IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) /. 1.0 ! I • •I 2.5 no ~^™ m m m I y£ 12.0 1:1 m I 2.2 1.8 '•25 111'-^ ' < 6" ► Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WIST MAIN STRIIT WIBSTIR.N.Y. 14SM (/'16) 172-4503 CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CiHIVl/ICIVIH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions / Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques Technical and Bibliographic Notas/Notas tachniquas at bibliographiquat Tha Instltuta ha* attamptad to obtain tlia Isaat original copy avallabia for filming. Faaturaa of thia copy which may ba bibliographically unlqua, which may altar any of tha imagas in tha raproduction, or which may significantly changa the usual mathod of filming, ara chockad balow. 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R'Y Ca, WINNIPEG-, zath March, 'B5, GREAT BRITAIN AND JRELAND. Winnipeg : Pbinted at the office of " The Commercial," 4 James St. East. 1885. y A SV>orTr WXi ; S043 / ,W5C2_ \ \ ] OF \ MANITOBA WHEAT, •ITS TERRITDRmL ilREA AND SUPERIOR QUALITY. «•'• _.•—"■ VERDICT >^^^^U<^ OF ONE HUNDRED MILLING FIRMS IN GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. Winnipeg : Printed at thf office of " The Commercial," 4 James St. East. 1885. /;. ^A •"(^ MANITOBA WHEAT, ITS TERRITORIAL AREA AND SUPERIOR QUALITY. VERDICT OF ONE HUNDRED MILLINC FIRMS IN GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. During the seasons, 1883-84 the Land Department of tliij Canadian Pacific Railway opened ten Experimental Farms on the division between Winnipeg and the Rocky Mountains — the" first, Secretan, Feing 443 miles, and the tenth or most western, Gleichen, being 785 miles west of Winnipeg. In this distance of 342 miles, the elevations above sea level ranged from 2,284 feet at Secretan, to 2,901 feet at Gleichen, corresponding in situation to a division of the Union Pacific Railroad between Cheyenne or Denver and Great Salt Lake, at altitudes more than double, or exceeding 5,000 feet above the sea. The cultivation of these farms was, in Western phrase, " on the sod," the land having been ploughed in Octo- ber, J 883, instead of the spring, and without re-ploughing or " backsetting" in the autumn, and having been sown in April, 1 884. The average results, ascertained by actually chaining the ground under the inspection of a Dominion Land Sur- veyor and weighing the grain, were as follows, viz. : Wheat, 21| bushels per acre ; oats, 44^ ; barley, 23^ ; and peas, 12 J. The farm at#Dunmore, near the crossing of the South Saskatchewan river, in longitude 110' 30', and latitude 50°, may be taken as representative of the series of experiments. Land was broken on the 24th of October, and sown on the 4th and 5th of April. Barley was harvested on the 23rd of July ; oats on the 6th of August ; and wheat on the 7th of August. Barley r^uired three months and sixteen days to mature ; oats, four months and one day ; and wheat, four months and two days. Cutting was entirely finished on the 8th of August. Gardening was not commenced till the 23r(l of May, yot all vegetables, including corn, fully matured. Wheat yielded 20 bushels per acre, with a weight of 63 lbs. per biulicl ; oats, 38^ bushels, weight, 40^ lbs.; barley, 32^ bushels, weight, 50 lbs. ; and peas, 10 J bushels per acre. In connection with these results it should be considered that a largo measure of the productive force of the soil was expended upon the reduction of the unrotted sod, it having been diffi- cult to cover the seed, especially of peas, sufficiently for its full germination and growth. The variety of wheat produced was Red Fyfe, graded as No. 1 hard, of which a considerable quantity, grown at Dun- hiore, was sent to The Miller, a weekly publication at Lon- don, England, and distributed by the publishers to over a hundred millers in Great Britain and Ireland, whose testimony in connexion with the names cf localities and corre.spondents will be here -repeated in the order of their publication in TTte Miller of February 2, 1885. Stockton-on-Tees. — R. H. Appleton. — " A roost valuable wheat for milling. I should be glad to get a large line of this wheat on reasonable terms. For gradual reduction milling it will work up splendidly giving a large percentage of well- shaped semiolin and middlings." Croydon. — Ashhy, Son ik Allen. — " It recommends itself as of great value from a millers' or bakers' point of view in all points, a type of the perfect, for what it lacks we cannot see." Bristol. — W. Baker d- Sons. — " The quality of the wheat is very fine," Dublin.