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Un das symbolas suivants apparaltra sur la darniAra imaga da chaqua microficha, salon lo cas: la symbols — »• signifie "A SUIVRE". la symbols ▼ signifia "FIN". Mapa, platas, charts, ate, may ba filmad at diffarant reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure ara filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Los cartes, plenches, tableaux, etc., peuvent Atre filmte * des taux da reduction diff*rents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour Atre reproduit en un soul clich*, ii est film* * partir da I'angle sup*rieur gauche, do gauche * droite, et do haut en bas. en prenant le nombre d'images n*cessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent le m*thode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 -"IS j?^ w H( ^%, . •■■ K REVIEW O F ■vU*4d. i«> .^V, ^jt_ .4^.^ ^^0, i Mr. PITT'S Adminiftration. He wifhcs to lay open and reveal to the unerring Public* both the motives and actions of every part of his Admi- niftration. Obfsrvations on the Spanijh papers^ The SECOND EDITION, With feveral Alterations and Additions. Jn {-q ^ ) ^ q I I LONDON: Printed for G. Keaksit, in Ludgate-Stnet. M.DCC.LXIII, h r. vr a ■\ V a 51 ij ■: o .' v \ zv ^■*T^''"f'n"rnDi . a 1 i i 1 :...t r .ll/i 1 R O V Ol ^r. J 1 J. I ri .!i v,i ,\ .J J /i .. ^'1) i.i , > f..i *' E A R L T E M P L E. «t :■- ^j*. v^. My L ^Qt hn !■-■•! riJI: %) O R D^ ig^. HE gtories of Mr. Pitt's admini- ftration iare the fuccefTes of the war, tja»n:: «cohdu6ted under his aufpices, ac- compliihed by the' wifdom of his platiSi^and the intrepidity infpired by his fpirit. They will (hine in the annals of England be- yond the luftre of former ages. They .viH be eternal monuments of his amazing genius, re« foltttion and fagacity, They will prove him not only the boldeft, but alio the wifefl mi- nifter England ever faw. To enumerate th« obje^s of our praife would be to recapitulate iDn*i' ■l" • is^jl.», *« the i [ iv ]j - the iranfiidions of his adminiftration. Such a recapitulation is attempted in the foilorving fillets i but in a manner, I fear^ fo inadequate, to the theme, that the work muft derive its only merit from its fubjedt. Mr. Pitt's beft hiflorical eulogium will be the plainefl truth; nor can fadlioo or artifice fully the luftrc of his eminent ftrvices. A whole people are neither to bt bribed' or impofed upon. ;^nvy ipay re*« vile, and felf-intereft may feek to blacken 5 but his fame, in fpite of every effort to blaft i^, in, fpite. of all the aflaults of low and little min^s, wilf flourifh while this king- dom or its language fliall endure. He raifed the power and grandeur of England to the highell fummit of glory and refpedt"; he con- fo.if n4ed ., apd^ defffited. her : e^Rienxtes i^ . c^pry ;^ quarter pf t|^^ ityo^rld ; he. ftridULj. adher^ to^ the letter , of" her . ern gagenaef^t^ ^^irpac}, an(K he eff^^d, a^iid pr^e^ryed umqigiify,^h9me.-%e peopk. daily, tefti^, thei^ higji f^f^/jf l?.is. m^y^ eaW^nt.iervipe*^ an4;diflyigHl%ib^'P! T^i^'j.^r aff^dj;ijqn that does honour .t@ ^ tti^irgrafituf^ej^^^, .^ f JByith? v^ar carried on during Ji^i^ admia|igh wc^re dismantled, we gave; thensi the iflan^^ of St Peter's and Miquelon, w4iich an- other French king may; fpiitify at pleafure; we^ reflored B^lleifie» Gua^alupe^ Martinkai Maf>i riegalante, and Defirade^. together with St; Lucia^ the only valuable neutral ifland. Other conquers were made in confequence 6f his: plans, and they were reilored alfo. Could our enemies have required more? Ought thky to have hipped ifo much? — What then did Eng^ . laad gain by the h^iieftyv; thb vigjhuKo arwil wifdom of Mt» Pitt ; thcf expenccr of maay.i millions, aad thfc loft of matiy thopftnds « of brave, mqri p-r^CanHda, an aliiwft' barren ; pro4- > vince.; Florida, a fandy defert; Senegal, which, . without [ vi 1 without Gorcc, docs not in the Icaft injure the French flavc trade j three of the neutral iflands, which are fcarce worth our peopling j Granada, which is too unwholefome to live in J and the Grenadines, which no nation ever thought worth poflcffing. may the conditions of fucha peace he engraved on the tombjlones of itsadvifers! i $ - When Mr, Pitt had reduced the French to their laft refource, and had obliged them to feek refuge in the affiftance of another ftate ; when by his mafterly penetration he difcovered the . joint defign, and would have cfFedtually fruf- trated it by a timely and vigorous exertion of our national power, he was oppofed in fo falu-«^ - tary and neceiTary a meafure. Events foon jufti-^ <^ ' f fied the counfels which he gave. But as he had no other motive than the welfare of his country, and finding he could not promote that by fuch • jV meafures as he was convinced were right, he ilruggled not for a continuance of employment but bravely and peaceably refigned. Your Lord^i' ihip accompanied him. Both departed from ^ the helm of ftate, not like the fadtious leaders of a party, but the (launch and glorious friends of your country's honour and intcreft, and as fuch ful th m in lu X'!~: '-J [vii] fuch have, if poflible, become more rooted in the affedtions of an uncorrupted people. Your refignations were foon followed by the moil worthy friends to this conditution, who in common are (harers of public veneration, and are coniidered as the advocates of £ng1i(h interefts and Englifti liberty. They have been eminently diflinguifhed, as well by effedting the GLORIOUS REVOLUTION in 1688, which refcued this nation from popery, tyranny and flavery ; as by eflabliihing and zealouily fup- porting the illuflrious House of Hanover on the throne of thefe realms, againfl thede- iigns and the efforts of the Tories and their Pretender. They have ever continued in the fame conliftent condud,j unifying and efpoufing the interefls and liberties of the people, and fupporting the dignity and honour of the crown. They defeated the wicked rebellionsof a faith- lefs tribe in 1715 and 1745, and brought fome of the inftruments in them to their deferved puniftiment. * They h^ver flatter a king with * more independency and prerogative than is * really his due J — they.fooner chufe to retire.* Their principles are fteadinefs and uniformity in the aefence of conftitutional liberty, always valuing and rcfpeding the voice of the people. u H T U A 3dT ■ ••.■^\i u. ■ St I viii ] iThc conduct of their enemies I ftecd not re- mark .u]>on. It is Aifiicienc to obferve, that though Marlborough and Godolphin were ftripped of their power, they are Jill revered for their great and immortal fervices. Fadlion, 'tis true, might veil their reputation for a day^ but the GLORIOUS victories of one, and the UPRIGHT ADMINISTRATION of thc Other, could never be effaced, and the more they were attempted, the more ihey i '•''•hIj •■; --i •-.?{$ ^di no ;[?Hr,..cI'am, ; :!>ni7lifiijf jbuhnoo .nr-fltlftODrnf"! bun ,ui^'ji^q 5:: J io «c^irj'jdi! hm\ sfiontril lAi ...,1*,'. ., My.Ldtd^ji i.j/bfv/ -/!? ^>'-.*fr')">'>f') Y.:di* '."■', .;'3*1 C] ';H ':'^ 'LL'f;"'''*^ l'^''^*! ■ '■ ■ "f •»';' rj > . , Moft obedient hufaitle Servant,,^., Wcilminfter, January 3, 1763. The AUTHOR. a| al C7) OSMSOM REVIEW O F Mr. PITT'S Adminiftration. I' OR. ^HERE is no period in our hiftory more interefting than Mr. Pitt's admi- niftration ; nor any that has been more glorious. It exhibits an unparallelled feries of furprizing events ; a wonder- ful and extenfjve fcene of victory and fuccefs *, an amazing view of miniderial abilities and penetra-r tion ; a full exertion of all the fecret (brings of action, in both ofFenfive and political mealures ; an indefatigable attachment to budnefs, prompted and guided by the (Iridteft principles of duty, honour and mtegrity ; an4 a patriotic zeal, that diffufed a noble thirft for glory and conqueft wherever the Britifh arms adventured. — This is the public opi- nion } the opinion of all candid and independent men, who are not attached to any party, nor have any intcrefl to gratify ; but fpeak their fentiments as naturally ariling from a refledlion of the many Jl ' fcr vices ! 'i . <: Mr ( 8 ) f^rvices this nation has received during his admini- ftration. He was early inftrufbed in a political and virtuous knowledge of the principles and blelTings of this conftitution ; and it was foon difcovered, that his abilities for the managennent of government were of fuch a nature, as to make his afliftance necef- fary ; but his eftate at that time did but barely qua- lify him to hold a feat in the houfe of commons. His friends procured him a commifTion in the army, and he was appointed a cornet of horfe, which poll: he held, till having in 1737 fupported a motion in the houfe of commons for augmenting the Prince of Wales's falary, he w:^ difmiiTed ; or, as he him- felf hath termed it, '* corruption flood fo low ** as to take the ilandard out of the hands of a *• cornet." 9ping divefted of public pay, hoivir- tuoufly circumfcribed his expences within the limits of his income ; for being defcended from* a good family, and allied to feveral noble ones, he thought it incumbent to preferve the luftre derived from both : in private he was frugal, temperate, honeft, fincere and benevolent •, he held luxury and parade in contempt, and he fet himfelf in oppofition to th3 degenerate manners of the times 5 in publicj where is to be found his more fubftantial praife, he was naturally free, brave and uncorrupt, diftinguiflied by his regard for religion, honour, and his country. i^If it (houldbe afked, how can fuch a man have enemies ? it will be anfwered, the honed and well- meaning part of the nation are not his enemies : he is only noxious to certain callous- hearts, who cannot withftand the force of truth. His fpirit and abilities engaged him to revenge the unconftitutional infult offered to the liberties of his country, through his perfon. In thofc corrupt and daftardly times he t^ were leccf- (9) /lood up with the few that were infpired by virtue, and poured forth fuch torrents of eloquence and patriotifm, as ilruck dumb the tongues of thofe iH- firumtnta tegniy thofe tools of ftatc, who had en- gaged to oppoie the genius of Britain. By fuch powers having rendered himfelf particular and re- markable, it was confideredand advifed as a prudent meafure, to bring over, or at lead iilence, fuch an orator, and to haVe the external affedlation of em- ploying men of undoubted honefty and abilities ; therefore he was at that critical period (1746) when the two brothers and their coadjutors refumed their places, appointed vice-treafurer of Ireland, and loon after pay-mafter general of the forces, and fworn a privy -counfellor. In his office of payniafter he was ftill governed by his inflexible integrity, his fteady and uniform adherence to honour and honefty ; he refufed certain gratuities commtm to his poft, and he introduced a great reformation into it : even his warmest enemies do to this day acknowledge he be- haved uncorruptly in office. It was by thefe ads of ftrid juftice and virtue, that he acquired an un- parallelled popularity and unlimited confidence ; and hencj^ he was adored by the honeftand unprejudiced part of the j ration. The ten:>;'>rary peace of Aix la Ghapelle wau foon followed by a renewal of the war, wnich was both unflcllfuily and unfuccelsfully conduced till the period we are going to trtat of. When (in 1 75^ J Sir Thomas Robitifon refigned his poft of fecretary of (late, his late majefty appointed Mi*. Fox, who was then fecretary at war, to fucceed him. It muftbe obferved, that Mr. Fox and Mr. Pitt never agreed in any thing but in qppoling Sir Thomas t therefore, upon Mr, Fox's promotion, Mr. Pitt ' ' B a ; refigned & n » (10) rcfigncd his office of paymaftcr general, not chq- fing to ferve when his antagonift was put over hU head*: indeed it would have been next to a miracle, if his majefly had called in Mr. Pitt, who had fo often, fo long, and fo ftrenuoufly oppofed the favourite meafures of the court. On thefe alterar tions in the miniftry, parties became inftantly in- flamed, and much altercation enfued. In fuch a fyftem of politics as was preferved throughout the late reign, ic was impofTiblc that Great Britain (bould enter into a war with France, in which Hanover would not become connedled ; therefore the mini- niftry fet about framing continental alliances for the prefervation of that eledorate : they made one with Ruflla i but the King of Pruflla manifefting a diflike to it, another was made with him, and th^ former rendered void. Here the foundation of the German war was laid ; a war with which the ene- mies of Mr. Pitt have endeavoured to wound hi^ reputation, by making it chargeable upon him ; but candid men will conlider, that he cannot be blamed with doing what was done before he came into the adminiilration. This treaty with Pruflia was figned on the i6th of January 1756, and Mr. Pitt did not come into the adminiftration till De- cember following. The fcheme of politics was even affixed, the conditions determined, the plan of operations laid down, and the houfe of commons iirft granted a million, and then 20,000/. in con- icquence of this treaty, fix months before Mr. Pitt became lecretary of ftate. • This refignation has been tl^as accounted for by one of hts friends :—" He relinquilhed this fubordinate power, rather *• than co-operate with weak or wicked men, in fchemes pre- •* judicial to the common interefts of his country." :- '.:-' '- .-:-,■-■---. .. The ( M ) The kingdom by mifmanagement was Toon brought into a ftate of danger, and the French threatened to invaide it. As all was in nonfufion, divifion and anarchy, a body of troopi rrom Ha» nover and Heile were imported from the continent, to proteA a kingdom, that had formerly (Iruck ter- ror into, and commanded refpedt from, almoft every potentate in the univerfe •, but now was fo degenerated and difpiriced by a few years vicious manners and principles among its leaders, as to call in foreign proteSion. At the fight of thjsfe foreigners reient- ment feemed to rouze, and all eyes ftared with in- dignation. The inhabitants of this ifland, who are naturally brave, warm and impetuous, refledled with horror on their prcfent daftardly condition, wh'^n compared with the glorious deeds performed by their anceftors ; they exclaimed loudly and bit- terly againft connexions with the continent, and (pared not thofe who had oppofed the fcheme of a national militia, which would have faved them from this difgrace. Mr. Legge, chancellor of the ex- chequer, having declared againft continential con- nexions made for the defence of Hanover, was di- rected to withdraw from his poft. In the midft of this exafperation news was brought of the ifland of Minorca, inthe'^Iediterranean, being loft, and the fort of Ofwego in America. The flame of difcon- tent now became general, and every county, and every corner of the kingdom, echoed with com- plaints againft the miniftry, who faw they could not oppofe, and therefore dreaded the vengeance of an injured people ; while many of the cities and in- corporated towns in the kingdom lent inftrudiOns to their reprefentatives againft the approaching (eC- fion : thofe from the city of London the reader will fee in the notes i they are not unworthy his notice, " t'~' ■■ ... , . 'to I ( 1« ) as th^ convey a fpecimcn of the fpirit of the times*. Mr. F. by fome confidercd as the fuperflrudure of this * Jvfimiliansfrom tbt city of linden t$ their Jtepre/entatives in ( Parliament, To the Right Hew. Silngiby Bethcll, E(b; lord-mayor; Sir John Barnard, Knt. Sir Robert LftdbroKei Knt. and Wil- liam Beckford, Efij; -** We the Iprd-i!iayor» aldermen and commons of the city f * 0f Loiidon in conunon council afTenibled, juftly atarmed at *< the critt^l and onhappy fituation of thefe kingdoms, do moft «* eameAly call ycnf our rq>rcfi!ntatiyci^, to exert your utmoft ** ability tow^ds procuring a Stn& and impartial parliamentary *' enquiry info the cauies of thefe national calamities. ^* An almoit total negled of our important fortrefles in the r« Mediterranean, of foch ineilimabk consequence to tte trade "** ^nd power of thefe J^ingdoms, and the permitted abfence of ** their principal officers many months after the commencement ** of-hoftiiities, the aftuiEil lofs of Minorca, and apparent daQ-p *< ger of Gibraltar^ qre circumflaiiees whkh fill qs with amasfr^ ** itient aii4 concern ; but when we refleA on the gre^t prepa- ff rations for, and emb^kations of, troops and artillery, and 1' the equipment of a powerful fleet, publickly known to be ** carried on at Toulon, whofe neighbourhood to Minorca wais fufBciently alarming, we cannot impute thefe |atal events to neglect alone ; and therefore conjure you to enquire, why a rcfpe£table fleet was not immediately fent from hence, ana why at laft fo fmall a fquadron was ordered upon this impor- tant fervice, without any frigate, fircfhip, hofpital mip, tranfport, or troops beyond their ordinary compliment, and this at a time when oxa naval force was conft^fledly fuperior to the enemy's. " The cruelties fuffered, and the lofles fuftained by our fel- low fubjefts in North-America, having long called for re- ** drefs, whiill the mifmanagements in the attempts for their f* fupport, and the untimely and unequal fuccours fent to their «' relief, have only ferved to render the Briti(h nan^e contemp- tible : We therefore require you to ufe your utmofl endea- vours for deteding all thofe, vvho by treachery ormifconduft have contributed to thofe grest diftrefles, his majefty having been graciuufly pleafed to aflurc us, that he will not fail to dojulHce upon any perfons, who ihall have been wa; ting in their duty to him or their country. " To << << (< <« *« f i' .v- •<. tttcs*. irc of this ives tn or; Sir idwa- the city irmed at domoft r tttnioit imentary $in the thetntdr ^feiice of ;nceinen( rentdan-^ h amaaue^ ^t prcpa- cry, and m to be \orca wds events to ire, why ince, and is impor- ital mip, ent, and fuperior r our fel- l for re- fer their u to their contemp- oft endea- iifcondu£t y having not fail to /a-ting in u To ( 13 ) this m-^y, rcfigncd near the lattdr end of Odiobef 1756. On the removal of this piincipal prop the m-«-y naturally fell to pieces $ and for fotne time «i «« <« « ** To thefe interefting enquiries we have but too much reafeni to add our preffing requeftt that you ufc your carlicft cndea* <( your* to eitablifli a wQll-regulated and conftitutional aiUtiSy **. as the moft honourable defence of the crown, and the moft ** confiftent with the sights of a free people : and this we art the more anxious, to iccomjAei^ to your particular care and attention, aseveiy apprehenfidn of danger has furnUhed! Sk reafon for encreauag uie number of our regular forces, aad- for the introdudion of foreign mercenaries ; the expence of ** which is infupportable : we therefore trull: that you will '< pnrfue this meaiure iMfote youconlent to the grant of fupplies, ** experience having convinced us, that your laudable endea^ «* vours afterwards may prove fruitlefs. ' *' At all events we recommend it to you to oppoie the con- *< tinu&^ice of any foreign troops within the kingdom; acir- "• cumftance which muft ever be confidered as a reproach to the ** loyalty, courage and abilitjr of this nadon. *' We alfo hope that yoti will endeavour to limit the number *' of placemen and penfuiners fo remarkably encreafed, and at <* a prober feafon to reilore triennial parliaments, as we con- *« ceive it the only means to obtain a free reprefentative of the «* people. , " The immenfe fums fo chearfuUy paid, whenalmoft every ** meafure refiefts national difgrace, call upon you ftriftly to ** enquire into their application ; and we truft, that you will ** carefully watch and endeavour to prevent all unnatural con- *• nexions on the continent, in order to preferve the indepen- ** dancy of thefe kingdoms. «* By rendering thefe necefTary fervices to your king and country, you will give his majefty the ftrongeft teilimony of' your duty and afTedlion, and moft eife^tuaUy fecure to his > government obedience and/re{pe£l. •* At the fame time we defire you thus publickly to accept our moft grateful acknowledgments of your paft condud iti parliament, and enjoin you at all times to hold facred and. inviolable the ad made for eftablifliing his majefty's right to the crown of thefe realrn:>, and fecuring the rights and li-' berties of the fubjcdl ; and that you oppofe every meafure tending to weaken that compaft, which, under the divine • providence, will ever prove the beft fecurity to his majcfty's lacred perfon, and the fucceflion in his illuftrious houfe." the" (( *< (( «. tt ft .ft, ( I41 the bufinefs of the nation was at a (land : for to chufe a miniftry was a difficult matter in this time of divifion and difcontent. The chiefs of the party, by whofe manorvres the former miniftry were difplaced, at length fucceeded to employment. The voice of the nation pointed them out 1 and the neceffity of affairs called them into adion^ On the 4th of December Mr. Pitt was appointed fecretary of date in the room of Mr. Fox, and Mr. Legge was replaced in his former ftation, and other pro- motions were made confident with the fame inte- reft i but ftill thefe chiefs declared againfl continent tal meafures and miniflerial jobbs : upon which the old fervants of the reprefented them as dif- loyal, obftinate, imperious and ignorant : and in- deed they were honefl enough and bold enough to pronounce their fentiments freely on every occafion without fear or diflimulation : fuch intrepidity no doubt gave great offence ; but Mr. Pitt aimed at bringing the voice of the people to the ear of the fovereign, who he knew had been mifled, and who unfortunately was furrounded by a weak and worthlefs crew, who only confulted the felfifh paf- fions of private avarice and ambition, and were therefore blackened with the curfes of the whole nation. Although thefe promotions quieted the minds of the people, yet every one who knew any thing of the flrength, connections and intereft of the new minifters, expeded but little from them. The had been modelled by Mr. Pelham, and although he died before the el- — ns commenced, yet his plan was folbwed : by this plan Mr. Pitt and his friends made but a fmall party in that aflem- bly, and the refl, in confequence of — , were his op- ponents ; therefore here they were to expedt every check and oppofition, that could embarrafs or im- pede their meafures. In the houfe of 1 — their flate was ( '5 ) was the (ame. And at court much worfe : for ha-^ ving been forced into power by the voice of the people, they were looked upon as intruders, who had, by their aflfumption, weakened part of the preroga* tive. While this continued to be the cafe, the bufi- nefsof the nation in their hands could never be done without caballing ; however they carried one point with furprizing refolution, that of a national mUitia; chofe who would have oppofed it were afraid •, the objed was too popular to meet with oppofition,. even from the molt inveterate enemies of the new miniilers ; and it was not interefl, but a fear of the people, that fuffered a few patriots, in the midft of a violent faftion, to execute fo bold a ftep. It couid not be aflerted by thofe who were againll this falu- tary meafure, that an Engli(h militia was dange- rous as in former times, becaufe there were now no leaders of influence to unite the people in feditious purpofes ; nor was it believed or fufpedted, thac there were any enemies to the reigning family in the kingdom*, therefore, not having any argu- ments to offer, they were conflrained to be filent, and vote for a law to put arms into the hands of the people ; a meafure they had always dreaded, as. much as an enquiry into their own condud. By thus arming the people for the defence of their own lands and liberties, it is eafy to difcover what were the intentions of the new adminiftration : they refolved to a6fc with vigour, and to exert the military ftrength of the kingdom in annoying the enemy abroad. The officers of the army had been fuflfered to abufe their leifure in drefs, cards, tea, and milliners (bops : fuch condu6t among the braveit men will in a fhort time introduce effeminacy, de- ftroy the flrength arid vitals of a flate, and bring a train of evils which are ever fatal to the purpofes of an army. They therefore refolved to put the ^^r^- iC troops s ( I«) troops into a6bual fervice at a diftance from fuch luxuries and debilities. Firft they were intended CO be employed againfl Louifbourg, and a fquadron of Hiips was equipped in the proper fcafon, and the command defigned for admiral Hawke ; but this expedition did not fail till it was too late, when another adminiftration had been appointed, and the command of the fhips given to admiral Holbourn. Ev^ry man inftantly faw the benefits that would arife from the wifdom and prudence of Mr. Pitt*s adminiftration, and all degrees of the kingdom, who had been funk in a miferable (late of deipondency» gave themfelves up to hope ; and while honour and nonefty feemed tocheckthe browsof the newfervints, a ch-erful bloom of fpirit and joy revived in the countenance of every individual. Three days pre-^ ceding the choice of thefe minifters, his majefty gave orders for the return of the Hanoverians to Germany. He had early forefeen that his German dominions would be attacked by France on account of his war with that power, and he* therefore re- folved to form an army of obfervation in Weft- phalia for the defence of thofe dominions. For this purpofe were thofe troops fent back to their own country ; and foon after, his royal highnefs the duke of Cumberland was appointed to the comr mand of that army. On the 17th of February, 1757, ^^^ majefty fent a meiTage to the houfe of commons by Mr. Pitt, informing them of the for- midable preparations made by France, and as they were bent againft his ele(5loral dominions, he con- fided in them to aflTift him in forming and main- uining an army of obfervation, and to enable him to fulfil his engagements with the king of Pruffia, both of which they immediately complied with. But notwithftanding this con:pliance, Mr. Pitt and his adherents ilill continued againll the German hij coi war. ( «7) war, afid on account of his warm and Inflexible oppoficion to it, and a falfe rcprefentation of hii patriotifm and intentions, he was on the 5th of April commanded to reHgn the feals of his office. Some of the leaders of the late a ilTumed the reins of government : the motives which im- pelled them were, regret for lod power, emulation for fame, and ambition for rule. Mr. Pitt during his (hort adminiftration difpatched a fquadron to the Ead-Indies, under the command of commodore Steevens; and another for Jamaica, under the command of admiral Coates : he likewife pre« pared a powerful fupply for America, and it was ready to be fent when he was difmifTed : in his ad- mi niftration the militia bill pafTed both houfes, and received the royal aflent *, he promoted a parlia- mentary enquiry into the condud: of the late miniftry, but it produced nothing; — we before hinted the model of the p — , and the reader who conOders that will eafily find a key to this enquiry. His refolution was to employ the whole fleet of Britain ; and it was by this principle that he rivetted himfelf in the hearts of the people : on the naval commanders he new he could depend, even in the moft defperate and hazardous enterprize ; for their way of life and natural ferocity of manners fecured them from luxury and effeminacy, and indilled into them a ipirit of obligation to glory and their duty. The fleet is what may be called the natural ftrength of thefe kingdoms ; the fame thirfl for conqueft and fame reigns there as among the people at home, who are uncorrupted by a vicious praifliqe of falfe principles and manners ; fuch as deflroyed ancient Rome, and had nearly brought Britain- to the brink of ruin ; therefore his refolution to em- ploy this great natural power gave infinite pleafure ; but his refignation deflroyed the fondeft hopes, and. C z difpihtcd \ ( i8) dtfpirited the warmeft hearts that Britain had to boad as her true friends. In a few days after Mr. Legge alfo refigned his poll of chancellor of the exchequer, and other offices were lilcewife vacated. Once more the kingdom was without a miniftry, and again refounded with complaints, that, in fpite of the power and cunning of ia£tion, pierced the ears of the fovereign. What was in- tended to difgrace Mr. Pitt and Mr. Legge turned out he greateft honour that could have been be- llowed upon them *, the people entertained fuch a high efteem of their virtue and abilities that they were proud to prefent them with the freedom of their feverai cities and corporations in boxes of gold, niver, or other valuable materials, accom- panied with elegant and patriotic addredes of thanks lor their integrity and fervices. A new board of admiralty was appointed, and the earl of Win- chelfea placed at the head of it; lord Mansfield fucceeded Mr. Legge, but Mr. Pitt's office re- mained vacant. In a few days after, the duke of Cumberland fet out for Germany } and admiral Holbourne failed for America on the 8th of May, with a number of troops to be commanded by lord Loudon, who was in America. During tliis confufion and anarchy at home, the king of PruGla vigoroufiy purfued his own war againft the Auitrians. In the year 1756 he defeated tiieir army at Lowofchutz. This was the firft afllon that entitled him to the favour of the Eng- li(h : they faw him in vigour, a6livicy, and fuc- cefs, and became inftantiy enamoured with his pofieffion of thefe qualities, it is no wonder that they began to admire and extol his abilities and va- lour, becaufe their own affairs teemed with difgrace and ruin ; they therefore naturally beheld and be*^ ftowed their praifes^on another, who a6lcd with - - ~ more UJ^t*., -.^-i. .rf mere (19) more wifdom and good ibrcune ; and fince there was no profpedt of amendment at home, they as naturally began to wi(h, and even claim, an alliance with a power, that was every day exhibiting proofs of forefight and bravery. They were in hopes that fuch an example of fpirit and vidbory would rouze their lethargic rulers from their beds of floch and proftitution. The treaty wlrh PrufTia that was already made, was a convention of neutrality for the defence of each others German dominions ; biic what they now wilhedfor, andpublickly defired, was a treaty of alliance with that monarch, whereby his arms, in confideration of a fubfidy, might be brought againil France i for during the war hi- therto we had been lofers, and the repeated fuccefTes of the French bid fair for wrefting all North Ame> rica out of our hands \ they therefore eagerly defired the afTillance of PrulTia, in order to find employ for the French arms at home. Thus the former adrniniftration not only laid the foundation of an alliance with Prulfia, but, by the ill fuccefs of our affairs under their diredion, fo difpirited the people, as to make them call out for an alliance with i .at monarch, who had been hitherto attended with fuc • cefs, in hopes that then they fhould be attended with fuccefs alfo. If the alliance, which was after- wards made in confequencc of this humour, has proved prejudicial to the interefts of Great-Britain, that prejudice ought to be accounted for by thole, who by their mifmanagement obliged the people in exafperation to call for fuch alliance, as the only hope of retrieving the ill ftate of their affairs. In April, 1 757, a body of Priifllans, command- ed by Prince Charles of Bevern, defeated a corps of the Auflrians at Richenberg, a pafs which opened his way into Bohemia; while the King of PruiTia, with the main body of his army, entered thatking^ ( 20 ) dotti by another pafs, and purfued the Auftrtans to Prague, where he gained a complete victory over their whole firmy : he laid fiege to that great city ; but while his operations were carrying on, the fugitives of the enemy were collefM and ftrengchened with a conHderable number of frefli troops, and put under the command of count Daun« who chofe fuch a fituation, as gave the king of Prullia much uneafinefs. The king refolved to dif- lodge him i but in the attempt he met with fuch a repulfe, as obliged him to abandon Prague, and retreat in the beft manner he could into Saxony. The face of affairs having thus taken a new turn, the Ruflians, Swedes, and Imperialifts (or the ftatea of the empire) who were all confederates to anni- hilate the power of the king of PruITia, and had hitherto adled with languor, now began to march with vigour, and to prefs him hard on all fides. The world had fome time ago been alarmed with this confederacy againft the houfe of Brandenburgh; but the people of England, when they faw the florm gather fo fad in order to deftroy that king, began to pity and commiferate him in his misfortunes s and fuch was their Hncere feelings for his diflrefs, that nothing will be hazarded in faying, if the alliance had not been made, they would chearfully have made a voluntary fubfcription for his relief. This is an z6t of benevolence peculiar to the Englilh nation ; they cannot bear to fee any power in dif- trefs, if at that time they have any connexions with it, without generoudy beflowing their aid to alleviate its misfortunes, fiut the cafe of Prudia, fo far as it concerned England, was fingularly af- fecting : the houfe of Auftria, who had been for many years fupported and protected by their gene- rous and compaflionate alTiftance, had not only un- gracefully joined in league with France, at this time their 4 :y. / { 21 ) their declared enemv, but was the principal of the confederacy formea to feize the Fruflfian domi- nions I therefore a paflion of refencment to fuch in- gratitude, as well as pity to the PrufTian monarch, Degan now to inflame their breads. This was the (late of their humours, when the fubfidary treaty with Pruflia was made. With refpeA to the duke of Cumberland's army, the popular heads of party had declaimed fo ftre- nuoufly aaainft continental connexions, that, con- trary to the inclinations of the court, it was com- pofedly entirely of Germans, who in number were fo much inferior to the French army commanded by the marfhal D'Etrees, that his royal highnefs was obliged to retreat as the enemy advanced. The hopes that had been formed early in the year of adling at the proper feafon with vigour againfl: the enemy in America, began now to vanifh. The plan for taking Louilbourg had been communica- ted to the enemy, perhaps as foon as it was laid down in England ; the importance of the place was fufHcienc to ftimulate the French minillry to immediately provide for its fecurity: accord- ingly M. de Beaufremont failed from Breft on the 30th of January with a fquadron of nine fhips, having on board a body of troops *, but as the har- bour of Louifbourg could not be free of the ice by the time he might be there, he was directed to fleer for the Wefl-Indies, and reinforce their garrifons in that quarter, which he did, and arrived at Louif- bourg on the 5th of June, from whence he fent a reinforcement of men and arms to Monfieur de Montcalm, who commanded the French troops in Canada. About the beginning of April M. du Rived failed from Toulon with five ihips, having alfo on board a number of troops, warlike (lores and provifions: he (lipt through the gut of . Gib.ltar ( " > Gibraltar afcera fmall encounter with admiraf Saun- ders, and arrived at Louifbourg on the 4th of June. On the 3d of May M. du Bods de la Mothe, with fourteen [hips, having likewiie on board a number of troops and prefents for the Indians, failed from Breft, and arrived at Louilbourg on the 29th of June. Such was the vigilance and prudence of the French ■, while, on the other hand, the Eng* li-Oi under adnural Hoibourne did not fail fron\ Cork titl the 8th of May, nor arrive at Halifax, the appointed place of irendezvous, till the 9th of July, -s-Here it muft be obferved, that our fleet failing fo late was the fole caufe of the difail^rs and mif- fortunes, which befel us this year in America. De- lays are always dangerous ; but much more fo, when they give the enemy an opportunity to coun* tera6b our fche4Ties. Such was the difconfolate face of affairs, when the general voice of an abufed people rouzed the gceat into fear 5 even thofc who h.id treated the ge- neral voice of the people with contempt, dreaded the rod of national vengeance ; and therefore when the cries of injury became louder and louder every day frpm all parts of the kingdom, they thought it high time to quit their gaming tables, and fufFer a few honeft, wife, and vigilant men, who had fpirit enough to fave this country from the deftruSion into which the others were going to tumble it, to approach the throne. It will refledt eternal infamy on fome charafiers, who at this time fpoke and wrote againftall principles of morality and virtue : fuch men will never aft honeftly to their country or their fovereign, who hold honour in fo low an ef- timation, and aflTert, that by the moft bafe ads of corruption, villainy and deceit, a ftate or common- wealth can only be managed. It is no wonder there fore that the people were injured, and it is no won- -"-''•"'• ^''' dcr Saun- ;, with umber 1 from 9 th of nee of Eng* from IX, the .July. 