "British North America Act, 18G7," IS administered In* a Lieutenant-Governor, ap|)ointed by the Governor-General of Canada. The gentleman now filling this important position is the Honorable Albert Norton Richards, Q. C The responsible advisers of the Li(mtcnant-Governor are three in number; occupying respectively the oltices of Pro- vincial Secretary and Attorney- Gen«'ral, Ciiief Commissioner of Lands and Works, and the Minister of 1 inance. Provision is made by the Constitution of the Provii.ce that the number may, if found advisable, be increased to five. 'the Legislature is composed of a single House, styled the Legislative Assembly, and consisting of twenty -five mcnubcirs returned by twelve Electoral Districts, as ujider; viz: — On Vancouver Island: Victoria City, 4; Victoria District, ti; Esquimau, 2; Cowichan 2; N'jiniiimo, I; C(miox, 1. On the Mainland: New Westminster City, 1; New AVcstminster District, 2; Yale District, iJ; Lillooet, 2; Cariboo District M; Kootenay District, 2. Tht; exjuiuses of the members during the session of the Legislature arc; ])aid by the Province; and tiiere is an allowance! for travelling expenses to and fro. Th<» franchise, confined to British subjects, born or natural- ized, is so libera] as to be almost ecpiivalent to manhood sufi'rage. The elections are for four years ;tlu! voting do.ic by ballot. Foreign residents may ae(piir(! all the rights of Bri ish sub- jects, within the Province, through a vejy simple and inex- pensive ])rocess of naturalization. The Province returns six mend)ers to the House of Com- mons at Ottawa; and three Senators are ap})ointed by the Governor-General to the Upper House. The expenses of these Representatives are defrayed bv the Dominion. The only direct general tax levied m the Province is for the maintenance of roads, and is expended within the Districts where levied. This tax is an ainiual })oll-tax of two dollars each on every male resident abovi- eighteen years of age. In addition the owners of land are charged, for the same purpose, r iicrc on their liiml, boyoiidtlie limit of 10 acres. Iwell-dovisod law for establishing froo Schools, unsectarian in character, throuns of tlu* duties of the Board of Educatiou under th(( recent A(;t, is t\u) foHowing, embodying' a j>rovision of f^reat prospe(!tive importance: "To establish a Hi^h S(diool in any district when^ they may find it (sxpedient so to do, wherein the classics, mathemati(!s, and higher branches of education shall be taught; and su(^]i school shall be subjec^t to the same obligations and regulations as other Public Schools gen- erally." (Set' list of schools.) The vigilance of the Magistracy, and the salutary rigour of the Judges, have -n^prussed that tendency to violence and crime which is assumed, however erroneimsly, to be inse])ar- able i'rom young communities such as this. In brief, the laws are here as vigorously administered, and there is as mu(;h secuiity for life, limb, and ])roperty, as in the oldest Provinces of the ])ominion — and this, if my meaning be duly apprehended, is saying not a little on the question of law and order. There is cimstant tehigraphic communication between Europe and Vi(!tori i, by way (jf New York and San Francisco. The line, which crosses the southern part of tho Gulf of (leorgia to Victoria by a subuKu-ged cable, has a branch ex- tending to the verge of the Cariboo region. In lS()i) an Ordinance was issued, the declared object of which is "to develoj) the resources of the Colony by affording faitilities for the effectual working of silver, lead, tin, copper, coal, and other minerals, other than gold" — the last being sptieially provided for in a seperate Ordinance. Under the ])rovisi()ns of the Act in question, it is in the power of any ])erson, or association of i)ersons, to seek for any of tlie minerals enumerated, under special licence over a given space; and, if successful in their object to obtain a Crown grant of tlu! locality, under conditions named . It is under this Act that Mr. Dunsmuir and some others, have established their right to what has since become a very valuable property. (Jonfining ourselves to tho consideration of coal, and without going into minute particulars, the chief requisites may bo succinctly stated. 1. A "Prospecting Licence" is first obtained, on applica- tion in due form to the proper authorities, not exceeding two ■liT 8B OUIDE TO BRITIHH COLUMBIA. years in duration; subject to extension if asked for, npon sat- isfactory grounds, at the Governor's discretion. This licence is o])tained upon cau: o sliown, and the iniynient of a tritling fee; and entitles the holder to exclusive mining rights of search, meanwhile, within the limits described, other than for gold. 2. A Prospecting Licence for co'd alone, may include with- in the general limits therein defined, not exceeding tive hundred acres to each individual applicant, of ])reviously un- occupied land; or tw(j thousand hve hundred acres to an association or company consisting of no less than ten persons. The licence carries with it the right t(^ make roads, use tim- ber, erect buildings, and other privileges necessary to prelim- inary explorations. ii. If successful in the quest, the final grant is obtained on the following terms, viz. : For any (juantity up to and includ- ing one thousand acres, at the price of live rry is an article of trade. The cranberries grow in swam])y ] daces plentiful near New Westminster and Nanaimo. Picked in the pro\;er season (towards the (Uid of September) cranberrit^s will keep well for more th.an a yciar, by being simply put into a water- tight (iask tilled with water. A correspimdeut at Nanaimo writes recently, " I think this year ones of the most prolific for wild fruit, tnery bush and tree is litery,lly weighed down; tons u])on tons of all kinds must rot on the bush — tinily our laud does flow with milk and honev." 6 BHB GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA, BEASTS OF THE CHAU , Various, and in parts very numerous — not dangerous, ex- cept the grizzly bear. Tlie principal ones for food are 4he black-iailed deer — capital venison, sold by the joint 6 to 10 cents (3c?. to 5c?. Eng- lisii) per lb. — very numerous everywhere, but not north of Fort George — come upon low lands, or near the coast in winter. Also the Large North-Western Stag, called "Elk" — very numerous in interior of Vancouver and on the coast of the mainland, up to aboiit 52^, for about 200 miles inland — very good food — as big as a small horse. The Reindeer — (Cariboo) — mountainous regions, north of 51o on the coast or 49o inland — plenty in Chilcotin — is also line food. Hares abound periodically on mainland east of Cascade Kange — found on the Bonaparte. BIRDS. Grouse, of various kinds, are found almost everywhere on the island and mainland — in the thick fern near a tiny stream perched on crab-apple or young fir-trees, or drumming on a pine top. Ordinary price of a grouse is 12| cents (Qd. English j. Packs of prairie chickens in all the open valleys of the East Cascade region. Quails have been introduced, and are becoming numerous. Ptarmigan, on the high mountains — a stray cock of the jilains (sage hen) occasionally about Osovoos. Numerous wild geese — price 25 to 50 cents (Is. to 2s. English) each. Wild ducks, 25 to 87| cents (Is. to Is. 6d. English) a brace. Snipe and pigeons plentiful. The mouth of Eraser Iliver a groat resort of wild fowl. Capital sport. Plumage birds very beautiful — song birds not remarkable. Several havraless varieties of snakes. A few rattlesnakes in southern portion of East Cascade region. A rattlesnake is not bad food, but tliere is no occasion to eat it. FISH. Sea lish, aiul lake and river fish, most abundant — one of the c'liief resonrce.H of tlie Province for consumption and ex- portation. Salmon, very numtn'ous at various periods, from oarly spring to end of summer. All the larger streams along the coast abound with salmcni; they also go 700 ijfiles up the Eraser, At the regular sliops, salmon and other line fish are sold at () to 8 cents (8(/. to 4(1. Englisli) per lb. ; but the Indians frequently nell salmon at 12^; to 25 cents (M. to Is. English) GUIDE TO BHITISH COLUMBIA. 43 for a good-sized tisli. Salted salmon are sold at about 7 dol- lars (28s. English; for a barrel of 200 lbs. Sturgeon, halibut, coil, herrings, oysters and crabs, are plentiful in the sea-board districts, and are sold at prices that would be considered absurdly cheap in England. Good fish ab(jund in the numerous lakes and rivers of the interior. FISHERIES. In speaking of tlio fisheries of British Columbia, one may alm(jst be said to Ix- speaking of something which has no ex- istence. With the oxcoptidu of a fcAv factories for putting up salmon in tins on the Eraser River, (now, 1877, quite exten- sive fishing stations for canning ave in operation both on the Skeena and Eraser Kivers. — Ed.) and one or two whaling enterprises ot a few years' standing, no attempt whatever has b(>en matle to develop the actually marvellous resources of this Province in the wa}- of nsh. I will, therefore, proceed to give a list of the fish that are to be found in quantities that would warrant the establishment of fisheries, adding a brief d{!scription of the habits, locality, and commercial utility of each class of fish. Description of fish found in British Columbia and Van- (iouver Island: — Whale, sturgeon, salmon, oolachan or houlican, cod, herring, halibut, sardine, anchovy, oysters, haddock, and dog-fish. There is no law governing fisheries in British Columbia. Eishing is carried on throughout the year without any I'ostric- tions. This state of things is well suited to a new an thinly po[)ulated country. The restrictions of a close season would be very injurious to the Province at present, and for many years to come. ir/tale. --On this subject the Hon. H. L. Langevin, C. B., reports : — ''I saw one of the whalers, the 'Byzantium,' in Deep Bay. She w^as an Euglisli brig, commanded by C^aptain Calhoun, and onboard of her was Captain Hoys, the inventor of an exi)losive l)iill, wliich is used in the whale fishery, and which, on penetrating the marines monster, explodes, and throws out .•I liarpoo.]. I'he first whale jig.iinst which this projectile was used was killed in 18(58. In 1869 and 1870, the company made use of a small steai'2-vessel; ajid their success last year induced them to devote ro the trad(> a brig of 171) tons, jnanned with twenty hands. " 1 was lissured thai, if that expedition proved a succ(iss, there is room in our Pacific waters fcrr at least fifty under- takings of a similar iduii'acter. I observe that, since my re- mmBm hh M ^BK GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBU. turn, the whaling schooner 'Industry' his arrived at Victoria with 800 barrels, or about 10,000 gallons of oil, after an absence of only five weeks. One of the whale killed during the expedition was sixty fett long, and would certainly yield nearly seventy barrels of oil. The Stiirjron abounds in the rivers and estuaries of British Columbia. It attains a gigantic size. over oOO lbs. in weight. The flesh is excellent, both fresh and smoked. No attempt, that I aui aware of, has ever been made to put the fish up for market. Its commercial value is derived from the isinglass and caviare whicli can be made from it. I am not aware of there having been any attempt made to manufacture isinglass in the Province. Caviare of excellent quality has been produced. At present I should be inclined to believe that there is no pcMson in the Province capable of making isinglass, which is therefore, a resource entirely undeveloped as yet. SuIiiLon. — The salmon in the waters of British Columbia are excellent in quality, varied in species and most abundant. In the rivers, which they penetrate up to their head waters, they are caught by a drag-net in the deep waters, and by a bag-net in the > apids. In the sea tiiey are generally caught with hook and line; a canoe at certain seasons can be filled in a day by the latter method. The Fraser River salmon is justly famous. They begin to enter the river in March, and different kinds continue to arrive until October, the successors mixing for a time with the last of their forerunners. There is a greater d»Mpt use upon the pre-emptor's farm. .\s regards water [)ower, tho whole country is full of most l)it'tures(jue waterfalls of all sizes, many of which might be used for local saw-mills and other mills. There are some douht, however, whether, within the Douglas fir region, near the (toast, many good water privileges can be found suitably placed, juil with a suHicientlv regular, powerful, all-the-year- rountl tlow of water to drive large exi)ort saw-mills. Proba- blv steam-pt)wer will always be found safest for largo saw- mdls. With res))oct to the use of tho British Columbian rivers for logging pur[»oseH, the lumberman must bear in mind the physical structure of the North American continent, according to which the long and gentle slopes descend from the spine of thi! continent — the llocky range — towards the Atlantic Ocean, and the siii>rt and rapid slopes towards the Pacific Ocean. p,».- a character to the rivers west of the Jlocky range, rivers generally are interrupted by rapids; they often flow compressed between gloomy rocky walls; they rise and fall with great rai)idity. The aridness of the country east from the Cascade range in British Columbia diminishes the volume of the East Cascade rivers very much — the Eraser in tact being, as already said, the only one strong enough to get through the Cascade range to the sea. That the Frasor liiver, if valuable timber grows near its upper waters, may be, by the adoption of "slides" and otluM* im])rovemeuts, made available for water carriage of logs from the East Cas(!ade region to the seaboard for export purposes, I do not doubt, but the difficulty and expense will postpone this undertaking until the siipplies of timber in the West Cascade region, both in English and American territory, are considerably (^xhaustetl. The saw-miller who proposes to cut for export must look at present for a saw-mill location and a logging ground in the West Cascade region. The only timber exported in cargoes is that of the Douglas fir, comuKmly called "pine". It is a tough, strong Avood, well adapted for beams, but good also for planks and deals. It makes excellent masts and yards, and is used for ship-build- This --iv* The .,p'l '•i'fU lit i r ' !/r ! 1: 1; rn^ ■ss 54 GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA. ing and liouse-building. It grows to the height of 150 to 200 feet, and attains a thickness of five to 8 feet at the butt. It carries its thickness well up. I^xessed masts of 86 inches in diameter, at one-third from butt, and with proper proportions for the required length, have been supplied from the Douglas fir forests. This British Columbiiin wood is known in Aus- tralia, New Zealand, and Great Britain, as " Oregon pine," thouf^h Oregon does not export it to these markets. A good growing demand for British Columbian Douglas fir timber and square timber ex.ist« in South America, Australin, and China, and a few cargoes of spars are sent annually to England. Tliis Douglas fir (or " Douglas pine," or "Oregon pine") predominates in the forests of the West Cascade regit)n, but not in the arid parts of the East Cascade region . It is plenti- ful in Washington Territ(»ry (United States). The Douglas fir is also found in some of the liocky Mountain valleys, on the Blue Mountains of Oregon, and here and there eastward as far as the head waters of the Platte. At present the prin- cipal seats of its manufacture for ex >ort are the coast of Brit- ish Columbia, and on Puget Sound (U. S.) The Douglas fir does not grow in any quantity north of Millbank Sound, in lat. 52^ The principal existing mills are in the New Westminster district, and probably tliat neighbourhood will continue to be the chief seat of the export of Douglas fir. The Nasse-Skeena district looks like a good saw-milling country, but the Doug- las fir, as just said, is not IV*' ad so far north. The inlets on the mainland, or some of the outlying islands between Mill- bank Sound and the New Westminster district, probably of- fer locations for export saw mills, but it is not known, how- ever, at present, that these places can be found readily. Many of tlie inlets are almost w all-sided, with short water cour- st;s or torrents emptying into them the water collected among the surrounding gloomy mountains. The rivers generally which fiow into these inlets are not good ' ' logging "' rivers. There is, however, a vast extent of sheltered water-line be- tween Millbank Sound and tlie New Westminster district, and it is impossible Jiot to believe that suitable places for large Douglas fir export saw-mills are to be found where practical saw-milh rs would make fortunes. The West Cascade region is difticult to traverse, and has not been a tenth part explored by saw-mill men. If it should prove that suitable locations for large saw-mills are few, the the value of these to the ])ossessors will be proportionally increa.sed. The saw-mill business in British Columbia wcmld b e greatly GUroE TO BllITIHH COLXJMIJIA. 65 helped if the San Fmncisco market were opened by the re- duction or removal of the duty on foreign hiniber. None of the otlier conifers in th{> north-west are likely to take the place of the Douglas fir for the export trade, until the latter is completely exhausted in accessible situations in b(jtli Engiish and American territory. I may, however, name a few of these conifers. Menzies' fir ("spruce fir," or "black spruce") is plentiful; smaller than the Douglas fir, but still a Titan. Morten's fir ("hemlock spruce") in ,ilso a very largo tree, with a straight trunk. The wood of these trees has little export value com- pared with the Douglas tir. Hemlock lasts well in the ground and makes good lathes. Another large fir is the "Canada fir," but the timber is inferior, though when seasoned it makes l)oards, scantling, and shingles. The bark is useful in tan- ning. The "Contorted pine" — which some call the "Scotch tir" — is found through the valley of the Fraser on the high grounds, it grows from 25 to 50 feet high, and one foot in diameter. ()n the u[)per parts of the Fraser this tree is plentiful, but of little value except for its resin. The white pine (the north-western representative of the Strobus) is a fine tall tree, with wood like the white pine of Eastern Canada, but it is not known to grow s^utficiently in groves to supply large export saw-mills. For local uses the white pine will be important. In selecthig a farm, the settler will find small cedar a most valuable farm- wood for fencing and roofing. It is durable and easily split. Cedar grows scattered among the fir forests. Many tine specimens are found on the mountains, 30 to 40 feet round at the butt, and 200 feet high. The Indians use cedar for numerous purposes; I speak of the Thvja ijvjantea. It b'comes rare as you go north, and ceases about 58 \ There is another line tre^e of the same kind, the yello»v cypress {Ciipre.HSHs niith-aeiifils). This grows small in Vancouver Is- laiiii and in the south of the West Cascade region, but north of 53°, up to about Sitka, it is |)lentiful, and as large as its southern congener, the cedar. The yellow cypress is tough, light, and fragrant, and takes a tine ])olish. I think it likely that it will be exported in small cargoes when the Nasse- Sket^ia distiict is settled. The alder is frecpiently met with among th(^ fir-forests, chietiy beside streams, or in cool, humid places. It grows to about 30 or 40 feet, with a straight smooth trunk. Alder land is generally good, and is easily cleared. Alder makes good firewood. The large-leaved maple is our best substitute for liai-d wood; it grows 70 feet high, and two or three feet thick, i aillMJiilliiMiWIll 56 GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA. generally on the banks of streams and in rich river-bottoms The Indians make snow-shoes, spear-handles, &o., of this wood, and Aveave baskets, hats, and mats, from the inner bark. It is plentiful in the Nasse-Skeena district, b'.it is found scattered in the West Cascade region generally (including Vancouver Island). The crab-apple is common in cw^ampy places, but of no great size. It is hard enough to take polish. Birch is found scattered in the Nasse-Skeena, and also ngain in the Kootenay districts. Some say the elm grows in the last-named district. The oak (Garry's oak) is too rare a tree in British Columbia to be of much value. It is found in some parts of Vancouver Island — for instance, near Victoria — on lands over which firs have not yet encroached. Many of the oaks in Saanich are straight and of fair dimensions, say 2| to three feet througli. The wood is useful though inferior to the English oak. VANCOUVER 1ST AND. average Area, r2,(HK) square miles; length, 800 miles; breadth, 80 to 50 miles. Surface very mountainous and woody — flattens at both ends, and for part of its eastern side — most mountainous region in tlie interior — highest mountains ((5000 feet) towards north of island — no "back-bone" range," sucli as some describers say exists — width of arable valleys, from one to six miles — wliolc coimtry full of lakes, streams and waterfidls — ^(tlie water-power is generally some distance inland from th(i coast)— shores boldly picturesque — promon- tories, clifls, harbours, coves, and beaches W^est coast, cut up by arms and iidets, margined by rugged mountains, bearing fir, hemlock, and cedar; here and there shore is skirted by lower wooded liills, among which, and along streams, small patclies of open or wot)ded flat land are found. No inlets on nortli and east coasts, but in other respects the above description applies also to them; near Johnstone's Sti'aits, shore-line is evcm more continuously mountainous and abrupt than on west coast. Farther down east coast, and also in south-eastern part of island, the coast is lower, and the proportion of flat or gently undulating land, good for farming, increases, some of wliich is open or thinly timbered. Prevailing timber — fir, near the coast; hendock, inland; great cedars on the mountains; shrubs, berries, and floAvers eveiywliere; grasses— sweet giuss, reed meadow, bent spear; white clover, wild timothy, Avild oats, broad-leaved rush, cowslip, ttc. CxUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBL\. 57 good ESTIMATED QUANTITY OF FARMING LAND. Extract condensed from British Colonist, Victoria, August 7tli, 187il. Near Vl-foria. — Say 100,000 acres, all occupied or owned. Some farms can be bought or let; terms higher than in places farther froui the capital. Saanich Peninsnla. — HI square miles; 64,000 acres. 200 settlers, with farms from 50 to 1,500 acres each. Sooke. — Out of live square miles, 3,750 acres of fairly good, open land; remainder tolerably level wood-land. Cowirhan.—Vovt'ions surveyed (including Shawigau, Quamiehan, Someuos, Comiken) 100,000 acres, of which half CO 1 1 sidered superior. Saff Sprinj Island. — Area, 90 square miles; 5,750 acres, 80 settlers. Nanaimo Dintriii (Mountain, Cranberry, and Cedar dis- tricts.) -15,000 acres; a fair proportion superior, some light and sandy. Coniox. — 50,000 acres; none better in the world. The above gives sutticient area for 30,0'>0 countiy people, at least, and it is known that towards Alberni and in other directions, for instance, in the long narrow valley of Salmon liiver, there is laiid available for settlement. COST OF LAnoUlt O.V FAllMS — WITH A FEW WORDS ON' THAT SUBJECT. An ordinary unskilled labourer, such as one would employ to dig or cut lire-wood, receive 1.50 dollar (Os. English) a day; if he can lay claim to skill enough to qualify him to attend to a garden or an orchard, he readily commands 2 dollars (8.9. English), or 2.50 dollars (lO.s. English) a day. Farm servants, engaged by the month, are paid at wages from 20 to 10 dollars (1/. to 8/. English) per month, with board and lodging, according to the work required of them, and the responsibility of their positions. A few Indians are eni[)loyed in the seaboard districts, at 15 to 20 dollars (3L to 1/. English) per month, with board and lodging, by farmers who understand their character. In the interior Indians are largely employotl as herders and for general farm work. In Vancouver Island and the New Westminster district, it may b(! said that a dollar (-Is. English) a day, with board and lodging, is the pay of tlie farm labourer. Higher wages are paid in the interior. However strong and active a man may be, he cannot expect the highest wages until he knows his work and the ways of the conntry. At the above high wages, farmers, of course, employ as little labour as possible; indeed, the item of labour • ..t' 1.W n GUIDE TO BREDISH COLUMBIA. is tho great leak in the farming business in British Columbia, as it is in most young countries. The farmer in British ( ,'olumbia can get good land for nothing, or almost nothing; and he gets as high prices for much of his produce as the English farmer gets. The British Columbian farmer pays no rent, but his labour bill may be set off, to some extent, against the rent of the English farmer. If tho British Columbian farmer can, himself and by his family, do a large share of the farm work, he must make money quickly. That is the point. QUEEN CHARLOTTE ISLANDS Are visible on clear days from the mainland as a hasy outline. Three principal islands — Graham, Morseby and Provost; probably much like Vancouver Island; western side more rugged than eastern side; southern islands lower than north- ern ones; Moresby Island high in interior; long stret(!li of flat land skirting whole (eastern coast; islands densely wooded, chiefly spruce and flne cypress; alders on the flats; undei- giowtli luxuriant, chiefly s.tlal ; no deer nor wolves. Natives plant potatoes and turnips; climate mild anel very moist; litilo snow; 1st April no snow on lowlands; during that month mosquitoes and humming-biids. Indians tall and fair comploxioned; both sexes good-looking; intelligent; good artistic skill; courageous, but cruel and vin- dictive; are becoming mon; used to strangers, but not to be trusted yet. As regards the value of these islands, it is probable that so long as better portions of British Columbia invito settlers, these islands will oidy attract the attention of the hunter and miner. Gohl has been found on them, and anthracite coal, iV:c. Hunters might find it profitable to kill sea-otters, which are numerous on tho western shores. The farming capabili- ties of the islands, like those of Vancouver Island, will prob- ably provt) to be greater than is now supposed. But at prt!s;j ll Between Langley ants, barley, broom corn, and vegetables — one experienced settler says better pro- duce than in " Vancouver Island or Oregon"; tobacco, toma- toes, and melons mature well. Winters mild; two months cold clear weather, with snow. South winds melt snow and leave ground bare for weeks. Hound the lake open prairie; bunch grass. Year-old steei" of 600 lbs. (dressed). Seldom have to feed cattl' on hay. On '2ud March, 1872, after a bad winter, cattle fat; grass green on hillsiiles, spring birds and wild ducks back to their liaunts. Good land round tlu^ lake occupied, but room in the neighbourhood. Milk cows scarce; a few gentle cows for sale at 05 to 75 dollars (11^^. to 15^ Eng- lish); ])ienty of cattle, but young breeding stock dear. Beau- tiful sheep-farm a mile from lake; level plain, river on ono side; sloping heights to the north, running parallel to the river. About 2000 sheep; do well. A correspondent, " Observer," in the Br'it'nh Colonist, Vic- toria, of 28th November, 1871, says: " I predict a prosperous fiitiue to all who obtain a footing in this most delightful valley It is a fact that all kinds of animals will not only thrive by Avhat they can pi(3cure for themselves, but will keep fat, so great is the cpiautity of vegetation and so moderate the climate.' E:ist side of Nicola Lake, up river ten miles, fine valley; home for fifty families, at least. Open prairie along the river; very good land, easily irrigated; tiniber scarce, except close to tlio river; pine on mountains seven or eight miles back. As far as the eye can see, a beautiful prairie of grass. HOPE, YALE AND LYTTOX. Hope, 9,5 miles from mouth of Fraser River, Avas formerly an active little j>lace, but the gold-bearing Similkameen country, to the e:ist, having been neglected, owing to the greater attractions of Cariboo, Ho))e has not thriven as was ex|)ected, though it again shows signs of life. The silver mines will tend to increase its importance, which, prospec- tively, nnist always be considerable, us Hope is the natural outlet to the Eraser river from the fine farming and mining (Country of Similkameen. Yale, the head of navigation on Fraser river, 110 miles from its mouth, is a most picturesque and thriving little town, situated in a narrow gorge of striking grandeur. Large quan- tities of goods and not a few passengers pass tlirough it daily, in the summer, tt) the up])er country. The Fraser River 1^^ GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA. 69 "bars," near this town, yeilded a large quantity of gold in 1858, and have since been reworked to advantage. Forty-three miles above Yale the aspect of the country coinpletly changes. The underbrush and cedars are left be- hind; there is much less moss upon the tress; shrubs begin to appear which belong to a drier climate. Here also begin the peculiar " benches " or terraces which mark the course of the Eraser lliver and its tributaries. On one of these flats, 200 feet above the stream, is the town of Lytton, named after JjoyA Lytton. Lytton is situated at the jiinction of the Thompson with the Fraser, 48 miles below Lillooet and o7 miles above Yale. It is a pretty town, already omething more than a wayside town. The population is increasing, owing to mines and farms in its neighbourLood. The wheat ground at the Lytton mill makes very fine flour. There is a good market for all produce. LILLOET-CLINTON DISTRICT. This district includes Cache Creek, Bonaparte, aluo Wil- lianis Lake, and up to Quesnel Mouth. The whole district is a very fine one, and at present shows what can be done by applying Ccipital to the soil. It is farther to the north and generally more elevated than some sections alreale lands, large open valleys, immense plains, .•lud green rolling hills. TO GUmE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA. The country near the Thompson, Bonaparte, and Hat rivers is very attractive to the eye; miles of ^reen hills, crowning slopes, and level meadows; hardly a bunh or a t»"j^^; fine grass almost to the hill-tops. The climate very- healthful and enjoyable; rather a want of timber in parts, also of rain generally, but there are many streams. For grazing, the country cannot be surpassed, and its agri- cultural capabilities, so far as the soil is concerned, are in many parts very good. At Cache Creek and on the Bona- parte there is excellent arable land. The country through which the waggon road passes to Williams Lake has some very good soil, with no more timber than is needed for farm- ing })uri)oses. The farming land is bounded by low hills, beyond which there are prairies and valleys. These hills are undulating and brightly green, and their grassy car[)et is daisied over with countless wild flowers. Tlie road occasionally crosses some fresh mountain stream, whos(i cool clear waters invite the traveller to drink; now it winds by the bank of a lovely lake, in whose glassy depths the trees and shrubs along the margin seem to contemplate' their own symmetry and face. The summer frosts, however, as abov(i said, are rather against crc])-farming in this sec;tion. exc(!pt on farms favourably situated; but the frosts do not come regularly, nor with eijual severity. The great trunk-waggon road of the province goes through the district, and the farmers ])roduce food for horses and nm'es largely, in addition to the flour, bacon, &c, required for the mining towns in Cariboo. The visitor here sees irri- gation-Humes (water-course) of great length, gang-ploughs, and thrashing machines; also several saw-mills, bacon and ham factories, and three tiour-mills, which latter cost 60,000 dollais (^12,01)0/. English). The farmers themselves, to start one tlour-mill, subscribed 8000 dollars (1()00/. English). There is a Farmers' Society at Clinton — ^the Noiihern Britisli Columl)ia Agricultural Society. I believe tliere are in the liillooet district about 12,000 horned cattle, r)000 sheej), 4000 pigs, and 400 horses. The average annual yield for the last live years has been about three millions and a half pounds of wheat, with a large yield of other centals, and beans, peas, onions, [)otaroes, itc, The abo e is not much to speak of; but it miist l)e i"emiMul)ered that the sui>j)ly has been limited by the demand. Tluise farming facts conclusively sliow the agricultural capabilities of the Province, even in a section of it which in p.irts is liable to occasional summt^' frosts. Let but mining towns grow, or let a railway be made (as it will b(^ soon) to carry surplus produce to a shipping [)ort, I GUIDE TO IIIUTISH COLUMBIA. 71 jind it ^vill be seen that tlie agricultural captibilities of even the northern poition of the East Cascade I'egion of British ColunrLMa are very ^reat. CHILCOTIN, ETC. Tliis is tlie country on eithei' side of the river of that name, It is bounded on the west sidr by the range called .^ some tliif! '■ C';i.scade " and by others the " Coast" range, and on the east by Fraser River. (Jhilcotin has no' yet been tlnrmghly tt'stcd by fanners, but the country is attracting attention. \\ «' have (litlerenta(U'ountsof it from travellers. The prob- ability is that a good deal of the (!hi]cotin country is arid and siindy, with j)oor timber. Its area, howiiver, is immense, and may include also great tra(!ts of good grazing land. Near its numerous I'-ersand lakes we might ex])ect to tind superior arable land. The sni'facc is ojx'n in ])arts, and tind)en;d in others, generally presenting either roiling praii ies or forest table-lands. There are many lakes and rivers, and a great valley through which tiie C'hilcotin flows. I'lie aAcragc; elevation of the di,-.trict is co)isiderable, say 2,o()() feet; but the altitude of the surface varies c/'- Iderably. The highest ])oint of the i. ,il, from IJeutinck .Mill, is 3,.")()() to 4,00() feet high. From that sum- mit axi near the head of tlie Chilcotm Jiiver. Hoil probably light on the high land, and rich near some of tlie rivers and lakes. Climate hot in summiM', and very sharp in winter; the slopes opposite de])ressions in tlu^ ('ascade I^ange, probably will bo found the most suitable for crops, as 'ar as climate is < oncerned. Another large section of the Province, east of the Cascade Kaiige, is not much known yet, namely, the section extending to a great distance north and west from the (dl)ovv wliich the Fras(a- Kiver makes to get round the ('aril)oo Meunt^' ns. Hudson's Bay Company ofHcers tlescribe this northern region as a hunting and mining region, containing however, large tracts of good pasture; and probably a go(j*l deal of winter fodder for cattle would 1)6 re([uired liere. Wheat has been raised at Fort George; l)arley and vegeta- bles at Fraser's Lake ; potatoes on the lake lopes at Stewart's Lake (the hollows are liable to night frosts). Humming-bird common at Stewurt's Lake in summsts as tiie J.tocky ^Mountains or tlieii' tlanking ridges are appro;icJi(Ml, and again to\\ards tlu; northern ami noith-weslern portions of the region, say beyond till' line (.f th(> Horse Fly disti-ict and Williams Lake. lie- niotrly. in tjie north-west, the cniintrv again l)ecomes. in many parts, thinly wooded, and the tirs are rarer, In the neigh- ooi'jiood of the Skisena, the maples and cottonwood in niiniy jiarts contrast clieeringly with the sond)re hues of the conifers that abound in the Vallev of the Fraser. GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA. 73 To attempt to sum up the capabilities of this great region (itsolf but a portion of the Pro^-iiiee of British Columbia) would, in the ])re.seut condition of our knowledge of it, be an ott'cnce against common sense. We know a litth; about parts of the region, and may offer a few remarks accordingly. Taking into consideration the healthfulness of the climate, with its short winters and h>ng, bright summers, the fertile soil, vast extent of grass pasture, streams tilled with fish, the abundance of minerals, and grand mountain and valley scenery, adding to these considerations the tpiantity of vacant ])ublic land open to settlement, and the comparatively small expense re(i[uired to form a settlement, I know of no region on the continent of North America that lioh s out equal induce- ments to suitable settlers. It will be peo])led by a happy and pvospinous c(nnmunity within a few years after the opening of the railway thr(jugh it, which shall supply cheap transportation for immigrants and their supplies, and for mining machinery. The main drawback to this fine country at ])i'esent is the want of cpiick and cheap transport.ition. This drawba(;k will be removed by the construction of the Canadian Pjicific Jtailway. Farmers have produced, by the aid of a simple process of irrigation, wheat, barley, oats, Indian corn, timothy hay, potatoes, carrots, turnips, cabbages, tomatoes, muskmelons, watermelons, grape-vine, tobacco, broom corn, sweet almtmd, castor-oil plant, peach, and almost all other fruits. Fern is seldom se«m in the East Cascade region. A few mosquitoes only are found along wooded water courses. In sorne ])arts, Hies trouble the animals. NEWSPAPER ACCOUNTS. A correspondent of the Standard, a Victoria newspaper, writes of the southern portion of tht; East (/ascade Region as follows: — "Having travelled twice thi'ough a large ])ortion of the farming districts of British Columbia, I am very strongly impressed with the great advantages tin; country offers to any yout the country. rT]>on each side of the 10 w 71 GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMJilA. North and South Thompson Rivers, for miles above Kam- IcjopH Lake — 45 miles from the trunk wuggon-road — there are thousands of acres of good prairie land, with plenty of timber for buikling and f(Micing purposes. Here all kinds of grain and vegetai)]es can be raised simply by going to a little trouble in irrigating. This can be done by raising water from the rivt!r with a wind-mill attached to the top of a lofty fir tree. There is quite strong enough wind every day in the year for the purpose. Here passes a good waggon- road lead- ing from ihe trunk road to vhat is known as the immense Okanagan country. My pen fails me to do justice to it as a farming and stock-raising country — plenty of fish in the lakes and rivers." Another gentleman writing in 1872 to the British Colunist, (Victoria ncAvspaper), after travelling by the coach from Cache Creek to Okanagan, says: — " The country is for the most part open, dotted with trees, giving it almost the appearance of an old country park. It is so free from wood as to enable the horseman to canter at will in almost every direction, and in soiue instances no obstructions are presented to the free progress of a carriage. The face of the country is beautiful —relieved by ever changing succession of hill and dale. The water system is excellent, the surface of the country being indented by numerous lakes and rivers or smaller streams, everywhere teeming with fish of excellent quality. A mild climate will have already been inferred. It may be added that snow seldom falls to any depth, and never lies long. Horses, horned cattle and sheep, pass the winter unhoused and uncared for, and, as a rule, come out in good c«)ndition in the spring. On most of the grass ranges cattle shifting for themselves through winter are in prime condition for beef in the spring. In the country thus rouglily and very imperfectly sketched, there are a few hundred settlers — we reallj' do not kiiDw how many. In the valleys of the Thompson, Okanagan and Cache Creek, there are about one hundred children. There is tin; making of happy homes for tens of thousands. In truth no more desirable country can be found, and it is not unreasonable to hope that the opening of a coach road Itjiding through the heart of it, and the facilities for travel pres«^nted by a weekly line of stages, may lead persons in seajch of h(»uies to go and see for themselves." SIMILKAMEI'N VALLEY. This valley extends fifty-five miles from Princeton to the frontier. Mountains bordering the river are granite, green- stone, and quartz, capped with blue and brown clay slate ; clay GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMRIA. ^> of slaty texture stained with iron ; small (juantities of bine; clay; bed of river filled with bouldors of granite, greenstone, and trap of all sizes; fordable except during freshets, and then it rises very rapidly; grass very good; timber scarce; sharp bends of river generally well wooded; underbrush of willow and wild cherry; near base of mountains sufficient tind)er for settlers; soil somewhat sandy and light; free from stones, and generally excellent for either grazing or farming; dry in summer; irrigation necessary; many large portions ali't\*uly well watered by streams from the mountains, with fall sufiicient to facilitate any further irrigalion found necessary; grass most luxuriant, also, on the little tributary streams. Valley very picturi^scpie. ' ' Similkameen beef " is talked of as Englishmen talk of " Southdown mutton." A settler introduced a Durham bull in 1872, which cost him 1000 dollars {2^)01. English): another wrote lately, "We have a good mining and good farm- ing district and on(! of the best stock-ranges on the Pacific coast : mmibers of cattle, horses, shee]^ and pigs. The Indians go into farjuing; quite quiet; keep cats." It is unfortunate that this fine Similkameen district has not an easier western outlet in the direction of the New Westmin- ster district, but such an outlet possibly may yet be found. OSOYOOS LAKE. Close to the boundary line — connected with Okanagan Lake by a chain of lakes and rivers. Open land between Osoyoos and Boundary Creek. Famous Rock Creek diggings were in this neighbourhood, and no doubt all this country will be again worked by miners. Good cattle-grazing country; grain and all kinds of vegteation splenditl, and cattle in fineconditioi). One settler had 2()() fat steers to sell. Mosquitoes troublesome. Trade with Indians good ; they seem to have plenty of money. With the exception of a few m'les, the entir«^ road from Tiock Creek to the great prairie at the head of Kettle river is thought a fine rolling prairie country, thinly wooded, and abound- ing in bunch-grass. Gold and Selkirk ranges then interven«^ Fort Shepherd is a wild barren sjiot — ^rongh trail thence ovov the "divide" between Columbia and Kootenay rivers to the Kootenay Valley (south horn Kootenay Lake); river broad and sluggish; portion of valley cpiite level; rich alluvial soil as on Pitt river (New Westminster district); overflowed probably; swamp grass; rich vegetation; going still east up th<> Mooyie river to the lake, there is thick timber — Purcell rangti intervenes — beyond this range country op(!ns out; thirty or fort}' miles farther, the traveller reaches the Kootenay again; grand scenery approaching the Ilocky M<»nntains. — 70 aiTIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA. For atltlitioiuil information on the Province the followinf^ works may be consulted : Vancouver's Voyage on N. W. Coast of America, 1790-95. Voyage of Portlock and Dixon on N. W. Coast of America. Voyage of Meares on N. W. Coast of America. Voyage a li Cote da Noid Oaest dans les Annces 1810-15, par Gai)riel FranclKiro. Travels of Sir Alex. McKenzie to the Pacific Ocean, etc., in the years 1789-93. Itoss Cox's Columbia Biver. Jewett's Narrative of a captivity at Nootka Sound in 1804. An Essay on Vancouver Island, by Dr. Charles Forbes, li. N., 18G2. A work on Vancouver Island, by J. D. Pemberton, Esq., Surveyor General of the former Colony. — London 18G2. Travels of Lord Milton and Dr. Cheadle. A Avork on the West Coast of Vancouver Island, by Gilbert M. Sproat, Esq. Overland Route through British North America, by Alfred Waddington. — Longmans, London. 18G8. Official Report on British Columbia of the Hon. H. L. Langevin, Minister of Public Works of Canada, 1871. Vancouver Island and British Columbia, b^' Dr. Rattray, R. N. Prize Essay on British Columbia, 1803, by the Rev. R. C. L. Brown, M. A. Prize Essay on British Cohimbia, by A. C. Anderson, Esq. " Vancouver Island Explorations and Papers, relating to the British Columbia Botanical Expedition." Studies of the Forest and Forest Life of North West America, by Robert Brown, M. A., F. L. S., F. R. G. S., P. L. I)., President of the Royal Physical Society, Edin- burgh. Vancouver Island and British Columbia, by Matliew McFie, Esq., F. R. G. S. Four years in British Columbia, by Capt. R. C. Mayne, R. N., C. B. Report on British Cclurabia, by the Hon H. L. Langevin, C. B., Minister of Public Works of the Dominion of Canada. British Columbia, by Gilbert Malcolm Sproat, Esq. Nf GUIDE TO 15RIT1 11 COLUMBIA. LIST OF DOMINION OFFICMALS. 77 Govonior, Chiof Justice, Piiisno Judjife, Aide (le Camp to Govonior (Tonoral, De]nity Kecoiver General, - Deputy Adjutant General, Superintendent of Indian Aft'airs, Asst. Inspector of Post Offices, Hon. A. N. Hicliards Sir M. I5.Bectl)ie Hon. H. P. P. Crease Hon. J. H. C^rav Capt. G. Pi. I.ayton John Gilliam - Lt. Col. Hou;^liton - Lt. Col. Powell on Mainland, J. Lenalian Robt. H'allace Af^ent of Marine and Fislieri(»s Depart., Capt. J. Cooper Inspector of Steaml>oats, - - Tlios. Westf^artli Harbour Master and Port Warden, Victoria, t^apt. J. Nagle *' " Na,naimo, - - - T. E. Peck C( Burrard Inlet, COUNTY COUKT JUDOF.S. Cariboo, - > . . Lillooet, _ _ . . New Westminster and Yale, Victoria, . _ _ _ Nanaimo, . _ . . CUSTOMS I)EPAllTMi;\T. Victoria — Collector, . _ _ Chief C^erk, Tlevenue Officer, Landing AVaitev and Searclufi-, (Jlerk, TideAVaiter, " Acting, New Westminster — Sub. Collector, Landii:g Wait(M', - Burrard Inlet - Landing Waiter, Osoyoos — Sub. Collector, Kootenay — Sub. Collector, Nanaimo — Sub. Collector, Stickeen— Landing Waiter, Isaac Johns H. M. Ball E. H. Saunders P, O'Reilly A. F. Pemberton W. R. Spaulding Hon. W. Hamh^v C. S. Finlaison C. S. Wylde George Fry A. R. Miln'e R. Lawson - 1). Driscoll W. H. Low<> J. Burr Isaac Johns J. C. Havnes J. G. Norvis - T. E. Peck Richard Hunter INLAND REVENUE DEPARTMENT. Inspector, _ . . _ Collector, - _ _ . . Deputy Collector, C. T. Dni)ont H. B. Good D. Lindsay f8 GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA. POST OFFICE DEPAllTMENT. See Post Office Report. PUBLIC WORKH DEPARTMENT. Resident Engineer. - - . B. W. Peurse Superintendent of Telegraphs, - R. B. McMicking SAVINGS BANK DEPARTMENT. See Report. See Report. C. p. RAILWAY DEPARTMENT. LIST OF OFFICIALS OF BRITISH COLUMBIA. Premier, . . . . Hon. A. C. Elliott Attorney General, - - - " Provincial Secretary, - - - " Minister of Mines, - - " Minister of Finance and Agriculture, - Hon. W. Smitlie Chief Commissioner of Lands and Works, Hon. F. G. Vernon Private Secretary to Lieut. Governor, Capt. G. R. Layton EXECUTIVE COUNCIL. President, Clerk, Deputy Clerk, Hon. A. C. Elliott Hon. F. G. Vernon Hon. Wm. Smithe Hon. Wm. Smitho J. J. Young ATTORNEY GENERAL 8 OFFICE. Attorney General, Solicitor, Clerk, Minister of Finance, Treasurer, Auditor, TREASURY. Hon. A. C. Elliott HeniT S. Mason Hon. Wm. Smitlie J. J. Young W. C. Berkelev OUTDE TO BUTTI'.H comtmbia. 79 PUOVINflAL HECItF.TAUY H DEPARTMENT. T'loviiuu.'il Secrotiiry, _ - . Hon. A. C. Elliott Deputy ProviiuMiil Sccretiiry, - Charles Good Acting Deputy Provincial Secretary, - Thos. Elwyn Superiiitendent of Education, - - J. J. Jessoj) Deputy Supt. of Education, (on Mainland) F. C. CIlementHoii \ Superintendent, Printer, GOVEUNMENT PRINTINO OFFICE. Richard Wolfenden George Williams liobt. Buthn- ^.ssistant Printer, l\[essenger, j^tsst. Messenger, John H. Murray Chas. L. Swanson D Deasv T. Deasv LEOISLATrVE ASSEMBLY. TJr. Speaker, Olerk, Law Clerk, Sergeant-at-Arms, Messenger, Hon. James Trimble J. Boland Hett Eli Harrison, Jr. J. Dwyer T. Deasy LANDS AND WORKS DEPARTMENT. Chief Commissioner, - - Hon. Forbes G. Vernon Surveyor General, - - - Accountant, - - - Clerk of Records, Draughtsman, - - - Assistant Draughtsman, A. S. Farwell J. J. Austin J. G. Vinter W. 8. Gore F. G. Richards, Jr. REGISTRAR. Registrar General of Titles, of Births, Death and Marriages, of Bills of Sale, of Joint Stock Companies, - of Agricultural Societies, Under "The Cattle Exemption Act of 1871," H. B. W. Aikmau SUPREME COURT. Registrar, Deputy Registrar, Usher, Chas. E. Pooley Henry S. Mason James Irving ik. ^ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) C '% A f/ A i ^ «> 1.0 I.I .. K ,22 11.25 lil.4 1.6 ^ '^-r ^;. 'c?» .V % <•> '■^ 7 Photographic Sdences Corporation ^^^'K^ <^^' 33 WIST MAIN STRtiT WEBSTIR.N.Y. t4S«0 (716) 872-4503 >^ /. T 80 aUIDE TO BBITIBH COLUMBIA. i: Assayer, Meltor, ASSAY OFFICE, CARIBOO. W. Hitchcock A. J. Mouatt ASSESSORS AND COLLECTORS UNDER THE ASSESSMENT ACT, 1876. Bichfield, Lightning Creek, Quesnelle, Williams Lake, Lillooet, Lvtton, Olcauagan, NicolaLake, Kamloops, Rock Creek, Cache Creek, W. Stephenson << Kooteuay, New Westminster and the Coast, Victoria, - - - Clerk, District of Victoria, Esquimau, Sooke, Metchosin and Highland, - J. Pottinger Cowichan and Salt Spring Island, - _ _ J._MorTey Nanaimo, ... (/omox, ... E. Allen George Coxon C. A. Vernon J. Clapperton J. Ussher B. Price G. Ooxon C. Booth J. C. Hughes J. E. McMillan - C. Wallace R. F.John T. L. Fawcett J. Rodello COLLECTORS AND REVIS0R8 OF VOTERS. Cariboo, .... J. Bowron Lillooet, - - - . . A. W. Smith Yale, .... - W. Teague Kootenay, . - . . . C. Booth New Westminster, . _ - - E. Dickinson Burrard Inl(?t, . J. Willis Victoria, .... - E.R.Woods Victoria Dictrict, - - - . S. Robarts Esqiiimalt and Metchosin, - E. R. Woods (vowichan, • • - . J. Morley Nunainio, .... - T. L. Fawcett Comox, - . . - - R. H. Pidcock REGISTRAR OF BIRTHS, DEATHS AND MARRIAGES. Cariboo, ... - J. Bowron Williams Lake, ... Michael O'Connor Lillooet, . - - - OL'IDE TO BniTI8H COLUMBIA. HI r.moc Cn't'k, - Clijitoii, Xiiinloops, Vale District, Kootmay. N«'\v Wfstiuiiistorj Cassiar, A'ictoria, N Micluiel O'Connor - John Fsslur W. T Vi igno C. liooth E I) A. W. V UMunson owe H. H. W. AikniMM iiiaiiiii), . . _ _ 'i\ ]j. ['' COl'Ki'S OF M'l'KAI. I NUKlt ASSKSSMKXT ACT, ]87(i. IWl'ftt ('aril;0(), . _ - Ijilluoot, Yah', Ivaiiildops, lAttoii, Ho])(\ Okanapiii, Nicola Like, Kock ("reck. Kooti'uay, Cassiar, New \V<»stniinst(M', N'ictoiia, . _ - l'iS(|iiiiiialt. Sookc, ^rctchosin, Cowii'liaii and Salt Spriiifj; Islnml, Naiiainio, Coiiiox, ColioNKItS. Carihoo, I.il!(»(U't. . . - Yale, Kootctiay, - . - New Westminster, Tiani^lev, ... Chil'liwhack. Coast District, Diiiiiieea, Cassiar. . . . Stiek'-en. Vietoiia Citv anil District, I'lstjuiiualt, JSooke. Metchosin. <'o\vieliaii and Salt Spriisfi; Tskmd. Nanainio, <'<)U10\. ... Carilioo, Tiillooet. Yalti. OOLI> COMMISSIONERS. n H. M. liall E H. Sanders ^r. Lninhv - T. Wooilwarl J ('. HaMies C liootli A. W. Vowel) \\ (VII( illv A. T D. McElnxii H. I'lv W. H. Spalding It H Pidcork .1. Cliipp F. W Foster J. Cla))perton C. JJootli ex. Trew - W. Duncan \. (Iraliam A W. Yowell J. B. Lovcdl A F Pendx'rton .1. Mtnlev W. K. Spalding' E. H. Pidcock H. M. Ball E. H. Sanders P O'Heillv ■t I ' I . 1 82 aUlDE TO BlUTlHli (.'OUJMBIA. Osoyoos, - - J. C. Haynes Okanagan, . . _ C. A. Vernon Kootenay, - - C. Booth New "Westminster, . . E. Dickinson Cassiar, _ _ A. W. Vowell Victoria, _ - . F. G. Vernon Esquimau, Sooke, Metchosin, - i< Nanaimo, - - - - AV. U. Spalding Comox, - - ^ ( ( GOVERNMENT AGENTS. Cariboo, . . J. Bowron Clinton, . - - Michael O'Connor Lillooet, - - - A. W. Smith Kam loops - - - J. Ussher Lytton, - - - G. Coxon Yale, . - - W. Teague Kootenay, - - C. Booth New Westminster, . - E. Dickinson Cassiar, • _ - A. W. Vowell Cowichan and Salt Spring Island, J. Morlev Nanaimo, - - . - T.L. Fawcett Comox, m • • J RodcUo .JUSTICES OF THE PIUCE Anderson A . C . , - - Province Armstrong W. J., - - - do Allison J . F , - Electoral District of Yale Alexander R. H., - Electoral District of New Westminster BallH M., . - Province Brown 11. H., . _ . do Brown G. H. Wilson, - . do Barlow A., _ . - - do BateM., . - do Bryden John, - - do BulkleyT A., * - do Booth C, . Electoral District of Kootenay Cornwall C. F., - - Province Cornwall H. P., . do Clapperton J., «» a • (^ Coney B. O., - do Chambers Coote M., • do Chipp J., - do Cunningham J ., - - do ClarksonW., - do Chad wick W., . • • #1 Campbell W M., do OriDE TO BIlITISn COLUMBIA. Conrtnev H. C, CoultlmrdJ. H.. Duncan W., Dewdney E , Douglas li., Drabble G. F., Deij^hton R., DeHcckH L., Dunsmuir R., Dig-leW. N.. Drake M. W. T., Dickinson R., Elliott A. C. - EhvvnT., Ellis T , Egerton F. W.. Elfonl W., E.lwanlsJ.T., Foster F. W , Finlavson R., - FoonlF, Ferris W, D., Fisher W , (Esquimalt) Fisher \V., (Metchosin) FrvH, Foster F. N., - Fimlhiv G.J, Galbraith J. T., Graham A., Gray A. R., Havnes J . C. , Houghton C. F., Heltncken J. S,, Holbrook H., Higman F. G., Hoev R., Hughes J. C, Harris C.R, - Innos J. H., Fjangley A. J., Lindsay D , Leneveii D., Ladner W H.. Lindsa}' A , Landvoigt G. . Lovell JR.. Province do do do d(i do do do do .lo »lo - Electoral District of New Westminster Province • - - - - do do - , - : . - 'V' Electoral District of t'owichan Electoral District of Vide - Province do do do .lo do .lo do do do do do do do do do do do do « . - do do do do • do do do do • a • do ifa 8i OUlbE TO UUITI8M CULUMDIA. Milby W. C, MorleyJ,, Miietlon.ild W. J., Muni J. A., McLean A , MoMiUun J. E , IMorrow W. H., MiickioJ., McGilvuiyD., Millm- D. W., - McNjiui^liton D., ^liiir J. L., McMickiiig U. 13 , MuiiJ., ^tauson \V . , Mavsij.-ill T., - Mail M.. .>JiK;.v J. W., - McAllister J., Mcllmoylc J., - Mo son W. Jjiiinj?, McHu-l» H., - ^Iclunes A. D., ^[iinav .John, XuttJ., Nelson H., Na;j;le J . , Criieilly P , . Peinberton A Pideock Pt H Poiivson E., Peniberton J Powell I. W., Prentiss A., Pratt D., Pringle A ., PlautaJ. P., PuetaJ., Rayniur J A., JJithet K. P., . Rogers J. , llol)l)J., liobertsou J J., l^itchie K P , Kobertson W H. TJobson J., rrovincG do do do do do do do do do do do do do • - • - - do do do do do do - Canoe Creek P. D., Elee. Dis. Lillooet do do do Victoria (/uriboo Yale . Province (io Vancouver Island F D. V rovince do do do do do do Electoral District of Lillooet do do do N Yale anaimo (.'owidian Province; do do do do do do do !•,! oriDE TO BHITrsH roi.rMBiA. T lioay W., l{»'iiiiio W., Sanders E. H., S|)iiKliii}< W. 11., Sinillu'W., Sli;i\v J., Swonl (' B. , Siiul •! , S..\vanlT , Spiiitt J.. Skiiiimr T. .)., Siiicliiir J., Spiiu.LjL'r 13., Tolinic W. l-\, TcnldJ H., Tii/o H. A., . 'runuu' J. H., TaitJ . Vowcll A. W., Vcnudi C A , Walkfin G. A., Wells A. K . , Wiml \V. (; , WilliU'e II., Weir K., Webster G., Willi wmsT. H., Work H , Kainloops. Cariboo, New Westminster, liurranl Inlet, Cassiur, Yic'toria, << <• It It II Eloctonil District of Vietoriti do Cariboo Province do , . .do do do do do do do . Electoral Distri tin- coiirtosy (if the ufBi-lalH of the difTerPiit t2«lui{ uiUiial UHt8 of J. P.'u. &<;.— El>.! J. Howion John I'sslier J. C'lupperton C. \. Vernon W./reague C. Jiooth , J. M(»rlev T. L. Fawcett Phillij) \Vo(dacott )lin NN . Hutchison Edward Truran Edward (litlen A. W. Rodders James Kobson A H. McBriih- W. Moresby James MeNamara Win. Edwards Wni. Bo\v«h'n J. J. Downev M. J (b)odf- J. Plnllips Mrs. F. Hosb J. B. Matthews (iRpnrtmentN for tin- foro- PKOVINCIAL REPKESENTATIVES IN THE DOMIN- ION PARLIAMENT. SENATE. Hon. R. W. W. Carrall. " C. F. Cornwall. '* W. J. Macdonald. COMMONS Vancouver Island District, Victoria District, Hon. A. Bunstor Hon A. DeCosnios I 88 GUIDE TU BItlTISH COLUMBIA. Victoria Dintiiot, . Yah' District, Cariboo District, . Now Wcstiniiister District, F. J. Hoscoo E(l<^ar Di'wtliu^v J. SjMMici'r 'riioiiipsoM Jaiiics ('uiiniii^liaia KEintliSHNTATIVES IN IMtOVlNClAL PAKIJAMHNT. Victoria Citv District, .John lOvaiis William Fisher Frtnleriek \V . Williams Charles (lalla<;her William ^\ Milliv D W. (lor(h)n John Antli'ew Mara Hon. Forbi's (J. ^'ernon liolu'rt Smith Hon. Wiiiiam Smitlu! Ivl win Piml MU'S M 1 N E S. Extracts from the report of the ."Minister of Mines for the year 1875, of mining oparations for goKl, coal, etc: In reviewing thu mining opnMtions conilacteil in British Columbia ibiring the year 1875, it will be found that no new mining localities have been discovered. Tins work done has been in tiekls already known; and although much new ground nUIDE TO BRITIBH COLUMBU. 89 haH been broken, improved mines satisfactorily tested, and fresh deposits struck in localities already known, yet no really new Mining Districts have been added to those already dis- covered. The prosperity of mining undertakings has not, however, been less on that account than in previous years ; the yield of f^old iu Cariboo and Cassiar, has been steiidily on the increase. The Cassiar field has been largely proved and developed, and much new and promising ground taken up. In the coal fields of the Province, mining operations have been steadily carried on during the year. In existing, i. e, working mines, the Vancouver Coal Co. have introduced a diiimund drill, which is now in operation. CASSIAR. Siiyyea Creek, is an affluent of the North-\'/estern branch of the Doloire i iver, about 170 miles from its confluence with Dease river. A party of three men took out about 78 ounces iu llo days, making an average of ten dollars per day per iiiiin 'J^he gold is coarse and of excellent quality . Tliis Creek is reputed to be as large as Williams Creek, but much longer, and will doubtless provide nany miners with employ- ment next year. Both Tliibert's and McDame's Creek have been worked witli great success; and a promising lead of quartz containing gold, silver anil copper, was discovered on the latter. On Fraueisor Deloiro river a lode of argentiferous galena was dis- covered and located, several hundred pounds of ore having been shipped for assay Tlusre can be no doubt of the importance and value of the district of Cassiar as a mining field, which will, probably, oecujjy a foremost place in our mining annals for many years to come . The late Mr . Sullivan, Gold Commissioner, writing of these creeks, says: — " Miners who arrived here in the early part of the spring and who worked their claims before the freshet came did very well, as they were then able to take advantage of a low stage of water, and notwithstanding the difficulties attending work in that season, such as cutting ice and removing snow, I am informed by them that in most instances it is the economic season to work creek claims in this portion of the district . However many did not work during that time fearing an early thaw and a consequent loss of labour in making preparations for such work . The lesson. I think, will not be thrown away and miners will propably attend to the working of their creek f 90 caiUE to BRITIHH ('(ilX'MlilA. claima early in tlie npriug fur the future, more eHpeciully uu McDaine's, where the wuter HubuideH into u very small Htreum (luring the HeaHon." Extracts from G . B . Wright's report :— " I am tirmly of the opinion that the Cassiar mines are in their infan(!y . It is now well established that Dease, Thil)ert and MeDame Creeks have yielded in two seasons nearly two millions of dollars, and the two latter streams will, nndonbt- ly, produce far more in the future than they have yet done. Three other streams have been ju-ospected, tributaries of Dease river and DeJjuird, and gold in paying quantities has been found upon each The last discovery (Sayyea's ('reek) offers sucii induceuHMits that hundreds of raiut-rs will visit it during the present season. Its (lisooverers report that then' are ileep deposits of auriferous gravel which will, nrobnblv, enable the miners to pnjsecute their work in tunnels and shafts during the winter seas(m, thus removing one principal objec- tion to the claims in this extreme northern region, vi/., the shortness of the mining season. "I believe that rich and jnotitablrt silver-bearing leads of (piartz and galena exist, aiul will be worked extensively tlur- ing the next two seasons. "If my anticipations of tin* extent of the mining ilistricts, and the richness of tiie quart/ veins, are reidi/cd, another season will see the necessity of the introduction of heavv machinery for milling ore and for steam navigation. The Dt- Liatd and Dease Rivers united, will t)tVer '2i)l> miles of un- interrupted navigation." THE I)IS( OVEHV OF THE CASSIAR (JOIJ> FIELDS. As the gold fit^lds of Cassiar seem likely to become of con- siderable importance t<» the future of the Province, it may be of some interest to trace the circumstances which led to theii- discovery and development: — Fair prospects of gold had been from time tt) time discov- ered on the banks and bars of the Stickeen River, and several Sarties had been formed for the purpose of visiting and en- eavoring to establish that part of the Province as a gohl field. 