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MONTREAi. mmm F" "TO T I ■l***^ ^amtmmim "TO BC lenORAIITeriM North-WMtittobttfneruttfltegfWlwpwtlosiorMrCMMry THE CANADIAN NORTH-WEST. ^ SnmcmMfMJUfmjnp sr WiMmpme BY NIS CXCELLENCY TNC GQVEHKOR GENERAL OF CANADA, After Tciiu ^p through a:'- tSHlfOBAANDTHa DURJWO THE SUMlitR OP 1881. ••••••••'» V*i#"» #•••"• •***"•••»•" . 'Th« Universt) Verdict-Expflctatiims More than RMllitd." w. J. • "-■ .»«*»w'*^*«**#*%#"^»'.»'«#*»^ m^mnrnm'''-^ •mim. THE CANADIAN NORTH-WEST. SPEECH DELIVERED AT V/INNIPEG V.V HIS EXCEI.I.KNCV THE MARQUIS OF LORNE, GOVERNOR GENERAL OF CANADA. ■with: Jl. IvCj^I^^. ■ « » «- I w. ,4:7. u ^•<' . 0: rO , OTTAWA, CANADA : Published by the Department of A'gricuUure, 1 8 8 3. CANADIAN GOVERNMENT AGENCIES. . i^^i ALL [)L'rsons desirous of ohlainin^- infoniiation, whether of Rates of Passaf:(e, or otherwise pertainini; to Canada, can make application to the foll()W'ni,r Agents :- — IN Tin-: UNITED KINGDOM, l,ONlX)N Sir Clmrles 'I'lipjicr, 1\.(!.M.(1., Ilii^h (lominissioiKr for the Domiiiio!!, lo Victoria Chanil)crs, Loiulon, S.W. Mr. J. Colmcr, Secretary, High Commissioner's Office, (address as above). l.lVF.RrOOLMr. John Dyke, 15 Water Street. (iLAS(j()\V ...Mr. 'i'homas (Irahamc, 40 Si. luioch Scjuare. liKLFAST.. . .Mr. Charles Fox, 29 Victoria Place. ])UF)I,1N . . . .Mr, 'I'homas Connoll), Northumberland House. liRlSrOI Mr. J. W. Down, Bath Bridge. OUFJIEC Mr. 'i'ORONrO..Mr. OTTAWA. ...Mr. MON'J'REAL.Mr. KINGS TON.. Mr. HAMILTON. Mr. LONDON. ...Mr. HALH AX...Mr. ST. JOHN.... Mr. CANADA. IN THE OLD PROVINCES. L. StafTord, I'oint Levis, Quebec. J. A. Donaldson, Strachan Avenue, Toronto, Ontario. \V. J. Wills, AVellington Street, Ottawa, Ontario. J. J. Daley, IJonaventure Street, Montreal, Prov. of Quebec R. ^Llcpherson, William Street, Kingston, Ontario. John Smith, Oreat Western Railway Station, FL'imilton,Ont. A. G. Smyth, London, Ontario. E. Clay, Halifax, Nova Scotia. S. Gardner, St. John, New Brunswick. IN MANITOBA AND THE NORTH-WEST. WINNIPEG... Mr. W. C. B. Grahamc (Mr. H. J. Maas, German Assistant), Winnipeg, Manitoba. EMERSON. .Mr. J. E. Tetu, Railway Station, Emerson, Manitoba. BRAN DON... Mr. Thos. Ik^inet (Mr. Julius Eberhard, German Assistant) Office at the Railway Station. PRINCE ARTHUR. .Mr. ]. M. McGovern. >QU'APPELLE Mr. A. J. Baker, Troy, Qu'Appelle, N.W\T IN BRITISH COLUMBIA. VICTORIA. ..Mr. R. H. Smith. INTRODUCTION. Vorv iuL,'o .•.UltoiiN liiivo Itcim jMiljIislu',1 .'jtcli yvtiv Uy tlio D.-jimtinent of AgiicMiltmo, of the hix^crh drlivcicd at Winnipeg l»y His Kxcollcncy the IMftnuiis of Lonio, CJovwnoi- (Jciu'inl (;f Cuniidiv, on tho occasion of a dinner givou him at tho Winnipeg Club, on the lOtli OctolnT, 1881. Tlioro is yet, howover, a call for copies of tliis Speivh, in view of the con- fidence iittaclied to the won Is of His Kxcollenov, and it is for thin reason that tho'presenl; (^lition is issuetl. It may bo repeatearty of gentleuion, is fko") id on a skeleton map attached to this l)r.niphlet. The time tftk(m in travellinj,' ociMipled from July Ith to October ]5th. Tiio total number of miles travelled wore : — By rail HjoGl " road 1,3GG •' water 1,127 Total S,()01 miles. The travel by road, or more correctly by j)rairio ti-ail, coinprisetl the greater jiart of the uistance between Winnipeg and the Ilocky Mountains, tlie western objective point of the joui*ney. The conveyances were waggons with such relays of hori^es as could l)e obt^nined on the i»rairies, the party spending their nights under canvas. The following is a rough tabulated itinerary of His Excellency's journey between the dates al)Ove mentioned : — I FROM. TO. MILES. Hah,. }InHfax Toronto 'J.'oronto tCollingwood . . CoUingwood jThumior Bay. . Tliuatior Bay ; Winni|iop "\Vmni|)«g iCHTicton Carieton I'rince Albert Trinee Albert IBattlefurd — Biittlefurd jCalerarry CaJgivrry Fort MoLeod. . Fort McLcod. Fort Shaw Fort Shaw Illelcna Helena jlJillon LHllon |Ct?d«n ORdon (Omaha- i-\_...i.„ at T)...,i 1,1 in iiri Omiiiia St. Paul.. Winnipeg Bt. Paul... Winnipeg , Ottawa Total. ;h7 1 ,u:i:i 37(t K«)AD. ■117 102 LSO i;.m Water. 727 100 &) isd 1,127 Tlie progress of railway construction since the visit of His Excellency to- the North "West may simply be descwibed as wonderful, and without precedent. The track laying of tlie Canadian Pacific Railway has already roaohcd Calgarry at the base of the Roclcy Mountains. Car loads of flour have, within a few days, been shipped from Winnipeg to that point. The track laying at times has proceeded at the hithwto unprecedented speed of fo'ir mile* per day. It is understood tliat by the close of tliis year the Company will have built during the year, on the main line west, and in Ontario, 925 miles o( road. Two steel steamers, of superior capacity, liave been constructed on the Clyde, and will be put on the route between Prince Artlmr and Algoma Mills- In the spring of 