CIHM 
 Microfiche 
 
 (l\/lonographs) 
 
 ICMH 
 
 Collection de 
 microfiches 
 (monographies) 
 
 Canadian Institut* for Historical IMicroroproductions / institut Canadian de microreproductions historiquas 
 
Technical and Bibliographic Notes / Notes techniques et bibliographlques 
 
 The Institute has attempted to obtain the best original 
 copy available for filming. Features of this copy which 
 nfiay be bibliographically unique, which may alter any of 
 the images in the reproduction, or which may 
 significantly change the usual method of filming are 
 checked below. 
 
 
 D 
 D 
 
 n 
 
 D 
 D 
 D 
 D 
 
 D 
 
 D 
 
 Coloured covers / 
 Couverture de couleur 
 
 Covers damaged / 
 Couverture endommagte 
 
 Covers restored and/or laminated / 
 Couverture restaur^e et/ou pellicula 
 
 Cover title missing / Le titre de couverture manque 
 
 Coloured maps / Cartes g^ographiques en couleur 
 
 Coloured ink (i.e. other than blue or black) / 
 Encre de couleur (i.e. autre que bleue ou noire) 
 
 Coloured plates and/or illustrations / 
 Planches et/ou illustrations en couleur 
 
 Bound with other material / 
 Re\\6 avec d'autres documents 
 
 Only edition available / 
 Seule Edition disponible 
 
 Tight binding may cause shadows or distortion along 
 interior margin / La reliure serrte peut causer de 
 I'ombre ou de la distorsion le long de la marge 
 int6rieure. 
 
 Blank leaves added during restorations may appear 
 within the text. Whenever possible, these have been 
 omitted from filming / II se peut que certaines pages 
 blanches ajout^es lors d'une restauration 
 apparaissent dans le texte, mais, lorsque cela 6tait 
 possible, ces pages n'ont pas 6t6 film^s. 
 
 Additional comments / 
 Commentaires suppl^mentaires: 
 
 L'Institut a microfilm^ le meilleur exemplaire qu'il lui a 
 6\6 possible de se procurer. Les details de cet exem- 
 plaire qui sont peut-dtre uniques du point de vue bibli- 
 ographique, qui peuvent modifier une image reproduite, 
 ou qui peuvent exiger une modifk:ation dans la m6tho- 
 de normale de filmage sont indiquds ci-dessous. 
 
 [ I Coloured pages / Pages de couleur 
 
 I I Pages damaged / Pages endommagdes 
 
 D 
 
 D 
 D 
 
 D 
 
 Pages restored and/or laminated / 
 Pages restaurtes et/ou petlicultes 
 
 Pages discoloL'ed, stained or foxed / 
 Pages dteolor^is, tachetdes ou piques 
 
 I I Pages detached / Pages d^tach^es 
 
 \y/\ Showthrough / Transparence 
 
 Fyj Quality of print varies / 
 
 Quality indgale de I'impression 
 
 Includes supplementary material / 
 Comprend du materiel suppl6mentaire 
 
 Pages wholly or partially obscured by errata slips, 
 tissues, etc., have been refilmed to ensure the best 
 possible image / Les pages totalement ou 
 partiellement obscurcies par un feuillet d'errata, une 
 pelure, etc., ont 6\6 film^es k nouveau de fafon h 
 obtenir la meilleure image possible. 
 
 Opposing pages with varying colouration or 
 discolourations are filmed twice to ensure the best 
 possible image / Les pages s'opposant ayant des 
 colorations variables ou des decolorations sont 
 filmdes deux fois afin d'obtenir la meilleure image 
 possible. 
 
 
 rhia ttmn ia f llnwd at tha raduetion ratio chackad batow / 
 
 Ca documant aat film* au taux da rMuction indiquA cl-daaaoua. 
 
 lOx 14x 18x 
 
 
 22x 
 
 
 
 
 26x 
 
 
 
 
 30x 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 12x 
 
 
 
 
 ttK 
 
 
 
 
 20x 
 
 
 
 
 24x 
 
 
 
 
 atK 
 
 
 
 
 32x 
 
Th« copy filmed h«r« has bean reproduced thanks 
 to tho gonorotity of: 
 
 National Library of Canada 
 
 L'axomplairo film* fut raproduit qric* A la 
 gAnArositi da: 
 
 Blbllotheque natlonale du Canada 
 
 Tha imagaa appearing here are the best quality 
 possible considering the condition and legibility 
 of the original copy and in keeping with the 
 filming contract apecif icationa. 
 
 Original copies in printed paper covers ere filmed 
 beginning with the front cover and ending on 
 the last page with a printed or illuatrated imprea- 
 sion, or the back cover when appropriate. All 
 other original copiea are filmed beginning on the 
 first pege with a printed or illustrated imprea- 
 sion. and ending on the laat page with a printed 
 or illuatrated impression. 
 
 The last recorded frame on eech microfiche 
 shell contain the symbol ^» (meaning "CON- 
 TINUED"), or tho symbol V (meaning "END"I. 
 whichever appliea. 
 
 Maps, plates, charts, etc.. may be filmed at 
 different reduction ratios. Those too large to be 
 entirely included in one exposure ere filmed 
 beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to 
 right and top to bottom, as many frames as 
 required. The following diagrams illustrate the 
 method: 
 
 Les images suivantes ont At* reproduites svec Is 
 plus grand soin. eompta tenu de la condition st 
 da la nettet* de I'exemplaire film*, et en 
 conformit* avec las conditions du contrat de 
 filmage. 
 
 Lee exemplairee originaux dont la couverture en 
 papier eot imprim*e sent film*s en eommancant 
 par la premier plat et en terminant soit psr la 
 derni*re pege qui comporte une empreints 
 d'impression ou d'illustration. soit par la aecond 
 plat, salon le cas. Tous les autres exempiaires 
 originaux sont film*s en commencant par la 
 premi*re pege qui comporte une empreinte 
 d'impression ou d'illustration et en terminant par 
 la derni*re page qui comporte une telle 
 empreinte. 
 
 Un des symboles suivants spparaitra sur la 
 derni*re image de cheque microfiche, talon le 
 cas: le symbols -♦ signifie "A SUIVRE". le 
 symbols ▼ signifie "FIN ". 
 
 Lee cartas, planches, tableaux, etc.. peuvent *trs 
 film*s * des taux de r*duction diff*rents. 
 Lorsque le document est trop grand pour *tra 
 reproduit en un soul clich*. il est film* * partir 
 de Tangle sup*rieur gauche, de gauche * droite. 
 et de haut en bas. en prenant le nombre 
 d'imeges n*cessaire. Les diagrammes suivants 
 illustrant la m*thode. 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
MICROCOPY RKOWTION TBT CHART 
 
 (ANSI and ISO TEST CHART No. 2) 
 
 1^ 
 
 1^ 
 
 ■ 22 
 2.0 
 
 I 
 
 1.8 
 
 1^1^ 
 
 ^ /APPLIED IIVMGE I 
 
 S=*. '653 tost Uoin Street 
 
 ^^ Rochester. Ne« York 1*609 USA 
 
 ^S ("6) *«2 - 0300 - Pfione 
 
 ^S (^'6) 28a- 5989 - fax 
 
^-^ 
 
 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION 
 
 CANADA 
 
 AN ADDRESS 
 
 on 
 
 Agricultural Work 
 IN Ontario 
 
 C. C. JAMES. 
 
 Deputy Minister of A^culture (or Ontario 
 at 
 
 Tke Second Annual Meeting o£ the 
 Commianon of Conaervation, 
 Quebec. January 17tk, 
 1911 
 
 4- 
 
 99 4 l » 9» 
 
 1911 < Ottaw*. Canada > 1911 
 
A»ar».jM— :" f i i^:^ yj< 
 
 •t 
 
 "jt 
 

 CANADA 
 
 AN ADDRESS 
 
 on 
 
 Agricultural Work 
 IN Ontario 
 
 by 
 C. C. JAMES. 
 
 Deputy Minister oi Atfriculhir* ^or Ontorio 
 
 ■t 
 
 The Second Annual Meeting of the 
 
 CommiMion of Coneervation, 
 
 Quebec January 1 7th, 
 
 1911 
 
 v®*^^j^^"^4 
 
 Rapriatad (rom tb» Second Annual Raport of tba 
 Commiaaioa of CooaarvaUon 
 
00938^^2^ 
 
AGRICULTURAL WORK IN ONTARIO 
 
 BY C. C. JAMB8. 
 Deputy Minitter of Ayrkullure for Ontario. 
 
