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 Letters from Settlers in Canada. 
 
 OFFICIAL AND OTHER 
 INFORMATION 
 
 FOR INTENDING SETTLERS 
 
 IS 
 
 MANITOBA, 
 
 THE NORTH-WEST TERRITORIES, 
 
 BRITISH COLUMBIA, 
 
 ANI> TIIK 
 
 OTHICR I'ROVINCl'S OF CANADA. 
 
 (Issued by the authority of the Minister of 
 the Interior of Canada.) 
 
 riuMi;!) !iv M^^COK(MJoi)AI.E & CO., Limited, 
 Caui)IN';ton Stukkt, Euston, N.W. 
 
 18 9 6. 
 
 V^ 
 

 T 
 
 Free Grants of Land in Manitoba and the North- 
 west Territories. 
 
 NOTE. 
 
 This pamphlet has been prepared to 
 supplement the other pamphlets issued 
 under the auspices of the Imperial and 
 Dominion Governments, in reg^ard to the 
 advantages offered to settlers in the 
 different provinces of Canada. It consists 
 largely of local information, supplied by 
 Government Officers, relating to the par- 
 ticular districts with which they are 
 especially connected, and of letters from 
 settlers, which are interesting as detailing 
 their experiences, and, therefore, of much 
 value to intending settlers. Enquiries may 
 be addressed to any of the persons who 
 are mentioned, by those who may desire 
 further particulars respecting the different 
 localities. Attention is also directed to the 
 list of Government Agents, both in the 
 United Kingdom and in Canada, which is 
 to be found on the last page of the 
 pamphlet. 
 
 Improved Farms and Crown Lands may also be 
 purchased in the various Provinces of Canada at 
 
 reasonable prices. 
 
 ! Fron 
 
orth- 
 
 LETTERS 
 
 FKOM 
 
 SETTLERS IN CANADA, 
 
 1895. 
 
 From Mr. John Allison, Government Homestead Inspcclor, Winnli>eff, 
 
 Man., October 2Sth, lh95. 
 
 I have the honour to ackno\vleclj];e the r(>t;oi])t this day of " Circular 
 Letter" No. 256711 relative to ohtuininn; letters irum sueccssl'ul 
 settlers, giving their opinions respectively as to the advantages Manitoba 
 offers to intending immigrants. 
 
 In reply, I beg leave to state I will end(\avour to secure as many 
 testimonials as possible bearing on the subji'ct in the short time 
 allotted me, and, in the meantime, ask permission to state from 
 personal knowledge, gained in prosecuting my homestead inspection 
 work during the harvest months of the present year, that th(^ financial 
 condition of the farmers in my district was never so satisfactory in the 
 past, as the crops of the various kinds of grain rai^^pd are on an average 
 double in amount of last year, ar.d prices rather in excess. 
 
 From Mr. John J. Arsenav.lt, Government Homestead Inspector, 
 
 October 22nd, 1805. 
 
 Mr. J. A. Mclven/.ie, of liradwardiue, ^Fanitoba, has threshed 10 
 acres of wheat, yielding 58 bushels per acre. 
 
 Mr. J. Parr's crop averages ovoi' J55. bushels per acre, some 
 portion of it yielding over 50 bushels per acre — white Fyfe. 
 
 Mr. H. English, another successl'ul farmer, had 25 acres, averaging 
 49 bushels per acre from the machine, and weighing at the elevator 5 
 bushels extra on the total amount. 
 
 Mr. J. Brandon has been doing some big threshing in this neigh- 
 bourhood. He has threshed .'5,200 bushels of grain, as follows: — 225 
 bushels wheo,t for Mr. S. Ferguson; 800 bushels of \\ heat, and the 
 balance oats, for Mr. T. Ferguson, moving the madiine three times — - 
 one move was \h miles — all in one dav. 
 
 From Ml'. J. 11. Aikman, Government Homestead Inspector, KUlarney, 
 
 xXovember 26th, 1895. 
 
 In reply to your letter of the 7th inst. (received by me to-day), I 
 would beg to state that I have travelled through this district from 
 
Morden, in E.inge 5 "West, to Kanqc 2.^, almost every year from July, 
 1883, to tliP present, ns Inspector of Dominion Iloniu'stead Lands. Tliis 
 district is prairie and timber interspersed— part level, and part rollin;^ 
 and hilly. The Pembina and Turtb.' Mountains, as also the Cypn-ss 
 and TJf^er Hills, are in this district all timl)ered. It is well 
 watered by the Pembina, Cypress, Lonjij, and lJad«;er Hi vers, and 
 various smaller atri^ams, through tbe southern portion, and the northern 
 ])art by the Assinibuine, Bovne, Cypress, and their numerous tributaries. 
 There are also the Swan, Itock, Pelican, Whitewater, and hundreds of 
 smaller lakes. No coinitry can be better watered than this portion of 
 Manitoba. Jtock Lake, Swan, Pelican, and Killarney Lakes, and their 
 outlets, have abundance of ilsh, and ducks and geese, as well as other 
 game, are ])lentiful ; and as to the soil, for agriculture, there is no 
 better. When I commenced inspecting through hero in 1883, the 
 country was very ti^virsi'ly settled — most of the S(;ttlers having but u 
 few acres undr'r cultivation ; living in small log houses and shanties, 
 with a few head of cattle, and occasionally a span of horses. Now 
 it is well settled. (Jood farm-houses and outbuildings, large areas 
 of cultivated land, numbers of horses, cattle, sheep, and pigs. A farm 
 without a good stock of horses and cattle is a rarity. This year's 
 crops have been something far beyond the exj)ectations of the most 
 sanguine, and when I sec i)assiiig trains almost daily — some days two or 
 three train? — going east with the ])roducts of Manitoba, I wonder, for 
 at each farm 1 lind still loaded granaries, stables, and yards tilled with 
 stock. At the towns o\n' sees elevators filling cars, and being iilled ; and 
 yet one-third of Manitoba crop, in this district, remains unthreshed. 
 This district for all-round fanning — that is, mi.xed farming — I 
 eonsider one of, if not the best in Manitoba. The homesteads in this 
 district are almost a thing of the past, but j)lenty of fiist-class land 
 can be purchased at nasonaliK; prices ; and persons coming to 
 this district with means to purchase land caniuit lind a better in which 
 to lociite for farming purposes. 1 might make mention of the three 
 railways running through the district to \Vinni|)eg; the numerous 
 towns and villai:<'s, and their rapid growth — from lijuiire 5 to liange 
 22, inclusive. There are on the JJeloraine branch of the C.P.ll. no 
 l(\ss than IJJ stations at which there are elevators, now busy night and 
 day taking in and sending out the grain of this district — ]\Iorden, 
 with 5 elevators aiul about l,ij(»u inliai)ilants ; Thornhill, 2 elevators 
 and store-house; Manitou, ',i or -l elevatms: l/uiviere, 2 elevators; 
 l*ilot Mound, 3 elevators and store-house; Crystal City, 1 elevator; 
 Clearwater, 1 elevattu- and 1 store-house; lloluilicld, 1 elevator; 
 Killarney, li elevators; Ninga, 2 elevators; Jhiissi-vain, 4 ei vaturs; 
 AVMiitcwater, 2 elevators. Then, on the N.P. Jiailway, there uro 
 elevators or store-houses at eight statio'is in this district; and in the 
 south-western, 2 at Treheriie, 2 at Holland, 2 at Cypress, 3 at 
 Glenboro", 1 at Stockton, and 2 or .'} at Wawanesa. The fact of it 
 requiring so many elevators and store-houses to send out the wheat of 
 this district -not* to .«itore, but .simply to jiass through them into the 
 cars- will give some idea of the whiat product alone ; the yield being, 
 on an average, of from 33 to 35 bushels per acre (there are many 
 instances of 15 bushels and ov.m'). Oats and barley are also enormous 
 
1 July, 
 Tl»is 
 rolling 
 'y press 
 s well 
 rs, and 
 ortherri 
 uturios. 
 rt'ds of 
 tion of 
 ■id their 
 18 other 
 is no 
 !«3, the 
 <]; but a 
 lanties, 
 i. Now- 
 ise areas 
 A farm 
 is year's 
 bo most 
 m two or 
 nder, for 
 h'd with 
 h'd ; and 
 Lhn>shed. 
 "uiing — 1 
 lIs in this 
 class laud 
 )iiiing to 
 in which 
 the three 
 niinierous 
 to llange 
 :.P.U. no 
 night and 
 -Morden, 
 elevators 
 elevators ; 
 elevator ; 
 elevnlor ; 
 elvators; 
 there aro 
 nd in the 
 •ess, ;{ at 
 fact of it 
 i wiieat of 
 n into the 
 ield being, 
 are many 
 enormoua 
 
 yields. Then go back ten years to 1885. Morden was not in 
 existence, and not a village even west of Manitou, — not a village in the 
 central or northern part ; only here and there a small store, or a few 
 goods at a farm post oflice. All these towns and villages have sprung 
 lip within that time, and each year increasing in size and popuktion ; 
 and when you realise the fact that they are supported by the products 
 of the farmers in the district in which they are located, you can 
 form some idea of the capability of the district for producing, when 
 not over one-fifth of the land is under cultivation or stock-producing. 
 There are the C.I'.R. lands and school lands unoccupied. I have 
 travelled over the greater part of Manitoba from Birkenhead River, in 
 liango 8, East, to the w<'stern boundary of the province, and do not 
 know of a better district for farming purposes, or a district where a 
 person with means to purchase land and start farming can invest his 
 money to better advantage than in Southern jNIanitoha west of the 
 Ked River. A i)er8on wanting a frec^ homestead would have to look 
 <'lsewhere, as free homesteads south of th(! Assiniboine from the Red 
 River to the Souris have been all, or very nearly all, taken up. 
 
 Friuii Mr. John Allwtn, (j'overnment Homestead Inspector, Winnipeg^ 
 
 Man., Octoher 2dth, 1895. 
 
 1 have the honour to aeknow ledge the receipt of circular letter, 
 ref. I54;)911, asking a report as to the results of immigration in my 
 district during the past season, and also as to tlie general condition of 
 settlers in said district. 
 
 In r(>ply, I beg leave to slate that, so far as my personal knowledge 
 extends, the influx of ininiigrants has not been large, as tlie general 
 trend of innnigration has been westward; but, so far as I can learn, 
 then' have been (approximately) about 1 20 homestead entries granted 
 in the Winnipeg land district, said homestead(>rs, with their respective 
 families, imdving an approximate total of J'li') souls; said sittlers 
 including, besides Jirilisii subjects, and from the Dominion other 
 than Manitoba and IS'orth-West Territories, diiTrrent n!itif)nalities — 
 llungiirians, I'olandi'rs, Icelanders, Swedes, Dams, and French: and 
 in further connection I beg leave to state that all of those with whom 
 1 have conversed on the subject express themselv(>s as being well pleased 
 with the country. 
 
 AVitli special I'cference to the general condition of tlie settlers 
 who have been longer in the coiuitry, 1 am ])h';ised to be able to repoit 
 f'a\ourid)ly, as the crops of various kinds liavc been abundant, and the 
 season very fa\oural)le for harvesting and getting tliu grain to market ; 
 and though the price of grain is less than was hoped for during the 
 season of growth, yet, as the yield has been beyond an average one 
 to quite an extent, the net result is a satisfactory one; the only 
 exceptions to above general conditions being the cases of si^ttlers who 
 have suffered the loss of grain and buildings by fire — said fires ])artly 
 ocaisioned by sparks emanating from railroad engines and steam 
 threshers, and partly by prairie fires, the latter in many cases occasioned 
 by the carelessness of settlers personally. 
 
6 
 
 I* 1 
 
 i>< 
 
 h 
 
 r 
 
 From Mr. W. If. Iliam, Dominion Government Lands Aycnt, Brandon, 
 
 Man. (1894). 
 
 The Souris Lund District comprises :i72 townships and fractional 
 parts of 10 other townships in liange ii4, representing a total area of 
 6,796,800 acres, or about 10,620 square miles. A glance at the map 
 will show that this district embraces a very large part of central 
 Manitoba. The main lint! of the Canadian Pacific llailway, known as 
 the National Highway of Canada, runs through it from east to west — 
 a distance of about 150 miles. On this line of railway, and within 
 the limits described, are the undermentioned stations and towns, with 
 populations varying from 200 to 5,000 people, viz. : — Bagot, McGregor, 
 Austin, Sidney, Carberry, Sewell, Douglas, Brandon, Alexander, 
 Griswold, Oak Luke, Virden, Elkhorn, Fleming, Moosomin, and 
 Wapella. These places enjoy all the facilities and advantages 
 possessed by similar towns situated in otlier portions of Canada or the 
 United States. Thu city of Brandon, usually termed the " Wheat 
 City,'"' is located o,i the Assiniboiiie Kiver, in tiie centre of thi* 
 province of Manitoba, and has a po[)ulation of over 5,000, although it 
 has only been in existence about 12 years. There are seven grain 
 elevators erected here, with a capacity of 250,000 bushels ; gristmill, 
 oatmeal mill, saw-mills, ])laniug mills, sash and door factories, brewery, 
 machine sliops and foundry, \\aterworks, electric light and telephone 
 service. The public buildings consist of court-house and gaol (cost, 
 $70,000), post ollice building, with custoiii houses and land oilice 
 (costing S60,000), city hall and market (costing $60,000), central school 
 (costing S50,000), land titles office (SI 8,000), city hospital (S20,000), 
 east and west \\ard schools (.S15,000), provincial insane asylum 
 (S80,000), Indian industrial school and farm building (S40,000), 
 Dominion Experimental Farm buildings ($20,000). The Ibllowing 
 churches are represented, and have spacious and convenient places of 
 worship here, viz. : — Episcopalian, Eoman Catholic, Methodist, 
 Pr -sbyterian. Congregational, Baptist, and Salvation Army, also 
 Icelandic. 
 
 The Morris-Brandon branch of the Northern Paciile Eailway 
 terminates here, after passing tiirough a very fertile and well-settled 
 part oi the province all the way from the international boundary line 
 at West Lynne. The famous Elliott settlement is situate on the line 
 of this road, and several new towns and villages are growing up to be 
 places of importance where stations are located and elevators are 
 erected, giving facilities for grain shipment, &c. 
 
 An important branch of the Canadian Pacific Eailway is one 
 running chiefly through Townsiiip 7, from Eange 1^5, until it reaches 
 Eange 27 W. at Eeston, its present terminus ; the portion of this 
 branch west of Souris has been recently built, with a view to settlement 
 of what is generally known as the Pipestone district, a description of 
 which will be found further on. 
 
 Two other branches of this railway have also been lately extended 
 through this district, viz. : the South- West, from Souris to the coal 
 fields: and the Deloraine branch, extended in 1893 from Deloraine to 
 Napinka Junction, connecting it with the Souris branch at the latter 
 
the 
 
 point. In the matter of railway facilities it will be s(>en by tlic fore- 
 going that tlie tSouris district ])ossesscs grraler advantages than many 
 other parts of the Nortli-West. This district is also well supplied 
 witii churclies, sclu/ols, post ollices, mills, mid market towns, \c., so 
 conveniently situated as to meet all reasonablf requiicmeiits of the 
 setthn-s. 
 
 The lands comprised in this district are famed for tlu'ir reinaikable 
 fertility, and as an illustration of the fact it may be stated that during 
 one season the enormous quantity of wheat alone, besides coarsi; grains, 
 that was marketed at JJrandon was estimatetl at over one million 
 bushels. 
 
 A large area of land in Townshij)S '> to Id, in Hanges 2s to '5! AV. 
 of 1st M., is still availabl(! for homestead entry, and aiToids a good 
 opportunity for a number of miw settlers who desire to b(^ near each 
 other to do so. The surface of these lands is undidating, and soil fairly 
 good; but the chief obstacle to settlement of this neigiibourliood 
 hitherto was the lack of railway facilities, which is now, happily, 
 removed by the extension of the Pipestone branch of the Canadian 
 Pacific Railway from Souiis west through Township 7 to Keston, as 
 previously stated ; and a further extension of the same brancii is pro- 
 jected to run westward to connect with the Canadian Pacific l^iilway 
 system running south from Ivegina tin-ough the coal fii-lds to the 
 United States. 
 
 This extension is causing the vacant lands in that locality to be 
 taken up ver}' rapidly, and a settler who desires to at-cjuire li'JO acres 
 has a chance to purchase 100 acres adjoining his free homestead of the 
 same area, at the rate of S.'i per acre — terms, (^le-quarter cash at 
 time of homestead entry, and the balance in three equal annual instal- 
 ments, with interest at G per cent. ]>er annum ; and the odd-numbered 
 section held by the Gmadian Pacific Kailway may also be purchased at 
 reasonable rates, by paying one-tenth of the principal in cash, and the 
 balance in nine annual instalments, subject to interest at 6 per cent, 
 on the unpaid balance. 
 
 The area of vacant lands in the Pipestone district may be given at 
 from 12 to 15 townships, in which very few settlers are yet located : it 
 will be seen, tlwrefore, that a veiy larg(> and important section of this 
 district is still open for settlenuMit. The scarcity of firewood in this 
 neighbourhood has heretofon; been considered a great want ; but since 
 tlie railway has been extended to tlu^ coiil fields the fuel question has 
 been set at rest, and no further anxiety about the matter need be felt, 
 as there is an abundant supply of soft coal coniparnlively near and easy 
 of access. Coal can be bought at the mines for one dollar ])er ton or 
 load by the settlers who are living near enough tn drive to the mine: 
 but those living further away have to pay higher rates for railway 
 freight, according to distance carried from the mines. 
 
 , Another good part of the district is still available for seltlement, 
 especially for stock-raising and ranching purposes: although of more 
 limited extent than the last mentioned, still there are many good 
 locations to be had. The portion referred to is situated south of the 
 main line of the Canadian Pacific Kailway, chiefly in Townships 8, 9, 
 and 10, liange 9 W., and continuing to range 16 \v'., in the vicinity of 
 
¥ 
 
 the Ahsiiiil)()iiu' lilvfr, tiiiJ near to uucli towns as McGregor, Austin, 
 Sidney, and C'arbi'rry. Many portions oi" this section are well adapted 
 to sheep-raising, in addition to other pursuits, as there is an abundant 
 supply of water to be found in the existing streams and creeks. Thero 
 is also a good deal of timbi'r and pasture land, and these features should 
 commend it to men who desire to engage in this branch of industry, 
 and who |)ossess suflieient means to start with. [ would strongly 
 recommend those who have had exi)erience in this line to examine the 
 locality, because 1 think there has been too little attention given to 
 sheep-lurming in the province. 
 
 A majority of the farmers in the Soiu'is district have migrated 
 from the older ])rovinces of Canada, although a large number of English, 
 Scotch, Irish, and Icelandic settlers are distributed over the various 
 parts of it ; next to Canadians in point of number's, the English perhaps 
 predominate, and the latter usually succeed very well after a little 
 needful experience in a country where the climate and other 
 circumstances make it necessary to adapt themselves to their new 
 environment. The Jcelandeis are also quite numerous, and make good 
 settlers ; they are, generally speaking, industrious and thrifty people, of 
 economical habits, consequently they succeed veiy well. Quite a largo 
 number of Bidgians have also taki-n up homesteads hi're within the last 
 year or tuo, and are reported as doing very well. 
 
