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 ■ < I ■■ 
 
 iffl f/ir Alllll'irti t'oillJllilKi llfs. 
 
 I THE 
 
 MTNIN(J INDUSTRIES 
 
 OF 
 
 NOVA- SCOTIA. 
 
 IJY 
 
 A. ITU: AlMTEll I X (; TO X. 
 
 " lirliiilili.' Sliiliv-tics crtHiint fiiil to result lioiu'licLilly to tlic ooiiiilry ami (iovcniiuciit." 
 .1. Koss Hliou>K, I'.S. Sl'KclAl. (,'ommissiom;ii. [Itrimil mi Ihc Mntnal ltfji)iii<fs of Ihu 
 I llilcd StutcsA 
 
 " Miiu'viil l!csc)uni<'< iirc Iml oiu' fuctor, wliirli iiiiwt ,ir ]''\\if\X witli labour ami iiiirlli- 
 f,'('iUL' to make tlic [irodiu't wealth." — Kossiiku W. Ii'avmosi), IfH.i)., L'.Sl^ l.'o'l M issiom.u 
 nr Minimi Stai istus. (TIic Miiifx of flir W'csl.) 
 
 " 'I'lio liistory of iiioileni ;:ol(l ilisenveries lO'esenU it>elf lo ns iimler one iiiiil'onii 
 ah|)eet ; ;i loii!,' prelimiiiarv workiii;.;, mid llieii ii smlileii |nibliLMtioii ami rccoKuiLiuiiviK- 
 .1. C'Ai.vKirr. [dtild llitrl:^ of (lrt((l llriidin and lirldiid.i 
 
 l©7'-4-. 
 
 TUrBXEK, & CO., 07 & o!), ].ri)(JATE lllLL. 
 
 Ci WKiN iJt Co , Temiile rriiiliiin Workn, llDinerif Strci't, Wliiti liiiirs, I.oiuldii. 
 
/ 
 
 THE MINING INDUSTRIES 
 
 OF 
 
 NOVA- SCOTIA, 
 
 rOMPUISIKO 
 
 / 
 
 % iicbiclvi of tbc 60I1J Diclir 
 
 fc</*' 
 
 FROM THE FIRST WORKING OF THE GOLD MINES IN 1800, TO THE CLOSE 
 
 OF THE YEAR 1873. 
 
 BY 
 
 A. HE AT HE EI NGT ON. 
 
 Compiled from Corrected OfRcial Records. 
 
 Heather} lUjI on H Tithln) cirr approved hi/ the Ocolopiral Siirmj of Canada, and riled hy the United 
 Slates Bureau of Statinlief!, all Cansiilor Authorities, and the Industrial Press of loth 
 lleminjiherei:, as a lieferenre Standard, and the only comprehensive 
 Exhibit 2'ahlishcd, uf Nova'Scutia's Gold Product . 
 
 KINTII YE<!|p. IIUNDUEDTH THOUSAND. 
 
 TnuBNEn & CO., o7 k 59, LUDGATE HILL, LONDON. 
 
 1874. 
 
 U 
 
ClAVTOX & CO., TtUPI.I rniNTINO \VO«K«, 
 17, UUUTKItlE hTUEE'l', ILKKT STUkBT, LONDON. 
 
 s 
 
PEE FACE. 
 
 With tho pniwing intimafy wliicli (lio I'liinn of lior sovoml Pnjvinfos i.s rroating 
 l)(;t\V('('ii ("an.'ulii and the Mutlicr Cuiiiilrv, an cnilcuvdiir to make known rosourccs 
 wliicli (iH'cr scojiii for tlio profitalilc invcstnicnt of extraneous capital in any portion 
 of tlm Dominion will hardly lie considered ohtrusivo. 
 
 Tlie. fact of Canada liein;j,- a near, liealtliy, law-aliidin;f, accessililo British Popen- 
 dency, not overburdened with Avealth or enterprise, is in itsidf no claim upon English 
 sympathies, uidess it can he shown that as large and lucrative it field for financial 
 venture exists there as in the distant idien countries to which, in spite of jjrevailing 
 epidemics, revolutions, eartliquakes, and re])udiution of deht, so many millions of 
 English money annually How. 
 
 The accompanying yearly .Statistical Exliihit is intended to .show that .such a 
 lii'ld really exists iii \ova-S>cotia. tlie nearest part of ("anada to (uvat Britain, and 
 that the comparative cheaiiui'ss tiiere of lahniir, freight, and the neccssai'ies of life, 
 ought to make intelligently couduclcd mining operations in that I'mvince jiarticularly 
 remunerative. llerCoAi. and Ikon deposits have begun to receive some attention 
 in Euro[)e, l)ut the Gold Fields — 1" the extent and value of which ]MM. Maksii, 
 Sii.UMAX, 1Iu:;t, ]\[i(jin:i,, Dawsos, Ski.wyn', W. Wahinotdn- Smyth, J. A. I'liii.mi's, 
 with other dislingui.sh''d ge(dogisls, and a yield of nearly one million pounds sterling, 
 testify — are strangely neglected. 
 
 'Die autlior has laboured in a humble way. during some yean-, for tlie ;ulvance- 
 meiit of Canadian mining eidei'jirise, by ](ublis|iing a Ga/.ette, annual statistics, and 
 other matter, in its interest. Her Majesty tin; tiUieeu graciously accepted a cojiy of 
 his " Guide to the Gold Fields of >.'ova-Scotia,'' and his eftVirts have received com- 
 mendation from Sir Wm. E. Lociax, ex-Director, and Mr. A. 11. C. Sklwyx, the 
 present Director, of the (Jeological Survey of Canaila, many eminent jiolitical 
 economists in the Tnited States, ('anadu, and luirope, and the Industrial Press 
 generally. Although, now, as oAvner and the representative of ownei's of properties 
 for which working capital is sought to be raised in Europe, the author's advocacy of 
 the Gohl Industry is less disinterested than in former years when Avriting only as 
 statistician, the accuracy and impartiality of his statenuuits may still be relied u})on, 
 and he hopes, therefore, that the present compilation will likewise be received with 
 favour by all who desire to see the resources of Till-; HuMlMON- properly api)reciatcd 
 and developed. 
 
 JuttP, 1H71. 
 
 A 
 
THE MINING INDUSTIUES OF NOVA-SCOTLV. 
 
 i 
 
 I N D E X. 
 
 PUEFACK . . . ■ • 
 
 Co ; Industry, The 
 
 licin ,, . . . • 
 
 Ll-'Hll ,, . ■ 
 
 Coiipcv „ . . . • 
 
 J 111 .,, 
 
 (^uiinyiug „ . . • • 
 
 (iolil Yield of XuVii-Si:otia, li^viiW <il' tin' 
 
 Anuuid Suiniimi'V 
 
 J) 
 
 Slu'rlii'iiiilii' l)isli'!ct 
 Wavcrl 'V and IfniiVi w 
 Wine Jlarl.niir and M^nlagu 
 Oldliam and 'iaii-ii'i' . 
 Stunnniit and I'liiai'lcc 
 rmdasriiiicd Disliirt;^ and CarilHiu 
 J)i.stricls ('(illi'ctivcdy 
 IJc'iuaiks on ] )i!sliiets . 
 
 List of Woil-R on Cold ]\Iiiuiig • • 
 
 Oitiiiidii of Eiuinont Disinterested Autliovitius 
 
 1Ii:atiii:uinuton'« Iniprdved Aiualgamalor ami Oiv Sopavator 
 
 SLTl'I-liMKNT : 
 
 A riou for the X'ova-Sculia Gold Industry. 
 
 »> 
 >» 
 »» 
 
 TAQH. 
 
 I 
 7 
 
 7 
 7 
 ( 
 
 !) 
 VI 
 
 u 
 
 IG 
 17 
 18 
 19 
 20 
 21 
 ''2 
 21 
 
THE COAL INDUSTEY 
 
 NOVA-SCOTIA.. 
 
 Okxkual llr.vii-w. — Tlio total quantity of Coal produced li\ tho Province during the years 
 1827 to 1873 incluaivo, amounted to 1'2,S7!),S0S tons (of 2210 11)8.), a tritlo in cxccgg ot the 
 quantity exported by (ireat Jlritain iu the year 1873 alone. 
 
 The pales for the decade ended December 31, 1873, as shown in Tabic I,, were almost equal 
 to tho asgregate production of the previous thirty-seven years. 
 
 From ail abstract of the Customs Ucturns ot the I'^xports of ('"iil for live fiscal yearn 
 ending .Tune 30, 1873 (omitting the returns (or 1872, whith at jircsent writing are not accessible), 
 it will be seen that the United States, despite the al)rog;(tion of tho Keciprocity Treaty, are still 
 the best customers of the Xova-Scotian collieries, their consumi)ti()u for the period shown iu 
 Table II. being 81'0 of the quantity exported ; New I'.runswivk, (.luehec, and Newfoundland 
 taking Ki-O ; the foreign West Indies, I'.') ; tho French naval stations of St. Pierre and Micjuehin, 
 ro; the British West Indies, 0-3 ; South Atnerica, 0-1 ; and (ireat Britain, O'l. Many of tlie 
 collieries, in fact, owe their develoi)ment entirely to I'niled States enterprise. 
 
 The Coal industry of Ndva-Scotia i)of.sesses a very able champicm in Mr. 11. G. ILmiiukton, 
 ■who has endeavoured to instil some little energy into his fellow ctJliery-owners, and to induce 
 them to seek new markets and more thoroughly exploit those already opened. An abstract of the 
 quantity of Coal exported from Great? Britain to America in the year 1872, which is added, by way 
 of contrast, to the quinquennitd summary of exports from Nova Scotia (Table II.), shows that 
 there is room for exertion ; but Mr. Haliburton's eloquence is lost, the spirit of enterprise being 
 foreign to the soil. The colliery owners prefer to await the revival of the Keciprocity Treaty, in 
 the hope that the Americans will come to their aid, and find for them outlets for their produce 
 which, with due intelligence and perseverance, they n)ight have found for themselves long ago. 
 