 AORICULTURAL organization in Ontario began after the 
 calling of the first legislature in 1792. Lieutenant^ov- 
 ernor Situcoe in hw planning for the development of the 
 province aoaisted in the organization, and probably was the 
 prime mover. Down to 1846, socielica here and there throu^ont the 
 province gave stimulus to the growing of grain, the importation of 
 stock and improvements in agricultural methods. In 1846, a provin- 
 cial association was formed, through which, in time, associaticuis for 
 the improvement of the various pure breeds of stock came into ex 
 istancc. Encouragement and direction were given by the govern- 
 ment and on the confederation of the provinces in 1867 increased 
 intertrit was manifested. The first important step forward was made 
 in 1874 when the Agricultural College at Guelph was founded. The 
 Rojal Commission on Agriculture in 1881 traversed the province 
 from end to end, investigating conditions and arcmsing interest, and 
 the publication of th^r report in. five volumes contained a mass of 
 information and made suggestions that have produced an effect last- 
 ing to the present ". Following immediately after, and as a direct 
 outcome of the Commission, there was organized the Ontario Bureau 
 of Industries, whose first busineae it was to collect ^ ' publish re- 
 ports on crops, live stock, and general agricultural cor )ns. When, 
 in 1888, a department was formed separate from the ocner executive 
 branches of the government, this Bureau became the nucleus of the 
 department, and to the latter was added gradually the work carried 
 on by the various provincial associations. 
 
 As the work along various lines developed and new 
 'Th*"* ^®'*^'' ^^'® opened up, it had to be systems "^ed and 
 Dapartmsat tbe department is now organized into nine branches, 
 each in charge of a resjionsible (directing official 
 These branches are as follows: 
 
4 COMMISSION or CONHEUVATION 
 
 1. Ontario Agricultural C'oU<K«'» 
 
 2. Ontario Vftfrinary ('oUigf, 
 
 5. Agricultural and llorliiultural 8ocittif»; 
 4. Livp Sfx'k Branoli ; 
 
 6. Farmtrs' and \Vouu;n'.s lu^tiluti'S Uruni-h, 
 
 6. Dairy Branch; 
 
 7. Fruit Branch; 
 
 8. Colonization Brunch; 
 
 9. Statintics and Publication^ Brunch. 
 
 In addition to the above, tlurc in work of various kinds which 
 is still in the fommtivp and Kruwing condition, but in time it will, no 
 doubt, be organized into scvrate branches with an official iu charge 
 of each. Farm fon>stry and district or dcpurtnuiital representative 
 work may be particularlv mentioned. As showing the expansion of 
 the work, it may here be mentioned that in IS'JO the total expendi- 
 ture under agriculture and immipration was $177,014.00, and in 1910 
 it had increased to $74S,34».00. These do not include expenditures 
 on capital account. Deducting revenue, the net expenditures were 
 flSe.iafl in 1890 and $034,892 in 1910. 
 
 The work of a provincial Department of Agricul- 
 A Work ture i^ educational. 'I'lie foregoing list of brunches 
 Uuertion sfa'*^'* •* P"'"' variety in the energies and expendi- 
 tures. An acinuiKiance with the geological and 
 geographical conditions oi Ontario .md a knowledge of the composite 
 natureof tlie pccplo of the provir.cu will show how varied are the 
 agricultural lines of work and why it has been found necessary to 
 develop a department with many branches. There are lines of work 
 not suggested by the division above given but which are included. 
 Thua, under the Uorticultural Branch, city and town improvement 
 societies and v.gctable growing are taken care of, and apiculture and 
 entomology are a part of the Fruit Branch. Poultry work comes in 
 under U\l Stock. We have ir Ontario soils and climates in great 
 variety, and we also have a farming community of a complex nature. 
 The originnl settlers were of varied origin. England, Scotland, and 
 Ireland contributed extensively. French-Canadian settlei.-ents are to 
 be found in the east, southwest and in the newer districts of the 
 north. German settlers are to bo found in large numbers in a half 
 
A BtMuntTf 
 
 Rural 
 Pepulalloa 
 
 AOHICUI-TrUAI, WORK IN ONTAIIIO 8 
 
 dozen conntii « of the mi.l.lli' w«t. Kiirthtr, it \» t.» 1)0 notfd that 
 Ontnrb, thnni^rh favoti'ilil. imtural (•(.lulitioiiH, hu* l.ooomc a groat 
 mnnufacturinj; i)n)vin<',-. Apriciilfure, as a. coMe^iucnce, in an in- 
 tcrt>t)ting prohli'iii. 
 
 The nirRl iiopulntion of Ontario, in inO?>, rtood 
 rxnctly at the Mnw lipin- that it ilid in 1872, vix., 
 1,050,000. In tho latti-r year, however, t»io total 
 t)\vn mill fity populntion wn-* jtwt alx>nt what 
 Toronto holds to<lay, 375,000. The urLun p..i.iilati..n i« now over 
 onp and & qnnrtcr million. During th..v.> yean, in addition to thia 
 nrban inmnsp of nearly Ono.OOO people, we hnve had the trek to the 
 proat we«t now entering on its twenty-fifth yenr. Taking both of 
 tlie-<e niiivement* into eonsidernti<>n, the wotiiler i-" that tlie iifrrie Mi- 
 n\ popnlation has ctooil the strain us well as it has. LDoking c.et 
 !.!ich Ktatistici^ as are available and otndyin - n nnniber of districU 
 per^'onally a.i 1 lure been able to do during tlie p- 1 few years, I have 
 come to the -OT.chision that agrienltnre in Onrnrio has entered upon 
 an npwnnl movement tbnt U nlreiidy mi.king it-clf felt. Knrnl j.opu- 
 lation showed a steady iniT.nfe from r.mfedcrntion in IBfJ to 1886, 
 when the Canadian Pacific Rail-ay was opened. From that year the 
 decrease w-as jn^t a.s marked down to 1906. Now we arc on the up- 
 frrade again, though the increa.-o as yet is not very great. In addi- 
 tion. th.TO is a (hx'ided increase in the total fnmi values of thc^ prov- 
 ince and the total values of farm products also are showing most en- 
 eonraginff increa'^c vear bv vear. 
 
 Intetiaive agriculture and the production of high 
 grade f.Mxl are what we are aiming at. Those who 
 hnve studied the problem are aware that it is not an 
 easy t.nsk. Again and again we are ad\-ised of what 
 the well-farmed countries of Furope are doing— and it is well to 
 keep this example before our people— but, of course, the conditions 
 are quite different. There, land i= dear and labour is cheap; here, 
 land is cheap and labour is dear. It becomes, therefore, an interest- 
 ing and complicated pr .!>lem to work out with cheap land and dc.ir 
 labour, plans and methods of -.vork that will result in procurirc ade- 
 quate reward for labour and at tho same time conserve our soil re- 
 Bourcee. As far as Ontario is concerned at the present time and with 
 
 Th* Se'.uttoai 
 Intaativ* 
 tmrmint 
 
I COMMISSION OP CONSERVATION 
 
 our preflent style of fanninp, it is not bo much a question of con- 
 lerving our soil aa conserving our labour. What we arc aiming at is 
 to make the labour now being expended more effective. "We have 
 some millions of acres that need draining. If drained, they could be 
 worked more easily and they would produce more abundantly, — 
 hence, a campaign for underdrainage is being carried on. We have 
 a few thousand trees well cared for, productive of good fruit, but we 
 have (I think I am not putting it extravagantly) millions of trees 
 neglected, uncared for, whose production is uncertain and more or 
 less unprofitable. We have been demonstrating in the past few years 
 that in the neglected apple orchards we have one of our greatest 
 assets, — hence, our orchard donionstration campaign. We have over 
 one million milch cows on the farms producing on the average not 
 over 4,000 pounds of milk a year. If 200,000 of the unprofitable 
 animals were exterminated, there would be a saving of labour, a 
 saving of food, and a decided increa-c in profits, — hence, our dairy 
 campaign. And so we might go on along other liaes. The more 
 intelligent use of ..ibonr i- 'le key to succefs in Ontario agriculture. 
 
