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THE NORTH-WEST DURING THE REVOLUflONv 
 
 ANNUAL ADDRESS 
 
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 BEFORE THE 
 
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 STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY 
 
 OF WISCONSIN, 
 
 Tuesday Evenings January 31, 1S71, 
 
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 By Hon. CHARLES I. WALKER, op Detroit. 
 
 :PuhiiMhed by Order of the Legislature. 
 
 MADISON, WIS,: 
 
 ATWOOD & OULVER, STATE PRINTERS, JOURNAL BLOCK. 
 1871a 
 

 
 
 
 
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(/ 
 
 INTRODUCTORY NOTE. 
 
 While this excellent production is passing through the press, and beyond the 
 reach of consultation with the author, I have ventured, as the Editor of the publica- 
 tions of the Wisconsin Historical Society, to append a few historical notes where the 
 context seemed to require them. 
 
 The intelligent reader need scarcely be reminded, that this Address contains 
 much new matter relative to an interesting period of our frontier history, especially 
 pertaining to the British and Indian forays having their origin and stimulus at De- 
 troit, the headquarters of British influence in the North-West during the border 
 warfare of the Revolution. L. C. D. 
 
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THE NORTH-WEST DURING THE REVOLUTION. 
 
 M 
 
 *.*ii 
 ii 
 
 " The Nortli-Wosl " has had, in our histor}-, no fixed locality. 
 It has l)ecn constantly receding from the Atlantic coast with each 
 advancing wave of the great tide of emigration, and has in suc- 
 cession crossed the Allcghanies, — passed beyond the Great Lakes 
 — the Mississipi)i — the desert plains of the West — and the 
 Rocky ISFountains; and its onward march has only been stayed 
 by the Avaters of the Pacific. 
 
 But the North-West of which 1 shall speak, has a well defined 
 locality and fixed boundaries. It comprises the region encom- 
 passed by the Ohio, the Mississippi and the Great Lakes, and 
 embraces the territory now occii[)ied by the five great States of 
 Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan and V\'isconsin, with a popula- 
 tion of over nine millions, and rich with the productions of human 
 industry and human art. 
 
 No other section of the Union of the samv area, comprises so 
 many advant.agea, or is capable of sustaining so dense a popula- 
 tion. With scenery of great and diversified beauty, a climate 
 varied and delightful, a soil of surpassing richness and fertility, 
 sustaining a wealth of timl)er that the energies of man cannot 
 destroy for generations to come, with exhaustless mines of lead, 
 iron, coal, copper and salt, and traversed and environed by noble 
 rivers and Great I^akes, the equal of which are not to be found up- 
 on the face of the earth, it is not surprising that its growth in 
 population and wealth is without a parallel in the history of the 
 world. 
 
 At the commencement of the American Revolution, there was 
 not a settlement of English origin within this whole territory, and 
 its entire population, other than Indians, did not probably exceed 
 five thousand. 
 
6 
 
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 From the time tho flag of Groat Britain was raised at James- 
 town, in 1G07, and that of r'rauco had been unfurled from tin; 
 heights of Qucbeo the following year, for a century and a half, 
 the mighty struggle had been going on between these two great 
 nations for the dominion of a continent. The combatants were 
 worthy, and the prize well worth, tho combat. That contest was 
 determined by the victory of Wolfu, upon the plains of Abra- 
 ham, on the 17th day of September, 1759; and by the treaty of 
 Paris, of 17G3, France ceded to Great Britain her American do- 
 minions from the Gulf of St. Lawrence to tho Mississippi. 
 
 Previous to this period some of the English colonies had laid 
 claims, and sometimes conflicting claims, to portions of the ter- 
 ritory of which we speak, but they had in fact exercised no juris- 
 diction over it. The whole territory was in tho occupation of 
 France, and in her grand design of hemming in the English col- 
 onics and connecting Canada Avith Louisiana, she had dotted it 
 with trading posts, missionary stations, settlements and forts. > 
 
 ,, , . , ;^ THE NORTH-WEST IN 1783. ;.,j,..;^, 
 
 To understand this period of history, it is essential that wc 
 obtain a clear idea of the settlements and forts existing at the 
 time of this conquest, their locality, strength and character. 
 
 Detroit was founded in 1701, and a fort, called Ponchertrain, 
 erected upon the high bank of the river. This had long since 
 gone to decay. The town proper occupied only about threci 
 acres, and was enclosed by pickets, variously stated to be from 
 fifteen to twenty-five feet high, and pierced by four gates defend- 
 ed by block houses and gims. There were, within the pickets, 
 from 80 to 100 dwellings, all of logs, exc(ipt the house of the 
 Governor or Commandant, and the enclosure contained a popu- 
 lation of about six hundred. The settlement extended from the 
 fort up and down the river on both sides about eight miles, and 
 when Major Rogeiis took possession for the British Government, 
 in November, 1760, he estimated the entire population of town 
 and settlement, at about 3,500, of which number 500 were capa- 
 ble of bearing arms. They were all French. Their farms were 
 all narrow and deep, with a frontage on the river, so that the 
 houses were near together. They were kept neatly whitewash- 
 
 eu 
 
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 uwot; 00 i>!iis.i 3?. uci I 
 
n 
 
 ed, and presented, especially from tlio water, a very pieturescjue 
 appearan(!e. The ^reat iniportance of this point sprang from its 
 position, which enabled it to command hirgcly Indian trade and 
 influence. '-"" I' •' r-. i." ?^:r ■« t- »•> r.m Mi;;,-- 
 
 At Mackmnw^ Father MAir^iURTTK established a mission as early 
 as lt>71. A fort was erected on the point of the lower peninsula 
 in l(iS(5. Then; was at this time, within the pickets, about .K* 
 families, and as many more without, nimibering, ])erhaps, a \i<^\>- 
 ulati(m of about 400. This too, was an important point witli 
 ref(M'<Mice to th(^ Indian trade. 
 
 iSault St. Mdi'if had been visited by missionaries as early as 
 1(541, and a permanent mission was established in 10(18, but it 
 was now a very insignificant military post, surrounded I)y h 
 small cluster of French houses. ' ' *' ' ■' ■ ' •' 
 
 f Green Bntj was occupied as a missionary station in l^JGK. At 
 this period it had a sn)all stoekadi; fort, and p-obably not to ex- 
 ceed 50 inhabitants besides soldiers and tluur families. 
 
 I'^ort )Sf. Joscjy/i was a small stockade neiir the mouth of tlie 
 river St. .foseph, and, like the others, had around it a small clus- 
 ter of French settlers and traders. 
 
 The same n^ay be said of Fort Miami, (Fort Wayne). 
 
 Jb^ort /SandiMki/ was not a permanent post, and had no settle- 
 ment around it. 
 
 ^,if'i 1.1 
 
 SETTLEISIENTS UPON THE WABASH. 
 
 The two princijml settlements on the Wabash, were Viuceii- 
 nes — then called Fort St. Vincent, and Waw-ca-ta-non, near La- 
 fayette. According to Ceogiian, there were at Vincenues in 
 17G5, about 80 or 'JO French families, and at Waw-ca-ta-non, 14 
 families living within the Fort, and there were doubtless some 
 small intervening settlements, .s . -i > • : -.- >,■ i • . i 
 
 These settlements on the Wabash were commenced probably, 
 as early as 1710-11, and seem at one time to have been rich in 
 agricultural productions, which found a market down the Missis- 
 sippi. 
 
 .■! 
 
 •)M = "! ' >:''■'. t.O.' 
 
 SETTLEMENTS IN ILLINOIS. 
 
 v., if <H»'^. 
 
 The largest settlements in the North- West, were those of Illi- 
 nois, of which Kaskaskia w^as the oldest and the principal. In 
 17(36 it had 65 permanent families. 
 
• 
 
 4 
 
 There wcrr bosMloH, Ciihokiii with 45famili«!8; St. Philip with 
 10 fiunilios; Pruirii'-dii-ltoohor with 1^ t'mnilicn; b'ort C'hurtit'H 
 with 40 luinilioti. This fort wuh ereijtcJ at ^roat (ixponso by tlie 
 Froiush in 17;iO, re-huilt in 1T")<), and was for a h)n^ linm the stsut 
 of gt)Vfn)ni('nt of the country of Illinois; but IImm fort was un- 
 derniiuc'd by the rivt^r about 177'^, and was abandoned. There 
 waH also a fort at KaskaHkia, upon u rock on the other side of 
 the river from the v illage. 
 
 There were aji^ricultural settlements in the vicinity of these 
 places, and the entire white population in Illinois was probably 
 about M,Ol)(). There were also many slaves in the country ; one 
 farm kept eighty. .nM.iti . i.i •■ ,,!k ■ u,,,.' if.i.'i-(. uh i,i 
 Those were all the settlements existing in the North- West, at 
 the Treaty of Paris in 170;$, and the tMitin; white population did 
 not exceed 10,000, fl,nd was exelu.sively of French orif>in, and of 
 the Konuin Catholic relig'ion. •. -■;: i. j: ■ . .liiiif; i-;,, u ,.mi -htv 
 If we were to trust to contemporaneous English accounts, wc 
 should find the inhabitants not only a very worthless ])eopU^, but 
 positively ifmvvorthy. Thus, Col. Geokoe Cuoghan, deputy of 
 Sir Wm. Johnson, who visited these settlcmcmts in 171)5, says of 
 the inhabitants of Vincenncs, that " they are an idle, lazy ])«!o- 
 ple, a pared of renegades from Canada, and are much worse tlian 
 the Indians;" and of those of Detroit, " they are generally ])oor 
 wretches, a lazy, idle people, depending chiefly on the savages 
 for subsisten(!e," — " whose uiauuers and customs they have en- 
 tirely adopted." I- ■■ ..T .., rV 1,. ,., ■.>..; . h ,,,i ,.,, ...f. .^^i 
 
 That this description was applicable to many of the voif(Ojeurs 
 and coxrriei's de bois, as seen about the towns, is undoubtedly 
 true ; but as a description of the inhabitants generally, it is most 
 unjust. •iii->i,!,? MM.Kijit r.iiii- >■.( -V'iiKa.'-.tiC} •'hu iit;.'ii- btxw ,>"'iiiH!i 
 There were two distinct classes of these hahitans, both, how- 
 ever, having the same general and national charactt^ristics. One 
 was the class of active, intelligent, gentlemanly traders and far- 
 mers ; many of them of respectable^ and some t)f noble^ birth and 
 connections. The other class were the voyageurs, conrriers de 
 bois and peasants. Here, side by side, these two classes planted 
 their residences, and lived in perfect harmony ; yet each in his 
 ov/n sphere — each contented with hjs place. 
 
 Th 
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 gent 
 kind- 
 
 peo]) 
 
 S(^lv( 
 
 
Tho lutj/df/t'Kr iiiid ppasmil in(lnlg'(Ml iiii. iiih of tlio (»t|\iiil- 
 
 ity of iimii, 1111(1 uiiiliitioii iu;\er cniliittciHtd lu8 liciirt, wliilo tiiu 
 gHntlcniiiii, jealous of no cncroaolitnciit, wuh the iiKliil^ciit iinrl 
 kiii(l-li«'iirt<Ml criiploycr and patron. On tlin hfinks of tlics** west- 
 ern rivers they I)uilt tlicir sirnph', checrfid homes, and surroinid- 
 C(\ thetn with f'niifs and llow«'rs. They were a li^ht-hearted, }i;fiy 
 people, full of vivacity and ^rne(>l"ul iiilarity; honest among tlieni- 
 selves, gent^rous and hosi)ital)K). Surrounded by (hmgor, tliey 
 were of undonhled courage, hut when the pressure of a present 
 peril wus jMissed, tlieir hal)itnal gJiycly returned. No memory of 
 the -,»Hst or fear of thefutine was p«'rmitt«'d to n\ar the happiness 
 of the itreseiil, hour. Sorrow and sullering were soon forgotten, 
 and privulionN laughed at, or cheerfully endured. Simple and 
 frugal in theii- hahils, contented with tlieir lot, they renewed in 
 tho forest recesses of tlie New World the life of the (JId. They 
 W(!re fr(M' from umhitioii and its cares, and without high aims. 
 Wliile they enjoyed much piM'sonal license, they had no concep- 
 tion of mmiicijuil /n't fiovt, iun\ oi f<e/f (/oventnient — of liberty reg- 
 ulated by fnitj, originating from the will of the governed them- 
 selves. They received with erpial and unquestioning submissive- 
 ness their law from the King and his subordinates, and their re/i- 
 ffiMi from their priests. ;>-.j<m)ij / en n 'jiuiv^ lu ". ■■• ;■• mi.i ; -iu 
 
 Of iiuch, great nations are not made; and one can but reflect, 
 what this mighty North-West would have been to-day had it eon. 
 tinned 7' '/v,v*<'/t and ('<((li(>lv'., and what a change was wrought in 
 its destiny by llu^ victory of Wolfk, upon the plains of Abraham. 
 
 By a pro(;lamation of GKOROii the Thik]>, of October 7th, 
 1763, the Govi'rnment of Quebec was established for the Can- 
 adas, but this distant region was not included within its boun- 
 daries, and until the j)assage of the famous Quebec Act, in 
 Parliament in 1774, it was without a civil government, and ex- 
 clusively under military control. Magistrates derived both 
 their appointment and their powers solely from the military 
 commandants, and soldiers were the only execuiive officers of 
 the law. Mutual distrust and dislike existed between the peo- 
 ple and the British ofliccrs pla(!ed over them, and this was 
 greatly increased by the Pontiac War, in which many of the in- 
 habitants sympathized with the savages in their attack upon 
 
10 
 
 the English power. The result was, that a very large emigra- 
 tion took place, especially from the Illinois settlements, to the 
 western side of the "* Mississippi River, and to Louisiana. ' '•■ 
 
 The treaty of peace and cession was signed at Paris in March, 
 17G3. On the 27th of September of the same year, Neyon-de 
 ViLLiKKS, French commandant of Illinois, dispatched couriers 
 from Fort Chartres with a written invitation addressed to 
 " Mr's les habitans du Detroit," cordially inviting such as chose 
 to emigrate to St. Genevieve, Arkansas or New Orleans, and 
 pledging his protection and assistance to such as should go.* 
 
 In 1704 L.vciiUDE founded St. I^ouis, and persuaded thither 
 many emigrants from Illinois, and some from Detroit. Kaskas- 
 kia, Avhich under French rule, had at one time numbered l,o()0 
 or 2,000 inhabitants, was reduced to a population of less than 
 500. Detroit, which had probably numbered more than 600 
 ii^habitants in 1703, had but about 300 at the commencement of 
 the Revolution. The whole Detroit settlement did not then ex- 
 ceed 700 or 800, in the place of 2,500, as estimated by Roci£RS 
 in 1700. > .. i, ..•■.,.;'/ t,, ..Mn .iii inlt •. \.s ,.;v Aw .> 
 
 The emigration of original British subjects to the Canadas, 
 after the conquest, had been very limited. In 1770 there were 
 less than iOO Protestant me7i in the whole new dominion. In 
 Detroit, in 1778, there wei*e 30 Scotchmen, 15 Irishmen and 2 
 Englishmen, mostly traders, and without families. f No new 
 settlements had been formed, and I am satisfied, that at the com- 
 mencemeut of the Revolution, exclusive of officers and soldiers 
 and their families, the entire white population of the North 
 West did not exceed 5,000 souls, 
 
 Cy the Quebec Act of 1771, the North West became a part of 
 tlie Province of Quebec, and was brought noiiiiually under civil 
 government. 
 
