IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I '- IIIIIM ■ 50 Inf IM IIM M 1.8 ' 1.25 1.4 ^ — 1.6 -*— 6" — ► Photographic ^Sciences Corporation "o^ '^ ^signifie "A SUIVRE", ie symbols V signifie "FIN". Maps, plates, charts, etc.. may be filmed at different reduction ratioa. Thoae too large to bo entirely included in one- exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand comer, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames aa required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Lea cartes, planches, tableaux, etc.. peuvent dtra filmte A dee taux de rMuction diffdrants. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour dtre reproduit en un seul cliche. iE est film^ d partir dm Tangle supirieur gauche, de gauche it droite. et de haut en bas. en p^onant le nombre d'images nicsssaire. L s diagrammes suivants iilustrent la m^thode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 ITTj CANADA: A HAND-BOOK OP INFORMATION ,^. FOE INTENDING EMIGRANTS -.i%ii- OTTAWA : PUBLISHED BY THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 1879. CANADA: A HAND-BOOK OF INFORMATION FOR INTENDING EMIGRANTS OTTAWA: PUBLISHED BY THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 1879. CONTENTS. Paob Chapter 2 I.— Introduction II.— Motives to Emigrate III.— Classes who should Emigrate IV.— Position and Extent of Canada V— Government and Social Position 9 VI.— Administration of Justice VII.— Climate of Canada YIII.—Farming and Stock Breeding IX.— Fruit Growing X.— Dairy Farming XL— Farms for Sale XII.— Mines and Minerals XIII.-Land System-Free Grants and Homeatead Exemptions... XIV.— Education XV.-Postal System, Money, Telegraphs, Newspapers, &c 33 XVI.— A Holiday Trip ^ 40 XVII.— Sportsman, Angler and Artist "• XVIII.-When and How to go to Canada 49 XIX.— Rates of Wages, &c XX.— Provinces of the Dominion :— Ontario— Quebec— New Brunswick— Nova Scotia- Prince Edward Island— Manitoba— Keewatin and North West Territory— British Columbiar— Eastern Townships. 51 XXL— View of Canada as shown by figures ^2 I DOMINION OF CANADA. 3 4 5 6 8 11 15 INFORMATION 33 36 40 46 49 51 92 FOR INTENDING EMIGRANTS. CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTORY. EM[CRATIOX FROM EUROPE. The continuous emigration from the old settled countries of Europe principally from the United Kingdom and Germany, to new coun- tries in different jxirts of the world, within the last half centurr 18 one of the most remarkable facts of modern history, and has laid the foundations of great nations. Over two millions of souls eimi- grated from Great Britain alone in a little over ten years • and yet It appears from the statistics, published by the Registrar General that the natural increase of the population in En-rland is very nearly a quarter of a million a year over the outflow from emt gration. Even with this outflow, there is crowding in the labor markets and a large amount of pauperism. Emigration relieves both, while it builds up prosperous communities in hitherto waste places of the world. i?oT^]oo^§?o®''^ published by the Imperial Board of Trade show that i:,wl,4d8J.8 8tg were remitted by emigrants from Great Britain to the triends left behind them from the year 1348 to 1878 and this principally in the form of prepaid passages. There is iri this proof of a very striking kind of the prosperity of the emi- grants and their desire that their friends should join them The large sum above stated was the amount of remittances only so far as ascertained. There were other large amounts not ascertained. Ot the amount above stated £21,251,697 stg. were from America These pages are intended to show reasons why a large portion .:'| ' ,^„,i„n of his lifo. It involves tlic most "'IH''''"" ,f '' ,;\i'J','^^ ""ssocintions of his ehiluhood, and breaUinf; nn of all tl e fl'V^fw country ; where everything whh'h beginning hfe "fl-«»tirnew and strange to him at first, But with surrounds ''.™,^''' f "".^^rco^e fhmiliar ; an,l the general expe- ^eu'c!; :c"au a r:hi;t wll^u au immigrant has lived a few years TZ country >^o could notJ..— c^ ^^^^^ ^^ .^_ It is, l;»"-f "I; '^.ttseiritt exception ; and they always rm"te\?nflues:':rtire persons wL sutler it to emigrate i^^ ^''' ^ • u^„^ n m.m i^ doiti''' Well at home, and Generally ^V-^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ be usid in sees his ^^'^ \«/^^^^^^ "^^^^ Zdd fs a sale rule to let well alone, advising him to cm.g.a e ai ^^^^ ^ ^ ^•' ' rSnd ^bStei cin c for educating and advantageously |?rdng [lif fa^^^^^^^^^^ Canada than in the crowded popula- ^'""AbovtTthin.^s an emigrant should have good health, and be ^.tnrai ted 1 lepared to do anything that comes to his hand and ?n ndS ms'^Sto the circumstanees'of the new country in which l^.ttCXcl He may have many things to learn and many his lot 18 piacca. -^^^ " ^ «hnnld he leavn to fo bw the practices \Ytrerpt?:i; e of The ctntry loUich he goes ha\i,rc^ed t^te w'e, .a?bor Ihan attempt thofo of the old country which h. ^"Thf condition of success in Canada is hard work ; and none should come who have not made up their mmds to work. Ihe '''•^h^-Htrn.'p" X^mS- of"4Heulture in the Domi- •i OnWnet Bta ed in a recent memorandum to the f3ecretary of Ta^e for thtcotnt in reply to questions on the subject of emi- «™ TTere'arrvery many thousands of persons throughout the Dominion who came to this country as laborers without any Sea«" in feet almost in a state of pauperism, and tenant farmers i with very little moans, who huvo iiltainod a state of conipamtivo irKlenendonco, l)ein^' propriotons of their own tiirms, and havin'-- laid by Hurticient mean.s tor their deolinini,^ yt-ars, while they have odueatod their children and settled them in' conditions of ease and plenty. '• In fact, the inducements to immigrate to Oana«la are not sim- ply good wages and good living among kindred people, under the same flag, in a naturally rich country, possessing a pleasant and healthy climate, but the confident prospect which the poorest may have of becoming a proprietor of the soil, earning competence for himself, and comfortably settling his children." ' The statements in the preceding extracts can be testified to by thousands in Canada ; but it is a fact to be borne in mind that the commercial and industrial depression which prevails as these lines are written (in June, 1879) has very greatly checked the labor market. It is, however, believed that this depression will last but for a short time. A great work commenced by Canada, which will in the near future greatly affect the labor market,' is the building of the Canada Pacific Railway. The question of this work is, beyond doubt, not only Canadian, but it is Imperial, and tho solution of it may settle important labour difficulties in Great Britain ; and enable her to plant a largo portion of her surplus population in conditions of prosperity under her own fla", and so strengthen the empire by the pooplingof half a continonTlan'oly with her own children. Men who aro now a burden will when thus transplanted become producers of cereals and live stock to feed the still crowded populations of cities they will have left fcehind. CHAPTER III. CLASSES WHO SHOULD EMIGRATE. On this point the following concise and authoritative statement may be quoted fro... the memorandum of the Minister of Agricul- ture before referred to : — " The labor market has been greatly affected for the last four years, by the commercial and industrial depression which has prevailed over the whole of this continent. " The genuine agricultural laborers, however, who have come to Canada, have all found employment, and considerable numbers can yearly be absorbed. " Mcclifiiiics, laborers in lownn, niul miners liavc folt -with more severity (linn laborers in the eountry, the depi-es^ion referred to arid ♦i'oni the.'>c classes have eome tlie iiiieni])loye(l ))er.soi.«i iivin<''i.i (owns. Bii(, even as re>pee(s these, the di>(re.ss has no( lieen of u nature to call lor any general or regularly organized system oi lelief. "Very hirge mimberf. of jicrsons have crossed the frontier from tJio United States to escape tlic xcry severe distres ■ whioh has ]»revailed there, and from tliese the class of persons known m " tramps' has chiefly arisen. " Mecliani(.s laborers in towns, and miners shculd not be advised to come, especially in large numbers, while the present indus- tiial dtj.i'c.-sion lasts, unless ujion definite information. "rj'ofessional and litei-ai-y men and clerks should not be advised to come, unless in ]>ursuance of pi-eviuus engagements. " Considerable numbers of good domestic lemale servants may be yeai'l}' absorbed. '' 'J he immigrants at pi-csent chiefly required in Canada arc agriculturists, or the class of (cnant iarmers in the United King dom, who have sufficient capital to enab'e them to settle on farms. They may be advised to come with safety, and with the certain- ty of doing well. The same remark may apply to any persons, who, although not agriculturists, would be able to adapt themselves to agricultural pursuits, and who have sufficient means to enable them to take up farms.'' CHAPTER IT. POSITION AND EXTENT OF CANADA. The intending emigrant to Canada should have a clear concep- tion of the general extent and position on the globe of the country whicli IS to be his future home. It may therefore be stated that the Dominion of Canada comprises a vast territory of about 3,- 628,705 square miles. It occupies half of the continent of North America. From East to West it stretches from the Atlantic to the Pacific Oceans; and its extreme southern point reaches a little be- low the forty-second parallel of latitude. It occupies a greater area than the United Slates of America. Very large portions of this vast territory are cultivable ; and the other portions are rich in mineral and other kinds of wealth. The proportion of cultiv- ^ J -' i uh\v Uu\(] united to tlie produftionN of the temperate zonoH to ilie un('iiltival)le is trreater in the I)<)niiiiion tlum in the Unitoil State>*. Its rivers and hikes form one of the chief physieal features of the continent. Its rivers are arnon^' the hiri^'est and most retnark- ftble in the world ; and its fresh water hikes arc altogether the lar/:r'>st and most rem:irk-alh> in the world. 1: possesses ir.nny th'»iis.'\Mds of .square miles of ihe finest and rielieHt forests of the continent; and ratmy thousands of square miles of the most fei'tile prairie land. It j)OssesseM the hii\i;est extent of land yet open for setlliMnent, adapted to the icrowlh of <;rasaes and cereals, and other produc- tions of the temperate climates, not oidy on tlio continent, but. jn the world. It has fisheries of boundless extent, unequalled on the continent if not in tjie world, both on its Atlantic and Pacific coasts. ^I'i Jt has also coal fields of imrronso e.^.tent in the Province.^ on both its coasts; and it is believed that alio^'other the largesi coal deposits of the world lie under the 'surface of its ricli and im- mense tracks of })rairie land east of the Rocky Mountains. It has gold, silver, copper, iron, lead and other mines of great richness; and almost every description of the mo.st valuable build- ing materials; also petroleum, salt, peat, &g. The immense rivers and lakes of the Dominion furnish the grandest facilities of water communication. The sailing circle, from the niouth of the St. Lawrence to Europe, gives much the shortest distance across the Atlantic. The line across the conti- nent to the Pacific is much the shortest for a railway; the condi- tions for its construction are the most favorable ; and the passes through the Rocu/ Mountains are the e-isiest. On the Pacific coast it has the same favo -able commercial con- ditions, with the finest harbors. The water system of the St. Lawrence and the great lakes con- stitutes one of the most marked features in the geographical form- ation of North America, and leads directly from the Atlantic to the North West of the Dominion, And from the head of Lake Superior, V7ith the exception of a few interruptions, which can be easily overcome by canals, another system of lakes and rivers ex- tends navigation across the continent to the foot of the Rocky Mountains, by means of which the products, in the future, of this immense territory, will be borne to the sea-board. More than 5,000 miles of railway are already in operation with- in the Dominion, 1,100 mcio miles are in process of construction, and many more are projected, besides the Pacific Railway, which is to be built immediately, and the length of which will be 2,500 miles. s ' 4. . r.p o\\rr^^io=^ from the Arctic to that of ^:Z^^:lC^r:^o^:^^^^'^ --. .oamca by the ir/iXwtid:"i:dtv:;:br°to^ho ^sJ^ dcveiop^ont of human energy. „ r^^^An must therefore, from these facts, be- co^e^XrdtStur;teUe of one of the ™ost pop. lous and powerful peoples of the ^artn^ Provinces, As at present con^.tmUdj^^ ^^^^^'^ viz :-Nova Scotia, New l>i unswicK r ^^ ^^^^h the vast rr^^r ^orr We^rTt-U ^rott of ^hieh, in ti.e, other ^Xr/irigTal wiu\tn >heHtance in the great future of the Dominion, and help to buiid it up. CHAPTER V. .v. GOVERNMENT AND SOCIAL POSITION. The emigrant to Canada should have an idea of the form of Govenm?nt and social position he will find m hi8 new home^ Practically the former is the freest in the world There is no hereditar/ aristocracy in Canada. The source of a 1 power is ho iieonle tempered and guided by the constitutional forms of the Che; Country, which have taken deep and kindly root in Canada. As respects society it may be stated that it is less marked by the distiSons of caste than in the Mother Country ; while there ^at the same time a careful preservation of those traditions which give the general features to English society which are found the world over. GOVERNMENT. The Government, formed on the principle of the Responsibility of Ministers to Parliament, the same as the British Goyernment, ^s one of the freest ana best-ordered in the world It is held m the very highest esteem by the people. The Franchise practically extends to every householder. ^ ri^^«™„ The seat of the Federal Dominion Government la at Ottawa. Tlie several Provinces have Lieutenant-Governors and systems of Responsible Local Government, formed on the model of that of the Dominion. The Counties and Townships have also their Local Governments or Councils which regulate their local taxation for roads, schools and other municipal purposes. RELIGION. The utmost religious liberty everywhere prevails in the Dominion. Immigrants coming to the Dominion from Europe, of every religious persuasion, will find there churches and abundant facili- ties for the practice of their faith. EDUCATION. Means of Education, from the highest to the lowest, everywhere abound in the Dominion. The poor and middle classes can send their children to free schools, where excellent education is given ; and the road to the colleges and higher education is open and efisy for all. In no country in the world is good education more generally diffused than in Canada. In many thousands of cases the children of immigrants who came to Canada without any means, in a state of poverty, very little removed from absolute pauperism, have received thorough education, and have the highest prizes which the country offers before them. They have thus attained a state of well-being which would have been im- possible for them at home; and which affords the most striking possible contrast with the dismal prospect which the workhouse would have afforded for a Lirge number of them. CHAPTER VL THE ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICB. The criminal and civil laws of Canada are such as to afford the emigrant from the United Kingdom the same security as he enjoys at home. The criminal law is copied from the English system, but the arrangement of all details is such as to simplify, as much as possible, the administration of Justice. The judges of the Canadian Courts are not elected by the people, but appointed by tha Crown ; and not for short terms, but for life. I 10 «f nr>x' lime or be removed for im- A imlirc may, of eom-sc, resjn at a^^^^^^^ priper conduct; but resignat.on^^^^ ^^^^^^^ ^^,^^^ ^,y ,^^^ \r n Eni^^land, judges are ^'^^^^^,^'^"1/^ ^,^ have worked their ^bilUy, lo-^rning and ong ^^^^^^ The purity of the ,vay into the front rankn o* ^"J; 1 p .^y politics and party Canadian Bench is ^^r^^^^^^^CniTif^^^^^ feeling generally run h gh " ^*^^^^^^^^^^^ The moment a bar- nterfSre with the admim.tm o^^ o^aMic • ^^^^^ ^^^^ ^^ ^^^^ Ulster accepts the ^^^^J^f ^' Vrthi political arena, separates Majesty's judges, he f^}?^^Xl^^^^^^ political associates, and himself most ^«^P^!^f> is tl^e ability and attention to the full, assiduously devotes aUhisJ me, amu> ^^ible duties he fair and impartial ^'^^'^^f S^f^^'^/,,,;if ^Xt the Canadians are ^^^hl^hest court in tlie ^"^^^^e pKli'gt ^^'^ It is eomposedof a cW.just.c^^^^^^^^ pellant .lurisd.ction ^^^^'^^..^^J '/^[i 5)u^^ This is the only D.>mm- nal as well as civil cases, f^'O'^^f^^ (, V^^^ir powers and character, ion court, all others being provincu^^^^^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^ ^^^^^, The most important of ^^e ^jov^nc ^^ ^^^ of Chancery, tbe ^I'^'.'fJ^^'^^^^^^ Pleas, and the ^ourt^of L ror and A^^^^^^ .^.^.^^ ^^^^^^.^^^ j^ County Courts, tbe General Sessions ana j^j j.^rates who the chief towns and cities there are St^pc"^;^^^^^^ ^hey hold court daily for the ^^^^'^^^ ^.^^^^^^^^^^^ as the non-pay- alHO have jurisdiction in ^I'^^'^'J^JXZ'e^^^^^^ V^^^'' dictions. _ , m- • p^ina nnrl of Over and Terminer and Courts of A^^ »"t«reld7^m 1: toSo in every county. tie fir«t place, serve a tern of year ..^^^^ ^,^, p,„f an exammatjon as to their «d"«:^t'°n* barristers, attorneys and Siirs^'?Oe,«r are uniteO^. ^he rjr "l.^ ;^^V^"rnorrsXeTL';^^tifnTt^ fc"g-^> f- " ':! 11 r im- ever. their their f the ?arty ' way [I btir- ' Her I rates 5, and e full, ie« he IS are unded anada. :ias ap- cri mi- 3()min- ractcr. Court 3mmon are the ■tH. In es who They on-pay- powers of the enquire re juris- ner and county. ry much y of the must, in ubmit to i profes- leys and person; •rister as nd, for a barrister to advertise himself: eveiy Canadian newspaper contaiim barrister.s' " cards ; '' even the leading practitioners follow out the custom. In every large town and city there is a regular organized police force, managed by a superintendent, and under the control of a Board of Police Commissioners. The cost of maintaining the force forms part of the annual municipal rate. In the country parts there is no regular police, that is, no body corresponding to the county police of P]ngland. There are a few peace officers, called "county constables," but they seldom have any criminal natters to attend to, except of the most trivial character, for the simple reason that the rural parts of the Dominion are compara- tively free from crime. There is no more peaceful country under the sun ; no more law-abiding, steady, industrious people than the agricultural population of Canada. The county gaol is often un- occupied by prisoners for months together, and ''maiden assizes" are not at all uncommon. Contrary to the belief entertained by many persons, the Canadians do not carry dirk knives and revolv- ers any more than they do in England. To sum up in a few words, Canada is blessed with a pure, honest, fearless judiciary I good, wholesome laws; an impartial adminis- tration of justice ; every protection for life and property ; and the Canadians, therefore, are a happy, prosperous and contented people. CHAPTER VII. THE CLIMATE OF CANADA. There is no more important question for an intending emigrant than the nature of the climate of the country to which he proposes to go. The climate of Canada has been already incidentally spoken of as having great variety — from the Arctic to that of the most southern of the temperate zones. It is more misconceived abroad than any other fact pertaining to the country. Perfectly absurd ideas prevail respecting the rigours of Canadian winters. It is true the winters are decided, and snow, m many parts, covers the ground to the depth of two or three feet; but there are great advantages in this — the snow is perfectly dry and packs under foot, making the best roads, and forming a warm covering for the earth. The dry winter atmosphere is bracing and pleasant. The sun shines brightly by day, and the moon and stars by night» 12 r +v,« i\m(^ And, besides being rrondomic f oa.o, in C^a^a^ Tho-^s n,avU the w^ntcs .n ™P'°"lfth™ wfon 1.0 wi^ntcv vcg»)arly Bote m ^^^_,^^^^^_ lent Tartavy or Pov^.a-tha •«, <»l^;t J^ atmosphere to ono of ,v»vniivelv cool aimmers wiin muo^ewho migrate trom tne '^:^^SZ^l>^^^'^^:^r^Z'^ staples the ''>-^^ "irr trioS.U%rtheS: ,eoo.pany.ng herds »S£™erte— u^sofE^^^^^^^^ of Central Ulino.s Missom, ^^n^ m. ^^^ g^„ . L verpool 57 b ^7 the'Sorthorn ^■■o^J^rs^^Lmak (Central) 62« J' ; bu the of Prussia 63» i BerUn 64»^5 , D^^m ^^^ ViBSOuri h.gher st.U, 77 Central part of Illinois 10 , '^ .k„„ those of t^'79? i M tn 1 S« hieher than those oi '' ILe latter temperatures are 15 to 18 h.g ^^ ^^^^^ ^,, England and the Northern ^.r^^^Tlviho grains and grasses, tfs^ higher than the best climateB tor tn ^^^^ ^^^ ^ But high temperatures ^I^^ a bur^mg ^^^^^^^ ^^^^ ^ ^ ^ enemies with which the emigrant g^V^g ^^^ ^ievous defect tenT The want of rain is another and ejen ^^.^^ . j^^^^ n the climate in those parts of the U« .^ "ixnmer --pera|uf s wUh heav^^^^^^^^^^ are favouring tropical plants , out nij,u f :i being re are more era in racter, stables e ripen I more hose of which British varieties mties of veden to Trees, or 3 change Indepen- 5 of com- one of from the 3 Kansas, II greater iples, the ing herds B2*^ ; those idon (the ool57°6'; f England Provinces I' • but the er still, 77" an those of at least 10" grasses. 3t the only has to con- evous defect 3 ; for high 8 of climate oat rain, are destructive of all vegetation ; and high temperatures, with an in- suflSciency of rain, give only imperfect crops. Those parts of the States just named very much resemble Palestine, Arabia, Persia, Syria and Independent Tartary. Both regions are similarly situ- ated on the continents — both arc in the zones of the summer droughts, high temperatures, arid winds and rapid evaporation, but with this important feature in favour of the Asiatic countries — they lie nearer the ocean and Mediterranean Sea, which render the atmosphere more humid, and modify the droughts. North of these desert and semi-desert areas, both in the old and new worlds, lie the zones of summer rains and moderate summer temperatures, two elements of climate most favourable for the grains and grasses. In Europe, the capacity of the central and higher latitudes for cereals, coarser grains, pastures and meadows, has been fully tested and acknowledged. On this continent similar climates are producing similar effects. Throughout Canada, from the Atlantic to Lake Superior, these great staples of the central and higher portions of the temperate zones produce better, surer and more abundant crops than in any of the States to the south- west of the Lakes. Along the Valleys of the Red, Assiniboiiie, Saskatchewan and Mackenzie Elvers, for more than seven hun- dred miles north of the United States' boundary, wheat has been grown, yielding a far more abundant return than the best portion of the Republics ; and where wheat ripens in such positions we have the best climates for the coarser grains, grasses and root crops. Barley, the grasses, and many root crops grow twelve hundred miles north of the boundary. These plants are the fruits of the summer rains and summer temperatures of from 58° to 70° of Fahrenheit. The significance of the facts here stated— the high latitudes to which these plants go— is the proof they give of the immense agricultural areas in the interior of the continent north of the 49th parallel. South of these fertile regions and west of the 100th meridian^ these plants either fail entirely or succeed ' ut imperfectly, from climatic defects — chiefly from a deficiency .r entire absence of rain during the agricultural months, accompanied with high sum- mer temperatures; and over the States lying immediately east of these desert areas the summer heat is too great for the profitable growth of these products, and the rain still deficient, or rendered insufficient through high temperatures and rapid evaporation. The most southern part of Canada is on the same parallel as Rome in Italy, Corsica in the Mediterranean and the northern part of Spain, — farther south than France, Lombardy, Venice or Genoa. The northern shores of Lake Huron are in the latitude of Central France, and vast territories not yet surveyed, embracing many I 1 14 million acres of land of^o^Klq^^^^ It may be interesting to o«k.,^^\i^,%Uw, some quotations will Mr Marshall visited an agiicuiiur Qf this he says:-- arr be^en^/ ^i^^^, r ^SSt'-an^dl^rh ff lre"t duration, than the "f «""S "^ the ttno^* ^ h'^'" "'^'' '°^ S great --) JS:^ f/" vSes ; citron., melons, marrow. 