 Now let us see how the Ontario Department of 
 
 How tk* ... .... ^ rp, 
 
 Dapartmant Ajiricultuie 1- trvHig to assist m this movement, ine 
 DoMito Ontario Agricultural College was started in 1874. 
 ^"^ For many years it led a precarious existence. It had 
 
 few students and few friends. It did not get a grip upon the agricul- 
 tural community. To-day and for some years past, it has been full to 
 overflowing. I have seen it with 134 students. For some years, over 
 1,000 have taken courses of one kind or another. How was this 
 brought about? First, the members of the teaching staff went out 
 from the College to address farmers' meetings and to become person- 
 ally acquainted with the farmers and their work. Second, the ex- 
 perimental work of the College was extended to several thousand 
 farms through the work of the Experimental Union. Third, farmers 
 have l)een brought to the College, 40,000 every year, to see for them- 
 selves what is being done. In short, the College in isolation was of 
 little use; wh^n, however, College and farm were brought into direct 
 contact, sympathy, support and co-operation followed. 
 
 Let me give you another exninplc. Ontario has become a great 
 dairy province, noted for iti pmdnrtion of cheese. Ten or twelve 
 
AGRICULTURAL WORK IN ONTARIO • 7 
 
 years ajro its cheese could he classed as good, bad and indifferent. 
 There were dairy schools, there were dairy associations, there \vere 
 dairy reports and bulletins. These were necc5<iary and effective a.< 
 far as they went, but the trouble was they did not go far enough, 
 they (lid not reach the nni>rofrres>ive, inditl"<'vent cln-ese nuikcr and 
 milk producer. For some years we have had over thirty trained ex- 
 pert cheeso and butter makers poinir from factory to factory, de- 
 monstrating on the spot, giving that help which can be effective only 
 when it is jH'rsonal and applied at the critical time. What is the 
 result? Those who are in the trade tell us that Ontario cheese and 
 Ontario creamery butter never graded higher than they did in 1910. 
 :\Ioreover, we have been able to enact a law that after January Ist, 
 1911, no one can have charge of a factory as chief maker unless he 
 holds a certificate of qualification, and every factorj- is registered. 
 All this is a direct result of tak'ng the best dairy methods right into 
 the factories and gradually we are bringing our instructors right 
 into the dairy bams of the milk producers. 
 
 It is a natural se(iuence from this experience that 
 RMchintf jf y;^ are to get all or a majority of our farmers to 
 F«m.r "Irain their land, to sow the best seed, to care for their 
 
 *""" orchards, to test their cows, to raise only profitable 
 
 stock, and, in brief, to get the best results for the expenditure of 
 labour, we must get into close personal touch with them and give 
 sympathetic direction to their work. And so, in 1907, we were en- 
 abled to try out the experiment of personal instruction on a compre- 
 hensive scale. A Department of Agriculture located at the capital 
 of the province is necessary for direction. An Agricultural College 
 at some place convenient of access is all ri-ht; it must be located 
 somewhere and we must have such an institution for training the 
 men who are to do the teaching and directing. Experimental farm.'^ 
 are needed for trying out certain lines of work and for getting re- 
 sults that wiU be of practical use. But, after many years of experi- 
 ence, we found that these were limited in their usefulness, they alone 
 would never regenerate the great mass of the farmers,— they would 
 ht'p those who wanted to be helped, who were seeking help and who 
 wotild get help because they appreciated the value of such assistance^ 
 but the great majority of the farmers would be moved by none of 
 
8 COMMISSION OP CONSERVATION 
 
 theae things. The Department of Education also wished to inau- 
 gurate sonii- plan of agricultural instruction in rural schools. Through 
 the united efforts of the two departments, we finally decided on the 
 plan of locating graduates of the Agricultural College in variaua 
 counties as teachers of agriculture and leaders in agricultural im- 
 provement. In other words, we established branch otfices of our de- 
 partment and moved the Agricultural College nearer to the farmer's 
 home. AVo made it possible for our representative to go into the 
 farmer's tield, his orchard, his dairy, and, what gave him greatest 
 confidence, right into his home. Further, he was a resident, not a 
 transient, and as soon as the formalities of becoming acquainted wore 
 over, he won the farmer's contidence by his sincerity and his ability 
 
 to help. 
 
 In 1907, the government started work in six counties; in 1910, 
 fifteen counties were provided with offices, teachers and assistants. 
 So great has been the success and so much appreciated the v.ork tliat 
 the question now is how to meet the demands from other counties. 
 The men for the work are carefully selected. Their salaries aie 
 provided through the Department of Education. The office expense:^, 
 salaries of assistants and incidentals are paid through the Department 
 of Agriculture. By statute, the county council is required to make a 
 grant of $500 each year towards expenses. Each of the men is at- 
 tached to a high school where he carries on each winter a short course 
 in agriculture varj-ing in length from one month to three months. 
 In time, we hope to have permanent classes established. Up to the 
 preeent, the great w ork has been that which has been planned at, and 
 directed from, the central office: short courses in live stock and seed 
 judging, drainage demonstrations, seed fairs, public school competi- 
 tions in growing small crops, demonstrations through reviving old 
 orchards, fertilizer experiments and the carrying on of improved 
 methods by the farmers themselves on their own farms. Let me 
 iigain emphasize this last point, — the great hope of improvement in 
 the average fanner lies, not tlirougli sending liiiii a report or pamphlet, 
 mt through talking at him in an institute meeting, not through do- 
 ing something for him on an experimental farm, but through helping 
 him to do some work on his own farm wherein he gets improved 
 financial results through his own efforts. This is the secret of success 
 in the work. 
 
AGRICULTURAL WORK IN ONTARIO » 
 
 The general aim of this work is to bring the best agricultural 
 methods close to the farmer, to get his sympathy, to arouse his in- 
 terest, to stimulate him to better methods. When a man is selected 
 for a county he is told to study his people, their condition and their 
 needs, and to arrange his work accordingly. Tie is given a fairly free 
 hand, though, of course, he is in close touch with the Department 
 and all its branches. The first result noticed is the increased interest 
 manifested by the farmers. Probably for the first time they realize 
 that the complicated government oigauization has been created for a 
 specific purpose and that purpose is to as .ist the farmer to a better 
 and more prosperous living. Once that feeling is abroad, the applica- 
 tion eonies easy. And now the whole agricultural organization comes 
 into use. This "man on the .spot" brings into hi--' county all those 
 resources of the govemniont departmental organization about which 
 the farmer had ?ome hazy knowledge but whose usefulness he had 
 questioned, and "professors" and "expert.-," become real ukmi like 
 themselves whose object is not to pose as men of exclusive distinction 
 and drawers of salaries, but men able and willing to give real help. 
 With the farmer, the age of talk has gone by, the day of demonstra- 
 tion is here. "We have a thorough organization of the agricultural 
 forces along many lines. Now we are bringing all this to bear upon 
 the farmer's work and the results are coming through the means of 
 direct demonstration. During 1910, we had over one hundred men 
 engaged in various ways, planning drainage systems, teaching how to 
 make cheese and butter, pruning and .^praying trees, selecting seeds 
 and supervising growng crops of all kinds, organizing co-operative 
 associations and helping in the marketing of products. 
 
 And what is the result ? Faniurs who were indifferent 
 Th. oj opposed to government intcrfen'uce and who criticized 
 '^••""* the expenditure have becme enthusiastic, the attend- 
 ance at practical demonstrations has inuiva^ed in an astonish- 
 ing degree, and there is an awakening along agr.cult.iral 
 lines stich as we have never known before. There is some- 
 thing in the agriculttiral air that in.licates progress. Intensive 
 agriculture and specializing in production are noticeable, and, where 
 this movement is permanently fixed, there is a decided increase m 
 farm values. The two contributing elements are. first, demonstration 
 
10 
 
 COMMISSION OP CONSERVATION 
 
 of better methods; and, second, the permanent location of qualified 
 men to inaugurate and direct the movements. The government be- 
 gan this movement in 1907. We now have fifteen counties equipped 
 with representatives. We aim at carrying on the work in every 
 county and district in the province. It costs money of course to do 
 this work, — $1,200 for salary and about as much more for the ofiice, 
 assistant and running expenses, — but there is no expenditure of pub- 
 lic money that produces greater results. The fact is, that it renders 
 8o effective all the other expenditures for agricultural purposes. 1 
 venture this prediction, that when we have the province of Ontario 
 manned in all counties and districts and fifty representatives with 
 their assistants have got down to work, we can double the output of 
 the farms of Ontario in the next ten years. It is a work worth while 
 spending the money of the people upon, for the whole people will 
 receive the benefit. 
 
 County Extension Work 
 
 The statements in the preceding paper as to the value of de- 
 monstration work are general. With a view to giving further infoi^ 
 mation and showing the varied lines of work possible, the following 
 condensed reports from county representatives, of the work carried on 
 in four counties, are added as contributing valuable information and 
 suggestions. 
 