 In addition to the Mines Department Reports, ttie following modern publications have 
 special reference to the ])rogrcss of the provincial coal industry : Acndian (Jeulngii (.1. W. Dawso.v, 
 M.A.); Coal Firhls of i'ltri/mn (Do.); Coo/ Fiehh of Sova-Sotni (John Ki rilEiil'ouii, M.E.) ; 
 doal Fieldn and Coal Trade of Cnpc Hrvtoii [liwnww^ IJaow.v, F.O.S.) ; Exiihnalinus in I'ictou Coal 
 Field (U. a. Hai.iiukton, M.A.) ; F.rji/uni/ion iu Vumberland Coioii;/ (H. Y. Hind, F.O.S.) ; 
 (feo/oi/ical tSurvei/ of yvva-iScofia mid Cojie lire/on (D. Honkvman, F.O.S.) ; dcolufiicul Hurvci/ of 
 iSprini/ Mill Coal Fields (Fi)W. Hautlky, F.O.S.); Miiicialoi/ii of 2\'oiu. Scotia (IIjiNUY How, 
 F.C.S.) ^ . ;. 
 
 TABLE I. 
 
 Abstract of the Qnantili/ of Coal IIaisfd and Sold in Xvvn-Scotia and Cape Breton Island, durlnif 
 the Decade ended Z\st December, 1873, an iiil;en from the Reports of Collicri/ Managers to the 
 Mines Department. 
 
 
 Raised, 
 
 Nova-Scotiii 
 
 Proper and Cape 
 
 Breton Island. 
 
 
 
 Sold. 
 
 
 
 Year. 
 
 Cumberland.' 
 
 Pictou. 
 
 Total 
 
 Nova-Scotia 
 
 Proper. 
 
 Cape 
 Breton. 
 
 Grand 
 
 Total. 
 
 
 Tons. 
 
 Tons. 
 
 Tons, 
 
 Tons. 
 
 Tons. 
 
 Tons. 
 
 1864 
 
 ,562,102 
 
 20,612 
 
 226,633 
 
 247,145 
 
 339,972 
 
 687,117 
 
 186,1 
 
 71.5,786 
 
 11,865 
 
 190,328 
 
 202,193 
 
 424,991 
 
 627,184 
 
 1866 
 
 664,998 
 
 16,088 
 
 181,658 
 
 197,746 
 
 360,774 
 
 658,620 
 
 1867 
 
 617,52-5 
 
 10,066 
 
 136,U5 
 
 115,181 
 
 326,004 
 
 471,186 
 
 1868 
 
 462,188 
 
 10,104 
 
 144,862 
 
 154,9.56 
 
 298,669 
 
 453,626 
 
 1869 
 
 678,062 
 
 8,515 
 
 198,211 
 
 206,726 
 
 306,069 
 
 611,795 
 
 1870 
 
 625,769 
 
 7,884 
 
 226,626 
 
 234,410 
 
 333,867 
 
 668,277 
 
 1871 
 
 673,242 
 
 11,737 
 
 245.800 
 
 257,637 
 
 338,881 
 
 596,418 
 
 1872 
 
 880,950 
 
 14,1.53 
 
 388,417 
 
 402,570 
 
 383.344 
 
 785,914 
 
 1873 
 
 1,051,467 
 
 20,345 
 
 333,984 
 
 300,329 
 
 .520.777 
 
 881,106 
 
 Total 
 
 6,732,089 
 
 137,369 
 
 2,271,424 
 
 2,408,793 
 
 3,632,318 
 
 6,041,141 
 
(') 
 
 l\ 
 
 TAULli II. 
 
 Ahsti-iiit of (Unttiim JliiiiSi! H/Hiits (■/ /fic (iiiiiutilics i>f Cunl V.\vi\k\\\\ I'roin X'lva-'ici'fia for tin Fisiol 
 
 Yeatw ludfilJiiiieMHli, iNtls, iNii'i, isTO, 1S7 1, «>*,/ l.s7;i 
 
 1 
 
 Market. 
 
 IHCiS. 
 
 ISCiK. I lS7n. 
 
 I 
 
 1S71. 
 
 187.'!. 
 
 Total for 
 ."i Yi'iiis. 
 
 Coal Kx- 
 
 ports from 
 
 {it. Hritiiiii 
 
 to America. 
 
 1«72. 
 
 Tons. Tom*. 
 1!J8,1)2U ;{7(i,i:ij 
 
 United States . . . 
 New Itrunswiek, (Que- 
 bec, and Newiouiid- \ j \5,'H)1 50,fi')0 
 
 land ) I 
 
 Foreign West Indies ) j 
 
 and Spain . . . . / 
 St. Pierre and Miquclou . I'.oHO 2,33(1 
 British West Indies . .' H'iO ' 51 
 
 South America .... 11 7 I 180 
 
 4,311 2,107 
 
 Great Britain 
 
 OtiG 
 
 200 
 
 Tons. 
 •JO!),! IS 
 
 51,007 
 
 12,.").V) 
 
 2,009 
 
 1,170 
 
 120 
 
 100 
 
 TonM. Tons, Tons. 
 
 2.52,170 232,700 1,20!),133 
 
 4!),30S ; ,-) 1,067 
 
 Total 
 
 252,700 
 
 131,008 
 
 4,020 : 2,93.) 
 
 3,302 
 
 1.381! -.- , 
 
 05 , 1,345 
 
 270 I 500 
 
 1,052 
 1,888 
 
 281,149 311,110 292,747 
 
 251,008 
 
 20,858 
 
 12,.)72 
 5,310 
 1,803 
 1,796 
 
 Tons. 
 108,105 
 
 175,902 
 
 301,323 
 
 < 47,007 
 011,313 
 
 1,509,740 , 1,074,040 
 
 REVIEW FOR 1873. 
 
 Gkneual Resii.ts. — The ontput of 1873 was 1,051,407 tons, or 170,517 tons in excess of 
 that of 1872. The sales, as reported by the colliery managers to the Mines Department, 
 amounted to 881,106 tons, or 95,192 tons above those of the preceding year. The output was 
 derived from twenty-four seams, worked by as many different collieries, and the quantity sold 
 was for the following destinations :— Quebec, 187,059 ; New Brunswick, 08,217 ; Newfoundland, 
 55,861 1 Prince Edward Isl:md, 26,840; Nova-Scotia, 215,295 ; the United States, 204,760; West 
 Indies, 54,213 ; Great Britain, 0076 ; South America, 1885 tons. 
 
 It will thus be seen that nearly 03 per cent, was required for consumption in the Dominion, 
 30 per cent, by the United Slates, and only a little over per cent, by the West Indies and South 
 America, where, as before remarked, proper exertions should be able to esiabliiih a very largo 
 market. One sin<?iilar feature of the reported sales is that of nearly 7000 tons for Great 
 Britain, an experiment, however, whic^h could only be repeated with profit under very exceptional 
 circumstances. Of the quantity sold, 180,744 tons were carried by 428 steamers, 033,100 tons 
 by 3176 sadinf; vessels, and 60,902 tons by land. 
 
 Pukes. — Owing to the great demand, prices rided from one dollar to one dollar and a half 
 per ton higher than in 1872 ; the largest sum paid at the close of the season, when cargoes were 
 scarce, being 3 dols. 50 c, per ton free on board. 
 
 ExpLoitATioNS.— An unusual number of licences to search and work were applied for during 
 the year, the departmental returns showing a total of 504 rights of sonrch, and 59 licences to 
 work issued in 1873, covering in all an area of 1505 square miles. The Inspector of Mines com- 
 plains that few reports were made of the residts of explorations as required by the terms of the 
 licence, one very general cause assigned being, that the licensees fear advantage may be taken by 
 holders of contiguous areas of the information given to the Department. 
 
 Leases.— At the close of the year an area of 177 square miles was held by leases. 37 miles 
 being under the sea. Work was reported upon 78 square miles. 
 
 A( cinuNTs. — The number of accidents in the Coal mines was lamentably great, as many as 
 sixty deaths having been occasioned at one time by an exploiiion of gas on the 13th of May, in 
 the JDrummond Colliery, Pictou County. 
 
 PuospEc?TS. — The Inspector of Mines estimates the output for 1874 at one and a quarter 
 million tons, but as some of the collieries in Cape Breton, from which large returns were 
 promised, have been closed until Congress shall have ratified the lleciprocity Treaty, the year's 
 production will probably be somewhat under that limit. 
 
 Departmental Report. — The Mines Department Report for 1873 is free from the typo- 
 graphical errors and occasional inaccuracies of former years, and instead of consisting of 
 separate reports by the Chief Commissioner and Inspector, there is but one report, written 
 wholly by the Inspector, Mr. Henry S. Poole, F.(j.S., * ^i.S.M., and confined to facts and 
 useful suggestions. The Inspector strongly advocates the adoption of dynamite and drilling 
 machines. In referring to the latter, he says : " For boring holes to prove the nature of under- 
 lying strata, the Diamond Drill stands unrivalled, since its operation is more expeditious, cheap, 
 and satisfactory than any system yet invented ;" and he further states that two such drills are 
 
1 
 
 in iisn ill Xow nrunswick, one owned by the Oovrrnmcnt, nnd the other hy Mr. Bliglit, who is 
 pcarrhiiig for the continuation of the celcbrati'd soHm of Alhertitc, neiir ilillBboroiiKh, which, 
 nt the closo of tho yrar, had alrciidy nttaiiu'<t a rU'i)th of 1010 feet. The Inspector also directs 
 attention to tlie .I'lioi-noiir.,* invented by Mr. Denayrouze. The report concludes with good 
 prHctical advice in regard to plant), boundaries, weighing of roal, ])recautionR against accidents, 
 and the eRtablishinent of an accident fund ; forming, on the whole, ono of the most creditablu 
 papers the Department has ever published. 
 
 THE IRON INDUSTRY. 
 
 Nearly every variety of Iron ore has been found in the I'rovince, but the only smelting 
 establishments opened are at Londonderry, Colchester County, and at Clement's Port, AnnapoliH 
 County, tho former now belonging to the Canada Steel Company, and tho latter to tho Annapolis 
 Iron Works, from which the production was as follows : — 
 
 Works. 
 