1^ It is difficult to speak ot ^^^"^^^^^^ ^^^l ^ome fields that yield- to the farmer in this country I have see ^^ pamphlet reports ed forty bushels to the a^re-(.The Cxover i^^^^^ ^^^ fifty bushels on new ^^II'2'c^Zy^^^^^^ fifteen. No doubt, in a new country, J ^ j, ^^^a not before acquainted with it, t^^^^^J^^^^^ morning a particu- o? the capabilities of the ^f.J^J^^'^ Qn the Sunday, in the larlv poor looking crop of ^^^^^J^.^^^'f forty acres of this splen- laml country, I walked through a fie^^^^^^^^^^ ^ d dkTplant, growing to a h«;^S^^^^^^^^^^^ for cattle. I plucked yielding thirty-seven tons to the acre a^ ^^^^^^ ^.^ j^^ ^ ^ L ea^ nearly ^ f - -gh e^^^^^^^^^ ,,,,, sometimes three irrainBOnit CP- *=^' "'i„„,,r=p all so large. , _ ^„ one stock or "te-n-not of~";^\*'' '?,,«« were exhibited. For "Upwards of a hundred ^'>"«'■'«^%t_lS, or twenty-ounce Pip- cookin^g there were the Cay^^^lS s over fifteen inches; '.% Ift the iiblo the will . one n its •ably and, iiada, \. c>nted irloy, excel - fine, in cir- lbs., r illus- and of lash of r seen, arrows yielded t yield- reports ing but farmers Dor idea particu- r, in the is splen- jet, and plucked hundred les three ted. For mce Pip- 1 inches; or Snow^ ivenstein, Faraeuse the streaked St. Lawrence, the Spitzenborg, the Seek-no-farthcr, of gold and red," (p. 76). " The Canadian apple is the standard of excellence," (p. 5). "Even in California, the orchard of the Union, the superiority of the Canadian apple was, to my surprise, confessed. Vast quan- tities arc exported to England, and sold as American, their nation- alty being lost' " (p. 77.) " Fruit and vegetables grow generously. Melons and tomatoes grow equally with the potatoe, pea, turnip, and the rest of the vegetables known in England. The grape thrives well. Raspberries, strawberries, blackberries, or brambles, cranberries, cherries, and other fruits, currants, plum^, grapes, apples, &c., grow wild. Orchards everywhere thrive." These facts suggest some practical considerations worthy of the consideration of emigrants. CHAPTER VIII; FARMING AND STOCK BREEDING IN CANADA. Canada seems specially fitted to supply the United Kingdom v/ith the farm produce, which it is necessary for her to import. The old provinces can supply her with horses and beef and mutton, and Manitoba and the North West with wheat. The general healthiness of the climate and the favourable co»di- tions for feeding all kinds of stock which prevail in the Provinces of Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, and P. E. Island, together with the immense areas available, leave no room to doubt that Canada is capable of supplying all the needs of the Mother Country as respects supplies of horses, cattle and sheep. And the vast areas in Manitoba and the North West now being brought into play will furnish her, as well as other importing countries, an almost illimittable supply of cereal. The great strength as well as the great wealth of the Dominion of Canada rests in her soil : her minerals are of undoubted value, her fisheries are the finest in the world, her manufactures are not insignificant and must continue to increase, — yet, it is noi oa these she must chiefly rely for future greatness. She has one attraction greater than all others combined, and that attraction is her broad forest lands and her rich, rolling prairies. Agriculture is her strength. Fv.rtunately there can be no doubt as to the result. Though a young and new country, as compared with others, she is already . ... 1 .nrl.l over UH a L'rcat moat and corn-produc- knovvn the ^^''J_''''\^^^^^^^^ and a standing abroad ing country. Her f 4>l«; "a o a ^ ^^^^^^^ ^^ «ueh as her people ^^^^'^^^^ j'^'^'t^in in the world than the Cana- There is "« "^«^'^^"**X ^ave so much wealth as some Kngli.h dian farmer; he may '^^ /f '^^ ^n^o cultivate his land to such farmers, he may not be ^^^ V0'^'^\,,^ Have many of the socia a degree of perfection, f "^^, i^^ J""J,,,ppier, a more contented, and adv Juages, yet, as a rul , he s a hapj^ ^^., ^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^ ,y. „i, a more i^fl^^F^^'^^^!^;^ l. ,'•« well to do ; he is the equal .n every taxes are light , his tamii> ^ j s f ^he most successlul respect, (not untrequently the supeuo ; persons in the towns near Dy. .^ generally to ^ In a now country like <^^^"^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ En-land. As land is look for scientific farming as caedj^^m^ .^ cultivated, abundant ^ni>V7Xr7u-mf«luld insider a rough son of but in what high E'f ^';^;' \"\t^' ^exceptions. In the Province way, ThisiBtherule,butUe ea^ee^^^^^^^^ connected with a of iontario there js a ^^^^^.^/^^/SS agriculture is taught, xnodel farm, f t wluch scientific and pi a ^^ ^^^^^^ ^^^^ There are also model f^^"^*l^\" .,^,.\car8 in the style of farm- result is a marked -P-J^-^^^ ^tt\here is much^o be done ^ s ^di^^ 3 i^ -?r :i!^S 0? r S fields are obtained. offers more attractions to There is no country in the world that oft^rs ™me ^ the Knglish farmer ^han Canada T^^^^ th "har^cteristics of the the same as he has been '-^^^"^/^^^"^^^^^^^ ^s he has been in the Boil are similar, the crops produce^^^^^ ^^ ^^^^^^^^.^^ habit of growing, ^ith a few excep on^ ^ ^^ ^^^^^ ^^ varies but little ; a"^V^ T^ mfl^that w^^^ and strange to at home. He would find very 1^"^^ ,^^^ to the En|li8h him. In addition to all ^hiB Canada sneaine^^^^ i^ipoHant market, and her direct ^';>"X' cLaS^^^^^^ the L west elements in the success of the Canadian^ ^^^ ^^^^ of the United States, where the chief crop is i , ^^^^^^^^ of transportation to th^ ^^^^'^^^^^^^^^ J,„^t I fi^d it cheaper to use have a hard «j?-gf^,^t;:;.?;tt to^^^^^ Canada isU)y ni«e tys' S ^romti^X;^ a ^' ^^^ ^ Xt ^tC aTeUi: perfect. . Not only ^^ Canadian ^w^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^ ^,,, find their way to Englana ^^ ^''/^ t , ^^ across the sea, and |S:^.t P^S - lip?.': KSrthe ventre. Then, 1 ''i lllli •roduc- abroud ) Cana- ^'nglish to such e HOC'ial ed, and f. His n every icesst'ul [•ally to land is Itivated, 1 sort of 'rovince with a 1 taught. )C. The of farm- be done s merely ' the soil excellent lotions to le whole, cs of the jeu in the armwork would be itrange to 3 English important e far west 1, the cost y farmers per to use only ni»e cation are ind cheese even such le sea, and re. Then> 17 again, while the Australian moats find their way to England in tins, Canadian cattle, shoop. and horses are carried over alive, with as much ease and safety as are those of Ireland. It is also found that dead meat can he curried to the United Kingdom in compartments specially fitted on Hteamships, not only without deterioration, hut, with actual improvement. As ulroady pointed out, farm vvoric in Canada does not differ widely from that of Kngland. All that is new or strange may bo overcome in a few monMis. The seasons are similar, though owing to the snow and frost, no woric is done upon 'the land during the winter. At the same time it is anything hut an idle time with the farmer and his men— the livestock have to be looked after, new land cleared, and grain carried to market. The field crops that are produced are wheat, oats, barley, rvo Indian corn, potatoes, turnips, mangel wurzel, peas', hiickvvhoat' ;Hax, &c. 'flie garden fruits and vegetables are similar to those of England, except that tomatoes, melons, grapes, etc, will ripen in the open air in Canada. Thus the new-comer will 'find the crops nearly the same as ho has boon accustomed to cultivate. In the main, the work is similar. Machinery is largely in use • in fact owing to the circumstance that the work is pressed into a shorter time than ..i England, and, owing also to the scarcity of labor more machinery is used in proportion to the population ' That farming pays in Canada is clear from the fact that more persons are engaged in it than in any other branch of industry Tn 1871, out of 4(J3,424 persons enumerated in the Province of Ontario, as engaged in industries ,228,708 belonged to the farm- ing class ; in Quebec there were 160,041, out of a total of 341 '>9' • in .New Jrunswick 40,394, out of a total of 86,488; and in Sova Scotia 49,769, out of ] 18,645. In fact, nearly one-half of the people are engaged in agricuitui'o. A summer's tour through Canada will convince any reasonable man that farming must pay. The well-cleared fields, the iierds of sleek cattle the great barns and stabling, the substantial farm- houses, and the thrifty appearance of the people, all furnish abundant evidence of contentment and prosperity. Ask the farmer his experience, and, in nine cases out often, he will tell you that he came from the "Old Country" fi^" n, twentv or thirty years before, with an empty pocket, a ^..ong arm and a willing heart. He will tell you also that, in the early days of his sett ement, he had to struggle and toil, and labor, hard and ong; that he had to face many a difficulty and endure much hardship; but he is hale and hearty now, enjoyinjr, in ease and comfort, the well-earned reward ot" perse'verance and industi y Others will again tell you that they brought out a little money •I ■ 18 . 1 ii ^ nrri Hinf throiu^li u propoi' uso of that littlo, thoy now ^;;a\ ZoK^ onSt "'■ .!-• woHd. Of co,u.o there are tlte who fail ut JminK in C.u.mh,, but '''«y ,»'•« *7, " ' '" V . „„„ „,wl nn iiiiiuirv- into huc i cnsos wouhl show that, in S; eVc •; i "anZ 111 (hiluro was duo to the ur.Htnc. of the uHviduul Hmsclf for tl.o pursuit and not to tl»o country. A. so forth in another i.lacc, iho very bes chv«s to settle m rana( a are Old Cout.try tenant farmers, with a Bmall capital 5hcre smany a farmer'^payi..^ as much each year in rent and tnxes i E..^huRl as would purchase him the freehold o a .i^ood fam in Canada. Any man of experience haying tivo hundred B uuds srerlinic. or upwards, in cash, may safely try his fortune ?rtle Domini*;... Good, well-cleared fa.;ms with all neccss^vry Siildini^'sand improvements, may be purchased m any o the older r nn rios " Wl V is it," the reader naturally asks, " that theso Sml m-e' to be purchased if farming pays so well V " The expla- nation is simple! In a great many i..Htances-too many, in fact -the farmer brings his sons up as lawyers, doctors or merchants. Thev pettle down hi the towns or cities to the practice of these professions, and there they remain. In course of t.me the farmer dies or becomes too old for active duty, and thus the homestead, there being none of the family to work it, is either sold or rented. Thouo-h aS a rule, the farmer is the owner of his own land, farms may be leased at a reasonable rental. Sometimes a form is worked on shares, one-half given to the owner and the other half to the ^^ In\ddition to grain-growing, pastoral farming is novy largely carried on in Canada. In many parts the land is special y suited for grazing purposes. Formerly there were only the local and American markets open to the Canadian stock breeder. This is no lonirer the case. Hundreds of cattle and large quantities ot dead meat are shipped to England each year. This great trade is only in its infancy. It promises to assume large pi-ppo^'tions in the near future, to the mutual benefit of Canada and the Mother Country. ,. ^ i i, v„^ In comparing Canada's present standing as a stock-breeding country with her standing twonty years ago, we find that her Droeress in this direction has been most remarkable. It is barely twenty years since the first herd of English thorough-bred short horns was brought to Canada. Previous to that time very little attention had been paid to stock raising. In many instances cattle were allowed to look after themselves. They roamed the forests in perfect freedom, and come home to the " clearing when the cold weather set in. True, the oxen were worked at certain seasons, and did good service in clearing up the land ; but y now I'o uro 11(1 fur ut, in of Iho ttlo in upital. it and I i!;ood iiali'od artuno ;o8sary older t thCHO expla- in fact chants, f these farmer lestead, rented. I, farms worked f to the largely r suited ical and This is titles of trade is tions in Mother breeding that her is barely ed short )ry little nstances imed the learing " orked at iind ; but 19 for market purposes cattle added hut little to the settlor's income It was the opinion of many persons .n those days that stock breeding, as carric. on in parts of England, could never ho success- fully carried on in Canada. The •experience of the last few years «hovvs that those persons were enfireiy in error. Thou-'h tho numbor of fai-niors who Iwive ventured on the experiment of stock brooding on a largo scale is not groat, tho tost has boon most thorough and complete in both Ontario and Quebec, and the result satisfactory. Mr. Cochrano's farm in Quol)oc, and Bow Park in Ontario fui- nish prominent examples of what may be done in this direction The collection of cattle at tho great stock-breeding farms in Canad-; IS among the most valuable in tho world. It is made un of to very best blood of tho bovine aristocracy of England. Not manv years ago there were no pure herds in the country ; except the small species of cows in the French partsof Lower Canada which were brought in chiefly from Bre tag no, and possess the Wilkin' eharac eristics of tho Alderneys. To-day, there arc in C ad^ many herds with a pure and unbroken record cxtendinir bac^ many generations. ^ It is a fjict established beyond all doubt that tho famous short toT;!?H ;^''1"*^ 7*^ ?,"'^. ^^ ^^^'^ '" ^^^"^^''''^' »^^^t that the eharac- tei of the stock actually improves in the now country. In not a few instances the off-spring of stock taken out from England has been carried oyer to the Mother Country and sold at hi|h prices' At a recent sale in England a three-year old bull which brough the extraordmary price of throe thousand six hundred guintis was of Canadian blood. The herds to bo seen at the Prov n"'ia and other exhibitions are tho wonder and admiration of ex ori- cncod English stockmasters. ^^^^n Short horns are generally preferred, yet there are herds of Devons Alderneys, Galloways and other breeds. Canada '^ '''''''^''' ""^ ^"^'^^'^^ '^''1' """^ P'S« ^^«^ d<> well i» Notwithstanding the high prices paid for aristocratic blood Zi^rLfl^TiXT'}" ^^^^P^^' ^^'-^^ ^" ^"gl^^"d. This is owTng to tho fact that hitherto tho Canadian stockmaster had open tS him only the local and the United States markets. This is T\on^. Lit" T!f- ,^^^«^^ *™« ^^^ the experiment of sending live Btock and dead meat to England was entered upon, and the tosui? was so successful that there are now many persons, firms and landed inTn^'H^'^^'^P.^ ^"^^^ed in the LI. The caU e are at^ood Jirf Tl '^i' 'T'^ ^^^ ^^^ ^«y^^«' ^"d sell readily dLf tPT J and the dead meat is rutod at the highest stan- dard. The trade is, however, still in its infancy. The result will >* 20 • fi « i-.i.t..o of livo slncU in Canmlft {„ a consi.lornl.lo ^^^^'^^'^ „, ,^,,! •. ,,norM who have n(4, hitherto ,,,„, HO to ...tor l'';-.^-;; y . ' j, , k,,.!,,!, lar.nor. with cap.ial H„ilul>lot},oy cnnno l'| Ij - ,, „„„„,, ,iisoa>e in .inUnown in -'•"* ^''f '-rhl' ;ttl ' h well una are n^ado rea.ly tor mar- the (•o..i.«''y. '«' • •' y , ' ,,,,.^.,1 with the cost in Kn-land. ket at a .ost t.-.tl.n,ii ns ^•'" M ' , ' \j ,,,^,.,,., „,,, ..owshippe.l i' '-'>• '''^" '" '"T';:Mc m 1 1" U a very ..an.isome ,,ro- toKn^hm.lHM-onM.h. M^ .n^^ horse is a hardy, ,i, ,o the .lealer. ,,';';'';,,, I ansvvors excellently thr cabs, ^'•'''•r\r';nm,ct ',: Ik'^^ Thcrea,.ealsohor.eH onuiih'ises. tram (.o^, .ofhiLM. l.!o()un(lation in ia^^^ limited extent, and at a &'^^^^'-^^^ eontra'; n the prodnction of for Buch an impreHsion ^" X tompS^^ «ueh lands of frmt ^^^^ ^X B^t in n.'any districts is well be Burpassed. The char-ici j ^^^^ summer suitable tor the W^^' Pl^"^'f-^:.';^;: a^d develop fruit having . mn the peach ^"^^ ^'^l^P^;^^^"^'/ i ;,;a;^'^idnd ot' grape, which ban The red plum i» also i~>'S»."'J 'X" thoNiagara dirtvict, peach In specially favoured ™S """• «™na?J"^;' S,^, ^^ ^,^^ i, orchavd» many acres m «'''«"* f;„«*"„7 ."Tking there is a good not always a successful ""Vi^Mt i"^anK V^'^^^e that ^-rrgrd, t;o= win:;;^;enr„r^ade. K.pei„ce 21 an ml ft thorlo [UmI Ih •jipital s llioy )wn in II* mar- hippod no pro- hardy, •r cabs, I horrtCH Canada anuda's character as a fruit ^r )vvi!i^ coimtiy is tiirniNJicd in her mh-ccss in this diroctii».i at tho Centennial Kxliiltition. 'I'he di>phiy made ity (hi' Province of Ontari') v/as the hnest at the show, sln■]»a^^illl( all (ompelilion, which included nearly every Stale in the American Union, and astonishini; persons who had looked upon Canadti as a coinilry of |terpe(ual snow. The Americans honestly ndmilted them^elvos fairly lieaten by their northern niM,";h hours. The (odowin;;- t'xtract I'rom an article in the New York {!r«i>fiic shows (he prominonoo Cana'""."• ''Co' a i;,ni^ July last, made a display of P''""r- ^^l^^vt^^o^^'^^ «he,.ri4, some of the tirst- &': Se -nf intn'ch in length. They wove highly com- Kent Filbasivc^ Lound. The Virginia Sweet is a showy red apple, S is SXCteemed by connoiBseurs. Sherwood's Favourite is ""^ l^mv and red and Swayzie Fomme Grise is a hardy cin- a fine y^^l^w ^"j. u^^uUM colour. There are remarkably fine "^T^^^Si^^^- f-- thJlatter eharacteristie Sn ^^ SweeSn.^ is a fine showy apple of rosy waxen colour and fchenanfto Strawberry is a beautiful red apple of conical shape^ Many other specimens are shown, among which are thirty-one vaHeties of new French apples exhibited by James Douga I, of W ndsor AU the foregoing specimens named are raised in large ruantU cs in Oarada, and Uiousands of barrels are annually ex- Sfto Great Britain and the United States. As a sample of the manner in which they will keep, a plate is shown ot tho g^wTh ot 1875, in which the apples are well preserved -ana of ^'uVn^oTuiel; est specimens of pears exhibited is the Flemish Beauty which grows without a blemish, and is hardy as an oak sfckles' Bar etts, Negleys, and the Belle Lucrative are also dis- played'in gi^^^^ quantities,' of a quality that compare favourably "^Vh^yi'mTd?;^^^^^^^^ fine the most noticeable ones bdng the Columbia, Pond's Seedlings, Damsons, Gages, and ?L Lombl-d. The latter is a beautiful dark crimson and is ver J prolific. Hundreds of bushels of these p.uras are sent eveiy year 23 climate Central , is the the Po- lios, 200 lies, and ■ of nuts, its, and isplay of the iirst- hly com- cxander, ler is the lied with rod apple, ich Apple >uche8S of r, and of or table, ivourite is lardy cin- '!;''"'''r."/' ', '" ' J, ,,mcd. 'the C:inadiau cheese its, U arti; e» "''.^"".j^^^'u.e American continent. The cav ;re':;e«l-'u™7e,';tIt'llre:dMhe pasture is excellent, and the work i^f '"'ly;'!:'.;:'^^ t'L farming, clause, through the Great '^"i^"' • je « ™ta 'o , f^,,^ „i,i, ^as in many opening ol ';« f '^„^^J,^'^" ^rbut now tiiere i« a n.arket at the 'r'l'Tl'aao V fo. eve y u^ t of it. Though great strides have cheese tactoy 101 "'■'.V MWnn years in cheese making, been made ^l'"'"'^ ''f '' ', Xcy Judging the future by th. ';^:t' thiTw?iulua.Uy assuttte immluse prol-onions ami become one "'Sirt-^rnrbSy --iodonin the Dominion. MU- A^rpa:atU ..-all Wuuf i» ..ce.^^^^^ ?.1i;:rrti,it" ot,''Lt;rn'::o hut S.o.e w.. have had ex- Derienee in Cunadii bhould tittempt it. i .i oft^r in • ^"Poltry raining is only beginning to bo ^^'^J^f^^,^^^^^^^^^ rnn'id-i Di-obably becuuhC poultry is so cheii)). in coin be ot tin c ho eveV rU.e marl^',!^^"K tones hon;s,nimestonos, sand- fithograph b;^;;^' tt^iou" uTnd. of preoimis stones, vast do- stoncs, ^y^d ^^'^^t^ '^^'V lime of salt, and immense quantities of posits of phosphate ^^ 'J^^'J,^,,.,, ^re not confined to any one j,otroleum and peat J^^^!:^ ^'i of the country from the Atlantic Sr?;ci^c ;rif 1^^;^-^^;^ ,^.U way, in Nova Gold mines are ^TJ^'^^^^'^Ytifp^i^icil ally quartz mining. The Scotia, 0;Uario and Queb^c^ U is^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^ ^^, irold fields ot British <-«!""^^^'^;."i . rp,^ , extend over an area lizeand their extraordinary > eld • 1 e} e ^^, ^^ of 105,000 square ^^;1^;,; ^'^^yV wo I^of^ precious metal. In yield annually ^^^^f^^^ ^^t^^ Columbia fortunes were the early days of ,^o, Y;^'^^"-i^'^ j,, igoS Dillion's claim yielded sometimes made in a few weelcs. in i frequently in one ^iay 102 pounds ^.^ighto^^ yielded from ten to fifty P^^'^'V^^^^^.' ...^-js the discoveries so kit, while those times ^^^^^^^ Pf f/' f-'^J^J-f^Xu^^ hundred far made, the average ---j;.:,'^^..!^ .^ 1 x lorations connected '""^^^^Xn discovered in -vend pa^^^^-^^f The richest deposits however, ^r^ea^^^^b^^^ ^^^^^^^^ Lake Superior. In lb j4, one mine oi ; .^ ^ ^^^^ 500 tons of ore, worth about ^.^^^^'^^^^^^.f ^/, '"^^^ustry is still in its wealth of rich ore annually. r^-r^vi noes' and in many Iron has been discovered in several POj.nceB, ana ^j^ cases the deposits are of greats ^^^e^ J^ ^ev^^al years. In Oa- Scotia have been successfully woi ked ^r sej^ ^nually. The tario and Quebec the quantity raised ;^;"^^^^^^^=J^"i fo, ,^^elting . difficulty in these provinces is ^^at the^e is no coa ^^ ^^ purposes ; but as wood -^^^ ^ emeltfng the rSrVharcoal: "^- ^o -pani^ - -^^^^^^^ "^^^ ^. ^ ThUt f ^irb^Vate ^f iron ore in '-u. ^m'l. , in this , gal on a, marbles, )s, sand- vast (ie- [itities of 1 any one Atlantic in Nova nng. The - for their L- an area jland, and fietal. In lines were im yielded frequently our hours, [joverios so 3n hundred connected country to idustries of wealth will Dominion, rth shore of sided nearly s only a few 8 still in its Bvelopment. ;ly expected ig out great nd in many nes of Nova ars. In On- nually. The for smelting a likely to be smelting the w engaged in f them are of di iron ore in 27 British Columbia, but it is not yet being worked except in a very small way. Copper has been found in many parts of Canada. The amount exported in 1874 from Ontario and Quebec alone was H,142 tons; in addition to which a considerable (juantity must have entered into home consumption. As with otlier branches of mining in Canada more capital is required to properly carry on the work. The ore is noted for its purity. Although in the region of the groat lakes there is no coal in otlier parts of Canada there are immense deposits of this most valuable mineral. In Kova Scotia there are some thirty mines in active operation ; and the aggregate output averages about one million tons per annum. The yield might be increased to any extent; but the output must, of course, be regulated by the demand. With a wider market, which will come in time, the yield might bo increased an hundred fold. Many of the transatlantic steamers take in coal at Halifax and otlier Nova Scotia ports. In the heart of the continent, in that vast region known as " the Great North-West Territories," there are immense deposits of coal, supposed to bo the most extensive in the world. It crops out on the surftice in many places over an area of country hundreds of square miles in extent. This coal deposit is one of" the most im- portant peculiarities of that great district. The prairies of Canada, in fact, contain coal enough to supply the whole world for ages to come. The Canada Pacitic llailway, now in course of construc- tion, will run across this coal country. Than again, on the other side of the Kocky Mountains, the coal fields of ^British Columbia are practically inexhaustible. The Comox field alone is estimated at about 300 square miles in extent. The output in 1874 was over 80,000 tons : this can be increased a thousand-fold if necessary. British Columbia seems destined to become the greatest coal-pro- ducing country on the Pacific side of the American continent. In some places the seams are so favourably situated that the coal can be loaded on shipboard direct from the mine. The mineral wealth of this growing province is beyond estimate, and coal forms na unimportant part of the whole. ^ Petroleum is found in several parts of the Dominion, but chiefly in the Province of Ontario. The total quantity manufactured, that is to say, purified after being taken from the earth, varies ac- ftAo no-^ ^^ ^'^^ ^^^^^ ^^ ^^^ market. In 1873 it amounted to 14,- b02,087 gallons. In several instances flowing wells have been " struck," but, as a rule, the oil is pumped from the wells by machinery. The Canadian oil, when properly rectified, is of ex- cellent quality, and stands well in foreign markets. While boring for oil near the town of Goderich, in the Province I 28 of about twelve ^-J''^.