 The Scotch crofters who are located near Pelican Lake, in the 
 vicinity of Ivillarney, are reported to be doing well generally, and lln-y 
 will doubtles'* in due time become quite independent. 
 
 To persons ha\ing means to invest in farming operations, and who 
 desire to locat-' in a well-settled place, this district presents great 
 inducements, as tln-re are farms offered for sali', \\ith more or li'ss 
 improveuients made, whieh may be purt ased at reasonable rates and 
 on liberal tei-ms of payment. 
 
 From Mr. F. II, Fruoin, (.'nrfntrri/, Mun., yuvemhcr S(tfli, ]SiJ."). 
 
 1 have been in Manitoba for seven years. I settled on X.E. j, 
 33/9/l;{ ^\^, and homesteaded the N.E. J, 28/9/l.'i W. I have my 
 patent for these lands. I have had a succession of good crops. This 
 year fiom ]')0 acres of land in wheat I had 4,000 bushels, and from 
 32 acres of oats I threshed 1,200 busliels. My barley turned out about 
 30 buslu'ls to the acre. I have 2o head of stock, all in excellent condition. 
 
 I am well satisfied with Manitoba, especially the Carberry Plain. 
 1 cheerfully recommend the country to new settlers, more particularly 
 to young men who desire to settle on farm lands. 
 
 From ^^r. J, A, Cah'crt, Carlnrri/, Mati., Sovi mficr '.iOth, 1895. 
 
 I eanu! to this jirovinee in 1S91, and s(>ttled on the Cai'berry Plain. 
 I am well |)leased with Ihi^ ccmntry, and I intend to remain and make 
 my home here. During the years'l892, 1893, and 1894 I had fairly- 
 good cro])s, but this year beats the record. 1 had 70 acres in wheat, 
 and from it 1 threshed 2,r)9.'{ Inishels. 1 had 10 acres of oats, which 
 turned me out ^no bushels. This is, in my opinion, a most desirable 
 country to settle in. 
 
the 
 ar 
 
 9 
 
 From Mr. II. Calverf, Carhcrri/, Man., Novctnher ^(uh, 1895. 
 
 1 carno to Afanitoba in tho spring of ISOl.and settled on tl 
 Carberry Plain, and hiivo had very good crops every year. This yei 
 my crop was especially good. From 250 acres of wheat I threshed 
 8,000 bushels, and from 100 acres of oats I had 0,000 bu-hels. My 
 b.arloy went 32 bushels to tho acre. 
 
 This fall I operated a thresliing machine, and tho grain turned out 
 excellent everywhere. I know many instances wlieie wiieat has turned 
 out 40 bushels to the acre. 
 
 I am well pleased with Manitoba, especially the Carberry Plain. 
 
 From Mr. W. II. Bate, Carherru, Man., November SOtJi, 189'). 
 
 I have been in Manitoba for 12 years. I brought with me $1,1300 
 in cash. To-day I own 640 acres of good land, hold a mortgage of 
 SGOO against a quarter-section of land, and my stock : > ' ih.plements 
 I value at $1,500. 1 have always had very good crops. This year's 
 crop was an extra good one. I threshed over 4,000 buKhi-ls of wheat, 
 and 1 ,500 of barley and oats. 
 
 I have been through many of the States of tl .'imencan Union, 
 but I saw no 'i1n( ■ to suit m<^ until 1 came here. 1 intend to make the 
 province of Manitoba my home. 
 
 From Mr. Samuel liicJuirdson, Lucas P.O., November 2iul, 1896. 
 
 I, S. Richardson, of 22/14/25, near Lucas P.O., cainr, from Essex 
 County, England, in 1S90, with a young family of eight cliildren. I had 
 no capital, and landed in Montreal with only .£20. I heo to subsist on 
 that, and on what I earned. I came to this part of IManitoba and took 
 up a homestead in June, 1891 ; commenced improvements tluit same 
 season. I then broke 25 acres. 
 
 Now this season I had 65 acres in crop. 1 have not threslu^d yet. 
 I expect to have at least 1,000 bushels of wheat, and at least 700 bushels 
 of oats. I have about 80 bushels of potatoes. I have 8 horses, 1 colt, 
 and 13 head of cattle. I have a house 16 x 20 ft., worth $140, also an 
 addition 12x12 ft. I am about building a stone house. 1 have two 
 stables aiid granary, and 35 acres fenced. 
 
 I am satisfied with my prospects in Manitoba, and I am certain 
 that my fellow county men would do well in this country. I would 
 like to say that immigration literature for this country should be 
 circulated more extensively among the agiicultural classes in the 
 farming counties of England, and not in the cities, the population of 
 which is of very little use here. 
 
 From Mr. EicJiard BoUon, Ilamiota, November 2h(I, 1895. 
 
 I, R. Bolton, came from Wexford County, Irelaiid, "n the fall of 1 881. 
 1 came to this part of Manitoba and took up a homestead and pre- 
 emption the 17th of March, 1882. I performed the homestead duties, 
 and got tho title of a fre*; homestead in 1885. I then entered for a 
 second homestead. I got Mhat was my pre-emption as a second 
 
10 
 
 homosfiMil, and have now coiiiplck'd the duties on that. I am now 
 aj)|)iying lor tlie title ior this second free homestead, it being JJliO acres 
 of land free from the Dominion Government. 
 
 This past soason — 1895 — I had about 110 acres in crop. Some of 
 the wheat ) ieldi-d 40 bushels per acre. 
 
 I am well satislied with my jirospects in Manitoba. 
 
 
 From Mr. John Donalioc, ElUiorn, Man., Octuhcr 30th, 1S95. 
 
 I, J. Donahoe, eaiue from JVorthumberhind County, En<i;land, 11 
 years ago. I had no e:i]iiial, and had lo hire out lirst. I took uj) a 
 homestead, and have now the ])at('nt for the ."-ame 100 acres of land; it 
 being th(! N.E. '2^ ll/i^l). [ liad ').'» acres crop, and lo suinmer-fallowed. 
 
 The wheat yielded 18 bushels, oats -10 bushels per acre. Have 
 four horses. Twelve miles from Klkhorn iStatiou. 
 
 From Mr. Edward yui/len, Ellhorn, Mdu., Ocloher 30th, ISOo, 
 
 T, E, Xaylen, of E. ], 10/ 1 1/20, came from Northumbrrland Co., 
 Enghuul, 11 years ago, 1 had to hire out first year. 1 have the 
 patent for the homestead N.E. | of same section. 1 had 80 acres eroj) 
 on the same 1800, and 15 acres of summer fallow. The wheat vielded 
 14 bushels to the acre 
 horses. 
 
 J liavi' a house anil stable, 8 head cattle, 4 
 
 From Mr. James Mcdill, Flkhont, Ocloher 2rd, 1895. 
 
 T, J. McGill, came from Ontario, LambtonC(mnty, in the vear 1889. 
 I took up a homestead the .'otli iNlay, 18>9, it b(>iiig the X.W. 12/9/29, 
 about 17 miles from Elkhorn, on Canadian Paciiic Kailway. 
 
 Mv time is overdue now to have my title for the free liomestead. 
 I have not apjilied for it yet, as 1 have had no oppintuuity ; but 1 was 
 iu no great hurry. 
 
 I have a house 12 x 14 ft., stable about 18 x 26 ft. 1 have 
 4 horses. About 100 acres have been croiijH'd in 1895. Tlu^ wheat 
 yielded 25 bushels per acre. I havt^ not threshed all the oats yet, but 
 what was threshed yielded 4<.> bushels per acre. 1 had about $500 
 worth of stock and farm implements when I came to the country. 
 
 From Mr. Cowhif WJjstcr, FJkhorn, Ocloher 30th, 1895. 
 
 T, C. Webster, of Sec. ;i(V12/27, T\\ o Creeks, came to ^laniioba fiom 
 Lincolnshire County 13 years ago. [ had no cai)ital. Aftei- 
 working out on Mages for a few years, I took up, or entered for, a 
 homestead and pre-em"i)tion of 160 acres each. I got the title for tin- 
 free homestead over four years ago, and enteretl for my pre-emption as 
 a second homestead. I am now getting tln^ title for this second home- 
 stead, which will mean .'52i) acres frei' from the Dominion GovernmeJit. 
 I had iirst agnvd to pay i'S2-50 per acre for this hand, or second home- 
 etead, but through some changes of the Don.inion Lands Act I was 
 •llowed to take up my ])re-emption as second liomestead. I had 70 
 
i 
 
 11 
 
 acres cropped in 1895 on my second homestead. The [irst homestead I 
 8till own, and liav<> lliat nearly all iu caltivation. I have a house on 
 S.E. |, 3G/12/27 W.M., north-west oF Elkhorn, value S3oO ; three 
 stahlos and granary, 12 head ot' cattle, 5 horses, 90 shci-p. 
 
 1 am well satistied with niv chanjie eomins: from the Entjlish 
 eoinities. 1 am only soriT 1 did not come to ^Manitoha seven or eight 
 vi'ars before 1 did. 
 
 From ]\fi'. Thoi.ms Ci''q>ps, Elhhorn, Oct J>cr 30 fJi, ISDo. 
 
 I,T, Cripps, ol'Si'e. 0/l,'r:27 W.M., near Two Creeks, ^Innitoha. came 
 to this country J 1 years ago. 1 have a hoincstt'ad, 1(50 acres, given to 
 me i're(^ by the Dominion (loverument. 1 have 12-") acn.'s of it in 
 cultivation, and it is yearly giving heavy crops. The first year 1 rented 
 neighboui'ing farms, and did well by them. I had no capital when I 
 came frojn Lincolnshire County, i*]ngland. I have conimodious stables 
 and a valuable stone house built on my place. 1 make money threshing 
 for other faimers. 1 have two threshing outfits threshing in the ueigh- 
 liour!iood. We thresh daily from 1,000 to 1,S00 bushels of grain, AVo 
 charge 4s. ])er bushel for wheat, and ^s. for oats. This (juantity is for 
 <'ach machine — the two threshing out 3,000 bushels. 1 am .sitisfitxl 
 that I came to this country, I have done well, and my prospects are 
 good for the future. 
 
 From Mrs. Hamilton, //(nniotd, October 24/7/, ISO.j, 
 
 I came to this country 10 years ago with my husband, and 
 settled in this locality with our family of four sons. We had no money, 
 e.\ce])t a few dollars for the necessai'ics. 
 
 My husband died four years afterwards. We occupied one half- 
 section — a homestead and ])re-emption. JSince his death ! hoiiicstcaded 
 the pre-emption, being the S,\V. 16/14/23 W.jM. The land is good, 
 and ])roducing well, JNIost of the time the yield is luvny, 
 
 1 am just completing my homesteail duties, and J am applying for 
 the tlth^ of the same. Ono of my sons occupies the X,W. ,| of same 
 section, \\ here my husband hail the first homestead. Another son is 
 well settled east of us on tlu^ atljoining land. One son li\('s with me 
 on my present homestead, where I have a house l.Sx2(5 ft., value S3r)0; 
 1 wo stables, one 20 x 26 ft., other 1^ x r)0 ft., .S2i'0; granary, 14 x ix ft, 
 :SuO ; milk house, 16 x Is ft., S30. 
 
 1 have 70 a^.-res crop in 1^95 ; 20 acres fiillowi'd [irepared for next 
 season ; 10 aci'cs bi'oken. 
 
 The yield yor new in this neiglibourhood is over 2') bushels of 
 wheat. 1 am satisfied with the locality, and my sons are all doing wtdl 
 aroiuul me. 
 
 ^^ 
 
 rrom Mr. fhi</h /'/,//, Mmntolxt, Crii-ftal Cil>j, Post Office, 
 iScittdiilx r 16///, 189."), 
 
 Tn reply to ycnir (piestion as to how 1 have succeeded in INFanitoba, 
 I N^ould beg to say thai 1 came to Manitoba from the county of Carlton, ' 
 
13 
 
 1 
 
 Ontario, in 1889. At that time I had very little means — about SlOO in 
 cash, and li horses — and a family of four besides myself. I at once 
 rented a farm in Tp. 1, liange 9 \V., which I cultivated ; and in April, 
 1892, I took up a homestead, S.W. ^ of Sec. 2, Tp. 1, Range 11 W., on 
 which I have now fully 60 acres under cultivation, a house worth S600, 
 3 stables, and a granary worth at least SI 00, 60 acres of wire fence, 7 
 head of horses, 26 head of cattle, and 5 pigs. This year 1 have 40 acres 
 in crop on my own place, and 60 acres on rented laud. I have not 
 threshed yet, but my wheat will yield fully 25 bushels to the acre, oats 
 60 to 60 bushels, and root crops abundant. 1 cannot say what 1 aui 
 really worth. I am doing well, and satisfied with the change I have 
 made in coming here. 
 
 From Mr. A. J. Fraser, Dominion (Jovernment Land A(/cnt, Rcfjina, 
 
 Gth November, 1895. 
 
 1 have the honour to acknowledge the receipt of your circular of 
 the 21st ultimo, No. 355711, and to inform you that I wrote letters to 
 the principal settlers in this district, a few of the replies to which 1 
 enclose herewith. I regret that I did not receive your instructions 
 before the farmers' busy season set in, as I would have received a 
 greater number of replies to my comnuuiications. 
 
 This (the Qu'Appelle) district extends north and south a 
 distance of 84 miles, by east and west a distance of 180 miles, and 
 comprises a large area. The soil is second to none upon the Amei-ieaii 
 continent for agricultural and horticultural purposes, as well as for 
 mixed farming — that is, stock-raising and agriculture combined. This 
 year's harvest has produced an enormous yield of all kinds of grain 
 of an excellent quality, as well as an abundance of roots and 
 vegetables of different varieties. 
 
 With reference to those farmers respecting whom I have been 
 able to obtain ])articulars, I may cite the names of a few, as follows : — 
 
 ^Messrs. Culluni Bros., llcgina, 600 acres of crop, making 70 large 
 stacks of wheat autl JiO stacks of oats. Sixty acres of wheat already 
 threshed yielded 1 ,000 bushels. The balance not yet threshed. 
 
 Mr. J. D. Uawkes, Balgonie, about 700 acres, nearly all wheat, 
 yielding 18,00ii bushels. 
 
 Mr. P. B. Kelly, Eegina, about 260 acres altogether, yielding 
 about 6,000 bu-liels wheat and 2,000 bushels oats and barh^y. Avenfge 
 of wheat over '30 bushels per acre, and other grain proportionately. 
 
 Messrs. Keys Bros., Pense, about 8,0U0 bushels wheat, besides 
 other grain. 
 
 jNEessrs. Mutch Bros., Pense, 500 acres crop, 200 acres fallow. 
 Crop excellent; expectation, about .'JO bushels per acre. 
 
 Messrs. Wilkie Bros., Pense, 700 acres crop; not yet thi-eshed, 
 but pr()s|)(>cts good. 
 
 Mr. Adam 'I'rainer, llegina, about 300 acres, unthreshed, with a good 
 prospective yield. 
 
 ..Messrs. Brown Bros., Kegiua, 450 acres. Good. 
 
 Mr. J). Macdonald, llegina, 230 acres, with a fairly good yield. 
 
 In addition to these, several others could be mentioned who have 
 been (Mpially successful, though having a smaller area under cultivation. 
 
 ^]\o 
 
13 
 
 Gonoml reports of oqual success have been received from all parts 
 of the district, though I am unable to mention particulars. Foreign 
 markets are being opened up for the exportation of grain, dairy- 
 produce, and beef cattle. I may state that about 800 beef catt'"! have 
 been shipped already this year from Kegina alone. 
 
 In conclusion, I may add, the unexampled success achievi the 
 
 settlers this year is already made manifest by thtiir improved suriound- 
 ings, and will have a tendency to produce, during next season, a marked 
 increasR in the immigration to this and other districts in the North- 
 West Territories of Canada, as " contented settlers " are clearly the 
 best immigration agents that can be procured. 
 
 From Mr. E, Brolovulci, Government Land Agent, Baithford, 
 JVovemher 22nd, 1895. 
 
 In further connection with my report of this, the district of 
 Battleford, made on the {)th of February, 1894, at the request of the 
 High Commissioner for Canada, I have now to state that during tlie 
 seasons of 1894 and 189o an excellent development of the stock- and 
 cattle-raising industry has been made here. 
 
 In the summer of 1894 several sales of beef cattle were made to 
 visiting buyers for export. It was then ascertained by local stockmen 
 that the cattle from tliis district were in demand at good prices. ^Some 
 of them determined to try iov themselves the experiment of exporting 
 stock. 
 
 During the summer of 1895 some 1,600 head of grass-fed cattle 
 and 900 sheep were purchased, or collected, in this vicinity, and were 
 shippt'd by railway, or driven to points east and west, and to Europe, 
 
 In addition to these export cattle, a considerable number of others 
 have been slaughten-d for local consumption : and great improvement 
 has taken place in the number and quality of dairy cattle — the result 
 of the establishment of two creameries in tlie district, which are mainly 
 supplied with milk from the dairies of settlers. The output of butter 
 by one of these creameries — "The Lakeside" — during the past season 
 was 15,()00 lbs., of which some 7,000 lbs. were sliippcd to British 
 Columbia, 
 
 The breeding of horses is not so extensively engaged in here as in 
 the Alberta district, except small bands i'or local purposes. A number 
 of the farmers have bands of very got)d horses, which they are yeaily 
 improving by the im[)ortation of good stock for sires. One farmer, 
 Mr. J, M, Macfariane, whose %rm and ranch are in Sec, 14, 41/14 \V,, 
 .'h'd Meridian, has a large band of Shire and Clydesdale draught horses 
 \\hich for quality and appearance would be dillicult to mattih, either 
 singly or as a band, 
 
 Tlie condition and appearance of all classes of stock have always 
 shown that the Battleford district has all Vk- essential qualities of a 
 good stock-raising region ; and its freedom from disease in this respect 
 is a marked feature of its climate. Owing to so much attention being 
 now given to stock, the cultivation of cereals has not been extensively 
 (Migaged in during the past two years, Tliose farmers who havo 
 continued in this ])ursuit this season, harvested good crops of all 
 
If^^ 
 
 14 
 
 classes ; and the weights of grain have exceeded by nearly 10 per cent, 
 the market standards. 
 
 There has been no instance recoi-dod hero of anyone engaged in 
 mixed fanning having faik'd to. make a living for himself and family ; 
 and there has been absolutely no case of necessity calling for charitable 
 assistance. Everyone willing to work has had constant employment, 
 and the idler lias had no place in this community. 
 