 While this act was under discussion. Sir Guv Cahleton, who 
 
 was then Governor of Canada, and had been since 17G8, was 
 
 called as a witness before the House. His examination is full of 
 
 curious interest. He is asked wluither Detroit and Michigan 
 
 were under the government. He replies, " Detroit is not under 
 
 *The orlfflnnl letter was a few years tince In tho posgession of the well known anti- 
 quary, tho late James Vioeb, Esq., of Montreal, who lurniehed me \> ith a co{)y. 
 
 t Judge May's etatement p.s taken down Uy hia son in-law, Mr. Frazbr. Judge Mat 
 came to JUeiro'.t in 1778. 
 
 the go^ 
 upon I 
 so. N< 
 where 
 confess 
 Quebec 
 In c« 
 not be 
 diction 
 % ing W 
 until a I 
 ing (,>u 
 in Pari 
 was hei 
 ' was till 
 - l)rovini 
 .' ment a 
 ;| Indian 
 1 satthm 
 .ft transp( 
 ^ gr(!ss c 
 
 ■ !,..■ 
 
 Und 
 
 M Captai 
 
 m 17 (. 
 
 depon( 
 
 less bt 
 
 and w: 
 
 onies ' 
 
 '-'') entire 
 
 in tlu 
 
 that V 
 
 vania, 
 
 'i^tion fi 
 
 at thii 
 
 lof Br 
 
 *3mit 
 
11 
 
 ge emigra- 
 ["iits, to the 
 iia. 
 
 s in March, 
 , Neyon-i)k 
 ed couriers 
 Idressed to 
 ch as chose 
 rleaiis, and 
 -lid go.* 
 led thither 
 t. Kaskas- 
 berod 1,000 
 f less than 
 2 tlian 600 
 'ncenient of 
 lot tlien ex- 
 by KocjERS 
 
 le Canadas, 
 there wore 
 linion. In 
 uen and 2 
 No new 
 it the coin- 
 id soldi<'rs 
 the North 
 
 ■Ml >-^m! 
 
 e a part of 
 under civil 
 
 ETON, wlio 
 
 ITCH, was 
 
 n is full of 
 
 Michigan 
 
 not under 
 
 1 known anti- 
 copy. 
 
 Judge Mat 
 
 the 
 
 nment; Michigan is." He was asked, "Do you look 
 upon Illinois jvs a part of old Canada?" He replies, " 1 believe 
 so. Neiv Orleans was under the government of Quebec, but 
 Avhere the precise district ends, I really <lo not know;" and he 
 confesses that he has no idea of the distance that Illinois is from 
 
 Quebec. ' ' - ' • ■ -■- • -:' " i ' 
 
 In connection with this specimen of otlicial ignorance, it may 
 not be uninteresting to give a specimen of description and pi-e- 
 diction of a later period. Detroit and its dependencies, includ- 
 ing Wisconsin, remained in the jiossession oH CJreat Britain 
 until after Jay's Treaty of 1T91. In II'.U, when the act divid- 
 ing QucIh'c into T'jn)er and Lower Canada was under discussion 
 in Parliament, a leading menhant of Quebec, Mr. Lyxkrukneu, 
 was heard in oppositiim to the act. He contended that " Niagara 
 was the utmost extent westward of the cif/fiiuth/e part of the 
 province;" that while it was true that there was a small settle- 
 ment at Detroit, and it Avas of great importance as a post for the 
 Indian trade, it could >/< r»r become ol' great importance as a 
 settlt nu nt ;'''' that the falls of Niagara presented a barrier to the 
 transportation of produce, which " nuist greatly impede the pro- 
 gress of settleujent and cultivation /W ayes to come."* 
 
 llwlill Ijl' a) ■■/Ml, liul;. 111! il. i\ .'.>i Mi;!'')i' 
 
 THE UEVOLITIONAKY PEKIOD. 
 
 tc 
 
 1 ,11 r: i">ii!il -;i 
 
 Under this QuelxH* act, l^ol. llKyiiv Hamilton, formerly a 
 [Captain in the 15th regiment, was apiiointed by Gov. Carletox, 
 in 1775, Lieut.-(TOvernor, and Suj^erintendent of Detroit and its 
 dependencit's, i»\cluding the entire North-^^'est. He had doubt, 
 less been selected, because of his capacity, energj' and zeal, and 
 and with reference to the inipending dilliciilties between the Col- 
 onies and th«> Mother Country. Henceforth, and duriny the 
 entire lievolution, Detroit became the center of British poAver 
 in the North-West. The relentless and cruel Indian warfare, 
 
 ' that was carried on against the border settlements of Pennsyl- 
 vania, Virginia and Kentucky, received its ins])iralion and direc- 
 
 'Ition from this pt)int. The Indinn power of the North-West was 
 at this perioil/'c «/>;/'»//// f/rc</^ It Avas mainly under the control 
 of British inllucnce and British gold, and it was used without 
 "imith'ii Canada, 1 vol,, p. 81. ;„^ Mt > < .sw .itJ.Vji .-. uijmviJiir-. ■ r/.F !-;:itii> ^ 
 
 
12 
 
 scruple to harrass, cripple and destroy the strug-gling Colonies 
 and in its cruel I'erocity it spared neither sex, infancy or age. 
 
 In 17G3, Sir Wm. Johnson, than whom there is no better au- 
 thority, makes the following estimate of the number of the In- 
 dian warriors of the North-West: ...,,. ^,j ,, , 
 
 Wyaiulotts 450, at Detroit mid Sniulusky. 
 
 rottawataniics 350, at Dotntit uuil St. Joseph. 
 
 Ottawas nml Cliipiunvas 1850, at Detroit and Maclvinuw. 
 
 " " 40l»0, elsewlioic. 
 
 Sacs, Foxes and Menonionees 1 170, west of Green Bay. 
 
 Mcnoin()iiee-«, Klciiaiioos and IManliasliaus 800, on the Wabasli. ' 
 
 Sliawnees WO, Seiota Valley. ^'' '' 
 
 Delawarcs <>00, Mnskinjium Valley. 
 
 . ,^ 8'.)ltt>, in all. 
 
 This does not include the Illinois Indians, of whose numbers 
 he ffives no estimate. 
 
 The use made of this power, supported by British gold and 
 wielded by British skill, we shall have occasion to notice. .'^. ^ 
 
 Under Governor Hajiiltox were various 8u])ordinates at the 
 different stations. Thus Cai)tain (afterwards Major) Akent 
 SciiuYLEK De Peysteu — an honored name — a native of New 
 York, Avas in c(mimand at Mackinaw from 1774 luitil 1770, when, 
 on Hamilton's capture, he succeeded him at Detroit. i, > • ,ii 
 
 Sr. I)e Ro("irEnLAVE, who had been a Lieutenant of Marines 
 in the French service in Illinois as early as 17<>0,* was Governor 
 of Kaskaskia, and its dependencies; and a Mr. Abuott, an Irish 
 civilian of Detroit, was Governor of Vincennes. Although civil 
 government was nominally established, justice was administered 
 very much as under the preceding military regime. Thus Gov- 
 ernor Hamilton acted as magistrate, and took cognizance of all 
 civil cases under £10, York currency. An orderly-sergeant 
 acted as constable. No process was issued, Init the orderly com- 
 manded the debtor to appear, when a hearing was summarily 
 had ; and if the case was found against the debtor, he was or- 
 dered to pay the claim; and if he could, yet refused, ho was 
 sent to the guard-house until he did. ' ' '* . v>t7.;u:> .) ;U Imm! 
 
 Judge May gives a curious instance of this summary justice: 
 * Original order in poesession of the late James Viubr, Ben., who furuiehod mo a copy' 
 
 " Onel 
 ^Hamii 
 thad a| 
 5; devi dl 
 
 atwo w 
 
 firm; 
 
 fcthoug 
 
 ^Ihem.' 
 
 , p;er hei 
 
 -f 
 
•gling Colonies 
 noy or age. 
 is no better au- 
 inber of the lu- 
 
 oit and Sandusky, 
 oit Huil St. Joseph, 
 oit and Mackinaw. 
 Bi-e. 
 
 ' Grocn Bay. 
 Wiihash. 
 ralley. •''.i" 
 gum Valley. 
 ' 'I y> n.'MJt/ 
 i'''i n en. 
 ^liose numbers 
 
 tish gold and 
 notice. 
 
 dinates at the 
 ajor) AnjiNT 
 itive of New 
 il 1779, when, 
 it. 
 
 It of Marines 
 vas Governor 
 OTT, an Irish 
 Ithough civil 
 administered 
 Tlius Gov- 
 lizanee of all 
 crly-sergeant 
 orderly coni- 
 s summarily 
 r, he was or- 
 sed, he was 
 
 lary justice: 
 «hed mo a copy' 
 
 13 
 
 " One GuAuciiiN owed me a debt. T complained to Governor 
 i IIamtlto ^ . who sent for him. He came, and being asked if he 
 ^ had anything to say against the del)t, he said no. He then or- 
 Bderid him to give me an old negro wench in payment, and she 
 'served me twenty -five years."* 
 
 Criminal justice was administered by a .Justice of the Govern- 
 or's appointment, and a jui-y, which was provided for in criminal 
 /cases by the Quebec act; and the sentence of death was more 
 I than once inflicted for theft and other like olfenses. 
 
 A contemporary record shows what was in fact three trials 
 y, before a jury at one time, and disposed of by one verdict. A 
 'Frenchman was found guilty of stealing some furs of Messrs. 
 AnnoTT & Finciiley; and Axx Wyley, a former slave, of steal- 
 ing a purse containing six guineas, from the same firm; and the 
 atwo were tried for attempting to set fire to the house of the same 
 •if firm; but the jury found the proof on this point not sufficient, 
 wthough as they said, " the circumstances were very much against 
 '^ihem." PniLii' Dejeax, the .lusticc, of whom we shall hereaf- 
 , ;«ter hear more, sentenced them to be hanged upon the King's do- 
 §*nain (u* public comnion, and they were hanged accordingly, f 
 ■^ No sooner had tlie war commenced, than eflbrts were made to 
 •fjfenlist both the .v^hites and the Indians of the North-West, against 
 iiihc Colonies. 
 
 •jp In the fall of 177r., Dr. John Conolly, of Piitsburgh, after 
 
 jMVisiting Gen. Gage at Boston, wasaj)pointedby Gov. Duxmoke, 
 
 ^pf Virginia, to proceed to Detroit and enlist a i-egiment of Ca- 
 
 ||nadians there and elsewhere, which was to rendezvous there, and 
 
 fifj^hich he was to connnand, and also a force of Indians ; and to 
 
 -Weturn to Virginia with the force thus raised, and join Gov. DuN- 
 
 IJfMOUE. He and two traveling companions were arrested in Mary- 
 
 IPUmd, while on their way, and his papers, carefully concealed in 
 
 ^is saddle, revealed the plot. // ?,"..« i ;;^,> 
 
 ip The importance of Detroit to the British interest, and the de- 
 
 i^irableness of capturing this center and stronghold of British 
 
 i^ower in the North-West, became apparent to Gen, Washington 
 
 Sand to C'ongress, at an early day in the fearful struggle, and it 
 
 • ^ *Jnd(ro May's Etatcment. 
 
 tI>K,TEAN was Secretary of thaGoTornor, and was understood to be his wilUne in- 
 rumcnt. This act brought down npon birn the censure of the Govornmeut otHcialB at 
 Jftuebec. 
 
14 
 
 was never for a moment lost sight of, although effective efforts 
 for the accomplishment of this purpose were deferred from time 
 to time from sheer necessity — the utter want of men and means. 
 As early as Ai)ril, 1770, the committee on Indian Affairs were in- 
 structed to enquire as to the possibility of taking Detroit. 
 
 Early in this year, Capt. DePeystek, commanding at Macki- 
 naw, by his persuasions, enlisted in the British scr"ice Capt. 
 Charles De Langlade, of Green Bay, a gentleman of exten- 
 sive influence among the Indians, and who had distinguished 
 himself as a French officer in the war with Great Britain, which 
 resulted in the conquest of Canada. He soon raised a large force 
 of Indians from the several nations of the North-West, and to- 
 gether with some Canadian volunteers, proceeded with them to 
 the neighborhood of Montreal, there to render aid to the King's 
 forces in attacking the rebels, and defending Lower Canada 
 against them. These forces rendezvoused at Mackinaw, and the 
 orders for their marching thence were issued on the day of the 
 Declaration of Independence, .luly 4, 1770. Capt. De Langlade 
 is charged with the duty on the way of " annoying the rebels 
 wherever you meet with them."* This force received a most 
 cordial reception at Montreal, where on its arrival a grand coun- 
 cil was held, at which an ox was roasted whole, and served up to 
 the Indians ; and subsequently they rendered valuable service in 
 the cause of the crown. * f"i»i . 'h-ju/-- s'.y'<l-nJ m) n-y". 
 
 The audacity of the American rebellion against the mighty 
 power of Great Britain stung to the quick the sensitive and 
 haughty pride of her ruling statesmen, and aroused to bitterness 
 and unrelenting hate the narrow, obstinate mind of the King; 
 and the subsequent Declaration of Independence produced a de- 
 gree of exasperation, which it is difficult for us to fully appreci- 
 ate. Under the influence of these feelings, the British King 
 and Ministry resolved (in the language of Secretary Geumaine) 
 " that every means should be employed that Providence had put 
 in his Majesty's hands for crushing the rebellion." Every possi- 
 ble effort was to be employed, and was em])loyed, not only to 
 enlist the Indians in legitimate warfare against the Colonies, but 
 to turn loose upon peaceable settlements, upon unarmed men and 
 
 ♦ Copies of ordere of Capt. Dk Petbteb In tbe collections of the Michigan Historical 
 Society, p. 17. 
 
 helpless 
 
 ble hell 
 
 4, policy m 
 
 J Gen. He 
 
 # Gov. H^ 
 
 year, 17 
 
 the sava 
 
 l)ranche 
 
 ! towards 
 
 ; pudence 
 
 war." 
 