'ailing d mif- De- )re fOr > coun- when d the hege- readcd ! when every Jght it fuffer a i fpirit rudion sit, to infamy ce and virtue : ntry or ' an ef- i6ls of nmon- T there won- der I ■f^3) . ... dcr that they cried aloud for redrefs, and vigorouily fupported a few, in whofe honefty, wifdom, and integrity they could fafely confide. Here were ex- hibited ftrong proofs of the natural fpirit of a brave and free people, who had been treated like Caves, "as well by the moil bafe aftsjof villainy, as by language from the moll wicked hearts : ftimulated by thefe injuries and abufes, they forced well-meaning men into power. It is true luch condu6l was prefump- tuous } but being didated by prefervation, it be- came noble and laudable, and it proved the moft humiliating llroke to our enemies. It is a lefTon that ought to be precious to p'rinces, efpecially of this ifland ; while fuch men were in power as the people difapproved, misfortune followed misfor- tune, and the nation was divided and diftrat^ed ^ but when fuch men were employed as they did ap- prove, unanimity, vigour and fuccefs crowned their efforts. Thus a king a ment. ^- v ;* f The convention was ilgned on the very day that the expedition fleet fet fail : the Ihips were com* manded by Sir Edward Hawke, and the troops by Sir John Mordaunt ; who, agreeable to their in* ftrudtions, proceeded to Bafque road, in order to attack the town of Rochefort, A concurrence of evils frultrated this expedition : it will be hard to determine whether they were purpofely framed, or accidentally fell out. The French nation is faid to have been alarmed by the troops lying on the Ifle of Wight fome time before they failed, and by very good intelligence from England. Two days after the fleet made the enemy's land, the Viper floop was difpatched from England, with the fol- lowing letter from Mr, Secretary Pitt to Sir Ed- ward ut; '1757 ( i8 ) ward Hawke, and to Sir John Mordaunt, dated Whitehall, September 15, 1757, and received by them on board the Ramilies on the 2 2d day of Sep- tember. « S I R, * His Majefty, by his fecret inftruftions, dated ' * the 5th day of Auguft laft, having direded the * return of the fleet under your command, to- * gether with the land forces on board,* " fo as to *' be in England at, or about, as near as may be, ** the end of September, unlefs the circumftances •* of the fliips and forces fhall neceflarily require •' their return looner *," ' I am now to fignify to * you the king's pleafure, that you do not con- * fider the abovementioned time, limited for your * return, as intended, in any manner to affeft, or * interfere with the full execution of the firft and * principal objeft of the expedition, namely,* *' Attempting, as far as fhall be found pradti- " cable, a defcent on the French coaft, at or *' near Rochefort, in order to attack if prafti- ** cable, and, by a vigorous impreflion, force that *^ place,, and to burn and deftroy, to the utmoft ^' of your power, all (hipping, docks, maga- *' zfnes, and arfenals, that fhall be found there, *' and exert fuch other efforts, as fhall be judged mofl proper for annoying the enemy.** * And with regard to any other particular attempt, which, agreeably to your orders, you fhall have commenced, and in the execution whereof you fhall be acflually engaged, it is alfo his majefty's pleafure th-^t you do not defift from, or break up the fame, merely and folely on account of the time, limited for your return, by the inftrucr tions abovementioned ; but that, notwithftandr ing the fame, you do continue, with the fleet, during fuch a farther number of days as may ' afFor4 cc dated cdby FSep. dated ;d the d, to- b as to ay be, tiances •equire lify tQ t con- r your eft, or rft and imely,* prafti- at or prafti- ce that utmoit maga- there, udged And tempt, 1 have of you ajefty*s eakup of the nftrucr ftandr t fleer, as may afFor4 ( 29 ) *757 afibrd a competent time, for the completion of any operation under the above circumftances ; after which you are to take care to return, with the fleet under your command, and the forces on board, in the manner directed by your former inftrudkions. * I am, &c. * W. PITT/ It has been (hrewdly fufpefted, that this floop, or the Harwich man of war, which failed at th« fame time from Plymouth on the fame deilination, carried other difpatches of a more fecret nature, and faid to be utterly unknown to the minifler. On the 23d of September the little ifle of Aix* was taken. At the time this little conqueil was made, it was expefted the troops were to be imme- diately landed; but on the 25th the military officers refolved in a council, of war, that an attempt upon Rochefort was neither advifeable nor pradticable. On the 8thof Odtober, after having moft effedtu* ally alarmed the French coafl:, it was refolved to land at the mouth of the river Charente, and at 12 o'clock at night the troops were put into the boats, where they remained four hours qfi a boif- terous fea, and then were ordered back again j upon which admiral Broderick acquainted Sir Ed- ward Hawke, ' That having prepared all the * boats with proper officers to land the troops, * he was now to acquaint him, that the generals * were come to a relblution not to land to-night, * but to wait till day light, when they can have a * full view of the ground whereon they are to ' land.* Sir Edward then defired Mr. Broderick to enquire of the general ofiicers, whether they had any further military operations to propofe, that the fquadron might not be unnecefTarily detained: to which the commander of the land forces fent this anl'wer, i7$y t 30 ) tnfwcr, * Wc all agree in returning dire^Iy to • England.' Upon which Sir Edward fcnt a let- ter to Mr. Pitt, the conclufion of which is thus : • It was the ketch had ran aground at above two miles diftance from the fort. As it is probable thofe who conducted the bomb-ketch min*ed the channel through Ignorance, it excited wonder and aftonifliment, that Thierry, who Sir Edward Hawke, in his letter to Mr. Pitt, fays, be- haved with great bravery and fkill, and who declared he could carry the Magnanime, which is 74 guns, within a quarter of a mile of Fouras, was not permitted to try his fkill.— Might not a floop be driven on a fand at the mouth of the Thames, by a ^ilot Ignorant of the navigation of that river ? ficers d h ( sO ^151 ficcrs had been guilty of difobcdience of orders. The reader may perhaps Itartlc at this aflertion, but we will give him a part of futh of the evi- dences as tended to prove the attempt was pra^i- cable. Lieutenant colonel Clark faid, that he, with thrc : more officers, went on fhore, and walk- ed two miles, over a Ipungy neck oi land, called Ifle Denis, to the folid continent, without molejia" tion 'y and he faid the army might eafily have land- ed at Chatelaillon bay. This opinion he formed on the fpot. Colonel Wolfe (who afterwards took Quebec; confirmed his opinion, viz. that a land- ing on that bay might have been made entirely out of the reach of the enemy's artillery. Admiral Broderick dcfcribed this landing place to be a fair, hard, fandy beach, and in his opinion a landing might have been made here with eafe, for the tranl- ports could come within half a mile of the bay. The board of enquiry, by their opinion, having attributed a principal caufe of the mifearriage to the military officers, the commander of the land- • forces, in order to vindicate his charafter, applied for a court martial, which was granted : the charge was difobedience of orders ; but after the fame evidences were again examined, with the addition of Sir Edward Hawke, he was adjuged not guil- ty. However, the public difcontent djid not ap- pear in the leaft appeafed. There feemed to be a iufpicion, thai the real caufe of the failure were to be attributed fome where elfe. In this point the minifter could not be to blame : for he intended the expedition to annoy the enemy, to make him fufceptive of wounds upon his own coafts, to ftrike terror and difmay throughout all his fubje6ts,'to enervate and difpirit his arms, and to threaten his deftrudion as a maritime power : and on the other hand, to elate the hopes and fpirits of the Britilh ^757 ( 3a 1 nation, and to Simulate them to fucceiTive adlions of glory and conqueft. But he had the misfortune 10 find the confcqucnces of the expedition dircftly oppofite ; and to fwceten this bitter pill, to fee an attempt in the city for fifting out the true caufc, by propofing to obtain a parliamentary enquiry, over-ruled by a meflTagc from the King*. Do not all thefe things concur to fupport the fufpi- cion of a fecret caufe for the failure of the expe- dition ? Although the defign of this expedition wai fruf- tratcd, yet the European powers interefted in the fea, penetrated into the fpirit of the nevv minidcr, and began inftantly to change their former opinion of the Britifli cpuniels. They faw with furprife, a man placed at the head of, and giving diredions to, a warlike people i a man who admitted no other rule for his operations againft the enemy than con- venicncy •, thry were alarmed at his refolution and new fyftem •, and though he had failed in his firfl attempt, they faw plainly he was not difcouraged by it. Sweden and Denmark concluded a treaty, purporting the defence of their commerce in the Baltic ; and they fent their united fquadrons to • November^, *757' * At a court of common council at * Guildhall, a motion was made to addrefs his majefty on the * mifcarriage of the late expedition to the coail of France ; * and after fome debate the lord mayor was afked by a member ' of tke court} if any infom.ation had been given to his lord- * fhip of an enquiry being intended to be made, he anfwered, * that on Menday evening [Oftober 3 1 .J William Blair, Eiq; * one of the clerks of his majcfty's moft honourable privy * council, came to the Manfion-houfe, and acquainted him, * that h's majel'ty had given proper direftions for an enquiry * to be icrthwith made into the behaviour of the commanding * officers of the faid expedition, or to that effed ; whereupon * the motion was immeoiately withdrawn.* [The fublic news- fapers. ^ cruize ( 33 ) 1757 cruize in that Tea, fearing he (hould fen^ a fleet into the north. The Dutch propofed to augment their (hips from the fame fear ; and the Italian dates, in corjundlion with the king of Naples, took every precaution that was in their power for the fecurity of their ports. Spain and Portugal truded their fecurity to their important commercial connexions with Great Britain. France was not prepared for fuch an enemy, who braving every method, and adopting new fchemcs, prepared to attack her defperately. At home he was unani- moudy applauded ; and having rouzed the fpirit of the nation from that ftupid lethargy in which he found it, was defervetlly and highly efteemed by all ranks of people *, and, for the firft time, popu- larity and the adminillration were feen united : a meafure which is ib eflential in a country like Eng- land, that a minijler^ unlefs he has the power an4 confidence to gain it, can never aft with the (Irength of the whole nation, nor invigorate a true fpirit into the people, who abhorring or not chufing to conBde in him, his adminillration will be found tQ be one continued fcene of difgrace abroad, and diftradtion at home. Happily the people had rea- fon not to think their confidence mifplaced in Mr, Pitt* ; they had experienced his honefly, and founci him neither influenced by lucrative nor ambitious views } ever fl:eadily purfuing their interefts and happinefs, and eagerly feizing every opportunity to gratify all their wilhes, and preferve unanimity, which he knew was his only fupport, and would * Even the Tories placed their confidence in him, and con- curred in the promotion of all his meafures, pleading that his dijinterejiednefs was the caufe of it. He was indeed difinte- refted, foi: he had all the trouble of power, without the plea- fure of gratifying his friends, f}.; E 2 carry ^ISl C 34 ) carry him through every meafure for humbling the enemy with fuccefs. Thus did one man change the face cf affairs in the Britifh nation, and nil with alarm all the potentates in turope, who had hitherto entertained but a defpicable opinion of our national wifc.om anddrength ; and revived the ancient fpirit and military virtue of the people, to be, as they often have been, the terror of the French. i In America theeflfedls of W%firfi adminiftration were fclc by this time. Admiral Coates, who had been fent with a fquadron to Jamaica in February Jaft, detached captain Forreft, with three Ihips, to cruize off Cape Francois, in order to intercept the French trade bound for Europe At this time there lay in the harbour four French fhips of the line, and three frigates, the commander * of whom, in order to drive the Englifh fhips off that ftation, ftrengthened his crews and quarters w.ui. an additional number of failors and foldiers, and put to ft-a. When captain Forreft defcried the ene- my, he called his two captains on board him, an4 faid, ' Gentlemen, you know your own ftrength, * and fee that of enemy : fliall we give them * battle ?" They anfwered in the affirmative. * Then, faid he, fight them we will ; there is no * time to be loft -, return to your Ihips, and get * them ready for engaging.' The Englifh bore down upon the enemy with uncommon fpirit, and began the action, which raged with the utmoft fury above two hours and an half, all the while in fight of the Cape ; when the French finding them- felves greatly damaged, and notwithftanding their * M. KeHhint, who, in the month of November, 175b, failed from France on an expedition to fcour the Englifh let- tiements on the coaft of Guinea, which he executed with tole- rublc futcti's. . . .■ ,. ^' -^ vaft T ibling ;hange nd mi who pinion evivcd )Cople, jf the ration 10 had 3ruary ps, to ;pt the s time of the of )fF that s ^.ui rs, and he ene- m, an4 rengthy I them native, r is no nd get h bore t, and utmoft /hile in ; them- y their r, 1756, Tlifti let- ith tole- vaft ( 35 ) 1757 vaft fuperiority, unable to take any of the Britifh (hips, ran aWfty, and fought their prefervation in the harbour. Captain Forrell: returned to Jamaica to reHt his (hips *. «K During the fummer, the tffc6ks of hit havins been turned out of the adminiflration were alfo fek in America. We before mentioned admiral Hoi- bom's being fent too late ; it now remains to fpealc of the coniequences. Lord Loudon -J- drew the troops from the northern frontier of the Britilh iettlements adjoining to Canada, and he continued to call the troops from the other parts, till he i ^ Another gallant a£tioi> of this brave officer deferves to be mentioned : he in a fubfequent cruize, near the ifland of Hif- paniola, took (by a well-concerted projeA) a whole fleet of nine French merchantmen, richly liden, with a Angle fhip, in the neighbourhood of five harbours, into any of which, could the enemy but have efcaped, they mieht have been fe* cure, and carried them into Jamaica, where mey were all con- demned. This was the firft ftroke given to thp enemy's trade in Mr. Pitt's adminiftnAon. .' ' t Unfortunately for his lordfliip's popularity, and the hap* p^nefs of this nation, an embargo was laid on all fliips m North America on the third of March, in order that the enemy might not receive any intelligence of his defi^ns, and to make provifions plenty and cheap for the army ana navy ; although he might have known that the exports would never exhauft the great quantities of provifions which the Britiih colonies pro- duce, and the eneniy might receive intelligence by other chan- nels. The country was greatly injured by this enibargo, which made the ftaple commodity a drug ; for the merchant, the farmer, and the labourer all fufFered, while the contractors put immenfe fums into their pockets. Unfortynately likewife, there was a great defe£l in the laft year's crop in England, and bread was fo exceiTive fcarce, that the nation was in dread of a famine, without being able to procure relief from its colo- nies, where there was a great plenty: but the government wifely took away this authority of laying future embargoes. It is proper to obferve, that a little before the embargo was laid, advice was received at New York of the great fcarcity of corn in England. ~ ' ' - had «75; ( 36 ) bad collected a body of 6000 men, and with chefe Im embarked at New York for Halifax, to go on Ml expedition againft LouiA)ourgh. It is well worth obferving, that he fet fail on the 19th of June, convoyed only by three frigates, and arrived at Halifax on the zgth^ during all which time the French fleets were entire mafters of the feas in North Americr, and therefore there was the utmoft hazard of him, and all the troopa being made pri^ foners by them *, for admiral Holbourn did not ar* rive till Tome time after lord Loudoun had fortunate* ly landed at Halifax. On the 9th of July ad" miral Holborn arrived with the troops from Cork j when a junction of the forces was made, it was found they amounted to 12,000 effective men 5 and the fleet con filled of 15 fail of thp line, and 18 fri- gates, &c. Near a month was fpent at Halifax in exercifing the troops •, and by feints, accuftoming them to divers forts of attacks and defence. Thcfe ileps were condemned by fome ac,- — ' keeping th^ ' courage of his Majefty's foUiers at bay, and ' expending the nation's wealth in making fliam ' fights and planting cabbages,* when they ought * to have been fighting the enemies of their king -r*» * Alluding to a hafty exprefllon of lord Charles Hay, who was a major-general in this armament, and who in one of the frequent councils which were held at this place, was put under an arrofl for fome public reflexions on the condu£l of afFdii's. Tn tl e /?ar 1759 he fo^icitied a court martial, in order to clear his charader from the confeqoences of a difagreement between him and the commander in chief, which was granted, and held •in London : the charge was contempt of orders ; but his lord- ifhip died before the proceedings were clofed. However, it is necefi'ary to obferve, in juftice to his memory, that the uneafi- nefs which he fhewed to fome tr?nfaftions in America, dif- played a becoming ardour in him, whofe courage and zeal were Known to the world, and had been diftinguifhed by the apt pJaufcs of the enemy : and nothing will be hazarded in fay^ ' :g, he was one of the braveil and bell oflicers on this fervice. I (37) ' 1757 « and country in reality.* At length, on the firft of Aiiguft, the troops were embarked togoagainft Louifbourgh ; but on the fourth a fuppofed French packet, "t* from Louifbourgh to France, was ta- ken and brought in. By the letters found on board this packet it appeared, that there were then in the harbour of Louilbourg lyfhipsofthe line, three' frigates, 6000 troops in garrifon, with 3000 na- tives, and 1 300 Indians : the place well fqpplied with ail kinds of military (lores, and the people all itt high fpirits, and wilhing for an attack. On the receipt of this intelligence, the whole plan of ope- rations was laid afide. Lord Loudoun with the troops returned to New York, where he arrived Auguft 30, and admirai Holborn cruized.ofF Cape Breton, hoping that as the feafon advanced, when the French fleet mull leave cheir hafbour and re- turn to Europe, he ftiould be able to carry fome of them to England, in recompence for an inac- tive campaign 5 but on the 24th of September his fleet was terribly fhattered and difperfed by a vio- lent ftorm, which forced him off his ftation, and fome of the fhips, in great diftrefs, to return to England. The French fleet having now an oppor- tunity, returned to Europe unniolelled. The fagacity which crew the troops from the northern frontier of the Englifii provinces, in lb doing, expofed them to the incurfions of the French troops in Canada ; for during the abfenct ^■^ f Some who canvafs the whole proceedings of this expe- dition with a fcvere eye, look upon this {ifFair of the packet boat as a political contrivance of the people at Louifbourgh » to intimidate the Britifh officers with an exaggerated account of the garrifon and others bearing arms ; for fhe was chafed many hoars, during which iime (he never offered to throw her dil- patches overboard; a precaution always taken by packet boats in a time of war. There have been many plealant little ftorie* and anecdotes told at New York of this expedition. of i '^ISI ( 38 ) of lord Loudoun, fort William Hcnry^ which Hood on lake George, fell a prey to the French arms ; though one would have thought our people might have taken warning from a recent alarm* given to that fort before his lordfhip's departure, and therefore it could not have been imprudent to have left a flrong fuccour for its relief, in caie of a fecond attack. However fo it was, that whDe his lordfhip was gone on the expedition againfl; Louifbourgh, the marquis de Montcalm laid fiege to the fort on the third of Auguft, with 10,000 men, and a train of artillery ; and on the ninth colonel Monro, the commander, was obliged to furrender, having expended all his ammunition. The garrifon obtained, by their gallant defence, an honourable capitulation ; but many of them were cruelly butchered by the French Indians, to- gether with the women and children. A fcene of fuch favage cruelty, and horrid barbarity, was ne- ver adbed as at the gates of this fort : the infants and children were feized by the heels, and their brains beat out againfl flones and trees ; the throats of fome of the women were cut; and the bodies of others were ript open, and their bowels torn out and thrown in their faces •, and other more (hocking marks cf rage, horror, and cruelty were committed, but which, for the fake of the humane reader, we. fhali not mention. All thefe were done in fight of the French regulars, and their inhuman commander, * The affair was thus : about the beginning of March (du- ring the fevered feafon) a party of French paffed lake Gtorge on the ice, without any ammunition or proviiton but what they drew after them upon fledges : they intended to furprize the garrifon, and take the fort by efcalade ; but the vigilance of major Ayres, the then commander, fruflrated their defign; his centries gave intelligence of their approach, and he in- ftantly provided for a proper defence, upon which the enemy retired. • who, which French people alarm* larture, dent to cai'e of i: while againft d (lege 10,000 e ninth iged to unition. iefcnce, them ans, to- fccne of was ne- infants nd their i throats lodies of I out and hocking nmitted, ,we,lhali It of the imander, larch (du- ke G forge what they rprize the gilance of ir defign; md he in- thc enemy who, ( 39 ) m? wlib, contrary to the articles of the capitulation, never ordered them to reftrain the barbarity of the Indians. Part of the garrifon, however, efcaped to fort Edward, in a miferable condition, after be- ing purfued fcven miles by the enemy's favages. General Webb, with near 4000 men, was an in- different fnedator of the operations of the fiege ;— . perhaps he thought his numbers not fufficient to hazard a battle with Montcalm, nor to relieve the place. ' Now we will return to the tranfadions in Eu- rope. The king of Pruffia, hemmed in by his enemies on all fides, knew not which of them to Attack firft : at length, after many marches and ftratagems, he brought the army of the Empire to a battle on the fifth of November, near Rof- bach, and,' after a ihort conflidb, gained a com- plete viftory. The coniequence of this battle was ^ch, that it not only freed him on that quarter, but likewife prevented the French, who had over- run Hanover, from penetrating into Magdeburg; —Being relieved in thefe two very material parts,; by one decifive ftroke, he turned his arms againft the Auftrians; who, in his abfence, had almod wreftcd Silefia out of his hands, and entirely forced* his Troops from their intrenchments, under the command of the prince of Bevernj he totally over- threw their grand army on the fifth of December, near Breflau ; and before the end of the year, re- gained all Silefia, except the town of Schweidnitz, and had more prifoners in his pofefiion than the amount of his whole army. Thefe brave adbions, fo glorious and fo rapid, endeared him to the friendfiiip of the people of England, who had but jnft before given him up as a prey to his numerous * enemies ♦, they now beheld with aftonilhment and ad- miration, his activity and gallantry, in extricating F bimfelf t-f. . If I'lBJ ( 40 ) himielf out of fo many diiHcuIcies ; and every man at that time faid, it was a pity fo brave a monarch ftiould be unfupported, or permitted to be cruflied by a fach a powerful, yet cowardly, confederacy: and fo warm were the whole people in his behalf j and fb eager to fhew all teftimonies of their good wiflies to his caufe, that on the anniverfary of his birthday, (Jan, 24, 1758.) which happened while thefe great exploits were recent in every body's me- mory, that the moft extraordinary, or rather (con- fidcring he was a foreign prince, the moft extra- vagant rejoicings were made throughout the king- dom; ^p\:.). liJi £10 ^i^iMiim But to the battle of Rofbach, it was that he principally owed his good fortune and glory j the fcirits qf his troops, which had been funk into a uate of defpondency, by ifurrounding evih and mi- feries, inl^antly revived after that a6tion i and the hopes and thoughts of liberty* ftimulatcd them to future deeds of valour : and to fpeak impartially, which is our profefled defign, among the other confequences of this battle muft be numbered the Hanoverians refuming their arms ; for had the king of Prqflla. loft it, they would have remained in a - Qateofquletude^ « V* Oh the firft of December the parlian^ent met, when there appeared, what had not been feen for many years, a perfed unanimity throughout the ^hole houib ; which gave infinite pleafiure to every individual without doors, and inftilled a. pleafing Kope and profpe*^ of the affairs of the nation being likely to go on well, when the great were unani- nfious to humble the enemy : indeed the true cafe the pld minifters were' reconciled to the new at leaft boch parties came to a kind of capi- was, ones • I. e. Clearing their country of the enemy, anH relcaing tlxir habitations and families from plunder and maflkcre. lulation. tuh fel, ihoi Kin ■* VMJ> tulation, and while they were unanimous In coun- fcl, it was not very probable that their adherents ihould differ in parliament. Added to all this, the King became better reconciled to Mr. Pitt, (who may be confidercd as fole afting minifter ; for every thing feemed to move by his direftion, and every body to acquiece in his advice and plans; becauie they perfeftly agreed in one very principal point, which was that of an inveterate hatred to the French •, and the whole nation agreed with them alfo : but the difficulty was in the means to exert this paffion, or rather to give it its full force with the ftrengthof the whole nation -, each were wedded to oppofite principles : his Majefty was for a con- tinental warj on account of his native and eJe<5boral dominions •, Mr. Pitt was for a naval war, as the only method of ruining the French trade, and s^- grandizing this nation, and fecuring its dependeh.- cies. It would be neither eafy nor prudpnt to carry this nice point an^r further -, the reader's jpepetra- tion will enable him to conceive what elie is not proper to explain. We will only add, that no favour was ufed by one, nor any low-cunning by the other ; both were defirous of acquiring them- felves with noble adtions, and laudable arguments were made ufe of; they were equally above bafe- nefs, and equally defirous of reducing the enemy. Mr. Pitt neither wanted nor fought clofet favour, in order to undermine his fellow fervants ; and his majefty equally detefted being led by the nofe : he was a warrior himfelf, and fond of refolution and fpirit : he had not been nurtured on the lap of lux- ury, nor accuftomed to dangling among women, but bred to the camp, and to real bufinefs. Hence arofe that noble independency of fpirit, which cruihes the very embryoes of intrigue, and all the little arts of narrow minds : hence it was, that af- ter the miniftry were fettled, the national bunnefs F 2 went V ,t7B7 ( 42 ) went on with fuccefs, and without interruption : no bubbling tales of courtiers, no rai'cals in the enemy's pay, could either divert Mr. Pitt, or im- pede the operations of the war. \ ' At this time the French were over-running the deflorate of Hanover, which, as it is natural to fuppofe, in a very particular manner affefted his majefiy ; and it may as naturally be judged, that 'he wifhed for nothing more than to force them out ^gain. As the battle of Rofbach extricated the king of Pruflia from a gaol, which the confederate powers had formed about him, and at the fame time furnifhed the Hanoverians with an opportu- nity for refuming their arms, and revenging the injuries of the eledlorate on 'its plunderers, will it be thought incredible, that they, as well as their ibvereign, were for beginning this laudable work ? The French had broke the articles of the conven- tion; they had committed hoftilities infeveral places, and in particular in taking by affault, the caille of Schartzfeld, which they plundered, and carried oiF the garrifon prifoners of war -, they refufed to reftorc the prifoners made before the convention was fign- cd, and after it was, they doubled their heavy and enormous exadions on the inhabitants. It will not h^ doubted, but the troops out of their love for their country, burned to revenge thefe ads of ra- pine. But there wanted a commander in chief : the duke of Cumberland had returned to England, where r:>t meeting with a reception due to his abi- lities, well-meaning, and endeavours, he refigned all his military employments, and retired to Wind- for i regretted by all the fenfible part of the nation, who have always found him a fteady and uncorrupt friend to the intereft of England, pofleiTed of the entire affedlion of the troops, and known to have been a brave officer. Another commander was of courie looked out for 5 the king of Pruflia furnifhed one. iption : in the or im- ing the tural to iled his d, that lem out ted the federate le fame pportu- ;ing the , will it as their ; work ? conven- 1 places, caftle of irried off oreftorc /as fign- ;avy and ; will not love for Is of ra- n chief: i^ngland, » his abi- refigned 3 Wind- e nation, icorrupt 1 of the to have T was of urnifhed one. one. ( 43 ) i7S7 It was the intereft of that monarch to bring the Hanoverians again into the field *, for by driving the French out of Hanover, they would thereby cover one part of his dominions •, he therefore fent his bed officer, prince Ferdinand of Brunfwick. This affair was managed fo fecretly, that the French general knew nothing of it •, the firft intelligence he had was, that the Hanoverians were adually a(^ fembled under arms, with prince Ferdinand of Brnnfwick at their head. Some people fay, that the convention of Clofter* fcven was a fine opportunity for breaking the links which bound us to the continental war, and they blame the miniftry for confenting to the Hanove- rians refuming their arms •, but thefe people ihould obferve, that it was not in the miniftry's power to hinder the Hanoverians refuming their arms -, his majefty, as elector of Hanover, was not obliged td aft by confent of his Britifh privy council relative to the affairs of Hanover ; they had ■ no authority over his eleftoral fubjefts ; he is in that capacity without controul, and if he chofe to order his Hanoverian troops to take up arms, it was not in the power of a Britifh miniflry to prevent it. But the fadl is, the people of England themfelves, at that time, were not againftiti they humanely confidered the Hano- verians as fuffcrers on their account.: the French had entered the eledorate, merely becaufe of the war with England, and every one pitied the unhappy calamity which fell in a manner particularly heavy on them, who were innocent fufferers in another's caufe, and who had given no room for oflence. The people of England, with a fpirit of true bene- volence, difpafTionately reflefted on the whole ftate and hardfhip of their unhappy condition, and the caufe which brought upon them the worfl of all miferies, that of their country beingmade the fcene of war, and were as much rejoiced at the Hanove- . rlans i75^ ( 44 ) rians refgming their arms as the Hanoverians could be themfiilves; and the parliament unanimoufly voted 100,000/. for their prefent fupport. The firft operations of the allies, were on the caftleand town of Harburg, near Stade, which they reduced in a (hort time. In January 1 758, they moved into the country of Bremen, and diflodged the French from their poft;^ there. About the middle of February, they were reinforced by a body of Pruflian hode, and then they began to aft with vigour 5 they feized Hoya, »nd Minden. The French finding they could not ftop the progrefs of the allies, wantonly kt fire to the orphan he ufe at Zell, while the children and people were in it, and again plundered the eledtorate in many places ; but prince Ferdinand followed the difpirited and cruel enemies {o clofe, that they abandoned the ele6borate as fait as pofiible, and re- tired to the Rhine. This good fortune of the allies was not only particularly pleafing to the king, but ^as likewife fo to all his fubjefts ; and from the fame caufes which induced them to grow fond of the king of Pruflia, they began to extol prince Ferdi- , nand. This humour (fo difierent from that which appeared lad year) was improved ; for as foon as the marks of it were perceived commodore Holmes was fent with a fmall fquadron to retake the port town of Embden, which he performed without Ipfs.' This little exploit had its defired effedt. The people of England, who are always glad to fee the French diftrefled, were fo far from being difpleafed with their navy ading a part for the afliftance of their German friends, that they rejoiced to fee the honour of the navy beginning to revive, which had hitherto been either inaftive, or unfticcefsfui. The fcheme of taking Embden was no other than the fecuring a port to land Britifh troops at, to reinforce the allied atmy •, for the plan of fending Britifh they arofe '' a Bett . of men of war, and a confidefable number; of land forces, fee fail from England on th^ igih of February. This was timing things in a proper 'manner *, the enemy had yet no force in America equal to what admiral Bofcawen carried, nor any commander of equal capacity and repu<> tatipo* However, as foon as they were acquainted <>£ that brave officer's deftination, they equipped i(Wo fleets at different ports for the relief of Louis- ^urg. One at Toulont, the commander of which was M, de la Clue ; but Mr. Pitt had prepared every thing in order to frudrate thefe defigns ( an English Beet, under the direction of admiral Ofborn, was Rationed at the (Iraits of Gibraltar : the French court equipped a fecond fquadron at Toulon, to flrengthen de la Clue, and enable him to force his way through the flraights ; the command of this ^cond fquadron was given to M.du Quefne. De l^^Xlue had failed before the other was ready, and ^as blocked up by admiral Ofborn in the Spanifli ppf t of Carthagena. Du Quefne came to relieve him, and fell in with the Englifh fleet. The Mon-. mouth of 64 Guns, captain Gardener, engaged the Foudroyant of 80 Guns, commanded by du Quefne in perfon, for a confiderable time, and it * cpjuid with confideiu;e be tru(led. ^e p^ticularijjed (he **ina6livity of one gentleman in North America, from whom * the nation had conceived great expectations ; he complained, 'that this noble commander had exprefTed the mofl con- * temptuous difre^ard for the civil power, from which he de^ *.f rived his authority, by negledling to tranfmic for a confiderable «] length of time any other advice of his proceedings, "but what * appeared on a written fcrap of paper. He obierved, that *''with a force by fea and land, greater.than ever the nation ha4 '.heretofore maintained, with a king and miniftry ardently * deCrous of redeeming her glory, luccouring her allies, and * " promoting her true intereft, a fhameful diilike to fervi^e every * 'where prevailed, and few feemed affefted with any other zeal* Vthan that of afpiring to the Jiigheft jsofts, and grafping the * largell falaries.' , ■ 2S ».