1884, thus giving diiect communication with tlie North- West through Canadian territory', pending the completion of the railway north of Lake Superior. This part of the road is also being pushed forward with extraordinary energr. The time of travel on the mixed route by the lakes will be : by rail from Montreal to Algoma Mills, 24 hours; Algoma Mills to Prince Arthur by steamer, 30 hours, and Prmce Arthur to Winnipeg, by r«U, 20 hours ; in all, 74 hours from Montreal to Winnipeg — about 10 hours less time than by tlie present all rail route by Chicago and St. Paul. It may also be mentioned that tbo General Manager of the Canadian Pacific Railway, Mr. Van Home, b.as lately stated publicly that the entire line across the continent to the Pacific Ocean will be completed in 1885, an enterprise which a very few years ago was held impossible. The lief/ina L'tadar, a newspajjei' pxiblished in one of the "new towns in the North -West, contains, in a late issue, a letter from a correspondent at Medicine Hat — a point where the railway croiises the South Saskatchewan and where a consider a ^.^'^ town is expected to spring up — dated August Gth which conveys the information that a " fine new steamer of the North-West " Co;!., nnd Navigation Co., made a trial trip last week and is a model river " 'v:.ii, 173 feet long, and 30 feet wide. She carried up 80 tons of freicrht ' '.r\Kl returning brought back between 80 and 90 tons of ooal," makino' the tr\; i\om M edicine^^Hat to the mouth of the Bow River and return in two and a half days. This coal is of a very superior kind, and, from the facility of mining and transportation, is expected to be afforded at very cheap ratca along the line of the Canadian Pacific Railway. The same correspondent notices another fact connected with the navic/a- tion of the South Saskatchewan ; that is, the arrival of a steamer ftom the North Saskatchewan, from a point a little above the forks. The navifration ^,^ ^ T , 1 f "" ^' "^^^"^ "^ '^^ ^^"^ ^^^«^ <^^ *h«^efor6 be easily distributed along the line of the great River Saskatohe>^n. ^ The large numbei, of settlers who have gone into the North-West with singular unanimitj, giv ^ reports of their entire satisfketion, and the proooss of settlement and development is eve^^here going on with the vapiday and certaintr which might be expected ft^ the accounts of the country gnen by Hi. BKoeUency the Marquis of Lome. Department of Agrtcumure, Ottaava, September, 1883. G His for and liop( nios the (liiti bav( Twc l)lisl and kiio Wci Hit tliOS tiuK otlu liavi tlioi heri exp wor stea but wes sipejsch: -OF 'iirr.- GOVERNOR GENERAL. THE MARQUIS Of LORXE, — AT- "w I IN" 3>T 1 1^ nn G- His Excellency, who was very wurnily received, said : — ViV.. CiiAiRJIAN AND GfiNTLEMEN, — I beg to tliaiilc vou Kiost cordially for tlio pleasant reception you liavo given to mo on my return to \Vinnii)eg^ and for the words in which you pro])osed my lietdtli and have expressed a. hope for the comj)lete recovery of the Princess from the effects of that most unfortunate accident which took nlace at Ottawa. I know that the Canadian people will always rememhor that it w;us in sharing the duties incurred in their service that the l*rincess received injuries which have, I trust, only temporarily so much impaired her health. (A}i))lause.) Two years hence, the journey I have undertaken will bo an easy one to accom- ])lish throughout its length for all, while at ])resent the facilitie.~> of railway and steam accommodation only sutllce for half of it. For a Canadian otlicial knowledge of the North-West is indispensable. To V)e ignorant of the North- West is to be ignorant of the greater ])ortion of our country. (A))plause.) Hitherto I have observed that those who have seen it justly look down upon those who have not with a kind of pitying contemi)t, which you may some- times have observed that they who have got \\\s earlier in the morning than others and seen gome beautiful sunrise, assume towards the friends who- have slept until the sun is high in the heavens. (Laughter.) Our track, though it led us far, only enabled us to see a very small portion of your heritage now being made accessible. Had time permitted, w© should have explored the immense country \vhicli lies along the whole course of the wonderful Saskatchewan, which, with its two gigantic, branches, opens to steam navigation settlements of rapidly growing importance. As it was, we but touched the waters of the north and south branches, and striking south- westwards availed ourselves of the American railway lines in Montana for our 8 return. It vras most interesting to. compare tlie soiitliorn mountains and prairies with our own, and not even the terrible events which have recentl j cast so deep a gloom upon our neighbours, as well as on ourselves, could prevent our kinsmen from showing that hospitality and courtesy which make a visit to their country so great a pleasure. (Loud