13ut no definite results followed the endeavors made in this direction from the sea-board, it was reservetl for an ex- plorer entering British Columbia through the portals of th<' Rocky Mountains to discover this important tract of country, and it is to the intrepidity and perseverance of Mr. Thibert that attention is now called. Ijeaving Minnesota in June, 18t}9, with one companion and a small supply of necessjiries, chiefly consisting of ammimition. (iriDR TO DRITI8H COLUMBIA. 91 Mr. Thibert ntartoil ou a long and perilous journey, intending tu piiHH two or throo winters in trapping in the North-West Territory, and (iniilly penetrate through the Rocky Mountains and British Clolumbia to the Pacific. Thoy passeil their first winter at Great Slave Lake; during 1870 they resumed hunting and prospecting, and passed the winter about seventy- Htc miles up the McKt^izir rivm. Durin<{ 1H71 they p.isscd throu'^h the Rocky Mountains and winttired on the (Ire or Dnloire river at an old Hudson Bay Fort; by this time their supplies had run very short, only a small supply of ammunition and tobacco remaining. In this dreary, solitary, and inhospitable region, they suffered tre- in«tiufous hardshi])s, being entirely dependent on their i»uns for the means of living. In the course of this year they met with another intrepid truvt'Uer, the well known McCy'ullough, who wintered with them. Up to this time, they had heard or knev nothing about Dease river. By following the course of the Deloire ri i^er during 1H72, they "eacluHl Dease Lake, where they parted with McCullougk. The first gold struck by the party, was in a place known as Devil's Portage, where the river crosses the Ilocky Mountains. On reaching Dease Lake in 1872, thev passed three weeks in fishing and hunting, and then proceu • I'd down to the Stickeen as far as Buck s Bar, McCuUough proceeding to Victoria, while they wintered there; being the fourth year thev had wintered alone, far from the habitation of man. On the l4th of February, 1873, they started for Dease Lake, prospecting the creeks that empty into it, and shortly struck rich prospects, as much as two ounces of rough gola a day, on Tliibert's Creek, at a depth of from one to three feet, working with a rocker; the gold was found on slate bed- ruck, in what in mining parlance is known as "black rock." Here they remained and worked three claims during the season. In July some more men, thirteen in all arriveo. Towards the Fall some twenty men arrived, all wintering on Thibert's Creek. Having left on a prospecting tour they discovered paying ground on Dease Croek, and William Moore started work there at Mr. Thibert's instance. Thibert's Creek enters the lake close to the exit of Dease [iiver. It is from twenty-five to thirty miles in length, and almost fifty feet wide, with occasional fla."^ covered with deciduous trees. Tunnels have been started in the hill sides, and are being worked on the head of Thibert's Creek, the results of which are not yet apparent. w 92 GUIDE mo BRITISH CULUMDIA. \0- During the year 187-.* u, prospecting was curried on in the vicinity of Doase Creek in every direction, and up the Deh)ire lliver, resulting in tlie discovery of Mc Dame's ('reek, Trout Creek, Quartz Creek, and Sayyea (Veek, all of wiiich have been more or less succ gold hunters, started stnithward ovt'r the mountains from Jack of Clubs Creek on a prospecting tour. They found the trii) exceedingly rough and hiborious, especi- ally in dt'seending the steep banks of the cret^k they came to, the former called out to his companions, ' Boys, this is Light- ning," it bt'ing a favouriti' expr<'ssion with him in meeting anything ditticult to overcome. " Li July of the same year, * Ned " Campbell found gold in paying quantities a few hundred yards above the mining town of Van Winkle, in the second canon. ft was estimated that no less than !*20(),00(> wastakcnout of Campbell's ' discovery" and the adjoiirug one, the ' Whitt'liaH' claim. These two claims form part of what is now known as the Spruoc ('om- panv's ground. This discovtny brought hundreds of miners to the cret'k and tributaries. "The following will give an idea of the money taken out from some of the most prominent claims on Lightning Oeek : Dutch and Siegel (now Perseverance) $180,()()() Dunbar H0,()()0 Discoverv and Butcher ... 120,000 OI'IDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA. 9:^ ! 'V , Ciiinnboll and Whitehall 20(),0l)(> South WaieH i4i,r.;n Lij,'ht»inK ISa.SMi'i Point VMS,{m S|.nict> «H>,tH>H Costollo 20,47(J Vulcan ')(>,9")5 Vancouver 274,11)0 Victoria 4r)l,r»42 Van Winkle mA,\m These sums are miu\o up to the 1st November, 1875. It in fouu'l inn)ossihle to }i[et an accurate idea of the money taken out of the older claims, as thi^ shareholders are scattered and the hooks lost "The t 'ostelloConijmnv ex])ended in all, up to date,!?71,!}4r) — .S'{7,41>:{ of which before finding gold— so that it cost !?:{:{,H52 since, to take out *2(>,47(). The (U ulstone expt'nded !i5r)8,7t)4, and not \(;t in the channel. " Had many of tlu* companies machinery of powerful capacity at first, one-third the expense would have autliced to ])rosy>ect their ground, but unfortunately many of them were poor, struggling for existenc'e, iind I'oping with enormous difficulties. Th«' following are the claims on this creek of chief import- aiu'cf at present. The amount of gold taken out of each in IST'), for 1) months, is plac^nl opposite :- Van Winkle |!21S.2()2 Victoria 202,282 Vancouver 54,115 Vulcan 15,tH)0 Costello 17,442 It may be confidently expected that the lead of gold will be ultimately discovered in other claims on this creek. Williams (vieek, though not producing in any way so large a pro))ortion of gold as Lightning Creek, has yet yielded fairly.'" Extracts fiom Mr. Bowron's Report state the whole yield for the Cariboo District is fl,075,2M7, of which Wilfiams Civek is credited with over $r»H,0(MK The Ontario claim on Conklin (Julch has paid handsomely, giving a return of $2IJ,5(K). "The amount of gold taken out for nine months would appear to V)e « 088,152 "To this, however, he considers should be added at least one-fourth for amounts not accounted for, sav 172,038 SSB SSB 94 GUIDE TO BBITIBH OOLUMBU. i' Product for nine months $ 860,190 "To which, for the product of the remaining three months, allowing for the fact of the hydraulic claims doing but little work, add i, say 215,047 "Being an approximate yield for 1875 (which he believes to be a fair estimate) $1,075,237 "As the alluvial diggings on the various creeks, now being worked, have become gradually exhausted, attention is being drawn to quartz mining. Quartz ledges are found in abund- ance throughout the District, on some of which prospecting has been done at various times, but, so far, unsuccessfully, though in some instances good paying prospects were obtained. Failure, no doubt, was occasioned by not possessing proper appliances for working tht? same. The chief drawbacks to- wards developing this most important branch of mining which, it is believed, must eventually become the great source of wealth of Cariboo, are the difficulties of access, owing to its remoteness from navigation or railways, and the absence of mills for crushing puiposes. "Several assays liave lately been made at the Government Assay Office here, some of which show very good results as regards both the yield of gold and silver, and were the ledges, from which the specimens were taken, situated where machin- ery for reduction at any reasonable rates was available, they would, no doubt, be eagerly sought after by capitalists. A quantity of rock from the vicinity of Soda Creek, from which a very favourable assay of silver was obtained, I understand is about to be forwarded to San Francisco for reduction and a piactical test of its value, which, if found satisfactory, will lead to extensive machinery being at once erected on the ground. The rate of freight from Yale, the head of navigation, to Barkerville, averages from 7J to 8 cents per lb. in the spring, and about 12^ cents per lb. in the fall. OMINEOA. Amiu the excitement, consequent on the wealth developed at Cassiar, this district has nearly faded out of view. Though mining is still carried on here, there is no doubt that the ex- pectations formed about its wealth have fallen far short of what was anticipated. The agent reports that the estimate of gold produced in this section, is only $32,000. The total population amounts to 68. OtIIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA. 95 Mining in Ominecji for the y«a', like that of the other dis- tricts, was, in 1875, much affecteil by climatic influences, and severe freshets disappointed the reasonable anticipations of the miners. The agent's report points to the fact that although mining in this section is not at the present time very flourish- ing, there are sutficient evidences to warrant hopeful expecta- tions in the future. KOO'ri'.XAY. In turning attention to the southern gold fields of British Columbia, there is less reason for congratulation. Kootenay, during the year 1875, has barely held its own. The total population was only 144, of which 40 whites and 50 Chinese were engaged in mining, with a total yield of .S41,000. The Government Agent there, however, considers that there "are manifestations of more energy on the ])art of our people this y(!!ir." He says — "From all I can learn, I am of opinion that Quartz Creek and other tributaries of the Columbia river will pi'ovc a f';ood section of country for miners. ' ' Arrangements are being made to prospect the deep giound on Wild Horse Creek this fall and winter. A number of new hill claims have been opened out on Wild Horse Creek this season." FUASRIt niVEK. The only portion of our gold mines to which allusion now remains to be made, are those sittiated on the banks of tlui Fraser, between Yale and Soda Creek. Mining is chiefly con- fined in these localities to (Uiinese and Indians, and it is esti- mated that about #50,000 was produced by their opera- ti(ms in 1875. The Gov(!rnment Agent at Yale, William Teague, Esq., in reporting on the diggings in his neighbourhood, makes the following observations, which are not devoid of interest, as there is not the smallest doubt that ver}- large deposits of gold still I'emain undeveloped in the extensive flats, bordering on tlie Fraser river, in this region; and which, though not suitable to remunerate individual labour, would return a large harvest to united efforts :— " You will observe that mining industries in these divisions are compai'atively small ; and that mining operations on the bars of the Fi'aser, in these localities are not so numerously or extensively worked as formerly. The falling ott" is partly attributed to the alluvial deposits on the bars of the t raser liaving ceased to V)e remunerative, after having been success- \ i 'i T m GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA. fully worked and yielded gold in large quantities for a number of years. '* High benches, which flank the course of the river, and bear large deposits of wash gravel on either side, and which can be seen in considerable numbers, stretchinji^ most exten- sively along the Fraser, with every appearance favourable, and giving indications of containing rich deposits of gold, yet re- main unexplored; and piacticalmen are of the opinion that, if the same skill and capital were emploved in working these as is employed in working the California mines, the results would be, no doubt, as satisfactory. In conjunction there- with I might add that Siwash Creek, situated about three miles above Yale, and the Que-que-halla, which rises in the Similkaraeen range, and empties into the Fraser about a mile above the town of Hope, are known to contain '!;old in sufficient quantities to yield a fair remuneration for labour. The.s(» streams, probably, would have had a goodly number of Chinamen working on them, with a certain amount of success, had it not been for the exciting news caused, some short time since, by the richness of the newly discovered gold mines of Cassiar, on which account large numbers of miners left these localities to try their success in the mines of that district. ' * Two silver mining licences have also been issued during the year for these localities, an I the lodes are located on Silver Creek, a short distance south-east of Silver Peak, where the stream runs through the valley at the foot of Silver Peak Mountain. The lode is supposed to be a continuation of the Van Bremer, and runs parallel with it. " Operations at the Eureka and Van Bremer mines have been at a stand-still, although from each of these mines, speci- mens have been assayed with such results as would justify a vigorous development of the mines." It is satisfactory to remark that the actual known returns of 1875, viz., $1,856,178, is larger than for any year since 1867 ; the average yearly earning being greatest of any year since gold was discovered. An average has also been struck, shewing that the number of men employed in each year was 3,220; and their average earnings per man, per year, $658. GUIDE TO RRITIHII COLUMBIA. 9T TABLE Shewing the actually known and estimated yield of Gold ; the number of miners employed ; and their average earnings per man, per year, from 1858 to 187G. Ainoiint ftctufil- Add one third AveraRe yearly Y.'nr. ly known to have been ex- more, estimate of t^old carried Total. Number of Miners ported by away in iirivate Employed. earuiuRa per man. Bunks, A-o. handM 1H58 (C iiiDiithsl IHo'J ' § .3an,2G5 S 130.088 $ 520,353 3,000 $ 173 1.211,304 403.768 1,615.072 4,000 403 18(i0 1, ('.71, 410 557.133 2,228,543 4,400 506 1861 l,i»n!),589 G66.529 2,666,118 4,200 634 18C.2 I8(;:i [ 3,184,700 1.061,566 4.246,266 S 4,100 1 4,400 517 482 18(i4 2.801,888 933,902 3,735,850 4,400 849 I8«r, 2,618,404 872,801 3,491,205 4,294 813 lH6(i l,9l>fi.o80 6C5,ii26 2,662,106 2,982 893 18(',7 1,860,051 620.217 2,480,868 3,044 814 18(;8 1,779.72'J 593,243 2,372,972 2,390 992 i8(;i» 1,331.234 443.744 1,774,978 2,369 749 1870 1,002,717 334.239 1,. 336.9.56 2,348 569 1871 1,349,580 449.860 1.799,44(1 2,450 734 1872 1,208,229 402.743 1,610,972 2.400 671 1873 979,312 326,437 1,305.749 2,300 567 1874 1,383,464 461.154 1,844,618 2,868 643 1875 1.856,178 618,726 2,474,904 2,024 1,222 187r. 1,339,986 446.662 1,786,648 39,953,618 2,282 783 60,251 Avfc ge number of miners employed yearly 8,171 Average earnings per man, per year !?663 Total estimated and actual yield of gold, 1858 to 1876 $39,953,618 COAL MINING, In the report for 1874 the fullest possible description of tlie coal fields of Vancouver Island, as at present known, was given, and copious extracts published from the Geological Hq^orts of the Dominion of Canada, touching on this subject. It will not, therefore, be necessary to go over this ground af;;ain, but merely to state the results of tl.e workings in mines actually opened, and the steps that have been taken for de- veloping fresh seams. u i 11. to GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMIJU. Returns from the several companies engaged in this in- dustry have been obligingly furnished, and are appended to this report, from which the following general statement is prepared. Tlie coal mines actually in operation are all at or in the immediate neighbourhood of Nanaimo, Vancouver Island. UETUKN OF C'0.\L llAISED AND SOLD, 1870. Harewood VHticouvcr Oonipany. . . W*lliugtun Mine (1875) Acta-i] out- I No. of tons | No. of tons | No. of tons | No. of tons put of Coal, sold for I sold for ex- Ion band Jan. unsold, 187G. Ton>>.| home eon- I portation. | iHt, 1870. | Jan. 1, 1877. Buuiptiou. ll,8f,0 7(i,()00 CU,542 1,0'JO 24,0(10 8.871! 7,520 62,000 3t».a47 300 2,384 .•t,550 2,318 The returns for 1870 have not been furnished by the Wellington and Vancouver mines. COiMPAllATIVE STATEMENT SHOWING AMOUNT OF COAL RAISED ^VND SOLD IN 1874 AND 1875 IlESPECTIVELY. Tons. Sold in 1873 Do. 1874 No. of tons for home couHumption No. of tons. for exporta-" tion. Total Sales. Total output, 1875 Do. 1874 110,14.1 81, .'■.47 K cwt 31,2.VJ 25,022 00,392 Jj 50,038 07,644 .V, 81,000 Inoreasi*. 1875 28,597 12 cwt 0,230 10,3,14 ,"4 1U,584 h It is satisfactory to observe that in one year the output of coal from thes-t? two mines should have increased from 81,000 to 110,000 tons, and that the home consumption increased over 6,000 tons, while the export sale increased 10,000 tons. The increase in home consumptic^u indicates increased vitality in manufacturing and home steam shipping interests. The returns from the Vancouver, Wellington and Harewood mines ar«; well worth consulting, in view of the interesting particulars given as to the workings, hands employed, rates ci wages, machinery in use, value of plant, kc, ttc. With refi'rence to ex))loratious for coal and the develo})ment of the^mines, it is well to state that the Vancouver Coal Co. has been engaged in searching for fresh seams of coal by aid of a 'diamond drill. An engineer has been spe(dally engaged from England to conduct the operation, and in 'ess than .three montlis the hard Nanaimo rocks have been pierced to a depth of 500 feet. A description of this most useful machine, by J. Ker (iulland, is annexed. " Tlio boring of rock in a rapid and etHcacious manner must be deeply interesting and of great value to all er.gaged in wrestinj' from mother earth the treasures and secrets which OriDK TO BRITISH rOLUMniA. 99 sli<} liidos heneutli thj siirfiieo, whotlior tho wovk be umler- t;ilv«'U lor pit>lit or for seientitic I'esearch. " Porlmps tlifH! is no braueli of met^h.inic.il oni^iiuioring wlHjre inorti rapid strides have, of late years, been made than ill machinery for b.)rin;^ rocks. Rocks are bored either by steel tliroui^li the inediuin of percussive »h'ills, or by diamonds acting without percussion, by reason of their extreme hard- ness. Many of tht? percussive drills now made have reached a high stand. ti'd of perfection; but it ks foreign to my subject to speak of them, and I will eontine myself to the diamond rock-l)oring machinery of Messrs. Beaumont and Appleby, now extensiviily worked by the Diamond lioek Boring Com- " The (bawings show two views of a prospecting machine, and although recent improvements have been made in the jntjchanical details, yet in all essential particulars the machiu- t'ly rt'inaiiis unaltered. " It consists of a frame, shewn of wood in the drawing, but now, for the sake of strength and durability, made of H shaped wrought iron. The power to drive the machine is transmitted by means of a belt, and the hollow quill which carries and re- volves the boring rods is driven by suitable shafting. " T'he tpiill is given a rise or fall of about G', and is guided by a cross head working in slides attached to the two upright -id;; frames of machine. •' On the under side of the quill are placed three grips workcnl inwards and outwards by means of a scroll and nut; these grips on being screwed up grasp the rods firmly and coiupul tlu'in to revolve with the quill. " On the top of the quill there are also steel set screws to steady the rods and keep them in the centre of the hole in the quill. "The boring rods are hollow, and on the top end of the boring rod is placed a water union joined up to a force pump by means of flexible hose and wrought iron pipes. The force ])amp being driven by suitable gearing, on the lower end of the rodf. is placed the crown, which is merely a piece of steel tube set with carbonate (or diamonds in an uncrystallized state) in the following manner: — Holes are first bored in the end of the crown of a size a little less than the diamonds to be inserted, and then cut exactly to the shape of the piece of diamond, which is then placed in the hole and the metal of the crown drawn round it on every side by means of a punch, leaving only a very small portion of the stone projecting be- yond the surface of the crown. Hollows are then cut between the stones to allow the water to pass freely while the crown is ibt 100 GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA. at work; the water answering the double jmrposo of keeping the crown cool while boring and washing the debris resnlting from the boring to the surface of the ground. " Balance weights are attached to the cross head by means of chains and pulleys for the purpose of regulating the pres- sure put on the crown while boring. This pressure depends on the nature of the rock to be cut, and varies from 400 lbs. to 800 lbs., when the drill should penetrate at sptjeds ranging from 2" to 4" per minute; granite and the hardest limestone are readily cut at 2 ' to JV per minute, sandstone at 4", and quart/ at 1" \Hn- minute. " These speeds are obtained when the drill is making 2o0 revolutions per minuti!, and they may be increased if neces- Hary; but the increase of speed which might be obtained be- yond the figures already qu(.»ted would throw such a strain on the machine as would not be compensated for by the increase of work done. ' ' A power crab is also attached to the machine for the pur- pose of lifting and lowering the rods by means of a chaii- passing over a pulley placed directly over the bore hole and carried by shear legs. " For si)eed of boring through the hardest rocks, and giving a true and reliable sample of the strata passed through, this machine far outstrips any that have iiitherto been invented; a soli\v!iiHh-<^riiy or (Irii)i. inoilcmtcly fine Kriiiiied saiulstojic, slii,'htly (•iilciiieons, with s(m1(>h of wli*t»^ niicii. mid in lay- ers of froui «ix inches to two feit. lohling frngments of the stems iiiul leiives of pliints Colli, C'leilV iUlii hiird Hrowriish-nniy or (huV)Hiindstoni'. in beds of from six inches to four feet tliiek. holdini,' friif,'mi iits of plants Hliiek. soft, ivri^illiieeons sli.ile, a ith short thin lenticular I ditches of ooul ... Hvownish-^ray drab sandstone, in lieds of from six inches to two feet . . lilaek. soft, argillaceons shale, with ohseciire impressions of plants . (^oal, which appears to vary in its thickness, beiii;^ in some jtarts not over five feet two inches, and in others seven feet, while the lower two f.et sliew occasionally thin seams of carbonaceous sliale. with obsecuri- impressions of plants, say. I '.roguish-gray or drab, moderately line-{^aiued, slij^htly calcareous saudstuue, with scales of white mica no 10 4S fi in 107 4 " The dip of the strata is here N. 8ned, where neces- sary, for nuiles to trot along, and to allow a })erson to walk up- right. The mine is drained l)y three j)uinj)s working at the bot- tom of the incline and branches, one a steam pump, the other twoplungt IS, res])ectively, of '), 7.} and H}^ inch working barrels. These ])uiiips, the last named - two of which are driven by the large winding engine after the day's coal is hauled — deliver the water to the pump at the foot of a vertical shaft 12(1 f«'et deep. In the shaft two 8-inch lifting pumjis are placed for raisiiig all the water to the surface. The latter ])umps are worked by an engine stationed at the head of the shaft. Keverting to the arrangements above gi'ound — when the waggons holding 4 tons each, are filled at the screens, they are taken down the railway to the wharf by a locomotive. The heading shutes are quickly reached, being oiily one third of a mile from the mine. Arriving at the shipping jioint, over a vessel's hatch, the door in the bottom of the waggon is ex- peditiously opened and the coal is deposited in a ship's hold. The shute, and the apparatus by which it is suspended are or IDE TO HUITIHH COLUMBIA. 106 liiist'd iiiitl low»'i'<'(l l>y )i wi!ich as may be roqiiisito to suit the (lill'i'ii'iit (ides aiul tlm height of hirg«' and small vessels. Wlit'U the shnto is hjw the waggons aic lot down by a bre dc- pniit V, and as soon as cniptit'd an* <|uii'lily brought uj) to the platloiiii l)V a l)ac'k-balaii(r arting on the pullev. At high tides when the shute is eonsiiUM'ably elevated a steam uinoh is used to draw the waggons up to the loading point. These apiilianct's isnaljle the loading to bo carried on at any stage of till' tide, whatever may bo the sizo of the vessel taking in cargo. With the exception of .sonu) English cannel coal, the Douglas I'oal is reputed to be tin; best in San Francisco for gas-nialving. It yields over 10,000 cul)ic feet of gas per ton of 2,*210 ll)s. ; has an illuminating power of U) candles, and produces a good coke. .Vn analysis «!xhibits its composition as follows: Carbon, 08; volatile matter, 2*2; ash, 10. The Douglas seam of coal is very extensive. It is traced from the Nanaimo pit across the harbor to NEWCASTLE ISLAND. Xt the Fitzwilliam Mine, on this island, the Vancouver Coal ('oni})any have put down a slope in the coal, which is found () feet thick in two layers with a ply of shale between. The C!onipany have erected powerful winding nnichinery and large wharves. The loading ground is right at the pit's mouth; the mine beiivr close to^^^he water's edge, it being necessary merely to land th(? cars on tiie wharf for delivery of coal as it is mined to a vessel at the shute. Newcastle is probably the most valuable of all the islands between Vancouver and the main- land. It contains ton million tons of coal; the best freestone ou thti coast, and associated with the coal an inexhaustible supply of tire-clay. The Newcastle Douglas Coal is a purer article than that produced at the old pit, though not so highly bituminous. An analysis of the Ne^vcastle gives carbon G8.- HO; volatile matter 19.70; ash 12. The coal is ^ood for steamers; burns exceedingly well when a hot fire is main- tained ; makes a clinker that does not adhere to the bars, and is not destructive of either grate or boiler. THE NEW DOUGLAS MINE . At Chase river, about a mile and a half from the Douglas Pit, the Company about a year ago opened up the new Doug- las s(;am, which is well situated for working, as will be seen, when it is known that it has yielded 20,000 tons since the com- raencement. The quality of coal is excellent for steam or house pui*poses, though not quite equal to that of the Douglas ■ i| I I 106 OUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA. pit for gas manufacture. A substantial railway of 4 ft. 8 ins. gauge, of steel reversible rails weighing 52 lbs. to the yard has been laid down irom the Douglas Pit to Chase river, and In a few mouths to come the new Douglas mine is likely to be the most largely productive in the district. The sales of the Vancouver Coal Company, for the year 1870, exceeded 75,000 tons; more than two-thirds of which went to San Francisco. M. BATE. IL\REW00D COAL ItflNR. Nanaimo. January 20th, 1877. Operations for 1870. Output of C()ivl| Sold for Iioiik; 187r). I consumption. Sold for Exportation. In liiind. j In li.ind, Jim. 1, is7t; I n.'<-. ;n, ih?*;. 11,858 tons. 1,(. 1)3 tons. 7,523 tons. 8(1) tons. 3,5t"2 tons. Regular work of minuig and shipping only commenced in May. Numfier o'' Handfi cinploijrd. Whites. Chinese. Indians. 47 :{() Occasional. WuifCN. 5S2 00 to $3 50 ."jsl 00 to !*l 25 ?;i 25 The seam at present worked is commoidy known as the Harewood Seam; average about six feet thick, and yitjlds ji coal excellent for steam, household, .•iiid gas ])ur|>oses — being entirely f've from sulphur, it is found to make gas of an nn usually |)ure iiuality. The mine continues to bi' carrieil xn ou the '* level frei;" plan, the coal b(ung all hauled out by mules, without the aid of engines. The mine requires wo pumping macliinery. Till' main levi^l is now in a ilistaiic^e of (500 yards, and ac- cording to its present courso, will giv(! a large supply of coal for many years to come without going any (leeper. A bore is being sank below the present s(>a!ii to prospect for the lower s(\im It is now down a distance of 280 feet without being through the shales. From the mine to tli<' shipping point in Nanaimo Harboi', the coal is carried a dis- tances of three miles by means of an elevated wire tramway, at the rate of U) tons per hour. .\s busini'ss increases, this will be replaced by a railway or tramway of more substantial character and ji;reater carrying capacity. (iriDK TO lUUTISJ' rOLUMRTA. 107 Ho,;j;ul;u' iniuint^ ;ui(l shi])m(Mits woro not eoiumoueotl until "Miv, .uiil o\*inL< t , tlui (It'prt'ssiMl st.ito of tho coal triulo, tlio iniiic li.is hi'ca wockt'd daily ahont lialf time. T. A. B. I'.WNF.S SOUN'l) OOr.r.IKKY COMI'.VNV, LIMITED. Tho ju'op'M-ty of tli(> Biynos Sound (lolliorv Company is situatod on Baynos Sound, al)Out ten miles south-east from ('oiiiOK, and consists of .^jOOO acres of coal lands. Tho company in its present form was orjjjanised in October IS?.'), and commenced active operations for developini; tho piopoi'ty in Api-il ISTO. Since then it has constructed a 11 inow-^MUL^e tfamway three and a half miles in ieuf^th, from tho mint! to tide water; a wharf with shutes and to accom- iiiodate two lari;e vessels and two small st(>amers and schooners at the sann; tinn^ ; and a nine-ton locomotive and trucks or cars sniUcient to enabhi it to d(iliver oOO tons of coal on siiip-hoard per day. TIh^ mine is opened from the hank of a small rivt v, adit, or h'vol free, fnnn wheni'o [he coal is deliver(>d into hunkers near tlu^ jnouth of (he adit; from tlu^ bunkers it is let into the cars and delivonHl on ship-board witliout boinjj; again handled. Tho bmdcers already construcrtinl have a capacity of '2,000 tiiiis. There are two coal seams being worked, on(^ over- lying the oth(M-; th > lower s(>ain is 7 ftxit thick, and tln> upper one t) feet. Th(> coal in the upper sc^am is very similar t ) tlie Douglas seam of Xanaimo, wliile that in the 1ow(M' seam ap- pears to diifor from all tin; other coals as yet discovered on the Island. It is a dense hard coal, free fi-om sulpluM-; gives a dense hard coko, and roipiiros a sti'ong draught to ignite it, and promises to be an cxcolh'nt coal for steam and smelting purposes. Tho output of coal at present (.Tanuary 1H77) is 50 tons ])er day, which will bo largely increased in a short time, as the levels are extended. TMiert; is Ji steam saw mill on tlu^ prop- erty capable of cutting 10,0'^<) foet of lumber per day, -which has suppli(>d the matiu'i il for the company's works. Tlun-e aio also Iniildijigs erected to accomodati' the miners and others, employed. The company havi' had a town site sur- veyed on their ])ro])erty Avhich they have named (Quadra, (after the (U'iginal discoverer of Vancover Island). It con- tains a dozen settlers, post otHce, hotcsl, stons saloon, ttc, and ■s fast becoming a ctMiter for tho districts of D(Miinan ami Hornby Islands, as well as foi- C(nuox. Tho steamer from \ ictoria to C/omox stops at the company's wharf (sach trip, yoiiig and returning. l08 GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBU. This company's uutlertuking promises to be one of the most important industries carried on in the Province, and has ah'eady had a beneficial influence in developing the resonres of the surrounding district, and furnishes the settlers with a market for their produce at their own doors. Fe})ruarv 1st, 1877. H. G. WELLINGTON COLLIERY. Departure Bay, February 6th, 1877. "Wo employ 150 white men and 90 Chinamen; have 3] miles of railway; three locomotives. Output of coal from the mines pi'r day about 300 tons; three wharfs; engine on one to heave out ballast from ships; three winding engines. Miners' wagers from >5' J to i?-! per day; blacksmiths' and earpcnittas' wages from $3 to !?8 50; labourers' from 82 to 82 25. S< am of coal about 9 feet thick." Coal Shipments for the Six Montlifi BndiiKj Dc: 'M, 1870. NANAIMO COLLIEKY— (Vancoiivei- Coal Coinpiiny.) Fori'i<,'ii ;J>I,7(I5 00 Doiuestif 7,122 12 Total 37,827 12 l"(>r the previous six mouths 40,708 10 Total for 1870 7H,r)3t! 02 WELLINGTON COIiLIERY-iDuusimiir, Digglc & Co.) Foreign 15,0tU OO Domestic .'],840 00 Total 18,001 00 For the j)reviou>' si» mouths 32, 031 10 Total for 187« 52,935 00 HAUHWOOl) COLLIERY— (Thomas A. BulUley. I Fori'ifjn 5,4G4 ( lO Domestic 1,049 00 Total 0,514 00 For tht> previous 2 uioutbs 2, 102 00 Total for 1870 (8 mos. i 8,010 00 Grand Total for 187G 140.('87 00 Tons. " 1875 , 113.000 Oil •• " 1874 81,397 00 The lar^^e deerease iu the sbipmcn rom the Welliugtou Colliery was caused by the strike aud the tire in the mine.— 'Free Press," February 7th. 1877. OUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA. 109 Uitiled Sfntfn Governmeiit Esfiniafe of lirlthh Columbia Coal. By a late oidor of the War Department (U.S.), it was de- creed that the eord of oak wood, 8 ft. x 4 ft. x4 ft., is equal to 1,S(K) lbs. Nanaimo (Vancouver Island) coal. '2,200 " Bellin«.^hani Bay (United States) coal. 2,400 " Seattle 2,500 " Rock V Mountain 2,n00 " Coos' 2,000 " Mount Diablo ( < IRON. Iron ore has been found from time to time in different parts of tlu! Province, and recently deposits have been discovered on Taxada Island, in tlu! Gulf of Geor<^ia, of inexhaustible quantity and of the greatest value. These deposits were examined in 1874 by Mr. James Richardson, of the Geological Survey of Canada; and the fol- lowing extraiit from his report to Mr. Selwyn may prove in- tcr(>sting: — " On the s(mth side of Texada Island, about three miles north-westerly from Gillies Bay, and about seventy paces from the shore, a small ex])Osure of magnetic iron ore was met witli, associated with a coarse-grained epidotic rock, and grey diorite. Immediately north of this exposure the ground rises stee])ly to about 450 feet above the sea. Here on the eastern and south-eastern slopes of the hill, for 150 feet down, and extending from 200 to 250 feet in length, is an exposure of rich magnetic iron ore. On the to the east the ore is bounded by grey and green dioritic rocks. "Circumstances did not admit of my remaining on the island long enough to trace the continuation of this valuable deposit of iron orcj. Mr. Henry Trim, of Howe's Sound, however, who has explored the island, informed me that the ore is to be so(>n occasionally in considerable exposures to near the north-east coast of the island, a further distance of more than three miles. "These iron ores could scaiciily be more favourably situ- ated than they are, either as regards mining, smelting or shipment. Thert; is d(;ep water close to the shore, and wharves might be easily and cheaply constructed, at which vessels could always load in safety, except during the heavy south-east winds Mhich occur occasionally IVom the middle of September to the end of ^Earch. Hut during these. (lillies Bay, oidy three miles distant, would all'ord a safe and con- veni(ait harbour of refuge. There is also another liarbour at the nortli end of the island, about seven miles distant wliich would aiibrd shelter in all weather. The site of the cn-e is eighteen miles from Comox harl)our, twentv-one miles from Deep JJay, and about twenty-three miles from Fann}' Bay. These are all good and safe harbours, and are only a short dis- tance from the productive coal seams of the Comox area. In the event of charcoal being required for smelting the ore, abundance of wood suitable for making it can be procured on the island." COPPER. In the remarks made upon the Hope silver leads, it will have been obseiwed that one of the ores there, in which silver axists, is described as argentiferous grey copper; there is, hi ■ or IDE TO BRITISH rOLUMBlA. Ill ho\v<'ver, no ussny of this ore uviiilublo from which the per- eenta<^e of eo])per coiihl bo estiinutecl. Tlievo is no JouV)t that copper is widely distributed through- out the Province, the crystalline rocks being invuriiibly more or less stained with copper, while the subniiirine cable from Vancouver Island to San Juan, on beiiig lifted, is always dis- covered to be corroded and encrusted with deposits of copper. Copper ore, iu situ, has been found in various parts of the Province, notably at the (Mitrance of Howe Sound. Here, a well-detiiHMl lead of excellent copper pyrites, giving some 30 per cent., was discovered in 18(>5, and worked for some time, with (;xcel!ent prospects of success. Want of capital has caused the operation to be suspended, if not abandoned. t'op[)er was found n(;ar Sooke in 18(54, and eiTorts were make to develop this industry iu that locality, but no defined ieatl could be discovcu'ed. ('()l)per has boon found also on Knight's Inlet. White men tr.uling at the head of this Inlet, have obtained, by gift or purchase, considerable cpiautities of excellent coi)[)er ore from til ^ Iu bans, who, thiU'e is reas )n to b.^lievo, av.i aw.ire of the existence of valuable leads. Parties of white men have from time to time eiuleavored to discrover the exact locality, but iiitlierto without success. TIh; Indians cannot be induced to point out to the white man the le id from which they have taktMi the specimens. The following extracts are from the Minister of Mines' re- port, l87()-7: — V discovery of silver and copper has been made on Salmon .\rni, Jarvis Inlet, which, to jutlge from the report hereto an- nexed, ])i'omis to be of considerable value to the Province. Veins of great richness have already been discovered in this vicinity. "An important discovery of copper ore was made about two years ago on Salmon Arm, a brancli of Jarvis Inlet, Vjy Mr. Alexander Donaldson. t'om])etent judges have declared the hjde to l)e a true fissure vein, for the following reasons: — 1st. The vein stone does not lie parrallel to the cleavage of the surrounding rocks. 2nd. The blosstun of quartz on the surface or hat of the lode indicates that the matter has been injected into the fissure, and not separated from the mass of atljaceut formation by chemical action, as in the case of a segregated vein; also, the smoothness of the walls showing attrition by injection of quartz. '' The j)rotile of the lode can be examined to the depth of 'JUO feet from the surface, as it crops out in the face of a cliff, liaving doubtless boon laid bare bv some convulsion of nature. k^^ i! ■4 ■>; 112 GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA. KV The lead is thus clearly defined from the base of the precipice to the top, and may be still further traced ak)ng the surface of the gi-ound for at least a mile from where it first makes its appearance. The vein is wed^e-shaped. being thiclcest at its base, where the ore is also richest. "A company has been organized for the purpose of working this extensive deposite. and a test tunnel has been run into the hill for about 30 feet on the vein. At the end of the tunnel the seam or vein of min(;ral is 3 feet 9 inches at the roof, 4 feet 2 inches at tlu; base. Assays of the ore show that it contains (JO per cent. cop[)er and 91 oz. of silver to the ton. "The mine is situated about 2^ miles from the shore of the Inlet, and the facilities for shij)ping the ore are excellent. The water is deep enough alongside tlie rocks to float a vessel of 4,000 tons. " Experienced quartz miners from California, Nevada and Cornwall, have pronounced tlu! mine to be the richest they have ever seen, the ore being so easily got out, and wood for smelting purposes being plentiful and convenient. " Tht-re is also good water power on the ground, sufficient to run a mill of any capacity" SILVEK. About six v'jars ago several argentiferous galena leads were discovered iii the Omineca district. The leads are well de- fined, and by assays made at the Government assay ofiiee at Barkerville, and in San Francisco, resulted as follows: One ledge, 15 feet wide, 72 oz. silver, 87!l per cent. lead. 8 " 45 oz, " 'dlh «• "20 " 4 oz. silver. Owing to the then existing law regulating silver leads, no steps were taken to develo]) them. But as a bill more liberal in its character, and better suited to the mines, has been in- troduced by Mr. A. E. B. Davie, Member for Cariboo, which will in all probability become law, the leads will be developed, and if, on examination, prove as valuable as they appear, they will no doubt give employment to a hirge number of men. There are numerous other ledges in the same vicinity that have never been examined, which may equal those already assayed. It is well known that a large quantity of p\ire silver has been found in the Omineca district, ar.d it has »iwavs been the opinion that rich silver mines abound in that section. April, 1877. W. H. W. GTTiDE TO nniTisn columdia. STO^E. ll;{ THE NEWCASTLE HTONE (jrAlJllY. This quarry li.'is boon worked for upwiircls of live years, jiiid yet it niiiy bo suid to be seuret^ly optnied. Hero are several square miles of a continuous formation of the best freestone to b(^ found anywhere! on the coast. No more conclusive; evi- dence of the supju'ioritv of this stone need ho soiij^ht than the fact tliat the United States IMint at San Francisco is built of it. The mint cost considiu'ably over a million and a half, and absorbed eij:,ht thousand tons of the Newcastle stont!. The introduction of this stone for so important a purjjosti naturally aroused a certain amount of local jealousy and l)rou}^d)t out some international ])rejudice. The consequence was that the stone Avas suljjected to a rather more severe test than would otherwise have been the ease. It is gratifying to learn that the United States Inspector has, in his final report, given the stone the highest character. To })Ossess a stone (juarry so su]>erior in every resj)ect as to command the patron- age of San Francisco and oveniome the prejudices of the (Jn-at Rojmblic, is sometliing of which Nanaimo may justly be proud. Wo have said that the San Francisco Mint took eiglit thousand tons of this stone. In addition to this it took a large ([uantity of tiagging-stone for court-yard, side-walks, and cellar. In the eight thousand tons were some pieces de- serving of specific notice. There were six columns, twenty- ei'dit feet long, by four feet two inches square. These columns Avore faultless tlu'oiighout. There were two stones I'or corner pediuKMit fifteen tons each, and two key stones of fourteen tons each. We have said that the quarry is scarcely fairly opened. The last cargo of stone sent to San Francisco has been pronounced of a superior quality to tliat previously sent. It is well understood that the (juality of the stone im- proves as you go in. The (piarry has now an excellent and carefully ])re])ar<'d "face" on it, from whioli stone may be taken superior in point of quality to any yet quarried, and of :dmost any conceivable dimensions. Columns fifty feet long (or one hundred if necessary) by four ;iiul a half feet thick can ho. sup])lied, without tiaw or faiilt in them; oi- if necessary, blocks fifteen feet squarii can be taken out. This i|uarry is doubtless destined to exert more or less infiuenco upon the character of our public buildings. It is of no little imixirtance that the Newcastle quarry is so convenient and accessible for shipping. Persons visiting Nanaimo should not come away without "doing" Nowcnstlo quarry. A visit to it will repav the trouble. — BrUisli Colonist. 15 114 Ol'IDR TO BUITIHH COLUMBIA. EXTRACTS FROM PUliLKJ WORKS REPORTS, BRITISH COLUMBIA, 1875-7(5. Tlie extojit of Public Works uinlcrtukon by authority of the; Legislature, during the year 1.S75, has exceeded that of any similar period subsequent to Confederation. Tlu! principal buildings coaiinenced this year are, the Public School House, Victoria; the Lunatic Asylum, New- Westminster; the extension of the ]3oarding School, at Cache (-ret^k; extensive additions to the Royal Ho.spital, Victoria; the Royal (!olumbian Hospital, N(!\\ Westminster; and the building of an Assay OtHce at ('ariboo. The Government Printing Office^ at Victoria, has also been enliuged and its effici(*ncy increased by the addition of a steam engine, con- nected witli the i)i'esses and nund)ering machine. The Pul)lic School House, Victoria, is jdaced upon the School Restu've of ten acres at the head of loi't street, and is designed on the Italian styh' of architectun^; it forms the west wing of a block of buildings devoted to educational purposes, thu;- providing separate wings for the educaticm of th(! younger boys and girls, with the centre building for tlu; purpose of a High School. These buildings are locatinl on the grcmnd in such a manner as to leave a good site for a Provincial University, at su(;h time as the Ij(>gislatun^ de(Mn it advisable to erect such a structure;. SUKVEVS. The Township system of survey, inaugurated two years ago, has been carried forward during the past season throughout the principal : ettlements of the Province, and it is with much pleasure that I am now able to re])ort that not only have the ])re-em])tion claims of settlers wIkj recorded lands lo years ago l)t;en satisfactoiily adjusted in the princi])al centres of settlement, ])ut that the Government have also at their dis- })Osal, for incoming settlers, a large extent of surveyed lands, the nature and character of which are minutely described upon tin; maps in the Land OfKce, thus enabling intending settlers to obtain as much reliable information in reference to the lands as it is possible to gain without personal ins])ection. Tlie liberality of the Province in dealing with its lands far exceeds that of any other Piovincis or State on this continent, as settlers now ttoming in can record 160 acres West of the Cascades and 320 acres East of the same rnnge, in any part of the Mainland portion of the Province, and can eventually obtain the land as a " Free Grant," simply by residence and improvement. The question, therefore, as to whether iudis- GUIDE TO nniTISH COLUMBIA. 11; crimiiiiito " Froo Gviints " have a tondeiicy to quickly scittlc ii|) tli Coli'er-dam has since proceeded satisfactorily, and promises coni[)letion during the early ])art of the ap])roaching summer. Several important works commenced last year have been completed in a satisfactory manner, viz: Thompson lliver Ib'idge, the Hope-Nicola trail, the Okanagan Mission road, etc., etc. X considerable' quantity of jiew load work has been })er- i'oiined, and where advisabh; by contract, throughout the dill'erent districts. A line of road has been carefully surveyed from Kandoojjs to Nicola Lake, distance some MO miles, but the first section only has been placed under ('ontract this year. .\n exhaustive survey of the Lillooet and liurrard Inlet trail has been made by a competent engineer, and a ])ractical route located. After considerable difticulty a feasible line for a waggon road has been discovered l)etween (xoldstream and (^owichan. nriDK TO nitrnsii coLrMniv. ir Tliis lino lias Im'imi sm'V(!y(Hl, sjx'cilicitious drawn, iiml tciiilcrs (railtul for tlin work in two sections. 1 i-c-^'rct to report tluit tlic Noi'tii |)ic)' of lli<' (^)ui'siii'llr river britl;^e has heen c.irrietl awav, the lij^'iiite t'omulation liavinj; been undorniiiuxl. Hy j^reit exiM-tion a tr(!stK' was placed under the main span, and the Howe tr)iss of "JOS feiit savt^l. A n(*w pi(ir is in courso of fonstruction. ralloo(3t District also sntftu'ed sever.dy from the iiniisu;d rise of tiu3 water iii Fraser Itiver; the hi'id^'es over (.'ayoosli ('reek and Brid^o riv«ir havinjj; heen swept iway. Plans wero prei)are(l for ncnv striictnr»!S, and the work of re-hrid^in;^; theso streams is now h(!in^ puslnnl toward completion hy tho eon- tractors. I have also to ro]»ort th;i^ the Jinii.itic Asylum huiidin^' at Ne\^- \V(;stniiust(u-, platted under contract last year, is still imtiiiished, the eontiactors havinjj had ^re.it ditliodty in ol)- taininji, a supply of brick, their first kilns liaviii}^ hetuidestioyed hy tilt" unusually high water at Fort Langt'ly, where their brick yard had boon osbii)lishod. [ am phsised to report that the bridg(>s and roads on V^in- y the overtiowing of Frastu- river, causcnl considerable at- tention to be directed to the ])roject of d^'king the left bank of the Fraser river. Mr. Dcnvdney, C. E., was instructed to make a careful survey of the lands situate between Sumass Mountain and Clu^am, with a view of ascertaining the practical )ility of dyk- ing that poi'tion of the district. Annexed will be found Mr. Dewdney's report: — HoPK, November 'JTth, 187r,. " SiH, — in accordance with ijistructions received from you on the '25th Septeni])er, 1S7(), I proceeded to Suma.ss to make the neces.sary surveys and gain such information as would en- able nu! to re])ort to you ' on tin; feasibility of dyking and draining the low lauds situated betwotm Cheam and Sumass .Mountains, and lying to the south of Fraser river. " In presenting my re])ort to you of my examination and opinion of this work, I think it as well that I should lirst give you a general description of the district to be reclaimed. " Tin; district which I was directed to examine, viz., from IIH GUIDE TO KRITIHIl COLUMHIA. Clusiiin to SuiniiHs inonntain, I propose to divide into two sec- tions, a.s, although they ])oth suil'er from the same causes, viz., freshets of Fraser river, works of an independent cluiracter would have to be carried out to reclaim them. " Tilt! boundaries of the Sumass District, and which for the jmrposcs of this report I pro])ose to (!all ' lleclamation Dis- trict No. 2,' are as follows: (.'ommencin^ at the mouth of the Chilliwhack rivt^-, and following that stream to the mouth of tlu! Atchclitz; thence along the western bank of that branch to a point iwiir Edwaid Hall's house; thence to the Chilli- whack river as it eniorgcs from th(! mountains; thence along the base of the mountain raiig(! to about three miles below Campbell's farm, crossing the valley, about the point that would be altected by this s(dieme, to the range of mountains on the north side of the ^ alloy; thence along its base to the mouth of the Sumass river; and from thence following the bank of Fraser river to the starting point. " The int Fnist^r rivor forcing its wiiterm u^n tli< Sumassrivcr and sloiij^lis, lii^h water not liavinj^ rcaclu'.l tin top of tlu' hanks of Frasd' river between tlio (!liilliwliaek ami Suniass nioun- t;iins. [n that ease the district did not appear to sutler very niueli, iind if the dilHeiilty stopped there, a j^ate at tiie Siun.iss river, witli a short (hun in a few places, would be all that would be HJquired, provider] the niountavn or back water was not to(t jj;r(>at. The last few seasons have, however, shewn that Fraser river has ris(ni three to four feet over th(> hij latter rises. " As diretited in your instructions, I paid ])artieular atten- tion to the ])ortion between the (chilliwliack and Sumass mountains. " In the first ])lace, I examined the banks of the Fraser liver and the nature of the subsoil. This was easily accom- plished on account of the numerous shmghs that ])ermeate the district, and from the settlers in different k>calities having sunk wells. I sank holes in jilaces which indicated soft foun- dations, and invaribly found clay from IS inches to 2 feet from the surface. "I found both the banks of Frasor river, and of the sloughs along which I would pro))os(> to build levees, most favorable, as far a^ foundation and material for construction is concerned. The subsoil of the whole valley, as far as T could gather, was also good, there being a substratum of stiff clay underlying the top vegetable mould; and I could find no foundation for the report that Fraser river water seeped through an underlying stratum of loose material, and so found its way to the prairie. * ' ' There are low spots of ground that, after the river sub- sides, hold water for a considerable time, even imtil dried by evaporation, in fact I found several myself, and as these were many feet above the level of Fraser river, it demonstrates that the bottom of these depressions must be of good water-holding pro])erties. Mr. Miller I may mention, has a well sunk in * 1 ' ' 1 120 GUIDE TO UUITIHH COLUMBIA. liis Houl- mill, tlio water of which feeds his boilers. This is within tii'ty feet of the Fraser bank; the water in it is not in- fluenced by the rise or fall of the river, " Having satisfied myself on this point, I turned my atten- tion to the Chilliwhack river. I liad been informed by some of the old settlers, that it is only very recently that Chilliwack water has found its way to the Sumass District, that it was tirst noticed three years ago, and has increased in volume each succeeding year. "On visiting Vedder's Creek, through which the Chilli- whack water finds its way into Sumass Lake, I found from the liigh water mark, ])ointed out to me by Mr. Vedder, that at times a stream 200 feet wide and 12 feet deep, with a mc^l- erate current, fli^wed through it. This at omso convinced me that, unless tlu^ water couhl l)e returned to its old (channel or diverted fiom the Sumasw pi^frict, it would be useless to en- (|uire further irilo the practicability of reclaiming this portion of tJK^ i-ountry. I therefore imiaediatuly visited that i)art of tlu^ ( 'h ilH whack rivcu' where tiiebieak issaid tohavci occurriMl. " Where the Chilliwhack river issues from the mountain, tlu^ original ciiannel is dry almost as far as the Skow-kale Indian Uanch, being blocked for a distance of overlialf a mile with drift timbei', pai-ked tightly togetlu^-, and iiound with a dej)( sitof gravel and sand, forming a en th(^ means of causing the water to find fr(^sh outlets, \vhi(di it has done through Vedder's (!r(^ek, the Luck- a-kuck, aud Atchelitz. Tliese last join the old Chilliwhack bed near its mouth; tin; J'oi'mer, as 1 hav(^ already mentioiu'd bears its [)ortion of tiie water into tin; Sumass. " On this, my lirst examination, I came to the conclusion that, ahhough almost impossible to ()])(!n the original (rhainiel, it would lie ft'asil)h', though very costly, to maki' a ncnv taie, or utili/t' eitlur the Luck-a-kuek or Atclielitz. " With this impi'essioa 1 conuneiUHul the survcn' for the levees, as iia-onruiended by the petitioners for the reclamation of the disiiiet. Chilliwhack .Mountain to tlu^ (^astern end of ^lillcrs Mountain, is r),-17S h^et in hMigth, with an average iKUght above the ground of S fe^t 7 inches, 15 fec^t top, slopes (if 2 to 1 on the water side and l.\ to I on the land side, coii- tiliiiing IS, SO") (•td)ie yards sarv in this l(iV(H> Three flood-gates would b(^ neces- hen^ it crosses tlu; different strctams. " A second ]n\rv fi'om tlie wi>?;s Mountain is (),(>;}('» feet in length, with an averag(^ Insight, above the ground of 14 feet, (5 ieet top, contaiii- 121,*.HI1» (Mibic yards; the only gate recpiirinl would be in the Sumass lliviT Tl us I in'sen ts tl le nios t f ormu labh na rt v.vwr. TO lutri'isii coijmijia. 121 of tho uiuliM'tiikiiif,', and would rciiuirc a spt-ciiil sarv(\v. as carot'ul horiii-^-; siiould !);• inad(^ 'diM'oi'o tho \vi>!'k was fiitorod upoa to dctiTiiiiii.' the nature of tli^ foiiutlatio!i for *'h'.' ij;att\ I had not tlic al)j)liau(;(^s with mo to make; that tost, uiutiicr am I )f tl iw art' ot riKMr i)i.'iujj; m tho L^ rovnu' '• A third I -v !>(> \y\ 11 !)(> U' irv from tlr,' castiM-n (Mid of CHiilliwlia 'k Mouniiiin. n"ar Mr. Forsvth"s housi>, to a point Oil till' opjiosit:" side of the vallin- whuri' tin" lii.^di Ljround risi-s to tlio lu'i;_,dit oi' I'^rasiM" rivor frrsiicts, two miK's in ItMigth, (l;':-i[ro_v(> I Tlici Indians on tho ^-ikow-kalo, ap[)r.'t!iatiuj4" tho l)>ni'tit it would l)o vo thi'm in div(>rt tho watiM; from their d():)rs. ar>' JH^portod to have faih>!i Lar^-e (piantitins of trei-s al)i)Vi' (;iie point comin.'nccd to \u\ clivirod bv the s(!tti(M's; and SDUK' say i]v'A oM chopping" (MU be scmmi ni'.n- tho Sumass hr.vik, to h.'lp tile water in that direction. Wln'ther tiiat is ('i)i'ri'(.'t or iioi I e innot sav; hut \v!ien {ho. winter freshi>ts (' mil' whieh 'Ji(! last two vow s liive he 'u V(M'V sf^vere, a coni- te, ti,^■ht dam was the result. " I'lu! watevconsiH|U'ntlyhad to lind fresh outlets. I'liis it I Nt ited hefoi'c, throULrh the Lii (Mc-a- .\t( heht/ ;ilii I \' (h-eek r iUi c-a-ku<-k, I shoald saw now ('.'.rries half tlu' ( ''liHiwhack water; the other h;df !tll tl lO exceii tion of a little tiiat linds its wa^- into tli" old ehinn«'l 111' ir Skow-kale) e dividcnl Ix'tweeu t!u! .Vteheiilz and \'ed- ii'eiv. a'.vav [•"i'oni the amount of valnablo land that has lieeii s'.vept ■k received its adtlition, I. think 0 foot pole, ikjw its width 1st he over 'JOII feet, wilhadepthof |s to 'JO feet. TIiIn jior- ew vcais a'.'o. tieii of the district. ;i f i)ut hv removing; a dam, at wi. IS \'erv v.et am 1 I )iVt i wa' illed the Luck-a-knek Falls, the water (ait a deta) chaunci for itself, and draiiKvl it. "This is the channel vvhicli runs most dir''ct fr(mi the momitain to the Eraser, and i-- the oik^ I should sutr-^est mak- iii'4 ijsi- (if to cii-rv the whole of the (Ihiiliwha.cl; wat(M'. {) II iiiv mentionin.i; mv vie to My. \V,lh who resides di ell 1 the fjUck-adiU'-k, he slated that he was most anxious to ' \Ur. Sumass reclaimed; hut he aroucl that, aftei' the old itinel chan'4'.'d its course. li;iif llie water came his wav, c.iasiiiu; him n'reat inconv.'uience and loss, ainl he did not S(?o why li,' shouhl he compelled t(» take th(! halanco, as it would he the means of vuinin'.r his farm, and would certainly carry a\v;iv y the prot(>otioii works he had huilt alony the bauks. 10 i '{■ 1 ' i-'e: ■ i ' ■ ■ m 1! '122 GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA. ' ' I have no doubt Mr. Wells spoke feelingly on the subject, for it is very easy to see that he as well as others in that vicinity have suffered considerably from the water. I assured him that the Government would not do an injustice to any settler. "The clearing out of the Luck-a-kuck, and turning the water into tlipi channel, will be a very expensive undertaking. I inspected it closely, following it up on one side and down on the other. "From a short distance above r»Ii-. Wells' house to the mountain, the channel is almost covered with fallen tim- ber of tJie largest size — cedar, fir, pine and maple, — and as the banks are continually washing away, undermiuing fresh ones, and altering the channel, the bottom is studded witli the roots of these giant trees, thus forming a succcession of dams, one lot forcing the current against one side of the creek, and othei's throwing it back. "To carry out this work successfully, it would l)e neces- sary to commence clearing out the channel of the Luck-a- kuck near the present bridge, and so work upwards until th(} break near the mountain is reached, making the channel as direct as possible. Some of the trees might be placed and secured in a favorable ])osition to protect tlie banks, but the majt)rity would have to be I'cmoved from tlui bed of the creek. This should be done uiuhu" the superintendence of a responsi- bh^ ]>aity, who tlioroughly understands tlie work. ** As a ride, when an individual finds his ])ank is btung car- ried ;i\vay by the sudden rising of a stream, he erects works to throw tilt' water oft" from iiimself, not cfmsidering what iis olfect might l)e on the oppositi^ bank, and thus causes equal damage to that which is sought to be prevented. " Thi' wiiole vob;me of the stream should be directed into a mid-cii;uniel, whei'c it will cut a deep bed for itself; this will '- "]) it from lunning against the bank and teanng away th<* i I •■' Before closing my remarks on this subject, I may state .-at, if it is the intention of the Government to keej) that por- tion of the waggon road open from Suniass Lake to the Luck- a-kuek, something must be done to divert the Chilliwhack water from the Sumass, as it is that which has caused the breaks on that section of the road: and I pi'esume you have the re})ort of the road supsent the same facilities for iieop- in,i^ the water of the Fraser out that District No. "2 does. " In the fu-st place the l)auks of the river, from Cheam Moinitain for som 1 distanc(3 down are v s:e, wA thus not only ensure a tight founihition, but its l);ise iiei' '.• tv.o feet below tlu^ surface of the ground, it will be supporte.i '•> a shoulder ov ])rop of earth behind it; this will prevent ^ luling and will render it solid and immovable. " The di'aensions of the levee will vary with the inequali- ties of t!