 In th 
 great er 
 list in t' 
 men as 
 their w( 
 ^ traders, 
 charact( 
 ' partuiei 
 ' *, became 
 sa terror 
 |Kentuc 
 |i der am 
 been ar 
 and Ja: 
 and tht 
 young, 
 parents 
 the vie 
 the sa 
 an Ind 
 eeduce 
 en, bk 
 qucsti< 
 compe 
 
 liiig ; ^ 
 The 
 
 *LlBt I 
 
15 
 
 ve efforts 
 from time 
 rid means, 
 rs were in- 
 oit. ">•'■ 
 at Macki- 
 ice Capt. 
 of Gxten- 
 inguished 
 lin, which 
 arge force 
 5t, and to- 
 1 them to 
 he King's 
 r Canada 
 v, and the 
 lay of the 
 
 -(ANGLADE 
 
 the rebels 
 cd a most 
 and ooun- 
 ved up to 
 service in 
 
 le mighty 
 sitive and 
 bitterness 
 he King; 
 iced a de- 
 ■ appreci- 
 sh King 
 :umaine) 
 ; had put 
 Ty possi- 
 t only to 
 nies, but 
 men and 
 1 Historical 
 
 I helpless women and children, what Chatham called " the horri- 
 ble hell-hounds of savage war." This ruthless and dastardly 
 policy met with a cold support from Sir Guy Caki.eton and 
 Gen. Howe; but it found a ready, active, zealous supporter in 
 Gov. Hamilton, of Detroit, who, as early as September of this 
 year, 1776, promised the ministry that he would send parties of 
 the savages " to fall on the scattered settlers on the Ohio and its 
 branches;" and to encourage the enforcement of this policy 
 towards the rebels, adds : " their arrogance, disloyalty and im- 
 pudence had justly drawn upon them this deplorable sort of 
 war." ! ,i; jyjjifij] ij.;o;'; viJ JiiMJOi;;; !..> .tc^j>j[.Mw:; •■ imi r.o: '>,..- 
 ^Jfe In the execution of this policy, Gov. Hamilton exhibited 
 great energy, and an embittered zeal. His first effort was to en- 
 list in the British interest, by the power of IJritish gold, such 
 ^ men as could best influence the Indians, and lead them on in 
 ^ their worl of destruction. For this purpose a large number of 
 . traders, and others, familiar with the Indian language and Indian 
 . character, were regularly employed and paid by the Indian De- 
 partment of Detroit, and amongst these were five men, who 
 became infamously conspicu<ius, and whose very names became 
 I a terror to the border settlements of Pennsylvania, Virginia and 
 Kentucky, — these were Matthew Elliott, for many years a tra- 
 der among the Ohio Indians; Alexander McKee, who had 
 been an Indian Agent; and the three l)rothers, Simon, Geokge 
 and Jajies Gikty. The father of the Giktys was a drunkard, 
 land their mother a bawd. They had been taken prisoners while 
 "young, and adopted by the Indians, and they honored alike their 
 parentage and their education, and united in themselves 
 the vices of civilization and the cruel perfidy and ferocity of 
 the savage. SiaioN, the most capable of the three, had been 
 an Indian interpreter for the Americans, but, like the others, was 
 seduced to British interests by British gold. He was a drunk- 
 en, blustering ruffian, but of great force of character and un- 
 questionable courage. Each of these men received a regular 
 compensation from Detroit- McKee received 10 shillings ster- 
 ling; the others IG York shillings per day.* •-: i 'I '■!< .^w... 
 Then too, the Indians themselves were subsidized by rich and 
 *LiBt and puy roll of Incliau agents, «c , In possession of Michigan Historical Society. 
 
16 
 
 valuable presents, not only of blankets, other clothing and pro- 
 visions, but of those articles so attractive to the savage; — ver- 
 milion to give the proper war color, and articles of personal adorn- 
 ment, such as brooches, ear-rings, bracelets, &c., &c. By these 
 and other means most of the North-Western Indians were early 
 secured to British interests. Through the influence of the Mo- 
 ravian missionaries on the Muskingum, most of the Delawares 
 remained neutral. 
 
 The results of their efforts were not seriously felt upon the 
 border settlements until 3777. In the latter part of winter, or 
 early in the spring of that year. Gov. Hamiltox sent a war 
 hatchet, wrapped in a belt of red and white beads, to the Ohio 
 Indians. It was accepted by the Wyandotts and Shawnees, but 
 rejected by the Delawares. Its effect was at once apparent. On 
 the Gth of March a large party of Indians appeared before Har" 
 rodsburgh, in Kentucky. On the 24th of April Boonsborough 
 was attacked, and again on the 23d of May; and on. the 30th of 
 May, Logan's Fort.* None of these attacks were successful, 
 but several persons were killed, others wounded, and cattle and 
 other property destroyed. _. .,.,,,.,,.., 
 
 These stations or settlements on the border were all very much 
 after the same pattern. A company of settlers selected farms 
 adjacent to each other. At some convenient point they for the 
 most part congregated their houses as in a village, and surround- 
 ed them with pickets, usually from twelve to fifteen feet high ; 
 the log houses of the settlers frequently formed a part of the 
 outer wall of the enclosure, with pickets extending from house 
 to house, where gaps occurred. Through these pickets were 
 gate-openings, and the houses were pierced with holes to enable 
 those within to fire upon a surrounding foe. For a space outside 
 the forest was completely cleared away, so that an enemy could 
 neither find a lurking place for an attack, nor conceal his ap- 
 proach. During the day the settlers cultivated their lands 
 around, and in times of peril, often with arms by their side. 
 
 •These dates are different from those given in the printed acconnts extant, but they 
 have been veriflefl by an original diary ol Gen. Qeoroe Rogebs Clark, in the posses- 
 sion of L. C. DuAPEB. Ksq.. Secretary of tha Wlsccusln Historical Society. Ho nas sev- 
 eral volumes of original mannscripts, that belonged to Clark, and among them many 
 papers obtained upon the capture of Gov. Hamilton. Mr. Dkapkr is preparing a mem- 
 
 d. ' 
 
 oir of CLABK, for which he has the moat ample material, never before use< 
 tiou is looked for with great interest. 
 
 iU* 
 
 Its publtca* 
 
 Mr,; ^•. 
 
g and pro- 
 age ; — ver- 
 onal adorn- 
 By these 
 were early 
 3f the Mo- 
 Delawares 
 
 upon the 
 winter, or 
 cnt a war 
 
 the Ohio 
 wnees, but 
 iront. On 
 efore Har' 
 nsborough 
 the 30th of 
 successful, 
 
 cattle and 
 
 .. ,1 ,,i ■ ..■ '< 
 very much 
 
 cted farms 
 
 bey for the 
 
 1 surround- 
 feet high; 
 
 lart of the 
 
 rom house 
 
 3kets were 
 
 s to enable 
 
 ice outside 
 
 lemy could 
 
 eal his ap- 
 
 heir lands 
 
 their side. 
 
 ctant, but they 
 In the posses- 
 . Uo nas 86 V- 
 ng them tntny 
 paring a mem- 
 .. Its pabllea- 
 
 i 
 
 17 
 
 Tliese dofcncca, rude as they were, provfd a <xvvnt protection 
 against Indians and their still rndcr weapons. 
 
 The failun.'! of those expeditions against the Kentucky scltlc;- 
 ments gave little security to the bordi'r. IJands of manuuling 
 Indians were constantly engaged in their works of plunder and 
 olood. 
 
 On the 2('t1i of July, IlA^iir/rox reports to Sc'cretary Gkr- 
 MAiN'E that he had already sent out fifteen several parties of In- 
 dians, consisting of 2S9 braves, with thirty vhite officers and 
 rangers, to prowl on the frontiers of Pennsylvania and Virginia. 
 
 But th(^ great eflbrt of this A-ear was the attack upon Fort 
 Henry, at Wheeling, on the 1st of September, by a force of 
 about four hundred Indians, fully armed by Governor Hamilton. 
 The events of this siege — the gallant defence — the brave con- 
 duct of EiJ/Ai!i:rii Zank in securing powder for the garrison, in 
 the face of the Indian fo(! — the narrow escape of Major MeCuL- 
 LO(JTT — the severe loss — the opportune reinforcement — an^ all re- 
 corded in general history, and make this one of the most thrill- 
 ing incidents of the border; but it does not belong to my pur- 
 pose to describe such incidents in detail. 
 
 In February of 1778, the famous Kentucky partisan, Daxiei, 
 Boone, was, with twenty-seven men, taken prisoner while 
 making salt at the Blue Licks. In March, Boone was broughj^ 
 to Detroit, where he received much attention from English gen- 
 tlemen, and Governor Hamilton offered to ransom him of the 
 ' Indians at £100, but they were greatly attached to him and re- 
 fused the offer. They took him back to Chillicothe, and here, in 
 June following, (m learning of a proposed attack vipon Boones- 
 borough, he escaped, traveling one hundred and sixty miles in 
 four d!\vs, with but one meal. His wife, supposing him dead, 
 had, with tlunr children, gone back to North Carolina. Boones- 
 borough was immediatc^ly preparcnl for defence, but the escape, 
 . the warning and the preparation, delayed the attack until Sep- 
 tember 7th, when the whole Indian force of over four hundred, 
 >with eleven Canadians, led by Captain Cuene, of Detroit, ap- 
 .■pearcd and surrounded the little post. After some delay, negoti- 
 ati(m, and an attempt at treachery, an attack was commenced, 
 which lasted ahuut ten days, when the Indians, having lost tliirty- 
 B. 
 
18 
 
 I, 
 
 sovcn ol' IlK'ir nunibrr, retired. Onlj' two of the jj^arrison were 
 killed.* 
 
 \n llie early spring of this year (1778), the Mornvinii mission 
 upon tlic Muskiii;iuin was thrown into gvont eonsternalion by a 
 hotter hearing- an ollioial seal, ])urporting to he from (Jov. Ham- 
 ilton, ('onnnan(lin<; them to put themselves at the head of their 
 Indians and mareh aj^ainst the " rebels," whom they. were to at- 
 tack on their farms and in their settlements, slaying- tlunn M'ith- 
 oiit mercy, and bring-inn- their scalj)S to Detroit. They did not 
 at the tim(> suspect a for«rory, but it was probal)ly the M'ork of 
 some miscreant in the Uritish service, plotting- mischief, for it is 
 diflRcult to believe that such a paper could have issued from a 
 Uritish oiricer. 
 
 This lelter was followed up by a visit from P'r.Liorr, ]M('K7<:e, 
 and some deserters from Pittsburo^li, who, by persuasions and 
 falsehoods, soug-ht to induce Ihe D(dawar(!S to take up tlie hatch- 
 et; but the effort failed, through the Avise intrepidity of th(! 
 missionar}- Hp:(KKWKm>ki{. 
 
 In the mean time great preparations were being made by Con- 
 gress for an ex]>edition into the Indian coimtry, and perhaps 
 against l)«»troit itself, w^ith a force of 5i,000 men; but the men 
 and numitions were botli wanting. Gen. McIxTOSii came to 
 Pittsburgh in the Spring M'ith 500 troops. Soon after he built 
 Fort Mcintosh near the mouth of the Big Beaver, where in Oc- 
 tober he assembled 1 ,000 men, and marched to the Tuscarawas 
 river, and erected Fort I.aurens, and garrisoning it with 150 
 meti, in connnand of Col. Gibson, returned to Fort Pitt; thus 
 leaving this garrison in the Indian country beyond the reach of 
 succor — too weak for aggressive or even deicnsive warfare. 
 
 lint the most notable event of this year in the West, and one 
 
 of the most notable events of the war, was the conquest of Kas- 
 
 kaskia and the other British j)osts in Illinois and on the Wabash 
 
 by Gkoimjk Bogkuk Ci-ark. The circimi stances attending this 
 
 conrpiest are full of stirring and romantic interest, while the 
 
 consc(|U('iiccs flowing from it were most momentous. The events 
 
 of tlu! cam])aign are so fully narrated in every local and gcnicral 
 
 *TI(!io (1 ftin the date^ in nrlnted accounts are corrected by original manusicrlptB in 
 Mr l)nAF'Ki:"s p()!<nest»iou. 'Die nnnie of ("apt. Du Qdesne is also given an the com- 
 mandiir of thin cxpcflltion. On Mr. Drape 's anthorlty, I give the proper ortho;;rnphv 
 ol ih ii'iin i)( t'da Britifili-lndlan leader t\s Chenk. Hq also accompanied dipt. Ijibd's 
 expeditio) . 
 
19 
 
 I son wore 
 
 II DiiHsion 
 alioii by a 
 !()v. Ham- 
 (l of thoir 
 v<'r(^ to at- 
 KMti with- 
 •y «lifl not 
 • Avork oi" 
 L^f, I'or it is 
 
 jod from a 
 
 ui,* -.• 
 
 , ]M« Kke, 
 
 nsions and 
 
 the liatch- 
 
 ity of the 
 
 (!(■: hv Con- 
 
 nd perhaps 
 
 lUt the nuni 
 
 II cain(^ to 
 
 tor lie huilt 
 
 here in Oe- 
 
 Fusearawas 
 
 it Avitli 160 
 
 Pitt; thus 
 
 he reaoli of 
 
 rfare. 
 
 st, and one 
 
 est of Kas- 
 
 he Wabash 
 
 endinp' this 
 
 , wliilo the 
 
 The events 
 
 and g(mcral 
 
 manu^crfptB in 
 m as th(! corn- 
 ier orttio;,'raphy 
 ed C'lpt. Uibd'8 
 
 history, thai it ■\vo\ild be inexcusable in nio, to do more than 
 state results, and that in the int)st jfcneral way. . i 
 
 Major Clakk, an emigrant to Kentucky, allhough a man of 
 limited culture, had the grasp of mind, and the en(!rgy of char- 
 acter, Avhich litted him for great events. Kentucky luul Builer«Ml 
 greatly from the Indians during the year 17TT. Clakk made up 
 his mind that the best mode of defending Kentucky was to give 
 emj)loyment to tlu! enemy elsewhere. He sent spi(.'s to visit the 
 posts ujjon th(^ Wabash and in Illinois. In December, 1777, he 
 laid oi)en his plan of capturing these posts to Patkick IlKNuy, 
 then Governor of Virginia, who at once fell in Avilh it, esjjecial- 
 ly as Virginia laid claim to this western territory as far i rth 
 as the 40th degref; of north latitude. Clauk was conunissioned 
 a Colonel in the service of Virginia, and was authorized at the 
 expense of that State to raise a sulTicient force, was furnished 
 with £'1,200 currency, and by secret instructions was directed to 
 carry out the plan conceived by him. 
 
 On the 24th of .Iun(.«, 1778, he left the P'alls of the Ohio 
 (Louisville) in barges, with his force of less than 200 men, and 
 descended the Ohio to Old Fort Massac, within sixty miles of 
 its mouth, and then marched north to Kaskaskia, which he cap- 
 tured by surprise on the night of July 4th, taking its com- 
 mandant, Ko( HKBLAVE and its inhabitants prisoners. The other 
 posts were taken lusfore any o])position could be made. With 
 great skill, and by a wise mingling of kindness and severity, ho 
 gaine<l the good will of the French, and connnanded the respect 
 of the surroumling Indians. The then recent treaty between 
 the Colonies and France aided greatly in his success with the 
 
 French. /; OV I^.i > ••;■ liMTn i <: y i-..-, (■:■••■•_: f ,■:•:•,,■, ,.1 ....,, . 
 
 Gov. Adhott, of Vincennes, was at that time absent in De- 
 troit, and there were no troops stationed there. Father Gi- 
 BAULT, of Kaskaskia, Vicar General, etc., undertook to get the 
 French at that point to side with the Americans, and immedi- 
 ately started upon his mission, which was entirely successful, 
 and the American flag waved over the place. 
 
 Waw-ca-ta-non was captured by a small force, and thus with- 
 out the loss of a man, the conquest of Illinois and the Wabash 
 i settlements was complete ; and, in October, Virgina organized this 
 
20 
 
 torrilory inlo the county of Illinois, and tlif noxt yoar Col. John 
 Todd was, at Clauk's reiiuost, sent out as civil Govoruor. 
 