 One of the most remarkable instances of a settler's success in the 
 Battleford district may be quoted as that of Mr. It. (1. Speirs, a home- 
 steader in Sec,. 2S, 42 K? \V., .'3rd Meridian. Mr. Speirs left the 
 vicinity of Orangeville, Ontario, and arrived in Battleford in 1883, 
 leaving behind him, initil he could prepare a home for them, his wife 
 and familv. He has stated to nivself and others that when he landed 
 here his cash capital amounted to only S7 — a little over ^1 10s. 
 
 He obtained work on the farm of a previous settler,, and was 
 employed there until he had earned enough money to enable him to 
 enter for a homestead for himself, and send for his familv, in 1885. He 
 is now the ow ner of, and farms, a homestead of 320 acrc^s, besides being 
 in the possession of a fair herd of cattle: and he has frequently stated 
 that it would ' ike a considerable sum of money to buy him out now, 
 after ten years of work in this district. Ilis three sons, who wei'o lads 
 when they arrived here, after aiding their father, are now settled upon 
 homesteads of their own, to the extent of some 900 acres : and, in 
 addition, they each have herds of caitle. Three daught(;rs of this family 
 have since married residents of this district, and have comfortable 
 homes of their own, within reach of the parental roof. 
 
 The essence of success in this instance may be gauged by the fact 
 that this settler had to travel over 200 miles from tlie line of railway 
 before he reached the location where he intended to make a future 
 home. That industry, perseverance, and economy, without capital, liavc 
 in his case successfully accomplished this in a few years, notwithstand- 
 ing the distance at that time from railway facilities. The case of 
 Mr. Speirs is not the only one here; there are several others of a similar 
 character. "We have several young men who have found their w;iy to 
 this district ; others who were members of the Nt)rtli-"West Mounted 
 Police, and who, on receiving their discharge from that force, sought 
 employment in th':^ vicinity, on farms or ranches, and after a year or 
 two of experience in this way started for themselves, and have 
 accomplished good results towards future prosperity. 
 
 The Battleford district, being still sonu^ 90 miles fi'om the nearest 
 railway station, is not so well known as disti-icts througli wliicli a 
 railway has been built, and thei-efore is at a disadvantage as to the 
 means by which the intending settler might be enabled to visit it : but 
 it is quite evident thai those who have liad the energy to prospect in 
 tliis direction, have decided to settle here, and are earning for themselves 
 a position and means of subsistenct> which will enable tliem to take good 
 advantage of facilities for transport when they do arrive here, and to 
 dispose of their produc(% when others who may only arrive with the 
 advent of the railway will have to prepare U)V their own necessities for 
 the time being, without having any marketable produce to dispose of. 
 
 I 
 
 4 
 
 ^•5 
 
 U 
 
 I 
 
13 
 
 per cent. 
 
 gaged in 
 
 I family ; 
 
 laritable 
 
 lojment, 
 
 is in the 
 a home- 
 left the 
 in 1883, 
 liis wife 
 e landed 
 s. 
 
 and was 
 ! him to 
 85. He 
 les being 
 ly stated 
 ut now, 
 lere lads 
 ed npon 
 and, in 
 is family 
 ifortable 
 
 tlio fact 
 ' railway 
 a future 
 tal, Jiavo 
 thstand- 
 casc of 
 I similar 
 • w;iy to 
 loan ted 
 , sought 
 year or 
 id have 
 
 nearest 
 .vliicli a 
 to the 
 it; but 
 pect in 
 mselves 
 ke good 
 and to 
 ilh the 
 ties for 
 36 of. ' 
 
 From Mr. R, S. Park, Government Homestead Inspector, Whitewood, 
 
 Assn., November 4tfi, 1895. 
 
 1 have the honour to report on your circular of the ^isth September 
 last, ref. 343811, in reference to the results of immigration during 
 the past season in my district, and the condition of the bettlement here. 
 
 And in accordance with your request, I am pleased to say that 
 immigration of a foreign element, composed of Hungarians, I'inlanders, 
 and Swedes, has predominated at this station ; and the most of them 
 have brought some wealth, so that tliey were able to make a good start, 
 and are now comfortably housed for the winter, with good prospects 
 before them. They feel cheerful in thi-ir new home, and, as they are 
 sturdy, ambitious people, there is no fear but what they will succeed. 
 
 The Swedes, Hungarians, Bohemians, Scandinavians, &c., &c., 
 occupy some of the finest land in the Territories. These colonies are 
 in a nourishing condition, and this year in particular it is only a rare 
 one who cannot sell Xo. 1 hard, whereas other parts with greater 
 advantages cannot boast of such successful results. 
 
 The imiuigration from the Old Country has been rather slow. 
 This is owing, mostly, to other countries, sucii as the Argentine 
 llepublic and South Africa, having opened up new fields for the 
 adventurers, which have not attained that success \\ Inch these people 
 expected, and as a result some few families have immigrated from there 
 to Canada. 
 
 The settlement in my district, which comprises an area of 15,000 
 square miles, has increased very materially, both in numbers and progress. 
 The settlers are getting over their dilhculties, and one can see evidence 
 on every side of a great advance, both in cultivation, in farm buildings, 
 and in the number of cattle and horses, while the general surroundings 
 show visible and substantial improvements. Great interest is taken 
 by the settlers in endeavouring to better the conditions of their stock 
 by introducing some of the very best breeds in Shorthorns, Polled 
 Angus, Holsteins, and Jerseys ; and the hearty and friendly emulation 
 existing between them as to who will succeed best at the agricultural 
 fairs makes one think that he is visiting, not a country scarcely 12 years 
 old, but an old country in Ontario where years have been spent in 
 perfecting their stock and farms. 
 
 Our settlers are well-to-do, thrifty, and industrious, and are of an 
 advan'"^'^ class. Cheese and butter factories are springing up mostly 
 in every district, managed, conducted, and sales made by the settlers 
 themselves, without having anything to do w ith middlemen. 
 
 Immigrants intending to settle in tliis country and in this district 
 can have the advantages of settling amongst good farmers, on free 
 homesteads, enjoying the first year the benefit of good neighbours, 
 schools, churches, good roads, and neainess to markuts. 
 
 The A[oose Mountains as a ranching country cannot easily be 
 beaten. 
 
 1 might here state, for the benefit of those who doui)t of the great 
 prof^ress, what a town in the North-West can do inside of ten years. 
 WKicewood can boast of four large stores, equipped with every possible 
 want that a settler might require ; 2 drug stores, 2 blacksmiths' shops, 
 2 doctors, 2 notaries public, 1 lawyer, 3 churches, 1 public school, 
 
10 
 
 2 lumbiT yards, 1 bank, 2 hotels, 1 grist mill, a hall, and a population 
 of 500 ; so that, looking over the past, we have no reason to find 
 fault — on the contrary, every reason to be satisfied — at the present 
 prosperity and settlement ol' this district. 
 
 Fi'om Mr. John McTtvijai't, Dominion Lands Aijcnt, Prince Albert^ 
 Saskatchewan, March 31a<, 1894. 
 
 The Prince Albert Land District occupies the central portion of the 
 beautiful, fertile, and picturesque provincial district of Saskatchewan. 
 It contains an area of about 29,000 square miles — somewhat larger in 
 extent than the province of New Brunswick. Of this area the northerly 
 portion, comprising 60 per cent, thereof, is regarded as unfit for 
 settlement ; but is, neverthelijss, particularly valuable for its large areas 
 of excellent spruce timber, its numerous and extensive lakes of fresli 
 water, tei'ming with salmon-trout, white fisli, pickerel, and other fish 
 of a very superior quality. 
 
 The southerly portion, mainly lying south of Township 51, and 
 containing nearly 8,000,000 acres of the most f(U'tile land in this 
 exceptionally fertile district, is known as " The Fertile Belt." A large 
 extent of this area is already settled, but a very considerable portion of 
 the very best land is still open for hoinesteading. 
 
 The character of the soil varies fi-om sandy loam to heavy clay, 
 covered in many localities with several feet of black vegetable mould ; 
 so the homesteader can suit himself with any quality of soil he may 
 desire. All varieties of grain and vegetables grow here to perfection, 
 and early sowing in a well-prepared soil will almost invariably ensure 
 immunity from frost, whicli seldom occurs before the 20th of August in 
 any year. 
 
 The climate is particularly healthy, and the winters, although cold, 
 are bracing and invigorating, as well as agreeable. The only parties 
 who hold pessimistic views regarding our winter seasons are those who 
 have not had the pleasure ol' their experience. The obnoxious " blizzard " 
 is here entirt>ly unknown ; the average depth of snow being from 
 about 12 to 15 inches — just sudlcient for good winter roads. 
 
 The summer season is also tine, with moderate rainfalls. 
 
 The district is well supplied with excellent roads leading to every 
 farm-house, and they are kept open winter and summer. 
 
 Among the principal features of this district may be mentioned 
 the two great rivers that traverse it— the North and South branches 
 of the Great Saskatchewan. These two splendid streams unite their 
 waters at what is known as the " Forks," about '6o miles below the 
 Hourishing town of Prince Albert. The North branch, in conjunction 
 with the main stream, forms a channel for sjil'e navigation from 
 Edmonton to its mouth at Grand llapids — a distance of at least 1,000 
 miles. The South branch is also navigable, at certain seasons, for 
 many hundred miles. These rivers abound \\\i\\ fish, such as sturgeon, 
 gold-eye, pickerel, &c., affording sport to the tourist, as well as food 
 and delicacies to the settler. 
 
 Beside the older settlement contiguous to the town of Prince 
 Albert, there are a number of other outlying settlements, such as Canot 
 
 
17 
 
 
 River, Stonoy Creek, aiul ]MtiU'ort, Fort h La Cornepeonaii, St. Louis 
 de Langevin, Jiatoeho, Duck Lake?, Carlton, Musky I^ke, Shell River, 
 and others. All these settlements are provided with postal and educa- 
 tional facilities. The district is served by no less than 23 post offices, 
 and the very liberal support uiiorcled by the North- West Assembly is 
 such that any four resident heads of families having 10 children of 
 school age can form a school district of L'5 square miles ; the sub- 
 vention of the Government varying from SoOO per annum upwards, 
 according to the class of certificate held by the teacher and the number 
 of children attending school. 
 
 And the spiritual interests of the comnnniity also are not neglected. 
 The various religious denomin:itious have churches or mission houst>s 
 all over the district, whore religious services are held. In line, the 
 district is well supplied with all the essential elements of civilisation, 
 and all, or nearly all, the inconveniences of pioneer life may be said to 
 have no existeiice here. 
 
 There is, therefore, praelically nothing to deter the industrious 
 farmer from the congested portions of the older lands from immigrating 
 here, making a comfortable and happy home, and raising his family in 
 comfort, amidst all the advantages — educational and otherwise — of 
 civilisation. 
 
 The chief town of this district, and from \\liich the district 
 derives its name, is Prince Albert, the capital of the provincial 
 district of Saskatchewan — jjicturesquely situated on the south bank of 
 the North Saskatchewan liiver, al)()ut 35 miles above its confluence 
 with the South branch of the same river — having a population of about 
 1,500 inhabitants. 
 
 Prince Albert is the terminus of the Qu'Appelle, Long Lake, and 
 Saskatchewan llailway — the only railway, thus far, entering tho 
 Saskatchewan Valley. It is also the ])rosiicctive terminus of tho 
 Manitoba and Nortli- Western Kailway. It was incorporated in 1886, 
 is light(Kl by electricity, and is su])p]ied with an efiicient telephone 
 service. It is also well siip|)lied with dry goods, ready-made clotiiing, 
 grocery, hardware, fruit and cont'ecticmery, boots and shoes, agricultural 
 implements, drugs, books and stationery, jewellery, and general storcis, 
 two bakeries, ajid a photngraph gal'ery. The various mechanical 
 industries are well represented, as are also the legal, medical, dental, 
 and clerical professions. There are two commodious hotels; Presby- 
 terian, Episcopal, Methodist, and Jioman Catholic churches; and a 
 branch of the Imperial Bank of Canad.i. Here are also situated the 
 Registry of Land Titles Ollice for East Saskatchewan ; the Dominion 
 Lands, Crown Timber, and Immigration Olliees for the district. There 
 is also an immigration shed for tho temporaiy use and convenience of 
 incoming settlers. A court-house and a resident judge of the Supremo 
 Court; a printing olHce, from which is issued the only newspaper 
 in the district — The Sankatchcwan I'lmcif. it is also a divisional 
 centre of the North-West Mounted Police Forc(% with couunodious 
 barracks building. The educational interests of the toun are served 
 by two district and two separate schools. The central district school 
 has four compartments, taught by as many teachers — one of these being 
 for higher education. There is also a Eoman Catholic Convent ; and in 
 
 2 
 
18 
 
 the iK^'gliboiirliood is sitiiatod n Clmreh ot" England College for the 
 education and trainiiii:; of a native ministry. 
 
 Ainong tlie local industries may bo mentioned three saw-mills, 
 containing]; the necessary machinery tor ])laning and dressing lumber ; 
 one sash and door factory, and two tlour mills. 
 
 About 40 miles south-west of l*rinc(^ Albert, on the line of railway, 
 is a rising town with a ]iromising futui-e, named Duck Lake. This 
 town is situated near the northerly outskirts of the open prairie 
 coiintiT. A few miles north of Duck Lake there extends from the 
 Nortli to tlu! South Saskatchewan Kivers a belt of ])ine timber of about 
 four or five miles in width, which forms the line of demarcation 
 betwef-n th(^ plain country on the soutli and the Prince Albert sf^ttle- 
 ment to the north, and across which the gopher or the grasshopper has 
 never been known to ])enetrate. On th(? latter side the country 
 assumes a different character: here the land is more undulating, and 
 interspcM'sed here and there with groves of poplar of greater or less 
 extent. These groves— or " bluffs," as they are called — together with 
 the various lakelets frequently met with, and the beautiful flora and 
 luxuriant grasses, render this part of tlic country in the months of 
 June and July beautiful and enchanting in the extreme. 
 
 In this beautiful park -like country, and within easy reach of the 
 town of Prince Albert, there are many farms and railway lands that 
 can be purciiased at reasonable prices, and on easy terms of payment, 
 by innnigrants possessing I'oderate means ; to such the advantages of 
 close proximity to a ready nuirket would mon^ than compensate for the 
 extra outlay. However, there is abundance of good land open for 
 liomesteading in thriving settlements that at no distant day will form 
 commercial centres of their own. 
 
 " I have the honour to request that you will kindly forward to this 
 oflice, within ten days from this date, a report l)ast'd upon the under- 
 mentioned queries : — 
 
 " (L) Give your name in full, and present P.O. address ? 
 
 " (2.) P.O. address before coniing to the country ? 
 ! " (3.) How long have you been in the North-West? 
 
 '* (4.) State your views and experience since coming to the Xorth- 
 "West, and give any information that you think would be useful to 
 strangers coming here." 
 
 The above circular was sent by the rjovernment Agent at Regina 
 to several farmers in his district. The following are some of the 
 replies : — 
 
 Mr. Josrph Drevnld, of Bahjonic, formerhj of linssia, ivrites :— 
 
 " Am well satisKed since coming here. Came to this country in 
 1886." 
 
 ' Mr. Peter Timker, jun., of Balgonie, Assinihoia, formerlij of Russia, 
 states: — 
 
 " In coming to this country, not knowing the English language, it 
 -appeared very strange to me; but after being here but one year, learning 
 
19 
 
 the ways of this country, I was rejoiced that I found such a good 
 country for my new home. 1 can make a better living and fare easier 
 than anywhere in Europe. So, therefore, will 1 recommend all my 
 friends and fellow-nu^n in Europe to come to the North- West Territories, 
 where evtM-y man gets 100 acres of good land, and of the l)est soil, where 
 you can grow a croj) sooner than in any place in the world."' 
 
 Mr. Jaclcsnn Jlarrison, of Retjina, fonntrhi of Leeds, ti rites : — 
 
 " Respecting my experience since coming to the North-West, 1 
 may state that 1 bought a homestead for which 1 paid SoHO. There 
 are about 60 acres of good hay land on it, and about 40 acres of 
 broken land. In the spring 1 sowed about Hi acres of wluwt. Mi acres 
 of oats, 1 acre of flax, and 1 of potatoes. This fall J have tbri;shed 
 260 bushels of wheat, 310 bushels of oats, 15 bushels of flax, and huvt» 
 gathered 52 bushels of potatoes. Besides this, I have grown an 
 abundauce of garden produce, such as beetroot, onions, cabbages, 
 cauliflowers, turnips, carrots, &c., &c. With my present experience 
 and knowledge; of the land, 1 am confident that a far better crop can 
 be raised from the same piece of land in the spring. JMy seed was nut 
 properly put in, owing to a faulty drill. 
 
 "1 hav4> erected a commodious house on the land, have brought 
 my mother, brothers, and sisters out this sununer, and we are nuw 
 comfortably settled, liespecting any advice which 1 might tender fur 
 strangers coming here, I may say that, with energy and prudence, a 
 good living can be made here devoid of the care aiul anxiety common at. 
 home, antl I would not hesitate in advising anyone with a small ca[>it;;l 
 to conu^ out here." 
 
 Mr. Thoiuas Watson, licffina, J'oruierli/ of Lomloa, Eiyjland, status: — 
 
 " Had no money when I came. Have valuable improvements on 
 land, and own 50 head of cattle. Would not live in England again it' 
 my fare was paid to return. Would strongly recommend anyime that 
 is willing to \\ ork to come to this country." 
 
 From Mr. 11. Giles, Prince Albert, 29t7i March, l^D-l. 
 
 In reply to your inquiries as to what success 1 have met with in 
 farming in the North-West, and what 1 think of this country as a field 
 for immigrati(m, 1 cannot better answer you than by giving a slioib 
 synopsis of my own efforts in this line. 
 
 I originally came from Loudon, England, in 186(5, aiul inunigrated 
 to London, Ontario, where I followed my trade, viz., brass-finisher and 
 gasfitter, until 1879, when I moved, with my family— seven in number — 
 to the Prince Albert District, and took up 320 acres of land (W. 
 22/46/27 W. 2nd), and commenced farming with a caiutal of i.'4i)0, 
 out of which I had to pay our travelliL'';^ expenses, which were heavy 
 in those days. 
 
 I have followed farming ever since, and have been veiy successful. 
 1 have now 87 acres under cultivation, 13 horses, 57 head of cattle, 17 
 
80 
 
 sheep, 17 bogs, and a lot of jwuUry. My I'iiinily now number 12, and 
 during the time I have been farming I have al'.vays bet-n able to mak(i a 
 good living and have a comfortable liome, and am now an independent 
 landowner. 1 may mt'ntion that if I had had any experience of 
 farming when 1 started I could have done inueh bi'tter ; then the 
 Kebellion of ISSo set ukj back, as I lost £'27 i) by it. 
 
 I like the climate here; it is extremely healthy. Stock thrive 
 remarkably Mell, owing to the rich pasturage in summer, and the 
 abundance of wild hay for winter fodder. 
 