Applause.) I am the more glad to bear witness to this courtesy in the presence of the distinguished Consul of the United States, who is your guest this evening, and who, in this city, so honourably repiesents his country (a])plause) in nothing more than in this, that he lias never misrepresented our own. (Loud Applause.) Like almost all his compatriots who occupy by the suffrage of their people official positions, he has recognized that fact which is happily acknowledged by all of standing auiongst ourselves, that the interests of th« British Empire and those of tiie United States may be advanced side by Hide without jealousy or fiiction, and that the good of the one is interwoven with the welfare oV the other. (Cheers.) Canada has recently shown that symi)athy with her neighbour's grief whicli becom.^s her, and which has been, so marked throughout all portions of our Empire. She has sorrowed with the sorrow of the gi-eat commonweal tiis whose chief has been struck down, in the fullness of his strength, in the height of his usefulness, in the day of the universal recognition of his noble character, by the dastard hand of the ausassin. We have felt in this ay though we ourselves had suffered, for General Garfield's position and personal worth made hig own and his fellow citizens' misfortune a catastrophe for all English speaking races. The bulletins telling of his calm and courageous struggle against oruel and unmerited affliction have been read and discussed by us with as strong an adiriration for the man, and with as tender a sentiment for tli« anxiety and misery of his family as they have been awaited and perused in the South. It is fitting and good that this should be. We have witk the Americans not only a common descent, but a similar position on this con- tinent and a like probable destiny. The community of feeling reaches beyond the fellowship arising from the pei-sonal interest attaching to tne dignity of a high office sustained with honour, and to the reverence lor the tender ties of hearth and home, sacred though these be ; for Canadians and Americans have each a common aim and a common ideal. Though belonging to very different political schools, and jireferring to advance by very diffei'ent ])aths, we both desire to live only in a laud of \)erfect liberty. (Loud cheers.) When the order which ensures freedom is desecrated by the cowardly rancour of the murderer, or by the tyranny of faction, the blow touches more than one life, uad strikes over a wider circle than that where its nearer and immediate consequences are a{)narent. The ]»eo))le ot the United States have been directed into one political organiziitiou, and wa are cherishing and developing Another ; .but they will find no men with whom a closer and more living sympathy with their triumphs or with their trouble abides, than their Canadian cousins of the Dominion. (Cheers.) Let this be so in the days of unborn generations, and may we never have again to express our horror at such a deed of infamy as that which has lately called forth in so striking a manner the proofs of international respect and affection. (Hear, hear.) To pass to other themes awaking no unhappy recollections you will expect rae to mention a few of the impressions made upon us by what we have seen during the last few weeks. Beautiful as are the ^;| 9 •mimberlcHs lakes a.nd illimitablo forests of Kee\vj\tin—llio laud of the north wind to tUe east of you — yet it was pbasant to '* gt't beliind the north wind " (laughter; and to reach your open plains. The contrast is great between the utterly silent and shadowy solitudes of the pine and fir forests, and the sunlit and breezy ocean of raeadowland, voiceful with the music of birds, which stretches onward from the neighbourhood of your city. In Keewatin the lumber industry and mining enterprise can alone be looked for, and here it is imposnible to imagine any kind of work which shall not produce residts equal to those attained in any of the great cities in the world. (Great cluMring.) Unknown a few yeai*s a^-o except for somo differences which liad aiiscn amongst its ])eople, we see Winnipeg now with a po]»'ilation unani- mously joining in h^ippy concord, and rMpidly lifting it to the front rank amongst the commeici;tl centres of tlie continent. AVe nuiy look in vain elsewhere for a .situation so favourable and so commanding — many as are the fair regions of which uo cm lioast, (Loud cheers.) There may be some among you before wliose eyes the wliole wotuhnfid panorai»ia of our pro- vinces has |>ftS8t'd — tlte ocean garden island of Princo Ed .ard, the magnificent valleys of the St. John and Sussex, the marvellous country, the home of " Evangeline," where Blomidon looks down on the tides of Fundy and over tracks of red soil richer than the weald of Iveut. You may have seen the fortified Pamdise of Quebec, and I»rontref(l, whose }»rosperity and beauty are worth v of