 The news of this disaster to IJritisli interests aroused Gov. 
 Hamiltox to the most vigorous etVorts to rt.'trieve it. It was 
 obvious that this eon((uest had paiuc-strieken the Indians, and 
 threatened the whole llritish power in the North West. In the 
 sjuing of 1777, Col. Mokoax, at Pittsburgh, wrote to Gov. 
 IIkmiv, that there Avere only (it! sohliers at Dtstroit ; but there 
 were at this tijne aboul oOO troops there. There were four 
 companies of the Eighth or King's llegiinent, coniniandiMl by 
 Muj. Lkijnoult ; two eonii)anies of Hitlkk's Hangers, com- 
 manded b)' Ca})t. Cai.dwki-l, and one; of the Fourth Uegiment, 
 commanded by Capt. Aum:Y.* The IJritish also had a small 
 navy that connnanded the Lakes. There wen* usually several 
 hundred Indians gathered about the Fort at Detroit ; but never 
 more than twenty-llvi; Avere permitted within the gates at one 
 time, and these were unarmed. At the very time wlien Hamil- 
 ton received the news of Clauk's success, thert^ was u large 
 gathering of Indians there with whom he was holding negotia- 
 tions, lie gave them the hatehe'^ anew, and urg(!d them to 
 more general ajid vit)lent assaults upon the frontier, and to hold 
 fhemselves in readiness to join him in proj)osed movements 
 against the Americans. He sent by some Delawanss i)resent, a 
 menacing letter to the Council of the Deluwares, calling upon 
 them " for the last time" to take up thci hatchet, and was greatly 
 infuriated at their firm refusal, and at once ordered an expedition 
 against thom, consisting of Indians and a few soldiers, connnanded 
 by two Captains, with orders to return with the scalps of both 
 chiefs and missionaries, but the sudden death of the two oiKcers 
 frustrated the expectation. ,• ■!•'?. ^ 
 
 Hamilton immediately planned an exhibition for the recovery 
 of the Illinois, to be connnanded by himself. It was composed 
 of thirty regulars, fifty volunteers, and four or five hundred In- 
 dians. The volunteers were subsequently paid for their services 
 from the 17th of Scptember,but the expedition did not leave Detroit 
 until the 7th of October. It is evident that his first puri)ose was 
 
 •Judge Mat's statement. C I W 
 
 It mny lie added, that the Cnpt. Acbet nllnded to, was probably Cant 'tuomah 
 
 Aubrey, of S r Gut Carleton'p, or the Forty-Seventh Erltlsh Itogiment, Borvlng in 
 
 Amerlcs at this period. The Army List of 1780 gives no other officer of that or any 
 
 : Similar name then in the British service. " -• -^ ' 
 
 i.t 
 
 tCj) ' .U .>' J 
 
 L. C. D. 
 
21 
 
 to proncod at onoo to Kasknsklii, whore (^lahk's foroo was flta- 
 tioiu'd, for ho urjj^os Miij. Di-: Pkysiku to sond him ussistanoo. 
 1)k PiCYstTint had also nu'civMMl .special onh'r.s from (}(mi. IIamh- 
 MANf), cotnmaiidiiijj^ at (^ue])ec, to do all in his power to assist 
 Haahi/pov in his enterprise. 
 
 In pomplianee with tiieso orders Dk PKYrtTKif, cm the 3(!th of 
 October, di,si)at(hed Capt. Dk TiANOLADK, and Tiiout. Gautius* 
 to arouse the Indians around Tiake Miclii^an, asseml)le them at 
 St. Jot^eph, and to join IlAMFi/rox with all tlie foree they could 
 raise, or to descend the Illinois, if that was hotter calculated to 
 promote the success of Hamii-ton's operations. These ollicera 
 are exhorted to uso economy, " as the nations in •^•eneral have 
 already had many presents from his Majesty," and to exhort the 
 warriors " to us(! humanity towards tin; prisoners," who "will 
 be ransomed."! 
 
 IlA>iii/ro.v was greatly delayed by storms and bad weather, 
 and did not reach Vincennes imlil the 17th of December. This 
 point, as we have seen, had yielded to the Americans without 
 other force than the moral suasion of Father GntAir/r, and it 
 was now held by Capt. IIki..m and one American. As TIklm saw 
 this terrific force j>'athered al)out tlic fort, he i)lac(!d a loaded can- 
 non in the gat«^way and stood by it with alighted match; and as 
 the enemy ap[)roached, called out with a loud voice, " ILiH!'*'' 
 HAMii/ro\ demanded a surrender. IIici-.v re])lied, " No man 
 shall enter here until I know the ternis." The " honors of war" 
 were granted, and Capt. Helm with his garrison of one received 
 the customary honors. 
 
 Hamilton at once dismissed his Indian allies to prowl upon 
 the frontiers or return to their homers, with the jiurpose in the 
 early sjjring of re-assembling them, with a largely increased 
 force both from the north and the south, and tlu'n, after re- 
 establishing the IJritish powi^r in Illinois, of marching to Fort 
 Pitt, sweeping Kentucky and "Western Virginia on the way, and 
 thus completing the conquest of the frontier. Nor did tliis i)lan 
 seem visionary to the coolest judgment, and nothing but the 
 genius and intrepidity of Clakk frustrated it. On the 29th of 
 
 • ThU probably has reference to Oautibr Dk Vkrvillk, a nephew of De Lanoladk, 
 who eervo(f with htm tluring the French and Indiaa war, and also during the Rovolutlon, 
 and died at Prairie du Chion, about 1803, at about the age of sixty-flvo. See Gbionon's 
 Becol(ecnon$, Vol. 3d, Wis. Uis. CoU's. ^ , „ L, C. D. 
 
 t Manuscript orders— Michigan Hietorlcal Society. 
 
of .Taiuiivry, 1770, he rocoivcd tlio nowH of ITamii.ton's occMijm- 
 tion of Viiieenm's, and (ho coiulition of his forcos. His 'h'ter- 
 miiuition wan at otict* lakon. In spcakiuj,' of Hamii.tov \w, says, 
 " I know if 1 <li(l not take liim, he wouhl take nio." "" ' ' '"' '-5'" 
 
 On Iho 7lh of February, witij a foivc of 170 nu'n, partly com- 
 posed of Ficnch vohniteor«, ho started for Vincennes. Forty- 
 six of these went hy water in a keid-hoat with some small k"""? 
 nmmunition, stores, etc., and 11)0 marclied with Clauk across 
 the country. On the Ji-'Jd, Clauk washcforc Vincennes, and on 
 the ^oth IlAArir/rov surrendered himself and his force as prisoners 
 of war. This wonderful march of 240 miles through a flat 
 country, over a soft soil, deluged hy constant rains — the men 
 wading for days through low wet prairies, exhaijsted and be- 
 numbed l)y fatigue, fasting and cold; th(; intrepid bearing of 
 the noble leader in his utterly di'sperate and exhausted con- 
 dition; the gidlant attack ujK»n the fort; the unique correspon- 
 dence between flie iomparutively illiterate back-woodsman and 
 proud liritisli ofTlcer,* and the final capture of the pf)st and tho 
 defending force, with all the stirring and rojuautic delils, are 
 known to every reader of history, aii<l urvi] not > c recounted. '" 
 
 On the ninlli of lA^liruary previous, a company of about forty 
 men under llie cliarge of Mr. Adiik.maij, a connnissarv, l«'ft De- 
 troit with a ];ir:j'' amount of su])plies for (Jov. ITamii-Tov. Hy 
 the urgent rei|iie.st of .Fustice DKriiAN, Ik^ was jx'rmitfed to ac- 
 company the expedition, in order to oi)tain from Gov. Hamilton 
 his warrant or authority to justify his own conduct as magis- 
 trate, and especially as to the executions already noticed. 
 
 On the fifth of March the entire expedition was captured while 
 dcscen Mig the Wabash with seven boats, and all the letters to 
 Gov. ifAMiLTOX. Dejean Is Called by the captors, "Grand 
 Judge of Detroit." " '-' f-ii'nuM .k i,',!utii-,rr/; v./i.iii. ^H 
 
 On the seventh of March Ciakk dispached Capt. Wiltjams and 
 Lieut. Rogers with twenty-five privates, to conduct Gov. Ham- 
 ilton, " Grand Judge Dejean," Major Hay, Capt. T.a Mothb 
 and Lieut. Sciieiffleix, and twenty others, as i)risoners of war, 
 to Virginia. The rest of the captured force, being principally 
 Frenchmen, were discharged on taking the oath of neutrality. 
 
 Gov. Hamilton, Dejean and La Motiik were for a while 
 • The corresponclcnco la In tha posBogilon of Mr. DBAPua. ■• a 
 
28 
 
 iri)U('(l uikI cloMi'Iy iinpii.scjiu-d in a »luii;j;'('()ii tit W'iHiiiiii.shurg', 
 U'cru i)r(»liihil<'<l tlit- ijso of ptMi, ink iiiid 1)ii|hi-, and fnnii all iiitcr- 
 cMjiiisc, )»y order of flu- ('omii'il of N'ir^iiiia, wlm ii|)(mi r.vainin- 
 iiijf liic cvidi'iiff; Ntjfon; llicni, found that. IIamii.ion Imd Ixu-ii 
 ;;iuUy of great i;ii»olti<*8 to American prLsoiH'i's at Detrnii; iliat 
 ho had (tllered rewards for scalps, hut none for prisoners, thus 
 inciting" the Indians to niurdor the defenicless; that IMmican was 
 the willing instrmnent of his »!iuelly, and that La Motiik had 
 himself led .sialpin<j^ j)arli»;s, wh(» sparetl neither men, women nor 
 children. This imprisonment led to a notable eorret«pondenee 
 between WAsiiii^fui'oN and Jickfkkson, the Crovernor nf \'ir- 
 ginia, and (Others, as (o whether as prisoners of war, IIamii-ton 
 and his companions were ikjI entitle<| to diih-rent treatment. 
 They were subsei|uently release(l and paroled. 
 
 Ua.miuijn was afterwards, for one ycur^ Ciovernor uf Canada, 
 and wuH tlien appointed (.jovcrnorof Dominica, and not long* after 
 died. Whilt! CJovernor of Canada he did n(.t entirely forget his 
 subordinates at Detroit. On tlu^ ninth of November, I Is,"i, he is- 
 aued an order tind no one; should disturb Matthew I'.'i.Morr in 
 the possession of a lot near tin; dock yard by the water side, 
 without producing titles. 
 
 It has (;ft(Mi b(!en »;harged upon IIamiltox tliat lie was relent- 
 hjssly (ituel, that lie encouragetl the taking tA' scalps rather than 
 prisf)ners, and that the reign of t(Mror on our Westi-rn border was 
 measurably his work. That he willing, zealously and vigorously 
 carried out the ruthless [uilicy of the HritLsh ministry, tliere can 
 be no doubt, and Ijc eamiot therefore have bei!u a kind or tender- 
 Ueart(!d man; that ho was wantonly cruel in the oxecutitm of that 
 policy, I think is not sutliciently proved. 
 
 The conquest ol" Illinois, and the subscfiuent capture of 
 IlAMii;ro.v constituted a turning-point in the history of the 
 North- Wcs'. By these events, and bi/ these aloni.) was the north- 
 western boundary of the new American Union remove(l iVom the 
 Ohio to the Great Lakes. No where else did the Americans have 
 a foothold in the territory comprising thesi; great States, and ex- 
 cept for Gkouoe RooKUS Clakk and his victories, the Xorth- 
 West w^ould have l)oeif to-day a British Canadian cvlvnt/. Just 
 this result was anticipated by Jeffkusox, who wrote to Clakk 
 expressing his interest in the proposed expedition, and predict- 
 
"~1 
 
 24 
 
 ing that, il' successful, it would have an important bearing ulti- 
 mately in establishing- our noith-western boundary." 
 
 All honor then to Geougk Kogkus Clauk, and to Virgiida — 
 worthy of her name of" Mother of States" — who sent him forth, 
 and then nobly ceded the territory thus snatched by her from the 
 common enemy to the whole Union, and devoted it tt) freedom. 
 No sooner was Hamilton' captured than Claur turned his 
 eyes toM-ards Detroit, but his force was ((uite in('onsideral)le, and 
 he exclaims with mortification; " Detroit lost for want of a few 
 men !" 
 
 Previous to the reception of the news of Hamilton's capture, 
 there vras |no little uneasiness in D(»troil. McIntosh's expotli- 
 tion, so fruitless in g-ood results, had created no little apprehen- 
 sion, and the letters written to Hamiltox at Vincennes, clearly 
 indicate that the loyalty of both the French and Indians to the 
 British cause was distrusti'd, and the early return of Hamilton' 
 was strongly urged. Major Lkknol'lt, who was in conunand 
 during Hamilton's absence, connnenced the erection of a strong 
 fort, which was completed the following; season, and which bore 
 his name, until rc-christcned Fort Shelby, in the war of 181^. 
 The Major, in his correspondence with Hamilton', comi)lains, 
 that, while the merchants freely aided in this work of defence, 
 the i'rench only lUd so on comjiidsion. 
 
 The news of the capture of Hamilton, produced great con- 
 sternation in Detroit among the adherents of the crown, and no 
 ^ittle gratification to many of the French. 
 
 The Fort (Laurens) which had been established by Gen. 
 McIntosii the fall before, was besieged in .lanuary of this year, 
 ITTO, and its inmates were reduced to the greatest distress, and 
 almost to starvation. IMany were killed. They were linally, 
 after a siege of six weeks, relieved by ' i"n. McIntosii, who with 
 seven hundred men brought supplies. (,'ol. GinsoN was suc- 
 ceeded in the command of the garrison by Maj. Vkhnon. 
 
 In the stimmer of the same year, there was anoliier siege by a 
 small Indian force, but by the interposition of the friendly Dela- 
 wares, it was i-elieved, and s^oon after in August, the fort M-as 
 abandoned; its estal)lishment having ar-complished no good, 
 while it had greatl}- irritated without over-awing the Indians. 
 In July of this year, Col. Bowman headed an expedition of 
 
 one 
 uei 
 wei 
 
 1 
 
 of 
 
 sui)| 
 
 win 
 
 I I 
 
taring ulti- 
 
 Virgiiiia — 
 tliiiurorlh, 
 I or Iroin the 
 lo iVoedom. 
 turned his 
 erahle, and 
 •ut oi" a lew 
 
 I's capture, 
 I's exj)odi- 
 apprehen- 
 les, olearly 
 ans lo the 
 IIamiltux 
 I coiiiiuand 
 >f a strong 
 'hieh bore 
 ir of IbU. 
 oiMj)lains, 
 i" di' fence, 
 
 •reat con- 
 II, and no 
 
 l>y Gen. 
 this year, 
 
 c.ss, and 
 linally, 
 
 ho with 
 wiia sue- 
 
 'ge by a 
 y Dchi- 
 ort M'as 
 u good, 
 i]ians. 
 it ion of 
 
 26 
 
 one hundred mid sixty men from Kentucky, against the Shawa- 
 nees at ChiiJicothe. Afti'r some tighting, in which nine men 
 were killed ami a few wounded, they retreated without accom- 
 plishing any dei-isive results. 
 
 In October of this yeair, Major RotiKKs, who was in command 
 of some keel boats and 100 nu>n, while ascending the Ohio with 
 sujjplics from New Orleans, was surprised and attacked near 
 where Cincinnati now is, by a large Indian force. Major Roa- 
 EKs and forty-five of his nuMi were killed idmost instantly, and 
 only a lew linally escaiunl. 
 
 Tlu^se events were w<dl calculated to excite and encourage In- 
 dian hostilities, and unprotected families and settlements were 
 continually sufl'erlni>- all the horrors of savaire war. 
 