 Summary of Work. — 1. Making the personal acquaint- 
 ance of as many citizens of my district as possible and the 
 revealing of myself to them that they may have confi- 
 dence in me. 
 
 2. Advisory work from office, personal and by correspondence. 
 
 3. Three months' Short Course for boys in Collegiate Institute. 
 
 4. Organizing and conducting of 3 day Short Courses (5 Short 
 Courses, 1 Fruit Institute). 
 
 5. Organizing of Farmers' Clubs; supervision of these Clube. 
 
 6. Assistance in conducting excursions to places of learning — 
 two to Macdonald College during 1910. 
 
 7. Preparatory work leading up to organization of Horticul- 
 tural Societies. 
 
 Dundaa 
 County 
 
AGRICULTURAL WORK IN ONTARIO 
 
 11 
 
 8. The interesting of Agricultural Societies and farmers in 
 Staiidiug Field Crop Competitions. (Three were started in 1910). 
 
 9. Distribution to good farmers of seed grain from prize win- 
 ning fields in Field Cro^ Competition in 1909. 
 
 10. Demonstrations (three) in spraying of mustard. 
 
 11. Making of drainage surveys for farmers. Drainage demon- 
 strations. 
 
 12. Demonstration of value of underdrainage by draining of 
 low-lying portion of school grounds, 6 acres. 
 
 Resii.ts. — 
 
 1. Land ready for seeding and was sown 3 to 4 weeks earlier 
 
 than other low-lying land of vicinity. 
 
 2. Oats and barley ripened 3 to 4 weeks earlier than other 
 
 fields of same crops. Yields large. 
 
 3. Large crops of sugar beets and mangolds,— 30 to 51 tons 
 
 per acre according to variety, on what was before a 
 useless swamp. 
 
 4. Large crops of potatoes, yield varying from 340 to 591 
 
 bushels per acre according to variety. 
 13. Conducting of demonstration plots on ^ehool grounds. 
 Plots 3 acres in extent. 
 
 Points demonstrated in 1910: 
 
 1. That large crops could be grown after underdraining on 
 
 what was before wet land. "Whole scheme a de- 
 monstration of value of underdrainage. 
 
 2. Experiments in dates of seeding on (1) drained land, 
 
 (2) undrained land. 
 
 3. Experiment on rates of seeding. 
 
 4. Different methods of sowing alfalfa. 
 
 5. Growing of alfalfa on low drained land. %Vill require 
 
 2 or more years yet to complete demonstrations. 
 
 6. Test of twelve different varieties of oats to show yield, 
 
 date of maturity, strength of straw, freedom from 
 rust, and to give farmers an opportunity of seeing 
 different varieties grown under the same conditions. 
 
 7. Test of twenty varieties of corn to give farmers an op- 
 
 portunity of seeing nature of variety, amount of fod- 
 der, yield of grain, date of maturity, etc. 
 
12 
 
 COMMISSION OP CONSERVATION 
 
 S. Test of mangolds, carrots, turnips. — a special effort to 
 
 grow large crops of roota in order to interest dairy 
 
 fanners in growing such crops, 
 it. Value of uncommon crops as rape, kale, field cabbage. 
 
 Test of same. Millets, variety tests. 
 Iti. Test of 20 varieties of potatoes -yield of from 340 to 
 
 '.i:>l bushels per acre obtained with late varieties. 
 IJ. Sale at market prices of 100 bushels of above potatoes 
 
 for seed purjjoses. 
 12. Experiments with insectici<les and fungicides. 
 14. Conducting c" fertilizer experiments on three different 
 
 farms. 
 
 1.5. Conducting of stock judging competition for boys ut fall 
 
 fairs, four in all. 
 
 16. Exhibit at Coimty Fair, Morrisburg. 
 
 Insects, plant diseases, weeds, products of sprayed nu'l un- 
 sprayed orchards, spraying materials, apparatus, etc., pro- 
 duce of Demonstration Plats, distribution of bulletins, etc. 
 
 17. In 1909, during Fair, actual drainage work going on. Tak- 
 ing of levels, grading, etc., demonstrated. 
 
 18. Demonstration of good orchard culture by personal (assist- 
 ant and myself) care of four orchards; constant supervision and 
 direction of care of another. 
 
 Results. — 
 
 Orchard No. 1: ilarked difference in yield and quantity of fruit 
 
 on sprayed uiul imsprayed part. 
 Area, — 1 1-3 acres; 43 trees. 
 Total yield, 143 bbls. 
 Unsprayed part, — 1 row of trees through centre of orchard 
 
 — total yield of those 5 trees, 7 bbls.; loss than 1 bbl. 
 
 of Xo. 1 apples. 
 "Net returns to owner, $400, (apples sold on trees>. Cost 
 
 of spraying material, $7.90. 
 No record kept of cost of pnming or cultivation. 
 In unsprayed orchards in neighbourhood, n5)pUs scarce and 
 
 of worst quality. 
 Orchard Nc. 2: (four niilej! distant from No. I.') 
 
 14 trees Mcintosh, 16 trees Fameuse — $350 worth of 
 
AGHICULTURAI. WORK IN ONTARIO 
 
 13 
 
 * 
 
 i;pi.lf8 harvested at nmrkct price. Xo check trees 
 kept. ('o!(t of sprayiiip material $5.(59. 
 In nearby ..lehard from which 100 l)bls. were sold in 1909, 
 less tlian 10 bbls. were of inferior quality in lUlO. In 
 adjoining orchard, applo- worthless. (T^'i^ i^ *''«' <''"'° 
 with all un«pravid Mcintosh and Famciwe apples this 
 year). Iruit from thi.s orchard taken by Dominion 
 Department of Agriculture to World's Fair, at Brus- 
 sels. 
 Orchard >:o. 3: (Two miles from orchard No. 1 and orchard No. 
 
 No records kept, but fruit on sprayed trees 15 m number, 
 tirst-clasa. One un^sprayed tree had not an apple al- 
 though there wax plenty of blossoms and the fniit set 
 well all through this section in 1910. 
 
 Orchard X<>. 4: Fruit clean. 
 
 In the above four orchards work was done by my assistant or by 
 
 mvself. 
 ■ Orchard No. T,: (Located S miles from other nearest demonstra- 
 tion orchard). 
 Pruning, care and sprayinii done under our direction. Area 
 
 was 3 acres, Mcintosh,. 
 An orchard which seldom before grew marketable fruit. 
 Fniit s.,ld on trees for *;550, and graded nearly all firsts 
 anil seconds. Three check trees— fruit useless. In 
 unsi)rayed orchards of neighbourhood, fruit useless. 
 
 Lanark county exports no grain; it is not as yet ii 
 L«..rk f^„jj ^.„„„tv and its climate and soil do not lend 
 *^°"°*^ themselves to the product^-n of special crops. It is 
 primarilv a grazing county and ;!.- principal industry is 
 thus largelv under the supervision of the Dairy Instructor. 
 Consequentiv, it is not easy to show big results in any one hno 
 throu-h the work of this ofHce. With the stimulation of production, 
 the elimination of waste and the promotion of agricultural interests 
 in general as our governing j.olicy, we have, however, endeavoured 
 to make the most of our opportunities and steadily to increase the 
 sphere of influeuoo of the office. 
 
14 
 
 COMMISSION OP CONSERVATION 
 
 In this report no attempt is luadc to touch upon the work of the 
 office as an information bureau. This has been pretty well covered in 
 a previous report and it is sufficient to say that the number and 
 variety of questions handled has preatly increased with each season, 
 as has also the area represented by those making use of the office. 
 Neither have I referred to the school work nor to meetings addressed 
 within the county and at outside j)oints. 
 