 Men. 
 
 Ore Mined. 
 
 Ore Smelted. 
 
 Pig Metal 
 
 
 
 Tons. 
 
 Tons. 
 
 Tons. 
 
 Londonderry . 
 
 . 20 
 
 '2'm 
 
 2091 
 
 1040 
 
 Clement's Port. 
 
 . 16 
 
 o38 
 
 630 
 
 180 
 
 Total 
 
 4'i 
 
 318.5 
 
 2721 
 
 1220 
 
 Explorations were carried on near Springville, Pictou County, and extensive limonito deposits 
 found ; also at the Indian lleserve, Whyeocomagh, at Five Islands, and near Cheverie. 
 
 These localities are favourably situated for smelting works, being in the neighbourhood of 
 rivers, beds of limestone, and large forests. 
 
 The Iron industry of the Province is chiefly indebted " its establishment and maintenance 
 
 to Mr. JOII.V LlYBBET, C.E. 
 
 LEAD. 
 
 Galena is the only I^ead ore known to occur in tho Province. Attention has been directed 
 to localities in Colchester, ('umberland, and Lunenburg Counties, and Cape Breton, but as yet 
 •with no definite results. The late Mr. Samuel Bawdcn gave a favourable opinion of the Gay's 
 lliver deposit, whero prospecting was revived for a short period during tho year, 
 
 COPPER. 
 
 Ores of Copper have been found in many localities in Nova-Scotia proper and Cape Breton, 
 ■which are fully designated in Professor How's Mitieralog;/ of ycva-Hcotia, 'In 1873 starch was 
 again made in the vicinity of Poison's Lake, but without striking tlie lode. Mr. IIenuy Pooi.k, 
 P.G.S., father of the Inspector of Mines, and for many years Manager for the General Mining 
 Association, when on a special survey of the Western Gold Fields in 1862, for the Provincial 
 Government, drew attention to several localities where he thought that prospecting for copper 
 might be successfully conducted, but the prevailing apathy of the provincials has so far 
 prevented any one taking advantage of the circumstance. 
 
 TIN. 
 
 It is not improbable that before long Tin mining will be added to the paying industries of 
 the Province ; tinstone having been found by the late Mr. Barnes at Tangier, by Mr. Ross at 
 County Harbour, by Mr. Campbell at Shelburne, and by the writer in Lunenburg County. 
 
 QUARRIES. 
 
 Large deposits of granite, slate, freestone, marble, and gypsum exist throughout tho 
 Provin(;ei but they are only worked on a very limited scale, and chiefly by Americana. The 
 value of the gypsum, freestone, and grindstones exported in 1873 v/as respectively £24,000, 
 £7000, and £5000. 
 
 • Au apparatus for sustaining life in ritiatcd atmonphcrcs. 
 
THE GOLD YIELD OE NOYA-SCOTIA. 
 
 I8GO.73. 
 
 E E V I E W. 
 
 i8(i(r-' 
 
 *0. 
 
 
 FinST Discovery of Gold. — The existence of gold in the I'lovince appears to luive hcon 
 known to its eiirliest settlors, judging from tlie tmcient nftmcs of "Cap d'or," " Ihas iVar." 
 Jeddore (evidently a corruption of "jeu d'nr," or "jet d'or"), and Go/d JLivcr, in all of -whitli 
 localities the metal has since been found. In Dr. How's Miiicraloyy of .\oi-a Scotia it is stated 
 that gold was found one hundred years ago, and gold washing was practised in the river Avon, 
 at Windsor, about the beginning of the present century. Tlie su.ne authority also writes that 
 the late Canon Ukav, D.D., liuctor of Trinity Church, St. .lolinV, New lirunswick, who died 
 in laiM, aged 70, told him that as a boy he hud taken gold <jut of rocks on his father's propt-rty, 
 near Halifax, and had it smelted by a jeweller in that town; and that llr. ]?. (i. Cjuav, harristcr- 
 at-law, and son of the deceased clergyman, possesses old documents wliich show that particular 
 importance was attached to certain parts of the family estate, jjresuniably ironi the known 
 existence of gold. Its occurrence also in .Sherbrooke, Isaac's Harbour, and Lawrtncelown io 
 stated to have been familiar to the oldest residents. The first recorded instance of scientilic 
 discernment aiding discovery, and suggesting the existence of gold-bourini; (luart/ p' economic 
 importance, is that of a captain of the Koyal Welsh Fusiliers, who, in the spring of IfilO, poi'.ted 
 out the auriferous character of the rocks at Gold liiver, near Chester, but, being on the evt of 
 departure with his regiment, was unable to prosecute a search in person ; and it was only after a 
 lapse of twenty-one years that explorations were made and the correctness of his observation 
 proved. The probable occurrence of gold is also mentioned in Sir Ciiaules J.yki.l's JVoi'ts vtt. 
 the (leo/oc/i/ nf North America (1842), and in the first edition of Dr. ,1. ^V. D.vwsox's Acadian 
 Geology (18iio); but really practical results were Hrst derived from the following discoveries : — 
 MM. John Campbell and R. G. Fraser Avashed cold from the beach n( ar Halifax in l.SJ? ; 
 and in August, 18.3S, Mr. E. A. Mitchell, of Halifax, obtained a specimen of auriferous 
 quart/,, wbicli was seen by 'Six W. D. butherlaud, Soli<utor, and subse(|uently sent to Dr. How, 
 at King's ('oUege, Windsor. In 1858, Captain Cliampa^ne L'E^trange tound gold at !Mooseland, 
 Tangier; and in May, 18(10, ^Ir. .lolin Gerrish I'ulsiver made the discovery wh.icli actually laid 
 the foundation of the gold-mining industry of the Province. \Vitti the exception of ^Ir. Campbell, 
 wlio was temporarily employed by tlie Government, lliese discovereis have reieivcd no reward. 
 
 GF.oi.o(ii(AL AoE. — In general aspect, and in th(> sueression ot the btdi, Mr. f'rLWVN' con- 
 siders that the whole series in Nova-Scotia clo.--ely rcseniblis tiie ("andiriau and Liiigula-ilag 
 series of North ^Vales, in confirmation of which view he refir.s to having detected in the grey 
 sandy and flaggy pyritous slates at the Ovens Ijluifs, in Lunenburg County, specimens of the 
 genus Eophytun, regarded by Mr. Bili.inos, the paUeontologist of the (Jeological Survey of 
 Canada, as characteristic of the Primordial Silurian epoch, Mr. Ski.wvx is also of the opinion 
 that "all the deposits of auriferous quartz in Canada have been formed nincc the deposition and 
 consolidation ot the rocks with which they are now associated." 
 
 MixEUAi.ooicAi. CiiAKAC'TF.R. — The gold-bearing quartz of Nova-Scotia is mostly undis. 
 tinguishable in colour, structure, general appearance, or associated minerals — which are chiefly 
 galena, blende, arsenical, copper, and magnetic pyrites — from the quartz of other gold regions, 
 except, perhaps, that it is richer in visible gold. One species of dark-grey, laminated, excip- 
 tionally rich quartz, occurring only in veins of six inches and under, does appear to be pecidiar 
 to the province, as it has not yet been matched from any other country. Tlie Director of tho 
 Geological Survey of Canada states that " it is now generally admitted auriferous quartz veins 
 present no features which would servo to distinguish them from any other class of ore lode, 
 either in their origin or in their mode of occurrence;" and on tin so grounds he has long held the 
 opinion, that there is no u ;»'io/t reason why such veins should not contain gold in sufficient 
 quantity to bo profitably extracted at any depth to which ordinary mining operations can be 
 carried. 
 
 Total Yiflo, — The value of the gold production from tho autumn of ISOO to the close of the 
 year 1873, at £f sterling per ounce, amounts approximately to One Million Pounds Sterling', 
 of which £010,893 7s. are distinctly traceable and officially accepted. f)f this sum £89(i,9.30 ys. (id. 
 was derived from vein stuff, and £13,913 3s. Gd. from alluvial washings, of which latter the greater 
 part was obtained at the Ovens. Since the 1st of January, 1803, leaseholders and miD.owners 
 are compelled to make returns, under oath, of the quantity of material raised and crushed, the 
 
10 
 
 Rold obtained, and the uuuibcr of days' labour exptiukd ; tlius no other mining country enforces 
 better checks, or has greater faeilities for obtaining exact returns. The hirgest decLired aggre- 
 gato yield in one year was £101),2.")S for 1S()7 ; the largest annual yield of any separate 
 district i')7,017 lor Wavi-rley, in ISGo; the largest r.nnual yield of any single mine (not 
 including; a largo amount known to have been stokn) £;il,!)10, (rom the Tudor, at Wavorlcy, in 
 18!l.) ; and the largest b ir of gold ever east was 1200 ozs.—.C1800-in June of the same year, 
 from the same mini , then the property of Mr. Leopold Biirkner. The largest aggregate amount 
 obtained from separati; mines owned by one syndicate is £200,000— the WcUlnr/tnii and Pulmcr- 
 stoii at Sherbnioke. tiio Oiihir at llenfrew, and the Ainerican at Waverley, contributing respectively 
 XSO.OOO, £:5(!,000, 172, 000, and .£02,000, the whole of the worked claims not exceeding l.SOO feet in 
 length. Tlie laruest amount produced from a mine owned by one person is £72,000 frcm the 
 Tiiilor, at Waverley, consisting of 7'jO feet on a vein 12 inches in width, the greatest depth being 
 ')!) fathoms, and t)ie mean deptli 40 fathoms. The largest return in proportion to the workings 
 is £SO,000, frdm the Welliitiiton ^line, the greater part of which was obtained from a 13-inch 
 vein, opened ISO feet in lengtli to o20 feet in depth. The largest yield from a given space is 
 £2")2,()00 obtained at Sherlirouke, within an area of 10 acres. 
 