 Tlu^ conviction was strong, and growing slionger, thai there 
 could be no safety to the bi)i(U'r as long as Detroit was in pos- 
 session of the IJritish, who from that jKiint directed and con- 
 trolled the Indians, and sup[)licd tlu'm with munitions of war. 
 
 On the I'ith of .ranuary ot' this year, (ITT'J) WAsniXdiox, 
 in n letter to a conunittee of ('ongri'ss, discusser the importance 
 of an cxpi'dition against ])etn)it. lie suggests that security to 
 the border is oidy lo be obtained by otfensive measiu'cs. C)n the 
 21st of A})ril he writi's to Col. iiuoDiiKAi), at Pittsburg, to as- 
 certain the best season for Mich an ent(M[>rise, and in November 
 IJuODHKAi) suggists a wiutcr expedition. 
 
 Ci,ai;k had again considered, during the summer, the possi- 
 bility of raising a snllicient lone to march upon Detroit, and 
 had been promised 1500 volunteers fnnn Kentucky, but owing to 
 the re|)ulse of IJowman, and other circumstances, only oO ap- 
 peared, ami he was forced to al)andon the enterjnise. 
 
 The n(>ws of this proposed I'xpedition reached Di^troit, and to 
 create a diversion in favor o{ the liritish, Lieut. Bknnktt, of 
 the Sth regiment, was sent on an expedition against the Illinois 
 settlements, by the way of Chicago. On the 1st of July, Major 
 De Pkvsteu, at Mackinaw, issued instructions to Capt. De 
 ]^AN»ji,Ai>E to do his utmost lo raise '' the jieople of the Milwau- 
 kee Pork, the Indian trilx* of Stinkjirils" (around Green Bay), 
 *' and others bonhM-ing on Lake Michigan, and with tliem hurry 
 and join Mr. Rknneti' at Chicagt)," and to follow him by forced 
 marches if he had left. 
 
ii 
 
 26 
 
 On the 30th of July, Bennett was at Chicago with one huu- 
 flred whites and two hundred Indians, but nothing further is 
 known of the expedition. AVhen the faihne of Clauiv's intend- 
 ed enterprise was ascertained, this was doubtkvss abandoned. 
 
 An abortive effort was also made about this time to incite 
 an Indian ex})edition against Vineennes, but it was found that 
 the Indians in that vicinity had espoused the cause ()f the 
 " Bostonians," as they called the Americans, and proi)osed to 
 defend them, and nothing was done. 
 
 Major De Pevstek had long souglit to be transf(>rred from 
 Mackinaw to some other command. Gen. Haldimanu t'X])ress- 
 ing a high ap]ireciation of his services thert;, transferred him 
 to Detrcjit, where he was in conunand as early as October, 
 1779. He was succeeded at Mackinaw by Major St. Clair, 
 who remained in conunand until the close of the war. In 1781 
 the British held a treaty with the Indians, by wliich the 
 Isl.and of Mackinaw and Prairie du Chicn were ceded by the 
 Indians, and both points were soon afterwards occupied by 
 the British as military posts. • '. nnr, ».• 
 
 The comiues' . Illinois, the utter deiV^at of all (he magnificent 
 ])lans of ITamii. \, of wliom the Indians had the highest opin- 
 ion, and his '■aptiiri! had greatly lessened the ^>/v',v^y/f; of the 
 British naiiu' iuiiong the Indians, and increased that of tlie 
 Americans. Savages, (|uite as nuich as civilized men, respect 
 and believe in success, and the British officers at Detroit felt the 
 necessity of striking some great blow to restore anil retain llu; 
 confidence of the Indians. 
 
 Disaffection was too rapidly spreading among the French, M'ho 
 never loved the British, and who, since the treat}' between 
 France and the United States, began to express in various ways 
 their sympathy with the Colonies. Under the direction of Gen. 
 HALDi>rAND in command at Quebec, who was to furnish funds 
 therefor, ample arrangements were to be made for the most im- 
 posing, extensive and destructive Indian expedition against the 
 border, that had ever been organized; to bo accompanied and 
 aided by Canadian volunteers, and U^d by liritish officers of the 
 regular army. To give eclat to the expedition and nmke it ir- 
 resistible, cannon were to accompany it. 
 
 Preparations of the most extensive character were commenced 
 
in the winter of 1779 and '80, and were kept up witliout inter- 
 mission until the expedition was uj)on the war patli the follow- 
 ing spring-. A large corps of agents and interpreters was at 
 work among the Indians, arousing their eupidity, exciting their 
 passions, embittering their zeal, and enlisting their energies. 
 They were largely and freely furnished with thos(! articles, which 
 increased their comfort, attracted their fancy, or added to their 
 murderous efficiency. 
 
 One single merchant ile firm in Detroit, " MAro:MB, Edgar & 
 Macomh," charged to the Indian Department from December 29, 
 1779 to May 10, 1770, for goods furnished thereto, £42,989 8s 
 8:Jd sterling, or about ^215,000; and £12,185, 15s Od for provis- 
 ions, which account was paid by Maj. De Peysteu by draft on 
 Gen. Ha Mint AND. 
 
 The first charge on this account is for 
 
 £ s. d. 
 3,972 blankets , 2,025 5 4 
 
 TJie second : ^ 
 
 750 pounds vermilion 750 
 
 Other items of the account may not be without interest : 
 
 •jti-: !i >x ,,,,,. ...j Munitioiu^ of W<(r. 
 
 ''■*'' '^ ' £ s. d. 
 
 4,574 blankets 0,oSl 6 
 
 14, ".•75 pounds ball, lead and shot l,l'2o 2 6 
 
 11,925 flints 
 
 8,000 iKHuidg jK)wder 2,000 
 
 47t'> dozen scalpin;^ knives 428 8 o 
 
 ?.04 dozen refl-liiif't knives 183 12 
 
 4 1 \ dozen otiier knives ^7 7 
 
 188" tomahawks 119 
 
 3,3r);{ pounds of brass and eoppor kettles 1,198 13 4 
 
 G,894i pounds tobacco, 10s 2,5n2 9 
 
 Ommnental Supplies. 
 
 l,20r) pounds vermilion 1,200 
 
 21,001} yards thisel laee 450 10 
 
 301 dozen l(M)kiuij;-glasses 424 10 
 
 120 f;ross Morris bells I'^O 
 
 8,811 silver buekles 3,343 3 3 
 
 8,200 earlmbs 1,040 
 
 30 stono neeklaoes '^ ^ *^ 
 
 280 pounds beads '19 
 
 522 gross brass riuf^s ., '^7 11 4 
 
 142 wristl»ands, 7s 49 14 
 
 135 arm-bands, 30s 212 10 
 
 147 gorgets, 25s 183 15 
 
 229 ear wheels, 12s 137 8 P 
 
 30 watch chains I'or the ears, 60s. per doz 9 
 
:!l 
 
 h 
 
 11 
 
 h 
 
 ! 
 
 • 28 
 
 £ «. d- 
 
 69 hair pipes, 10s 29 10 
 
 15 hair plaU's, 25H 18 15 
 
 51 Itirjfo (louhle crosses, 1 6s 40 16 
 
 115 Cliiists [silviTtrosscs?], Hs 9 2 
 
 151 pieces floweivii broad riWion, JiOs 2'2C. 
 
 12H liiwd )mts, 2(is 129 
 
 6 yards scarlet doth, 'lOs 12 
 
 Besides these items furnished at Detroit, gdods were distrib- 
 uted to the Indians in their own country by emissaries, who 
 used every artifice to arouse them to take up the hatchet : 
 
 Thus, Chaklks BEArniEX furnished gooils to Indians at Miairii 
 
 Town 
 
 Mattiikw Elliott, in Indian Country 
 
 Capt. MiKkk do 
 
 Oeokgk GiRTV do 
 
 £. 
 
 .^. 
 
 (/. 
 
 Go:{ 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 47 
 
 fi 
 
 9 
 
 8135 
 
 ft 
 
 G 
 
 75 
 
 17 
 
 
 
 s. 
 
 ./. 
 
 o 
 
 (1 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 
 The latter was also furnished with a gun, three horses, a sad- 
 dle and bridle, lor the Indian country, doubtless to aid him in 
 subsidizinj^ the Indians to British interests. 
 
 At Detroit there were usually at this time several hundred In- 
 dians g'uthered around the Fort; and these were doubtless 
 largely fed at the public expense, and oc.-casionally some were 
 received within the pickets, and there! entertained. Thus bills 
 like these are found:* 
 
 FovTE.NOY Dkijiixduk — lodjiiug, &c., Indians, 11 
 
 CllAliLKS (h ION do l;'> 
 
 PlEHRE I>l!0irLLAUn (lo 95 
 
 Andkkws i: Meldrim, lod-^ing, &c., Wabash Indians 11 
 
 On one occasion two Indian chiefs, a Shawnee and a Miami, 
 
 are furnished with horses. 
 
 Ill 
 
 It cannot be wcjndered at, that such efforts and such largesses 
 as these, skillfully addressed to the strongest passions of the 
 savage character, enlisted them so generally in the British in- 
 terests. 
 
 If the inhabitants of the Ixn-der had any inkling of the ])rodi- 
 gious efforts which were thus making to hurl upon them a force 
 at once so murderous and so overwhelming, they must have 
 looked forward with dread juid foreboding to the coming season. 
 
 But in the meantime, mirth and gayeiy reigned and held high 
 
 festival at Detroit. Without were the congregated Indians 
 
 sporting their ornaments and gay attire, indulging in savage 
 
 games and dances, making day and night hideous with coarse 
 
 ♦Original MS. Books in Michigan UlBtorical Society. 
 
«. d- 
 
 29 10 
 
 18 15 
 
 40 16 
 
 9 2 
 
 2(5 
 
 2!> 
 
 12 
 
 i distrib- 
 
 ies, who 
 
 )t: 
 
 £. s. d. 
 
 y.\ s 
 
 17 fi 
 
 35 r. 
 
 75 17 
 
 CS, Jl sjul- 
 
 id him in 
 
 udrcd Tu- 
 
 doiiblh^ss 
 
 iin\i were 
 
 'hus bills 
 
 £. «. <1. 
 
 I () 
 
 ;{ 
 
 »5 2 6 
 
 1 
 
 li coarse 
 
 29 
 
 hilarity, and not unfrequently making a display of American 
 scalps. Within wore gatlicrod many army and navy oHloers, 
 and their families, together with many intelligent, enterprising 
 traders, whom this large expenditnn; of ])nbli(! money had at- 
 tracted to this point, and <-juite a number of agreeal)le and at- 
 tractive French settlers with their families. Altogether, they 
 were too few in number to be divided into classes, and they lived 
 almost as one great family. Shut out for a long winter from all 
 intercourse with the rest of the world, dependant upon thtan- 
 selves for society, secure from the actual presence of the war 
 that els(nvhere prevailed, the inhabitants gave themselves up to 
 social pleasures with a joyous zest. Dancing asseinl)lies were 
 visually held weekly, at which all attended; or as (\'ipl. (Ikant, 
 in a letter of a different date, says, " We hop and Ijob every 
 Monday ev(Mung in the C(iimcil l?oom." Tlu; ladies dressed 
 richly, and always in silk. Silk petticoats costing from £3 Vis 
 to £o, are freipiently charged to ollicers and citizens in mer- 
 chahts' accounts.* 
 
 Dancing must have been a favorite amusement, and must 
 have been cultivated as a fini^ art. The following are some of 
 the " dancing bills " actually paid in the spring of 1780: 
 
 ■ £«.(/. 
 
 Mnj. Dk 1'kystku li "•» 11 
 
 Caiit. HuiTTON, of the iiiivy 12 12 7 
 
 ('iil)t. (lUANT, of the navy 11 9 1 
 
 ('apt. Hi KNKT '. M 9 1 
 
 Mr. FoiWYTii 20 12 7 
 
 Dining and other parties were frecpient when choice wines were 
 freely drank. On the l7th of March Major 1)e Pkysteu is 
 charged with 
 
 ■\ casks of Mailcrio (115 gallons), 40s 2.TO 
 
 1 ca.sk red port (.;{() galls.), ;;tM 45 
 
 Other gentlemen are not unfreqnently chargeil with wine by 
 the cask. 
 
 Cards must also have been a favorite anuus<Miient, as Maj. Db 
 
 Peystku is charged with two and a half do/en packs within three 
 
 months, and other gentlemen in about the same ratio. 
 
 ♦ Grant's letter In Mr. Db/i-kk's poBsekslon. Judge Mat'h etatement, aud acconnt 
 booltB, p. 43, collection of Michlgaii His. Society. 
 
i' ii' 
 
 30 
 
 Prices are indicated by the following charges: '■■ T 'i^^ •"■ '! 
 
 £ 8. d. 
 roik, i)pr M.i... :..';. ........! i<^ o o 
 
 i'lour. i)CT i)bl., of lC(j lbs 8 « 
 
 Indian twn 3:2s.- 1H'»* '"i«h. 
 
 Rum :i"'s- tl" Ki^l- 
 
 Vini'Lrar l''"*- '1" ''^ 
 
 Grei'u ten -<»!^- ^l" I*J> 
 
 Cotlw f.s. »1() do 
 
 Chocolate T^- '1'> 'lo 
 
 Castile soaj) •''•'^- do do 
 
 Cinnamon JOs. do do 
 
 Nutmegs 40s. do do 
 
 Cloves. -Is. do o/. 
 
 Salt .fl do keg. 
 
 Candles Jis. (id. do 11>. 
 
 Bnuff llis. do do 
 
 In one instance a slave is charged at .t'lOO. 
 
 A soniowhat imiqiit! curroiicy, or measure of vidues, prevailed 
 
 amono- those who traded with the fndians, vis: "bucks" and 
 
 "does,"* instead of pounds and dollars. Thus Col. GussoN, 
 
 commanding at Fort Laiuvms, acknowledges himself ind(;l>ted to 
 
 " Cai)t. Joiixxy" for pork furnished the garrison, " seven bucks 
 
 and one doe." ■ ' ' • : ' - '^ :^ u ;.» in .n 
 
 I find a contemporaneous charge to Geokoe Giutv, as fol- 
 lows: ' "■ ■•' ' ■ ' -' ■ "i' ' '-■"' ■ 
 
 Bucks. 
 
 To salt, at Shawnv towns 4 
 
 To IIC) lbs Hour. ". 14 
 
 To one bag with do 2 
 
 Tobacco 'A 
 
 ■O Ml: ^3 
 
 A '• buck" was eciuivulent to about one dollar. 
 
 The expedition for which such ample preparations were made, 
 was organized in the Spring of 1780. An attempt was made to 
 get up a volunteer force to accompany the Indians. For this 
 purjooso, a popular and iuflu(.'utial Frenchman, Louis Jeancaike 
 CiiOBAKT, was commissioned as Captain, and an Englishman, 
 afterwards a leading and influential merchant, Jonathan Scheif- 
 FLEIN, as Lieutenant. These with two sergeants and a eorjjoral, 
 all Frenchmen, undertook to organize a company. Twenty-five 
 men, of whom twenty-one bore French names, did vcjlunteer, but 
 no more. Then follows in the record a list of thirty-two ntimes, 
 under the significant heading " ordered to [/o.^^ Of these, all bu:^ 
 •Abbreviated parlance for buckskina and doeskins. L. C. D. 
 
