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Total for the Dominion. . 750,f()0 372.500 777,500 400.000 400,000 40,000 •400,000 470,000 340,000 670,000 50 000 138,000 240 000 175*000 270 000 136,600 165,000 5,694,600 6,309,600 45'>,000 900,000 245,000 400,000 85,000 2,240.000 1.000,000 1,000,000 400,000 150,000 820,000 600,000 960,000 192.000 400 000 240.000 60,000 400.000 66 341 20,000 200,000 960,0«0 9.818,341 nOMINIOy OF CVNAD.V. 1,700,0(1 800,00 1,000,00 1,000,00 1,000,00 1,500.00 950,00 l,0OO,0(j 3, 000,00 150,00 400,00 660, 0( 500, OC 500,00 600,00 4.50,00 15 200,00 960 000 9,818,341 1,050,000 16,700,0( 1866 44,400 10,000 1870 50,000 10.000 50,000 1872 55,000 9,000 43.000 1878 30.000 32 000 1874 40,000 80 000 1876 25,000 26.000 1880 27,500 2,500 24.000 1881 49,000 10.000 60,000 1882 100,000 25,000 100,000 1886 40,000 10,000 4<»C0y 1888 55.600 26,000 20,000 ToUl . . 619,400 . . 6,839,000 08,500 98,600 472 000 Grand total . . i;48)t,000 NEWFOUNDLAND. 100,000 10.000 90,000 40,000 !50,000 30,000 60,000 100,000 40.000 76,000 686,000 80.0C 30,0( 40.00 20,00 10,00 10,00 20, 0( 8,0C 80,0( 9,818,841 1,686,000 DOMINION OF CANADA, INCLUDING ITS SEPARATE VFOUNDLAND FROM 1858 TO 1890. -NUMBER OP PIECES.- -^SILVER. ^*«=";y Ten cent .«=«"» piece, pieces. ' Five cent pieces. One cent pieces. BRONZE. Half cent pieces TOTAL. )VINCE OF CANADA. 760,000 1,260,000 1,600,000 760,000 1,260,000 1,600.000 s . 1,000,000 9,000,000 10,000,000 4,600,000 9,000,000 18,600.000 CK OF NEW BRl NSWICK . 160,000 15i',000 160,000 100,000 300,000 250,000 100,000 100,000 200,000 1,000,000 1,000,000 2,000,000 1,000,000 400,000 1,360,000 2,760,000 INCE OF NOVA SCOTIA. 800,000 1,00",000 800,' 00 400,000 400,000 1,200,000 1,000,000 1,200,000 2,600,000 800,000 3,400,OtO )l PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND. 2,000,000 2,000,000 MINIO.V OF CANADA. l,70(),oo(» •ii,eoo,i»uo 800,000 1,400,000 1,000,000 2,000,000 1,000,000 1,000,000 1,000,000 1,000,000 4,000,000 1,500.000 3,000,000 950,000 1,500,000 2,000,000 . 1,000,000 1,000,000 4,000,000 3,000,000 600,000 • 150.000 200,000 2,500,000 400,000 1,000 000 650,000 1 200 000 1.500,000 500,000 1,000,000 1,500,000 500,000 1.000,000 4,000.000 600,000 1,200 000 1,060,000 450,000 1,000,000 1,000,000 15 200,000 20,700 000 20,600.000 16,700,000 22,400.000 37,100,000 NEWFOUNDLAND. 100,000 80.000 80 000 240,000 60,000 30,000 40 000 90,000 40.000 40,000 100,000 40,000 20,000 40,000 200,000 50,000 10,000 20,000 200,000 30,000 10,00 ) 40,000 400,000 60,000 40.000 100,000 20,000 60,000 40.000 8,000 16,000 40,000 76,000 80,000 40,000 60,000 686,000 248 000 416,000 1,280,000 U,llUI>,UUU 2,846,000 6,275,000 3,000,000 3,000,000 4,000,000 4,900,000 6,420,000 6,600,000 4.560.000 2,850,000 1,692,000 3,750,000 3.240,000 6,9t)0,000 1,866,341 2,670,000 67,178,341 800.000 88,828,341 610,000 180,000 824,000 8'i2,000 80,000 308,000 606,600 160,000 305,000 164,000 240,000 8,099,600 1,«86,000 16 948.000 82^816.000 88,880,000 800,000 91927,841 STATISTICS OF THE COINAGE FOR CANADA AND NEWFOUNDLAND. By R. W. McLachlan. |OME can still remember the last issue of the old pennies. These coins having the impress of St. George and the dragon — rather " Bank Tokens " as they were inscribed because not officially sanctioned by the Imperial Government — bright and new as they were paid out by the Bank of Upper Canada. That was .in 1857. In 1858 a new order was introduced ; we were no longer to make up our accounts by the antiquated pounds, shillings and pence or the still more obselete /ivres and sons but by act of Parliament, were to count by dollars and cents. The old "token" and other copper currency, with British and foreign silver, could not be made to fit the new standard. A new coinage was therefore believed to be necessary, and one sanctioned by the home government was ordered from the Royal Mint Thus in (858 were struck, strictly speaking, the first true coins for Canada, and a fibular coinage for the Dominion has been continued, with longer or shorter inter- vals, until the present time as the needs of the people requir- ed. It h.is been thought well to publish a list of the number of each cicnoniinalion struck during each year, and, as this task has been .i.-signed to me, I will make the attempt to enliven the dry columns of figures with such running comments as may seem to me interesting. 