 During the fall of lOO'.t, we added tliree new Farmer's Clubs to 
 our list— Kamsay Township, Carletcm Place and Pakenhain. These 
 Clubs all held meetings every three or four weeks, and in addition to 
 the interest and enthusiasm which they awakened among the farmers 
 themselves, they afforded us additional opportunities for keeping in 
 touch witii the more remote i)arts of the county. Our largest Club, 
 South Lanark, which .las had three successful seasons, has been one 
 of our most important mediums in our work locally. While the dis- 
 cussion of farm tfipics and topics of general interest ha. constituted 
 one of its ni'^st important features, we have, in addition, made use of 
 it in the following ways during the past two seasons: 
 
 1. To promote rural telephone service throughout the riding; 
 
 2. To carry on co-operative buying of clover and grass seed 
 through local seedsmen in order to secure purity and No. 1 quality; 
 
 3. To import seed corn on the ear; 
 
 4. To import tile in carload lots; 
 
 5. To establish one variety of potatoes as the representative 
 variety for this section; 
 
 6. To run an excursion to JIacdonald College in August, 1909; 
 
 7. To inaugurate an annual ploughing match, October, 1910. 
 We have now two cow testing associations in the south riding, 
 
 both doing good work. Since the inauguration of the first one three 
 years ago, we have looked after the secretary's duties in this office. 
 Certainly nothing undertaken by the Department through us 
 has increased our sphere of influence so materially as the holding of 
 Short Courses, conducted by such men a.s President Creelman, Prof. 
 G. E. Day, Prof. C. A. Zavitz, Dr. Reed, T. O. Raynor, C. M. McRae 
 and L. H. Newman. Perth, Carleton Place, Almonte and Lanark 
 Village have already been favoured with these, the two latter in the 
 spring of 1910. At the present time, we are organizing one in 
 Smiths' Falls. F^ach event br: ffs us in touch with anywhere from 
 
 ♦ 
 
 I 
 
AGRICULTURAL WORK IN ONTARIO 
 
 It 
 
 ♦ 
 
 < 
 
 Hno to 800 farmen. The direct benefits have been noted in innumer- 
 able ways in subsequent seasons. 
 
 In June, 1910, we hold four very successful Weed and Seed 
 ^leetings at Almonte, Middlevillc, Maedonald's Comers and Maber- 
 Iv, addri'.tsod by Mr. Siini)!'on Ilcniiio. 
 
 In Lanark county, we have some 90,000 acres of swamp and 
 slash land, much of which is now being brought under cultivation 
 with the opening up of municipal and award drains. In a great many 
 instances, this muck land has not given satisfactory results after the 
 first few years. For three seasons we have been conducting extensive 
 fertilizer experiments on difTorent tyi)e8 of muck with a view to ren- 
 dering these areas profitably productive. These experiment* have been 
 conducted at different points throughout the county and have been 
 under our direct supervision. On ihe whole, the results have been 
 most encouraging. As all of our exi)eriment3 this year are with root 
 crops some of which have not yet been harvested, I am unable to give 
 figiires for this year's results. In one case where oats were grown, 
 the yield was increased from 1.5 bii. to 40 bu. per acre, at a cost of 
 about $5 per acre. At the same point, the influence carried over 
 from the preceding year made possible an increase of 15 bu. over the 
 unfertilized. Ivpially gornl results were obtained lii-t yenr with 
 millet, rape niid mangolds at ntlicr points. 
 
 During the past season, we have concentrated on underdrainage 
 
 work. In the county as a whole, and particularly in South Lanark, 
 
 ' very little underdrainage had been done previous to 1907, and when 
 
 we first took up this work, we found four obstacles barring progress 
 
 in this particular line: 
 
 1. A lack of appreciation of the benefits to be derived; 
 
 2. Lack of technical Knowledge in laying out systems; 
 
 3. The absence of tile factories in any part of the cnimty; 
 
 4. Lack of experience in digging drains to grade, laying tile, 
 etc., and inability to secure competent labour to do this work. 
 
 During the seasons of 1908 and IStOl), we overcame the first 
 ditKculty to a certain extent in our propaganda work by means of 
 addresses, newspaper articles, demonstrations, etc. 
 
 The second difficulty was met by offering our services free of ex- 
 pense in making surveys, laying out systems, preparing plans, etc. 
 During the fall of 1900, some of the systems laid out by us were 
 
la 
 
 I'UMMISSION OK CONBEIIVATION 
 
 partially in-'tallt-d l>y hand lal'i.ur. Ont- of tlioac tielil* made an ex- 
 cellent deinon-tniiion titl.l, an it i-liani-ed to lie beside a Icadinp road 
 and had previously been dcenud impowiiblo to drain aatisfaetorily. 
 This cprinp, when ndjoininj; tiflds lay stodden with water, the drained 
 field wa* dry and in ilrst-clas.* condition. It was in shape for seedi-ig 
 fully three week^ before neijrhb Jiirinj; tields, but wa» kept for jrn. 
 This com crop, ^jrown where corn had never been ^Town previously, 
 was conceded to be the bot crop within a radiii!* of Mvernl niih-s. 
 Not only was it full and vifjorous, but it was uniform over the entire 
 field and wa-i well matured. Needl.-sr. to say, we had a great many 
 reque.ots for drainage na-iistnnee in that section this year, while the 
 owner of the field himself put in nearly a carload of tili> this fall. 
 
 The dirticnlty in obtaininfi tile in the Perth district was over- 
 come through our local Farmers' Club. Dy btiyinp co-operatively in 
 carload lots we have been able to lay down tile in Perth at a cheaper 
 price than they can be bought right in the yard nt many tile factories. 
 'Ibis year, with another wet, baekward May to back us up, we 
 launched another drainage campaign, with the result that since the 
 first of June we have devoted every available day and half day to 
 drainage work in various part-s of the county. An opportunity to se- 
 cure the services of a steam ditcher from the province of Quebec 
 assisted us in overcoming the fourth ditticulty, and incidentally gave 
 undeidrainage the greatest impetus it has yet received in this district. 
 The owner of the ditcher ,tlac< <1 himself in our hands, took only siu-h 
 work as we laid out for him, followed our grades, etc., and stayed 
 with us for two mojitlis. digging at the rate of at lea.*t 2,000 feet ()er 
 day and as much as li.CUt when conditions were favourable. Break- 
 ages, due to our stony land, prevented us accomplishing as much as we 
 might have in the tim.', but so delighted were the farmers with the 
 work acconijilished that it is probable that next year a ditcher will be 
 owned co-operatively here. 
 
 ('cm has become one oi' the staple crops in tlii • e >unty and in many 
 sections over seventy-tive per cent, of the farnieis have silos. K.xeept 
 where an occasional farmer selects Flint com for seed, all of the seed 
 com is impjrted. X '"rally, in bad sf^asms such as that of IDIO. a 
 great many famiers h;<ve been badly disappointed in their seed. 1 Ins 
 we have rought to nv;>rcA,iii>; first, by promoting Inivirir ot> the col); 
 second, by testing samples for all local seedsmen; third, by ettrript- 
 
 i 
 
AORICUI.TIIHAI. WORK I.N' ONTARIO 
 
 17 
 
 i 
 
 I 
 
 ing to develop u ctrttin of l»eiit corn ailaptcd ti thi» Ijcalitv. Buyii.n 
 on the cob liait been followed \ii) by the Soutli Lanark Kanuew' L'liib 
 for the past two seaaona. C'onipurin^t the seed obtained by the mem- 
 bera thia year witli that it)ld in Imlk, the new nuiliiMl wa* worth a 
 great ninny dollars to thoae who took advantage of it. In the «priii»? 
 of U>Olt and 1»10, w«^ tented need com for all local rt-edsnien ax coon 
 an their shipments arrivid, iiud practieully all used o\ir r«'ix)rt.t iis 
 their only gnnrontre. More than one lot which failed to come up to 
 standard was shipped back. In our seed selection w r.k, we started 
 with a strain of com developed for early maturity in Wisconsin. 
 During the past two seasons, we have grown an acre of this corn on 
 the "ear to the row" plan and have elected each year for early 
 maturity. We have succetded in maturing rtrst-class sectl both year* 
 and the crop has excelled everything in its neighbourhood not only 
 in maturity, but also in tyi>e. The demand for seed exceeded the sup- 
 ply last year and probably will this year. 
 
 Ever since this office wa.* oi>ened, we have been emnhasizing the 
 value of alfalfa. This year fully one-tifth of the fami»r« in the Perth 
 district have a small patch of alfalfa, and while all have not made a 
 success of it, the possibility of growing it here successfully has been 
 amply demonstrated. In the spring of the year, alfalfa enquiries 
 greatly exceed all others receive.!. Last year we forwarded upwards 
 of fifty applications for nitro culture and directed the forwarding of 
 many others. We have been experimenting with the crop ourselves 
 and have succeeded in growing it without a nurse crop. 
 