her srreat St. Lawrmico, nnd vou mav have admired the well wrought and s[)lendid Province of Ojitario, and rejoiced at the grewth of lier capital, Toronto, and yet nowlKn-e can you find a ■sitjiation whose natural advantages promise bo great a future as that which seems ensured to Manitoba and to Winnipeg, the Heart city of our Dominion. (Tremendous cheering.) The measurfh^ss meadows wliich commence here stretch without inUn-ruption of their good soil westward to your boundary. The Province is a gx-een sea over which the summer winds pass in waves of rich gi'asees and flowers, and on this vast extent it is only as yet here and 'there that a yellow patch shows some gigantic whe.it fiohl. (Loud cheering.) Like a great neb oast over the whole are the l)ands aufl clumps of poi)lar wood which are everywhere to be met with, and which, no doubt, when the prairie fires are more carefully guarded against, will, wherever they are wanted, still further adorn the landscape. (Chw^rs.) Tiie meshes of this wood-netting are never further than twenty or thii-ty mih^s apart. Little hay swamps and Bf)arkling lakelets, teeming witli wild fowl, ai'e always close at hand, and if the surface water in some of these has alkali, excollent water can always be had in otherK, and by the simple process of digging for it a short distance })cneath the sod with a sj)ade, the soil being so devoid of stones that it is not (!ven necessary to use a pick. I^o wonder that undm- these circumstances we hear no croaking. Croakers are very rtu-e animals throughout Canada. It was remarked with surprise by an Englishman accustomed to British grumbling, that even the frogs sing instead of croaking in Canada (great cheering), and the few letters that have appeared s})eaking otuisappointment will be amongst the rarest autographs which the next generation will cherish in their museums. But with even the best troops of the best army in the world you will find a few maligners — a few skulkers. Ifowever well an action has been fought, you will hear officers who have been engaged say that there were some men whose idea seemed to be that it was easier to conduct themselves as le^ame 10 iliciii at the re;ir rather tliauiiithe front. (Liiughter ami api)Ua;.so.) Ko there have been a few lonely and lazy voices raised in the stranger press dwelling upon your dilliculties and ignoring your trimnphs. These have eared from the pens of men who have faih'd in their own countries and have failed hero, who are born failures, and will fail, till life fails them. (Laughter and a])plause.) They are like the soldiei's wlio run away from the best armies seeking to spread discomfiture, which exists only in those things they call their minds — (laughter) — and who returning to the cities suy their con)rades are defeated, or if they are not b(!aten, they should in their o])inion be so. We have found, as we expected, that their tales are not^vollhy the credence even of the timid. (AppUiuse.) There Avas not one })erson wl)0 had manfully faced the iirst dilliculties — always far less than thoSv:" to be encountered in the older ])rovinc(;s — but said that he was getting on well and he w:is glad he liad come, and he generally added that he believed hi.s bit of tlie conntrv nuist be the best, and that he onlv wished his friends could liave tlie same good fortune, for his exi)ectatious were niorc! than realized. (Cheers and laughter.) It is well to remember that tlie men who will succeed here as in every young community are usually the able- bodied, ajid that their entry on their new held of laboui' should be when the year is young. IMen advanced in life and coming from the old country will find their comfort best consulted by the ready pro- vided accommodation to be obtaineel l)y the purcha.se) of a farm in liie old l)rovinces. All that the settler in jNlanitoba would seem to require is, that he should look out for a locality w. ere there is either good natural drainage, and ninety-nine-lnnidredths of the counti-y has this, and that ho should Ik? able readily to procure in Winnipci!;, or elsewhere, some light pumps like those used in Abyssinia for tlie easy s\i})plyof water from a de])ch of a few f(H^t below the surface. Alkali in the water will never hurt his cattle, and dykes of turf and the ])lanting of trees would ovetywhere insure him and tliem the slif^lter that may be required. 