; 8 
 
 . d. 
 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 « 
 
 ]m' 
 
 liush. 
 
 . do 
 
 K'll- 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 . do 
 
 lb. 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 <b 
 
 do ; 
 
 . do 
 
 oz. 
 
 (Jo 
 
 kog. 
 
 BuckH. 
 
 •t 
 . . 14 
 
 2 
 
 2» 
 
 81 
 
 four are Frencli names. And under the same lieadiiif^, follow the 
 names ol" twenty-thnu;, all French hut one, who were "ordered 
 to go" with Captain Ciikxe. This irregular Ibree thus consisted 
 of eig'hty privates and six oflicers. 
 
 The Indians who joined the expedition are variously estimated 
 from five hundred to one; thousand.* Whether any reoular sol- 
 diers .aecompiinied it, I have not been able to ascertain; but it is 
 probable that there were at least sulTicient to man tlu; six small 
 camion that were to make the attaks ag-ainst the stockades of the 
 fnmtiers irresistible. 
 
 The exjicdition was under the conuiiand of Ciijitain liiUD, of 
 the Kig'hth or King's regiment. When it left Detroit, 1 do not 
 know, but the milit'a forct^ was eomi)letely organized by the 
 twenty-fourth ol March, from which day tli(!y were paid — i>ri- 
 vates receiving <bur shillings per day. It doubtless passed up 
 the Maum(K;, or Miami of the Lakes, and crossed to the head 
 waters of the Great Miami, which it descended in canoes. I 
 ■ fijid twenty-two i)irogut;s t)r canoes charged to the Indian Dej)art- 
 ment at this time, two of which were delivered to Captain Biun 
 while on the way. , . , 
 
 The expedition aimed its first and only blow at two small 
 stations on the liicking river. It must have moved very slowly. 
 It appeared before lUiddi'll's Station, (Harrison count}',) on a 
 branch of the Licking river, a small settlement of the previous 
 year, on the 2''\d of .rune. It had bc^en twelve daj-s marching 
 from the Ohio, some* forty or fifty miles distant. Tin; inhabitants 
 ■were taken by sur|)rise ; resistance was hopeless, and tliiiv sur- 
 rendered. One man and two wcmien wen^ killed; the rest 
 became Imlvtn ratlun- than British prisoners. The settlement 
 was plundered, families were separated, and the inhabitants laden 
 like pack horses with their own effects; and those who sank 
 under their burdens w(n-e mercilessly tomahawked. 
 "A similar scene took place at Martin's station, a few miles 
 above. These successes, small as they were, sharpened the 
 Indian appetite for murder and ])illage, and they urged Capt. 
 Bird to attack the older and more important settlements ; but 
 he refused, and precipitately retired with his whole force. 
 
 * A manuscript Btatcment of Captftin .Toux Dtnkin, ono of tho captives suv?. " about 
 eight hundred warriors/' nccoinponled the expedition, bat uuthing ia taid ua to the Dum- 
 ber of whites etir'ajje'l In ft. L. C. D. 
 
8fi 
 
 Thus iuijlorimisly nndcd the expedition from which so niurli had 
 been aiiticipatod. 'I\vo small slalions liad been t'a]>turod and 
 some ]vrisoners taken. It is believ<'d that C^tpt. liiitn found 
 lilmself unable to control the treaelierons enielty of the Indians, 
 and that his course was dictated by the noblest feelin<j^s of 
 humanity.* Most of th(> captives were broup-lit to Drutroit, 
 where the ex]iedition arrived early in Au<>'ust, probably on the 
 4th, as the m.ilitia were ]»aid to that time. 
 
 This ex])edilion aroused the Kenluckians to retaliation, and 
 on the tirst of Atipfust, nearly one thousand men under (ren. 
 Cr.AitK, u'ulhered at the site of Cincinnati, and marched into the 
 Indian coimtry on ^bid i?iver, where after a battle with the In- 
 dians, they burned their villages and destroyed their ero])s, thus 
 greatly crippling their resources and power of mischief. The 
 loss of the invaders was seventeen men. These were the princi- 
 pal events of this year, 1780, but it is interesting to note the con- 
 stant reference to the great importance of capturing Detroit. 
 
 On the 10th of February, Gov. Jkffkksox writes to "Washixo- 
 Tox, suogesting an expedition against Detroit, to be connnanded 
 by Clauk, rather than Bkodiikao. 
 
 On the 11th of February, Bhodiikad writes to WAsntNr.TON, 
 informing him of the new fort at Detroit and its situation, great 
 strength, and that its garrison is four hundred and fifty regulars. 
 On the "^4th of April, the same olficer writes that the expedition 
 against Detroit must be given up, unless O.akk's troops can be 
 imitcd Avith his. On the 30th of May, he Avrites that the contra- 
 dictory statements as to the garrison at D(!lroit had determined him 
 to send Capt. BRABvf with five M'hites and two Delaware In- 
 dians to Sandusky, to take a British ])risoner, and that he had 
 promised to other Delaware warriors, fifty hard dollars worth of 
 goods I'or one British soldier. lie hopes for success, and if an 
 
 ♦ThiB memorable espodition was originally dcpisnod to utrike at Col. Ci.ark and l\U 
 garrison at L'.u:eville; but the strcnmrt wore unusually lull ihat seaeun, which clrcnm- 
 Ptance irduci'd Birn) to chanse his original purpoe'c of aftackintr I-ouiKvUlo first : and 
 therefore, decided to ascend LickinK river, into the haart of the K^utuckv Rottlements, 
 coiiveyini: his iirlillery by water to Iluddell's and Martina's Stations, and tlienco by land 
 to Brj Jin's Station and Lcxlnijton. 
 
 A'ler th(! cai)ture of Uuddell's and Martin's Stations, hi? Indian allies pressed his 
 goint,' forward to assist them to take Bryan's and I^xington, Bird declined, urging Ri> a 
 reason the Improbability of procuring provisions to support the prisoners they already 
 had, also the impracticahtllty of transporUnj,' their artillery by land to any nolnt on tho 
 Olilo river— therefore the necessity of descending the Licking before the'wutcis fell, 
 which might be expected to take place in a few days. L. U. D. 
 
 tTho forty yeary border warfare, from 1754 to 17',tl, produced no better spy and scont 
 than Capt. Samuel Bradt. Ills adventures, full of thrilling interest, It is the desltfn of 
 the writer of this note to embody In a volume, lor which he has been over thirty years 
 collecting the necessary materials. L. C. D. 
 
88 
 
 intelligent ])risonor is o})tuin(!(l, lie jiroposos to p^rnut hiin som(3 
 iudulg<'nro lor intr'iligoncc!. On the iiotli of August, lie writes 
 that the Hriti.sli trcMit the Fri^nch at Detroit with great severity, 
 and the latter are ready to W(^leonie American troo))s. 
 
 On the 25th oi" September, (Jov. .FiorFicHsoN writes that the 
 exposed static of the Virginia frontier makes it neeessary to keep 
 from Jive hundred to eight hundrcnl men on duty, to defend them 
 against northern Indians, acting undiT tht* iniluence of tin; Brit- 
 ish post at hetroil, J l(^ suggests an expedition against Detroit 
 under C/i-Ai!K, at the general (;xpense, estimating its eoi^t at ^"i,- 
 ()0(),(K)(). On the loth of December, he writes tluit tliey have 
 n^asou to expe(!t that the ensuing spring a force (»f two thousand 
 British and Indians will d(^sc(Mid upon the border, and that Vir- 
 ginia has det<'rmineil to midertake the destruction of Detroit, 
 and asks the loan of arms and munitions of war for the expedi- 
 ^ tion. 
 
 On the 10th of December, WASiiixciTON writes to Col. Buod- 
 HEAD, at Pittsburgh, to furnish the required arms and numitions, 
 and to aid the expedition of Col. Clakk, to the extent of his 
 power, lie states that the inability of the Continent to nnder- 
 tak(; the reduction of Detroit, " has imposed the task upon the 
 State of Virginia." 
 
 The invasion of V^irginiain 1T81, by the British under CoRX- 
 "WALLis, j)revented that Slate from furnishing the proposetl aid 
 to this expedition; still Clakk made a great ellort to secure the 
 necessary force. He visited Fort Pitt in May of this year, and 
 not getting all the aid in men that he had expected, he writes to 
 Wasiiixgton, on the 2Gth of that month, soliciting orders for 
 such aid. He sayh, " the Indian war is now more general than 
 ever, and any attempt to appease them except by the sword will 
 be fruitless," lie predicts fatal onsequent.'es to the whole fron- 
 tier shoidd the ex})editi(>n fail. Bui like many another well 
 planned expedition for the cause of the Colonies, it (?/(7 fail for 
 want of means and men. 
 
 Clakk attempted to rendezvous a force at the mouth of the 
 Licking, which, when organized, was to ascend the Miami, but 
 instead of gadiering two thousand men, as he hoped, only seven 
 hundred and lifty came, " and the buiialo meat was all rotten." 
 A force of over one hundred men, coming to his aid, from Wes- 
 
 c. ■■ ■■ ■■■•--'<■■ 
 
84 
 
 1 
 
 tern Pcnnsylvnniti, was waylaid and nearly oxterniinated. To 
 the ^reat chagrin of Clakk, the exix'dition was abandoned. 
 
 Gen luviNK, then in eonunand at Pitt.sl)urgli, writes to Gen. 
 Washington on the 2d day of Decinnher, 1T81, announcing the 
 failure of the exjx'dition, and })redit'ts tlu* most disastrous re- 
 sults. Tlie Indians and jjcrliaps tlu; IJritish from Detroit, will 
 fall on the country with double fury. Fort I'itt is indefensible, 
 and tli(> inhabitants on tlu; frontier talk of Hying east of the 
 mountain. He says, Clark " is apprehensive of a visit from 
 Detroit," in KentucUy; and that the Indians are so numerous 
 there, " that all the inhabitants have been obli<rod to ke(»]) (^lose 
 in forts." He believes *' if J )etr()it was demolished," it would 
 give " af least temporary ease to this country." 
 
 On the 7th of February, 1782, he Avrites, that it would take 
 2,000 men and three month's lime to reduce Detroit, and that 
 Auj^ust is the best time for the expedition. He (estimates the 
 garrison to consist of 300 regulars, from 700 to 1,000 militia 
 (Canadians), and that 1,000 Indians could be assembled in ten 
 day's time j 
 
 This was the last of all the projects for the taking of De- 
 troit. Tin; long-deferred hope oi the capture of this nest, where 
 were liatched all the i)iojects for carrying devastation and mur- 
 der to our borders, and from whence these projects received their 
 support, made the settlers of the border sick at heart, and led to 
 cold-blooded, cowardly acts of nuirderous revenge, which have 
 left a dark and indelible stain upon our annals, that we may not 
 read without indignant and burning shame. 
 
 H'il 
 
 THE MORAVIAN INDIANS. 
 
 I have already adverted to the fact that, for the most i)art, the 
 Delawares, through the influence of the Moravian missionaries 
 on the Muskingum and its branches, remained netitral. These mis- 
 sions were established by the famous D > vii> Zeishergeu in 1772, 
 and afterwards there were associated with him the scarcely 
 less famous Heckeweldek and other co-laborers. .< .> 
 
 They had met with remarkable success among the Delawares — 
 a most intelligent tribe — and had gathered around them some 
 four or five hundred converts, including some powerful chiefs, 
 and were rapidly introducing amongst them the customs and ha- 
 
 fex*' 
 
 --«w--«f ^ 
 
86 
 
 (1. To 
 
 (<) Gon. 
 
 ii/JT the 
 
 Ions rc- 
 
 it, -will 
 
 fiisihle. 
 
 bits f)f civili/cil llfi?, and ospfM-ially wen* lliey IxM^oiMing- suceoss- 
 ful i!uUi valors of the soil. ( )n tlic l)i(!alviii<r out of llio {{nvolut ion, 
 their sett led polity was one of peace and leutrallly. This poli<'y, 
 us W(!ll U8 their location, exposed them to tin; su.spit;ions of 
 both of the contendinjj^ parties. They were on the shortest and 
 best rout<? for the Northern Indians lo i]u\ V'ir^inia bonh'r, and 
 from necessity, as well as by the force of Jndian customs, they 
 treated ihest; Indians with hospitality. On the other hand tlH!y 
 Ijersuaded many an Indian I)and to abamhiu some murderous di;- 
 siffu, and warned the frontier settlers of many another. The 
 fierc(; ])avSsions of the hour madi; no allowance for this aj)parently 
 contradictory conduct, and they wen; looked upon with undis- 
 guised jealousy from both sides. That infamous trio of IJritish 
 ennssari(!s, M* Rkk, Elmott and Simon Giktv, were espinnally 
 inimi(;al to the missionaries. More than once had tla; last named 
 of thenj i)lamied the murder of ZKisuicuciKU, but his plans seemed 
 frustratiMl by a Divine interposition. In April, 1781, Col. liiton- 
 UEAi), in conunand at Pittsburg, organized an expedition of 
 about three hundred men and marched to the Tus-ca-ra-was, and 
 attacked some j)agan l)elawar(!s, who had espoused the 
 British cause, and succeeded in killing fiftecui, and taking twenty 
 prisoners, lit! treated the nussionaries and their converts with 
 kindness. This (;xcit(;d the suspicion and the ire of those in 
 IJritish interests, and it was determined that the mission should 
 Ito. destroyed. Early in August a large comj)any of Indians, led 
 by Elliott, and accomj)anied by six otlun- white m{?n, appeared at 
 one of the missions, bearing the Jiritish Hag. After many days 
 of attempted negotiation, and of menace, it wasd(!t«M'mined tore- 
 move the missionaries to Detroit. They were seized by force, 
 and on the 11th of September, they with their families, and the 
 whole body of Christian Indians, left their plundered homes, 
 and on the first of October reached Sandusky river. The story 
 of these meek, brave, noble men; their cruel treatment by Gm- 
 Ty; their compidsory march on foot to Detroit through the hor- 
 rors of the Black Swamp, leaving their families and converts; 
 their arriv^al, and manly bearing at Detroit, tattered, weary, hun- 
 gry and friendless, as they were ; their reception and courteous 
 treatment by the commandant, Maj. Db Peystkr; the permission 
 to return to Sandusky; their suflferings there from cold and 
 
86 
 
 fnmlnc in the midst of iitilViondly liidiniis, iiisj^iri'd by Oiiity, 
 form one of the most tliiilliiifi: niiiniliv«!H of our Jiuvolution- 
 ary Instory. , ' i 
 
 lu the course of tlie wint<T, so intense was the famine, that 
 about l/)() of the CJhristian ImliiiuK were permitted to return to 
 the Tns-ea-ra-was to gather th<^ corn left there the fall before, 
 and they were there in Abin^i followinfr. 
 