 The experimental work last summer as well as this 
 P^"" summer has consisted in conducting i)ractical expcri- 
 E<lw.r<l ^^^^^ ^^ various farms throughout the county. Ex- 
 
 County . 4 
 
 pcrimcnts with fertilizers on tomatoes, sweet corn and 
 potatoes were condiicted a year ago. This work was taken up more 
 extensively this season. Seven experiments with sweet com, five with 
 potatoes and twelve with tomatoes, wore carried on in different parts of 
 the county. Farmers growing these crops, and p.articularly canning 
 crop^, nro unable to obtain sufficient manure and are rc(iuired to pur- 
 chase' commercial fertilizers. Up to the present time, they have 
 been buying mostly ready mixed and cheap fertilizers. Wc arranged, 
 that these expcrinu'nts should bo made by the most careful farmers. 
 
II COMMWBION or C0.N8ERVAT10N 
 
 wlu, are .xi*ctcd t.. rc"|H.rt to u« and «Uo to the Farmer*' Club nuet^ 
 i„« in the winter, lu n.o.t cwe» they have cared for the plot, and 
 k..nt accnraf.. nconU. Wh.revcT ,..H.il>K-. the expt^rimont. wm- con- 
 ducted near the road and attracted much attention. Ihe amount of 
 commercial fertilizer* u«.d will be greatly increased another year. 
 
 T.wt« wire conducted with varieties of com on twenty- 
 four different fan..., in «ome case. «w..t corn, other* H.nt and 
 other. l).>..t V^'^t. were ...ade with (■o,n...on MandKcheur. ...I 
 O V (" No '1 bnrlev on fourteen .litTerent farm*. The barley 
 ...; ;U.trib,:ted to «;».'.». who had taken the Short C our.o 
 l„.l winter, and there are already .nany enqu.nea a. to where 
 to <.btai.. .e..d of the.e varieties for ne.xt -canon !«•« J""'';^ "J 
 poa« were distributed, «ome of the aeed hav.uR been obta.ned from 
 the Winter Fair and fron. the prize-winni..g lot* in the Held trop 
 
 Comttetitit-n. 
 
 Quite a nun.ber of fara.er* have been co..ducting exper.ment. 
 
 in c.n..ection with the Farmer.' Club«, the Club -'«"-« !;;;;'7^ 
 experiment to each of several men.bers. In «....« sect.ons they have 
 been testing fertilizer, l.r instance, at Vellin.ton. one farmer hu. 
 treated an acre of f.matoca with m Iba. of .nuriate of pota«h and 
 800 lbs. of acid phosphate. On a,, acre directly along^.de "'"treated 
 alike, he added 100 lbs. of sodiun. ..itruMs on the rest of the field 
 no fertilizer was applied. He has kept a. accurate -ord of the 
 ^ork and found that he can prolitably use - ,. fert.l.zer and w.l do 
 I to a larger extent another year. O.b. r fam.ers i.. the same sect.n 
 are experimenting with fertilizers on potat-es, ^'^^-^-"^^' ^T^ 
 and celery. One of our exi>erina.n.s this sea.on was w.th fert.l.zer. 
 for celery on muck soil. 
 
 Experimental or demonstration plots w.re condt.ctcd .n connec- 
 tion w^th the Collegiate I..stitute. In ac'dition, vanety tests were 
 ml mangolds,'tomatoes. millets and corn, also fert.luer tcs . 
 with p.,tat,.es We had a breeding block of sweet com, known a 
 PeaJ's In.proved Kvergreen, a vanety which ong.nated m th s 
 countv and which is sought after by the cann.ng factone. W c ob 
 Id some seed from Mr. Pearce and made some f -^.ons f rom th 
 block grown this year. The main point cons.dered .n select.ng was 
 t laTn ears witk deeper kernels, -bus giving a larger proport.on of 
 
AORICUUTURAL WOHK IN ONTARIO 
 
 It 
 
 i: 
 
 corn. Wo expct to parrv thi« work furthtr utuithcr vinr an<l to get 
 tho iiiBnBjrors of the ditlriont f •••torit't iiiton«ttJ. 
 
 The fniit jrrowoM of the county hnve Jwon very nmi-h iiittTt'^tt'tl 
 in uprayinK. Thi- JwenHf* nn^l po-ttn utftrtiii>r tlio tree iin.l fruit Rff 
 no inuny that thi'y renlizc it in iiiipoH-^ilil.' t.. pm-iiK-f fruit nf xiiiicrior 
 iinolity otht-nvii'i'. Tiicro ur«' uIhuU two hun<lri'.l fruit /.'rowt-rs in tin' 
 pounty who «prnye<l <luriii>! thi- im!<t ^'ii^on. We did n >t cotidiipt 
 uprnyinK dctnonstrutioii!* on <»ir owti iiccnuiit, i)Ut l«|it l>u-y vi-'iliiiji 
 tiiiir^i' who wfrc s|»niyiii)r, mid tiidciivoiirfd to ^vt tluiu (<• •',>. tlu^ 
 work an n«'arly rijrht iin i> )i*i»il>W'. 
 
 In 11»0!>, tont.f woro niiidf with fmir l-iand^ of liiiK-sulphvr, viz., 
 Vanc), lit'x, Niunura and Ciru!<sflli brand.s. No ditTurt'nw in tho 
 value of these matorialu was noticeahlc. We al*J triwl u«ing an fX- 
 cci<s of lime in Bordenux mixture. Although the niixttirc wa« more 
 difficult to apply, it aeenud to bo verj- etTective iu destroying tho 
 Oyster Shell Scale. 
 
 In tile sprinfjoC l.MO, we t»>t('il the roiiip;irativc value .if ursenite 
 of lime and arsenate of lead when uned as an insecticide along with 
 lime-sulphur as a sunuuer spruy. The former was mist elTectivc in 
 controlling the CodliuR Moth, but when applied in fireater (piantity 
 than recommended resulted in severe burning of the foliajre. In 
 spite of the latter, the fruit frrowcrs here prefer to udo it on account 
 of the cheapness of preparation. 
 
 This year the on-hards which have been sprayed and cared for 
 have an abimdnnce of first-claas fruit. Preparntiocs are being made 
 already for next year's work and much of the material is already 
 
 ordered. 
 
 Jlr. Whitford Collier of East Lake has an orchard of twenty 
 acres, consisting of Baldwins, Cranberry Pippi-i, Spies, Bottle Green- 
 ing, and Ben Davis. This si)ring he purchase<l a complete spraying 
 outfit and four barrels of lime-sulphur mixture. He claims that the 
 spray was w >/th $400 to him this season. 
 
 There is another very good object lesson in anither locality, at 
 A 'bury. Mr. Wm. Peck owns an old orchard if about 7 acren. A 
 year ago this orchard was very seriously affected with Leaf Blister 
 Mite and the fruit was ruined by Codling Moth. This year tho or- 
 chard was sprayed thoroughly and sold for $1,.500, while a year ago, 
 when there were more apples, it brought the owuer less than $400. 
 
 
20 
 
 COMMISSION OP CONSERVATION 
 
 The Leaf Blister Mite ami the Oyster Shell Scale are possibly the 
 worst enemies of the fruit jn'ower in this county. The lime-sulphur 
 mixture seems to control these almost entirely. The concentrated 
 material is very expensive, costinc; approximately $13 per barrrol 
 laid down in Picton. Through the introduction of the home-boiled 
 lime-sulphur, the farmers are more apt to take hold of the spraying. 
 It is much cheaper, as it can be prepared at leas than one-third the 
 cost of the ommerciiil. 
 
 AVe visited fourteen different stations of the county last spring 
 and pave demonstrations in the preparation of the home-boiled con- 
 centrated lime-sulphur. During the past season this spray gave fully 
 as good, and some claim licttcr, results than the commercial article. 
 In one section where a demonstration wa.- given, they boiled 15 bar- 
 rels and have already ordered throe tinu's the material for next year. 
 At Wellington, they purchased Sj.'iOO lbs. sulphur, 1,750 lbs. lime, 
 making 155 bbls. of concentrated solution at a cost of less than $1.50 
 per bbl. 
 
 A Short Course in stock and seed judging was held in Amelias- 
 burgh on March 14, 15 and It!, at which it was estimated that 1,200 
 farmers attended. Discussions were held and demonstrations given 
 reganlitig light and heavy horses, dairy and beef cattle, swine, and 
 farm cro, s, viz., wheat, oats, barley, corn, hay, pasture and fodder 
 crops. 
 
 'I'iie Fruit Institute lielil in Picton (m December 14, 15 and Ifi 
 was well attended, there being an attendance of njiwards of 400 at one 
 of the session'. Sjwcial emphasis was jjlaced on fruit production and 
 the i>lanting, cidtivating and sin-aying of the orchard. Demonstra- 
 tions were given to show the best methods of i)!ieking npijles and llie 
 preparation of spray materials, ]iarticularly the linie-snlpliur wa^h. 
 