*;. ( 47 ) ^75^ is thought would alone have taken her, notwith- {landing the Tuperioricy of the enemy's tbrce \ but - two other £ngli(h fhips coining up, du Quefne ftruck to the Monmouth, the captain of whom was killed, but the (hip was bravely fought by the firft lieutenant, Mr. Carkett. The Orphce another of the enemy's Hiips was likewife raken *, and a third, called the Oriflamme, was drove afhore on the coaft of Spain. The only remaining veflel of this fqua- dron was a frigate, named the Pleiade, which being . an excellent failor, efcaped back to Toulon, and carried the tidings of this difailer. Thus waa this fchemc of relieving Louifbourg fruftrated, for M. de ia Clue, not being able to force his pafTage through the (Iraits, returned to Toulon, where his Ihips were laid up. The ctber fleet, dcfigned to fuccour . North America^ was equipped at Rochfort j it con-t fiAed of iix fhips of war, two frigates, and forty tranfports, having on board three thoufand troops ; but Sir Edward Hawke was fent in April with a fleet to prevent their failing. As foon as the enemy faw him approach, they ran their fliips afliore, and threw their guns, (lores, lading, and even ballad overboard, in order to lighten them and run them farther out of his reach. Thus the defign and tlie equipment were totally defeated ; and it has been faid, that the guns, (lores, and lading, were en- tirely loft. A number of fmall craft were employed to drag the fliips through the mud, by which they were preferved *, but they did not attempt to ven- ter out to fea again. In the mean time admiral Bofcawen arrived in America, where the plans of three different operations were to be executed for the fpeedy redudlion of the enemy. The condudl of lord Loudon, who was laft year commander iii chief in America, had not given that fatisfadion which was expefted frora him \ it had been con- fidered as inad:ive, therefore he was called home, G- and ' 1758 ( 48 ) tnd the command devolved on major general Abcr- crombie, who afterwards purfued, or nearly pur- fjed, his lordfhip's plans. The Hrd, and indeed principal plan ot thefe operations, was an expe- dition againfl Louifbourg, the fleet under the di-» redion of admiral Bofcawen, who was arrived at Halifax, together with the troops, in number about 1200O, commanded by major general Amherft, aHiiled by brigadier general Wolfe. On the 28th of May this armament departed from Halifax, and on the 2d of June the fleet appeared off Louif* bourg, but fuch a prodigious furf fwelled all along the fhore, that they were fix days off the coaft be- fore a landing was found practicable. The gover- nour of Louifbourg in the interim exerted all his Jkill to prevent their landing •, he eflablifhed a chain of pofls that extended two leagues and a half along the mofl acceffible pares of the beach, and he threw up intrench ments and eredted batteries i the harbour was defended by five fhips of the line, and five frigates, three of which he ordered to be funk at the mouth, to prevent the Englifh fleet getting in ; but all thefe precautions and endeavours were not fufficient to check the ardour and refolu- tion of the Englifh ofHcers, who, as foon as the furf was fomewhat abated, lofl not a moment's time in landing. Brigadier-general Wolfe, to his immortal honour, with an intrepidity unparallelled, gainH this material point, in fpite of the enemy's utmofl efforts. The refl of the troops followed him. The enemy fled, and the town of Louif- bourg w. 3 invefled. But the fiege could not be profecuted with fafety until the enemy's fhips in the harbour were taken, as th-y could bring their guns _ to bear upon the i nglifh camp : therefore general Wolfe immediately lecured a place called the I^ight-houre Battery, and another more material, called the Ifland- Battery j when by the bombs, one of , ( 49 ) ' ^7 5^ of the enemy's great (hips was fct on 6re, which communicated to two others, and all three were confumcd. Only two now remained, which the admiral undertook to lecure, in order to gain podelTion of the harbour ^ he manned the boats of the fquadron, and in two divifions, under the com- mand of two young Captains, Latorey and Balfour^ h(. fent ihem into the harbour in a dark night. Thefe gallant heroes boarded the enemy's ibips fword in hand, and one, being a-ground, they fet her or fire, and towed the other out in triumph. The governor of the town having now no ref jurce, nor the Englifh any impediment to hinder their operations, he next day ^July 26) furrendered the whole idand of Cape Breton. The garrifon were made prifoners, amounting in the whole, including fuch of tht iuhabitants as bore arms, the irregulars, feamen, &c. to 5637. It is well worthy obferva- tion in this place, that now we behold the real num* ber of thsLt formidaifle garrifon, which the year be- fore, when other commanders were on that ilation, it was not deemed prudent to attack^. When this conqueft was atchieved, admiral Bofcawen derached lord RoUo to take poffellion of the iQand of St. John's, which inltantly fubmitted to the Britifh government. When the news of thefe glorious and incflimable conquells arrived in Plng- land, a general joy diffuled itfelf throughout the whole kingdom : the wifdom of the miniiler, and the courage of the commanders, every Englirtiman was proud to extol ; and addreffcs of congratula- tion from all parts were prefented to the throne-f . G 2 The • Sre page ^7. t The pofleflion of Cape Breton was a valuable acquifit'on to Great Britain. It not only diftrefled the French in their fifhery and navigation, but removed all fears of encroachment and rivalfhip from the Englilh fifhers on the banks of Newfoundland. When the plan of this conquelt ^ as originally laid down during ihc 1758 ( 50 ) The other plans of optration in Amertca were : brigadier general Forbes was to go with about 8600 men to attack Fort Du Qiielhe near the Ohio, and feize the lands which the French had ufurped ; and general Abercrombie, the commander in chief, with abouf 16000 men, was to reduce Crown Point, in order tx. open a road to the frontiers of Canada. The latter of thefe plans did not fucceed. The v an- guard of the army, in its rout to Ticonderoga, a pliace whicn the general intended firft to- reduce be- fore ht attempted Crown Point, fell in with a party of th^ enemy's Indians, upon which a flcirmifh df bufli- fighting enfued, in which the gallant and ad- itiiredlord Howe was flain. ^Totwichftanding this little difafler the army marched up to Ticonderoga rjuly 9) before which they found the enemy had felled a great number of trees, and placed other hings, to prevent the Britiih troops approaching in regular order; the enemy had likewife thrown up intrenchmeiitSr and raifed a hreaft-work eight feet high : however, the troops advanced in the beft manner poffible, and with an undaunted refolution mounted the works fword in hand, unfupported by their artillery (which was not brought up) or any thing that could give them the leaft hopes of fuccefs, except what they could derive by their own perfonal prowefs. In this naked man- ner they for four hours maintained a moft bloody and unequal conflift. The enemy's fire was ter- rible, as it was both from mufquetry and cannon, and difcharged in fuch vollies, the weiglit of which the preceding war, it was demonftrated, that it would pr/«. the Englifh in tdc pofleffion of the fifhery of North America, which would annually return to Great Britain two millions ilerling for ihe manufactures yearly fhipped to the plantations ; employ many thoufand families thai, were otherwiie unferviceable to the public ; inaeafe tie (hipping and marines j and greatly ex- tend navigation. IC ( 5« ) 175* It was impoiible to fudain. The enemy being (e- tartly covered by th^ir works, which had been vainly attempted to be ftormed, and there beiing no profpe^ of any thing but an increafc of flaughtcr, the general ordieFed the troops to be drawn oflf, and to retreat^ after » loi^ c^ about 2000 men i which was accord-» ingly done without any mdeftafiion from th^ enemy. More fortunate, however, was an enter- prhzfi which general Abercromixe detached lieu-* tenitnt'Colonel Bradltreet to underrake. This of* ' ficer, with 300a men, was ordered to attack Fore Froiiteniac, fituated on the river St. Lawrence, which, when he approached, furrendered at dii^ . creftion (Aug. 27) notwithftandifjg there were in ic 60 pieces 01 cannon and 16 mortars : he likewife took all the enemies armed veHels on Lake On- tario. Brigadier Forbes in the mean time marched towards Fort Du Quefne ; but when his van-guard^ under the command of major Grant, who> de- iigned to cake the place by furprize, had approached within a few miles of the fort, he was furrounded hyi a gr/^atly fuperior party of the enemy's troops and Indians ; on which an obdinate and cruel en- gagement began, which the Englilh with their ufual courage maintained near three hours, when being almoft all cut to pieces, and major Grant, with 19 other officers, and a body of troops, made prifoners, they retreated and joined the main army. Notwithftanding the iofs of this ikirmifh^ brigadier Forbes advanced v but the enemy re-' fle<5ting that their works could not withftand re-] gular approaches, prudently abandoned the fort ir\ time, and retired to their fetdements on the Mif-* fifippi. Next day (Nov. 25) the Englilh troops, without oppofition, took poffeffion of the fort y ^ the contention for which, with the lands contiguous to it, had kindled up the flames of war. Tho troops and officers emulated by their fuccefs, and glorying 1758 ( sO glorying in the minifter who direded their opera- tions in lb wife and effedlual a manner, inftantly changed the name of the fort, and, with a pro- priety and compliment which need not be pointed out, gave it the name of Pittsburg. Thus ended the firlt campaign in America under the auf- picesof Mr. Pitt*. As it ever had been, and ftill was, Mr, Pitt's great aim, to exert, in its full force, th^ naval ftrength of the kingdom, the whole was put into employ : no fquadrons, fliips, or commanders, were fuEfered to let the enemy red in any part of the world i and notwithftanding fo many fliips were at this t'ime abroad making conquefls, protedling the Britifh dominions, fcouring the feas, and convoying. • « Whilft the French arms fufiered fuch di%races abroad, they endeavoured, by an alteration of their councils at home, to r ^ore their credit. Their minif^ers had long been the fport of female caprice ; it was thrir power of pleafing a imftrefs, who governed their king, that alone qualified them to ferve their country. Some of ihe moft able men were tunied out of their employments with difgrace ; others re« tired from the public fervice with indienation ; a certain low character had for a long time appe'iied in all the proceedings of France, both within and without. Even in their domeftic difputes, and where fomething of a free and manly fpirit ap- peared, this fpirit evaporated and fpcnt itfelf upon unworthy and defpicable obje£ls. Thefe contefls, which involved the church, the law, and the crown, weakened them all ; and the (late felt all the ill effeds of a Jif^nion of its orders, without feeing an augmentation of power thrown into the fcale of any. But now taught by their misfortunes and dii^ f races, they were obliged to make an alteration in their con- u£t; tlicy were obliged to call men to the public fervice upon public principles ; at a time indeed when, in many relpeds, things could be only altered, not mended ; and wife and able minifters could do little more by their penetration and ' public fpirit, than to fee and lament the rum caufed by the want of thofe virtues in their predecefTors. The duke de Belleifle, known to all Europe tor his great abilities and his great exploits, was at length placed at the head of the mili- tary department as fecretary at war.* our ( 53 ) 175^ our trade ; yet he had enough at home to renew the projcdt of harafllng the coalt of France, and there- by employing her troops at home, to prevent their being fent to Germany, or to the affiftancc of her colonies^ He was not dillieartened by the unfuc- cefsful expedition againfl Rochfort ; he faw there was a pradticability of diftreiTing the French by a littoral v.'ar ; and foon after admiral Bofcawen was failed for America, he began to fet on foot the fcheme for annoying the coaft of France. At this time there were fome in the adminillration, who from the ill fuccefs of the Rochfort expedition, or an implicit adherence to former plans, were for making their pufh in Europe againft the French on the tide of Germany : it was their opinion, that the allied army ought to be reinforced, that Prince Fer- 4inan4 might be enabled to purfue the French, and gain fome contiderable advantage over them, while they were in a dillretied condition ; and as the French were nearly upon their own frontiers, fuch a blow, if he had a reinforcement of Britifh troops, might enable him to carry the war into France ir- lelf, and thereby bring matters to a conclufion : they added, that by tnis plan a divertion on the coafl of France was not excluded, but would be at- tended with confequences infinitely more important, than if that diverfion was attempted alone without any co-operation ; and they affirmed, that his du- plicate plan of engaging the attention of the Brench miniftry, was the moft effeftual way to embarrafs and confound their diflra<5ted counfels. However plaufible and advantageous this proje6i: may appear, Mr. Pitt did not at firft acquiefce in it. He was ftill attached to Britifh meafures only. He direfted two fquadrons to be equipped, which was done by the latter end of May. The command of the greater was given to the late lord Anfon, and that of the lefler to commodore Howe : their deflina- tions 175^ ( 54 ) tions were kept an entire fccrct, which filled Franc? with terror and alarm *. A confiderable body of troops, • I'hc French miniftry had fome time before been deprived c' the affillancc of one of their fpies in Endand, who being dklcovered, vas committed to Netvgate on the 9th of March. This wfiB Florence Heniey, a native of Ireland, who was edu- cated io the univerfity of Leyden, where he Hudied phyfic» and obtained a diploma. He afterwards travelled through Swittzcrland, from thence to Italy, from Genoa by fea to Lif- bon, an4 traverfed Spain in his way to France, r/here he lived fpcne time : he had acquired in the courfe of his travels a com* petent knowledge of the Italian, Portuguefe, Spanifh, and French languages. During his travels he fupported himfelf in quality of a phy- fician, and came over to England in order to fettle in that chara<^er ; but his fuccefs was not equal to his hopes, as he had but few patients of confequence; and yet it fo happened, that his prelcriptions, few as they were, were infirumental !■ his deteftion. Having continued a correipondence, flnce his leaving Leyden, with f fellow ftudent who redded at Paris, and had lately got into the fecretary of Hate's office for foreigu affairs; Henfey iVrote to him, that he ihould be glad of an opportunity of doing him any fervice, and executing any commilTions he might have in London ; to which his correipondent anfwered, ' that * he was infinitely obliged to him for the fervice he offered, * and that, if he undeiftood him rightly, their correipondence * might be rendered more advantageous to both, by changing * their topics from literary to political.' The doftor ia a fe- cond letter commended his friends difcernment, adding, < |hat * if he could qbtain for him a fuitable recompence, he would « endeavour to make his intelligence of the utmoft importance.* By the next poft, he received an anfwer containing inftruftions and directions, and an appointment of 500 livres (about 25 1. llerling) a quarter. His inftrudions were, to fend lifts of all his majefty's fhips, in and out of commiffion ; number of men; when they failed ; the commanders names ; from what port, and their deftination ; the ftate of our land forces, where quar- tered or garrifoned; the- eailieft account of enterprizes againft France ; plans of fortified places in Englam , America, &c. which intelligence was to be dircdted to fome perfons at Co- logne, the Hague, and Bern, who were to forward his letters from thoie places to Paris. . V . The ' ( 55 ) 1758 troops, under the command of the duke of Marl- borough, was embarkcu on board commodore Howe's The dodlor> however, was not much fatlsfied with his Iti- {)end ; yet he accepted of it, in hopes by his merit to obtain a arger falary. With this view he endeavoured to infinuate him-r felf into the favour of fonie of the clerks of the public offices, in order to obtain an early acquaintance of the Bntilh naval and- military affairs ; but this not anfwering his end, he pafTcd his time chiefly infuch coffee -houfes, as were moillikely to furnifh Intelligence of the kind he wanted ; and under the fant^on of his character as » phyfician remained unfufpefied. The plan for carrying on this correfpondence was the fol- lowing : the doflor wrote a common letter with ink, and be* tween each line the fecrets of Endand in lemon juice. This was inclofed under three or four different coders, directed to the diflerent perfbns in the fecret, who conveyed them from one hand to another, till the firft inclofed came to the principal for whom it was defigned. He continued his correfi>ondence from the beginning of 17^6, without any material interruption. At length his employers complained of the infignificancy of his Intel* iigence, threatened to difcontinue his appointment, and to dedud a guinea for every letter that did not contain fume ad- vice of importance. This letter, which was tranfmitted from Paris to the Hague, contained nothing (eemingly but a few wide lines on trifling complimentary fubjedts. I'he doctor's aufwcr to this was fent by Holland to Paris, and contained a reprei'ea- tation of the fmallnefs of his income ; and, as an argument i i his favour, he faid he belonged to a club in the Strand (from which he could gain great intelligence) at which they always drank French wine at dinner. Thefe wide wrbce letters had their defired effed, by pafling unnoticed for fame time at the poft-office. The difcovery was owing to his brother, a jefait, who was chaplain and under- fecretary to the Spanifh am bat- fador at the Hague, from whom our refident at that court gained a knowledge of fome fecrets relating to England, even before hie had received any account thereof from his own court ; for all letters of importance Keufey diredled to his brother (ot the greyer fafety and difpatch. I'his put him upon an enquiry, and he foon learned that the fecretary had a brotlier, a physi- cian in London, from whom poifibly he might get his iutelli- gence : fufpicion being thus laifed, the doctor was watched, and twenty-nine of his letters (topped. 1758 ( 56 ) Howe's fquadron ; and on the id of June the two fleets put to fea. The commodore, with the troops, bore From thefe letters it appeared, that he gave the French the firft account of admiral Bofcawen failing to North America, and of the taking the Alcide and Lys, with every minute cir- cumftance relating to it ; and from that time, of the failing of every fleet, and its deftination ; and was fo minute as to give an account even of the launching of a man of war ; he alfo gave an account of all difficulties relating to raiflng money. In one of thefe letters, dated July 29, 1757, it >yas confidently afTerted, that a refolution was taken to attack Rochfort; though at that time neither admiral Hawke nor general Mor> daunt were acquainted with any fuch refolution. In another letter, dated froi|i Twickenham, the doAor, after giving an exafl account of tbe fl^^te of our affairs, the condition of our fleet and army, their difpofition, how many fhips guarded, and how many troops lined the coaft of England, concludes with averting, * that the only means of preventing the fuccefs of ' the expedition to Rochfort, would be to make a powerful ' diverfton upon the coaft of England ; that by thus attacking ' us in our very vitals, we might be engaged at home, and io < prevented from fending a number of troops abroad fufficient * to give them any real annoyance.' And in another of his letters he particularly advifed a defcent of the French upon our coaft, as tne moft certain method of di&ieffing the government by a^£ling public credit, and mentioned the time when, and the place where it would be moft proper. But his principal or beft intelligence feems to have been that of admiral Holbourne's deftination to America, a few days after the admiral's inftruftions were figned, in which he was fo very minute, as to mention the number of fhips and troops on board, with the day of their departure, &c. In confideration of this piece of intelligence, and the com- plaints v/hich he had made of the fmallnei's of his falary, it was agreed, that he fhould have 25 guineas per month, on condi- tion of fending intelligence every poft, or to forfeit a guinea for every omiffion. But he only received one payment before he was taken ; nor is it probable he would have received any more ; for complaints were again made, that his intelligence was infignificant, and contained nothing but extracts from the news-papers. When the difcovery of the firft letter w^s made, all the reft were ftopped at the poft-office ; and Dr. Henfey was foon de- te(^ed, though he was directed to under a fictitious name^ and hif (57) 175^ bore for Cancalle Bay, near St. Malo, where they were landed on the 5th, at a fmall diftance from the city, without oppofition-, while Lord Anfon H 2 flretched his letters appointed to be left at a coffee-houfe. He was way- laid on a Sunday comine from the Spaniih mivifter's chapel in Soho-fquare* by two of nis majefty's mefTcngers, who followed him to differtnt places, then feized him in St Martin's-Iane, and conduced him to one of their houfes in Germyn-flreet. His lodgings in Arundel -ilreet were fearched* where feveral letters were found; from which, together with thofe inter- cepttid at the poft-office, the above account is compiled. His correfpondents figned themfelves La Roche and P. de France. On the 9th of March, 1758, he was committed to New- gate ; and the 1 2th of June was conduced from Newgate to Tie Court of King's-Bench in order to be tried ; when he pleaded not guilty ^ and excepted to eleven of the jury before tiiey came to be fworn. Upon thie trial the identity of his hand- writing was the principal point to be proved, which was done by creditable witnefTes ; namely, Mr. M— d— z, on whom he had feveral bills of exchange ; Dr. W ^m, ofWeftmin- fier ; and feveral apothecaries, who had received prcfcriptions from him for patienis under his care, which they had kept on their tiles. After a trial of ien hours, the jury brought hinv in guilty of high treafon : upon which he was alkcd by the judge (Lord Chief Juilice Mansfield, the Judges Dennifon, f oriler and Wilhiot were upon the Bench) whether he chofe any particular time for receiving fentence ; he deilred the Wed- nelday following. Accordingly, on the 14th of June, he was brought to the bar, and there received fentence, * To be * drawn on a fledge to Tyburn, and there to be hung up by ' the neck, but cut down before dead, have his bowels taken * Ou^ aad iiis heart thrown in his face, and his body quar- * tereu.' He held his handkerchief up to his face while liis fen- tenre was read ; and being aflced if he had any thing to offer in his behalf, he defired a fortnight to prepare for his end, which the court granted, and allowed him till the 12th of July; but early that morning a reprieve was brought to Newgate, to refpite him for a f' ight longer. After which he was feveral times ref- pited from time to time, and at length pardoned, en condition of going into perpetual exile. It has been fondly, or rather foolifiily, thought, that he earned his forgivenefs by fome important difcovery ; but this was not the cale, for it is certain that he owed it to foreign in- terpofition. . \ ' .175.8 •' (5S) ftrctched along- the coaft, to prevent any of the Jhips coming out of Breft, or other ports, to anno-/ the tranlports. St. Mab being found to be ftrongly fituatcd on a peninfula, it was not judged prudent to attack it •, therefore the troops deftroyed about one hund ed fail of (hipping, many of them pri- vateers, v/Kvih. lay under the cannon of the place, flnd fct tire to feveral magazines filled with naval ftorcs. The damage was confiderable^ yet the town never fired. The troops having nothing furr ther to do were re-embarked oiv the i2th j and it was intended to make a defcent near Cherbourg j but it blowing a hard gale, and provifions being^ fliort, it was found ncccflary to return home. .'."w At this time the efforts for fupporting the Gerr man war were brought to their nice criterion. Either England mull fupport Pruflia and defend Hanover, or both muft fall •, for the confederacy was ib powerful againft them, that without the afr fiftance of England they could not be able tq ftand againft their numerous enemies ; and Mr. Pitt now faw, that he muft either ( with the reft of the king's fervants, who were attached to Germany) .°nter into the trammels of Germanic meafures, or quit the heim of the adminiftration. Here was a ftrong conflid between the duty which he owed to his fo- vereign, and the principles which he had plighted to the people. It will be hard to diftinguifh., in a government like ours, whether it is greater pa- triotifm in a minifter to be continually oppofing an aged monarch, in fome alien, but favourite mea- fuj;cs •, or to acquiefce in them, and .thereby pro- cure harmony and unanimity among all his fer- varics and fabjircfts. In a dejpotic government, it i«' true, a rriinifter is obliged to purfuc, and endea- vour to accomplifh, whatever are his fovereign's political views i but in a royal republic flike . ' ■ ^ •■ ■„ • Grcf-L of the > annoy trongly ?rudent 1 about em pri- ; placc- h navai j'et the ing fufr and it bourg J i being[ ic. •< ns.j he Gerr iterion. defend ederacy : the air to ftand Pitt now e king's °nter or quit a ftrong > his fo- >lighted (hi in a ter pa- ofing an te mea- by pro- his fer- ncnt, ic i cndea- ereign's ic fjike Grt'i; i ( 59 ) f 75» Great Britain) a minifter may oppofe whatever he thinks is unconflitutional or prejudicial to the na- tional intereft. Mr. Pitt had long oppofed Ger- man meafures ; he had oppofed till he faw oppofition was vain •, and that whoever was fm

VPitt, Efquire, another of his principal fecretaries * of ftate J and in the name and on the part of hi? ' Pruffian majefty, the Sieurs Dodo Henry bafon * of Knyphaufen, his privy counfellor of enibafly ' anH minifter plenipotentiary at the cour:t of hi^ * Britannic majefty, and Lewis Michel 1, his charge r d'affaires at the faid court*, who; after having * communicated to each other their refpeftive fujl * powers, have agreed upon the following articles. .. 1 . . * I. His («4) .»i * \, His majefty the king of Grcat-Briuin en- * gage.^ tQ.caufe to be paid, in the city of JLohdon. * tp the perfon or perfpns who fl^all be authorizcq * ^r that piirpofe by his majelty the king of Priif- •fia, the fgm of foi^r milJions of German crowns, * antiounting to fix hundred and feventy thoufand * pounds iierling ; whicti entire fum fhall be paiq * at once, immediately after the exchange pf the * i:atification§^ upon the requifition.of his Pruffiaq * majcfty, _; , ' \ * 11. His ipajefty ^he kino; of Piruflia engagcSj^ * pnljispatl^ to employ the (aid fum in keeping up * ^ni augmenting his forces, which fliall ad in the *,q[)(;ift advantageous manner for the common raufc, . f'^nd for the end propofed by their aforefaid ma- ? jcfties, of reciprocal defence and mutual iecurity. ^, III. The high cpntrading parties moreover * engage, viz. On the bnejpart, his Britannic liia- * jeffy, bpth a? king and as el^dor -, and, on the * other, p^rt, his Pruffian majefty ; not to conclude * j^ny treaty of peace, truce, or neutrality, or any ^ other convention or agreement whatfoever, with * the powers who have taken part in the preferit war, * but in concert, and by mutual confent, and cx- * prefly comprehending each other therein. ,5. ' IV. This convention (hall be ratified; and * the ratification thereof fhall be exchanged on both ,• lides, within the term of fix weeks, to be reckon- * pd fron^ the date of the figning this convention, * or Iboner, ifpoflible. * In witnefs whereof, we th^ underwritten mini- * fters of his Majefty the king of Great-Britain, •) and of his Majjtfty the king of Pruflla, by virtue * of our full powers, have figned this prefent con- * vention, and have fet the fe^ls of our arms there- ■■• to.'_ ■ ' ^' ■ - ■ This convention was renewed annually much in the fame tenor of exprcfiion, and exadlly with re- fped ' n en- Priif- ipcft to the terms. The houfc of parliament ap- t)roved of this convention when it was laid before hem, arid on the 20th of April granted the money*. I 2 The ""^ The fom IHpuIated by this convention to be paid by Gt'tsat-Brit^in, has been branded with the appellation of a tri- bute ^ in the payment of luhich the honour and inter eji of the nation nvere fcandakufly frajiituted. * This is a licentioufnefs of ^ di£tioh, which at once arraigns the king, lords and com- ' mohs, bf proftituting their power and authority, and of * combining in a meaAire to didionour and ruin the nation. Let us examine this allegation. — A tribute ! — This is a token of bondage. Did the Britiih parliament, when they erahted an annual fupply of money to the king of Pruflia, giAe any reafon to fufpe£t, that therewith they furrendered to him * their liberty, . lives and fortunes ? or did they aft, as if they '^ made that obligation through fear of what might be dreaded ' from the progrefs of his arms ; or through that magnjtnimous ^ principle of Tiiccoaring the diflrefled ; of maintaining a ba- * lance of power, for which England has always been ap- * plauded; and of favouring our national intereft ? • Did not * the king of Pruflia, in confideration of that annual pay- < ment, ftipulatie and agree to enter into no fecret or fepftrate ^ treaty of peace detrimental to the intereft, and without the ' confeUt of Great^Britain ? and to keep the fword drawn * asainft our enemies, till his Britannic majeily fhould give *. hiiQ.leaye to IJieath it by an honourable peace ; — In all wmch * there does not appear any thing like flavery or tribute on * the part of Britam:— How futh a treaty with the kinjj of ' Pruflia can be branded with the fcdndalous prollitution ot \\\e * honour and int^teft df thd nation is as unjuft, as it is incon- * ceivable. Was it beneath thedignity of theking of Great Bri * tain to enter into iin alliance with a proteftant king, of the firft * rank, for his valour, and for his flrehgth and interelt in Europe ? ' Was it icandalous to fecUre fuch an all;^ by a pecuniary fettle- ^ ment, when the union of the houfes of Auftna and Bourbon, * aflifted by Ruflia, Sweden, and other powers, threatened * immediate dcftruftion to our trade and intereft on the con- ' tineut of Europe : which would naturally have foUo.ved the * conquering fword of our French rivals in every branch of < manufa£ture and commerce ; or was it fcandalous to facilitate * our operations by fea in America, and in other diltaiit re- * gions, by a well-timed application of fuch a fubfidy ; which < kept France in i'uch a ftate of uncertainty, dependance and * expence, that difabled her from a vigorous purfuit of hef * natural and national int^reft, and crowned our expeditions ^ • * ctery i «75« . . fSi ) ,'" .tie?;!'- 'f •»»> .-» , -. - '•• ra • ■ ^' The German connexions being fully entered into, they granted this feflion other monies relative to the fupportoFthe German caufe, which augmented thd fum granted for the aid of our friends on the con- tinent to 1,861,8971. and the fupplies, in the whole, amounted to 10,486,457 1. It will be allows ed, that this was carrying on war at an immenie expence; but at the fame time it muft be confeiTed, that there was no other way of fruftrating the French deOgns.^ It was like wife putting France to an im-» menfe expence in granting fubfidies to Auftria, RuiHa, Sweden, and feveral princes of the empire i which fhe was obliged to do by virtue of the treaty of confederacy, in order to accomplifh her views : therefore the cafe was nothing more than oppofing one great expence to another. It remained to be ieen who was befl: able to bear it : the confequence all the world knows ; France became a bankrupt; Mr. Pitt ^ was fenfible, that oppofing France on the continent was putting her to a greater expence than England f » ^nd he had in view the making her ■,j..