1858. This first Canadian coinage consisted of twenty, ten, five and one cent pieces. There was pilso struck a pattern for a cent smaller than and differing in design from the regular issue. The coinage was commcnc«.d so late in the year that the bulk of the large order for cents had to be completed in 1859. The number of these cents ordered (ten millions) was far in excess of the peoples, wants for that year. When wt consider that the population of the old Province of Canada did not exceed two millions, and that the ample supply of old coppers had not been withdrawn from circulation, we can easily under- stand that an additional five cents copper change for each soul or ten cents for each buying and selling member of the communit)'. was more thin could be readily taken up. Then, too, when we know that the total number of cents ordered during the succeeding thirty-two years, including those for the Lower I'rovinces, did not exceed twenty-seven millions, that during this time the old coppers had been with- drawn from circulation and that the population of the Dominion had nearly trebled, we can understand why it took the government agent over ten years to push these cents, ordered in 1858, into circulation at a discount of twenty per Cent. I have myself been sent on more than one occasion to the I^ank of Upper Canada to purchase these cents at a cost of eighty cents per hundred. They were put up in cotton bags two hundred in each. 1859. The record of the Mint shows no coinage for this year, but, as the cents of 1858 are comparatively rare and those of 1859 still common, I have assigned one million as the number coined in 1858 leaving nine millions for 1859. Many sped- mens occur struck from altered dies in which traces of the eight can be seen underneath the nine. This indicates that the coinage was actively going on when the year closed, and that in the hurry to complete the order new dies o! 1859 could not be prepared in time to keep the presses in operation, 1861 During this year the Governments of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick adopted the decimal sy-»tem and, to accommodate the circulation to the new order, cents and half cents were coined for each, liut we have no mention, in the report of the Mint, of a coinage of half cents for the latter province, nor was an order for any given by its government. We may therefore infer that, having received the two orders at the same time, the engravers at the Mint prepared half cent dies for both and that, before the mistake was noticed, a number of New Brunswick half cents were sent out along with those ordered for Nova Scotia. As Nova Scotia adopted a standard of lier own in which the pound sterling was reckoned at five dollars ; differing from that adopted by the other Provinces which reckoned the pound at $4.86^. The shilling passed at twenty-five cents and the sixpence at twelve and a half. Thus no new silver coins were required but a half cent was necessary to make proper change when the sixpence was tendered. I'attern cents and half cents were struck differing in design from that adopted. But of these patterns I intend to say something in a future paper. 1862 Twenty, ten and five cent pieces were coined for New Brunswick during the year, for the difficulty in accommodating the coins of the Mother Country to the new standard made a coinage of silver necessary. Although the Mint report for this year gives the coinage for Nova Scotia as one million cents, that is two hundred thousand more than either the preceding or succeeding coinages, the Nova Scotia cent of 1 862 is the rarest of the spries, selling readily in good con- dition for twenty-five cents. The coinage for New Brunswick, for this year, consisted of twenty, ten, five and one cent pieces, and that of Nova Scotia one and half cent pieces. A series of patterns were struck for Newfoundland, but not for circulation ; these were two dollar, twenty, ten, five and one cent pieces. 1865 The decimal system having been adopted by Newfound- land, in 1864, a new coinage was ordered for that Province, in 1865, consisting of two dollar pieces in gold, (the only gold struck for any of the North American Colonies) besides twenty, ten, five and one cent pieces. There is also a pattern for a two dollar gold piece differing from the regular issue. 