 Garden stuff attains to a perfection here seldom, if ever, excelled. 
 Manitoba No. 1 hard wheat is now known all over the world for its 
 superior qualities, and that grown in thi; North- West is even better. 
 My wheat has never yielded less than 20 bushels per acre during tlie 
 poorest seasons, and all new land has gone from J3.j to 4o bushels ])er 
 acre, and oats and barley always yield well. For dairying this di>trict 
 cannot be excelled. I have made 110 lbs. of butter per week, and have 
 carried olT prizes at the Winnipeg Exhibitions. 
 
 Tiie land in the vicinity of me is well settled by a prosperous 
 farming community, and wo have good schools, liberally aidi'd by 
 Government grants, and churches sullicieut to meet ti>e present ix'quire- 
 ments. To any of my countiymen with small capital and a kn()wledi,'e 
 of farming who are desirous of bettering their circnmstances by 
 emiijriitiiirj to a new countrv, I can honestlv n^eommend vou to come 
 here, as 1 feel satisfied if you are willing to work you will succeed. 
 
 I'^ohi M)'. T. B. Fercjvson, the Doniinion Landu A(jent, WctasLiivin, 
 
 Alherta (1^04). 
 
 The Dominion Lands District of AVetaskiwin is situated in tlie 
 central portion of the District of Alberta, the most westerly of the 
 Canadian North-AV^est Territories. Jt extends from south lo noi-th 
 along the line of the Calgary and Ednu)nton liailway a distances of 
 some 40 miles. The railway almost bisects it, and the district lies about 
 100 miles to the east and 100 miles to tlu; west of the line. Its area is 
 abcmt ,'3,000,000 acres, about two-thirds of which may bo said to be 
 suitable for agricultural purposes. The di>tri(;t is comparatively new, 
 the land agency having been in existence only since the spring of 180o. 
 This has been owing almost entirely to ll»e absence of i-ailway commu- 
 nication prior to the recent construction of the railway just iiuMitioned. 
 AVith the opening of it to settlement which this has eifected, the atten- 
 tion attracted to it is very great. During thtj past immigration season 
 the influx of settlers has been large, and a great number of homesteads 
 have been entered for under the free grant provisions of the Land Act. 
 This is not surprising, in view of the attractive features it presents to 
 the agriculturist, particularly to the general farmer. It possesses a 
 very fertile soil, the prevailing character of which is dark rich clay 
 loam, from 12 to 18 inches deep, with a clay subsoil. It is well wood-'d 
 and excellently watered, the wood being dispersed throughout in bluffs, 
 as well as lakes of all sizes. It is also well situated in regard to 
 markets, having a branch railway running through it which connects 
 nt Calgary, an important centre, w ith the Canadian Pacific Eailway, and 
 
 . 
 
21 
 
 being so located that it will be within easy uect.'ss of that second sreat 
 trunk lino which must soon be built through the Canadian North- West, 
 and will take its course along the North Saskatcliewan liivcr. One ol" 
 the oldest settlements in it is that of the French half-breeds along the 
 Battle ]liver. This settlement, established long before tht; advent of 
 the railwaj', is indicative of the choice character of the district, for the 
 original inhabitants of the West have always been found to have located 
 in its most desirable parts. Another evidence of the estimation in 
 which the quality of its lands is lutld is demonstrated by the large area 
 chosen within its limits by tiie Canadian Pacific Kailway Company in 
 completing the selection of its land subsidy. No very extensive farming 
 operations have hitherto been carried on, but it has been demonstrattnl 
 that oats, wheat, and barley, and the principal root crops, can be grow u 
 most successfully. The district is not a range country, as is the 
 southern portions of Alberta, and cattle require housing in the winter; 
 but tliere is a much greater abundance of hay than in the more southerly 
 and drier stock districts, and there is therefore no dilHculty about winter 
 fodder. Its incomparable advantages in the matter of hay and water 
 render it certain to become a favourite district for dairying; and the 
 interest the settlers already located in it are taking in the organisation 
 of creameries will undoubtedly assure later arrivals facilities for the 
 most economical manufacture of dairy products, and an established 
 market for them. The class of farmers who should iunnigrate to 
 this district is practical men with some little capital. While, how- 
 ever, those without some capital cannot be indiscriminately 
 recommended here, under certain circumstances— of which, however, 
 they must themsidves be the judges — they need not be afraid to 
 attempt to make homes in this district. The success of a Swedish 
 settlement lately established in the neighbourhood of Red Deer Jiake 
 shows that, by the exei'cise of steady industry and frugality, agricul- 
 tural immigrants with but little pecuniary resources liave here 
 opportunity of improving their condition not exceeded in any 
 country. At present thi-re is no great opening in the district for 
 other than agricultural immigration, though a few years hence 
 there will doubtless be requirement tor a certain proportion of a more 
 general nature. At present the only considerable town within its 
 limits is that of Wetaskiwin, which is likely to develop into a fair 
 commercial centre : not very far to the north, however, is that of 
 Edmonton, and a little further distance to the south is the city of 
 Calgary, both of which are places which will eventually be of much 
 importance, and whose progress will react upon the agricultural 
 district lying between them. The climate of the district is an enjoy- 
 able one, the winters not being so severe as in other portions of the 
 North-AVest, owing to its proximity to the Kocky Mountains, which 
 exert a modifying influence on the winter weather. The natural 
 beauty of the country here is very considerable. It has a pleasant 
 park-like appearance, and ofl'ovs a very agreeable contrast to the 
 unbroken plain regions in the more easterly parts of the Norlh- 
 West. It is well stocked with different varieties of game, and its 
 lakes contain a good supply of various fish, the delicious white 
 fish of Pigeon Lake having more than a local reputation. The wild 
 
22 
 
 TV 
 
 fruits of llie district, sncli as strawhorrics, rasplicrrirs, aiul saskatoon 
 ■'wrrics. Mi'f pb'titf'ous, jind of »'xc«'lK'iit flavour. Buil(lin<j; inatfrial 
 ind fiiil are du-ait, t^ood, and alniiulant. In addition lo \v(»od, tluTH 
 is a larg<' extent ot excellent coal, which many settlers themselves 
 mine from the oMlcroppiii<];s of it in the banks of flic rivers. Both 
 to the iiorlh and th(' south of the district tiiere are still more 
 ext(!nsive deposits. About one-third of the district is surveyed 
 for homestea(lin<jf pin-poses, fhe lar<};er ai"(\a of snrvf>yed land beinf» 
 in the eastern ])ortion, to wiiich settlement is cliiefly directing itself, 
 :ind where the land is on tiie wholt^ of better quality than in the 
 western portions. Except, jwi'haps, in the immediate vicinity of tlu? line 
 of railwav, there is no dilliculty in obtaining; a fre<i grant of excellent 
 ;iiiality in almost any part of it. The choicest lands along the line 
 of railway have, of course, been selected by settlers. 
 
 From Mr. J. 11. Thompmn, Oovernmcnt Homestead Inspector. 
 
 Having had some .'iO years' experience as a farmer in Canada, and 
 .six years as a Homestead inspector in Alberta, 1 am in a position to 
 speak with some certainty on the several matters in this report. 
 
 The regi(m which 1 inspect includes the whole of the Calgary, 
 Lethbridge, Ked Deer, and Wetaskiwin districts, with a part of the 
 Swift Current district, and extends from the American boundary on 
 the south to Township 49 on the north— a distance of 294 miles — and 
 from the summit of tlie ]{ocky Mountains on the west to Swift Current 
 on the east — a distance of 36t> miles. Over this vast extent of country 
 there is a marked variety of both soil and climate. In the southern 
 portion of the Calgary district and tlu; whole of tlie Lethbridge 
 district the snowfall seldom exceeds 4 or 5 inches, and that for only 
 about two months of the year. This tract of country is specially 
 suitable for dairying and stock-raising purposes, not only on account of 
 the viirii!ty and abundance of nutritious natural grasses which clothe its 
 surfaces the year round, but also on account of the streauis and springs 
 of clear delicious water which everywhere abound. It is ]ieculiarly well 
 adapted to the breeding and raising of horses — an inexpensive and 
 lucrative industry when, as here, no feeding is required, even in w inter. 
 These animals roam at large at all seasons, and usually come out in 
 spring in excellent condition. In fact, it is universally conceded that 
 this is the premier ranch region of America, if not of the world. The 
 paucity of the rainfall some seasons renders grain-growing at present 
 somewhat of an uncertainty in this particular district — a difficulty which 
 will doubtless be got over in the near future by irrigation. And yet 
 in fairly moist seasons the grain crops are excellent:. I have known 
 100 bushels of oats pen* acre to be harvested, so generous is the soil 
 when it gets a chance to reveal its wonderful capabilities. Under an 
 efficient system of irrigation, to which all minds here are now tui'ned, 
 abund.'int grain harvests Mould be all but a certainty ; and the revolution 
 has begun. Several companies have already commenced irrigation work 
 on a large scale, and there is probably no country in the world in which 
 the system can be more readily applied, or would yield more gratifying 
 
 
23 
 
 rt'sults, the nuinerous rivors and strcjiiiis from tlio foot-hills and th«i 
 ]{ockk'.s having in soiiic phicfs u vi-ry rapid, and evcrywlif re a considcr- 
 ul)lt', descent. 
 
 The soil on the uplands is generally a rich clay loam, «tn u clay 
 subsoil. Those who have irrigated their hay lands have had niagnilicent 
 results. 
 
 Tiniher is plentiful among the loot-hills, and is lloated down the 
 streams to saw-mills situated as follows:— At Lee's Creek, Calgary, on 
 the Jiow ]{iver; Pincher Creek, Js'orth Fork of Old Man's River; 
 Fort McLeod, on Old Man's Jiiver ; Dewilney, on Sliee[) Creek: and 
 three mills on the Ivi'd Deer Jiiver. At tliese p(jiuts sawn huulur can 
 be purchased at from .S14 to SIS per thousand feet. 
 
 On most of the streams coal is mined by the settlers for their own 
 use, a royalty of lU cents per ton being charged by the (Jovernment ; 
 or each settler can purchase coal laud, up to an ana of 40 acres, at the 
 fixed price of SlO [k'v acre. 
 
 1 consider the northern portion of the Calgary district and 
 the whole of the lied Deer and Wetaskiwin districts as the best parts 
 of Alberta for the ])urpose of mixed farjuing. The soil is good, 
 being a dark rich clay loam from 12 to 18 inches deep. 
 
 Within the last three years towns have sprung up along the 
 Calgary and Edmonton liaih ay north of Calgary in a most mar- 
 vellous manner — Olds, 5s miles distant; Innisfail, 7(5; lied Deer, 
 95; Lacombe, 113; and Wetaskiwin, \'yJ, liaving poj)ulation3 
 varying from 200 to r)00. 
 
 From Olds northward the country does not require irrigation; 
 rain in abundance falls during the summer, and snow in winter to 
 the depth of 6 to 12 inches, covering the ground usually till about 
 the middle of ^larch. The plentiful supi)ly of moistur<> in this section 
 is owing, doubtless, to the woods which abound in the district. It 
 is a s])lendid hay country, but stock must be housed in winter, 
 
 A Mr. W. X. AVood, an Englishman, who resides near Olds, had 
 40 bushels of No. 1 wheat, 57 bushels of barley, and 80 bushels of 
 oats per acre the past season. He also grew some turuij) seed. ^Ir. 
 David Parker, of Ked Deer, had 100 bushels of oats per acre last 
 seasou ; and other persons had large crops where the land was properly 
 cultivated. The free grant lands have nearly all been taken up 
 within live or six miles of the railway, but outside that there is just 
 as good laud to be had. Most of the railway lands are for sale }et at 
 $3 per acre. 
 
 Creameries will be established this season at the following 
 places: — Olds, Innisfail, Eed Deer, and Lacombe; where the milk 
 from 500 to 1,000 cows will be manufactured into butter at each 
 place, and shipped in car-loads. There is an immense advantage in 
 producing butter, eggs, pork, and beef over growing wheat, in this 
 part of the country : for instance, a car of w heat is worth on board 
 the cars in Calgary S2o0, a car of butter is worth S7,500, and a car 
 of beef cattle is worth SI, 000. 
 
 I would advise those who are inti'uding to settle in Alberta to 
 come direct to Calgary, -vvherc they can obtain maps and useful 
 information about the countrv, at the land olHce. 1 would not 
 
24 
 
 advise anyone to tal\e up land unless they had i'rom SSOO to SI, 000 
 to start with ; and the most of that aiuoinit should be invested in 
 stock, not in expensive machinery or buildings, as a great many do. 
 If an intending settler has had no experience in farming, he would 
 do much better if he would hire with a practical farmer for at least 
 one year before starting for himself. 
 
 From Mr. F. V. Bdl {late of Manchester), Lcdnc, Alherta, N.W.T., 
 
 C'a)iada. 
 
 I have been asked to give my experience of farming in Northern 
 Alberta, having been in the Leduc district nearly four years, taking 
 up a homestead when I canie, aiid having now got my deeds for it. As 
 compared with farming in England, the ad\antages are all here. The 
 land is all that can be desired, mostly a rich loam capable of growing 
 anything; and one great advantage is, that it does not require manure, 
 and is most easily worked. Land also is cheap : a homestead can be had 
 for SlO, or about £2; but I would strongly advise those that can, 
 to buy an improved farm, which can bo bought from ^.'JUO to £600, 
 according to position and improvenien*^?. 
 
 It is a great advantage for a man to be able to start right away, 
 and be able to crop his land, but this can only be done by getting an 
 improved farm. But of course one can start on a homestead w ith very 
 m\ich less, but it means years of extra work. 
 
 ("irain can be raised with very little trouble. The average yield for 
 wheat is 40 bushels to the acre; oats, from 40 to 75 bushels ; barley. 40 
 to 50 bushels ; and, as the expenses arc very low, it means a good living. 
 Tax(>s ai-e n(\\t to nothing — only a school tax. A\^g(!tables also are 
 easily raised ; and hay can be had for the cutting, as it grows wild. There 
 is plenty of wood for all purposes, and coal can be had for SI a ton. 
 
 We have splendid weather here. Tn the spring it is dry for a while ; 
 then we have occasional sho\Aers, that make; the grain shoot right up. 
 The summer is hot and dry, with a dew at night, and a man can put up 
 hay without it rotting, as is a frequent occurrence in England; then the 
 fall is fine and dry, and fanners have gcMierally good weather to stack 
 their grain. The winter, of course, being in a Northern climate, is at 
 times very cold, but it is so dry that it is quite exhilarating — not at all 
 like a winter in England. Stuck do well in this country. Steero dress 
 500 lbs. at two years old, without being stall-fed, after they have been 
 out all summer on tlu> wild grass; sheep also do well, and xip to the 
 present are fr(H> from all disease and maggot. Jforses can be had from 
 $100 to S200; the cost of implements is about the same as in England. 
 I think that if the farmers of England only 'mew of the advantages here 
 they would bring their capital and families to this country, and not 
 grind year after year, and have nothing to show for tlieir years of work 
 but ;lebt8 and scmi-])ove"ty. 
 
 From Mr. liuijer 11. Chcrrington^ Batile ltiv>r Farm, Wetan/.-livui, 
 Alberta, yovemhir 2Gth, ISO"). 
 
 A neighbour of mine has asked me to w rile to you respecting my 
 opinion of this pai-t of the Isorth- West. 
 
11,000 
 }d in 
 
 ly do. 
 
 would 
 least 
 
 rtliorn 
 ,king 
 As 
 Tho 
 i"ov\in<:; 
 mure, 
 be had 
 it can, 
 iJGOO, 
 
 25 
 
 Weir, I lefi England three years last Api-il (and am ver}- sorry 
 I did not leave 23 years ago). This lias been the worst year 1 have 
 K<'oii in this country. AV"e have had rather a cold summer, and harvest 
 has been late ; however, 1 have a splendid lot ol" oats, which I think will 
 run over 70 bu'jhels per acre. IVIy barley is also a big crop, but the graiji 
 not so bright as last year. My wheat is also very good for the season. 
 I have ,lso grown splendid potatoes, turnips, and all garden produce. 
 
 My oats last year ran 7o bushels per acn,', my barley 55 bushels, 
 and my wheat 28 bushels, all of tirst-class quality — in fact, it was as 
 good as I ever saw in England. 
 
 liespecting the raising of all kinds of stock, I think this country 
 has no equal; it is wonderful how fat caltle and horses get on this prairie 
 grass. Two of my neighbours killed a Ihree-year-okl steer each last 
 Me(>k, and they both weighed over 800 lbs. each dressed, fc d on p.rairie 
 grass, and without corn of anii Iciwl. I am sure all English farmers 
 must admit that speaks well for the feeding quality's of this prairie 
 grass, liespecting butter-making, 1 am sure there i •■> some of the best 
 butter made here in the world. In fact, I say 'lonestly I never ate 
 any butter in England so good as the butter we make here ourselves. 
 
 I am sorry to say we have too many settlers here that are very 
 short of capital, which will be the cause of keeping this couutlry from 
 getting to the front tor years to come. 
 
 1 should like to see more English farmers. I have had some 
 cf)rrespondence with friends in England, but they cannot imagine what 
 a country this is. 
 
 It' the Government would pay my fare to England and back, so as 
 I could return here by the last week in Ei'bruary, 1896, 1 would go and 
 take samples of wheat, oats, barley, potatoes, turnips, &c., grown by 
 myself, also photos of grain in sb.eaf, and grain fields, also views of 
 harvesting and ploughing, k(:., taken this year, on this my farm. 
 
 I am sorrv mure En!'!i!-'i farmers don't gather coui'agc; and come 
 out here, as I am confident they are labouring under a very heavy sea 
 in England. 
 
 From Mr. Gior(jc Beatt;/, Ued Deer, Alberta, November lotJt, 1805. 
 
 I have the hor.our to acknowledge the receipt of your letter dated 
 the 4th November. I came into the district of Alberta in the fall of 
 1882, and am well satisfied with th(^ country. 1 am engaged in mixed 
 farming. In the 1,'} years I have bi-en farming here I have only had 
 three failures. The lirst was in the sumnu'r of 1883. 1 sowed that 
 year on spring breaking, so could not expect any other result but what 
 1 received— a failure. The second was in the summer of 1802, and 
 was caused by drouglit and an early frost. The third was in 1894, and 
 was caused by gophers and frost. This y(\ir, on account of the backward 
 spring, my crop was not up to the standard, but averaged about 30 bushel- 
 per acre. As for t-.e other years, it averaged about 45 bushels per acre. 
 
 The stock throughout the country is looking well, and, w itli the 
 amount of fodder there is, should in the spring come out 'u good 
 condition. 
 
 I would advise all who come to this country to try mixed farming 
 and dairying, 
 
26 
 
 From Mr. J. Wallace, Amjiis liid<je, Alberta, Juli/ lltJi, 1895. 
 