 All the fall fairs in the county liavo been attended, viz., Picton, 
 Roblin's Mills and DeTuorestville. .Judging demonstrations were con- 
 ducted at Picton and Koblin's Mills Fairs for young men, as well as 
 weed and weed seed naniimr contests antl apple iiaTuing contests. 
 
 Fdueational exhibits were shown at Picton and Roblin's Mills 
 in 1000 and also in 10 10. The exhibit consisted of weeds and weed 
 .«eeds. insects and diseases of fruits and crops, the results of the ex- 
 periments conducted. I distributed literature of the Department of 
 Agricidture, and acted in the capacity of judge at two fairs each sea- 
 
AGRICULTURAL WORK IN ONTARIO 
 
 21 
 
 J udpinp demonstrations were held at North P^rt, llillier, South 
 Bay, Boihel, t'rofton and Milford. Horses and dairy cattle were 
 judjied and discussed. The average attendance at each iiiace heinfr 4."). 
 In most cases evening meetings were held. 
 
 Two seed meetings were held in June, 1009, at llillier and 
 Northport, attendance 45 and 50 respectively. In 1010, .special seed 
 meetings were held at ("hcrry Valley, ililford and Mountain View, 
 with an average attendance of 55. 
 
 I have attended all the Farmers' Institute meetings. Agricul- 
 tural Society meetings Fiirnier:-' Ctnlt meetings, and cheese meet- 
 ings held in the county. There are i;5 organized Farmers' Clubs in 
 the county. I attemled a large numlier of the meetings of each Club 
 and took part in the discussions. One of the Clubs in the county de- 
 veloped into a Fruit Growers' Association. It purchased all the spray- 
 ing materials and supplies for the members during the jiast season, 
 and is making preparations f(^r packing and uuirketing their crop next 
 year. There are but sixteen nu>nibers in this Association, but I think 
 it will grow rapidly. We spent a good deal of time with the members 
 during the spraying season, assisting them in the preparation and 
 application of spray materials, and testing the mi.xtures and pumps. 
 Each nu'mber of this Association speaks in the highest terms of the 
 results obtained from spraying. In Wellington district, there are 
 few fruit growers who will not lie spraying another year. 
 
 T attended the annual meetings ..f the cheese factories at 
 Bloomfield, Wellington, AUisonville, Hillier, Consecon, Amelias- 
 burgh, Kednersville, Quinte, Massassaga and Mountain View fac- 
 tories, and was also present at the meeting of the Cheese Board of 
 Trade. 
 
 During the last school year, we conducted two classes in agricul- 
 ture in the Collegiate Institute. In the Long Course were six pupils, 
 while in the six weeks or Short Course there were thirty registered. 
 The coming year we are planning to extend the Short Course to ten 
 weeks and we have every rea.^on to believe the attendance will be 
 greater. 
 
 We endeavoured to encourage the rural schools to give attention 
 to school gardens. The .Mountain Views school had a very good 
 garden and the people of that section have taken a deep interest in 
 the work. The teacher. Mr. .1. M. Hoot, came to us for advice, and 
 
22 COMMISSION OK CONSERVATION 
 
 afterwards carried out the sup>,'ostions given. The garden contained 
 plots for each class of corn, oats, barley, goose wheat, niilU'ts roots, 
 vegetables and tlowcrs. It wa? maintained in first-class shape and 
 created much interest. Indeed, several other teachers have expressed 
 their intention of taking up this woik another year. 
 
 Dr. ]^lorley C'urrie. .M.I'.. donated $:)0 for prizes for the best essay 
 and collection of weeds from each township in the county, the plans 
 and conditions of the contest being made out by us. Five of the 
 seven townships of the county had entries, and the competition 
 succeeded in interesting a large number of young men in a study of 
 farm weeds. A number of teachers also became interest«'d in the 
 contest. Two of the contestants and winners of this competition told 
 me that they had decided to attend the agricultural course at the be- 
 ginning of the year. 
 
 Underdrainage has been practised but little in this county. In- 
 terest was created as a result of a drainage survey on a farm near 
 Picton, and discussion at a demonstration held on the same farm in 
 July, 1909. I have knowledge of 12,000 tiles being laid as a result. 
 This year there were more calls for drainage surveys and plans than 
 we could attend to. Twenty-four applications, averaging 100 acres, 
 have been received, and of these thirteen have been completed. Con- 
 siderably more drainage would be done, but labour cannot be obtained. 
 We made surveys and plans only where the farmers were prepared 
 to go ahead with the work. A ditching machine will likely be pur- 
 chased before spring, and from present indications there will be 
 many more calls another year. I cannot cite any outstanding instance 
 where underdrainage has been a benefit, as the work has been so re- 
 cently undertaken. Last fall we took levels for a main drain across 
 three farms; the drain was completed late last year, and the farmers 
 had this year more than double the crop they ever had on the same 
 
 land. 
 
 I have assisted in making plans for farm barns, and particularly 
 in laying out stables, planning for ventilation, and tlie construction of 
 silos. 
 
 FAKMKits' ("h.1!h: We have about twelve Clubs in 
 
 operation in the county, meeting once or twice a month 
 
 during the winter, with some continuing during the whole 
 
 These meetings are of an educational nature and arc 
 
 Waterloo 
 County 
 
AGRICULTURAL WORK IN ONTARIO 
 
 18 
 
 1 
 
 addressed by the members themselves with an occasional outside 
 speaker on the programme. The Club affords opportunities for pub- 
 lic speaking, for acquiring the benefit of the experience of other 
 farmers in the community, it acts as a social centre for the district, 
 neighbours become better acquainted, and in many ways proves very 
 beneficial. Different schemes have been initiated in various Clubs. 
 One has been instrumental in getting a rural telephone system among 
 the farmers and in starting a continuation class in the village school. 
 Another has revived the ploughing match and instituted an annual 
 neighbourhood banquet. Others have various co-operative schemes. 
 Each Club is working out plans for the betterment of its members. 
 Of course, I attend as many meetings as possible, and as they are 
 all held in the evening and are in diffcron parts of the county, at 
 times it means considcrnMo trn veiling at night. In vi.w 
 of this, it is impossible for to attend all. However, each Club 
 Secretary sends mo a full i.-port of each meeting, together with 
 copies of some of the papers read and a synopsis of the discussions. 
 Consequently, I keep in chse touch with all the clubs over the coun- 
 ty. I have used S(ime of these reports and papers for full page 
 accounts of the various nirctiiigs in our local weekly papers, copies 
 of which were sent to the mrnibrrs of all the Clubs. We are holding 
 a conference of the officers of these Clubs in the near future '<- order 
 that ideas may be exchanged, and preparation is being made for the 
 organization of more Clubs. 
 
 Short Courses: These courses have been of two or three days' 
 duration and were for the purpose of a practical study of live stock 
 and seeds. I have been favoured with the services of the professors 
 of the Ontario Agricultural College for this work. These courses 
 have been held at Ayr, Gait and Elniira. The average attendance at 
 each has been between 300 and 400 farmers. "We have used the best 
 stock obtainable and have had as teachers the highest authorities, so 
 that these courses are easily recognized as of immense value in ad- 
 vancing agricultural education at home. And just here is an excel- 
 lent example of the value of the Farmers' Clubs. In the necessary 
 \ .eparation work for these courses, such as obtaining stock, buildings, 
 advertising, etc., the organized Clubs have been the main feature and, 
 in a large moasiire, to their efforts the succrss obtained has been due. 
 Demoxstbatioxs: Practical (lemor.st rations in caring for 
 
24 
 
 COMMISSION OP CONSERVATION 
 
 orchards have leon hold. Parts of orchards in various sections of the 
 count V were spraved and results noted liy the owTiers. At some of 
 these sprayinps. the men of the neighbourhood were invited to be 
 present and oxplnnations were given as to the methods and reasons 
 for the different sprayin'^s. At some of these orchard meetings the 
 subject of farm weeds was also discussed, the actual weeds of the 
 district from the fields being used for illustration purposes. 
 