— P. Boland. — " Such wheat would be very valu- able for home millers (using rolls) for mixing, as it should give great strength to their flour and good produce in_baking." Belfast. — D. r- sat i tions, the inadequacy and iniMtnanagement of railway trans- portation and neglect in cleansing, grading and sheltering the grain. The Russian production of wheat in 1883 was 101,- 101,830 bushels ; in 1870 it was 225,849,000 bushels. With the demand of a large and increasing population, Russia is not likely to hold much longer the second position in the ex- portation of grain to Great Britain. Nor is there a probability that India will exceed her present exportacion. A select com- mittee of the British House of Commons, in a report dated 18th of July, 1884, treats a proposed extension of railways and the wheat crop of India, principally as agencies for connect- ing the centers of food production with the centers of popula- tion, and relieving districts exposed to famine ; the extent and economy of grain raising, as in the western territories of the United States between longitudes 102° and 120°, are greatly restricted by the necessity of irrigation ; the average cost of transportation from the principal wheat areas to seaports is 20 cents per bushel, and from the seaboard to London 27 cents per bushel ; and the inferiority of the wheat is shown by the prices in the London market of four varieties of Indian wheat, namely, 48 5-10,h, to 38 5-lOs, per quarter, as compared ■with 54 5-7s. to 46 l-5s, for four American samples from Milwaukee. 7. It will thus be seen, with the completion of the Cana- dian Pacific Railway, that Western Canada will advance upon the English grain market under favorable auspices. It was only in 1882 that Manitoba produced a surplus of wheat. Minnesota reached that point in eleven years from the organ- ization of the territory in 1848, corresponding nearly to the same interval in Manitoba, 1870 to 1882. Tiie wheat crop of 1884 in Manitoba and the Northwest Territory of Canada may be estimated at five million bushels, of which from three to four millions are available for exportation. The total exportation to Great Britain from Canada was 4,530,016 bushels in 1884, of which 1,173,648 were in the form of flour. The eastern provinces of Canada, like most of the American states, are substituting dairy or fruit husbandry, and the production of wheat east of Lakq Superior will soon be exceeded by the local consumption 12 of the popujation ; a point already reached in nine-tenths of the area of wheat production in the United States. Thus will soon be transferred to Manitoba and other western provinces, the entire trans- Atlantic exportation of breadstuffs from the Dominion. The areas of Western Canada assigned by- events to the highest production in quality and quantity of the chief staple of human food, have already been indi cated, but may further be defined in the language of a publi- cation compiled under the auspices of the Smithsonian Institution at Washington. " A line," to repeat the language of the Climatology of the United States, edited by Mr. Loren Blodgett, " drawn xrom Thunder Bay in Lake Superior, north- ward to the Mackenzie River at the COth parallel, and from that point southwest to the Pacific coast to the 55th, would include an immense region adapted to the production of wheat, with only the local exception of mountains and worth- less soils." Another American authority, Commissioner Wheelock, of the Minnesota Bureau of Statistics, computes the acreage available north of the 49th parallel as 200,000,000 acres, which he characterises as " the seat of the greatest average wheat production on this continent, and probably in the world." ■n ■ 8. The rank accorded to Manitoba in the first year of a surplus, commanding the attention of the commercial world, has been very satisfactory. A letter from Fargo, Dakota, dated February 28th, and published in the St. Paul Pioneer Press, states that the ruling price for wheat for the preceding three months had been " between 6Q and 60 cents for No. 1 hard with a downward tendency." The range of prices paid for the same quality of grain during the same period at Win- nigeg, with no greater facilities of transportation to Atlantic or English markets than at Fargo, was from 75 to 70 cents per bushel, with 3| cents additional when shipped by the seller directly to Thunder Bay on Lake Superior. For the wheat trade, now converging to Duluth and Port Arthur, there are two kinds of hard, three of Northern and two of Regular, and during January, 1885, the highest and lowest prices paid at Winnipeg, by Montreal purchasers, were as follows : f S fmi k . 13 S No. 1 Hard No, 2 " No. 1 Northern No. 2 " No. 1 Regular No. 2 " No. 3 " 75 to 70 oenta. 