>.! ground. I should recommend that the slopes on the sld(! ex]H)sed to the water should be two feet of base to one of height, and a slope to the land of one and a half of l)!ise 10 one of height. "l'l"> .slope to the water should l>e covenid with turf, the grass 1; ^lu the prairie would answer admirablv, and is the lu'st uf 'i ^luteriulson which waters roll without doing dam- iC'e '124 GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA. " The points where the levees butt on the mountains would require to be constructed with great care, and their junctions protected with brush and rocks, or some other artificial de- fence. " Three gates would be required at Levee No. 1, the one on Wilson's Creek being the largest. "In Levee No. 2, the only gate necessary will be in Sumass rivor, and, as I mentioned before, would require a careful survey to determine the nature of the foundation upon which to build th3 walls of the gate. They should be of solid masonry. The height of these walls will be 40 feet above the bottom of Sumass river. What depth below that it will be necessary to go depends on further examination. " Solid rock appeirs on the face of the mountain close to the river, and may poibly cross at no great depth, but under any circumstances it w .' ery costly. ' ' In the levee near thb helitz three small gates will be required, as well as one at liie mouth of McGillivary's slough. " Besides these works it would be advisable to secure the bank of Fraser river at Miller's Landing. ' ' For the last ton years this has been continually crumbling away. An expenditure of a few thousand dollars, with the aid of a good pile driver, would save it going any f ui'ther. " The levees should be commenced as soon as the Frasei falls, and completed before the succeeding freshet. This would probably be a difficulty here where labor is so scarce, but a half finished work having to face high water would cer- tainly be greatly injured, possibly swept away. " Every care should be taken to guard against the possibil- ity of future breaks from defective work or the want of close watching for a time after the completion of the levees. ' ' Settlers would crowd into this district if the land was re- claimed, and where one home now stands, covering in some instances 1200 acres, there would possibly be a dozen, making it one of the most valuable and thriving in the Province. — (Maps and plans wei'e issued by Government with the above report. — Ed.) GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA. 125 COMPARATIVE STATEMENT Shewing the number of Pre-emption Records, Certificates of Purchase, Certificates of Improvement, and Crown Grants issued; also, the number of Letters received at Land Office, Victoria, and replies to same; and number of Free Miners' Certificates issued at Victoria, during the years 1870 to 187G, inclusive. 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 208 72 196 125 217 3252 2259 1875 1876 Piv-Piui)tion Records CiTtiticiites of Improveiuent Certiticiites of Puvehiise .... Crowii Griint.s No. Freo Miuf-rs' Certificates issued at Victoriii Ni). of Letters received at L;iud Offioi', Victoria. . . . Replies to Siirae* 287 67 60 100 3 660 361 204 44 84 177 14 1301 478 228 30 28 81 1269 517 441 69 142 32 47 2068 1540 198 59 199 184 42 4110 2356 188 42 162 128 .\eeriitje deeded 17984 *Thi8 duex nut include formal acknowledgmente, or partially printed forms or circulars RETURNS SHOWING AMOUNT OF CASH RECEIVED From Li:nd Revenue from 1st January to Slst Dec, 1876. Ciish recnive 1 for sale of Lands $16,904 73 Cash received from all sources of Land Revenue, except sale of Lauds 4.968 91 Total $21,873 64 EHQUIMALT GRAVING DOCK. This is one of the most important public works in the Pro- vince. When completed will be sufficiently large to admit of any of H. M. ships of war being docked therein. During the visit of the Earl of Dufferin to British Columbia in 187t), the interesting ceremony of driving the first pile in connection with this work was performed by him. The cofferdam is now in progress, and will doubtless be completed during the present year, and the remaining portion of the work will be pushed forward rapidly ; !S25(), 000 (X50,000) has been promised by the Dominion Government as a bonus, and a like amount is promised by the Imperial authorities. The contractors for the cofferdam are Messrs Reed Bros. & Co., London, England. C. E. Dawson, Esq., is engineer fo^ 120 GUniE TO BRITISH COLUMDLV. the contractors, and W. Bonnet, Esq., engineer for the local Government. Nearly !?100,000 (X20,000) up to the present time has been expended on this work. PUBLIC S(JHO()LS. Extracts from report on the Public Schools of the Province, 187o-0: It is mj pleasing duty to state that STil)stantial progress has boon made in educational matters during the past year. At- teii(hinco in the public schools is rapidly increasing, which, of itself, is a fair proof that these " Colleges of the People" are appreciated, and that the number of school-going children is Ijecoining larger from year to year. The increase in attendance in the public schools for the year, as reported, is 282, or more than 20 per cent. — nearly double that of 1874-5 — while 121 have been added to the average. Number of children reported, 2,484. Attending public schools for longer or shorter periods during the year 1875, 1,(585 — boys, iMi7; girls, 778. Not attending school anywhere, ;}58. Tlio number of certilicated teachei-s (employed in the Pro- vince, is 40. All the schools an^ supplied with ma[)s and terrestrial With one or two exce[)tious they are all furuisheil with ijla(;kl)oards. The authorized text books are now cc- clusively used throughout the Pi'ovinee. The amount paid for salaries was s:}2,220 75. Expenditure for improving, repairing and furnishing school hous(>s, $2,K>5 ;5'). The outlay in all the districts for the year ending 31st July, s;}7,978 7i: The average* cost iank, on )5()tli September, 1876. I Balnnce | Deposits | ' With- ! | Balanee BaiiV. I on:ilKt I for | Totiil. , ili-awn ! Total |:;oth Sept. Iauk. IHTO.lSept. IHVti' I Sept. 1.^7(1 ' !«'''■ i 1 I ' ' ' - Vii^forla iT.'iS.SlT :!!); U.lt'J dill Sie.O.V.) ;10 IC.'JVli ":! 40,27(1 7.1 T.'.'!.fi8-J ■>. Nauiiiuio j H4.'_>:!S .');l| 11.7S7 l)l)l SS.{)7.-> r>:!| •J.IUl (111 -J.:!;!! (U' S.->.C.'.l:) W New W«ytiaia8ter I 8S,i07 OS ;I.-J'24 Oo' 'Jl.iVil Us, :i.0J4 ua 3.1)54 'JO 8S,."i70 IS GUIDE TO BRITISH COl.UMBIA. 129 statement of Dominion Ilovoniie und Expenditure in Biitiali Columlnji . KHVEXUE. 1S71.2 1872-1) I'tH.I Customs I 3.'):t,8(;-t tio EXiiHr I 1,4')7 U Post OlUci) I 777 ai < )(e!iu Service | Teleyriiiih j Iliirbiiiir (liKH I j l'j,")i;i Minct'llanpous | | 1,113 Share liy piipulaticm of Interest oiil I invcstiiifuts of i)reiuiuiii8 | 7,1!KI On| ti,:tll) oil » cts. 303.8S."i '<<.) r..7'.>:t «j:i Hi.74tl '.)() '-!t,7;t2 72 i4,:iio m 29 12 1873-4 $ cts. I 335.787 2'j| ll),fi74 84 '.t,.')l)4 20 12,44U 20 10,120 72 2!t.') 40 3,'.t45 '.(7 1874-3 1875 .'v yeiir $ cts. I $ cts. 414,331 85 24'.t,03i' 40 11,181 Oil 8,3i!0 (Mi 12,2f)4 11 1 0.495 02 2,975 12 5,981 45 9,489 18! 2,529 07 2,157 29 8,415 00 1 11,(174 00 Total Connolidnteil Fund. . 3C.;1.29.H UM; 385,330 03 391,192 02 404,072 50 275,333 Ol 1,100 01 1,828 00 EXlMiNDITUKE. 1871-2 ? cts. CUnrt,'cs on debt by iiopulntion : 84,913 00' l.iual iilliccH ill cliar^icH of nianaKciiientj 2.851 77; Slcirc of Civil (iovcruinent by popii-' lution ' I 8,473 0(1 ' Loial ( )fUces iu Civil Government | 7,591 3ll Justice I 2'<,588 07] Pciiittntlarv 1872-3 ? cts.' 80.534 OOj 0,909 131 9,730 00 8,499 92 38,001 82 Legislation. Iiuiiiigration aucl cjuarautine. . . .Murine Hospitals , PciisiDns , Militia Public works anil buildings... Ocean and river service Lifjlit-liouses and const service. Subsidy liuliaus Mis(i?|laneous Custoiiis Excise 10,917 24! 19,202 18 5,000 OU 1,840 75 55 00 894 07 .-)0,155 83! 15,171 03| 214,001) 001 5.')0 00 1 1,87(! 49; 17,005 00 Post Office 37.397 13 Telei;rapU 15.8CS 67 2.595 50 474 27 22.039 04 00,984 72 13,207 09 210,289 75 20,000 00 329 27 24,477 50 1.085 77 59.370 91 51,990 77 Total expenditure Total revenue 1873-4 .$ cti. 87,752 00 10.135 53, 10,832 001 13,071 31 42.717 OOJ 15.804 45 31,772 40 10,050 41 1,231 12 3,010 50 4,478 17 47,031 05 04, .5.55 ()7| 30,500 90 ; 230.293 951 29,000 00 1 5,393 00- 19.034 47 0,137 00 08,0H() 07 29,021 19 510.221 91.041,381 70 7t>2,441 39 707,948 34 303.298 OH 3H5,,-130 03' 391,192 02 401,072 50 1874-6 # cts. : 99,880 00 1 9,8.)0 70 1 I 11,183 oo; 11,444 00 42.991 74 1 8,03() 25 20,311 Oil .50(» 00 ( 3.881 81 1 4,579 351 8,743 80; 42,375 48; 95,790 741 24,782 79! 225,049 05 25,000 00 1,330 31 19,050 37 5,318 40 70,055 58 37.774 21 1875 k' year. $ cts. 48,913 00 3,284 44 5,032 00 4, .505 15 19.742 12 4,525 77 2,085 00 "'h'm'ivi 2,021 93 5,420 18 84,075 22 30,702 99 11,291 08 11(J.230 00 13,009 50 10,087 12 3.755 23 25,0(M) 00 9,414 70 401,571 81 275,333 01 Kxcessof expenditure. 140,923 83 205,051 731 371,248 77 303,875 78!l20,238 80 Pacifle Haihvay expenditure 90.400 00 310.823 80 108,131 85 183,247 301177,241 32 Total excess of expenditure 237,323 83 .572,875 59' 479,080 02 487,123 14^303,480 2^2 Total Expenditure .■5:1,083,1505 21 TotalRevenue 1.879,220 30 Excess of Expenditure Add Pacific Railway Expenditure 1,204.338 91 870,144 39 Total Excess of Expenditare 2,080,483 30 JOHN LANGTON, (Returns for 1876 have not been isBued by Receiver General.— Ed.) 17 Auditor. • '< 130 GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA. GENEllAL ABSTRACTS Showing the aveiiige amount of the Liabilities and Assets, within the Province of Britisli Cohmibia, of the Bank of British North America, and the Bank of British Cohimbia, taken from the usual wtiekly statements during the Quar- ter endin«^ 30th December, 1H76: BANK JJKiriSn NOUTH AMEllICA. fjiiliidififs. ,lsS(7.s'. Notes ill I'irculation not boariiiK in- I L<'BhI 'IVnilerCoin in gold or silver lf79,4l;i 25 tereHt Slj:;,:!:!.') (W | Oolil liullicm ■'■I.IM ;n Bnlanct'H diU! to other BunkH nuil | Nuti^H iind Chciiiu* of other BankH 'J.TT'J (in BrauchfH J.',,i)i;'j l;i i Lumli-'il iimlothor i)ropcrty 1«,U0U (K> UupoKitH on call not bearing int I'J.'i.i'idl ,:i | lialauc Kdiir troiii othcrltau' aanil lippoMits not on rail li ■•iriutf int . . . Klo.aiti (}0 | Uranclu'H l.Vi.O'JJ 10 Ain't of all other Debts due to the Total amount uf LiubilitieH $T25,'ilT oti Bank 171,'JIO 0(i Total amount of AaHets $74('),ri33 78 Amount of Capital Stock pniil up at the elow of the Quarter ending ;iOth Dee., 1871) $."),()iin,Oill) 11.1 ti' of the last Divideud declared to the Shareholdern li per cent per annum .\iiiount of InHt Dividend d "clared for half year ?1.">II.II()0 .\mount of the IJuserved Profits at the time of declaring said Dividend. . . .§1,158,130 (Signed) Victoria, B. C, ;ti)th Dae. HTii. .1. OOODFELLOW, Manager. Andiu'.w 11. KiTCHiii. Vcf^; .\ccountaut. i It BANK BUITISH ('(JI.LMBIA. i.iihv:.t\i>i. I .i.v>Ws. Notes in Circulation SJ(J'J.,")47 48 i Legal Tender Coin in gold and Balance due to other Banks and j wilver $H17,478 ill Branihen 9,58i! 13 Gold and Silver Bullion '.".MUl 7(> DepuKits not bearing int.:?704,8'il 'J7 I Landed and other Property •.'8,4.">4 (iK Deposits beanuR interest 58,r>4S 03 Total amount of Assets «1 .?o<'.,n7'J 8i; Amount ol'iCapital Stock paid up at close of Quarter ending 31st Dec, 1870 $1,730,000 iKj Kate of lasf.Dividend declared to the Shareholders 8 per cent, per annum Amount of lust Dividend declared S o;i,'>i!0 00 Amount of liesei-ved profit after declaring such dividend 107.805 00 (Signed! WM. C. WARD, Manager. Chas. S. Jones, Accountant. GUIDE TO RIJITISH COLUMBIA. 131 EXCISE. The (lutios of Excise collected within the Inlaiul Ilevonue Division of Jiritish Columbia, from the 1st January to lUst December, 1870, were an follows, viz. : On spirits, $2.t)r)8 57 ; on malt, $4,482 08 ; on tobacco, .S7,U('.r) HO ; other receipts, !?1,287 44. Total, $15,443 59. There are in the Province 8 Brewers, 4 Malsters, and 4 To- bacco manufacturers. Comparative Return ot the Kevenue of British Columbia received in the years 1875 and 187G, shewin}^ the increase or decrease under each head for 187G. .'.Ill Hi'ads of Rovfinne. 187rj. 1876. .\pproxi- niftte. Increase. | Decrease. Doiiiinion Subsidy ! Land Sides \ Liuid llev(>ime ; lU'Uts (exclusive of Luud) . Fill' Miners' Certificates. . . MiuinjJ! Receipts General. . . Liciuces ' Fiius, Forfeitures, and Fees Foes of OfKce Sale of Govern't Property. . Miscellaneous Receipts Ryimbursenients in aid of Expenses lluiul Tax i Interest . . Marriaf^'e Licences LiUid Tax Bridge Tolls Uoad Tolls Schodl Tax Real Property Tax Personal Propertj' Tax .... I luoonie Tax | Arn.'ars: | Keep of Doni'u Prisoners I Real Estate Tax(late V.I.)! ?22r,,()20 19,117 4,99.5 H.55 8,702 7,011 27,431 11,(319 5,082 1,170 248 8,888 17,38r, 1,032 4G7 1,478 8,022 09 $209,89(i 72 84 1(5,749 73: 4,9f)8 91 105 75i 10,022 50, 7,012 00 28,755 09 11,813 99 3,012 45 1,000 46 ;65 05 70; 00 50 50 27 50 35; 12 73| 2,090 277 25 Oil 11,095 5,931 10 84 450 2,108 1.500 27,581 10,1()7 10,234 7,937 510 00 70 00 54 87 20 83 18 2,106 00 251 14 $15,132 37 2,008 11 20 79 690 25 1,200 00 001 50l 1,324 421 194 43! 2,206 80 030 09 27,581 54 10,107 87 10,234 20 7,937 83 510 18 15 7; 1,469 90 109 60 83 68 11,454 93 1,032 63 17 GO 0,522 91 25 87 Totals i$351,2G6 54l 380,643 05 08,071 21 39,294 10 Difference (Increase) $29,377 11 $29,377 11 '!ll-' 132 GUIDE TO JilHTIHH rOLUMlUA. ADDITIONAL UEVENUE, 187(). AiiKiiint (il)tainc(l mulcr li. C. Loan Act, ■ ii iiccotint of (imviiit,' Duck !? no,]!*,-) 0(1 Do. for othrr l'ul)lic Works 2T.nx\ m Totiil rcvLimc ol)taiii((l dtiriii^,' 187(1. .... 72',iJ>7\ (15 ItEVENTE OF HIHTISH COLUMBIA I'OR 1877 Froin nil sources otlicr than loans und refunds i?407,!jr)0 00 Doiiiiiiiou (rovcriiiiieiit refund on account of Dry Dock Hi), 471) 00 Under f.oim Act. 1874 20,(100 (,0 Do. do. i)ropoHPd to lio raised 110,714 00 $(i03,543 no ESTIMATED EXPENDITURE Of Britisli (.'olunibiii for the your eiulinjj;31st December. 1877, t()<^etli(!r with ilio sums grunted for the year ending lUst December, 1870. ScrvicPH. 1876. 1877. Conipar<3d with 187(i. Increase. Decrease. ESTAULISHMKNTH. Salaries Administratioji of Justice. HKKVICKS (KXCLUSITE OF KSTAHLISHMKNTS. ) I'ef;;islation Assaj' Office Printing Office Administration of Justice. . Police and Gaols Revenue services Lunatic Asylum Charitable Allowances. . Education Surveys Rent Tran8i)ort Immigration Interest Works and IJuildiugs Roads, streets and bridges. . Graving Dock Miscellaneous $ cts. 48,525 00 43,588 00 16,050 00 525 00 3.300 00 5,050 00 19,100 00 10.000 00 6,400 00 13,650 00 43,000 00 10,000 00 144 50 3,950 00 2,500 00 10,000 001 58,074 70' 202.632 00 131,558 00 30,005 00 S cts. 53,168 00 45,616 00 16,000 500 2,200 6,000 14,3t'0 7.500 10,. 500 14.050 46,000 8.000 384 3,350 2,500 20,495 31,104 170,500 90,000 60,175 00 00 00 00 00 00) 00 1 00 00 00 50 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 719,592 20! 603,542 50 $ cts. 4,643 00 2.028 001 cts. 950 00 4,100 00 1.000 00 3,000 00 240 00 10,495 00 29,830 00 56.286 00 65(^ 00 25 00 1,100 00 4,800 00 2,500 00 2,000 00 600 GO 26,970 70 92,132 00 41,558 00 172,335 70 GUIDE TO imiTISH COIXMBIA. 133 ABSTHAC^T F110:\r THE liEPOliT OF THE REGIS- T II All OF BIllTHS, DEATHS AND T^IARRIAGES, FOll THE YEAR 1875. [PIJJLISHED JUNK, 1H76 — ED], For tins year, mon* coiii))lete results have boon obtained than in any prccoding year; and, notwithstandinf; that a markt'd decrease ap))ears in some of the Districts, an ap;^re- ^'ate total increase of oo registrations has been obtained over tlu! number effected durini' the vear 1874. The R(!turns show the registration of 181 Births, against 174 for the year 1874; of 90 Marriages, against 78 for 1874; and of 113 Deaths, against 83 for 1874, CAUSES OF DEATH. cts. :r 00 Siimllpox , . . 1 Mi'iisU'H 2 Dipthcrift , 2 4 1 1 1 1 Croup WhoopiiiR Coiit,'h.. Cliolcrii Infantum PUfVpiTd Uvscntrv. Typboid Fever 3 Hii'niorohiige Dropsy ... Cancer Phthisis F'arulysis 3 Apoplexy 2 Bniin Disease G Epilepsy 1 Convulsions 1 Anuerism 3 Heart Disease 1 Anaemia 1 15riiuj,'lit forward 46 i Pneumonia 4 1 Plenro Pneumonia 2 I Dronehitis 1 Lun^,' Disease 2 ' Peritonitis Liver Disease Intersuseeption Exhaustion Hepatitis , . . . Teething liright's Disease of Kidneys Kupture of Bladder Childbirth Atrophy Suicide Accidents 2 Wounds t Drowning 7 Not speeilied 28 Carried forward , 40 ' Total 113 134 GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA. t CUSTOMS TARIFF OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA AS IN FORCE MARCH 1, 1877. Memo. — On entry papers, quantities must in all cases be given as set down in the Tariff, although the duty may not be speoitic; care should also be taken to state in what country the goods were purchased. Ale, Beer and Porter in wood, 12 cents per Irapl. gallon - gals " in bottles, IS GOODS PAYING SPECIFIC DUTY. Acid — Sulphuric _ _ - Butter, - - - - Cheese, _ _ - - Chicory — raw or gr len, - _ - " roasted or ground, - Cott'ee- green, ' ' ground and roasted, Fish — salted or smoked Fruits preserved in Brandy or other Spirits, Hops, _ _ - _ . Lard, - _ . . Meats -fresh, salted or smoked - Malt - - Molasses for refining purposes, Oil — Coal it Kei'osene, &c., Naptha, Benzole se Vats, Presses and Factory Heaters, and parts thereof, _ . . _ - China AVare, - - - _ . Ci-oekerv and Earthenware, - - - - Churns, - - _ . - - Cider, - .... Clocks and parts thereof, . _ . ^ Cocoa and Chocolate, _ _ . - C'Ordage — llo]i(is not elsewhere specified, Twines, Corks, _.-__- Corn Huskers and parts thereof, Cott; No yds i( u ( ■ No lbs K GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA. 1:57 Dried Fruits and Nuts of all kinds, viz. : Prunes tuid Plums _ . - Raisins, - . _ Other, - _ . . Nuts — Almonds — shelled, not shelled, - ** Filberts and Walnuts, " Other — not elsewhere specified, Drugs not otherwise specified, Eugravinj^'s and Prints, "^ - Essences and Extracts not cont g Spirits, Fancv Goods, viz. : Alabaster, Spar, l>ronze, Terra Oothi or Composition Ornaments, Articles embroidered "with gold, silver, or other metals, _ . - Biaeelets, Braid, Ac, made of hair, - Beads and Bead Ornaments, Boxes, fancy, Ornamental Cases and Writing Desks, _ _ - Combs and Manufactures of Bone, Shell, Horn and Iv Extinguishers (chemical), . - Flat Wire for Crinolines — covered. Gelatine, - - 18 Ibj )S < ( I ( I i ( i i i i i (( (C - cans No No S fi !T 1 fjf^ h '1 ' ■ 'f ■i •'1 1 ..;t 1:J8 GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMWA. Ginger Ale, . . . . . doz Glue, lbs Grease — axle, - - • - - •' Grind Stones and Scythe Stones, - _ - § Gum — Arabic, Chewing, and other not elsewhere specified " Gunpowder and explosive substances, viz: Gunpowder, _ _ - . ]i)s Nitro-Glycei'ine, Fulminating Powder and Ex))losive siibstances used for blasting, ttc. " Guns, Ritlcs, and rir(> Arms of all kinds, Glass — Plate and Silvered . - _ Window, stained, painted or colored, - Plain, War(^ _- Hats — Beaver, Silk, and Felt, - - . Straw, Chi]), Grass or other material, ('aps jind Bonnets all other Hosiery, . . . _ . Inks oi all kinds, except Printing Ink, Jewellt ry, . . _ - . Lampblack, . . - _ . Lumber — Sawn and plank, not being of Mahogany, Jiosewood, AValnut, Chestnut and Cherry, Pitch Pine, Boxwood or not imported from B.N. A. Prov's, M. ft Leather, .---.. lbs Sheep, Calf, Goat, and Chamois skins — dressed, " Lime, -._..- No feet <( (C ( ( 1 1 lbs Lime and Lemon Juice, . - - . Linnen, __-.-- Linen Machine Thread, - . _ - Liqu(mce Juice and Paste, . - - Locomotive Engines . _ _ - . Maccaroni and Vermicelli - . - Machine Twist and Silk Twist, - - - - Maps, Charts, and Atlasses, not elsewhere mentioned, Manufactures of Cashmere, - . - Caoutchouc or India Hubber or Gutta Percha. VIZ., Boots and Shoes, Belting, Clothing Hose and Tubing, All other. brls gals yds $ No lbs ( 1 ])airs Brii ■ass, Copper, . - - . Fur, or of which Fur is the principal part, GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA. 189 (( (( (( <( (( (( (( (( <( (< Gold. Silver, Electro Plate, Argentine, Albata, Nickle and plated and gilded ware of all kinds, not ol. ewhcre speeitied, Manufactures of Grass, Osier, Pjihnleaf , Straw, Whale- bone, or Willow not elsewhere specified, Hair or Mohair, not elsewhere apecitied. Iron Mnd Steel, viz., Axes Cutlery of all sorts Edge Tools Files and Kasps, Hoes, "Rakes, Forks, - Locks, _ - - Screws for Wood, Scvthes and Snaths, Spades and Shovels, Spikes, Nails, Tacks, Brads and S])rigs Stoves and all other Iron castings, Surgical Instriinients - All other - Lead, viz.. Shot, Piping. &c., Leather, or imitation of Leather, Boots and Shoes, - - - Harness and Saddlery, Marble or imitation of Marble, other than rough slabs or Idocks . - - Papier Machie, . . - Pewter, Platina, Japanned and planished tin, Britannia metal wai-e, A'c, Slate, viz.. Chimney pieces, .Mnntels, Pencils, etc. " Kooting Slate prepared. Stone, not elsewhere specilied, Metal and Metal Composition, not elsewhere specified, . . - - Manufactures of Wood, viz: Hubs, S])okes and FeMoes for Wheels, Handles for Tools. Brooms, Brushes, itc. Staves for Pipes, Hhds., Brls.. Ac, All other not elsewhere specified Mhieral and .Eruted Waters . _ - . Mowing, Beaping and Thn^shing ^lachines, ^lusical instruments not elsewhere specified. Music — sheet, . . . . . Mustard, -__.-. Machinery not elsewhere mentioned, Ockres ground or calcined, ... a It (I < ( (( 1 1 > ( t ( No lbs imm 140 GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA. Oil Cloths, - . - . - Oil, Cod Liver — Medicinal preparation not elsewhere Specified, - _ - - - Oil, fish — other, Medicinal pi'eparation, Oils, rectified or prepared, viz: Castor, _-_._- Flaxseed or Linseed, _ _ - * Hemp and Rape Seed, - - _ - Olive and Salad, _ - . - Vegetable not otherwise specified, Volatile or Essential, _ . _ Oils of all kinds — crude — except Whale Oils and others elsewhere specified, . _ . _ Opium, - - _ . - Organs, Melodeons and Harmoniums, Packages, . . _ . _ Paints and Colors _ . . _ . Paintings in Oil and Chroraos not elsewhere specified. Paper — Printing, _ . . _ _ Writing, . . - _ - Wrapping, . _ _ . _ All other not elsewhere specified, Paper Hangings, . . . _ - Parasols and Umbrellas - . - . Peas, split ------ Photogpaphic Materials, - - - - Plaster of Paris — ground and calcined Ploughs and parts thereof, ... Pianos, --._.. Pickles and Sauces, _ . - - Portable Hand Printing Presses, - . . Preserved Meats and Poultry, - - - Printed, Lithographed or Copper Plate Bills, &c., Fwailroad Cars — Passengers, . - . Freight, - _ . - Platform, Sails, ready made, . - - _ - Satinets, . _ - - - Sausage Casings, . . - . . Shawls, ------ Sewing Machines and parts thereof Silks, Satins and Velvet, - - - Silk, Woollen, Worsted and Cotton Embroideries and Tambour Work, . - . - . Silvfc-' Coin of United States, Soap — Castile, . . - . . gah << I k ■u l'( lbs No No bush cwt No No (( (< yds (( S No t 4 yds l( lbs (3UIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA. 141 Sj)ices, including (linger, Pimento, and Pepper — un- ground, . . - _ _ Sponges, . . . _ - Stfitionory not elsewhere specified, Steam Engines, other than Locomotive, Small AVares, . . _ - Syrups — Lemon, Raspberry, Strawberry &c., not con- taining Spirits, _ . . _ Thread— Linen not elsewhcM-e specified. All other, " - - Tobacco Pipes, _ . - _ loyr., - - - - - Tubes and Pijiing of Coj^per lirass or iron drawn, Turp<:!ntine, Spirits of, . . . - Varnish, otlier than bright and black, Velveteens, . _ _ - - Watches, and parts of, ... Wax — Bees, Paratine and other, Woollens, \va: Blankets, - _ - Carpets, . . - - Flannel, _ _ - Tweeds, _ _ - . Clothing or Wearing Apparel AVorsted, - - . - All other, Unennmerated Articles, - _ - . (fOODS PAYIXG 10 PER CENT. AD VALOllEM. Animals — Horned Cattle, . . _ Horses, - . . - Sheep, - . - . Swine, .... Other, _ - - - Bran, -..-._ Cotton Netting for India Rubber Shoes and Gloves, Felt, for Gloves. Hats, ;tnd Boots Fruits of all kind —green, viz: Ap]>les an.l Pears, ... Grapes, . . _ . Lemons and Oranges, Peaches _ - - Pine Apples, .... All other, not elseAvhere specified, CdassPajier and Glass Cloth, ... Hay and Straw, - - - - lbs $ No Iba (( gals yds No lbs No vds lbs No ; < (( (( $ cwt vds brls - lbs boxes (i tons 142 OUroE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA. Leather — Sole and Upper » . _ Locomotive Engine Frames, _ - . Axles, - - - - Hoop Iron or Steel for ties of wheels, bent and welded, - . - . Cranks and Crank Axles, Crank Pins and Connecting Rods, Piston Rods, Guide and Slide Bars, Machinery for Mills and Factories, &c., Plush for Hatters' use, &c., - - - Prunella, -__.-- Seeds — other than Cereals, . _ . Trees, Plants and Shrubs, ^ Vegetables, viz : Potatoes, _ . _ other, - . _ - Woollen Netting, for India Rubbers and Gloves, - Woollen Yarn, - - - GOODS PAYING 5 PER CENT. M) VALOREM. Books, Printed — Periodicals and Pamphlets Iron, viz: — Bars, Puddled, _ . - Bars, Rod, ... Blooms and Billets — puddled or not, Boiler Plate and Rolled Plate, Bolts and Spikes, Galvanized, Canada Plates, - . . Tinned Plates, . . - Galvanized, - _ - . Nail and Spike Rod, round, square. Hat, Sci'ap, . - - . - Wire — whether Galvanized or not, except for wire rigging Ships' Materials, viz : Cables, Hemp or Grass, Cordage, Knees and Riders, Iron Pumps and Pump Gear Sail (^loth or Canvas, Varnish, Black and Bright, All other, Typ« lbs (( ( ( vcls busli yds lbs $ cwt (I l( (( yds gals cwt FREE GOODS. ARTS AND SCIENCE. Anatomical Preparations, Busts, Casts and Statutes, Drawings — not in Oil, - - No tlUIDE TO BIUTISH COLl'MBIA. u:{ (i 1 1 Gems iiiid Medals, and Cabinets of do., includinj; Anti- (|nities, Coins, itc, . . . . Paintings in Oil, hy Artists of well kncnvn merit, or copies of the old Masters by snch Artiste, Specimens of IJotanv, Mineralofry, Natural History, Sc'ali)tnre and Models, - . . - -.■^o S l)l!l(;s, DVi: STLU'FS, OILS .VXD COLORS, NOT KLSEWHEUE SPi:CIFIED. Acids, _-_..- Alum, --.... Aniline Salts for dyeing piirposes - - - Antimony, - . _ _ - Avgol, -..--- Bavli, J}erri(!S, Drugs, Nuts, Vegetable and Wood used chietlv in dyeing, . . _ . Barilla, ' -_ " - IJichroraate of Potash, - . _ - Bh^iching Powders, - _ . . Blue black and Chinese blue ... Borax, --..-. Brimstone and sulpher in roll or Hour, British Gum, ..... Cream of Tartar in Crystals, . . - Indigo, ...... Kelp, --.-.-- Kryolite, _ . . - - Lakes, — Scarlet and Marone in pulp, Lead, red and white, dry, - . . Lead, sugar of, - . . . . Metallic, Oxides and Ochres, dry, ground or unground, washed or unwashed, not calcined Nitre and Saltpetre _ . _ . Oils — Cocoa Nut, Pine and Palm in their natui'al state, Oil — Heavy or Carbolic, ... Paris and permanent greens, . - - Phosphorus, _ . _ . . Pre('i])itate of Copper, - - . - - Roots — Medicinal in their natural state. Satin and line washed white, . - - . S:il. Ammoniac, . _ . . . Sal. Soda and Soda Ash, . . . . Soda — Caustic, Nitrate and Silicate of, Ultra Marine, - . . . - Umber raw, . _ . . _ Vitrol, blue ...... lbs (I ft cwt lbs cwt lbs cwt gals lbs ( ( > ( - - . Ashos — Poiirl and Soda, _ _ _ Biscuit and Broad from Great Britain and B. N. A. Provinces, _ . - . - Bolting CAoth, ----- Bookbindors Tools and Ituplenionts, Mill Boards and Binders' Cloth, _ _ . - BurrstoKHs, - - . - _ Canvas for Manufacture of Floor Oil Cloths, Cotton Wool, - . - . . CJandie-Wick, . - - . - and Flax W.iste, - - - - Ceniont — Marine or Hydraulic, unground. Church ]?ells and Communion Plate, Clothing, Donations of, for Charitable purposes, - Cocoa paste from Great Britain and the B. N. A. Provinces, _ _ _ _ _ C 'ollar Cloth, paper — Union or other ]3rain Tiles, - . - _ _ Duck for belting and hose, _ - _ - Farming Implements and Utensils imported by Agri- cultural Societies, - - _ _ Fire Brick, --.._- Fishing-hooks, Nets and Seines, Lines and Twine 3, Gold Beaters' Brim Moulds and Skins, Hoop Skirt Manufacture, Articles for. Junk and Oakum, . . _ - . Lithographic Stones - . _ _ Lumber, plank and sawed, of Boxwood, Mahogany, RoscAvood, Walnut Cherry, and Chestnut, and Pitch Pine, - . _ - _ Nails, composition or sheathing and composition spikes, Oil Cake .--.-_ Packages - - . . - Printer's Implements, &c., viz : Presses, - Electrotype and stereoty})e blocks for printing purposes, Printing Ink, _ - . Philosophical Instruments and Apparatus for Colleges and Schools, &c., - - - . Rags, --.... Straw Plaits, Tuscan and Grass, Fancy, - cwt brls cwt yds lbs brls $ lbs No mille cwt m. ft cwt lbs No . No 15 1 : lbs OriDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA. Uf) yds lbs Veneering of Wood, - . . - . Veneering of Ivory .... We.iving of Triiiii Silk or Cotton for Elastic Wobbiug, Wire Cloth of Brass or Copper . . - Wool, Waste, . . . _ . ship's mateiual. Anchors, ...... Ciiiiin Cables over A inch, shackled or Swivelled or not. ---.-- Wire liigging, and Wire galvanized for, Iron Masts, or parts of, . . - - Treenails, ...... METALS. Brass — Bar ami Hod, - _ . - - Sheet, . . - - . Scraps and Strips . - . - Cranks and shafts for Steamboats and Mills- -rough, Copper — Bars and Hods, . _ - - Bolts. - ... - Pig, . . Sheets and Sheeting, - . . Iron — Pig, __-.-. Lead — Pig, - - - _ - Sheet, - - . - . Litharge, ------ Railroad Bars— Iron, - . - . ft (< $ ft lbs cwt i t m ille Frogs, - - - ^ - Wrought Iron or Steel Chairs and Fish plates, Car Axles, . . - - - Silver — German Sheet - - . _ Spelter, in sheets, blocks and pigs, _ - _ Sttel — wrought or cast in bars or rods. Plates cut to any form, but not moulded, Tin in bar, blocks, pig, or granulated, Typo metal, in block or ])igs, . _ - Wire — Brass or Co])per round or flat, Yellow Metal in bolts and l)ars . . - " " for sheathing. Zinc in sheets, blocks and pigs, _ . - NATURAL PRODUCTS. Aniiato- -liquid or solid, - . . - Bristles, ------ Broom Corn, ------ 19 cwt << i ( n (( (( lbs cwt (( it i I i t i ( k i (( (( lbs ^m 14fi OUTDE TO BRTTIHTl TOLUMTIIA. Hulbs, - (^aoutchouo or India Rubber luul Giittii Porcha, un- niauut'actureJ, - - . - - Citrons, Lemons, and Oranges, and rinds of, in brino for candying, _ - . . . Coal — Anthracite, - . . _ Bituminous, . - - . . Other and Coke, . - . . Cocoa, bean and siiell, _ . . _ Cork-wood and Cork-wood bark _ - _ Diamonds and Pn^cious Stones, unscit. Earths, Clay and Sand, _ _ - - Eggs. Emory, -_--.. Fibrilla, Mexican fibre or Tampico, white- and black, and other Vegetable fibres for mannfactuving pur- poses, --__-. Fire Clay, . _ _ . . Firewood, - . _ _ - Fish — including Cod, Haddock, Ling and Pollock — Fresh, lbs lbs >! tons ( ( lbs I (( cwt do/ lbs cwt cords Mackerel, Halibut, Herring, Sea Fish, other. (.( Oystei's, (( Lobsters, (( Bait, Salmon, « Fish, all other. (( Dry Salted, cwt <( AVet Salted, (C (( Pickled, brls (« Smoked, - lbs Fresh, a Pickled, - brls Fresh, lbs Pickled, - bvls Fresh, lbs Pickled, - brls Smoked, lbs Fresh, a Picked, brls Preserved, lbs Fresh in shell, brls Fresh in cans, cans Shelled— in bulk , gals Fresh, brls Pre'vd in cans, cans Fish, brls Clams or other. u Fresh, lbs Smoked, - i i Canned, I i Pickled, - brls Fresh, 1? OITIDE TO BniTISH COLUMBIA . 147 <>; Fish, all other, Pickled, - }»rls Fisli Oil, Whale, - galls bs t ( Cod, << Other, i5 Flax, Hem])uiul Tow — luulressecl. - cwt )11S Flaxseed, - - - bush 1 i Furs or Skins, the produce of Fish oi Marine animals, !$ ( 1 Furs, Skins, and Tails, all other, undressed, - " lbs Gravels, . . . - tons * Grain, and products thereof, viz: liarley. (C bush cwt Oats, - •* do/. Pease and Beans — whole, ' (( lbs Kye, . ' • cwt brls lbs brls lbs bvls lbs brls lbs brls lbs brls cans , jJCals brls cans brls lbs l)rls Indian Corn, Wheat, - - - - ' . Other, - - . . Flour of Wheat, - . - . Rye, Indian Meal, . - . . Oatmeal, _ . . . Meal — all other, - . _ Grease and Grease Scrap . . _ Cnv.\, Copal, Damar, Mastic, Sandarac and Shellac Gypsum, and Plaster of Paris, not ground or calcined, G} psum ground, not calcined, for Agri'al purposes, Hair — Buffalo, for the manufacture of Felt, Curled, - - - - Horse and Hog, - - - . Human, - . _ - - Mohair, Goat, Angola, Thibet, Hides, Horns and Pelts _ . . Ivory, unmanufactured, - . - Ivory Nuts, . . . . . Manilla Grass and Hea Grass, Manures, _ . . . . Marble — unwrought, . . _ . Moss, for upholstery purposes, . - . Ores of Mortals of all kinds, . . . Osiers or Willow, _ . . . Pipe Clay, . - . _ - Katan, for chair makers and whip manufacturers, Eennet, _ _ _ _ _ Rosin, .____- Halt, -.--.. Silk — raw or as reeled fr. m the cocoon, «< (( (( brls f( (( ( ( ( ( lbs (I cwt < c lbs (< (( k< b i $ lbs cwt $ tons $ cwt $ brls bush ' T I ' 1 148 GUIDE TO BllITIKH COLUMBIA. Slate — unwrought __..-. Stone, unwrouglit, . _ _ _ Tiinuor's Bark, - - Tiir ami Pitch, . . - . - T(;aHols, --._.- Turpentine, other than spirits of, Wood, unmanufactured, _ - _ _ Wool, Sl'ECLM, EXEMPTIONS. Animals for improv(Mnent of Stock, _ - _ Apparcil of British Subjects domiciled in Canada but dying abroad, - . _ _ _ Articles for the use of the (rovernor-Cireneral, Articles for tlie [)ublic uses of the Dominion, Articles for the use of Foreign (V)nsuls General, Articles following for the use of Army and Navy, viz: Arms, Clotliing, Musical Instruments for Bands and Military Stores, _ _ _ _ S(>ttlers' Effects;; .... Slii]> Stores __.... Tol)acco — Leaf, for Excise pui*poses, GKOWTH A\l) PRODUCTS OF NEWI^'OUNDLAND. Animals of all kinds, . . . . Butter, -.---. Cheese, .-_._. (Joal and Coke, ..... l^-esh. Smoked and Salted Meats and Poultry, Flour and Meal of all kinds, . . . CIrain — all kinds, . _ - . - (rreen and Dried Fruits, ... Cx^'psum, ._.--- Fish and Products of Fish, and Fish Oil, Lard and Tallow, - - - ^ - Timber and Lumber, _ _ _ . Hay, Straw and Bran, . _ _ . Salt, -.-.-- Seeds — of all kinds, . . - - , Vegetables, _ . - . - Plants, trees and shrubs, . . _ _ Hops, -_-_-- tons cords brls galls s lbs No (( ti No Ihs tons. lbs brls bush cwt $ lbs ;< bush lbs GUIDE TO UniTISII COLUMBTA. AGllICULTURAL PK()DU(M: 11!) [in]KM'to(l into Britisli Cdlunihia for the six iiioutlis oudiii}^ 31st December, 1870. .■Vrtii'li'K. Uate. 1 Heniit (if tiuaiitity Lb. Bushel. Tialloii. N.I. ? (^vt. I'Us. 'runs. Unsliel. I'kH. Total IiiiportH. Enf cl for Homo Oonsuiiip'ii. (iiiaiitity 41,08.-. 18,10.-. 411 ('.-..'.t'.f.' 172.84'.) 1,811 .--0 ,M7 •.'81 12 Ol.'-. 4,01'.'.) 1,111! 'J.'.I40 .'.,'.l.-|fi ;toi •.I0 'j,.';;!i l,.'i74 10'.)'.»71 2.0(5(5 85!, (575! 4..'i,'>:i 11,(510 ;!,".I4(I 2,8.->.'i 2,0'28 ,'■.,(517 1-.0 n(5,4(58 Duty lleeeived SI'KCIl'IC. nutter 1 4 cts. lli.ll'.) 'i.'.i.-.o no 10, .-.00 215,1)81'. i,k:!1 :i'.)f, 4.7(;r, 14.111'J 8,-,irJ 7.477 '.ICiH '2,'.)r.r. 15. 8.1''. :),'.i'.m •2,.-.;il l,.-)74 108,74'> '2,0411 8;i,l54;i 4,-..-.:! 11,(110 ;!,'.I4(5 'J, 8.-..-. '.•,028 .'■..017 l.'iO 1,(5(17 88 Cliroso :i " H'ljis -) " l,:ir(l 1 " ^Ii'iits. Ircsli , 'Hid suit . . 1 *• Miilt 40 " n.lor il7'<; p. I't. .''.(•.,3 •.'(5 21 .'i.'i (!'.)4 :i2 1.772 0(1 72.5 'J\ Kt 411 .•\liiiiials, viz: ] Hunitil (\'ittl<' 1 l(t p. I't. Ciilvi's 1 " 47(5 (S.-> IlnrscK Hiid Mult's. SllCi'p " Swiiio *' 1.401 '25 8.-.1I 11 747 77 '.•(5 81 Bniii " 2.'.)4I) (l.'.l,''.(l not y. 5,110 '205 47 Fruits, frcsli (584 80 Hiiy Miiil Straw VcK'i tables — Pi.tatocs. . ;!'.(8 •.!(! 25;! 00 1.57 '2(1 'I'lital Diitiablo 10,81(1 41 PdZen. lirls. BubIu'Is. r.,8'.)i 17,C.74:<. 4^1) io,;iO',> l.'MVl 4,014 XA'.Vi •'.,4'28 17 V. Kkks 1 Free. Flmir r.r Wheat all i.tlier < 1. 171/ " '•10 "... II II K 11 Total Dutiable Value of Total Imports. Entered for Home Consumption. Value. Free Goods Leaf Tobacco for Excise purposes. Total Free . . . Grand Total. 218,346 001 236,053 00 58,426 OOl 96,368 00 5,239 00 ! 5,895 00 494,521 OOi 510,999 00 02,463 oo' 61,685 00 25,795 00 26,713 00 Duty Eoceivcd. 69,697 75 42,;'C;') 2.5 1,473 ;i4 90,473 51 6.1f;8 63 1,335 48 864,790 CO' 943,713 00; 211,453 96 181,825 001 551 to; 182,376 00 1,047,166 00 180,979 00 057 00 181,636 00 1,125,349 00 211,453 96 EXPORTS. Export of (^oods the produce of British Columbia for the year enir Produce. Value ( ( i 4 Lbs. ],4-21 ! 1.n72 ' 23!) 70,414 lI.VXUFACTCItKS — I Leather.. Value. Fruit, ]ireserved Pks. 20 Total Manufactures. AdlilCCI.TlliAL Piiourc-Ts Hops Cranberries. . . . Lhs. Brls. Total A^'rieultural Products RECAPITULATION. rhe .Mine The Fisheries The Forest \iiinials and other Produce. .Ma.'iufactin'os .V'.;rjrultnral Products Total fxoods. tin' product of H. C. . . . Do. not the product of 13. C. Total Exports 151, fMl (10 10,4!)8 00 2,032 (K) 710 CO i(;ri,;i!i7 no •Ji»,2;]i 00 ir),02M 00 1,705 00 lO.OUO 00 117,504 00 1,350 0(1 150 00 1,500 00 11.323 I 113 I 2,235 00 .Sl.S 00 3,083 00 1,140,070 (JO HO, 008 tiO 105,3',)7 00 117.504 00 1,500 00 3.083 00 1,514,888 00 14,705 OO 1.529,593 00 i I >^^ lu. I ! ! 152 GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA. PILOTAGE. -BY-LAAVS FOR THE DISTKICT OF i:il{ITISH COLUMBIA, ESTABLISHED BY THE COMMISSIOXEUS OF PILOTS FOlt THE SAID DISTKICT UNDER THE DOMINION ACT, 'SC) VIC. , CAP. 54, INTITULED ' ' AN ACT RES- PE(rn\(r PILOTAGE, 1873." amendment 8th april, 1875; ORDER LV COUNCIL, 5tH MAY, 1875; ORDER IN COUNCIL, 19tH FEJiRUARY, 1877. ALL PILOJ'AGE DUES ARE COMPULSORY. IJCENSES. 1. Every person now holding m licenso as a Pilot under tiie " British Columbia Pilotage Ordinance, 1867, " shall fortliwitli surrender the same to the Pilotage Authority of Britisli Columbia, ami shall, if entitled thereto, receive a License as a Pilot for the District of British Columbia, on the payment of a fee of Fifty Dollars. 2. Every person not already licensed, a]ii)lying to bo licensed as a pilot for the District of British Columbia, must make a written a})plication to the Pilotage Authority, he must b.i a British siibject, and a resident of British Columbia, not less than "21 yeais of age, and must produce certiticates from the Masttu's of the vessels in which he has served as to his capability as a seaman; and before being appointed, lie shall b>) (ixamined before Examiners appointed for that purpose l)y the Pilotage Authority touching his qualifications and practi- cal knowletlge of tlie management of sipiare rigged vessels and steaml)oats, and of the navigation of the said Pilotage District; and if after such examination he shall be deemed (puditied, and shall b(^ f(>und to l)e of g()od raond character and temper- ate habits, he shall receive a license to act as a pilot, on pay- ment of 'r^'Ii) for theex])enseof such examination, and a lic(Miso fee t>f Pifty dollars. ii. J^ilotage certiticates nniy be issued by the Pilotage Authority of British Columbia t;> Masters and iNlates of ves- sels i)lying regularly within the waters of British Columbia, or of st(>amers]ilying regularly once a week or oftener between Victoria and any of the various ports on Paget 8oimd, ou a])plication in Avriting to the Pilotage Authority. Such appli- cants must be of not less than '21 y(>ars of age, and on payment of !j!20 for the expense of their examination, and a yearly fee of 810v>. a certiticate to act as pilot for a term of 12 mojiths will be granted, such certiticate to specify the name of the vessel and the ports to and from which such vessel shall ])ly, and such certiticate mav be renewed from vear to year on (JL'IDK TO jmiTlSlI COLUMIUA. lo.'j ])iivm<-'nt of an iiimiiiil fee of ^liM us the Pilot i?'20 each, and snch boats shall be survi'Ved annually, and if found satisfactoiT shall have tlieir lic'nses renewed f(»r ;i tt'rui of 1'2 months on payment of a fee of ^'iO. "). Every licensed pilot l)oat shall havt^ on board ont^ suitable boat, and also one life-preserver for each pdot and apprentice belonj^^inj,' or attached to said licenstnl pilot boat. (). All licensed [»iIot boats shall have marks and numbers on their sails, such mai'ks and numbers to bo desij^nated by tlif Pilota^'e Authority at time of survey. 7. Anv licensed ])ilot boat that may be found nntit for the service! for wliich she is licensed shall have her license sus- peiide. It shall be the duty of the i)ilots of eaidi of the Victoria and Es(piimalt ])ilot boats once in three moidhs to elect fi(nn tlieir own numlxu- a Captain, who shall have themana^ejuent of the boat nnder the number of vessels piloted in and out, and their draught of water; by whom piloted, and the nnmber of days she lias laid in ])ort; and for each and every neglect to coni])ly with this I'ule. the said Ca])tain may be lined an amount not ex- ceeding the sum of !?-I0. No ]iilot boat shall be otherwise employed than in its legitimate business. APPUFA'TICKS. 10. Each licensed pilot boat may have on board one or more apprentices, who shall serve an a])prenticeship of four years, and bo of good moral character, and have the rudiments 10 154 GUIDE TO IJlU'l'ISII COLUMBIA. of an ordinary English education, and be approved of by the Pilotage Authority. At the end of such apprenticeship said apprentices shall be eligible to be licensed as pilots, provided they have serveil at least six months as seamen on board a square-rigged sailing vessel. PORTS. 11. The ports of the Pilotage district of Biitish Columbia shall be as follows: (1.) P(»rt of Victoi'ia and Esquimalt shall be inside a line drawn from Trial Island to Race Rocks light, bearing N. E. by N. rnd S. W. by S. (magnetic.) (2.) Port of Eraser River shall be inside lightship. {').) Port of Burranl Inlet shall b(^ inside a line S. E. and N. W. (magnetic) from Passage Island to Point Gray. (•4.) Nanaimo and De})arture Bay shall be inside a line drawn from Entrance [sland W. (magnetic) to a point on Vancouver Island, one mile W. of the West Rocks, and a lino drawn from Sharpe Point N. E. by E. l E. (magnetic) to ( Jabri- ola Island. (;").) Port of Baynes Sound, Eastern entrance shall be inside a line drawn from Qualicuin River to the N, E. point of Hornby Island, bearing N. by W. h W. and S. by E. l E. (magnetic). Western entrance shall be inside a line drsiwn from Cape Lazo to the N. E. point of Hornbv Island, bearing W. N. W. and E. S. E. (magnetic). Other Ports to be defined by the Pilotage xVuthority as occasion may arise. DUES. 12 (A.) BW vessels entering the Pilot District of British Columbia through Euca Straits and coming to anchor in Royal Roads, the Pilotage shall be Free But when the services of a pilot are requirtul and em- ployed, the rate of pilotage shall be $3 per foot (B) For vessels entering into or clearing from the under- mentioned ports, the rates of pilotage shall be as fol- lows : Esquimau Harbor $3 per foot Victoria $ii per foot under 10 feet draught $4 per foot for 10 feet and over Niinaimo and Departure Bay, ^8 per foot under 10 feet draughc $4 per foot for U) feet and over Burrard Inlet $3 per foot under 10 feet draught $4 per foot for 10 feet v.nd over GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA. 15o over Bay lies Sound $3 per foot under 10 feet draught $4 per foot for 10 feet and over New Westminster, rates to be subject to agreement, but not to exceed $G per foot All vessels under steam, or in tow of a steamer, to be one fourth less than aVxjve rates. (C.) For sailing vessels proceeding from Royal lloads to Nanaimo, or Burrard Inlet, or the Sand Heads of Fiaser River or Baynes Sound or rice i-'ersa ^3 ])er foot. But for steamers or sailing vessels in tow of a steamei-, the pilot shall receive §10 per day of twenty-four hours, or any fraction of the same. (D.) For vessels proceeding from Esquimalt to Victoria, or vire versa, and having discharged or received a jiortion of their cargo in either harbor, and having paid pilot- age into either harbor if proceeding under or with the assistance of steam ... SI 50 per foot And for vessels proceeding from Nanaimo to Departure Bay, or vI'T irrsa, and having discharged or received a portion of their cargo in eith.-r hai'bor, whether with or without the assistance of steam, and having paid pilotage into either harbor. #1 50 per foot (E.j But no sailing Vessel or steamer or sailing vessel in tow of a steamer, shall pay more than $12 per foot pilotage, on any one voyage, that is to say ."?G per foot on her inward draught, and $0 per foot on her outward draught. 18. Any fraction of a foot not exceeding six inches siiall be paid for as half a foot, and any fraction of a foot exceed- ing six inches shall be paid for as a foot. REGULA'l'IONS. 14. The pilot next in turn oti board a pilot vessel must board the nearest vessel signalling or asking for a pilot, or exchange tiirns with one who will do so. 15, Every licensed ])ilot who shall pilot any vessel inwards shall, within one day after his arrival, report to the Pilotage Authority the arrival of such vessel and the amount (^f pilot- age din; thereon; and every licensed ])ilot «hall likewise report all vessels piloted outwards by him. 10. Captains of vessels must make a])plication to the Pilotage Authority for outward pilots, or for })ilots to veJiio\e vessels from one port of British Columbia to another, and the Pilotage Authority shall direct the pilot first in turn on a list m H ! I 15fi aVTDT. TO BRTTTSH rOLT'MBIA. to bo kept at the office to take charge of such vessel, aud such pilot shall take chai'ge accordingly. 17. All pilotage dues shall be paid to the order of th(} Pilotage Authority bv the Masters of all vessels, or in tht'ir default, by the agents or consignees thereof . A book shall Ix' kept for the entry of all sums rcsceived and all sums paid out to the pilots, or on any other account. IS. Each licensed ])ilot shall be entitled to receive from the Secretary the amount of his earnings, less a deduction of ten per cent., to be a})p]if!d as provided for hereinafter, and every licensed pilot shall be entitled to receive one-half of the pilotage (lues receiver. TO lilUTISTT rOT.T^MTiTA. ir,7 e.icli iUid every such (Icf.iult forfeit and ]>;iy n ])('nalh- not exi't'('(lin<^f torty dollurs, jind in tln^ nwantiun* thr license of such pih)t shall be suspended and delivered to the Pilotajj;e Authority pendini^ eiKpiii-y. '2'). Any lictnised })ih)t not complying with the By-Laws or evadini; the souse;, intent, or nieaninij; of any or eitlna- of tln'ni, shall 1)(; liable to a penalty not exceeding forty dollars for the hre.ich of such By-Law, with, in case of a continuing breach, a further penalty not exceeding four dollars for ever "Ji hours during which such i^reacdi continues, and shall, in addition to such i)enaltv, b(( liable to havts his license withdrawn or sus- pended at till' discretion of the Pilotage Authority. •Jf). Ev(.'ry licensed julot who shall refuse or neglect to appear before the Pilotage Autlntrity after twenty-four hours' uotice, when his attendance shall be reipiinnl by them on any occasion, or who shall give any unnecessary trouble or annoy- ance, or detention to masters or vmitted to the Pilotage Authority to be adjusted and decided by them, and the decision of the Pilotage Authority res])ecting all such (piestions and disputes shall l»e final ami binding on all parties. 28. Any pilot may be deprived of his license before the expiration thereof for the following causes: (L) For neglecting for '20 days aftATE, Coote M. Chambeus. EuoAR Crow Baker, Sefretnry, m 158 OUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA. PILOTS. Captain F. Revoly, James Mcintosh, James Ramsey, John Ramsay, James Christiensen, Wm. Scott, Geo, Rudlin, John Sabiston, Victoria. < I i( Nanaimo. HARBOR DUKH. All ships discharging or taking in cargo, ballast, stores, wood or water, shall pay the following fees; that is to say: — For every ship of fifty tons register or under, fift}' cents; For every ship over fifty tons and not over one hundred tons register, one dollar; For every ship over one hundred tons and not over two hundred tons register, one dollar and fifty cents; For every ship over two hundred tons and not over three hundred tons register, two dollars; For every ^hip over three hundred tons and not over four hundred tons register, two dollars and fifiy cents; For every ship over four hundred tons and not over five hundred tons register, three dollars; For every ship over five hundred tons and not over seven hundred touB register, four dollars; For every ship over seven liundred tons register, five dollars. Such fees as aforesaid shall not be payable for any ship more than twice in each calendar year (that is the year com- mencing on the first day of January and ending on the last of December,) whatever be the number of ports or harbors at which she may arrive or pass through, or the number of times of her so arriving or passing through them, or any of them ; such fees shall be payable by the master of the ship to the Harbor Master immediately on her entering or arriving at the first and second ports or harbors where there is a Harbor Master, and the collector or principal officer of cus- toms thenvat shall not grant any clearance, transire or let- pass to any ship on which they are payable, until the master thereof produces to him a certificate of the payment of such fees or certificate of the payment of fees under this Act twice within the tlien present year. (R'IDE TO BRITISH ("0LUMI5I.V. lilO MARINE DEPARTMENT, PROVINCE OF BRITISH (OLTMRIA. Tlio liiflitliouHe (U't'cti'd by the Dominion (rovrniint'iil at ('ii|>t> Rt'iilo, tliirty miles to tlie wcstwiud of Ca}).- ElMttcvv, shows a rovolviiif< lij^lit wli Cli attains its ^ivat(^st hvilliancv t'vorv 30 siM'onds. It is elevated 10 feet Jiltove sea level, and can l)e seen in clear weatlicM' over 20 miles distant. The Race Rocks Tji,L,di lionse was huilt in 1H()0 by the Van- couvfM' Island (lovernmont, assisted by the IinpeiJMl < lov- prninont. The li;j;ht is a flash liu;ht every 10 secontls, aiid is con'^idered to bo a ejood Ijidit of \]\o second order. A move- ment is on foot })rayin^f the ^)ominion Oovernmeiit to erect a steam fo;^ wlii ;tle on this station. The whistle is mneli re- (piired. l-'isi^ard Li^dithonse. sitnated on the island beai-iiiLC its name, at the entranc*^ of Esfiuitnalt Harbor, shows a bviLdit tixed liiLjht to vessels ap])roachin|4 from sea. but the li^ht shows red as vessels a])]n'oaeh too closely tln^ Victoria shore. Vict(n-ia Harbor LiLjht exhibits a blue lii^dit. This liyht is intended only for tho ^'uidance of vessels desirin;^' to enter the harbor at ni}j;ht « Entrance Tshuid Lighthouse is situated five miles fi' m Xanaimo, and six miles from Departure^ Bay. Tli(> li,t;ht is .i tixed bright li;ither for a dis- tance of 1<) miles. Point .\tkinson TaiL,dithouse, situat(Ml at the Niu'thern en- trance of Enf^lish Bay, leading to l»nrrard Inlet, shows a re- volvinfj li^lit once in every minut(^ and can be st^m at a dis- tance of 17 miles. A Lifi;ht Ship is moored oilf the Sand Heads of Fraser River, exhibiting a bright fixed liacoii is l»uilt on this roof, ]-)ainted black and has a pole with slats across. AW/) lier/'. — A beacon ])ainted red, built in a conical fojin wasphieed on this reef in 187M; it has since broken adrift, but will be replaced in the low sprinij tides in June, 1S77. A stone beacon ])ainted black, is built on Canoe R>0(dc, m 1(50 (HIDE TO BlUTISH CDLUMIUA. I) g!^ W. I N. nearly half a luilci from the N. W. point of Moresby Island. Crabriola Reiffs, in the Straits of CxtJorgia, are a ilangercuis cluster of roeks, lyin^ hvo miles (jtf theeastein end of (Jahrioju Island. On tlu* largest reef an iron beaeon is ereeted with u ball H feet diannfter at top. The navigation of the Straits is now, howev((r, rendered easy with three lights witiiin sight from the reefs An iron beacon was ereeted on Walker Rock, TrinconiaHc Channel, but has been entirely carried away. It will be re- placed at as early a date as p{)s^il»^' by a stone beacon. Fi'iisrr H'tccr liiint/N. —{)n entering the Channel over tla^ Sand Heads, Hed Nnim IJuoys are to l)e left on the starboard hand; whih; Can J3noys painted black, black and white, and r(!d and white, are to be left on the poit hand. Vessels of light draught nujuire no further instructions, but a pilot woiiM be necessary for vessels of 10 feet draught and upwards. An iron Xunn liut)y. ])ainted red, is moored ott' Spanish Bank, in English Bay. By giving the liuoy a berth of a cal)lti vissc^ls can round in to the anehoi'agc^ in English Bay. N.maimo Buoys are of two forms, built of wood. Buoys painted red witli a triangle, are passed on entering on the port hand, \vhile thos(^ painted l)laek have a ball, whicli should be [)assed on the starboard liand. It is recommended that strangei's take a pilot. Victoria Harbor has sjuall iron Buoys painted red and white. It is, liowever, imprudent for a stranger to attempt to enter Victoria without the help of a pilot. POST OFFICE DEPARTMENT, CANADA-PROVINCE OF BRITISH COLUMBIA. POST OFFICE INSPECTOR S OFFICE, VICTORIA. R. Wallace, E. Fletcher, - R. Wallace, W. H. Dorman, R. Wallace, W. G. Reynolds, R. Jaraieson, Post ortice Inspector Asst. Post office Inspector MONEY ORDER OFFICE. Acting Superintendent Asst . Superintendent VICTORIA POSTOFFICE. Postmaster Chief Clerk Clerk tiVWV. TO lililTlSlI (•(•MMIlIV. I'U Til.' postal Service of tlie Dominion of ('aniidii \v:is iutro- (loiiieil into this Province in the vejir ls7"J. lie main postal lines in tlm I rovmce are as foil ows: I. IJetweeii N'jctoi'ia ami San Fiancisco, Cal., 1)V ^vhich at |iiisent mails are ilesi)atcheil ami recei\eil tri-nn)ntlily. Dis- t;iiice TOO miles. ■J. l»et\\et ween »ew Westminster and "^'alc, semi-weeklv in rand fortni'dillv in winter. Distance lOtt miles. (!. l>etw«M!n Yale and BurkervilU-, weekly all the year ^' round. Over this line the mail is carried in stafj;es wliicli l)i'ri'orm the trii) ay Co.'s steamers. Distance 51-1 miles. SUGGESTIONS TO 'I'lIE ITrUC. (From the OaiiiKla Postiil OlUoial Guide.) The following suggestions are ottered, which, if observed, ill give facilitv to the PostotHce in the discharge of its A\ duties, and afford greater s(H'urity to tln^ Public 1. Post all correspondence as early as ])ossible, esp(>cially when sen t in L irge cpiantity 2. When a nunibei' of circulars are ])osteil. tie them up in a bundle, with the addi esses all arranged in one direction. '!. Place postage stamps on the right hand upper corner of the address sid(> of all letti'rs, ])apers, and packets. 4, Every letter should contain the full jiame and address of the Avriter, in oider to ensun; its return if the person to whom it is directed cannnc^t be found. 5. Fasten the covers of lett(n's, news])apers and packets, lirndy. (5. \\'hen di'op])ing a htter or newspaper into a Postofficc l)Ox, always set! that tlu; [)acket falls into the box, and delivery of letters, box-holders sliouhl have their correspondence addressed to the number of the box. ma mmmm r,r([)F TO liBTTTSH COLrMBT\. 10 11. i'iii(<'(l Stiiti's silver is not ;i, li'^-,ii Ii'iuIim- ;it .tiiv rate, and;! l\>stiiiastt'i' can b(! ('X|»tH;t('(l to rccci \ «■ it only at tUi' rati' at wlucli a J]anl< will take it on deposit. I'lic PoMolHi'c is a J)(>[)artnient wliieli admits ol' constant iinprovenKMit and cxjjansion. The ))n1)lic, l)y sentlinfj; to the |'ost!naster-(rencral clear and correct iid'ovniation res])ectini^ faulty arran;4'«!nicnts, or siig^^i'stions in vci^ard to the cm ryinj^ out of a,n\' cliaimv, mav materially Ixmtitit tlio ser\ic(\ MONEY (iKDF.lt 1!1!AN('II. Money ordin's av(^ issu(^d at every Money Order Ollic in Canathi on (nery otln^' ^loney Onh'r Olhi'ii in Canada, as well as on any Moni'V Onhn* OtHce in tlu' rnit ■>! Kinj^^lom, New- foundland and ]iritish India, and tli I'nited States of Amerii'a. Money ()i'(hM's are also issucnl at any ^loiu^y Ordei' ' )lVice, in any of the al)o\-e-named <'ountries, ])aviible at any Money Order Ollice in Cana(La.. No sin!.';h> (U'lh'i' for more than >^1(H) on Canada; €l(> on I'niied lvin,u;(h)in ; 120 on Newfoundhind; ilU) on British India; >^U) on l^iiied Stat(>s, can l)o issued; but as jnany orders may \)v obtained as neciessary to make up the amount desired by the rcunittor. hi ])rocurinji; onhu's, it would be advisable, as far as pos- sible, to adher(> to the following suggestions: 1st. To \)o careful that the full name and address of both remitter and |)ayee is maih' known. In the case af a married woman Ixung t>ither remitter or ])ay(>e, her own christian name must be given, and iiot that of luu' liusband, thus: Mrs. Mary IJrown, and not .Mi's. John Brown. "2nd. When possible, jn'ocure orihu's on the day ])receding the (h>i)arturii of mails or sooner if i'()nv(!uient. Current money will in all eases be exacted. Che(|ues will not be re- ceived uidess marked " good" by the bank dra.wn u])on. In the tnauit of an order being lost, the payee will receive a, du])licate, on a])])lication to the head otUce of the country ill wliich the oi'der is payabh'. Orders remaining unpaid at tlie (^xi)iration of the twelfth nntiith after issue b(>co»ue lapsed, and can only be r<'paid to the remitter. OUDKitS ON lUUTISH INDIA. j^'ull particulars must be given. If the payee should be'a native of India, his tribe or cast<>, and his father's name, must be sup]>lied. T rA GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMIilA. Money orders ma3- be obtaiuod at any of the following offices in British Columbia : Barkerville, Nanaiino, Victoria, Clintoij. New Westminster Yale. The cojumii^sions on orders are as follows: Money Orders on Ontario and Qdehec, N>vv Brunsn'tr]:, Xora Scotia, Prine Edward Mand, Manitoba, and British C'ofnnd'ia. On orders up to S 4 00 - . - . ov(^r 1 UO and up to ;^ 10 00 10 00 " -lO 00 20 00 " 40 00 40 00 " SO 00 80 00 " 100 00 C ( Moneij Orders on the United /vin(j(/nm On orders up to ^2 - '' over 2 and up to C o 5 " 7 " " 7 " 10 2 cents. -5 " 10 " - 20 " 40 " - 50 " 25 cents. 50 " 75 " 1 00 " J. As Hm ('■: ("h ( ill Ch (■< D.i: J 1:1. M.n <;iai li-a. Moncji Orderp^ on NeivfoHndland. On orders up to € 5 - over 5 and up to ^lO 10 '^ 15 15 " 20 i i i i i i < i Moncii Orders on Ilritis/t India. On orders up to £2 - - - over 2 and iip to £ 5 5 " 7 7 " 10 ( < 25 cents. 50 " 75 " 1 00 " ;}0 cents. GO " 90 " 1 20 " Moneij Orifers on the (Inited States. On orders up to §20 00 over 20 00 and up to §40 00 25 cents. 50 " OT'IDF. TO iniTTI^n ('OT.rMBTA. i()r> LIST OF POST OFFICES IN IJiUTISH COLUMBIA. Onicos. I'.li ctorai Di-trii ts. Hdust' cif C();ii- iiioiis. Ciinadii. Ali'XaiuIria AsluTiift WMrk-rville nnnviiil I'lli.'t.. t','tri:t' Ci'ci'k Ciissiiir. Chciiiiiiims Clinton C'liilliwack ... CiillloX Cowicjian Dd^'Cri I'k riivl; .V- J'liiigle's . . . Jlsiiniiuiilt Mciinrii . (ininville li.aa<.fX.ol,i Lake. Holrr K;iinl(Mi])s Ki itiili y Crctk . . Kodtiiiay . . Lftc I a ilaclie I-..!i ■ 1 '.■ Laih1iiiL(. . . I-»i:.'*-> '... Lillooet i.Utoii Jniplc liav Mirli' r.i('K;«> M:its(|ni MiMjilyvillc Niiiiaimo Xfw W'pstmiusttr . . Nicola Luke ()kaiiat!an Okiiii.ican Mission. l.TOMil.' Housf.... (Jual\ . raribiioit f.illiooct Yuli -K'"iti'iiay. . . . Cariboo \- I.iildo. t Xi w Wostniinstcr Yidr-Koot'iiay. Tariliooit Liildoet Vancouver Carilioo A- Lillooet \ev,- Westminster Vanr-or,V(r. do Cariloo A' Lillnni t Yale-Kooti'nay. . I Victoria " . . [Cariboo .^t Lilistminster Cariboo i- Lillooet Vict a O -♦-» c o •■■— 1 o £i c; r-* tfi ;m « o ^H ^— -»-> cl (5 « -M rr o >^ -i-i r/? ■^ Cl O* -^ -*-* ■4-i © fl ^P /— t C) o ^-f .;;> -+-' r— ' ci S+H C a t^ O C2 F^ Q t: o ID O rr^ O •:) f-K n f— < m -4..) -* • ^-< ?H o; o ■+^ ■c.C^ 1—. r^ ::i -«-j o c o O •-1 f-H T I-H •->-< r— -( CIJ ^ r— H CJ tn c t: \^ ^■^ 1—-' , — 1 O r-4 -M T <.y ■-r -" • p-H C ■ri r; ..-( I— < 1 ?- r-, '^ O iwi X ■4^ 1-;; -1 r^ 5 Samples of MercLauJisc. •BptmuQ nt pavionoo" aq ox 01 CI 01 01 1-1 r-i r-l r-. •.)h'ii>ioU(^ 3l"UW T! JO O j • -t* -*< -r< -»t 1 Si-^^ •upiitiiiQ ni po;oonq ox ; & ■ I M.CISAVO.SI I .lOJ ^ll"l,)A\. JO '^Ulll'3 N -* * * * O »; -i * + + A ^ * .+ k ^ •f. ^ ^ ' .1. 3 . '.;£ O -r. 1 •iipi!in\') ill [ _ : p.ij.lJlln,) ■ 1 i Z '"1 '».L j OJ • Ol • • • Ol 01 01 -1 T-H f— < • . _ p- ^ ... •lipiiuu;) \\\ pjjjoiio^) ■ 1 o •' - ■^ ao oc oc X) SO 30 cc CO x ^c i: tc •-; '^ ; o o w o =. c; o O -:; o .- . 02 -ft 'X H U 9 ■1' !; = ;.< o o - r. -^ ^ -) = '^ " c ^ ^ r" "tT! ^ il >- ^ •- ri -- X r , — '-• rt -^ ii c;; .P Oi C C a ^ p .r-* r; ri ..■'' ::; E 1i ;:5 -.r - ><; GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA. 167 ri ■?! s<> la Vi 10 l.O Cl o o -^ •>* '**'<'■* -M 'M "M fM rs '^ "M "M to "M lO rS ^S '^ "N "M 10 O M d CI •* •^■-t-t'-H •^■^.-(■^ ■^■MF-<-tl-l<'»f>-<(>l'»'»-l "f i^ ?i 55 rM i-c eo w ^5 c^ vi n in to '~2 n X n y. — 0) ,_ ii a a . o li C TJ ^^ SS C, it 03 o 7? . o CO 'S a £.5 n : I ^ "i s ■ii o O -S _^ — ci •"H ''? -^ '* -i '^ i -r '? . i^ i - J: 5 „ , .- - 4: ' 5 v-^ '-^ i =^ ~ i ^ 5 J -■ ? ^ I ? = 1 i - 1 '0 ^ri 3 .S 'f N |.'| iJ 1^1 ~ ~ ^ "^ .v "" 6 J: ^ ~ii; 5i £ ^"rj^i "►; r u: -J S tC -: >• J?; 5»; a. x 5/: ,x > ? ■•STc g S5. -5 ^ "** c< 5§ ^ rM '-) - a » = « a 3 — StTJ 5 X X « S ?. ^ ^ c c* -^ -*< ■^ . x _ fcf 08 CJ 2 - •_> > > •^ ~ a: X ■?' " H ^ ?3 ■r. ..