8500 should be his own to spend on his arrival, unless as an Jirtisau he comes here, ami tinds that, like the happy nvASons riov/ to be found in Winnipeg, he can get the wages of a iUitish army colonel, by putting nj) hou.ses as fast as brick, wuod and mortar can be got together. Favourable testimony as to the climat- was everywhere given. The heavy niirht dews throughout the North-West keep the country green wheni everything is burned to the south, and the steady vrinter cold, although it sounds formidal>]e when rcgistercnl by the thermomctci-, is universally said to be far less trying than the cold to l)e encountered at the old English Puritan city of Boston, in Massa- chusetts. It is the moisture in the atmosphere which makes cold toll, and the Englislinian who, with his thermometer at zero, would, in his moi>;t atmo- S})here, be shivering, wovdd hero find ono flannel shirt sutlicient clothing while working I never like to make comparisons, and am always unwill- ingly driven to do so, although it seems to be the natural vice of tiie well travelled Englishman. Over and over again in Canada have I been a.sked if such and such a bay was not wonderfully like the Bay of Naples, for the inhabitants had often been told so. I always professed to be unable to sre the resend.ilance, of course entirely out of deference to the susceptibilitiv's of the Itrdian niTtion. So one of our party, a Scotsman, whenever in the Tiocky Mountains he saw some grand pyranu'd or gigantic rock, ten or eleven thou- sand feet in height, would exclaim that the o\m was the verv image of Ai tliur's 11 Seat iiniJ the other of ErlinlMivgh Ch.s11i\ Witli tho foar of Ontario 'Dotoro my eyes I woultl therefore never venture to com[)ure a winter hero to those of our greatest Province, hut I am bound to mention that when a friend of mine put the question to a party of sixteen Ontario men who had settled in the western portion of Manitoba, as to tho comparativo merits of the cold season of the two provinces — fourteen of them vott;d for the Ivlanitoba climate, and only two elderly men said that they preferred that of Toronto. ^^)u will, therefore, see how what is sometimes called that very imequal criterion of right and Justice, a largo majority, determines this question. iS'ow, although we are at present in ^^lanitoba and j\rauitol)a interestfj may dominate our thoughts, yet you may not object to listen for a few moments to our exi)erien(e of the country which lies further to the west. To the present com]):tny the assertion may be a bold one, but they will be s\it1[iciently tolerant to allow mo to make it, if it goes no further, and f , therefore, say that wo may seek for the m;iiu chance elsewhere than in ISIain Street. The futtire fortunes of tho country ])eyond this Province bear directly u])on your prosperity. Although you may not be able to dig for four feet through the i^nmc character of black loam that you have here when you get to the country beyond Fort Eilice, yet in its main features it is the same, right up to the forks of the Saskatchewan. I deeply regret that I was not able to visit Edmonton, which bids fair to rival any place in the North- West, bettlement is rapidly increasinir there, and I met at Battleford one man who alone had commissions from ten Ontario farineis to buy for them at that ])lace. Nothing can excised the fertility and excellence of the land along almost the whole cours(> ol that great river, and to tht; north of it, in the wide strip belting its banks and extending up to the Peace Pviver, there will be room for a great popvJation whose opj.ortunities for ])roHt:ert, Edmonton, and elsewiiere may mjt have, during another season, to sutler great jirivations incideiit to the wants of transpor- tation which has loaded the banks of Gran.l Ra-pids during tho jjresent ye^ir with freight, awaiting steam transport. The great cretaceous coal seams at the headwatenj of tho rivers rising in the Pvocky Mountains or in the neighbourhood of streams flowing "towards your doors should not be forgotten. Although you have some coal in districts nearer to you, we should remember that on the headwaters of these streams there is plenty of the same, 12 wliich Ciin be floated down to you before you have a con)[)lete railwuy syst(3m. Want of time as well as a wish to see the less vaunted ])atta of the country to«»k' me soutli-westward from Battleford, over land which in many of the nvA])H in variously niarkwl aa oouKisting of arid }>lain8 or as a continuation of tiie " Ainencan DoBerl." The newer majtp, especially tiiose containing the explorations of Prof. INIacoun, have corrected this wholly erroneous idea. For two days' march — that is to say, for about sixty or seventy miles south of Brtttleford — we passed ONor land whoso excellence could not be excelled for agricultural pur])Oses. Tiience to the neighbourhood of the Red Deer Valley the soil is lighter, but still in my 0})inion in most ])laces good for grain — in any v'ase most admirable for summer pastunvge, and it will certainly be good also for stock in winter as soon as it slmll pay to have some hay stored in th« valleys. The whole of it has been the favourite feeding ground of the buffalo. Their tracks from watering i)lace to watering place, never too far apart from each other, were everywhere to be seen, while in very many tracts tiioir dung lay bo thickly that the a[)pearance of th« ground was only comparable to that of an English fann yard. Let us hope that the entre-acle