70 to 65 " 70 to 65 •• 65 to 60 •• 62 to 58 •• 57 to 52 •• 52 to 47 " I These prices were uniformly paid throughout the Winni- peg section of the Canadian Pacific Railway, extending to the Brandon district, 133 miles west, and its branches southward to the International boundary, with a reduction of 2 cents per bushel on the Brandon section, extending to Elkhorn station, 200 miles west of Winnipeg. This Manitoba schedule of prices, through all its grades, has been sustained at 10 cents per bushel above sales in Minnesota and Dakota, 200 miles to the south of us. 9. It cannot be too forcibly urged upon the farmers of Manitoba and other districts of Central Canada, that the pos- session of these great natural advantages for grain raising and of this advanced position in the wheat market of the world demands, for their fullest utilization, the most careful cultiva- tion, and foremost iii the requisites of great and permanent suc- cess is the selection of seed. Red fyfe outranks all other varieties for the production of Manitoba hard. Frequent ex- changes of seed to retain the flinty texture and strength essen. tial to the best manufacture of flour should be organized, and will doubtless be facilitated by the discussions and correspond- ence of farmers* clubs. The quality of the grain assured, the producer may count with confidence upon every facility which the Canadian Pacific Railway, with its line supplemented by ocean and lake steamers, can afford for the cheap, rapid and secure transportation of wheat and its flour to the consumer. Rates of 25 cents per bushel from Winnipeg to Montreal, and of 10 cents by Atlantic transportation from tide-water to Liv- erpool, are already fixed, to be changed only in the direction of further reduction. 10. In the foregoing observations prominence] has been given to the climatic conditions which give to the northern interior of this continent such a remarkable precedence in the production of wheat, but the theory that the best production u of plants is at the most northern limit of their growth is of very wide application. It is not in southern or semi-tropical latitudes that oats, barley, the potato and other culinary vege- tables, and the fruits of the temperate zone, attain their highest excellence; and there is now a general testimony from those engaged in the production of animals, that the valleys of the Upper Missouri and the Saskatchewan, including the foot hills of the Rocky Mountains, by the nutritious qualities of their grasses and the health-giving influences of a cool and unmalarious climate, afford the most favorable conditions for the best development of horses, cattle and sheep. Wheat will be the pioneer of cultivation, but the indications ar<» s,lieady numerous and significant that nowhere in the world does nature invite to a more varied and successful agriculture than in the valleys converging to Lake Winnipeg and upon the- plateaux of British Columbia. cJ r I I "'^•««^.. k\ ^ 25,000,000 ACRES ! CANADIAN PACIFIC RAILWAY CO. LAN I) DtPARTM KN'T". Office in New Station Building", ^s^ i 3Sr :isr X IF* E G- . Twenty-Five Million Acres of SELECTED Wheat, Meadow and Grazing Lands Tin' < ' Mii|i.i'iy (pII'ct 1 1 I'ir IhihIh tor siilr w itiiiii tlir turty-'i^'i't iiiM<' lull Jlldlli,' tllC M.li I |,i|lr' With or Without Ciiltivation Couditionn, Al tiji' ii|iti()n of tlu' lilH'cii.'scr, 1' ires riiliuc tVoii: S'J jici :ii'ic iiiiw .ili'i;^, « illi I'lUMUliiiiis irc(iiiiiu^' iiiltivati'iii, .iiiil willniiit ciiltiN 'itii)ii or si ulrriiciit, at lil;('iiil tii.'1'ris, lia>cil mi cIohc |iiT^riii,il iri^ipcirlioii liv tlic ( 'oin|iiuiy''< I/.iimI I'A.illlillt T.'-. Wliiii tlic siili' is miiil( sill.),'.', 'o ciiltiNalio-i A UliKATK ' I lilli\!iUi!, „||(1 w ill lie ;i|i|i|ii'i| on tlic iic\t |i,i\ mciil t.illiiii.' iI'K!. TERMS or PAYMENT: •I'.lll' lltS IPMV I"' IIMlIC I I lull 'it, time of |)iircli!i-^c, (11 in six annual in iialiiiiiit". Liiiiil (iiaiit lioniU (.'an I r had from tlii' ItaiiU of Montreal, or any it its A'.;<'niii"<, an'i will I'l' ai-crplid at 10 per cint. nrciMiiini on llii'ir))ar \a n>'. a hI :.(ti ntc.nls a'li-a.lv laU.-ii thiroin, lan l>c tccii at the ollifo of thf I 'onipaiiy a'l Winripc;;. 'V'l'v Latnl |tc|),^'tiiniit has: Ai'i'iits .sLationftl lit the principal 'o aloii'j ihc Main Mil'', who will fniiii>li partiiMiIiu's as to lamls for silr ii: t I>i-:rii.'ts. I. I>a Us arc not an' linri/ial to rccni'. c, or rwji'ij t ter. any inotiie.s on In-half of tin' ''(Miipany or to liinil the Coinpi.ny hy any as^i't'i'inini- oi- acts whatsoivrr. I'artics pnnl awin;,' can remit liy l-lxp.css frean any K\ )r«'SH oltico o n the (MM!, at ihe Coicpany M e\ hclisc. < o the La'nl (' -.ionc)' at \Vi!iri|ic.;. For fill i.lier particiil, amMiiiidc I'.ooI.h. apply in | d aUn r ur 1' o (''I's, >i !■* loi'a I \h I 'amplili If- .Si'Ct ( .cr-oncn I'v Ict'er toCll MiLKS I >|; I N K W ATKI;, t,. ALKXAXDKK liKCC. (idnnal rmmi- itio'i Agent o" the ('oinpanw ■''■"' Cannon ^ti'(ct, IjOimIoh, Faiuland ; t' rilOMAsWAS'l'll';. I'.ia'idon, Lo.,.| A-ciit for tlie laml willuM tlic I'rov mcc tarv ( ' I' I!. Co.. Miaiti- of .Mai'itol rehate- , mi i;i : i. lid lo 1 'ic rmk-rsi'^i'.ei to whoir a'l app'ii;at ion- a.s to |irice: the pni'cii.i-c of land t'enerally siii.'dd lie addro scd. J. H. McTAVISH, l.an.l ( oninii.usioncr. Canadian I'aeilic Hadway Company, W'l XNl I'l'.C