^^'^; Jr"oi..4 b urhoid, und the ultimate re.ult ;,therHtu.:nk wells, M l''^;^::^,^,,,^ U) o-Ktond into nomeof the wuHtiuatbe.ult^,)rmu^vvu. .tl-^t ^^..-,f^;r^,,^ thousands of tons of salt each wells in active operation > ic ,^ aiseovered. ;^,r. In Nova Scot.a, '; -j^^' , ;^/^ ,wa is of a most superior ^ The marble found <•» the upp'i ^^ brilliant polish. <^^^y- '^ '' ^T::' i ^^:::rbur;mlyt^comparativelysnual :ii;:ni:;y-:^- % little use I'f ,^^'^'V;;;if^,l "s^i: nte will he found in the -T^ U ;:;:;':::- Sdo^tllr Grand XrunU ilanway,and ha. Cn fb^ulVo answer -U in pl;- ;^. -;;; ^^,„ ,,,t Canada is not From what we nave said above ilvn ^.^^session of every- badly olf in the way ,^ "^^^ ^^..''^a desile, or that is n.ces- thing of this nature th t any u ^ ^^^ ,,,,,1^ little, how- nary to the proo-ress ^^ '^^^^^'^1,^, developir.g the mineral ever, has been done ^^^^^ ;,^^,,^n^ j.^.ve devoled-and properly resom-ces of the country. ^,^ ^'^Ij^Xi^^^ trade and commerce BO, too-their timeand '"^ ^> , "^^J^le ore peculative business of ..nd have '•ot entered largely no the m 1 ^^^ ^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^ ^,^,^1 possesses incalculabe^ wea a 1- ^ • ^^,^,^^^^,,^ .^^ ^,,,,, of tune. will, we doubt not, be ^^\' |V, . ^^^.^ ,eouii-ed. Capital and enterprise are all that aic ic(i r- %. _^ §h jji^ «'H V ClIAPTEE XIII. .„K ..XU SV.rK«-FKE. OKAnTaNO HO>n«r..VU KX..PT10N3. upon laud, that the immigrant should luiv c i ■^■•ll, it u depth y ijuluced ate I'c^iilt mo of tlio I hundred huIl ouch st HUporior int polish, voly nnuill Is of peat. ivy ])liic-e.s, ill wood l>o- niiid in the ly, and has ijuuhi is not •n of every- lat is iieces- little, how- lIio niineriil ,nd properly L commerce, e business of that Canada this wealth irse of time. EXEMPTIONS. ured in every m all the pro- uiii an outline ige of Hottlin*^ )erieuce before •i 29 doinp: HO. or take accurate information rospenting the stop he is conlemplatiniT. Nova Scotia. — Tn this province there are about 10,000,000 ncros, nearly one-tilth ]»art of which consists of laUes and rivei-s. Of ihe whole extent, about 5,000,000 acres are fit for cultivatmn. Wild lands may bo obtained from the (lovernment for about Is. 9d. stor- linf? per aero. Jlei'o, as in all (he other provincos, the purchaso of land carries with il the ownership of all minerals found therein. New Hhunswk^k. — This province contains 17,847, 1500 acres, of which 13,000,000 are fit foi- cultivation, with oidy some 780,000 under actual improvement. The Jiieutenant Governor in Council may cause cli^'ibie portions of Crown lamis to bo selected for settlement. One hundred acres of land so surveyed may be located to immii^rants or other male settlers, of the aij^e of eighteen years and upwards, who do not own other land in the provim'O, upon the followinu; terms and conditions, viz.: — "On paymen* '>f twenty dollars cash in advance, to aid in the construction of r». !s and bridges in the vicinity of his locati(m, or upon his perform (.g labour on such roads and bridges to the extent often doll:irs per year for three years, as may be directed by the Governor in Council or oilficer a])poinled to superintend the same. " He shall commence improving his location immediately after obtnining permission to occupy the same, and shall, within two years, thereafter satisfy the Governor in Council that he has built a house thereon of not less dimensions than sixteeii by twenty feet, and is residing thereon, and that he has cleared at least two acres of said land. " He shall continue to reside upon said land for three consecu- tive years, at the expiration of which time, provided he shall have cleared and cultivated at least ten acres of said land, and performed the labour in the manner hereinbefore prescribed, or paid twenty dollars in advance, a grant shall issue to him of the one hundred acres so located as aforesaid; ju-ovided always that, should the means of such person locating as aforesaid be limited, he may from time to time, and for reasonable periods, absent himself from said land in order to procure the means of support for himself and familv without forfeitin<>; his claim to constant residence." Under this svstem several colonies of Eni>-lish and Scotch emi- •/ CD grants have been settled in New Brunswick within the past few years. Prince Edward Island. — The land in this rich and prosperous Province is nearly all taken uj) and under cultivation. Quebec. — This Province covers a territory of 210,000 square miles in round numbers, or about 120,000,000 acres, 10,678,931 acres of which have been conceded in fiefs and seigniories, 8,950,- I 30 1 • :», ^.oft find common soccago, 953 acres are hold in the towr.hjps n ^^^o ^^^^^^ und 6,400,359 acres .^Jl^^; J^^^^^^^^^^ ibout one l^^^^^^-^^^'^Secur n aposition toofferfor co on./a- Thc Government ^^ .9, f /'j ^idcd into farm lotn, nearly half of tion 0,400,000 acren ^;^^»^^^ J^^^^ roadn, and more than two- which are accessible by "^^/"%, '^.^.j^o of these farms varies from Thirds are fit for Bettlomen • Jhe in >c^^ ^ ,, twenty to sixty cents P^i -^^^f ' J^^^ i^^^j^t and emigrant being ^.vcat 'colonization roacl^, ^^^^^^ ^/obtain a iree grant of 100 acres at least eighteen y^'^^'^^f ,S'.u p^,csent set aside to be disposed of The number of -^-^[^^f .^^^^^IfLieutenant Governor in Council ;:;^^nS::::^;he ^iS/tr iie^S* must buHd a habit- iy the end of he ^^^tl ye;U , the .^^^^^ ^^^^^^^ cultivation ; he ^t t:^l^^U:^^^^nt which mal , m from seizure. _ territory of 105,000 square miles, ONTARio.--Th.8 Province ,s a tm^^^^^ ^^ 'purchased at one or 69,000,000 ^«^'^«'^"^JlX according to situation. The free BhiUing an acre ^-^ upwaid^^^^ p^eiT head of a family can obtain grant system ^\^^ ^^^^""'J' . I.t d and any person eighteen years ■ Iratis two hundred '^^7 «^, -^^^^^.es in the free grant districts, of a^e may obtain one hundred <^t.ies in i ^ without dis- ThiB^fter is made by the Government ^o ^^ P^^^^^.^^ .i^u^ren at tinction of sex, so that a ^'^^fJ^^'X^ge%^^^ and become in or past 18 yeai^s ^^ f^^J^^J^^^^^Ze beeS cleared and improved a few years, when the 1;» d ^^^^^^ beautiful estate. The settlement ioint possessors of a valuable ^"^"^^^ '"^^.^nt of 100 acres cleared iiutie's are: to have 15 acres on ea h g^aM^^^^^^ ^^^^^^ ^^ and under crop in ^^^^ .y^,^^J;^^\^^fon the land at least six months 16 by 20 feet in size, and to resiao ou '^Thf pSt'is not issued till the end of five yea- ^ ^^^ ^^^, Thex^e is a homestead law ^-'^'^^^^^^^^^^ Lmber of of the settler i. V^oie.iedfwm^e^^^^ years, and thus preserved foi his lamuy, difficulties he may get mto. ,.. ^^^^ Canadian Pacific Rail- 4t;Te%TSafr:.otolt'-;^"h.s altcod the old syste. 11* 81 occago, remain eyed, oloniza- Mialfof lan two- ies from it of tho it, being 00 acres, ^posed of Council 1 a habit- ition ; he e propi'io- lay aside colony or party, aw, under is exempt lare miles, sed at one The free can obtai» iteen years it districts, without dis- children at [ become in i improved, 5 settlement crcs cleared use, at least , six months eby the land n number of hat financial Pacific Rail- \G old system of obtaining lands. But free grants in alternate sections are still given for homesteads. Tho Government regulations should bo consulted by tho intending emigrant. British Columbia. — In this province any male person, beinf a British subject, of the ago of eighteen years, may acquire tho right to pre-empt any unoccupied, unsurvoyed and unreserved Crown lands (not being an Indian Settlement) not exceeding 320 acres to tho north and oast of tho Cascades, and IGO acres in the rest of the Colony. A fee of $2 is to bo paid for recoi-dingsuch pre-emp- tion. The occupation shall bo a continuous bond fide, personal residence for four years, and when the lands are surveyed, tho price shall not exceed one dollar ])er acre, and the pro-om'ptor shall have tho right to buy his claim. If, during the first four years, the pre-emptor shall cease to occupy his pre-emption claim, the Commissioners of Lands mar cancel his claim, and cause all improve--- :nts and deposits to be forfeited. Tho upset price of surveyed lands is one dollar per acre. Leases to any extent of unpre-empted and unsurvoyed lands, for pastures or cutting timber, spars, etc., and of 500 acres for cutting hay, may be granted by the Governor in Council, subject to such rent, terms, etc., as the Governor in Council may order. CHAPTER Xiy. EDUCATION. Long before school boards were established in England, Canjida was in the enjoyment of a well-organized educational system. More than a quarter of a century ago conunissioners appointed by the Government were sent to the United States and several European countries, for the purpose of enquiring into and report- ing upon the systems of public education' then in practice in the places visited. The result was the foundation of a public school system, which has been improved from time to time, until it mar now safely be said that, in this respect, Canada is second to no other country in the world. ^ English farmers and others who think of removing to the colo- nies are sometimes deterred by the thought that, in the new land, they may not find institutions and opportunities for the proper education of their children. ^ It is fancied that, because a country •« «innv of tho Huri-oun- '""S not ; t'l • '•" """"■""'";; :>l .1 o ™S the rulo of .l,- »'» ^'r' " 'Ihi exnnplo. Not only '^'^ ^^ i ^^ wiH.ation, aHV.raH_a HtnKu J^ ^^ 1 ^ j)o,nin...n pe"^j»'^ .'l^ ^ hitrhor ,,e. Not only '^''^ ;;^^;i^ civiH/.ition, atroruH u n -.,., of tho Dominion P«"^\'''' '* V;^, » higher but f'^^f^^^Uon is mai..taino.l, ?^'^^,^^;;:, ^'^^ ^^'"'^': a^fe result is tJuUeduc-atmnis nm^^^ ^i,,, ^ rttoi:;:;^.;.;;^;.---^ In wn» .nil citioH a •«""';' "',v"'°°'cn.muvo .>f in"noy, ordor ■ navy liosition i.i I'tc ^" ,' , " ^o -luldren of the ,.oor have Xls'J absolutely ..■0. a. H -^^>o <^,. ,,,„,, Sach, ,n . '^ Ea^: tn howlvov, ^o-^t .«t at t u>F-t-., rompavativcly o,s , artovd it-and nearly all can to, ^^^ ^^^ ^^^^^.^^ ^^ j. ilsiiiniiui 33 rroun- n idea muny sot th'« for tlio y copy y avo'ul "Canadii HchoolH izatioM, 1 i\early ,l.h()UH06» with A housaml ipon nix ) heels of f without ', o('CU])y- iu able to Y .,vibjec'tH nils of tho )WTisliip is chool, and >ol attairs. sen by the ney, order c teachers, the public jc u]. n the ,1 treasury. supported not by any many cases turned out em for any barged, the e poor have Such, in ft 3r those wh» .mparatively parts of the the commoa schools, l)y a Board of Trnsteos. At thcpo institutions, as well a» at many excellent jirivato hcIiooIm, the pupils roeoiyo a elassical education, and ai-o trained and prepared for tho legal and other pi'ofessl(,ns. Al)ovo those ai^alri there are collo<^es, possossinff i.nlvorslty powers, endowed with scholarships of consldorahlo value, open to youths prepared in the lower scIiooIh. There are also schools of medicine at Toronto, Montreal and other places ;; while the vai'ions Icadini,^ rell/^'ious denominations have schools or colloi^os at which youni; men aro prej)ared for the ministry. Vov the lii/.^her education of young ladies there are numerous excellent schools many of which are denominational in character. Nor are the atHicted forgotten, there being schools for deaf mutes and lor the blind, suj)ported and maintained at the public expense. The public and grammar schools are under the supervision of duly qualitiod inspectors appointed by the Government. The text-books in use are excellent In every respect ; and all the larger schools are well })rovided Avith apparatus for the purpose of giving practical instruction in chemistry, astronomy and other branches. In connection with many schools there are free libraries contain- ing a judiciously-chosen collection of books for tho use of the pu- pils. From all this it will be seen that Canada has made abundant provision for the education of her children. No country in the Avorld is better off in this respect; and the Englishman may make hid home there with the utmost confidence in being able to give his sons and daughters as good an education as he can desire. CHAPTER XV. POSTAL SYSTEM, MONEY, TELEGRAPHS, NEWSPAPERS, &c The postal system of Canada extends to every village and lianlet in the land, no matter how remote from the centres of business and population. The rate of postage is 3 cents per half ounce prepaid. The number of post offices is 5,161 ; tho number of milea of mail route is 38,526 ; the number of miles of annual travel about 15,126,676; the number of letters and postal cards carried each year, 41,800,000. The gross postal revenue for the year 1876 was $1,484,886 ; the expenditure during the same period was $1,959,758. Tho number of letters carried in a year between Canada and the United Kingdom is over two millions ; newspapers and books num- I 84 • flvn cents, (two ponce The ocean p^tftKO '.»'"'«'; „vcro(,'o passage '"»>"''^ra°rra Wlows.- , .. 2 cent.. •^''r'""c::ovaersnotexceeding»;J..^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ■; On or and U .ay .ewe. hereto gWet^e.^^^^^^^ Sing, twenty-four t2"t;;^';„a , haU4«""y «';^,''^,"h„7;-rHton, « penny, two ''-"^■J,,^^ The sig", ior "'-''';„; .old and bank tiially of the s' me value ^___^^^_^ ._^ ,,,.„„, »'1^°'- „,„ent i-^ae. I The money m "f ' , uar notes are ot govc joihirs. *otes. The one and wo do .^^^.^^ „„te„ "'^"Jrand back- The banks '"^ ^tfo The Do™''""" »'■^"il "™^^^^ 1° g"'? The chartered banks 01 ,^ ^^^^^.^ hcng conj joj. ,cd up by large eap'to'- ^^ ' „m, and are '•""'"'^^•^"yXi,,?' more Z d^mLd, ^^^^ gold for eo;nm---. ' » ^."-^^ation. Sr- 'oXXrel-^i^^^^^^^^^^^^^ exchange W any persons who desi ,„t there is a Savings -r„tnnttionwlththe-tO^^^^^^ iBank system. The omte ,.f* 35 ponce ftrtsage )o 8ont )f Tlng- n each plicftnt •equire. its. ki (( a (( u (( Ljablo at a, for any ern under vales are insUsh and md ei^hty- 30 cents } ft y cents; »- cents; and roforo prac- jus written, d and bank iment i-fJC. four dollars, ■a. and back- •tible to gold ■ so regarded. s being more if circulation, tly exchango .0 is a Savings made number i "20)8. The amount stamling to tho credit of doposltors, according to the luNt report, was 8'i,740,o:)2. This ropro.sonts part of tho savingH of tho working claHHos, belonging, an it does, chiefly to mechanicH and domestic Horvants. While on depoh^it the money of coiirwo, draws interest; and it may at any time be withdruwii irom the savings bank in accordance with the ruios cstablishod. Tho Telegraph System of Canada is in tho hands of companies chartered by Act of Parliament. Tho number of miles of wir? in operation is over 30,000. Tho numbor of private messages sent is between two and three million per annum. Tho linos are in con- nection with the Atlantic cable. Tho newspapers receive about ton million words each year. Private messages are sent at tho rate of twenty-five cents for ton words within the old provinces of tho Dominion, no matter what the distance may bo. There is ^lowovoi", a smaller rate foj- messages between ofti(^es not more than twelve miles apart; and a half rate for mossa^-os sent in tho night and delivered the next day. The Canadians are a nuvvspapor-roading pooplo. Every villa'^'o of any pretensions has its weekly press; while tow. is of seven or eight thousand inhabitants have their local dailies. Some of the city dailies have very extensive circulations. They are to bo pur- chased on the day of issue hundreds of miles d'stant from the place of publication. Jioing tho loading organs of their respective poli- tical parties they are eagerly read by the people. And it may bo said that almost every Canadian is a politician. Tho Canadian newspapers are conducted with vigour and spirit. Tho enterprise they display in the collection of news is surprising. When Par- liament is in session at Ottawa, the Toronto and Montreal papers commonly publish from eight to twtive columns of tho previous day's parliamentary procoodings ; oach report being a special one and transmitted by telegraph. At)d even editorial articles commenting on tho day's debate, are sometimes telegraphed from Ottawa. ° The country weeklies are chiefly local in character; still they enter largely into politics. There are published in Cana la several excellent magazines, two illustrated weekly papers, and illustrated and other periodicals. There are class papers, these being agricultural, commercial and financial weeklies; while each of the leading religious denomi nations has its special organ. There are two Masonic monthlies and several other society publications. In fact the Canadians are unusually avoU supplied with newspapers and periodical literature. It follows that no man in the land need remain in igiiorance ol ■what is going on in the world around him ; and the people generally 36 1 hnth home and foreign, and SoTof Other countricB. CHAPTER XVI. A HOLIDAY TRIP. ''"'■'"? *';Mf™iS^ ««'■ t'"""^ l7'fo"f\v tS => vm, through Burpnsc that bo lew ,, ^,i ^1,0 ha^. c i-' j t),e m:i,n- othcr side ofthc sea^ i ^^ .^.„ ^ g-'^"'"/,?" JanB of trave\, Canada in j\« ^°'^';„\,l the perfection of thomo^ ^^^^ ^^. iiificcnco of the ''"""'^ ncss of living, ^o" '"^J ' ^jp^s of the '?" *"„;;?,7rnonS 'SO numerous as ^^^^t^^^^^^ ,^,„ ther Count! \aic expect. -^^^.^^-^ their generation iourney ^^'«^^^^'7Xatant resorts, ^^'r^'^f \hcm vilt Canada ilways in Be{;,^'^|;.^[,^'ec^;inB. Hundreds of them v s ^^^^^^^ . than their I^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^e even from the States in i ^_^^ every Bummer. Jl^ej^o ^^^^ watering-places, mth ^^^ ^^ ^^^ and arc to be '-^^^^^^^^ , and steamboats in ^^^^ J^^^inent, see cities and on thj3^a^; y^^^^ T"'^\'"\lueriTraUttle German Dominion. Ine ^^ fe,, Switzerland, or sweltei '» , ^ ^^ch Parii and Rome, f ^. .^'^uttle the better ^^" ^l^.^;^.^^ have watering-place; and^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^ poorer 1^ P^^i^.f Jfe^^^^^^^ a few weeks v^ij P\fof h^ own Ussed the Atlant^^ ^^^^ P^^.^ ^^^^^^ ^^T.%Wd to know that pleasantly, f^^^^^J^^'^'; ^^ality. Still, we are glaa t .^ .^_ of th^e chief hol'd^y t^ftS'Jtrip^ith the reader^ j„, everything seems topsy tu y, ^^^ ^^^^ ^^f ^''good byes are with mountains of J^g^^^;' ^^^ moments the last gooa uy the point of sailing. 37 sign and great [airs and le English -especially X matter of [tain on the •xm through of the mug- is of travel, om the Mo- citionH of the ^s^ who ai'o r generation ^isit Canada he far south ; lie towns and r part of the !ontinent, see little German th and much le might have u'ofitably and pie of his own to know that Car.ada is in- 3 attractions of make this one . families. Let middle of July, yiiig villages, a istle and noise ', the passengers, and we are on 't good-byes are said, the tender casts off, the machinery moves, and our ship glides slowly down the broad stream, bound for the far west. Presently we are in the Channel ; if it be rough those with delicate stomachs disappear, while the old sailors pace the deck, talk wisely of the weather, or begin the business of acquaintance- makinf. All night we plough the Channel northward, and next morning come to anchor off Greencastle, in beautiful Loch Foyle, there to await the English mail and the L'ish passengers. Early in the evening these are on board ; once more " the anchor's weighed," and now we are otf in earnest for the Western World. When we come to look around us we find that, on the whole, wo are with agreeable people, with some of whom we soon get up a speaking acquaintanceship, which becomes more intimate the longer we are out. Lawyers, doctors, clergymen, farmers, sports- men, comfortable-looking families going out to Canada to remain therC; and Canadian merchants and buyers. Some of these latter we find have crossed the Atlantic scores of times, and are genial, sociable men, having a firm and an abiding faith in the future of their young country. The time goes by in a pleasant, dreamy sort of way, for there is rarely bad weather at this season of the year. In the way of amusements and recreation, there are books, cards, chess, music, a concert, with readings and acting charades, mating, drinking, and flirtation ; and, very likely, a little sea-sick- ness, though probably the victims of the latter would hardly call it an amusement. On Sunday there is service in the saloon, to which the steerage passengers are invited. The service is very simple : the ordinary morning prayers are read, a couple of hyms are sung, the benedic- tion is pronounced, and the proceedings are over. On the fifth or sixth day out from Ireland we come in sight of the rugged coast of Newfoundland, and another day's run takes us through the straits of Belle Isle, into the gulf of St. Lawrence. A few hours later we sight the island of Anticosti on the right, and here we see the first signs of civilization, in the shape of a fishing hamlet or tT j at the water's edge. Further on we enter the mighty St. Lawrence itself, and thence to Quebec we have the land on either side, though at certain points, so great is the width of this majestic river, you cannot see the land except in very clear weather. As we advance up the stream we pass village after village of the French inhabitants, their white houses nestling in pleasant gardens, with a glorious background of deep green, stretching away in 'he distance as far as the eye can reach, and forming a picture only to be seen here. And so we move on, the towns increasing in number and size, till, on the eighth or ninth day out, the grand old fortress of Quebec looms up as we round iill 38 v.i« .kSt. is tied up at the landing- T -o . ^ little later our noble ship is xieu j^i ^n? on the American ^ontirent He e^ we \ ^^^^^ency, wan- the Stf inrido and outs.do ^^"J^^^.JJZn^i " the Gibral- able circumstances in one oi ui famous. the lakes and rivers of ^^e New VV om a j^^^treal, the com- ^' Two or three days may be^F^^^^^^ ^,,,, .M^^^o.^ mercial rnetropohs of Canada ana o^^ ^^^^ ^^^^ ^^.^ ^«^'g^^^, "'i American continent, .^^^^^^^.^'f' ''^.^ ,^hile the Victoria Bridge ^e churches are massive and g™'™„„:^t whore the river is '^hih crosses the St. L-/^!;-^: ' fon^e Xl Btructures in the two miles wide, is one of ^^^^^^^ ^"^"^u or river is our next lorld. From ^^^nW to Ot a^^^^^^ TtrPtch The capital of the Dominion is \n ^ Houses of Parha- mills whi.h are here by ^^^^^f .^ f ' '" ^ full of interest to the ^et of boards each day, never fail to prove t,racle-one of European tourist. This ^^ the centre of the iu™ ^^^^ ^^ , Se lending industries of Canad.-ancl at a ^^^ ^^^ ^^^ v^nndreds of acres of " lumbei, as ui« Ottawa to ^ver the islands and on the -'-'^^/"^^^.^ Trunk through a fine Prescott, thence westward by ^^« ^;2^^^^ towns, any of Lricultural country and P^^^ ™any flou j ^.^^_ ^ '4ich would be ^flV^'^.'