 Pm, Kn. — Promoters of public companies have received about £1,000,000 sterling in purchase- 
 money. 'l"he largest priL-.3 ever paid was £4500 for two so-called /'/vc claims, of only l.jO feet 
 each, at AVaverley. The largest nominal capital of any mining corporation, proportioned to 
 their holding, was that of the Tipperary and New York Company, who, owning 300 feet in one 
 and loO feet in another district, organized for the amount of £')0,000. 
 
 Taxes. — The Provincial Government has received over CoO.OOO for vents and royalty. 
 
 Cost or LAiiori;.— The cost of 2,321,020 days' labour, taking wages at 5s. a day — until the 
 year ISOS good minors were paid 'Is., and deck hands or labourers 3s. to 3s. Gd. only— maybe 
 stated at £.5SO,2o.5. 
 
 Cost or Mii.i.s. — The cost of •")■; mills (37 steam and IS water-driven) tl: ; greatest number 
 at any time existing, may be given as £110,000, or, on average, £2000 each ; the housing being 
 chiefly of wood, and the machinery of the simplest and least expensive kind. 
 
 Ctknkuat, I'lx censes. — This item, including stores, hauling, superintendence, repairs to 
 machinery, &c., should be covered by an average of ,S2 per ton, which, on 291,000 tons, would 
 amount to £117,000. 
 
 PiiosiTCTivK Yir.LD. — The production of the several proclaimed districts from the quartz 
 mines alone, continuing developments on lodes now actually worked, within present lateral 
 bounds, to a depth of 1000 feet, according to the average of declared vield, would exceed 
 £25,000,000. 
 
 QiAiii/ ^Iim;s. — It will bo observed from accompanying "Tables that quartz is the chief 
 source of gold in this Province, and that tho jjroportion per tc \ varies considerably in each 
 district. There are nut only patches in every district, but there are entire districts where the 
 (juartz is exceptionally rich; but to counterbalance this the veins are narrow and more 
 expensive to bineticiatc. Seven dollars per ton is at present tl'.e lowest cost of raising and 
 reducing 2000 lbs. of quartz from a lode one foot in width running in slate. The atteiition of 
 quartz miners her(; has been too much confined to narrow lodes; but when it comes to be under- 
 stood that it !•< rf'lativcly cheaper to operate on large ([uantities of low-grade ore than on picked 
 lots oi r;cr. rvo, wide veins yielding live to ten pennyweights, which (as in Australia) might be 
 proiitably worked on an extensive scale at a cost of only two to three pennyweights, will cease 
 to be disregarded. Small veins, however, will nrt bf> wholly abandoned, so long as it is known 
 that in Grass Valley, (.'alifornia, fourteen million dollars woith of gohl liave been produced 
 from a lode which only averages a foot in width. 
 
 Ai.n-viAL Mixes. — With the exception of beach washings at the Ovens, [which were prose- 
 cuted during the years 1861 and 1862, alluv' 1 mining has been almost wholly neglected. Professor 
 13. Silliman and Mr. Campbell incline to the opinion that the auriferous debris of this Province 
 have been swept beneath the ocean; but MM. J. W. Dawson, J. A. Pliillips, T. Sterry Hunt, 
 the late Auguste Michel, and A. R. ('. Selwyn, who in the succesf^^'in nunedhave examined and 
 reported on this ngioii, consider that systematic search for alluvial gold 'might well repay the 
 prospector. At Tangier Harbour a nugget weighing 27 ozs. was found in 1862; and at Middle 
 lliver. Capo Breton, and Cray's lliver pieces of gold weighing from 10 grains to 17 dwts. have 
 been washed. At Nine- Mile River. Stewiacke, Indian Path, and Gold River, the alluvions are 
 deep and impregnated with iine gold. From the last-mentiened district Dr. How obtained very 
 lemarkable rcs\ilts. which are cited in his Minera/oi/i/ of S'ova l^cutia, and in Dr. Dawson's 
 Aradinn (Icnlnrpj, and were, to a great extent, practically sustained by Mr.'jMichel's subsequent 
 experimtiits on the ground. Recent trials on an extended scale at Gay's River have given 
 satisfactory returns. 
 
 AvEUAQF. I'Eii Ton,— The twelve years' mean from the crushing of 262,493 tons (of 2240 lbs.) 
 of quartz was 10 dwts. 18 grs. — £3 7s.— against which Victoria, Australia, reports a mean of 
 U dwts. .rlO grs.— £2 4s. 10 '.d.— from the crushing and treating of nearly ten and one-half 
 
n 
 
 inillions of tons of riuart/, :in<l nr a\cra^rf' of I! (Uvts. 1<^02 ;^rp. — 11?. Sd. ~]wr U.n fiDin aftrr 
 trtatmcnt of l,oO"i,.'j;i | tons of t.iiili'i!»s. 'The lii^jlicHt yc.uly !iVfr:iL;(.' fnr tin' whole J'rovini'c was 
 
 1 oz. .'! (hvts. (i i;rs. in ISC)'), inul the lowest I'l (l«t«. '_';> yr-'. in lS7i. 'I'hc liijihest rcarly avt'riiiii! 
 of ono district was ■! oz<. i:i dwts. 1 •"> urs. for ]Monli^ii, in 1S7I>, :ind tli'.^ lowc st ■_' dwls. 21 i^rs. 
 lor the Unclnssaiod Districts in IS'2. Tlie hi;;ht>>t distrirl avernijo for tho \v hole lu'rind is 
 
 2 ozs. lo dwts, 17 1,'rs. for Montagti. ironi tho cruslun;: of •'loSl tuns (of 'JJIO Ihs.) of quart/; the 
 lowest (') dwts. 12 1,'rs. from .i21() tons ('rushed in the riiclassilicdDistriuts. As ciineunlration r. 
 only pvai'iiscd in one n\iil, and that lint ri'contly, tin; ahovo av(.'rai;('s do not rrjircsont the full 
 gold contents of the rinart/ crushed hy a larj^e ])! r eentago, 
 
 AvEUAoi; Eaumxos rv.u Man. — The mean j-early averaj;o 'or all (U.-triets air.otints to 
 £119 Is. id. The highest yearly averaKo for the I'mvince is ,£1.")S os. for 1^7:1; the lowest 
 £:!S .Js. for 1SC2. ('L'lio average for Victoria, Ausir:dia, in lH7.'i, was £',).'! Ids. 2-G2il ) The 
 highest district average for the whole ]>'rii>d is £177 os. for Sherlirooke; the lowest, £17 !^s. Id. 
 for tho T'ncla.ssitied J)istrict8. The highest district averagi- for one year was i:;';;! lis. Sd., at 
 AVine Harbour, in 1872; the lowest £!) ICs. Hd., for the Unclassilied IJistriets, in I>sii7. 
 
 Ximukh 01' ^riNMJs — Thetotal nnnnber of di'.ys' labour declarid for twelve years is 2. 1)21, 020, 
 equal to the number expended in fori i/.S'.'j rini/.i in Vicinria in the yi ar 1S7'! Tlie greatest 
 number of miners employed in any one year by the wlude Province was ,S,S7 in bsdli, and by one 
 district :S17 — in Waverley— in ISHd. Tiie daily ]iroviricial mean fur the whole period is (120 ; the 
 highest district mean 1 Hi for Waverlcy, and tlie lowest \'>, for Caribou. 
 
 QiAUT/. Raisfj). — The aggregat(; returns give a mean of 2'!.V lbs. fir each day's labour, but 
 allowing one-third of the hands to have bi en employed elsewhere than in the mine, it would 
 appear that it has required on average si.K men to laise each ton of 2210 lbs. 
 
 Qtautz CuL'suKn. — Tho total quantity crushed amounts in round numbers to 2')2,.')iiO tons 
 lUitish, or no more than has been treated in live years in tiiv mine of comparatively small extent 
 in Australia. 
 
 Mir.i.s. — At the close of the year lS7o there -were •)3 nulls standing, but not a dozen in 
 constant operation. They average nearly ten stamps a])iece, and their aggregate cajjacity is 
 abotit COO ton,.; per 21 hours, or, if the qtiartz were previously coniminuted in a JJlake's crasher, 
 2.50,000 to aOO.OOO tons a year. 
 
 Coxci.rsiox. — Th<! foregoing facts, based upon tlu' sworn results of the ]iast twi Ive years, 
 phow that gold mining ir IVova-Scotia is no c/iiinrrn, and that, if it wire conducted upon 
 the common-sense iirincij/ies whicii t.;'e deemed essential to siicccss in mc^rcantde jmrsuirs— 
 namely, the jjossessiou of sufiicient cnjiltal and experience, or. at leai^t, btisini ss ca;iacily, iiy 
 those engaged in it— a more remuni'r,..tive investni.'nt conl I hardly bo suGge-,ted. A Leading 
 Article in the Minimi ./niirnil thus refers to the i-ubji ct : 
 
 "THE XOVA-SCOTIA (JOi.l) lU'X.loX. 
 
 be to geologists, their 
 
 "Interesting as ISIr. ."^ni.wvN's 'Notes and Observations' i 
 prnctienl v.ilu" consists in the evidence which they present that Xov.i-Scotia is a gold region to 
 which '"'..ropean capitalists who foster mining venture may profitably turn their attention. 'I'he 
 age and horizon of the gold-bearing rock.s, the character of the matrix, and the gcntM ol the 
 fossils are all- important to men of science, but ' Dives ' asks, ' I^' ihe gold there:' ' Does it 
 pay to extract;-' 'Is there enough ore to warrant erecting tho best m.iehinery and f^ecunng 
 the best maiuigement r ' 
 
 " AUthose points arc aliirmatively answered by Mr. Siii.w, x'.-. admirable report ; for, although 
 he hedges his remarks with tlie advice thtit ' no om^ should invest in such enti:rpiises to an 
 amount beyond what he can ailbrd to lo>c without serious embarras^iiient,' toe facts ])ers'mally 
 and officially testified to by him demonstrate tliat the auriferous cjuariz veins in >>'ova-.''^eotia are 
 abundant, likely to extend to a great depth, and, with skill and economy, ought to be mined at 
 eonsidprable profit. 
 
 " ]5y avoiding the mistakes of previously organized undertakings, tliero appears, thci, to be 
 better guarantees of success at gold mining in this our near colony than in the distant foreign 
 countries ■where, within the past two years, nearly as many millions ot British capital have been 
 irrecoverably lost in wild .speculations. 
 