 As tliLTo are a good many people coming into this country, and 
 some just starting on their homesteads, who would like to know the 
 results of three years' experience in the Wetaskiwin district,^ I will give 
 mine. In the first place, I will say I have not farmed very extensively. 
 I heard so many had reports, I thought the ])(>st way was to go slow, 
 and prove w hether the country was any good or not, 1 feel safe in 
 saying, after heing here for three years, that tliew^ is not a hetter place 
 on the American continent for a man with a small capital to build up 
 a home, and if he has sons, to get them land. The land is of first 
 quality, principally clay loam from K) to 24 inches deep, with a clay 
 subsoil. There are some tracts where the top is sandy loam, with a clay 
 subsoil. For the last three crops I could not see any diifcrence in the 
 yield ; still, 1 aui in favour of the clay loam. I will further say 1 do 
 not think this part of the country can he beaten for small grain — that 
 is, wheat, Oats, barley, and tiax. Potatoes also yield \Aell, and are of a 
 splendid quality ; there is plenty of hay for stock-raising. Stock has 
 to be fed for three to four months each jear. Since I came here all 
 the half-breeds who have been here from six to twenty years say that 
 until the last three years the}' had never more than six weeks t(j feed, 
 and their horses they never feed until they take theui up for work. I 
 came here in March, 1892. I had just money enough to buy a span 
 of ponies, one set of harness, and one plough. After I got into a house 
 here 1 liad only »S13 left. 1 bought a waggon f(jr Sdi), and got eight 
 months to pay for it, at 8 per cent, interest. 1 had the money to jiay 
 for it before the note was due, and made it here. I have since bought 
 horses and harness and implements, and paid for them with mcuey 
 made here. The first spring I rented 10 acres of land, which I sowed 
 in oats and barley. I also planted about oju' acre of potatoes. The 
 result was as follows : the oats 00 bushels per acre, the barley 41 
 bushels per acre, and the potatoes 250 bushels. The second year 1 put 
 in 20 acres on my place, and my sons (we work together), in the 
 following kinds of grain: wheat, barley, and oats, and about | of an acre 
 of potatoes and | an acre of tu/nips. The fields turned out (machine- 
 measured) as follows : the wheat 33 bushels per acr(>, the oats 63 
 bushels per acre, and the barley 42 bushels per ac;'> : the potatoes 
 turned out 240 bushels, and the turnips 300 bushels. Ihe third year I 
 sowed and planted 35 acres in wheat, barley, oats, and fiax ; I also 
 planted | an acre of potatoes. The result was as follows : the viheat 
 37g bushels per acre — No. 1 hard — the oats 62 besiiels per acre, and 
 the barley 45 bushels ])er acre. I sowed 18 lbs. of llax, which turned 
 out 23 bushels (machine jneasure), and I am certain 1 lost 5 bushels by 
 the machine not having a llax rig. There were a number f)f Dakota 
 men who had made a business of raising fiax in Dakota, and they said 
 the turn-out beat anything tliey had ever seen. They have all fiax in 
 this year. Some of my neighbours claim bigger yields of grain than' 
 mine, and in .some cases they beat me ; but, taking the crops all over this 
 
 Eart, as far as I havi; seen, I tliink mine is about a fair average. I 
 ave located over 40 piople since I came hc'n.', and every one ijf them 
 is doing well. They were all practical farmers except two or three, 
 who have also done reniarkabl}- well. Still, I would not advise mechanics* 
 
27 
 
 and labourers who li.-ivo not got a practical knowledge of farming to 
 come out hero unless they have from S1,20U to .S:J.<M)u in money. 
 Xeitlier would 1 advise aiiyone even with a practical kn<)wledg(> of farming 
 to come out here v.itli less than from .S800 to 81,200, unless they have 
 stock and implements; in that event less would do, according to the 
 man's capacity for work. "Work of all kinds is ^^carce, and when 
 obtained, wages are low; still, I consider this the best poor man's country 
 in the world, none excepted. There is the Saskatchewan Kiver, a never- 
 failing source, where any man who will work ten liours a day can make 
 from f^l'oO to iS4 per day washing out gold amalgam. There are 
 600 men working on it this year, and room for l,00i> more. It can be 
 worked from May until it freezes up, which generally hap])ens in 
 November. There is another source of wealth where any man can 
 make good wages, and tliat is catching fur ; it is plentiful all over the 
 country. In the prairie parts there are plonty coyotes and foxes, and 
 in the timber parts tine fur is plenty, with a good many silver-grey 
 foxes. Any man who will work as hard hunting as he would have to 
 do in the lumber woods, or on tlu^ railroad, can make better pay than 
 either of the above-named employ. I hunt every winter, and I intend 
 going out this coming winter. 1 will be pleased to furnish any infoi'ma- 
 tion, as far as my knowledge of the country for the last three years goes. 
 One thing 1 will say, there are homes for thousands who are willing 
 to put their shoulder to the wheel, but no place for kid-gloved gents. 
 
 From Mr. John McDermott, Beards J/IU, Alberta, Jnlj loth, 1S95. 
 
 I settled here i;i August, 1^90, and have lived on my farm since 
 then, engaged in general farming. .1 I'.ave raised four garden and three 
 iield crojis, and have never, in a varied expc'rience, seen bcttei* or more 
 abundant returns. ]\ly present crops look magniticent. 
 
 Jlorses, cattl(% and shec^p thrive well, and look happy and contented, 
 as they well uuiy do, f(jr they I'oam at will in pastures unrivalled for 
 feed, fragrance, and beauty. 
 
 Poultry are numenms, and noisy flocks of chickens and young 
 ducks are numerous round the housi^s of si'ttlers here. 
 
 Ill r.iy gardtMi are growing natives and cultivated raspberries and 
 currants, also box, elder, ash, butternut, Russian ]i()plars, and willows, 
 with sonu? native s])rac(^ and sc^edling apple trees. 
 
 Any able-bodied man v.ith good sense and from .SoiJO to iS600 
 capital can, under the rules of the Dominion Laud ]^aw, make himself 
 an independent home. 
 
 In order to luake tiie most of our advantages of soil iind situation, 
 we should r.ow endeavour to establish factories of all kinds to supply 
 us with the various things nfeded by ci\ilised ]>eople. Our clothing, 
 iiu])lements, aunnunilion, wii'(> fVueing, galvanised rooling. Hour, oat- 
 nujal, sugar, dvvv, whisky, and even gold coin, could, arnl (.ufjht to, be 
 made hero from materials at hand. We or.ght to iiivit(^ Ontario 
 manufacturers to establish branches of their business here, ami so avoid 
 the cost of transportation. . . . 
 
 in conclusion, 1 will say that if the pi'ople who in the British 
 Isles are renters, cottars, or labourcirs, could see the prospect before mo, 
 
28 ^ 
 
 as [ write, they would como here in thousands. Hoping this may guide 
 some people to happy homes. 
 
 From Mr. John Coleman, Forest lianger, Edmonton, Alberta, 
 
 March 24th, 1S94. 
 In rc]>ly to your circular of the 27th December last, I beg to 
 report tliat the district over which my duties as Homestead Inspector 
 arid Forest Katiger cause nie to travel is about 150 miles square. This 
 is diversified in cliaractei', containing open prairie, park-like timber land, 
 and heavily timbered lauds, and in many parts the land is of rolling 
 cliai-acter ; numerous lakes and large hay meadows exist. The growth 
 of grass is something wonderful, as there is an abundance of rain during 
 the latter part of JNIay and throughout June. The soil is generally a 
 heavy black loam, from 1 to 2 feet in depth, with a clay subsoil, 
 although there are lai-ge stretches of sandy loam in parts ; in fact, a 
 settler can have a choice of almost any character of soil, with an 
 abundanc(! of timber, coal, hay, and water. All the ordinary grains 
 and vegetables give large yields and are a sure crop, if the farmer will 
 only ]jlant early, and properly cultivate, and know when to harvest. 
 There is but little danger of frost till after the first week in September, 
 although in a few swampy districts frost is known earlier. There is a 
 great deal of grain exported each 3"ear, but the farmers find it more 
 profitable to follow mixed farming, as the mining regions of British 
 Columbia furnish a constantly increasing market for beef, pork, butter, 
 cheese, and vegetables. There is enough wheat grown to supply the 
 local demand and jiart of the vast country lying north. There are also 
 four grist mills within a radius of 20 miles of Eduionton, operated 
 seven months in each year. I may say that 1 have just about couipleted 
 a tour of inspection of the whole district ; and although there are 
 settlei's froju almost eveiy country in Europe, most of the northern and 
 north-western American States, and every province in the Dominion, 
 i have not heard a complaint, and all are apparently in a thriving 
 condition, nnd moi-e than satisfied with the soil, climate, and natural 
 re«ou;c;!s c»f Xorthern Alberta. 
 
 Fi-Oiu Mr. 11'. F. Leslie, /Sprim/ Creeh, Fort l^aalcatchcivan, near 
 Edmonton, Alberta, Deeember, 1895. 
 r came here to the Edmonton district three years ago, and took 
 up a farm of IGO acres. Although I have been in several other ])arts 
 of Canada, my opinion is that the Edmonton district is the best, 
 adajjted for mixed farming 1 have seen, and I would highly recommend 
 it to anyone looking lor a home in a new country who is not afraid 
 of work, with a capital of $^700 to $1,000, in order to buy a good team 
 of horses, waggon, |>lough, and harrow, aiul a cow or two, and 
 orovisions to do for a year or two. Most people commencing on a new 
 farm have not much to sell for the first two yi'ars. We have an abundance 
 of hay, water, wood, and coal. The summers are nice : the w inters are 
 cold, but pleasant. I came from Morayshire, Scotland. 
 
 Mr. II. Uarvci/, of Fort SaaJcatcheivan, Alberta, w rites in the same 
 strain. 
 
29 
 
 guide 
 
 From Mr. E, A. Nash, Governnient Land A(/ent, Kamloopa, British 
 Columbia, '3}st October, 1i<d'). 
 
 Keferring to the matter of your letter to the Commissioner under 
 date i^Tth ultimo, I have the honour to report that the distiiet 
 controlled hy this Agency, being some 400 miles in length from east 
 to west, naturally includes a great variety of soil and climate. 
 
 From Banfl: to some di.stance west of Eevelstoke, mining and 
 lumbering are the chief industries; though there are some good farms 
 in the neighbourhood of Golden, and the district immediately south of 
 Itevelstoke is lilling up. 
 
 From about Craigellachie west to near Shuswap the rainfall ii? 
 sufficient to grow good crops without irrigation. AVest of Shuswap 
 irrigation is necessary to ensure good crops; but where water is 
 available and judiciously used, large returns result. 
 
 This particular district is hnown as the bunch grass country, and 
 carries large bands of cattle ; these cattle feed out all the winter, and 
 are fed more or less towards spring, according to the nature of the 
 Minter ; all wise cattlemen put up sullicient hay to carry the stock 
 through, if necesi-ary to feed. The Salmon Eiver and Spalluncheeu 
 liiver Valleys are filling up with a di'sii'able class of settlers; the 
 settlement called Salmon Arm, on the Canadian Pacific Eailway, has 
 in particular made great headway. 
 
 Kamloops, now a city, is well situated at the junction of the North 
 and South Tiiompson liivers ; it is the principal settlement between 
 Calgary and the coast, and continues to make steady progress both as 
 regards building and trade. 
 
 The class of immigrants likely to do \A'ell in ]jritish Colum1)ia is 
 the blind Jide farmer with sutllcieiit means to keep himself for about a 
 year ; and, as each country has its own peculiar methods, I think a new 
 arrival cannot do better than to work out for a time, meanwhile 
 keei)ing his eyes open for a desirable location. Itcspeotabie young 
 women capal)le and willing to go out as domestic servants are in 
 demand at from S8 to Slo per mouth ; for hick of these, Chinamen are 
 eiuphncd at high wages. 
 
 The mechanic and good general labourer can usually get work 
 without delay, and linally make a start on his ov\-u account. 
 
 Clerlis and young men of education -wliioh, tiiou'j;li good, does not 
 lit them for the ways of the country — do not, as a rule, easily Ijnd a 
 phice. 
 
 The climate is healthy, and, except in the mountains, not severe; 
 the jM'ople are law-abiding, and the roiigli element hold in subjection. 
 
 The immigrant must not start out with the idea that he has merely 
 to land and his fortune is made; but that stt^ady work will tell is 
 ])ro\ed by many a present settler. I may instance the case of 
 
 J.Ir. , an Ihiglishmau, who made application before me a few days 
 
 since for homestead patent. 
 
 It came out in evidence that he arrived here in 1S90, with bis 
 blnnkets on his back, seeking work; in ISDL' he entered N.W. \, 
 27/19/16 W. 6, and has remained thereon continuously ever since; he 
 has uow some 60 acres under cultivation, 1-^ miles of fencing, house, 
 
no 
 
 I 
 
 ' '! 
 
 <!! 
 
 stable, root-housi>, p;i'aimry, orchard, well, iirid clitt'hiiijrj — total valued at 
 $1,000, exclusive ot' cultivation ; to comjilete the lit^t, 1 must mention a 
 wife and two eiiildren. 
 
 This j-ear the crojys throu^fliout the district h:r o been good. 
 
 Fruit-f^rowing is becoming more universal, ai.d will soon, I think, 
 become an important industry. 
 
 From Mr. John S. Macdonnell , Government Homestead Inspector, Ncio 
 Westminster, B.C., November 2nd, 1895. 
 
 I have the honour to acknowledge the receipt of your circular 
 letters, dated the 28th of September and the 21st of October last 
 respectively, requesting me to report on the advantages this province 
 offers to intending settlers, and the general prospects of this district. 
 
 In reply, I beg to state that this province affords equal inducements 
 to intending immigrants, with moderate capital, to any part of the 
 Dominion. 
 
 The lumber trade, w liich has been dull for the past few years, is 
 looking brighter, and giving employment to a large nvnnber of men. 
 
 The iislieries cannot be surpassed in any part of the world. 
 
 The mineral resources are attracting the attention of capitalists 
 from the eastern provinces, Europe, and the United States, resulting in 
 giving satisfaction for the money invested. 
 
 Stock-raising is carried on with success, as we have a local demand 
 for all cattle raised. 
 
 The past season has been the most favourable we have had since 
 1883 for the farmers in the district. The hay crop has ne"'ir been 
 better, and, \\ith the exception of a small ai'ea in the bottom land of the 
 Eraser, the grain crops were housed in good condition. From inquiries 
 made in the different localities throughout the district, the following 
 has been the yield per acre:— AVheat, 2,000 lbs.; oats, 2,000 lbs.; 
 peas, n,000 lbs. : hay, 2 tons. Koot crops of all kinds have turned 
 out well, the su])idy being equal to the demand. Prices for the above 
 are about 25 per ceiit. lower than last yeai-, which are— Wheat, 1 cent ; 
 oats, I cent; peas, l.j cents: potatoes, i cent ; turnips, J- cent. 
 
 There has heen an abundant fruit crop, the supply being equal to 
 the demand, apples selling at SI per box of 50 lbs. 
 
 The ])ast season has been most favourable for clearing land, which 
 has been taken advantage of throughout the district. 
 
 Several families from the State of Washington have purchased 
 land from private parties and settled in this district within the past 
 "'X months ; and a number of others from the same State are looking 
 lor investments, as our laws afford them greater protection, our school 
 facilities are far superior, and taxes less. 
 
 I may also add that the production of butter and pork has been 
 at least one-third more than heretofore, and selling at a lower price. 
 
 When some four or five thousand acres — Sumas Mountain, Stone 
 Hiver, and elsewhere — of land are surveyed, and come under the new 
 regulations, it will greatly add to the welfare of the district. 
 
 mm 
 
I)tal valued at 
 list mention a 
 
 good, 
 loon, I think. 
 
 hiector, Nciv 
 
 our circular 
 
 October last 
 
 this province 
 
 is district. 
 
 1 inducements 
 
 ' part of the 
 
 few years, is 
 
 r of men. 
 
 I'orld. 
 
 of capitalists 
 
 I, resulting in 
 
 local demand 
 
 ive had since 
 8 nc-r been 
 m land of the 
 rom inquiries 
 ;he following 
 , 2,000 lbs. ; 
 have turned 
 or the above 
 heat, 1 cent ; 
 [- cent, 
 ing equal to 
 
 land, which 
 
 e purchased 
 
 bin the past 
 
 are looking 
 
 1, our school 
 
 •rk has been 
 or price, 
 itain. Stone 
 ler the new 
 
 31 
 
 From Mr. John McKenzie, Domlaion Lands Ar/enf, Xeiv Westmingtert 
 
 British Columhia (1894), 
 
 IiKPoiiT ON' Xi;w AVest.mtxstkk Distjmct, Ij.C. 
 
 Eeferring to pag(>s 82 to 87 of the Dominion Iliind-Jjook for 1894, 
 I beg to supplejnent the general information therein contained by 
 special information in respect to th(3 New AVestminst<3r Dominion 
 Lands District, which lies immediately next to the intei-iuitional 49th 
 parallel boundary and the waters of the Pacific Coast. 
 
 This district extends eastwai'dly a distance of about 75 miles, 
 covering i\w whole of the lower Fraser Valley, and thenct; northerly 
 about an equal distance tiirougli the Cascade Mountains, which are not 
 yet siirveyed to any extent. 
 
 The Canadian Pacific liailway is the centre line of this belt, which 
 is in all 40 miles wide ; and the Eraser lliver Ihjws throughout the 
 whole length, in close proximity to the railway. 
 
 The lower course of the Fraser receives live large tributaries from 
 as n^any large lakes within the belt on the nortli, and these lakes are 
 generally surrounded by high snowy mountains. The cities of Vancouver 
 and New Westminster — about 10 miles apart — are located at the 
 westerly end of this belt, the former at the open sea termimis of the 
 Canadian Pacific Eailway on Burrard Inlet, and tlie lattei- at the fresh- 
 water terminus of the branch line on Fraser liiver, about 15 miles from 
 its mouth. 
 
 The view of the mouptains fringing the north and east sides of 
 the Fraser liiver Valley, and of the lower courses and outlet of the 
 river, as seen from the liiglier levels — 320 feet — of the cit\' of New 
 "Westminster, is very beautiful, and admired by all visitors. 
 
 There are three saw-inills of largt^ capacity at New AVestminster, 
 and sliips ani loaded there for South America, Australia, anj China 
 from time to time : and river steamers ply daily to the east end of the 
 valley, calling at all points where freight and passengers offer. Until 
 the opening of the Canadian Pacific Eailway for traffic in 1886, thn 
 district was s])arsely settled, but since that time nearly every 160-acr© 
 parcel lias been talcen up. The lands being timbered, and the people 
 chiefly having littk; capital, only small clearings are made as yet. 
 
 These settlers find that it is -better to hold smaller areas and 
 cultivate them ; and, therefore, many are subdividing and selling to 
 new-comers tlunr surplus lands. This cours(> of jM'ocedure will admit 
 of a large population in the valley. Already i-oads are being opened 
 out around evei'y square mile, at great cost, owing to the clearing of the 
 timber. And the importance of the valley may be gathered fi'om the 
 fact that out of IGG country schools in the whole province — of great 
 extent, including Vancouver Island — there are 64 such schools in the 
 Fraser Eiver Valley. ( 
 
 And besides the ordinary farm lands now occupied, there are about 
 60,000 acres of grass lands which have been hitherto subject to annual 
 inundation of the Fraser Eiver in the months of June, July, and 
 August, but which are now in the process of reclamation by dyking 
 
 

 32 
 
 operations. These lands will be placed on the market in the course of 
 a year ; and as soon as the dyking works shall have been fully tested 
 there will be ready sale for them. 
 