^to 3^3 miles west of Montreal. This through,however, to Toronto, 33d mi 08 elation, and one 39 3 landing i interest- y or two ,-icy, wtm- 1, and see ible city ; he Gibral- n or rivei- le agi'icul- ilcH up the ost favour- for which vl, the com- ities on the delightful, ria Bridge the river is ures in the is our next ting, for its es of Parlia- timongst the ed them as 1." The Ri- l. The saw V millions of terest to the rade— one of one may see called, piled ,m Ottawa to rough a fine )wns, any of ^e. We run ntreal. This tion, and one 3titutions are y through the 'days. From ■ the Northern )gsible into the 3d8 of Canada- •e thrown open^ for settlement, and now they contain a very considerable popula- tion, with several flourishing towns and all necessary branches of industry. This is known as the " Free Grant District," as the land, which belongs to the Ontario government, is given absolutely free of all charge to actual settlers. The scenery along the numerous lakes and rivers is unsurpassed in rugged beauty. But we shall find this district attractive chiefly for the reason that it will afford us opportunities for getting an insight into what is called " roughing it in the bush ; " in other words, we shall see the sort of life the first settlers in the backwoods of Canada lead, with, all its hardships and its drawbacks, as well as its pleasures and its freedom. We shall be compelled to rough it ourselves, but this will only make our experience the more enjoyable. A week or so here, then out into civilization again, up the Northen Railway- to the town of C Jlingwood, at which port we take steamer to the- head of Lake Superior. This trip through the upper lakes is sur- rounded with many attractions. We pass through the largest body of fresh water in the world, wend our way through groups of changing islands of every size and shape, enjoy the grandly mas- sive scenery of Lake Superior, visit the copper and silver mines- for which this region is famous, go to the very limit of clviilzatlou in this direction, and at the various stopping-places see many families and villages of the Canadian Indian little removed from his original condition of barbarism. The head of Lake Superior reached, we may reti'-n by another fine line of steamers to Sarnia, and back to Toronto by the Grand Trunk Railway, through one of the finest farming districts of Canada. This trip will occup\f about ten days from Toronto. A two hours sail across Lake Ontario brings us to the old town'of Niagara, formerly the capital of Upper Canada, now a summW- resort. Thence we run by rail up the west bank of the majestic river, a distance of about twelve miles, passing through scenes of historic interest, and alight at Clifton, within sight and sound of Niagara's mighty cataract. Two or three days will be sufficient here, though we should be glad to spend as many weeks, did time permit. Taking the Great Western train at Clifton we run west- ■vvard through one of the finest fruit-growing districts in the world. On every side we see orchards of apples, peaches,plums, and ber- ries, vineyards with their wealth of clustering grapes, and gardens, bright with a profusion of flowers. A day at the beautiful city of St. Catharines ; thence on to Hamilton, where another day may- be most pleasantly spent. Here, if we have no more time to- spare, we may take either train or steamboat for Montreal, about four hundred miles distant. It will be better, however, to run on to London by the Great Western and thence by the Grand Trunk i i 40 to GueJph. This will again take us through the very bestfarmino- district in Ontario, and enable us to form some idea of the agricuP tural wealth of the Province. At Guelph we might visit the xModel Farm, which is carried on ui Jer the Provincial Government, and go over a few of the splendid farms for which the County of Wel- lington is remarkable. A few hours' run by the Grand Trunk again brings us once more to Toronto. Should time permit, wo may make a trip over one of the narrow gauge railways into the beautiful country north-west and north-east of Toronto, and returning take a lake steamer at that port for Montreal. We steam down through Lake Ontario, past many beautiful and flourishing towns, at several of which we call, and enter the St. Lawrence at Kingston. Between this point and Montreal we make one of the most charming trips imaginable, through the ever- varying but always beautiful Thousand Islands, aiid over the boiling surging rapids. Nothing can be conceived more enchan^ ing and more exciting than "running the rapids;" and, when the pleasure and danger are past, and our steamer is moored to the wharl at Montreal, our only regret is that we have not time to repeat the trip. T ¥ ?? ^^^ ^^ ^^^ ^^ ^^' ^^ ^^«t ^"" out from Montreal to J^ake Memphremagog, which is remarkable for the beauty of its surroundiners. Th^n nn if^ n„.J.^n Urr ,..,.1. „„ .... -.-^ as we came up surroundings. Then on to Quebec by rail, . by water from Quebec. We find the ship in the stream awaiting us; we go aboard by tender, and an hour later we are p oughing our way down the mighty river. We pass once more the pleasant villages and charming watering-placBs of the Lower blw O^r' ' f ' ^^^ ""^^^^ ^" *^^^^'^ ^^^•^t two hundred miles below Quebec; then start in earnest on our homeward voyage • and in eight days more are home again in " merrie England." ' m^'fnfi'i '' ^^i^^7/»'^P t^at any Englishman of moderate means 27o,fl "l^f t^^^- It ^-» ^f ily be done within eight weeks ^ '*'F i^i'^'^ciiis uro »u varieu, so novel jind so^numerous, as to far surpass those of any ordinkr^ Europea^^ CHAPTER XVIL FOR THE SPORTSMAN, THE AXGLER AND THE ARTIST. Gam?a^nd^''h ^ '^.^''^i^ ^*^^^ ^^^* the sportsman and the angler Game and fish are abundant. The game laws are simple, having 4st 41 reference only to the " close " or breeding seasons ; the climate is invigorating and healthy ; and experienced guides and aHsistants can be engaged in any part of the country. 'The sportsman need experience no difficulty in suiting his taste. He can have any form of sport he likes, f'-om bagging squirrels and partridges and pigeons in the old settlements to tussling with grizzly bears in the wild canyons of the Kocky Mountains. The royal tiger and the lordly lion he will not find ; but if he be sufficiently ventui-e- some he may gather together a collection of hunting trophies of which he will have no reason to be ashamed, and at the same time undergo excitement and danger sufficient to satisfy any reasonable mortal. In the way of wild animals there are in the old Provinces, bears, foxes, wolves, moose, cariboo, red deer, otter, mink, pine marten, sable, hares, raccoons, squirrels, etc., while in the far west there are immense herds of buffaloes on the plains, and grizzly bears and other animals in the Kocky Mountain region. Of feathered game there are woodcock, snipe, pigeons, plover, partridges, quail, geese, ducks, brant, curlew, and prairie fowl; while of eagles, hawks, owls and other such birds there are many varieties. All game is common property ; the sportsman is at liberty to shoot where he likes, what he likes, and w^hen he likes, with this exception that during a certain time of the year it is illegal to take game. This is necessary in order to preserve it from total destruction. However, no true sportsman — law or no law — would kill game out of season. The English sportsman should take a good outfit with him, though it would of course be folly to burden himself with an unnecessary lot of " traps." A good-sized portmanteau will carry all he wants in the way of clothing. Tents and all necessary camp furniture, cooking utensils, etc., can be procured in any Canadian town. Rifles, guns, ammunition, knives, steel traj)8 and all other such articles can also be purchased in Canada, if necessary. For the sake of companionship, as well as for mutual protec- tion and aid, in case of trouble or difficulty, there should be three or four in the party. English servants are only in the way, nnless they happen to have had experience. On arriving in Canada, the party, if they have no friends in the country with whom to consult, should at once call on the nearest Government agent, who, even though he may not know much about sporting matters himself (though most of them do), will place them in communication with persons who will afford them every assistance. In the forests of New Brunswick and Quebec, moose, to say I 49 ; nothin^nf of other game, large and small, are abundant; but it would not be safe to enter on the chase without experienced guides. These can be had without difficulty and at a small cost. M' ,rt of them are Frenchmen, or a ci-oss between the French and I .. Indian. They are active, hardy, enduring, shrewd feliov\ ^ th< and loroughly trustworthy; handy trail. They will find the game if it is to Be found at all, and when brought down they know how best to treat such parts as arc to be presei'ved as trophies ; and how to cure the choice cuts of the meat. The French and half breeds are to be preferred to the full- blooded Indian, because they arc more cleanly as a rule, and much better cooks than the latter. It is not well, however, to allow any of them, especially the Indians, too much liberty with the brandy flasks. After a hard day's work on the trail, they are deservino* of a drop of whiskey and water, but let it be one and no more. Moose and cariboo hunting is a hard, tiresome and occasionally a very exciting amusement. There are se-oral parties of men in England, most of them ex-officers in the array, who visit Canada every two or three years for the moose hunting. They find that quite frequent enough. Some of them have very tine colloction.s. of heads and hides. As has already been said, while on the moose trail the hunter comes across a variety of other game, beasts as well as birds, and thus he is enabled to form an interesting and sometimes valuable collection. Duck shooting is to be had in every part of Canada, The birds come north in the spring of the year, and make their homes for the summer in the numerous small lakes to be found in the in- terior of every Province. They hatch their young on the shores, bringing them up on the wild rice and other food with which the lakes abound. In the autumn they are to be seen in countless thousands. Two men well up in the sport may easily bring down three hundred brace in a day. Such shooting does not compel one to go beyond the confines of civilization. Many of the best lakes for the purpose can be reached from the large towns in a few hours by rail or coach. At or near the lakes there are clean, comfortable, well-kept hotels, where one may be accommodated for four, six, or eight shillings per day, everything included. Wild geese are frequently killed in these lakes, though as a rule they spend the summer further north, while in the woods near the lakes a day's shooting is almost certain to bring the sports- man a well filled bag of miscellaneous game. The best and most exciting sport to be had on the American continent is buffalo hunting, and the best fields are the grand prairies of the-North West. The party should be provided with 43 good breach loading rifles, a revolver each, and an abundant supply of ammunition ; although the hunt for tlioso by the native Indian and half- breeds is by the use of the common flint-lock smooth bore, ■which is loaded and discharged at the gallop, with great rapidity, the powder being simply put in the mouth of the barrel, and the, bullet dropped on that, without any ])apcr or ramming whatever. The firing is, of course, at point blank range, while galloping with a herd of buffaloes. The hunting grounds may be reached by way of Sarn'a and CoUingwood and the Great Lakes to Duluth ; thence by the Northern Pacific to Glyndon ; and thence by the St. Paul and Pacific Railway to Winnipeg. There is also the choice of an all- rail route via Chicago and St. Paul, in the United States. The Lake route will befound particularly pleasant, and the time taken is very little longer. ^^ There is a class of men in Manitoba known as "plain hunters, from the fact that they live chiefly by buttalo hunting. They are nearly all half-breeds, a cross between French or English and Indians, and are undoubtedly the most expert and successful butfalo killers on the American continent. The services of a few of those men can be secured without difificulty and at a moderate cost. Their horses, an active wiry breed, are trained to the sport, and appear to take as much pleasure in it as do their masters. At Winnipeg men, horses, tents, camp furniture and everything else necessary for a hunt over the prairies can be either hired or purchased. Before engaging guides, however, the sportsman should consult the local agent of the Government, who will readily give him every advice and assistance. The half-breeds are, as a rule, trustworthy, honest and respectful ; still it is always the best policy to have the advice of one in authority in making your arrangements. . i n •* It is not intended here to describe a buff'alo hunt, with all its excitement, its danger, and its novelty. The sportsman, however, may be advised to go and experience it for himself. It is the per- fection of hunting, and as horse, rifle and revolver are brought into service, it will at once be seen that it has special and peculiar attractions for Englishmen, accustomed as they are to both hunt- ing and shooting. To the genuine sportsman nothing can be more enjoyable ; and he returns after his two months on the plains feel- ing that he has at last, for a time, been in reality a dweller in " the happy hunting ground,^." Those who have time and who have made the necessary prepa- rations, may extend their trip westward to the Kocky Mountains in search of bears and other large game. They may even pass onward into British Columbia, the forests of which afford splendid sport. 11 1 44 Prairie fowl may bo killed in any number on the plains, while liio lakes swarm with dueks and geese. Canada has the best fisheries, inland and marine, in the world Nova Scotia and Newfoundland are famous for their cod fisheries A recent pamphlet issuetl by the Nova Scotian Government says'— "In some seasons our bays and harbours teem with fish of various kinds— mackerel herring, cod, haddock, halibut, hake, pollock, shad, smelt, perch eels, etc. Lobsters are abundant, and are usually sold in the Jlalilax market at about one shilling per dozen. Good sport is aitorded in spearing lobsters at night by torch-light W e have a plentiful supply of shell-fish, viz., oyste/s scallops clams, quahaugs, mussels, etc. Indeed no country in the world can produce a greater variety of sea fish, or in greater abundance. Our rivers and lakes aftbrd salmon, trout, and gray- ling; and we have no lack of the disciples of Isaac Walton. Any boy with a bean pole, a half-dozen yards of twine, with a hook on the end of it, and a few angle worms or grasshoppers, may go out in the morning and kil as many trout as will do a lar^e family for breakf^ist In some lakes they are quite large, and are taken as heavy as four or five pounds. In other lak?s they are small seldom weighing more than one pound. The little brook trout is Znf T."' ?r ^•'^^ !^'^ P.'''"f" ^^ '"^'^ **^« t^-^^^t tribe is the sea tiout, Ihis fash IS taken in largo numbers at the mouths of rivers emptying into the Atlantic." All the rivers in Canada connecting with the sea, on the Atlan- tic as well as the Pacific coast, contain splendid salmon. The fish were taken indiscriminately and at all seasons up to a few years SXer" ^,^/Pr-»^«»t ^'Wi in and pJt a stop tfthe nSui ] ^' ? ^'"^ "^^^ '"^^'"^ ^'^^•'"g ^^^^ breeding season, and here are breeding establishments, carTied on under govern ThoC' V'^' ""^ ""' '' ^"""^' ''y ^''' ^"^-"^d out everf^^ear. Ihe best salmon s reams are in Nova Scotia, New Brunswick ^ZZ '"n ^'''''^^ ^"'"'"^'^'^- I" '^'^ "PP^^- l^kes there are numerous other varieties offish which make capital sport. Some of the salmon nvers on the lower St. Lawrence are leased from the government by private parties ; but permission for a welk^s ^yZ!^^'' ^'^^^"^^- ^^^ '^'- -^ -ersup the Brook trout may be taken in all parts of Canada, but the trout fishers paradise is to be found in the rivers on the north shore of -coM'and ?:;•?[' f'^^''"']^' '^ ^^f^^'^^"" ^1- is a lafge clear ks soincp ^ Th 'ST ^'^^^^•^'"g^^Plendid fishing from its mouth to Its souice The fash run from one to seven pounds in weight- ^hey^are farm and hard, beautifully marked^nd always ^ die 45 To reach the Necpigon the fishermen go to Collingwood or Sarnia from Toronto, by rail, thence by steamer to Red Rock at the mouth of the river. At Sault Ste. Marie, on the way up, it is well to engage a couple of Half-breeds and a canoe, having previously laid in the necessary camp furniture and provisions at Toronto. From Red Eock the party proceeds up the river about eight miles and there camps out. As the country is in a state of nature one must rough it and live under canvas. Three weeks on the Necpigon will make glad the heart of any disciple of old Isaac Walton. It is glorious sport, and, as the surrounding scenery is grand in the extreme, the student of nature will find much to admire and think of in after days. The Hsh tliat are tal:on need not be wasted. The Half-breeds know how to cure them, so that they will keep for months. The writer has eaten Necpigon trout in England, and delicious they were. Trout fishing is to be had in other parts of the countr; leas remote from civilization, and good trout fishing, too ; while bass, pike, pickerel and numerous other varieties, some of them very " gamey" and full of play, may be caught in any quantity in the lakes and rivers. As in all new countries, the fine arts did not make much head- way in Canada, until within the last few years. Men are U)0 much taken up with trade and commerce; too eagerly struggling for wealth, to give any portion of their time to art studies. Yet as wealtii a^^cumulates, and as education elevates the mind, the public taste oecomes refined, and a desire for such things mtinifests itself. Canada is a country calculated by nature to make its people love the grand, the beautitul, the sublime. Her beautiful rivers, her mighty waterfalls, her lovely lakes, her grand forestii, lier beautiful valleys, her towering mountains, and her charming pastoral scenes present a variety of scenery that cannot be sur- passed. Such surroundings as these must tell in time on the tastes of any people. And so we are glad to say it is in Canada. Not many years ago, before the present degree of refinement and culture had been reached, a painter could hardly make a living in Canada. Now there are scores. In the Province of Ontario there is a Bociety for the promotion of native talent; and there is annually a very pleasant reunion, at which the works exhibited are drawn for as in the London Art Unions. The subjects are generally Canadian water colours, though a few! artists confine themselves to oil paintings. It would be unreasonable to expect them to rival the works of European painters, yet there are several very promising artists in the Dominion, some of whom may yet be heard of on the other side of the Atlantic. The English painter in search of new subjects cannot do better 46 ■ II G A ovorv variety of Hconory ClIAPTEH XVIII. \ 1 V i . il ■ .nil ;* it ! in 1 ■ 1 \ WHKN AND HOW TO 00 TO CANADA. Prov-mcos of Canuda 8t™n,,m-s should not y^^_^^^_ ^^^^^^^^ „ j,^. tuh tho mtontion of bocomm^' U«> "^^^ " „Uom they avo «omg 7ho idvico of friends already in tho ^■''"""J,' ^ ^,o old Provmccs to join The ca,.Uer in the ^Fj-'S »™ ^^j'^i'^of April, when th« the better. By leaving homo about the m,a ^^^l^ .^ason, the LvmBhips cr™""jVrthne°whe,rUAor is in general demand. cmiKrants will arrive at a t""" ™ „a who intend to pui Farmers who go to Canada with means ^^^^^^ ^ |^^^,.^, ^ j, chaso farms on their own account, choii ^ ^ ^ therhave had a good look a^uJ^^ J^^ ' '„";„e of the Chartered motioy in a Government S-wings Ban ^^^^^.^^^ .^ ,» He ■Rinks where it will bo poitecuy »'' , ^ ,„, ,d be all the Sd spend a year in the country P-ts and^i ^ ^^^^^^^ ,, better for him in the end 'f ^^ 7'''^,,'°u„i;,redge thus attained summer to an exTieneneed"^ • '■ ' " '^'■"-h n experienced ""™"|- „"'";.";7of hi?own. Though ;-ouid stand him'in go-l^tei^wljen « U„d o, .^.^ ^^ - translerred without muc ^^^^^^ ^^ wouiu HUluu 111'" ■•- o- , , ^nf.u lormanty, n' *" ^..vvays l:;l^;otrer;:s^i:i'^"-^^^ " tiar as the laborer is concerned, his Af-l^tv^r^J'her: ^e pro^uV!) work. He should keep clear of the a. o^ .„ .^^^. I liable to be led into t^-np^'^^" «^ ^ "<, advice of the govern- St a^tL^Tvi'th irht-if » into contact, and he w . not waiUbr that busy '"^"""v'^'^f/of a comfortable home and engaged by the year, so as to be smo o^ ^^^ ^^^^ „^ a:K:af irii'lir SS-e st t wii^betr rW ruMrS.-e be^efrot to make the common 47 d. the old ^ "'ntei* iS under 1-0 going rovincos vhen the ,son, the demand, d to pur- I'gain till iposit his Chartered i-erit. He be all the jlf for the 8 attained Though dways the concluding ould be to s where he loy in idle- lie govern- and he will ^ ho bhould ' be to got ) home and usy season. \rays of the ill be after- he common iniHtako of refusing voasonahlo wages when oftorod liim on his first arrival in the coiiniiy. Those remarks apply to the tradesman and mechanic as well as to tlic farm labourer. All routes by United States ports (Portland excepted) should bo avoided, and stoamshi))s should bo chosen in profcronce to sail- in"* vessels. There are several lines of sleutuers running direct to €iuiadian ports, to which we shall refer more fully presently. These steam-lines have agents in all parts of England, Irelanil and ♦Scotland, and also in most of the large continental cities. In all cases it is best to consult the nearest local agent, who will readily give every information in his power respecting rates, times of nailin"-, etc., and will also furnish the applicant with pamphlets op Ca7i'ada free of diarge. If there be no local agent, ajiplicalion Hhould bo made to the Canadian Emigration Agent, Canada (rov- crnment Building, 31 Queen Victoria street, London, E. C. Under any circumstances it is always best to procure one's ticket before leaving home, as a jdace in the ship is thus secured, and much ti-fvUde, annoyance and confusion at Liverpool are avoided. Thouirh passengers may book through to any inland town on any of Ihu main lilies of ra'ilway, it is preferable to book oidy to Quo- bee, at which port all necessary information will be given by the government agent or the railway officials. ' Emio-rants going to Ontario or the Western part of Canada fthoukralways, in Uie summer time, take a steamer going to the port of Quebec, a>id never to Ilalitax or St. John, as they Bave a Jong railway route. STEAMSHIP LINES — ADVICE ABOUT SAILING. There are several lines of steamships running from ports in England, Ireland and Scotland directly to ports in Canada, of ivhTch full information can be obtained from the hand bills and iidvertisements of the several companies. There are lines which go to Quebec, which we repeat the emi- grant for the west should always take in the summer time ; and there arc lines which go to Halifax and St. John, which emigrants for Nova Scotia and New Brunswick should always take, instead of going round by Quebec. . i ■ In the winter time, or when the St. Lawrence is closed, emi- grants for the West can go by either Halifax or Portland. Passengers of every grade on all of these vessels are provided with an abundance of cooked provisions; but steerage passengers must provide their own beds and bedding, and eating and drinking utensils, which can be procured in Liverpool before sailing for a few shil'lings. First-class passoi.gers are allowed 20 cubic feet ; n 48 it 10 cubic- f(,ct of UK-a^'o tree ^^^^^^^^^ ,,,,7e his ticket As wc Imvo »l»'^'^^^»y ;!"^' !''j;^^^^^^^^ JroMionh. lino he hnforo Ic'iviii"- lome either troni an .uiuu n/x u a„t .t bctoic lta\ 1.-, ' ., ,„|, tiio (Canadian hmii^ration A^^'ont in mlcndH «*^' "^'^>\^^V osl importaneo also that every member London. It ih ot V^, "/ ""^^^^ an they will bo examined of his family ^J!'''^; ,X^" S^^^^^^ slw^nld any infectious )y a meaical ;:^^'^^l^^Uu^^^ be allowed to'sail. Kacd. disease be discoveedhttami} of illness durii.L- .lisease be ^•'««"^^!'" V . ", *^ ,;^,; .d in case of illness durin^^ "' The' following instructions are taken from a recently issued '"^r^lli; •iriho'pl^on^er ^ets on boani he should read U.e rules , • .vM.nr.1od to o^ whilst at sea. Ho will Hnd them bun- up /woU belnvSd and keep himsoil' clean, as this will add much to l^own l^omlblVi^d gooi health, as also to the comfort and health ""^ff he have any L^rievanco or real cause of complaint durin£( the .wn iTshoul'd .n, and make it known at once to the captain. ^^r^^^n^''^\^o^.ovov, now bo perfect for securing comfi^H Kpeed on the great ocean Bteam-lines, that complaints a'fshould be put into a trunk, carpet bag m-^ small box, which thP mssenL'er will take with him into his berth. FErants are often induced to make a clean sweep and part wHh fvetvthin- they have before leaving the old country, because itTafd tKharges for excess of luggage are so lai^e that they would come to more than the things are worth No v t ere are many little household necessaries which when so d t'llTfeTcThUcb, but these same tl^i^.