 "IjOt us hope that a change is about to take place, and that Englishman who u])ho]d leaiti- 
 mato mining enterprise will cease to neglect the now well-proved advantag' s ot a British 
 dependency for chimerical allurements abroad. 
 
 "The formation of a company for coii'-dlidatincr the principal gold claim < in Xovn.-Seotin, and 
 developing them under British auspices, -with Britisti energy and method, besides evincing 
 patriotic spirit, appears to be actually .a necessity. Such a project, under ivspectable adminis- 
 tration, would, we opine, not only receive substantial cncotiragenunt from tlu- investing public, 
 but, if conducted on the basis of Mr. Si^lwyn's views, assuredly become both a paying and last- 
 ing institution." 
 
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EEMAEKS ON DISTlilCTS. 
 
 Sherbrooke.— Tho remarks on this Jistrict are rIvcu nt the foot of the Table on pnpc IH. 
 
 Waverley.— This diNtrict is ll or II miles north- wpst of Halifax City, nccordinR to the route 
 taken. It cuii \w approndied from Rocky I,nk(> Jluilwny Station, or from Dartmoutli, opposito 
 }{alifax. It is divided into twosections — Ivist and West Wavcrlcy — j^ol'l havinR been discovered in 
 the latter in Au;^ust, ISdl, by Alexander Taylor, and in the former in September, IMll, by James 
 Skerry. The district is celebrated for tho so-ealled " Harrel " lode, a corruRated, ahnost 
 horizontal, layer of (jnartz. "•)uch at one time was very pui<hu'tive and is easily mined. In June, 
 ISCi.'), Waverley supplied i largest bar of <;old ever est in the province; it weighed 1200 ozs. 
 and was from the 'I'udor Mine, then owned by Mr. Li-.ordi.o Huuknkh, which jiroduced in all 
 that year H7l>7 ozk. II dwts. (£;i4,i)l() Is.) The ])rineii)nl minis are now owiu'd by MM. 
 !M'(;iure, l)e NVolf, and Uiirkner. Ileini; of easy ;ireess from Jlalifix, and the drive frcnn Dart- 
 mouth a very pleasant one, Waverley is, perliaps, bcttir known ahriiiul, as it is ottener visited by 
 Btranf^ers, tlian any other district in Nova- Scotia. Tlic deepest shaft is only ')■'> fathoms, 
 
 Renfrew,— Three separate discoveries of pold were made in this district, the first by John 
 ^I'Phee, in July, 18(51; tho second by William Thompson, in September of the same year; and 
 the third by Andrew Parker in April, IS()2. 'I'he district owes its celebrity to the Ophir Mine 
 which returned 1172, 000 from a very limited area. Excellent returns were; also obtamed Irom 
 the New Haven and Renfrew Mines, Tho district is ;i7 miles north of Halifax, IK) of which can 
 bo performed by rail. 
 
 Wine Harbour.— In tho latter part of July, ISdO, .Toseph Smith, a resident of this locality, 
 found gold in the sands near the IJarasois, on thi! suuth-west side of Indian HarhDur, and in the 
 same month of the foUowins year discovered (lolil-bearinf; (luart/, on the north-east coast of Wine 
 Harbour, which led to tho immediate survey of the district too mib.'s (astward of Halilax, and 
 liriiifiipally noted for th(! lar^o belts of slate and quartz that lune hi en mined in it. Tho 
 mines which have most I irgely contributed to the total yi'ld are the Orient, Phoenix, 
 Caledonia, and Kldorado. 
 
 Montagu, — This district was discovered accidentally, in tho auttmin of lS(i2, by William 
 llobertson stumliliiiK ov( r a boulder of ^old-ijiiartz wliile looking lor a iiiaic he had lost. It is 
 remarkable for the iiuantity of arsenical ]iyrites whii m tho hjilcs cairy as well as the uniformly 
 hi{;h avera^^e yichl of j;old. Thi- lodes at present woiked are narrow. '1 he jirineipal mines are 
 the Union and Albion, the latter having; been eijuductcd now for some years with marked success 
 by Messrs. I.awson Brothers. It is ei^ht miles distant from Halifax. 
 
 Oldham, where the first discoveries of gold were made by Edward Ilorno and Sanmel Isncr 
 in the sprinp; of IHGl, is situated at a distance of :>:! miles from Halifax, and is remarkable for its 
 liin:h averajjo yield. The mines which have contributed l:irp;ely to its reputation ari-the Napier, 
 Pritannia, Donaldson, and Stirlinjj. The latter, thouf;h now idle, has been favourubly reported 
 upon by Messrs. Shelford and llobinson, mining engineers, of London, 
 
 Tangier, — Tangier consists of two divisions — ilooseland, or Old Tangier, where Captain 
 Chamvaone L'Estuanoe, K.A., in September, 18.")8, and John Oeiuusu Pii.siveu, in May, IStiO, 
 discovered gold, is (')2 miles to the east of Halifax ■ and Tangier Harbour, where the first pold 
 discovery was made by Peter 'Masox, in October, ISiiO, is 12 miles nearer the mctropidis. The 
 returns from the two districts have been treated as one. The district was critically examined by 
 Professor Silliman, and is remarkable for having produced a nugget weighing 27 ozs, — the 
 largest piece of native gold as yet found in the province. The Strawberry Hill, Burlington, 
 and IJeneticiary companies' mines have furnished the greater part of the gold. 
 
 Storniont, or, as it is more generally called, Isaac's Harbour, is 107 miles east of Halifax ; 
 and gold was first discovered there on the 14th of September, 1801, by Joseph Ilynes, another 
 man havin;; purposely dropped a piece of gold-bearing quartz from Wine Harbour in Hyncs's 
 path, to stimulate a search. The district has always been considered one of great promise, and 
 some assays made by Prifessor Davio FomtEs, P.O.S., on f/iliris collected at Hurricane Island, 
 as well as the results of former years, point to the fact that alluvial as well as quartz mining 
 might be revived with advantage. 
 
Uuiacke."*-'riii-i ili«lrlrt, lomiint; pint ot llio cntutf nC tlic family nltor wliicli it is iiiiint'd, wnit 
 ilin'iiviTi il >>ii iliL' IMliot' June, IMii), 'ly I)um'u'1 Miickiiitdsli, Jnhii Sims, itiiil ('luirlt'H SiiiiH. It 
 is 110 mills iKirlli-Wfxt "I' ]Ialil'ii\. Tlw rrturiH tVoiii thii distriit have licfii mr h uh tu prove 
 tli;it wurk has licen pii'iiiiiturcly almiidoiu'il, Iii Jaiiuai y, IMIS, 1 :; tons ti(jm one of the iiiiiii* 
 luru pr idiiced 'Jill ouiici'd. 
 
 Caribou in "O milcn iiorth-cnHt of Iliilit'.is. It wan oiiyinally called " Jcnnini,'s' Musiniodu- 
 boit," (liter II farmer nume<l Jenniii^i), wlui, M'ith I'l'tir I'uul, a Miciiiac Indian, lir.st found K"'<1 
 in it. Tho district owes nincli of it» vilulity to the pi rseveram e of Mr. Oamas '1 (h m ov, 
 who figures in Vietorian mining aniiaU aH one of four pioni'crs rewarded lor the discovery of 
 ('iimphell's dinsluKs. A wooden tran\way, '•>'_ milcH in lpn;{tli, traverses the district, and the 
 )iroi»ertle.", known as the N'ictniia (lute Ilyie) and Pioneer (late lluchin;,') Mines). ('aril)()U is .still 
 in its inlancy, hut when worked on the same scale wdl not he inferior in productiveness to 
 Sherhrooko. An interesting analysis, by Dr. 1". L. I'mrsoN, !'",('. S,, of some ore from the Lake 
 lode on the Pioneer jiropcrty, appeared in tho Miniiuj Juunial of August 2(J, in? I. 
 
 Unclassified Districts, — This Iieadin:; eomprisps the "proclaimed " districts— ( )vcn« and 
 IjiwrencetowM — and cirtain uiipnic'aimed distiicts only occasinnally worked. 'I'lie Ovens 
 district, which now includes Indian I'ath, lias yieliled atnmt '-'ooo o/s., and I,awr( iicctown 
 TiOO oz.s. Kcuin Scciim, l''il'teeu-Milu Stream, Wa^amatcook, (iay's Uiver, and Ilarrij^au's C'ove 
 to the eastward, iiikI (lold Uiver and Yarmouth to the westward of Halifax, are among tho un- 
 ])rocluiiued districts in which gold has been obtuiir.'d ; but, with tho exception of (iay's Uiver, 
 where they nro operating on cement, no eoiitiuuous mining hits been practised for some years. 
 
 LIST OP WOUIvS 0? Til., SU13JECT OF GOLl.) MIXIJN^G, 
 
 Oit TREAx.iiiNT OF GOLD OKES, 
 
 PROCUnABLK OF OK THROUGH MESSRS. TRURNEU >t Co., 57 S: CO, LUDGATE HILL, 
 
 LONUUN, E.G. 
 
 miii.ic.vTiox. 
 
 Gold Fiold.i of Nova-Scotia. OfHcial Report on the 
 
 Eastern Districts. 
 Acadian (Jeology. 
 History of Lunenburg County. 
 Transactions of the (ioolo^^ical Society of Cornwall, 
 
 Articles on Gold in Various Countries, 
 The Gold Yield of Nova-Scotiii. 
 Oflicial Keporta on Wavcrlisy, Shcrbrjoke, Oldham 
 
 I'niackc, and Renfrew Districts. 
 Geology of Nova-Scotia. 
 Mineralogy of Nova-Scotia. (OfHcial.) 
 On the Gold llegion of Nova-Scotia. (Oflicial.) 
 Concentration of Ores. 
 Gold in Nova-Scotia. 
 On tlie (iold Region of Nova-Scotia. 
 Gold Fields of Nova-Scotia. Oflicial lleport on the 
 
 Western Districts. 
 The Mining and Metallurgy of Gold and Silver. Gold 
 
 Discoveries since 1M;1. 
 The Explorers', Miners', and Metallurgists' Companion. 
 The (jold C3re3 of Nova-Scotia. 
 Tho Mines of the West. Mineral Resources of the 
 
 I'aciiic States. 
 