^A^- every where with fuccefs ? This fubfidy has nothing new in its conftitution. It was of no other kind, than what no^ only Britain, but other nations, particularly France, has always made ufe of, to fecure an interell to herfelf, and to deprive her adverfaries of further means of Arength. Of this kind have been feveral northern princes, who were al- ways looked upon as tributaries, or fubfervient, to the na- tion which paid them for their friendfni^ and aid, and not as holding their pay-maflers in a flate of tributary fubje£fcion.' t * The Auilrians, Ruifians, Swedes, &c. have coft France more by fubfidies, than their common caufe has received be- nefit. A moderate fubfidy to the king of PrufBa has coft France: many millions to keep thoie powers m an unnatural combina^^ tion. Whilft Britain, at a great expence of money, and of many valuable Uves, has oppofed the French in Germany, and urged them to keep up a prodigious force in a country that ever has bern, and ever will be, their ruin, at an expence fuperior to ours : whilft it has hindered them from protecting their co* ^niss; and left us entirely at liberty to carry on the War * wiicrt her abankrOcrf, When he conferftedfb ikt aWianee with Pruffia, by obliging her^ fmce Ihe had entch^d Germany, to exhauft her troops and treafures there ; tn^hile the Britifti navy cut off all or moft of her refources from America, and entirely mined h^i trade ; and at the fame time increafed the riches and revenues of his own country by ne^ and valuabM flcauifitions, the better to enable her to fdpport thi^ additional expence. He was fenfible he tould ef^ feft thefe ends, becaufe the French councils werfe divided and diftrafted 5 for fuch of the French of th6 Minifters, who were forpurfuing the true inte^ refts of their country, and perhaps did not pay fep* vile court to a capricious woman, were oppofed, and their defigns frequently fruftrated by a number of creatures, who, without any regard to honour or integrity, engaged implicitly to obey the diredions of a cunning female favourite, and gf'atify all he^ nlifchicvous paffions. Mr. Pitt profited by th^ft divifions i he perceived the Fi'cnch miniftry were unable to beftow a proper attention to both elements*, therefore he aimea at confounding them ftill more by reiterated blows on all iides -, and while their attention was employed in Germany, to ruin their ^A..- * where'it was mod to our advantage, can it be doubted in the * leaft, whether it was or was not our intereil to bring as tiVL- * merous a French armv from home, and as far from h6me ' as poflible, to a couni ^ that could net poflibly fupply them * wiui forage and provifion ? but whf.re they muft eithef pur- * chafe it at as dear a rate as ourfelves, or bring it at a ftill * greater expence along with them ; and where a Frenchmani < or a French horfej would require as much fuftehance as an < EngUfh one ; and confequently, if the French had i io/ooc) * men, and the allies but ^ 70,000, the balance was fo * much in our favour. L^-^,. ^onfidering all thefe circflm- ' ftr\nces,- it is evident that tae expence of fupporting thil * war has been greater to France than to* Britain.'* • It is a proof to thofe, who recollefl the number of tom^ manders the French have had- in Germany, how vv^ell the^ minded but «Af element. their navy } and to continue to employ their atten' tion there till a peace^ .to preyent their Biping able, or having opportunity to repair it|j. The people with pleafure acquiefced in thefe fehtiipent^ and meafures, becaufe tticy Kne>y they were hpal- ingj and they faw that by them^ and theni Only, harmony v/as made permanent in his late majedy's counfels ; a circum^lancej whicti at all iimes is of the utmofl importance to a ftate, and iii a, time of war an invaluable bleffing; ^hey dja not therefore brand Mr; Pitt as ah appffate^ for doing what no man in the fame fituation could avoid. ..*-... ,_ , , , ^ Such were the motives and fentin;ients of IJIr. Pitt and his coadjutors. for entering into the Ger- man war. It would be impertinent, if the author added any remarks bf his own^ or intruded in'pp- podtion the opinions of otlier men, moft of Whcni particularly the I'ories, acquiefced in the meaiure in that time, and have oppofed it lince me "Ciy for the fake of oppofing Mr. Pitt : .the redder ^is to Judge for himfelf ; the writer's intention here Lcing only to fpeak of things as he found them. When thefe feritiments and this fchetxie were a- dopted, the duke of Marlboroijgb was lent to Ger- many with a confiderable number of Britiih troops y they were landed at Embden, and marched fron^ thence to join the allied army. • The expeditions to the coaft of Franecj how-* ever, were not laid afide -, the time was now come; R It is worthy obfervation, thaC the navy cf Loiiis XtV. which was rmied by the engagement ofF La Ho'gue, would fooh luve been repaired, had not king William cut out Work enough for the French on the continent, and thereby fc em- baraifed the French miniflry, that they could not attend to all thft neceilary articles of both fea and land fervi':e. In queui !Anne*5 time likewife, when the French fleet was baffled in tht Mediterranean, they made no more figure at fea, becaufe the j^lics found them fo much employment on the continent. jvheii we Vere t6 fitaii&tc on the French thofe ter^^ rbrs in'tcality, which they had long raifed in us by meh^ces of an invadon. G^^neral Bligh had the ^hihiandof the troops, which were to go on the fecohd expedition ; and His royal highnefs prince E in the cfranfports of rage an4 jdefpair, great number;^ of chepi jumped into the fea, and were drowned, finiong whom was gehera( Dury himfclf i the reft were made prifoners, ex- cept Ibme few who were carried off in bOats^ an4 put on board thw ihips^. The lofs of the ^gliih m this affair exceeded 1300 men. The fleet pow returned to England, where the people became dtfpirited by the news of the mifcarriage, while thofe of France were extravagantly elated 5 and the two generals were condemned and extolled |n prOf portion. -^ ' -^ ^-i: <^ ! Prince Fer^ii»aad having purfued the French to the Rhine, pafled tha.t riy^Fi after th^m. He took his meafures fo weU, that on the-'ftjd of June he found means to attack their left winjf^^t Crevelt, which he totally routed j and it is fuppofed^ that the French loft in this affair between 4^djooQ men J. Duficldorp was taken in confequencc s while the . * But a much greater number might have been faved, ha4, the failprs emptied their boats into the firft fhip thiy came to, and inftantly returned to theljeach for more ; which, inftead of doing, they flridly obferved a pun£lilio in carrying the ttQop(( to the particular tranfport they came out of, without confider' ing the diflance of her fituation. t Among the French officers whp were flain in this a£tion, one deferves particular notice. He was the young count de Gifori;, '( 70 1753 the French army were coUefted, and took refuge iinder Ccfjogne. Prince Ferdinand then intended to carry th6 war into the enemy's country ; but his defigns were fruilrated. The French had affembled another army (agreeable to the flipulations of the confederate treaty) which was commanded by the Prince de Soubize. Prince Ferdinand, in oppo- fition to that general, polled the Prince of Ylen- bourg with the Heflian troops ; but the duke de Broglio, who was detached by Soubize, defeated thofe troops on the 23d of July at Sanderlhaufen, ahd thereby gained poflefiion of the river Wefer, "With the advantage of being able to a6t in Weft- phaiia on which fide he pleafed-, and likewife having it in his power to intercept the Britilh troops, under the command of the duke of Marlborough, who nirere on their tti^ch from Embden to join the allied •army. Prince Ferdinand by this unfortunate ftroke was greatly embarrailed. The face of fortune was fuddenly rcverfed. The fafety of Hanover feemed to depend on the feafonable reinforcement of troops from Britain ; for the French army being on their own frontiers, had in a Ihort time been confiderably reinforced. He wiis neteflitated t6 either bring them to another adion, or retreat over the Rhine. The firft was difficult, becaiife the French would hot fight ; the latter was alfo difficult, on account of the many late heavy and uncommon rains, which had fwelled the river to a prodigious height. While the allies were in this condition, one of the French generals, named de Chevert, projected a fcheme pifors, only Ton of the duke de Belleifle, the I^ft hone of m noble family, andUitely married to the heirefs of r.n illuiuiou* houfe. He pofleffbd many extraordinary accom] liftiments us well as uncommon genius. He was mortally wot nded at the |iead of his regiment, as he was bringing it up v; itli the moft heroic courage, to the inexpreflible gnef ohhis aged father, and the univerfal regret of his country. K for 975^ ( 70 for the retaking of Duffcldorp ; but the waters ha- ving fruftrated his views, he built another project upon the ruins of the firfl. The allies had a poft ? Meer on the IRhi i; , h ' ^ by baron ImhoiT, as well to fecure a maga ne a- r1 abridge at Rces, as to preferve afree coni*ni.i :au( ^n between thcBritifli and allied troops. Chevert's ^i*n was to diflodge Imhoff, burn the bridge, take the magazine, and cut off the communication. He had 12,000 men and 1 1 pieces of cannon. ImhofF had not 30CO and cut off from all expeftations of afliftance men, from prince Ferdinand-, but he had advice of Chevert -s approach •, upon which he quitted his poft, and while the enemy were marching through difficult ground, he furprized them in flank and front, and after a (hort, but fpirited attack, put them to flight, and took their cannon and baggage. This happened on the 5th of Auguft. Afterwards he marched towards the Englifh troops, and hap- pily effefbed a jundion. Imhoff's bravery furnifhed prince Ferdinand with an opportunity for repafling the Rhine, which he effedted without any obftruc- tion from the enemy. Thus did the battle of Sanderlhaufen prevent any material advantages being derived from that of Crevelt : and the action of Meer, with the critical reinforcement of thd Britifti troops, likewife prevented any being drawn from that of Sanderlhaufen. The French army, however, being greatly reinforced, and having changed its commander*, prince Ferdinand judged • The French army firft marched into Germany, under the command of the marfhal d'l "ees i but his lady» ibon after the battle of Haflenbeck, happening to affront madame Pompa- dour, with fome tart expreffions concerning Mifs M , another mifirefs to the French king, he was recalled ; and fucceeded by marlhal Richlieu, one of Pompadour's creatures ; but he, when the French were drove out of Hanover, was re- placed by the count de Clermont, who was now fubftituted by M. de Contades. it «ii. V ;0 1758 it prudent 1 j adt on the defenfive r he judicioufly ch* fe fjmc excellent noft^ along the river Lippe. The French finding it dangerous to attempt any of thefe, diredtfd their attention once more to the prince of Yfenbourg, who was polled fo as to pro- tedt the courfe of the Wcfer, and cover a part of Hefle. Soubize's army was reinforced to 30,000 men by detachments from the grand army.* Prince Ferdinand being aware of the French defigns, fent general Oberg with a detachment to the affiftanceof prince Yfenbourg, which augmented that prince's army to .5,000 men. The enemy relying on their fuperiority, refolved to gain fome part of Hefle j therefore they attacked general Oberg, on the laft day of September, at Lanwerenhagen, and obliged him to retire, after he had loft 1500 men ; but fome woods happening to be in his rear, favoured his march, and prevented his defeat becoming total. The feafon, however, was too far advanced for the French to reap any advantages from this vic- tory. The fatigues of the campaign having made it neceflary for the allied troops to have fome reft, prince Ferdinand abandoned his pofts along the Lippe, and retired into Weftphalia, and foon after- wards went into winter-quarters in Munfter, Pa- derborn and Hrldelheim, The French likewife entered Weftphalia, and there took up their quar- ters. The Englifh troops were too late to aflift in any of the o'jerations of the campaign ; but they fuffercd greatly by ficknefs. The duke of Marl- borough died atMu.rrrer of adyfentery. The firft operation of the king of Pruflia was the redu(5lion of Schweidnitz, which he efFeded in the month of i^pril after a fhort, but vigorous. fiege. By this acquifition he regained all thofc dominions he had loft laft year, and was now ready to a6l on the ofrenfive, and carry the theatre of wir into the territorits of ! *fi enemies : but firft he . K 2 ' . provided ^7B^ (74) provided for the fecurity of his frontiers ; h all the troops which his fovcreign could a(lemble, lay in7 trenched at Koningfgratz in Bohemia* T^^ ^i"^ of PrulTia made ieveral feints, as if he jntendfd to enter Bohemia *, and when he had fuBicientl]j^ alarmed and diverted the enemies attention that way, he all at once, by a rapid niarch, entered Moravia, and proceeded to Olmutz (he capital i but general Marifchal, who happened tp be ppftea in that province, having intelligence of his march^ had juft time enough to throw himfelf iptq the town. However, the king of Prqflfia laid ficge to it on the 27th of May, and the trenches were opened before count Daun heard, that the king of Pruflia had given him the flip. When he received that intelligence, he inf^antly broke up hi^ camp, and haftened to the relief of the city. He began to impede the Prufliian operations by attack^ ing every night their polls, and harrafllng ^hem with continual alarms. The king ofFefed hin^ battle *, but Daun knew better how to improye his advantages than hazard them all at once. A|: this time a large convoy was coming from SileHa tp the king's camp, which Daun having intelligence of, detached a confiderable body of troops to takp it, and the king of Pruflia detached another body to preferve it. The Auflrians fell in with the convoy, and a bloody conflii^ enfued : the Pruf- fians being greatly inferior were defeated i the center and part of the yan were taken j and the rear pulhed back to Silefia, while only the other pact pif the van elcaped to the king's camp. This was a . -^ mortifying ( 75 ) i75« uorilfying check to the king of PrulTia^s refblution imcl fpiric : he faw himfelf by this unlucky evenc deprived of the very means of fubfiftence, and confequently obliged ^p relinquifh his projedt, at the very time when the town was expcfted every day to furrender. However he prcfervcd a good appea- rance ', and on the laft day of June, which was the Jaft day pf the fiege, the Bring continued as brifk as ever ; bpt at nighi he fuddenly abandoned the place, and gained a march of the Auftrians before they were apprized of his retreat. He topk the route of Bohemia, and arrived with all his bag- gage, artillery, tick and wounded, at Koningfgratz. This was pne of the rnoft furprifing retreats, which had been accomplifh,ed (ince the days of Xenophon. it was performs in the face of a great army, in high fpirits, and conducted by a very able general, who pould not impede the march of the retreating grmy, though he attempted to hover on its wings. It Is hard to jfay, whether M. Daun (hewed more fkill in pbliging the king of PrufTia to raife the fiege ^Uhopt giving bim battle *, or the king of Frufl^a in raifmg the fiege, and effedbing his fur- prifing retreat without lofs. The affairs of his Fruflian majefty were every day becoming more critical : the inyafion of his dominions by the Ruf- ^ans, under the generals Fermpr and Brown, would have obliged him to quit Moravia, if count Daun had not i for at this time they had entered the new Marche of Brandenberg, where they daily com- mitlted the mpfl: horrid ravages and barbarities, and had (aid fiege to Cuftrin: his prefence in that country (jecame abfolutely ncceflfaryi accordingly he profecuted his march with the utmofl diligence, and arrived in the neighbourhood of CufVrin on the 2oth of Aiiguft, after a march of 5 1 days from the midft of Moravia. Notwjthftanding the great fatigye and hardlhips which his ar.Tiy mu ft have fufFered, i75« (7^) . fuffered, he refolved immediately on giving the RuHians battle % and his troops, animated with re- venge on viewing the difmal rpe(5lacle which the country all round prefented, ardently wifhed for an engagement with fuch cruel enemies. The king joined his troops under count Dohna, and on the 25th of Augulc gave battle to the Ruffians near the village ot ZorndorfF. The PrulTians were now, in the ftridleft fenfe, Bghting for their coun- try, which was ready to fall under one of the fevered icourges which providence ever chaftifed a nation. The exiftence ot the PrufTian crown depended on the fortune of the day : the defolation of the coun- try, and the villages on fire all round, were fuch marks of the enemy's cruelty, as exafperated the Pruffians to a pitch of enthufiafm. In this rage they began one of the mofl bloody conflifts, that has been fought during the war. For the fpace of two hours the Ppulfian artillery rained on the Ruf- fians like water from the ■he'';vens : this furious can- nonade, the moft dreadful that ever man beheld, they flood undaunted. The Mufcovite foot were attacked at nine in the morning with an impetuoficy that would have flaggered the braveft veterans of any civilized nation ; but they had not the fenfe to move ; they fell in their ranks, and new regiments prefled forward to fupply new flaughter j nay, fo tearlefs were they, and fo void of all fenfe of fafety, that when the firfl line had fired away all their car- tridges, they obftinately flood, though defencelefs, and were fhot at like marks. It was evident, that to gain a viftory over fuch troops mull be to de- flroy them : the flaughter of courfe was very great ; but their army was numerous, and frefh bodies con- tinually prefenting thcmfelves, and making the moft vigorous efforts, the PrufTian infantry at length gave way : had the Ruffian ofiicers known how to have inade ufe of this advantage, they had < -^ gained 1758 ( n ) (gained the vidlory ; but it feems they did not ; and gencAd^ Seidlitz, who commanded the Frufllan ca- valry, profited by their ignorance ; he inftantly threw nimfelf into the chafm, and charged the Ruliian foot with an impetupfity which they could not withftand : they were either fatigued with the work they had already gone through, or difheart- ened by the appearance of the horfe \ for, being unfupported, they fell back all on a fudden, breaks ing their own ranks, and in the moft utter con* fulion fired upon one another, tind plundered their own baggage: the wind blew the duft and fmoke in their faces : the Pruflian infantry was rallied, and led CO the charge by the kilig in perfon ; the flaugh- ter now became more terrible than ever ; the Ruf- fians were crammed up in a xaxxwi fpace ; while the Prufiians with regular fires, every (hot having its full efFe£t, continued the combat tiil feven o'clock at night :, yet dill (which is almoft incredible) the Rufiians kept theip ground. Night came on, and then, and not till then, the RulTians retreated under favour of the darknefs. They loft, according to their own account, 21,529 men*. They were purfued into Poland, and thereby prevented from undertaking any thing farthf^r againd the king of Pruffia in Brandenburgh. The lofs of the Pruflians was near 4000 men, In the mean time couat Daun, in conjundlion with the army of the empire, " now commanded by the prince of Deux Fonts, pe* netrated into Saxony, and took the fortrels ofSon- neftein. He aimed at wrefting Saxony entirely out of the hands of the Pruflians •, and fot-this purpofc he nearly furrounded prince Henry of Pruflia's army,' which confifted only of 20,000 men, polled fo as to cover Drcfden. But the king of PrufTia, who was informed of his brother's critical fuuation, • Of two regiments, which before the battle confifted of 4595effcflive men, there were only 1475 left. *;3 haPicneJ i758 ( 78 ) haftened to his rdief, before Dauri, who is retti^rk- ably flow in the concerting of meafures, could exe- cute his projedb. The king joined hi$ brother, and Daun fell back as far as Zittau. But thei king fdon after feparated from his brothel*, and fli^wed a de^ fign of cutting off Daun's comnounication with Bohemia, while Daiin fliewed a deflgn of cutting off his with Siiefia. In this cafe a battle feemed inevitable ; and Daun refolved to bring it oh th^ firft advantageous opportunity^ left tht time for adlion ihould be loft^ and he obliged to entirely ab?.ndon SzHony^ and thereby give tip the ff (liti of the campaign. At this tiihe the king of Pruilisl was encamped at Hohkirchen, a village in Lu- fatia* Daun, in the dead of a dark night (O^, 14) favoured by a thick fog, filently marched to the Pruflian camp ; and at five o'clock in the niorn- ing he attacked the Prulfians in the hioft ihtrepid manner and with the greateft regularity. They were entirely furpri2ed ; they run to their arms, fome half naked. Marfhal Keith mounted his horfe^ and putting himfelf at the head of a corps on the righ: wing, where the heat of the afbion lay, made a very gallant reflf^ance, which afforded the king of Pruflia an opportunity to form the left wing, before it fhould be difcrdcred by any fudden efforts of the enemy. Keith maintained a bloody and defperate confiidfc three hours amidft all the horrors of darknefs, confufion, carnage anddefpair, againil fuperior numbers, who were continually fupported by fre(>v :roops : three times was the village loft and won : le rallied the broken regiments, and every time charged with the utmoft ardour ; but all that he could do could not prevent a defeat. About nine o'clock he was (hot through the heart ; he in- ftantly fell on the field, and his body was left to the Aultrian irregulars, who ftripped it. At the be- ginning of the a(5lion a cannon ball took off the head . ( 79> ' head oF prince Francis of Brunfwlck, as he was . iDounting his horfe. Thus fell two gallant and dif- tinguifhed officers. f*rince Maurice of Anhalt was wounded and taken prifoner. When Keith was flain, the right wing was foon defeated. The king then gave up all hopes of recovering the ground. He ordered a retreat, which he efFeded in tolera- ble order, by the good countenance of his cavalry and the heavy lire of his artillery. He loft at lead: 7000 men, with all his tents, great part of his bag- gage, and fome cannon ; but the death of marfhal Keith was his greateft misfortune •, the reft he could repair. The Idfs of the /\uf>rians, according to their own account, amounted to 5000 men. Mar- fhal Daun, however, did not derive the advantages from this ftratagem which he expedted. It is true he foiled the king of Prufllay and that monarch fuf- fered in his reputation by it ; but this added nothing to the caufe. He hoped to i^ave been able to take fome towns in Silefia *, and with this view he previ- oufly fent detachments into that country, one of which had laid fiege to Neifs, and another formed a blockade round Coflel. His aim now was to, cover thofe attempts. The king foon recovered of his difafter, and drew reinforcements from his bro- ther in Saxony. He by fevcral mafterly movements and rapid marches opened his pafTage into Si'efia, and thus crulhed in a moment ail Daun's boafted advantages of the battle of Hbhkirchen. General Laudon was detached after him -, but the king con- tinued his march : he relieved Neifs and ColTcl. When Daun found he could not hinder the king from entering Silefia, he bent his thoughts towards Saxony : he refolved to take Drefden, and approach- ed the fuburbs with an army of 60000 men. The garrifon, commanded by count Schmettau, amount- ed to about 12,000. The city being but poorly fortified, and the governor, who was determined L to ( 8o ) , to h.^ld the place to the lad extremity, confidering. that if the enemy gained pofleflion of the fuburbs, they might cafily command the city, refolved to fet fiirc to them ; >yhich was accordingly done in the morning of the loth of November, and about 25a houfcs were confumed, the inhabitants of which nearly loft their all, and fome their lives. This fire, which in part laid wafte the capital of Saxony, rendered marlhal Daun's project of a coup de main impra6licable, and regular approaches demanded more time than he could now fpare. The king of Pruflia was in full march to relieve Saxony, where he arrived on the 20th of November, which obliged marfhal Daun to retire into Bohemia, and there take up his winter-quarters. The army of the empire had entered another part of Saxony, and formed ibme attempts on Torgau and Leipfic ; but they were fruftrated about the fame time, and the aflai- lants obliged to retire. In the mean time the Swedes, who had been drawn into the confederacy againft the king of Pruffia by the influence of the Ruffians, had adted but a trifling part. Their army made fome inefFeftual efforts to gain Pome- rania ; for a while they were fuccefsf ul, but after- wards they were compelled to abandon aH, and re- tire. Not the leaft fpark now appeared of tjiat mi- litary genius, for which the Swedes have been for- merly renowned. Thus did the king of Pruffia, by his confummate fkill and vigilance, baffle all the efforts of his numerous enemies, and oblige them to fet down at the end of :he campaign with the lofs of many thoufand men, and without ha- ving gained one inch of ground. It will amaze pofterity when they read, that this princ, with Only the affiftance of a fubfidy which he drew from Fngland, lb bravely withftood fo many armies, rrnd fruftrated the defigns of fuch a powerful confe- deracy. To attenti liven domac and th ^rmanr the coi jnept attack projea Cumn tor on traftec that p coaft) difpofc enmity eafy, t 3cneg5 king defeat to his Cumn charte during enquii the Fi nicate with i on th fchen it, v/ tion, crede ♦ I ♦ I ( 8i ) ' - . I758 '' To every part of the world Mr. P4tt extended his attention, and fent detachments of the Britifh arms, tven Afika> a cjuarter to which our minlfiers fel- dom adventure, fiw fpecimens of the Britifh power, and the miniller's vigour and refolution. A fmall armament wa& fent in the month of March, under the command of commodore Marlh, and a detach- tnept of marines, commanded by major Mafon, to attack the French ifettlements at Senegal. The projedt had been originally conceived by one Mr. Gumming, a fenfible quaker, who had been a fac- tor on the coaft of Africa, by which he had con* traded fome acquaintance with the Moorilh king of that part of South Barbary, called by us the gum- coaft, or the fandy defart of Zara*, who being well difpofed towards the Englifh, and bearing an utter enmity to the French, declared he fhould never be eafy, till they were entirely driven from the river of 3enegal. And he told Mr. Gumming, that if the king of England would fend a force fufficient and defeat the French, he would grant an exclufive trade to his fubjeds. At the fame time lie favoured Mr. Gumming wich the grant of an exclufive trade by a charter written in the Arabic language. Mr. Cuming, during his ftay in Africa, made the mod minute enquiry concerning the ftrength and fituatipn of the French. At his return to England he commu- nicated his intelligence to the board of trade, and with it a plan for attacking the French fettlements on the coaft of Africa. The miniftry adopted the fcheme; and Mr. Gumming, being the framer of it, v/as appointed principal diredor of the expedi- tion, and fuilid with it, charged with a letter of credence to the Moorifli king.* The fleet arrived L 2 on • But called by the natives Legibelli. * He had told Mr Pitt a great deal about his intereft with tjie MooriHi king, iVom whom, he laid, he could procure a powerful 175^ f ?2 ) , on the coaft of Africa in April ;. and notwithftaod- ing the obftruftion of a very dangerous bsir at the mouth of the river Senegal, the marines were landr icd (May i) on the bank of the river. Upon powerful aillilance, and without which, he il^^gelled, Senega| tould not be taken : therefore, in coniideration qf this aid, tp be obtained eniirelj threugb his iratreft, Mr. Pitt wrote h|in thie following letter : * Goad and Wortly Fritndy * I write this letter to you merely to repeajt to yoi^ upon IR^fPTf * what I have faid with great fmcerity to you in converfatiqn, « namely, that I have fo good an opinion of your integrity, * and clunk the fervice you are ^ing upon to Africa fo Ukely ' to proi'e beneficial to the pubhck, that in cafe fqcceis attends * your endeavours, I promife you my beft affiftan'ce in obtain- * ing an exdnfive charter in your favour for a limited terta of * years with regard to that vein of trade, which your induftry * and rifqne (hall have bpeh'd to your country.' Averie as J ' always (hall be to excluuve {charters in general, I think youj: * cafe a ju(l exception ; fo wlfhing cordially the favour of rro- * vidence on your vindertakin^, I remain with much efteen your iincere and £uthful friend. W. ritt,'' ' But in the fequel it was found, that Mr. pumming's intereft ^id not amount to what he had pretended. Jn his paifage tq Senegal, he touched at Portenderic (the place he had formerly been at) where it did not appear that the Moors had any partieU'^ tar regard for him; for they would not grant him^n^ afltftance, not even a pilot. Upon which it began to be contemplated^ wheit^sr the deiign of the enterprize fliould not be laid afide ; Jbii-, li'-f'dv r^oqr^cib prevailed, aud Senegal was takeis. This being xjxt : i.':.' ; a: sc* it havine been found, that Mr. Cun^ming had not th« intereft he pretended ; that he did not procure the .ftir'ph', V li or.t vhkh he^had urge ' Senegal could not be taken; «j.d iihar he wii^ no wf y materia rv infirumental in the making of tl'r •>:-■ .v>i/3tion , will not any candid man fay, that Mr Pitt •infta*v.;y - - me -lilcharged 1; om the ties of any promife of wids obtaining an exclufive trade? Vet ■ic-rcf luch wa Mr, V-\:''s higii confideration of honour, and opimon ;€>f fome m.'i n, Mr Cumming, that he obtained him apeniion of ^col. a year on the Irifh eftabliihment, as a reward for his fagacity and zeal in pointing out the objedt, forming the plan, and attending on the execution. which, ic ( 8| ) 1758 which, the French governor of fort Louis furrcn- 4?red directly •, and next day the corporation and burghers of the toyrn of Senegal fubmitted, and fvpre allegianpe to the king pf England. This was the firft fuccefsful expedition which the Britifh l^niQiry had ecjuipped during the war, and failed pot to be greatly inftruniental in difUpaqng thoie fears and cefpondencies, which Mr. Pitt found to \>rQod over the land when he came into the admi* jfiiflration. The conquefl: of Senegal added greatly to |the commercial interefts of Britain, and poured frefh yrealth into the hands of her traders : the commo- jSities imported from this fettlement are that va- luable article gum fenegi, hides, bees- wax, ele- phants teeth, cotton, gold dud, negro flaves. oftrich feathers, ambjergrisj indigo and civet. Hi- therto we had been obliged to buy our gum fenega of the Dutch, who purchaied it of the French, and |:hen ijpt what price they pleafed on it for us. After the furrender of Senegal, the fleet vifited the ifland pf Goree, another French fettlement on the coaft pf Africa ; but found it too ftrong to be attempted by their fmall force. The miniftry finding the fviccefs of the firft enterprize, dilpatched commo- aore Keppel with a fmall fquadron, and fome land jforces comnianded by colonel Worge, to attack the iHand of Goree. The commodore arrived oefore it on the 29th of December, and ha- ying ranged his fleet oppolite the forts, began a furious cannonade, which in a little time drove the garrifon from their quarters, and neceflitated the go\ ernor to furrender at difcretion. A garri- foc^ being put in ^he fort, and that at Senegal being reinforced, the commodore returned to England j where likewile had arrived admiral Olborn from the Mediterranean; alfo admiral Bofcawen from America > and general Abercrombie from the fame f , ; place, 1^58 ( 84 place, whofc condud, like that of his predeceflbrs, had fellen under difapprobation : he was fucceeded in his command by general Amherft. i "When Mr. Pitt firll came into the adminiftratibn, he difpatched commodore Steevens, with a fqua- dron and fome troops, to reinforce his majefly's fleet in the Eaft Indies, which might aft there with powers of difcretion, while his attention wa« employed on other objedbs nearer home. Admiral Watfon and colonel Clive having gained many ad- vantages over the enemy, it was not only Mri Pitt's immediate aim to piirfue thofe advantages, whiK^ the heat ana thirft of conqueft prevailed \ but likewife to prevent the French deriving any materia! fervices m niiy part of India from a fleet, which they at the fame time fen t, commanded by Mi d'Ache, and 8000 trpops, which were put on boardj and commanded by general Lally. Commodore Stee- vens joined admiral Poc -jrke, who had fucceeded to the chief command on the death of admiral Waribii. M. d'Achef arrived at Pondicherry, where general Lally with the troops were landed. The ^cene of a6lion was now to begin. M. Lally had boaded before he left Europe, that he would drive the EngliQi totally off the coaft of Coromandel. He was warm and fool-hardy j and full of the idea (which he had fufFered to get the afcendancy of his tumultuous imagination) when he took the field, he vaunted of the great a6ls he would perform, and the cruelties he refolved to inflidt on the Englifh ; but, like a true barbarian whofe paffion exceeds his reaion, or one bcr.eft of prudence, he precipi- tately entered the campaign before he had provi- ded the means of fupport for his army, which had been confiderably augmented by feveral reinforce- inents. Ht* marched drcdly againft fort St. David, while the French fleet failed away to cover tlie ficge. i" dmiral Pococke having intelligence of thefe ( 85 ) t75^ thefe proceedings, failed likewife to' fort St. David, and engaged the French fleet, which being fupe-* riorin number, and three of the Britilh captains be- having in a cowardly manner, he gained no mate- rial advantage, though he continued the fight with great inequality till night, when the two fleets fc- perated : the French returned to Pondicherry, and the Englifli to Madrafs *, both to repair their da- mages ^ Both fquadrons having quitted the (tation off fort St. David, Lally puflied the fiege of that place with vigour; which being in want of water and an? munition, major Polier, who commanded the troops, furrcndered in twelve days (June 2^ 1758). The conqueror blew up the fortifications, and reduced the place to a heap of rubbifh ; and be- sides plundering the inhabitants, as well of fore St. David's as of all the villas round about, he wantonly fet fire to their habitations, and endeavoured to de- ftroy the face of the whole country. But the ill ftac of France, which in no place fet well on their aflfairs, began now to influence them here. Lally found, that by making a defart of the country he was un« able to fubfifl: his army ; and, to his misfortune, the finances of France were fo extremely low, by the large fubfidies which the French were obliged to pay feveral of the European powers, to form and preferve the continental fyftem of Europe a- gainft Pruflla and Hanover, that their miniftry could not afford to fend him any money *, fo that now he could neither buy nor plunder. In this di- lemma he refolved to extort a confiderable fum from the king of Tanjore, a prince of the country ; but that chief refufing to comply with his requelt, he in a iage marchtd his army and laid fiege to his capital. The Ikill and courage of fome Englith engineers bravely defended the place: in a fihorc time Lally's ammunition began to run low, and his provifions were entirely exhaufted. The people of .