^./J^tartov: exceedingly valuable in the new countiy or the ^^"^^^' ^."^^ l''?J,^ Tgixli comfort to the family as well It is "^^'^.^erefore al w^^^^ advisable to leave them behind ; they may not take up much ;tm, and the eost of freight would be 1'" ^J^^-Stts are .HTY^fm-t thov will briniT. The personal effects of emigrants are r SblcTjims &tj in Canada. ^ B.coss onai|agMunle»« vei" bulky) is seldom charged for on the Canadian Railways. TAv"n w aood a stock of clothes before leavmg home as yoa poSlj can Woollen clothing and other kind« of wearmg 49 apparol, liliinkols, house liiioii, etc, arn olionpor itt tlio Unito'l Kin.uflom than in Canada. The omi^Tunl's l)C(Mill^^ it" it is ^ood should ho broUi;iit; and if he has an old |>oa jacket or u;reat eoat ho HJiould keep it by him, for he will find it most useful on board :ihip. Aht in Canada will likely be specially adajited to the use of the country. Farmers and others with means. i;'oin "S ^^/'f^ '['^'^j.^. itUfb7\h7;:;cbrse^^:.t=t:iV^^^^^^ need. 61 « Jtn ^5^^,,^/^^''^'-f/«^';^\"^^^^-''^"t« l^^ay l,c Rtated to avorai^^e front !g2J to $3 (lOs. to 12s. Ht^.) per week ; and tl.c rent of houses for workin^r men from $5, (£1 st- ) to 88 (£1 12 sti^.) i.er montli aceordinf? to size and locality. There are, of course, hi-her and lower prices than these quotations. Livinijj itj very cheap ii'rCanadM As re^^ards employment, the newly arrived immigrant without means, is generally advised to take the first otter made to him until ho becomes acquainted with the ways of the country And the inducement, as hofore explained, to come to Canada,' is not simply higher wages and good living among kindred pco])l'e under the same flag, in a naturally rich country, possessing a pleasant and healthy climate; but the confident hope which' the poorest may have of becoming a landowner, and, while securing a compe- tence for himself, comfortably settling and educating his children in a manner he could not hope to do among the crowded noiuil-i- tion of the Old \yorld. 11" CHAPTER XX. PROVINCES OP THE DOMINION. Ontario. The old Province of Ontario had an area of about seventy-ei"-hc million acres, of which about a third was surveyed, and ibr the most part granted and sold. But of the surveyed portion upwards of three millions of acres yet remain to be disposed of, either as free grants to settlers or by purchase. The recent award, however, of the arbitration on the boundaries of Ontario, gave to that Province an immense extension of terri- tory,--an extension as great as the whole of the rest of Ontario exclusive of the Lakes Ontario, Superior, Huron and Erie. The Province of Ontario will in the future possess an area of fully 200,000 square miles. This is 80,000 square miles greater than the area of the United Kingdom; only 12,000 square miles less than the whole German Empire ; only 2,000 square miles less than France; and equal to the combined areas of Holland, Portugal, United Italy, Switzerland and Belgium. The new territory alono> possesses an area greater by 20,000 square miles than the group, of countries just named, excepting Italy. Ontario is the most populous and wealthy Province of the Coiv- I I 52 fpdoration It had, according to the census of 1871, a population ot 1(12 851. Its 'south-western portions have a ny der chma o 11 n ; qS ■ or the Maritime Provinces. Its growth m wealth, principally ft-om the products of agriculture, has been very rapid. Occupations and Cities. \,rriculturo forms the principal occupation of the inhabitants nlthou h lumbering in the rich forests, mining in the bountiful deS; and seafaring occupations, on the great lakes, attract a portion of the labour of the inhabitants. ^Toronto, the seat of the Provincial Government, has a popu- 1-ition of 50 092. There are also other cities ot considerable extent. Ottawa vvith a population of 21,545, is the seat of the Dominion Government, in which are erected the Houses of Par lament and Departmental P.uildings. These constitute three of t^^ hues edi- fiees on the Continent of America The city of Hamilton has a population of 2(3,7 10; London, 15,826; and Kingston, 12,-407. Resources. The soil of the country varies in diftercnt localities, but a large proi)ortion is of the very best description for agricultural pur- poses ; its water communication, by means of the great lakes, is insurpassed ; in mineral wealth (excluding the one article, coal) it has resources of the very greatest extent, abounding, as its does, in iron, copper, lead, silver, marble, petroleum, salt, etc. its im- mense forests of pine timber are too well known to need any des- cription. The great lakes abound with tish, and the forests with ^'''^Ontario is essentially an agricultural country. The p-oducing class, then, is that wiiich the country needs-men to c ^ar the forest lands, to cultivate the soil, to build houses, to m.arant8 • these are always sure of immediate employment, at good ■wages. There is also a considerable demand for dressmakers, saillincrs, and seamstresses, all of whom can obtain good wages. i-' iS f .: r sss ' \. ' j 'r . 53 Fiinns and Lands. Uncleared land varies in price from 2s. to 40.s. an acre, accord- ing tORltuation and soil. Cleared and improved farms' can be bought at prices ranging from £4 to £10 an acre. The money can nearly always be paid in instalments, covering several years'. The leasing of farms is an exception to the general rule, as most men desire to own the land they cultivate. Emigrants pos^^essin'"- means would do well not to be in haste to purchase, but to "-et some experience before taking so important a stej). A_«'i'icnltu'i'al labourers would study their own interests by acceptiiig employ- ment as it may be olfered on arrival, and they will soon learn how to improve permanently their condition. Persons accustomed to the use of mechanical tools, who intend turning their hands to farming, will often Und such an acquisition of groat convenience and value. Prosperity of Immigrants in Ontario. Men commencing as labourers, without any capital but stron<»^ arms and willing minds, seldom keep in that condition very loniT but after a per.od of more or less duration they generally becon7e employers of labour themselves. It is this moral certainty of rising in the social scale, when the proper means are employed, that brightens the hopes and stimulates the exertions of the needy settle]-. In coming to Ontario, old country people will find themselves surrounded by appliances of comfort and civilization similar to those which they left in the old land : the lu ins of educating their -;il- I'en universall}'- diffused; religious privileges almost identi- : Uy the same ; the old national feeling for the land of their fathers^ loyally cherished ; and an easy means of intercourse, both by steam and telegraph, with every part of the gi-eat J3ritish Empire, of which Canadians are proud to boast that their country forms an integral and no inconsiderable jjart. Climate and Productions. The climate of Ontario is warmer in summer and colder in wiiv tor than that of England ; but the air being dry the heat of sum.. rner is not found to be o})pressive ; while the clear sky and bracing air of winter render that season, in the opinion of many, the most pleasant of the year. The frosts of winter have a powerful effect in opening the soil, and the snow protects the ground from the winds and sun of the early spring ; then the melting snow fills the i '!l ! ,i t; 1, It ^ : ^ 1 54 ,oil with moi.turc, and replenishes the wells with an abundant '"'t^;!^' nrcS^ of Ontario are similar to those of Western , ll^e proauaio i-oot-crops find here their appro- ^'"'?^vJ:nfP while fruit is produced in ^reat abundance, priate ^^'^^^.^ ' ^'^^^^^uo^r beet are also profitable crops. Maize ^'ir^-.^i^n^^^^'^ i'^ the southern parts of the Province "^ T^^T<^^^<^om<^ to perfection in the open air. The growth iTsucrp "c^uSts^ as these forms an unerring index to the character -of the climate. j,,,. Grant Lands. On the 1st of January, 1874, there were sixty-nine tovvnships .no, for location, under the " Free Grant and Homestead Act ot V^^^i '' -ind the following have been opened since that time, viz., Bm'W lvil4t^^ Carling, Kyde, Oakley, llidout, Mat- tatnui and Plumer, making in all seventy-eight townships, each con ning from 50 000 to 60,000 acres. Besides the above, there a?e twelv^ more townships ai>propriated, making in all ninety Other townships will be opened as railways and colonization road ai" constructed ; and the Georgian Bay branch ot the Canada Pacific Railway will, in its construction, pass through townships in Ontario that will be open to settlers as free grants. Two hundred acres of land can be obtained, on condition of settlement, by every head of a family having children under :^ It^-n years of age ; and any person over -^/.^teen yeai-s of a^^e can obtain a free grant of 100 acres on condition of settlement There hinds are protected from seizure for any debt incurred before the issue of the patent, and for twenty years after its issue by a " Homestead Exemption Act." In order to make a successful settlement upon a free grant, the settler should have at least from £40 to £50 after reaching his "" The old sutlers are always willing to help new comer's. A house, such as is required by the Act, could be erected by contract for from £5 to £8; but with the assistance which the new settler would certainly receive from his neigbours, it might be erected •ibr even less. Should it be desired to clear the land by hired labour or by contract, in order to bring it more rapidly into cul- tivation, the cost would be about £3 sterling per acre. The best season of the year to go on to a free grant is the month of Sep- tember, afier harvest work in the old settlements ;« over, iheie is time to put up a house, and get comfortably settled before the winter sets in ; and during the winter the work ot chopping and cl^iring can go on. In this way, a crop can be got in during the 55 first sprinii'. Tiic operation of |,>uttiiii!; in the first crop in a very vsimplo one. Plougiilni^ is at once ini])racticable and unnecessary. The land is light and rich. All it needs is a little scratching on the .surface to cover the seed. This is done with a drag or hari'ow, which may either be a very rough, primitive implement — a natural orotcii with a few tectii in it — or it may Ijc carei'ully made and well-tin ished. Jl'/tcs and MiH;o found in considerable quantities, and i.s very profitably worked. On the north shore of Lake Huron are the celebrated Bruce mines of copper, from which ore and metal to the value of about £50,000 are exported anually. Silver is found on the shores of Lake Superior, particularly in the neighbourhood of Thunder Bay. Silver Islet, a small island in this bay, contains one of the richest veins of this metal ever discovered. There are other veins on the mainland almost, if not quite, as rich. Petroleum is got in the westerly part of the Province in im- mense and apparently inexhaustible quantities. Salt is obtained at Goderich and the neighbourhood, in the shape of brine, from wells sunk to a great depth below the surface. Large peat beds exist in many parts of the Province, and the manufacture of i)eat for fuel is now being carried on l)y two com- panies, the Anglo-American and the Ontario. Education. One of the chief attractionsof Ontario as a homo for immigrants is its admirable system of Public lOlucation. This has been •brought to its present perfection by much care and study. The systems prevalent in the most advanced countries of Europe have been carefully studied, and their best points appropriated. The public schools are all free. All resident children between I 56 the rnrcB of five and twenty-one years are allowed to attend thcTri,. and 'the children of all classes are educated therein without dis- '"xhe public schools arc non-sectarian. The children of all de- nominations arc admitted without distinction. The school funds arc derived from four different sources. 1. The sale of lands set apart for school purposes, from the proceeds of which sale is paid the legislative grant, which is apportioned amonc- the schools, according to school population, and is used only for the payment of teachers' salaries ; 2. Municipal assess- ment • each city, town, or county is to raise by assessment an amount equal at least to the legislative grant: 3. Money received from the Clergy Reserve Fund and other sources. 4. Trustees school assessment. , , , The schools are governed by trustees elected from and by the ratepayers of the district ; and" it is imperative on the trustees of each school to levy a tax on the rateable property within their section sufficient to supply any de.iciency that may be required after obtaining the legislative and municipal grants. Manufactures. The almost unlimited supi»ly of water power throughout Ontario affords facilities for manufactures to which that power is adapted, and in consequence various descriptions of industry are springing up in all directions. Steam power is also used to a lar^e extent. The principal articles manufactured are cloth, linen, clothing, leather, furniture, sawn timber, flax, iron and hardware, paper, soap, cotton and woollen goods, steam engines and locomotives, wooden ware of all descriptions, agricultural implements, etc. Specia I Inducements. Persons of moderate but independent means, who are living on the interest of their money in England, could double their incomes by settling in Ontario, where from seven to eight per cent, can easily be obtained for investments on first-class security. Add to this that living and education are much cheaper than in the Old Country, and it will be at once obvious how gieat are the advan- tages Ontario offers to this class of persons, and especially those with families. Another class of persons to whom Ontario offers special induce- ments are tenant farmers who are ambitious of changing their condition as leaseholders to that of freeholders. Improved fi^irms. 57 can be bought in Ontario for the amount of capital necessary to carry on a leased farm in Great Britain, thus placing the woll-to- do farmer in a position of independence. QUEBEC. The Province of Quebec comprises a territory of 210,000 sijuaro miles or 129,000,000 acres of land, divided in this way: Conceded in fiefs 10,678,081 In full and common soccage... 8,050,053 Surveyed into farm lots...^ G,400.000 20,029,984 Still to be surveyed 102,970,0(50 This Province was originally settled by the French. The tirst English settlers who really lixed their home in Quebec were the United Em]nre Loyalists, whom the War of Independence in the United States caused to emigrate to Canada. To recompense their allegiance the British Government granted them magniticent grants of land in the Eastern Townships in Quebec, and in the peninsula formed by the great lakes of Ontario. In this way there exists to-day in the Province a mixed po])ulation consisting of French and English siieaking people. Education. In order to make clear the social features of the Province Ave shall illustrate first the system of education. The Minister of Public Instruction controls and directs public instruction m this Province. This important public functionary is assisted by a council of twenty-one members, fourteen of whom are Catholics and seven Protestants. If at any time ten Catholic or five Pro- testant members of the council shall bo of opinion that their respective educational institutions should bo separately managed, in that case the law^ provides for separation ; and it then resolves itself into two, so that the members of the difterent religious creeds shall have the exclusive management of the schools of their respective denominations. Nothing indicates a desire to put into operation this clause of the law which provides for separation ; on the contrary, the most friendly relations exist among the gentlemen of different religious denominations whct constitute the council. 58 Primary cdiuatioii is obli^^atoiy, in so far as every tax payor is bound to conlrib.ilo to it a moderate sum The sum levied is o.iual in amount to the school i^rant allowed by the Government to every municipality in the Province. J^osidos this, heads of families have to pay a monthly fee, varyin^^ Irom hvo to jorty cents for every child between the a-es ot 7 and U capable of attcndin"- school. There are annually allowed to poor municipa- iilics SHOOO. Primary schools are placed under control of com- missioners elected by the rate-payers of eacli municipality. In municiDalities where there exist ditferent religious denomina- tions the school commissioners of the majority govern. If the minority are not Batitied with their management as it concerns them si)ecially, they may signify their dissent to the president of the school commissioners, and select trustees to direct their own schools. Thus the minority, be it Catholic or Protestant, has no fear of being oppressed. , , , < , u There are s])ecial schools, called normal schools, supported by the state, wherein school teachers arc trained. There are three in Quebec, two Catholic and one Protestant. There are to-day in Quebec close upon 4,000 primary schools wherein elementary instruction is given to quite 200,000 pupils; and nearly 300 secondary and model schools attended by at least 40,000 pupils. These schools are maintained at a joint cost of quite $1,000,000. Inspectors connected with the education department visit the schools of the district to which they are appointed to assure themselves of the competency of the teachers and the efficiency of their management. Besides these schools of primary instruc- tion there are special schools, lyceums, commercial schools and schools of agriculture. These number about 150, and are attend- ed by 3,000 pupils. . There are, besides these, wherein the classics are mainly taught, fifteen superior schools in the Pi-ovince. Twelve are Catholic and three Protestant. The Catholic colleges owe their existence to the generosity of the clergy. In the majority of cases the professors are ecclesiastics, who l^bllow their course of theology while they act as teachers, and are content to receive a remuneration of $40 per annum, besides board and lodging. This explains the low rate paid by pupils for tuition and board, which does not reach the sum of SlOO per year. Hundreds of young men, devoid of means, have been and arc educated gratuitously in these schools. Owing to these facilities, education of a very superior order is very widely extended in this Province. There arc three Universities in Quebec, two of which are Pro- testant— McGi 1 1 College, founded in 1827; and Bishops College, Lennoxville, founded in 1843 by his Lordship Bishop Mountain. 59 The Catholic Uiilvorsily, Laval, liko the Kiiu'lish ones, i.s incor- porated, but, beyond ihi.s, has iiothiiii:: in coniinon witji them. It was founded in 185-4 by the Sominarv of (^lebec. which spent in the undcrtaUino; $300,000, and now 'maintains it at its own ex- pense, without State aid. lieliijioua and Charl.tahle Jn.if''ti(tions. Tlieso institutions form one of the chief fcatui'cs of t^ucbec. With the earlier missionaries came the S'(fiirs llospiuUieres to care for the sick, and the Ursulines and Sisters of the Conu;regation followed to attend to the educating of the rising generation, and assist in civilizing the Indians. These institutions, emlowcd by the State or by private individuals, have gone on multiplying and meeting the requirements of progress. By the side of the Catholic institutions have grown uji and pros])ercd those of other religious communities, between which and the Catholic institutions no rivalry exists, exce])l in doing good. The Government of the Province devotes a considerable portion of its revenues, about $1()0,000 a year, to the su|)port of charitable institutions. These short skctehes of the system of education and charities in (Quebec arc am])ly sufficient to illustrate the spirit of broad humanity and fair-play existing in that Pro- vince. Population and Climate. At the last census, taken in 1871, the population of Quebec •amounted to 1,101, 51G souls; of these 929,817 were of Frencii origin, 09,822 of English, 49,458 of Scotch, 128,478 of Irish, and the remainder of other origins. Classified according to religion, the population of the Province is composed of 1,019,850 Catholics and 171, f)6(3 Protestants. The rigor of the winter in Canada is very much exaggerated in Europe, and so often advanced as an objection to the country that we shall allude to it to show that it is not what it has been repre- sented. The climate of Quebec is the most healthy in North America ; and, perhaps, its people are the hardiest and most vigor- ous. The snow of Quebec is most favourable to agricultural operations. The ground enjoys rest for at least live months of the year, and winter imparts to the soil tliat vigor which promotes a sudden and full vegetation. In poiiit of quality and quantity the crops will compare favourably with those of other parts of the continent. Quebec is distinguished for the excellent quality of its apples. The melon and tomato grow luxuriantly, and ripen in the open air. GO Tn.lian coi-n licmp, flax and tobjuco, when ^nown, yield a good' en. lomp a.ll flax enn bo eultivuted to any extonl jn the Province of'Qnehec. Another instance which will hI.ow the c imate of Quehec cannot bo so nevcro is that spa.TOWs may be Hcen dunnir the winter season, no matter whnt weather, flirt. n.i? about. 1 .. summer of Q.iobec is e.,ual to that of Toulouse ; and lever and a"ue are unknown in the Province. The Soil ami '7.s Pr<>dvril(A\s. The soil of the Province is extremely rich, and susceptible of the ],i.d.est cultivation. It is adapted for the growth of very varied products; cereals, hay and green crops grow everywhere in abundance where the land is at all fairly tilled. Cattle breeding is beiiK-- carried on on a very large scale, and withiii three years there ifas been exported from Quebec to (ireat Britain large .luan- titics of dead meat and cattle, not exceeded by the I'est hnglis i breeds For i)aslurage the laiuls of Quebec are of specun excel- lence particularly tliose in the Ea>tern Townships and north of the Ottawa. The im])ulse given to agriculture by the active co- operation of the tlovernment is working great benefit and loading to strides little dreamt of five years ago. Territorial Divisions and Municipal Institutions. As re"-ards civil matters Quebec is divided into parishes, town- ships counties and districts. There are sixty counties m the Provi'nee For judicial purposes the Province is divided into twenty districts. The functions of the municipal institutions are the keening in repair of roads, bridges, and public works of u purely local character, and the maintaining laws favourable to agriculture. , , „ -i ''The affairs of the parish arc regulated by five or seven council- lors elected by the ratepayers. A mayor presides over their deli- berations, and great care is taken that no unnecessary expenses are incurred. Agriculture. The great bulk of the rural population live by agriculture. The extent of the farms generally is 100 acres ; farms in the older settle- ments being worth, as a rule, from 82,000 to $ bOOO. The sons or far- mers invariablv push back into the new settlements, where a partially cleared farm .aay be purchased for about $200; or pur- chase a lot from the Crown Lands at a cost of between 30 or 40 c^nts (Is. 3d. to 2s. stg.) per acre ; or take a free grant along one of the 61 K'oloniziition roiids. There are five iniiin eeiilres of eoldnization ; TiiK Vallkv of tiieSaol'enav— The extent ol laiifl siii-voye-l and r)8,r)00 acres, the price of which is .'iO cents per acre ; The Kasteun Townsmii's — In this rid. sts:;.) per acre. GAsi'i; — In this district the Government otl'ers Ibr sale ■{'.