 At lllOli. 
 
 CvMl'llEM,, Jo U.N . . . . 
 
 Dawson, J. W,, M.A. . . . 
 Dkshuisay, M. »., M.P.I'. . 
 Henwood, W. J., F.R.S., F.G.S. 
 
 Hkatheuincton, A. . . . 
 HiM), H. Y., JI.A. 
 
 Honi:v.max, D., F.G.S. 
 
 How, Hknuy, IJi.D. . . . 
 
 Hint, T. Stkiuiy, F.R.S. . 
 
 KiisTKi,, F., M.E 
 
 Mausm, O. C, I'rofessor 
 MicEiEi., ArciisTi:, M.E. 
 PooLK, Henuv, F.G.S. 
 
 PiiiLi.irs, J. A., M.E. . . . 
 
 F.C.S. 
 
 and 
 Sta- 
 
 PuiLui's, J. S., M.E. 
 Pirii'soN. T. L., Ph. D 
 Raymond, R. W., Ph.D., M.E 
 
 U.S. Commissioner of Minin_ 
 
 tistica 
 Selwyn, a. R. C, F.G.S., Director of 
 
 the (Geological Survey of Canada, 
 
 &c., &c. 
 SiLLiMAN, 13. J , Piofessor . 
 Smyth, R. Ruoucni, Secretary for 
 
 Mines, Victoria. 
 WriiTz, Hknuy, Ph.D. 
 
 Notes and Ob-servations on the (iold Fields of (iucbec 
 and Nova- Scotia. (Oflicial,) 
 
 Gold Deposits in Nova-Scotia. 
 The Gold Fields of Victoria. 
 
 On a Theorv of Gold Gencais. 
 
OPINIONS OF EMINENT DI8INTE11ESTED AUTIIOIIITIES. 
 
 The Tables contained in the foregoing pages show the declared yield of the past twelve 
 years, obtained chiefly by unskilled labour, and without any of those intelligent modern appli- 
 ai'ices by which, in California and Australia, the output of ore and the extraction of the gold are 
 facilitated and increased. 
 
 As a rule, business men prefer an unembellishcd statement of results, extending over 
 several years, from which they may draw their own conclusions as to the scope and proiit offered 
 to capital in a new enterprise ; but there are also mine adventurers in a great measure influenced 
 by the opinion of disinterested geological experts. 
 
 Having, then, already submitted an abstract of twelve j'ears' sworn returns to satisfy inves- 
 tors who, in figures, see facts, we now beg to place before those who, to past result?, prefer the 
 views of eminent scientists, the publicly made statements of a few disinterested authorities that 
 have made gold deposits a special study, and whose experience, therefore, has enabled thent to 
 criticuUy compare Nova-Scotia with other gold regions which they had previously examined : 
 
 " The great extent of metamorphic strata in Nova-Scotia, so similar to the gold-bearing 
 rocks in other countries, and the fact that gold has been found at many widely separate points, 
 would seem to indicate that a now and important source of mineral wealth will soon be added to 
 this already favoured province." — [The Clold nf Novu-ficotia, ISGI. 13y Trofessor O. C. Mau.sh, 
 of Yale College.) 
 
 "There is no reason to fear that there will bo aiiy failure in depth in gold jjroduct or 
 strength. The formation of the country is on too grand a scale i;eoli);4ically to admit ot a doubt 
 on this point, so vital to mining success." — [Uold lieposiis in JS'ova-IScotia, X'iiW. Uy Professor 
 
 15. SlI.LIMAX.) 
 
 " It may well excite surprise that so little mining has yet been done in Nova- Scotia, whore 
 gold is known to be spread over an area of not less than (iOdO scjuare miles, and where, 
 notwithstanding tlie want of skill of the early adventnnrs, and the lack of capital, such 
 remarkable results have been obtained. The lochs of this Kj^ioii, whicli are very regular in 
 structure, have been shown to preserve their richness to depths of 200 and oUO feet, and Ironi 
 their geological relations 'there is every reason to believe tliey will continue unchanged to the 
 greatest attainable depths. To tliis it may be added that the price of labour is moderate ; fuel 
 both wood and coal, iheap and abundant; the region healthfid and easily accessible trom abroad. 
 When all these things are taken into consideration, it would ajjpear that no other gold mining 
 region offers such inducements to the introduction of capitil and skilled luboiu', and that these 
 alone are required to make Nova Scotia one of the great gold-produeing regions of the world." — 
 ( The Gold Rcijion of Xnra-Scotia. Official Jieport of the Gcoluijiad Suyvi\ f Canada, 18GS. 13y IJr. T. 
 SxKuuY Hint, F.R.S.) 
 
 "I am of the opinion that an unnecessary discouragement has had as much to do Avith the 
 failure of certain gold-mining enterprises in Nova-Scotia as the want of scientific knowledge and 
 the neglect of proper preparations, and that many of the mines now abandcmed as unprofitable 
 will be again taken up with advantage."— (/i/;?. Mr. At uusir, Michki,, (quoted by Dr. Hi nt.) 
 
 " All that I have seen tends to confirm the high opinion which I hive elsewhere expressed 
 of the extent and value of the auriferous veins of Nova-Scotia, and my belief that a much larger 
 amount of capital than at present might be jirotitably expended in their exploration, both in the 
 larger extension of the workings in many of the areas now known to be productive, and in the 
 opening up of new districts." — [Xotcs on Xctv Foints in Acadian Gcologij, 18GU. By Dr. J. "NV. 
 Dawson, F.R.S.) 
 
 "It is manifest from the characteristics of the locnliiics in which the precious metal liaa 
 already been discovered, and the great extent of the gold-bearing portions of the Province, that 
 ere long Nova-Scotia will take an important position among gold-producing countries. 
 
 "The thickness of its auriferous veins is perhaps less than those of California and some other 
 countries ; but they are, generally speaking, richer in visible gold than the average of those I 
 have seen in any other part of the world. It must also be taken into consideration that Nova- 
 Scotia possesses many decided advantages over both California and Australia. Each of these 
 countries is situated at a great distance from llurope, and can only be reached after a long and 
 
•21} 
 
 expensive passage, ami, as a natural eonsequouco, wages were for a loni; time exceedingly high, 
 and provisiiins proportionately dear. Nova-Seotia, on the contrary, is tvitiiin an easy distance 
 both from Europe and the L'nitod States of America, and possesses a considerable settled popu- 
 lation of intelligent, industrious, and sober people, eminently adapted, after a little experience, 
 to become steady and clHcient miners. The whole of the gold-bearing portion of the Province 
 also lies within a convenient distance from the coast, which abounds with magnificent harbours, 
 affording ample security to shipping, whilst wood in largo quantities is to be everywhere procured 
 for all descriptions of mining use.-i, and an abundant supply of water is generally to be met with 
 for the purposes of washing and amalgamation." — {Golf' Miuinj and the Gold Discoverief: made since 
 1851. By .1. AuTin K raii.Lirs, M.E.) 
 
 " There appears to be no reason for believing that gold mining will not become one of the 
 most profitable »nd lusting industries of Nova-Scotia." — {The Mining and Metallurgy of Gold and 
 Silver, 1807. By J. Autui h Pnii.i.irs, M.E.) 
 
 "The reason why two-thirds of the crushing power in Nova-Scotia is standing idle seems at 
 first sight somewhat inexplicable. It is evidently not the poverty of the quartz ; neither is it, as 
 I can vouch from personal observation, owing to any deficiency in the quantity which the veins, 
 if properly worked, are calculated to produce, and wc are, therefore, forced to conclude that it 
 arises from the unskilful, wasteful, and improvident manner in which the business has ordinarily 
 been conducted, creating general apathy, and utterly destroying the confidence of investors. 
 Many instanees could be nivcn of yields far less per ton than the quantity now lost at every mill 
 in Nova-Scotia having sutlieed, under careful management, to give u fair profit to the adventurers. 
 These results are due to the practical and intelligent application of the lessons taught by experi- 
 ence, and if this experience is utilized, and as intelligently applied in Nova-Scotia as it has been 
 in Australia, there is no reason why e(iually satisfactory results should not be achieved." — 
 {Notei and Observations on the Gold Fields of limbec and S'ova- Scotia, 1871. By Alfhed R. C. 
 Selwyn, F.d.S,, Director of the (ieological Survey of Canada, &c., &c., &c.) 
 
 " I am of opinion that a moderate amount of English capital and enterprise would soon make 
 this colony one of the most successful gold regions on the globe." — {On the Cold Ore of \ova- 
 Scoiia, 1871. By T. L. Phii-.son, Ph.D., E.C.S.) 
 
 At a meeting, also, of the Society of Arts, held on the 25th of May, 1870, Mr. Wauixoton W. 
 Smyth, F.R.S., in the chair, a paper on Go/d Mining and its Prnspects in Nova-Sentia, by Professor 
 II. Y. IIiNii, M.A., was read, and during the discussion which afterwards ensued, the following 
 opinions were expressed : — 
 
 Jlr. Robinson, M.E. (firm of Messrs. Shelford and Robin.son, mining engineers), said : "He 
 held a decided opinion, which he had often expressed, both in public and private, that Nova- 
 Scotia would be found to be one of the most important gold fields in the world when its resources 
 were properly develoiu'd ; so far there had only been tinkering, or surface work." 
 
 Mr. AuTHLu Soi'wrrn, M.E., added: "Not a single mine in Nova- Scotia had been started 
 with anything like what would bo considered in England suflicient capital." 
 