 Exi'EKJMKXTs WITH CoMMEnciAL Fehtilizeus: We have had 
 about thirty experiments on fnrnis in different parts of the county in 
 order to determine the value of the fertiliz ts for certain purposes. 
 These experiments corsistec' of applying the different fertilizer!" in 
 various combinations and with various crops both on muck soils and 
 on typical fields of the farm. The material has been prepared for the 
 experimenter and directions given, so that we have had very little 
 difliculty in getting good results from the men who have co-operated 
 with us in this work. All of these experiments were visited some 
 time during the season. 
 
 KrKAi. SriKu.i.s: Dnring the la-t two yours, wr have had three 
 of the rural schools near Gait unite in a competition in growing farm 
 crops and in making nature collections. This year, we have had six 
 of the schools near Ayr doing the same work. The results were ex- 
 hibited at what we called a Rural School Fall Fair. From an educa- 
 tional standpoint, T believe some of the best acti%-ities of young boys 
 and girls on the farm have resulted from this work. As far as pos- 
 sible, the pupils' plot:^ at their homes were visited during the summer. 
 In driving about the county I some^'mes take the opportunity of 
 visiting the rural schools and of addressing the pupils. I have also 
 helped some of the teachers ir connection with their school gardens 
 and nature study. 
 
 Fakmers' Institutes: Ea<.h year I have been on the pro- 
 gramme of all the Institute meetings in both the north and the south 
 ridings. During the winter practically one month was spent at these 
 meetings. We have iiuluccd many pupils each year to visit the Agri- 
 cultural College at the time of the annual Institute excursion. 
 
 AGKifur.Tt-itAL Society: This society has given me largo lati- 
 tude in connection with ccrtai i features of the fall fair, and particu- 
 larly in the pupils' department. This department is now exceptional- 
 
AGRICULTURAL WORK IN ONTARIO 
 
 ts 
 
 Ij educative not only for the boya and girls exhibiting but for the 
 public aa well. 
 
 In connection with the fall fairs wo have had educational 
 exhibits of our own, such as would be helpful to fanners seeking in- 
 formation. Wo have also held successful stock judging competitions 
 for boys in connection with the fair. Our experimental plots were 
 in the fair grounds. I have, in addition, had the opportunity of deliv- 
 ering addresses at the seed fairs of the agricultural society. 
 
 Besides the above, much detailed work of a more general 
 nature has been done, such as the preparation of addresses for meet- 
 ings, articles for tlic pre.*s, assisting the different Farmers' Clubs in 
 their various activities, aiding the Women's Institutes, Horticultural 
 Societies, Poultry Associations, etc. The office is used as the board- 
 room for these societies. ^ have addressed the Teachers' County Con- 
 vention, acted as judge in the Standing Field Crops Competition, and 
 have endeavoured to be of assistance to all organizations connected 
 with the rural communities. Mention should also be made of the 
 individual assistance given to numerous farmers, both in the office 
 and in my trips through the county. 
 
 EXPENDITURE OF THE ONTARIO DEPARTMENT 
 OF AGRICULTURE FOR THE YEAR 1910 
 
 CIVIL GOVERNMENT (Agriculture): 
 
 Salaries $23,187.50 
 
 Contingencies 2,625.30 
 
 Tour $25,812.80 
 
 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE AND MACDONALD INSTITUTE: 
 
 College salaries $70,408.30 
 
 College expenses 61,328.05 
 
 Institute salaries 18,600.10 
 
 Institute expenses 16,588.11 
 
 Farm department 17,413.5C 
 
 Field experiments 12,150.2* 
 
 Dairy department 11,210.85 
 
 Dairy School 7,101.52 
 
 Forestry department 1,434.29 
 
tt f; COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION 
 
 Poultrr department 5,010.83 
 
 Hortlcultunl department 9,531.40 
 
 Soil Pbrilci department 3,999J7 
 
 Mechanlcfl department 1,041.39 
 
 Agricultural department 749.96 
 
 ToUl t33«,G68.86 
 
 VBTERINARY COLLEOB: 
 
 Salaries •» WA'H\r> 
 
 BxpenMa 13,654.43 
 
 Total $31,978.88 
 
 AGRICULTURAL AND HORTICULTUilAL SOCIETIES: 
 
 Salarlei I 5.190.00 
 
 Contlntencles 1,931.79 
 
 Pure aeed fairs 380.70 
 
 Spring stock shows 3,174.05 
 
 OranU to agricultural societies S3,606.oo 
 
 Field crop competitions 6,986.61 
 
 Expert ludges 9,881.92 
 
 Orants to horticultural societies 9,996.00 
 
 Ontario Vegetable Qrowers' Association 800.00 
 
 Miscellaneous .. 774.24 
 
 ToUl 1122,721.31 
 
 LIVB STOCK BRANCH: 
 
 Salariea t 6.262.50 
 
 Contingencies 1,240.29 
 
 Winter Fair, Ouelpb 9,500.00 
 
 Winter Fair, Ottawa 7,500.00 
 
 Horse shows, grants 2,475.00 
 
 Local poultry associations, grants 2,024.93 
 
 Miscellaneous 2,767.38 
 
 ToUl »31,770.10 
 
 INSTITUTES BRANCH: 
 
 Salaries ) 4,126.67 
 
 Contingencies 4,166.39 
 
 Grants, services and expenses of lecturers 26,449.19 
 
 ToUl » 34,742.25 
 
 DAIRY BRANCH: (Undercharge of Institutes Superintendent). 
 
 Eastern Dairy School $ 12,053.17 
 
 Grants to Dairy Associations 4,500.00 
 
 Instruction and inspection 3»,065.24 
 
 Miscellaneous 2,177.17 
 
 ToUl $67,795.58 
 
AGRICULTURAL WORK IN ONTARIO 17 
 
 VnUIT BRANCH: 
 
 SalarlM I 3.140.00 
 
 Oranta to kMOclktlons 3,850.00 
 
 Orchard apraylng 4,170.08 
 
 Pruit eshlbltlona 4,500.43 
 
 Fruit Experiment SUtlons 14,348.39 
 
 Ort;hard Inipectloni 3,775.17 
 
 Bee Ke«pers' Association, grant 450.00 
 
 iDipection of aplariei 3,554.43 
 
 Entomological Society, grant 1,000.00 
 
 Orchard kurveyi 3,653.05 
 
 Contlnsencles 1.399/19 
 
 'oUl $41,839.83 
 
 FARM FORESTRY: 
 
 Purchase of waste land $ 8.805.00 
 
 Wagee 3.877.16 
 
 Miscellaneous 3,284.18 
 
 Total I 9,966.33 
 
 DISTRICT REPRESENTATIVES AND TEACHERS OF AGRICULTURE: 
 
 Salaries (paid by Oept. of Education) $16,800.00 
 
 Services of Assistants and expenses (paid by Dept. of Agri- 
 culture) 20,792.19 
 
 Total $37,592.19 
 
 STATISTICS BRANCH: 
 
 Services and expenses $ 3,763.90 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS: 
 
 Reports and bulletins $14,943.94 
 
 MUk Commission 1,618.20 
 
 Corn Growers' Association, grant 500.00 
 
 Experimental Union, grant 2,750.00 
 
 Demonstration Farm, N. Ontario 7,317.44 
 
 Other expenditures 2,266.17 
 
 Total $29,395.75 
 
 COLONIZATION BRANCH: 
 
 Salaries (Toronto) $ 5,757.67 
 
 Contingencies 3^67.32 
 
 Work In Great Britain 29,650.14 
 
 Pamphlets, advertising, etc 18,094.91 
 
SS COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION 
 
 Oranu, boniuei and advance! S6,>IS.1S 
 
 MlKellanaouf 1,51(.I7 
 
 ToUI fSUtl.S* 
 
 Grand Toul, 1910 ..*48,16».»3 
 
 RevMjqe 113,437.08 
 
 Nat BzpendltttM 1634,718.24 
 
 APPROPRIATIONS FOR 1911. 
 
 Civil Qovernment Ml. 850 
 
 Agricultural College 259,041 
 
 Veterinary College 32,488 
 
 Agricultural Societies Branca 125,505 
 
 Live Stock Branch 44,720 
 
 Initltutea Branch 39,583 
 
 Dairy Branch 62,750 
 
 Fruit Branch 50,020 
 
 Farm Forestry 10,000 
 
 DUtrlct Representatives 27,600 
 
 (S&larles additional 122.800) 
 
 Statistics Branch 5,300 
 
 Immigration Branch 100,600 
 
 Demonstration Farm 8,000 
 
 Miscellaneous 30,250 
 
 ToUl $!i3T.907 
 
 Expenditure on caplial account 70,732 
 
 IH 
 
,.*<f