•1,100 acres of land, at the rate of 20 and ;J0 cents (lOd. to Is. 3d. stg.) per acre. Besides this, on the south sjiore of the lower St. Lawrence, the Govei'iiment oH'ers for sales 1,42.'J, 200 acres, at 30 •cents (Is. 3d. stg.) ))er ai-re. In the case of a ])urchaser of wild lands the condition of sale are : to pay one-iifth of the ])urchase money at the date of sale, and the remainder in four equal annual instalments, with interest at C per cent, per year ; to take }»osscssion of the land sold within six months fi'om the date of sale, and to reside on and occu])y the same, either by Idmself or throuui ou\y uli.n the dcht js contn.^-to.l ,n the ; ••haK> nf.iich nrticU's. This i.rotcction is a.. evide:u-e su h- (■iontlv slron^^ of tlu- ii.loirsl taUon hy tho (.ovcvmnrnt :n the «etllci' Tn-lopculcMith- of those i.rovisions sooiotios ("xist ovciy- whorcVor tho hoiiofn ()t\hoa:,'rioiiltiirist, and (•(>h)nizati()n sooiotios, wli.»so duty it is to pi .m..to sottl^moiit and iirotcct tho Hottior, are htr'.olv suhsidi-od hy tnc Govov..niont. , , . ^ , ^ Last yo.'ir a hiw wns ]iassod, whii-h shows tho dosiro of tlio Govorn- motit ot (iuohoo to iiiaivo (>inii;-rati()n and ooU)nization ^'o hand in h'lnd It provides that S(?0,0(lU sliall ho sot aside as a oojonization fund out of whioh tho(^»lnlnissionol• of A,i,M'iotillnro, under author- ilv may caii-o a certain minihci- of k)ts of 1(>0 acres each to ho prc'prirod, in designated to.vnsiiips, to ho ottered to settlors who i.npoar tcl ho in a position to siicccc(h . ^ . ^, , . „ . The preparation of such hits to consist in tho clean ni,^ of four 'uroH ready iWr sowini? nnd tho lonstriiction of a dwelliiif,^ not less than Hixloon feet hy twenty loot. Tho cost of the^work, including price of land, not to exceed 8200 for each lot. Price of the land to he paid for in the usual manner, according to conditions ahove stated The cost of the improv.-ments to he paid in five other consecutive yearly payments to hocomc due after tho payment of the land without interest until i.iaturity of each i-ayment. Tho settlor in one of the districts where these advantages are ottered lias the option of making himself, on his lot, the four acres of clearance, and of huilding a homo not less than IG foot by 20. In such case' he shall receive, as an advance, the price of these un- provements. This a'lvanco shall he paid in tive yearly instalments, exigihle only after the price of tho land shall have completely fallen due. Manufw'tiires, Trade and Commmerce. Tho advantages ottered for manufacturing by the Province of Quebec are very great. The small manufacturers of Europe, who are unable to cope with tho largo capitalists, would find in Qaobecj immense advanta«,^es. Tho principal articles manufactured in the Province are cloth, linen, furniture, leather, sawn timber, flax, iron and hardware, paper, ch-micals, soap, boots and shoes, cotton and woollen goods, etc., etc., and all descriptions of ai,'ricultural implements. Mines and Fisheries. The richest and most varied ores are found in quantities in Quebec. Gold is found in the district of Beauce and elsewhere. 03 copper abomuls in tlio Eastern Townships, and iron is foinvl nearly overywhero. Lend, silver, plalinmn, zinc, etc., ote., are louiid altun'dantiv also. Miniu<^ however, in this Province is onlv ii: its iniancy. Tl.e exports fron^ the mine ajnoiinteil in 1H70 to S3Gr),r)4r». The total oxi)orts of ])i'herios, «(L^0{l7,G(;7. J\Ic((ns of Communirot'on, The rivers durinii^ navigation afford a cheap and easy mode of locomotion. The Pi-ovince hesides is everywhere traversed hy largo main and side roads, and every year the Government sj)cn(is large 8um.s of money in the construction of colonization roads loading up to new settlements. A network of railways is being luiill north and south of the river St. liuwrence, ])laeing the most distant hamlets in jiroximate i-elatio.i to the markets of (,'anada and tho United States. Whore the distant settlements are remov- ed from railway communication the main roads or largo coloniza- tion roads eome into service, and enaldo the iUrmer to bring to or carry from his home what he requires for U'^e, or the surplus he has to dispose of. But ho has little trouble in disposing of his surplus, as hawkers during tho winter buy in all sections of the country for Canadian and American markets. General fnformation. The most important trade in Q'lebec is the lumber industry, and this affords nearly everywhere a ready mark'ot for tho farmer, certainty to tho new settler, and in the winter season employment for himself and his horses. Tho value of exports of the produce of tho forest from the Province of Quebec in 1876 was 811,047,082. It is well to state that aliens have a right to acquire and transmit by gratuitous or onerous title, as well as by succession or by will, all movable and immovable property in the Province of (iuobou ill the same manner as British-born subjects. It is well also to remark there is no Government tax in Quebec ; the Province has a largo surplus out of which it undertakes and builds all the pr blie works necessary. Owing to the judicious expenditures of money by the Government tho progress made by Quebec has been some- thing wonderful. In conclusion it may be fairly stated that Quebec is a good field for immigration. The Government having 64 n s : '1 120 000 000 acres of land at its disposal, performed the best ser- Yl CO a Govoriinicnt can by makinj^r an ettectivc survey. Jlavi na divided into farm lots 0,400,000 acres of land, it next caused the i^reater part of this territory to bo traversed b}' colonization roads, founded agricultural societies, and enacted a law to give aid to intending settlers. It has laid the basis of a most important railway communication ; spends thousands of dollars, also, yearly in promoting education. There are no questionable titles in Quebec, so that the purchaser from the crown has nothing to fear. In common with Canada, Quebec shai-os in a perfect |)Ostal and telegraph system. There are also Government savings banks ■where a dei)ositor may obtain 4 and 5 ])er conl. for his money with the most jierfect security. Those who settle in (Quebec will settle in the central commercial Province of the Dominion of Canada, and among a most orderly and law-abiding people. 11 NEW BRUNSWICK. In our sketch of this fine Province we will draw largely from a broad sheet, with map attached, issued, witli the approval of the Government of New Brunswick, a short time ago. One of the Provinces of the Dominion, New Brunswick is governed in all local matters by a Lieutenant Governor, advised by an Executive Council, with a Legislature, composed of a Legislative Council, and a House of Assembly consisting of 41 members, ele^ced to represent the several counties. New Brunswiciv borders the Provinces of Nova Scotia and Quebec and the State of Maine (one of the United States of A.merica), and is, with Nova Scotia, nearer Europe than any of the populated portions of the continent of America. It is larger than Belgium and Holland united, and nearly t\,o-thirds as large lis England. It is 210 miles in length and 180 miles in breadth, and has a coast line of about 500 miles indented with spacious bays and inlets, and is intersected in every direction with large navigable rivers. It is generally a flat, undulating country. On its north-west coast from the Bay of Chaleurs to the boundary of Nova Sce^'a, 200 miles, there is hardly a hill exceeding 300 feet in height. There are some elevated lands skirting the Bay of Fundy and the liiver St. John, but the only section of a moun- tainous character is that bordering on the Province of Quebec, on the north, where t: v. country is beautifully diversified by oval-topped hills ranging from 500 to 800 feet in height, clothed with lofty forest trees almost to their summit, and surrounded by fertile valleys and table-lands. 65 Counties. New Brunswick is divided into foin-teon counties, cliissitkHl a,- follow : iHt. The sea-board counties, or those on the Bay of Chaleurs. Gulf of St. Lawrence and Straits of Noilluunberla'nd, con\i)risii,i. llesti<,'ouche, Gloucester. Norlhnmberland, Kent and Wesiniorc"- land. 2nd. The sea-board countied on the southern or Bay ot Fundy coast, comju-isini,^ Alhert, St. John, and Charlotte. '.".rd, The inland comities on the Si. John liiver, coinjirisinii King's, Queen'.s, Sunbury, York, Carleton and Victoria. Rivers. An inspeclion of a map will show that the surface of thC' Province is everywhere intersected by rivers and streams, addinji to the fertility of the soil and furnishin British [9. The B71, was )0 souls, inada, is ,' of the between x\de. It , narrow n length X north - cast and south-west. Tlio Province contains about 13,000,000 acres of land, of which about ono-tit'th pari consists of lakes and small rivers. About 5,000,000 acres of land are lit for tillage; the remainder, which is chiefly a belt on the coast of the sea, is rocky and barren, and presents to a stranger visiting our shores a veiy rough, rugged and sterile appeai-ance ; but the interior of the countiy \>, not so. From the appearance of the coast no idea can be formed, could scarcely be imagined, of the beauLy and fertility of the interior." The coa^t although rugged, is indented with numerous deep-water harbours, most of which are easy of access, safe and commodious. Climate. The climate of Nova Scotia, contrary to the general impression in Europe, is more temperate than that of any other part of Canada, or even that of some of the Northern and Eastern States of the American Union. The extreme cold whicl I IS experienced in winter in other ])arts of America is not felt here, owing perhaps to the fact that the Province is almost com])l tely sur- ounded by the sea, and that the Gulf stream sweeps along a few miles of its southern shore; and, further, that the Province pn J ^ J ^ — .v^...-.X,V^ 1.... jy*.^ tected from the chilly north winds by an almost continuous belt of mountains, or very high hills, stretching along its northern side. The Province aftbrds great variety of climate as well as productions, the average temperature of Annapolis county being 8° higher than in the counties of Cape Breton, and 6'^ warmer than in the State of Massachusetts. In the central part of the Province the mercury seldom rises above 85" in summer in the shade, and in the winter it is rarely down to zero. " The climate is extremely healthy ; there is probably none more so in the world. The health returns from British military stations place this Province in the first class." The Soil and its Productions. The fertility of the soil in several of the agricultural districts is unsurpassed, the production of the farms, both in quantity and quality, in many cases excelling those of the Mother Country. The western counties of Nova Scotia excel in the growth of fruit, especially in apples, for which the soil and climate are specially adapted. Annapolis, Kings, Hants and Digby counties occupy a prominent place in their production, about 50,000 barrels of apples having been exported from Annapolis in a single year. "All the small fruits, such as currants, gooseberries, stravf- 70 s I bcrrios, raspberries, blackberries, bhioberrios, huckleberries, cran- berrien, etc., are very abundant, both inuwikl .state and cultivated. The markets of Halifax and the nmall towns are well supplied with them in their season. Our wild slrawbcrrios, though small, arc remarkably rich and hiL'li flavoured, indeed they are far more delicious than any of liic cultivated sorts. The cultivation of this fruit seems to increase the size at the expense of the flavour. 1'ho grain and root crops arc also excellent; the average produc- tion in the We^tern counties is, as nearly as can be estimated, as follows : Wheat per acre 18 bushels l?ye •' " 21 " Barley '' " 35 " Oats •' '•' ;u " Buckwheat " .... 33 -^ Indian Corn (Maize) 42 " Turnij>s 420 " Potatoes 250 '' Mangold Wur/ol 500 " Beans 22 << , ilay 2 tons " The above is a general average of the crops in three counties, but there are many farms which, being highly cultivated, produce- crops that arc much larger. Beets, carrots, parsni])s, beans, peas, squash, pumpkins, melons, tomatoes, etc., are grown in large quantities. The cro])s of hay, timothy and clove, and coarse ' salt grass ' that are raised on the dyke lands and marshes in the counties of Hants, Kings, Annapolis and (■umberland are some- thing almost incredible. Four tons of 2240 lbs. of timothy and clover have been taken off a single acre, besides a light second crop late in the season.'' Dairy farming, which is profitably prosecuted in many counties of the Province, is susceptible of great extension. Of late manu- factures of butter and cheese, on a prettj- large scale, have been established in various localities, in which the f-irmers in the neigh- bourhood have an interest and participate in the profits. Much of the profit of the farm arises from the raising of stock for the slaughter house, and praiseworthy efforts have been made ta imjuove, by importations from abroad (chiefly fVom Great Britain) the breeds of cattle sheep, and swine. Pasturage is generally good throughout the Province, and the principal cost of raising stock is- that of the hay for winter food, which is not very expensive. Sheep farming is not systematically carried on, although, as Mr, Morrism, former Commissioner of 'immigration for the Province- 71 observes : "As a si locality in AintM-iea, notwitliMhiiKlinu' '\vIii(Ti"tl eh " ■ ■ iccp-raJNin^ country there is, porlinp^, no boti 01 eep fai-rn iti the province. Kvery farmer 1 Here is not a sinijlo s'ccps a fo\VNlieo|). i)nt (M'<»Ui«-|l- the tlock-H are seldom talvon proper care of. A number of 1 1 bred sliepi.erds. who would introdu. o the best breeds „t shecD both forwool-prodncin- and for mutton, would, iu a n-u- vciiV make a small fortune. There is a ,i,n-eat d. ul of land suitable 'lii,' the purpose in every countiy, and oven among the wild 1-nids there are largo trac^ts of oi)en rough y isture that miol,i bo nVide capable ol containing vast flocks of sheep at \ovy liitle oxnense " Farmers in Nova Scotia raise a good deal o' pork for their own use and for market, and many of the farmers' wives obiain con- siderable pocket money by the sale of poultry and e<.nx They also make a great deal of yarn, which thev knit anirmake into socks and warm clothes for their own wear and for sale ' TJie Fisheries. valued at $820,752 ; of herrings, lG-t,U2 barrels, valued at 8t^(i()'- 070 ; of lobsters, 8,348,720 cans, valued at $502,808. Of ti^li oils the quantity obtained was 845,074 gallons, of a value of S22I OSs' The total value of the Fisheries of this Province for 187G Wis 80,029,050. Lumher and Ships. ^ Nova Scotia contains largo tracts of woodlands which produce timber for shi])buildingand lumber, chiotiy for exportation. Mil- lions of foot of ))ino, spruce, hemlock and hardwood, deals, scant- lings, staves, etc., are annually shipped from the different iiortsof tiie province to the West Indies, [Initod States and Europe. This Province occupies the tirst position of any country in the world as a shipbuilding and ship-owning country. The* population by the census of 1871 amounted to 887,800 souls, and in 1870, at Dec. 3l8t, it had on the llegistry Books of the Dominion 2.807' ves- 'sj having an aggregate of 529,252 tons; that is, more than a ton and a quarter for every man, woman and child in the Province • and its ships are to be found in almost every part of the globe. I 79 ■1. ■ Mines and Minerals. Thi.s Province is romarkahle alsofor its minorals, especially for itH (loposits of coal, iron and jjfold. Coal niiiios arc extensively worked in Ca])e Breton and I'ictoii, and latterly in the county of Cumberland. A considerajjle j)ro])ortion ol'llie quantity )-aiseiI ""oes into domestic consumption, the chief exports bein«^^ to the Umted States and other foreign ports and to the British North American Provinces. The total coal product for 187G was 709,(J4(; tons. The quantity of the product of the gold mines in the same year was 12,039 oz. ; of iron ore, 15,274 tons; of gypsum. 80,920. Val- iiahle deposits of high-class iron ore are found in ditferent parts of the Province, which of late haveattracted the attention of capi- talists, who are erecting furnaces with a view to extensive manu- facturing operations. Government. Nova Scotia, made a Province of the Domir.ion of Canada by Act of the Imperial Government, has since 1867 been governed in general matters by the Dominion Parliament, and in local matters by the Provincial Legislature. The chief officer is the Lieutenant Governor, appointed by the Governor General, who is advised by an Executive Council of nine members, several of whom are heads of departments. The Legislative body consi ts of a Lei,nslative Council of twenty-one members, and a House of yVssembly of thirty-eight members, elected by ballot to represent the S':.eral counties (18) into which the Province is divided. Nearly three-fourths of the population ai'e Protestants, the re- mainder, one liundred and two tliousand, are lloman Catholics. Education, which is very general, is partly supported bv direct taxation, supplemented by liberal annual grants from the Legis- lature, which last year amounted to about 81^5.000. At the com- mon schools, which are subject to the control of the Government, the average number of scholars in daily attendance has been esti- mated at one hundred thousand, and all are free. The quantity of land at the disposal of the Governmcni is limit- ed, the price S44 per 100 acres of crown land- free grants being ho'vever, given to 6o7i<7/zVe settlers. '" ' ^ Tl.>' price of ordinary day labour is from 3s. 9d. to 5s. sterling. Farm labourers, during spring time and harvest, earn even larger wages, and board besides. The cost of provisions is much lower than in England, the price of flour varying from £1 to £1 10s. ster- ling per barrel ; beef, mutton, veal from G to 10 cents per lb. Fish and vegetables are abundant and cheap. r6 The Province in abundantly supplied wit! PP numfiei' ljoin«jf probably publislied than the same i)opulation. The postal arran^ctnent the ratew of postat^e moderate. The cleetnc tele<,M'aj)h in Ibund h newspapers, a lar^^cr in any other coundy with s are excellent, and n every section of the Trovinee. and there is direct tele^M-ajih com- munication with all parts ot the Continent of America, and by cable with the Continent of Kuro]ie. ^ There ai-e now. besides tiie ordinary roads of the country, about ^50 miles of railway in operation, conneclino; U)0 capital of the r'rovince (Halifax) with Annapolis in the West. Pictou in the Kast dnd Cumberland in the North. Other railroads have been com- nenccd, and many more projected lines have been surve^-ed. External communication other than by railway is carried on by the Allan, Anchor, and other steamship companies with Europe by steamer; between Halifax and Boston and Portland, also by steamer : with J3ermuda and Newfoundlard, and with places in Canada, by steamboats that ply in the Gulf of St. Lawrence con- nectinii' vvith railway at Pictou. PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND. This Province is situated on the south side of the Gulf of St. .Lawrence, between New Brunswick and Cape Breton, and is separated from them by Nortliumberland Strait, which is from 9 to 30 miles wide. Its extent from east to west is 130 miles, and from north to south Si miles, with an area of 2,134 square miles. The Island entered into the Confederation of the Dominion of Can- ada in 1873. The coast is indented by numerous bays, twT> of which nearly divide the Island into three parts, and the'^harbours are numerous. The surface is gently undulating, presenting a charming aspect of Jiill and dale, and it [» well watered with numerous springs and rivers. The soil is remarkably fertile, and it has more land under culti- vation in ])roportion to its size than any of the other provinces. All kinds of grain, fruit and vegetables do well. Ltirge deposits of what is called " muscle mud " are found in the beds of all the rivers, some of them from 10 to 30 feet deep, and are used as fertilizers, giving very large crops of hay and clover. Potatoes, oats and barley have been the principal staples for export; horses also have been raised in numbers, and are much sought after by dealers from the Northern New England States. The sheep are fine, and are also sought for by New England buyers. Cattle breed- 74 \H in- hns not yet m-oivcd mild, affontion, tlioi.^rh the pusturaffo fg; romarkaljly^ood, ;iri(l l.olli Imy and root crops yieldin-^ vorv larire rodirnH [t is holiovod ll.at (I.e Island allbr.lH iavoumT.l.. nu.luioti for tho In-oedm- and fatlonin;.- of caltlo for export to the United Kinj-'doni. '■ v. nnui-i The tlsheries are amon- (he hesi in the (Jnlf, and -i,e cmnlov- ment to a hup nt.niher of men. .Shiph.uldin- is also one nf the principal indnstries. '^ Theelimule is temperafe and healthy, and fo-H do not prevail to (he same extent as on the coasts (.(Nova Scotia Farms in ,i,^ood cultivation with huildinos and imni-ovoments e-in bo ohlained lor ahoiit !?20 an acre. "nj)i()Nem(.nts can AM.bma.'ine tele-raph conneetH the Island with New Brun«- \V ICK. There is one railroanst.m.ly hetwcvn the ports on the Islands and i\^ loZrtlJt Nova Scot.a, New Jrunswick and New Kni-land State. The chie drawback is th.it dnr n<.- a i.'irt of ti... ,.-7.,. iiic«.niei i-nhM.fnntn,l xvWi fi • ^'^'" "^ ^'' .^''^' ^^'"Uer coni in Mn icat loii « inteiiupted with the main shore owni; to ice block-ide^ MANITOBA AND THE NORTII-WEST TEIIRITOIUES. hnr/^'^/f'"^'' ''•''' '"^""'^'^ ^''^ "^'^P Of (Janada he will find in the heart of the contnicnt a vast 1 e head wa ers of Lake Superior to the base of thS I^)cl y Mo, ' i„s and northwar.1 from (he United States boundary line io the A S Ocean. Ins re.o-ion covers over an area LMoO O00s(,uaro miles in Si: ; "m<^?r''""n'^ """■; ^^ " ^'-^ ^-•^•'-VVest'T^-rito; uAsi.^t no '• • '7 '«l''«.y«^^^- 1870 this immense territory Com t, ^";T?r"r '^"^""^'^^'" ^''« ^-^''trol of the Hudson's Bay tnin fb red to 1 ? •^'''r' ^^n'' "^' '^'' ^'"l'^^'''*'*' Parliamen.. it was Dominio.' '''' ^^^'^^^•'""^'"'' ^'"^l "ow forms j.art of the The new Province of Manitoba is formed out of this territorv Tt contains about 9,000,000 acres of land; but it is (. m.nrVt v^^^^ L aleo all.uM ' T 'V' ^^^^'^'Pntirie, and covered with i^rass, hnnn f^i '^""^ ''^l/^cposit ot UHsurpassed richness. It produces bo ntifu crops of cereals, .^-ras.es, 'roots and ve^^etable ^So r.'ch and inexhaustible is the soil, that wheat has becm cropped off he ." fctti'lf 'T' -'^'--S-— - ->d udth^it show^i,^ si^ns of exhaustion. It is especially a wheat-^Ljrowing soil, and it ^tr*l_ 75 believed lo contain the most fnvounil)! conditions for 1 • ^nvnvlli ofthis^rain on the continent. PnmplcinH, potatoc- jmd rnols -f all Koi'tN ^row to a very lar^ai i/.o, aiu! ol excellent nuaiity Stia\ berries, currants (red and l.laek), laspl-erries, plunH,' cluiTies blueberneH, ^vllortle^e^ -ies. crm, erries (boili biisl, and nlar^ll)' *rrow wild and in abundance. Flax is very liixuri.Miit. The sanio remark may be made of bops, widi-li grow wild. Tbo wild u , nshes oftbe country, wbicb are very nnti-iti„„y^ are )):ir(ieularly lavoui-- ablc for stock-raisin- of all sort Ci.iiie can bo laitened'in Mani- toba, and driven to 8t. Paul wHbout los- of vveii,d)l. There arc largo tracts of woods a!on• begins about theJOtb .^eptenilcr ai.d .a^ls till Novcmi.er, Deu the regula- frost sets in. The wintoi- proper conipiises the months of Decombei-, January, February and March. Spring comes in April. The summer month e ])art of May, June, jiilv, Auu-ust and part of September. In wi er ^he thermometer 8ink> ^o tliTrty and forty degrees below zero ; but tms degi-er oi cold in the dry atmosphere of the North West does not produce anv unpleasant sensation The weather bs not felt to be colder than tl i in the Province of Quebec, nor ho cold as milder winters in climates where the frost, or even a less dogr e of cold than frost, is accom- panied with dampness. In times of wind storms, liowever, the cold is tbund to be specially scarcbiiig. The testimony of settlers i.s imiversal as to the fact that the w nicr is, on tin whole, bolb pleasant and healthy; and former re-idents of both ^nl;irio and Quebec state that they like ii quite as well as that oi those pro- vinces. Snow does not fall on the prairies to an average greater depth than eighteen inches, and builaloes ;'nd hor.