 The Chaiumax remarked :i" As an old dabbler in gold mines in various parts of the 
 world, he could not help feeling mui i interested with regard to a colony so near the 
 seaboard, and which appeared to offer so many inducements to capitalists who embark in mining 
 enterprise. It appeared quite clear that there was throughout a great part of this region a 
 sufficiently large portion of gold extending throughout these quartzose deposits, whether 
 beds or veins, to pay well for mining enterprise. Was it not possible, then, instead of GOO or 800 
 men, to employ 6000 or 8000, or even more, in raising gold, to the advant&ge of all concerned? 
 Undoubtedly it ought to be so, for there was no doubt here there was a gold fill ' such as wius 
 seldom to be met with. There ought to be machinery and appliances brought to bear upon these 
 mines such as would ensure a very handsome return to capital invested in uifdertakings intended 
 to last over a long series of years. This was a point of almost imperial importance, for it 
 appeared that up to the present time the resources of the country had been developed to a 
 pitifully small extent; and no doubt this was because the undertaking had been conducted by 
 persons unprovided with money, or with that intelligent guidance which it might be presumed 
 they would have had if the matter had been taken in hand by persons better provided with 
 money, without a good supply of which nothing could be successfully carried on. In spite of 
 previous causes of failure, it was evident that many of them would disappear the moment that 
 large capitalists Avere prepared to go into the matter, because if large companies were formed in 
 England they would of course employ agents familiar with the machinery and appliances 
 requisite for successful mining, who would open workings upon a very diti'erent scale from 
 anything that had yet been attempted." 
 
HEATHEEINGTON'S 
 IMPEOYED AMALGAMATOE AND OEE SEPAEATOE. 
 
 This Invention, for wliich Letters Puteut have hecn ohtaiucd for Croat liritaiii, 
 the United States, and Australia, combines greater economy of space, l)etter security 
 for the contents, and a larger amalganiable surflice than is presented by any other 
 apparatus yet introduced. The inventor is open to treat for the sale of an interest 
 in the Patent Eights, Communicatio; . s on this subject, or in reference to investments 
 in Nova-Scotia, may be addressed to him at the 
 
 CANADIAN MINES BUREAU, 
 
 23, PRINCE STREET, HALIFAX, NOVA-SCOTFA, 
 
 AND 
 
 30, MOORGATE STREET, E.G., LONDON, ENGLAND, 
 
 (The ONLY OFFICES in EUROPE and AMERICA exclusively devoted to the 
 advancement of CANADIAN MINING INTERESTS,) 
 
 on, TO 
 
 B. 3. GRAY, E S Q., 
 
 nAlimSTEIl-AT-I.A.W, XOTAKV, ETC., 
 
 IIESSLEIN BL'ILDING, IIOLLIS STREET, 
 HALIFAX, NOVA- SCOTIA. 
 
iV PLEA FOR THE GOLD INDUSTRY 
 
 OF 
 
 NOVA scotia; 
 
 By a. HEATIIERINGTON. 
 
 1.-YIELD OF NOVA-SCOTIAN GOLD MINES. 
 
 Although little known in Europe, the gold mines of Nora Scotia have been continuously 
 worked on a sitiiill scale since the autumn of 1800, and from that period to the close of the year 
 lcS73 have yielded liullioii of the approximate value ol tiine hundred and eleven thousand pounds, 
 in the folli-wing proportions : — 
 
 Value, nt t4 Qubrtz Crushed. No. of Avpraso per Maximum Avcr.per Man 
 
 District. sterling per oz. Tons of Miners 89 221!l lbs. per 224U lb, per Annum. 
 
 Ha. d. 2000 lbs, for 1 Day. oz.dwt. gr. oz. dwt gr. i; s. d. 
 
 Sherhrooke... 2-j-.',on 11 ., 78,H.'):ij ,. •i;i8,f)98 .. 17 21 .. 22 8 ., 179 5 
 
 Waverlev IS-', 128 2 8 .. 78,9G(i ,. 6;i7,004 .. 12 22 .. 22 8 ,. lO.j 16 2 
 
 Renfrew" 107,2;i6 18 8 .. 30,197^ ,. 262,118 ,, 16 14 .. 10 10 23 .. 127 9 10 
 
 Winell.rbour 89,96.5 5 10 .. 31,o71 ., 197,078 ,. 15 23 ., 97 8 19 .. 141 19 10 
 
 Montagu o9,4.5,j 13 .. 5,977 .. 148,.-,90 .. 2 15 17 .. 38 3 7 .. 124 13 2 
 
 Oldham 56,419 2 2.. 15,041 .. 188,162.. 1 5. .110 3 8.. 93 11 
 
 Tangier 41,703 14 10 .. U,621| .. 225,524 .. 16 19 .. 84 0.. 61 16 10 
 
 Isaac's Harbr. 41,042 15 6 .. 10.83t| .. 141, ISO ..1 1 4 .. 9 11 6 .. 90 14 
 
 Uni.icke 32,433 10 .. 12,2!I9| .. 79,248 .. 14 18 .. 20 3 5 .. 127 13 8 
 
 Uiudassilied .. 12 078 15 4 .. 5,825 .. 79,482 ..0 6 12 .. 27 5 2 .. 47 8 4 
 
 Caiibou 9,387 18 .. 3,206J .. 23,036 .. 16 9 .. 25 15 5 .. 127 2 10 
 
 Total £880,893 7 293,992i 2.321,020 16 18 116 3 8 119 4 4 
 
 S U M JI A R Y. 
 
 Product from] value. ^'Zi'iAyo^^i^llDa.^'"''" "'SUest. UiBhest. Highest, 
 
 Sept., 1860, to "' ^^- >\'>'l'inBlJ'')8. 
 
 Dec, 1861, es- } 24,000 
 timated & otti- | 
 ciallyaccepted J 
 Product from 1 
 Jan., 1862, to I 
 
 I)ec.,lS73,de- I ggQggg 70.. "8J .. 320 ..2 15 17.. 116 3 8.. 179 5 
 clarecl under f (Montagu) (Oldham) (Sherbrooke) 
 
 oath, vt royalty I 
 paid upon . , . J 
 
 Total... £910,893 7 
 
 2— WHY SO LITTLE KNOWN IN EUROPE. 
 
 The mines are so little known in Europe— firstly, because the local Government takes no pains 
 to spread information ri garding the niiiieral resources of the Province ; secondly, because many 
 of the mines are owned by citizens of the United States ; thirdly, because the bullion is chiefly 
 sent to the United States, and therefore rarely figures in the English Customs or Board of Trade 
 Keturus. 
 
 3— PROVED CAPACITY. 
 
 The above product of nearly £1,000,000 sterling has been obtained from 13 or more diflferent 
 localities, or so-called districts, of which the most easterly and most westerly are 300 miles 
 apart. The capacity of the mines, the refore, does not depend upon one local discovery, nor upon 
 the average of a few selected assays ; but upon the crushing of about 300,000 tons of quartz, 
 raised in various parts of the country, and from several distinct lodes, 
 
 • Benders interested in this subject .ind disposed to support it financially, or by their influence, are invited to 
 lommunlcate with the Author, at the Canai.ia.n -Mi.nks Bukkav. 30. Moorgsle bticet, London, E,0. 
 
4.-UNGR0UNDED PREJUDICE, 
 
 A very strong, but most unfair, prejudice exists in England against these mines, which is 
 the more inexplicable as there have been only six companies formed in England for working 
 them, and the lailure of iive thereof was attributable to mismanagement or want of foresight; for 
 capital, experience, honesty, perseverance, and method are as essential to the success of gold- 
 mining as any other business. The assertion frequently made, that the veint ore too narrow to 
 be followed with profit, is unfounded on fact, as nearly all the gold has been obtained from lodes 
 of one foot and under in width, and some small holdings have returned three or fourfold tho 
 capital invested in them. There are many lodes, from 6 to 20 feet wide, which could be profitably 
 mined on an extensive scale, but are neglected by explorers, as they do not contain visible gold 
 like the rich narrow ones. In Grass Valley, California, lodes 12 inches wide are being worked 
 •with profit at a depth of 1600 feet. The yield is about 30 pennyweights or an ounce and a half 
 per ton, but wages are from three to six times highti there than in Nova Scotia. 
 
 d— MEAN RESULTS COMPARED 
 
 COUNTRIES. 
 
 WITH OTHER 
 
 Notwithstanding the desultory manner in which gold mining has been conducted in Nova 
 Scotia, the average per ton and per man is in excess of the same averages in California and 
 Australia. The mean per ton of 2240 lbs. for Victoria, from 1866 to 1873, is under 11 penny- 
 weights; in Nova Hcotia, from 1862 to 1873 indtuive, it is 16 pennyweights and 18 grains. 
 The average proportion per man in Victoria, for the years 1806 to 1873 inclusive, was 36s. 6d. a 
 -week ; in Nova t>cotia,Jor 1862 to 1873 inclusive, 4o4. od, per week. 
 
 6.-SUCCESSFUL MINES. 
 
 Each district could point to prizes obtained by judicious selection and good management; 
 but the most noted mines in the Province — all owned by foreigners — are the IVellington and the 
 Palmerston, at Sherbrooke ; the Ophir, at Kenfrew; the Albion, at Montagu ; and the Burkner, 
 at Waverley; which collectively have yielded 7<3,O00 ozs., or £300,000, the Wellington alone 
 having produced over £80,000, the greater part thereof Irom one lode about 13 inches wide, 
 worked on a length of 180 feet to 520 feet in depth. 
 
 7.-RESULTS FROM ftUARTZ MIGHT BE INCREASED. 
 
 The average so far obtained fron; the quartz veins does not prove their full capacity, as the 
 processes used for extracting the gold are very imperfect, and there is no regular after treatiiient 
 of the tailings, the yield from which, in other countries, olten covers all the cost of raising and 
 beneficiating the quartz. 
 
 8.-EXISTENCE OF ALLUVIAL DEPOSITS. 
 
 With the exception of about 3500 ounces (£14,000), the whole of the gold yield of Nova 
 Scotia is from crushed quartz, and no systematic search has yet been attempted for the discovery 
 of alluvial gold, which must necessarily exist in vast quantities in the vicinity of quartz veins 
 that have been for centuries exposed to disintegrating influences, and the richness of which is 
 proved by their large yield where mined in sitit, 
 
 9. -SECURITY OF TITLES. 
 