1870 During the depreciation of the currency in the United States, caused by the war of the rebellion, the bulk of its silver coins, not being used in that country, were brought in- to Canada. This caused such a redundancy of the silver circulation that, for banking purposes, it was subjected to a discount of from four to six per cent. Sir Francis Hincks the Finance Minister made^arrangements to relieve the country of this burden by exporting all the foreign silver. This necessitated a new silver coinage, which coinage consisted of fifty, twenty-five, ten and five cent pieces, It was the second largest in value of the Canadian coinages ; amounting to seven hundred and fifty thousand dollars. A coinage was also struck for Newfoundland consisting of two dollar, fifty, twenty, ten and five cent pieces. There must have been some dissatisfaction with the two dollar pieces as another pattern appeared during the year, differing in design from the regular issue. 1871. The Coinage for Canada for this year consisted of fifty, twenty-five, ten and five cent pieces. The Royal Mint began so be taxed to fill the home orders that the Colonial orders had to be sublet to Messrs Ralph Heaton & Son, Birming- ham. Coins so struck bear the letter " H " for Heaton. Part of the order for fifty, twenty-five and ten cent pieces bear the Birmingham mark. A mule occurs with the obverse of a Newfoundland and the reverse of a Canadian ten cent piece this is the more curious as no coins were struck for New- foundland, at Birmingham, until 1872. During this year Prince Edward Island, the last of the Provinces to give up the old system, had a coinage of two millions of cents struck at the Royal Mint for its small population of 75,000. 1872. This year represents the largest coinage, amounting to $777,500, ever struck for Canada. The withdrawal of the foreign coins from circulation, commenced in 1870, was now complete. The denominations are the same as for the pre- vious year, all struck at Birmingham. A coinage consisting of two dollars, fifty, twenty, ten, five and one cent pieces was struck for Newfoundland, all except the two dollar piece, at Birmingham. 1873. A coinage for Newfoundand was struck at the Royal Mint consisting of fifty, twenty, ten, five and one cent pieces. 1874-*^ The coins struck for Canada were twenty-five, ten and five cent pieces. They all bear "H" the mark of the Birmingham Mint. A fifty cent piece for Newfoundland was struck at the Royal Mint. The half dollar is a much more popular coin in Newfoundland than in Canada, for, while in the for- mer no coinage but the first was issued without the largest silver coin, in the latter there have been only two issues of it since the first three groai coinages. 1875. A coinage of twenty- five, ten and five cent pieces was struck for Canada at Bi'-niingham. 1876. A coinage of cents was struck at Birmingham fur C;.nr.da, the first since the great coinage of cents of 185^^'. Fifty, twenty, ten, five and one cent pieces were struck for New- • foundland also at Birmingriam, The old copper, that ha^ contii*ued to circulate in Canada, were called in during the year, hence the necessity for the cents. 1880. This year there was a coinage of twenty-five, ten and five cent pieces struck at Hirmingham for Canada ; and for New- foundland two dollar, fifty, twenty, ten, five and one cent pieces struck at the Royal Mint. 1881. A coinage of fifty, twenty-five, ten, five, and one cent pieces was struck at Birmingham for Canada; and for New- foundland two dollar, fifty, twenty and five cent pieces struck at the Royal Mint. The ten cent piece does not seem to be a popular coin in Newfoundland, as not half as many have been struck as of the fifty or twenty cent pieces ; while in Canada the ratio is reversed. 1882. The coins for Canada were twenty-five, ten, five and one cent pieces and for Newfoundland two dollar, fifty, twenty, ten and five cent pieces all struck at Birmingham. 1883. A coinage for Canada of twenty-five, ten, and five cent pieces was struck at Birmingham. 