-^es graze out of doors all winter. They scratch tlie snow otf the prairie grass and grow fat upon it. Horned cattle do graze out of doors part of the winter, but in some states of the weather they require to be brought in. Instances are, liowever, stated in which horned cattle have grazed out all winter. \ "it Hoat an{' tho North W'ost, tlio prairio ami wooded, have liii(li Miininci' tenijK'ratiii'cs and lioavy siiinnn'r rains. SoiUl of" tlio parallel of Msinitolia lie the re.ijionsof Huniruerity of Kiel, llolwtein, Gormaiiy : — {Ti\i.nxlatioi> of Letter to Senator KinJl Ktotz) KiF.r,, 'Jnili AjM-il, 1^7:^. " Hon. SknaT(jR : "The analysis of the Manitol'a soil is now (•oini)!t.iuii, and the result \^ in 100,000 |mrt8 :— Potash :i^;^T Sodiiun •^•'■^ Phosphoric Acid ^^'-'-t Lime G82(; Mao-nesia I'^l Nilro<;en 48G-1 " Youi'.s truly . (Signed,) '< V. Emmermno." {Extract from Letter of Senator Emit Klotz toJacotj E. Mot:, Affeui for the Dominion Gocernnn nf.) '■ Kiel. 4th May, 1872. " After con.sidcrahlo delay, I succeeded in ohiainin.i;- the analysis of the Manitoba soil from "Professor Kmmcrli)i.ic, Director oi the Chemical Laboratory of the Agricultural Association ot this place, and hope it may be of service to you. Annexed I ^ive you our analysis of the most ])roductivo soil in llolstein, whereby you will Bee how exceedinsrly rich the productive qualities of the Manitoba soil are, and which fully explains the fact that the land m Mani- toba is so very fertile, even without manure. " The chief nutrients are, tirst, nitrogen, then potash and phos- T»horic acid which predominates there ; but wiiat is of particular importance is the lime contained in the soil, whereby the nitrogen is set free, and ready to be absorbed in vegetable organisms, ihc latter property is defective in many soils, and wlien it is iound defective, recourse must be had to artificial i.eans by putting lime or marl (a clay which contains much lime) u]>on the same. "Accordino- to the analysis of the Manitoba soil, there is no doubt that, ^.0 the farmer who desires to select for his future home a country which has the most productive soil and promises tho if 1 a 1 1 78 /•ichnst harvest, no coiintiy in the ^vo^•M offers greater attractions than tiie Province of xManitoba, in Iho Dominion of Canada. Analjsl.^ of the Hohtein Soil and Manitoba Soil compared : Ilolslein Excess of Properties „ , ^^'^^' of Manitoba Soil. Potash. ., 30 i9;^.7 Sodium 20 J3.8 Phosplioric Acid 40 2'9-4 r^ime 180 552-0 Afagnesia jO oi Nitrogen 40 440-1" The fact., above stated sufficiently account for the iiopular ex- perience of the remarkable production of vviieat in the Province of Manitoba. Oats, barley, lye, potatoes, &c., are less restricted in their rano-e growing five degrees beyond wheat in the Mackenzie River Valley to the Arctic Circle. B-irley is a favourite alternate crop for wheat in Manitoba, and yields very large returns— with a wei-ht per bushel of from 50 to 55 pounds. Oats also thrive well. " ^ at has not yo.\ been demonstrated by experiment whether fruit trees, such as apples, will flourish on the open prairie. But it appears from experience in Minnesola that they will in connection with sheter and forest tree planting. There is, howevei , no doubt that the hardier kinds of apple will do well in Manitoba. This has been sufhciently established. Although flax and hemp succeed well in Manitoba, the want of markets has prevented their culture, except to a limited extent, liecs do well here, as in similar northern climates, the clear skies and rich flora being favourable for them. They live better throuj^h ihc long, cold, dry winters, and consume less honey than in the milder and more humid winters of more southern latitudes ihe grasses grtnv rich and luxuriant for twelve hundred miles north of the southern boumlary of Manitoba; and tar down the Mackenijie River towards the Arctic Ocean immense herds of buffalo feed upon these jilains as their chosen pastures. The signiflcance of this fact -s a proof of the vast extent of country in the North- VVest suitable for pastures. The (juality of the beef anc' mutton raised upon these northern grasses iias been pronounced of superior excellence. Amonc the peculiar advantages of Manitoba, for stock raising and wool-ffrow- ing, the most prominent are : 1st. The richness and luxuriance of the native grasses; th'. grass is mainly cut on the swamps an-' ■meadows, which chequer the prairies or frinfro the streams and •lakes. 2nd. The groat extent of* unoccupiod land, alto rdi no- 'for many years to come a wide i-ange of free pastm-jige. .'Jrd. "^Tho a-emarkablo dryness and heallhfulness of the w inter, W(.()l heavier, and mutton, beef" and pork are sweeter and more It is nearly forty years since the introduction of si grows eep into JJod Kiver, and no case of any disease attacking them lias ever been Icnown or heard of. We'll fed ewes produce fleeces from 2 to 3^ pounds. Wethers ])roduce fleeces from G to 8 pounds, the wool being of a good quality. It has been stated that the climate of Manitoba and the North- West is pleasant and healthy. It may be added, the dryness of the air, the character of the soil, which retidns no stagnant ])Ools to send forth poisonous exhalations, and the almost total absence of fog or mist, the brilliancy of its suidight, the pleasing succession of its seasons, all conspire to make Manitoba a climate of unri- valled salubrity, and the future home of a healthy, ])ros))orous people, strong in physical, intellectual and moral capabilities. Fevers and consumptions are almost unknown, and diseases of an ■epidemical character have been never known to prevail. The average fall of snow is about six inches per month. The snow falls in small quantities atdift'erent times, and is rarely blown into drifts so as to impede travelling. When the North-West Territory passed into the possession of the Canadian authoi-itios in 1870, the white population numbered only a few hundreds, and the chief place was i-ort (Jarry, a mere hamlet. Since then the Province of Manitoba ai;d a considerable partof the territory have been surveyed. In Maniioba a local Gov- •crnmenthas been established similar to thatof tlie other Provinces. Fort Garry has become the city of \Vinni])eg, with a ])opulation of about 9000 souls ; and it is alrt >idy a place of considerable business, and contains a number of handsome buildings. The province is filling up rapidly by immigration from Europe as well as by the migration of farmers' sons and others from the older Provinces and from the United States. That the North West of British America is destined to become the granary of the continent is clear beyond all doubt. Nature has done her share, and done it well and generously; man's labour and industry are alone reqnlred to turn these bi-oad, rolling pridries to good account. A drawback at present is remoteness from the older parts of Canada, but this will not last much longer. Already a line of railway, connecting Manitoba with Ontarnj, is in course of being built ; this will be finished in a year or two, and then Mani- toba will be in direct communic '^'on with the outer world through Canadian territory. Winnipeg is already connected by rail with iho United States Railway system. i Anollici' (li-awl)!u.k which lias I.ecn serions in past yea is is the visitation of o-i'a.shhoi)).ers. Jim ihose have oniv comcpci-iodicallv Avitli long- inlcrvals between. And there is reason to believe that lli(> evil can be overcome, as Hettlement proifresses. Taking all the circumstances and surroumlings into' con>^ider-i lion, there is probably no country more suitable in every i-esnect lor settlement by persons from the temi,era(e and northern parts of Lurope than the Province of Manitoba. ' The common emigrant route forgoing to Manitoba from the old ju-ovmces is via the (.;;inadian llailway system and Lakes Huron and Superior to JJuiuth. Thence by rail to Winnipeg. Thero is already c^mmunicati.ui by steamboat navigation IVom Winnir.e<. /• '^;/'' n '\ V.'"'"^'^"' ''"'' ^''^' Saskatchewan, to the very fool of the Rocky Mountains. Railway construction m -alj pro- ceeding very rapidly within the Province of Manitoba. ^ A light buggy may be driven for a thousand miles in a strai^rht Imc over the open prairie, the greater part of whi<-h is adapted to the production of wheat, not oniy in the largest ouantit^to ^^^^^^^^ acre, but of the best quality. ^ 'j «-u mc This trad of country to'tho cast of the Rocky Mountains con- rf. on ti K ? '^'f'^' '" '"'^ '" ^^"^^ l'''^^-«^ ^''•^'P^ *^"^ Of the sur- JtZZ ;f -'"^^ ^^ **'" ''r''- ^^ '^ ^^^'"^^^ impossible to over- D^^ m ±. ^'T^'"-"''"'' fi''' ^y'"'"^ ^'''' ^^' '^^^ future of the l)omin on. The rivers which run east from the Eocky Mountains are ricli in gold deposits ; and in fact mineral wealth of o fc every kind is found in this territory. The surveys in connection with the Pacific Railway have cstab- l.shed the fact that the Peace River Valley contains Vn immense extentof territory, with climate and other conditions, higl y '" . >f 1 UitV'" '^■''''"'^'"■^^^ '"^''^^'y^ ^' ^^' "^'-^l^ ^« the 59t1i deg ee I i k BRITISH COLUMBIA. The Province Of British Columbia is the most western of the p-oup of provinces which constitute the Dominion of Canada and lias a coast line of about 500 miles on the Pacific Ocean with Tn numerable bays harbours and inlets. It has an aVea of 220 000 Zr.f 9!'- ?' ^\-'^^«"7f JEsauimault is the best on the Paiific no th of San Francisco. It has an almost even depth of 36 feet Ftt^^llTl td^'T"' ""f"''' P-foctlysafeind sh;li"]^^ It 18 well lighted, and may be entered with facility at all times Only a tongue of land, 750 feet wide, prevents free comrnunTct 81 lion between it and the harbour of Viclor tast const of the Island of Vancouver is N ia. Still further on th( maimo, sixty-fivo miles from Victoria. It is well situated, hu^c and safe. The coal minoH arc near this port; there are also tine .luarrios near, and it very important, as the most convenient port for the tisi [>cciallv whale lisheries. ieries. CHpccially whale lisherie Barclay Sound is on the west coast cf the Island. It opens into the Pacitic Ocean itself, and is about thiriy-tive miles loii ^ At its heiid it is only fourteen miles from the east coa^t, and' easy tommunication may be had with it. Tiie water is vcrv deep, and once in harbour, the shelter is perfect. The harbours on the mainland are Uurrard Inlet, llowc Sound, Bute Inlet. Milbank Sound, River Skeena and lliver Nass. Burrard Inlet is situated on the Gulf of Geor^^ia, a lew miles from New Westminster. It is nine miles 1oiil>-. deep and safe. It i« tlie port from which the lumber trade is chiefly carried on. It i« very easy '/f access to vessels of any size or class, an \¥i^/;rs of the River Ilamathco. Valdez Island lies between its mouihand Vancouver. Milbank Sound, still further north, will become valuable as a barboui', as the gold mines on Peace Jiiver attract population. The River Skeena is now ascended by steam vessels froia Nunaiino, and is one of the routes to tlie Ominica gold mines. The River Nass, a little further nt/rth, is near the froiitier of Alaska. It has been ascended by a steamer more than twenty- tivo miles. It is believed that he region it waters is rich in "-old, and both it and the Skeena are vaiuable foi' (lie li-^iiories. The Province of British Octumbia from its clini;il(? »r.d great mineral wealth may be described as at once the Britain au f Oali- Jbrniaof the Dominion of Oatiada. If has aUr •jrro-.it tveaith in its forests and its tisheries, and its harb )urs are tli'^ n;.jrest point on iho continent to the heart of the great eastern trade with (Jiiina and Japan. They arc also favoured by the trade vvi»»d-'. It i.s probable, to judge from the last rcfiort (1377) of the Chief Edgi- Jieerof the Canada Pacitic Railway, that Burrar i IiilL-t will be the western terminus. As respects the agricultural resources of British CokimMa the following particulars are caadenHod from the evidence of Pr/t^-ssor John Macoun, as given befon; the Immigration ard Golonizatioii Committee of the House of Commons of Can.t7;. Mr* F m *i I ! i Macoun accom})ariicd tlie Director of the Goolo,i«;ioai Survey, iii the cainK'ity ol' iioUuiist 3 and aliso llio Chief Enifinoer of the Pacilie llaihvay, in an exploriui,^ ox|iediliou across ilie continent. TJic l'ollo\vin«4'"is the subst^UKx of ];'s evidence : " Tiie Island oi A'ancouver is abo t 300 miles in Ieni;-tli, with an average breath of about GO, and probably contains 20,000 square miles. Wliatevoj" soil I saw was gocjd, but the suriacc is so much broken by rock that it is altouelher im))ossiblo to tell the an:iount of good arable land on the island. There is no doubt tlic day will corno when Vancouver will suj)port a large ])0))ulation — ]»urtfy agricultural and partly cngai^^ed in mining, lumbei'ing and tishing. The land whicli is undcj* cultivation around Vict(^i'ia at ])reBont consists of rich bottom land much like the ])atches of rich soil found among the Luurentian rocks of Ontario. It is generally wet in sj)ring. but, by a proper system of tillage, seed could be sown much earlier tlian it isal present. When 1 I'oached A^ictoria, May 2nd, 1875, very little spring ploughing had been done, and j'ct a])ple trees were in full bloom, and in some ])laces grass was a foot high. The climate is wet in winter and sjjring, but the sum iner is dry and very pleasant. " Vancouver can nciwr become an agricultural country : but, with a ditforent class of settlers irom those that do the loafing and the grumbling in Victoria, it will become in time a very valuable portion of tlie Dominion. •' The climate ol' British Columbia, west of the Cascades, includ- ing Vancouver Island and Queen (Jharlotte's Islands, is wonder- fully like that of Great Britain, except that the summers are vcrv much driei*. A warm current of water flows d'»,rii the west coast of America, Just as the Gulf -Stream Hows np along the coasts of Great Britain, and in its passage warms up the coast from Alaska to the Columbia, and gives to the western slope of the Ca^scades tliosc lorests which are the wonder of the world. The vapour rising from the warm sea is blown inwards, and, becoming con- densed by the cooler air of the land, falls in rain or ibg upon the slopes and valleys and produces the moist cr'mate of the winter and spring. During tliv. summer months the temperature of the land and sea are slightly reversed, and the huid, instead of con- densing the vapour, dissipates it — at least, in the neighbourhood of Victoria. " The Valley of the Fraser below the Cascades is included in this region, and has a climate much like that described above, except that I would expect a wetter summer tlian there is on the coast. " Twenty five miles above Yale we pass the outer Cascade Hange, and in doing so pass from almost constant rain to the 83 opposite extrome About 12 miles hio-ho,. „,, .repass over in r. thor mountain and reach a rei^non of oouiplcte ariditv '' At Lytton wc are liiirly in tiie interior basin, and from here to Clinton tl.e wa--on i-oaa passes tlirou-h a rei^ion where noth nio; ean be rai«cd exce])t by irri^-ation, and this ineans ..an only be employed to a limited extent. ."^ ^ "The road passes throuo-h about 70 miles of (his countrv and dnnno'theicreiiter j.art of the year the ground is scareei'v' ever moistened by a shower. The river fiats and lower hillsides ',re almost Amhout vegetation. Scarcely anything of a woody nature except Sage Bush can grow, but. as you ascend the hill's bunch grass begins to form a sward, and after attaining a height oVahout 2,50 ) feet above the sea the lower limit of the Douglas nine i^ reached, and above tinitthe forest is almost continuous' Ji js ui>oi" the slopes between the forest and tlie dry vallevs that the splen'. did grazing lands of British (^>lumbia are to beibund. TheNicoli Valley is ot this nature, and the oidv soil in it tit iorfarmin-r ,„u ' poses IS found in the narrow valley along the river, or (m the benches to which water cm be brought for irrigation purposes Jiie who.e region, from the American boundary on the '^diimbij. by Okanagan and the Shuswaj. Lakes, Kamloops and norlh-west ward across the Fraser, to and beyond the Chileoten Plains, is and, and to a great extent only suited tor a grazing country Jaking this section as a lohole, it is only tit for pasture, but all the Jevel portions on whicii water can be brought will produce enormously, as the soil everywhere is good, being only deficient in moisture. Owing to tlie light snow fall and the comparative mildness of the weather, cattle winter out without dilliculiy. '• Ihe waggon road leaves this section at CMinton. and" passes oyer a very elevated portion as far as .Soda Creek on the Eraser. IJiis is a very rough section, but s^iil it is far from beina' barren • much good land is scattered thi-ou;;li it, but not continuously it IS rather a risky business to winter stock on these hills, but stiJl It IS done. The greater part of this tract is covered by lorest, and hence has a greater rain and snow fall than the lovve'i' countiy The spring, too. is mucii later, being nearly three weeks behind tliat of the xNicoUi Valley. The spring in the latter valley seems to be about as early as that on tlie Lowej- Fraser. Yeo-eta tjon 18 about as far advanced on the 1st of May in the N'Tcola Valley as it is at Belleville, Ontario, on the 24th. '' In the vicinity of Quesnelle the land is comparatively good, and irrigation is unnecessary, although many are of the opposite opinion. Mr. Sehvyn brought hoinewith liim wheat, oats, barley JUid timothy wJiich were raised in the neighbourhood, and cer tainly they were as fine samples as could be produced anywiiere 84 11 f ■( i I " Taking? a retrospective view of the country *Vom this point, J must Hay that British Columbia does mt pres^'at a field lor the agricultural immii^rant at present, but will when her mininjtjf interests arc C(jnsidered of mure importance than at present- Jii'itish Columbia alx)ve the Cascades can never export her ai>Ti- cultural j)ro(lucts with profit, af»d whatever is raised irj the coun- try must be consumed there. Tliat there is en(jugh good land to raise all the food necessary for a very large mining populaiion is certain, and that the day will come when one will be there is jijsi as ^wre. " lietween Quesnelle and Fort St. Janics^ on Stewart's Lake, is •A wide extent of country (180 nnles) with a voiy diversified aspect and a cool, moist climate. The Valley of the Kechaco liiver is -iovy wide and ]jerfectly level. On both sides of the river are beautiful prairies and poplar copse wood, and at the time we past-ed (June 15lh) through it, everything looked beautiful and jtiviling. I cannot speak with certainty of the absence or occurrence of hunimor frosts, but if they should not be severe this would be one of the finest tracts (Nech'aco Valley) in all Bi-iiish Coluuibia. " fhe whole country above QiieMielle seems to have a cool, moist climate, jaid to be more like Quebec in its jmjductiouii than Ontario, Fort 8t. dames, on Stewart's Jjake — the highest point in the district — has always been known to produce garden vogeial.)Ies, poiato(\'^, baj'ley and onts. but, whfthfr w'>i»'it h'w ^ver been raised or not, I am unable to say. AH this region is ua elevated plateau with broken, rocky hills at intervaln, but scarce- ly anything which could be called a mountain. Should the rail- way pass as far north as the Neshaw, many fine bettlements would sjjring up along the river. " Labour is much higher than in Ontario, Uoual prices being from $40 to $M) por month. There is no more ditliculty in cul- Li mating land in British Columbia than in Ont,irio, but the price puiid lor the labour performed is too high. Where irrigation ia required the expense must be greatly Increased, hue ihe yield is very great in such locations, '' 'flie Uhincse nnmopolize many lines of manual hibour, and hy so doing prevent the immigraiion of white ''abourers. They uie the market gardeners, labourers of all dei-^cripiions, house servatjts, cutters of wocd, laundry-men, etc., to the whole Colony. One result of this is that the country is not ju'opcrly developed. The^e people are only sojourners in the land, and, likj manj others, remain only lor a time and carry their gold away with tihem. '• What British Columbia wants is a class of men who are not 8o above manual lalxiur, and who havo made up tlioir inindn in remain in thcrountry and l)Ofomo permanent Kettlers. Such meii o^n only be aeqnirod by holding out proper inducements to tl.otn for seltling in the country. " That section Rpokcn'of as being ^vest of the Cascadofi and including Vancouver and Qnoon Charlotte's Islands, is cove'icd with, probald_y. one of tlie finest ibrosts in the world. Chiol' amongst tlie trees is the Dono-luss Fir (Abies Douqlusijs. which is the chief forest tree, and which is used throughout tlie couniry for building purposes, and for export in the iorm of deals and spars. "White Cedar (Thujd (ji'ianipn) is another gianl. and in the val- ley of the Frazer and up the coast attains to an immense size. Tlie Indians use this Avood altogether in the construction of their bouses, and in building those large canoes which are th(^ vvond^-r of the eastern people. " The other trees are a species of Yew. another of Alder, two species of Fir (.4/^/V.s MenziesH and (jrandi^); two species of Pin (2 {Pinm confolia and niont/'i'ola) ; two species of maple (Acr/- rnanro- phyllum and circrnatum); Hemlock .Spruce (Abies Merfensiuna) is ;i common tree on the mainland; while a species of 0.\k (Que.r'^ns Goyrrana) is abundant on the Island, but has not bocn detected on the continent. An evergreen tree (Arbutus J[Jen;,ieso) is quite common along the coast of the Island, and. both sn turner and winter, its foliage contrasts finely with that of the sombre-hued Douglas Fir. " In the second, or arid district, n Pine (Phins ponderosa) takoi' the place of the J)ouglas Fir of the coast and is a very valuable tree, growing to a large size, with clean trujdc, and resembling the Ued Pine of Ontario very much The tops of the lower mountains and the sides of the higlier ones support a heavy growth of Douglas Fir, but it is far fi-om being the beautiful tree of the eoa,st. "The timber of the third region is not so goofl, and consists principally of Po])1ar and Black'Pine (J^inns eonforta) with occa- sionai groves of Douglas Fir on the hi-her hills. Pdack and White Spruce Avith a little Balsam Fir make u)> the remainder. "The soil in the valleys, whether tliey are narrow or widu, ' benches " or otheiwise, is always good. The valleys are partiv alluvium and partly the detritus washed down from the hills .Apparently there was a lime when the I'ivers stood much higher than they do now, and the ' benches ' which show along their sides were then about on a flood level with the river. Since then the river has successively broken through the barriers which confined it, and left these torraces f' benches 1 at vai-ions hoia-lits. The Ii 8(3 sWs of nil (he hill., are .nore m- Io.s o.ra.,.y, and the vallovsalonir thcr ba>o have scarcely any loo.so «l,.nJ npon ihoni TcT.t "I was ill Victoria from the I2lh to 28lh DeccinhM- Ifi-o . i ironi the 2n(l to 14th May. last joar. W hi o w in 'v' h ' '-'^ 1872. a fall of .now an.l slio-ht frost tool >!• ee i , tl ' '" camo o.t n.xt day with a./account of ho evdr^ n i n.l/vTfn ^v^thel, and I was led to uder fron, that, Uia^! ^h ':ea ^. ^t notconnium ,„ winter Jessamine, ro.ses, and violefs ore in flower, and ey.rythin,- l)etokened a mild winter. T I e ui no o..^U. ..a.t IS every thin, that can be desired, beiJ;^ ^^^1;:, " fn (he arid re-ion the sprino-is about as early as on the co-ist • ihc ^vinter ,s con.j.aratively cold, with very little.n nv \ d L' ju^jmer ,s ory and ho,. «„ni,ner Irosts cai^lo no har^'iru.!!;: abL^nou^lir';:;^';;;";'^ "^^ "T^^^- -r ''^y^-^'^' -i^'- - ^^^nslder. oe snow all and tro-sts exten.iino- (hroii-h the month of M-iv .in })o>sibly nito June. I heard .,f no in jiny from frosts • 0„?s' n^"and iI/mT' ^^' ^'^^^1^^«''» i*^^' ^"^-^^ts; gooseberries, straw- JHJirics, and blueborrios are found throughout the eou-ifrv Th. mJllT ■ '" '" ""= '"'"'•'■™-' ■■""' "' Al''»k.a along I oy sal on if ill coiise- J 872, and iotoi'ia in i<^' ))apej'.s :ii-ily cold illior was were in siiinino! di'}- and »e coasi ; , and tlio id tlio.