 The titles to mining property in Nova Scotia requiring to be confirmed by the Commissioner 
 of Mines on behalf of the British Crown, offer better security to investors than titles issued by an 
 unstable Government, or one that does not insist upon the registration of every transfer in order 
 to give it full validity. 
 
 lO.-SECURITY OF LIFE AND PROPERTY. 
 
 Although some of the districts are situated nearly 200 miles distant from Halifax, and are 
 approached through lands sparsely settled, or forest and barrens, the whole of the declared gold 
 product has reached the metropolis safely without armed escorts, and the assistance of the police 
 has, hitherto, never been required to quell disturbances or protect life or property. 
 
 11.-PRESENT EXTEl^T OF HOLDINGS. 
 
 In 'the early days of gold mining in the province, each holding was limited to 1000 square feet, 
 20 feet on the supposed course of, and 50 feet across the lode ; since then the size of a claim, or 
 area, has been gradually increased to 37,500 square feet - 150 feet on the course of, and 250 feet 
 across the lodes — or about 6-7ih8 of an acre ; and a holding may now consist of any number of 
 such areas, provided the covenants of the titles under which they have been granted are duly 
 observed. 
 
12.— TERM AND CONDITIONS OF LEASES. 
 
 The leases are nominally granted tor 21 years, but are virtually intermin able, as they may 
 Iw surrendered at any timj, and exchanged for new leases, on the payment of an advanced letx 
 of two dollars per an a. They are fdrfeitable: 
 
 (o.) Upon failure to make quarterly returns under oath of the number of days' work pcr- 
 formofi, the quantity of quartz raised and crushed, and the yield of gold obtained. 
 
 (6.) Upon failure to pay 2 per cent, royalty at the rate of £4 1 Jd., or 19'50 dols., per ounce 
 on the gross yield of gold, except Irom areas specially exempted on account of the 
 owners having erected the first mill in the district. 
 
 {e.) Upon failure to employ the prescribed number of days' labour. 
 
 13.— ADVANTAGE OF COMPULSORY RETURNS. 
 
 The system of returns under oath, and the checks for ensuring their correctness, are nowhere 
 so thorough as in Nova Scotia. It is obvious that where a tax is paid on the gross product, no 
 persistent exaggeration of the gold yield can be maintained, at the same time any understating 
 of the number of days' labour— which represents the principal cost of production — would equally 
 result to the prejudice of the lessee. Foreign investors, therefore, who might wish to confirm 
 their resident manager's report upon these heads, have only to address the Mines Department 
 for a certified copy of his statutory returns. 
 
 14.-A HEALTHY CLIMATE. 
 
 The climate is notably htialthy, and has never been a drawback to continuous underground 
 mining operations where the shafts have been properly housed over ; and the early part of 
 winter, when the snow is not too deep, is a favourable season, on account of the dryness of the 
 soil, for surface explorations. 
 
 15.-ACCESSIBILITY TO BE CONSIDERED. 
 
 With ordinary weather, steamers complete the outward passage from Liverpool to Halifax 
 in ten days, and return in i ight days ; the round voyage, therefore, may be said to average three 
 weeks, and costs (with return ticket) about £30. 
 
 16.-CHEAPNESS OF CARRIAGE. 
 
 There is no part of the Province at a greater distance than 30 miles from the sea-coast, there 
 are no high mountains to traverse, and the post roads are in fair condition ; the cost of carriage, 
 therefore, is considerably less than in other mining regions of the American Continent. 
 
 17.-M0DERATE PRICE OF LABOUR. 
 
 The facilities of approach and transport render provisions cheap and abundant j v*r,'ige8, 
 consequently, will never attain the high rates prevailing in less accessible or unhealthy coun- 
 tries, and the supply of miners will always be equal to the demand. 
 
 18.-PURITY OF NOVA-SCOTIAN GOLD. 
 
 The fineness of Nova-Scotian gold has been recognized for some time- iiid the little which 
 has found its way to England has been sold for £4 to £4 2s. per oz. 
 
 19.— EVIDENCES OF PERMANENCY. 
 
 In addition to the substantial yield of nearly £1,000,000 sterling, the permanent productive- 
 ness of the Nova Scotian Quartz Mines is vouched (or by eminent disinterested authorities, 
 such as MM. B. Silliman, J. A. Phillips, T. Sterky Hint, J. W. Dawson, Auoustb 
 Michel, O. C. Maush, and A. 11. C. Selwyn, the last named for nearly sixteen years Director 
 of the Geological Survey of Victoria, Australia, and now holding the same high po.tition in the 
 Dominion of Canada. In California, gold quartz mines are still being worked at a depth of 
 1600 to 1800 feet with as satisfactory results as near the surface. In Australia the greatest 
 depth reached is 1100 feet, the vein maintaining a good width and yield; and the authorities 
 above cited aihrm that there is no essential difference between the quartz of Nova Scotia 
 and of the older gold-producing countries ; consequently, as it occurs under similar geological 
 conditions as in Victoria, its continuity in depth ceases to be a mere conjecture, and they all 
 agree in the opinion that combined capital and skill are alone required to establish the gold 
 quartz mines of Nova Scotia on an enduring basis. 
 
 20.-WHY CAPITAL IS SOUGHT IN ENGLAND. 
 
 Nova Scotia is rich only in her natural resources, and not in accumulated capital ; her mer- 
 chants, therefore, who have acquired a little wealth by the older inuustries— fishing, lumbering, 
 and ship-building — are disinclined to lock up their spare means in a business so new to them aa 
 mining, while they can get 7 per cent, per annum on mortgage of real estate, and by very simple 
 
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 evasion of the asury law — viz., by deductinp; u premium from the nominal amount advanced — 
 ir tcrent from 1 to .5 per r(Mit. a iiiontii fur short loiius on pursoniil scituriiy. It is but natural, 
 tlion, that, knowinf5 of the vast sums wliicli have bteii provided in Kiif^land for mining fcxperi- 
 metits in alien lands, her ass stance, to a reasonable extent, should be looked fur by the pioneer 
 ininurd of this her nearest and most ancient colony. 
 
 21.-PRESENT CONDITION OF GOLD MINING. 
 
 An undue discouragement has prevailed in Nova Scotia, and elsewhere, from persons 
 engai^td in this industry ignorinf!; tlie fact that the occurrence of golil, and of nearly all metals, 
 in (juartz veins is intermittent, both vertically and lonj^itudinally. and thus, after pa>8iiig thio.if;h 
 a rich streak, they lacked courage to pursue their researches, and closed the mine, when a little 
 perseverance in the right direction would have taught them the regular variability of metal- 
 liferous deposits, and have well rewarded their labours. Not a single company has yet be n 
 established in the province with a view to permanency, o' with such a working,' capital as would 
 permit the adoption of those appliances and intelligent aids which have contributed to the suc- 
 cess of the Australian, Brazilian, and Californian quartz mines. 
 
 22 —FUTURE PROSPECTS. 
 
 An instructive lesson of what might he accomplished when gold mining in this province 
 shall be prosecuted as a stable industry, and not as a purely speculative enterprise, may be 
 learntd from the past history of Sherbrooke, the district most systematically developed. In 
 August, 1801, that locality was a desolate barren; but, through the discovery of jjieces of gold 
 • luartz by a young woman— Margaret Macintosh — while gathering blue berries on the spot now 
 known as the Boulder Claim, a rush was made there the followhig October, which has resulted 
 in the establishment of a thriving village and the production (-f over one quarter of a million 
 pounds' worth of gold. In the aggregate, there have not been more than 30 areas— of 150 feet 
 each on the lode— exploited, and those only to a mean depih of 25 fathoms. The explored 
 ground, however, represents a tract of about 60 areas (say 60 acres), or a parallelogram 1250 
 teet from north to south, by 1800 feet from east to w'est. Those areas were owned among 
 iwvnty-one companies, each with its separate executive, and possessing among them twelve 
 crushing mills, aggregating 132 stamps, wlien one mill of 15 stamps would have answered 
 their purpose, had the quartz— ot which, on an average, only 21 tons a d^iy were reduced — 
 been previously comminuted by a Blake's crusher. The total sum actually paid for the 
 claims was ,£ 108,000. Let us now see what w(mld have been the financial results had the 
 whole district been owned by one proprietary, and acquired at a reasonable price. 
 
 1. To Purchase money £60,000 
 
 2. A 20.8tamp mill 3,000 
 
 3. "Wages, 438,608 days, at 5s. .. 109,675 
 
 (The tenure of leases depending in a measure upon 
 the number of days' labour performed, this item 
 is in excess of actual requirement. The rate of 
 ■wages is also higher than the real average, as boys 
 ■were only paid 2s. and laboureis 3s. to 3s. 6d. a 
 day, though returned as miners.) 
 
 4. General expenses, including stores, superintendence, 
 
 implements, &c., at 8s. per ton on 78,800 tons,. .. 30,545 
 (Frobably 2s. to 3s. in excess of what the cost need be.) 
 
 5. Rovaltv, 3 per cent, on £200,000 ; 2 per cent, on 
 
 i:52>00 „ 7,040 
 
 6. Contingencies, approximately 10 per cent, on items 
 
 3 and 4 ; together, £140,220 14,740 
 
 Total disbursements £225,000 
 
 ■This total of £225,000 — based on a most liberal allowance for wages, general expenses, and 
 contingencies — still leaves a balance of £37,000 in favour of the mines on the sworn yield of 
 £252,000, or a net return of 13-6 per cent, per annum, for the 12 years during which they have 
 been worked. Here, then, without taking into account the increased and cheaper output of ore 
 and the increased yield of gold which would have been consequent on the adoption of modem 
 improvements at the mine and in the mill, but adhering to declared totals, there remains a 
 margin which would have provided a fair price for the property, and have i)aid back the capital 
 ori'>inally invested with good interest. How many of the foreign mining ventures, which are 
 estimated to have absorbed seven millions of British capital, can show an equally satisfactory 
 record ? 
 
 CuiMiUan Mines Bureau, 30, Moorgate Street, London; and 
 Halifax, Nova Hcolia, 
 
 Clatton and Co., Temple Printing Works, liouvciie Street, London, E.G. 
 
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