- . a . v- the mm w i75« («6) the country, who had either heard of or fufFered by his cruelties, cut off all the fupplies to his army in return for his barbarities,* which reduced him al- moft to a ftate of famine* At length, unable to ftay any longer, he, tortured with £\ the pangs of chagrin and difappointment, raifed the fiege with the utmoft precipitation, and left his cannon be- hind. He returned to Pondicherry, in the neigh- bourhood of which the troops were refrelhed. In the month of October he marcf iCd into Arcot, and began to make preparations for the fiege of Madrafs. Lally's army at this time was fo numerous, that the ?Lngli(h forces on the coaft of Coromandel were infufHcient to oppofe him in the field. Soon after the furrender of fort St. David, admiral Pococke again failed in queft of the French fleet, whom he found off PonVcheny ; but they no fooner faw him^ than they put lo fea in the utmoO: hafte : he gave chace, and on the third day came up with them j but the French would not ftand a fair engagement ; they made a fort of running fight in an irregular line till night, when, under favour of the darknefs, they cfcaped back to Pondicherry. However, they were fo much damaged by this engagement, that after a fhort ftay there, d*Ache was obliged to fail to the ifland of Bourbon to refit, leaving the fovereignty of the Indian feas to admiral Pococke and commodore Steevens, whofe fleet was much inferior to his in number of Ihips, men, and weight of metal. When Lally formed his refolution of laying (tege to Madrafs, he fcnt orders to Golconda for M. de Bufley and M. Morcain to join him with part of their forces, and leave the command of the remainder at MafTuIipatum, to the marquis de Con- flans*. Soon after M. de Bully was departed, the ■ V • country • To ihew the defpair and the diftrefff d condition of the French, it will ngt be ainifs to inlert the following tranflation of ( 87 ) i7.08 the country powers refolved ro tlirow off the French yoke ; and entered one of tlic towns which the French poflefled, and tore down the colours. Up- M on and rafs. that of an intercepted letter, going from Pondicherry to MafTuIi- pa tarn. * You defirc an account of the taking of fort St. David's. * A particular detail of it might then have been entertaining, * but at prefent it is too old, and the recital which you muit * have heard from many different people, would now be irk« * fome. * Shall I mention to you an unfortunate expedition to Tan- * jore ? Bad news is interefting, but painful to the writer. We * laid fiege to Tanjore, and made a breach, but were obliged * to retire for want of prcviiions and animunition, leaving be- * hind us nine pieces of cannon, eight of which w^re 24 * pounders. The army has fuftercd greatly from hunger, * thirft, watching, and fatigue. We have loft near 200 men, * as well by defertion as by death. This check is very detri- *■ mental to us, as well with regard to our reputation as the * real lofs we fuffered. Add to this the departure of our fleet, * which failed ytfterday to the iflands to refit, having been *■ roughly handled in a fecond engagement on the 3d of Au- * guft, in which we4oft 350 men. * Poor French, what a fituation are wc in ! what projeft« we * thought ourfelves capable of executing, and how greatly are * we difappointed in the hopes we conceived upon taking fort * St. David's. I pity our general : he mull be extremely cm- * barraiTed, notwithftandinghis exteniive genius, without either * money or fleet : his troops very difconteme J ; his reputation * declining ; and the bad fealon approaching : which will ob- * Uge us to fubiift at our own cxpenct , being unable to form * any entejprize for, procuring us other funds. What will be- i come of us? I am not apprehenlive for myfclf, but I am * forry to fee we do not ftiine. * They fay M. Bufly h coming ; let him make hade ; let * him bring men, and efpecially money, without which he will * only increafe our mifery. The country being rained, fcarce * affords us any proviiions. The quantities coafumed by the * fleet and army, and the dofcrtit.n of tlie innabitants, has * greatly raifed the price ot all fort: of commod'uies. * I forgot to tell you, that aU^ve twenty oihvers of different * corps have gone on board the fleet ; an J that if M. Lally had * given permiifion to depart to whoever delired it, the gi-ateft * part of them would have embarked, ib ^^reatly ari thole jjea- * ilemen difgufted with the fervice." Ik 1753 ( 88 ) on which Conflans rcfolved to check their infolence, and marched his forces againfi them. Tn this dif- trels the chief apphcd to colonel Clive at Calcutta for afliftance •, who, after deliberating on the nature and coni'cquence of the enterprize, detached co- lonel f orde with a body of Europeans. This of- ficer attacked M. de Conflans in the month of De- cember, and gained a complete vidlory over him. Maflblipatam fell in confequence : the Englifh gain- ed poflclTion of an extcnfive lea coaft, and other confiderable advantages, befides being paid for their afliftance ; and likewife concluded a treaty with another chief, in which it was enabled, that the French Iliould be totally extirpated the country. Such was the glorious 1758 ; an asra, that is re- fplendent in our annals with the moll glorious and unparallelled conquefls ; which will be ever memo- rable of the Britirti power exerted by a bold mini- iter and a brave people, by whom Britain faw her- felf placed on a pinnacle of 'glory, higher than it was once thought flie could poflible arrive at, and furrounded by unanimity, confidence and zeal*. On * The Dutch having for fome time carried on an illicit trade for the French un^r colour of their own neutrality, feveral of their fhips were this year taken by th« Englifli cruizers and pri- vateers ; they then had refource to falfe bills of lading, and other arts, to prevent future difcoveries ; but their Ihips were Hill taken, and, after proper examinations, condemned in great numbers in both America and Europe. The Dutch thus, in a great meafure, deprived of the advantages they hoped to derive from this fly and illegal method of carrying on the French trade, .aifed loud clamours all over Holland againft the rigour of the Englifh miniftry, who warmly expoltulated w;th the Dutch deputies on the fubject. The Hollanders finding that the court of Great-Britain was not to be intimidated ; that no remonflrances could regain their contraband commodities j that there was a fpirit in the principal fervant of the crown, which they perceived would be dangerous to provoke too far ; and that the power of Great Britain, under his diredion, was become fo refpeftable. On As no the fate the bel rent, t\ was to< on whic nefs an mounte everlaft this fur granted iurc anc fidence in ojte 1 try's W( fpirit ai already but rel) the Brit condu6 who we to rever taking i nation, wifetak brave * achieve annals ( the Ri^ ral Boii being c charadl refpeflab gave up 1 they afte it but fpi ( 8.0 ) X75S On the 23CI of November the parliament met. As no change of mcafures kemed likely to happen, the fate of the campaign not having dilpofed any of the belligcrants to pacific fentiments, it was appa- rent, that the only way to procure a lading peace was to continue the war with the fame vigour j up- on which the commons, with the greateftcheartuU nefs and unanimity, voted the fupplies, which a- mountcd to 12,761,310 1. It is an illuflrious and cverlafting monument to the minifler's honour, that this fum, which exceeded any that had ever been granted in that houie before, was given with plea- furc and harmony : fuch was the unparalielled con- fidence of the reprefentativcs and of the whole people in one man, whofe integrity and zeal for his coun- try's welfare they did not doubt; and of whofe fpirit and abilities for humbling the enemy they had already feen fuch examples, that they could not but rely on his knowii honelly and v atchful eye to the Britilli power and intereft. This was not the condudl of fadlion ; it was that of the whole people, who were rouzed by his intrepidity and vigilance to revenge their wrongs on a perfidious enemy. After taking notice of this harmony, lb advantageous to the nation, it will naturally follow, that we fliould like- wife take notice of the thanks of the commons to thofe brave commanders, who (o uoldly and happily achieved fuch laurels, as will for ever Ihine in the annals of Britain. The fpeech of the then fpeaker, the Right Hon. Arthur OnQow, to the late admi- ral Bolcawen, a member of the houfe, is worthy of being engraved in letters of gold ; it is ftrongly charadleriftic of the lpcakcr*s noble fpirit and (tile j refpeftable, they could have no hopes to cope with it ; at length gave up the point, and fet down with their lofies ; and though they afterwards continued to carry for the French, yet they did it but fparingly, M 2 an^ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1/ /'^^. 1.0 1.1 11.25 bilM 12.5 ■^ 122 12.2 ^ U£ 12.0 1.8 14 116 I 1 u '1 ><> 7i ^ -^^ *■ w Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4SU' m iV fv 6^ ^^^:. ^^^ '^ } 1758 f 9^ ) and whoever had the honour of knowing him in thar houie, muft conceive a real pleafure in fancy- ing how he fpoke it, with that becoming air of awful dignity, fo fuirable, and which he fo illuflri- oufly added to his ftation. He addreffed himfelf to admiral Bofcawen, and gave him the thanks of the houfe, as he flood in his place, in thefe words, * Admiral Bofcawen ! * Tiie houfe have unanimoufly refolved, that their thanks fliould be given to you for the fer- vices you have done to your king and country in North America ; and it is my duty to convey their thanks to you. I wifti I could do it in a manner fuitable to the occafion, and as they ought to be given to you, now Handing in your place, as a member of this houfe. But were I able to enu- merate and ftt forth, in the beft manner, the great and extcnfive advantages accruing to this nation from the conqueft of Louifbourg, with the iilands of Cape Breton and St. John, I could only exhibit a repetition of what has already been, and is, the genuine and uniform fenfe and language of every part of the kingdom. Their joy too has been equal to their fentiments upon this interefting event: and in their fen- timents and joy they have carried their grati- tude alfo to you. Sir, as a principal inftru- ment in thefe moft important acquifitions. You are now therefore receiving the acknowledgments of che people, only in a more folemn way — by the voice, the general voice, of their reprefenta- tives in parliament — The moft honourable fame that any man can arrive at, in this, or any other country. It is, on thefe occafions, a national honour, from a free people -, ever cautioufly to be conferred, in order to be, the more eftemed — to be the greater reward -, and which ought to be referveJ for the moft fignal fcrvices to the ftate, • ' ' and »/ in mcy- ir of luftri- [elfto )fthe Is. ( 9«' ) 1758 and the moft approved merit in them ; fuch as this houff: has ufually, and very lately, made their objeAs of public thanks. The ufe, I am perfuadcd, you will make of this juft teilimony, and high reward of your fervices and merit, will be the preferving in your own mind a lading impreffion of what the commons of Great Bri- tain are now tendering to you, and in a conftanC continuance of the zeal and ardour for the glory of your king and country, which have made you to deferve it. In obedience to the commands of the houfe I do, with great pleafure to myfelf, give you the thanks of the houfe, for the fer- vices you have done to your king, and country in North America.' To which admiral Bofcawenanfwered, , _ ' * Mr. Speaker, ■- * * I am happy in having been able to do my * duty : but have not words to exprcfs my fcnfe * of the diftinguilhing reward, that has been con- * ferred upon me by this houfe ; nor can I enough *■ thank you. Sir, for the polite and elegant man- * ner, in which you have been pleafed to convey * to me the refolution of the houfe.* ''ri Then the fpeaker acquainted the hou(e, that, in obedience to their commands, he had figniBed to admiral Ofborn their thanks, and had received th« following anfwer : • Sir, I want words to exprefs my fenfe of the * honour the houfe of commons has been pleafed * to confer upon me, and only hope that you. Sir, * will be as gracious to me in reprefenting my ' gratitude to that auguft aflembly, as you have * been in acquainting me with their favourable ac- ' ceptance of my fervices. I have done^no more * than my duty. I have only been the humble, * though happy, irftrument of executing- the wife * meafures direded by his majefly. I have no « title. i759 ( 92 ) , * tide, Sir, to any glory, but what is common to * me as a feaman, and as an Englifhman zealous * for the fervice of my country, which is pleafcd * to reward me with this inftance of their appro- * bation. From the (ituation of my health. Sir, * I can flatter myfelf with having but few oppor- * tunities of employing the remainder of my life, * in grateful exertion of my abilities for the ho- * nour and intereft of my country. But as the * houfe of commons is fo glorioudy watchful to * encourage the greateft merit, by rewarding the * leaft, England can never want good officers; * and however I am honoured by this diftindlion, * may my fervices be the moft inconfiderable, that * fhall be thus acknowledged. I am, with the * greateft refpedV, . . :. 'SIR, Yft; ' '^ ' Your moft obedient, and ' "ouk Dec. 8, * Moft humble fervant, r.^ 1758. r-.-'^ ' HENRY OSBORN.' > No other material buiinefs happened during th« ieftion, which Wasclofedon the 2d of June, ,1759.* — - Thefe were times of glory and a trUe fpirit of patriotifm •, fuch as no Englifhman can refled upon' without glowing with emulation i fuch as Britain never before beheld, and perhaps will never again fee. As the enemies power in America had received a confiderable blow by the rediiftion of Louifbourg, great expedtations were formed from a continuance of the war in that quarter. An expedition was planned againft the capital of Canada, and the command of the land forces was given to an Eng- lifhman, whofe genius was modelled by nature for ardour and enterprize; ^hofe adlive fpirit and cntcrprizing foul promifed advantage to the public. The late fuccefs in America had been in a great meailire owing to the well timing of the operations, in J- ( 93 ) «759 in being early in making attempts on the enemy before they could polTibly receive any afllfl-ance from Europe. The fame fteps were again purfued. In the month of February a fleet was difpatched firom England commanded by the Admirals Saun- ders and Holmes. It was concerted, that while this fleet, with a number of troops on board, com- manded by general Wolfe, who was appointed to that eminence by the minifler, fhould proceed up the river St. Lawrence, general Amherft, with another confiderablebody, Ihould proceed over land, in America, and join general Wolfe, in order to jointly attack Quebec, the capital of Canada y and that while thefe operations were performing, a third body of troops, commanded by the generals Prideaux and Johnfon, fhould advance by Niagara to Montreal, the fecond principal place in Canada. Such was the plan for reducing that great province. The fleet arrived at Hallifax, where having taken on board the troops, in number about 8000, dedi- ned for the expedition, failed up the river St. Law- rence, and in the month of June general Wolfe landed on the ifle of Orleans (not fo high up as Quebec) of which he took pofledion, and alfo of a point of the continent, which lay oppofite, cal- led Point Levi. Quebec at this time was tolerably well fortified, the garrifon reinforced, and the town [covered by an army of 10,000 men, com- manded by the Marquis de Montcalm. As the defence of Quebec was thus fo well provided for, the general did not hope to reduce it, therefore he refolved to attack fome intrenchments which the enemy had thrown up at Montmorenci. For this purpofe the grenadiers were landed on the beach, with orders to form upon it, and wait till they were reinforced i but fuch was their ardour, that as foon as they were landed they unfupported rufhed on the enemy, who being greatly fuperior they were re- :"' ■ ' pulled y^ 1759 ( 94 ) puifed and thrown into diforder.* The lofs was confiderable ; but to prervent its being greater, the general ordered them to retreat. This mifcariage was a very difcouraging circumftance. There ap- peared on every (ide fuch a number of difficulties to be furmountedy that the general's only hope ieemed to be in the fuccefs of this attempt. The failure made a great impreffionon his mind. His ag- gravation threw him into a dangerous illnefs, his mind was too great to brook with any misfor- tune that might expofe him to reproach or cenfure. In the tranfports of his chagrin and afHidtion he was heard to fay, he would never return unlefs he was vidlorious. The hope, however, of ftill being a- ble, through fome refource, to execute his orders revived i-f i'lji/r. * In this attack captain Otcherlony and lieutenant Peyton (both of general Moncktot\*s regiment) were wounded, and fell before the enemy's breaft-work—- The former, mortally, being (hot through the body ; the latter was wounded only m his knee — Two favages pulhed down upon them with the utmoft precipitation, armed with nothing but their diabolical knives. The firft feized on captain Otcherlony, when Mr. Peyton, who lay reclining on his fufee, difcharged it, and the favage dropt immediately on the body of his intended prey. The other &vage advanced with much eagernefs to Mr. Peyton, who had no more than time to difengage his bayonet, and conceal its difpoiition. With one arm he warded off the purpofed blow, «nd with the othei flung him to ' the heart : neverthelefs, the favage, though fallen, renewed his attempts ; infomuch that ^r. Peyton was obliged to repeat his blows, and flab him through and through the body. A flraggling grenadier, who had h^pily efcaped the flaughter of his companions, flumblied upon Captain Otcherlony, and readily offered him his fervices. The Captain, with the fpirit and bravery of a Briton, replied, * Friend, I thank you ! — but with refpe^l to me, the < mufquet, or fcalping knife, will be only a more fpeedy ' deliverance from pain. I have but a few minutes to live. * Go— make hafte — and tender your fervice, where there is a * poiTibility it may be ufeful.' At the fame time he pointed to Mr. Peyton, who was then endeavouring to cra\Vl away on the iknd. The grenadier took M. Peyton on his back, and ctnveyed |the lap. (ties |ag- his ( 95 ) ^759 revived his fpirits, and he began to recover ; upon which he tranfmitted an account of his operations to the minifter. * Then he ordered fome of the N (hips conveyed him to the boat through a fevere fire, in which Mr. Peyton was wounded in the back, and his refcuer near the ihoulder. * His account of them, is his bed euloglum ; the reader therefore, will pardon us, if we infert his long letter; the more efpecially as it is the ftrongeil picture that can be drawn of the dimculties, which oppofed theml'elves to the Britiih arms ; as well as of the a£livity and patience of the general who furmounted them. It is no lefs valuable, as one of the cleureft and mollele- fant accounts of a feries of military operations, which has, per- aps, ever been publifhed. * Head- quarters at Mcnimorenci in the River St. Laurence, * Sept. 2, 1759. « SIR, * I wifh I could, upon this occafion, have the honour of tranfmitting to you a more favourable account of the progrefs of his majeily's arms ; but the obftacles we have met with, in the operations of the campaign, are much greater than we had reafon to expeft, or could forefee; not fo much from the number of the enemy, (tho* fuperior to us) as from the na- tural ftrength of the country, which the marquis de Mont- calm feems wifely to depend upon. < When I learned that fuccours of all kinds had been thrown into Quebec ; that five battalions of regular troops, com- pleated from the beft of the inhabitants of the country, fome of the troops of the colony, and every Canadian that was able to bear arms, befides fever al nations of favages, had taken the field in a very advantageous fituation ; I coulc^ not flatter myfelf that I fhould be able to reduce the place. I fought, however, an occafion to attack their army, knowing well, that with thefe troops I was able to fight, and hoping that a vidlory might difperfe them. * We found them encamped along the fhore of Beaufort, from the river St. Charles to the fall of Montmorcnci, and intrenched in every accelTable part. The 27th of June we landed upon the ifle of Orleans ; but receiving a mefTage from the admiral, that there was reafon to think the enemy had ar- tillery, and a force upon the point of the Levi, 1 detached brigadier Monckton with four battalions to drive them fiom - * * thence. 1759 ( 9^ ) (hips up the river, being determined to make his. efforts on that fide the town : Admiral Holmes, who thence. He pafled the river the 29th at night, and marched the next day to the point ; he obliged the enemy's irregulars to retire, and poilined himfelf of that pon::.tlie advanced parties upon this occafion had two or three Ikirmilhes with the Canadians and Indians, with little lofs on either fide. * Col. Carleton marched with a detachment to the weftermoft point of the ifle of Orleans, from whence. our operations were likely to begin.* * It was abfolutely necefTary to poiTefs thefe two points, and fortify them ; hecaufe from either the one or the other, the enemy might make it impoHtble for any fhip to lie in the bafon of Quebec, or even within two miles of it. ' Batteries of cannon and mortars weie ere£ted with great diipatch on the point of Levi, to bombard the town and magazines, and to injure the works and batteries : the ene- my perceiving thefe works in fome forwardnefs, pafled the river with 1 600 men to attack and deftroy them. Unluckily they fell into confufion, fired upon one another, and ' went back again ; by which we lofl an opportunity of defeating this large detachment. The effect of this artillery has been fb great, (tho* acrofs the river) that the upper town is confi- dcrably damaged, and the lower town entirely deftroyed. * The works, for the fecurity of our hofpitals and flores on the ifle of Orleans, being finiflied, on the 9th of July, atr night, we paflied the North Channel, and encamped near the enemy's left, the river Montmorenci between us. The next morning captain Danks's company of rangers, pofied in a wood to cover fome workmen, were attacked and defeated by a body of Indians, and had fo many killed and wounded, as to be almoft difabled for the reft of the campaign : the enemy alfo fufFered in this affair, and "were in their turn driven off from the neareft troops.* * The. ground, to the eaftward of the falls, feemed to be (as it really is) higher than that on the enemy's fide, and to command it in a manner which might be made ufeful to us. There is befides a ford below the falls, which may be paflled for fome hours in the latter part of the ebb and beginning of the flood tide ; and I had hopes, that pofllble means might be' found of pafling the river above, fo as to fight the mar- quis de Montcalm upon terms of lefs difadvantage than di- rectly attacking his intrenchment. In reconnoitring the river Montmorenci, we found it fordable at a place about tliree miles up j but ihe oppofite bank was intrenched, and T whocc genera * foftec * paiTag * dians « we ha( * Th< < andtM « town < enable « the * on < ftacles « feared « and til « reinfo « army. ou . « No * tempt « Town * defign < artille * could * And, * tack t * to paf < thoug « He * attent * ' intelli * colon * whatc * allthi * a nun ^ placC; * vificr * Ti « nient * the w * brouj * foun< * vente * the * camj his. > 4 (97 ) ' 1759 who commanded rhefe (hips, on board of which was general Wolfe wirh about 5000 cioops, was ordered • •• N 2 " to. * fo fteep and woody, that it was to no purpofe to attempt a * paiTage there.- The efcort was twice attacked by the In- * dians, who Were as often repulfed ; but in thcfc rencounters * we had forty (officers and' men) killed and wounded. * The 1 8th . of July, .two men of war, two armed floops, * and two tranfports with fome troops on board, paiTed by the * town without any lofs, and got into the upper river. This * enabled me to reconnoitre the country above, where I found * the fame attention on the enemy's fide, and great difficulties < on ours, arifing from the nature of the ground, and the'ob- * (lacles to our communication with the fleet. But what I . ' feared moil was, that if we ihould land between the town * and the river Cap Rouge, the body firft landed could not be < reinforced before they were attacked by the enemy's whole * army. * Notwithftanding thefe difficulties, I thought once of at- ' < tempting it at St. Michael's about three miles above the * Town : but perceiving that the enemy were jealous of the * defign, were preparing againft it, and had actually brought * artillery and a mortar (which, being fo near to Quebec, they * could increafe as they pleafcd) to play upon the (hipping : * And, as it muft have been many hours before we could at- * tack them (even fuppofing a favourable night for the boats * to pafs by the town unhurt) it feemed fo hazardous, that I * thought it beft to defift. * However, to. divide the enemy's force, and to draw their * attention as high up the river as poffible, and to procure fome * intelligence, I T-nt a detachment, under the command of * colonel Carleton, to land at the Point de Trempe, to attack * whatever he might find there, bring off fome prifoners, and < all the ufeful papers he pould get. I had been informed that * a number of the inhabitants of Quebec h^d retired to that <« place, and that probably we ihould find a magaziiie of pro- * vificns there. * The colonel was fired upon by a body of Indians the mo- * irient he landed, but they were foon difperfed and driven into * the woods : He fcarchad for magazines, but to no purpofe, * brought off fome prifoiers, and returned with little lofs. * "^Atter this bufinefs, I came back to Montmorenci, where t * found that brigadier Townihend had, by a fuperior fire, prc- * vented the French from erefting a battery on the bank of * the river, from whence they intended to cannonade our * camp. I now refolved to take the firft opportunity which * preientcd ■A V f »759 ( 98 ) to go further up than the place he intended to land at, in order to draw the enemy's attention that way ; < « « < * * * < « € 4 t t ■ 1 t . • 4 « 4 ,,, I V ( '' < C < ( if < prefented itlelf, of attacking the enemy, though pofled to great advantage, and every where prepared to receive us. * As the men of war cannot (for want of fufBcient depth of water) come near enough to the enemy's intrenchment;, to annoy them *n the leaft, the admiral had prepared two tranfports (drawing but little water) which upon occafion could be run aground, to favour a defcent. With the help of thefe veHcIs, which I underAood would be carried by the tide clofe in fliore, I propofed to make myfelf matter of a detached reduubt near to the water's edge, and whofe fitua- tiou appeared to be out of mufquct fhot of the intrenchment upun the hill : if the enemy fupportcd this detached piece, it would neceHlirily bring on an engagement, what we moil wiflied for ; and if not, I Ihould have it in my power to examine their Htu-ition, fo as to be able to determine where we could bell attack them. * I'reparations were accordingly made for an engagement. The 3 111 of July in the forenoon, the boats of the fleet were filled with grenadiers, and a part of brigadier Monckton's brigade Irom the point of Levi : the two brigades under the hripadieis Townlhend and Murray, were ordered to be in readinefs to pal's the Ford, when it fhould be thought ne- cefiary. To facilitate the pafTage of this corps, the admiral had placed the Centurion in the channel, fo that flie might check the fire of the lower battery which commanded the Foi d : this Ihip was of great ufe, as her fire was very judicioufly dirc'fted. A great c;uantity of artillery was placed upon the eminence, fo as to batter and infilade the leit of their in- trenchinents. * 1 rom tlie vc/Tcl which run a-ground, neareft in, I ob- fervcd that the redoubt was too much commanded to be kept without very great lofs ^ and the more, as the two armed fhips coula not be brought near enough to cover both with their artillery and mufquetiy, which I at firft conceived they might. But as the enenr.y feemed in fome confufion, and we were prepared for an action, I thought it a proper time to make an attempt upon their intrenchment. Orders were fent to the brigauiers gerieial to be ready with the corps under their command. Brigadier Monckton to land, and the brigadiers Townfhend and Murray to pais the Ford. * At a''proper time of tl)e tide, the lignal was made, but in rowing to\',ards the ihore, many of the boats grounded upon a ledge that runs ofF a coufiderable di:tance.^ This accident put us in fome diforder, loft a great deal of time, * and and chat ay; cpth ents twa afion help the of a itua- ment >iece, r moft er to ivhere ( 99 ) 1759 way i and fo far it anfwercd, that Montcalm fcnt 1 500 men to watch thisHeet: while admiral Saun- ders •■J': t « < < < * t t «■ < <' ( t € « ( I ( ( «■ < < < < < < < C €' € € t < and obliged me to fend an officer to (lop brigadier Townf- hend's inarch, whom I then obferved to be in motion. While the Teamen were gcttine the boats off, the enemy fired a number of Ihells and mot, but did no confiderable damage. As foon as this diforder could be fet a little to rights, and the boats were ranged in a proper manner, fome of the officers of the navy went in with me, to find a better place to land : we took one flat-bottom boat with us to make the experiment, and as foon as we had found a fit part of the fhore, the troops were ordered to difembark, thinking it yet not too late for the attempt. * The thirteen companies of grenadiers, and two hundred of the fecond royal American battalion, got firft on fhorc. The grenadiers were ordered ' to form themfelves into four diftina bodies, and to begin the attack, fupported by briga- dier Monckton's corps, as foon as the troops had pafled the Ford, and were at hand to affiil. But whether from the noife and hurry at landing, or from fome other caufe, the grena- diers, inflead of forming themfelves as they were directed, ran on impetuoufly towards the enemy's intrenchments in the utmoft diforder and confufion, without waiting for the corps which were to fuflain them, and join in the attack. Brigadier Monckton was not landed, and brigadier Townf^ hend was flill at a confiderable diflance, though upon his march to join us, in very good order. The grenadiers were checked by the enemy's firft fire, and obliged to fhelter themfelves in or about the redoubt, which the French aban- doned upon their approach. In this fituation they continued for fume time, unable to form under fo hot a fire, and hav- ing many gallant officers wounded, who, carelefs of their perfons, had been folely intent upon their duty. I faw the abfolute necefTity of callin? them off, that they might form themfelves behind brigadier Monckton's corps, which was now landed, and drawn up on the Beach, in extreme good order. * By this new accident, and this fecond delay, it was near night, a Aiddiin ftorm came on, and the tide began to make ; fo that I thought it nioft advifeable, not to perfevere in fo difficult an attack, left, in cafe of a repulfe, the retreat of brigadier Townfhend's «orps might be hazardous and un- certain. * Our artillery had a great efFeft upon the enemy's leJt, where brigadiers Townlhend and Murray were to have at- * tacked; ^759 ( 100 ) ' . . tiers made a feint, as if he intended to attack the enemy's intrenchmtnts below the town. On the i3tho the tr tacked ; and, it is probable, that if ihofc accidents I have fpuken of had not hippcncd, vvc Ihould have penetrated there* wliilft our lelt and ccmer (more rv'inotc from our artillery) mullhiive bore all the violence of their mufquetry. * The French did not attempt to iiitcrruptour march. Some of tlieir Savages came down to murder fuch wounded as could not bs brought off, and to fcalp their dead, as the cuftoni is. * The place where the attack was intended, has thefe ad-, vantages over all others hereabout. Our artillery could be brought into iife : The greateft part, or even the whole of the troops, might ad at once : And a retreat (in cafe of a re- pulfe) was fecure, at lead for a certain time of the tide. Neither one or other of thefe advantages can any where elfe be found. The enemy were indeed polled upon a command- ing eminence. The * beach upon which the troops were drawn up was of deep mud, with holes, and.cut by fevcral gullies. The hill to be afcended very ftecp, and not every where pradiicable. The enemy numerous in their intrench- ments, and their fire hot If the attack had fucceedcd, oar lofs muft certainly have been great, and their's inconfide- rable, from the Iheiter which the neighbouring woods af-. forded them. Tiie river St. Charles flill remained to be, palled before tlie town was invelltd. All thefe ciicumftances I confidered ; but die define to ad in conformity to the king's inte;ntions, induced mc to make' this trial, perfuaded thut a. vidoiious army finds no difficulties. * The enemy have been fortifying ever fincc with care, fo. as to make a lecond attempt dill mcie dmgerous. * Immediately after this check) I fent brigadier Murray above the town with 1200 men, directing him touflift rear-admiral. Holmes in the dcdrudion of the French fhips (if they could, begot at) in order to open a communication with general Amlierfl. The brigadier was t) feck every favourable op- ponunityof figluing feme of the enemy's detachinents, pro- vided he could do it upon tolerable temis, and to ufc all the mean? in his power to provoke tliem to attack him. Ke made two difrtient attempts to land upon the north fliore '.yitliout ibccelsj but in a third was more toitunate. He lanL'ed ur,e;;pcdu.cly at Dc Chambaud, and burnt a maga- zine ihijre, ^in whuh were fome provifions, fomc nmmuni- tioii, and ull the ipure fwas, cloathing, arms, and baggage of thcir.armv. - , * , , L : . « Fin « little I * hisfttt • Thi « thefoi * ters, * Point, * Amhei ' plain, * of thrc * the wh The a * or ten * iiig by < thatll * public * and pr< * try, by ' nearly ' Levi ar ' the cne ' adion. * paring • The ■ to a' ge enginee '^ it, and, ' that the ulcnced would h lead, fro trenchei