 The soil and subsoil from these lands have been already analysed, 
 ander the direction of our Department, and have been found to con- 
 tain all the elements of great fertility. 
 
 The climate of this district has been usually described as somewhat 
 similar to the South of Enghmd. I may, however, set forth the usual 
 4'eather. The months of July and August are generally quite dry; 
 the months of May, June, September, and October are characterised 
 by gentle showers at night ; while November and December are very 
 rainy and foggy ; January and February are marked by a week or more 
 of cold weather, occasional snowstorms and sleet, when the Eraser 
 River is generally covered with ice, and steamers are laid off for repairs. 
 
 During March and April considerable rain falls ; and here I wish 
 to point out the great desirability of the under-draining of lands, so that 
 the crops may make early progress and ripen before the fall rains set 
 in. 1 have observed that the farmers who have adopted this plan 
 experience no trouble in securing their grain wliile the weather is dry 
 and warm. The clearing away of the forest will doubtless lessen the 
 rainfall; but, the location being north of 49 latitude and near to the 
 mountains, it is only natural to expect variations in the seasons. 
 
 Observations fpr seven consecutive years prior to 1889 at New 
 Westminster showed the lowest temperature to be 7*^, and the highest 
 92°, with an annual mean of 47*9°. The average yearly rainfall was 
 ,59-(i6 inclies. 
 
 It i-; to be noted that the nights in summer are always 
 delightfully cool. 
 
 After a very searching examination of the various settlements of 
 the province, the Department of Agriculture located the British 
 Columbia Experimental Farm at Agassiz, in the eastern end of the 
 Fraser Kiver Valley. Here experiments are continually being made in 
 all lines oF agricultural products and trees requiring different soils, 
 exposures, and elevations. 
 
 The importance of this farm is as yet but feebly appreciated, but 
 as population increases and agricultural intelligence spreads the effect 
 will be widely felt for good. 
 
 Already ne:irly every new clearing contains a small young orchard, 
 with a variety of small fruit vines and bushes. 
 
 With the growth of the district there have sprung up several 
 centres of population. Of these Mission City is important. It lies 
 in the heart of the district, and is the point of junction of main line, 
 Canadian Pacific Railway, Mith branch running southward to connect 
 with North Pacific llailroad and Great Northern Eailroad, in the United 
 States. Langley and Chilliwack, on the south bank of the Fraser 
 River, lie in the midst of flourishing settlements. And Cloverdale, on 
 the N.AV". and Southern llailway, running south from citj' of New 
 Westminster, proiriises to be an influential village. 
 
 In conclusion, I beg to draw special attention to a few points of 
 prime importance : — 
 
 [a.) The Hand-Book mentions l|i500 as the minimum sum required 
 
 t , 
 
S3 
 
 to mal<e a start ; l)\it now that new-comers must purchase lands in the 
 settled parts at prices varying from S8 to .S20 and over, it would l)o 
 well to havo from S1,000 to S2,000 — althcnigh experienced farmers 
 might, and do, succeed with less. 
 
 (/>.) New arrivals should take a litth? time — say two weeks, or more — 
 to study up the various settlements before making a choice; and before 
 signing any agreements or paying over any money the title should 
 be known. 
 
 Tlie Agent of Dominion Lands, acting also as Immigration Agent, 
 will always be ready to explain any dilliculties which may present 
 themselves, and assist in their solution. Strangers are earnestly 
 cautioned against dealing with irresponsible parties sometimes met 
 with in the cities. 
 
 (c.) Strangers should study to discriminate between farming lands, 
 properly so called, and speculative property— often costly to improve — 
 '•1 the neighbouriiood of the towns. 
 
 (d.) The new settler should for the first month make his head- 
 quarters at one of the villages or towns easy of access, while making his 
 (sxplorations. The families thns become acquainted with the educational 
 system. In this connection it may be observed that th(> public schools 
 system is maintained at a high standai'd ; and there is a high school at 
 New "Westminster and at Vancouver, also colleges for the higher 
 education. 
 
 (e.) Parties with limited means intending to come to British 
 Columbia should write in advance for specific information on certain 
 points, nsking such questions as may occur to them. The ideas enter- 
 tained by them should be set forth, so that the agent may have an 
 opportunity of correcting false impressions. 
 
 (/.) There are many other ])oints not dwelt upon in this report, 
 such as the fishing and lumbering industries, which are diihcult to 
 understand without a personal inspection. I have passed by the names 
 of the different national, benevolent, and secret societies and orders, 
 which are represented everywhere, and where strangers are always 
 welcome to their fellowship. 
 
 (f/.) So far as I can gather from nearly 14 years' residence in British 
 Columbia, the people who have come here to settle in good faith, and 
 who have attended to their farms, are progressing favourably. 
 
 I do not think they could have better advantages elsewhere. 
 
 The wave of financial depression which affected the whole world 
 has been felt most in the cities \\litn'e over-speculation had deranged 
 business. Matters are now iniproving, and there is every ]u-ospect of 
 healthful progress for the future. 
 
;u 
 
 ! .1 
 
 ^i 
 
 THE HARVEST OF 1895 IN THE 
 
 NORTH-WEST. 
 
 CANADIAN 
 
 {Evtr acts from a h' Iter from fJie Maiuu/inr/ Editor of ^^ Tlie Toronto Glohe,^* 
 tulio Niicnt some wcelcs in the Xorth- West and witnessed the har- 
 vestliir/ operations. Pahlishcd in '•^ The Glohe" of October 19th, 
 ISO').) 
 
 Winnipc;/, Septouher 25th (S/)('cial).—Thi) Canadian who has not 
 seen Western Canada has not readied his full stature, and can have but 
 a poor appreciation of the uKip^nificent estate of his countrymen. . . 
 
 There is in the province of Manitoba a population 
 Grain and f'f !*-*«'* t'lan 200,000, and of these 25,000 are farmers. 
 Live Stock. The output of these farmers for this season in grain 
 
 alone is estimated at 60,000,000 bushels, and there is 
 probably room in the province for at least 100,000 farmers, and a 
 proportionate increase in output of grain and stock. During this 
 season about 23,000 head of cattle have been shipped from the North- 
 West and Manitoba to the Atlantic seaboard, and it is estimated that 
 about 17,000 more will be shipped— a total of 40,000 head. It is 
 calculated that it will take 50,000 cars to move 30,000,000 bushels of 
 wheat, and about 30,000 cars for 30,000,000 bushels of other grain, 
 and therefore between 70,000 and 80,000 cars will be em]iloyed in 
 moving this year's Western grain crop. One also gets a hint of the 
 enormous crop produced by the 25,000 farmers of Manitoba at every 
 railway station where the great elevators tower into view. These, as 
 1 have argued, are at least an evidence of commercial faith in the future 
 of the country, and, in case reasonable competition can be permanently 
 assured, a great aid and convenience to the marketing of the crop. 
 The farmer who has easy access to an elevator does not require ^o 
 provide granary accommodation, lie takes his grain direct from the 
 thresher to the elevator, and is thus saved a percentage of r,he labour 
 and cost of farming in the okh^r provinces. Uut the more prosperous 
 farmers of Manitoba are building granaries, and evidently deem it wise 
 to have the necessary facilities for storing their grain, in order that 
 they may sell a'j suits their convenience. . . . 
 
 The August estimate of the Department of Agri- 
 Yield per culture ])ut the yield of wheat at 25 bushels to the acre. 
 Acre. As an average this may hold fairly well, but there is no 
 
 doubt that in all the best wheat districts of Manitoba 
 there are many hundreds of acres where the yield will go up to 30, 
 35, and even to 40 or 50 bushels to the acre, i'or example, we have 
 reports of a yield of 47 bushels to the acre at Belmont ; of 35, 40, and 
 50 in the Wawanesa district ; of 30 bushels at Eosebank ; of an averag(^ 
 yield of 47 on 100 acres at Baldur ; of a five-acre field on the farm of 
 Mr. Dougald C. Gillespie, of Douglas, 13 miles east of AVinnipeg, 
 running up to 252 bushels, and of 40 acres running 45 bushels to the 
 acre ; of a yield of 1,193 bushels, or an average of 57 to the acre, from 
 21 acres on the farm of Mr. Chai'les Cuthbert at the Portage, and 
 perhaps a general average on the Portage Plains of 35 to the acre ; 
 of 35 to 40 bushels to the acre in the Emerson district ; of a 40-acre 
 field on the farm of Mr. C. A. Irvine at lioissevain which gave 42 
 bushels to the acre ; of 47 bushels to the acre on the farm of Mr. D. 
 
 iiT 
 
 ; I 
 
Itt) 
 
 StecdsiiKin at DcloniiiU' : of G,<Mi() bushels from 97 acTcs of wheat on 
 the farm of 3lr. K. J. Steward, of Caiiiille.: of 40 bi^liels to tlie acre 
 on thr farm of Mr. U. Latimer, and of 60 to the acre on the farm of 
 ->Ir. Waher 'riirtibull, both of Holland; of 40 bushels of wheat and 
 ]00 bu'^hels of oats to the acre on the farm of Mr. James Dah', of 
 Glenboro': and of a yield of 4,oOO,00() bushels within a radius of lo 
 miles of Brandon. The average, however, is preserved by the fact that 
 there has been injiu'v by f^'osl in some districts \\here crops were late 
 and ripening slow. 'J'his season, not\\ ithstanding its wonderful harvest, 
 will furnish examples of failure, partial or complete, in Manitoba as 
 well as in t!ie '.Perritories. . . 
 
 We hav(> heard a good deal of the failure's in 3Iani- 
 Causasof tf)ba and the \orth-West. The failure has his mouth 
 Failures. always at one's ear. His tale is never told. But the 
 great mass of jirosporous settlers an; less concerned to 
 trumpet their successt^s abroad. They are probably well content to go 
 on from year to year sowing and reaping their crops, increasing their 
 herds, beautifying their homes, and rearing their families in the 
 blesst^dness and plenty of a, fruitful land. There have been failures 
 in Manitoba due to the country, to frost, drouth, or hail ; but there 
 have been many more failures due to improvident farming or to utter 
 ignorance of all sound methods of agriculture. In the tlush of the 
 boom era the farmer, like the speculator, got the notion that he could 
 reap where he had not sown, and that farming was merely a summer 
 pastime. In many cases this notion was encouraged by a phenomenal 
 crop. In consequence there were failures from careless husbandry, 
 failures from reckless assumption of debt and interest obligations ; and 
 for the faults of unthrifty men, and the losses due to ignorance of 
 climate and conditions of soil and tendency of seasons, the countrv 
 suffered out of all proportion to the percentagi^ of failures, and out of 
 all prc^portion to the real drawbacks of the country. The wise policy 
 for the new-comer, as pithily put to me by Mv. liichard AVaugh, of I'he 
 Nor'-West Farmer, is, "Begin h)w, and go slow."' The settler must 
 not come here, as hundreds have come in years past, predetermined to 
 farm after the English fashion, or the Ontario fashion, or some other 
 outside fashion. All that he knows of farming he can turn to advan- 
 tage in Manitoba, as elsewhere, but he must farm after the Manitoba 
 fashion, study the methods and conditions by which the best men in 
 the country are succeeding, and be governed by their experience. . . . 
 
 Two main canses have operated to retard settlement in Western 
 Canada — (1) the boom of the early eighties, discouraging investors and 
 prejudicing the reputation of the; country ; (2) false methods and crop 
 failures, due to lack of trustworthy data respecting soil and climate. 
 But now the settler has the experience of years whence ho may draw 
 instruction. He is certain, where his forerunners were only guessing. 
 He has branch railways and market facilities, and he buys his farm 
 implements at half the price of 12 years ago. True, against this he 
 must put the fall in grain prices ; but this, again, is offset in some 
 measure by a general drop in the value of his purchases ; and besides, as 
 respects his position in the market, he but eliares the fortune of his 
 competitors all over the world. 
 
 There are old-settled districts in the province — old as the word goes 
 
30 
 
 in ^raiiif(>I)a — where a crop failvi''e is now wt-II-riigli unknown. This 
 is true oF the Port age Plains. For 1") or L'O years there has been 
 no general faihire from frost, drouth, or other cause iu the Portage 
 country. . . . 
 
 As there are districts in Manitoba especially adapted to wheat, so 
 there are districts that offer special facilities for stock-raising. West- 
 hourne, they tell me, is a good grazing district. In the Minmdosa 
 country and west 100 miles stock can I' > ])ro{itab]y raised with a little 
 winter feeding. JJeyoud Yorktoii and in tluj Saskatchewan country are 
 good cattle districts, and fe ding can bo carried on with some winter 
 help. The grass cures itself upon the plains, and is of tirst-rate quality. 
 In the Pilot Mound district stall-fed cattle are raised successfully. In 
 the Star ]\[ound neighbourhood, 10 or 12 miles east of Crystal City, 
 they raise fine cattle. In the north-western district wheat is perliap" 
 a precarious crop ; but oats give a splendid yield, and it is said to ue 
 profitable there to feed oats in the sheaf. It seems that all over 
 Manitoba there is good grazing country right in the heart of the wheat 
 belts, or, at least, bordering on the best grain areas ; and th(^ incoming 
 settler should seek to learn the local conditions, and understand the 
 local aptitudes, before he determines finally upon the character of his 
 operations. It is just to add, also, that in stock-raising, as in grain- 
 growing, transportation rates make in favour of Manitoba, and should 
 not be left out of the calculation. . . . 
 
 As we ran into the Lasalle settlement we got our 
 Wheat fii'st sight of the prairie wheat fields. Then on for 
 
 Fields. hours and hours we pass over an enchanted land, through 
 
 mile upon mile of yellow, swinging grain, clean-stemiried, 
 stalwart, triumphant, rare in its splendour, and spendthrift in its 
 promise. As we ascend the Pembina Mountains the vision sweeps out 
 east, north, and south, and the whole land lies at our feet radiant in 
 its beauty. So from Pilot Mound we look out over 20 miles of wheat 
 fields. All around the broad, rich, gleaming landscape, as though tlie 
 arching sky had dropped a circle of its sunshine and spilled it from 
 the hilltop over all the wide extending plaiu. Ileve a stretch of 
 pasture, green and soft and quiet : there a fallow bare and brovi'n ; 
 yo.ider a bunch of cattle on the hillside; b-vorjd a town, with its 
 glinting spires and towering elevators. Fiom Napinka to Souris, on 
 the South-AVestern and Souris Branch Kailroad, is one long belt of 
 golden splendour, the fields yellow to the harvest as far as the eye 
 could see, and tlu; caressing wind sw(M>ping over the plain, catching the 
 wheat here and there, bowing the royal heads, and patching the glorious 
 landscape with sombrer colours. Again, on the Manitoba and North- 
 AVestern road, as one passes along the foot of the Eiding Mountains, 
 one of the fairest ])ictures that human eye ever beheld lies outspread 
 on every hand, stretching away beyond one's utmost reach of vision. 
 In many fields three, or even four, binders follow at one anotlu^r's 
 heels, ribbing the earth with the golden slieaves ; and often one can 
 barely see tlic horses' backs, or the sweep of the rakes above the standing 
 crops, and often the stookers are concealed behind the shocks. The 
 gvain stands clear., erect, and strong. On many farms the noxious 
 V eeds have been pretty thoroughly subdued. No meaner crop possesses 
 these royal wheat lands. I stand nearly 6 feet high, but in many of 
 
 »i i 
 
 » ' 
 
This 
 v«< boen 
 I I'ort ago 
 
 heat, so 
 
 Wcst- 
 
 l)nr(li)S!l 
 
 I a littlo 
 
 ntry arc 
 
 |e winter 
 
 quality, 
 illy, in 
 tal City, 
 
 porliap" 
 aid to uo 
 
 all over 
 ;ho wheat 
 incoming; 
 stand the 
 ;tev of his 
 in <:;raiii- 
 nd should 
 
 •e got oiu* 
 311 on for 
 id, through 
 i-stemined, 
 j-ift in its 
 >weeps out 
 
 radiant in 
 IS of wheat 
 though the 
 ed it from 
 
 stretch of 
 nd brown ; 
 n, witli its 
 
 Souris, on 
 )ng belt of 
 as the eye 
 itching the 
 Dhe glorious 
 md North- 
 Mountains, 
 :s outspread 
 \ of vision, 
 e another's 
 en one can 
 he standing 
 locks. The 
 the noxious 
 op possesses 
 
 in many of 
 
 « ' . 
 
 37 
 
 the Selds I entered the grain meas'jred to my chin, and in some cases 
 almost to my full height. There are, in consrcnience, enormous crops 
 of straw, and much of this goes to waste. ]iut it will not be always 
 so. As stock-raising becomes more general the demand for straw will 
 become greater, and as the lands grow older manure will have an 
 increased value. Even now on many of the best farms all available 
 material is turned into the fertilisation of tlie soil. . . . 
 
 II [one of the local farmers] thinks one of the 
 How to great l.ailts of many of the farmers of INFanitoba is a 
 
 Succeed, desire to farm too much land, and the inevitable result 
 is slovenly farms and dirty crops, ile believes that 
 uuy man with snap and judgment can succeed in Manitoba, but 
 he must be economical, work hard, and go slow at tirst, and should 
 have a small capital^say SI, 000. He may start with less, perhaps, 
 but his chances are more than proportionately increased if he is able 
 to start with a fair working capital. There are, however, many pros- 
 perous farmers in the province who started with very small capital 
 on rented farms, and remained on them in some cases for vears before 
 purchasing. 
 
 There is a group of Scarboiu farmers on the plains who have 
 s]dendidly proved what good farming can accomplish in the AV'est. 
 Their farms are free of weeds and wire-fenced. 'J'hey have roomy and 
 artistic farm-houses, set in oak bluffs, gardens that are a mass of bloom, 
 substantial outbuildings, and great wheat patches that are a king's 
 possession. . . . 
 
 A host more [of other farmers than those named in the repoi't] 
 could be named to prove that there is successful farming iu 
 Manitoba, and that the man who works in sympathy with the 
 best metliods prospers and accumulates. All these have made money 
 on the Portage Plains, but one will learn of others who started 
 perhaps under more favourable circumstances, and failed througli 
 their own mismanagemen "/. And, as I have said, one failure speaks 
 louder than a multitude of successes. There may be a touch of 
 enthusiasm in this writing ; but where is there a Canadian but feels 
 a thrill of pride in the possession of this Western country ? J t has its 
 disadvantages. The climate is severe. The winter season is long. 
 