 In February of this y(Nir, I iH'i, a party of hubans from the 
 region of Sandnsl<y penetrated tlie setth'inents of AN'«<.st(M'n 
 Pentisvlvania, and eonnnitted their cnstomary (h'prefhitions. The 
 family of one Wau.ack fell hcneath their murderous stroke, under 
 circumstances w«'ll calculated to arouse the most intense feeling-, 
 and a deep thirst for reveni>'e. Supicion, thouu'h witho\jt cans.', 
 rested upon the Moravian fiidian. An exju'dition was at onc.'e 
 ortrani/ed of about W men, mainlv from the settlements of the 
 Monoiij^ahela, of whidi (^ol. Williamson was comtnander. ' '" 
 
 They marched to Iho Moraviai\ towns early in Afarcli, wliere 
 they found a portion of th<» Christian Indians wlio had been sent 
 back from Sandusky, dwelliiij^ in ])eace and unsuspecting secu- 
 rity. Thcv received VVim.iamson's party as friencis, treated them 
 witli liospitality, and cheerfidly dclivcrcfl to them their ariuH. 
 Thev were thembiven together, bound and thrust into some luds. 
 It was then vot(;d, that the whole b(»dy, men, wonuMi and ehil- 
 drefi should be jnit to death. The details of the cold-blooded 
 butclicry which followed, are too liorrid for repetition. Tw«'nty- 
 nine men, twenty-seven women and thirty children, twelve of 
 whom were mere babes, Avere thus shamefully nnndered. The 
 victims died like Christian martyrs, praisinjj^ (lod. 
 ' This atrocious shiu<^hter tills us with such horror and inibp^na- 
 tion, that it is difhcult for us to conceive the state of mind whicli 
 led to it. lint we should rem<Mnl)er, that for years, the border 
 had sulVered all the terrible nuirderons atrocities of an Tn<lian m'RV ; 
 that the settlers did not, and could not, fully distinjjuisli between 
 the perpetrators of these deeds of blood, and those innocent of 
 them; that Avith them an Indian was Init an Indian, and that the 
 
 passion for revenge had been roused to deepest fury, t .../,>*..,«; 
 
 This expedition gave birth to anoth(;r and a nnicli more for- 
 midalile one, organized with a like intent — to spare no Indian, 
 friend or foe. Four hujidrcd and eighty men, well mounted and 
 
 nr 
 V\ 
 
 e 
 
 Oi 
 
 su 
 
 an 
 
 er 
 
 d 
 
if 
 
 armed, ri'iidc/vouscd at the Miii^o IJottoin of tlui Ohio, Jihovo 
 VVheiilin;^, oil th(^ -iitih ul" Mny, 1 iH^i, unci Cd. Cua wkokd w»8 
 clcctrd coimnuhdiT. They n-uchcd Siiiidiisky river .Imic riih. 
 On thi' 7th, the Indians pivo thciii buttle Milhoiit (Uu-isivo ro- 
 snllm, l)iit iho Hiivaj^en were ovitlenlly ^jaHierin^ ji Ifir^-*- I'onio, 
 and on the iHh ii rtitreiit wii.s orch-red. CJ(j|. Ciiawjouh, and sev- 
 eral others, t;()t .separated froni the main t'orecj, and werti taken 
 prisoners. Several of thtMn were lomaliawked, but to Cuaw- 
 Fouit, in retaliation lor the M»»ravian nias,sa(;re, was reserveil the 
 doom <»t" death at the stake, a^^ruvaled lor three honrs by liie 
 more than devilish in^tiuuity ol' his savayi; tormentors, and the 
 derisiv*^ tannts of Simon liiitTV. 'i'hiis ended this diaastrons 
 campaign, «!ommen(!ed in eruelty and crime. 
 
 While tliesi? t'.irriblo t^vents had beim trans[)irin^', by tin; in- 
 irif^iuvs of Simon (Jiuty, tlu; Moravians had aj^uin b«!en ordiMtid 
 to l)(;troit, which they n;aehod April l")th. They were treattnl 
 with ^reat kindnt^sH by Major J.)k I'livaiKii, who informed them, 
 lujwever, that ouin;;^ to the complaint of the 1Iali>'-Kini;, the 
 Wyumlott chiel", th<*y could not remain at Sandusky. Tliey 
 then concludeil to establish their mission on what was then 
 uallc'd tlu! Huron liivor of the North (now the CMinlon), near 
 Mount Clemens, wh«!re tliey remained for somtf years. 
 
 On this occasion /KisnKlKiEii prea(;hcd the f>ospel at Detroit. 
 The only lioman Catholic priest, b'ather Simi'I.k, was an old man, 
 who at that time never preached. The I'rotestanls had no nunis- 
 ter nor service of any kind. .Justices of tln^ peaci; attended 
 their wedilings and funerals, and sometimes baptised their chil- 
 dren. 
 
 A somewhat luilable chara<!ter, tlu; famous Mohawk Indian 
 Chief, Capt. liuAxx, was probably in Detroit in the spring of 
 this year, as eight gallons of "best port" are there charged to 
 him, at 32s ptir gallon. > -i,,! .ii^ ..i I.'m, .- .ii 'i; ., i ,\) ■ ,-• 
 
 The capture of C'OUXAvai.i.is at Yorktown, in Octol)er, 1781, 
 was virtually a triumph of the American Revolution, and although 
 the iinal treaty of peace was not signed until 1783, the war had 
 l)ractically ceased except upon the frontier. Jn the beginning of 
 August, 178'^, Sir Guv Cauleton wrote to Gen. Wasiiixgtox 
 that negotiations for i)(;ace had commenced at Paris, and that the 
 independence of the United States would be conceded as a pre- 
 liminary step. 
 
r « 
 
 88 
 
 But in the same niontli a most forniidablo force of Northern 
 Indians, led by Simon Gnrxv and McKkk, invaded Kentucky. 
 On the 16th of Aug-ust they appeared at Bryan's Station, invest- 
 ed it for two days, when they retired, after the loss of thirty 
 wprriors. 
 
 The Kentuekians, aroused by this invasion, gathered in small 
 force ; and then foHo-vved, on the IDth, the short and disastrous 
 battle of the Blue Licks, in which, out of about ISO men, GO 
 were killed and 7 taken prisoners; among* the killed was Col. 
 ToDi>, the civil Governor of the Illinois country. 
 
 To avenge this disaster Clahk assembled about 1,000 mounted 
 riflemen, and invaded the Indian towns of Ohio; but the alarm 
 had been given, and he found them empty of inhabitants. The 
 villages were fired, and the cornfields laid waste. Seven prison- 
 er., -ere taken and ten of the enemy killed, and two white cap- 
 t!'''js re-taken. 
 
 i'he la .^t event of this border war Avas the investment of Fort 
 Henr-, at Wli(^oliug, l)y a force of three hundred and fifty Indi- 
 ans uiidcr Gi'.orvCrK GiRTY, and a company of Queen's Hangers, 
 commaiidcd by Cai)t. Pkatt. An attempt was made to storm 
 the fori, bul by ilie aid of a small camion, it w:is rcpidsed. On 
 the sccdnd (l:iy of the siege, (^apl. Wir.i.iAAisox with seventy 
 mounted men, ciime to the iclief of the little garrison, and the 
 Indian.s quicldy disappeared. A portion of them appeared" be- 
 fore Kir-o's Fort, some fourteen miles distant, but they were re- 
 pulsed by its garrison of six nitn, with a loss of four warriors. 
 
 This ^ras the last effort of Indian hostility which we have to 
 notice. 
 
 Peace was not formally proclaimed until April, 1783, but a 
 state of quietude had existed for months before. By the terms 
 of the treaty, the North-West, although never comj^letely con- 
 qneved by Americav. arms, became a part of the American Union. 
 Detroit and its dependencies continued to be occupied by the 
 British until .Tuly,170G, when for the first time this whole North- 
 West, came under the dominion of the American flag. 
 
 Of its progress, of its great wealth and un])r(!cedented growth, 
 both in population and all the elements of a Christian civiliwition, 
 I have spoken. It has no grim, war-worn battlements, telling us, 
 in their mute and expressive language, of an iron age — an iron 
 
 ra( 
 eo 
 of 
 fut 
 
Oa 
 
 race — long since passed away. It has no ruined teni])les and 
 eolunnis — no bnW<on statues — no (>xhuined cities left as monuments 
 of a civilization, which no lonufer exists. Its greatness is in the 
 future, 3'et clear to thosi; who look through the vista of coining 
 years with an intelligent and steady ga/e. 
 
 But even here we have n jKi.^f, and one of no small interest — a 
 past that reaches liack beyond the dearly -defined regions of fact, 
 into the din\ ami shadowv reuions of romance. We have the his- 
 tcny of the gay and happy Frenchman leaving his storied, native 
 land — its vine-chul hills and sunny valk'vs, and with a j^assive he- 
 roism, that ilefies every danger, and endiu'cs every trial, here 
 cheerfull}' — nay, joyously — struggling with nature in her obscur- 
 est, wiUlest dejiths, and meeting upon his own ground, and around 
 his own camp-fires, the still wilder savage; /*(yvi)lanting the foot- 
 iste})s of an advancing civilization, and in the midst of every peril 
 and I'very privation, creating an Arcadia of simple happiness amid 
 the gree'i prairies and the soud)er forests thatlincnl the banks of 
 our noble lakes and beautiful rivers. The author, who with a 
 genial s|>irit and an artist's (>ve, hioking through the dim trans- 
 parency of the past, shall rcprodnc»> to us a true and lively pic- 
 tiue of the first century of the Fr<Mich occuiiaiion of the North- 
 AVt^st, will desiu've and receive the warmiv'^t gratitude. 
 
 Then coi\ies in our historv the stirring' (Mcuts connected with 
 the con(piest of Canada by (ireat liritain — the surrender of the 
 North-^Vi'st to the conciucrmg power — the conspiracy of PoxTi- 
 AC — the siege of Detroit — the I'ajjture or abandonment of other 
 posts su graphically described by PAKK^[AN; and finally the 
 American Ri'volution, some of the incidents of which I have 
 sought to trace. 
 
 Nor is our later history without its absorbing interest. Dur- 
 ing the war of 181"^, the North- West was the scene of stirring 
 and tragic events; and when armed rebellion raised its bloody 
 hands against the UxiON, the North-West poured forth its hardy 
 sons in one generous, mighty and continuous stream, and where 
 there was danger to be met, sulVering to be endured, or glory to 
 be won, they were among the forenmst. Stalwart blows they 
 dealt, and their blood has enriched, and their bones whitened, 
 every battle field. ,^ 
 
 ■4 ' 
 
40 
 
 Nor in the glorious victories of peace does it stantl second to 
 any ])ortion of our common country. Tt becomes us, in tlie s[)irit 
 of filial devotion, to I'tiow and to n'co^vniiis history— to gather 
 up even the minute threads thereof, and to weave them with a 
 bright and natural coloring into one beautiful, harmonious whole. 
 
 ..,.'.-V 
 
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 f.! "^■|.J■ .-.,:vi' v^:,i'. ,<)i.»t«r!ii,I ot; •■'! 
 
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 ■ :/■( ■,..•.... .■■_ 
 
 Jiy. it.':i rii'i fi(i V 'I ! 
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 ,-:!>!oi;v^».l .!'.u>'' 
 
 - . •[. r,'V ■.: 'iufi', 
 
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 .iii'-'v^i'J'^iH !)i!inir''. 
 
 iiUOb 
 
t'-':i;-, -.i:! • ( ri 
 II .', ■/ . ii'/ i.r II 
 
 appendix; 
 
 I «i A u ■ 7 
 
 JJst of Officers, I/ispccfors, t^'itn'f/is, <{!v'., hi the Indian Depart- 
 ment at Detroit, October 2-i, ITV.). 
 
 Duporon HaJiy, 
 AI('xaii(K'r McKoe, 
 Isailorc ('lR'siit>, 
 Charles IJraiihin, 
 (Eacli mulcr pay at ton 
 t;iiillinj;.f storliii^' jter 
 clay.) 
 
 Matthew Elliott, 
 Simon (Jirthy, 
 James (Jirtliy, 
 Georfje (iirthy, 
 riere DrouillanJ, 
 William Tinker, 
 Robert Surplilit, 
 
 Fontonoy DiuiucnrliT, 
 (Eai'h sixteen sliillinj^s, 
 
 Yoi'k eurrenev, per 
 
 (lay.) 
 
 Nieolas I.oraine, 
 (Ten shillings, Yoik eur- 
 renev.) 
 
 Jeaneaire t"hal)ert, 
 (Ei^^ht shillinfi's York 
 
 eurreney, and ten 
 
 ."hilliiiiis sterling from 
 
 iitth .Mareh.) 
 
 Chuul Lnhuto, 
 
 Henry liahy, 
 
 Franeis Diel, 
 
 Diiplessis, 
 
 La Seuexe, 
 
 (irogor MeCiregnr, 
 
 Sampson Fleming, 
 
 Charles (ionin, 
 
 Thonuis MeCarty, 
 2\lk June — 
 
 Francis L'Coellie, 
 
 D. Du((uin(ler, 
 (Eaeh eight shillings 
 York |x'r (lii_,.) 
 
 John Maekay, 
 (Four shillings, York.) 
 
 Dist of J'^oliOiteerft, cir., oti t/ie Expedition of Vaptain Bird^ with 
 their pay frotn 2ith 3larch to 'l^th Ma if, 1780. 
 
 Captain ('habert, sixty-one days, at ten shillings sterling jjcr day; Lieutenant 
 Jonathan Seheitlelin, eight shillings, York currency; Anton Charon and Francis 
 Habant, sergeants, eaeh six shilling York; Joseph Carrie, coriM)ral, five shillinga, 
 York; and the ioUowing privates, each lour shillings, York currency: 
 
 .loseph Laliberte, 
 
 Louis Sonilers, 
 F's Trudelle, 
 Antoine Truttie, 
 Claude Hichard, 
 IJazil Moran, 
 Jean Mary I'lante, 
 I'ierre Loson, 
 Andrew Bertiaume, 
 Joseph Laibnt, 
 
 ^^ Ordered to Go'''' — Each four shilUngs, York, per day: 
 
 Gnillaume Mallet, 
 J. H. Haa/.au, 
 John Jones, 
 Jean Marie Marion, 
 I'ierre Tessier, 
 Francois Tessier, 
 Antoine Martell, 
 Joseph Longuiel, 
 
 William (jreg, 
 Edward Shehe, 
 .John Flurry, 
 John Stoekwcil, 
 J()se])h Keagh, 
 John >[urray, 
 James Tussy. 
 
 Jean Marie LeCerp, 
 Jac(|ues Chartier, 
 Amablo Jitter, 
 Josei»li Bergeron, 
 I'aid Lasaline, 
 Bonavanture Lariviore, 
 I'ierre Demerk, 
 Jaecpies Frudhomme, 
 I'ierre Ijabutte, 
 J. B. Labady, 
 Louis Desaunicr, 
 
 Etiennc Tramblay, 
 Caleb Revnolds, 
 J. H. Tavuan, 
 Jaeciues Loson, 
 Joseph Cote, 
 Charles Canipau, 
 Annible St. Etiennc, 
 Benja. Chapu, 
 I'ierre Misee, 
 Louis Moinc, 
 Simon Bergeron, 
 
 J. B. Lajeim.'sse, 
 Pierre St. Louis, 
 J. B. Ledaux, 
 Charleboy, 
 J. B. rel'tier, 
 Francois Bylair, 
 Joseph Drouilliart, 
 Alex'r Johnson, 
 Julien Labutte, 
 J. B. Tramblay, 
 
 The amount paid to the above was £823 189. 8id. 
 
 * From M88. Mlchlgcn Uiatorical Society. These names are as in the original, but no 
 doabt many of them are Incorrectly Bpelled. 
 