fhips, ^ and fror this, or I could nature, « To t have ad( floating the Indii to cxecu' Find In S '( loi ) 1759 1 3th of September, at one o'clock in the morning, the troops were put into the boats, and under * cover * Finding that their (hips were not to be got at, and little proipe^ of bringing tne enemy to a bactie, he reported hisfituat'on to me, and I ordered him to join the army. * The prifoners he took informed him of the funcnder of the fort of Niagara; and we difcovcred, by intercepted let- ters, that the enemy had abandoned Carillon and Crowh Point, were retired to the Ifle Aux Noix ; and that general Amherll was makin? preparations to crofs the Lake Cham- plain, to fall upon M. de Bourlemaque's corps, which confids of three battalions of foot, and as many Canadians as make the whole amount to 3000 men. ■* The admiral's difpatches and mine would have gone eight or ten days fooner, if I had not been prevented from writ- ing by a fever. I found myfelf fo ill, and am flill fo weak, that I begeed the general officers to confult together for the public utinty. They are all of opinion, that (as more fhips and provifions have now got above the town) they ihould try, Dy conveying up a corps of 4 or 5000 men (which is nearly the whole Itrength of the army, after the points of Levi and Orleans are left in a proper ftate of defence) to draNV the enemy from their prefent fituation, and brine them to an a£lion. I have acquielced in their propofal, ana we are pre- paring to put it in execution. * The admiral and I have examined the town, with a view to a general aflault ; but, after confulting with the chief engineer, who is well acquainted with the interior parts of it, and, after viewing it with tiie utmoit attention, we found ' that though the batteries of the Lower Town might be eafily filcnced by the men of war, yet the bufinefs of an aliault would be little advanced by that, fince the few palTages that lead, from the Lower to the Upper Town, are carefully in- trenched ; and the upper batteries cannot be :iffe£ted by thft fhips, which mull receive confiderable dartage from therai and from the mortars. The admiral woQld readily join in this, or in any other meafure, for the public lervice ; but I could not propofe to hiin a:i undertaking of fb dangerous a nature, and protnifing fo little fuccefs. * To the uncommon Ihength of the country, the enemy have added, for the defence of the river a great number of, floating batteries and boats. By the vigilance of thele, and the Indians round our diffetent pelts, it has been impoflible to execute any thing by furprize. We have had almoil d;;ily * ikirmillies 1759 ( ^02 cover of the Ihips glided foftly down the ftream to the place of landing ; where with admirable courage, but great difficulty, they landed, and af- cended, after the example of the general, one by one, the woody precipices ; and at length gained the fummit, which is called the Heights of Abraham. Here they were formed, and drawn up in regular order before day light. This fituation commanded the town. Montcalm now faw that he muft hazard a battle : he inAantly put his troops in motion, and advanced up to the Hnglifh. Ge- neral Wolfe placed himfelf in the front line of the center, in order to animate the troops by his exam. pie, fldrmiflies with thefe favages, in which they are generally defeated, but not without lofs on our fide. * By the lift of difabled officers, many of whom are of rank, you may perceive, fir, that the army is much weakened. By the nature of the river, the mod formidable part of this arma- ment is deprived of the power of afting, yet we have almoft the whole force of Canada to oppoie. In this fituation, there is fuch a choice of difficulties, that I own myfelf at a lofs how to determine. The aiFairs of Great Britain, I know, require the moil vigorous meafures ; but then the courage of a handful of brave men (hould be exerted only where there is fome hope of a favourable event. However, you may be afiured, Itr, that the fmall part of the campaign which re- mains, fhall be employed, as far as I am able, for the ho- nour of his majefty, and the intereft of the nation, in which I am fure of being well feconded by the admiral and by the generals. Happy if our efforts here can contribute to the fuccefs of his majefty's arms in any other parts of America. * I have the honour to be, « With the greateft rei^edl, ;. « Sir, .'x • * Your moft obedient, « And moft humble fervant. To Mr. fecretary Pitt. « J A M E S WOLFE.' This letter, which though for elegance and accuracy might iiave done honour to the pen of Caefar, could not fail cafting a floom over the fpirits of the people : yet fuch was their con« dence in the miniller, that notwitlifianding the importance of am to irable nd af- ne by ained Its of iwnup luation ihat he troops Ge. of the exam. pie, generally of rank, !ned. By his arnia< ive almoft ion, there at a lofs I know, :ourage of re there is u may be which re- »r the ho- in which and by the ute to the nerica. eant, >LFE.' racy might ilcafting a their con- importance of ( tOj ) ,759 pie. The right and left wings were commanded by the generals Monckton, Murray, and Townfhend. Ht ordered his men to rcferve tlieir fire, till the enemy werd very clofe; which being done, was then ^ffcharged, and it made terrible havock among them: the bayonent was immediately made ufe of, which greatly increafed the flaughter. The Eng- lifh had only fired twice, when the enemy began to fall into diforder and give ground. At this cri- tical minute general Wolfe was killed by a (hot in the breaft *. The French general was flain likewife, upon which the enenriy fell into utter confufion, and abandoned the field of battle. The Englifh loft about 500 men, and the French about 1500 % O ■ ,. but t- li>0 '■■'J .VK-n'Y of the objeft, the expence of the expedition, and the high ex- ^&iti^i -cohecived from it, not a murmur cnfued ! The nation was fihn ; they Were fatisfied that every thing poffiblc had htdn, and would be done ; and they waited with a truly kbhian rortitude the ftroke of fortune. A fuhilar circumfiance Is not to be found in all the annals of Britain ! ' ' . • The circumflances attending the death of this youhj Hero are too affecting to be pafled over. He firft received a wound inthewrift; buttlicit he might not difcourage his troops, he wrapped it up in his l andkerchief, and encouraged his men to advance ; foon after ^ received another ball in his belly ; this alfo he diiTenibied, .).d exerted himl'elf as before ; till he re- ceived a third, in his breait, under which he at bil i'ank.— • CroWned with conqueft, he fmiled in deaih.— ^His principal care was, that he fbouid not be feen to fall, ^ bupport n:e/ laid he, to Tuch as were near him ; * let not my brave IblcHers fee * medrop:— the day is ouis: Oh! keep it.' He was imme- diately carried behind the ranks. As he lay ilruggling with the angvilh and weaknefs of three grievous wounui, he Was oiiiy foUdtous about the certainty of the vidory. He begged one who attended him to fupport him to view the held ; but as he found that the approach of death had oimned and confuled his fight, he defired an officer who was by him to give him an ac- count of what he faw. The officer aniwerid, tiiat tne enemy were broken : he repeated hisqueilion a few niiuutci after, with iGUch anxiety ; when he was told, that the eueiny were to- tfiily 1759 ( »04 ^ but the death oFgeneral Wolfe was to the EngHfh the greatefl: misfortune : it was an event particularly grievous to hii country, though to himfelf the happiclt that can be imagined. Officers may be formed formed 1 like his, the batt] Townlh< It is pan tally routed, and that they fled in all parts. ■ Then I am < fatisiied,* faid he, and immediately expired. His death was univerially lamented by his country, and envied by all who had a true relifli for militaiy glory. Unindebted to family or conneflions, unfupported by intrigue or fa£don, he had ac- compliflied the whole bufinefs of life, at a time when others are only beginning to appear ; and at the a^e of thirty-five, without feeling the weaknefs of age or the viciffitude of for- tune, having latisfied his hone/t ambition, havine compleated his charafler, having fulfilled the expedlations of his country, he fell at the head of his conquerfng troops, and expired in the arms of victory, covered with laurels, green in age, but ripe in glory. "When the news of the viftory arrived in Englaftd; toge- ther with the death of the general, thexe was fuch a mixture of gnef and pity in the public congratulations, as was very fmgnlar and very aife£ling. One little circumftance deferves to be noticed. The mother of general Wolfe, was an object marked out for pity by great and peculiar difb-efs : fhe had experienced the dutiful fon and the-amiable domeftic character, whilft the world admired the ac- complifhed officer. But a few months before, fhe had loil her hufband ; and now fhe lofl this fon, her only child. The inha- bitants of the village where fhe lived, unaaimoufly agreed to admit no illuminations or firings, or any kind of rejoicings, near her houfe, left they feem by an ill-timed triuipph to infult her grief. This was a jufbiefs of fentiment rarely to be found, even amongft perfons of rank. His death was no lefs affeding to !mother lady, to whom he was to have been efpoafed at hi» return. On this occafion the minifler himfelf condefcended to write a lerter to Mrs. Wolfe, couched in. fuch terms as to afford confolation forthelofsof him, whofe blood had been fpilt in. the fervice of his country. And fuch was Mr. Piit's gratitude and defire to do juftice to the memory of this brave executor of his pilan, that when the parliament met, he, with that energy of eloquence peculiar to himfelf, expatiated on the tranfcendent merit of the general, his conduft during all the operations, his furmounting by abilities and valour all obflacles of art and na- ture, his refolution in landing, his courage in the field, his lofs to the publick, the importance of the conqueft, the blow given to the erfemy, and the glory to Britain : and then he made a mo- lion for a rcfolution to prej'ent an addrefs, defiring his.majefly, wotild !) would ord< the memor conded by among hu neral Wolf interefls, r general an( other, and tween then ^is head fo] agreed to. will not be which his ( (Nov. 17) The body \ towed by twelve-oar* gloomy fil fliutting up guns were body's leav mbuth, wh ordered un train in the there, to tl body was U a mournin through th( fiagftafF; i ^ with the m the entranc company The corpfe hearfe, the Landport and the hej On this oc< accents in j body was d at Grcenwi r'ii)5 ) 1759 formed by experience ; but a genius in war, a foul like his, can never be repaired. Five days after the battle, the city of Quebec furrendered to tween them ; Wolfe loft his life, and the minifter had hazarded ^is head for his country, &c. The refblution was unanimoufly agreed to. Among the other tributes paid to his memory, it will not be improper to add the following. When tlie (hip, in which his corpfe was brought to Europe, arrived at Portfmouth (Nov. ly) {he fired two guns for the removal of his remains. The body was lowered out of the fhip into a twelve oar'd barge, towed by two twelve-oar'd barges, and attended by twelve twelve-oar*d barges to the bottom of the point, in a train of gloomy iilent pomp, fuitable to the melancholy occafion, grief {hutting up the lips of the fourteen barges crews. Minute guns were fired from the (hips at Spithead, from the time of the body's leaving the (hip to its being landed at the point at Portf- mbuth, whicli was one hour. The regiment ot invalids was ordered under arms, and being joined by a company of the train in the garrifon at Portfmoutli, marched from the parade there, to the bottom of the point, to receive the remains. The body was landed, and put into a travelling hearfe, at ended by a mourning coach, (both fent from London) and proceeded through the garrifon. The colours on the fort were (truck half flag ftafF; the bells were mufRed and rung in folemn concert J with the march ; minute guns were fired on ihe platform from the entrance of the corpfe to the end of the proceflion ; the company of the train led the van with their arms reverfed. The corpfe followed ; and the invalid regiment followed the hearfe, their arms reverfed. They conduiSted the body to tlie Landport gates, where the train opened to the right and left, and the hearfe proceeded through them on its way to London. On this occafion nothing was to be heard but murmuring broken accents in praife of the dead hero. — On the 20th, at night, his body was depofited in the burying place belonging to his family at Greenwich. ■■;;f if m m 1159 ( io6 ) queft of Canada wa$ owing to the Hngular ardou and intrepidity of general Wolfe : it ^vas he, and be only^ ^hich fornfied that defperate refolutioi> of landing, and climbing the Heights of Abraham. This brought on the battle ; and thus was Quebec conquered. Had a commander of an ordinary ca- pacity been employed in this enterprize (fuch as Britain has frequently feen entrenching themfelves in excufes and punctilios) he would have been daggered by the difficulties, diicouraged by the repulfe at Montmorenci, and judged the landing impradlica- ble. Thus would the great fcheme have been defeat- ed, a whole feafon lod, and the national treafure thrown away in equipping a fruitlefs expedition. What praifes, what honours, what rewards, therefore, are due to him, who by his Jng/e opinion prevented all this, and added to the 3rici|h erown one of the brighteft gems it ever wore ? In the mean time ge- neral Amherft advanced to Crown Point, which, as well as Ticonderoga, the enemy abandoned on his approacli-: then.he prepared to crofs lake Cham- plain, and diflodge a numerous body of French troops, which lay intrenched at the bottom of the lake, in orcier to open a communication with ge- neral WoUe ; but by the time he had made his pre- parations the flormy feafon was let in ; and when he embarked, hoping to cffed his defigns, the wea- ther was fo told and tempeftuous, he was obliged to turn back, and poftpone the remainder of his operations till the nifxt campaign. Thus the great end of afTiding general Wolfe was not accom- pliHied ; and that general was, as we have feen, kit to the exertion of his fingle ftrength. The third part of the plan was more fuccefsful. General Prideaux advanced to fort Niagara, which by its excellent firuation commands that extenfive terri- tory inhabited by the Iroquois Indians : he laid fkge to it i but while the operations \vcre carrying )l\ la irdou :, and >lutio^ raham. ^lebcc ry ca- uch as Ivcsin ggered •ulfe at adlica- defeat- rcafure edition, erefore, evented e of the ime gc- which, oned on : Cham- French I of the vith ge- his pre- d when :he wea- obliged r of his he great accom- i^e feen, . The Gentrral h by its e terri- he laid arrying •<• ( 107 ) ' 1759 pn, he was killed before the place by the burfting qf a cohorn ; upon which the command devolved upon general Johnfon. The French, well knowing the importance of the fort, notwithflanding their diftreffed and diftra^ted condition, collected a body of troops and Indians, and advanced to its relief ; but general Johnfon, who is extremely well ac- quainted with all the Indian methods of making war, and taking advantages of the ground, bufhes, &c. gave them a warm reception, and in lefs than an hour totally defeated them : then he fummoned the fort, and obliged the garrifon, amounting to 600 men, to furrender prifoners of war that evening. Such was the fecond campaign in America, by which the Englilh gained poiTef- fion of Quebec, the capitd of Canada ; drove the French from their itrong holds at Crown Point and Ticonderoga ; and took fort Niagara, which opened the road to Montreal, the fecond principal place in Canada, and the only one which the French now held in that great province. Mr. Pitt*s plans for reducing the French in America were not confined to the continent only : the iflands were objeds equally great in his views. He fent a fleet of ten (hips of the line from Eng- land, commanded by commodore Moore, and fix regiments of infantry, under the dire6lion of gene- ral Hopfon, to attack Martinico, the conqueft of which had been reprefented to him as extremely pradiicable. But when the (hips appeared before the ifland, which was in the month of January, and had landed the troops upon it, the forts were found to be much ftrQnger than had been fuppofed: at which time a difference arofe between the two commanders concerning the conveyance of the cannon ; upon which the troops were re-embarked. It was then judged proper to fail away for Guada- loupe, in hopes of better fortune. On the 23d of " January 'im 1759 . ( >oS ) January they appeared before Bade terre, which was cannonaded and bombarded by the, fleet, till it was in many places fet on fire : the flames continu- ing to confume the town all that and the following day, the inhabitants and troops at length quitted it, and fled into the mountainous part of the country : the Englifli troops then were landed ; but the climate being extrcamly unhealthy, ercat numbers were carried off by ficknefs and revers; among whom was general Hopfon. The command de- volved upJon general Harrington i who having ta- ken poflfeflion of feveral places, embarked the troops, and failed round the ifland to other parts, where he reduced all the principal towns ; and on thefirft day of May obliged the two iflands, which together are called Guadaloupe, to furrender. This valuable conqueft was but juft made, when a French fquadron appeared off to its relief; but the com- mander finding he was too late, failed away without attempting any thing •, though had he come but a day fooner, he had probably faved the iflands. Be- fore the end of the month the ifland of Marigalante furrendered. The news of fuch a feries of fuccefles, fo advantageous to England, and defl:ru6live of the power of the enemy, were received with raptures of joy ; and the people turned to the minifter as to a divinity, who had wrought miracles in their fa- vour. P-i^^^ s-'i iO^iifif^^^i.- :ii iyi tm't^^in In the Eaft Indies the Englifli were as fuccefsful as the warmefl: friend could wifli. Confidering the enemy's fuperiority, it was impoflible to prevent Lally's layng fiege to Madrafs; for which we left him lart year making preparations. The French army advanced to the place, but one of their regi- ments was rcLighly handled by colonel Draper, who iallicd out of the town to impede their approach : . 4. W .»,. , - - , : , _ , L.p t . t- t -^ "* ' i AAV , ' ,-'-■■ ■ ■'■'-' ' • "■" *W " hefoi ment fon o lonel who fend Janu Hen » » i> ( 109 ) 1759 he fought bravely,* but the enemy's frelh reinforce- ments at length obliged him to retire. The garri- fon of Madrafs was ^t this time commanded by co- lonel Lawrence, and the town by governor Pigott, who both provided every thing in their power to de- fend the place to the laft extremity. On the 6th of January, 1 759, Lally opened the trenches againft it. He maintained a heavy fire for fome time, and ad- vanced very near the glacis •, he poured his bombs into the town in order to fet fire to the houfes, an4 intimidate the inhabitants, but the vigilance and bravery of the Enghlh officers difappointed his ex- peftations ; and the Bi e of the garrifon was fo warm as to obHge him to abandon fome of his batteries. In the mean time Major Caillaud, with a few Eu- ropeans and a body of the country forces, hovered on the fkirts of Lally's armyi and greatly embaraf- fed iiim, as well as retarded the operations of the fiege : he cut ofF Lally -s fupplies, repulfed feveral of his detachments, and kept him in continual alarm; At length Lally was fo provoked by this flying camp, which he faid was like the flies, nO. fooner beat ofi^ from one part than they came to another, that he relolved to fend out fuch a large force as would crulh them efFedtually : but he was I ;8. - * In this attack major Pollier, who had commanded at fort St. David's, was mortally wounded. He had been tried by a court martial concerning his furrender of that place; his pcrfonal behaviour was much commended, but the court thought he a£ted injudicioufly in defending fome out polls, when he ought to have collefted his little force within the fort j and they faid he might have held out longer. ' To wipe off this difgrace he was lor fighting on every future occafion, whether proper or not. In this affair he was a volunteer. He was cei tamly a ^ brave man ; but too hally and paflionate, which fomctimes oc- cafiOned much uneafmcfs to himfelf and thofe about him. He had ferved the Ealt-India company on many occafions with re- putation : and it is thought that the ill opinion which he enter- tained of the garrifon was the principal caufe of his delivering up fort St. David. dif- f75$ ( no ) difappointed, for the Englifh made To brave a'ftand^ that his troops gained no material advantage. Chagrined by this event ; by the obftinate defence and the fuperior fire of the garrifon, which obliged him gradually to decreafe his own ; by the villainous arts of the commifTaries and contractors, who had engaged to fupply his army ; he, in the wild tranf- ports of rage and defpair, refolved to raife the liege and refign his command of the army. This was oti the 14th of February ; when he wrote a letter to M. Ae Leyrit governor of Pondichcrry, containing his refolutions : but his mefTenger who was carrying ft! fell into the hands of Major Caillaud,* who fent it into 'r.'j* ;The letter is curious, becaufe it is truly piflurefque df tho diagrin and mortification of the writer; therefore we mall iaktt acorreA tranflatiohof it: , From the camp iefbreMadraftf the 1 4/^ of Felrviiryy 1759. '■ ^ ;^ i " A good blow might be Aruck here: there is a fhi^ in the ** road, of 20 guns, laden with all the riches of Madrafs, whidv " it is faid will remain, there till the 20th. The expedition is juft *( arrived, but M. Gorlin is not a man to attack her: ifbr ihe^ has made him run away once before. The Briftol, on the oth^r hand, did but juft make her appearance before St. Thomas ; and on the vague report of 1 3 fhips coming from, Porto Novo, (he took fright ; and after landing the provi- iions with which fhe was laden, ihe would not ftay long enough, even to take en board 1 2 of her own guns, which ihe had lent us for the iiege. ** If I was to judge of the point of honour of the company V '* oificers, I would break him like glafs, as well as fome otherr of them. ** The Fidelle, or the Harlem, or r;ven theaforefaidBriibl, with her 1 2 guns reftored to her, would be fufiicient t6 make' themfelves mailers of the Englifh (hip, if they could manage ib as to get to windward of her in the night. Maugeniue and Tremillier are faid to be good men ; and were they em- ployed only to tranfport 200 wounded men, that we have here, their fervice would be of importance. ^ ** W« remain fiill in the fame pofuion i the breach made thefe 1 5 days ; all the time within 1 5 toifes of the wall of the place, and never holding up our heads to look at it. <( <( much '♦ patience. ♦* Of 1500 Cipayes which attended our army, I reckon near 800 are employed upon the road to Pondicherry, laden with fugar, pepper, and other goods; and as for the Coulis, they aro all employed for the fame pnrpofe, from the firft day we came here. " I am taking my meafure ; from this day, to fet fire to thtf *' Black town, and to blow up the powder mills. ** You will never imagine, that 50 French deferters, and *<• 100 Swifs, are aftually flopping the progrefs of 2000 men '.• of the king's ' and company's troops, which are ftill here '* exiiling, notwithftanding the exaggerated accounts tliat *' every one makes here, according to his own fancy, of ** the flaughter that has been made of them ; and you will be ** ftill more furprized, if I tell you that, were it not for the two ** combats and four battles we mlbined, and for the batteries ** which failed, or, to fpeak more properly, which were un- ** Ikilfully made, we ihould not have loil 50 men, from the *' commencement of the fiege to this day. ** I have wrote to M. de Larche, that if he perfifts in not- ** coming here, let who will raiie money upon the Paleagers ** for me, I will not do it; and I renounce (as I informed you a month ago I would do) meddling, direflly or indiredtly, with any thing whatever, that may have relation to your adminiftration, whether civil or military. For I bad rather gy and command the Caifres of Madagafcar, than remain in this Sodom; which it is impoffible but the fire of the Englilh mull delhoy, fooner or later, c\ en though that from •* heaven ihould not. I have the honour to be, &c. &c. LALLY." . " P, S. I think it necefTary to apprize you, that, as M. dc Soupirc has refufed to take upon liim the com.iiand of this army, which I have otlered to bim, and which he is impowercd to accept, by having received from the court a " duplicate of my commiifion, you muil of liecellity, together «< with the council, take it upon you. For my p:irt, I under- •* take only to bring it back, either to Arcotte, or Sadrafte. ** Send therefore your orders, or come yourklves to command •>♦ it; for I fhalUj^uitit upon my arrival there" ' ' . '. ... ^..^ .■ p .(: .„ ... -^_':i : thQ (( (C «< (( «( it (I H ;».; :i,,.,! v51 1 10 1759 ( iia ) the Black Town, as he intended, for a man of war and a company's Hiip arriving in the road on the i6th with fuccours, he precipitately retreated in the utmofl hade and left his artillery behind him. Thus WIS Madrafs faved after a fiege of nine weeks. A part of the garrifon, commanded by Major Brereton, fallied out after him, but were for fome time too weak to undertake any thing of impor- tance. At length, in the month of September, they refolved to attack him in his flrong camp at Wande' alli, but they met with a fevere repulfe, and were obliged to retire in confufion. Captain Mait- land, who commanded an expedition to Bombay, had better fuccefs. He difperled the French troops, took the town of Surat by aflault, and obliged the caftle to furrender. in the mean time admiral Pococke and M. u*Ache difputed the fuperiority of the fea. On the loth of September they came to an engagement off Pondicherry, which raged with great fury for the fpace of two hours -, when d'Ache finding himfelf unable to fuftain Pococke's heavy and deftru^ive fire, fied in the bed manner he could. The Englifb fleet however were too much damaged to purfue j but foon after, being refitted, they went again in queft of the French, who de- fcrying their approach off Pondicherry flipped out to fea, and avoided another engagement. Mr. Pitr, apprehenfive that the enemy's additional force in the Eaft Indies might feize fome of the Englifli fettlc- nients, difpatched a fleet from Europe, as foon as ht heard of Lally's defign to attack Madrafs, under the command of commodore Cornifh, who about this time joined Admiral Pocock^', and gave fuch a fuperiority to the Britifh power in the eafl:, as in a little time after totally deftroycd the French force on the coaft of Coromandel. Commodore Corniflj brought with him a reinforcement of troops, com- manded by colonel Coote, who took the command of «< ( »'3 ) 1759 of the whole army, and prepared to make heid againft general Lally. He reduced Wandewafh, and feme other places of lefs importance^ before the end of the year*. P 2 The i • At this time a new enemy to the Englifli ftarted up in the Eaft Indies. '« The great extenfion of the Britifti trade in this ** quarter of the globe excited the jealeufy and envy of the Dutch, who ffcretly formed a fcheme ror extirpating the Englilh out of Bengal ; they tampered with the nabob, who connived at their intentions. Their firlt aim was to engrofs the whole falt-petre trade ; a part of which they enjoyed by their faftory at Chinfurra, where they had a ftrong fort on the river Bengal, higher up than Calcutta. The governor of Batavia, having charged himfelf with the execution of tlus action, chofe the opportunity while the Britifh fquadron were abfent ; and having equipped fevcn (hips, and put on board them 12,000 troops, on pretence of reinforcing the Dutch garrifons in Bengal, thev failed for the river of Bengal, and m October three of them arrived there. Colonel Clive, who refided at Calcutta, having notice of their defign, fent <** word to the Dutch commodore, that he could not allow them « to land their forces and march to Chinfurra ; but no fooner •* were the tell of the troops arrived, than the troops were *' landed, and began their march for Chinfurra. The Dutch <* commodore, by way of retaliating the affront he preten '■ "rd *' to have received, in being denied a paii'age to Chinfurra, toe'*: feveral Englifli veflels on the river ; and one of the Indiamen coming down at that time, he told the captain, that if he prefumed to pais he would fink him ; upon which the veffel returned to Calcutta, where colonel Clive ordered three ** Indiamen that were there to go down and fight the Dutch ; «* and they obeyed this order with fo much vivacity and courage, that they compelled three of the Dutch ihips, with the commodore, to furrender; tworsji away, and they drove the lall alhore. In the mean time the Dutch troops were not more fortunate than their fhips : colonel Clive detached colonel Forde, with 500 men, to oppofe their progrefs ; on the 25th of November, he met with tlicm and gave thera battle with great refolution ; in a fliort time they gave way, and were totally defeated: during this adion, the nabob, with a conftderable army looking on, obfervcd a fufpicious neutrality, and in all probability would have declared for the Dutch, had they proved vi»^oriou» ; but no fooner had the . t*v ' ' *• Englifli « i< (( «( «( « it « it «« (i €t tt 1 1 m \^'A I if 1759 ( »H ) The navy of Great Biiuin was every witere triumphant. Admiral Bufeawen, who fuccceded admiral v (borne in his command of the iquadron in the Mediterranean, attacked the Toulon flect^ commanded by de la Clue, as it v/js attempting to pafs the Streights •, and aki r a furious engagement (nug. if' he took two (liips, and burned another on the coaft of Portugal j which in lome meafure violated the neutrality of that power, but it was in no condition to refent it. De la Clue efcaped a- fhore, and his fhip was deftroyed by the vi(5lors. At this time the Frtnch rniniftty were projefting a triple embarkation for the invafion of Great Britain : a fmail fquadron was equipped at Dunkirk, and the command given to M.Thurot. The grand fleet was at Brelt, under the command of M. Con- flans : and the troops which it was to take on board lay at Vannes, under the command of the duke d'Aguillon, A few (hips, with a number of flat- bottomed boats to carry troops, were prepared at Havre. In tht* llicccfs of an invafion all the hopes of the French now lay : it was their dernier refort. Driven from their rolonies abroad, beaten by fea and land, they relolvtdon this defperate enterprize to retrieve ihc ruined (tare of their affairs, by car- ry iiig the war into fonie part of Great Britain or Irelar.d, and thereby obliging us to accept of a peace. But M'.'Pirt, that watchful father of his [Country's intereib, was as early in his relbjutions to frullrate e^'ciy part of the defign, as they were to fee about it. As foon as their preparations began. ** Englifh (gained tlieviftory, than lie ofFered them his fervice, ** The Dutch landing their whole; fchenie defeated, began to «• think of ncconiniodathig matters; a treaty was concluded, *' by which ilic fhips were rcllored; and the prifoners were ** releafed as loon as tlie Dutch faflory at Chinfurra had given ** fecujity to indi^jnnify the Englilli lOfrHlhe damage they had ** fuilair.t'd.'' Se^ th Kc'vkw of the R«ign of George II. he ( "5 ) 1759 he fenc out Beets to block up their harbours. Com- modore Boys was (lationed off Dunkirk*, admiral Hawke off Bred i and admiral Rodney was fent to Havre to deftroy the flat-bottomed boats, which was performtd by a bombardment with tolerable fuccefs. Thurot, however, eluded the vigilance of Boys, and efcaped into the north Tea. Admiral Hawke, who had feveral times infulted the Breft Eeet by his cruizers, was at length driven oflf hift (lacion (Nov. 14) by a violent dorm : upon which Conflans, who had never ventured to come out and face the Enelilh admiral, feized that opportunity and put to lea, directing his courfe to Vannes. As foon as admiral Hawke was informed of it, he in- ilantly put to fea in quell of him •, and judging from the defign of the invafion that Conflans had (leered for Vannes, came up with him oflf BelleiHe. It bjew a terrible (lorm ; the waves ran mountains high ; the pilots were ignorant of the coad, which was every where filled with rocks, fands and Ihoals % yet the brave Engiid) admial refolved to fight *, he knew the importance of fuch a vidlory ; he was fenfible that the war was put to the iffue of this event *, and amid all the horrors of two enraged elements he began a furious engagement. Two French Ihips were funk, and every foul perilhed 1 a third was taken. The enemy made but a (hort refidance; they prefently fled on all fides, and night faved them from utter dedrudlion -, feven ftiips, by throwing their guns overboard, efcaped up the river Villaine *, great part of the red got out to fea ; but Conflans, with a few others, which in the time of confufion and uproar knew not where to run, caft anchor among the Engliih fleet. The night was the mod terrible that can be conceived ; the wind blew a violent dorm ; it was pitchy darknefs, and a dangerous coad on every fide.. Didrefs guns were . fired all night, but no body could tell whether they tame :;ii !!J ii \i759 ( u6 ] • ^ ' came from friend or enemy ; and the dangers made the ii'-arcrs unable to give afliftance. In the morn- ing chey found one o\ the Englifli fiiips wrecked ; at chj lame time the French admiral difcovered where he was, and ran his fliip a-fliore, where flie was burned by the viftors. 1 hus was defeated thiit boafted projedt of an invafion •, and the French naval power fo broken and difpirited, .■:, never to attempt any thing more during the adminiftration of Mr. Pitt. Thurot for a little time had better fortune than Conflans. After he had efcaped out of Dunkirk, he took refuge in Norway from the tempellous weather •, which at length being over^ he put to fea again, and landed in Scotland*, where having got fame refrefiiments, he proceeded to Ireland, and landed near Carrickfergus : the gar* rifOn of which he obliged to liirrender* ; but hear- ing that a body of troops were marching againft hiili, he inftanrly re-embarked and put to fea. Ca[»tain Elliot, who was at Kinfale with three fri- g4t6s, being informed of his operations, directly X^Hed in queft of him. Thefe commanders, who * I'his defcent infrantly fpread an alarm along the north-weft coall ct Khglaad. The large and opulent town of Liverpocl, ill particular, had reafon to dread a furprize ; which is ex- Itemely practicable by either land or lea, the harbour and coalV bein*;; entirely detencelefs. The mercantile inhabitants, of which the town chiefly confifts, at their own expence, with a Spirit truly laudable and patriotic, direftly armed and formed thenifelves into bodies for its proteftion ; and they mounted a cnnlidcrable number of heavy cannon in different batteries, fo difpoied as to defend tlie harbour from the entrance of an enemy. In Hiort they took every precaution, which prudence could fur^gell ; and they were vigilant and indefatigable in their prepar.itions of defence and manoDvi'^s of difciplinc. Such toiiduclanc zeal were truly commendable j they were examples of courage and ardour v.'crthy of being imitated ; and luch is would have dore real honour to the barrier towns o£ the Kcnari cmpiiC, in the iKoft viruiouh and heroic times of that republic. ^ ,^„^ ,, „ ,..,•._. ^ ^ ,,,. , ,.