- C^t = -Jl r: ♦; — a » a — ~ - f-" ti P Tt -*-« rt IS^i^T'i U3 „* Of ? «H 2 2 c" ■^ "■• 1 , - ■"' 'rj ■♦- «- ii '-^ l: ^ " n — ^^ "^ ^ — '— ' ^ ■^"^ a ^ 5^ 11 ^ — i :'^5 a • c ;_ c ; ii •:• t - 5 ■^ rt 1? S? *- a a 5 •/. S u c ^-* - 3 C, a i X X 3 cua4 £:l£r.£££ I* tr ■<:< -»!"< «ii -^ i(;s rrlTDF; TO r.IIITTSlI coi.u.mijia. TAliLE of Kates of Postngc on all inatt< v tiaiisiuissablc by Post not of the cliaraeter (;f a letter, the jiostage on which must be prepaid by t)ostage stamps. To ('iinada ,n ,-, l Description of Matter. and New- 1 ',?..:''>?" Tu Fniiiec foiuidlnnil. i}rit;iiu. To United Stiiti'S. l»ook« 1 et. "^. 1 oz. 2 cts. ip> "2 oz, i cents "f>, oz. 1 et. "{■', 4 oz. Carti's dt' Visite ' " j " I " | " Cireuliirs ' '• | " " I " Handhills " " " l " Newspapers " '2 cts. pk 4 oz. Pamphlets " 1 et. " " Packa^^'es (parcel post). ]2Jj " 8 oz. can Periodi(>als . . 1 ct. f^ 4 oz. 2 cents each. Book and Newspaper I iiiannseript ..... . " '2 cts. "-[J 2 oz.l " 1 et. t> 4 oz Samples " ' "' ' " j Seeds " " " ! not be sent. 4 cents "0 oz. U) cents each HWilSTHATION. liook paekages ami ne\vs[)apevs posted in CanaiUi for de- livery AS'ithin the Dominion cannot be received for registration. Books addressed to tlie Tnited Kingdom may be registered on payment of the fee of S cents. Parliamentary papers, books to and from the Library of Parliament at Ottawa; ])etitions iu\d addresses to Provincial Legislatures; Vot 's and Proceedings, and other j)apers printinl by order of such Legislatures, are entitled to ])ass in the mails free of charge. Book packets miist be open at both ends or both sides. DENOMINATION OF STAMPS ISSUED BY THE DOMINION OF CANADA. h cent, 1 cent^ 2 cents, 3 cents, 5 cents, (5 cents, 10 cents, 12J cents, 15 cents, 2 cent!= llegistered letter stamps, 5 cein.5 do., 8 cents do., 1| cents Newspaper Wrappers, 1 cent Post Cards, 2 cents Post Cards for United Kingdom. KATES OF POSTACiE TO UNI'l'ED KINGDOM AND UNITED STATES. On letters to the Uniteil Kingdon, 5 cents i)er half oz.; registration fee, 8 cents. On letters_to the United States, H cents per half oz. ; regis- tration f(;e, 5 cents. For rates on n(nv.spapers and miscellaneous matter, see above 'J\ible. ') tl m'TDK TO BRTTian rOTJTMBIA. tj:legiiaphic. 1G9 List of offices of the British Cohimhiji Telegraph System E. B. McMicking Superintendent. OITIC'ES. Barkerville, Stanley, Quesnelle, Sodii Creek, Bridge Creek, Clinton, Ciiche Creek, Speiice's Bridge, Lyttt)n, Yale, Ho]»e, \'ist!i, Chilliwaek, Matsqui, Langl(n'. New Westminster, Burrard Inlet, Nootsack, AV. T., Seliome, W. T. Samish, W. T., LaConner, W. T., Yit'toriu, B. C OPERATORS. Richiird Allen Miss Annie Lindsay James Ston«i Henry Yates - H. D. Horsford - M. O'Connor Jas. B. Leighton John jVLirray W. K. LeigJiton Alfred Pleace J. Ct. Wirth Thos. A. McMicking John McCnteheon Miss S. A. Maclure - A. M. Herring Edward BoAvden Benj. S])ringfer AY. H. Osterraan Chas. Donovan J. H. Fravel - J. A. Gilliland W. F. Archibald TELEGUAPH KATES FOU MESSAGES. For Messages of Ten words — address and signature free: Victoria to WasliinHtuu Territory SO 75 to *1 0(t to Oregon 1 '25 ti> 1 r,0 to California ■> 00 to Eastern States '2 .".0 " to Canada '2 75 to Mainland. B. C 5() to I 25 " to Great Britain and France SI K^ per wont all '■■oitnti-d Extra for M(ssai,'es of ov<'r Ten words; for every Five words, or part of Five words: Victoria to Washini^ton Territory n 25 toOret^'on 50 to C.ilifornia ((75 " to Eastern States— For every word over Ten, '^ word 17 to Canada " ' " " 17 to M liidand -Per Five words 25 to 50 92 170 GITDE TO imiTlSH COLUMniA. BPvITTSH COLUMBIA T VND LAWS. Wlioreas it is eiptMliont to amend and cousolidate the Laws aff(!(;tiii{^" Crown Lands in British Colund)ia: TluM'eforo, Hei- Majesty, hy and Avitli tlio advice and eon- sent of th(! Legislative Assembly of the Province of British Columbia, tsnacts as follows: — 1. The " Land Ordinance, 1870," and all ProeUimatious, Statute?., Ordi'iances, and Acts thereby repealed, and the " Land Oribn.inci! Amen(bnent Act, 1872," the "Land Ordi- nance Aniendin(!nt Act, I87;i,"' and the " Land Act, 1874," shall be and are ln'reby rei)ealed; but such re[)eal shall not prejudici! oi' afi'ect any rij^hts accpiired, or payments due, or penalties incurred, ])rior to tlie passing of this Act, in resp(K't of any land in this Province. 2. In the construction and for the purpos«*s of this Act (ii not inconsistent witli the (Context or subject nuitter), the fol- lowing terinii shall have the respective meanings hereinafter assigned to them: — " (Uiief ('ommissioner of Lands and Works or Surveyor- (leneral " shall mean and include the Chief Commissioner of Lands and Works or Surveyor-General, and any })er- son for th(! time being lawfully acting in that capacity. •'Commissioner" shall mean tlie Chief Commissioner of Lands and Works or Surveyor-General of this Provineiu or the person acting as su(^h for the time being, and shall include evciry Sti]>endiary Magistrate for the time being in charge of any District, and every person duly author- iwd by the Lieutenant-Governor in Council to act as and for the Chief (Jomraissioner of Lands and Works or Sur- veyor-General as Assistant (commissioner of Lands and Works in any District in which the land that may be rc- feri'ed to lies, other than that in which the chief office of the Lands and Works Department is situated, and any other District or Districts for wliicli no such Assistant (Commissioner of Lands and Works as aforesaid has been appointed. " Supreme ('ourt" shall mean the Supreme Court ot Britisli Columbia. "The Crown" shall mean Her Majesty, Her heirs and successors. " (Jrown Lands " shall mean all lands of this Province held by the CroA\ai in fee simple. " Act " shall mean any Proclamation or ()rdinance having the force oi law in this Province. nriDE TO RTflTISH roi.FMniA. 171 Words importinj^ the singular number shall inclinle more persons, parties, or things than one, and the converse. UNHURVEYED LAND. 3. Any person being the head of a family, a widow, or single man over tlve ago of eighteen years, and being a British subject, or any alien upon his making a declaration of his in- tention to become a British subject, before a Commisrsioner, Justice of the Peace, or other officer appointed therefor, which declaration shall be in the Form No. 1 in the Schedule hereto, juiil upon his filing the same with the Commissioner, may re- cord anv tract of unoccupied, unsurveyed, and unreserved Crown Lands f not being an Indian settlement) not exceeding three hundred and twenty acres in extent, in that portion of the Province situate to the ncn-thward and eastward of the C!ascado or Coast Range of Mountains, and one hundred and sixty acres in extent in the rest of the Province. Provided, that such right shall not be held to extend to any of the Abo- rigines of this Continent, except to such as shall have obtained ])iirnii8sion in writing to so record by a special order of the Lieutenant-Governor in ('(mncil. -i. Any chartered or incorporate Sclicdnlc licroto: and it' tlio aitplicaut shall, iu such (l(!cdai'ation, make any statctnrnt, knowinj^' the same to 1)0 falser, h ■ shall liavc no ri^ht at hiw or iueciuity to tht; laud, t)i(i r(H;oid of which ho may have ohtainotl by tlio niakinj^' of such declaration. (■». K\ory ))i('c(( of such mioccupiod, unsarvoy('(l, and iinrc- sorviul land as aforesaid, sought to ho rocordtul nndor the provisions of this Act, shall, savo a.s lu'roinaftt;r is provided, be of a rectangular orstpiare shape, and l(»0 acres shall either measure 10 cliains by 40 cdiains (e(pial to HSO yards by iS.SO yards), or "JO chains l)y SO eliains (ei|ual to liO yards by ITliO yards), and ;i20 acrcis shall me^asure 40 chains by yards by IStSn yards), and 120 acres shall measure 20 chains by (50 chains (equal to 440 yards by i;)20 yards. ) All lines shall Ite run true north and south, and Irui' east and west. 7. Whore such land is in whole or in part l)ounded by any mountain, rock, lake, river, or other natural boundary, or by any public highway, orl)yany pre-(>mptedorHurveyed land, sucli natural bt)untlary, publichighway, pre-enq)tcd oi-surveyed laiid may be adopted as the boundary of such land; and it shall be sufHcient for the applicant to show to the Chief (.'ommissioncr that the form of tlu' land conforms, as nearly as ciri'umstances permit, to the provisions of this Act; but all otlu^r boundary lines, exc<>pt as mcMitioned in this section, shall be run as nearly as ulay b(^ true north and south, and true east and west. 8. The Cliuif Commissioner of Lands and Works (jr Survey- Oi-General may. however, in cajiying out .any (lovernmcut survey, or any survey authorized by this Act, or by him, if, in his opinion, circumstances require it, survey pre-emption claims or purchased lands recorded previous or subsequent to the date of tl)is Act, and also unsurveyed, unoccu])i(d, and unr(»served land as aforesaid, recortled under the provisions of this Act, by such metes and bounds as he nifty think proper; and every survey so made and certitied by him in writing, shall be binding upon all ])arties affected there b}'; and the survey so certitied, shall be deemed in any Court of this Province to have been done in compliance with the provisions of this Act; but nothing in this clause aVWK TO URTTrSII rOIJ'MBIA. 17:5 Ivrties coiil.iint'il shiill iii)i)ly to any liiiid when a Crown Grant thereof his (ir siiiill huve been issued. 1>. rpon the eoiupliaiice hy tiie applierint with th«' provis- ions here in he fori! eoiitained, and ui)on payment of tiu> sum of two (h>llars to the ('ommissioner, the Commissioner shall re- cord tiic laud so souf,dit to he recorih.'d in favor of the appli- cant, and shall give to such ap))licant, hereinafter called a " settler," a eertitieate of such rtH'ord, according to the Form No ;> in the Sche'chile hereto; and su -h record shall he made hy the Commissiouer in triplicate, the origiuMi to he handed to the settler, a (hiplicate to In; retained l)y tlu' Commissiijuer for local reference, and th(> triplicate to be foi'warded forth- witii to tlu! head olHce of the' Lands aiul Works DepaitnuMit, to he hiially n^gistered in the Land ()lH(te llegister. 1(1 The settler shall, within thirty days ther«'after, enter into occu[)ation of the land so reeorded; and if he shall cease to occufjy such land, save as hei'einaftei' is ])rovided, tlu; Com- missioner may, in a summary way, upon being satisfied of such cessation of occupation, cancel the record of the settler so c(>asing to occupy the same, and all improvements and huildings made and eri'cted on such land shall b«! absolutely forfeited t » the C'rown, and sudi settler shall have no further right therein or tlnsreto: and the eertitieate of record given to such sly. 11. No person shall be entitled to hold, at the same time, two claims by record; and any person ; o recording more than eiie claim shall forfeit all right, title and intei-est to the prior claim recorded by him, and to all improvements made and erected thereon, and the land included in such prior claim IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) /y ^ ^^ 1.0 I.I I 2.5 1^ |2.8 1.8 1-25 1.4 11.6 ^ 6" ► Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14S80 (716) S73-4S03 1 fM i' 174 GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA. sljiill be open for record bv anyone else complying with the provisions hereof. 15. Any such settler may have the land recoi'ded by him surveyed at h'w own expense (subject, however, to a rectifica- tion of bounuuries) by a Surveyor approved of and actiuj^ under instructions from the Chief Commissioner of Lands and Works. Within three months from the completion of any such survej', and a deposit of a map thereof in the office of the Commissioner, and notice thereof published in the British Columbia (rtizrUe, such settler shall make and file with the Commissioner a written and dated statement, describing the lanil sctth'd upon, and the locality of his improvements, bastfd upon the survey uiade; and shall also make and tilu with such Commissioner a declaration in duplicate, in the Form No. t in the Schedule hereto, signed by himself and two residents in the locality of such land, or two persons ac([uaiiited with the facts; and unless two or more parties are claimants of the same land, the Commisioner at the expiration of such three months, shall record such land, so rectified hy such survey, in the name of such s-^ttler as a homestead settler of surveved lands, without any further declaration by such settler. 1<5. If, within three months after the making of such survey and a deposit of the maj) of s\ich survey in the office of the Commissioner, and a notice thereof published in the British Columbia GazcHc, the settler shall fail to make and furnish the written and dated statement and dechiration re- quired as aforesaid, or if s\ich declaration shall be fraudulently obtained, or if it shall contain wilfully false statements, the land recorded by such settler, with all improvements thereon, shall be forfeited to the Crown, and such settler shall have no further right therein or thereto; and the Chief Connnissioner of Lands and Works may cancel the record of such land in the books of the Land Office, and the certificate of such record, given to the settler on the making of such record, shall thence- forth be deemed null and void to all intents and purposes whatsoever. 17. Where any official suiTey shall be made, in which shall be included the land recorded by any settler, and a map of such siuvej' shall have been deposited in the office of the Commissioner, and notice thereof shall have been published in the British Columbia Gazette, sucii settler phall, within three mouths thereafter, make and file with the Commissioner a written and dated statement, describing the land settled upon by such settler, and the locality of his improvements thereon, based upon the survey made, giving the number of nvwT. TO RRiTi«»* roi,t\MmA. m tho Township, Section, Quarter Section, or fniction thereof, if any, as the case may be; and shall also make ami ftle with tlic Coinniissioner a declaration in the Form No. 4 in the HclitMlule lujreto, signed by himself and two residents in the locality of such lan(l or two persons •eqiiainted with the facts; and unless two or more partid so rectified l>y such survey in the iiiuiic of such settler, as a homestead settler of survey<^d land, witliout any further declaration by such settler. 18. If, within three months after the making of Hxn'h survey 111 I a deposit of the maj) of sudi survey in the office of the Connnissioner, and a notice thereof published in the British Coliunl)ia Gdzcfh', the setthu* shall fail to tnake and furnish tht' written anoses whatso- ever. IJ). When the land shall have been sutveyed, and in the event of two or more parties claiming the same h^gal subdivis- ion or fraction thereot, the Chief Commissioner ttf La- ds and Works shall have ])ower to hear, settle, md determine the ri<;lits of the adverse claimants, and to make -luch order in the premises as h(; may deem just; and for all or any of the ])ur- poses aforesaid he shall have full j)Ower to sunnnon and ex- amine, under oath, the parties and witnesses, and such decis- ion and order (if any) shall l)e final, '2((. When any settler shall die, his heirs shall lia\( six montiis, from such death, in which to record in their favor tlu^ land recorded bv such settler; and the right of such heirs to so r('-r«H'ord shall be a prior right to that of any one else in such liuid; but if no such re-n'cord is made within tlu^ time a])nve prescribed, the land shall thereafter be oi)en to be recorded by anv one complying with the provisions of this Act as to recording unsurveyed, unoccupienter such land so rectified bv such survey in the name of such claimant in the district register. '22. If, within three tnonths aftc^r the making of such sur- vey and a deposit of the map of such survey in the office of the Commissioner and a notice thereof publislu'd in the J3riti»li Columbia (rcizeffe, the claimant mentioned in the pre- ceding clause shall fail to mak^- and furnish the written and dated stat«un(mt and declaration required as aforesaid; or if such declaration shall b«( fraudulently obtainf^d, or if it shall contain wilfully false statements, the hind so entered, Avith all improvements thereon, shall be forfeited to the Crown, and such settler shall have no further right tlnjrein or thereto; and the (^hief Commissioner of Lands and Works may cancel the record of such land in the books of the Land Office, and the certificate given on the making of such record shall tlience- f(nth be ileemed null and void to all intents and ])urposes whatsoevei-. SUIJVEYEL) LAND. '2H. The land described as follows shall be deemed, for the ]nir|u)sesof this Act, to b«( " Surveyed Lands" : — f(/. jLand surveyed into sections of one raile square, or (540 acres, or fractions thereof, with quarter section posts placed upon the section lines every forty chains: (h. ) Land surve3ed into sections of IGO acres, or fractions tlier acres, or less, with the North and South lines run and posted every twenty chains, and the East and West lines every tifty chains: (/<.) Laud in Vancouver Island which has been surveyed into Districts five miles square, with exterior lines running North and South run, marked, and ))osted every tweutv chains, and exteiior liutis East and Wt'si run, marked, and posted every twenty chains: (('.) In districts upon Vanccmver Island, known as the Districts of C'omox, Mountain, Nauainio, Cranberry, Cedar, Chemainus, Sonx'uos, Coniiaken, (^uaniichau, Cowichan, Sliawnigan, Noi'th Saaiiich, South Saanich, Highland, Lake, Es(piimalt, M«^tchosin. and Sooke. Provided, always, that land surveyed during the year IHTH, iind hereafter to be surveyed, shall not hr open for pr<'- eiiiption until notice that such laud is o])eii for pre-emption shall have becui published in tlie British Colund)ia (iazcffe. '24. Any ]»ersou l)eiug the head of a family, a widow, or siiij,'le man over the aj^e of ei<^thteen years, and being a Brit- ish subject, (u- any Alien upon his making a declaration of Ills intention to become a British subject before a Commmis- sioner. Justice of the Peac<', or other ofHcer a]»point
    xttnid to any of the Aborigiuies of this ('outineut, except to such as shall have obtained permission in writing to so ])re-em|>t l)y a special order of the Lieutenant-Crovenun" in Council. 25. Any chartered or incorporated company may acipiire such right by obtaining a special pave to prr-cm]>t such laud, which application shall be in duplicate; and in such a])plication he shall describe the land as surveyed, ac- oonliug to the rules from time to time to be made in that be- half by the Chief ('ommissionf>r of Lands and Works; and 38 nnr 17H ariDi; to niiiTisn couMmA. ■^ 1 n shiill make boforo a Justicf of the PcarM or tlu; (.'oiiimissioui'i- find furnish tlio C'oniniissioiuir with a dfjchiration, in dupU- cato, in the Form No. 5, in tho Schiuluh' hi'reto; and if the iipplicjint in sucli dci^laration sliall tnak(! anv stattMUont, Uiiow- iiiii; th<^ sain(! to Uv, false, ho shall havti no ri;^ht at law or in (uniity to the land, tln^ pro-umption of which ho may obtain by the making of such doclaration. '27. Upon compliance with the [»rovisions of tho preceding S(!t'tion the (Commissioner, upon payment by tin; ap[)li('ant of a fee of two di)llars, shall record such land in the name of the applicant (heieinafter called the " homestead stittler,") and shall ^ivc to such homestead settler a certiticat*' thereof ac- acccording to the l''o)nj No. <> in the Schednh^ hereto; and such ivcord shall be made by the ('omtnission(U' in trii)licate, one part to be handed to the homestead settlers, another part to b(^ retained bv the (Commissioner for local reference, and th(! thinl to be forwarded forthwith to tluj head office of the Lands and Works Department, to be tinally registered in the Ijand Office l*re-tMn]»tion KegistfT. "is. The homestead settler shall, within thirty days therc- aftei', enter into occupation of the land so pre-enjpt»!d; and if he shall cease t() ocnnipy such hmd, save as is herein provided; thfc* Commissioner may in a summary way, upon beinj; satis- tied of such cessation of occujiation, cancel the claim of the homestead settler so ceasing to occupy the sam«', and all iru- provements and buildings mad(>and ercu'ted on such land shall i)e absolutely forfeited to thtj Crown, and the said land sh:ill be open to pn^ emption and may be recorded anew by the Commissioner as a [)re-empti(m claim, in the name of any person satisfying the rcsquirements in that behalf of this Act. '21>. The occupation herein required, shall mean a continu- ous bona fide persoijal residence of the homestead settler, his agent, or family, on the land recorded by such homesteuil settler, but Ii\dians or Chinamen shall not l)e considered agents. 'M). Every hom(>stead settler, as well as his agent and family (if any), shall be entitled to l)e absent from the land recorded by such homestead settler for any (me |)eriod not exceeding two months during any one year. He shall l)e deemed to have ceased to occupied such land when he shall have been absent continuously, for a longer period than two months. Ml. Any such land shall be deemed to be abandoned when th(^ same shall have been unoccupied by the homestead set- tler, his agent, d for pastoral, hay, or timber 1)urpoHes, the applicant shall give to the Commissioner of tjie >istrict in which the land lies, thirty days' notict* in writing' of his intention to apply for such lease. Such notice shall specify - (rt.) The locality an.) Upon the walls of the ofttce of the Commissioner of the District; ('.) On the ('Ourt House of the District, if any; (d.) On the nearest jjublic Inn or Taver:;; (e.) On the outer door of the Post Ortice of such District. 44. .Vny person desirous of objecting to such lease, shall give his written reasons therefor, within the time spccitied in the above notice, addressed to the said Commissioner; and the said Commissionei- shall, as soon as possible, forward the same, with his report thereon, to the ('hief Commissioner of Lands and Works. 45. If no objection is made, as aforesaid, to the issu»' of such lease before the said notice expires, the lease ai)])lirtl for may be issued, if advisable. 40. Persons who have pre-empted lands, or shall hereafter record or pre-empt any lands heretofore leased, or which nmv hereafter be leased for any of the purposes aforesaid, shall have the right of passing and repassing over such leased lands without being deemed trespassers: Provided always, that such persons shall not commit wilful waste or damage in ])as- sing over sucli lauds. Any person who records or ])re-enipts land held under a pastoral lease, and who bona tide cultivates at least ten acres thereof per annum, shall have the privilef,'e of pasturing not more than fifty heatl of his own stock on tlie said leased land in the winter time, that is, between the tirst day of November and the tirst day of April following, upon his paying to the lessee named in the pastoral lease, on ac- count of the actual expenses incurred in and about the lease- hold, an annual sura proportionate to the number of cuttle grazed upon the land. 47. It shall be lawful for the Lieutenant-Governor in Coun- cil to grant leases to any person for any purposes other than for pastoral, hay, apd timber pui'poses, upon such terms and iif; e divertcul, the place of diversion, the ob- ject theieof, and all su(di other y)articiilars as such Clonimis- sioiier may riMpiire, f(U- every such record the Commissioner sliall charf^e a ft'C of two dollars; and no sucdi ])erson shall have any excdiisive I'i^i^ht to the use of such water, whether the same fl(»w naturally through or ov(U' his land, exce!]>t such r-^icord shall have been made. 41). (hut mcmth previous to such authority being given, the applicant shall post up in a conspicuous place, on each per- sons land to be affected by the projmsed diversion of any stream, lake, or river, and on the District Court House, notices in writing, stating his intention to take, and convey, and divert such water (as the case may be), s])ecifving all particulars relating thereto, including directitm, (piantity, purpose, and term. i5(). The owner of any water i)rivil(^ge, or right ac(piired by record, shall have no exclusive right to the water privilege so recimled, until he shall luive constructed a ditch for con- voying the water to the place where it is intended to l><> used. And in case any such ditch shall not be of sufficient capacity to carry the ([uantity of water recorded by the owner of smdj 'Utcli, then the exclusive right of such owner shall be limited to the (piantity which such ditch may be (Nipable of carrying. w IHI (irri)i: to huitish r<)i,rMHiA. iiot\vitliHt:ui(lin|4 HwvU record, until Hiu-h tlitoh hIiiiII \w «mi- liir>,'(Ml H(» !iH to \w vt\\r,i\iU' of ciiirvin^^ tho (|u>iiitity of wiitn- n'<'()r»l(*il l>y such pcvHou. iil. I'rioritv of ri;^lit to any Huch wutor MiiviU»g(», in ciih*' of tlis|mte, slinll ('n(l on uriority of roirom. 52. Tlu' ri^'hl of ( iitny on and thion^li tli<' lands of otln'is, for (• iiivin}^ wator for any lawful |tiiri)os«' upon, over, vr undf-r tin' said land, nuiv Im( claiint'd and taken l»y any person lawfidly occupying and )>ona ride eidtivating as aforesaid, and (previous to entry,) ujmui payin;^ < " seeurin;,' payni(*nt of coni- peusation, as aforesaid, for the waste oi ^'iniage so occasioned, to the person whose land may ))e wasted « r damaged Wy »uch entry or carrying of water. oil. fn cas«» of dispute, sui'h cotnAeiisation, or any other rivilege who shall wilfully waste any quantity of water heretofori* or hereafter acipiirt'd by record or otherwise, by diverting any more of it from its natural (ionise, through any ditch or otherwise, than the (piantity actually recpiired by him for irrigation or any other ]»urpose, shall be punished by a tine not exceeeding one hundr<'d (lollars for each such oftence, to be recovered before a Justice"! of the Peace, Sti]>endiary Migi.strate, or C'onnnis- sioner, in a summary mannt>r, and in dt;fault of payment l)y distress, or by imprisonment for any period not exceeding six months; and no owner of any first recoi-d to any ditch or water right shall have any right to interfere with or prevent the con- struction of any dams, break-waters, or other improvements made or hereafter to be made for the pui'])ose of saving or economizing tlui water of any creek, lake, or water-cour.se of any kind: Provided, that the construction or use of such dam or break-water tli<^ source from which Hiich water IS taken, or the property of any j)arty or |)aiti('s, l>y backing w.itci, fluodiiij^ or otherwise: Proviih'd also, that ill dis- |»iiles arisiii;^' upon atiy iuatt«M- or tiling' in this clause contain- (• 1. shall he decided in u suiniuary niann-'r before any 'histico ()»' till' I*eace, Stipemliarv Ma^'istrate or Connnissioner, who sjiiil have full jtower to iriake such decision as shall se<>ni to liiiii just and (-(initahle. i',ii"("T.mi;nt. .'((I, Any |)erson lawfully occupviiiK -^ <'laini, l>y lecord or |iri t'liition, or holdinf^^ a lease under this .\r^ may, in resjuK^t tdercof, institute and obtain redress in an acl'< i of ejectment or (»f trespass, in tln^ same mamir and to tin* same* (^xtent as if he were s(U/,ed of the le)j; il estate in th*- laP(l cov(>red by such claims; Itut either partv thereto \n • refer the cause of action to th»' Sti|)endiarv ^^a;^'istrate (if thcDi lri(( whei-ein tlic'rl lies, (U' to a .^isticf of the JN'aci', wl.'ois In-reby aiithori/ed to j)ro(M*ed summarily, and make such order as In* sji ill deem just: Providetl, however, that if rcipu^steil by litlier party, he shall tlrst summon a jury of tive ])ersons to Ik :iv the caus(>, and their verdict or awjiril on ai! matters of fact shall be tinid. •"»7. It shall i)e lawful for any Magistrate. Iiv an ord<'r under his hand, to summon a jury of live persons fison atVectt*eal shall lie in the form of a petition, veritied by atHdavit, to anv Judj^e • if such Court, settin;.j; out the ])oints relied upon, and a copy ef sutrh pi^tition shall be s(>rved upon the ConnaissKJiicr whose decision is appeale(l from, and such time shall bo al- ln\v(»d for his answ(M' to the said petition as to the Judife of the Supreme Court may seem ad-isable; but no such ap])eal shall be allowed excrept from di'cisions on ]M)ints of lav/. all. Any person d. The Lieuteiiiint-Governor in Council shall, at anytime, by notict!, si;j;neil by t!ie Chief Commissioner of Limls and Works, and j)nblishe»l in tlie British Columbia (razcffe, re- serve any land; not lawfully lieKl by record, pre-emption, purchase?, liMiso, or Crown Grant, for the ])urpos(! of con\ey- ing the same to the Dominion (lovernment, in trust, for the use and benelit of the Indians, or for railway i)urposes, as mentioned in Article 11 of the ferms of Union, or for such other j>urposes as may be di'emcd advisable. SAl.K Ol' srUVKVEl) LAM). 61. Unappro;>i'iato;l, unoccupied, and unrcsi'ivcd lands, tlit- surveys of which have been duly ma(h\ and contirnu'd by notifu) in the British Columbia (iiartte, and which are not the sites of towns or th<^ subui'bs thereof, and not Indian settle- in Mit-i, shall be o|ien f(n" purclias' at the r.-ite of one dollar pel' acre: Provided, that whem^ver so oi'di'red by tin; Lieut- eniint-dovernoi' in ('ounci!, such surveyed lands as may he ecitied by the Cliief Commissioner of Lands and Works or Surveyoi--( len- ( nil, auvl to the ri. under the •• Land Ordinance, 1S(>.'>," prior or subse- (|neiit to the '20th October, 1S70, and who have paid a de[)Osit of two sliillinurs and one iK'Uiiy ptu- acre, shall complete tlui ])urcliase of said land under the provisions of the " Land Ordiuance, ISO.")." subject, however, to all the ])rovisions of this Act, as to the jectitication of boundaries upon otHcial survey. (')"). Pei'soiis who have purt-hased unsurveyed lands under Order in Council, dated oth September, 1 entith^d. upon complyinj^ with tlie pr(»visions of this A<'t as to the purchase of unsurveyed land, t(» ()urchase said land at the I'ate of one dollar per acre. (*)(). Tiu' Crown Orant of any land sold under the ))rovisions of this Act shall not !>e issued until full payment thei'eof shall liave been inaile, and sucii Crown (rrant shall bi' in the form No. i) in the Schedule Inu-tsto. t)7. All aji;re(.'ments, contracts, ami leases, heretofore (>ntered into between any person and any olHcer acfin.L? on behalf of the (Tovernnu>nt shall, notwithstanding' any (h'fects thennn, he valid anil ell'ectual to all intents and purposes, and cove- nants, provisoes, and ?i<;reements therein contained may be onfiM'ced by action, suit, oi" other proceeding at law or in ciiuity instituted in the name of Her Majesty's Attornev-Oen- eral for the Province. ii 188 OnOE TO imiTlSH COLUMISIA. (58. All Certificates of Iinprovement heretofore issued to any pre-emptor shall be valid and effectual, notwithstanding any defect therein, or in the evidence on which the same was issued. (50. All surveyied, unsurveyed, or unreserved Crown lands; pro- vided that the rei[uirements of the Acts and Onlinances regu- lating the pre-emption of land have been otherwise compliod with. 70. All sales heretofore made of reserved land shall be held to bt' valid, and the Leiutenant-(rov<'rnor in Council shall have power to sell any land heretofori! niserved. MIGHWAVS. 71. All roads, otln r than private roads, shall be deemed common and public highways. 72. Unl(!ss otherwise provided for, the soil and freehold of every [)ublic higiiway shall be vested in Her Majesty, Her heii's and successors. 7:}. It shall b(( lawful for the CMiief Commissioner of Lands and Works, in his discretion, to make public highways, and to declare the same by notice in the 13ritish (Columbia Gazeffe, setting forth the direction and extent of such highway, and by himself or his agents to enter and take possession of any private roads an. This Act may be cited for all purposes as the " Land Act. 1875." SCHEDULES. FORM NO. 1. Declaration of Intention. I, of , a subject (or citizen) of t do solemn- ly and sincerely declare, that it is honestly my intention to become a British subject, and to renounce, for ever, all other allegiance and fidelify to all and any Foreign Prince, Poten- OUTOE TO BRITISH COLUMDIA. 191 tate, State, and Sovereignty whatsoever ; and I make this declaration by virtue of the " Oaths Ordinance, 1869." Declared and signed before me, j this day of , 18 , by the >• Declarant. ) Signature of Declarant. Commissioner or J. P. FOHM NO. 2. Declaration. District of I, of , do solemnly and sincerely declare, That tiie laud for the record of which I have made application, (lilted the day of , 18 , is unoccupied, unsurveyed aiul unreserved Crown land, within the meaning of the " Lmd Act, 1875;" and is not an Indian Settlement, or any portion thereof; that I have staked of and marked such land in accordance with the provisions of the " Land Act, 1875;" that such laud has not, nor has any portion of it, been here- ti)f()re recorded, occupied, held, or pre-empted by me, nor ii;is the same been abandoned by me or any other person for till' purpose of my recording the same under the provisions of this Act, nor is my present application to record the same mule in trust for, on behalf of, or in collusion with any other persou or porsous, but honestly on my own behalf for settle- ment and occupation; and I also declare that I am duly quali- tieil under the said Act to record the said land; and I make this solemn declaration conscientiously believing the same to be true, and by virtue of the " Oaths Ordinance. 18G0." Declared and subscribed by the j within named , on the day > of , A. D. 18 , before me, S Signature of Declarant. Commissioner or J. P. rr-r ' i'" 1!)2 GUIDE TO BUITISU {'OLUMlJU. !'1 'it- '; ■■'■ iv FORM NO. 'A. Certlp'cule of Jiecord of Hiifmrvc/fcd L. Plan of the Land to be drawn on the back (jf this Sheet. v\ of I'OIIM NO. I. Derlnra/inn. District of of st ivorallv declare: and first I, the said ind of , for myself sav :- L That the land in respect of wliitdi I ha\e filed a written ." Di'chireil uu(l sij^ued by , on the / day of , 1tio!i of whieh I have mad ■ appliei- tion, dated the day of , IS , is unoeeui)ied aw 1 inireserved C^rown land within the meaninj^ of the " Land Act, 1H"5," and is not an Indian Settlenumt, or any portion thi.'rt'of; that such land has not, nor has any portion of it, been heretofore recorded: occupied, held, or pre-empted by me, nor has the same bee!i abandoned by me or any other person for the puri)ose of my pre-emptini^ the same under the ])i'ovisious of this Act, nor is my present a])plication to ]>ni- enij)t the same made in trust for, on behalf of, or in collusion with any other person or persons, but honestly on my own b(;hidf for settlement and occupation; and I further declare that I iiin duly tjualitied, under tln^ said Act, to pre-empt the said luid; and I make tliis solemn ileclaration, conscientiously be- lievincj; the same to be true, and bv virtue of the '' Oaths Ordinance, ISOO." Declared and subscribed by the \ within named, on the day > of , 18 , before me, \ Signature of Declarant. Commissioner or J. P. 25 » 1 ,; , \% 194 GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA. FOllM NO (3. Cerf.ijicafe of Pfe-Pinpt!oii of Snrve.tjed Lund, Origin il (to bj retiiiiu.l hy HoinoHieaA Settlor.) [No. in Dis- trict Hegistor ] District of Niimo of Homtistojul Sottler D.ito of Pre-emption Number of Acaes AV'here sitnivt(ul Description of boundiirios of Land Signature of Commissioner. FORM NO. / . Certijicate of Improve nirnf. District of I hereby ccirtify that has satisfied me, by th'.^ evidence of (* ), that of , his btHMi in ot;cnp ition, as r '(jairo 1 by thj " L in 1 Act, 1"^7.>."' of his Pre-emption Claim, recorded as No. in this District, from the date of siu-li pre-em])Mon to the present time, and that he has made im- provements to the extent of two dollars and titty etnits an acre on such Pre-emption Claim. Signed this day of , A. D. 18 "Xiiiniiij^ tin- witnesst's ami ilcscribin.; their uml miy othor m-M-'n which thi' Commi.ssioner bus ooine to 'lis jmlLjiiient. Commissioner. 11|)Oll FORM NO. 8. Deluration. District of We, , of ,, do solemnly and sincerely declare as follows : — And firstly, I, the said , for myself declare that I have been in the occupation of my Pre-emption Claim from the date of the record thereof, and have occupied the said claim for the space of two years, and have made permanent im- (lUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA. 196 pi-ovcmonts tlun-eoii to the valuo of two dollars timl lifty coiits pel- iieiv litre Sit out fully ill fU'tiiil tin? iiafure of the imjintviiiieuts. ) And secondly, \vc .'ibovc uiiniod cm , tor ourselves, decliiro that the has been in tlio oceui)iitiou of his Pro- ption (Maim from the dat<' of tlie reeord thereof, and has mule ])ernianent improvtMnents thereon to the value of two (1 »llars and tifty eents \w,r acre, the details whereof are cor- i\H'A\y set forth ai)ove hy the saiil \u.\ we ni ike this SDleinu claration, eonseientiously h'lievin^ the same to Ix* true, and by virtue of the " Oaths Onl iiiance ISd'J. Declared and signed by the within named, on tlu; day of A. D. 18 , before mo, | Sii^uature of Declarant. Commissioner or J. P. Declan-d aiul signed by the j within named, on the day of - A. D. IS , Ixifore me, \ Si shall be deemed to have ceased to occupy sucli land when le' shall have been absent, continuously, for a longer period than two moiUUs. Any such land shall be chicmed to be abandoned when the same shall have been nnoccupied by tlu* homestead settler, iiis agent or family, for more than four months in the aggre- gate iu one year, or for two mouths consecutively. 196 OUIDi: TO BUITIMH rOLrMBIA. ill l-'OBM NO. 1). Province of British ColuiDbi.i, Victoria, by tlio Griico of (Joil of the United Kinfj;ih)m of Gri'iit JJritiiin and Ireland, (^iioiMi, Defender of the Faith, and so forth. To all to whom th any part of tin; s.'id lands which it may l)e deemed necessary to resunn^ for makin;^ roads, canals, britlj^es, towin.i^ paths, or othm' woiks of public ntility, or convenience, so, neverthe- less, that the lands so to bt; resunn^d shall not exceed one- twtmtieth part of the whole of tlu.' lands aforesaid, and that no such n'sumption shall be made of any lands on which any buildinj^s may have been ereiited, or which may be in use; as gardens or otlnsrwise for th»> more* convenient occu})ation of any such buildinj^s. Provided, also, that it shall at all times be lawful for Us, Our heirs and succe.ss(n's, or for Jinv person or persons actin.i; n'ider Our or tlnnr authority, to enter into and npon any part of the said lands, and to raise and f>et thereout any }^'old or silver ore which may be tlun-eupon or thereunder situate, and to use and enjoy any and every ))art of the same land, and of the easements and ])rivileges thereto belonging, for the purpose of such raising and gi'tting, and every other pur))ose connect- ed therewith, paying in respect of such raising, getting, and use, reasonable compensation. Provided, also, that it shall be lawful for any person duly authorized in that behalf by Us, Our heirs and successors, to take and occupy such water privileges, and to have and enjoy such rights of canTing water over, through, or under, any part of the hereditaments hereby granted, as may bo reason- ably recpiired for mining or agricultural purposes in the vicinity of the said hereditaments, paying therefor a reason- able compensation to the aforesaid h heirs or asai^us. raiDi: to DitiTi8H cdlumhia. 1«7 Provided, iilso, tli.it it sluiU he at all times lawful for niiy person duly autliori/ed in that behalf l>y I's, Our heii-s and siu'i'essors, to take from or upon any paitof the hereditaments liereliy jj;ranted, the ri<^ht to take from any Huch land, without CDiiipeiisation, any gravel, sand, stone, lime, timber, or other ni.itt'rial whicdi may by re(|uired in the eonstruetion, main- tenance, or repjiir of any roads, ferrii'S, bi'idi^es, or other |)ubii<' woi'ks. In testimony wluM'eof Wo have caused these Our letttsrs to bt! made pat«!nt, and the j^reat seal <»f Our Piovinco of liritish Columbia to be hereunto alHxed. Witness His Honor , Lieutenant-dovernor of Our Province of IJritish Columbia, audits Deix'iuleneies, at our (lovernment House, in Our City of Victoria, this day of , in tlu! year of Our Lord One thousand ei<^ht hundred and , and in the Hv command. year of Our lleij^n. [In aiMitiiiii til til" f()icf,'()iu,' l^iii 1 Ai't, tlicre arc alsn laws in force rt^^pii'tiiit,' filircs ailil W.ifrr I', MUSI'S. -El).] SUMMARY OF THE (JOLI) MINING LAWS OF lUMTlSH COLUMBIA. 15V K!)W)X .(OHNSON, IVVKiaSTF.Ii-AT-L.VW. Tiii'si! l;iw> can only be ascertained by a (;areful comparison of many Acts spread over the last ten yeiirs. To ^ive all the provisions in full wouhl far (ixceed the sj)ace allotted to the subject in this volume; but it is hopesd tlr> followin,'^ summ ut will furnish all the information re(|uired l)y everyone except the lawyer and tln^ .judge. FFtKK .MIN'F.ltS AND THKIU PIUVILKdHS. Every person ove • 1<) years of aiije is entitleil to hold .i cliiim; l)ut 111! must tirst obtain from souk; (lold Commissioner, or ofHc(>r appointed foi' the' pur|)ose, a " Free Miner's Certifi- cate "■ for one or three years. This certiticaie, if for ont^ year, costs :?o; if for three years, .SI'); and Jis rej^ards mininjif property and liabilities contracted in connection with it, every Free MiiKH- is treated ;is .an adult. Thi> certificate* may b" renewed within three clear days after its expiration, but in ilef.iiilt of such vi'uewal, tli(* hohhu' ceases to be a Free; Miner. If it be accideutly destroyt'd or lost, it may upon evidence thereof, nnd upon paynumt of ^'2 50, be rephiced by a copy signed by th') Gold Commissioner. The certificate or m 108 GUIDE TO IJUITISH COI.l'MHIA. I i: t siihHtitntiiil copy \h prhnu fiirir tiyuUtuci' ot nil iirittcrs (mjii- tiiiiu'd in it. A Fi\)i) Miu'T h iH " tho ri<^!it to outor and ininn npon uay w.isto Ian Is of tlio Orowu u )t oocMipio.l by any otlun- i):)rs )n," l)ut " in tliu ovont oF such entry upon la ids alnvi ly taynilly (ij>Mi[)i(' I t'oi* otii u* tU in mining |):ir|)i)sivs, pr.'vioiulv to cnti'y, I'lill coinpijus ition must l)o niadi; to tin* occiii) int '^'' owniii-, such coinp 'US ition to l)o d>!t'U-iuinu I by tlu noirost Stipoudiary Mii^istiMto or ftjid Coinniissionor." No psrion (5K'i!pt a Viwe Miner cm liavo any rijjilit or in- terest in any niiniujj; (daims. ItKGlHTll.VTrON Ol' CLAIMS, ETC. Every miner locatinj^ a elaini must n!cord it at the olHi^o of the Gold Commissioner, or oMie n* appoinU;d I'or the pnrposu, within three d lys, it' within ten miles of the otfic'; but onc^ additional day is allowcul for every ten miles or fraction of ton miles. 'LMKudaim must bi> ro-i*eeord.'(l annually, unless it was orij^inally r.icord mI (as it may be) for two or more ytMirs. a api)lying for this record th' niner must produce his eertiiicate. In case of dis|)ute, he title to claims will l)e recognized accoi-ding to |)riority of regis- tration, subject to any question as to the validity of tho record. No transf'V of any claim or of any interest therein is en- forc!jal)le unless tho smu oi' some miMnorandum ther(V)f Ix' in writing signed by the transferror or hi>; lawfully authori/ed ag)nt, ami registered with tho (lold Commissioner witlim rhc time presi;ribed for recording pre-em})tion claims; and if any owner of a bill of sale — •;". e. any transferee — wilfully neglect or refuse so to register, ho is liable to a tine of ^oU or 14 days imprisonment. * Every Free Miner or company of Free Miners is entitUnl to record his or their mining interests in one record. The fee charged for i-egistering or recording any docunn'nt or matter is $2 50. The books of recoi'd are open to inspection free of charge during reasonable hours. A copy of or extract from any record is, when certified under the hand of the Gold Commissioner or person en- trusted to keep the record, good evidence. Each copy or ex- tract costs oO cts. A Free Miner may acquire any number of claims by purchas(\ but can only hold two by pre-emption, namely, one quartz claim and one other claim, iu addition to a pre-emption claim Ut lf>l'. TO HHITISH roI.rMRlA. 1W» oti ciicli (Imt not the s.imi') liill, crt'ok, r;ivin(\ or Ihiii'1i;jhiJ lie may s»'ll or iii(irt;4ii<^'i' liis claims. \ iniiicf's iiiti'H'st ill a claim is ((jiiivaiciit ;) a lease for tlio |) "liuil recorded, i-eiiewahle at tlie end. !tut snhject to tlie ceiiditioiis Tor tlie time iteiii;.^ ill force ill res[)ect of siicli claim. H ' lias the exi'lnsive riylit of eiitrv u|><>ii his claim for miiiiiij^ |>iirj)o-ies and for I'oiistructiii'^ a resitleiict', but liiis no sinfaco ri^'lits. 'rile (lold Cominissioiier, Iiowevor, may allow ad- jareiit (d lim-liolders siudi rii^dit <»f entry as may Ik' iM'cessjiry, ui) )ii s;icli terms n- iu! df (Mils reasoiiahli 1)1. T le miller IliiV iM' so mil -Ji of til ' water ll(»wiii,L; Ihruiv^li or past his claim as I-; iieci'ssarv If the sii|)|)ly of water Ix'comes iiisnfHcieut to work aliV • ■liiiii, tlie cl aim is thei'ei)y laid ovei diiriii;^ siudi iiisiilHcieiicN A •laim r.corded within 11 days of t!if id aims in the dis- trict I) 'iie^- l.iii] over for tiie season is not deeiu'd laid over II iliss tlu! ( Jold Cotiimis^ioiier he satislied that the lioliler Ins '■niKi Jul ' exjteiided sulliciciit Work (tn ii. to c'ltitlf hill) t h;ive it laitl over o A claim is deemed abandoned when it h;vs remained un- iViirUi d f or (_ iioiirs, unless sickness or oilier iv-asonaoie causi h ' shown; Imt Sundays, .and holidays proclaimed by the (lohl (' amissioiier, are omitt<'il in leckoniii;;' the time. I'iii! (fold CommissioiKM' has power to re;^nlate (he inimber ot' miners re piin-d to work in prospediiiLj a (daiiii or se' of claims. If any int'iest in a co!n])any !• ■ claimed by a i'^ree Miner l»y reason (jf any d'fe -t in Ih i title oi- representation of smdi interest, whicdi defect has binMi established before the (lold ('(iiiiiiii>.siouer, the c(im])any must either admit the claimant as a member or stake oil' for his use a )>oition of their i;roiind ccprd to the defective interest, and must pay ;dl I'osts unless the ( bild ( "ommissioner orders otherwise. Ev(!rv miner or conipany owiiini; a claim, interest, or ))ai't of ail interest, ;ind Iiavin;^; (^xpen led in cash or its cMjuivalent irl.Uill) (»ii each full interest, or a i)roportionate amount on eaidi |)irt of an iiit.'!''st, without receiviiin' anv return, is entitled to one year's leave of absence on due a])plication. Wher." lui'iferous land is discovered in a [)art so situated til ii the provisions roliitin;4 i^" Fi'ci' ^liu 'rs" (yertiticates and r'c()"ds of int-M-i'sts cuinot b' justly apj)lied. th > miners may h »l I a m 'otinu. and l)v a two-thirds vote, m dee rules for their L,'overnment not eoiillictinif willi the laws, and may eleet one of their number to issue Free Miners' ('!ertifie ites and to cuter records of Mining; Proptu'ty. 200 GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA. NATURE AND SIZE OF CLAIMS. Tlio Hiz-y of cl.iIm-5 is as folio ts: Fjv ' Bar Dig'^ings," 100 feet wiilo at lii<^li-wator mark, aiul oxtondiiig into tlie river to its lo-.v3it water level; for " Dry Diggings" and "Bench CI aims," 10 J feet s'l'iire; for " Creek Claims," 100 i'eet along tile strevm, an I fronil)is;i tobiseof tlie hill or bench on each side; for "Hill Claims," a frontage of 100 feet to the stream or ravine at the l);)!,tom, rnnning l> ick to the sutnmit of the hill; and for " (Jiiirtz Ciaim-i," 1,5J0 feet along th.i lole or vein and not more than 'i )0 feet on each side. Wh -re " Bench Claims " are narrow the (xold Commissioner miy mark them so as to inclnde an adequ it(! claim. No one is allowed to tunnel nn ler a hill from an an;^le so as to interfere with ]>irtie4 tnntulling from the raiin frontage. The Gold Commissioner m ly refuse to ret'ord a hill or tun- ned claim on any creek which claim comes within 100 feet of any gulch or trii)ntary of such creek. Tunnels and shafts are merely appurtenances to claims. The (lold (commissioner may permit owners of back claims to drive a tunned through the front claims In quartz claims and reefs each claimant must leave a three- foot wall between his claim and tlu; previous one. The discoverer of a new mine is entitled to a claim double the nearest established size. If tlu; discovery party consist of three m mi they are entitled collectively to five claims: if of fo w o • m n- ) m 'n to t.vo cliim < p 'r m in. Thes • claims are in addition to any other claims legally held, and extend 1,0. ll> fe(!t 0!i each side of the creek. Claims must be as nearly as possible rectangular, and m irke.l by fo.ir p >gs at hvist four in;di vs siju ire and four feet high . They are measured horizontally irrespective of inequali- ties of surface. Th ' Gold Commissioner may m irk oat a space for deposit- ing leavings, itc. BED-ROCK FLIMES. Th? G.:)ld Commissioner m ly grant to anv bed-rock llaino com;) my for any term not ex.!o;;.ling five yeu*s, exchnive rights of way throa:;'i anl entry upon any mining groan 1 for the purposa of constructing bad-rock flumes. Three or mare Free Miners may form a company. The application for a grant must state the names of the ap- plicants and the nature and extent of the ])rivileges sought. Ten days' notice thereof must be given before June and November, and one month's notice between November and Juue, by aflSxiug tlio same to some conspicuous part of the 'UII)R TO numsil COLUMBIA. ♦201 leposit- il'.iuio elu iivo 111 I t'oi- r iiure the ap- iOUgllt. le ami or and of the f^'voniid, and a copy on the waW^ of the Gohl Goniniissionor's ohUH!. The ground must Ix' previously njarl«'d hy posts lot) f'eta]):irt uhmj^ the in iinlin<'. witli a notice alHxed statin feet wide and 'iHO fe(?t long in the hed thereof, to each mi^mhei' of the company. (A) The right of entry upon and way through any river, creek, gulch or ravine, worked foi" more than two vears and wholly and pirtiallv al'.nnhined, and the exclusive right to stake out anil work in tlnMinworki'd or aban- doned ]>oitions 100 feet wide and .', mile long to each member. (r) Siicli rights of entry upon and way through any river, ci'eek, oj- ravine discovered within the ])receding two yiiars and workful by at least four Free Miners, as the Gold Commissioner deems advisable. ('/) The I'ight of entry u[)ou aiul way through all claims for th(> ))urpose of cntting a ehanntd and laying tlic tlu;n(^ througli, sulijeet to the owner's right to the gold found in surh (drmnel, except that where any advantage eipiivalent to the cost of making the cut may accrue to the claim-holder by reason of the Hume being laid through the «'laim. the company are entitled to the cost of making the cut. (>) The use of so much unap])ro])riated water as may be? necessa'.y f of the flume, iVo.. and for that pui'p:)-ie ihe iieccs-iarv rights of way to convey the watei' to the flume on compensating the i)ersons damaged theiebv. (f) All tlie golil in the flume. The holders of claims tlirongh which the p; o]iosed flume rris m ly, 0:1 giviu' h^n d lys' notic > to the compmy, ])ut in a thmi" I0 connect with the company's; but it must be of tho like grade and strength, an 1 thev mast keep it clear of ob- structions and work it under the same ri^gulations as the company as r<^gards matters in which br»th are interested. Til n- are entitle 1 to all gold found in their own ilumn. They any boeon;:; memlxn-s of the c ):npanv by uniting their claims "lfp 202 GUIDE TO UltlTlSH (^OLL'MBIA. and fiurae with those of the company, anil taking an interest proportionate to that which they cede. If they abandon their chiims tiie company gets the l)eneHt. Every bed-njclv tlume company must construct at least oO feet of flume per member during the first ye:ir and 100 feet per member annually thereafter. An}' liolder of a chiim where a bovl-rcek Hume is construct- ed may tail his sluices into the flume, but so as not to obstruct it. All ])ed-roek flume companies must register their grants, and pay an annual rent of ^12 oO for each | mile right of way. Their int;u'e.sts and li.\turas are psu'sonal property. DRAINAGE OF MIXES. The Gold Coiamission3r may grant to any Free Miner, comp.iuy of Free Miners, or joint stojk coiup my, ior 10 years or I'.'ss, exclusive rights of way tiirough and entiy upon any mining ground for the purpose of draining it. The application for such giant must state the nauK^s of the ap[)licants, the n.iture and extent of the proposed drains, the tolls (if any) to bv' ch irge.l, and the privileges sought. It must be accomi»anied b}' a deposit of 825 which will be re- funded if the application be nU'used. Notic(! similar to that required on application for a bed-rock flume grant must be given. The grantees must construct their drain large enough to meet all recpiirements, and keep it in working tmler; upon receiving thrive days' notice they must construct a tap-drain from o>' into any adjacent claim; and they must make good any damage done to adjar'ent claims, — such damage to l)e ascertained l)v the Gold C'Ommissioner alone, or if desired by eitlie»" party with a jury of five Free Miners. The grant must be registered, and an annual rent of S'J.) for each 1 mile jiaid by grantees collecting tolls. Any Free Miner m- company of Free Miners is entitled to run a drain through occupied land u])on compensating the owner, such coiap-Mis.ition, if not agreeil on, to be settled by the Gold Commissioner, and — if either party desire it — a jury. MINING PAliTNERSHIPS. All mining compinies hvg governed by the following rules, unless they have pirtnorsliip articles duly recorded: 1. Th i pirtnorship s!i ill not continue for more than one year unless agreed in mining. 2. The bus" ^ss must be confined to writing. 3. Each partner may vote at any meeting of the coinpauy r.riDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA. 203 citlipv iiersoiiiilly or l)y afjont, and fi mnjoiMty of the intorosts votcil u])()n decides the manner of working;, the nuniher (if w.)rkin('ii. and the a-isosinents, they choose a foreman, who may sw and ht' sued in the name of the com])any, and with the (M)ns(Mit of the inajcM-ity, bind the company by contract. 4. The partnershi]) name must be recorded. '). Any partn'^r or liis a^Mit may represent his interest by lihor, if performed to tlie foreman's satisfaction; and if the fi)i-i'inan discharjjfe such a hiborer, th(? Gohl Commissioner may tl 'A'h'- the dispute. (I. No ]) irtner is l)ound to work diirinsc tlie chise season niih'ss so deci(h'(l by a two-thirds vote. 7. .Vll assessments made during the time of workin.iJj are piyable witliiii tive d lys. Aft(H' receivimj; notice the ch'faulter is pi'rsonally liable to the comi),iny, and his interest therein ni:iy b(> sold l)y the company foi- tlie amount due up to the (lay of s il(> with costs. Tf tlu^ ])rocee(ls of the sale are insuf- ficient, the Gold Commissioner may order the Shei'itl'to levy the delicieiu'V on the debtor's personal ])roperty. Ten days' notice of sale must in either case be posU^l np near the* ])!oiievly and at th(^ nearest Court House. If the d(d)tor be al)sent fi'om the district, tln^ notice must be 14 days, and must be ins(Mteaper, if one is ]>ublish<>d in the district. The sde must be bv public auction to the bidder of the sum r;'(piiri'l for the smallest portion of projXM'ty. .A. bill ofsile fr im til" .luelioiieo!' confers su(di title .as the owner hiid, 5. .V written notice of al>andonment served on the foreman l)v a partner is absolute, ami dischargees the member from all siihse(pient debts of the company. LIMITED IJAIilLTTY. Tf a minin'j; com))any tile with the (T()ld Commissioner or rccordin.i^ ofHcer a statement containinarticnlar interest of eacdi inendier, and also place on a coiis|)icuous j)art of the (daim in hirjjje letters tlu> n:un(> of the company, followed by th(> word " li«^iristered,"" 1)0 inembcM' will ho liable for any sul>se(pient del)t of the eomp any exceedin^f an amount proportionet, except in jLjold quartz mininj.r claims. E u'h eomv>any so constitmal must kooyt an account of sissets and liabilities, with the names of the shartdiolders and Ih'^ intia-est held l)v each, and make oit a nnmthlv b:dance slteet 204 GUIDE TO imiTISH COLUMBU. showing the names of the creditors and the amounts due to each, and the l)ahince sheet and books of the company may be inspected by any creditor. No such company can declare a dividend until all liabilities are ])aid. Ev(!rv such comi)any failing to coni})ly Avith any of these provisions is liable to a tine of SI 25. All other matters respecting gold mining companies are governed, as far as ])racticable, by the Mining Joint Stock Comouiies Act, ISfM. A shan^holder in a c()m])any registered under the last mentioneil Act need noi, be a Free Miner. ADMINISTllATION. On th(! death of a Free Miner holding mining prop(M'ty, his claim is not ()])on to octcupatiou by any otlu^i' ])erson, but the (rold Commissioniu' is to take j)oss('ssion of the ])ropertv and either represent or dispense with i', and to sell it by auction o)' [)rivate sale. The (Jold Commissioner is also to take pos s!;-;sioii of all the property of decnasod miners, piMiiliug the obtaining of proper letters of administration. LEASES. All grants for mining grcmnd, ditch ])rivileges, or otherwise, are in the form of a lipase sign:'d by th(> (told Commissiouer ami less(H;s. Except where otherwise provided, applicrations for a lease, accompmied by a j)l;in, must be sent in duplicate to the Gold Coinmissionei' who will forward it to the (lovein- nient foi- sanction, tixcept where the h^ase is not to exceed five years. Pending this application, the ground is reserved. The ground ujust be ^n'tniously marked by posts, and notice of a))[)lication must be alHxed to the ])ost neai'i'st the claims then l)eing worked, and at the Gold Commissioner s office. The application must be accompanied by a deposit of $1'25. DITCHES. The Gold Commissioner may grant to any jierson for any term not exceeding five years, i\w right to divert and use the water from any creek, stream, or lake?, and to convey such water by ditches or Humes through any mining ground. Ton days' notice of the apjdication must be affixed to some eons]jicuous part of tin; ground and upon the walls of the Gold Commissioner's office, and within that time any Free Miner may protest against the application. A dc^posit of S25 must accompany the a])plication, which must state the names of the applicants, the stream or lake to (SLIDE TO UniTlSH COLUMDIA. 205 be (livevted, th(; point of divorsion or clitch-hr.ad. the quanti- ty of \vat(u- to 1)(> takcMi, the hicality for its distribution, tlie \)y'u!c (if any) to bi' charired for the use of the water, and the tinii' ni'cessary for tin? completion of the ditch. Every sneh grant is subject to existing water rights. After siK^h a grint has bt'on mid;% any Free Miner hicating a claim ])elow tlie ditch-head on the diverted stream may, on ct)nip(Mis iting all p.n"S(ms damaged, claim sufficient water to worlc his claim. X ) poi'son is entitled to any such grant for the jiurpose of selling the watei- to present or future claim-holders. 