 42 
 
 Tho following persons wore "ordered to go" with Captain Cheno; 
 
 Joseph Blay, Joseph Degagno, Charles Leblane, Pierre Robert, and James 
 McPheo, each eight shillings, York currency ; and tho following each four shillings, 
 York: 
 
 Pierre Miny, 
 Charles Roseau, 
 Simon Yax, 
 Mie'lu'l Tnuublay, 
 Chi'isostonio St. Louis, 
 Ignaee Rilletto, 
 
 J. B. Mouinerel, 
 Joseph (triniard, 
 Andre Viger, 
 Andre Maw, 
 Eticnne Lebeau, 
 Joan B. Lajeunesse, 
 
 Francois Prudhonimo, 
 J. 1'. Yax, 
 J. B. Labady, Jr., 
 Jaccjues Chauvin, 
 Pierre CliMichett^^ Cl'k, 
 J. B. Ledue. 
 
 The total i)ay of the above, added to Capt. Chabcrt's company, amomited to 
 £1,165 10s. S^d. 
 
 Prty -^^^^ '*/' VohoiU'crs with Papt. Bird, f.om Mty 2oth to 
 Auijmt 4ffi, 1780, 72 d<(i/s: 
 
 Louis Jeancairc Chabert, Captain, ten shillings, sterling, per day; Jonathan Shif- 
 fling, Lieutenant, eight shillings; Baubautt Clianon, A Vm. Gregg and James Mc- 
 Aphie, Sergeants, six shillings ; Josep Carrier, Joseph Tronillier and Joseph Rough, 
 Cor[K)rals, five shillings; and the following privates at four shillings each: 
 
 Francis Trudell, 
 (iulliame McUct, 
 Bapt. Bra/.au, 
 Claud Richard, 
 Bazii .\forran, 
 Joan Mario Plant, 
 Antoinc Truttier, 
 John Floury, 
 Pierre La/on, 
 Andi'c Bortiiiaumo, 
 Joseph Laforost, 
 Joseph Longito, 
 Edward Shehe, 
 John Stoi'kwell, 
 
 John Jolmes, 
 John Murry, 
 James Trcssey, 
 Jean Marie Marion, 
 Pierre Tisier, 
 Francis Tizior, 
 Antoiiio Martello, 
 Joso|)h Laliberty, 
 J. J$. Labadoe, 
 J. M. L'l(>rf, 
 Joseph 15crgeron, 
 Bonavantui-e Liu-ivier, 
 Jac(|ue Prudliomme, 
 I'ierre Laluette, 
 
 Louis Dezonier, 
 Eticnne Troiuble, 
 J. B. Faverau, 
 Jacque Lo/.en, 
 Benjamin Cliapue, 
 Pierre Mi/io, 
 Louis Morran, 
 Bapt. Laduke, 
 Touissant Charleboy, 
 Bapt. I'iltier, 
 Julian Labute, 
 Jean B. Triimblo Junr, 
 Alex, Johnson. 
 
 Daniel Whaler, from the 2r)di May to 20th June, 27 days; Joseph (iuilbeaux, 
 from 25th May to Lst July, 38 day Ileury Aunger, from 25th May to 18tl\ June, 
 25 days; John Rix, from 25th May to 2;5d June, 30 days; Roger Welsh, do., 30 
 days; Caleb Reynolds and Pierre Cliinchett, volunteers, each 72 days, four shillings 
 per day; Capt, Morran, one lieutenant, one f .^rgcint, and forty men, for 21 days on 
 Survey, with provisions for Capt. Bird's ;...rty, Capt. Moran's pay roll amounting 
 to £199 lOs., and tho total of this pay roll, including Moran's, £1,079 12s. 3id. 
 
 "V* --^^l. -<*- Ti idH''- '■*--- V .-■, 
 
Jamos 
 iliillings, 
 
 CONDITION OF THE SOCIETY. ' 
 
 A synopsis of tlio Annual Report of the Society, January 3, 
 1871, shows: That the receipts into th<5 General Fund Ihe past 
 year, were $3,588.04; disburstnuents, 83,341.40, leaving- an unex- 
 pended balance of ^240.04. The Binding- Fund, Avhich was last 
 year reported at 1(308.53, has been increased by a $20 life mem- 
 bership fee from Col. Thomas liKvxoLDs, and from anmial dues 
 and accrued interest, to 1458.07. The Society earnestly pleads 
 for contributions to this important fund. 
 
 The past and present condition of the I^il)rary, are shown by 
 the following table: 
 
 DATE. 
 
 1854, Jan. 1 
 
 1855, Jan. 2 
 185(1, Jan. 1 
 
 1857, Jan. 6 
 
 1858, Jan. 1 
 185it, Jan. 4 
 1860, Jan. JJ 
 18(11, Jan. 2 
 18H2, Jan. 2 
 18ft;{, Jan. 2 
 18fl4, Jan. 2 
 18(15, Jan. 8 
 18(1(5, Jan. 2 
 18(57, Jan. a 
 18(18, Jan. 4 
 18(5!), Jan. 1 
 
 1870, Jan. 4 
 
 1871, Jan. 3 
 
 
 50 
 ,()(»(» 
 ,(1(15 
 , 005 
 ,024 
 ,107 
 ,800 
 8157 
 tilO 
 544 
 248 
 520 
 
 ;{(i8 
 
 (•28 
 5,4(12 
 
 2,8;58 
 
 ii2:i 
 1 , 970 
 
 22,294 
 
 
 1,000 
 
 2,000 
 
 300 
 
 959 
 
 5( M ) 
 
 723 
 
 2,i;il 
 
 711 
 
 2,373 
 
 354 
 
 22(1 
 
 80(5 
 
 2,811 
 
 1,043 
 
 (182 
 
 (5,240 
 
 1 , 372 
 
 23,330 
 
 •5 
 
 fcC 
 
 c 
 
 
 50 
 2,000 
 3,0(15 
 1,305 
 1,988 
 1,(107 
 2,528 
 1,971 
 1,821 
 2,917 
 t)04 
 746 
 1,174 
 8,734 
 6,505 
 3,520 
 7,163 
 3,342 
 
 45,530 
 
 
 50 
 
 2,050 
 
 5,115 
 
 6,420 
 
 8,403 
 
 10,010 
 
 12,535 
 
 14,504 
 
 15,825 
 
 18,742 
 
 19,346 
 
 20,092 
 
 21,266 
 
 25,000 
 
 31,505 
 
 35,025 
 
 42,188 
 
 45,530 
 
44 
 
 
 The additions of the year to tlic Library, Imvc been 1,070 volumes, 
 of wliich 1,270 were acquired by donation, and 700 l)y purchase; 
 and 1,372 documents and pamphlets. Of the book additions, 50 
 volumes are folios, and 241 quartos — inaking a total of 1,001 
 folios now ill the library, and 2,075 (juartos, and 3,730 folios and 
 quartos together. There have been added 54 bound vohnnes to 
 the newspaper department, making the total of that valual)le col- 
 lection, 1,001 volumes, of which 150 volumes were i)rinted prior 
 to the i^resent centur3\ The present number of maps and atlases, 
 501. A portrait of Capt. GiLuicitT Kxapp has been added to the 
 Art Gallery, and a superior marble bust of Hon. Alexandkr 
 Mitchell, by F. 15. Ives, an eminent sculptor at Rome. The 
 Cabinet of Curiosities and Natural History has received many 
 important additions. 
 
 i. [I\f :) ,.<■. 
 
 l>. 
 
 ■ 'fi •..!. ;' L :• 1 '" .-'i' 
 
 . ' VI / :,; /{■•■i, [•.II I 
 
 
 !(i 1,1 ' 
 
 
 \'i I '/ 
 
 i/.jn 
 
 ;1/ /'^(!M- 
 
 
 i(!'J-(>iV- 
 
 '. ■ !^ 
 
 I M 
 
 ■ i I I u 
 
 ••(•j"l' 
 
 7/ i;/ 
 
 'I, .1; 
 
 il- 
 
 
 K^U l\. 
 
 ) w - 
 
 7 !■ 
 
 M.'i 
 
 .ij /,:i 
 
 >),:!}?: 
 
 ( 
 
 U-'-f J . ;11 
 
 ^WAVi M Ai Ur.l 
 
 ■J. A) I M. .J iioiT 
 
 . ,:.!<;■:»'// I !. H .iiyv) 
 
 ji.iir.lH ;i UJUiU noli 
 
 H'^i'hJ/JO ).« '} 
 
volumes, 
 turchase ; 
 tions, 5G 
 of 1,0G1 
 )lios and 
 ilumes to 
 ja))lccol- 
 tcd prior 
 \ atlases, 
 ed to the 
 
 SXANDEK 
 
 10. The 
 3d many 
 
 O.'i.! U.il 
 
 ..Mil 
 i.nli 
 
 n 
 
 M 
 
 (i! 
 
 1 .,P.H 
 
 iiuil 
 
 i fioil 
 I.' w 
 
 »v -'\' 
 
 OFFICEES OF THE S0CIETY-18T1 
 
 ,-. ..• i.n pkksidknt; ' ■■ 
 
 !,,,M INCREASE A. LAPIIAiM, LL.D., Milwaukee. . . 
 
 VI(;E PItKSIDKXTS: 
 
 Urn. nENUY S. IJAIUD, fiimi Bay, 
 
 Hon. ALEX. MITCIIKI.L Milwaukee. 
 
 Hon. JAMES K. DOOF JTTLE Haciiu-. 
 
 IJou. JAMES T. LEWIS t'oliinilms. / 
 
 Hon. 11 AllLOW S. OKTOX, LLI) Mmlison. 
 
 Hon. JAMES SIITHEULAND, Jaiiosvillo. 
 
 Hon. H. ]). HAUKON, St. Vivh Falls. 
 
 Hon. A. A. TOWNSENI) Slnillsl>nrg. 
 
 Hon. GEOIUIK IIVEU, Oshkosh. 
 
 Hon. A. G. MlLLEll Milwaukee. 
 
 IIOXOIIAUY VICK ritKSIIlKNT: 
 
 ' 1. Hon. CYRUS WOODMAN', Massachusetts. 
 
 2. Hon. PEHRY IL SMITH Illinois. 
 
 3. Hon. HENRY S. RAN DA IJi New York. 
 
 4. Hon. JOHN CATLIN New Jeisev. 
 
 5. Hon. STEPHEN TAYLOR, JVnnsylvania. 
 
 (1. H(ui. A. C. DOD(!K Iowa. 
 
 7. Hon. L. J. ^AR^VELL Illinois. 
 
 COKKKSrON ni.V(J SKCIIKTA UY : 
 
 LYMAN C. DRAPER. 
 
 KKCOUllIXd SKCKETAUV: 
 
 Col. S. V. SHIPMAN. 
 
 TIlKASniKU: 
 
 A. II. MAIN. 
 
 umuarian: 
 DANIEL S. DURRIE. 
 
 t'lriiATOHs: 
 
 i-'i-Offi'-io. 
 Hon. L. FAIRCHILD, Hon. Li.. BRh>;SK, Hon. HENRY B.KTZ, 
 
 Oovernor. Seiretary of State. State Treasurer. 
 
 For One Year. For Tiro Ycurs. For Three Yanrx. 
 
 Gov. L. FAIRCHILD, Hon. D. WORTIllNtJTON, Gen. SIMEON MILI,S, 
 
 Hon. E. B. DEAN, V. V. CHAPMAN, Hon. (;E0. B. SMITH, 
 
 Col. F. II. FIRMIN, IVot: J. I). BUTLER, (Un. (J. V. DELAPLAINE, 
 
 Hon. L. B. VILAS, Piof. S. II. CARPENTER, Dr. JOSFPH IIOBBINS, 
 
 Gen. I). ATWOOD, He-i. JAMFS ROSS. Hon. AND"\V rROlDFIT, 
 
 Hon. HORACE RUBLEE, N B. VAN SLYKE, S. U, FINNEY. 
 
 O. M. CONOVER, J. I). crRNE':. Hon. E. W. KEYES, 
 
 Hon. JOHN Y. SMITH, E. W. SKINNER, JAMES L. HILL, 
 
 B. J. STEVENS, Maj. J. 0. CULVER, Hon. S. D. HASTINGS. 
 
46 
 
 STANIHXG CCBrMITTPJES— 1871. 
 
 I 
 
 Pnbliccttintis — 
 
 Messrs. Draper, G. B, Smitli, Butler, Ciirponter and Culver. 
 
 Andiliiiff IffoiDifs-- 
 
 M >ssrs. Hustings, Firniiu, Shipmau anil Clinpnmn. 
 
 Finance — 
 
 Messrs. Mills, Bietz, Hastings, Van Slykc and Gurnee. 
 
 EHilownwiil — 
 
 Jlossrs. Draper, Van Slyke, Dclaf'lninc, Mills, Worthington, Atwood, 
 Pinuey, Orton, Hill, Hustings and I'roudtit. 
 
 Literary ExchamieH — 
 
 Messrs. Durrio, Firuiin, Hobhins, Skinner and Breeso. 
 
 Cabinet — 
 
 Aressr.s. Shipman, Fuirehild, Vilas, Stevens, Keycs and Durrie. 
 
 Natural Jllstnri/ — 
 
 Messrs. Laphuni, J. Y. Smith, Dobbins, Dclaplaine and Stevens. 
 
 Print iiKj — 
 
 Jlessrs. Ross, Carpenter, Culver, Keyes and J. Y. Smith. 
 
 Art Oalhrji — 
 
 Mi'ssrs. Carpenter, Deluplaine, Mills, Fau'child, Breeso, Vilaa and Shipman. 
 
 Jlistoriral Narratives — 
 
 Messrs. I'inney, Fairehild, Orton, Shipman and Draper. 
 
 Indian Hii^tnry and NonicnelatKrc — 
 
 Messrs. Chupnnui, J. Y. Smith, Butler, Hill and Stevens. 
 
 Lectures at d Jissai/s — 
 
 Messrs. Ross, Butler, Worthington, Conover jind Durrie. 
 
 Soliciting C'onnnittee — 
 
 Messrs. Hobbins, Shipman, Chapman, Ba?tz and Dean. 
 
 Annual Address — 
 
 Messrs. G. B. Smhh, Ross, Gurnee, Fairehild and Finney. 
 
 Metuhershiji Nominatiuns — 
 
 Messrs. Mills, Breese, Gurnee, Proudlit and Skinner. 
 
 Library Purchases and Fixtures — 
 
 Messrs. DrajKJr, Conover and Durrie . 
 
 Obituaries — 
 
 Messrs. Atwood, Delaplainc, Rops, Dean and Hastings . 
 
 ■ OnjECTs OF Collection. — The Society earnestly solicits of every editor and pub- 
 lisher of a newspaper or jieriodieal in the State the regular transmisaion of such 
 publication; B(X)ks and Pamphlets on all subjects of interest or reference; Maga- 
 zines, Newspaper Files, j^Iaps, Engravings ; Portraits of Wisconsin pioneers and 
 other prominent personages ; War and Indian relics, and other curiosities; Narra- 
 tives of Early Settlement, Hardships, Border Wars, and of the part borne by Wis- 
 consin men in the late war of the rebellion, 
 
 > 
 
 
F4B2.V18 
 
 DO NOT REMOVE FROM BOOK 
 
 f CALL NUMBER 
 
 f-i8D Loie 
 
 Arr.FRRION NUMaEfJ^ 1 C^^TE BORROWED 
 
 
 
 ni 
 
 •a. 
 
 
 > 
 
 > 
 
 
 
 "^ 
 
 ^'i'