^^., ,. ^ _ ^,^, ^ ,. r . . . ' were ( 117 ) 1759 were nearly of equal force, came to an engagement (Feb. 21, 1760) off the Ifle of Man; in which Thurot was killed and his three fhips taken. We will now turn to the affairs of Germany. The king of Prulfia, notwithftanding his numerous loflcs, was ftill powerful. He prepared to make head againft his enemies on all fides. He polled prince Henry in Saxony to find work for the army of tlie empire. He took cognizance of marfhal Daun himfelf-, and in Silefia he had a body of troops to oppofe the Ruffians. In the month of February this corps entered Poland, and deftroyed the Ruffian magazines there. In April prince Henry fallied out of Saxony, and drove the army of the empire into Voightland, which fpread an alarm even to the French camp j he gained other advantages and raifed contributions. The king of PruflTia and marflial Daun watched each other with the greateft eagernefs, to feize the critical moment of advantage. The emprefs-queen finding her arms not likely to overbalance her antagonift, and im- patient for his deftru(5lion, repeatedly urged the affiilance of the Ruffians by her minifter at Peterf- burgh. Notwithftanding the Ruffian magazines has been deftroyed ; yet that power being replete with refources, foon repaired the lofs •, and its nu- merous lavage army, now commanded by count Soltikoff, entered the Pruffian territories. Count Dohna, who commanded the Pruffian troops op- pofed to them, contented himfelf with harraffing and impeding their motions. The king of Pruffia, who was impatient for adion, difapproved of this conduft, upon which the count refigned ; and ge- neral Wedel, who look the command of the army, was ordered to ficrht the Ruffians at all events. He obeyed this order, and with 30,000 men attacked 70,000 on the '73d of July, at Zullichau, near Croffen. The inferior numbers, after nuintaining I .''■?! lii ■m'X M V59 ( ii8 ) a defperatc cdnfii(fl feveral hours under many diffi- culties, were at length defeated with the lofs of 8000 men. This mifcarriage exafperated the king of Pruffia : he refolved to fight the Ruffians him- felf J and for this purpofe he feperated from his army a confiderable corps, with which he marched to join Wedel's troops, leaving the reft with his brother, whom he called out of Saxony to watch marfhal Daun ; but that general perceiving the king's intentions, detached general Laudohn with 12,000 horfe to the affiftance of the Ruffians, and he happily eflfeded his jundion with their army. The king of Pruffia, however, refolved upon fighting, and with 50,000 men, the moft he could conveniently afliemble, on the 12th of Auguft he attacked the Ruffian camp, at CunnerfdorfF near Franckfort. During the firft fix hours of this fu- rious combat he made a confiderable impreffion, and the enemy feemed to retreat. At this minute he fent a billet to his queen, containing thefe words : ' Madam, we have beat the Ruflians from their • entrenchments. In two hours expeft to hear of * a glorious vidory." But he was miftaken •, the Ruffians had only retreated to more advantageous ground. He refolved to force them entirely. His. generals remonftrated againft it as a ftep that would be deftrudive of his troops ; but he difdained a vidtory in imperfe(5tion. It is perhaps his greateft foible to be obfl:inate,' and fometimes fool-hardy. Here both were manifeft. He made feveral def- perate attacks with his infantry, which before had been nearly exhaufted, every one of which were un* fuccefsful. His troops were fpent. He then tried his cavalry : they did all that men could do ; but their efforts could not diflodge the enemy : they fell into diforder ; and in this critical moment the Auftrian cavalry, which had been hitherto inadlive, fell among them and compleated their deftruftion. This ( 119 ) 759 near This ftfuck a terror throughout the remains of the Prufllan army, which thenlnftantly fled from the field, leaving all their baggage, cannon, and every utenfil to the enemy. This was the moft bloody battle the king of Pruflia had ever feen : at leaft . 19,000 of his beft troops were flain, bcfides a contiderabie number wounded and made prifoners. When he quitted this horrid fcene, he fent another billet to his queen thus exprefled : ' Remove from * Berlin with the royal family. Let the archives •be carried to Potfdam. The town may make ' conditions with the enemy.* "It is eafy to con- ceive the confternation this produced at Berlin, amidol the rejoicings occafioned by the firft mef- iehger. The Ruffians lott between 11 and 12,060 men. Next day the king of Pruflia retreated over the Oder, and coUefted his fugitives : he drew a train of artillery from Berlin, and foon* recovered .:^om his diforder. He faw with joy and ailonifti- ment the Ruffians forbearing to improve their vic- tory. They, inftead of doing that, contented themfelves with joining count Daun in Lufatia, and holding confulcations with that general •, from which it has been ftrongly apprehended, that the fafety of the king of Pruffia was owing to a jealoufy, which is at this time fuppofed to have arofe between them ; the Auftrians not being willing the Ruiiians fhould get pofleffion of Brandenburgh, left they Ihould have more territory in the empire than was con- fident with the intereft of the emprels-queev?. In the mean time the army of the empire penetrated into Saxony, and reduced the towns of Hall, L-^ipfic, Torgua and Drefden. The king of Pruf- fia fufpeding the Ruffians, at length, intended to take Great Glogau, took \)o{\ in fueh a manner as covered the town -, while C(junt Duun apprehending prince Henry defigned to retake Drtrlden, made a forced march in order to fave that capital. The Q^ Auilrians \ n f 1'.' t u 759 ( 120 ) Auftrians and RuflTians having thus feparated, the latter began to retire. The king of Pruflia being releafed of all his anxieties on that fide, and having recruited his army, he in the month of November detached general Finck, with 20,000 men, to cut off count Daun's retreat into Bohemia. The Auf- trian general was aware of the defign, and he fe- cretly furrounded Finck •, who, upon difcovering the fnare he had fallen into, made the mod vigorous efforts for a whole day to difengage himfelf ; but at length finding that it was impoffible, the enemy having fccured every avenue in the ftrongeft man- ner, and on every fide prefented a wall of bayonets, through which it was madnefs to think of pene- trating, he on the fucceeding day was obliged to furrender, with his whole army, prifoners of war. While the Pruffian power was ftaggering under this blow, it felt another a few days after. A body of Pruffians were pofted on the Elbe near Meiflcn, which were vigoroufly attacked by the Auftrians, who made prifoners between 3 and 4000. In this critical fituation the king of Pruflia was obliged to folicit affiftance -, upon which the hereditary prince of Brunfwic was detached with 1 2,000 men from the allied army. This prevented M. Daun drawing any advantages from the diftrefled fituation of his enemy •, he therefore enclofed himfelf in the ftrong camp at Pirna in Saxony. The PrufHans then went into winter-quarters, and the hereditary prince returned to the allies. I The hopes of great advantage, which had been expe<5led from the allies at the opening of the cam- paign, were ruined by one unfortunate ftroke. It had been concerted that they fliould drive the French troops from Francfort, which they had illegally feized, and by which they poffeffed the navigation of the rivers Maefe and Rhine, whence they drew fupplies and refrelhments. For this purpofe prince *..„,. - .,. Ferdinand ( J2I ) 1759 Ferdinand put himfelf at the head of a body of troops, and advanced to execure the defign ; but the duke de Broglio polled himfelf in a very ftrong manner at Bergen, between Francfort and Hanau. Prince Ferdinand finding it neceflary to force that general before he could penetrate to Francfort, or- dered the prince of Yfenbourg to attack him i but the enemy's intrenchments were impregnable ; the prince was (lain in the third attempt, and near 2000 men were loft : upon which prince Ferdinand ordered the troops to draw off, and he immediately joined the army. Being foiled in this attempt, he adted upon the defenfive : while the French army being greatly reinforced, obliged him to retreat : they feized feveral towns and over- ran the whole country : they looked upon the conqueft of Ha- nover as an abfolute certainty. During this train of fuccefs the duke de Belleifle, the French mini- fter, >yrote to the marflial de Contades, who com- manded the army, on the fubjedl of fecuring their conqueft, and preventing another expulfion from Hanover ; and for this end propofed the moft cruel and unwarrantable expedients. Contades. refolved to drive the allies from their pofleffion of the courfe of the Wefer. Prince Ferdinand law his defign, and he refolved to preferve it. The French, how- ever, took Minden •, by which they in fome meafure gained their point -, but a ftrong body of the allies lying entrenched at but a fmall diftance from the town, and clofe to the river -, and prince Ferdinand, with the remainder of the army, being very near to that poft, they found their bufinefs not effedually done ; nor could they take up their winter quarters in Hanover, unlefs they forced that poft, and de- feated prince Ferdinand. To accomplifh thefe ends Contades refolved on giving battle. He ordered the duke de Broglio to artack the entrenched poft on the jft of Auguft, at four o'clock in the morn- I:'' .,r« '1 1 0.2 ing; '759 ( 122 ) ing ; which he accordingly did, bat found ic fb itrong he could noc force it. Mean while Contadcs advanced wiih the main army to attack prince Per* dinand in front, who met him in the plains of Minden. The allies were not quite prepared for adtion : they were partly furprized. Six Britifh and two Hanoverian regiments were the Brft in the field. Thefe alone maintained an unequal and heroic fight with the whole French army j and with the alTiilance of the Britifh artiikry, repulfed the enemy in every attack, and at length obliged them to quit the field in diforder. During this conflid orders were fent to lord George Sackvillc, who commanded the Britifh troops, and at this time the cavalry of the right wing, which was placed behind a wood and out of fight of the adlion, to fupport that little corps of infantry •, but from a mifundef- ftanding of the orders, and an inconfiftency, which, to him^ fecmed to appear in them, he hefitated in the txecution -, by which the cavalry did not arrive time enough to give any afTiftance, fuppofing they had been wan red J. Happily, however, this was not the cafe. The French retreated with great pre- cipitation. They were ciifpirited by the check they had received. Ihey abandoned all the territory they had conquered. Prince Ferdinand purfued them and iaid fiege to Munfler, with the redudtion of which the canspaign ended, and both armies fat down juft where they had begun. Thus did the fingle exploit r,f but a handful of Britifh foldiers deltroy all the hopes of the French court in making a conqueft of Hanover, and with it purchafing the places they hat^ lofl; in Afia, Africa and America; render a whole campaign fruitlefs, by which a great expence and many lives were thrown away j X For this dirobedience of order?' he was tried by a court- jnartial in Loudon, and udjudged unfit for future feivicc and ( '23 ) 1759 and fix an indelible ftain of diihonour on the French arms*. During the winter the kings of Great Britain and Pruflfia made offers towards a pacification *, but they had noeiiedt. The emprefs- queen dill hoped to recover Silefia i and France fancied Ihe had prof- pc6ts (though but vifionary ones) of retaking fome of her fettlementsf. In the month of November the parliament met. As the rnemies had rejected the offers of peace, it became juftly neceffary to profecute the war with vigour. The forces amounted to 73,000 feamen and 57,000 foldiers : the fupplies for their fupport, and all other neceffaries, amounted to fifteen mil lions j:. Such was the aflonifhing credit of Great Britain, that fhe could raife this immenfe fum without in the leafi: hazarding her reputation ; and fuch was the entire confidence of the people in the miniiler, that they freely opened their bags without a murmur ; certain that their money would * The lofles which the French had fuftained ir. every part of the world, reduced them to the neceffity of Hopping payment of the following public debts* viz. i. The three kinds of rents created on the polls. 2. Thofe conllituted upon the chtSt of redemptions. 3. The coupons of bills on the fame cheft. 4. Thbfe of the two royal lotteries. 5. Thereimburfement of •ills drawn to bear on the iame che(l. 6. The bills of the two royal lotteries. 7. The rents created on the two fols per pound of the tenth penny. 8. The reimburfement of the capitals of rents. 9. The payments of bills difchargeable in nine years, known under the name of annuities. 10. Thofe of the new a£^ions on the benefit of the farms. 11.. All the bills drawn by the colonies upon the government, amounting to 1,233,000!. t In the month of Auguil the king of Spain died. He was facceeded by his brother Don Carlos, king of Naples : a prince of whom the world had form^id fome good opinions ; but they afterwards proved millaken notions. His weaknefs particu- larly appeared in a too great reliance on his Italian minifter, who was wheedled by French artifice. I Mr. Pitt made a motion in the houfe of commons to re- turn thanks to the furvivijig conpaerors of Quebec ; which was accordingly done. be lySo ( 124 ) be appropriated to good purpofes, as far as he could dire(5l. They were facisficd in the higheft degree : the trade of the kingdom flourifhed 5 com- merce increafed j riches poured in from every quar- ter, and joy and gladlefs fat on every countenance : there was peace and harmony at home, and an un- parallelled foccefs abroad. In the Eaft Indies the power of the French on the coaft of Coromandel was totally annihilated. Colonel Coote defeated general Lally in the field, and obliged him to feek refuge in Pondicherry, He afterwards laid fiege to that capital *, and, with the afli (lance of the Beet, at length reduced it, ob- liging general Lally with the garrifon to furrender prifoners of war. » In America the entire reduflion of Canada was achieved. It is true, indeed, the French force which remained at Montreal, under the command of the marquis dc Vaudreuil, the governor, made fome efforts to regain Quebec. They, early in the feafon, while the river St. Lawrence was unnaviga- ble by the ice, marched to attack Quebec ; and general Murray, who was appointed governor of that city, marched out and gave them battle : he had the misfortune to be defeated, and the French began to befiege the city ; but lord Col vi lie, who, , by the prudence of the minifter, was ftationed at Halifax with a fquadron, in order to a6t as exi- gencies might require, as foon as he heard of thefe tranfadions, forced his way up tht river St. Law- rence ; upon which the French inftantly abandoned their enterprize, and fled to Monrreal with the greateft precipitation. General Amherft, who con- du6ied his operations over land, advanced to Mon- treal in the month of September. M. Vaudreuil having no refource, nor any hop^ of afliftance, ,in- flatuJy furrendeied to him the whole province of. ^ ' . , The ^1 ' . ( 125 ) '7^0 The naval tranfa(5lions in this year were : in the Weft Indies commodore Holmes, who was on the Jamaica ftation, took two French frigates and dc- ftroyed three others, which were deftined to convoy a fleet of merchant (hips to Old France. In Eu- rope, the fleet ftationcd on the coaft of France blocked up ..II the French ports, and thereby put an almoft entire ftop to their commerce. Some of our (hips took the little idand of Dumet, which proved of confiderable fervice to the fleet, by fur- nithing a fufiiciency of water, which had been hi- therto fent by tranfports jfrom England, at a great expence to the nation, ivu m v'^h ^ Jo Germany aflfairs ftill continued to wear the marks of rancour and inveteracy. Tjie emprefs- qiieen determined to exert her forces, in^ order to recover Siiefla. General Laudohn, with 50,000 men, opened the campaign with the fiege of Glatz i but finding his operations expofed to much annoy- ance trom 23,000 Pruflians, who were at Land- Ihut, under the command of general Fouquet, he raifed the fiege, and attacked the Pruflians in their entrenchments on the 23d of June. After a very warm difpute of five hours, in which both fides loft a great number of men, he at length forced them^ and, except about 4000 of the Prulfians who ef- caped, the vanquifht-d, together with their com- mander, were all made prifoners. The conqueror then reduced Glatz. Pie next marched to Brtflaw, the fiege of which he undertook ; but prince Henry of Prulfia advancing diredlly to its relief,, obliged hin!i to relinquifli his defigns. The king of Pruflia, who was all this while, in Saxony watching count Daun, finding that the enemy's great pufh was in Silcfia, and that the Ruflians were advancing to join Laudohn, in order to reduce it, quitted Saxony, and marched for that duchy himfelf. Daun was no fooner informed of this movenient. .ill Ik 'Fr. then ty6o ( 12^ ) Chen he followed him with fuch expedition, that in a (bort time he gained two days march on him. The king perceiving his defign frudratcd, fuddenly returned into Saxony, and immediately laid fiege to Drefden. Daun finding himfelf duped by this ftratagem, returned likewiie, and obliged the king of PrufTia to raife the ilege. The affairs of Silefia now becoming critical, the Ruflians being on the point of joining Laudohn, thu king refolved to march into that duchy at all events. Daun again followed him ; but the king gained polTefTion of a ftrong camp at Lignitz ; which prevented the enemy gaining any material advantage over him at that inftant. However, he had not remaiiicd k>ng there, before he foL.id himfelf in danger of being Surrounded, and conf^quently expofed to a furprize : but he drew his enemies into the fnare. ItM'as con- certed to furprize his camp, in like manner as had been done at Hohkirchen. He was aware of it, and therefore fectsJy quitted his camp: and when general Laudohn advanced to the attack, he fell upon him unexpectedly at three o'clock in the morning, and, after a confli6b of three hours, to- tally dereated him with the lofs of 8000 men. The icheme being thus fruftraced, Daun turned his at- tention another way : he marched to Scbweidnitz, and laid (lege to that place. The king followed him, and obliged him to raife the fiege. In the mean time the Ruffians, who could not, on account of Laudohn's defeat, rffed their jundion with the Auftrians in Silefia, entered Brandenburgh, and penetrated even to Berlin, where they leavied heavy contributions, and committed the mofl cruel and horric' ravages. Notwithftanding his PrulTian ma- jefly had gained a great viftory, he was ftill encom- palTed his by numerous adverfarics 5 the army of the empire was in pofTefTion of Saxony ; the Ruf- fians were on one fide of him, and count Daun on ^^ • another. tt 4* <( ( ( 127 ) 1760 another*. He knew not which way to turn, till at length hearing that the Rufijans were in pofief- fion of Berlin, he inftantly marched to its alTif- tance. But the Ruffians retired on his approach, anH" marched into Silefia, where they for fome time threatened to lay fiege to Breflau •, but at length they retired into their own country, after having unluccefsfully attempted the reduflion of Colberg. Count Daun had followed the king of Prulfia out of Silefia. The king having reinfcrced his army with the troops which had defended Saxony and Brandenburgh, began to meditate fome important blow. Daun was at this time encamped near Torgau. The king refolved to put the event of the campaign to the hazard. He attacked Daun on the 3d ofNovember, and, afrer foui vigorous aflaults,* forced his camp, and obliged his troups to retreat in utter confufion. The PriffTians loft about 3000 men, and the Auftrians above twice that number. This defeat obliged count Daun to call general Laudohn out of Silefia, as he ftood in need of reinforcement, to prevent being drove into Bo- hemia. Silefia thus reverted into the hands of the Pruflians. Both armies then took up their winter- quarters in Saxony, and matters were thus put nearly on the fame footing as at the opening of the cam- • In this uncomfortable fituation he wrote a letter to the marquis d'Argens (author of the Jewilh Spy) a native of France, who refided at Berlin under his protedtion, in which is this remarkable paflage, confirming the opinion of the candid and impartial world, that the French by their German engage- ments loft their fettlemcnLs in the diftant parts of the world: «* Well, my dear marquis, what is become of the peace with France? Your nation, you fee, is more blind than you ima- gined, ^hofe fools lo/e Canada and PondUherr^, to fleaje tht queeH and the czarina. Heaven grant that prince Ferdinand may well reward them for their zeal. The officers, innocent of thefe evils, and the foldiers, will be made *l'*ims, and the illullrious offenders will fufter nothing."* R paign. «< << .» A* I I 17^0 ( 128 ) paign. The noble Itruggles made by the king of Fruffia had foiled all the attempts of his adver- faries. The French grand army was this year command- ed by the duke de Broglio, who had fucceeded to that pod on the difgrace of M. de Contades. Befidcs this army the French affembled another ©f 30,000 men, the command of which was given to the count de St. Germain. Broglio, intending to penetrace through Hcfle into Hanover, made fome motions as if he would join St. Germain for that purpofe : upon which Prince Ferdinand refolved to prevent the jundlion, and ordered the heredi- tary prince, with the advanced guard of the army, to attack the enemy, which he did at Corbach, and met with a levere repulfe ; however he foon after retrieved his reputation by attacking a party of the enemy at Exdorf, which had advanced on the left of the allies i Elliot's tnglifli light-ho"*''' bravely diftinguifhed themfelves in this encoun'ier. This CO rps of the enemy were routed ; but Broglio did not feem to mind thefe adlions : he efFedbcd his jun£lion with St. Germain. However that officer conceived a difguft to him, and refigned his com- mand i which was given to the Chevalier de Muy, Broglio dire<5ted him to cut off the communication of the allies with Weftphalia, while he entered Heffe. De Muy took his pofts near Warburg, where Prince Ferdinand attacked him in both flank and rear, and obliged him to fly in the utmoft pre- cipitation, with the lofs of 1500 men, and fome cannon. The Marquis of Granby, who had fuc- ceeded to the command oi the Britilh troops on the refignation of lord George Sackville, greatly diftin- guilhed himfelf in this attack. While Prince Ferdinand's attention was employed here, the duke de Broglio, withoiic any difficulty, entered Hefle and took Caflel. To make amends for this, the .iT' . . . .4 hcre- 1 hcredit Lower took C have tt retardec this ad> large b out of a6lion advant; defcatec Britifh. ditary grand into wii French armies Hefle. At Great p prepara! ped anc board j was reai event, ' to be c( of the V The product was dil for the I by the privy c proceed Pitt's a honefly times, and po . ( 129 ) 17^0 hereditary prince undertook an expedition to the Lower Rhine, where he fcoured the country and took Cleves : he next invellcd Wcfc!, and would have taken the place had tiot his opet.icions been retarded by heavy rains. When BrogHo heard of this adventure he detached M. de Callries with a large body of troops to drive the hereditary Prince out of the country. Thefe oflicers came to an aiSlion near Campen, when the French, by the advantage of the ground and fuperiority in numbers, defeated the alHes, who loO: 1600 men, chiefly Britifli, among whom was lord Downe. The here- ditary prince then repafTed the'Rhine and joined the grand army : foon after which both armies went into winter quarters. All the advantage which the French could be faid to have gained by their two armies this campaign, was only the pofleflion of llelTe. At home a grand expedition was fet on foot. Great part of tlie fummer was employed in making preparations for it. A confiderable fleet was equip- ped and a body of forces aflembled to be put on board j but unfortunately, when this armament was ready to fail, his majcfl:y George II. died ; an event, which inftantly occafioned the failing orders to be countermanded, and at length was productive of the whole defign being laid afide. . , The new reign, which commenced Odlober 25, produced new fervanrs. The earl of Holdernelfe was difmiffed from his office of fccretary of fl:ate for the northern department, and fucceeded therein . by the earl of Bute, who was previoufly made a privy counfellor. It is neither prudent nor fafe to proceed from this remarkable sra to the end of M'*. Pitt's adminiflration, with that truth, candour and honefly which ought to diitinguifli a review of the times. But future writers, if they are Englifhmen, and pollefs that open freenefs of fentiment, which R 2 ii 76c ( 130 ) IS the honourable charaftcriftic of their countrymen, having lefs to fear, will, it is not doubted, give to pollerity an impartial account of their predeceflbrs as they flotirijloed under the aufpices of • ; in a period which the prefent race of men have gazed on with v/onder and ailonilhment Mr. Legge was next difmilled ( for he would not refign; from his office of chancellor of the exchequer ; he difdained to pay fervile court to inferior abilities. A number of new peers were created, which the people did not behold without apfrehenftons ; becaufe it had been long con- Adered that the ariftocratical part of government was at lead full heavy in thefcale of balance. Pacific fcntiments being nourifhed, the fpirit of the war abated -, and oppofition to a wifi and vigilant admi- niftration began to appear. A certain fpecies of low cunning and undermining craft, flyly fl-ole in- to many places. v^ tr^f^V "^ s - The allies opened the campaign in February 1761. The hereditary prince took Fritzlar, and prince Ferdinand pufhed forward in a rapid manner to re- take Caflel before the French army fhould be rein- forced ; but he found it impoflible. I he garrifon was numerous, and held out vigoroufly. The French army, commanded by the duke de Broglio, approached ♦, upon which he was obliged to raife the fiege and retire. A fecond French army«was alTem'^led on the Lower Rhine under the prince de Soubize. Detachments of the allies for fome time harafled both thcfc armies, and did them confidera- ble damage : upon v^hich their commanders joined their armies and refolved to give battle to prince Ferdinand. Accordingly, early in the morning on the i6th of July, while he was encamped at Hoen- hover, they attacked his camp •, but he, having information of their defign, gave them fo warm a reception^ in all their attempts to force his pofb, as at length obliged them to retire with the lofs of 4000 men ; u ^i. }' f. ( 131 ) 1760 men ; the Allies loft about 1 200 men. This battle, which the French diltinguiftied by the name of jpel- linghaufen, feparated their two armies. It was a misfortune to the French, during the feveral cam- paigns of Mr. Pitt's adminiftration, that their ge- nerals could never agree. There was a pique be- tween Soubize and Broglio at the time of this ac- tion, in which each wiQied to fee his coadjutor fa- criBced : had this not been the cafe the vidlory would not have been fo eafily obtained •, for after the batde prince Ferdinand was not able to look Broglio's great army, alone, in the face. That general, by dint of his prodigious fuperiority, and being flimulaced to retrieve his late difgrace, took fome places, penetrated into Hanover, and gained feveral little advantages ; but prince Ferdinand by a forced march approached CalTel, which obliged Broglio to draw off and protect that place The King of Pruffia adbed upon the defenfivc during the whole campaign. He attempted nothing himfeif, nor did his adyerfaries do any thing worth mentioning. The Auftrians indeed formed afcheme for furprizing Schweidnitz, which they effeded with yery inconfiderable lofs. This was called a furprite in the public accounts -, but private ones, which are often more true, aflert it was taken by trea- chery -, and there is reafon to believe it. The Ruf- fians invvfted Colberg, and at length reduced it; but they did nothing elfe. This inadivity in Ger- many is accounted for, when we remember that a congrefs was appointed to be held at Augfbourg ; and a negociation was fet on foot between England and France. Happy would it have been if there had been no other caufe for Britifh meafures being impeded. The great minifter, who had reduced the power of France, faw his influence in the ilate declining faft ; . ^ > ., ,. .: every 1; -II t c--^ ( 132 ) 1790 every day.* The enemies to his bold meafurts envied his glory. It is true a large armament was fufFered to be equpped ; but fo much attention was bellow- ed upon the oflentation of the year, the forming of bottoms, procuring parties, making connexions, . buflling for places, &c. that the expedition was re- tarded till it became, at length, too late to fend it to the place it was 01 iginally intended againfl: ; upon which ii was difpatched to the ifle of Belleifle oh the coaft of France. The fhips were commanded by commodore Keppel, and the troops by general Hocliofon. A landingf was affefted after fome op- pofuKon, and the troops advanced to the town of Palais^ which is the capital. This place was im- mediately befieged, and, notwithftanding a very ftoutrefiftance, at length reduced. ,.^.^ - ' In America the ifland of Dominique was reduced by lord Rollo, who was conveyed thither in the tnonth of June from Guadaloupe by Sir James Douglas. Some difturbances happened with the Cherokee Indians in North America, but the Britifh power had been rendered fo formidable in that part of the world, they were foon compelled to fuc for peace. — Let it be obferved, that Mr. Pitt had laid ♦ As a proof of the oppofition which was »ctv made to his meafures, and as an inilance of their being over-ruled, it is proper to inform the reader, that abouL a fortnight before he refioued, he, urged, and even .infifted on, four fhips of the lii.e being fent to Newfoundland. It i well known that thofe fliips did rot fail ; and it is well known, that under another admini 11 ration, Newfoundlnnd being f,^:en iilmt.;^ defencelefs, was taken, and our iperchants fuftained a lofs which fome years will not repair. — \^ '';';her docs this ^fyg^e circumftance rcfied more honour on Tvir. Pitt 5 foi-efight and vigilance, or on the prt.dccf.c nt^d /;■;//:;'/ j- of thofr who oppofed him? \ To the honour of coinmodore Keppel, it mufl be obferved, that, in order to give greater fpirit to the failors in landing the troops, he left his Ihip, and y.ent in his barge among the flat- bottom b.;ats, v.hcrt; he v.as expofed to a fevere fire of the enemy. down f ( 133 ) 17^0 down the plan for taking Martinico, and it was be- gun to be executed when he refigned. Such were the warlike operarions and glories of Mr. Pitt's adminiftration. Never fince the days of the eftablifhment of monarchy ir England, has fuch a fuccefsfui war been carried on, nor luch a power and fpirit exerted. The firft great merit of his ad- miniftration lay in hir, rouzing the fpirit of the people, in banifliing dejedlion and defpondency, and fubftituting joy and hope : his next chief praife is in reftoring harmony and unanimity, not only in the king's council but in parliament, and through- out the whole nation : and his laft moft important fer vices are, In the Eafl Indies, the total extirpation of the • French arms and influence out of the kingdom of Bengal, the conquefl of all their fettlements on the coaft of Coromandcl, and every other part of ^be continent in Afia ; confequently increafing our great trade to that diftant quarter, and caufing new nclies to flow, as it were, from new worlds. In Africa the reduftion of Senegal and Goree, putting us into entire polleffion of the gum, and greatly augmentipg our flave trade. In North America tt ic conquefts of the iflands ot Cape Breton and Sc. John's which efFedually wounded the French fiHieries, and reilored tranquility to Nova Scotia ; of that vaft and extrrnfive province caiied Canada, with all its exterior torts and remote boundaries, which have not only put us into entire pofleflioa of the fur trade, but lecured quiet and peace tO;ail our fettlernents in that part, and given us an empire which, for extent and power, may be improved beyond conception i it likewifc commands all the interior favage countries. Likes, and fine lands, which good policy and good government may (o order and manage, that they may bnng us grrat additional wealth and weight. In the Weil Indies the m ijr^l ^ (ml the reduf^ion of Guadalupe, with the leiier idands contiguous to it, furnifhing fuch a fund of wealth to our merchants as the mpft exuberant fancy can fcarce conceive, and yet no more than half culti- vated. The conqueft of Martinico, though not made during his adminiflration, was in confequence of his preparations and plan, which were fo un- erringly laid, that it was almoft impoflible to fail of fuccefs.* The navy of France was deftroyed by repeated victories; her ports were continually blocked up, which, together with the conquefts of her iflands and fettlements, ruined her trade. Her coafts were feveral times infulted, contribution^ levied on them, her ihips burned, one of her har- bours deftroyed ; and thereby the terrors of an in* vafion, which fhe had fo often fent over to Eng- land, reverted in reality upon herfelf. Belleifle, her principal and largeft European ifland, taken. In Germany all her eflforts baffled and fruftrated ; notwithftanding her fending there every year great armies, and annually paying large fums to feveral powers, to keep ihem in alliance againft the houfes of Hanover and Brandenburgh. When all thcfe things were done, and France was reduced to the lowed ftep of adverfity, Ihe fet on foot a negociation for peace : (he began by refufing the payment of her fubfidies to her needy allies , particularly to Sweden, to v/hom it was told that the exhaufted condition of France, which could be no longer concealed, made her unable to adhere to the letter of her engagements ; and that, therefore. * The fucceeding miniftry would fain have derived great merit from this conqueft; but the candid and impartial inftantly defbifed thofe pitiful and difhcneft efforts of extorting praife ; andf though they readily allowed Mr. Pitt's fucceflbr aU ths merit of permitting a fleet to fail, which had been deftincd and prepared before; yet they would not fufFer the unhallowed nands of fa£tion to tear die laurels from his l>row. w (be * * by ' be * a t < * G\ * € * CO ( * Cli < < * m C 135 ) 1761 flic defined peace in earned. The courts of Viennji and Peterfburgh then agreed with France, to offer propofals to renew the (hort negociation for peace, which had abruptly broke off laft year. Under xhe mediation of Spam, they delivered their memorials in London on the lad day of March. Their pro- pofals being accepted both by England and Pruffia, acongrefs was appointed to be held at Augfbourg. But the difputes between Fngland and France being of a different nature to thofe among the German powers, it was agreed that they (hould bcprevioufly fettled by a feparate negociation. Accordingly' itiinillers were fent from each kingdom. Mr. Stanley went to France, and M. 3uffy came to England.