'Ihe (toKI (^)nimissionor may, whenever he deems it ad- vis d)l(!. ov(h'r tlu! enlargi'ment or alteration of any ditch, and tix the (!i)m])eusatiou (if any) to be paid by the parties lienetiited. If the owner of a ditch wilfully waste any water, he will be charged for the same as if Iil' had sold it; and if he ])ersist in doing so the (lold Commissioner may declare all rights to the water forfeited. The owner of a ditch or water privilege may distribute water on such terms as he deiMUs advisabhs within the limits of his application; but lu> must supply all ap])licants, being Free Miners, in fair proportion and on equal terms, consider- ing tlie dilHculty of sup])ly. Tiilcs-; oth 'rwis- s[)ecially arranged, an annual rent of $5 mast b:> p lid for eviu'v oO inches of watcn* used for mining ))urposi>s when not sold; but when sold the rent is monthly, one avei'age days icceipts from such sale, to be estimated by the Gold Commissioner and — if he thinks tit — a jury. .Vny person may, with the sanction of the Gold Commis- sioner, bridge across any stream oi claim, and mine under or tluougli any ditch or Hume, or carry water through or over any occupied laiul. In all such cases priority of jiossession gives l»ii()rity of right to com])ensation. Water is measurcul at the ditch-head with a pressure of seven inches taken in through a horizontal trough. The api'rtuic must not b' more than t(ui inches high. In formin,!;- or upholding a ditch, Ix^fore entering upon and occupying any ])art of a registered claim, or loosening earth or rock within four feet of any ditch not belonging solely to the registered owner of such claim, three days' notice must be i,nven. In constructing anv road or work, any person may, with the sanction of the Gold Commissicmer, cross, divert, or other- wise interfere with any ditch or mining rights, on such terms as the Commissioner orders. A certificate from tlie Commis- 21)6 oriDK TO JilUTlSM roi.UWI'.lA. li it M m*:'-],. ii: sion'M- that a ])orsou was authorisetl so to interfere, and lias e()iii|)Ue(l with tho terms iinposod, may h(\ recorled, and is then evidence in any co. rt ol" the matters therein referred to. On the a))|)lieation of any party interc^sted, after notice to all coneern(>d, the (lold Commiss'oni'r will decide all matters connected with any snch interleience; and if the amount or value of the matter at issue does notexeijcd !?oO(), his decision is rinal; hut if it exceeds that sum any party a<,';4i'ieved, may ap]ie.ii to the Sapreme Court upon gi\iu,i^ to the Commis- sion within four days of such decision a writt n notice of ap- ])0 d and security for th(> c )sts of such appeal. The owner of any ilitch, water ])riviic^-e, or mining right, nnist at his own ex])ensi! construct and maintain all culvciits nrCi^ss.iry for the ])assagt^ of was-te water thiough or ovi-r it, except whi-re a sutlici(Mit natural stream exists near. DitclKis and water privileg'js must be constructed in a secure manner, an 1 miintained in goo 1 repair, to the satisfaction of the G )ld Cornmisslone.'; and in default tliereof tin; owners are liahlo for all damig.' that may ensue. The puhlication of a notice in two eon^">crttive numbers of th J G nc'lo or any n 'wsj^iper circuhiting m the Provinc(>, or by aiRviu^ sucjli n )tiej for ten diys 0:1 soin> (rons|)icuoas pirt of anv premises r.)ferred to in such notice, anil .at the ofKce of tile Gohl Commissioner, is sutlieient for all purposes. MINING BOARDS. Upon petition signed by 101 Free Miners in any district, the Gold Commissioner may constitute a Mining lioard for that district, consisting of nine UKunbers, who retire annu- ally, and are elected by the Free Miners inhabiting the dis- trict. Every registered owner of a mining interest in the district for thre(^ months previous to the election is eligible as acaulidite. Eieh voter his nine vote -s, but cannot give m )re th lu 0:10 to each c mdidato. The Gold Commissioncn' is the Rjturning Oifioer and dacides all quf^stions of qualili- cation. If any member cease to b^ a registered Free Miner, or is convicted of a misdemeanor or. felony, or of any wilful and m dicious contravention of the gold mining laws or by-laws, ho //>9> /ac/o loses his seat and qualitieation; but if he has merely ceased to be a registered Fi'ee Miner, he may at any time regain that qualification. If a member absents himself from three consecutive meetings of the Board, the Board may by resolution, declare his seat vacated The Gold Com- missioner fills up all such vacancies. The Mining I3oard has power to make by-laws subject to Uie aj)]3roval of the Gold Commissioner; audi such by-laws are (lUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA. 207 biihling until disanproved by the Government. The Board niiy also siiarty or as may be directed. The summons may be amended by leave of the Gold Commissioner on such teiins as he may impose. $10 is charged for each summons. Where disputes arise concerning mining property, portions wliereof are situated in different districts, the Gold Commis- sioner of either district before whom the dispute is first brought shall determine it. When practicable, the Gold Commissioner must decide the questijn at issue upon the ground in dispute. i 203 GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA. I' li!-^ The GoM Commissioner m;iy, in eases of disputed bouiid- aries or mensurvnients, enii)l()y n surveyor to mflrk and ddlnc the same, iind ciu-se the expeiisj th^'reot* to be p.iid by cither or both parties. He has power to hiy ovrr any or all elaims witiiin his dis- trict, for sueli i)jrio,l and un ler such eireum itaneesash*' may tliiidc proper, and to order iiny minin;jj works to be so carried 0:1 as tJell^u.•.' til' sif^^tyoi th(^ piblic, or })r>)tect the in- tsrests of elaim-iiol lers or b 'd-roi^'k driins; and any al)and()!ic(l works m ly by his order b ( either tilled up or j^u irdcd, at the cost of the [)irties who hive eoustruetcd the same, or in tiieir absen 'e, then upon such terms as lu^ shall derm expedient. Hjmiy, up )n re(| lest, mark out for business purposes or j^irhms, 01 or neiraiiy mining" ground, a plot of - c ius:3, wherein the damages claimed are under S2')(), is brought in the tirst instance befort; the Supreme Court, the Court after issu:; jo'neil may direct the iMuse to Ite tricil before any Gold Commissioner, upon such terms as the Court shall thiiik fit. Jurors and witnesses are entitled to such compensation as the Court may direct. When in civil cases the matter in dispute exceeds >?250, an appoil lies from the decision of the Gold Commissioner to OtTDE TO HRITISH COLUMBIA. 209 the Supremo Court upon matters of law. Notice must be given in writing to the opposite party, or his Attorney, within four (lavs after tiie decision complained of, and security given, to the approval of the Gold Commissioner, for the costs of the appeal, and the .-kmouut (if unv) payable under the judg- ment. Such appeal may be in the form of a case settled and signed by the parties, their Counsel, or Attorneys. 1»ENAL CLAUSES. Any i)orson wilfullv or unlawfully acting in contravention of the Gold Mining OrII • lodc'H, )m that ;he Pro- Lies may or k)(l»', It' of the d'vi'/, to :(» liKvito (1, at one elcc'toral ido, tlu- m of the c notico, luplioiite Commis- claim in forward voycd at ctious oi ice as is a C'rowti 10 of tilt' ]io claim [)posit',;d, ant, and iJolumbiii I the Act I'face in- U veins, top or pxteuded ledges course lof such \ch out- jortions Fards as lions so coutiiuifd ill (heir own direction that such planes will intin*- sect such exterior parts of such veins or ledj^'es. Ill case any dispute ai'ise hetween applicants ft)i" the same cl.tiiii or any portion thereof, any SiipriMiie Court Judj^e, Ciiuiity Court Judj^e, or (rold Commissioner, has power to li ar nud (hitei'niine the dis])ute, and the procedure and prac- tice will be analo,tj;ous to that in the >riniii,L!; Court. Fii the event of any a|)plicaiit ne^lectinj.; to comply with the ])i'()visioiis of the Ai^t within tw(dve mouths from th(^ actual location of tho claim, or suchoxtended time as the Chief Ci>m- inissio;ier may certify to he reasonable, not exceodintj; six iiioiitlis, the claim located by llie applicant will be deemed v;ica Mt. The Cr(»wn (Irant mentioned iiu-ludes the absolute owner- shi|) of tlu! land coiiv yed, and of all miiu^'als therein except t(old not in lodes or veins. The .Vet only a]t))lies to unoccupied and unrt\s(U'ved ('lown fj;iii(l, and does not a])])ly to that portion of the electoiMl (lisfrict of Caril)oo lyin;j;' east of the Fraser liiver until a petition of tvvo-thirds of the pernons holdiui^ Fi'e(! Miners' certiticMtes in that district shall have been forwarded to the Tjieii((uiaiit-( iovernor in Council, and a pi'oclamation thereof ])nblished in the Dritish Columbia (htzrife. THE LAWS l{ESPECTIN(! INDIANS Are consolidated by "The Indian .Vet, IS7<>,"" of Canada. Spaci' only permits us to give a summary of those provisions which sliould be known by all British Columbians. The Minister of the Interior is Superintendent-CrentU'ul of Indian At't'airs. All Tiidiaii woman marryin;j; a non-Indian ceases to be an liiilian within the nu>anine- of the law, excei)t that she is en- titled to shaie with her trib(> in the distribution of their moneys. Th(! half-breed head of a family is not (with a few excep- tions) accounted an Indian. No person ex(^ept an Indian of the tril)e may settle upon or use an Indian reserve; and all moi't.ij; i;4es by an Indian, and all leases and contracts whereby persons other than Indians of the tribe are permitted to reside or hunt upon such reserve, are void. Piu'sons ]iersisting in sottliuf.; or tres])assing upon Indian reserves are liable to a tine, and in some eases, to ar- rest and imprisonmi'ut. .Vll sheriffs, gaolers, and peace officers m\ist assist tlie Su)ierintendent-(ieneral or his de]iuty in enforcing the law. 212 GUIDE TO nitlTIHH COLrMWA. Every bund of Iiulians must k(^ep tlin roiuls, bri(l;j;i'H, (litc;lu)s, iuid ftnicos, within tlioir ios(>ivo, in proper order. No portion of a reserve oui be sold until it lins been nur- rendored t(j the Crown; but the Sup(>rintendent-(ienerid iii.iy, with the consent of the tribe, lieeuso any piirson to cut iiinl remove trees, wood, and hay, or to ([uarry and remove stoiu? and ;^'rave], on and from tht; reserve. If any ptnson witliont authority euts, or is imj)licat('d in cutting, tindx'r on Imlian hinds or resm-ves, or is implit-atid in removiu"^ any tind)er from sucli hinds, he acipiiri's no rif^ht to the timbiu-, nor any elaim in respect of it; and when it is found imi)ossibh' to sei/e the sanu', he is liable, in lul- dition to the loss of his labor and disbursements, to forfeit !?.'{ l't)i' o;u'\i tree, Ix'sides the costs of prosecution. The Sup- erint(*ndent-(reneral or his d((puty has power, on nu'eiviii;.,' ;i swoi'ii information, to sei/c* any tind)er so cut withoul authority, wlnu-over it is found; and where such timber Ims been so mixed up with other tindier as to render it impossihlct or dillicult to distinj^uish tlu^ one from the other, tlu; whole is liable to seizure and forfeitun^ unless satisfactorily separated by the holder. Any person seizing tiinber under the Act may, in the nanie of the Ch'own, call in any assistanci! nect^ssiiry for securiii;,' and protecting the tind)er so seized; and every person resist- ing ov obstructing any pers(jn in the discharge of his duty uii(l(M' the Act, is guilty of fidony . Whosoever, whetlu'i* pretending to be tin': owner or not, takes or causers to b(> taken, without p('rmission, any tinilu r seiz(Ml as subject to forfeiture, is deemed to have stolen it, and is guilty of f( lony; and whenever any timber is seized for neii- payment of ('rown dues, or for any other cause, or any prosc- cutier was cut, liis on th(! owner or claimant, All timber seized is deemed to be condemned uidess, th'! owner within one month gives notice to thti seizing otHcer oi' ■.(vu'est otHcer or agent of the Superinten- dent-Cxeneial that ii(f Ciaimsor intends to claim the same; and failing such notice, the Superintendent-General may order the timber to be sold. Any judge, luiving com])etent jurisdic- tion, may try and di^termine such seizures, and may order tlic delivery of the tind)er to the alleged owner on receiviii*,' security l)y bond, to be ap[)rovedby the agent, to pay double the value in case of condemnation. Every ])erson availing liims(df of any false statement or oath to evade paynnmt of dues, forfeits the timbcn- on which dues are attempted to be evaded. (H'lDE TO liUiriSIl ('OLl'MIUV. 11:5 IiidiiiiiH arc not Ii;»,Ui<' U) bt! t.ixt'd for ix'isonul i>ro|»c>rty, umI»?ss they li«»l(l real I'stiito uiulm* loaso or in ♦"<■*' simple, or |)cr.S(tri!il prnpcity niitNi.lc tlio n'scrvf. Fjaiid held in trust for Indians is exnnipt From taxation. No person^ can olttain any charj^c upoii real or personal property of any Indian, except on property sul>jcct to tax- ation; l»ut anv person st llini^ u IV articli! to an Ind lan may take security on such article for any |)art of the pr Kte w hid may Ix un) aid. fiidians have the ri sold, bartt'rod, exciian[j;eil or ^iven to ;iny ])e!'son other than an Indian of the same tribe, unless with the written assent of the Superinteu- (ItMit-drenei-al or his a<^('ut; and whoever buy« or otherwise ac'piires any i)reseuls or property |)urchasiMl as aforesaid, without such assent, is }^uilty of a misdeuiieanor. The Superintendeut-(T(Mieral may furnish aid from the funds of any tribe foi- th(^ relief of sick, disabled, aged, or (lestitutt! members of su(;h trilxf not provided for by the tribe. Ifeathcm Indians arc competent witnesses in any court; and they an; liabh? to the penalty of perjury like other persons. Whoever sells, exchanges with, barters, su])plies, or gives to any Indian, an int(»xicant, or causes or procurers the same to l)e done, or connives or attempts thereat, or opens, or keeps, ()!■ causes to ])e opened or kept, on any reserve, a building where any intoxicant is sold, Ijartered, exchanged, or given, or is found in ))o.ssession of any intoxicant in the tent or place of abode of ;iny Indian, is liable to imprisonment for six months with hard labor, .and a tine of !?;:U)0 with costs of prosecution. The commander or person in charge of any vessel or boat, from or on board of which any intoxicant has l)eou sold, bartered, exchanged, supplied, or given to any Indian, is liable to a fine of i^'MH) for each such ott'euce, with costs of ])roseeution, and in defa.ilt of immediate payment, to six months' im]irisonment with hard labor. Half the tine goes to the informer. But in case of sickness where the intoxicant is used under medical advice or the direction of a minister of religion, no ])enalty is incurred. 2U GUIDE TO BltlTlSII COIA.MIJIA. N|? The recft l)tucl e or vesHt A wl lonco or wlieroin any intoxicant lius been sold, oxcluuif^i'd, bartered, sn[)])lio(l, or j;i\ en, and the reniaiain,ij; conte-nts thereof, and anv intoxicant iinportnl or manut'uetured or bronjj;ht into and upon any reserve, or into the tent or place of idxxle of any Indian, may be seized l)v an V eonstaUle and, bv ord-r of aJustieeof the P eaci' (les- troyeil; and the person in whose i)ossession they were found, is liable to a ])enalty of >^10(I and (!osts, and in default of pay- uieut to ini[)risonnient with hard labor foi* six months. Any vess; 1 or conveyance em[>loved in cari'yin,^' any intovj- cant to be supplied to Indians may he seized, declare [ for- feited and Sv)ld, as in the last para;i;ra])h; and so also iniv (^vr ition either wholly or in pai't may he any intoxicant. ■.vicatet i .Tn(hans mavbe ai'resti'd and ii uonson t;onstable until thev become sobei', \Vi ie:i s:)h MV be I )rought bel-u-e a ,jud,u!;e or justice, aic c .1 oy iiiiy ley inu-ii ■ uvicteil of ti heiuL;" found intoxicated, are liable to one m(jnth"s impris:)!i- nient. I'lC tu I'jViU'v fndian admitted to a university degree, or to p or licinised l>v anv denominatioa a -5 a ('hristi; aw. in minister, becomes i/)si) I'm-to onfranchiseiL TI le Wl! aai mmoi' uiima rriei] (dul Ii'.mi of ,i i eiifranchis ■ 1 Indian are also enfranchiscid. ihit these jirovisions as fo (M1- fraiichisomeiit will not ap[)ly t) British ( Columbia until e\;- touih^il thereto by pi'oidainatiou of th" (rDveiMDr-lhiUMM!. I N 1)1 A X I ) E PA HTM i:NT. Litait.-C'olonel, 1. \V. Powell, - - Superintent; resi(hMice, Sajinicdi. A1(!X. McKiulay, Provincial (!ommissioner. — Ilesidenci'. Lie La Hache, B. C. (1. M. S])roat, Joint ('ommissionm'.—lh^siihuice, Victoria. George Blinkiiiso]), (Nunmissary OtVu'er and (hMi ^al Asst.. Victoria. Edward l\Ioh (in, ('. H., Surveyoi. — Ih^sidence, Victoria. [NDIANS. T^his po])ulatioii is imm(M'ous; and as tin; FiKbans are pro- (bu't^rs as well as consumers, thev form an imoortant (d(MU(!iit GUIDE TO BUITISII COLUMHIA. 215 in tlio considorntiou of the «ommGrcial relations of the Pro- vince. For the rest, it maybe remarked that they are strictly uiuler the law, and that, with the appliances at command, no (litHculty is experienced in exacting obedience. In saying that the native population is nnmerous I ought to confine the remark to the immediate vicinity of the Coast. In the inte- rior they are comparatively few, and sparsely distributed. In many points, too, the Indians of the interior are far more engaging in character than those of the sea-board. Those l.ist, however, are of a more ingenious turn. They excel in many simp'e manufactures, and are not a little advanced in (livers meclianical arts. The services of the young men luiiong the natives are turned to good account in agricultural and other pursuits. I may add that, beyond this, littl(> has been done for their improvement, save through the ett'orts of jn'ivate individuals, and the exertions of the Missionaries of various dtuiominations who are in tlie tiold. The Govern- ment has been unpardonably supine: and it is gratifying to laiow that, under the new political relations of the Province, the care of this branch of the population dcsvolves upon the Dominion. At the outset of the genoial colonization of the country, in 1858, it is not iniproliable that a good many concealed niur- ilers of white men took place ; for the sudden intlnx of some twenty or thirty tliousand men, ere yet tin; machinery of ;^f()vernment was fairly orgaiu/ed, led naturally to many dis- '>i;lovs. With the mnltituth^ among a majority of well-dis- posed persons, no small leaven of the worst characters from abroad, as might be supposcul, was mingled: and it cannot be doubted that in certain cases the aggnsssions, or brut;il ex- (H'sses, of such led to retaliation, sometimes upon innocent victims. Previous to this tlu; Hudson's Bay Company, with 'vhom the adiniuistratiou of the atfairs of Vancouver Island at that time resteu, under charter from the Imperial Govern- nient, had succ(*ssfully restrained the natives from molesting the few s(*ttl(n's who then occup'ed a portion of the nascent colony. Tli(> ji'dicious administration of the Clii((f Factor, the ju'esent Sir James Douglas, K. C. B. — then Governor of V.iiicouvei- Island, and aft(U'wards, wluni disconni!ct(Hl from the Company, of both sections of tlie present Province, at iirst for some years separate co-operati^d witli the admirable ystem which prevailed throughout the country, in the mau- ii occasional exorcise of severity, punishment was confined to the guilty alone, and necessary justice in all cases tempered by racji'cy. No wonder, then, that the sudden inundation of the country by a Hood of adventurers, unhubituated to inter- course with the native races, and whom they regarded as strangers, disorganized previous restraint. But British law soon asserted its sway. The excesses of the evil-disposed among the immigrants were checked Avith the strong hand. Detected culprit.: among the natives suft'ered punishnKiut under due legal process; and thus order was restored. Sub- sequently it became necessary to employ severe measures u])on th(^ West Coast of Vancouver Island. One or two villages were boml)arded by the vessels of Her Majesty's Sti[uar. The natives, long habituated to our customs, through intercourse with former traders, harmonise well with the present occu])ants; and the kind treatment gen- erally extended to them i)v the well-disposed, secures good- will. It is in the "Debatable Land" alone, situate(l between the frontier of the settled region of the Interior, and the mainland (Joast, that any da?ig(n' of collision, however remote, is to l)e .'ipprtilnmdeil. Tlie natives along this line, siuit Indians have always sliared ei am [Uilly with the white ri'-siiU;iits, tiie ])roteetit)n of the law 1 this tliev have been mad'; to underst; nil I, anu ai'e at( fully aw in> or. nut tliere is a wide ri^'ld tor tneir mat(!rial improve- nii'nt — material, imlinnl, bat implying a coneoinitant ameli- oi'ition of a deeper and a liolicn' nature; for the two go hand ill iiand, and cannot l)e dissevered. I have casually noticed the mis-lion try eii'orts that are in progress; and I may add th.it. so hiv as is apparent, a degree^ of unanimity' prevails. despite tl'.- lorm.d di(l\'rences of creed, which argues well for tli(> general jirogr(;ss. For admitted that a common end be ill \ i(>w, it is snr(dy im[)oiltic to distui'b the minds of the neophytes, by cpieslions of whether the g(jod teaching be of Pial or of .Vp')llos. The point is noticed because we have witii(!sse.l elsewhere the evil cons(M[uences of such warfare of s;>ct against sect, to the common detrinnait of all. But as an aljun(!tt) moral and religious teaching, however yii^aloiisly ;ippli(Ml, the inculcation of solid industry, and the material elevation of the Indian in tlie soci.il scale, ar(^ elements essential to success; and where such success may have been hitluato partially obtained, it will be found that to this com- bination of (illbrt, mainly, it is attril)utab}e. To this end the ■ •()-oper;ition and aid of the (rovernment are an imiK)rtant !*ouditi()n; and it is satisfactory to know, that, under the new )• 'lations of the Province, this co-operation will be atl'orded. Llie suceess of Mr. Dum-an, the Superintendent of the Church Missionary establishuicnt at Methlakatla, only ])artially f(js- tered by the authorities ;is his cNeitions may have been, is an example of what may be ellected under zealous and judicious niiinagemeiit. Various missions have; at ditlerent times been establish(>d among the Indians of the North-west; some of which have b(!(ni partiilly successful. As far back as 1S42, the Lite Kij^'iit lleverend IJishoi) Demers — then a priest, and afttM'wards l{. ('. liishop of the Diocese — passed a winter 'iider the writer'* root at Alexandria, where a rude church was erected under his supervision by th(» natives: and at iii^^i till iiii 218 OUIDE TO ISRITISH COLUMBIA. present, nt different points there are missicni stations cou- ductetl by clergy of the various denominations, Avliose labors, it may be hoped, are more or less encouraged by Kuecess. I have thought it ])roper to d\v<'\\ at some length upon this topic, in order to dis[)el the imprtjssion that appears to have gone abroad, that the natives of Jiritish Columbia arc in a condition of unmitigated barbarism — than which no statement can be more falhicious. That the large majority of the Co ist Indii'us are, morally, in a very degraded condition, may not be concealed; but th'jre is nothing in their C(jaduct to justify the fabulous talcs of wanton ])lood-thirst, as against tin; whites, that have been promulgated. Thievisli, and deplor- ably licentious in their habits, as they doubtless arc, thev have been ovcu'-awed by the law; iind tlu; seeds, at least, of nior;'i improvtiUKnit — tardy and remote though the growth may i e 1 impeded by the corruptions j^romoted by the lower gi t of the civili/ed race — have l)een cast among tliein. ]Soi' let this consideration be received with sneering ino'cdulitv. Precept and example are never without ctl'eet, alltcit slow, and at iirst imperceptible. Tiie good is perceived; and though, as with the heathen Poet of old, it miy not at once be practised, tne leaven has l)een introduced which, with tinui, must operate. Upon the superior character of tlu! interior tribes I have already remarked, and need not expatiate. Yet even to these, in common with the others, the most groundless charges have been applied — even that of cannibalism. The revolting charge maybe unhesitatingly contradicted; th(> "brave and blood-tiiirsty cannibal," the bug-bear hehl out to " unfortu- nate stray settlers," does not exist here. The oidy instance that miglit in any way countenance the shameful accusation that I ev(U" kn(nv, took place, or was i'(iport<^d to have taken place, many years ago at Fort Giiorg ;, in the remote interior; where an Indian, was s;iid to have had recourse to the hor- rible expedient, to save life while starving in the mountains. The Indian thus accused, however, was regarded as a kind of pariah by the rest; and by the voyageurs, with a pious horror, was designated thti Manijeur de mi\idi\ and scrupulously sliunn(>d. Oth(U' cases may possibly have occurred, under simi- lar circumstances; but this is the only one that ever caiue nnder my individual notice — and I have witnessed at times, and sometimi^s haply had it in my power to alleviate, miseries of famine wdiich, if aught might (piestionably excuse the re- volting expedient, might imhuul have justified it. 13ut. for the honor of hum in nature in its primitive state, 1 am proud to say the vile temptation was resisted, with a persistency of OriOK TO IHlITISrt COLrMHTA. 21!) ItllV'.UM 1 Cll.l uraiu'c which , witiK'ss tlio rocun'ds of history, is not too stroiij-lv c'haiMctciistic of our own hoastod civili/a- tioii. til Nevertheless, there was formerly a superstitious eusto iiiioii;^' the natives of tli(! Coast, not yet, possibly, ([uite ex- tinct in parts, which, under an e\a;^f;4erai(!il or nialevoh'ut 'J' I lis view, iniji;ht l.e r.rged to couhtenance the ch;ii|;e custoiii is a5iah)}4:(' read, \\hetiier l'abiih)usl\ or not !. do not prof.',.s to deteraiine, us having; existed among certain Euro- pean iiiitions - the /^yrf////'///oy»/V/ of tlie Anci(!nts, the i\(e of te;;ri !!:.>■ livin,!!,' do,i,'s to ])iec(>s with the te(!tl\; amoiiii; the l>ella-l)ell;is of Milljauk Sound of l)iting pieces of tiesh from tht arms of the unresisting bystanders duiing tin* progiess of the. riti's; ;ind farther North, as I have i)een ;vssr.red but nu extracti(»n through inler- uiariiage, and partici|)ate in the characteristics of both races. it is, however, aside from my purpose to enttu" into ])articu- lirs regarding this tpnistion, which is one rather for the ethnologist than the general en([uirer. NevertluHess, as re- gards the several tribes that fringe the Nortliern Coast of th(! (Continent, from the borders of California up to Cook's Inlet, wh(!re tlu\v interlock with the Wt^sttu'n Ksquimaux, T may state the coticlusion at which we may, I think h^gitimately arrive; namely, that they tn-iginate from the westward — from >l;ipan, the Kuriles. and elsewhere. Then! are many points of physical resemblance, with probably remote traces of customs, which indicate the origin of some of them, at least, from J ij) lu. Whether the immigration in the remote past ir 220 GUIDE TO BRITISH CULUMhIA. llRii' has been voluntary or fortuitous, it is of course vain to con- jecture; but the possibility of the latter supposition has been convincingly established, even within the limit of my own ex- perience. For in 1834:, in consequence of Indian rumours which had reached the Columbia liiver during the precediii" winter, a vessel was despatched from Fort Vancouver to Queen-ha-ilth, south of Cape Flattery, to enquire into tlit- circumstances of a re])orted wreck. The late Captain McNeill, commander, on arriving there, found the remnants of a Jap- anese junk, and purchased from the natives a quantity of potter}' and other articles that had formed portions of her cargo. He likewise broiigiit away three Japanese, the sur- vivors of a crew originally consisting, as we understood, of forty; the rest having perished at sea of hunger. It appealed that, having been dismasted in a typhoon and lost their reckoning, the junk had drifted for many montiis until at length stranded. Since then frequent mention has been made of disabled junks having been encountered at sea in tho North Pacitii!, by whalers, and the survivors of the crews rescued from their perilous condition. All these were more or less ailvanced in their drift towards the American continent. On board of one of them was found, among otiier merchandise, about 12,000 pounds of beeswax. This circumstance afibrds the clue whereby the nationality of another junk wrecked long ago upon the coast, near the mouth of the Columbia river, can be inferentially established. A tradition of this existed when the ftrst traders settled there in ISIO; and some of the crew wer*^ said to have reached the shore alive. This tra- dition, however, derived direct corroboration fnnn the fact that quantities of beeswax were constantly found in th • sands at Clatsap, on the southern shore of the estuary — the indicated point of shipwreck. As late as 18oo, indeed after violent storms, cakes of wax retaining their original form and quite uncorroded by time, were still occasionally discovered — the sole diti'erence observable between it and the recent substance being that it was of a tiner qualitv, h.irder, and pai'tiallv bleached by exposure. Withal, the race has greatly diminished in numbers since their contact with Europeans. One tribe, the Chinooivs of the lower Columbia river — numerous when tirst I knew them — has almost entirely vanished; and along the northern coast a constant diminvition is perceptible, more especially among those who have immediate intercourse with the whites. For this, divers obvious causes may be assigned. The occasional devastatiovi by epidemics, such as small-pox, is one : of this last mentioned disease however, the spread has been much fiUIDE TO P.KITISH COLUMBIA. 221 (liiaiiiislied of late by Viicciiuitiou. A secoiul fertile cause has been tloubtless the siipi)ly of iutoxicatiii}^ liquors — dele- t H'iou-i if not positively poisonous compounds — by unscrupu- lo is men of tlie lowest and the laziest class. The laws estab- lished for the prevention t)f this otlence, both within the Provinite and in the a^jjaceiit Territor\- ctf the United States, are stringent, and every effort is made to enforce them — lu'vertiieless constant evasions occur; and it h is been seriously mooted whether, if it be found impracticable to suppress the nefarious traffic entirely, it might not be prudent to legalise it under duB restrictions. A third and last cause may be only passingly adverted to: the physical contamination which a d 'graded and licentious intercourse carries with it, against which no laws can provide. Yet, even among some of the interior races, and while still their communication with the whites was v(;ry limited, a mysterious decay was apparent, referable to none of the causes mentioned. ^Pulmonary affec- tions were the form in which the decay of the vital power was manifested in th • children; and each successive generation showed a greater ratio of deaths, chiefly of confirmed phthisis. A great change in the ordinary habits of life might be sug- gcisted as the most obvious cause of this degeneration. The sul)stitution, among many, of European clothing for the primitive dress of skins, alternated at times with unwonted exposure through uncertainty of supply, might well induce, in part the effect noted. But while noting the general effect that has resulted, it is bootless to speculate too narrowly as to the cause. — Anderson. u„ ' r 5' 222 GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA. DICTIONAEY OF THE CHINOOK JARGON. Indian Trade Lamjuage of the North Pacljic Coast. Part I. Chinook — English. AL-ha, adv. Yes. Ahu-kut-te, or Alm-kot-tie. Formerly; before now. With the accent prolonged on the first syllable, a long time ago. Ex. Ahnkutte lakit sun, four days ago; Tenas ahnkutto, a little v/hile since. Al-ah. E.Kpression of surprise. Ex. Alah mika chahkolah, you ve come Al-kie. Presently; in a little while; hokl on; not so fast. Al-ta. Now; at the present time. A-mo-te. The strawberry. An-ah, interj. An excUimation denoting pain, dis[3leasuro or depreciation. Ex. Anah nawitka mika halo shem; ah, indeed you are without shame. Ats, 11. A sister younger than the speaker. A-yah-whul, v. To lend; borrow. 13. Be-be. A word used toward children; a kiss; to kiss. JBed, n. A bed. Bit or Mit. A dime. Bloom, n. A broom. Mamook bloom, to sweep. Boat. A boat, as distinguished from a canoe. Bos-ton, n. ailj. An American. Boston illahie, the United S.'. tates. Bur-dash. An hermaphrodite. C. Cal-li-peeii, /:. A ritle. Ca-nim, n. A cane _. Cauim stick, the cedar, or wood from which canoes are usually made. Ca-po. A coat. Chah-ko: To come; to become. Ex. Kansih mika chaco? when did you come? Chahko kloshe, to get well. Chack-chack. The bald eagle. Chee. Lately; just now; new. Chee nika ko, I have just ar- rived. Hvas chee, entirelv new. GUIDE T(» RRiriSM COLUMBIA. OO^ .l.'t-l o, ('li('i-l(> or ClH^t-woot. A black boai I). All oyHter, V\\A Iv-M-iniii, II. |>« cliikii m iu, silver; Phil chikain'n, ^'oUl or copjxn-. Ciiik;imiu lope, wire; fi cliain Chik-Cliik. A wujfon or cart. Chil-rlul Chit SI I, /'. linttoiiH. A i^raiidmother. (Mi()| ('l)(<-tul». // ur.'iiK IfutI icr, Afl ca. CIlllC Iv. II. Wat cv; a riv(*r or stream. Salt eliuek, the s(>a; Skooknin elinck, a rapid ; Solleks cliiu^k, a rough sea; (thuck cliahko or kalipi, the tide rises or falls; saghilli and ki't^kvvillie ehuek, hij^h aud low tide. ('liid<-kiii. To kiek. C'losi'. See Klose. C'h. r. To cry. Cole, aifj. Cold. Cole illahie, winter; Iclit cole, a year; Cole siek wauin sick, th(! fever and afi;ue. Coiiil). A eonil). Mainook eoinb, to comb; Mamook comb illahie, to harrow. Coo-hu'. To run. C-ooley kiiiatan, a race-horse; Yahka hvas kumtnks coolev, he i-an, /. r. knows how to run well. Coop-coop, //. Shell inoiit'Y. See Hvkwa. Co-sho, n. A hog; ])ork. Si wash cosho, a seal. Ciiltus, ai/j\ Worthless; good for nothing; without purpose. Ex. Ciiltus man, a worthless fellow; cultus potlatch, a present or fret? gift; cultus heehee, a jest; merely laugh- ing; cultus nannitsh, to look around; cultus mitlite, to .sit idle; cultus klatawa, to stroll. Qiie.s. What do you want? Alls. Cultus /. c. nothing. D. De-late. Straight; direct. Ex. Klatawa delate, go straight »* delate wauwau, tell the truth. Di-aub. The devil. Dly. Dry. (^hahko dely, to become dry; mamook dely, to (by. Doc-tin. A doctor. Dol-la. A dollar; money. Chikamin dolla, silver; pil dolla, gold ; dolla siaghost, spectacles. E. Eh-kah-nam, 71. A tale or stoiT. Eli-ko-li, )i. A whale. II 224 GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA. Ee-na, n. A beaver. Eeua stick (literally beaver wood), the willow. Eo-na-poo or In-a-poo. A louse. Sopen inapoo, a flea. Ek-keli. A brother-in-law. E-la-han. Aid; assistance; alms, Maraook elann, to help. E-lip. First; before; elip lolo chuck, in the first place cjirry water; elip kloshe, best; elip tillikuui, the first peoplo. E-li-te. A slave. E-salt'h. Indian corn or maize. li fH: a. (iet-uj». To get up: rise. Gloaso. Grease. Hyiu glease, very fat; too-toosh glease, butter. H. Hah-iakl. Wide; open. Ex. Mamook hahlakl la pote, open the door. Haht-liaht, /*. The mallard duck. Hak-at-shuin. //. A handkt;rchiuf. Ha-lo. None; absent. Q. Halo salmon mika? have you no fish? A. Halo, non(!. Q. Kah mika ])apa'? where is vour father? A. Halo, he is out. Halo wind, breathless; dead. Halo glease, lean. Halo iktas, poor; destitute. Haul, V. To haul or pull. Hee-liee. )i. Laughter; amusement. Cultus heejiee, fuu; mamook heehee, to am\ise; heeliee house, any place of amusement, as a tavern, bowling alley, &c. Hoh-hoh, n., i\ To cough. Hool-hool, )}. A mouse. Hyas hoolhool, a rat. Hous(% n. A house. Mahkook house, a stoi'e. Howh. Turn to; hurr}'. How-kwutl. Inability. Ev. Howkwutl nika klatawa? how could I go? Hul-lel, v., II. To shake. Hul-o-i-ma. Other; another; different. Ex. Huloima tilli- kum, a different tribe or people; hyas huloima, very different. Humni, )i., V. A stink or smell; to stink. Humm opootsh, a skunk. Hunl-kih. Curled or curly; knotted; crooked. Huy-huy, h., y. To barter or trade. Ex. Huyhuy la sille, change the saddle; huyluiy tumtum, to change one's mind. Hwah. Surprise or admiration; also earnestness. Hy-ak. Swift, fast, ipiickly, hurry, make haste. oriDi: TO nuiTisH coi.rMi-.iA. •22') HvHS. Liir^'e, great, vory. Hyus tvlioo, a great chief, hyas mahcook, a great price; dfiar; liyas ankutte, a long time ago; tiyas closlie, very good. Hy-iu. Mueii, many, plenty, eiKUigli. Hyiu tillicuni, a crowd; many |)eo])le; liy'.n m i.'kamuck, ])lenty to eat; tenas hyiu, some; few; wake hyiu, not many or not much. Hv-kwa, The shell money of the Pacific coast. ■^1 I. Ik-kik. A tisli-hook. Ik-poo-ie. To shut. Ikpooie la pote, shut th«' door; mani- ook ikpooie, to surround; ikpooie kwillan, deaf. Ikt. One, once. Ikt man, a man; ikt nika klatawa copa yahka house, I haye been once to his house. Tk-tah. What. Iktah okook, what is that? iktah mika tiki^gh? what do you want? iktah, well, what now ? Ik-tahs. Goods, merchandise. Hyiu iktahs, a great many goods or merchandise. Il-la-hie, >i. The ground; the earth; dirt. Tipso iUahie, ])rairie; saghallie illahie, mountains or high lan(l;h(!aven. Hyiu illahie kopa, dirty (literally much dirt upon.) In-a-])oo. A louse. Sopen inapoo, a flea. lii-a-ti. Across; o[)posite to; on the other side of. Inati chuck, on the other side of the river; klatawa inati, to cross over. Ip-soot. To hide one's self, ov anything; to keep secret. Ipsoot klatawa, to steal oft'; ipsoot wau-wau, to whisper. Is-ick, n. A paddle. Mamook isick, to paddle. Is-ick stick, n. T\w. ;ish. Ijitevally paddle wood. Is-kum, r To take; take hold of; hold get. Iskum okook lope, hold on to that rope; mika na iskum? did you get it? Tt-lan, II. A fathom. It-lo-kum, //. The game of " hand." Mamook itlokum, to gamble. Itl-wil-lie, II. The flesh; meat of any animal Konaway nika itwillie sick, all my flesh is sore. Its-wooat. A black bear. Itswoot paseesie, thick dark cloth or blankets. K. Kah. AVhere, whither, whence Kah mika mitlite? where do you live? konaway kah, everywhere; hahkah, here and there. Kah-kah. A crow. 226 GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA. mi Kah-kwa, arfw. Like; similar to; oquiil with. Ex. Kiilikwu nika tumtum, so I think; kahkwa hyasuika, ashirge as 1; kahkwa spose, as if; klosho kahkwa, that is right; good so. Kah-ua-way, u. Acorns. Kahnaway stick, the oak. Kahp-ho. Brother, sister or cousin. Kah-ta. How; why. Kalita niika mamook okook/ why do you do that? kahta raika chahko? how did you come? kahta mika? what is the matter with you? po kahta? and why so? Kal-ak-a-hili-ma, n. A goose. Kal-a-kwah-tie, n. The inner bark of the cedar; the petticoat or skirt formerly worn by women and often made of strands of bark. Kalakwahtie stick, the cedar tree. Ka-li-tan, n. An arrow; shot; a bullet. Kalitan le sac, a quiver; a shot pouch. Kal-lak-a-la. A bird. Ka-mas. A bulbous root used for food. Kam-ooks, n. A dog. Kahkwa kamooks, like a dog; beastly. Ka-mo-suk, ii. Beads, Tyee kamosuk (chief V ds) the large blue glass beads. Kap-swal-la. To steal. Kapswalla klatawa, to ^ . away; kapSwalla mamook, to do secretly. Ivat-suk. The middle or centre of anything. Cau-py. Coffee. Ka-wak,''t?. To Hy. Kaw-ka-wak. Yellow or pale green. Kee-kwil-lie. Low; below; under; beneath; down. Mamook keekwillie, to lower. Mitlite keekwillie, to set down; |)ut under. Keep- wot. A needle; the sting of an insect; a thorn. Shoes keepwot, an awl. Keh-loke, n. A .swan. Keh-.see. An apron. Keh-wa. Because. Kel-a-pie, v. To turn; return; overturn; upset. Kelapi canim, to upset a canoe; hyak kelapi, come back qnicklv; kelapi kopa house, go back to the house; mamook kelapi, to bring, send or carry back; kelapi tumtum, to change one's mind. Kes-chi. Notwithstanding, although. Ket-lin. A kettle, can, basin, &c. Kil-it-sut, n. Flint, a bottle, glass. (iUIDK TO IJUITISH COLUMUIV . 227 Kiiiitii. Bohiiid, iiftiT, iiftorwanls, last, since. Klatawa kiiutuh, i^o bt'liiiid; nika eli]) po yahka kimtali, I first ami ho afterwards; okook kimtah, tho ouo behind; kinitah nika nannitsh niika, since 1 saw you. Kin;; (reor^'o. Enj,'lish. Kin<; Go >rjj;e luau, an Englishman. Ki-nootl. Tobacco. Kish-kish, i\ To drive, as cattle or horses, iviu-a-tan, //. A hor.so. Stono kiutan, a stallion. Ki-wa. Crooked. Ki-yah. n. Entrails. Khi\\,(nfJ. Free or clear from; in si<^ht. Ex. Choe yahka klali, now he is in si<^ht. Klatawa klah, to escape. Chahko klah, (of seed) to come up; (of the woods) to open out; (of the weatlier) tt) clear up; maraook klah, to uncover. Klah-ha)iie. Out of doors, out, without. Ex. Mamook kla^-haiiio okook, ])ut that o t; klatawa klaj^hanie, to ^o out. Kla-how-ya. How do you do? ^'ood bye. Ex. Klahowya sikhs, j,'ood-byo, friend. Kla-how-yum. Poor, miserable, wretched, compassion. Hyas klahowyura nika, I am very poor; mamook klahow- yura, to take pity on; give alms; be generous. Klah-wa, ttr/r. Slow, slowly. Klatawa klahwa, go slowly. Klak adr. Ott'. Ex. Mamook klak stone kiutan, to castrate a horse; mamook klak I'assiette, take off the plates; klak kopa wayhut, get out of the road. Klaks-ta. Who. Klaksta mamook okook? who made or did that? halo klaksta, no one. Klak-wun or Kleh-kwan. To wipe or lick. Klakwnn I'assi- ette, to wipe a ])late. Klahi or T'kale. Black or dark blue or green. Klap, y. To find. Ex. Mika na klap mika kiuatan? did yon find your horse? klap tenas, to be with child. Kla-pite, n. Thread, twine. Klas-ka or Klus-ka. They, thinr, them. * Klat-a-wa, v. To go. Klatawa teahwhit, to walk; go on foot. Klatawa kopa kiuatan, to ride. Klatawa kopa boat, to sail. Mamook klatawa, to send. Kla-wliap. A hole. Mamook klowhap, to dig a hole. Klem-a-lmr, r. To stab, to wonnd, to dart, to cast as a spear, to hook or gore as an ox. Nika klemahun aamun, I spear salmon. Klihl or Klilt, adj. Bitter. Klik-a-mnks, /*. Blackberries or more properly dewberries. Klik-wal-lio. Brass. 228 GUIDE TO BltlTlSH COLUMlilA. Klim-in-ii-whit, n. v. A lie; to lio. Hyas kumtuks kliminu- wliit, he is a great liar. Klim-iuin. Soft; tine in substance. Ex. Klinimiu sapolcel, Hour. Klinimin illahie, mud; marshy ground. Mamook klimmin, to soften as by dressing a skin. Klip. Deep; sunken. Klip chuck, deop water. Klip suii, sunstit. Klis-kwiss. A mat. Klogh-ldogh. Oysters. Klo-uass. Uncertainty; doubt; I don't know; may be so; who Icnows? Ex. Kl(»nass nika klatawa, pherliaps I sliall go. (J. Kali mika kahpho? where is y(^ur brother? J. Klouiiss, J don't know. Klone. Three. Klook. Crooked. Ivlook t(\ihwit, br ' -n legged; lame. Klootch-niaii. A woman; a female of any animal. Tenas klootcliman, a girl. Klootclmian kiutan, a niiire. Kloslui. (lood; well; enougli. Kloshe nainiitsh, lookout; take can-. Hyas klosht;, very well. Kiose-s])os[it-lite. To sit; sit down; stay at; reside; remain. Ex. Mitlit(^ nlka hyiu salmon kopa, sit down I have plenty of salmon. Mitlite keekwillie, to put down. Mit-whit. To stand; stand up; mitwhit stick, a standing tree; a mast. Mokst. Twice. Moo-la. X mill. Stick moola, a saw-mill. GUIDE TO BKITISH COLUMBIA. 233 Moo-lock. All elk. Moon. The moon. Ikt moon, a month. Sick moon, the uuiiB or old moon. Moos-inoos. Bull'alo; horneJ cattle. Moo-8um. To sh.'ep; sleep. Nika hyas moosum, I slept very sound. Mow-itsli. A deer; venison. Muck-a-muck. To eat; to bite; food. Muckamuck chuck, to drink wuter. Musket. A gun or musket. Stick musket, a bow. N. Na. The interrogative particle. Ex. Mika ua klatawa okook sunV do \-ou go to-day? Interrogation is, however, often conveyeil l)y intonation only. Xiih. Look here I I say! Niih sikiis! halloo, friend! Nan-itsh. To see; look; look for; seek. Nanitsh yalika, look there. Klose uanitish, look out; take care. Cultus nanitsh, to look round idly or from curiosity only. Mauiook nanitsh, to show. Xau-its. The sea beacii. Na-wit-ka. Yes; certaiuly; yes indeed; to be sure. Nawitka wake nika kuintuks, indeeil I don't know. Wake mika nauitshV did you not see [it]? Nawitka, I did not. Nem. A name. Mamook iieni, to name or call by name. Xe-uani-ooks. The land otter. Ne-si-ka. We ; us ; our. Xe-whah. Hither; come, or bring it hither. Ex. Newliah nika nanitsh, here, let me see it. Xi-ka. I; me; my; mine. Xose. The nose; also, a promontory. Boat nose, the bow of a boat. O. 0-koke. This; that; it. Iktali okook? what is that? Okook sun. to-day. Okook klaksta, he who. Okook klaska, they (being present). 0-la-pits-ki. Fire. O-le-maii. Old man; old worn out. Hyas oleman kiutan, a very old horse. Ol-hy-iu. A seal. O-lil-lie. lierritis. Shot olillie, huckleberries. Siahpult olillie, ras])berries. Sahuon olillie, salmon berries. O-lo. Hungry. Oh) chuck, thirsty; olo moosum, sleepy. ()-luk. A snake. Oos-kan. A cup; a bowl. ()-}>e-lv\\, tintin. llelly, yakwahtin. Bellow, keekwillie. Belt, la sanjel. Berries, olillie; olallie. Best, elii) kloslie. ])etw«;en, patsuck. Jieyond, yahwu. Bird, kulakula. Biscuit, lel)iskwee. Bit or Dime, l)it. Bitter, klild. J',lack, klale. J*)lai'kberries, klikamuks. ]5lanket, paseesie. Jilind, hiilo seahhost. Blood, ])ilpil. Blow out, mamook poll. Blue (liglit) spooh. (dark) klale. Blunder to, tsee-])ie. Board, la plash. Boat, boat. Bob-tailed; a bob-tailed horse, siskiyou. Boil to, liplip. Bone, stone. Borrow to, ayahwhul. Bosom (fijmale), totoosh. Both, kunamoxt. Bottle, hibooti. Bow, (jpitlkegh Bowl, ooskan. Box, laeaaett. (JUIUE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA . 241 liiiU'<3let, klikwiiUie. HniHs, klikwallitf. Hnive, skookuiu tumtiun. Hit'iul, ])iiih siinolill oi lepan. JJiviik to, kt)kshut. BrctistH, totoosli. IJrccoh clout, opoots sill. JJriille, la bleed. lirij^'ht, towai^b. Hiin^ liithor, mainoook chaliko. lUoiid, klukulh. liioken, klook. Hiooni, l)l()()tn. Untther, kahplio, if elder than the speaker; ow, if younger. Male cousins the same. Urother-in-law, ek-keh. Ijueket, tainolitsh. lUitfido, iiiooHinoos. liullet, le l):d ; kalitau. Bundle, kow. But, [)ee, J3utter, totoosh lakles. Buttons, tsil tsil. Buy to, niahkook. By-and-b}', winapie. C. Candle, la shandel. Calf, tenas moosmoos. Calico, tziim sail. Canoe, canini. Carrot, la calat. Carry to, lolo. Cart, tsik tsik; cliickchick. Cascade, tuniwater. Castrate to, mahsh stone. Cat, ])usspuss. Cataract, tumwater. Cattle, moosmoos, Cedar, la plash stick. Certainly, nawitka. CMiain, la shen ; chikamin lope Chair, la shase. Change, to, liuyhuy (yhristmas day,"^ hyas Sunday. (Jlutat to, la lah. Chicken, la pool. Chief, ty-ee. (^hild, tenas. Claras, ona; lukutchee; lakwit- chee. Clams, largo kind, smetocka. Clear up to, cliahko klah. C'loth, f cotton) sail. Cloucls, smoke. Coal, coid. Coat, ca])o. Coli'ee, kaui)y. Cold, cole; tshis. Colors, mixed, tzum. Comb, comb. Comb to, mamook comb. Come to, chahko. Cou'.'eal to, mamook ipsoot. Confess to, yiem. C'onjuring, tamahnous. Cook to, mamook piah. Copper, pil chikamin. Cord, tenas lope. Corn, esalth or yesalth. Corral, kullagh. Cotton goods, sail. Cougar, hyas piisspuss. Cough, hohholi. Count to, mamook kwunnuu. Cousin, see brother and sister Cow, moosmoos. Coyote, talapus. Crab apple, powitsh. Cranberry, solcmie. Crazy, pel-ton. Cream-colored, le clem. Crockery, piah lah. Crooked, kiwa. Cross, la cloa. Crow, kahkah. Cry to, civ. m !ff M 242 Cuj), ooskan. Ciivly, hnnlkih. Cut to, tl'kopo. D. Dance to, tanso. Dark, ilarkness, polaklio. Da}', sun. Dead, nionuiloost. Deaf, ikpooio kwillaii. Dear, liyas mahkook. Deep, klij). Deer, mowitsli. Demon, skookum. Devil, (Haul); yaub; lejaub. Differeut. liuloima. Difficult, kull. Dig to, maiaook illaliie. Dime, ])it or mit. Directly, t .hike. Dirty, paht illaliie. Dis|)lea,sure, anali. Do to, mamook Doctor, doctiu. Dog, kamooks. Dollar, dolla or talila. Door, la po'te. D' lOtful, klonas. -Down stream, mi-mie. Drawers, keekwillie sakoleks. Drink to, muckaniuck chuck. ])rive to, kish kish. Drunk, pahtlum. Dry, (lely. Duck, fmallard) kAveh k^veh and hahl-halil. Dust, polallie. E. Eagle, chack chuck. Ear, kwolann. Early, tenus sun . Earn to, tolo. Earth, illahie. East, sun chahko. GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA. King George. Eat to, muckaniuck, Egg, le saj); le zep. Eight, stotekin. Elk, moolock. Enclosure, kuilagh. English, / ' Englishman, i Enough, hiyu, kopet. Entrails, kiva'di. Evening, timas polidclie. Every, konaway. Excliange, huyhuy. Extiuguisli, mamook ]ioh. Eyes, seahliost. F. Face, seahliost. Faded, s]>ooli. Fals(.'hood, kliminawhit. Far, siah. Fast (qaicli), livak. Fast (tight), kwutl. Fasten to, kow. Fat, glease. Father, papa. Fathom, itlan. Fear, kwass. Feathers, tipso. Fell to, (as a tree), mamook Avhim. Fence, kuilagh. Fetch to, mamook chahko. Fever, waum s^ick. Few, teanas. Field, klackan. Fight to, mamook solleks. Fight, with lists, mamook pukpuk. Figured f^as calico), tzum. File, la leem. Fill to, mamook |)ahtl. Find to, klap. Fingers, le doo. Finish, kopet. Fire, j)iah; olapitski. OUroE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA . 243 First, e-lip or el-ip. Fish, pish. Fish-hook, ikkik. Five, kwinuuni. Flea, sopeii eimpoo, ehotub. Flesh, itlwillie. Flint, kilitsut. Flour, sapolill. Fly to, kawak. Fog, smoke. Food, niuckamuck. Fool, pelton. Foolish, pelton. Foot, le pee. Forever, kwahuesuni. Forget to, mahlie. Fork, la pooshet. Formerly, ahiikutte; ahukottie, Four, lakit or lokit. Fowl, la pool. French, Frenchman, pa^iiooks, i'riend, sikhs or sliikhs. Frog, shwahkuk. Fry to, mamook lapoel. Fry ing-pan . lapoel . Full, pahtl. Fundament, opoots. G. Gallop to, kwalal kwalal. Gamble, mamook itlokum. Gather to, hokumelh. (ret to, iskum. Get out, mahsh. (xct up, get up or keto}). Ghost, skookum. Gift, cultus i)otlateh. (Hrl, tenas klootchman. (xive to, potlatch. Glad, kwann. Go to, klatawa. God, saghahe tvfe. Gold, ])il ehikamin. Good, kloshe. Good-bye, klahowya. Goods, iktah. Goose, wliuy whuy, kulakula-ma Grandfather, chope. Grandmother, chitsh. Grass, tupso. Grease, lakles; glease. Green, pecliugh- Grey, a grey horse, le gley. Grieved, sick tumtiim, Grizzly bear, siam. Ground, illahie. Grouse, si wash la pool. Gun, musket, sukwalal. Gunpowder, poh-lallie. H. Hair, yakso. Half, sitkum. Hammer, lemahto. Hand, le mah. Hand, (game of), itlokum. Handkerchief, hakatshum. Hard, kuU. Hare, kwitshadie, Harrow to, mamook comb illahie. Hat, seahpo; seahpult. Haul, haul. Hawk, shak-shak. Hay, dely tupso. He, his, yahka. Head, la tet. Heart, turn-turn. Heaven, saghilie illahie. Heavy, till. Help to, mamook elaun. Hen, la jiool. Here, yakwa. Hermaphrodite, 1 )urdash. Hide to, ipsoot. High, saghalie. Hit to, kwul'h. Hoe, la peosh. Hog, coslio. Hole, klawhap. Holiday, Sunday. Horn, stone. I i 244 GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA. II i Horse, kiuatan. Horse shoes, chikamin shoes, House, house. How, kahta. How are you, klahowya. How many, kunsih; kuujuk. Hundred, tukamonuk. Hungry, olo. Huckleberries, shot olillie. Hurry, howh; hyak. I I, nika. It, spose. In, kopa. Inability, howkwutl. Indeed, whaah. Indian, Siwash. In shore, mahtwallie. Iron, chikamin. Island, statejay. It, Yahka. J. Jealous, sick tumtum. Jump to, sopena. K. Kamass-root, lakaraass. Kettle, ketling. Key, la kley. Kick to, chukkin. Kiss, to kiss, bebe. Knife, opitsah. Knock to, koko. Knotty, hunl-kih. Know to, kumtuks. L. Lame, klook teahwit. Lamprey eel, skwakwal. Land, illahee. Language, la lang. Large, hyas. Lately, chee. Laughter, heehee. Lazy, lazy. Lead, kalitan. Leaf, tupso or tipso. Leap to, sopena. Lean to, lagh. Leave to, mahsh. Leave off, to, kopet. Leg, teahwit. Leggings, niitass. Lend to, ayahwhul. Lick to klakwun. Lie to, kliminawhit. Light, towagh. Lightning, saghallie piah. Like, kahkwa. Like to, tikegh. Little, tenas. Long, youtlkut. Long ago, ahnkutte or ahnkot- tie. Look to, nanitsh. Look here ! nah. Look out! kloshe nanitsh. Looking-glass, slielokuni. . Loose, stoh. Lose the way, to, tsolo ; tseepie wayhut. Louse, enapoo or inapoo. Love to, tikegh. M. Magic, tamahnous. Make to, mamook. Man, man. Many, hyiu. Mary to, malieh. Mass (ceremony of), la messe. Mast, ship stick. Mat, kliskAviss. Mattock, la peosh. Measure to, tahnim. Meat, itlwillie. Medicine, la mestin. Mend to, mamook tipshin. Menstruate to, mahsh pilpil. GUIDF. TO BRITISH COLUMBIA 215 ]\Ietul, or Metallic, cliikamiu. Middle the, katsuk orkotsusk. Midiiif^ht, sitkum Dokiklie. Milk, totoosh, M\\], moola. Miiul the, tuiutr.m. Miss to, ts<^';)ie. Mistake to, tseepio. Moccasiais, skin shoes. MoltiSLU'-s, inylass. Money, chikanau. Mouth, moon. Moon, i',!oon. Mole, rikad. More, wof^hl. Morning, ten.-us sun. Mosquito, nielakwa. Mother, mania; na-ah. Mountain, huncjnti. Mouse, hoolhooi. Mouth, hi boos. Much, liyiu. Mule, le mel. Musi(!al instrument, tintin. ^lusket, nnisket. Mussels, toluks. My, Mine, uika Nails, le^ cloo. Name, iiem; yahhul. Near, \vak(- siah. N(!ek, le con. Needle, kt^e])ot. Never, wake kunsik. New. chee. Night, polidvlie. Nine, kwaist or kweest. No, Not, waki!. Noise, hi tlah. None, halo. Nonsense, eultus MJiuwau. Noon, sitkum sun. North, stowbolow. Nose, nose. Nothing, eultus. Nothwithstanding, keghtchie. Now, idta. Nuuierals- - 1, ikt. 2, niokst. ;5, kh:)ne. 4, kkit. 5, kwinnum. 0, laglium. 7, sinujimok.st. 8, stotekin. [}, kwaist. 10, tditlelum. ) 1, tahtlelum pe iki. 20, mokst talitlolum. 100, ikt tukamonuk. Nuts, tukv.i'Ia. O. Oak, hull sti(k. Oar, !a lahm; la lum. Oats, la wen. ;' M"^' 1-1. •! Oif shore, mahtlinuit. Oil, glease. Ohl, (jhnnan. Old man, oleman. Old woinan, lani-mieh. One, ikt. One-eyed, ikt seaidiost. Onion, la onion. Opim, hahlakl. Opinion, tuuitum. 0))|)osite to, inati. Or, pe. Or(^er to, mahsh tunitum. OiJier, hviloiuia. Otter Inland j memamooks. Our, nv sika. Out di (,rs, klagh-a-nie. Owl. augii waugli. Ox, jp.oosmoos. Oyster, idietlo or jetlo; klogh- XJ: klogh. m 246 GUIDE TO BRITIHH COLUMBIA. B. Paddle a, isick. Paddle to, mamook isick. Paint, pent. Paint to, mamook pent. Paper, pehpah. Pantaloons, sakoleks. Part, sitkum. Panther, swaawa. Peas, le pwau. People; tilikum. Perhaps, klonas. Petticoat, kalakwahtie. Piebald, le kye. Pin, kwekwiens. Pine, la gome stick. Pi])e, la peep. Pistol, tenas musket. Pitch, la gome. Plank, la plash. Plate, las siet. Pleased, joutl. Plough, lo shalloo. Plough to, klugli illahie. Pole, la pehsh; Poor, klahowyum ; halo ikta. Pork, coslio. Porpoise, tuieeco. l^osteriors, opoots. Potato, wappatoo. Pour to, wagh. Pot, ketling. Powder, polallio. Prairie wolf, talapus. Presently, alkie; winapie. Pretty, toketie. Priest, le plet. Proud, youtl; kwetl'h. Provided that, spose. Pull, haul. Q. (Quarter, tenas sitkum. (Quarter (of a dollar) kwahta, Quick, hyak. (Quills, te^jeh. Rabbit, kwitshadie . Piacehorse, coolie kiuatan. Kiiin, snass. Paspberries, seahpult olillie. Eat, hyas hoolhool. liattle, shugh. Kattlesnake, shughopoots. llazor-tish, ona. Reach, ko. Red, pil. Relative to, yiem. Remain, raitlite. Remove, mahsh. Return to, kel-i-pi. Ribbon, le loba. Ribs, etlinwill. Rice, lice. Ritie, cali])een. Ring a, kweokweo. Ripe, pinh. Ripe berries, piah olillie. River, chuck. Rooster, la pool. Road, wayhut. Roan colored, sandelie. Roast, mamook la pellah. Rock, stone. Ro]ie, lope. Rotten, poolie. Round, lolo. Rudder, boat opoots. Rum, luni. Run, coolie. S. Sack, le sak. Sjiddle, la sell. Siuldle liousings, le pishemo. Sail, sail. Sailor, ship-man. Salmon, salmon. Salmon berries, salmon olillie. Salt, salt. Sand, polallie. GUroE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA. 247 Sandwich Islander, Oibee. Sash, la sanjel. Saw, la gwin; la scie. Say to, waiiwau. Scissors, la seezo. Sea, salt chuck. Seal, olhivu; siwash cosho. See to, nanitsh. Sell to, mahkook. Seven, sinamoxt. Sew to, mamook tipship, Sliake to, toto; hiillel. Shaine, sliem. Sharp, yahkisilt'h. Sharpen to, mamook tsisli. She, Her, yahka. Sheep, la mooto. Shell money (the small size) coop-coop; (tiie large) hy- kwa. Shingle, lebahdo. Shining, towagh. Shi]), ship. Shirt, shut. Slioes, shoes. Shoot to, mamook poll. Short, yutesknt. Shot pouch, kalitan le sac; tsoh'pat. Shot, shot; tenas le bal. Shout to, hyas Avauwau. Shovt'l, la pell. Shut to, ikpooie. Sick, sick. Sift to, toto. Sight in, klah. Silk, la sway. Silver, t'kope chiclciiiiiu. Similar, kahkwa. Since, kimta. Sing to, shantie. Sister, kalipho, if older than the speaker; ats, if younger. Sit to, mitlite. Six, taglium. Skin. skin. Skunk, hum opoots; piupiu; skubeyou. Sky, koosagh. Slavf , eletio; mistsliimus. Sleep, moo.sum. Slowly, klaliwa. Small, tenas. Smell a, liumm. Smoke, smoke. Snake, oluk. Snow, snow; cole snass. Soap, soap. Soft, klimmin. Sorrel-color(Hl, a sorrel horse, lo blau. Sorry, sick tumtum. S(mr, kwates. South, stegwaah. Spade, la pell. Speak to, wauwau. Spill to, Avagh Spirits, lum. Split, tsugh. Split to, mamook tsugh. Spectacles, dolla seahhost, or lakit seahhost. Spit to, mamook toll. Split to becom«\ chahko tsugh. Spoon, spoon. Spotted, ]v kye; tzum. Spurs, le seeblo. Squirrel, skwiskwis. Stab to, klemahun. Stand to, mitwhit. Stars, tsiltsil. Stay to, mitiite. Ste;tl to. ka])sualla. Sieam, smoke. Steamer, ])iah shi]). Stick a, stick. Stink a, ])iupiu; humm. Stirrup, sitlay. Stockings, stockeu; kusliis. Stone, stone. Stop to, kopet. Store, mahkook house. 248 GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBL\. '!i dij! 1': 1 " Story, ehkahnam. Straight, delate or delet; sipali. Strawberries, amotee. Strong, skookum. Sturgeon, stutcliin. Stubljorn, liowlkult. Sugar, le sook; shugali; shu- kwa. Summer, wauni illaliie. Sun, sun; otolagh. Sunday, Sunday. Sunset, klip sun. Suppose, spose. Surprise, hwah. Swan, kahloke. Sweej) to, niamook bloom. Sweet, tsee. Swim, sitshum. T. T Table, la tahb. Tail, opoots. Take to, iskum. Tak(f eare! kloshe nanitsli! Take off or out, mamookklak, mall si I. Tale or story, yiem ; elikalinam. Talk to, wauwau. Tame, kwass. Tea, tea. Teacli to, mamook kumtuks. Tear to, klugh. Teeth, lelah. Tell to, wauwau. Ton, tahtlelum. Testieles, stone, riiank you, mahsie. That, okook. That way, yaln\a. There, yahwa; ko])ah. They, klaska. Thick (as molasses), pitlilh. Thin (as a l)Oard), p'chih; pe- whatie . Thing, iktah. T fii Think, pittuck. This, okook. This way, yukwa. Tliou, Thy, Thine, mika. Tliread, klapite. Three, klone. Throw Jiv.ay, mahsh. Tide, see chuck. Tie to, kow. Tight, kwutl. Tinware, malah. Tip to, high. Tired, till. To, Towards, kopa. Tobacco, kinootl; kinoos. To-morrow, tomolla. Tongue, hi lang. Tough, kull. Trail, wayhut. Trap, la piege. Tree, stick. Tree fallen, whim stick. Trot to, tehteli. Troiit, tzum salujon. Trowsers, sakoleks. True, delate. Trunk, daessett. Truth, dt>lat(;, wauwau. Tub, tamolitsh. Turnips, la moo-ow. Twine, tenas lope; klapite. Two, Twice, mokst. U. Uncle, tot. lender, keekwillie. Understand to, kumtuks. Unhajypy, sick tumtum. Untamed, le molo. Untie to, manioo).. stoh; mahsh kow. Up, saghalie . Upset to, kf^lipi. Us, nesika. GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA. 249 V. \enerenl tlio, piah sick. \ enisou, mou'itsh. Very, Iijas. \ essel, Hhij). Vest, la west. Vomit to, wagli. W. Wugon, tsik-tsik; chickcliick. »> 'lit, winapio. AViinder to, tsolo. A Vint to, tikegh. Warm, wjium. U asli to, mamook wash. \\ atch a, tiktik. U ater, chuck. Waterfall, tumwater. • »> e, riesika. Weigh to, inamook till. >\ot, pahtl chuck. ^A eek, ikt Sunday. Well then, abba." ^Ve.st, sun mitlite. Whale eh-ko-lie; kwah-nice ; Kwaadis. Wliat, iktcdi. Wheat, sapolill. Wheel, tsik-tsik; chikchik. \\ hen, knnsih; kuniuk. Where, tdi. ^\ Jiip, le whet. ^\lnte, t'kope. ^\li(>, klaksta. \^holc, iolo. Why, kaiita. Wicked, mesahcie. Wide, klukulh. Wild, le molo. Will the, tumtum. Willow, eeuustick. AVin to, tolo. Wind, wind. ^Vijidow, glass. A\ inter, colo illahie. ^Vipe to, klakwun. Wire, chikamin lope. W^ish to, tikegh. With, kopa. Witchcraft, tamahnous. Without, halo. A\'olf, leloo. Woman, klootchnuin. Woman, (old) lummieh. A\[omau's gown, coat. \\'ood. Wooden, stick. AVork to, mamook. Worn out, oleman. Worthless, cultus. Wound to, klemahun. AVnte to, mamook pehpah; mamook tzum. Writing, tzum. Yard, ikt stick. Year, ikt cole. Yellow, hawkawak. Yes, nawitka; ah-ha; e-eh les indeed, nawitka. Yesterday, tahlkie; tahl-kie sun. You, Your, Yours, mesika. Young, tcnas. f m 5 :l 250 GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA. THE LORD'S PRAYER IN JARGON. Nesika papa klaksta mitlite kopa saghalie, kloshe kopa Our father who stayeth in the above, good in nesika tumtum mika nem; kloslio mika tvee kopa konaway our hearts [be] thy name; good thou chief among all tilikiim; kloshe mika tumtum kopa illahie, kahkwa kopa people; good thy will upon earth as in saghalie. Patlatch konaway sun uesika muckamuek. Spoae the above. Give every day our food. If nesika raamook masahchie, wake mika hyas soileks, pe spose we do ill [be] not thou very angry, and if klaksta miisalichie kopa nesika, wake nesika soileks kopa any one i^vil towards us. not we angry towards klaska. Mahsh siah ko]>a nesika konaway masahchie. thoiii. Hend away far from us all evil. Ki.osHE Kahkwa. THE TERMS OF UNION OF THE PROVINCE OF BRITISH COLUMBIA WITH THE DOMINION OF CANADA. COPY OF A KEPOllT OF A COMMITTEE OF THE HONORABLE THE PRI\T COUNCIL. The committee of the Privy Council have had under con- sideration a Despatch, dated the 7th May, 1870, from the Governor of British Colui.il);.i, together with certain resolu- tions submitted by the Gov»^rnment of that colony to the Legis- lative Council thereof both hereunto annexed, on the subject of th(; ]iro]>osed Union of British Columbia with the Domin- ion of Canada; and after several interviews between them and the Honorable Messrs. Trutch, Helmcken, and Carrall, the Delegates from British Columbia, and full discussion with them of th<; various questions connectfenl with that imjiortiint subject, the Committee now r(^spectfully submit for your Excellency's approval the following Terms and Conditions, to form the basis of a Political Union between British Colum- bia iUKi the Dominion of (Janada: — 1. Canada shall be liable for the Debts and Liabilities of ]5ritish Cohimbia existing at the time of the Union. 