^e consider- of .May, at Ques- tri'ass oil iiiiHI the Om the ?re I'l'ost, ft in the 'iiii tains, Glimmer liable to 'Wanijjy o Slitter nips we the be- spols in uive no lealtLy straw- . The be way . along i' fruit " Apples and pears of a very hirL;-o .-izc are iirodiKcd in adch ibnndance that rodiuo better fruit. I can see no reason why griipes cc>uld not, be ])ro- fluced in abundance on any part of Vancouver, if the summer tem- perature is high enough. AtU-r the railway is built Vancouver will send immense (juantities of fruit into the interioi-. as it can bo raised to any extent and of cvcvy kind. " From the boundary line to Alaska there is not a bay, tiord or river that is not teeming with tit^h. Salmon arc caught in great liumbcrs, both in spring, summer and autumn. Last spring large quantities of lish were being caught at New Westminster tor i-xport. An establishment for the canning of salmon has been e.-tablishcd there, and it is to be hoped that this is the beginning of a very prosperous business. Salmon ascend the Fraser all tiie way lo Stewart's Lake, which they rcncli about the month of August; they likewise ascend t!ic Skeena Into the Babine Lake, and aro caught by the Indians and Hudson Bay Com|)any's ]ieople and dried for winter's use. The ss'imon of Babine Lake are both larger and fatter than those caught in Stewart's Lake, and are therefore brought across to suppy Fort St. James with Ibod in winter. "Sturgeon 700 lbs. weight are often cauLrht in the above-men- tionctl lakes, and every lalce and stream in U)iper British Columbia teems with trout of ditferent species, besides many other varieties of less value. " Of salt water fish Tsaw the ' Iloulicati ' in the Fraser in myriads last spring. Many were lying dead along the river, arid .->rved as food i'or various animals. IL'iiibut were ve.y plentiful in Victoria, and many other seaiish. I believe the tisheries of British Cciumbia, if properly con and ( I oal is abundant on Yat It various points in the Cascad ppcr icouver and Queen (IhnrloKo's Island es. _ jnst mention (hoc ana ask; Are tl.ese all, or aie thev merelv jiiiKs injoi'^n j>ntisn Lolnmlua, I can sav wifl. vifM,. n .,* .i J nh« ].,„hvn,v ConM.lor (Iml «ol,l !,«« |,o,,, limn,! i, ' ,,.; VjmUUcx, .u vnr,o„s ,,oi„,K, „l„„g „ „„,,l,„o»( line for moJo ' I an /xtcnt ol il,e I'lovinoc (Vom tl,o Cassiai- Minos to ll,c tJ S l,o„m) my And ..coont <]„art. ,vorkinKs Imvo devclope i g -oat ri";!"""™' <"■ "' I"" '"••■i in one full pa; aero : pay men veyed, utioccu the land surve " Tracts of for grozivn pin (>mptoi-. Sucli but. in that ca' " Land covci way, l>ut not not for loiij^er " Mininc^ am lieads fuithor c " M Hilary a titled to free will ^ivo infori " Homestead wife and child bDildings, whc after the re^ns 2500 dollars (fi 500 dollars (1( protected \)j a " Farm land price, from 5 per acre, accor In precedinc; guidance of dit pose to lay som ticularly favou The expcriei pounds in bant "• w 80 been complied with, a Crown fxr' \ or eonvovaiK'c will ho in iJo the only expense of wliioj. .ill ijvo dollars'—so tjmt a farn oi .320 acres may bo obtained in a l.eaiiliful and boaltld'td cou,'4trv for about thirty Hh.ilini^N ! ' ''Sale of Survfi/f,/ />^//a/.v.— Lands, tho surveys of which havo boon duly made and confirmod by notieo in the (I'orcrnment Oii^rtt.t* are open for purchase at the rate <.f one doll an aero— to bo^i.aid in one full payment, or in two annual pa\ i.ts of 50 cenU pot aero : payment to be made in two years from lime of purchn •. " Ihi^mreycd Xrt/?^/...— Persons desirous of purchasin- unsar- veyed, unoccupied, and unreserved Crown lands must lint have the hnid surveyed l.y a surveycu- approved l.v the tbn'ornmcnt. " Tracts of land near the land actually oJcupied cnn bo IciAPd for graziiuj purjmrs., on terms desiirnod 'to bo libei-al to the pro- cmptoi-. Such leased land is liable to be ' prc-em))ted ' by othcts, but, in thai case, tho lessees rent is icdnced proportionately. "Land covered with wild liay can also be leased in the above way, but not more than 500 acres of it to any one jierson, an(i not for loiii^er than five yeai-s. "Minini? and timkr leases will be named under th^ir proper lieads further on. " Military and naval officers in Her Majesty's service arc on- titled to free i:!:rii\)U on certain conditions. The Agent-Generaf wiU ;u:ivc information. " Homestead ^r/.— Most important Act. If a settler bavo ;.. wife and children, this Act must be dear to liim : the farm -.uid bDildin.irs, when resist ei'cd, cannot be taken for debt incurred after the registration; it is fioc up to a value not greater than 2500 dollars (500/ English) : goods and chattels are also free up to 500 dollar.^ (100/. English) : cattle 'farmed on shares ' are Aad protected by an Exemption Act. "Farm I'ands in private hands maybe bought at almost ar.v price, from 5 dollars (20.?. Engli-sh) 'to 40 dollai-s (8/. KngHsir) per acre, acr-ording to situation and improvement." THE EASTERN TOWNSHIPS. In preceding eliapters some general directions are g"ven for tiae guidance of diticrcnt clas.ses of .vettlers. In the picssnt we pro po.se to lay some special facts bctbre the reader relating to a par- ticularly favoured distiict. The experienced farmer with a few liundred or a few thonsaad. pounds in bank cannot well make a mistake in settling down it,. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) lli.o I.I "- IIIIIM |50 Ui ■ 40 IM 1.8 - 1.25 1.4 1.6 6" - ► Photpgraphic Sciences Corporation ,\ s^ <^^^ 4^ % V "'a '^. :^ .^ #s -. WcS ^ i"^:/^ 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTcK, N.T. i ^5cu (716) 872-4503 %" ^ "<*. # '.'I) 4i. ^ i 'i.; ' 90 .my pjirtoftho older sottlemonts, provided he exercise.s an ordinary ;iinoiint ofoommon sense and jud^nnont in seleotini,' Ins land. I'Jverv- province in the Dominioji contains within itsi borders millions of acres of good land. I)ut there are in each province certain spots or districts which are the best of the best, and which, owing to local i\n({ special circuni^tance^^, present advantages of more than ordi- nary magritude. In the Pnnn'nco of Quebec, for instance, there are thousands of sc[uare miles of splendid agricultural lands in the Valley of the Ottawa, the Valley of the St. Maurice, and other dis- tricts, which in course of time will be bronght under cultivation and become dotted over with towns and cities and all the accompani- ments of civilization. Yet good and rich as is the land in those ilistricts it is admitted that the garden of Quebec is thatmagniticent stretch of country locally known as "The Eastern TowTiships." Farmers and others going from the British Islands to Canada sometimes object to remain in the Province of Quebec, because the vast majority of ])eoplc of that ]>rovince are of Frenrdi extraction. This is an unreasonable objeotion. A^ a rule, the French Jive on HiOst harmonious terms with their Anglo-Saxon neighbours. This is evident from the fact that, in some instances, thel^rcnch send to Parliament as their representative a man of British extraction. However, even if there were any tbrce in the objection as applied U) the Province us a whole, there is none whatever as applied to Ihe l^^astern Townships, for the reason that they are for the most part settled by vVnglo-Saxons. The language, customs and man- ners of the people are those of other Bi-itTsh Canadians. For these reasons, therefore, as well as others to be mentioned presently, the Eastern Townships present more than ordinary attractions to the iigriculturist and capitalist from Great Britain. A recent writer on Canada in speaking of this fertile district •says : — Few sections of Canada. perha]^s. offer greater inducements to the immigrant than the Mastern Townships. The proximity of the townships to the American markets, and the great facilities for shipment to these and the markets of the Dominion afforded by the ( irand Trunk Railway,* secure the farmer a certain and readv market. The general features of the country being hilly, coupled with the abundance of water in lakes, rivers and springs, afford not only sufficient moL^iurc for the crops, but considerable' water power for manufacturing purposes. { 'Other lines have b(on opened since this was writton, and are now in active operation. 91 H Hardwood i« hero to bo mot with ovorywhore. and, after cloarin*;-, a f'et'tilo soil is found, in i^onorai friable en()Ui;h, but in tdl cases well adapted for the cultivation of cereals and ^rcen crops. One of the chief causes of the rapid success which crowns the settler in the Eastern Townships is tht'.t from those hiuhlands during; the first year he may reap a crop: frequently even the ashes of the IreeH burnt to etfect a clear! ni,^ help to a great exteni to defray tho expenses attendant upon doiui,^ so. Tho rich mineral deposits of the townships have within those few years attracted thither a considerable population. As a grazing country the townships arc unsurpassed, and great attention is now paid to the breeding of cattle and the growing of wool. This branch of agriculture is very much encouraged, owing to the profitable markets of the United States, which are almost at the doors of the f-rmers. Within the last few years tho best breeds of sheep have been successfully introduced from JMig- land,and not unfrequently at the agricultural exhibitions in the United States, thos'- and the horned cattle from this thriving dis- trict have carried off first prizes. Possessing the advantages of a double market, in consequence •of their proximity to the frontier, many of ihe farmers in the townships cultivate on a large scale. In some cases the farms comprise from lOU to 600 acres. This extensive mode of farming creates a demand for agricultural labour and gives employment to large numbers of labourers at good wiigos. "In this district the Government owns 0"O,.30O acres of wild land, which it is prepared to sell at very moderate rates. " The Government lands sell at from 50 to <)0 cents per acre. In the case of lands hekl bv private proprietors the prices are mtlu- enced mueh by locality^ by the coniiguity of towns or villages, by roads and accessibility to leading markets; but on an average the price per acre raav be set down at one dollar (for wild land). The settler from J^ngland, Ireland or Scotland will find these nationalities numerously represented in the Kastern Townships. Nowhere in the Provinces will he be more at home than m tho south-west part of this region.' . Already a large trade has sprung up in the Ivistern iownships in the exportation of horned cattle to England. This trade is rapidly increasing, and adding largely to the general prosperity ot the district. rr, i • c The manufacturing interests of the Eastern Townships are of considerable magnitude, and are constantly on the increase. Iho water power is practically unlimited, and the local dematid alone, to say nothing of the outside market, is sufficient to support a lt,rgc number of mills and factories at which agricultural u jlo- ^T 92 mcntR and machinery, clothes and other articles arc manufactured. Money can he readily invesicd atagood rate o^ interest, with firat- class security. Takinij^ it altogether, this is one of the most favoured as it is one of tlic most prosperous districts in the Dominion ; and is, therefore, well descrvin*]^ tlie attention of the English farmer, capitalist and agricultai'ul labourer. CHAPTER XXI. \m I VIEW OF CANADA AS SHOWN BV FIGURES. It remains to give a chapter of general statistics in order tc? furnish the intending emigrant with such an idea of the importanee of the Dominion of Canada as can be obtained by figures. Population. *f ' I -fi. A Take the population to begin. The general census of the old four Provinces of Ontario, Quebec, ^ew Brunswick and Nova Scotia was taken with great care in 1871. The following is the result as respects population in that yeai-, as comparore, The following; ligm-os ..iiow the popuhdiou of Uie whole Doinin ion in 1871, tukins the brtJ^'iH of the eciisu.s, ho lar us possible, hie, luid an der. estimate for tlio remain Population. Nova Soothe ^^^ New Brunswick -f-Mj* Quebec J\ ^. '^J. Ontario .• ^^>^/:^^ Manitoba (in 1870) l-^-» North West Territory (estimated, lu- cludin^< Indians) 3b,U00 British ('''lumbia (estimated, mclud- ; ini? Indians) ^^^ Prince Edward Island J^;^ Total Dominion 3,000,833 The probent population of the Dominion (in 1879) is over ^'"^Thf (^rigi-ns of the people of the four old Provinces, as shown by the ccPbU. of 1871, are given in the fullowir.g table :- )ld va he he H A&icua Dutch English French Ocrmau r.rwk Halt-Breed lliudoo Indian Irish.... Italian.. Jewish Riiasian, Pol'sh Scandinavian Bcotch Spauiiih, PuriugucBe... Swi83 Welsh Various other origins, ifot giveu Ontario. Totals. 13,435 19,91)2 439,4211 75,3.^3 158,008 7 •) 12,978 559,442 304 48 392 080 328,889 213 9.J0 5,282 295 4,508 1,620,851 ~~ j New j Nova Quebec. iBrunswick. iScolia. 148 798 09.822 929,811 7,903 6,988 123,478 539 74 180 454 49,158 142 173 283 32 1,154 1,191.510 1,701 0,01)4 83,598 44,907 4,478 1 1,090 1 373 0,212 2,803 113,520 32,833 31,942 24 1,403 100,013 40 1,000 62,8:. 1 152 I 200 •40,858 223 01 28 283 130,741 251 1,775 235,594 1,112 13 1,520 387,800 94 THADE OF THE DOMINION. The fo])o\vli)i,MabIo shows tl fcdoi-ation. Tlie inrreaso from ]S(J8 is i ic trade of the Domiu ion since Oon- emarkabie. notwiUistand H-eo yeai's, caused by the very mg tjie clieck dnrini^^ the Jasl tl generaJ conimei'cial depression. Em-ucts, hu'OHT?, (ioons E.vrEREn for CasyvMVTViy and Du'j ■ry, F'sru! i'mri. m Ihi^l, J^*J^ I 57.507,^8 J°!j''--' i i;o;474,7Sl ^J*? i 7:!,o7;u90 l^'o ] 80,789,922 ;«;^ I 8v..'ii:j-28 °i? ' ^'■O.OGMyS J^^S ! 79.^2:i.(JG7 73.4r^9.044 70,415, U;5 74,81 4,,i;rj 9G,092,971 lll,4;iO,!327 128,011,281 128,213,r)82 12;-i,070,2,s;i 9:5,2 10,H4G 99,327,902 !«,(.i81,787 71,985,.30G (J7,402 170 7l,2:i7,(;():! H0,917,4S2 107,709, 11 G 127,514,594 127,404,109 119,G18,G;>7 94,7:13,218 90,300,483 91,199,577 i $ cts. I 8,819,431 6:^ ! 8,298,909 71 I 9,402,940 44 ! 11,843,655 75 I 13,045,493 50 j 13.017,7:^0 17 i 14,421.882 G7 j 15,301,:^82 12 ]2,83;-5,104 48 I 12,548,45] 09 _!_ 12,795,093 17 TJio followinx; table shows how Pm,. ,\^ ^ Tlni.od states, ,7,c ncighl!:,;,:-,, '".I, ?.: ';, ,.^ ^^ -','; ^ va ueol domesl,. exports from tl,o Utiilod .Sl«t.«a„ t c- bomtS,? Exported from the Tnited States Oaleiid.iryear 187G. Value. ' Amt. fier \censut! 1870. The mine " fisLeries ',..'.'.'. " forest .'.v....... Animals {tnd their products.'...' Agricultural produce (exclu sive of graiu and bread^ stuffs) Agricultural and breadstuff's Agricultural produce, ra\v"cot- ton and tobacco le.af Manufactures Other articles produce, grain Total. a; j 52,218,9171 3,G7G,213! 13,931,0191 122,895,193' C, 2 24, 53 7 132,085,740 219,693,080 CO, 310,383 17,4 10,486 j Exported from Canada Fiscal year J87G. Val ue. Amt. per ccipiia, \cemuts 1871. % 1.34 0.09 0..36 ■.UQ O.IC 3.40 5.G6 1.79 0.44 637,452,168 3,731,827 5,500,989 20.128.0G4 13'5j7JG54 1,2.35,015 19,904,050 o,84.3,G50 2,629,588 16.40[ 72,491,437 1.02 l.,50 5.5* 8.7» 0.34: 5.4+ l.G« 0.72 19.82 ' 95 Finances, — Rkceipts and Payments. 1 Jicccipt" lor ii«''iJl yfitr l^'78. — CtiHuoUdated Fun I. Aniunnl. Customs..: :....: ; ^^r^J^lf?:! £ Excise ;.,0,)!«,11.{ 8J Po3t OHice (iQclu*;G [>4 [)-j5,7tG 02 2,.")1!) 80 82;],:!(;!> so r>(M.'j2o 11 ItMUi; 41 :;:;4,748 50 ;!i).s,ioi Of* t;ix,o;!.-) :t8 9G,049 74 i^2,;i0,j G2 1,05:! GC 18'),G98 44 .■)7,481 GO o.'),S}2 Ofi 14,.^).". lt!).S,,'J!)4 ;r";i ioG,a88 91 Superannuation runu ims i>(! r,K Militia and Defence Ocean and River Steam Packet Service Fisheries Lighthouse and Coast Service Steamboat Inspection Public Works and Buildings Culling Timber Subsidies to Provinces Dominion Lands, Manitoba do Forces do Miscellaneous ^^, Boundary Survey, United States 4'/l'rj(}3 G(> Indians..' I "''' $ettlers" Relief Account, .Manitoba Insurance Inspection (;i8,i;jG 58 102,;i71 90 9;;,2()2 28 4t;].9G7 71 82 70 4!l.!t40 48 3,472,807 8T 87,G28 52 11,210 18 8I.1G7 81 43.905 G9 ,.jz ( 77 Charge on Revenue : i<"«toms ,15,(124 5G Lxcise ,,.,',,,, p,. Weights and Measures Inspection of Staples Adulteration of Food Post Office Public Works Minor Revenues 1. J '-.,48 4 GG 1.020 08 ■>','.>CA 94 r24.9;38 5 17 1,4:} 7 90 21,78.J 45 Redemption V"io-iJ' Premiuni, Discount and Charges of Management, 18(8. Investments Open Accounts Total 48 .5,251,183 82 8,i39,742 27 12,7G2 34 591,500 00 8,794,756 43 4T041,919 2» u til PlHLIC DlBT and lNrERE8T. The lullowinir is u statement oi' tlie totui uniount of the public debt oi Cuna.lu and interest : also the ainouni uf both /»r ramta of Uic popiilutioii, it Total di'bt at July 1st, 1878 i^i 7 1 o*;? •?«« a« '^''^^'--'^^ :::::z:z:.^^{^'^ ^^'^^^^ $iio,36:i,^^ InLercsl on /'u'lic IhU. ('uyal)lo in London «r, 700 ro„ 7,, L»()G,J4a J5 ^'^^'^^ '"^^'^^^ ~lW7l^ /A-6< and Interest per ea/'ila >./ PopuUiiion, 1877. iSfet del)t /,6'/- «/jt;//« ^ ^, Gross debt,.,^/- f(/^.//(t ', ^'" ;:;^ Total inteiedt^/6'/- capita ...."."."."."..'.".".'.".," f go Receipts per enpita <>/ ropulatiun. 'Jonsolidalcd rovcnup, fiscal year 1877, cer capita otn «., Tax rec»!ipt3, fiscal year IHIH, per capita „.. ^. ^ -Kxpendit.m^ is77-7^, deducting ca.-h iuve,nment..,^.:r;;;;;/;^::;::::::-; 5 g bross revenue lor same year, /-tr capita ..f ....]..!!!!"!!"" 5 76 it will appear phiin from these ti,<,nire.^ thtit the actual burdens per head on the pe()})le of Canada are very small. Banks 0/ the Dominion. Pwd up capital «fi«o.>'«,r^ Notes in circulation — • *^o'3^^f Deposits '.'.."...'.".'.'.".".'." 1B,2()0,;^4 Specie and Dominion not*^3, ...... .*....""..... il'ifrf'!™! Dibcouuts ,3^3*^^ 120,1.'55,035 r ^" ';''i\'n?.o f'^o.^''^ ""^^'.'^ ^''''^'' ^'^^^"^ '« a Government eircula- lion 01 ^10,080,41)3; malvin in ^<^ Of these, were laid with steel rails 2,785^ do iron do 2,765| do wooden rails 25^ The number of miles of sidings was 688. The total capital raised for railways in operation at that dale was $327,601,974, viz: Ordinary share capital paid up ^^^'IlI^'J,"?lj Preference do do • 68,876,8b7 Bonded debt paid up 79,674,382 Amount paid and loaned by— Dominion Government t)d,-Jt),-si5o Ontario do 3,2.50,769 Quebec do 10,29y,.=)0b N. Brunswickdo 2,883,(K)0 Nova Scotia do ^'J^^J'/?! Municipalities 11,263 353 Total , $355,078,111 Less unpaid Government and Municipal Loans 27,601,974 327,476,137 G H^^l 98 The pai(J-up capital ofraihvays under eon.sti-iiciion was • iTl.imiy,, hare capital g l,9f)9874 Of/ (joveninieiit loans or bonuses VJ'.iUU (ji) '"' Municipal Joans or bonuses *'". 4330 00 8I<,4.j4,^00 had been ^-ranted by the Dominion (Jovennent hs lojin to the (Jrand Trunk and Northern iJaihvays, nd ^j-'ssS- jiO a., bonus principally to the Intercolonial/l> K. sland and nZtJul'\^''T- J^'' ^"^^''"'^ Government bad ^^-anU^ a 1 , ff n/n r t ",T''""'V^"-^"'^''\.^^ ^^•'•^ '•—'"' ^^-1 bonus- es 01 $.,0(,1 lo4 to other railways. The bonuses of the Ouobee jovcn-nment amounted to $10,1^95,500, of which two tbi is we e to the Quebec, Montreal, Ottawa & Occidental. The New Bruns^ 000 .n '''''''''' T 'I'' y'''^^ ^'Perations. about feumcient to p j, $4.33 per cent, on the bonded debt. The earninLm averaged 13,302 per mile, and the expenses $2,704 '^^^^^"""^'^ J he total amount which the Dominion and Local Governments 99 A« a'^ainst thin considerahlo umoiint of iiidebtodnoss tlioro haR not l>eoi) KO far any cfirect return, but llio itidircct return aixf increase of vahieH in the eounli-y arc believed to be veiy muek greater tbaii the amount expended. Ah rcspcctH tbo Canadian Paeitic Railway tlie rOKult of tbo auc- vcys are published in tiie report of the Chief Engineer (1877). The Hurveyw eover a })eriod of six years, at a cost to the Govern- ment of $:^,*i;i<;, 010.75, and they may, in lhem>elvos, be called a marvel of their kind. They have established, not only the perfect fcapibility, but the fact of an extremely satisfactory line, from the head of St, Lawrence navigation, on Lake Superior, li; the Tetc Jauno Cache, on the western side of they leat Continental ''divide" in the main llocky Mountain chain. This pass has been before do Bcrihcd by Mr. Fleming, as the "gate "of the Rocky Mountains Its highest point of elevation is 3,G"JG feet above the sea, against 8,242,"ihe highest level actually traversed by the Union and Central* Pacific Railway from Omaha to San Francisco. That is, an altitude of much more than double that of the Tele Jaune or Yellow Head Patty. This is, however, ordy a small part of the advantages of the Canadian lino in respect to altitudes actually successfully traversed by the American line. The length of the various lines surveyed and routes explored by the FiOgineering start' of Mr. Fleming ie 46,000 miles, of which no less than 11,500 miles have been labour- iously measured, yard by yard. The Canadnin line is out of all comparison in a more favourable position for cheap transportation than the Union and Centra) Pacific now in actual operation in the United States. There is no gradient in either direction between the Lake Superior terminus and the Tete Jaune Cache on the west side of the Kocky Mountains exceeding 1 per 100, or 52.8 feet per mile, and, with one; .le exception, at the crossing of South Saskat- chewan, the heaviest gradient ascending eastward from a point near Buttleford to Fort William is only 0.5 per hundred, or 26.4 per mile ; and this location may be revised. As far as regards snow obstructions it appears, from tables com- piled by Prole'ssor Kingston, from three years observations in the iiocky' Mountains, tha't in some of the passes and river valleys Bnow may average from four to five feet in depth, but in the general fall the average is tar below that of Ottawa, Quebec and Montreal; while east of the llocky xMountains, between Jasper Valley and Edmonton, it does not much exceed half that of Ottawji. With respect to the cold, though the autumn is more severe in tho llocky Mountain district than in Ontario, Quebec anl the Mari- time Provinces, yet tho winter itself compares favourably witli Eastern Canada. On other portions of the line the general bnow fall is less than that of Ottawa. t-t-t 100 Tlio Prairio Region, from itH groat adaptability for whont cul- ture, will proliably, at a; early clay, bo tho Roat of a very lurgo populalion, and tbe line ban beonoMpocially locatod witb tlio view to obtain tbo lightest poHnible gradiontH and tho eaHioHteiirvaturo, witb tbo intention of obtaining tho absolutely bent conditionn ff traffic for tbo future. Tlio oxlont of cultivable land between Lake Superio. and the J^ocky MonntainH in Htatod in tho report of the Chief Knginoor i« bo 1(10, fl(»0, 000 acroH. Tbe total average under cultivation in tho Province of Ontario in under 7,000,000. 'J bore aro draw'/aclI l\ " Kdmonton l.y'«^< -^^ « Yellow Ileud Kivhh (Summit in ^^ •toc'ky Mountninb) -.253 '-.)0 " TeteJaune Cliche 2,.-J90 47 " Port Moo'iy, Bunard Inlet -,7-40 " VVaddiiigluu Harbour, Bute In- «' Kamiquot, Dean Channel 2,711 Montreal to Port Moody, Burrard Inlet... 2,802 Miaitreal to Waddington Harbour, Bute Iniet 2,916 Telegraph Line& under Contract. fort William to Selkirk f^l^] Selkirk to Living.stone ;' \ ^ 1,747 Livingstone to b:draonton -iyM Bdmonton to existing line B.C i>«^^' J Railway under Contract. 5'ort William to English liiver JJ^ | 22G Selkirk to Keewatiu ^^" J Prdiminary Location Surcey Completed. English River to Keewatin Jjj^ ) j .,75 Selkirk to Tete Jaune Cache ^j"-^" ) renbina Branch. Lino Graded..... "•••■ ^Vv [ 83 Balanjce of Line Located -* > X ^^ m .►» m 1^ w w > Ed m cc o Pi O CO m w H I— I Si H aa w w w > { i M^ V, m H m ^ n v> H ^ K z H to X (A> m ^ ^ f- K •n to m !7j M O d -n > S o H > z > tHl o H ^ te 2 H W •n C > w K s I o CO :t3 H H -0 > m -n > 30 O 13 ^ z « o « ! I ., ^ Hill iB •it' mm ■. . ) . ' t lail. '.;/,' i'':l n r; Mi. \l^H^ ■'TV K)'.-*?- ■'..■. ^ ■! . ' W, ■ ' . ' * ■■ 4 S - S rn w > H < O 5 ^- Z H O a • w -■ f-i . w H # 4 I