will not be long before the disappearance of the buffalo on these scenes it followed by the appearance of domestic herds. The Ked Deer Valley is especially renuirkable as traversing a country where, according to th« testimony of Indian chiefs travelling w^th ns, snow never lies for more than three months, and tlie heavy growth of poplar in the })ottoms, the quantity of the "bull" or high cranV>erry bushes, aid the rich branches that hung from the choke cherriis showed us that we liad come into that part of tb« Dominion which a*^iong the ))kinsmen is designated as " God's country." From this onward to the Bow Paver, and thence to the frontier line, the trail led throrugh what will be one of the most valued of our Provinces, subject as the country is to those warm winds called the " chinooks." The settler will hardly ever use anything but wheeled vehicles during winter, and throughout a great portion of the land oarly sowing — or fall sowing — will be all that will be necessary to ensur. him against early frosts. At Calgarry, a place interesting at the present time as likely to be upon that Pacific Railway line which will connect you with the Pacific and give you access to '' that vast shore beyond the furthest sea," the shore of Asia, a good many small henk of cattle have been introduced within the last ft;\v years. During this year a magnificent herd of between six and seven thousand has been brought in, and the men who attended them, and who came from Montana, Oregon and Texas, all averred that their opinion of their new ranche was higher than that of any with which thej^ had been acquainted in the south. Excellent crops have been raised by men who have sown not only in the river bottoms, but also upon the so called *' bench " lands or plateau above. This testimony wa« also given by others on the way to Fort Macleod and beyond it, thus closing most satisfactorily the song of praise we had heard from practical men throughout our whole journey of 1,200 miles. Let me advert for one moment to some of the causes which have enabled settlers to enioy in such ])eacp the fruits of their industry. Chief amongst these must be reckoned the policy of kindness and justice which was inaugurated by the Hudson's Bay Company in their treatment of the Indians. Theirs is one of tlie eases in which a trader's association has upheld the maxim that " honesty is the best policy" even when you are dealing with savages. The wisdom 13 !Uk1 riglitcousupSK of tlif^ir dealinj^ on onli^'litened i)i'lncij)l('s, wliich arc fully followed out by thoir servants to-drty, gavt! the cue to the Canadian Govern- ment. The Dununion to-dny through her IndiiUi ollicers and her nionutcd constabulary is shovvin<( herself the inheritress* of these traditions. She hjis been fortunate in organizing the Mounted Police Forct', a corps of whos" services it would be impossible to spealc too hii^hly. A mere handfid in that vast wilderness, they have at all times shown themselves ready to <^o anywhere and do anything. They iuive often luid to act on occasions deniiindhig the combined indivi(hial i)luck and ]trudence rarely to bo found amon"st any soldiery, and there has not been a single occasion on which any member of the force lias lost his temper under ti-ying circumstuices, or has not fulfilled his mission as a guardiun of the peace. Severe joiirneys in wititer and diificult arrests have had to be effected in t}\e centre of savage iril)es and not once has the moral prestige, which was in reality theii- onlv weapon, been found insutlicient to cope with di^''culties which, in America, have often battled tho elibrts of whole columns of armed men. I am glad of this opportunity to name these men as well worthy of Canada's regard — as sons wlio have well maintained her name and fame. And, now that you liave had tlie patience to listen to me, and we have crossed the Continent together, let me advise you as soon as })Ossil)le to get up a branch house, situated amongst our Kocky mountains, where, during summei-, your members may form themselves into an Alpine club, and thoroughly enjoy the beautiful peaks and passes of our Alps. In the railway you will have a beautiful approach to tho Pacific. The line, after traversing for days the plains, will come upon th'~ rivers, ^vhose sheltering valleys have all much the same character. The river l)eds are like great moats in a modern fortress — you do not see tliem till close upon them. As in the glacis and rampart of a fortras6 the sJiot can search across tlie smooth surfaces above the ditch, so anv winds that may arise may sweo)) across the twin levels above the river fosses. The streams run coursing along the sunken levels in these vast ditches, which are sometimes iniles in widtli. Sheltered by the imdulating banks, knolls or clifl;s which form the margin of their excavated l)ounds, are woods, general Iv of pophu*, except in the northern and western fir fringe. On