'i. British Columbia not having incuired debts equal to those of the other Provinces now constituting the Dominion GUIDE TO UllITISH COLUMBIA. 251 HE I'KIVY sliiill bo entitled to receive, In liulf-yeurly payments in ad- viince from the (xoneral Cloverniueut, interest at the rate of live per c«3nt. per annum on the ditfercnco between the actual Hiuuunt of its indebtedness at the elate of the Union, and the indebtedness per head of the population of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick (827 77), the pooulation of British Columbia heinf,' taken at ()U,(I0(). 3. The folJowing sums shall be p;iid by Canada to British (Johimbia, for the support of its (xovernment and Legislature, to wit, an annual subsidy of ^i^o.OUO and an annual grant equal to SO cents per head of the said pt)pulation of (50,000, both half yearly in advance, such grant of SO cents per head to be augmented in proi)()rtion to tlu^ increase of population, as iiiay b(! shewn by each subs<'(pient deceiuiial census, until the population amounts to 400,000, at which rate such grant hhuU thereafter remain, it being understood that the first census be taken in the year ISSl. -4. The Dominion will ])i"ovid(! an (^tHciont mail service, tortnightly, by steam (communication between Victoria and San Francisco, and twice a w(M^k best ween Victoria and Olympia; the vessels to be adapt*^! foi' tiie conveyance of freight and ])assenger8. 5. Canada will assume and tlefray the charges f »r the fol- lowing services: — A. Salary of the Lieutcnant-Crovernor; IJ. Salaries and allowances of the Judges of the Supreme Courts and the County or Distiict Courts; C. The charges in respect to the J department of Customs; D. The Postal and Telegraphic S(U-vi(!es; E. Protection and tiicouragemeiit of Fisheries; F. l*rovision for the Militia; Cr. jjiglilhouses, Buoys, and Beacons, Shipwrecked Crews, (^)uarantine and Marine Hos])itals, including;! Mai'ine Hospital at Victoria; H. The (xeological Survey; 1. The Penitentiary; And such further eliarges jis inav be Incident to and con- nected with the sei'xiee < wliicli iiv the British North America Act of 1S()7 appertain to the (ieneral (rovennnent, and as are or may be allowed to the other Provinces. (). Suitable ))ensions, sucth as sli.ill be .ipproved of by Her Majesty's (xovernment, shall bi> |)i'ovided by the Government of the Dominion fo)' those of Her Majesty's servants in the t'olony whose position and emoluments derived therefrom would l)e affected l)y political changes on the admission of Jh'itish (Columbia into the Dominion of Canada. ^^ 2r,2 (lUIDK TO iJltlTiSll COLLMIJIA. Ill ill 7. It IH H^'vootl tli.-it the cxistiii},' Castoins Tiiriil' and Ex(.'isi> Dntios sliiill coiitiuuo in force in Hritish Columbia until the railway from llus Paeific Coast and tli^i system ol rr,i!v/i!,ys in Canada are connected, unless tli« Legislati:re of l-irititili Col- uml)ia should sooiun* decide io iu;ce(i( the Tariir and iiiciKo Laws of Canada. When (Justi>nis and Excise tluties are, ui the finie <>r the Union of !»riiish Columbia with Canada, leviable on any j^oods, wares, <^r merchandi/iCs iu ih'itisli Columbia, or in the other ProvinccH of the l)on;inion, thos(3 j^oods, wares, or nierchandi/es may, from and after tlu Tnion, bo im|iorfed into Dritisli Columbia from the Provinces now composinj,' tho Doniinion, orfrom either of those provinces into British Cohnnbia, on })roof of payment of the Customs or Ex- cise Duties leviable thereon in the Province of exportation, and on ])ayment of such further amount (if any ) (if Custon)sor Ex- cise Duties as aro leviable th(!reon in the Province of import. i- tion. This arrangement to liave no foi'ce or eif(H't aftrr the assimilation of the Tariff and Excise Duties of Jh'itisli Columbia with those of the Dominion. 8. British Columbia whall be entitled to be r<>presented in the Senate by three members, and liy six mismbers in the House of (Commons. Tlu^ rep.resentation t() he increjised under the provisions of the British North America Act, LS(i7. 9. The influence of th(^ Dominion Government will be used to secure the continued maint«Miance of the Naval Station at Esquinndi. 10. The provisions of the British North Americji Act, iHliT, shall (except tliose parts thereof which are in terms niadi\ or by reasonaVdt' intoidment may be held to be specially .qt- })licabi».^ to and only el^fect one and not tlm whole of the Provinces now comprisii.u; t!io Donunion, iuid except s(; far as the sivme may be varied by tiiis minute) be applicable to British Columbia, in the sfinie w.-cy and to the like extent as they ap])ly to tlu^ othei- Provinces of the Dominion, and as if the Colony of Britisli Columbia had been one of the Provinces originally united by the Haul Act. 11. The (Government oi the Dominion undertake to secure the commencement simultaneously, within two years froiii the date of the ITnion, of the construction of a raihva}' from the Pacific? to the Rocky Mountains, and from snch point as may be f uitil til.' i!\vi!,ys ill titth Col- li liicine s Hr»!, at ('aua;lii, I i^ritish m, tliose 16 Union, lees now iiices into us or E:v- ixtioii, ;in(l nisor Ek- ' import.i- aft.r the i liritish isented in )rH ill tilt! iiK'roii.-iOil Act, m'u. II be used Stiitioii at Act, ISlH, [>iiul(\ or .•ially iip- of the pt si; I'ar »l;cal)le to C5xteut as ami as it' Proviucos to secure from the from the It as niiiy lie Pacilic e raihvuv lotion of nion. And th(f Govirnmont of British Cohimbiii uf^reed to convey to the Dominion CJovernment, in trust, to Ije appropriated in such a manner as tin* Dominion Government may deem ad- visable in fiirtlu'raiuH! of the constiuction of the said railway, a similar xteiit of Public Lands along the lin<' of railway til uighout its entire length in Britisii Columbia, not to ex- Cb' .1 twenty ('20) miles on each side of said line, as nuiy V)o appropriatiul for tlu; same purpose by the Dominion Govern- ment ivom the Public Lands in the North-west Territories und the Province of Manitoba. Proviih'd that the quantity of land whit'h may be lu'ld under pre-«Miiption right or by Crown Grant within tlie limits of the tract of land in British Colum- bia to be d (o the D( G it. shall bo jrnmen niad(? good to tlu? Dominion from contiguous Public Lands; and [)rovided further, that until the commencement, within twt) years as ufortssaid from the date of Union, of the con- struction of th(! said railway, the Government of British Col- umbia shall not sell or alienate any further portions t)f the Public Lands of jb-itish Columbia in any other way than under right of Pre-em])tion, recpiiring actual residence of the |)re-emi)tor on the 1 ind claimed by him. In consideration of the land to l)o so conveyed in aid of the construction of the said railway, tln^ Dominion (lovernmeu agree to pay to liritish Columbia, from the date of the Union, the sum of slO(>,U()0 per annum, in half-yearly payments, in advance. 12. The Dominion Ciovcrnment shall guarantee tlu^ interest for ten years from the date of the completion of the works, at the I'ate of tiv(* ])er centum per annum, on such sum not ex- ceeding £100,000 stt^rliiig as may be required for the con- stru(!tion of a first class Graving Dock at Esquimalt. IM. The charge of the Indians, and the trusteeship and inanagiunent of the land reserved for their use and benefit, sliall be assumetl by tlie Dominion Government, and a policy us liberal as that hitherto pursued by the British Columbia (Tovernment, shall be continued by the Dominion Govern- ment after the Union. To carry out such policy, tracts of land of such extent as it has hitluu-to been the practice of the British Columbia Gov- ernment to a|i[)ropiiate for that purpos(\ shall from time to time be conveyed by the Local Government to the Dominion Government in trust for the use and benefit of the Indians on application of the Dominion Government; and in case of disagreement betw.HMi the two Governments respecting the quantity of such tracts of land to be so granted, the matter shall be referred for the decision of the Secretary of State for the Colonies. M 2")l GUIDE 'I'O BUITISH ('OI.l'MJJIA. 11^ \ l. Tlio t!()ustitntio!i of tlir Kx»'ciitiv»' Vntliority .ml oi' tlif Liij^islutiirc of liritisli (loliimltia shull, suWjfct to the provis- iftiis of the Hritisli Nortli AiiHi-ic.-i Act, lMr)7. coiitiiiuf as cxistiii;^ at tin; tiiiKi of tlif sai.l I uioii until altcrcil uuilcr lUo iiiiliiority of tlu) said Act, it bt'in;^; at tli<* saino tiuic iiiulci- HtoDil tliat t'm (irovcriimoiit of tli' Dominion will roaiVily con- s(iat to til" introihi ttion of l^■s;)')asil)l" (fOVtM'nincMit wlu'ii (Ic'sircil 1)\' tile inhabitants of JJritisli Cohunhia, and it Ix'iii" lik((\vis(i understood tiiat it is tlio intention of tlio (lovcrnor of Hi'itisli ('olanil)ia. undcsr tliu authority of tlu; Sticictary of State for tlu^ (lolonies, to auiciid the existin^^ Constitution of tlio [j \<^islatnr(> l)y ])roviding that a majority of iis mcnihers shall 1)0 {!l(JL'tiv(>. The I'liion shall take (itt'eetaecordinji; to tin; fore.^oin^' terms and conilitions on sucih day as Her Majesty by and with the advicf^ of Her Most Honoi'aldi' Privy Coinunl may apjunnt (on addresses from tlu! L'>;;islat'.ire of the('olonyof Britisji Columbia, and of the Houses of Parliament of Canada, in tlie terms of the 1 iOth Se(!tion of tliu British North America Act, 18G7,) and Hritish Colund»ia may in its addresses specify the Ehictoral Districts for which the* first election of meiub'rs to serve iu the House of Commons shall take place. Certified, wm. h. lee, C'lerk Privy Council, Canada. CANADIAN PACIFIC llAILWAY- COLUMBIA. -BRITISH H. J. Cambie, John RobsDn, Pt. H. Youn^, ) T. li. Pearson, f District Engineer Paymaster and Purveyor Clerks DEPUTY rURVEYORS. William Ross, John Y. Crei {capital, to that i>ortion of tlu; Pacific coast lying between Alaska on the North and the Straits of Juan dv. Fuca on the South. (Consequently, they embrace degrees of longitude, limited by ten degrees of latitude. THEH! COST. The expenditure on the surveys during the six yciars they have been carried on, has been as following: — From 1871 to June, 1872 6 JSy,4-iN Jiiue 187'2, to Juii,., 1873 .i(Jl,81.S " 1873, '■ 1871 3UI,2J1 •' 1871, " 187."> 47i..T2;t " 187."), •• 187«! 791.123 " 1870, to Dec, 187(i .")(:t),4!)3 Total cxpendituri' $3,13(1,1)1") THEIU CHAUAC'I'EU. The territory survevelored amounts in the a.^f^re^att^ to clcwe on 40,000 miles, of which no less than 11,500 uiiles have been laboriously meas- 1 yard by yard tlirouL;"li mountain, jirairie, and forest, with are tlie spirit-level, chain, and transit THE SUliVEVOllS. One thousand men have been employed on the surveys. Tiiirtv-four lives have been In. i in conncc^tinn with the woi'k. Much ol' the work ha^ bee n carried on aniu dst tl le severities )!' winter, frecpiently in an exceediu;^lv low temjxu'ature. The I sarveyii!<.,' ]>arties w(>re far i-emoved from all habitati- as, aiK v.'tU'c suppiitMl with hut inade(]uat<> slujlter iiiid diet, althou^'h both were the best that circumstances would admit of. Not- withstanding^ every prc^caution, scurvey has occasionally at- tacked both officers and men: and, as th(! woi'k has been often hazardous, some have nn't with scuious accidr'uts in the dis- liar<4;»' of their duty. Many have n^turned with constitutions iuor(> or less iii)])ai'ed by the vicissitudes of the life to wliich they have been t^xposed. Some idea of tlu; sulltu'ing eudui'ed hy the surveyiufj; parties may Ix' gathered from a brief narra- tive of the ex]iloration from ]*\)rt (leorge t(j Edmonton cia Smoky liiver I'ass in lS7o. The party en,t,'aj.^ed in this e\- ]) 'dition travelled 000 miles on snow shoes. For twenty days in January the thtails it is not necessary to cuter here. The grand i-esnlts. if tliey may be so-called, ai'c as follows: — Yellow Head I'ass, eommonly (tailed Ti^te Jaune Cache, has heen chostni as the " Continental divide," the spot wlxii-e the (jainda Pacific will scale the Uocky Mountains. From this Pass eastward to Fort William the I'oute of the railway has been i>ractically established, and the telegra[)h erected along tile greater portion of the line. The Pembina branch is about three-fourths graded ami made ready for tracklaying, and a 1 irge ipiintity of r.ills has b'en delivered. Tlu; length of tais 258 OUEDE TO imiTISH COLUMBIA. branch is 83 miles. The mils ha\>! been laid iulainl from Fort William 2() miles. The ie'egraph is in operation 4') miles further, and buildiiij^s for the purposes of the railway are in courses of erection at v irious points along the line between Ldce Superior and lied Kiver. The distanee from S.'lkirlv to l''ort William is 410 miles. A contract ''or clearing the line fo)' this distaiuM' and the erection of a telegraph is in forc(!. Tlu^ work of grading, bridging, and tracklaying for 22() miles of this distance is in progress. Westward from Selkirk to Yellow Head Pass, l.O-K) miles, the line has been pi' icticall}' lo(;ated, and 7M7 miles of teh^graph constructed. Tr>0 No. 4, tcriiiiiiatiiiL; at Waddiiiijton Harbor, Pg nrm''s of tlic islan.lsi on t!i(! (M^ast torin many centres of vast imlustrios, an outlay of capital, uo\v hovoud tli': ])o\vor« of tiiianc'i!, may Ix^ (|iiit;> pvacticablo. Tlu; c\ig(.'iicies of the I'litufi' ULiy ronidor a i-ontinuous line of railway to the outer shore of Yaucouv.'r iuilis[)pusil)l(! at wiiatcver cost; Vnit tlu' (lilHculties wlii li now ileiiiaud (;()n-ost- ponemenl of a ihicision r(»sj)ectiin^ the tt-i minus until further exainin.ition bi^ inaih' on land and water to determine if a HKU'e eJii'ibh? route can be o])taiii mI bv the Jiivei' Sktjena. 'vnv. COS]' oi- I'lii.: work. The cost of tile whole unde)-iai;in;j; Mr. Fhnning does not attempt to estimate, but he jjjives a iou,i^li estimate of tlie cost of th(! section from Yellow He;i,il Pass to the se i, or ratluM' estimates of e.utli of the ten ])^-oiected routes. Oii route No. !), that is. from the Pass t(t Pule lidet, he lias data sntlicient to w.irr.int what may be re^-ai'deij ;is a fairly accurate I'stimate, hut on Uu; othe'r nine routes the data ol)tained are insulHcient til admit of estimates beinijj made with any apju'oach of ac- curacy. TakiuL!; the cost of the Inter-colonial railway as his standard. Mr. FhMuin.L'" estimates the cost of tlie route No. (> at s:<:j.()()0,()()|). Tliis' inchuh^s the cost of ballastini;-, ])erma- iient way. rolling' stock, stations, s]io])s, snow shed.-^, and fences, indeivd al! the ^aip))lement:i1 e\|>en->(> involved in the construction and comi)letion of a linci siniihu'ly e(|uipped and ('(pial in etlicieiicy ami ] ei'inanency to the Inter-colonial. .Mr. i'1emin^L( adds, howevc/, that "it is an exceedin^^ly ditVicnlt matter, even with at mineral wealth in British Columbia, and the opinion is expressed by the geological officers of the Goveiniment that the resour(!cs of that ProviiuH! will rather surpass than fall short of the estimates given. The imi^ortant question of traffic, especially " through traffic," calls for judgment in tlu! selection of a terminus. It is most desirable that the railway should terminate on the coast at a harbor which from its general excellencies and gco- gra]>hical position, would best calculate to accomodate the shipping of the Pacific and attract commerce from distant countries. This question ha- an imjwrtant bearing on the choice of route. On the one hand, a favorable line, not diffi- cult of constru(;tion, may lead to a harbor deficient in many desidei'ata. On the other hand, a harbor in every way d sir- able may l)e unapproachable from the interior, or one that can only 1)«> reached by a line so unfavorable in its gradi(>uts and general character and so eni^rmously costly of construc- tion as, in either case, to rmider the selectiim inexpedient. The above refers specially to the extreme western end of the road. With respect to the prairie region from the Yellow Head to the lied lliver, Mr. Fleming speaks as follows: — "The character of the country and its ca])ability for sustain- ing a large population have now to be considered. Informa- tion on tliis head has gradually l)een accunndated, and al- though certain drawbacks claim recognition, there can no long(n' be any doubt respecting the salubrity of the climate and the extent of the natural resources of the territory. It iias been discovered that the great American Desert, kn(jwn to ex- tend northerly across the frontier of the United States, is more nriDE TO i5RiTrsir (^oi.rMr.r.v. 201 limited on tJic Cin.Mliaii side t1 1,111 w.is j)rovi()Usly siupposcd, (1. ami tJrit a great. bix^adtli of tlio coniitrv wliii'li lias l)ecii .-oi iili-reJ valueless, niav be used for pastoral ]»nrposcs, mimI some of it ultiniatelv hroiii'lit under cultivatit )!). V 1; ii'Ue area o f ffU-tile laud is to l»e found south of the line of railway on the eastern Hank of tli • lioc;ky Mouutaius. extendi u^- to the fron- tier on tlio Wth pai-allei, while to the north, in the same I'elative position, vast )>lains, of laie fi'itility aiiy the hushand- •ill Ue too remote full\' to scrxc ni.ui. Th line ol raihvaA' w these districjt^ sinu'le lino evossin>!" a bn^adth ot terriTorx so i'vo-.it must neee -arh- be at I COllSK lerable distance from in my )ioi'tions, 15iif the loeatioii adopted will be found to follow a gen<'rally central course. if will pass throui^h or be adjacent to many valuable sections, and \vill form the trunk line, from which branches can be (>\:tend(>d to other districts more remote, as soon as stitrlement and trai1i(! may justify their eonstructi(jn. It iias b(;en considered important, in the tirst place, to siunire foi- the main trunk line the shortest r(»ute htaiii d»h lespectiiiL,' till' woodlaml region, extending ti-orn liiver to Lake Sup(U"ior: — Tin W( )( ) illand region does not th- i;ed 1. oiVer any grt^at pro-^ppct of l>ecoming an agricultural country bat it may, possildy, contain much mimu'al wealth. 'l'h(> in v 'stigations of th ■ (ie»lo.iic d Survev suggests the pf'seuce of rich de[)()sits, extendi'd over a wide area.. Prominently dlvei-. and lead. am 1, not may be mentioned iron, i'o|)per im[)rol)ably. phosphates and pliimhago. K\(!n the section of country east of Lake Su))erior may ]>rove ri(di in mimu'als. This section has not, hitherto, been held in high estimation but it has been discoviuvd that a Itroad Ixdt of nietallifiU'ons rock stvetcdios from the vicinity of the IJruce mines to Lake Mistassinni. and betwetm it and the shores of Hudson Hay. v'opper lodes hav(» for some timi' been worked at the Uriuo mines, and silver lodes have b(>en disc'overed at (iardiMi liiver. It is a reasonabli> infereiu'e that siniilar lodes will be found repeated in the extensive tracts of eotintry of the s.aine geolog- ical hoiiv.oii, and that the (hiy \vill come when these resources will be developed, and a considerable niining po[>ulation tiiul emi)lo\nient. THK SNOW f.vr,!., VTC vavious surveying On this subject the e\p«n'ience of tlu ]»arties, extending, as it now does over a ]>oriod of six winters, has att'ordf^d many iiitc resting and im]tortant data. Taking the snow fall at ( )ttawa as the standard, the •,•- lions of the line retiuire to bi! shed 1 id, (rener illy s[)eakLu.;, with these exceptions, the snow-fidl a[)[)e.irs to average less than in older Provinces. From metoroh)gic tl ol)servations mah; vlaring three years in the Rocky ^Mountains, Profossoi- Kin,Li;st()ii, of thi( Toronto Observatory, lias carefully compiU.'l tabhss which show that, though in some of tlie ])asses and portions of rivin- valhn-s the snow may a-vtM-age from four t > five feet in dt^j)th, in genera! the fall is far Ixdow tiiat of Ottawa, (^a(d)i'c. and ]Montr;'ul; while to the east of the lloe'ky Mountains, betw(!en .Tas[)er Valley and Edmonton, it does not much exceed half that of Ottawa. With respect to th(^ cold. Professor Kingston shows th.it, tiiough the cold of th(> .autumn is more severe in the llocky Mounttiin district than in Ontario, C^uelx'c, and Mari- time Provinces, yet the winter its(>lf compai'es favorably with that of Eastern Canada. TUI-; AiivwrvoFs ov riw. cavadtan i.rxr. Tdios(» engineeiing featnr<'s which govern the cost of oi>er- ating a railway and trans] toiting goods, give promise of bein>,' much more favorable on the ( Canadian route tliari on tin' American lines. Th<^ United States Pacific railway attains an altitude above the sea, at four ditferent points, fully double thi; height of the great continental summit on the C^anadian line, and for 1. ■'!!•'• consecutive miles there is no altitude so low on the raihvav between San Francisco and New York, as the highest suni- Uiit of the line through the Yellow H»\ad Pass. With resjtect to distance, it is estimated that, from T^urnud Inlet to Monlre/il. would be iV.V.i miles less than from Sm Franci.sco to New York. The Canadian routi) would brin^; ir GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA. 263 New York, Boston, juul Portland from MOO to 500 miles nearer to the Pacific coast at Burrard Inlet than these cities now are with San Francisco as the terminal point of their line through the United States. The distance from England to China would be more than 1,000 miles less by the Canadian line tlian by the line passing through New York and San Fran- cisco. A TABLE OF LATITUDES AND LONGITUDES OF SOME PLACES IN BIIITISH COLUMBIA. Places. liiititmle North. Approx. Ldiij^. West. Alexandria aiJ";}3'40" Antler .52 oS It Bi'iiver Puss House, Lightninj^ Creek it'.i 3 iiH Hriilj^'e lliver, mouth oO 45 IJH ("ottoiiwootl ."),'} 33 Doii(,'liis ■!!) 4."> 20 Esquinmlt, V. I., Duutze Point {48 2.') 4'.» Fort George |53 '>{] 20 Garry Point 4'.> 7 5 Ui) 14 25 |49 22 21 52 45 21 Harrison River, Mouth. Hope . Keith iley Lake I /a Haehe, East end . . 51 I-angley 4H I. illooet 50 I.vtton 50 New Westminster Okanagan Lake, head of. Osoyoos Lake Pavillion Mtmntain, North hase Qiiesnel River, mouth Riehtiold Salmon River, Grand Prairie.. . V'anwinkle Williams Lake Yale I'.i 50 49 50 53 53 50 53 52 4i> 41) 41 12 9 41 49 13 45 12 47 21 13 1 52 59 15 17 3 9 28 3 1 1 31 \> 24 33 14 122"2(r5(J 121 2(; 22 121 52 49 122 3 53 122 5 7 122 11 4 123 2(i 4r, 122 45 1 123 11 17 121 54 34 27 5s 2S 32 35 57 ;!5 14 2 2S 4i> 19 121 1121 1121 ,122 112 il21 il22 53 19 !ll9 2t; 35 119 :iti r>r> 121 58 37 122 27 (! 121 33 55 ir.) 47 35 121 44 12 ;i22 13 32 1121 25 58 MAONE ri( ' DEC LEN.VTK )N. The variation of the Magnetic Needl(> may l)e approximate- ly assumed to be about one drgrec;, (1) additive f<3r each ])arallel of Latitude to about Latitude 57 ' North, and Longi- tude 110 West. 264 GUIDE TO BBIilSH COLUMBIA. 00 tH >^ 4) to a r: o o .o .1-1 ^^H -ti "—I '-'' tc ,— ( O) U Ph O g; 2^ a; a.-.S a a -. 03 >.} a rt « .s 0) G« .s a> OJ S rt r-. r-. r; r-i M • o • :!!•!:•.=': ■• : :« '.^Sfe • ^ • ■! •&.3fp. : 3:3 a : .a .a -e : 1 O g 0) 01 '' . = c S = o « i t : £ 2 •- 3 S a - ° -^ aaii-siJSf--3 aa'~~3'"*'^i5 .- .;; a 'S .s a a a - y, a a y- a :i ss a: ^ n .S 0' s .- 11 9 c d • c •S3 l»i O o a Si 3 o i.5f a a =■« 3 3 § 3l i > » 5 n E'3 ^ ci ' a, ■/; t, « i a i^t C « cs a.S « ,„ a o: ,S i i ^ 'sj GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA. 'H'>r) o si I 5|.S s . eg •ri i5= I s C. CI "^ A tH ' H *^ Ha 4) t- 1 A *-« ♦> i^ ^1 ^ri . "^ u -J ^ 3 a -r ^ pX > •55 c , ^ * -: -c *3 ' So « *» o :; > f^ Ut W ^ t: X S t .3 '*^'5 1-1 J ■^ C '^ '" t-r X X O "^ 1-1 c C sS CC t >-. I- i. £ V. ^ s c» ; ., ^*- t-xj. ^^?^ *i - ^3 = £-^ =>- ■y^ r-lT 6*?^ • 1 ^ ? ■ : Hi . . u . 't-' '. sj . i >. ' p X '^ • • ;f 3 •^ ! .? a IE — '< a a . V 3) fi^ • ►•5C >.a ; 5j a i' ■ u'3 ■^•v 1 0. '. * ^■-^ •> ■ti . • X >. ■Hi:!' ; ^i ■^'o • « i H- ° ■ ^' S ^■^ ^ - ■r 01- 3 S| ■^ >. pi a ""^ ^■:, S ^■-> 1^ ^ ^Fif^. -i TABLE SHOAVING THE APPROXIMATE ALTITUDES ABOVE THE SEA OF SOME PLACES IN BRITISH COLUMBIA. Boston Bftr, ...... Thompson'B Rivor— mouth of the Nicola, Ashcroft, (CorawftU's) . . . - Bonaparte River— mouth of Maiden Creek Summit Altitude of trail from Green Lake to Bridge Creek. Bridge Crock Houne - - . . . Lake La Hache, - - . . . Court House, William's Lake, . . . Soda Creek, ...... Mud Lake, .... . . Alexandria, Fraser level, .... Summit Altitude of trail from Mud Lake to Beaver Lake, Qupsnel, ...... Snow-shoe Creek, . . . . . Snow-shoo Peak, ..... Antler Creek Settlement, .... Summit of trail over Mount Agnes to Lightning Creek, Marmot Lake, ...... Richfield, ...... Van Winkle, ...... Cottonwood ...... Fraser River, at Mouth of Quesnel River, do at Mouth of Swift River. do at Fort George, ... Fraser River at Lillooet (June level) - - - Capt. Martley's Farm-house, .... Summit of Road, ..... Bonaparte River at the Mound, - - - 7 Junction of do. with Hat River, ... Head of Great Chasm ..... Immediately below in Chasm, ... Green Lake, ...... DOMINION OF CANADA MILITIA. FEET. ■172 788 1,008 i,«9or. :i,r,r,o 2.488 2,i:tr, 1,0'.)0 2.(l7ii 1.420 3,:joo l,o.>s 4,020 0,130 4,01(1 5,850 5,540 4,210 ;},054 2.530 1,490 1,530 1,000 092 2,505 5 012 2,144 1,080 3,653 2,724 ,3.104 MILITARY DISTRICT NO. 11, PROVINCE OP IJRITLSH COLUMBIA. Staff. Deputy Adjutant-General, Lieut. -Colonel C. F. Houghton Storekeeper, - - Captain R. J. McDonald Paymaster, . - . Edward Mallandaine Asst. Surgeon, - - Lieut. C. N. Trew, M. D. i 2GG GUroE TO BRITISH COLUMBU. VICTORIA RIFLES — NO. 1 COMPANY. Captain and Brevet Major, - - F. J. Roscoe Lieutenant, - - - - R. Wolfendeu NO. 2 COMPANY. Captain, - - - - - J. G . Vinter Lieutenant, - - _ . James Douglas NEW WESTMINSTER RIFLES — NO. 1 COMPANY. C.iptain, ----- A. Peele Liwutenant, . _ . . jj. p. Bonson Ensij^n, ----- A. Jackson NEW WESTMINSTER SEYMOUR ARTILLERY, (HALF I5ATTERY. ) Lieutenant Commamling, - - - J. T. Scott Second Lieutenant, - - - E. Brown NANAIMO RIFLES — NO. 1 COxMPANV. Captain, ----- J. Brydeu Lieutenant, - - - - E. G. Piior Ensign, - . - . James Harvey NATURALIZATION OF ALIENS. Every ali(Mi born woman married to a British subject shall be deemed to be herself naturalized. Every alien after a continued residence in any part of the Dominion of (-anada for three years, with intent to settle therein, who has taken the oaths of residence and allegiance, and procured the same to l)o filed, so as to entitle him or her to a certificate of naturalization, shall enjoy, and may trans- mit, all the rights and capacities which a natural born .subject of Her Majesty can enjo^ or transmit. Oaths may be taken by any Judge of any (vourt of Record in that Province of Canada in which such alien resides, or by any person authorised to administer oaths, or by any com- missioner appinted by the Governor, or by any Justice of the Peace of the county or district where such alien resides. Such judge or other person to grant a certificate and such certificate to be filed in court, and the naturalized person can then receive a certificate of naturalization; certified copy of certificate to be evidence of naturalization in all courts and places. Certificate, 25 cents. Recording, 50 cents; and 25 cents for every search or copy. See cap. G6. 31 vie. 18G8. (ifiDi; I'o I'.KiTisn roi.rMitiA. 2n7 Roscoo )lt'endcii , Vintcr Douj^las L Peole Bouson Jackson T. Scott . Brown . Bryden G. Piior 3 Harvey ect shall t of the |to settle lej^iance, |m or her lay trans- \\ subject Record is, or by ly colli- de of the resides, hid ^uK'h Irson can copy of lirts and and 25 11808. i{i-:Li(ii()rs. ciiriMii 1)1' i;n(U,am>. Ihc Uiiuisf iMiions (if tlin (Jlmrcli of liin^laud \v cri' citiii- iu-311'JimI on this oo.ist by the ll<;v. H. BtMVtu-, in iS.i'J, at Fort VaniMiiivcr, then su|)|)os('(l to l>i' iii'itisli tii-i'itory, folloucil liy the lusv. K. J. Staiiu'sin iSf.), at Fort Victoria, and tlu; U<'v. J"j. C!ri(l:^Mu 18')'). In 1 SoS tin' Hoin- Govtnnniont consented to the fonuitioiiof the two colonii'sof Vancouver and Ihitish OoUunl)! I into a Dioc 'S" ov^m' wliieh. hv Fictters I'ah'nt iVoni tlu((h-ow,i, the iti^'lit l{ 'V. (i. Hills. I). 1)., Ineuniheiil of (riv it Yariuoiilh, and li )n onry ('in )n of Xoi'wicli, was ap- |) )inted lirsl l)isho[), and consecrate I in on St. Matthias" |)av, Fel.ruarv 21, IS.V.I. W Iniin-^ti'r Al )i)\ T'le l)i ')Ces* of IJi'itish C)ohinil)ia is ilivided inro tiie two .Vrch(h)aconr V meoiiver, c')-()xtensive with the ami 10 and of (j )la:nl»i I (! )- 'xteirsive with tlv Mainland, present Arcrlbh- icons are the Veil. ('. 1'. Wo ids. M. A., of Trinity Colle^'.-, l)al)lin, and the Ven. H. V. Wri^dit. M. A., of St. Peter's Collei'e, (' ainitrid'Te. In I ■S/-), 1) ioc"saii SviiOvl was forinei d, C.( jnsistinir of the Ih-^hoj), tile licensed ('ler^fy, and elected Ijay Delej^ates, which ineiits annually and is vepreseidtJil l>y an l-Aecntive roinmittec, ineetiiiif inontldy. 'rii're jin^ two jM'iiieip il schools — An;JCola ('0110,1,^! for .L,nrls. iind the ("olle^iatc School for Itoys. Tile niini^teral body consists of the Bishop, l"! ('ler^'y and several missionary ("atcchists. Christ C'iiuridi, A'i(,'toria, was constituted the ('athinb-al of the Diocese in 1S()'). 'ITiero are upwards of -JO churches, i)osidt!s mission c]iai)ols. There are several mission stations for promoting' christainity and edu- cation ainon.L(st the Indian population of which the ])rincipal .oe those of Metlacatlii. and Kincoleth sup])orteil l)y the ("liurcli Missionary Society., and that of St. Paul's, Lytton, ill connection with the Society for the Pro])a^'ation of the Tosra '1. Tl lere IS a ^lissnni Fund in coniuM-tion witli the Synod, supported by subscriptions from chundiinen and churcdi collections on Advent Sunday and \N hirsuiiday. On Christmas Day collections are made for the Cler;^y \Vi(h)w and Orphan Fund, and on Oood Frichiy for foreif>n missions. T'iie Church of I'i'i .;'l.in 1 in I'ritisli {Columbia is in full com- munion with the E-;t.iblisli(Hl Church of EiiL-'liiid, of wliicJi if is a branch, with the Church of Indand, the Episcopal Chundi of Scotland, tlio Protestant Episcopal ( diurch of the Fnit<'d States, and with all braucdios colonial and olsowdioro of the Anglican Church. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) T 1.0 I.I 1.25 til Ki mi 'i US 20 1.8 U 1116 ^ J^ J» fliotographic Sdences Corporation 3: WtST MAIN STREiT WEBSTH.N.Y. USSO (716) •73-4S03 f\ iV N? \\ ^ ^\ 6^ ■ '''•■ ii ?' 5 m 2G8 orroE TO BRiTTsn roT.rMniA. Rn nu I n Co fit of Irs . H J5ishop, tlu! Ri}^ht Itev. Charles John So^hers, Bishop of Vancouver Ishmd. CHIIK'HKS AM) SCHOOLS — VICTORIA. St. Audnnv's Cathedral, Huoiboldt street. Vastor, lii^iit l{ev. Charles Jolin Se^^hers, Bishop of Vancouver Island. Assistant Priests, li-sv. Joseph Leroy, Jiev. Patrick Kirley. St. Louis' ('olle^c for boys. Principal, Rev. J. J. .lonckau, Pandora street. St. Ann's Convent School, Humboldt street. Coniprisin;,' boarding school, school for day scholars, and oiphana^'c. Superioress, Sist(!r ^[arv of Providenc ■. COWICHAN. St. Ann's Cniurch. Uev. Father llondeault. Convent School, (M);n;)iisin;.^ Invmch of Victoria Orphanage and school for Indian girls. School for Indian boys. Principal, Ilev. Father llon- deault. SAANICH. Church of the Assumption of the B. V. Mar}'. Rev. Jose])h Mandart. F,s(^\iMAi;r. St. Jo.seph's Church. Hev. Father Jonckau. NANAIMO. St. Peter s (Uiurch. Kev. Father Lemmens. HEsgriAT. Churcli of the Sacred Heart of Jesus. Rev. August Bra- bant; Rev. Josei)h Nicolaije. ST. .roSKl'Il's HOSPITAL, VICTOKIA. This charitable institution is under the direction of Sister Mary Bridget. Doctor, Hon. James Trimble, M. D. In December 187G, there were 10 j)atients. NEW WESTMINSTER. St. Peter's Churcli. Right Rev. Bishop Louis Jose[)Ii D'herboraez. Clergy, Rev. Edward Horris, O. M. I. St. Charl(>s' Church. Right R(!V. Bishop Peter Paul Dur- ien. St. Louis' School. Principal, Rev. Ld. Horris O. M. I. Teachers, Rev. W. P. Allen, O. M. I.; Rev. P. Hough, 0. M. I. GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBU. 269 St. Ann's Convent and School. Superioress, Sister Mary Prnxedos. C'hilliwluick.— St. Peter's Cliurcli. Yule.— St. Michael's Church. William's lake. St. Joseph's Church. Clergy: Rev. P. McGuckin, O. M* I.;llcv. C. Marchal, O. M. I."; Rev. Ed. Peytnvin, O. M. I- Boarding Schot)l for boys. Principal, Rev. P. McGuckin* o. y. I. Boarding School for girls. Superioress, Sister Mary Cle- ment. STEWAUT S LAKE, (FORT ST. J\ME:s.) Church of Our Lady of Good Hope. Rev. Lejacq, O. M. I.: [lev. G. Blanchot, 'O. M. I. KAMLOOl'S. St. Peter's and St. Paiil's Church. Rev. C. Grandidier, (). M. I. MISSIONS. — OKANAOAN LAKE. Im. (vonception Church. Rev. Baudro, O. M. I.; Rev. N. Gregoire, O. M. I. KOOTENAV. St. Eugene's Ciiurcli. H(!v. L. Fouquet, O, M. I.; R. I)i«u'ese: "Diocese of the Pacific," em- bracing the Province of British Cobunbi;!. Washingtoti Ter- ritoiT, Oregon, California. Church of Our Lord, Humboldt street, Victoria. Built by the first Episcopil (^ongi't'gjition «)f Victoria, muiI opened for Divin(? ServicH^ Jan. B>. IH7(». Hector. Bishop Cridge. Churchwardens, R. Williams and A. A. (h*«>en. Site presented by Sir J. Douglas. K. C. B. S5 1 lift 270 aOIDE TO BitlTISH COLUMBIA.. Divine Service on Sunilays at 11 a. m., and 7 p. ra.. Ser- vice for the young and for baptisms on the second Sunday of every month, at 3 p. m. Sunday School situated next to the churcli. Superinten- dent, W. C. Siffken. Number of teachers, 18; of schohirs, 2(54. Day schools — Grammar Scliool. Senior master, J. F. Smitli. Number of pupils, 12. Ladies' school, (^organized Jan. 1875. j Lady Principal, Mrs. Cridge. Modern languages, tfcc, Miss Doilgson. Eng- lish, Miss Devereux, and two junior teachers. Music, Mrs. Nicholls and Miss Dodgson. Drawing, Mrs. P. Johnson and Miss Woods. French and needlework. Miss Brown. Number of pupils, 44. CHITFICH OF S(;OTLAND. The Presbytery of British Columbia eml)races the following ministiu's and charges: S. McGregor, A. M., St. Andrew's, Victoria. Wni. Clyde, St. Andrews, Nanaimo, Comox, and Quadra. Kobert Jamieson, St. Andrew's, New Westminster. Alex. Dunn, Langley and surrounding districts. George Murraj^ Nicola Valley, Kamloo[)s, itc. Tiio Presbytery w is organized in 1875. It is in connection with the Church of Scotland. The court meets in St. An- drew's, Victoria, twice each year — in May and October. Sabbath schools are held in connection with all the charges in towns and in country districts where ])racticable. All the ministers in "the Presbytery were educated in Edin- burgh and Glasgow. iniST I'UESBYTERIAN CHURCH OF V. I. Pandora street. Rev. John Hied, minister. Trustees: A. McLean, Alex. Wilson, and J. D. Uobinson. 1 r ;■ THE METHOIHST CHURCH OF CANADA Was established in this Province in the beginning of the year 1859. To the llev. Ephraim Evans, D. D., was intrusted the superiutendency of the work. Three missionaries — the Rev'ds. Edward White, Arthur Browning, and Ebenezer Robson — left Ontario the latter end of 1858, and arrived in Victoria the eai'ly part of the following year. Dr. Evans settled in Victoria; E. White in New West- minster; E. Robson at Nanaimo; and A. Browning at Fort GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA. 271 Hoi)o. A sanctury was erected and a clmrcli organized .it each of these places. Since that time Methodism has <^reatly increased in the land; central stations have been formed among the white population at Cariboo, at Suinas and Chilliwhack, at Burrard Inlet, at Maple Bay and South C'owichan, at Maple Bidge and Laugle}', Nicola Valley and Kamloops, and recently at Wel- lington and Harewood. Several missions have also been established among the natives and a large amount of money expended by the Missionary Society in churches, parsonag(^s, and school liouses. At Nanaimo there is among the natives a church, mission house and day school, a native missionary and school teacher. This mission has been in successful o])i!ration for many years. The Indian mission at Sumas and ("hilliwhack has live churches, besides other preaching places used for religious services. The missionary j)r(niches the (iospcl to upwards of four hundred natives who are scattered along the I'rascr River and Sumas Prairie. At Fort Simpson a mission iiouse, school house, and a sjjacious church have just Ix'en comph^ted. There arc! abont a thousanil^Indians on this station, nearly all f)f whom attend public worship. Two teachers are constantly employed in tiie day scihool and souK^times a third. The I'ev. Thomas Crosby has charge of this important mission. Victoria, in addition to the white work, has two mission schools, one among the (^hinese and the other among the natives. The latter have a very neat and connnodious sanc- tury which serves for a church and school house. There is a small Indian church and (M)ngregation at (Iran- ville, Burrrard Inlet. All the churches are umler the general sn])ervision of the Chairman of the District, while each circuit has its own sup- erintendent who has charge of its local intenists. The highest Church Court in th<^ district is the " District Meeting," which iscomjxised of all the ministers and]ir<>ac]iers and an equal number of laymen, who arc appitinted by their respective quarterly meetings. This Court meets in the early ])art of April in each year, when the whole teni])i»ral and spiri- tual work of the district is l)rought inuhM' r* view, circuit by circuit, and the character and conduct of each iiiinistei- are examined and the result recorded. The action <>f the Dis- trict meeting is subject to the a])])roval of the Ciint'eriiic(i before it becomes law. A Financial District Meeting, which is ('oinposed of the superint<^ndent of (5a<^h (circuit and mission, anort of tlu! missionaries, to make uvran^cincnts foi- missionary and educational meetings, and io transact any other business which may be deemed of im[) >rlaiu'e in tlie interest of th(! work of (lod in this PrvMince. The reports of tiie Toronto Conference of 1S7(», show tliat in addition to the amount of money raised for ministers' suii- ])ort and local ])ur))oses in the Province, a vei-y creditabltr sum was contrilmted for connexioual funds, to the njission fund, !?l,Ovir» 00; educational fund, i^-kO 10; and the superanu- ated ministers' fund, s:M 10. Wo. cojn' the following statistics from tlu; District report of JS7(i: "The nund)er of hearers attending the MetlKuHst ministiT is about 3,(540; churches 2:{; other preai'iiing jilaccs 20; m<.')nbers, including those on trial, <)2.'5. There are three (hiy schools among the Indians and (-hinese, four teacliers, and 'Mi schoLirs. There are 12 Sunday schools, 51) ollicers, and 1,22!) sehohirs." The C/onference Minutes of 187(5 give the following Cen- tral stations: Victoria, Amos E. liuss. C'hinese and Indian missions, one to be sent. Maple Bay, William V. Sexsmith. Wellington mincM, one wanted. Nanaimo, Cornelius Bryant. Now Westminster, William Pollard. Maple Ridge, one to be sent. liurrard Inlet, Tlnmias Derrick. Sumas and Chilliwhack, Josi^ph Hall. Indian tribes, Charles M. Tate. (.'ariboo, Chri.stopher L. Thomj)son. Nicola Valhiy and Ka amloops, James Turner. Fort Simpson, Thomas Crosby. William Pollard, Chairman. Of the abovi^ stations, Victoria and Burrard Inlet are self- sustaining. This denomination is conteniplating the ertiction of a col- lege. .V committiM? has been a])pointed to ascertain the cost and practi(!al)ility of such an enterprise. r i OUIDE TO BHITian COLUMBIA. -'•' lui'TisT cm lun. P.'iinlori sti'ci't. Miiiist.T, l{<'v. Win. ('.iiin's. lli'sidciu-f Jliiptint Suiuluv scli(»()ls, llcv. \V. C'hi'iics sinu'riiitciiiltHit . Tins is til" first liaptist Cliurch nvi-tcd in lln> I'lovinrt , ,ii a cost of over S(),()(»0; aiiil was opeiicil in Jiumurv IS77. MASONS. (Wl.VXI) LUDdK Ol' BI![TISH COLrMIUA, A. I", AN'lJ A. .M. F. Williams, M. W. (I. M.; K. Iluiisou, II. W. I), ii. M.; J. a. Viiitcr, 1{. AV. S. (;. W.: ('. M. (■liaiui.."is, II. W. .1. (I. W.; lli^v. F. H. (hil)lM'll. V. W. (J. CliMi.laiM: :\I. W. Wuitt, y. W. (i. Tivasurer; E. Hanison. jr.. V. W. G. S.c- ictary; T. Tioiinc*'. W. (r. Sti|»('niit('iiilfiit of WmUs; Tims. ">lit)tl)()lt. \N , (r. Diroc-tor of ('tvcnioiiics: W. 1'. Livock, W . (liMiKniavshai: J. >[unav, W. (i. S\v(-i(l-li.'aicr: F. C. N.u- fpl.ler, W. (1. Standava-Iicaivv: J. Aiulrcws. W. (J. ()r«,'aiiist: J. A. Cotcrill. Piirsiiivaiit; J. S. Chit.'. S. Drake, .1. ('. H.i-hes. T. I{. MitcliL'll, M. C'oatfs, W. (^ Stewards; I'. J. Hail, Grand Tyiei'. liOAIM) («K (ll'.NKHAL I'llil'OSF.S. McuilxM-s fx n/fir!o: M. W. F. AVilliams, G. M.: H. AV. Eli. Harrison, D'.'Cr. M. : (President) l{. W., J. G. Vintor, S. (1. W.; H. W., (\)<)te M. Gliambers. J. (}. W. Eloetinl miMiihers: liros. {\ Tliorno, H. Brown, H. F. Keisterinan. K. Beaven. T. Trounce (Vice President) and W. 1'. Livock. UOY.VL AIICH CHAPTER, f'ROO.>f, T,AN(iJ.r.Y STIJKKT.) Henry Brown, 1st Principal, Z; Eli Harrison Jr., 2nd Princi]ial, H; .Vlox. Collier (absent) Mrd Principal, J; Andrew .Vstrico, Treasur(!r; Thomas Sliotl)olt, Scrilte E; Thomas Nicholson, Scribe N; Rol)ert Lainjj;, 1st Sojourner; Geo. A. Sari^ison, 2nd Sojourner: (rraham J. Clarke, 'hi] Sojourner; George Thomson, .fanitov. VICTOIUA COr.UMlJlA I.ODOI'.. NO. 1. Regular communications held on the lirst Tuesday in each month. Officers for 1877: M. Coates, W. M.; H. Bales. S. W. ; Wni. Harrison, N. V.; C. Thorne, P. M., Treasurer; C. C. McKenzie, Secretary; Rev. -T. Blunden, Chaplain;.!. Andrews, S. D.; John Wilson, J. D.;J. McNerney, D. C; Robert Laing, Thomas Preece, Stev.'ards; E. J. Salmon, J. F. 274 GUIDE TO liKlTlHH COLUMBU. m ■ J . VANCOUVEH ANb yi'ADRA LODGE, NO. 2. -^ ^uliir coiQiuuuicutiou held ou 'h\\ Weclnesilay in each mouth. Officers for 1877: li. B. McMiekiug, W. M.; D. Kurtz, S. M.; li. Beavon, J. \V.; J. F. Becker, Treasurer; P. M. Coote M. Chamhers, Secretary; J. G. Chirk, S. D.; A. K. Mihie, J.D.; P M. J.G Viiiter, D of C; W. Fraser, Organist; George Frye and C Astrico, Stewards; T Cuuifl", Tyler. AHHLEU LODGE NO. IJ, NANALMO. Regular coiuniunications are held ou Ist Saturday in each month. Wm. Stewart, \V. M.; S. B. Hamilton, S. W.; S. Drake, S. W. ; M. B. Clarke, Secretary; Thomas Lindsay, Treasurer; H. Maguire, S. D.; C. N. Young, S. D.; Mark Bate, P. M. D. ofC.; Caleb Colmar, VVm. Stewart, Stewards; Robert Aitkin. S. (I.; R. O. Beck, Tyler. rXION TiODOE, NO. 9, NEW WE8TMINSTEU, 1}. C Regular comnumicatious held ou tirst Monday in each month, at H p. m. Officers: J. S. Clute, W. M.;Dr. Mclunes, S. W.;J. Spears, J. W.;A. H. McBride, S. D.;\V. Powers, J.I).; R. Dickinson, Treasurer, J. G. Jaques, Secretary; Christo- pher Lee, T. G. ; T. Allison, Tyler. CARIHOO LODGE, NO. 4, BAUKERVILLE, H. C Regular communications are held on the first Saturday in each month, at 7 :30 p. m. Officers: Wm. Steyjlienson, W. M.; E. C. Neufelder, S. W. ; A. Lindsay, J. \V.; A. Pendola, Treasurer; J. C. Mc- Milliau, Secretary; H. McDermott, S. D.; J. VanVc'ken- burgh, J. D.; W. Tucker, J. G. ; C. Paulsen, Tyler. MOUNT HERMON LODGE, NO. 7, BURRARD INLET, B. C. Regular communicatious are held on the Saturday nearest full moon, at 8 p. m. Officers: J. A. Cottrell, W. M. ; P. W. Swett, S. W. ; B. Springer, J. W. ; J. Van Braemar, Treasurer; J. C. McCulley, Secretary; R. Millman, S. D.; P. A. Allan, J. D.; S. Proctor, I. G. ; G. W. Cole, Tyler. ' m eacli GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBU. I. O. O. F. 275 UIOIIT WOHTHY GRAND LODGE OF BRITISH COLUMBIA. Elective offict'iH, 1H77: Riclmnl Roberts, M. W. Grand M.istor; W. J. Jeffreo, K. W. Deputy G. M. ; J. T. Seott, R. W. Gniiul Wimlen;J. D. Rohinson, R. W. Grand Secretary; J. Wrigleswortli, R. W. Grand Treasurer. VICTORIA LODGE, NO. 1, VICTORIA. Meets Monday. Edgar Fa weett, N. G. ; David Dale; V. G. ; Frederick Diiv<>y, R, & P. Secretary; John We iler, Treasurer. COLUMBIA LODGE, NO, 2, VICTORIA. Mens Thursdav. Josoph Sears, N. G.; George H. May- nard, V. G.; R. W. Fawcett, R. Secretary; J. P. Goodhue, Treasurer; Walter Shears, P. Secrt'tary. NEW WES'IMINSTKR r-«)DOE, NO. 'i, NEW WKSTMINSTEIt. Meets Thursday. George Turner, N. G. ; Wm. McColl, V. G. ; R. A. Rrown, R. Secretary; J. Morey, Treasurer; J. E. Insley, P. Secretary. DOMINION LODGE, NO. 4, VKTOHIA. Mt^ets Weilncisdav. J. Batcheh)r, N. G.; A. J. (rrav, V. G ; E. Fletclier, R'. Secretary; T. N. Hil)l)en, Treasurer; H. O. Tiedenian, P. Secretary. BLACK DIAMOND LOD(}E, NO. 5, NANAIMO. Meets Saturday. George Norris, X. G.; .Tohn Wilson. V. (t.; Fniderick Wild, R. Secretary; Wm. Reid, Treasurer; James Wil(M)x, P. Secn^tary. VANCOUVER ENCAMPMENT, NO. 1. Elective otfic(>rs: Charles Gowcn, ('.P.; Charles Hay- ward, H. P.; R. Rowles, S. W.; J. S. Drummond, Scribe; F. G. Richar a. in. to 10 p. m. daily. The Library contains ai)out 5, ()()() w(nks of all descriptions for circulation and re- s "... 5 t I 276 OUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA. foronce. Opon from 12 to 1, 8 to 5 and 7 to 0, daily, oxcopt SiindayH. Ttu'ins of subscription, (open to all) ono year, ^M in ad- vance. Montiily, !$J . Ladies, §5 per annum, in advance. ST. ANDREW'S & CALEDONIAN SOCIETY Victoria. President, John lioss; Vice Presidtuits, James Muirliead, John Bhuik; Trtsasurer, Douald McKay; Secretary, John Uussell; Chaplain, Kev. S Mf(ire<,'or; Physician, Dr. Trinibhs; Diroctora, It. P. Rithet, J. H. Lawson, (Jeo. Webb, H. M(!Konzie, James Burns, A. B. Gray, John Goodfellow. NEW AVEST.MINSTKU ST. AXDllEW's SO(?lETY. President, J. K. Suter; Vice President, J. D. Scott; Treasurer, J. Irvinj»; Secretary, J. McMuri>hy. ANCIENT ORDER FORESTERS. COLIMJUA UISTHK'T. District C/hief Ranf;. Fliitclx-r, W. v. S.; Hvu. Sinclair. \V. ('.; Hro. l5o.lv. W. M., Sister ll.)ii.', W. I). M.; Sish'r Sin.-lair, W. J. (1.; Hro. IJuth-r. \V. 0. (i.; Sister Vaiiallniaii. W. II. K. S. ; S.,>t('r Ncwl.nrv, W. L H. S.; Sister Warwick, \V. A. S. ; liro. Nesvbiirv, l». W . C. T. Victoria JnveniN' Templi', No. I, hold rlieir ine('tin;.js in the (riKiil 'reinpl.irs' Hall. Yates street, every Satunlay aftiunoon, lit ;{ o'clock. Wni. Charles Knight is Superintendent of the Temple. (•i:i>.\i! nil. I, i.oixm:, no. 11. I'.ro. (). I). S\v(>et, L. Dep'itv; W. C. T., lin.. W. Irvine; W. V. T.. Sister A^'iies Irvin.'i'W. S., Bro. (J. Deans; W. A. 1 Jro. J. W. Lewis; W. F. S.. H ro. auie !s Todd; W. T. Si'^tcr Dea ns: W. ('., IJro. J. Todd; W. M., liro. P. M(>rri Him: W. D. M.. liro. (i. Smith; W. I. (1., liro. J. Irvi W, (). (1.. liro. 1{. Scott; W W'.C. T., liro. W. Merrii ne; nan. OWV.VHI) I.ODOK, NO. 2, NANAI.MO. W (\T.. Samuel (lou^'h; \V. V. T., Sister H. Woodward; W. S.. A Hash'in; W. A. S.. W. lirvaut; W. V. S.. J. liau llf; \V. T., Sister E. Woodward; W.'C, M. Miinson; W. M., S. Sturton; W. I. ({.. Sist(n- H. (I.)u^'h; W. (). (I., E. White- ri.'U: \V. W. S.. :\[. Stai>les; W. L. S., Sister E. J. Gilbert; r.W. ('. T., Rev. A. E. Green OOMINION [,Ol)(ii:, Ni;\v wkstminstkii. liro. W. Hancock, WCT.: Sister DeBeck, W V. T. ; r.iD, Lord, W. S.; liro. Curtis, W. A. S. ; Bro. Sliiles, W. F. S.; Bro. Di^Beck, W. T. ; Bro. Jos. Wiutemute, W. Cha|).; Hi.) U. Wintemute, W. :M. ; Sister :\rcMurphv, W. A. M.; Sister Scott, W. L G. ; Bro. A, Wiutcnnute. W". O. G. : Bro. Elliott, P. W. C. T.; Sister Cootes, W. B. H. S,; Sister MiiKce. W. L. H. 8. NO sriti!i:yi)F,n t.odok, no. (5, (MiTLLiwuArK. n. c. liro. McMillan, L. Deimtv: liro. A. C. Wells, W. C.'T.; Sister S. A. Wells, W. V.; Bvo. H. Kipp, W. S.: Bro. C. Cambell, W. F. S.; 278 GUIDE TO DRITIHH COLUMBIA. ; :^' ! \ I, 'I Sistor S. A. Ashwell, W. T.; Bro. J. Brtikor, W. C; I3ro. C. llicknoll, W. M.; Sistor (J. Ch.ii)inan, W. J. G.; Bro. M. F. (Hll.uio 02. During 187(5 there was an expenditure of !#2,- 511 07, having a balance on hand of $;{8.'{ 95. 'The ilebt on tho Orphanaj^o was reduced by $250, leavinj^ a balance still due of iJl.OOO. The orij^inal cost of the Orphanat^o property was !!:'2,700. The nunilna* of ininat«!sis 21. During the year si.K childnui wore |)rovidod with comfortable liouses outside of tho Orphanaj^^e. Tho gtuu r;d and ladies' committee wore re-«!h!cted. Scuiator Macdonald was re-elected Chairman; Mr. Robert Wallace, re-elected Secretary; Mr. D. Spencer, re-olectcd Tnsasurer. On motion of Mr. Trounce, seconded by Mr. Higgins, the clergymen of tho Pandora street and liaptist churches were invited to become members of the Association. Orticors for the year 1877 : President, Hon. W. J. Mac- donald; Secretary, llobert Wallace ; Treasurer, David Spencer. llOYAL HOSPITAL, VICTORIA Dr. Davie, Me«lical Attendant; E. Grancini, President; James Burns, M. W. T. Drake, T. Alsopp, H. Short, T. Shotbolt, Directors; W. C. Ward, Treasurer; H. L. Jones, Secretary; Alex. McNab, Steward; Edwai'd Price, Nurse. BRITISH COLUMBIA PIONEER SOCIETY. President, G. T. Sejmour; Vice President, T. Elwyn; Physician, Dr. Trimble; Secretary, C. Kent; Treasurer, P. McQuade. Directors: W. P. Sayward, A. Astrico, P. J. Leech, D. W. Chancy. k-iitt GUIDE TO BRITISH COUTMRIA. 27J) HOSPITALS IN THE PROVINCE. Royal HoHpitul, Pandora Avenue, Victoria. " New WostminHter. " Rarkerville. " Nanaiino. Tlieso are Public Hospitals and are assisted by contribu- tions from the Provincial Government. Marine Hospital (maintained by the Dominion Government) Victoria West. Lunatic Assylum (^maintained by the Provincial Government) New Westminster. French Hospital, CoUinson street, Victoria. St. Joseph's Hospital, Oollinson street, Victoiia. mirnsH Columbia benevolent society. Fin- John- Mat- [estaulihued 1872.] Patron, Sir James Douplas, K. C. B. President, Roderick Finlayson; Vice President, Alexander McLean. Committee: T. Allsop, A. C. Elliott, James Fell, 11. layson, A. Fellows, E. Grancini, H. L. Jones, M. T. ston, A. McLean, P. McQuade, Edgar Marvin, J. B. thews, C. J. Prevost, G. I. Stuart, W. C. Ward. Chairman of ladies' committee, J. B. Matthews. Treasurer, E. Griincini; Secretary, Goo. I. Stuart. Relief Committee, for January, April, July, OctoVier: G. I. Stuart, Secret iry; J. Fell, 'W. C. Ward, A. McLean, Vice President. For Februarv, May, August, November: P. McQuade, Sfi^retary; E. Marvin, A.C.Elliott, A. McLean, Vic Presi- dent. For March, June, September, December: H. L. J(mes, Secretary; M. T. Johnson, A. Fellows, A. McLean Vice President. This Society is designed upon the broad principal of prac- tical benevolence, without regard to creed, (!olor, or nation- ality, and is intended for the relief of such distress or destitution as may appear from Sme to time to call for suc- cour. It is generally conceded that indiscrij.iinate generosity almost entirely falls short of its good purpose, and this Society aims in the collection of contributions from the pub- lic to organize the distribution of its funds, so that such 11 n,: 1 . . '■ If I' 1 280 GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBU. oontri^ ' ations may oflfect as muoli good as possible, and that cases of imposture may be avoided. The llehef Committee appointed for each mouth of the year, will receive and take into consideration, all applications for aid, and will also consider all cases of which they may receive information, with a view to the granting of such help as may appear desirable. THE VICTORIA JEWISH LADIES' BENEVOLENT SOCIETY. President, Mrs. G. Opponheimer; Vice President, Mrs. A. Phillips. Trustees, Mrs. J. Boscowitz, Mrs. J. Lantz. Hon. Sccrotarv and Treasurer, liev. A. Mver. F BENCH BENEVOLENT AND MUTUAL SOCIETY. [founded ln viotoria, v. I., FED. 2-4th, I860.] This Institution accepts persons of all nationalities and religions as members, on their agreeing to the rules and regu- lations, and paying the requisite fees, viz., $1 per month or i?l()0 for a life membership. The hospital is situated on Collinson street, and any mem- ber is entitled to admittance, or to get medicine free of charge; but if attended by the doctor at his or her own residence, the fee is $1 for each visit. Members of Committee: President, J. B. Mayerau; Vice President, F. Leslouis; Secretary, P. Bocion; Treasurer, M. Camsusa; Medical Attendant, John Ash, M. D.; Steward, R. Thornhill. Directors: P. Tisset; C. Lombard; L. Lucas. THE INCORPORATED LAW SOCIETY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA. Benchers: Hon. A. C. Elliott, Attorney-General; J. F. McCreight, Q. C, Treasurer; M. W. T. Drake; A. R. Rob- ertson, Q. C; A. E. B. Davie; G. A. Wlalkem, Q. C; (re- tired.) H. B. W. Aikman, Secretary. , Annual meeting March 27th. GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBU. 281 THE BKITISH COLUMBIA AGRICULTURAL AND HOirncULTURAL SOCIETY, VICTORIA. Jiimos Fell, President; David Leneven, J. P. Davics, Vice l^iesideiits; J. H. Turner, Treasurea';Thos. Russell, Se«rotary. Directors: P. T. Johnson, G. G. Walker, Wm. Grejjtoiy, ^y. F. Tolmie, Geo. Lind.>,Hy, AV. Turgoose, D. W. Higgins, H. Mitchell, J. H. Todd. CEMETERY BOARD. J. H. Turner, Chairman; R. P. Rithet, J. E. McMillan, P. McTiernaii, B. W. Pearse, J. R. Hett, Secretary; John Cox, Kee])er at Cemetery. VICTORIA Is the capital of th(^ Province, the seat of Government, and, generally speaking, the head-(iuarters of all Dominion and local departments, and jiuhlic and private Associations and Institutions in liritish Columbia. The city is beantifuUv situated, at the south-eastein rxtn'Wiity of Vancourer Island, in Latitude iH^ 25" 20' north, Lon. 12:r 22 24 west,— distant about 71) miles, or six hours tsteam travel from New AVest- minster, on the Eraser; three hours from Port Townsend, the Port of Entry for Puget Sound ; al)out 70 miles from Nanaimo, on the eastern shore of the Island; 05 miles from the ocean, and about 750 miles, or three to four days' voyage of steamer from San Francisco. The position of Victoria, both as a dis- tributing point for the Province at large, and as a nucleus for foreign trade, is extremely favorable — and the fact of its being the tirst available seaport north of San Francisco con- fers on it additional importance. The city itself is situtcnl on the narrow inlet of 0/mf)wf', which, com])letely land-locked, gives accommodation to all vessels whose draught of water (h)es not excrojected railway across the continent, the futures entrepot of a national coinmerce, the extent of which it is not easy to forsoe. An excellent macadamized road connects the city with Esquimalt. Victoria can Ijoast of many good streets, extensive side- walks, and excellent roads for drives leading from it into the (H)untry in all directions. Adjoining the city is a ]iublic park, ivuowii as Beacon Hill. This park borders on the Straits of 282 If GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA. Fuca, aud, in pleasant weather is one of the most enchanting places on the northern Pacific coast. On the outskirts of the city are many attractive residences; and almost every cottage displays its pretty garden, cultivated frequently with no small degree of horticultural taste. Its healthfulness and salubrity of climate is now getting extensively known, and many persons resort to the city to spend the summer moDths, and no few to recuperate their health. The thermometer seldom gets as low as zero in winter, and rarely higher than HH". in summer — ranging generally between 55^ and 70 '. Though Victoria can so far boast of no edifice of high architectural pretensions, it contains many neat and substan- tiallv constructed public buildings and dwelling houses. The city is Avell supplied with pure wholesome water — brought from Elk Lake, a distance of seven miles, in iron pipes, at a cost of near one hundred and seventy -five thousand dollars. The works are owned and controlled by the city. Gas was introduced by a company .several years since, and many of the streets of the city are illuminated, and its citizens can enjoy these necessary articles of safety and comfort as their resources permit. There is also a very efficient Fire Brigade, a Chamber of Commerce, an Agricultural and Horticultural Society, and many other institutions and organizations which are more fully referred to in the following tables and returns, or have been alluded to in the proceeding remarks. There are four Hospitals; one Lunatic Assylum; (tempor- ary); two Iron Foundaries; two Sash and Door, &o., Factories; one Cigar Manufactory; two Tanneries; six Breweries; two Soap Factories; two Boot and Shoe Factories; two Ship Yards; two Lumber Yards; three Waggon, &c., Makers; three IMachi- nists; three Boiler &g. Makers; one Bookbinding &, Blank- book Manufactory ; one Match Factory ; two Brick Yards; three Printing Offices; and several other manufacturing establish- ments of various kinds, among which may be named the fol- lowing : The Albion Iron Works, of which Mr. Joseph Spratt is Proprietor, are situated on Store street, and is the larg(!st establishment of the kind north of San Francisco. The Works comprise Foundry, Machine, Boiler and Black- smith Shops, complete with machinery and all appliances, and a commodious Avharf attached to the premises, offers un- equaled facilities for steamers requiring repairs. Messrs. Hayward and Jenkinson, Contractors, &c., Langley street, have a large establishment for the manufacture of all kinds of wood work. The machinery is driven by a 25-horse Mii. r.l :1I)V TO HRITISH COLUMBIA. 2S:) power engine, and consists of circular and cross-cut saws, planin*^, niouldinj^, niorticinjjf and tenoninj^ machines, lathes, etc. In connection with the boiler is a large drying room for seasoning lumber. The stock of moulding, ELF.(i.VTi:S. Delegates U. H. ct L. Co., No. 1: E. Grancini, C. Hay- ward, Geo. N. Reynolds. Delegates Deluge Co. No. 1 : Thos. Geiger. Wra. Lohse, Frank Saunders. Delegates Tiger Co. No. 2: J. W. Griffiths, L(mis G. Mc- (^uade. T. J . Burns. E. Grancini, President; henry Soar, Secretary; Thomas Geiger, Treasurer; P. J. Hall, Steward. Joseph Wriglesworth, Chief Engineer; John Stevens, Assf Engineer. 8T 286 GUIDE TO imiTISlI {• >l,'J.MmA. i ' n m OFFICERS. U. H. & L. Co. No. 1: J. U. McKou/ie, Foroinan: E. D. Ferris, 1st Asst.; C. Jenkiuson. 2iul Asst. ; W. H. Dorinan, Secretiiry; E. Griuicini, Trousiiror. Delude Engine Co. Xo. 1: W. McXifFo, Foreman; Joseph Sears, 1st Asst. ; Frederick Carne, 'iml Asst. ; Henry Soar, tSeeretary; Frank Selil, Troasnrer. Tiger Engine Co. No. 2: Geo. E. Smith, Foreman; A. Bortle, 1st Asst. ; John Morley, 2n(l Asst. ; Frank Sylvester, Secretary; John McLane, Treasurer. riJIVATE SCHOOLS IN VICTOUIA. Mrs. Fellows, for girls, Mae street. Mr. Viensseux, for boys, Dallas U(ja(l, James Bay. Mrs. Vienssen.v, for girls Quebec street, James Bay. St. Louis Coll(!ge, for 1)()ys, Pantlori; Avenue. St Ann's (/ouvent, for orphans and girls, Humboldt street. Collegiate School, for boys, llev. H. H. Mogg, B. A., Church Hill, llae street. Angela ('ollegt;, for girls, Burdett Aveinie. Mrs. Chidge and Miss Dogdson, for girls, and boys under eight years, Kane street. St. John's (Irammnr School, Rev. P. Jeinis. Madame Petibeau, girls' boarding and (Liy school, head of Fort street. Mr. J. Millar, Singing School, Broughton street Mr. Knights Evening .and Day School, (xovernmiMit street. Mrs. T. Siibiey Wilson, Music and Drawing, Frederick street. SUNDAY SCHOOLS. Christ Church, St. John's, St. Andrew's (H. C), St. Andrew's (Scotch), Uet'ormed E|)iscopal Chm-jh, Presbyterian, M(^thodist, Ba])tist and Jewish. PI IJLJC BUILDINGS, <^.c., VICTORIA. Angela College, for girls, Burdett Avenue. liaptist Church The, Pandora street. Christ's Church Cathedral, (Church of England) Church Hill, Rae street, (histom House The, Wharf street. Dominion Offices, Government street. French Hos])ital, Collinson street. Free Schools, head of View street. Government Buildin-.^s The, James' Bav. OUIDE TO KlUTISH COLUMBIA. 287 Gaol The, Bastion street. High School The, head of View street. ^Marine Hospital, Victoria west. Masonic Buihlinj^s, (lovernuient street. Methodist Church The, Pandora street. Mechanics' Institute, Philharmonic Hall, Fort street. Orphanat^e Tin; Protestant, Rai* street. Philharujonic Hall The, Fort street. Presbyterian Church Tlie, Pandora street. Post Ortice, (Tovernnient street. Royal Hospital The, head of Pandora street. Heformed E])iseo})al Church, Humbolt street. St. Andrew's Scotch Church, Courtney street. St. Andrew's Homan Chatholic Cathedral, Humboldt street. St. Ann's Convent and Schools, Humboldt street. St. John's Church, (Ciiuich of Enj^'land) Douglas street. St. Joseph's Hos|)ital, ('ollinson street. St. Louis R. C. College for boys. Pandora Avenue. Synagogjie The, corner of Blanchard and Pandora streets. Theatre Roval, (rovernment street. VICTORIA CITY DIRECTORY. Abernethy Mrs., lilanchard street. ACCIDENT INSURANCE COMPANY OF CANADA, T. Allsop tfe Co., Agents, Oovei'nment street. Adams D. F., contractor, Yates street. Adams Frank W., clerk, Kane street. Aden Mrs., Johnson street. Adlor Samuel, miner, Amelia street. Ah Long, Eagle Restaurant, Johnson street. AH POI and WTJNG POW, Johnson street. Ah Sam, washerman, Johnson street. Ah Son, bootmaker, Johnson street. Ah Young, cook. New England Bakery, Government street. Ah Sing, butcher. Government street. Aikman H. B. AV., Register-General, Sec, Pandora street. Albany Frank, miner, Simcoe street. Albertstone Reuben, miner. Quadra street. Alexander F. J., accountant. Alexander James J., bookkee])er, Fort street. Allatt T. S., contractor, Broughton street, residence Fort st. AUatt Frederick Richard, carpenter. Fort street. Allatt Wm., carpenter, .lohnson street. Allsop Thos., real estate and insurance agent, Government street, n Jdence Moss street. 