1884. The coinage for Canada was ten, fi\'e and one cent pieces struck at the Royal Mint. As tlie enlargements at the Roy«l Mint, that had been going on for some time, had been completed during the previous year, the colonial orders could be again undertaken without having to s ublet to Messrs. Ralph Heaton & Son. 1885. Twenty-five, ten and five cent pieces were struck for Canada, and for Newfoundland two dollar, fifty, twenty, ten, five and one cent pieces, all at the Royal Mint, 1886. Twenty-five, ten, five and one cent pieces were struck for Canada, at the Royal Mint. 1887. The same coins were struck at the Royal Mint, for Canada, as during the previous year. A deputy receiver* has been appointed in the chief town of each of the provinces, who sends to the Receiver General at Ottawa an estimate of the number of, each denomination he will require for the next year. These estimates are n.ade up and sent at the beginning of the year to the Mint to be forwarded to the diff- erent Provinces as ordered. 1888. The coinage for Canada consisted of fifty, twenty-five, ten,^ five and one cent pieces, and for Newfoundland two dollar, fifty, twenty, ten, five and one cent pieces, struck at the . Royal Mint. 1889. Twenty-five, ten and five cent pieces were struck at the Royal Mint for Canada. 1890. -^ . This year the coinage consisted of fift). twenty-five, t.n, five and one cent pieces struck at Birniingham. The fifties, of which the number struck was comparatively small were sent to one of the outlying Provinces ; as none have yet appeared in this part of the Dominion. The return to strik- ing of the coins at Birniingham, after a lapse of seven year , indicates that there is again a rush of business at the Royal Mint. , On scanning over these columns wc find the total nominal value of coins, struck for Canada, to be a little over six mill- ions of dollars or about a dollar for each inhabitant, l^ut estimating one thiid of this as having been withdrawn from circulation, through loss or \.ca;', we find the real amount in circulation reduced below seventy cents per inhabitant. The total number of coins struck, nearly ninety millions, or about fifteen for each individual : or, deducting lifiy per cent. for losses as the minor coinsdisappear faster than the larger; an average circulation of seven coins each remains. We therefore, cannot but come to the conclusion that our coins are used for change only ; that the people are not given to hoarding ; and that a metallic circulation, so small when com,- pared with the commercial activity of the people, could only be used for the smallest transactions. The extension of the banking system, with bank bills and cheques, has done away with the necessity of bullion in large transactions. The greater number of small coins struck and the increasing demand for these point in the same direction. Things are somewhat different in the sparsely settled colony of New- foundland, for which the total value struck since 1 865, amounts to nearly six hundred thousand dollars, or about two dollars for each inhabitant ; while the number of coins — three mill- ions — would give ten for each. As, too, the gold coinage and the larger silver pieces are the more popular we may in- fer that larger coin payments are often made on account of the want of extended banking facilities in the outlying districts. Another analysis ^oes further to prove this ; averag- ing the value of the total ni.mber of pieces stfuck ; we find it to be seven cents for Canaoa while it is seventeen for New- foundland. In comparing our modern coinages with those of thepast^ when payments could be made in coin only, we may learn what changes have been brought about by rapid transit, machinery and banks. In early English history each town had its mint, where, with the rudest appliances, the circulating medium necessary for the wants of the immediate neighbor- hood was struck ; and the supply was often sorely inade- quate. At present one mint in London supplies the whole United Kingdom ; taking the place of the sixty or more provincial mints of old besides having to attend to the wants of colonies as populdus many thousand miles away. Large as these coinages for Canada, during the past few years seem to be, when compared with the scanty supply of our colonial days, when the full tide of immigration sets in upon us, we expect, it so to expand, that in the course of time, a mint far exceeding that of London, in capacity must needs be established in our midst, ' I I A