approaching the mountains their snow caps look like huge tents encamped along the rolling prairie. Up to this great camp, of which a length of 150 miles is some- times visible, the river valleys wind in trenci)e8, looking like the covered ways by which siege works zig-zag up to a besieged city. On a nearer view the camp line changes to ruined marble ])alaces, and through their tremendous walls and giant woods you will soon be dashing on the train for a winter basking on the warm Pacific coast. You have a country whose value it would be insanity to question, and which, to judge from the emigration taking ])lace from the older Provinces, will be indissolubly linked with them. It must support a yast population. If we may calculate from the ])rogress we have already made in comparison with our neighbours we shall have no reason to fear comparison with them on the new areas now open to us. Pixclusive of Newfoundland, we have now four million four hundred thousand people, and these, with the exception of the comparatively small numbers as yet in this Province, are restricted to the old area. Yet for the last ten years our increase has been over 18 per cent., whereas during the same period all the Ne%r England States taken together have shown an increase only of u 15 Iter cent. Ill tlie lii«t tliirty years in Oliio tlie increase lias heciw Gl per ctiYit. — Ontario Ims been during tJiaL 8j)aco of time 101 jier cent, of increase, while IJuebec Las increftsed 52 per cent. Manitoba in 10 years lias increased 289 pt-u- cent., a j^reater ruto tlmn any liitbei to attained, and, to judjjje from this year's exjuuience, is likely to increase to an even more wonderful de«nve during the following decade. Stjitistics are at all times wearisome, but are not these full of hopo 1 Are they not facts giving just ground for that )>ride in otn* progress which isconspicuoiis among our }»eo}»le, and ample reason ibr our belief that the future may be allowed to take care of itself ? They who pcur out prophecies of change, prescribing medicines for a sound body, are wasting their gifts anvl their time. It is among strangers that wo hoar such liieories j)ropoiind(Ml by destiny men. With you the word " annexa- tion" Ij.is in the last years only been heard in connection with the annexation of more territory to Manitoba. I must apologize to a Canadian audienc(? lor nienti(;uing the word at all in aiiy other connection. In America the annexa- tion of this country is disavowed liy all res[)onsiblo writers. As it was v/ell expresrsed to me lately, the heat men in the States des?ire only to annex the friendship and good will of Canada. (Loud cheers.) To b(! sure it may be otherwise with the camp followers ; they often talk ?.s if the swallowing and digestion of Canada by them were only a question of time, and. of rising reason amongst us. How far the jiower of the camj) followers extends it is not for us to determine. They have, however, shown that they are i)owerful enough to captuj-e a few English writers, our modern minor pro})hets who, in little i.iaga/.ine articles, are fond ot teaching the nations how to behave, and whos' . 'ords preach the suj)eriority of other countries to their own, and the prorsimale dismemberment of that British Em|)ire which has the honour to ucknov.'ledge them as citizens. 1 'hey have with our American friends of whom I speak oi all events one virtue in common, they are great speculators. In the case of our southern friends tliis is not a matter to be deplored by us, for American speculation has l-een of direct material benefit to Canada, and we must i(>gret that our American citizens are not coming over to us so fast as are the French, the Scotcii, the Triah, the Germans, and the Scandinavians. Morally, also, it is not to be deplored that such speculations are made, for they show that it is thought that Canadituis would form a useful though an unimportant wing for one of the great jiarties ; and, moreover, such pi-o- phecics clothe with amusement "the dry bones" of discussion. But it is best always to take men as we find them, and not to believe that tliey will be difterent even if a kindly feeling, first for oui'selves, and afterwards for them, should make us desire to change them. Lei; us rather judge from the past ai^.d from the })resent than take flights, unguided by experience, into the imagiu.uy regions of the future. What do we find has been, and is, the tendency of tlic peoples of this continent? Does not history show, and do not modern and existing tendencies declare, that the lines of cleavage among them li :> along the lines of latitude] Men spread from east to west, and from east to west the political lines, which mean the lines of diversity, extend. The central s[)aces are, and will be yet more, the great centres of population. Can it be imagined that the vast central liives of men will allow the eastern or western seaboard people to come between them with separate empire, and shut tijem out iu any degree from full and fi-ee intercoui-se with the markets of the world beyond them ? Along the lines of longitude no such tendencies 15 of (livihioii exist. 