288 OUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBU. i II. n M lii ',1 HI m !!■:• Aime Paul, Johnson street. Andean Wm., general dealer, Government street, residence Pandora street. Anderson John, teamster. Fort street. Anderson James R., bookkeeper, St. Lawrence street. Anland James William, druggist's asst.. Work street. Bland John, bootmaker, Kane street, lilenkonsop (itiorgc*, transport agent, Langley Alley. Blinkhorne Mrs,, Fort street. liloomfield ('has. P., Sergt. of Police, John street. BlossfoMt Hugo, salesman. North Park street. Blott John, fruiterer and tobacconist, Government street. Blum L., clothier and nd George, laborer, Johnson street, iiond Willis, contractor. View street, lioiie Thomas Sawdry, geneial dealer. Government street, res. View street. ])onwick Mrs., Fisguard street. Jiooth Samuel, laborer, Y^ates street. Booth E. .\., miner, Pioneer street. Booth Geoige. Bock Bay House, Work street. Bordf Anguste, (Cameron A' B.) Chatham street, liorde Hypolite, shoemaker, Chatham street, liorihwick iV Brown Adelphi Saloon, Y'ates street. Horthwick Ralph, (B. «t Brown) residence Johnson street. J'oscowitz L. & J., furriers, Wharf street. Boscowitz Joseph, (L. & J. H.) res. Pandora street. Bossi G., grocer, etc., cor. Johnson and Store streets. Bossi Archille (B. it Giesselmann) res. Simcoe street. Bossi it Giesselmann, grocers, etc., Yates street. 13osworth, Wm., farmer Princess Avenue. Botterill Matthew, butcher, Lawrence street. Boullet Eugine, grocer, Yates street. Boyce James, farmer, Humboldt street. Boyd John, grocer and spirit merchant, Johnson street. Boyd James, carpenter, Blanchard street. (ifIl>K TO HIilTISH rOLrMKIA. 301 Hdvlcs W.ilsoii, tcamsti'i-, Painioci street. IJowdcn Will., Iiis|)c('t()i' of Police, I'liudorii stivet. i'owlcs Hi li.iril. uurclionstMiiMii. Fort stn-ct. lioulcs Mrs., A- Co.. (ilolif Hotel, Fort street. IIOW'MAN \V. (r., iiivKitv Si'Aiu.K Ki:r,i'i;n, Yati's ntreet. r>r.iileii '/oliM, (Slew.irt «V V>. ) res. View street. HiMiuwell .lucol), IJritisli ('oliiml)i;i lMi;j;iiie Works, Cormor- iiiit strcH't. Ilraiieli Siiiiiuel, luiiier, David street. |;K.VVI':IIA1V\ l., Mo.vkv IJuokki!, \:t(\, cor IJro.id uiid l*an- dora streets, liii^i^'s Alfred P., iiii?iei, (lordoii stret't. I>ri}^,^'s 'I'hoiuas li., (Stroiiss, P». K. .V Co.') res. Gordon street. inirnsH co/^oa/.s"/' Nb:wsi\vi»Ei{ and Joii puint- ISa OFFr('l<:. Oovcuiuneut street, D. \V. Higgins pro- |»)ietor and Editor, res. Y'ates street. lJrodi<- C. I't.. clerk. Iloss liay. IJrophv I'idward. harness maker, Lan^dey street. I'dlOWN .\c WHITE, Ditv (Ioods MKiuM.wrs, Govt, street, lirowu Henry, (F>. A' White) Fort street. JUown (J. H, Wilson, farinei-, Paekingtou street, iirown Mrs. W'ni., Fort stri'et. Urown \\ ni., lahorer, View street. Hrown Cai)t. (r(>or}^'e M., mariner, Vii'w street. l5ro\vn M. C., (liortliwick tV li.) Government street. Brown P., clerk, Viineouver street. Urown R, ,\,, acconntant, Vancouver street. ]>ro\vn Jess(% iV, ('o., restanrant, Johnson street. Ih'own (reo., mariner, lirown Henry, farmei', Fairfield, jjrown Wni., longshoreman, Store str(*et. J5ryant W. C, farrier, etc., Johnson street, res. Amelia street. l>U(!kett Win., drayman, Franklin street. 1> dor .v., general dealer, Government street. Hull W. King, ntnvsi)ai)er editor. View street. I>nllen Jolinathan, hricklaver, Herald street, limister, Hon. .V., brewer, etc., Johnson street, res. Queen's Avenue, iinnte John G., upholster, Courtney street. Bunting Chas. E., Customs Department, res. corner View and J)onglas streets. Burgess J. P., ceipenter, Broad street. P>argess Francis, (McKay tt B.) Fisguard street. Burgess Stephen, Yates street. Burns A' Co., traders, cor. Broad and Yates streets. Burns J., (B. A- Co.) , ..J 21)2 atJIDE TO BRITISH (X)I,UMIJL\. Burns T. J., Araoricttu Hotel, Yates stiuot. Burns John, Govornment street. JJurroufjjlis Win. (}., tuilor, Orientiil Alley. JJurt S. S., l)ali(a' and grocer, (fovornment street. Jiusli Tiiotnas, l)ri(ikla}'er, stoi'e stroot. Busliell Mrs. F. S., piano teacher, Kane street. Butl(!r Horace, cook, llae stre.'ct. JJutler Uobt., employ (rov't printing office, Michigan street. Bym K. S., clerk, l\lane stre(!t (California Slarine Board of llnd(jr\vriters, II. Finlaysou agent Douglas stre((t. Cameron tt Bordo, blacksmiths and farriers, (.'orjnorant street CauKM'on Wm., ((;. A' Borde) Cormorant street. Cameron Mrs., C'ormorant street. (Cameron l)au(%in, contractor, Mic^higan street. Cameron l)ani»>l, i)laster(ir, Dallas road. Cameron Charles, warehouseman, Michigan street. (Jameron Wm. O., warehouseman, Michigan street. Cadcll Phillip, clerk H.B.Co., View street. 1.; ('ii'siir, Handle, hairdresser, Yates street. (Jatfeire Augin, mariner, (Chatham street. Cain John, caretaker f)f arms, itc. Drill Shed, James Bay. (Jairn John, laborer, Herald street. Calder, Dr. J., dentist. Fort street. (!al(h^r Alex., gimtleman, Douglas street. ( 'aldwell Mrs ., tc^acher public school, Mason street. (!amp John, drayman, Mears street. C im[)bell Thomas, stone cutter Fort street. CAMPBELL FRANCIS, ToBA(x;oNisT, cor. Yates and Gov- ernment streets, res. Johnson street. (Campbell J. l)lacksmith and furrier, Y'ates street. Campbell John Donald, (Quadra street. Canipl)ell John, smith's helper, Herald street. Camsusa M., (Casamavou tt Co.) Yates sti'cet. CANADA (JUAKANTEE Co., T. Allsop & Co., agents. CANADIAN PACIFIC RAILWAY OFFICE, Government street. [See report.] Carey Joseph W., surveyor, Kane street. Carmichael John H., Telegraph office, res. McClure street. Carnarvon Club The, View street. Carnes Rev Wm., Pandora street. Carne Frederick, Angel Hotel, Langley street. Carue F. Jr., clei'k, Langley street. (^ARR RICHARD, Merchant, Wharf street, res. Simcoe street. Carrington Thos., (with Wm. Jones) res. Kane street. nfim TO p.inTFsfi corrMiiTA. L»OM Ciirti'V 'Diuiiias \\'., fiiinirr, llillsitlc. Cirffi' Mi's. M.irv A., ^[riiirs stiTct. Cirtcr Pjiris. <'Xj»r<'ssiii,in, Ac, Y;it<'H strt't't, rt's. Puiidoni CASAlMAYor A.. iV Co.. I.k.m oit .\Ni» PitovisioN Mkiichants. Viitc^^ street, {'iiscltoii liicliard, Mvitii llurlVA I'n.) res. Hiiml)olilt stn^ot. Ciitlicmt Jnlm, iii.icliinist. Urnjid street. Citlicjirt Heiirv. l.-ihoicr, l*(nnl<>r;i ,\vetiiu'. C.iviii (leiirL(e. s!ii|)-e;ir|M liter, ClntliiUii street. Ciivili 'riiniiiiis. cirpeiitei, l'"is;^ni;ir(l street. ('Ii.idwiek 'riinmMs, lutenuitional Hotel. Y.itcs stro<»t. Chfiiidieis Coote y\.. Areniiiitant at Saving's I'auk, res. cor. Alfred and ('liainl)eis streets, ('lian^' Kee. eij^far iiiaiiid'aetiirer. (i(»vernnnMit strc't. Charles William. ClM<'t' Faet(»r H.r.Co., res. Fort street. Charles Tlioiiias. {^'eiitleniaii, Dallas road. Charters W. IJ., hlaeksiinth. Wharf street. Charter Henry. eiij,'ine«'r, Fort street. Chiiuneey I). W., earpentei' Hailev .Vlhrv. JohllS^^n stieet. Ch.iuveau Aiii^uste, steward St. Jose])li s Hospital, ('olliusoii str'H't. Chilian Consul, (I. I. Stuiirt (Stuart \- Keast.) Wharf street. Chin^ Kin<.C, eit^ar nnmuftu'turer, Johnson street. Christonsju .Tani(>s, pilot, LawreiMM! street. Christopher Tliomas. clerk, Yates street. Christ()])her Thomas, North Park street. Christoi)her Auj^ustus, (>xpress driver. \Vorlv street. CHUIITON ARTHUli, Cicaii MANrF.vruTiiKR, Wharf street. Clanton 11. T.. laborer, Pioneer street. Clay Samuel, f^rocer, coi-. D(mj;las and Johnson street. Clayton John, nurseryman, Mofis street, ('lark Wm., carpenter, \"at(>s strec^t. ('lark (iraham James, (Smith \ Co.) Dallas road. Clarke W. P., Auctioneer and Commission merchant, Y'ates street, res. cor. (Quadra and ('hatham streets, ('littbrd Samuel, mariner. Wharf street. Clyde Albert, tinsmith, Government sti'eet. ('lyde .\lexander, blacksmith. Coigdarippe Jean, (G. A- C.) View street. Cofjran C. Ct.. KiniJiston street, ('ollens John, clerk, (Quadra street. Coleman Georf^e, Prince of Wales Saloon, Government street, res. Fisguard street. (!oldwill C'harles, master moulder, Fort street. Collins (^harles, Johnson street. ll 294 GUIDE 'J'O BRITISH COLUMBIA. Collins John, North Pacific Saloon, cor. Yates and Wharf streets. Collister llichard, shipcarpenter, Rock Bay. Combe Robt., clerk H.B.Co., View street. Corapton P. N., clerk, David street. Constantine AV'm., carpenter, View street. Conway Thomas, tinsmith. Princess street. Conway Edmnnd, telegrapl; operator. Princess street. Cooness Stacy, teamster, Johnson street. Cooke A. B., chemist, Douglas street. Cooke Mrs., nurse, Chatham street. Cool Dr. W. P., dentist, Government street. Cooper Thomas, clerk, Bastion street. Coojier Capt. James, Agent Marine and Fisheries, res. Gon- zalo House, Victoria District. Cope C. A., tinsmith, htore street. Copeland Soloman A., steward. Fort street. Copeland llichard, bootmaker, Quebec street. Copelard llicliard, engineer, Quebec street. Cordal Edward, tailor. Fort street. Courtney H. C, barrister-at-law, Police Magistrate, res. Douglas street. (Jouves A. C, Brown Jug Saloon, cor. Government and Foi-t streets, res. Johnson street. Cowley J. J., Fort street. Cowper Jesse, Menzies street. COWPELi H. M., Boot and Shoe Dealeu, Government street, res.Menzies street. Cox Mrs., cor. Cormonuit and Blanchard streets. Cox Emanuel, Lightkeeper, Victoriji harbor. Craft Wm., with Denny & Spencer, res. Fort street. Craigie Thomas, laborer, liupert street. Cranoelli P., grocer, and liquor dealer, Johnson street. Crease Hon. Mr. Justice, Fort street. Creighton John Young, clerk. Cridge Right Rev. E., Bishop Reformed Episcopal Church, res. Toronto street. Cridge Richard, surveyor, Toronto street. Crosson James, gener.d dealer, Yates street. Grossman George, steak, cho}) and pie house. Fort street. Crowther R. A., painter and gilder. Broad street. CROWTHER JOHN, Painter and Glazier, Yates street, res. Quadra street. Crowther John, Jr., Quadra street, '^uniffe Thomas, laborer. Herald street. Curtis J. E., with Drake & Jackson, res. Simcoe street. GUILJ TO BRITISH COLUMBIA. 296 Cdvere'^u Pierre, nurseiyman Cedar Hill road. Dakin George, miner. Dake Charles, boatman. Dalby Wm., manager Belmont Boot and Shoe Co., residence Pandora street. Dale David, gasmeter inspector, North Park street. Daly James, steward Oriental Hotel. Daniels B. . warehouseman, Pandora street. Davey A. W., Carpenter, Fort street. Davidson Auguste, barkeeper, Yates street. Davidson Robert, (Smith & D.) Fort street. Davie J. C, M.D., Langley street, res. Donglas street. Davie A. E. B., Provincial Secretary, res. Michigan street. DAVIESJ. P., ., A' Co., drygoods merdiants, Albion House, Govennnent street. Gray A. B., (A. P>. G. A' Co.) Blanchard Avenue. Gray John, coppersmith, lironghton street. Gray Hon. Mr. Justice, Fort street. Gray James, barkeeper London Hotel, cor. Broad and John- son streets. Gray Andrcnv, ]»atternmaker and draughtsman, (Spratt's foundry) Foi-t street. Grant T., engineer, Pandora etreet. Grant John, contractor, Douglas street. Grti(>n Da\issenger to Departments, Custom House Buildings. Greenwood tt Morley, soda water manufacturers, Yates street. Greenwood I. K., (G. ct Morley) Pandora street. Grefliin B. P., Boomerang Inn, Langley Alley. GRIBBLE, HENRY, Toy and Fancy Goods Dealer, Gov- ernment street, res. Pioneer street. Griflfiths Robt., mariner, Couts street. Griffiths J. W., clerk Spratt's foundry, res. Pandora street. Griffiths Mr^., Pandora street. Guimont John, Omineca Saloon, Government street. Gutmaun David, clerk with Neufelder it Co., res. James Bay. Gwyther J.D., clerk, Yates street. Haggarty Richard, gener.-ll dealer, Store sti'etit. Hall Phillip J., steward Fire Department, res. Broad street. Hall Richard John, clerk, Chatham street. HALPENNY MRS., DRESsArAKER, etc., Yates street. Halpenny Horace, painter, Yfites street. OUroE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA. 301 Hiimilton John, Pioneer street. Hamilton Mrs., nurse, View street. Hamilton Mrs., dressmaker, Fort street. Hamley Hon. W., Collector of Customs, Burdett Avenue. Hammond Wra., surveyor. Fort street. Hammond Wm., ropemaker, Menzies street. Hardisty Geo., purser steamer Enterprise. Harding Selina, matron Orphan's Home, Kae street. Harewood coal depot, J. A. Raymur agent, Store street. Harman Thomas, submarine diver. Harris James, fireman, Fisguard street. Harris Thomas, Sheriff, Broad street. Harrison Wm., bookeepei', View street. Harrison Eli. painter and glazier, Yates street, res. Fort street. Harrison Eli, Jr., barrister and notary, Government street, res. P'ort street. HARRISON WM., Bookseller and Stationer, and News Agent, Government street, res. View street. Harrison Wm., painter. Spring Ridge. Harrison J. B., laborer, Dallas road. Hart John, employ Bank B. N. A., Yates street. Hart Michael, niglit watchman, Farquhar street. Hart Oakley, shoemaker, Johnson street. Hartnagel Otto, cook, res. View street. Hartncll Henry John, clerk, Y'^ates street. Harvey Rout, salesman, res. South Park street. Harvey Henry, clerk, South Park street. Hastings Oregon C, photographer, res. View street. Hauck Gustav, clerk, Blanchard street. Hawkes Joseph, laborer, Langley street. Hawkins John, poultery and fruit dealer, Fort street. Hays Mrs., Johnson street . HAYWARD & JENKINSON, Sash and Door Factory, Contractors and IJndeutakers, cor. Broughton and Langley streets. Hayward Charles, (H. & Jenkinson) cor. Vancouver and Mears streets. Hazleton J. H., soap maker, Fisguard. Heal John, tailor. Fort street. Heal David, tinsmith, Yates street, res . Fort street. Hearle James, teamster, Pandora street. Heathfield Mrs., Pandora street. HEATHORNE, WM., Boot and Shoe Manufacturer, Gov- ernment street, res. Vancouver street. Hedin John, grocer, corner Johnson and Douglas streets. a9 1 J 302 (iUlDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA. Hee Gee, washerman, Yates streets. HEISTERMAN H. F. Real Estate Agent, Langley street, res. Douglas street. Helmeken J. S., M.D., Fort street, res. James Bay. Henderson John, teamster, Fort street. Hendry Alex., pattern maker, View street. Henley Henry, Clover Point Hotel, Beacon Hill. Hendry Thos., (Manson & H.) Store street. Henry Thomas, ship carpenter, Store street. Hep worth James, tailor. Pandora street. Heron Robert, (Mann & H.) Fort street. Hett Roland J., barrister and notary, Clerk of Legislative Assembly, Bastion street, res. Rae street. Hewitt H., barkeeper, Bastion street. Hewliugs J. Q., libravian Mechanic's Institute, res. Gordon street. Hey wood J., butcher, Yates street, res. Fort street. HIBBEN T. N., cfe Co., Bookselleus, Stationeus and News Agents, Masonic Buildings, Government street. Hibben T. N., (T. N. H. it Co.) Pandora street. Hick William, contractor, Pioneer street. Hicken George, butcher. Hickey Patrick, engineer, Pioneer street. Hicks Robert, pilot, Pembroke street. HIE LEE, Variety Store, Cormorant street. Higgins David W., proprietor British Colonist, res. Yates street. I High Kay, Chinese doctor. Store street. Hildebrand Mrs., tailor and clothes cleaner. Fort street. Hilliard Joseph, barkeeper, Broad street. Hills George, Rt. Rev. Bishop of Columbia, Bui aett Avenue. Hodges Mrs., baker and grocer, cor. Douglas and Pandora streets. Hogg James, boilermaker, res . Yates street. Holems Alex., butcher. View street. Holloway Robt. , reporter for Standard office, res. Meares street. Holman John, Union Saloon, Johnson street. Holmes Peter, captain of Cariboo Fly, res. James Bay. Holmes Arthur, salesman. Broad street. Holness James, butcKer, Spring Ridge. Holroyd Ward, (Mangell & H.) res. Temperance Hotel, Fort street. Homfray Robert, C.^. and surveyor, Quebec street. Hooper D. G., bootmaker, Fort street. ^ iiVlDE TO UUITISH COLU.MUIA. :{03 Horton RolxMt, fanierior street. Jenkinson George, grocer, &c., Fort street. Jenkinson Henry, gardner, Kane street. Jenkinson Robt. , (Hay ward & J.) Vancouver street. Jenkinson Charles, with Hay ward & Jenkinson. Jenkinson Wm. Henry, watchmaker, res. Fort street. Jenns Rev. P., St. John's Rectory, Douglas street. Jeuuer Herbert Lascelles, clerk. Fort street. Jesse Robt., accountant, Langley street, res. Scoresby street. Til GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA. 306 Jesson John, Sunt, of Education, Yates street. Jewell Henry, furniture dealer, Fort street, res. Johnson street. Jonckau Ilev. James, principal St. Louis College, Pandora Avenue. Jolinson I. B., Trounce Alley. Johnson D. A., hairdresser, Yates street. Johnson E. C, tanner. Rock Bay Tannery. Johnson Edwin, barrister and notary, Langley street, res. Dallas road. Johnson Adam, miner, Pioneer street. Johnson Aaron carpenter, Chatham street. Johnston John, mail contractor, Blanchard Avenue. Johnston Wm., miner, Simcoe street. Johnston P. T. it Co., nurserymen and florists. Fort street. Johnston M. T., merchant. Moss street. Johnston James, ni{j;ht watchman, Meares street. Jones .T. B,. Anfi;el Hotel, Lanf);ley street. Jones Stephen, (3rleans House, Cormorant street. Jones Ca])t. James, schr. Industry, Quadra sti'eet. Jones Richard, carpenter, Douglas street. Jones Robt., carpenter, John street. .Tones Mrs., Birdcage Avalk. Jones Columbus, laborer, .Johnson street. .Tones H. L., (Langley & Co.) Pandora street. .Tones Thomas, boat builder. Government street. .Tones C. 8., Accountant Bank B. C, res. Humboldt street. Jones A. VV., clerk, H. B. Co., Humboldt street. Jones Mrs. McNaughton, Fort street. .Tones Wm., London Bazaar, Government street, res. Herald street. .Tones ("harles, bar-keeper. Government street. .Tordon .Tohn, labourer. Fort street. Kammerer C. W., (T. N. H. tfe Co.) Government street. Kaye .Tames, 3rd Master Boys School. Iveast Arthur, (Stuart & K.) Rock Bay Avenue. KEAYS G. C, Tinsmith and Stove dealer, Yates street, res. Blanchard street. Keeler Richard, warehouseman, Johnson street. Kehoe Henry, .Johnson street. Iveith J. C, ledger keeper Bank B. C , Yates street, lieithley George, blacksmith, .Johnson street. Kelley Mrs., McClure street. KELLY SAMUEL L., Tinsmith and Coppersmith, Yates street, res. Rae street. Kent Charles, book-keeper, res. Yates street. 300 GUIDE TO niClTlMH COLUMItlA. M f^: 'f I!) K(uin(!(ly 'Tdtnos P., s.ilesiirin H. 13. Co., vos. Kimo stn-ot, K(H)liiiii Win., ciiriiiijjfn piiiiitor, Doui^liis struct. Kittiiiiiim HiuMiimii, minor, (roviMiinuMit Htrout. Kim Willi, wtislicniiiin, Yutcs stro»(t. Kiiij^ 'riioiiiiis, upholstcnn', K.'iiio struct. Kiii;^ .rahc/, H., (liiiym.ui. Fort sti'cct. Iviii;^ Cluistoplicr, res. IJIanchiinl strccit. Kill},' .loscpli, Moiisipu^tuin's Saloon, Johnson iinil (lovcin- nu'iit streets, r(>s. Fisgiuinl struct. KINSMAN .t STYLl!:s, IJcildhus \' C!onti{\(Toiis, Aini>liii struct, KiiisiiiMii Jolin, (K. iV: Styles,) I'rineess avenue. ' Kirl(\v Ituiv. I'jitricic, Assistant Priest, Collinson strci't. Kirsoj) (J(M>r;.;'e, st()ne-(*iiltei', Fort struct. Knij^'lit Charles, Fviuiiu,!^ ami J).iy School, Pandora street. Kni^lit -loliii \V ., hlacksinitli. Cormorant street. Kni^lil Heniy, j^'ardi'ii 'r, North Park street. Ivo!|) Auj^Mistiis. Iiock l>av House, Uocik Pay. K()N(i TIONO SfNd. ■iJrTCiiHit, Cormorant street. Ivoestcr Herman, (derk. Fort stiect. Kong Tioug Sing, buttdicr and general dealer, Cormorant street. Kricinler (^onrad, book-keeper, Pay street. Kuna Joseph, l)oilermaker, Pac street. Kurt/ David, (Stnmss, Priggs, K. tt Co.) U. S. Vice Consul, Dallas road. Kwong Sam Lee, wasluirmau, Johnson street. Kwong Lee it Co., wholesale merchants, Cormorant street. Lafrcnier Geo>, PlKunix Saloon, Yates street. Laing David, mariner, Coutts street. Laing Kobt., shipbuilder, Dallas road. Lakin Francis, farmer, Nia!.::tra street. LANCASHIKE FIPE INS CHANCE CO., U. Rhodes [;i{.'(lon^!ill T., laborer. Humboldt stroet. MiU'kiiy Jolni, boatbuildisr, Dallas road. Mackic John. ;j;ardtMun', Oriental Alley. Macsauh'V Henry, steward, Blaneliard street. Madd<'ii Jeremiah, maehinist. Princess Avenue. Madiifaii, B., en'ederick, cmply Edi^ar Marvin, res. Vancouver street. Marks jjonis, l)oilermaker, Vancouver street. ^larshall Wm., barkeeper, Wilcox Alley. Marshall Frederick C, clerk. 3Iartin Felix, Billiard Saloon, Fort street, res. Coutts street. Marvin Eilgar, hardware merchant, Wharf street, res. South Park street. Marvin Edi^ar. Jr.. clerk. South Pavk street. Marvin E. B., shii»<'handler, Wharf street, res. Douglas street. Marwick James W., laborer. View street. Marwi'^k David, watchman. Discovery street. Maslin W. K., br!acksmith. Fort street. Miller Mrs., Cooke street. Mellington Henry, butcher, Johnson street. Mills Thos., car])enter, Fisguard street. Milne John D., boilermaker, res. Herald street. Milne Alex. R., clerk in Customs, I'cs Douglas street. Mitchell Thos. R., painter, McClure street. Mitchell Henry, nursery and seedsman Menzies street. MITCHELL "GEO., Grocer, etc., cor. Fort and Douglas streets, res. Quadra street. Mitchell Robt., clerk. Government street. Moliun Edward, C.E., Victoria. .Moiu'k John gastitt'-r. Princess street, James Bay. Mogg Rev. Herbert, parsonage Humboldt street. CtI'IDE to HRITISH CoI.r.MI'.IA. ail 1^! I street, res. Fis- 3on and t, >n strett ,m\ Gov- )ouglas Moflfatt Hiunilton, Dallas road. ^Nlonvo Kobt. Ross, clerk, Fisi>;nard street. Monro Mai'V, teacher. Protesant orphans, Vvm street. Montobio CI., (h\v jJfoods deah'r and ji^rocer, Store street. Monteith Wm., accountant, res. Yates street. Montaro Joseph, cook, Fort street. Moody T. (i., Piindora str.A(>t. Moore ife Co., chemists and druggists, Yates street. A[oore ('apt.. Win., Jolm.son street. Moore Wm., Jr., Johnson street. Moore James, apothecary, Government street. Moiris H., express driver, (^)iistfince street. Morby F. W.. b.iker, Yates street. Mordant .\lfred E., engineer's assistant, Vancouver street. Morton Charh^s, genth^nan, rjungley street. Morrison Fred., wharfinger, LangU^y street. MO lUUSON GEORGE, Ghemist'.vm) Duro.iisT, c(n'. Fort and Government ^•,treets, res. Langh'V sti'eet. Morh'v John, bhicksmiiu. View street. Modey Christojjlier, ((ireemvood \' M.) Commercial street. Morrison Niel, ship carpenter, Store street. Mo.ss James, gardner and tlorist, nursery Birdcage walk, res. Broad street. Moss Mrs., dressmaker, l>n)ad str^'<'t. Moss ('harles, iron moulder. Fort street. MUIRHEAD cV MANN, C.\1{pextki!s .v\d Coxtr.\(toiis. Constance street. Itluii'head Jjimes, (]N[. :irtmoiit, r»'s. Gordon nimet. Richards Jolni N., Salesman, Yates street. Richardson George, farmer, Rao street. Richardson Henry, miner, Johnson street. Ridley Robert, miner. RICKMAN «fe OFNER, Gkocers, Government street. Rickman Augustus, (R, & Ofner), Langley street. Ritchie A. B., Accountant, Bank B. N. A., Fort street. Rithet R. P., (Welch. R. & Co.) Humboldt street. Rodjjjers Mrs. A., milliner. Fort street. Rogers Alfrfid, convict guard, Fort street. Roesch Jacol), baker, Johnson street. Rome A. ife Co., commission merchants. Wharf street. Rome Andrew, ( \. R. tt Co.) Moss street. ROM.VXO JOHN (^UAGLIOTTT. Clothier, &c., Johnson street. Roseoe Francis J., (Fellows A: R.) M.P., Captain and Brevet Major, Canadian militia, res. Ross Bav road. ROSE ATjEX., Joi! PiaxTFi!, Fort street. Rosenberg John, clerk, Stoi'e street. Roskani]) John H. AV., carjHMitev, Meares street. Tvoss Dixi H., clerk at Ruell" A- Co.'s, res. Pioneer street. Uoss William, clerk C. P. R. R. survey, res. Fisguard street. Ross John, with R. Cai'r, Wharf street. Koss Mrs. Flora, matron Lunatic Asylum. Rosson John P.. barkeeper, Trounce alley. Rowbofham Arthur J., gi-oct^r's assistant, Douglas street. Rowe Joseph, machinist, Pioneer street. Rowe George, labourer. Pioneer street. Royal Insurance Co. , Sproat & Co. agents. Wharf street. 41 ■ Vi •H •}' I'M i ' U I! El ! •MS OUIDK TO lUtlTlSH COLUMBIA. Il'iltcustciu FrcHlcricIv, s:iil iiuikcr, FfnmboliU str«H't. Iliidlin ('.iphiiii (t((o., iimriucr, res. Paudoni uviMmc. iJudolpli IFi'iii'v, JKWcllci' iui',1 WMtctliiiiiikcV, (rovcniinniit sti'inif. UTEl'T A- CO., 'Wiioi,: s.u,i: and Kitau, (iitocKiis, Etc, Cox- oriniu'iit stroet. Jvnss licv. A. E., pustor Weslyaii Methodist Cliur(!li, Paisou- •A'^v IJi'oiid street, liiissell John, livery stable keeix-r. Trounce- aHey. ]{ussell }). \y., saw sharpuor. Wharf street, llussell Thomas, (!ity Assessor, Treasun.r and Wat(;r Works C'oUeetor, residence,! Michigan strei't. liiissell W. \V., civil engiu"r, Kin;j;st(3n strec^t. liiUherroid .Vrchih.dd, carjxMjten-, Supei'ior street. Ivutlanil Miss, milliner, Fort street. -Kyan E hvard, m irket j^irdouer, Humboldt street. Salmon E. J., restaurant keeper, Cfovernment street. Sam Chong, wasliei'uian, ].)ou;^las street. Sam Chuii";-, washermnn, Blanchard street. S VM KEF, Mekciiant Iaii-oi!, Yates street. Sam Yik iV Co , Canton restaurant, .Tolmson street. S,i!'.u;is;)u Jamc^s -T., agent Barnard's express, Yates street, res. Fairlield road. Sargison (1. A., accountant Barnard's oxpress, re.s. Fairlield road. Saulev Clvarles, clerk, Government street. S.iuiiders Frank, Market Exchange, Fort street. SAUNDEUS HENPiY, Guooeu ani> Pkovision Dealek, John- son street. Saunders H. D., Amelia street. Savage Piobert, expressman, Johnson street. SAY'\YAllD, W. P., LrMiJEii Mekchaxt, Constance street, residence Collinson street. Sehati'er (^harles, professor of music, Kane street. Schaffor Albert, cigar manufacturer, Wharf street, residence Kane street. Schult/C Herman, bootmaker, Johnson street. Schultz Albert, waiter, Cassiar Saloon, Store street. Schwartz Frederick, steward, Chatham street. Scott W^m., ]iiIot, Princess avenue. Scolt John H., steward "Caril)oo-Fly," res. Pioneer street. Scottish Commercial Fire Insurance Compau}' of Glasgow, Stahlschmidt & Co. agents. SCOTTISH AMICABLE LIFE ASSURANCE SOCIETY, T. ALLSor & Co. Agents. Scottish Widows Fund Life Insurance Company, W. R. CLu'ke, agent. oriDK TO HitrrrsM Columbia. :n9 Sea Saimu'l, sljip hnildci'. I^rincess Avenue. Scahvook lioads. clt'ik, l)(iiii;'l!is strt'Cit. SEAItS JOSEPH, Hoisi; Paintkh. (iov«'ininoiit stivot, ves. (^iiadia sfrcot. Scaconl li. J. T., tlressiiiuker, Fort stitn't. Sccli'v W. ('. S,, Aush'Jiliaii Hotel, «'or. (tovernmmit iuiil Humboldt streets. Si'cli'V -rjiuu's, liutclicM's asst., (lovernnifut street. Se^iiers (!liarles John, lit. Hev. nisliop, Pvoniau Catholic ('diuveh, Collinsou street. SEHL JACOB, Caiunkt Makkr and FruNiTiui-: Dealeh, Goveriiiuent street, res. Brou^hton stn^^t. Seid Fiiudv, Teutcjnia Saloon, (iovennneni street, res. Pan- dora stri'et. Sewell Jaini^s, hukei, Fort street. Seymour, G. T., furniture dealer, Broad street. S(!ym(iur Charles Theobald, clerk, Ijan«?ley Alley. Slnuh; David, ear])enter, Fort stniet, res. Broughton street. Shakespeare >Joah, photo<^ra]iher,. Government street, res. Fort sti'eet. Shakospoai'o Mrs., fancy and IJerlin wool store, Fort street. Shakespeare F.. employ jNI. W. Waitt, tt Co.,i-es. Fort street. Sharp Charles H., shi]) caulker and carpenter, Pandora street. Shaw Thomas, boilermuker, Collinson street. Shaw Mi's. , View street. Shaw & Kuna, boilermakers, Cormorant street. Shears Walter, clerk, Dallas road. Sheriff's otHee, T. Harris Sheriff, Bastion street. Sherman Haroltl, laborer, Doufflas street. Shields James, night watchman, Putnam street. Short Henry, gunmaker &c., Fort street, residence Pandora Avenue. SHOTBOLT THOMAS, Chemist and Duuggist, Johnson street. Siffken W. C, accountant and collector, Governme^;! srreet, residence Moss street. Simple Robert, machinist, St. Mary's street, Victoria West. Simpson George, John street. Simpson Henry, clerk, H.B.Co., View street. Simpson Donald, tailor, Collinson street. Sims Walter, butcher, Pandora street. Sing Chong, washerman, Trounce Alley. Sing Hee Chan, importer, Store street. Sing Lee, washerman, Fort street. Sleightholm W^m ., carpenter, Chatham street. Slowman Mrs., Broad street. iili, 'V 1^ 320 GUIDE TO BRITIHH COLUMBU. 1 % il I Siimll])one (^luirloH Kooke, Horist, Hae street. Siimllhone Clmi'loH, laborer, CollinHon street. SwetlmrHt, AVm., laborer, Douglas street. Smith Phillip, emi)lov Hibben tV Co., res. Douglas street. Smith Mrs., tlre.s.smaker, eor. Doughis and Herald streets. Smith Edward, King's Head Sah)on. Johnson street, res. Government street. Smith James, carpenter, ("hatham street. Smith John, miner, Humboldt street. Smith Moses Kowe, Fort street. Smith Mrs. W., Fort street. Smitli J. F., clerk. Fort street. Smith John, emply Dominion Offices, Government street, residence* Gordon street. Smith S., employ Turner, Beeton si(leiiei> CvDnLrlitou sti'eet. Toilil J. H.. merchant, Yates strei-t, I'es. Joliiison street. 'L'i)il(l Charles F ., clerk, Johnson street. Todd Rohert, clerk, Proiul street. I'oihl "Miss, infant school, Fn^lerick street. Tod.l II. L.. ch^rk. Yates street. Toli'sou Iji-otlun's, tailors, (rovornment street. Tompkins (lilbert, blacksmith, Johnson str(>et. Toomey John, horse trainer, Broad street. Towey Michael, assistant Lnnatic Asylum. Townsend A. A., Fis^-nard sti'eot. J'l-avis Mrs., Yates stre(>t. TRFIIAUT ('HAS. H., St. Neciiolas Hotki,, Government sti-eet. 'rrevittick Joseuh, mimn", ('Orniorant street. Trim'oh^ Hon . James, ]\[. D., S|)eak<;r Le_!j;islative Assembly. ]'esid(>nce IJroad stieet. TMOUNUETHOS., Aiu'MITEct, r(>s. Tre<,'ew Honse, Menzies street. Traran Flward, Suporintendi'ut ot" convicts, ]Michi,L,'an stro(>t. ri'utch John, civil en,!,nneer, Fairfield House. Turner Archilcdd, bootmaker, Quadra street. Turner J. H., (T. 15, A: T.) resi(hMice Kock Bay. Turner B., miner. Diseoverv street. TUB NEB, BEETOX A- tl'XST.VLL, iMi'Oirmis of Dry (iooDs. Eiccoiis. E'lc, Whiirf str(>et. TYE('H()N(J Y['EX, IJrrciir.ns axd (Jitoci-Ks, Cormtuant st. Ty(i Thon.as, (^Matthews, Btichards A T.) res. Douglas street. Tvndall .rolin, miner, Humboldt street. Tvnon E., cleik, ]\[cC'lure street. LTnion Hook and fiulder Co., Cioverumeni ^reet. Union ^fariue Insurance Oom]»any of San Francisco, Stahl- sclunidt A' ^Yard agents, Wharf street. Ure James, car[)enter, Alfred sti'eet. Valois Al|)li()use, stmvard .Vmerican Hotel, Yates street. Van Yolkenburgh Benj.iniin, residence Pandora avenue. Vaughan John, butchm', I'esidence Herald street. Yenner F. J., turner. Fort strcM^i. Yernon Hon. F. (i., Chief Commissioner of Lands and \Yorks, residence Pamlora avenue. Yieu^s'u\ Charles Ed.vard, James' Bay, boys' school, corner M.Mizio.-i and D.dlas streets, res. Quebec street. T I'M .• -li ^' 324 Gl .'^E TO mU'riHH COLUMBIA. Vi(niss(!iix; Mrs., Jjunes' Bay girls' scliool, (^u','1)bc street. Yigcilius Bros., hairdressers, St. Nichoius bath house, Ciov- ernmeut street. Vig'altlier IJenry, \' ('o., Bavaria Brewery, Fo)'t str(M^t. AYAN YUXG^IJTNct CO., Meiuhant Tailohs, Yates street. Ward James, farmer, Fairlield farm. AA^ard Mrs. Charhis, matron Angela College, Burdt^tt av(muo. AVard AV. C, Manager Bank B. C., res. Higlnvood House, Moss street. Ward Robert, (Stahlschmidt i\^ W.) Oak Cottage, Belcher s'treet. Warin AVm., (Saunders & W.) Trounce alley. Wark John, gentleman, Dallas road. AA^arniu* Henry, Star Ilostaurant. Government street, residence Langh^y streOt. AA'arner Olaudor, ship carpenter, Douglas street. Warnes John C, siioe maker, Vieiv street. Williams Bobt. T., (T. N. H. k Co.) Government street. GUIDE TO BUiriSH COLUMBIA. 32o Warren .lames D., mariner, Fort street. Waters H., tinsmith, Johnson street. Watkins Charles R., bookkeeper. View street. Watson James, tinsmith, Chatham street. Watson Adam, blaeksraith, Johnson street. Watson Wm. M. Cormorant street. Watson Ah;xantler, shii)wright, Montreal street. Webb Easta(,*e, clerk, Ilae street. WEBSTEU iv- CO., Boot and Shoe Store, Government street, residencu^ Kane street. Wciohe C., laljorer, Jolinstm street. AVEILER JOHN, Fiiiniture Dealer, Etc., Fort street. We Leo, boor maker. Government street. Welch George, carpenter, ('ormoraat street. Wells Michael, teanistfu", Collinson street. WELLS, FAIIGO & CO., Government street, Gurosehe, Green & Co. agents. WELCH, UITHET k CO., Merchants, Wharf street. Welton J. F., janitor. Theatre Royal, residence Fort street. West Cliristoi)her, Merchants Exchange Saloon, Fort street. WESTERN UNION TELEGRAPH COMPANY'S OFFICE, Trounce alley. Williii'ii F. Arc'hibiild, Mana^'«r. r.'sidence Xorth Park ntn^et. •I. H. Cannichael, Assistant, residenct^ MpCliirf street. Westgarth Thomas, steamboat inspectoi res. View street. Wheeler Wm., miner, Frederick. White Samuel C, painter, Rae street. White Edward, (Brown «t W. ) Fort street. White Eden, Douglas street. White Mrs., Johnson street. White George, laborer, Johnson street. White William, barkeeper, Alfred street. White W. C, expressman, Pandora avenue. White James, police olticer, Douglas street. White Captain G. H., North Park street. \\ hite George, drayman, Johnson street. ^Vhitley Ste])hen, Quadra street. Whitley Samuel, (I. Brown tfcCo.) Chatham street. Wilby Edw-m, haruess maker, Yates street. Wilkinson Ricliard, residence Burnsid*; road. Williams John, plasterer. Williams John, bricklayer, Fisguard street. Williams George, employ Government printing office. Williams T. H., with Drake & Jackson, Bastion street. Williams Wm., stonemason, Yates street. H4"1 t !■!■ tl'l 32G GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA. Williams Robt., factor H.B.Co., res. Cormorant street. Williams Robt., M. A., View street. Williams Thomas, carpenter, North Park street. WILLIAMS J. W., Livery Stai$le Keeper, cor. Johnson and Gov't streets, res. cor. Kane and Blanchard streets. Williams Edmund A., b..'ewer. Fort street. Willis James, Victoria Saloon, Government street. Williamson Robert, clerk, Kane street. Wilmot H. C, feed and livery stables. Broad str<»et. Wilson John, baker. Fort street, res. (Quadra street. Wilson Joseph, (iarpenter, Kane street. Wilson Thoniiis, cabinet maker, Fort street, i'e?s. Frederick street. Wilson A. aanich Road O.'ibon G., Burnside farm. Otto John, N. Sa.'uiich. Page Sophia, Topaze avenue. Fag" \A'., N. Saanich. PovterT R , Lake Dist ariDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA \m rollok . , Cedar Hill . Poter U., Lake Dist. Peare(3 Joim, N. Saunich Ponj,'elly W., N Saaiiich. Pembeitou J.D., Vic. J)ist. Potter Thomas, S Saanieh . Pottinger (}., Craigflower. Pieaj OH, NSaanich HeayW., N.Saauioli. Kieketts Sanniel, Lake Dist Keiil W Mol)., N.Saanic-h, liicliard V.. Topa/e avenue. Ilowdeii M., Elk Lake. Jioulaud M., JJuriiside farm. J{ol)orts S . , N . Saanich IJvau (V , N .Saanieli Jioss A1(!X., Koss liav. KeidD B., N . Sriauu-li . Sadler Edmund, N . Saanich . Sandover S., N. Saanich. Simpson H . , S Saanich Spotts F , S . Saanich . Smith J., Mt. Tolmie cross- road . Snider W.H ,Lake Dist. Sulcomb J . , Colduitz farm . Simpson J . M . , Lake Dist Sinclair Wm . , Oakland . Speed T W . , Saanich road Smith Wm . , Swan Lake Snider John, Uosehill farm Stevens J . , Half- way House . Sinclair J . , Cadboro Bay Spence John, Cedar Hil) Smith Henry, Victoria ].>ist Smith G.H., Northwood farm. Skitch Thomas, S. Saanich. Sampson Wm , N . Saanich Sere J . B , Kichmond Hotel . Tolmie W F . Cloverdale Tolmie W.F., Jr., Cloverdale. Thomson \\n»., S. Saanich. Tolmie J . Cloverdale . Tod John. Oak Bay Tod Janjcs, Springbank . Tod John, Jr , OakBav. Thomas O , Tandridge Hall . Teadly D , Half-way House. Temple \V , Strawberry Vale . Turgoose W , S. Saanich. Towniu' Wm , N Saanich Thomas C.. Lake Dist Temple W . , Lake Dist . Veitch W , Victoria Arm. VanAllman W., Saanich R VanAllman A . , Saanich R . VanAllman .T.C., Saanich R. Verdier A . Lake Dist . Wilson J . , Lake Hill Wagner J., Burnside farm. Webber J . , (!olquitz ^.vrm Williams W . , N Saanich Wale W . , west Saanich R Wales C , N . Saanich . Wain Henry. N Saanich. Wilson Ira, (,'adboro Bay. Wims Hiram, S. Saanich. AValter Markiis, Lake Dist White T., Lake Dist. Young Henry. S . Saanich ESaUIMALT TOWN AND DISTRICT. Esquimau harbour, distant fight and a half miles from the Race Rocks, is distinguished b}' the white tower of the Fis- gard Light, which marks the western ]ioint of the entrance. This is a safe and excellent ancliorage for shij)s of an}' size, and with the aid of the " light," may be entered at any time with great facility ; the holding ground is good — a tenacious blue clay. The extent of this fine harbour is about three w ■m V 330 GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBU. miles by two, with ua average depth of six to eight fathoms, and round the whole of the irregular circle described, numer- ous rocky promontories with outlying ishinds and gently slop- ing sandy bays, form the chief feature of the scene. Great natural advantages and facilities exist for the extension of townships and formation of docks, aul there is no doubt but that this favoured spot will become the established headquar- ters of the Royal Naval Force in the Pacific. An Hospital, Storehouse, and Navy Yard, for the service afloat, already give an official apjiearance to the Port. The town of Esquim.ilt, prettily situated in one of the num- erous coves of the excellent harbour from which It takes its name, derives its sujjport from the presence of Her Majesty s ships, and from the mail steamers which here land their niiiils and passengers. Dane Joseph, Esquimalt. Dechant John, Sooke. DemeuUe E. M., Esquimalt. Dodds T., E.squimalt. Dorn J. ,New Inn, Esqu't road. Argyle Thos., Uaco Kocks. Armstrong II. A., Belmont. Arthur John, Esquimalt. Arthur Wm , Esquimalt . Baker — , Sooke. Bidlantine D. L., Esqu't Dist. Dunn J., Seymour farm. Barnc}- Donald, Sooke. Dunston W., Esquimalt. JJevis W. H., Fisguard light. Dunston J, Esquimalt. Blagaire M. E., Victoria West. Dutnall G., Albert Head. Bland Jas., Esquimalt road. Elwin G , Victoria west. Booth Wm., Esqu't Old road. Everett P., Esquimalt road. Boughner W., Bush Ta vein. Everett P., Jr., Esquimalt K. Bowling John, Esquimalt. Eraser D . , Metchosin . Bradbury H. C., Constance C. Farrell W., Esquimalt. Bratield Charles, Esquimalt. Fisher W^ , Metchosin . Brown A. L., Happy Valley. Fisher W., M.P.P., Esqu't Brule John, Sooke. Fisher W., Jr., Esqiiimalt. (klvert P. , Parsons' Bridge . Foster N . F . , The Woods . Sooke. Francis M., Colwood. I! M- ■ Cartwright Wm Charters W\ B., Sooke. Charters John, Sooke. Chevers J., Esquimalt. Cogan H ., Sooke road. Cole George, Metchosin. Condell R., Constance Cove. Cook G. C. S., Metchosin. Cormack John, Metchosin. Cridge J. A , Esquimalt. Cruickshank Geo., Belmont. Davis James, Esquimalt. Gilmore J . , Goldstream . Gleed Thos . , Metchosin . Goar C , Belmont . Gray J . , Esquimalt Harman J . , Esquimalt . Hawkins G.F., Highland Dis. Helgesen H . , Metchosin . Henton J . . Constance Cove . Howard J T . , Esquimalt . House A.R , Esquimalt R. Hunt W . , Happy Valley . f ' J, \i' M'' p Ip-i-li-.-^. GUIDE T<) BRITISH COLUMIU V. 331 Isbistcr J , Foster's whavf. Johnson J . D , Gorge . Jollibois J . , Sot)ke . Keill J;is. , Sool'e. Keen W.H., Mission Rancli. Lavemler Jas., Hapm- Valley Lawrence J , Glen Lake . Leech Peter J , Esquinialt. Lowe Jacob, Sooke. Lowe Abram, Sooke. Mack Wm. , Sooke. ^Ialtl>y Kichard, Cobvood MaltbvT.. Maltbv's fann. Martin T , Es(|ninialt road. May John, Esqninialt. Millington AV . , Glen Lake . Moll I., Happy Valley Moraii; J . , 4-nnle House. Morrow 8 . , Metchosin . Mnir J., J. P., Sooke. Mnir Robert, Sooke. Muir J., Jr., Sooke. Muir M., Sook(\ Miiller E., Parson's Bridge. McKintosh S. F., Behiiont. McGin Wni., Esqnimalt. McCarthy J., Esquinialt. McKenzie D., Parson's B. McKenzie D., Rose Creek farm . McMillan D., Sooke. McMilhm J. W., Sooke. McMiHan A. F., Sooke. McKenzie G., Rose Creek farm. McAusland J., Esqnimalt. Ohiershaw A., Craigflower R. Olsen Peter, Craigflower. Parker John, Craigflower. Parker T., Rocky Point. Pears G., Metchosin. Pears W. E., Crofter's farm. Peat Arthur, Col wood. Peat Arthur jr., Esquimalt. Peat Alfred, Esquimalt. Pfluger Henry, Belmont. Phillips Wm., Sooke. Phillips R., Esquimalt. Poirres Josh, Sooke. Pooley C. E., Esquimalt R. Porter John, Esquimalt. . Port«M' Jas., Col wood. Ro])erts Geo., Esquimalt. Rob(!rts W. W., Esquimalt. Rosman E. J., Albert Ht^ad. Rothwell Wm., Esquimalt. liounily F. R., Sooke. Russel J., Esquimalt road. Salmon M., Esquimalt. Sanborn W. , Sooke. Sandford B. H., Sangster's Plains. Saunders F. J., Craigflower. Scape T. H., Highland. Scary G., Esquimalt. Scheuk S., Belmont Lagoon. Scott L., Happy Valley. Selleck \\., Esquimalt. Sheppard J., Craigflower. Simpson J., Millstreani. Singleton Col. M., Parson's Bridge. Smith Wm., Happy Valley. Steel J., Sooke. Stewart J., Highland. Stewart J., Esquimalt Dist. Stephens E., C.E., Craig- flower road. Switzer John, Sooke. Thomas Almond, Esquimalt. Through Jonas, Sooke. Trenchard Geo., Sooke. Trickey W^m., Esquimalt. Tugwell Thomas, Sooke. Turner Fred., Sooke. Tyler Wm., Yew Tree farm. Valpe Wm., Sooke. Vine Edward, Redder Inlet. Waterhouse T., Esquimalt. Westmoreland R., CapeBeale. W^eir Robert, Metchosin. Weir John. Metchosin. w M82 GUIDE TO BRITISH COf.UMBIA. Weir Ailain, Metchosin. Williams F., M.P.P., Esq't. Welsh Jus., Sookc. Williams C. A., Happy ^ alloy. Whitmarsh W. J., Navy Yard. Wilson Peter, Metchosin. Whitly Mrs. J., Metchosin. Yardley Thos., Esquimalt. Wilby H. E., Esquimalt. Young Wni., Esquimalt. Royal Naval Yant, Esquimalt, li. C. Niiviil mifl Victimlliii(» Storokeeper uiul Aoeountrtnt, Jiimes Henry Innort, J. P. Senior Clerk, Thoinns Sydney Dobbin. Clerks, Kenneth McKenzie, William Henry Krooks, WiUiiim Uhode Lewis. Storehoiiseumn Niivtil Store Brunch, Caleb Uishop. .Assistant Storehonseiniin, llichard Phillips. Hired Assistant Storehouse- iniin, John Matson, Hired Assistant Storehouseniau, John May. Storehouseniun Vietnallin^' Branch, Charles Barry^ Cooper Vic- tualling^ Branch, Thomas JJodds. Hired Assisiant Storehouse- man, Jolin Uray. Hired .\ssistant Storehoiiseinan, Richard Hell. Foreman of Naval Ordinance Stores, Richard Downer. Eut^iuecr in charj^e of Steam Factory, Mark Lambert, K. N. Boatswain of the Yard, Thomas Reynolds, R. N. Koyal Naval Hospital, Escpiimalt, J3. (!. Stafl' Surgeon in eliarj^e, Mattliew Coates, R. N. Steward, James An- drews, R. N. Cook, Jiliziibcth Roberts. Nurse, William Roberts. COWICHAN AND SALT SPRING ISLAND. ('owichan, situattxl between Nanainio and Victoria, upon a river of the same name, is a flourishing agricultural settle- ment. This most important district of Cowichan, with those of Comiaken, Quamichan, Somenos and Shawnigan, require a special and detailed notice, the importance to the colony in an agricultural point of view being very great besides affording an excellent example, comprising as they do, the general characteristics of the fertile valleys and prairies which fringe the Eastern coast. The Cowichan valley is about fifteen miles wide upon the the sea coast, narrowing rapidly in a westerly direction to the width of about six miles. Bounded by high ranges of moun- tains composed of calcareous sandstones, these ranges form almost impassable barriers to the valley, north and south. To the disintegration and decomposition of these rocks, all highly charged with the carbonate of lime, is due the distinc- tive character of the soils throughout the Cowichan Valley. In their nature they are essentially calcareous, for while the other principles occur in difierent degrees in this locality car- bonate of lime almost invariably predominates, and of this soil there is usually a good depth of from two to three feet, resting on a sufficiently retentive subsoil of blue clay or gravel. The earths, chiefly light, very porous, and composed of due w fU'lDK TO HRITISH COU'MmA. 888 proportions of cliiy, a.md, (Mirhoufito of lime iiurl Immus are well coiistitnic'd for iibsorbiu}^ luul retninin^ moisture, ami the general color from brown to black, with the entire absence of chalky or whitt* earths, would likewise indicatt^ a favorable soil for ri!ceivinj>; and retainin<^' heat. Samples taken from the Sonu'uos plains were found by experiment to absorb ^water sufficient to increase the volume of soil from one-tifth to one- (iif^hth of its whole bulk. Much of the soil alon<5 the river bottom is a (!lay loam of a brown coloi-, and is an (excellent soil for wheat, beans, turni])s and red clover. The alluvial deposit of the valley is, however, fa)- from bein-.,' all of a clayey nature, in many parts, chiefly on the southern side, the niould rests upon a gravelly and even a sandy deposit. This is like- wise a rich soil, as may be seen from the abundant crops of ])otatoes, one of the most exhausting of plants, raised by the natives on the samt» patches of land for a series of years. The soils on tin; prairie lands are either grav(dly or sandy and gravelly loams, eligible for barley, oats, rye, buckwheat, b(!ans, pi'as, the root and leaf, crops, potatoes, turnips, car- rots, and the usual garden v(>getal)les. Wheat may be suc- cessfully raised upon most of the soils, and, with proper till- age, upon all. Under a judicious svstem of farming there can be no doubt but that as good n^turns can be obtained from these lands as from any part of the continent of America — tlu) climate being especially adai)ted to the pursuits of agriculture — free from either the excessive heat and drought of the Californian sum- mer, or severity of continental American winters. The loamy soils, everywhere possessing a depth of two to three teet, and containing a large ]iroportion of the calcareous ))rinciple, are especially eligible for fruit culture. Lying off this fertile region, the districts of which have been comprised in the f(n'egoing general description, is Ad- miral or Salt Spring Island. *' This Ishuul is for the most [)ai't tliit;kly wooded, but there is a considerable extent of partially cleai'eSlm\vuigim. Boal Jiinids Cowiclian. I>Tsr(l. Charley .T . , Maple Bay. Cliisliohn Wni., Cowiclian. Crate A., Coniiaken. Ci'ejj^an Francis, Cowiclian. C'oniera Edward, Sha\\iiiwichaii. Kier James, Somenos. Kier Archibald, Semenos. Kier Josej)h, Somenos Kier Oeorge, Somenos. Lemon Jolm, (JoAvichan . Lewis Lewis, Somenos. ]joat (Christopher, (■hemainns. Lomas W . H . , (Quamiclian . Love James (Quamiclian. Lomas Thomas, Cowiclian . Mahoney John, Cowichan Marriner Henry, C-owichan . Marriner Edward, (Cowichan . Maingiiy Daniel, Chemainns. MarsJiail Thomas, ('owichan. Marshall Matthew, Cowichan. Mearns James, (^uamichan Miller J.imes, Comiaken. Miller Robert, Comiaken . oiTiDt'; TO uitrrrsff ooLnMntA. Xi't Moiley Jolni, Coiniiikuu. Millor W, A , Sonu'iioH. McEwoii C, ('iKMiiiiiims McLiiy U()l)t., (^iiiiiiiich.iii. McKiiuioii Win., ('owic'liiin. Moore. J(>s(!|)h, Cluiniiiiiius . Muiiro (I., (iiili)iuo Island. Mon-is H., (Fiiliano Island. I'a^e David. ( 'hi'inainus. Poti'isou H. P., Sliawni^'an. Pnoty John, Mayne Island. Kichai'ds Josopli, Coniiaken. Uicliardion b\, CluMuainiis. l(i(!hardsoii K U., (^lowiclian. Jloboitsoii Wjh., Quaniichan. Hiehardson Wni., Sliawui^'an. liobson F., Mayiie Island . Smith M . , Coiniakon . Silva John, Mayne Island. Shaw T . B . , ( ;Owichan. Shearinst value to both places, and to the interuKMliate districts. OAving to the great rang(^ of Jide, which is sometimes as imich as sixteen feet, the harbour of Nanaimo presents ]>('culiar facilitit^s for the construction of docks Newcastle Island, which lies close to Nanaimo, pioihu-es large <[uan titles of coal, and the mines there are being ex- tensively M'orked . The ^'.maimo and east coast coal is far superior to any that has vet been discovere.l or worked in this countiw and there can be little doubt but that it exists in sufficient en ue lami, Bobert, Wellington, laborer. inmo \\ . H , (now in Victoria) bookseller 3>iyant AAm U., Nanaimo , butcher, miner. (( boot and shoe store, mi)ier . IJ.ite Mark, JJate'Mark, Jr., Bak(n- (reorge, Barkin- XiclVolas, l^evilockwav Joseph Ball Pvichai-d, Bakes Samuel, Beckensell Thos BECK JAMES, ]^iggs John, Bisiio}) Tlnnuas, lirinn Bichard, Bryden John, Brown James, Brown J . . , Brown Bobert. Brown William, BroAvn Isaac, Vic road Browne O. W., Brnnton J. W ', Bulklej T A . , Bolton Henry, Bryant Rev . , BlundellJ., Bossie Joseph. Bowen D . , BellG., < ( i < ( ( ( ( (I <( (( <( (C (( (( ( ( (( (< (( (( (( It (( It t( Manager Vancouver Coal Co Office V. C. Co. butcher . miner . butcher laborer. Nanaimo Hotel . miner. stage driver. miner. colliery manager. merchant tailor. carpenter . miner. laborer miner. liarber. Black Diamond Saloon. Owner Hare wood Mine. miner. Pastor Methodist Church. miner. laborer. m 388 GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA. Burns James, Nanaimo. Bradley Thomas, Nauaimo, Peck's Hotel. Beck li . O . , Victoria road, cfi:"penter . Baker William, Wellington, teamster. Baker, W. O., Baker John, Bailev William, Beckli. a., Brannen .John, Braunen Peter, " Bouell H. W . , Nanoose Bay, Brook C. S., Gabriola Island, Brown C B., Mountain District, hotel keeper. Campbell Bonald, Nanaimo, miner, C'rossin J., miner . engine-man . miner. farmer ( ( ( i labor er. ("aniiM'on John, Caulield John, rluillew J. ]{., COHEN L. S., Clnness Daniel, Co())K't' Hiirrv, Cornish Thos., Cmry Joscpli, Clyde llev. J., CamplxOl A , Clabburn W E., (Pagden & C.) Nanaimo. ('aims Tli(}mas, Wellington, Su])erintondent CarstairsJ. A., " carpenter. Corlett Thomas, " miner. Chantrell C. W., " hotel keeper Clark John, " carpenter. Clanghton A. M., Oyster Harbour, farmer. Condon James, Newcastle, miner. Ch'awford G., (Jedar District, farmer. Christie John, Departure Bay, " Chap]ile 11., Gabriola Island, " Clandenning James, Nanoose Bay, laborer. Du])uy T]ieo])hilus, Nanoose, farmer. Dunsmuir Alexander, De[)arture Bay, clerk. Drummond (Charles, Nanaimo, lumberman. miner. watchmaker physician. engineer. miner engine driver. Pastor Presbyterian Church. Dunsmuir Bobert, colliery pr Dunsmuir -lames, Davies B. H., clerk. Dick John, miner Dixon Alfred J., carpenter. Drrnv Richard, teamster . i «ii.. (iVlDK TO HIUTISH COLUMBIA. Davis Duvid. Naudimo, boot maker Dmke Samuel, " musician. )mroi: V n"' ^1v;";V.""« J^-^Y' r.ieutenant Royal Navy. Douoliorty Geo., Wellington, miner. ' ^ Dixon John D Wellington District, farmer iJf.'lliolt John, Nanaimo District, faimer Dore J., AVellington. DogmaiiT., Gahriola Island, farmer. dIwf TH rr; ^^'^'^^tJ^ I«J*^"^1> blacksmith. En,, vi r?^-i \^''-^''}^^ ••"^'1 <-^=''^^i^vr, l>arrister-at-law. P \T.>„f '^'"•^'^' ^'iii'Unio, carpenter. l^arl U illiam, . " postmaster. J^vans El)enezer, - niin.n-. E'-ksteui L., " merchant Easson Alexander, Wellington, engine man. J-^'Igai- Magnus, Oabriola Island, farmer. i^Hos J. K., N.anoose Bav, farmei'. i^ nilay Christopjier, Nanaimo, carpenter, I letcher, Beck .\: Thames, I^id.lick Samuel, ' Fish ni B40 OUIDE TO BRITISH OOLtTMBIA. Glaliolm Jolm W, , Ntuiaimo, teamster. Gill Alfred Samuel, Harewood, miner. Gibson Richard. Gulliou Charles F., Gordon & Co ., Gilbert Mrs. J. K., Graiidhani John, GrifHths Walter, George Richard, Geraniel JoJni, Ganncr Elijah, jr.. GiV).son William, Gray John, (iroopel \V. J., GilHspie J., Newcastle Island, miner. Gray Rol»ert, Gabriola Island, farmer. Green Rev. A. E., Wellington, Pastor Methodist C'hurch. trader. miner wharfingers . Temperance House. shipwright. miner. miner teamster. clerk miner clerk Vancouver Coal (Jompany Grimes William, laboi'cr . miner. merclmnt and importer. miner. blacksmith merchant, wharfinger, etc. miner. miner. teamster. Harvey George 1)., Nanaimo, (fh^k. Ho))kins David. HVIJVEY JAMES, Haggcrty J.. H.I mi (toil Stylie B., Holder John, Hirst John, Harris Samuel, Harris James, Hall llobert, Hass.ird William, Harpe)' Joseph, Departure Bay, carpenter. Hawkes Thomas, Wellington, miner. Hawkes J. H., " miner. Hick William, " miner, Hoer Francis, " miner Hooper C. J.. " miner. Hoggjin William, " miner. Harrower Samuel, " miner Home W. A.. " blacksmith Hendry A- McNair, Nanaimo, sash and do(n- manufacturers. Hoggan David, Hiscocks E. H., Head W , Horth Charles, Harrison W., House George, Hilbert John. farmer, druggist. livery stables miner carpent<^r liVlDi) TO BRITISH C^Ol^rvniA. ^{41 Huirie John M., Hilton George, Hunter John, Hunter Andrew, Hunter William, Hill Jfimes, Herre \V. F., Harold James, Halkyard Uriah, Hodges William, Hodson William, Hunter Wm. B. Nanaimo, blacksmith. '' miner. " enginf .Liver. " engineer. engine driver. ( i < ( servant accountant and collector. attovjicy-at-law. miner baker . miner. , Wellington, min«?r. Hughes R., Oyster Harbour, farmer. H.ath H. E., Gabriola Island, farmer. Isbister William, Nanaimo, mason. Jack William, Wellington, carpenter Jones Albert, " weighman. James James, Departure J3ay, engineer. Jenkins John E., Nanaimo, '" Old Flag" Inn. Jones Wm., Gabriola Island Jones Elias, Nanaimo, miner, Jones Thomas D.. " Jones Thomas ('., " Jackson John, " Jenner Herbert L., " Kearne}' Pati-ick, ' ' Knight James M., " collier, laborer, shoe maker, clerk . lal)orer. miner. Knight James, Wellington, miner. Kemp John, Gabriola Island, farmer. L-mdale John J., Nanaimo, civil and raining euf'ineer Lmn J., " o o ' • Lemons Hew Father, Levi S. D., Lorimer Wm., Lewis James, Lewis John, ,,^^ Lemon John, Departure Bay, gardener. LeBouef T., Gabriohi Island, farmer. Lockhart, W. O., Gedar District, farmer Lockhart C, Nanaimo, drug store. Lea.sk James, Nanaimo. miner Roman Catholic Priest, butcher, carpenter miner, umberman. m >i Lowrie Charles, Lawless Joseph. Mahrer tt Karst Machin Charles, Malpass John. bak(M'. cai'penter Cosmopolitan Restaurant miner miner if H fl 842 GriDE TO BRITISH COLUJ.BIA. m Mechanics' Institute, Nanaimo. I'rosiilcnt, Win. KiiyuiMikl; Vioe-Prosideiit, A. Meyer; Tn'nsurer, Thonms M()rj,'.in; Secrotiiry ami Libnirijiii, S. God^h. McToigli Edward, Nanaimo, harness maker, etc. MansonM., Morton W., Miller Thomas, JMcInnes L. 11 , M.D., Nanaimo, physician. Magnire Henrv, Nanaimo, miner. Michael E. H:, " laborer Malcolm John, Wellington, teamster. M.'iy William D., " miner. IMartin William, " miner. Moiri field Peter, " miner. Mills (ieo., Newcastle Island, laborer Milbiirn Thomas C, Nanaimo, saloon keej^er. IMovgaii John, " brakesman on railway. IMorg.ui Samuel, *' miner. IMorg.'in William, " miner ^NfcKcnncll flames, " miner M.ison liov. (xeorge, M.A., St. Paul's Episc()]ial Church. McJ:)()N.VLD JAMES A , Nanaimo, saloon keeper McGuffic Thomas, Mail- Archibald, Morgan Thomas, Meakeu John Nanaimo, miner Mills James, " blacksmith, IMcNcil John, " miner. ^[arttn Jonathan, Gabriohi Island, farmer. Mead (leorgo, Njinaimo, liarber. McLay James, Gabriohi Ij.land, farmer. ^larwick John, Nanaimo, carrier. ^forgan Timothy, " miner. Meaking F. C , " printer. McDonald Angus, '' barkeeper. McDonald Alex , " carpenter Muir A. C, " engineer. INr.'trtin .-Varon, Wellington, miner. ^Fclntosh James, Nanaimo, carpenter. ]\[cMilljin Charles Lamont, Oyster Harbor, farmer. Meyer A., Nanaimo, general merchant. Mutual Life Insurance Co , James Harvey, agent. Nightijignle Kichard, Nanaimo Norris G. '(U'ge, " printer and publisher. Nixon G(orge " clerk. Noiiis Richard Pickering, Wellington, teamster. << miner, miner, miner. GUIDE TO IJHITISH COLLTMIJIA. Nicholas ThoiuHs, Moiuituiii District, t'aruun-. O Sullivan Timothy, Xanaimo, machinist Overton David, Cranberry District, farmer. Olher Peter, Nanaimo, laborer. Or\vin William, Englishman's river, farmer Phillips Jaiues, Wellin«,'ton miner Paplej Peter, Departure J3ay, l)lacksmith. lrin<,'le William, Nanaimo, carpenter MH Collector of Customs. laborer. mining engineer. cabinet maker. laborer. gentleman. farmer. miner . miner. miner. Peck Thomas, Patou A., Prior E.G., Prothero Joseph, ' PaplevAlex., ' Pawson John " Parsons Phillip, Perry Thomas, Price Samuel, Phillips James, Peterson H, M.D., " Pagden S:^ Clal)l)urn, Nanaimo, brewers PleaceJ. H., " tinsmith. 1 arkms \\ m, " general dealer. Pearse C. E Capt. R.N., Lasquette Island, farmer. Pimbuiy Edwin, MP. P., Nanaimo, bookseller, etc. Penb(3rtliy John W., Gabrolia Island, farmer 1 arry \Vm , , Newcastle, laborer. Patterson James, Newcastle Island, miner. Patterson W., Nanaimo, shoemaker. Planta J. P., Vancouver Coal Co.'s office. Quennell Edward, Nanaimo, butcher. Keece Jonathan, Randle Joseph, sr., Richardson Richard, Raybould William, Rees Griffith, Raper Alfred, Reid D., Wellington, engineer. Raper Benjamin, Cranberry District, farmer. Richardson Abraham J., Cranberry District, farmer Reid James, Newcastle, miner. Rogers Thomas, Gabriola Island, farmer. Ritch AVilliam, Nanaimo, laborer. Randle William, " miner. Rollings Edward, " bootmaker. Reid William, " engineer. Roberts James, " engineer. butcher. miner. miner. storekeeper. miner stationer, etc. m 1 ■ i '1 r * if !■ ; i!' I'' ' \ ill Ij- ■ : 344 OUroE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA. •/ Rayboulcl Mrs., Nanairao, milliner. llomanoJ. Q., " general dealer. Keynolds William, " cook. Handle Joseph, " Kobinson Clias,, H., (Q & R.) Nanaimo, bu'chov. Koyal Fire Insurance Co., Nanaimo, James Harvey x\gent. Reamer Frederick, Wellington, miner. Rowe Josiali, Wellington, miner. Roberts William, " miner. Sliiel Robert, ' ' teamster. Stepney Adam, " laborer. Shearing William J., Nanaimo, mill owner. Sabiston John Flett, Sabiston Peter, Sage Jesse, Sewell Joseph, Sampson William, Smith Hendry Pemble, Scott D., Stark Louis, Cranberry District, farmer. Sage W^illiam, Wellington, miner. Stubbins Robert, Gabriola Island, farmer Smith Donald, Nanaimo, Identical Hotel pilot hotel keeper. miner. miner. miner . Newcastle House Steele Wm., Sterton J . W. Sage Isaac, Sage George, Stewart Wm., Siilley George, Sharoun F . , Smith J., Summerhayes A., " hotel keeper carpenter . laborer . miner, constable . bricklayer . Shillito George, Newcastle Island, engine driver. Shotter George Ray, Oyster Harbor, farmer. Smitlmrst Elijah, Newcastle Island. Surles W. P., Nanairao, asst. dispenser. Tennant John, Wellington, miner. Thompson John, " miner. Thomas Wm., ** miner. Throup Alfre.', North-west Bay, farmer. Tregoning W. N . , Wellington, miner. Tranfield George, Nanaimo, farmer. Thomas Price, " miner. Taylor Peter, " miner. Thompson James, Wellington, miner. Treleas Edwin, Harewood, miner . ^'^ r,[JII)K TO nillTlSH COLr.MlUA. :!4;> Thomson Gcoi-ojo, Wfllinj^ton, clerk. Ti-etlu'Wiiy Samuel, " miner. Thomas Kiehard, Newcastle Islaud. miner. Ihomas James. Cedar District, shin^dc maker. Lren.John Matrel, Nanaimo, idiotoorauher. VAN('OUVEli COAL (^O., Nanai^.,! M lian, M.ua.er Noij^l. .\lexandcr TI.eo.lore Julius. Nanaimo Dist.. Hshermaa. Veale I'rancis, Ced;ir District, farmer Verlm William Charles, Nanaimo, lalxmrer. UhitHeld K., > iiiaimo, shoemaker. Wcstwoo.l David Handel. Mountain District, farmer U(>st\vood ex., X-iiiaimo, farmer \\ ai'ren C. F., Xanaimo, storekeept'r. Webl) William Edinond, Nan;iimo, baker. • \\ ilcox J., Xanaimo ^^ ark (i., Nanaimo. AVALL THO.MAS, Nanaimo, \\ idiams Thomas H , WiJIianisT., AVuddinjj;t<»n Samu 1, Wenborne Frederick, Wall Edward, Wilks William, AVilks Thomas, Wilks James, Wellin^rtoj,, miner. Walker Edward, " ndner. AVild Frederick, Nanaimo, miner. Wilson Waltei-, " tinsmith. Wdes Emanuel, •' laborer Westwood Joseph, '• black.smith >> illiams John, " miner. Watson George Yeaman, Wellington, timber contractor. \\ ebb 3ioses, Wellington, miner. Williams W. M,, " miner. Work James L . , " carpenter. AV ebb J., Nanaimo, Miners' Hotel. AVyatt Edwin, Nanoose, farmer. AVarren Charles T., Nanaimo, storekeeper WEEN JOHN, '« 1,.hH nntker." \AatkinsKichard, - Peck's Hotel. T,^,.'' 'T^ '^' ^^y'^""^'^ " contractors. \A'hittield John, " bootmaker. York Charles, Cedar District, farmer. YOUNG CHAS. N., Nanaimo, City Clerk and Notarv Public Yee Kee A: Co. , ' ' ^^eneral dealers . lonng John, Newcastle Island, engine driver aimo, P>ritannia Hotel. miner. miner. farmer. laborer laboi'er. miner. miner. f ! [!iek"Arcliil),-il(l, J)iii^nvall M. \y. Evans (t. Galv.v A\'. (raniier E, (iillis J. (xeriu A . Geriii ]{. (Tvahain T. Hall J. Hayiies A' Cole. Heiu'v J. Holmes J. House Ct, HnteUv E. Jantim L Jeny li. Jones N Mallorv W. H. Matala'tt J., Matalatt S. Thomson W. H. Union Coal CJo. Watson E. Williams I). Willemer Kov. J. X. Well wood J. Watt :\r. Watt M., jr. Yates Robt. Baynes Sound. Muiide H. H. ^[c'CIov n. McCiilcheon C. McDimald A. McFarlen G. McFarlen C. .AEeMen H. MciMilhvn A. MciMillan J. W. McMillan D. Metcalf J. ^Fonroe T. Monti<^ney M. Moor(^ \V: Murell L. ^r array D. OKI J." Oliver J. Pi(;kle D. Piper A. Kinji J. ilitchard T. Kumel C. Sullivan D. Thomson P. Ur(|uhart A. Unjuhart J. s w ¥.i NEW WESTMINSTER Is situated on the north or right bank of the Eraser river iust above the Junction of the north fork, and fifteen miles in a general north-easterly direction from the entrance proper- it occupies a commanding and well clioson position, beiu'^ witliin :HR OUIDFTTO nillTIHH COLUMJUA. 