 But every country has its drawbacks. In the mass the 
 Climate. farmers of Manitoba do at least as well as the farmers 
 
 of Ontario ; and what a rush for settlement we would have 
 if these lands were in Ontario ! Kansas has its hot winds. The Dakt/ as 
 have no better climate, are more subject to hail and blizzards, and havi- 
 a less fruitful soil than Manitoba. One grows into a climate. Frost is 
 beaten back as cultivation extends and conditions change. Droutli 
 strikes no general blow, and cannot be considered a danger peculiar, or 
 even special, to Manitoba. Then, if there were greater risks, we wouM 
 have to concede that there is no other grain land on the continent 
 equal to the Western prairie, and perhaps no ])asturage that will rank 
 with the native prairie grasses. 'So one expects to find a perfect 
 agricultural country. It is, after all, a balancing of (;hances and capa- 
 bilities, and if we render our judgment in candour, and in the light 
 of actual achievement, there seems to be no other conclusion open than 
 
38 
 
 English 
 
 Tenant 
 
 Farmers 
 
 Dairying, 
 &c. 
 
 that Manitoba, is the best p;niin ])i'ovince in the Confederation, and as 
 a stock Cw latry will ho'd a scrrcely inferior ])()siti()n. . . . 
 
 The English tenant fanner who comes here willing 
 to farm after tlie methods of the exjierieneed ])rairie 
 fanner — and he has little to learn, save to take advice — 
 will very soon become his own landlord, and very soon 
 establish his prosperity upon an enduring basis. . . , 
 Of course all the world knows that the province 
 grows the finest roots and vc'gt^tables. S|)lendid hay 
 crops also. A score of creameries, and more than two 
 score cheese factori(\'<, prove the rapid development of dairying. What 
 more is to be said? Here we have a magnificent estat(% and it is our 
 business to develop on these broad spreading lands a civilisation that 
 will be worthy of a lii-itisli stock and of British traditions. AV^e have 
 here now a splendid po])ulati()n. Among its leaders in Church, State, 
 and trade are some of the best sons of old Canada. The sway of law 
 and order is as absolute as in any old land on earth. There are schools 
 in every settlement. There are branch railways through all the fertile 
 districts. There is an intcMv.s^ing social life, an enterprising conniiercial 
 life, a keen jiolitical life. ]lere are virgin lands and an advanced 
 civilisation : the opportunities of a new setthMnent, the comforts, con- 
 veniences, and advantages of an old community. The country stands 
 open to all the world, and man cannot long neglect a land that God 
 has filled so full of plenty. 
 
 
 AMERICAN EMIGRATION TO THE CANADIAN 
 
 NORTH-WEST. 
 
 (An A))i('rira)i e,<iiii)i<itr of the capahUit'us and j)rospfcis of the q rent 
 umx'ciipird Jaud reserns of Wcsleni, ('an<(da as <i field for colonindtion.) 
 
 In the October (IS!),')) i'<s'i'- of i\\o, Xcii' Enr/hiixl Maijazine, of 
 Boston, Mass., Mr. S. A. 'IMiompson contributes a singularly striking 
 and iiiteri>sting paper on the inquiry he personally conducted on the 
 spot in the course of that year on the subject of the emigration which is 
 taking place annually from the United States to the Canadian North- 
 AV^est. ilis investigation embraced the causes which have brought 
 about this movemi'iit : tln^ prospects of the enugration becoming 
 permanent: and, lastly, the resources and capabilities of tlu' region in 
 question as a held for successful agricultur ' settlement. 
 
 The following extracts from JMr. 'I'hoiupson's article sn -ak for 
 themselves. As has been said, jNIr. Thoin|)s()n tii-st got his facts 
 personally, and on the spot. 
 
 "... Jiit tie reflection was needed to make it evident that tlie 
 Hiibject coiihl not be satisfiu'torily studii'd at long range, so I decided to 
 follow these American emigrants to their Canadian homes, in orderthat I 
 might lea I'll from their own lips the conditions out of which they liave 
 come, and se(> w ith my own iwes the conditions into which they have 
 gone, and thus be enaliled to reach intelligent conclusions concerning the 
 two great questions to which ail others connected with tlu; inquiry are 
 subsidiary. These are; 
 
39 
 
 iUii 
 
 iir 
 
 soon 
 
 " 1st. Are the causes undtM-lyiui; this inovemeut local and tem- 
 porary, or \videsi)r(>ad and ])eiMiiaueut ? or, iu other words, is emif^ration 
 i'roni the LTuited J^tatcs likely to decrease and disappear or to continue 
 to inerease in volume? 
 
 '• "Jud. IE the vstream of American (Mniij;i'ati()n is to he ]uM-ennial, is 
 it likely to continue to flow in the same direction? that is to say, is 
 tluu'c an area of unoccuuied land in the Canadian \orth-\\\'st suUicient 
 1() accommodate ai!;i'eat volume of iiiuniufrat ion, wherein the soil, climate, 
 ami other conditions are such as Id provide su] jiort and promise i)ros- 
 |)erity for a lar<;-e po])ulation? 
 
 " Accord! n ji; I s', a numher of weeks were devoted to a journey 
 throui,di Manitoha, Assinihoia, Alherta, anil a portion of British 
 Columhia, durinij^ which, iu addition to the lU'Ci'ssary travel by rail, 
 uumy hundreds of miles were ti-aversed by wac;ij;on, in order to nu'ct and 
 talk with the settlers, some of whom live ;")() mih's or more from the 
 nearest station. The facts and conclusions of this article are ])rcsented, 
 therefor»% as a ri-sult of this jiersonal invest i;;at ion, siippli>mented by 
 correspondence and a study of the records and reports of the various 
 departments of the i3ominion Government." 
 
 After referring to the interchange of ])oi)ulation hetwcen Cariada 
 aud th(^ United States which has always taken place from tiu> earliest 
 times, Mr. Thompson continues : 
 
 "The i)articular nu)M'ment of po])ulation under consideration — that 
 is to say, Am-rican t>migration to tlie Canadian \orth-West as dis- 
 tinguished from the older portions of the Uomiiiion -began in the (^arlier 
 vears of the last decad(\ 
 
 " Only the most fragiiuntary indications exist, however, as 
 to its voIumt> during these earlier yt>ars~-such, for instance, as 
 the fact that 1,S9S settlers from the Tnited States made use 
 of the privileges of tiie lnuiiigratii)n 11 all in Winnipeg in 
 LSS-"). Even in 1801 no ollicial record was kept, hut the Conunissioner 
 of l)omini(m Lands estimates the niunher of .Vmerican settlers during 
 that year at 400, which vould rrpresent so'ue 1,L'()() souls. In 1S92 
 no less than 51;} homi'steal ent:ies were made by s(>ttlers from 
 the United States, re[)resen)Ing l,r)r):f jiersons. . . . 
 
 " In the fi)llowiiig yeai tlu^ number of American settlers increased 
 to such an extent that mire d tailed records weri^ begun, and have 
 since been kept, as appears 'rom the iollowing table, which shows the 
 numher of hoMU'stead entries made by sett'ers from the United 
 States during tiie c;Tlendar years \>d'A and 1891, the Slates from which 
 they came, .••" '■ the number of sot, Is in th(>ir familii's. " 
 
 Tlu>se may he sunnuarise(i as foHows: 1 >9;j, SlS luitries, 
 representing '2,'M\() souls: 1S94, Sod entries, ami L',r)SS souls. The 
 great luajorityof the emigrants i-ame from tlu^ ■S'orth- Western States- — 
 viz., Minnesota, the two Dakotas, W'braska, Kansas ami smaller 
 liodies from Michigan, Wisconsin, Utah, Washington, and several of 
 the New England States. 
 
 "Eor the four years named ilie total number of emigruuts is 
 7,700, which tak(>s no account of those who have setth'd in towns 
 or villages, or who have bought lands inst(>ad of taking homesteads, 
 "While the aggregate is almost absurdly small as compared with the 
 
'il! 
 
 40 
 
 immigration, tlie essential facts are that emigration has begun and is 
 steadily increasing in volume. . . ." 
 
 Mr. Thom])son points out that the causes which have brouglit 
 about the present movement vary with each different State or group of 
 States whence it is derived. In the case of a considerable portion of 
 emigration which proceeds from the " arid or sub-humid " regions of the 
 United States, the cause is to be found in the fact that the settlers, 
 " misled by the marvellous fertility of the soil made manifest in years 
 of exceptional rainfall, have again arid again pushed the line of 
 settlement far beyond the line of safety, carrying the attempt to 
 conduct farming operations by ordinary methods well into the 
 arid region, only to see the hopes of prosperity slowly but surely 
 fade through weeks of cruel drought, or blasted in a single night 
 by the breath of the simoon. In February, 1890, Major J. W. Powell 
 made the statement before the Committee on Irrigation of tlie House 
 of Eepresentatives, tbat there are parts of Kansas which had thus been 
 settled and abandoned no less than three times within the preceding 
 20 years. A considerable portion of the emigration from Kansas and 
 Nebraska is due to this cause." 
 
 Forest tires, such as have devastated portions of Michigan, 
 AV'isconsin, and Minnesota, constitute another cause of emigration. 
 These, however, are but minor causes. The greatest cause is the 
 
 EXnAUSTIOJT or THE PUBLIC LANDS — 
 
 a fact that must render the permanence of the emigration an ever- 
 growing number. 
 
 " The last cause of emigration which I shall name, and the greatest 
 as well, is the practical exhaustion of the public lands which are avail- 
 able for individual settlement and cultivation by ordinary methods. 
 The Commissioner of the General Land Office estimates the total 
 amount of vacant public lands existing in the various States and 
 territories (exclusive of Alaska) at the close of the fiscal year ending 
 June 30th, 1894, at 606,040,313 acres. Of this vast total, 475,000,000 
 acres, in round numbers, lie in the distinctively arid States. Nearly 
 114,000,000 acres more lie in the sub-humid States, and the most of 
 this is in the arid portions of those States. Only 17,000,000 acres of 
 public land remain in all the eastern half of the United States. Of this 
 amount, 7,819,185 acres are situated in the northern States of Minnesota, 
 Wisconsin, Michigan, and Missouri, and 9,346,743 in the southern States 
 of Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, and Florida. Minnesota 
 has th(! largest unsettled area — 5,623,478 acres— but Arkansas is a good 
 second with 4,632,278, these two States containing nearly 60 per cent, 
 of all the vacant lands east of the arid region. 
 
 "Quality is quite as imj^ortant as quantity, and when frcmithe 
 total amount of vacant public lands we take not only tho'-e which are 
 arid, but also all those tracts which are unsuited fcjr agricultural uses 
 because too sandy and 1)arren, too swampy, too stony, too heavily 
 limbered, or too rugged and moinitainous, the remainder will be found 
 to be startlingly small. 
 
 " The public lands which are available for individual settle! lenfc 
 and suitable for cultivation by ordinary methods are prai^ii .-.illy 
 exhausted, and it will not be many months bei"<jre they are completely 
 exhausted. All the vacant lands in all the States east of the arid region 
 
 1, 
 
 Sti 
 
 ir. 
 
 mfi 
 art 
 
 go 
 ex( 
 
41 
 
 are not equal in urea to the lands which have been patented in each of 
 many recent years!. At the dawn ot" the new century the only public 
 lands will be the arid lands." 
 
 The reclamation of land in the arid regions by irrigation works on 
 the most extensive scale can never have more than a limited influence 
 on the general problem ; and the general emigration, both from 
 America, and, above all, the surplus population from Europe, will 
 inevitably take the line of least resistance- -the direction of the vast 
 unoccupied areas of land " available for individual settlement and 
 suitable for cultivation by ordinary methods," offered in Manitoba and 
 the Canadian North-West. 
 
 Mr, Thompson thereupon proceeds to inquiries on the suitability 
 of the region in question, and to disabuse Americans of their general 
 ignorance on the subject. 
 
 " To the average American the Canadian Xorth-West is an absolute 
 terra incor/nita. In an article by Mr. C. Wood Davis, in the Arena 
 for ""l-Y, 1891, on the Wheat Supply of Europe and America, the state- 
 r flit , «s made that to the north of the international boundary there is 
 only :i narrow fringe of land capable of producing wheat — a atrip so 
 insignificant that it is not worthy of consideration. In an interview 
 with Mr. Blaine, in which the question of a ship canal from the Great 
 Lakes to the sea was under discussion, I found that even a man of such 
 wide and varied information as the great Secretary of State had accepted 
 this ridiculous statement as the truth. The facts are that wheat can 
 be, and for many years has been, successfully grown at Fort Simpson, a 
 Hudson IJay Company post lying at the junction of the Liard and 
 Mackenzie Elvers near the intersection of longitude 122 degs. west and 
 latitude 62 degs. north. If the average citizen of New York ever thinks 
 of Winnijjeg at all, he probably has a hazy idea tliat the capital of 
 Manitoba lies soiiiewhere in the Arctic regions ; but Port Simpson is as 
 far north-we?t o!" Winnipeg as AVinnipeg is north-w est ot New York. 
 And not orJy i.-., \vheat raised ao this far north-western point, and wheat 
 ol' a finer 'P':)''t^. lIkui was ever produced in New Yorlv State, but rye 
 and oats ,-re i^vo'vn 200 miles beyond that, and barley and potatoes 
 are ripened 2r(> mil(-^ still further on, at old Fort Good Hope, beyond 
 the Arctic circk:, . . . 
 
 "Canada v.i a whole is larger than the United States, exeluding 
 Alaska. The provinces and provisional districts of the Canadian Nortli- 
 West, coi'iv-sponding nearly to our States and territories, have an art'a of 
 1,262,000 square miles, which is about equal to the whole of the United 
 States east of the Mississippi Iiiver plus one tier of Slates west of 
 it. J3ut we will leave out of present consideration the 40(»,000 
 square i: 'h<« of Keewatin, much of which li(>s in tlie barren g)-ounds 
 west 01 U 'iclsou's Bay ; tlie JJS2,000 square mih's of British Columbia, 
 with its !r i i'.d wealth of forests, fisheries, and mines, and its marvel- 
 lous mountain scenery, because agriculture will never lie the principal 
 industry of that beautiful province, and we are considering the question 
 mainly from an agricultural standpoint ; and even Athabasca, with its 
 area of 122,000 square miles, because American emigration lias not yet 
 gone so far afield, there being, in fact, no setth-ments of any kind 
 except a few trading posts and mission stations. 
 
 " We have left, then, the province of Manitoba and the districts of 
 
1^ 
 
 42 
 
 li 
 
 Assiniboia, Alberta, and Saskatchewan, forming a compact tprritorv, 
 extending about lour hundred mik;s nortii and south, and nine liundred 
 miles east and \\est, and I'mbracing an area of 359,000 square mih.^s. If 
 we draw a line through Harper's Ferry from the northern boundary of 
 Pennsylvania to the southern line of A'irginia, and take all west of that 
 line to the Missouri Eivei-, embracing part of the two States named 
 and all of AVest Virginia, Ohio, Indiana, Kentucky, Illinois, Missouri, and 
 Iowa, we shall have an American territoi'v equal in extent and area, and 
 in no wise superior in agricultural resources, to the Canadian territory 
 nnder consideration. Of course it is not meant that exactly the same 
 agricultural products Mill flourish in both these egiins. Indian corn 
 and tobacco will probably never be sta])le cropp in the Canadian North- 
 West, although I have sorr^ perfectly ripi^ corn from the shore of 
 Bittern Lake, in Alberta, and :' ^ " 'ombe, in. the same district, I saw- 
 cigars made from home-groun eco. But it is claimed that one 
 region will support as lai'ge a popi lion as the other. 
 
 " Climatic conditions are substantially the sam(^ throughout this 
 great area, with one important exception. The arid region readies 
 across the international boundary, and includes in its grasp about 
 80,000 square miles of Canadian territory. According to Mr. William 
 Pearce, superintendent of mines, the leading Canadian authority 
 on irrigation, the arid region of the Canadian North-West is bound(^d 
 on the north by a line beginning v here the 102ncl meridian crosses the 
 international boundary, and running north-westerly to latitude 51 degs. 
 30 mins., and thence west to the llocky ]Mountains. It is estimated that 
 there is a sufficient water supply for the irrigation of 8,000,000 acres : 
 and as each acre irrigated is said to make five additional acres available 
 for pasturage, it seems probable that almost all of the 50,000,000 acres 
 of arid Canadian lands will be reclaimed either for agricultural or 
 pastoral purposes. The Mormons in Southern Alberta state that they 
 iind the 'duty' of water nearly three tim(^s as great as it is in Utah, 
 which is a large advantage ; but a still greater advantage arises from 
 the fact that both the land and the water aiv under one control. . . 
 
 " Altitude affects climate no less than latitude, and the great con- 
 tinental plain of North America decreases steadily in altitude from 
 south to north. In Mexico it is two miles high. JJenver is 5,200 feet 
 above sea level, while Edmonton is but 2,158. The valley of the Peace 
 River at Fort Vermilion is but 1,000 I'eet; and Fort Simpson, on the 
 Mackenzie, is but 300 feet above the Arctic Ocean. 
 
 " TIk; great Japan current, th(> Gulf Stream of the Pacific, is 
 caught by the Aleutian peninsula and turned southward along the coast 
 of Alaska and British Columbia, modifying the climate of the Pacific 
 coast just as the Gulf Stream modifies that of England and Norway. 
 Ice thick enough to skate on is seen at Sitka onl\ once or twice in a 
 generation. 
 
 " The Rocky Mountains, which in Coloi'ado stand 20 degs. away 
 from the coast, are but ]0 degs. away in latitude 56 degs.; and the 
 pass by which the Peace River bn^aks its way through the Rocky range 
 from west to east is but 2,800 feet above; sea level, or more than a mile 
 lower thaiT the summit station on the Union Pacific Railway in Wyoming. 
 Across this mountain barrier, so much diminished both in width and 
 
 IS a t| 
 
 fiirmc 
 -Alanil 
 iii-nih 
 llian 
 that 
 a grel 
 ton \J 
 I'av (I 
 l.ili if 
 in pr[ 
 >oiiie| 
 lowc'sl 
 
^3 
 
 ■rritorr, 
 iundn;cl 
 il<;s. If 
 idary oi" 
 3 of tbat 
 s named 
 3uri, and 
 irea, and 
 territory 
 the same 
 lian corn 
 n North- 
 shore o£ 
 ct, I saw 
 that one 
 
 rhout this 
 n reaches 
 asp about 
 ■, AVilliam 
 authority 
 is bound(Hl 
 crosses the 
 le 51 degs. 
 mated that 
 (XiO acres : 
 'S available 
 0,000 acres 
 lultural or 
 i that they 
 [s in Utab, 
 arises from 
 ol. • • • 
 ; great con- 
 itude from 
 ,s 5,200 fi'et 
 )f the Pi'ace 
 pson, on the 
 
 Pacific, is 
 )ng the coast 
 f the Pacific 
 md Norway, 
 or twice in a 
 
 degs. away 
 ;ts. ; and tbe 
 
 Rocky range 
 > than a mile 
 
 in Wyoming. 
 
 in width and 
 
 height, come tbe warm Pacific m iuds which make the climate of Edmon- 
 ton actually milder than that of Winnipeg. 
 