* But France did not truft to this negoci- S ation : 1 1 V * For the fatisfadiion of the res^der we thai] give the heads of this negotiation. « On the 29th of July Mr. Stanley de- < livered to the French miniflry the ultimatum^ or final propofals, * of England ; the fubdance of which ia as follows. ' I . France (hall cede Canada^ Cape Breton, and the ifland^ * in the gulph of St. Lawrence, with the right of fifhing on tlie * coafts. * 2. Whatever does not belong to Canada, fliall not be confl- * dered as appertaining to Louinania. ^ 3. Senegal and Goree (hall be yielded to England. ' 4. Dunkirk fhall be put in the condition it ought to be iti ' by the treaty of Utrecht ; and on this condition France fhall * be reftored to the privilege allowed her by that treaty, of « fifhing on part of the banlcs of Newfoundland. * 5. The neutral iflands fhall be equally divided. * ' 6. Minorca fhall be reflored. * 7. France (hall evacuate and rellore all her conquefls ih * Germany. * 8. England fhall reflore Belleifle and Guadaloupe. « 9. Dilutes in the Eft Indies fhall be fettled by th« two * companies. « 1 c. The captures made by England before war was dtf*- *■ dared fhall not b; reftored. « 1 1. France fhall not retain Oftend and Nieuport. « 12. The cefTation of arms fhall take place when the preli- < minarics are ratified, or the defiwitive treaty figncd. < f|. Both lii iy6i ( 136 ) s^tion : (he was fenfible flie muft facrifice a great deal i therefore, (he looked out for another refource, and a o < 13. Both Kings (hall be at liberty to aflift their German * allies. .< 14. Prifonersfhall reciprocally be fet at liberty. . ' The fubflance of France's an(wer, dated Aueuft $, is this : * I . France will yield all Canada, but infifts that the Roman * Catholic religion (hall be tolerated there, and that her fub- < jeds fhall have liberty to diipofe of their efFe£ls, and retire. * France further infills on the right of fifhing in the gulph of * St. Lawrence, and demands iome ifland near it on which to * dry her fifli. < 2. France doth not pretend that what is not Canada is < Louifiana; but demands that the intermediate nations be- ' tween Canada and Louifiana, and between Virginia and ' Louifiana, fhall be confidered as independent, and a barrier * between the French and Englifh. * 4. France demands Goree. However, M. de Bufly fhall < talk about this point. * 4. M. de Bufly fhall alfo talk about Dunkirk, when a < port is agreed on in the gulph of St. Lawrence for the pro- 1 te£tion of the French fifhery. ;. * 5. France agrees to the petition of the nemral iflands. * 6. England may keep Belleiile, and Frarce will keep Mi-' f norca. * 7. In confideration of the reflitution of Guadaloupe, France < will evacuate her conquefis in Germany, except thofe made < on the king of Pruffia, which are held for the Emprefs- * Queen. * 8. France accepts of Guadaloupe as a compenf tion fbs ' herceflions in North- America and Africa, and the demolition * of the works at Dunkirk. * 9. France agrees that the Eafl-India companies fhall fettle * their differen s. * 10. France infiils on the reflitution of the captures mad« * before the war. 4 * 1 1. France never intended to keep Oflend and Nieuport. * 1 2. The term of ceafing hoflilities will occafion no dif* .« ference. * 13. If England will withdraw her affiflance from ).er Ger» < man allies, France will do the fame with regard to h(*rs. [This propofal Mr. Pitt rejected with difdain. He confidered it as an attack upon the national integrity^ and declared that Great Britain B w (hall I '37 ) ' 1761 and fhe found one in Spain ; with whom (he tampered on the great power of the Englilh in America, S i urging Britain was unalterably refolved to fupport the king of Pruflla with efficacy and good faith.] * 14. The releafe of the prifoners is well. * An anfwer to the above ultimatum was delivered on the ill * of September to the following purport : < I. England infills on the full and entire ceflion of Canada and its appurtenances ; the ifland of Cape Breton, and the iflands in the gulph of St. Lawrence; Canada comprehending, agreeable to the line of limits drawn by M. de Vaudreuil himfelf, when he gave up the province by capitulation^ on one fide the lakes Huron* Michigau, and Superior; and the f^d line, drawn from Lake Rouge, comprehending by a winding courie the river Onabache to its junction with the Ohio, and from thence (Iretchin? along this laft river inclu- fivelyr to its confluence with the Mifliflippi. The Roman Catholic religion fhall be tolerated in Canada: the inha- bitants may fell their effedls, provided the purchafers be Bri- tifh fubjeds : and fhall be allowed a year to remove elfe- wherc. « 2. The limits of Louifiana, delivered in a note by M. de Bu/fy, cannot be allowed, becaufe they comprehend vail trafts of land which Vaudreuil comprehended within Ca- nada ; and on the fide of the Carohnas they comprehend exteniive regions, and numerous nations, under England's prote£lion. * 3. England (hall keep Senegal and Goree; but, if France will fugged any reafonable fcheme for fupplying herfelf with negroes, it (hall be con(idered. * 4. Dunkirk (hall be put in the condition it ought to be in by th^ treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle. France (hall be redored to the privilege allowed her in the treaty of Utrecht of (i(hing on the banks of Newfoundland, and drying (ilh there. France, moreover, (hall be allowed to catch (ilh in the gulph of St. Lawrence, and the ifland of St. Peter's ftiall be ceded to her for drying them, provided flie abftain from (ifliing on the coaft, and ereft no fortification, or keep any military eftablifliment on the faid ifland ; and provided that an Englifli commifl*ar)r be allowed to refide on it, and Englifli men of war to vifit it from time to time, to fee that the above ftipulations bs ob- ferved. -■- ' r « c. No lySi ( 138 ) urging that the Spanifh colonies would lie at the mercy of the Knglifh, if the French power in Ame- rica < ;. No alternative for the neutral (fo called) iflands will be accepted : but the partition of them will be Aill agreed to. * 6. Belleifle, Guadaloupe, and Marigalante, inali- be re- fiored. « 7. Minorca ihall be reftored * 8. With regard to the evacuation of the French conquefts in' Germany, England adheres to the 7 th article of her ultima- tuntf and infills on the reftitution of Wefel, and the king of Prulfia's territories. * 0. England will flill fuprort the king of Pruifia with vigour and good faith. * 10. The reditu .Ion of the ihips taken before the war is unjuft by the law of nations. *^ ' * 1 1 . England trufts to France's declaration relative to Oilend and Nieupurt. > 12, 13^ 14. England perfifts in what /he faid in her «^/- To thefe articles France replied one by one. ' I . France agrees to the ceflion of Canada, but aflcs two years or eighteen months for the inhabitants of Canada to fell their effeds and remove. And defires to know what England underflands by the appurtenances of Canada. * 2. France yields up Canada with the limits aiiigRed it by Vaudreuil; but infilts that the Indians on one Tide of the line fhall be independent under the protection of France ; and thofe on the other fide independent under the protection of England. The Englifh traders fliall not croi's the line ; bui: the Indians ftiall be at liberty to trade with both na- tions. ♦ 3, France will cede Se regal and Goree, provided England will guarantee to France her fettlcments at Anamaboo and Akra. a? • 4. For the fake of peace, France will demolifli the new workf of Dunkirk, fill up the bafon which is Capable of receiving (hips of the line, and deftroy the rope- walks. The 13th article of the treaty of Utrecht, relative to the fifher)/, ihall be confirmed. The ifland of Micjuelon, or Michelon, fua?! ' be added to St. Peter's : a guard of fifty men IhalJ be kept oiit thofe iflands to fupport the civil magiltrate, no foreign ihlps^ . even ^nglifh, ihall be allowed to touch there ; but an P^nglilh coinmifi'ary may refide there. . - « c. The . \ ( 139 ) 7^1 Tica fhould be wholly annihilated. The Spanifli minidry took the alarm. They fancied they faw danger. The due de Choifeuil, the French minifter, was indefatigable in this aflfair : he had a particular advantage over Mr. Pitt : his influence in France was every day increafing, whilft Mr. Pitt's in Eng- land was every day declining. Choifeuil at lengtl> accomplilhed his aim. A treaty between' France and Spain was concluded and figned at Paris on the 25th of Augiift ; purporting, that whoever ihould declare war againfl one, did at that inftant become an enemy to the other -, and they bound thcmfelves by mutual oath to alTift each other in all wars of- fenfive and defenfive -, they guarantied each other's dominions ; and their natural born fubjeits are to ' 5. The neutral iflands may be equally divided, provided ' St. Lucia be part of the fhare of France. * 6, 7. France agrees to. < 8. France cannot evacuate countries belong. the Em- * prefs-Queen. * 9. This article of aflifting the German allies requires ex- < planation. * 10. The demand of the fliips taken before war was de- ' clared, is fo juft, that France cannot depart from it. ' II. When the preliminaries are figned, the kinj; of France ' will give it under his hand, that he never intende 1 to keep * Oftend and Nieuport. ' 13. The two Eaft- India companies fhall finifh their nego- ' tiation at the fame time that the negotiation of the two crowns ' is concluded. • * 14. This article can admit of no difficulty.' / France having thus refufed to acquiefce in the terms offered by England, Mr. Stanley was ordered to leave Paris: but it has been ihrewdly fufpefled that M. Buify had fecret orders not to fign this ultimatum. On the contrary, it is known of Mr. Pit^ that there were enemies to his meafures who envied his glory, and who would rather lofe all the advantages he had procured to his country, than fee it made great by his means ; and who ex- erted their utmoft ftrength in the enforcement of the above fU- pulations, to whom, more than to Mr. fitt, the framing of them principally belongs. ►■ ,j. enjoy 1761 ( HO ) all right* i!( and &c. lerres anci immunities, ibafladors at all foreign courts are to live in pcrfcd amity and aflb- ciation. In a word it is a treaty of firm union and concord ; formed by ambition to dellroy all balance of power, and for ever to diftuib the peace of man- kind. This is what is called tlie fcimily compaEt : it was concluded in fo fecret a manner, that not above one or two perfons, except the figners, had for fome time any knowledge of it. The connexions between thefe two branches of the houfe of Bourbon, were not revitted, when Mr. Pitt difcovered the intentions of Spain to afTifl Fiir.ce. It was, when the plan of the feparate negociation between Eng- land and France had been fettled ; when every thing that human wifdom could forefee, had been hap- pily arranged and affixed, in laying the balis of the treaty, that the machinations ot France, and the defigns of Spain were difcovered. M. Bufly de- livered a memorial fignifyingthat the catholic king defired to fettle his differences with Great Britain at the fame time that France did.* Mr. Pitt in- flantly • Spain demanded the reftitution of fome captures made on her flag ; a privilege to fifh on the banks of Newfoundland ; and the demolition of the Englifh fettlements in the bay of Hon- duras. It is proper to obferve, that in the conferences between Mr. Pitt and M. de Bofly, the Britilh minifter, with a dignity and fpirit becoming his charafter and the greatnefs of his nation, al- ways treated him (hort : he faid little, and what he faid was al- ways final : he left no room for prevarication j and when it was attempted, he conflantly withdrew : he diftrufted the fmcerity of Buffy's intentions, and the integrity of the French court. The French agent was thus deprived of coming at the iecrets of England, which long conferences and chance expreflions might give him fome iniimatipn of. M. BulTy then fet himfelf to work another way. He fomd other perfons, who received him with affability. By his courtefy and addre(s he made himfelf agree- able to them. Here he employed his dexterity. He threw into a ( HI ) 1561 ftantly took the alarm : he faw the infinccrity of France \ and he rejedtcd with difdain the offer of negociating * through an enemy humbled, and • almoft at his feet, thedifputes of his nation, with ' a power actually in fricndlhip with us.* He re- turned this offenfive memorial, as wholly inadmif- fible, and declared that any further mention of it, would be looked upon as an affront to the crown, and incomparable with the fincerity of the negociation. At the fame time he difpatched a mefTenger to lord Brillol, the Englifh minifler ac Madrid, to remonftrate with energy and firmnefs, the unexampled irregularity of that court. The Spanidi miniftry vindicated their proceedings with. France, and infinuaced their attachment to that kingdom. Mr. Pitt was now confirmed ; he clearly faw the fecret views of Spain ; and he faw that the artifices and exprelTions of friendfhip for Great Britain, were only made ufe of to conceal thofe views, till the Spanifh treafure from the Weft Indies (hould be arrived , and then the king of Spain would declare himfelf. The unfeafonable interpo-; a farcaftical light every virtue of thofe who were for making the moft of our advantages : he converted rcfolution;, firmnefs, and intrepidity, into quixotifm, obllinacy, andinfolence; dig- nity, into pHde ; and manly boldn€;fs into haughty prefump- tion. Bufly found Mr. Pitt had enemies ; to them he gave this doflrine ; and they fpread it abroad with uncommon induftry. Thefe at the time of his refignation poured out a torrent of low and illiberal abufe. Men ot eminence and rank joined with un- governable paflion and acrimony in this fadious and tumuliuous cry : they wrote with a malignity that would difgrace the pens of^the lowell dregs of mankind : they were copious in forgeries of pretended fafts, in order to furnilh matter for calumny: their writings were replete with impofition and deceit. Will not after ages wonder at the ingratitude of their countrymen ; and will they not recolleft that, like the great duke ot Marl- borough, when he had reduced the power of France to the Ijwellebb, he was driven from his poll| and fcanualuutly re- viled for his inef^imable fervices ? '" fition 1761 lition of Spai ( 142 ) the true caufe of the negocia- tton breaking off. All other matters might, per- haps, have been fettled. Mr. Pitt by it received an incurable fufpicion of the defigns or France and Spain. After which it was impoflTible to bring matters to an happy iflue : therefore, the two mini- fters returned to their refpedlive courts in the month of September. ' Mr. Pitt inftantly prepared for war. He had already provided for the attack of Martinico ; and he purpofed, that the armament (hould go from thence to the Havannah without delay. But his grand pufh was in Europe : it was his immediate one. He was fully fatistyed Spain had refolved to alTift France. He had received intimation, if not a copy of the treaty 0/ union between them : he faw the defigns of Spain on Portugal. He refolved to , {)revent both ; not by the cautious and tardy fteps of an ambaflador *, out by an early appearance of our commanders in cHief, at the head of a great fquadron, on the coaft of Spain, categorically de- manding the fulled fecurity and fatisfadlion of friendfhip and neutrality : and if refuled, inftantly declaring inveterate enmity : and being armed with the force of the nation, begin to deflroy ; to flrike terror into the bowels of Spain ; to intercept the treafures, and thereby, cutting the Spaniard off from his nerves and linews of war, precipitate him into his own fnare. This was a vigorous re- folution ; fuch as is rarely to be met with ; iind fuch as will be an illuftrious, and eternal monument of Mr. Pitts penetration and fpirit, becaufe time proved the rectitude of it. At this time he was befet by opponents : he had of late met with fre- quent oppoiition to his fchemes *, therefore, when he propofed this meafure, he declared that ' this * was the time for humbling the whole houfc of ' • Bourbon j that if this opportunity were let Iflip, * it ( 143 ) 17^1 * it mi^ht never be recovered •, and if he could not * prevail in this inftance, he was refolvcd that th;s * was the hjl time he fiiould fit in that counc ii. * He thankfd the ninifters of the late king for their ' fupport ; faid he himfclf was called into the mi- * niftry by the people, to whom he confidered him- * felf as accountable for his condudl i and he would - no longer remain in a fituation which made him ' refponfible for meafurcs he was no longer allowed * to guide.' In this grand and leading motion he was fupported by lord Temple i that nobleman had been his fellow compatriot and coadjutor from the be- ginning of his adminillration, and continued fo to the end : all the rell oppofed it. He now faw his influence in the (late entirely at an end. He refolved on refigning : his motives for it were fair and honeft : they were, as he knew himfclf able to anfwer and account for every part of his condu6l hitherto, he thought this the propercfl: titne to refign his trufl, when he could.no longer be ufeful in the execution of it i but muft either obftruft and embarrafs the mea- fures carried on by others, if he oppofed them •, or fa- crifice his own tame and honour if he concurred in them contrary to his own convidlion, and what he ap- prehended to be the intereft of his country. Mr. Piit and lord Temple immediately refigned, September 5, and they gave to his majefty their reafons in writing. The king expreflTed his concern for the lofs of Mr. Pitt, and oflfered him any rewards in the power of the crown to bedow. To have refufed would have been infult. Next day an annuity of 3000I. was fettled on him, and a title was conferred on his lady and her ifllie. Never was a penfion fo well bellowed, nor nobility fo truelv merited. It is a ihame any vindication (hould be neccflary for the acceptance of the reward. He did not take it as penfionr are commonly taken, as a bond for the receiver's future condud. He is by it under no obligation ; it is no T . tic tic upon him It was given as a rccom pence for his great fervices, "What man of fenfe or gratitude would not havt blulied for his country, if fuch a minifter bad retired unrewarded ? The fum was inadequate to his merit ; but the quantum^ was regulated by his moderation. When this was fettled, his er^^mies, the enemies of thfir country, with their numeious adherents and defpcrate aflaf- fins, collec"led and poured forth all their fcurrility and abufe,in whicl, they infamoufly traduced his reward into a bargain for deferting his country*, in order to V * In order to clear his charaf^er from this imputation he fent the following letter to his friend in the city of London. * Dear Sir, * Finding to my great furprife, that the caufe and manner of * my refigning the Seals, is grofly mifreprefented in the city, ' as well as that the moll gracious and fpontaneous marks of * hif majcily's approbation of my fervices, which marks fol- * lowed my refignntion, have been infamoufly traduced as a bar- * gain for my forfakirig the public, I am under a neceffity of ' declaring the truth cf both thefe fa£ts, m a manner which I * am fure no gentleman will contradi£l. A difference of opi- ' nion with regard to meafures to be taken againU Spain, of the * higheft importance to the honour of the crown, and 10 the ' moil cffential national interells, (and this founded on what * Spain had already done, not on what that court may farther * intend to dc) was the caufe of iry refigning the Seals. Lord * Temple and I fubmicted in writing, and figned by us, our * moft humble fentiments to his majefty, which being over- * ruled by the united opinion of all the reft of the king's fer- * vants, 1 reHgned the ieals on Monday the qth of this month, * in order not to remain refponfible for meafures, which I was * no longer allowed to guide. Moft gracious public marks of * bis ma eliv's approbation of my fervices followed my rcfigna- * tion : they are unmerited and unfolicited, and I ftiril ever be. * proud 10 have received them from the beftof foverejgns. * I will now only add, my dear Sir, that I have explained * thefe matters cnly for the honour of truth, not in any view to * court retnrn of conhdence from any man, who with a credu- * lity, weakas ir is injarioHs, has thought fit hatlily to with- * draw his ^^ood opinion from cne» who has ferved his country * with fidelity and faccefs; and who juftly reveres the upright * and candid jadgment of it, liide felicitous about the cenfures of ^ f ^ ( H5 ) i;^i poifon the minds ofthe people, and turn them againft him : but his many eminent ftMvices were fo en- graven on their minds, that notwithftanding every art, the utmoft pains, and uncommon cunning, their opinions and reverence could not be eradi- cated. They remembered the asra famous for his coming into the adminiftration, and under his aufpices refplendent with the return of Briti(h valour , and fuccefs : when his high and vigorous energy, feconded by divine providence, molded party into concord i and raifed that tide of vidory, conqueft, and national felicity, which carried the arms and charader of Great Britan to the higheft fummU of glory i moving her on, crowned with honour, in a rapid and uninterrupted feries of fuccefs, to the firft and higheft feat of dignity and fame. Whoever truly confiders the ftate of things at the time of his refignation, will not wonder at his being obliged to quit the helm of ftate. The prin- cipal cities and incorporated towns in Great Britain prefented him with addrefles of thanks for his brilliant, fpirited, and upright adminiftration. Never was minifter fo unlverfally beloved nor fo univerfeUy regretted. The glorious and immortal victories and conquefts atchieved while he guided the helm of ftate, are im- printed in indelible charadters on every mind, and will remain coasval with the exiftence of our country. He who had done fo much, the people thought it fcandalous to revile. There is no period in our hiftory equal to his adminiftration : no minifter * of the capricious and the. ungenerous. Accept my fincereft * acknowledgments for all your kind friendlhip, aftd believe * me ever with truth and eilcem, Septemher\, 1761. « My dear Sir, :. * • Your taithlVil friend, &C. It was pretended that nn anfvver was wrott? to ihij letter, but no fuch thing had ever cxiHieuce. • . T z . ever 1761 ever (hone with fuch ( 146 ) He kept integrity and virtue; no levees -, he faw no trifling company •, was em- barrafled by no private connexions -, was engaged in no intrigue. He never abufed his power by preferring an undeferving perfon : he defpifed thofe idle claims of priority of rank, of feniority in fitu- ation, when they were unfupported by fervices, which alone could entitle them to public truft : he con- fided in ability and worth wherever he found them, without any regard to wealth, family, parliamentary intereft or connexion. He was a friend to moral virtue. He detefted corruption. His foul was above meanefs: little arts belong to narrow minds; his was extenfive, and foared to bufinefs of a more important nature, by which he made his country great. Like a true Englifhman, he was open, bold, free, and honeft. He was punftual in his office, and fuch was his attention to bufinefs, that the mod minut.c occurrences in his department pafied not without examinatbn. He had wifdom to plan, and courage to execute. He honoured the people, and liftened to their united voice, which he vfuS never afraid to bring to the ear of his fovereign. His ability and wifdom fpread terror throughout the enemy : they preferved harmony with our allies, and the faith of Great Britain was held inviolably facred. He exerted the power, and preferved the dignity of Great Britain in Ji manner unexampled. He was afraid of no ftate ; would brook with no effronts ; was ever ready to refent injuries. The public treafure he applied, as far as his diredion extended, to the public intereft. He never fought to avoid a war, in order to apply the fums neceflfary for carrying it on to the preferva- tion of his power in the miniftry. His early and vigorous refolution for attacking Spain is the ftrongeft proof of it. Corrfcious of his own honefty and integrity he never fought to conceal any part of his I \ V ( 147 ) X7^» his conduft; but, on the contrary, was always ready and forward to lay all his meafures before the public. He fpoke his mind freely on alloccafions. He neither diffembled nor encouraged diflimulation-, and yet he was of fuchunlhaken fccrecy, that, dur- ing the whole of his adminiftration, he gave no opportunity to the moft willing of difcovering his deiigns to the enemy. In his hours of leiflire he converfed with men of knowledge and experience : he fought information ; and by it, together with his own unwearied alTiduity and amazing penetra- tion, he regulated the great machine of govern- ment ; ever attached to the interefts of the people and the honour of the crown. In a word, he was the fpirit of the war, the genius cf England, and the comet of his age. V i Ai \-- irr • . ; :. F I N I s. :'' . . r/Si J" 1 .>4 • ■ -i> iif,',--,: V,.,- .; ■■■ ■ '.-m ••\ # : * 1 - V • i ■ - f ,' , > .5. -5 » ■ '- 1. i'.- '. • ■ ■ » , ' ,■ . v'-._ 4 ,". . V* - > *f rti " ' ' ^' :«, r-" * i" / » •1 I N D E X. ■ -T ' 1 . * '. •■, !, " ... Zi'*'- ' ■ -i ,,. .,..„, \\ ' ' - I . - ' s t "v, y-M ■"*■' - ■ >■ i . \- : i '" - t ^" Now Publijhing JVeekly, Price Two-pence Halfpenny each Number, THE •) NORTH BRITON. N { 148 ) D E X. 4 RMY obfervation formed 17 Amherft, gen., goes againft luiibou/g — 48 Crown Poi.>t, tec. 106 Takei Montreal i«^ Abercrombie, gen. 'defeated at Ticon* 4erogfi — . 50 B Battkt, of Lowofchutz 18. of Ri- chenberg 19. '^f Prague 20. of CoUnihid. •fHaftenbackay. off jCape Francoi) 34. of Rofbach 39. of Breflaw itid, of Ticonderoga ^o. of St. Caa 70. of Crevelt lit J. of Sander Aaufen 71. of ^eer 7s. of Lanwerhagen 73. of Zorndorff 7(. of Hohkirchen 78 . of Abraham near (^lebec lot . of Wandewafli 112. off Belleifle 175. of Zullichau 117. ofCun- oerfdorffiiS. of Bergen i£i. of Minien itid. of Glare 125. *f Lignite 126. of Torgau 127. ' of Corbach 128. of Exioiffiiid. of Warbnrg Hid, of Campen 129. of Hoenhover 130. Bofcawen, adm. goes againft Louif- bourg ■ 48 ■ I Receives the thanks of the houfe of commons — -— 50 Defeats de la Clue 114 B"iiey, gen. joins Lally 86 Buflej', M. de, comet to England to trt-'at of a peace — — 135 ■ - Contents of that negoci- ation — ^ — itid, &e, ' •" His fineflfe and policy 140 Breret6n« major, attacks gen. Lally - 112 Bengal, affair of the Dutch in that kingdom — — 113* Broglio, duke of, commands the French army ■ . . - 128 ButfT, earl of, made fecretary of ftate IZ9 Belleifle,. ifle of, taken ^ 132 Coates, adm. Tent to Jamaica 17 Cc-iwention of Clofler Seven 27 " ' ■■■ " ' ' ■• Remarks on it 43 — — — - Broke by the French 42 Cumberland, duke of, appointed com- mander of the army of obfervation 16, refigns42. Cherbo«rg, harbour of, deftroyed 69 St. Cas, Englifh, repulfed there Hid Caflel befieged ■ ■ 79 Cumming, Mr. projefts the expedi- tion agninll Senegal 81 Crown Point abandoned 106 Caiilaud, major, his bravery 109, &c, Coote, col. takes the command in the Bail-Indies — .— u^ Clue, dela, taken — 114 Carrickfergut, Thurot lands there 115 Credit, French, ruined 123 . , Engliih, in very higbefleem 113 Commanders often changed by the French in Germany 72 Colberg taken by the Ru^ans 231 Drefden, its fuburbs burnt 79 David, Fort St. taks.-i 85 Dutch, their illicit traffic 88 ■■ their fcheme in Bengal de- feated — — 113 Dumet, ifle of, taken — > 125 Dominique, ifleof, taken .132 E European powers affe£led by Mr. Pitt 3* Embden taken from the French 44 D'Etrees, marfhal, recalled from his command of the French army 72 Elliot, capt. takes Thurot 116 Fox made fecretary of ftate 9 — — Refigns — 12- — — Made paymafYer 24 Forreft, capt. engages the French fleet 34 •' • i - Takes nine merchantmen 35 Ferdinand, prince, appointed com- mander of the allied army- 43 Foudryant taken — 46 Fronteniac, fort, taken c;i Florence Henfey, Dr. detected 54,6 c. Finck, gen. his whole aamy made prifoners — 120 Funds, French ftop payment of 123 Family compact •■ ■ ■ 139 German V/ f/ \ ■/ 79 II de- 125 tl y/ r/ German war op^ofed by Mr. Pitt — — — *- Efpoufed by him Gardiner, capt. killed > Girors, count de, killed Goree taken — » Guadelupe taken » George II. king of England, dies 129 »7 70 8 10 149 ) Loudon, lard, goei againft Lou'ir: bourg — 3$ ■^— Lays an embargo ibid — — Cenfured for hit inaAivitf 4* — - Recalled — 47 H Hefllan troops im- II 16 18 Hanoverian and ported — Sent back — — ■ Refume their arms Holbourn, a<3m. appointed - ' — — Sails to America I Goes againft Louifbourg 35 - .1 ' ■■-■ Hi3 fleet ihatterec^ in a ftarm — — 36 Hay , lord Charles, his trial and death 36 Hawke, adm. deftroys the French /hips at Rochlort — 47 ■ Defeats Conflans off Belleifle "5 Howe, lord, (lain — 50 Hopfon, gen. dies at Guadaloupe 108 Havre bombarded — 11:4 Holmes, com. his Aiccefs in the Weft* Indies — 125 Havannah, Mr. Pitt's defign againft 140 Invafinn, French defign of, defeated 114 by adm. Hawke, &c. K Keith, marJhal, killed 78 — 11 W Legge, Mr. refigns — — Replaced Refigrs ■ Prcfented with freedom of fe- veral cities, &c. — 18 London, city of, inftrudls its reprcien« taiives -7 l\ Louifbourg, defign againft 16 — — French prepare for its fe- curity — 21 — — Defign laid afide 37 ~ - — ■ - — Another defign formed 45 Taken — 49 Laliy, gen. feat to the Eaft-Indies S4 — Goes againft Tanjore 85 «— — Befirges Mndrafs 108 -*■— His letter from before Madrafs lie Lettei from Pondicherry intercepted 8^ — — of the king of PrufTia to Monf. d'Argens — 127 Liverpool, its fpirit and loyalty 1 16 Legge, Mr. difmifTed —' 130 M Militia bill pafTcd — X4 Mansfield, lord, made chancellor of the exchequer — 18 Miniflry, French, changed 5s St. Malo, fhipping burnt at 37 Marlborough, duke of, goes to Ger- many — 68 ■ Dies tx MufTulipatam taken — 88 Martinico, gen. Hopfon lands there, and re embarks •— 107 Moore, com. fentte Martinico 107 Madrafs befieged 108, fiege railed no MeifTen, a body of Prufliaos made pri- foners there — 120 Montreal taken — 124 Martinico taken in confeqnence of Mr. Pitt's plan and preparation! 134 K Newcaf^te, duke of, made fiift lord of the Treafury -^ 25 Neifs befieged — 79 Niagara fort taken • >— 147 Negociation for a peace between Mr* Pitt and M. de Buftey 135, ^c. Newfoundland, Mr. Pitt's defign to fend four fliips for its protedKon over-ruled — 23* O/born, adm. Quefne — — — Receives O his viAory over the thanks of Da 46 thfl houfeof commons 91 Olmutz bdieged by th: king of Pruf- fi« — — 74 Siege raifcd and furprifing retreat ■■ ' 75 Onflow, Arthur, fpeaker of thehoufe' of commons, his eulogium 89 Ochterlony, capt. kilted 04 P Pitt, eulogium of his adminiftration 7 — — Account of him before he came into tbcminifiry — % •t ( 150 ) ^ — >^ Made paytnaflfr and privy-coun- fcllor — — 9 *— Refigns — lo ——' Appoiated fccretary of flate 14. . ■■ I The jittered of his party Hid — — Sent wath a meHage to the houfe of commons — 16 . ■■. Oppofes the Geiman war iiiJ — — Hisfcniimentsofthearmy 15 ■ .". ■ of the navy 1 7 — -Difmiffed — itiJ • Re-app«inted — 24 . ■■ . Hi's notions of government 2 5 ■ I ■ The confidence of the people — — Reconciled to king George 11. • ♦» — — His fcheme for attacking the coaft of Fnince — 56, ja ' His motives for efpi «(ing the German war — 58, &e. ——His letter to Mr. Gumming 81 — — His parliamentary eulogium 89 — — His motion to eiedt a mi numenc to the memory of gen. Wolfe 104. — — His motion to return thanks to the conquerors of Qnebec . iz] — — His defign to fend four fliips to Newfoundland for its proteflion over- ruled 13Z •>- — Summary of his adminiAration - Contents of his negociation with BlifTy — 135, ©■<:. — — Difcovers the family compa£t and the dcfigns of Spain 140 — — Returns her offenfive memoiial 141 — The negociatioFi breaks cfF 143 — — He prepares for war iti'd — — His motion over-ruled itid — — Refigns 143 — — An annuity fettled on him Hid •*^ — His letter in vindication of his ccndufl — 144 •— — Honoured with tiie thanks .i)f the people for his fervices il>ij • His charaflcr ibidy £ff. Pococke, adm. engages the French .^lectin the Eaft Indies S5 86 it2 Parliament modelled by Mr Ptlham Ur,an;m'ty there — — . ^o Pruifia, king of, rc'beftcd in England — — His Itrter to M. D'Arjjens — — 127 Pra[ue befiegcd 7.0. Siege raifed Hid Pondichcrry taken — 114 Pri.ltfaux, fen. killed — ic6 Phllier, malor, account of him 109 Peace, offers of, l)y G^i:at-i>iiiain and Truffia — J 2 3 Du Qucfne, his fleet taken 46 Du Qurfne, fort, taken — s» Quebec, expediiioii againft 92, ^c, ——-Taken — 105 Beficged and relieved x t.^ R Rochfort, expedition againft 27 S Steven?, c;>m. fent to Afia 17, 84 Schweidnitz taken by the Auftrians 39 I By the Pruflians 73 — — By the Audrians 13 1 Sonneftein taken — — 77 Senegal, account of the expedition againft — — — 81 Supplies In I759» 89 — 1760, 123 Sunt taken — — 112 Sackvilie, lord' George, his behaviour 12a "t M. de 140 13s 139 10 62 68 by at Minden Spain, k'ng of, dies Spanilh demands made BufTey — — StaT^ley, Mr . goes to France I , '■ » ■ ' — Returns — Treaty (firft) with Pruflja — Second, with ditto — — 11* Troops font to Germany — Ticonderoga,.theEnglifhrepulfcd 50 ■ — — abandoned to gen. Amherft — — 106 Temple, earl, made lord privy fcal ^ ^ 24 — - — — — Refigns — 143 Tories, their confidence in Mr. Pitt 33 — — — Acquiefce in the German war 68 Thurot, his fl^et equipped — ■ taken W Winchelfca, earl of, made firft lord of the admiralty —^ — 18 William Henry, fort, taken 38 Wolfe, gen. lands at Louifbourgh 48 Appointed commander of the expedition ag.iinft Qnebec 93 — — His leit:r to Mr. Pitt 95 — — Hii death and eulogium' 103, ^ and note 106 — — Mr. Pitt's motion for a monu- ment to be ere£led to his memory 104 — — His corpfe brought to England • 105 Wandewafh, firft battle — a 12 Second battle 124 y York, Duke of, goes with t' e expe- dition ugaini^ the coaft of Fa.ice 69 Z Z.cll, orphan houfe tiiere burned 44 46 • SI I, &'c. 105 1*4. »7 17,84 ians39 ins 73 ns 131 edition > 81 123 ii« liaviour 12& "1 M. de 140 135 J39 10 - 6% - 6S jlfcd 50 :o gen. 106 ivy fcal a+ 141 ir. Pitt 33 nan war 6S ~ "1 - II* v V "•i-v- >-i; ; I- i;