1*1' ' h i! [■ t ■ ll't-' iiii (^'iHV (listuum (if tlio oiitmncu, and having gniat fai*iliti(3H for whiirfaj^P, and along its wator front a good dtiptli of wattsr and t'XCM'lK'nt anchorage. Tht! rivtir hank in some plafr>,(MM>. Koy.'il Hus|>it;il, N«!\v Wi'stmiiistt'i-. W. .J. AnuHtioii^?, l*i»'si(l»'iit; K. I)i(r|si(l(Mit aiul 'rn-iiHuioi; A. l'o('l((, Sccrntiii'v. lioaitlof l)ii'('('t(irs: K lirown, II. |)i(rkiii- rtoii, .1. (■ l'n(»\vii, (i.e. AFnjor, .IiiH Morrison. M . H. Kcfiry; 'JikI liirutcniint, .fosopli Miiynunl; S(!(!i«'tiirv, •!. McMurpliy; Tri'.isnn'r, J. \. Wf^WshM*; H.'i,ll Stcwjivd, .loniitlnm Morcy; Jti'lVoslniKMit St(nvunl, Win. H.irviy; 1st liniiuOi, Wni. Viimcn; 2nil HimmcIi John Wiilsli; IJid Hr.iiicli, J Ki'lUsy (For Sodities .md r('li;4;ions inrornnition, ntw puj^fs *i(»7 to 27(5 ) Arnntron^ W. .1., intircli.int. ('liircnrt' H., tciiinster. Arnistroni^J i) . , InHnnincji Ciimplx^ll IN'tcr ii}^(M»t. l^iK'\V <'•, l»riclvliiy«'i' Aniistroii}^ (i H., «^(Mitl('nnm. Dcjinc U. W., nnacliMnt An(h(;\vs li , <%'iip(«nt»!r. l)i(dl;ieksinith. l)od<^.Hon H. , workniiin Diivis J . , photo^i'iiplnu", Jjrown VI., M IV P., merehant.Dicdvinson E., (lov't Hg(!nt. Jionson fi. F , road Sup(;r'nt. Delxni H., ^oiun-iil d((fihir. Burr Joseph liruee Henry, (^)ir|)enter. IJeer Jiunos, eooper. Urown John ("., printer. Bohi W. N., fittornev Bennett (i. T , IniteluM-. Bnrr H. H., tircunan Birnston J (J , l)jirrister. (Miirlc<' J.iines A., en^inB((ek (I.H., t(*anister. Dnd^eon James, InitclHU-. E\v 11 \' Wise, tish canners I'jweii v., tishmon^er. Edwards W., ])oliceman. I'jllai'd Jainos, merchant. Elliott U. E., earpontor. Elliott Henry, teamster. Edmonds H. V , land a^ent. Eicrkholf H., hotel and store. ('/anniii|i^ham J., M.P., nn^rch'tEicddiotr F., general dealer. C'larkson W., nursi^ryman. (lummin[EII J. A. n., wharfinger and commission agent. Hogan Henry. li([noi' djaler. tiazleton J. H., manat'actiirer . Hoy Henry, car[)enter. Ibbotson John, tishermai). Jemmett L'apt . Johns Isaac;, clerk. Jolnison William, cordwainer. Jack. )n Oliver, tinsmith. Jenuer Matthtnv, lumberman. Jaques James (t , (dtu-k. Jackson Philip, gardoier Jamieson Ilobt., Presbyterian minister. Jaques fJolin, saloon keeper. Kennedy James, mechanic. Kirkland Jt:»hn, contractor. Kearey Mrs., boarding and lodging house keeper. Kearey W. H. Lee Christopher, engineer. Litster William, laborer. Lowe W H., Customs officer Loggie Alex., iish factor. LamblyThos. M , bookselhn-. Little David, tireman Lord J. E., fuiiiitnre deahir. Lewis \V. 11., hotel keeper. Murray (leorge li. Miisters Ste[)hen Henry. Mui'ray John, shoemaker. Major Cliarles G , merchant. Manson L*hineas, cooper. Michii! Ale.-cander, laborer. Morrison James, agent. Maynard Jose[)li,, carpenter Melody iV Sirr, Pioneer saloon. McMillan Charles, minei-. Mtdioberts Hugh, farmer. McMurpliy J., sr., clerk, baililf and deputy sheriil' McMu!])liy J., jr., shoemaker. Mclnnis T. 11., ]>hysician and surgeon . Mc Williams Thomas, cook. McDonough Charles, trader. McLeod George, cook. McMulty .J, ones, lirem.in. -Miller Mrs., school teacher. Mathers .roseph, laborer Morey Jonathan, consta'ole. McColi Wm., clerk. Nickhv-i W., Poney saloon. ()v(Mis Thos., m;:(!hinist. Odin G., (.'a|)t. str. "GltMiora," Peele Adolpiius, cluMnist. Pennistone Willi. vm, tailor. Powers Wm. keeper. Page Geoi'ge, laborer. Part'ard F W., merchant Powt'i's U . boaiding house keeper. llobinson J., steami)oat owner Sutherland Hugh, gentleman. Suter J. K.. pro])rietor Main- land Gnardiaii . Saur C. F., steamboat iiand .Scott John T , contractor. )oa riling house GUIDE TO BTUTISH rOLUMlJlA. 351 Sirr Thomas, laborer. Speire James, blacksmitli . Sam Sing Kw. Trew Chas. N., physician and surgeon . Turnbiill James, c.irj)i'.:ter. Townsend W B , butcher. Tait V. B., post master. Townseuil !\Irs , milli)ier. THOMAS KOBEHT,b()()t ;tn.l shoe store . Yianeii William Hfiiiv W.VLSHTHOS , tailor. AVebster Jolm A., merehaul . Wintenmitc J., .-arpenter \\'elsiiJ. It., I)0()kkeeper WITHKOW DAVID, dealer in fuiniture. i)aint, glass, etc. Willie L<'\vis, bak( r. Watson John, tinsmith. Woodcock F. W . liveryman. Wise James, tish factor. Woods Very I'ev. Archdeacon. Tcung Henry, saloon keeper. liliir )ra. )IISC ■ner, an. lin- NEW WESTMINISTER DISTRICT. The re.ider is referred to the introthictory ri;niaiks for gen- eral information as to the above, and followinu; districts, on tiie mainland of British Columbia. At Messrs. Moody, Nt^lson A' Co.'s saw mills, at Burrard Inlet, 23 ships were loaded in 1870 with 11, 09"), 112 feet of lum- ber, and 1,000,000 feet of spars. The mills employ 01 men. 30 Indians, 20 longshoremen, and '' J/rrs7.s' /V'»//< Uriflsh Colli nihil! ciHtipiireif icilh iinisfs; I'l'ttrii /fii/o: The principal quality of these woods is a Hexibility and a tenacity of tibm rarely met with in trees so agiul; they may be bent and twisted several times iti contrary directions without breaking. Several poles of the gi'eateast length having the end at the ;ii52 GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA. foot, and the top of the tree f-ut off, were tried comparatively v/ith poles of the same diraenHions cut from a Riga spar of first-cl.'iss, and the following result was found : .M;ixiiimin (li(,'r(3(^ of heiidiug I licfoi-f rupture at the foot. \ At till' hcii.l UritiwVi Colinnl)iii Pine. Ba^u, Pii>e. Oia 025 (tin (IJH 019 Olfi Mean 022 (122 Charj^o of rupture (per centimeters! SH Densiiy of wood ut the/ foot of till' tree .\ J)cnsit\' lit I lie lieiul , . l'.» 9;i 20 ■>•) !;:i(! .... 47H . .0 ' 72G 532 555 02'. 1 I'iiesi) e.vp^'viiueuts give a moan almost identical, for the bending* and l)r(faking of the two kinds of wood, while the density dill'crs notably to the advantage of the British Col- umbia wood. Th(i only question still undecided is that of durability. The masts ond spars of Jiritish Columbia are woods rtire and e\c(^)tional for dim(;nsions and superior (pialities, strength, lightness, absence of knots and other grave viGe^.—Anderfioii . Ashwell (i. II., Cliilliwhack. Brown George, Pitt River. Arthur James, Centreville. Boyd Hugh, North Arm. Arthur James H., Centreville. Betts Elijah J . , '■ Anderson Peter L., Sumass. Browne E S., " Anderson J., Langley Prairie Booth J. W., South Arm. Aitkins James, Langley. Benton H. 1)., " Anderson A. G., Maple Ridge. Byron George, " Anderson H. BtdesH. P., Matsqui. Barker Henry, Sumas. Bai'nes John, " Barker William H., Sumass. Burton Ralph, Barker John, Cliilliwhack. Blanchard John A., " Banford George, " Bell William, Bell John, Beary John, " Bicknell Charles, Bakeson H., Harrison River Burr Joseph, jr. Bremridge William. Bi'ough John, Keatzie. Baker Peter, Langley. Boake Benj . ' ' BurrW. H., Boake WE, Barnes M. P., Boundary Bav. Barnes S. W., Bell James Burr J. B., Crescent Creek. Boothroyd George, Mud Bay. Blanchard J. A., Chilliwhack. Brown Robert A. Brewer William J., Mud Bay. Bicknell Dtivid, Matsqui wmmmmmemmmmmmm GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBI.V. 353 (1-22 ; 00 ()H 23 7l!6 53-2 ti2!» Best James. Craswell John, Chilliwhack Cotton James W . , " Chadsey G . W . , Sumass. Chadsey William, Chadsey James L., Chadsey Chs, Lane William, Sumass. McKee Uobert, Langley. Murray Paul, Mackie Janu's, " Mackie RoV)ert, Mole Henry, North Arm. McCiitcheon J., Chilliwhaek. McGillivrav D , Sumass. McConnelfj., Chilliwhaek. McLean D., Hari'ison River. McKay Godfrev, McDonald Wm.", Chilliwhaek. McKenuey J., Pitt Meadows. McDougall .\., Mud liay. Mclver John, Maple Ridge. McKee John, Roundarv l>av. GUIDE TO imrrrsH colu.muia. 355 « < Mi'Iiiiics James, Liinglev. McDoiial.l C , McK(in/j(; J., " Mclvot! li., Boimtlary Bay. Mc'Kec Will., .\IeIv(H' J., jr., McArtlmr Allans, North Arm. .\[c('l<-rv Saimiel, McC leery T., Mai to 1 1 H. .Me(}.;e S., Point Gavr^- ArcDouaKl (t , Lanj^lev. MePhail .\lex MeDou-al W. C, Mu.l Bay. MeLean IX H., Jiangltiy. Mclveiizte (A., South Arm. MeGeo (1. E., N(;rtii Arm. .A[asoM .V . , " Murray Wui., Langley. Nowlove George, Sumass . Nehuus D.T., cniilliwhack. Ncnvton Creorge. Nels(m \Vm., Ma])l(^ Ridge. Nelson J . , Sumass Nicholson IMalcolm, Matsqui. Niokies \Vm , .\ra|)le Hidge Nowell Pi., Chilliwhaek. O'liriiMi M., Mud I5av Peers A., ( "hilliwhaek. Pitteiidri-^di (r , Pitt liiver. Pike \Vm., Mud P.ay. ParmiterT., South Arm. Passmoi'e Samuel Perkins \Vm., Mission. Ptiterson John Sumass. Pickles \Vm., Harris" Slougli Piekard E.. Langlev. i'ike Caiel). Mud Bay. ileece J.. Chilliwliaek. F^'eves A. Kiehai'ds C'. M., Sunias. Uyder J.F , (Midli whack llVderC. S.. PtodickT , Pitt River road Jlowliiig \V. Ei., North Arm. Richards C Iv . , North Arm. Pobson 1) J., Ko\v \Vm., Suma.is. Robertson R., Maple Ridge, liobertson S., '' Ko])insou J., Serpentine River. Rolnutson J., Harrison lliver. Reynokls John. Reyuohls Martin . Rol)ertsoii Thomas, Laugley. Poss Lawhn', " Shelford J.," C-hilliwhack. Sh.innon S., Shannon J , Shannon Win., " Stinson T., Boundary Bay. Sh(>i»liard E., Maplo Ridge. Smith Robert. Sl.iven John. Si[)ou James, Majthi Ridge. Scratchley W J., N(nth Arm. Smith J.(l , Sapplien J . , " Smith W'm , South .Vrm SandtU's A. W".. Sutherby JR., SheweirW.. Shannon Thomas, Sumass. Sword C. B., Matsy. Strout T., Harrison River. Tlu)nipson R., Chilliwhaek. Thomas R. Thomson .V,, Chilliwhaek. Thompson J. W'., Thom])son T., Harrison River 'I'oop Hector, Sumass. Toop Sampson Todd J. ('., Langlev. Tasper W'm., South Arm. Turner (leorge, Matstiui. Thorn JaiU' s. Maple Ridge. Li 356 GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA. Taylor James, Langley. Todd James, Mud Buy. Towle W., Langley. Turner John J., Mud Bay. Vedder Volkart, Sumass. Vedder .\. 8., Vanetta W. H., Langley. Viccari ITobert, '* Wells A. (L, Chilliwhack. Wells J., 'NYellsD., Wilder U. S., Williams L. D., Sumass. Wilson C, \Vel)l> H., Chilliwhack. BnutARi) Inij:t. Alexiiiider llichard Henry. Dem^jsey J., Moodyville. .\l('xand<>r J . J. Dinen W., Ashton Thomas, Moodyville. Donnelly P., Granville. W^hitehurch A. Harrison river. Webster G., Whittield J., Chilliwhack. Whitfield K., Woodward C, Woodward, Wm., Mud Bay. Woods C., North Arm. Woods H., Wade Francis Edward. Wells J. W , Mission. Wark H , Langley. Williams A., l)erbv. Yc))'k Thomas, Sunias. Young C, Harrison iiiver. Atkins E.A., leaker John. liaker H., Moodyville. Beaty John, English Bay. Beard Uobert. Black Thonuis. BLACK GEORGE. lione James IJrew Tomkins. Brew G. , Granvilh^ liransfield T . , Howe Sound Burr Hugh. ]iuie John Cadwallader E., Moodyville Camp James, Moodyville. Cham])agne Gilbert. Cudlip i^' Clark, Granville. Chick James Henry (Clinton T , Jervis Inlet. Ciu'diner P., Hastings Mill Cota Francis Cole W G , Moodyville. Cottrell John A., " " Coldwell Charles. Deitz George, Moodyville. Eaton G., Jervis Inlet. Eaton Wm., Howe Sound. Etttn-shank \V . , Moodyville. Fannin J., Hastings. Farres Wm., Jervis Inlet. Fisher T., Granville. Foster W.(;, Ford Charles. Frost W. F Frost Henry Thomas. Furry A: Daggett. Fraser J. S., Howe Sound. Gagnon Francis. Gibson Joseph, Moodyville. Godden H(!my, " Gritbn Joseph. GrilHths J , Ganville. Gold L., Hack(!tt Daniel W., Jevis Inlet Harvey Henry. Hendiv Williaui. Hertnon M., Moodyville Hall John, North Arm. Cunningham J., Howe Sound. Halpenny J., Howe Sound. Davidson J , Granville. Handcock J., North .Vrm imsmmmmf ouid:. to BRITISH Columbia. 357 Hamilton Georire MG Hi iiHin Tl Tvef^or D., J ei'vis Inlet. lonins. McNeillv Thomas Huttou Geory;p. Hon(l(>rsoii W.. Hasting Mill. MoNanfihton D., Granville, Flodfjison li , Moodyville. Mailers T. H., Moodyville. Hookway T., " Nelson Huj^^h. Neiland Benjamin. Haywood Thos. Olsen Charles. Jones Thomas W. Oliver Jose])li, Moodyville. Jones Humphrey O. Prevett J. M. Jones Hunh, Howe Sound. Patterson Joseph. Johnston John, ^[oodvville. Pirkins H A.. North Ar m. Johnston Jolni, '' Johnston A., Granville. Johns T Plant Peter. Ph i 1)1. s John. powers William, Moodyville Lan'jsford J. B., Granville. Proctor S., Howe Simml Lainjj; ( 'iiarles L I. Law A., Howe S()un( Lewis ('.. Moodyville. L"nahan J., Jervis inlet Preston Kobt., English ]^)av, Pritehard T. H., Granville. Patterson J., Moodyville. Held David C. Granville. Loekhart J. K., ^loodyville. Pivers [*eters, AIo(»dyville . Ml u'kie Will lam Hoval V\'illiani. Mannion .)ose|)li, (Jranville. Holers Jeremiah, English Bay, Matl lews S. ]\roodvvillt flayers Christian. .Merchant George, Moodwille.Soule W. H., Granville. Smallhon(> C P., Granville. Smith Henrv, Moodyville M irwK k J, ones M;l^• .\nthonv M ivnai't 1 J. Springer B., Moodyville, Stalker Hugh, '' Stevroodyville. Swe«'t P. W -Milliyran David S , " Smith lloliert. Hastings. ^[ontgomerv, James Me Arthur P(>ter A. McArthui' James McCallum John. Smith Captain Henry Tl lompson Will mm Thom]>son John, Hastings. Thain Murrav \N'., Moodvvillo r rim Hi irrv, Jervis Inh't. McC^'Ord Benj (.., North ,\rm. Thompson William. McC rimmon .VI ex. G Ti'anv)iie Ih uriifr Will mm McDonald John, Moodvville. V;inP>ram('i' J., Mood\ville, McDomdd 1)., EnudishHav WILSON P,E\J.VMrN H, ..\[('ljachern J. D., South Av m Ha>itinkuni. McQuarrie Daniel, Yale. Neil Samuel, Yale. Nelson Uriah, Yale. Nelson A. M., " Op))enheimer Bros., 0[)peidieimer Louis, Pearson James, Peck Edwin, Pleace Alfred. Pool William, Price Barrington, Keremos. Kich .Vlex., Hope. Biddle James, Yale. Kobinscm Jas., " Rush Marvin, " Stephenson G. , " Stott James, (S. ., Lytton. Fulli^rton J., Si)e:u!e's Bridge Fink r , Boston Bar. (iiiororo A., Fosters Bar. Good U(!v. G. B., Lvtton. Gordon A , ('ache Creek. Graham W., 14 miles. Haiitier L., Lytton. Kirkpatrick J. G., S!)-mile H. Kirkpatrick W., Venables V. Kilroy P., Lytton. Jones J., Cache Creek. Jfsarxson A., ('ache ('reek. Jamieson W., lU-mile post. Leon P., 8-i-niile post. Lcnvis J . . Ashcroft. Leighton J. B., Cache ('reek. Leighton \V., Lytton. Lewis C W., Cache Creek. Lemniie A., Niecmien. McPhillipsP., " Maciel J., Boston Bar '25 m. Murray J., Spence's Bridge. Mondot A ., 84-mile post . Mennerbret A., 9G-mile post. McKitrick P., 42-raiIe post. Mclntre J., Lytton. McKay J , McWha W., '< Nelson M., Spence's Bridge Anderson Andrew Barnes J Thompson River. Brown A . , North Thompson Boaley A Bouchet Joseph. Burk John. Baptiste — . O'Hare 11 , 42-mile post. Orr J., Cache Creek. Peterson P., Prolingears J. B., 50 miles. Puckett \V , ()2-mile post. Parmer J., '" Place J ., Nicomen. Parmer J', 45-mile post. Pocock T., Lyttou. . Prater G . , Foster's Bar . Perrv E.G., Cache Creek. Parlie Phillip, Rishley G., Lytton. Roberts J , Foster's Bar. Roberts \V., Mud Slide. Randall H., .\shcroft. Roinbrot C.E., lO-mde Ho.ise. Stevenson A., 42-nule House. Sandford W . Cache Creek. Semlin Charles, " Sproat R., Lyttou. Seaward T., " Stuart G., C'ache C^reek. StwartJ , Stevenson A . , Lvtton . Taylor J., ()2-mile post. Thompf;on W., Mud Slide. Trai)}) S., Cache Creek. Tinline W., 42-mile House. Thornhill J . , C'ache Creek . Urin Miss, Savana Ferry. Urwin A . , Cache (Jreek. Victor W., Siska Flat. Wilson J., Rocky Point. Watkinson J . , Foster's Bar. Ward J., Cache Creek. Williard R.. 89-mile House. Young Ghee, ll-raile House. K.\.ML00PS . Bi'ink E., Thompson River. Cooney C, Tranquille. Campbell L., South Thomp'u. Campbell J., Chase W., Bonaparte. Chong Key, Kamloops. C/anagher John. aniDK TO DRITISH COLUMBIA. 3B1 Cointnin<^ John. McQuoon J . B , North Thom'n Diipiat J., Thompson Rivi3r. Mcintosh James Duck J., '• McByrau A., South Thompson Duffy P , Chca-rv Creek. McP"lierson D., Eihvfirds J.T., N'orthThomp'n.McKenzie Mrs. Edward John Mclvor J., North Thompson. Fortune W., Kamh)oi)s Mills. McCJonnell Archibald. Eraser P., Stu!U]> Lake. Eoster Charles Eihulore Louis. EullyJ. H Graves J , Thompson Uiver. (ii)tah P., Kaml()t)})s Lake, (rraham T., Tran([uille. (xucirin J. F. Newman Bartlitt. Nimmo Robert. Pennie C, Thompson Uiver. Paxson Samuel . Petch C, North Thompson. Pringle J . , Gr.tnd Prairie Peterson J . , South Thompson. Prinule A., (luillouKi v., South Thomp'n Pendleton CI., Cherry ('reek (handidier llev. II. (J (ruiehon L., Marmot Creek (xuiehon J , " Guichon P., Glassv John. Grimii Ered. Hardy A , Copjier Creek. Hare N., ..'herrv Cret^k Hull William. Hull John. In'j;ram H., Grand Prarie. Hussv J., Thompson Kiver Pemberton G., South Thomp'n Pumpmaker C.,Dead Man's ck. Robins (V . North Thompson. Ross J , South Thompson . Ruch Frederick. Ro])er W., Thompson River. Roberts Ed , , Savana's Ferry . Roxboro — Roper Thomas. Shaw Andrew. Sullivan M., North Thompson. Steuer G., Jameson J., North Thompson. Sabiston J., Savana's Feriy Jones William. Kirkpatrick A. J . , Grand P . Knoutl* J . , North Thompson Lavean J. Manerito A. Mara J A , M.P.P. Mara & Wilson. Martin G., South Thompson. Morten H., Copper Creek Squires N., South Thompson. Strumway A., Anderson Creek Smith Jesse. Sotello Joseph. Todd Jas . , jr . Trapp J. T., Napier Lake. Todd J . , South Thompson Tait John. Trounce Walter. Mellors J., South Kamloops. Ureu James, Savauas Ferry. McLean Donald. Ussher John. McEaddeu Daniel. Ward Uriah, Thornpson River. McEwan Alex. Walker D., North Thompson. McDonald R., Napier Lake. Walker F., South McDonald B., North Thomp'n. Wheeler John, Tranquille. McLean A., *' Wilson Win. B. McAuley D., " Wilson J , Thompson River. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I 1.25 " m 1.4 IIM 2.2 IM 1.6 V] 1 M w^w '/ Photographic Sciences Corporation i'. WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. MSBO (716) 871-4503 iV ;V ^ o W\. v^ .<^ ^ ^i- 862 OUIDE TO nUITTSn roM'MDlA. K SU'Ol.A. Population of Nicola District u|> to Di)c»'inbcr :Ust, iSTtJ. White inalo ailiilts, 5-">; wliitc females adults, '2-i; white chil- dren, 40; ^lexican male adults, S; hiilf-hreed (diildron, 24:. Total ])0|)ulation l)ona fide residents, 1 ')! Nicola Valhiv is yjtuat(^ in Vale District, distant from Fort Hope, Fraser Uiver >SOA miles; from Yah', Fraser Kivei', miles ; trom errv, Th Lvtt< H on, I" rase r Hi\«?r, (>() miles; fr lompson iuver, ;>(• mih's fr oni inilo()i)s. oni ( Tl son l{iv(>r. oO miles OOK i lomp Tl le valley contains school houses, 2; stores, l{; black- smith shop n aw'-mill with sash .hin>?h am i;ifliines, etc. ; tlour mill Fri'iich burr stones; Ho I pi annu' ur mills Ih sttM'l burr stones. 2; (Uuirch ( I'resbyterian); post ottices, 2 Professions and trades: -2 cle>';4;yinen (1 Presbyterian) (1 Methodist); 1 l)lai*Ivsmith; 1 millwri;^'ht and machinist; 1 liouse carp(>nter; 1 Justice of the Peace; 1 constable The \'alh'y has a semi-monthly mail from Spence's l}ridj,'e (or Cook s l'\'rry); is accessible by waj^j^oji road from Cooks Perry and Kamloops, and. by an e.vcidlent six foot trail from Fort Hojie The I'esidents of Nicola are exclusively faruiers and stock breeders. (S(>(> j)aj.;e <')7 ) And ersoii P L Jila<'kbourn Josepli. l'>liner iiilb(>rt liercie Au^nistiis Cavanau.nh (reor<:;e. Charters William. Charteis Kobert Charters John Chapman James. Clappertoti A' Daly. Claj)j)erton John. Clapjterton (reor}j;e A. J)ubl)al .lolm. Dalley Edwin Douglas John, sr. Lefevre Alphonso. Jiindley Heiu-y liimbom Augustus W. AlcCormack William. McHae Honald. McHae ( leoige Mickle Wheeler Adam. ickle I'l b orieii oore .lo.sep >hC Moore John P. Mooro Samuel. oore n eniamm. Pal oore Jol in urrav liev mer Will lam. D 1 ouglas . jarushaw en.son Creor bd li in, n (tarica J»^su^ J' vron. i*ge. Gil more Jol in. Fetite Vinct'ut. Hyan l*atrick. Sabin Napoleon. Scliwartze Thomaa. Scott Kobert. Gillie Paul Jann>s. Hamilton Robert, liaudor Josepli. SI law And rew, Sullivan Edward J. Suclnd Edward. (iriDK TO ItRITrsH COI.T'MmV. :m Smitli Hctirv. TiinitT Itcv. J. Turner liiclj.-iid. Vo^lit '^. illi.iiu. ()KANA(IA.N. Vity il'sciiptioii stM' page 04. Woodward Tliomiis. Woi>d\\!ii-d Hjuvov H. AN'ootlward IJeidx'ii M. AUiM.u.l I-'. Aiidii'u .)., S|)t'll,iiniiirlu'('ii Aslitoii Clias.. Aiinstroiii^ Hu^li, I'cutii'tcm Jiissctt IVliT IMonilraii •! iilcs IJiaiil I'lfdcrick. l>rou II A iidrcu I'ni'wcr Cliarlt's. I»iicii< 111' Uiditr. lic<^iiiiii(' Eli. lifllUMllS Jo.scpli . liiiniltv Mttst's, S])»'llaiiiaclin. Mel )(»unall Joliii. Mi-Nfil' AHiv.l. .Mcon.I. 15. ."Mel 'anit V .1., (iraiiil l*rairi<>. .Mr( 'oiiiit'll 'la^., (iiaiid Prairie, M.dJri.l.'J. .1.. K.-ttl.' Ilivcr. Mii)d(»/a I'.. SiiiiilkaiiKM'ii Val- I), Ill-do .MmiiihL Similkami'cii. ley. <"iiristiaii Jos.'pli. Nirlio'.siiii H., SiiiiilkaiiU'cn V. ( "liiisti til Ivouis ()rt(»laii I'" laiKjuis, Mission. Clu'isttaii 'riioiiiMs ( )"l\.t't't'<' Conicliiis. ' aiistoii li. L., ()s»M)(»s Lake. I*iiiigl(' A- K irkpatrit'k. ('(»!<■ riiniiia>, Simiikaiiici'ii. I'liillips .lojiii Cnrvs Tlioiiias. J{,„.k ("ivck I'ostill .Vltivd. DtMiiiis I'iiTii'. I)i»iialds(»ii William DiUcau N'iiicciit l'^llir> riinmas. I'( uiictoii IN.stili William Prit'c I) . Similkamct'ii ValK'v. l*o\ iitoii John, Kix'k I'rcrk I'd reus Martin. Kettle Iviver elieeii. Kortiiii'' A. li. (iail'ell l)oset«'. ( iii'oii ird Sue . ( ireciiliow 'riioiiias. I''iirsteii,ni [']. M., S[»ellaiua- lliclitei- l"\ X., Similkameen Y. Simpson ( Jeorj^e W Smitlisoii NN'illiam. Sliuttlewoitli H. 1)., Siniilka- mei'ii Valley Tronson I'Mwavd J. (iallai^lii'i' J., Ktick ("reek. 'rmpreiinaiit F., Siinilkameen Herman.'. A.. Spcllaniaclieen. \all<'y Haynes .jolin (' , Osoyoos. Tiij^ram. Jolin>). Kettle Ilivjir. Jones Tliomas N'cinoii CliarKs .\. Kl'Ui;e| riieo,. Osoyoo.s ijake. Veix-llc Loilis. Keo.i:;an Mieliael, Dog Lake. \ anee .\. Laeerte William \\ lii'laii ( leorge. Lainlieit Stephen \\<»od 'I'liomas. [iawsoii Chailes Wiehers H , Sjiellauiaciuieu . Lawieiice 'rhetMJoi'e. Watson John, liock ('reek. r ; 864 OUIDE TO BHITISM COLr.MIUA. LILLOOET DISTRICT. For il('sc'ri))ti<)n sue piij^e (It). Allt'ii F'jdwunl, (Iravo ('reek. Eristmun Fraiililiii, Fiillooct Hiirkcr Williuin, Clinton Eyre Miss, (Jran^'c, Clint " Ftr[.P.r., I.VmileFicUan Jolin, Pacelcina on out. H ousc Foster Dr F. \V . Clinton. Brady ^Mattlunv, LiJlootst I- illirr Will lani, 1 lOWlC l{ all fj:lk( Crillcn ]N[., Pavilion ^[ountain. liolin William, Dou; C'rouk. Cot licrtrand, Lillooct. J irown S. L. C (rasko Joseph, CMinton. (I. union P , fjae la Haejii lindwij,' Flias, Lillooc^t ])iir;^^ess Walter, Peini)erton (Inider Philip. V>\'^ \V.\r. Meadow; Butson John, Clinton. P.ullanl }}. I)., (lalla;.;her John, Dol^ Creek H; irper T lln'dies J. Tj., Pavilion Ci(M>k 15nehanan Jas , l?ridi'(> Creek. Halt L.. Pivilion Mountain J Miriu tt .\1 ex. Cl ()\V s B; ir Hallidav J.. Peinherton Mea- dows. Hoev Kieiiard, Lillooct. Bnteher F.. Do;^ Creek. Cole Thos , I'.l-niile Honse. Chadwiek Wni., Paeelqna (.'iirrie John, l7-inil(> House. Heinenover C. F., Clinton. H oe Tl loinas. Cro/i<'r Jam les. I lllooet Horsford H. I)., jirid^e Creek CulhMi W., Pavilion Mountain. Hudson William, Clinton. Cox Timothv, Ijillooet. Hunt Nelson, ("arson K., Pavilion Mountain. Hilv William. Clark Wm. H., 17-mile House. Hill Fdward, ('ole S., Peml>erton Meadows. Haller J , \Vi'^ P.ar Crer Cannu'on J A., '20-mile House. Hineks Heiirv. Ui^ Kar ClarkT ('..Pavilion Mountain. Hitchenson 'i'., .Vlkali F^il Carson.Jas., P2J-mile House. Isidor (J , Dot" Creek. Ke Clienhall John, Clinton. C(m<,d)ill ii. .v., " Cook Mieira, Colen Peter, Doj; (.'reek. Chiara F^MiKJois, Clinton Italian J., P2-mile Hixise. Kelly Fjdward. Koster Ijars P., l)onaparte, Lotolo fjoreii/o. La Fountain. IjO(! Will lam. Pavil it>n Cree Car^yle William, Chileotin Laroch<'lle F , near Fiillooet Cavana'di Thos , Crow's liar. Liwson V., I*avilion .Mountain Dieki'V J . l?loekhill farm liudt-'e Fran/ P. T., Clinton. Denning H , Foster's liar. Manson Wm , 111-mile House, Dixon Joseph. Clinton. M urie I l)ou^hi'rt\ K , drive Creek. Mcdvav Frank, Hi^h Mar. Dunne (Jeorj^'e, Hat Creek. MeCuHv (i. W., Pavilion Ck. Di'HU Joseph, l)og Creek Miller .tolm. fjillooet. OITDE TO P.RITIsn rOLl'MBIA. 3or> Murtlev John, The (ir.in^e Mooio William, Hi}^h Bar. McCnllv John, Clinton. McMicliingT A , ^' Miirtlcy I , ^lorj^iin Thos., Bonaparte. Major Henrv, Clinton. , M(.'rrisonW'.. M.V.P.. i:)4-niileltoss«"tU' J., Alkali Lake Rountree C, Hi}.th Bar. Boilers Janx's . Bohinson W . Hat Croek. BopcrT., Lae la Haehe. Boss Murdo. B.'id J L., Clinton Beed T. P. House Mundorf J., 124-inilo House. Moore Thos , Canoe Creek Manson \V. , 111-inile House. Mountain Bol>ert, ('linton. Sailsbury J., 14-iuile t!reek. Swart J. A , , riillooet. SpellmanT., Smit', A W.. Saul John, ^lountl Mitchell G. H , (irave Creek. Saul Willi im, Mound Miller K , Jiridge Creek Marshall Mrs., Clinton Marshall Thos (}., Clinton. McCarthy Michael, McMillan David, Mclvinlay .\., Lac la Hache. McLellan .Vlex., Clinton. McLellan C. N., McDonald B. A , Hat Creek. Saul Thomas Saul Isaac 70-mile House. Sones F., Clinton. Stewart A.. " Steeh' J.. Starrette B., Lac la Hache. Slater CJ., Clinton. Snuth D., Sullivan John, Do«^ Croek. Tesch Bernard, Lillooet. Mc(fhee D. , Bonaparte. _ _ Me ison W. L , Little Dog Ck. Tinker Cr , lo-mile house. McLean Hector, Hat Creek. Turner William. McLean Allen, " McKinlay Jas., Lac la Hache McLaren Bobeit, Clinton. ( ( McEw(»n Al(»x Newland J A., Clinton Null J. P., Big Bar O'Connor M TorrensB H., Clinton Twentvman A., Dog (yreek. Uren John. Veasev M., Bonaparte. Willett Edward. AViggins Arthur, Lillooet. Walker William, Bonaparte. O'Halloran C, 20-mile House. AVasley S., senr., Ogden C.. Lac la Hache P<»rrett J , Douglas Portage. Pettingell Edgar, Clinton. Pollard John, Pratt D., Bridge Creek. Patterson W , Powers T., Pigeon Moses, Dog Cr(>ek. Quinn J B.. 70-mile house. Waslev S., jr., Watson G., Wilson G., Williams Ed., Clinton. Woods James, Big Bar. William Walker. Bonaparte. Walker W.J, Wright J., Lac la Haclie. W^'cott W. W . Chilcotin. ti 3G6 GUIDE TO HiaTlsri COI.CMBIA. KOOTENAY. [Fur ilc'scription, s(,'e pages 47, (ill uiul 95. J li.iileV'T-, St. M;irv's Prairie. Jenkins B., l*ot()rnii;i linncli. IJoiilier J , Wild Horse Creek. Kellv Tlionjas. I!()..tli II. S , " Krnse Henry l>()(»t!i (' , (lov't jigent. ijoren/oA.. Wild Horse Creek. JJrowii \i., Niggei' Cl'eek flails H., M.'Uis' Kaiieli. JJurnsJ.. St. F.iigene Mission. Margean 15 , ('olinnljia Lakes. Cliisliolin Donal.'l. MeCl.-netrv !\, Wild H..rs<. Dicker (i.. Wild Horsk. ("reek. Oiike ('.. Palmer's Dar Cr.'rk. MeFarland Donald \h'\t/.C, •• Mc(,)nade P., Wild Horse ek KvansJ., Wild Horse Cn-ek. >[ill)V W. ('., MP V Vi'vuw IN'ter. MilelielUl.. Wild Horse ek h'ernie W., .losep's Prairie. .Moirou W , I'errv Cicek. ]''oiU|uet Itev. li., St. I'jneene ]\Iorrissey -ranies Mission Moore Pi , I'errv Cieek. (lalhraith P.. Kootenay PK)fn).Mill.y Mrs.. Wi"ld Horse ck. (}all)iaitli .1.. .fosephs I'rairie. IMiillips M., Tobaeeo Plains. ( lallirailli tV Mara. Perrit r ek Piice Henry. (iall>raitli J., Kootenav Pot'ni .l?rice Pieli;ird. (lalla-her ('.. M.P.P..' Wild Primrose A , P<.t(.n)Ma Haneli. lioise reek. (^)nirk P . Wild Horse Ci-eek . (loodiid^ce \\.,Wild Horse ek.l{ol)erts H., I'eriv ( 'reek (JrilUtli D., " Ros.> J . Potormi'i Paneh. tJiegoire N., St. Fiigene ^lis'nSandon J , I'erry Creek Harrini^'ton Patriek Shaw !{ , Wild liorse Creek. Healy William. Schroder H.. Wild Horse ck. Hides (ieori^e. Wardle J., Kootenav Exiiress. CARIBOO. This disti'ict was first discoven^d to be auritVn-ous in the latter part of the year 1S(')0. To some min^'i's who were amont^st those who arrived in I'^oS, at tlu! earlier dig.i^ings on tlie l-'rasi'r lliver, the discovery of gold ill large (piantiticvs is to i)(> attributed These men nndeterred by nnnsual dinienlt'i's and hardships eonse(pient on the extremely rugged and mountainous character of the country through which they had to ])ass, succeeded in follow- ing the course of the Praser a distance of tliree hundred iniU's, then arriving at th(> mouth of the (^)uesnell(> Piver, which tlows into the Fraser iiiver above .\h>\andria. Having ascended that river a .d finding gold on the bars OriDK TO imiTISlI rOLl'MlJlA. 3(57 iuiil tlit^ tilov rt'iurhi'il till' forks of the (^iit'snt'llc, uiiictv milos !il)()ve its mouth niii'in^ tlu' luoiitli of Jiiiui.irv, ISIU, rich ])ros])i'ots wort' disi ,)vt'r«Ml on Antler Creek, twenty niih^s from the month of Keitlihn- Creek Antler Ci-eek formed the m.iin ])oint of .ittraetion (Iurin;4; the summer of 1S(»1, l»ut in the full of that yeiir the h";ivv deposits found on ■" Williams, Lowluu;, and <>ther ereeks, and the promising; prospects obtained on Li.nlitnini; Creek, (»ne of the lar;;est tril)utaiiesof Swift Kiver, f^avi^ an immense impetus to the natuivdly enerj^etii' etVorts of the miners, and the counti'v was travelled ovei', if not tlioroui^h- ly prospected, for a distance (»f fifty miles rouml Antler Creek. About t,:i(»l( mineis were in the CariWoo country during the season of ISIil, and the yield of gold foi' that vear has heen estimated at al.out !::2. ()«")(>. 01 )( I. On Williams Crei'k the rich (h'posits found in l^Kll "held out "" and many new ])th of from fifty to sixty feet from the surface; old (diannels Wi'rc '" strui'';" and the le.id tiaced a ipiarter of a mih' almig the tlat, two to three humlred ounces )ter day (v.er<' at that tim- JS()l-;{) taken out of some of the rich claims above the canyon. 'L'iiis district has steadily maintained its rharacter a> pioi)ably the richest gold mining country ever discovere(l (See ])ages 17 and '.12.) Th< .(' ai'e a nnnd)er of towns in this district, among the most prominent of which are liarkerville and Staidey, niain- taiueil by the mining oj;ef;itions of the surrounding country Anderson H.. Harvey Creek. .Mian .\l<'x , AV'illiain creek. Adams Jas., Keithley Creek Borland li., Keithley creek . .Vrmita.i^e J , (^uesnelmouth. Hori'ell .\ntli-ew. .\llard J., neai' Alexandria. IJairy W. P., l''orks (^)uesnelle. Austin Mrs., rii^htninu Creek.l>i;ll .1. K., Keithlev eii" k Anderson W. F., Aitchison (1.. Allan James, " .\llen Thomas, " .Vri'lu'r Sanmel. .\dams William. Aiuhuson Henry, .VUen liichard, Barkerville Austin John. Stanley Barker J. K.. l-'orks (^uesnelle. Boliannon S.. t^)uesnellemoutii. Barlow .v., BoulailLfei- .1 , " BirryJ. J., r>idwn 'I'homas, B(»yd .lohn, Coldspring Kancli. Biryant J.C., CJermansen ci'eok. Heedv J ('.. fjiuhtning creek. "WilliiiMi'n ('rc(k was iiiuiu'd afti'i- the liscciv i-ci- William I)'it/. tlic 'h'v uaini' Lfisiu till- (Tfck li.'iiiji Dnti-h Itjll Cri'ck. mn GUIDE TO BHITIHH COLUMBIA. i (( I t (( << <( IJlvtlio Joliii, Lightning creek 13iuley \N'i. . , lirown \\n\ . , '* lim.v M. B , *♦ liorgoo Peter, " li.'ites A S , l.'jO-niile House. B(;jitie W., Liglitning creek . Burton Tiios. B., Bilsluntl A. W., ]i(!ll JjlUHi.S, Bennett William. Blackwell E., Bruce llobort, Brown J.-unes, '' BeekC:. .^l , JJarkerville. Bilibv John, Bowron John, Boyce J., Conklin's gulch Bro.lie Robert, r.rightAV. H., Williams creek ]iro\vn P., Ijightning creek. Jh'own ii., Williams creek. lirown Wm., Lightning creek. Ihunskilll W., Jack of Clubs Byrnes (ieorge, Barkerville. liauih'ii X., Williams creek. Bau.h-nT., P)ro\vn Hugh S., Barnes ci-eek Bicklev ( leo . , liarkerville . Birr 1{ , Conklin's gulch. Hrvilgrs Tlios., Antler cn-ek. lia'U H.M.. Judge, BichlieUl. Buts John, Stout's gulch. Begliol Martin, Stanley. Bendixen Mrs., [jightning ck . Boyd Mrs. J., Cold Spring House, ("owan (reo., Keithley creek. Conway B. M., Harvey creek. Carson A., Quesnellemouth. Cunnuings Jas., Soda creek. CummingsF., SpringHeld farm. C!oiu'oy T., near Sodn cnM^k. Conr.)y J , " Collings U., sr.. Deep creek Collings U.. jr.. (I 1 ( Cusson Lowey, Ale.\nndria. Chassott J., near " Callau P., Germansen creek. Connor P., " Cleatril L., Christie Henry, Cameron Archibald, C'ampbell Finlay, Christie; James, Clendinnin George, " Collins Thonnis, Clarke Michael, Clifford C.W.D., Coote Phillip, Crowley ()., Lightning creek. Curry John. Cocking P., Lightning creek. Cransttmn John (Jrawford H. H., Lightning ck. Christie Andr(!w, " (Cameron John, " C()rnthwaite John. " Calder Harrv, Carey Daniel, " Chipp Dr Jolm, Barkerville. Cliidi Alex , Alexandria. Coutts Alex., Barkerville. .('annell J., Williams cretik. Cunio N., Barkerville. Cran J.. 1J.B.N..\., Stanley. Carsten V. C, Keithley creek. Dixon Daniel, Harvey creek. Drury 11. J., Quesnellemouth. Duling D D. Duidevy P.C , Soda creek. Dawson John, Burnes creek. Dodd .las., Lightning creek Di(tkson J W , Davis David, Desormean P., Conklin'sgnlch. Devlin R 15., Wilbams creek D'Grbentigny ()., Muscpiito creek. Dixon Wm . , P>arkerville. Drevor Wm.. Lightning creek. DuffCleorge, r' OUIDP: to IJUITISH rOIXMIJIA. nm ille. ;reek. •k. DUtll. •k re ek. iJiixbuiv T , Lij^htning creek Clreig H., Lightning creek. Driscoll M., .Mosquito creek, (i.ill Thomas, Burkerville. De.sloritM- E., Antler creek. (ioodson J. G., Devlin J C, Harkerville. Dow Geo. A , Antler creek. Downs S., Auxtralifin r.mcli. Denny Joseph. Gray S., Lightning creek. Grainuu 11., Barkerville. (rreen George, Hichtield. (Jlynn M. S., Grub gulch. Evans Ezra, Stinirt's liiver (lailil Georg(\ Barkerville. Ferry (hit^iths Jeremiah. Eagle ('., l.'iO-niile House, Ciarnet — , Barkerville. English H F., Dkhv Park. Hagarty M., Quesnelle Elshiiner J., rge, Barkerville. (rillis W. H., Rurnes ('reek. Isiuirdy A., Chimney creek. Gilmour J.. Light niiig creek. Isidor Ga.spar, Dog creek. G.irtley T., " Johnston G., loO-mile House. (rlassoii J , '' James J., Germansen creek. 37'J avwT. TO jjniTfsH coLi'.Mnn, J'Hii's li., LiL;litiiiii:4 cri'i'k. Ijiicy IM'i.T., Stout-* l.irki'i'ville. .McM ilLiu .) . L , IJuriis n-eek. .l.)Inntoie J., liiLthtllili:,' ere 'k.Melj '111 ItoU'Tf A Oil >!ies I) J .ii .1 •lohii-. I!. I V i I I \iitl IT ci'eek .M rntt S. Liu'lit mil''' ci'eik. 0!ie , Li'^hl W. L.. I luni; crei'K • ifkci'viilc. Al tiiiuilii cree MeLelliii, ^'(•|■kto\Vll MeAllinlc'l A , ( iroiise eice ArciJiLUL^.M . Lil^lltllill ;■ cree •loi'v^ W. A., \Villi;uns creek Mci)i»n.'il>l A . ('oiiklitr-;;4ulcli. Jolilisto'i A IMclv.'Uiel' , IjiiflitlliU'^ ni •lie !• ('rr\' .McK'ciiIirN I'' r>;ii ki'l'V il jee c \ I'o. M,K ell/le w Liellt Kelso .1,1111 lilli;^ ck cs. McL;in<'liliii J., W'iJli.'iiiis ck Ki^viiloii W.. ( l('i'in;uis('ii creek, .^^cli nil. Ill l*\, Li^litiiin;;' LcniiN' ( leori!!' Mever F , l>ai'kervill( Kirki>;itric;k \j., rji;.,'!itniiiL,' ck Moii itt A K 'ittin.:f J. 1).. ("old Sprin;:; McN.'iu.'^liton \., Lie-htiiin^ ck Hiilise \V;|e;,LCon ro;itl Kelly Andrew, li.irkerville. Knott .lolin, St;iiiicv. McKeli/,i^ Mcl'licisDii A.,( 'oiikliirs ^Illcil. McW'liii .v., (irousc creek. Darkervilh yes S.iiniie imoiit A., Kcithlcv creek M.'( odVie Lie-lit IllllLf CK. J. Littler !•' L Mason k . lidlow \V.. Harvcv ci'cok. !\[ills J., Lii,ditniii,L,' creek 'WIS It. J.. Soda creek. :\Iillross W.T , Slinlcv ]ji\ ingston .lolin, Alc.Kandria. Moleiiv H., Alosiiuito creek Lvno \V., Williams lake IMontL-oinerv (t., (Ironso creek. TiL'iinikei" M. (Terinanseii creek. Moses W. I)., liarkerville Lindsay .\., Stanley. Ijli'welvii W., Stanli'V M unroe urrav.ioiui (i Toll Tj Hinder M.'ithew j:iV,')-V Tl loiuis. !>. I I Ijuinley J., Willi; Lf)ve John, Kichlleld '>arivervill(^ ucas H., Lie-Ill ninu" er»!ek 1 ^.'lueuon J., M osqn ^[('DiMiald It., Harvey creek. Munroe .\.. Williaias lirei'k. AFartin .roliu. (Irouse creek, reek. Morgan L., Willitiins creek. :\[attiee S li , ito creek. Mclveiizii' F . Stuarts Lake uns ( oriiiF Ti) miiTisn rou-MniA. 371 Mi'IMi.iil A. .Colli Spring' niiicliO'Domii'll J., liivrkcrvillo If'L'K. ■fU. •k. ike M<-|)()Mllcll .1. S. Mctculf Iv IMcldniiii '1'., iiciir Cliilcotiii Mcliitvn' l>., Slitv'|» (Tt'ck. M.L(cs(, |{.. Mel jcaii I)., Soda cjcok. Maisl.Mll .1 . Mackiii .1.. Alexandria. Miirpliy I). . I )!'(|t I reck Mourr W . CliiiiiiK'y cn'ck. !\I()nr«f T., Williams iiakc. ()"N<'il (" , IJark.'ivillo. O'Ncil ('. P.. Vatulli) W.. K«'itidt'V I'vock. IN.Iirys W., riit('lia;(l It., I'olloi'k .1., (^ucsiicllcinonth. Pac.v \{. Piift- .1., Alexandria. 1 net' H., I'incidx'ck W., Williams fiake. J'(M-karson E , " PerrittP., McPean A.. LiLjhtuini; creek. l*inkerton M., Jack of (Mubs McD.Miald A., McliCod (leov^c creek. J*inkerton J., Jack of Clubs Potter T.. Williams creek. Price W. ('.. Conklin's ^rulch. Pomerov J., :\[cArthur N.-il. .McLean II.. ( 'liisholm O'cek Miinro J , Lij^ditintc creek IMinaberriet A , t>."{-mih! post Porter .\., .\ntler creek. NasonJ. P).. Williams creek. Paulson (" J., Iticlitield. Nolan I) . .Vlexandria. Pearce S., Wilson ^ulch. Xicholls W., lii^ihtnin;^ ocek. Patterson J., Stanle\ Naismith J.. Xutt Jon.itlian, Markei-ville. N(!\vt()n P.. Stout's ^nhdi. .Neufelder l\. Plchtield. Neiif.'lder P. C., Parkerville. Osltorne T.. Iveithley creek. Oliver P , rji;4htnin^ crt^ek. Ogdeii Pd.. Williams creek. (^)ui,Lrle\ J., Williams lake. (^)nick \V J., Pij^ditninf.,' creek. Poss ('.. Keithley creek Paidxin !>.. Harvey creek, itawley J., Keithley creek. Pobertson l>.,(.^)uesn<'Ileniouth. l{.)bertson W. H. Peid J., (^uesuelleniouth. '» f 372 OUIDE TO imiTIHH COLIMKIA. << (< <( Itold) I")., (^ncsiK'llcjuoiitli. SluiwJ., Lij^htniiif^ er»M'k Kiskc W. Ij. Chilcotiii iiumtli. Smith S., |{oml)(m<^li J., Ih'cr l*)irk. Sellers T., IliclmnlH M.. (htriimuseu crookSiiiij^sti'r I'., Kvdtr Curtis SuikUmsoii J., " Uohiiison \N' Sliiiw J., Hiirvov cnteii Kol.-s (' H. Iiiiliinson ff., (icrrnansfu t-k Slifplicril (i , Li}^litiiinf^ crt't'k St. Tiiiiiniit .1. J*iirkrrvilU\ lioss A., liiL,'litiiin}^ crcfk. iJustrich .1.! Koltcrtson J., Itosc l'\, llodciihiu'li W.H., •• Ikfunie \V.. n.irkcrvillc!. llrcil S., Iiijj;litMin<^ crcrk. Itolici t^()ll I)., ( Irnusc iM'«!(fk. II .;^i MS S.A., IJiirkorvilio. Kcfs W'/r., Antler ereek. IJmss 11.. r,,irkervill<-. Stiirrett K., Hliu'kw liter. Ste|tlieiisou \V., NVillifililH ek. Stevenson J,, Stevenson II., Strain .1.. lii^'litnin^ creek Saunders \\ ., M<)S(|uit(> creek Sincock S.. .liick ot'Clults ck. Sniitii \V . Stout's (iulch. Siini Mo(j Scliorlin^' H.. Iluiker ille. StcA-ait .1., ("onklins (Julch. Uitliltone .1 ., Moscjuito creek. Skvin J., Williiinjs creek. Kliodes H., (1*>. li. (!.) Barkei -Sii'doux ('.. Mo8(iuit() creek. \ille. Stewart 0., Cj>uesnelk'inoutli, Sie\e\\ ii,i,'lit J.. Keithley cnst'k.Turlev •!., Harvey (Teek SJiult.'it .V , " Tliowvnin Hros., Keithley ck Sciitt II., Snowslioe cre(!k Thomas K., (.^uesncllemouth. Sirr'l., Keithly creek. Towns Charles, Sodi creek. Shaw .J., Harvey creek. Thomas P , Chihotin. Skinner K.J..Quesnellt'mouth.T.iylor (?., (iermansen creek. She])herd I'.. C.. " Thomas H.P., Manson river. Stone J . " Trelaise W., Stanley. Salmon.! , So(hi oreck. Tucker W., Lightning creek* Sterling; W., (Jermansen creek. Thonnis A.. ^ i ,', IJaikt rvillc. Wilson l{ , HHrv«'v rnM'k Wiillacf A., i;{-iiiil(' H<)UM«^. Witlirow S., Cliilcotin Wilson J., ('liinint'V crcrk. Wilson 'P., (icrniiinstMi cn'fk. WilftstoM*' A., Williiinis .1 . . Wiili-li.'v .1.. Watson Williajii. Williams J , Li^,'lnnin^ cri'ck Wonnal.l W.. W..o,l A.. Williams, I . Williams Jauirs, Wils.M. .F. W.. w.i-i.t i:.. Williams W M.. 4< t ( (I Walker S.. darken ill.- Wint«'rl>ottiiption of tluMinportant district of t'assiur, s.T p.ijxcs 4S, ,s'.». <.MI. 111.) IJrcit/cn K . Fort Sim])sojj. I'rascrs Uouil-sidc Honsi-, I»lass(t.. I )('as«' ('iT«'k Cariltoo camp. r. nil IS J , >rcl)aiii<' creek Foster N I"'.. Deasecreek". lianv iV .Viller, Deasecreek Fletcher J., Mel )aiiie creek. Hallaiitvne D., " (Jisconie J ][ Collison W. H.,Masset. i^.r. (ieike cV Co , 'I'liilRnt and Island. McDaiiie Creeks. Crosby Hov T., Ft Simpson (leisler W .. Mi'l)aiiio ck. land'g Clarke lilt., Deasecreek Huiikin T , P'orks Skeeiia Clarilme A' Carson. Deast^ ck Hnson .\. W . .Vlert Hav Choqr.ette A , Tele^napli ck Hall U , H IJ.Co., Ft. Simpn (Ratline \- Hue, Deasecreek. Kn'j;o Jos. 'riiii»eri crtiok . Conev li (r . (•' nstahle aiul Hart . I L . Dease creek. recorder, Mc Dame creek. Hampton C , Ciinnini,diam U . Essinj^ton II. i>. Co. "s store, Dease and Pesmoie C . Telej^rapli i-n'ck otlier creeks. DeXouvioii T , Deas;' creek. Hockins •!.. Telri^rapli creek . Duncan Win.. Metlahkatlali. Harrison .V Elliot, Evans S.. Mc Dam*' creek Hum[)lirevs Wm., McDame ck Evans J., constable Stickeen. Hunt A., H.H.Co. Ft. Rupert. I"'eak M . H H.(J., Essiuj^ton Knott Mis.s, Fort Simpson to 374 (lUlUK 10 UUITISH COLLMIiJA. m Koiin*:lv F. W , a,B.(!o., Lovoll .r. B. , (ihniorii Matt»!S()n G., Thilx'vt cnn-k. Melnteo P . , ToU^j^raph croek McDennott K., McDiinic c\< . Moss Morris, Ghniova. Mooro James, Doaso (treok. Movisoii, Fort Sinn)soii. N. W. Comuiorcial Co., Iii- vcnioss OftultH. M., H.B.Co., Mas- set, Q. C. Island. Quintal Peter, Fort Simpson. ]{obortson J . J . , Nass river. Kicliards M., McDame creek lii.Mle.r. v., Thitxa-tcre.'lv. PitMlifnive S., constabl.i and rt'cordtu". Stnbbs N F., constable. . Sylvester K . , McDame creek . Sov«u-ene D., Telegraph creek. Shute Mr., Metlalikatlah. Thibert iV' Co., Thibert creek. Tliomlinson Kev., Nass river. ^'o\vell A. W., Gold Com'er, Cassiar. Wrilliscroft tV Co., George Town, Fort Simpson. Wright iV. Calbraith, Dease and McDame creeks. GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA, 375 TURNER, BEETON & TUNSTALL. WHARF STHKET. VICTORIA. Importehs of Enc^lish and American Dry Goods, (fee. SOLE iGENTS FOR H. Shorev it Co., Monhviil (^lothin*- Linton it Co., Montr.^il, lioots and Slioes. Greene & Sons, Montreal. Felt Hats, itc. D. Molnues it (^o., Montreal, Canadian Hosiery. Boutelleau & Co ., Bordeaux, Co«,Miac Brandy E. Preller & Co., Bordeaux, Clarets and White Wines. Clossnian . ('. lMl'i)!;lKli A\l> MaNMMVU TfllKH OF ALr. KINDS OF Furniture, Bedding, Mirrors, Upholstery Goods, Pictuies: (xilt, Rosewood and Walnut Mouldhii^s: Rustic and Oval Picture Frames; Brackets, Bird Cannes; Revta-sihlt! Perambulators. Patent Curled Wool, Pnlii, Hair and Sprinj^ Mattresses on hand ant^ made to order. Car])ets, Matting, Door Mats and Window Sliades ; Coal Oil Lamjis, Cutlery, Etc , Etc . Etc Goods imported direct from the ^lannfacturers in the Eastern States and Europe. Hns constfiiitly on Imml the Inrgcst and best aHsortH(J Stuck of tlic nlmvc Goods of any I'st.ihlishmcnt uovth of San FraucisKi, whicii will l».> «old at th>' lowest cash prices. I'ost Otfii-e But 103. OCTIDE TO DRITI8H COLUMBIA. 377 Jamks Ml-iuhkai). P.O. M(.x 228) Ja'i. Goodfkllow Mann. VICTORIA PLANING MILL, .WD SASH AND DOOR FACTORY, Rock Bay Bridge, Victoria, B. C. IVIUinHBAD A MAivnr, MANlFACTrUKKS AND DfALEHS IX Doois, Sashes, Bliiuls, Door ami Window Frames, Lattice Uork, Prepart'il Uainscotting, Jlraek(;ts, Stairs ami Railing, Hallasters and Newell Prsts, Skirtings, Scroll Work, Ornamental and Plain Fence Pickets. Pew Ends, Mantles, Sic, Arc, ,000, Sterling. FIRE RISKS ACCEPTED AT CURRENT RATES OF PREMIUM. FINDLAY, DURHAM & BRODIE, Agents for British Columl)ia. 380 GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA. It It Thomah Lett Stahlschmidt, Lonilon. ROBKRT VVaud, Victdriii, B. C. STAHLSCHMIDT & WARD. Importers and Commission Merchants, Commercial Row, Wharf Street, VICTORIA, B C. AGENTS I'Olt Tlio Scottisli Commercial Fire lusuriiiice Company. The Standanl Life Assurance (company. The Union Marin*^ Insuranc ('ompMiiw Ewen it Wise's Sahnon Fishery, Eraser River. Curtis tV Harvey's Mining, Blasting and Sporting Powder. Joseph Fvirkman it Son's Pianofortes. Henry Brace & Co.'s Saddlery. Moore, Hunt it Co . 's Bourbon Whiskey. AGENCY OF THE STEA>[-TUG " TACOMA ' Liberal iiilviincps iiiHiU' on CunsigniiifutR GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA. 381 Chas. Haywahd. KonRKT Jkxkinsun. Steam Saw Mill, LANGLEY STKEET, VICTORIA. HAYWARD &JENKINSON. CONTRACTORS AND BUILDERS. .MAXUFACTrHKUS OI' MO[JLI)IN(;S, DOORS, SASHKS, BLINDS, &c., Scroll Cutting to order at reasonable rates. Orders from the ci)unti-y ])roinptly executed, Mouum-nts, Head-stones, Orave Enclosures, &c., ttc. UNDERTAKERS. Funerals conducted with care and economy. mlmQ «f) CIGAR IKZAiyrUFACTURERS, VICTORIA, B. C. mi k] ^^^^f> GENERAL STORE AND BUTCHER SHOP. Cormorant Street, VICTORIA, B. c. S 387 GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA. BANK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA. Incorporated by Royal Charter, 1862. CAPITAL, .«2,500,000, (WITH POWER TO INCREASE.) DIllECTORS : Robert Gillespie, Esq., Ohairmau, Eilon Colville, Enq., Deputy (Jlmirniun. Jiunes Anderson, Es(i., Henry Edwanl Uansoni, Esq., Henry Dalbiac Harrison, Esq., Sir John lloso, K. C. M. G. GENERAL MANACJER: Hugh Hughes, Esq. He.vu Office: — East Iiulia Avoimo, Leadenluill street, Loiuloii. >«n Franeisco, Ciiliforuiit. Victoria, British (Columbia. BRANCIII'.S. I'ortliuiil, OreL'on. rortliuiil, UrcL'on. ('iiiib(M), Hril*h ('ohiniliin. AGENTS AND CORRESPONDENTS. Bank of Montreal iiud branches. I.oiid'in Bank of Mexico and South America. Oriental l$auk Corporation, India, Australia and China. (;. V. Sniithers and W Wat.son, all, Wail Street, New York. EXCHANQE AND. TELEGRAPHIC TRANSFERS ON ALL PARTS. GOLD DUST AND BULLION PlTRCHASED. Every cleseriptiou of Baiikinj^ business transacted. WM.C. WARD, Manager. W. C. ROBINSON G^^M^ ^ BASTION STREET, VICTORIA, B. C. CUSTOM-HOUSE BROKER, RENTS AND DEIVrs (X)LLEC'rEI), Deeds and Documents of every Description Drawn and Copied. &c.. P (). I^ox •->4«. • HIDE TO KlUTIHH COLUMBIA. Q. €, KB A YS^, 383 iMI'dRTKK <>r 'Steves, Bacgcs, Fnmps, Lead Pipe, Zinc, Sheet Iron, &e., Ami Xlamifiicturpr of TIN, COPPER, ZIN(\ AND SHEET IRON WARE, Yates Street, next door to A. J. Liingley tV Co., VrTOUIA, BuITISH COLIMBIA. Ai^cnt for the cilcluMtoil '•Kiirt'kii Kiuij^t'." ,Iol) Work and Repiiiriuf,' at- teiiilfd to with 111 iitiicss ami dispatcli. The trade Hiij)plicd at a liberal diHCount. F, MeUF ELDER &: €0., Wholesale and Commission Merchants, ( 'oiTiei* Yatos juid Whai'f Street.-;, IMPORTERS AND DEALERS IN Cigars, Tobacco, Groceries and Provisions, Solo Affonts lor Letvl Strauss *B Co,'s Patent Clothixtgx WM. P. SAYWARD, EocK Bay Bridge Lu3iber Yard, MANUFACTUIIEK AND DEALER IN Importer and Dealer in Doors, Windows, Blinds, Redwood, and all kinds of Dressed Lumber, Uonldings, &c. VICTORIA, B C. JOHN TEAOUE, Grovernment Street, Opposite Union Hook and Ladder House, VICTORIA, B. C. w •m II :i84 (ii'iuK TO mirrmn Columbia. WELCH, RITHET & CO., Impsrters and Commission Merchants, (U'lii('si.uti'(l liy Wtluh .V: (.'o., Sun rniucisco, Andrew Witreets, ueiir NVaddingtou Alley. VICTORIA. B. C. I^i^Gentlemen's Own Materials Made Up.-^:3J SOM 01 LUMQ, GBigiSRALi MSRGHAnTS AND TAILORS STORE STREET, VICTORIA, B. C. MHrt Oiri>K TO HHITWH rof.l'.MUU. Albion Iron Works, sroKK. (HATiivM A\i> Disi ()Vf:uy sruKivrs. IvstiiltlislnMl !it Sun |''r;iiicis('(> in ISijIi. Joseph Spratt, Proprietor. MANUFACrrUKH OF Macliiiiery of Every Description. C').ni)risiii,' Aliriiio. L)LM)m')tivo ;ui 1 Stiitionarv En^inos a I Jjoilcis; Saw, (»iist and (Quartz Mills, Steam Donkey Punii>s. Hoi.stiiif^ Enj^ines and Portable Saw Mills. IN STOCK AM) FOU SALK Cviih Winches, Jack-screws, Steam and Wator Pipes, Pit- tings, Ji(^iU>r tubes, Plate and Bar Iron, Bolts and Bivets, Steam gauges, Valves, Whistles, Clongs, and every description of Brass (ioods; Rubber and leather belting, Bubber hose and packing, Batchet drills, and all kinds of Engineer's Findings. With a large assortment of patterns, the accumulation of years, machinery can be furnished as cheap as by au}' firm on the Pacific Coast. SUPKRIOK WhAHF AtJCDMMODATIDN FOll StKAMKRS REyUIRINO RkPAIBS. The Favorite Steamers Leave my wharf, Store Street, carrying H . M. Mails be- tween Victoria, Nanaimo, Com ox, and all Ports on the East Coast. For days of sailing and rates of freight and passage, apply at the Otlice of the Albion Iron Works . JOSEPH SPRATT. Owner. <>l llti; in MUniSM TOM MIt[\. THOS. WILSON ,; ((). n.s-j Silk iUcvicvfi, tincn Dvapcis, Sliaivlmcn, HosiKUs. H.MiKIJDANll lilts. la.|.;.Mi:\, (;i(.vi:i;>. A. .. A, . Flowers. Feathers, Ribbons, Trimmint;s, Fancy Coods, Ac, COSTUMES HMILV MiiiKMU FANCY DRESSES. MASONIC HALL BUILDING, QOVERNMf NT STREET, Viriiiria. II. C. Til" "Mt'st cstaldislicl Kctj.il Div (luu.ls l'.nsiii,>ss in flu- 1 Invmcc. Brown & White, IMI'<»I!Ti;US nr LINEN AND WOOLEN DRAPERY. HOSIERY, HABERDASHERY, &C. AUKNI's Knit TIIK LOCKMAN SEWING MACHINE. (i<>v,.riiiii.iif ^titct. Opposite |{,mfi..i] str.'.-i. Viotoiiii, J). ('. '"""''iS 'n'i!'w'?"' ^^"''T,T\ '^"J\,'^^"l^'"l- <:i'il'Ir.n-s J,u.kots, La1 M 390 A. Casamayoo, GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA. J. B. Maykrac. A. 0'ABAMAYQW S QOk M. Camsctsa. WHOLKSALE DEALERS IN GROCBRIBS^p PROVISIONTS, Wines, Liquors, Havana Cigars and French Preserves, Yates Street, Victorin, B, C THE ACCIDENT INSURANCE CO. OF CANADA. PRESIDENT. YICE-FKESIDENT, MANAdEU. SIR ALEX. T. OALT. K VMM JOHN RANKIN. Esy E. RA\VLIN(iS. Es(i INSURANCE AGAINST ACCIDENT BY LAND OR SEA, FOR ONE DAY OR ONE YEAR S3 per annum insures either 81001) in case of death, or 8"J'2 per mouth in case of injury. EXTEA FEEMIUMS FOE HAZAEDOUS OCCUFATIONS. T. ALLSOP & Co., Victoria, ArpiUs for British Columbid. ■ -♦♦■- > « . --»♦_».-.-♦♦.--.» -4^ -..•.»»-.^ -♦♦--• —--»»- — ' GOIiUniBIA MATCH FACTORY. FORT STREET, CoriHM- of Hliuichiivd stnet, Victorin, I'. C. MANSON & HENDRY. Propric'ora. -— . »-.4».^j. .»..♦»-;•. ...^f.^;.^. 4K •• • ••-.♦♦- WM. JACKSON'S DF'TG STORB, Between Yatca and Johnson. Victoria. WIDE TO UKITISH COLUMBIA. (P. O. Box 45.) 391 nri'oirrKu and wholesale dealer in GROCERIES AXD PROVISIONS WHAIiF STHEET, YICTOKIA. ' FRED'K MOlEia Import,.,- .-tiul Mannf.u-ttuvr <,f all dcRcriptiuiis of Saddlery, Harness, Trunks, Valises, &c. U()\ (M-mnent Street, near Johnson Street, VICTORIA, B. C. li..,'.y Trin.Mm,, ,l,.n,. ne.tly an.l eh,..ply. Uepuiring promptly attended to. J. S. Drummond, niPORTEli OF Stoves, Grates and Ranges, PUMPS. LEAD PIPE, ZINC, SHEET IRON, Etc.. " And Manufacturer of Tin. Copper, Zinc, Sheet Ii^n; alio. Phnnhor and Met.il IJoofer, REPAIKINr; DOXE ON THE SHORTEST VOTICE lutes Street, between Broad and Government. Victoria B C _ _ : ^-Oeueral Ag.nt for all tlu- latest improvemeuts in Sfov.s. ' . " " WATT YING LUN, MERCHAIVT TAII-OR, Yates Street, opposite J. S. Drmntnond's store, VICTOKIA. B. C. G.utl,Mn..u->, .U..1 Moys- Clothin., rnanuf.vctnn.d to ord.p at very low rates and m the newest styles. Satisfaction Kuuranteed ' 392 GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA. PHENIX FIRE ASSURANCE COMPANY. I.O.MHAKD STREKTAND CHAIUXG CROSS, LOXDOX. ESTABLISHED 1782: For Insuring Every kind of P.-ope.-ty in all Pa.ts of thj Wjrid fiom Loss or Damifje by Fire. Tii<- pi'oiiiptituilc iUKi liliprulity with which its fiif^'agi'incnts arf iilways mot by this ('ii!ii|) my fin* well Uiiowu, ami the iiiiportaiiL-i- of its relations witli the Public may l)i' estimated from the fact that since its establishment it has paid more than Ten Million Stfrlin;^'in discharj^e of claims for Losses by Fire, The sec\irity ottered to the Public by the PhiLMiix Office is unlimited, com- prisiuL; in addition to th • l.ir^'c invested capital of the Company the whole fortunes of numeious projirietors composed of some of the most opideni mi'rchants and oth'rs in the Uniteil Kintjdom. Annual and sliort time In- surances are etl'ected up:)n all kinds of Property in Vancouver Island and Hritish Columbia on th ' most favorable ternis. Pro n:it cash piy.nents an 1 full p :)'.ver to s 'ttle all losses and claims without rcfeniiii,' to the Head ( tti 'e m Lou Ion . Rates and Particulars of Insurance ruay be had on application to TIIOS. C. NUTTAl.L, Agent, Goven.ment street. Vict^8, t&o. RESTAURANT, STOKE STREET, VICTORIA, B.i. Hoard and Lodijing per week $4 tK) SinglH Mf nls '2ii OriDE 'I'O BRITISH rOJ.rJMRIA. 393 W. a. BOWMAN, LIVERY AND SALE STABLES, Horses, Wagons CaiTiaoes. etc., on Jiire. Horses taken on and cjiretul uttenfion guaranteed ^rnis, MRS. HALPEMY, DRESSMAKER, :ir ixsTiUK.rroxs uivhv ix th,^ tailors svsi^m of ' iTTivr PLAITING AND PLUTING MACm^^^ for SALE Plaitiu;, ,l.>n. I.y tins nmHu,.. (tl, ! . nlv^ ne of^K U d h V ; ' v'T"' "1"^ 1'^ Triiiiiniiigs iii;i,le f,, „r,|,.r in ♦'v.>ry stylf. MKS. HALPEVNY. tf BOOT AND SHOE MANUFACTURERS AND IIMKPOFITEIFILS Next to Turner. Beeton A- Tnnstall's. ( Tovernment street. MATTHEWS, KICHAKl) & TYE, IMPOKTKltS OF Iron, Steel, English and American Hardware, MACHINERY AND AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS, iateH stieet, Victoria. Hnuuhh Hn,>*: MATTHKWS, RICnAKD k CO, I'. rUMIVOHAM. w^ M1J4 oriDE TO imiTlSH COLUMJJU. TEMPERANCE HOTEL, (;oKxi:i{ OF FOKT AND DOUGLAS STREETS, VICTORIA, B. C. HuHiil per wt'ok SS 00 Uoani iiiiil Loilijin^' per Week , itc Riiiik l^ritish Coliiiiibin, Victoriii, B. (\ Has q.v Hanmj, and is CoNsTANrr.Y Ri-ckiving a t.AHciK Assoktmknt uf Cloths, CassimeKs, and Vestings, WHICH HE IS I'REl'AKl.I) I'D ^E\KE L'^__T*^?^J^?^ST APPROVED STYLES. E. M. CO WPEM, { \..\U -T. iV \\ M, ('()\v(i 1 . 1 BOOT AND SHOE DEALER, AND IMEORTEI! OF Snglish Blade Goods, ciovi:i!NMrxT sTian.T. victoiua. CUSTOM WO K, SHOE FINDIN3S ETC. CO-N'STANILY ON HAND. :um; (ill WE TO nillTIRH COLUMHIA. WELLS, FARGO & CO/S NEW YORK, CALIFORNIA and EUROPEAN I^xpi'css and I'2xchaui^e Co. CAPITAL. .i!lU.()( )(),()()() Forward Tnasnrc, r:u'kiii,'(s ami rji-ttcrs ti> all jiarts nf tlir racitp' ami At- lantic States, Caiia la ami EiU'c>|ir. .Make coUrctiDns aiil attciiil to (•oni!iiis>>iiiii for the jmrclias" of ^oods GARESCHE GREEN & CO. Agents C. Dkwkk.ii', Jit , Shu I'raiiiisi'o. GoVEJtN.MKNT SlKKl/l', VicrdlllA, \i C. (1. II. MoiMii:, of Jessf Modi'c iV: Cn., I.Dnisvillc. Kv. II. It. Hint, San Knimiwo. MOORE, HI NT et CO., 125 & 127 Califomix Street, One door 1h'1o\\ Front Strrct. ^SAN 1 IIAXCISCO. (J A I.. SOLE AGENTS FOR JESSE MOORE Sl CO., KENTUCKY WHISKIES. JAMES SYME, -A-jEv/C^m-'JL'JiLiC^^r J Masonic Euilding, Government Street, VICXOMA., B. C Residence: — Sinicoe Street, James Bay. Government Street, Opposite Uniou Hook and Ladder House, VICTORIA, B. C O'JIDR TO IIRITIHII COLUMDIA. 397 THOS. TROUNCE, OFFICK nil K:iiie stret't, alidvi' Doimlas. Pliiiis and S])ec'ificittions ciirofully pvepureil for Public Bail(liiij,'s or Priviit«; Ilesidoiices, and tlio usual business of an Architect prom])tly executed. Mckenzie <& mebtow, CARRIAGE MAKERS 'i BLACKSMITHS, (Tov.rnment street, between Johnson and Pandora, VKrroiiiA, B. 0. MANSELL & HOLROYD, -.-. I'icturt's, Ci'ockory, (xliisswai^ , (^oal Oil l.aiups, I'latrd Wmi', CiitliTy of J'lvcry (icscrijilion. ALSO, ("aipL'ts si'wt'd mid laid, Sir., by coiuiKtent ptisoiis, and at rcasonablo FORT STREET, VICTORIA. CHARLES TAYLOR, TIN, SHEET IRON, AND COPPKR 8M[TH, IMI'OUTKR AND DKAI.KK IN Tin, Sheet Iron, and Copper Ware, Steamboat and all other Coppersmith's w(l on the iMiropi^xu iJi'iuciple. Tlit^ tiihlo is supplit'd with the verj' lifst the umrkt't !iflV)r(is. Mc'iils at all houi-s of tlic day. Private Dining' Rooms for families. ClI.Vlli.KS: — lioanl aiul LoilLjint,' pi r week, So to!?''- Board and lodt^iiii,' per day, f I. Sinnlc imals liT' ^ cents. IJeds, .JO cents. TEllMS: — Cash in .\i)Vanck. [ s^A Fire-proof Safe in the H.nise. '•VIllOINIA TOUACC'ONlK'r." FEANOIS CAMBBEltL, DEAI.EII IN AJiL KIN'HS OF TOBACCO, AND FINEST HAVANA CIGARS ON THE PAQIFIC COAST. MEERCHAUM PIPES. PLAYING CARDS. MATCHES, JbC. f^ All Orders from Al>road Promptly attended to VICTOKIA H. C. GE0BGE MITCHELL. ( Successor to E. Wilson. ) WIIOLESAE AND RETAIL FAMILY GROCER, IMPOUTKU Ol'' California and Oregon Produce, CORNER FORT AND DOUGLAS STREETS, VICTORIA. J*;^ Goods delivered with quick despatch to all parts of the City Free. ,^j2J JAMES MIIaLiISR^ QENKHAL BLACKSMITH AND WAGON MAKER. ImproYGcl Combiniition Iron Beam Plows, and Yellautl's Celebrated patent Htirrows, alwa^'s on hand . CARTS, WAGONS, and BUG(tIES Manufactured to Order. HORSE SlIOEIN*} Executed with Neatness and Desi)ateh. fS^ NEW SHOP, Corner Governmeut uud Paudora streets, Victoria. / *% ' I OUIDR TO BRITISH COLUMBIA. 403 BMim HEJkL IMPORTER AND DEALER IN SHOVES, ALSO MANUFACTL'RKK OF Tin, Sheet Iron and Copper Ware, Orders ]n-()nij)tly ;itto]i(l(>(l to. Jobbing dono with neiitness and disputcli. Y.\TES STFiEKT, VICriOIUA. ^ BROOK BO^* >» FRUITERER, FiSHMONGER iZ., (JOVEKN^rENT STREET, VICTORIA. 404 •I. llrKFF. GUIDE TO lUlI'I'ISH OOLUMBIA. T. Earlk. JULES RUEFF & CO., WHOr,ESALE AND REl'AIL DEAT.ERS IN GROGSRIES, PROVISIOArS^ And Oregon and Xsland Produce. (Tovcnimerit street, V^ictoria. Next to Gooclacre tV Dooley's. 0. SCHAFFER & CO., MANUFAfTUHEUS OF O, PURE HAVANA CK^ARS Wharf Street, foot of Yates. VICTORIA, B. ('. H, MAMSELL, MAXUFAOTrjlEU AND IMPdllTER OF BOOTS AND SHOES. Has eoustantly ou liaud a large assortment of the latest Eastern Styles. :-r- SPECIAL ATTENTION PAID TO CUSTOM WORK. Governinfint street, Victoriii. opposite tlie Post Office. BICKMAM & OFWBM, WHOLESALE AND IIETAIL J)EAT,Ens IN Groceries, Provisions, Tobaccos, &c., coil. GOVERNMENT AND FORT STREETS, Victoria, B. C. (iUlUE TO BU1T18H COL,UMUlA. 40o Earlk. J. P. DAVIKS. (P. O. Box .-,5.1 JOSHUA DAVIES. lb, test J. P. DAVIES & CO., »3 l^>IU)lvEliS. A PIMUTSERS, A X I ) ^o]mi22riiBSE3.i€»;2i Merchants^ Eh o O ■-^ To liiiilit.it" the s.ili' of I! -.il Instate wu liiivo complete Maps of Victoria, \V,' call i)artienlar attention to tlip f!\cilitii s of onr Cattle Sale Yard, centrally lof'atfilnii Fovt sircit. 'I'l'.. 1'(st iiccninnioilations cnii be found for every (•]!i>;s ()' Sliw'l; that ini'v b. otV. r> il f<,r sale. This cstalilishmeut ifl unsurpassed on the Piiciric f 'o!wt, ■ ■/?'■• X. 1!. P.irti. s ch'siioiui of s IHul; tlicir Stock, Stock in Trade or Ftirni- tiiri\ an'1 not •.vj^liinc; t!i>. doulih' of an Auction Snlc can find n Cash Buyer by caUinij; on \]\i- uliovc. ^5" Tiibci'.il ;v(lvaiiP('iii(Mtts niado on eonsignments of t'oods to l»i' sold 4()(; a VIDE TO J5KJT18H COLUMBIA. MOODY, NELSON & CO., SAW MILL PROPRIETORS, • MANiFCTi iti:i;s oi Victoria, ^aii Frjincisco, Tji\«rj)0(il, AGENTS: WolcJi, llithet .t Co. AVeleh ,t Co. Andrew Wolcli A- Co. GEORGE BLACK, BUTCHER, iSC, Has fonstantly on Jiand a full SU|)})lv of MEATS, VEGETABLES, &a, And begs to infoi'ni MASTERS OF VFSSFIS Hotel keepers, and others, that i.e is rlady to ^.^pi^^then. at nil parts of Burrard Inlet at MODERATE I^RICES GRANVILLE, Burrard Inlet. OUll>E TO liKlTlSH COLUMBIA. 407 HERRING'S NEW SALMON CURING AND CANNING FACTORY, Is prepared to supply the Market wholesale or retail. ALSO FISH AND GAME MAEKET, FRONT STREET, NEW WESTMINSTER. Fish and Game of all kinds: Venison Geese, Ducks, Sni])o, Grouse, Trout, Salmon, Sturgeon, etc., constantly on liaml and for sale at reasonable prices. "S^:^ Prompt attention to Orders . Regular Consignments of Salt-water Fish, Oysters, Clams, itc, received from Burrard Inlet and Victoria. S. W. HEEEING, Proprietor. lOBlBT m^LMASE., ( Post Miistor. ) COLONIAL HOTEL, Soda Cheek, B. C. IMPOllTEl!, WH0LF.SAIJ-: AND liETAIL DEALER IN Groceries, Oilmen Stores, Wines, S])irits, Liquors, Cigars, Toljacco, Hardware, Agricultural and Mining Implements, Boots and Shoes, Clothing, Dry Goods, Hats, Caps, Hosiery, Gloves, Drugs and Patent Medicines, Paints. Oils, Crockery, Glassware, Saddlery, Leather, and General Merchandise. Furs, raw and manufactured. ■IDS (iriDK TO KKiTrsir cohimkia. Cooper ville Fishery, l>!':.VS --.AXD. Klv'ASKli IMVEh', !?. ( •11 lllii;'-; 1)('!()^\- N.MV \','.-;l|;i: II ■;■,. 4 cvxs i>":^: mm — **vCT-i- v.;>V-«Vft-'-»- This is one of the uit)-;! (^\f(Misive Kisliiii^v and Cainiin I'.Kri'IMI COM .MIJIA. •Kill THOS. FLETCHER. .UiKNT K(tll I'lli; OSlUmN A SEWINC; MA( IIINK. This M.'icliiiu' was ii Willi led tlic ls( l*iizc al the ( 'iiitciirnjil Fxhibition, J'liilmlclpliin, IMTC. lvt;ti])S ill stock an assortiiiciit of all makes of Sewing Macliines and A(taclini* o. FORT STREET, VICTORIA. Royal Mail Stage, BianV'j^EN VICTOUI A AND ESQUIMALT. Leaves Victoriii for EK(iuiiimlt. iit H iiiul ll'i, ii.iii.. aiul •) ; ,^ r.in. Liiivcs EKquiiimlt for Victoria at ilj.^ a.m., ami 1% and 5^^ i).in. Fare, 25 Cents. rarccls It'ft at VV J. Joffrcc's dlothiii^' store will he itmiiiptly tlelivered. JOHN POllTEK, Proprietor. 'tlO GITIDE TO niUTISn OOIAIMIJIA. A. & W. WILSON, Fort Street, Victoria, Importers iiuil (IcuitrH iuall kinds of GAS FIXTURES, AND PLUMBING MATEBIAL, (ijilvaiiiztul aud Plain Iron Pipt! and Fittinj^s for Gas, Strain and Water, INDIA RUBBER HOSE. BEST STYLES OF o T O'T" E Kee]) in Stock the Best and Chea]iest assortment of Gas Fixtures north of San Francisco. Cilass Shaili's, Portable I'liper niul Tin Shades, Gas Eoadinji; Lamps, Wax I'tipors and Holders, Faney and Plain Wash Hasins, Marble Slabs, Silver- Plated CoL'lvs, Bath Tubs, etb. (Jas Fittinp;, Plumbing, JielJUHanging andTin-Smithing carried on in all their brandies.