 " It is not meant by this mention of the Pacific winds to convey 
 the idea tbat the region about Edmonton is subject to severe winds, for 
 the absence of wind is one of the most remarkable features of this 
 surprising climate. Only once in the year 1893 did the velocity 
 of the wind at Edmonton exceed 12 miles per hour, and then it was 
 only 21. . . . Yet it is this constant wind which makes this region 
 possible for ranching, for it sweeps the ranges clear of snow so the herds 
 can feed and fatten on the grass, self-cured upon tbe stalk. 
 
 " Another factor in the climate, and one which gives an explana- 
 tion of the extraordinary rapid growth of vegetation in far northern 
 lands, is the increased length of the summer days in high latitudes. In 
 Central Ohio the longest day is 15 hours ; but Edmonton has over two 
 hours and Eort Simpson four hours more sunshine than this. Under 
 the influence of this long-continued sunshine, vegetation is urged for- 
 ward at a rate unknown in lower latitudes. Archbishop Clut states 
 that the trees about Eort Simpson pass in a single week from bud lo 
 perfect leaf ; and I have se-ni soft-majile trees at Moosejaw which have 
 made a growth of more than five feet in a season. 
 
 " A Avord must be; said about the winters, concerning which there 
 is so much raisappreh(>nsion. No true conce])tiou of the comfort or 
 discomfort of any given climate can be obtained from a record of 
 temperature alone. Humidity is of as much, if not more, importance ; 
 and the velocity of the wind nmst not be left out of the account. In 
 the crisp, dry atmosphere of the North-AVest the A\'riter has experienced 
 temperatures of 40 degs. b(!low zero without discomfort, and, while 
 wearing exactly the same clothing as in the other case, has been chilled 
 to the marrow in the moisture-laden air of the Atlantic coast when tho 
 thermometer registered 10 degs. above. The winters are no longer in 
 the valley of the North Saskatchewan than in Iowa, and, il' an}thing, 
 are more enjoyable, because there is so much less wind. In that respect 
 Manitoba is more like the Dakolas ; but around Edmonton the blizzard 
 is unknown. 
 
 "The question of a market is one ol" great importance. I'^biionton 
 is a thousand miles from AVinnipeg by 'ail, and it is obvious that the 
 farmer about Edmonton cannot raise wheat iji competition with the 
 -Manitoba grain-grower w ho is so nmch nearer to Liverpool ; but I 
 lirmly believe that this will ultiuiately ])rove to be an advantage rather 
 than a drawback. If we take up our compasses again, we shall see 
 vhat Avhen Churchhill Harbour, on lludson Hay, has been develo])ed into 
 u great seaport, with lines of railway radiating south and west, Edmon- 
 ton will be nun-e nearly on an equality with AVinnipeg. This Hudson 
 I'ay outl(!t is the dream of the whole Canadian North-A\^est, for Church- 
 liill Harbour is nearer to Liverpool than New York is, and work is now 
 in progress on a railroad from Winnipeg t(j this point. Edmontoji will 
 nme day be a station on a line which w ill reach the Pacific through tbe 
 [lowest pass in all the Kocky range. 
 
 " But these things lie some distance in the future, and ]>resent 
 [ilivelopments must be made in accordance \\ith present conditions. 
 'I'esent conditions compel the settler to turn bis attention to mixed 
 liiu-ming rather than to wheat-growing, and to ship finished products- 
 
:r\ 
 
 44 
 
 ia the shape of cattle, hogs, butter and cheese, rather than raw 
 material. The development of lumbering and mining in British 
 Columbia will give an ever-increasing market toward the west, which 
 may possibly be extended also by the opening of China to foreign trade, 
 which is one of the probable results of the recent war. 
 
 " Speaking generally, the southern portion of the territory under 
 consideration consists of treeless plains; the northern portion is wooded: 
 while the central portion is a combination of groves and open glades u. ' 
 lakes, park-like in its beauty, and perfectly adapted to agricultural 
 needs. 
 
 " The fuel question is easily disposed of, for the whole country 
 seems to be underlaid with coal, varying in quality from lignite in 
 Manitoba to anthracite of the highest grade in the mountains. On the 
 lied Deer Eiver there is a vein 58 feet thick, and in the Crow's 
 Nest Pass there is a series of superimposed veins having a total thick- 
 ness of 150 feet. In many places the farmers get their supply of fuel 
 without other cost than the labour of digging it out of the banks of the 
 nearest stream ; and coal mined directly under the town is delivered at 
 ]->dmonton forS<2 per ton. . . . 
 
 *' One part of the second question has been answered, and the 
 other part can be answered in a line ; for the total population in this 
 ^rreat area of 359,000 square miles was but 210,305 in 1891, of whom 
 J 52,50G were in M'lnitoba. The stream of American emigration will be 
 perennial, and it will continue to ilow into the Canadian North- West. 
 
 " Carlyle once said to an American visitor : ' In my opinion the 
 prosperity of the United States is not due to your republican institu- 
 tions, but to the fact that you have a very great deal of laud for a very 
 few people.' He was riglit. The • conque.;*. of a virgin continent' has 
 been the fundamental reason for the growth of this great nation. "We 
 stand face to face to-day with conditions so radically new tliat it will 
 demand a higher order of statesmanship to carry the great llepublic 
 througli the coming century in prosperity and peace than has been 
 needed in tlii' past to bring it to its present power. . . 
 
 " For Canada the hour of destiny has struck. Slie has the physical 
 basis for an empire ; and the stream of immigration wliicli has now 
 begun will swell into a mighty movement of population like that by 
 which our central West was occupied, until her fertile lands shall be the 
 liome of millions of prosperous people. Thus far American immigrants 
 are largely in excess of those from otiier lands outside of the British 
 I'jiiipire, and American thought will have a mighty infhuHice in mould- 
 ing the character of the coming commonwealths of tht; Canadian North- 
 West. Tlie English-speaking immigrants outnumber many fold all those 
 of other tongues ; and thus it is made sure that both the great Eepublic 
 and the nas-jent nation of the North will lie loyal to the ideals of con- 
 stitutional liberty, and, standing side by side, will work together to 
 advance that Anglo-Saxon civilisation which seems destined to dominate 
 the world," 
 
45 
 
 in raw 
 
 British 
 
 :, which 
 
 n trade, 
 
 y under 
 wooded; 
 ades u'-'- 
 ■icultural 
 
 ! country 
 ignite in 
 On the 
 e Crow's 
 tal thick- 
 ly o£ fuel 
 nks o£ the 
 jlivered at 
 
 , and the 
 an in this 
 , of whom 
 Aon will be 
 orth-West. 
 ipiuion the 
 ;an institu- 
 l for a very 
 tinent ' has 
 ition. AVe 
 liat it will 
 it Eepublic 
 n has been 
 
 the physical 
 
 h has now 
 
 like that by 
 
 shall be the 
 
 imuii;j;rants 
 
 the British 
 
 ce in uiould- 
 
 adian North- 
 
 lold all those 
 
 •oat Republic 
 
 ideals of con- 
 
 k together to 
 
 d to dominate 
 
 PERSONS WANTED IN CANADA, 
 AND IMMIGRATION THAT IS NOT ENCOURAGED. 
 
 Persons 
 
 with 
 
 Capital. 
 
 Agricul 
 tiirists. 
 
 Tlie first great domand is for practical men witli 
 some capital at their disposal, lor wliich class there are 
 unlimited openings. They can engage in agricultural 
 pursuits, taking up free-grant lands, or purchasing the 
 improved farms to be found in advantageous positions in 
 every province ; or in mining, or in the manufacturing industries, or, 
 if possessed of a settled income, living will be found to be cheap in 
 Canada, and '\e country offers the additional benefits of a fine healthy 
 climate, magniiicent scenery, abundant opportunities for sport, and 
 facilities for educating children and placing them in life not to be 
 excelled anywhere. 
 
 Persons of suiall capital and knowledge of farming 
 often desire to enter u])on agricultural pursuits. Before 
 this is done, experience should be acquired by hiring out 
 as a labourer, or in some other way, Tiie necessary 
 experience having been obtained, a farm luay be either rented, 
 purchased, or taken up as a free grant. 
 
 It is diHicult to lay down a hard-and-fast rule as to the amount of 
 capital necessary to start farming. The answer depends upon the 
 (energy, experience, judgment, and enterprise of the pers<ni who is to 
 spend the nioney, the province selected, whether free-grant land is to 
 be taken up or an improved farm rented or purchased, and many other 
 details. It nu^y safely be said, however,' that if a man has about .£100 
 clear on landing he is in a position to make a fair beginning on free- 
 grant land in Manitoba and the North-AVest, though not on a large 
 scale. A larger cajjital is of course necessary if an im[)roved farm is to 
 be taken. 
 
 l'\)r tenant farmers the country offers many 
 advantages. liiii)!'oved farms are clieap ; fr(!e grunts can 
 be obtained by those [)re])ared for the temporary incon- 
 venieiue of pioneer life; tlie soil is feilile, the climate 
 ensures the growth of all crops produced in Great Britain, and all the 
 smaller fruits grow and ripen in the open air, as in many parts of the 
 country do grapes, ])eaches, tomatoes, and melons. There is a large 
 and growing denumd in the Dominion, and in the IMotiur Country, for 
 all the cereals, fruits, live stock, and general farm and dairy produce 
 available for dis])Osal ; while taxes are light, aud labour-saving a[)i)liances 
 are cheap, and in gi-neral use. 
 
 The (pu^stion is oficn asked if it is essential for 
 Young Men y^^'^^PJ nwn wishing* to take up farms in Canada, but 
 desiring desiring before doing so to aeciuire a knowledge of 
 Agricultural agriculture, to pay ])remiuins, eitlier to persons in tli(^ 
 Experience, qjj Country or in the Dominion, for that purpose. It 
 may th(?refore be plainly stated that ^'o PiiEMiUMs aiie jsECESSakv : and 
 it is advised that none be paid. Strong and healthy young men, from 
 18 to 21 years of age, \\ho are prepared to accept for a time the hard 
 
 Tenant 
 Farmers 
 
\*y\ 
 
 40 
 
 ovahlp from a farm labourer's 
 ,1mcr9 more or less inseparable trom ^^^^ 
 
 ^•ork and ^^^^^-^^ S i?, getting ^-n'^oyjf '^^^11 em as u- as possible 
 ^^^^ "r^ X. a -uen? in Canada ^\^^^^:^ accept^n, any 
 atientsot tnc ^j ' ,4- pi.-iro-e, although, ot coui.t, ^.^ 
 
 in doing so, Nvitho t ch.u ^^.^^^^^^^ ^;Mie^-'^^'^^; ' ^^^^^.'^i ,t as they 
 
 ,,„„estic service .on,u>t, can >«da> . h,u ^^ i„L ..-o^ot nteo,,;. 
 
 ^a^lSr^o. rdCjo-taUo .«- 2 -:r; ti^r domestic 
 
 Females. „r „„ dumana oi tema. ^^^^^^^^ ^_^^ come out 
 
 — rr;Sori:>^^^"-^^^ beabletohelpthem 
 
 •;^^^^??S£..nddgoa.on.^ 
 
 nearrO^^Sr^^^^^^^ 
 
 and mo.t ^^^J^^ „^ .ill vf er apphcan . to t^ ^.^.^^^ ^^^^ 
 
 - list of vacant ^ tu.it um; ^^^^^^ ^^^ ^ ,ht "^ «*^\^ \'^^\,ia, however, 
 
 committee, ^;?, \^; ^ ', l^t^islactorily placed. _ ^^ ^\^f ^^^good records 
 
 .uidance_unt 1 they au. ^^^^ ^ V:\.""'Vl t mav safely go 
 
 dttee, so IU.U. -^ .^^.^^torily placed. _ ^;^^^^^^ good records 
 guidance ^nt^\^^^'[,r,v;th them, and bear m mnid t ut g 
 
 landing to take tuoii ,^^j^,j^^.^ 
 
 are req«u-cd. ^^„,^r^r^ itT^'tirtu-s^ive tmdo. 
 
 T°X'ati''dor^o join friends. j^,, accompanying 
 
 already assuica, ^^^^^^ emigration oduWiu^^ ^^^^^^ ^^„^^ 
 
 CHild . their families) is "^^^ e eoura ^a ^^_ .^^^.^ .^^^^^^^ ^^^^ g 
 Emigration. ^^^^ supervision ot some sou y ^^^ ^^^er them nntil 
 
 lamates of „t «,«khoi«-s, >^rf''™"*°;^^,'i ,,, t'he Canadian Govovn- 
 WorWiouses. .^,, ,,iii.f, is not '«'=°"\"'"™,om who are not able to 
 
 „e„t. The. J„e ^-^j;;:^^^^^?^. There are no 
 
 S^^nl^ttrJaisinnyparto^Canada. 
 
the 
 
 uble 
 
 any 
 
 rrot 
 
 Ihey 
 L-tiou 
 
 lestic 
 
 >oini>, 
 
 little 
 uestic 
 le out 
 
 theiu 
 
 to the 
 « best 
 lici's 11 
 ladies' 
 on and 
 )wever, 
 records 
 
 £ely so 
 ■ition at 
 vaud on 
 services 
 
 3 advised 
 ,'e trades 
 nand ior 
 y ill the 
 ,\re not 
 liiituieuts 
 
 mpanying 
 r^o under 
 a, having 
 hem until 
 espousible 
 be healthy 
 aaractev. 
 ic iiunates 
 receipt of 
 m Govern- 
 lot able to 
 ere are no 
 
 Shortest Sea Passage TT" ^'"t"' "^^ 7~) 
 to America. l^ . L^^itrS J\, 
 
 47 
 
 Average 
 about Eight Days. 
 
 The Nearest British Colony 
 
 25)000 Farmers in Manitoba in 1895 raised no less than 60,000,000 
 bushels of Grain in addition to other produce. 
 
 ^r\ 
 
 TENANT FARMERS and others with moderate means who wish to 
 engage in profitable agriculture, AGRICULTURAL LABOURERS, and 
 FEMALE DOMESTIC SERVANTS, are, at the present time, the 
 classes mostly required in Canada. 
 
 Improved Farms, with comfortable Dv/ellings and Out-buildings, can 
 be purchased in ONTARIO, QUEBEC, NOVA SCOTIA, NEW 
 BRUNSWICK, PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND, and BRITISH 
 COLUMBIA for from Three Pounds to Twelve Pounds per acre, and 
 these Lands are within from eight to fourteen days of Great Britain. 
 Similar properties can be purchased at somewhat lower prices in 
 MANITOBA and the NORTH-WEST TERRITORIES. 
 
 FREE FARMS OF 160 ACRES 
 
 Given to Eliyible Settlers, in the Fertile Arable and Grazing Prainu Lands of 
 
 AND THE NORTH-WEST TERRITORIES, 
 
 Hsslqiiioia, fimerta, SasKatcliewai), aijd iltnatasRa. 
 
 Grants of 100 to 200 acres are also offered in other prats of Canada. 
 
 C-ST Before seeking now homes in any i)art of the World, persons are 
 advised to obiiiiu a copy of tha REPOKTS OF THE BUITISII TENANT 
 FARMERS WHO VISITED CANADA IN 181)3, to Report upon the 
 Agricultural Resources of the country ; and the Reports of Professor Wallace, 
 Professor of Agriculture and Rural Economy at Edinburgh University, and of 
 Professor Long, the well-known Agricultural Ex))ert. These, witli other newly- 
 issued J'amphlets and Maps, published under the authority of the Imperial and 
 Domiuion Governments, containing full information respecting Canada, its 
 resources, trade, demand for labour, the Land Regulations, (S:c., may be obtained 
 POST FREE, or perso'.ialiy, on application to the agencies of the Canadian 
 Government in the United Kingdom (see next page). 
 
->c 
 
 i^ 
 
 
 '^ .o .M THE UNITED KINGDOM 
 
 '^ , 1 \-.A to comiminicate, 
 
 ,. .ttlers in Canada avestrong^adW . 
 
 Intending; settlers m ^^^^ ^^.^ ,t A«tnL _^.^ ^^^. 
 
 either personally or ^7 ^i^^^^^^ u^fore they leave, so as to ^^ ^^^^^^^ 
 ao;.nUnt in ^-a . Bn am. ^^^^^^ ^^^ 'If^^W not onlv the latest 
 fullest and J^^e^* "r^'eiow, and they wi ^"1 f^^^^^.u^^ 
 .fiieers will be o^^^^^^^^^^^^.da, but any f^f'„£ 7 improved farms, 
 pamphlets relating to^ ^^^ ^^^^^^ the V^'^^^ J^ of passage, 
 
 required relatmg to tree « labour, rates ot ^^'^':'; ^.g. Pamphlets 
 aSd regulations detn^uK^^/-,,,est to their coa^^^^^ ,^^ ,,tained 
 
 and all other P'^r^^^f ^^''^Hed gratis and f ^^ fiee, an ^ ^^^^ ^^ 
 
 S\V ; or to the tolloum^ t ivcrpcol : Mr. J. ^^ • I'J. r^' o„a9 
 
 C>-''-' ,- i\r.,tpr Street, l^i^^-M' , -o;,.min"hani ; >i'- 
 
 «l ! 
 
 Cannon Street, London, b- • ___ ^^^.^. 
 
 V . . ^ ;.,•,.« ill Cann 
 
 \ 
 
 , Porfs of Call for Stea,n.Jnps tn Canada . ^^ 
 
 A^jents fP;"f^^^ ^ Mr. V. J^o^'^^ , ^^^ Montreal, Q. 
 
 ^rr-.^Y Halifax-, ^-f- J.Hoolau.\n 
 
 AV.a.l'i-NTJV^: Delorame ,. ^ bhokovski ■•• "" Abridge „ 
 
 ^- S^nBUCUMKu"' Yorkton •' joh« McKenzie- -^^^^^ | 
 
 W. H. Stevenson o ^^ ^^^^ Ramio i 
 
 AMOS BowK^. .- iVmce Albert,, \^'^ 
 
 Jobs McTaggakt ^^^nton ,. ' ^ — 
 
GDOM 
 
 imin'rcate, 
 Canadian | 
 ibtain the \ 
 ■ of these i 
 the latest 1 
 lat may be 
 ved farms, 
 )£ passage, 
 Pamphlets 
 be obtained 
 lev to 
 
 CilxVKLES 
 ,et, London, 
 its •• — ■ 
 Down', Bath 
 ^^ly, Thomas 
 t, lli^U Street, 
 ss. 
 
 3at Britain 
 
 CoM'MmA-.The 
 
 -OB a: Mr. A..T. 
 a llowara, V4*>> 
 
 nirest Govern- 
 Aon to furnish 
 V arrival. The 
 cies under the 
 
 Quebec, Q. 
 Montreal, Q- 
 
 Ue.lDeer^KW.i] 
 Beaver Lake ,, 
 Estevan " 
 
 Battleford »• 
 
 i Lethbridge ,. 
 Wetaskiwin ,. 
 
 • ]sie\vWe,stinmsterJ 
 
 B.C. 
 
 Kamloops, 
 
 B.C. 
 
 t,, London I' 
 
 W