'J'lic maiknts of tlie North Pol«) jiro not as vet productivo and with South America coiniiierco is coinpiuiitively .siuiill. Tiu) sutest con' clu.sion, if conclusions aiv to bo drawn at nil, is that wlint has hitherto Ix'en, N\ill, in the nature of thiiiL^H, continue— that wlmtever seii.vrations «'.\ist v/ill 1»<' uuxrked by zones of latitude. For otlier eviikMico wo must .searrh in vain. I )ur county councils, tlie municipal corporations, the local provincial chaml'' IS, the central Dominion Parliament, and last, not least, a perfectlv unfettered ])ress, a-'o all L."i channels Tor tlu! i'xpression of tlu? feelin^^s of our citizens. Why is it that in each and all of these rctlfctors of the thou'dits of m<'U we see nothing but (h'termination to keej» and develop th») precious lieritajti we liave in our own constitution, so capalile of anv devfluitinent whicli the people nuiy de.sir(.'. TiCt us hear Canadians if we wi.'ih to sjieak for tlu m. T'leso public boilies and the jaiblic press are the moutlijii(>ceH of the people's mind. JiCt us not say for them what tlu'v never s.iv for t/iemselves. It is no intentional misre{)resentation, 1 Ijdieve, which has i/ro- duced these curious examph'S of the fact that individual j)repos.sessions mav distort public proofs. It reminds mo of an interpretation oiico said to have been t,dven by a bad interpnitor of a speech deliv(;red by a savatje warrior, who in a Viiy dignified anxpress my acknowledgments "to yOu for this entertainiuer>t. It -affords anofher indication of the feel-' ings with which the citizens of \Vinni})eg regard any person who has the honour 10 uH tlie ]\v,u\ of tlio C;in!\(liiiu (Jovoinmpnt to n'-prfs*>nt the Queen. (Cliccra.) Yon iccoj^iii/n in tlio (lOvtMnor (WMirral Hio n'i'/u and Hyinbol of tlio union which hindH t4'jj;flh«'r in onit tho frt'e and kiiulrcd ])0(ij)Ioh whom (ioil has Hct over fanutuH Ish's and ov(!i' I'iMtiU; spuccs of ndghty co.itinentH. I liave touchiMl in H)>(.':tkin^' to yoti on cerlftiu vnticinationH and oi»riiiin advirti givoii Itv a few f^ood strangpi-.s to Cftnadians on fhc suhject of tho futiu'o of Cunada. OcnthMncM, I hclii,'*'** that CanadiftUH >ii-o well ahlc^ (o t«ko ciu'o (jf tJioni.solvoK, of tlair future, and tln! outsido, wojld luid bclh-r li.ston to them iiistcad of proiuul;j;:itin;^ weal', and wihl tht;oiies of its own. (Loud apidause.) Jlut, iiow- evor unccrt'.i'.n, and, 1 may add, foolisli, may ho .such forecasts, of quo thini^ we may he huio, which is this, that the countiy you call Canada, and which your sons and your chihh'cu's childrou will he jnoud to know hy that mime, is a land which will he a land of power ainoncr the nations. (Cheers.^ Mistress of a zone of territory fnvoui-ahle foi' the maintenance of a numerous and homo<^'enous white |io[)nlalion, Canada must, to J udije from the increase in her strength during the past, and from the many and vast opportunities for the growth of that strength in her new Provinces in the future, he great, and worthy her position on the (>arth. Affording the hest and safest highway hetween vVsia and Europe, she will see trallic from both directed to her coasts. With a hand upon either ocean she will gatlier from each for tho l>enetit of her hardy million.s a large share of the commorco of tho world. To'the east and to the we-i^t she will pour fortli of her abundance, her treasures of food and tho riches of her mines and of her forests, demanded of her by the lesK fortunate of mankind. I esteem those m©n favoured indeed who, in however slii.dit a degree, have had the honour or may yet bo called ujion to take part in tho councils of the statesmen who in the early era of her history are mov.ding this nation's laws in tho forms approved by it« repnisentatives. Foi- me I fet'l that I can ha ambitious of no higher title than to be known as one who administered its Coveniment in thorough aymj)athy with the liopes and aspirations of its first founders, and in perfect consoniuaci; with the will of its free ])arliament. (Cheers.) I ask for no better lot than to be remembered by its people as rejoicing in the gladness born of their indejjendence and of their loyalty. T desire no other reputation than that which may belong to him who sees his own dearest wishes in process of fulfilment, ir. tlieir certain progres.s, in their own undisturbed peace, and in their ripening grandeur. (Applause.) Cliccra.) in union .1 hits M'i J liave :9 givoi). Cimatlii. riiHclvoH, istciul of lit, iiow- 10 tliini? il wliicli it niiui(% (.'hcers.) Limcrous increaso ities for eat, and lighway to hoi- . for tlie world, roasuros lu'r by who, ill ipon to history itatives. lown as le liopcs I will of ered by of their im wlio rogress, >lause . ) i i