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 8 
 
■(' "nv ., -■■'■-: 
 
 FOUR BOOKS IN ONE VOLUME 
 
 ,y/-: 
 
 SOUTH AFRICA 
 
 ITS HISTORY, HEROES AND WARS 
 
 BY 
 
 PROFESSOR W. DOUGLAS MACKENZIE, D. D. 
 
 OF CHICAGO 
 
 author of 
 
 "Christianity and the Progress of Man," "The Ethics of Gambling," Etc. 
 
 ,, ' t 
 
 assisted by 
 
 ALFRED STEAD 
 
 LONDON, ENGLAND 
 
 SUPERBLY ILLUSTRATED 
 
 WITH 
 
 ORIGINAL DRAWINGS AND PHOTOGRAPHS 
 
 UNDER DIRECTION OF GEORGE SPIEL 
 
 J. M. MAC GREGOR PUBLISHING CO. 
 VANCOrVKR, U. C. CANADA. 
 
 
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 Copyright 1899, 
 By George Spiei,. 
 
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 t 
 
 PREFATORY INTRODUCTION. 
 
 w 
 
 IT HAS often been eaid that there is no teacher of geography so 
 interesting and so thorough as war. Americans, for example, hardly 
 
 knew anything more of the Philippine inlands, and their inhabitants, 
 and their political associations, than that such islands existed in a 
 colonial relation to Spain. But alike the geography and the history 
 of those islands have been studied with intense interest by scores of 
 thousands of all classes in America during the last eighteen months. 
 The new relations in which America found herself so suddenly involved 
 with the West and the East Indies led many of her citizens to face the 
 general history of colonization, and especially to investigate the extra- 
 ordinary place which colonization has occupied in the development of 
 British commerce and influence throughout the whole world during the 
 last hundred years. It is not too much to say that a large number of 
 Americans have come to understand the growth of the British Empire 
 more sympathetically since they were led to see in their own case how a 
 great people could be impelled on her historic development by circum- 
 stances and forces seemingly beyond her resistance. The shallow notion 
 that Great Britain has conquered territory all over the world merely 
 through greed, and cruelty, and oppression, is rapidly being relegated 
 to the limbo already so well occupied of popular prejudices and inters 
 national misunderstandings. 
 
 It is safe to say that a still larger number of the inhabitants of 
 North America have been drawn, this winter, to a still closer study of 
 the growth and spirit of the British Empire through the occurrence of 
 this deplorable and disastrous war in South Africa. The demand is very 
 great indeed for information regarding the history, the geography, the 
 inhabitants of that country. People wish to know who the Boers are^ 
 when they arrived in Africa, what kind of people they found there, and 
 the history of those people since the invasion of the country by Euro- 
 
8 
 
 PREFATORY INTRODUCTION. 
 
 peaas. Bspeciallj do peraons desire to know the history of Cape Colony 
 while it was under the Dutch government, how it became the property of 
 Great Britain, part of the British Empire, how it is that so many wars 
 have occurred in that region between the Boers and the natives, the 
 British and the natives, and the Boers and the British. There have not 
 been wars so frequent or so disastrous, even in India, during the last 
 seventy-five years, as in South Africa, There have not been race quar- 
 rels in Canada during this century like those in South Africa, No- 
 where else have whole bodies of Europeans sought +- escape beyond the 
 boundaries of any British colony or dominion in which they were born 
 and brought up, save only, perhaps, in the case of Ireland. People wish 
 to know who have been the prominent figures of South African history. 
 They know vaguely that it has been the scene of great exploration, 
 exciting adventures with wild beasts, prolonged and most earnest mis- 
 sionary labor. They know that in recent years South Africa has sud- 
 denly revealed her possession of enormous treasures in precious metals 
 and precious stones. All these facts have had their own influence upon 
 the racial problems which have been so intense as to appeal to the 
 terrible arbitrament of war for their settlement. 
 
 It is the purpose of this book to present to the reader a general 
 account of this region, such an account as shall enable him to form a 
 fairly full and clear idea of the land where this most fierce and ruthless 
 war is raging. An effort has, therefore, been made, as rapidly as pos- 
 sible, within the space allowed, to throw some light upon everything 
 that may help to interest the reader in that country, to explain to him 
 its problems, account for and describe its wars. The book professes 
 to be a conspectus of South African history, heroes and racial struggles. 
 The best authorities available have been consulted. The works of 
 missionaries, travelers, historians, politicians, and the Blue Books of the 
 British Parliament have been consulted. The author and his assistant 
 have both very deep personal interest in South Africa and a familiarity 
 with its history derived from years of reading and discussion there- 
 upon. 
 
 The general standpoint aimed at is that of a fair, frank and unpreju- 
 diced description of all matters bearing upon South Africa, and espe- 
 cially those that illuminate the meaning of this war of 1899-1900. No 
 
 ',1 
 
 ^-•A 
 
 ■ '■,[ 
 
 \\-'--'i^i- 
 
 
 >, * 
 
■■ 
 
 PREFATORY INTRODUCTION. 
 
 man can profess, on anj great matter, to be absolutely impartial. But 
 every man ought to strive ifor fairness and justice. In this book, a 
 serious attempt is made to present both sides of every great discussion 
 that has arisen in South African history, especially between the British 
 and the Boers. It will be seen, in the following pages, that sometimes 
 the Boers have had the most of right on their side, and sometimes the 
 British. As to which side, on the whole, has manifested the nobler 
 spirit and deserved the more lenient judgment or the warmer sympathy 
 of all intelligent and humane onlookers and students, this is not the 
 place to attempt an opinion. The honest and earnest attempt to tell 
 the truth, whatever conclusion regarding the merits of this dispute that 
 truth may force upon us, is claimed for the substance and tone of the 
 following pages. /"^ 
 
 Chicago, Januaiy, 1900. W. D. If. 
 
r 
 
 <»»■?■■ 
 
 /;.•■ 
 
 -ji 
 
 CECIL J. RHODES 
 
 Said tc have been "taken growling before brealtfast, but very characteristic." 
 Fiioto. by S. B. Darnard, Cape Town. 
 
< 
 
 
 ' ,■■• ■.;■■-■■ ' - 
 
 CONTENTS. ' : 
 
 BOOK I. 
 
 THE HISTORY OF SOUTH AFRICA. 
 PART I. 
 
 GENERAL SKETCH OF THE STATES AND RACES OF 
 
 SOUTH AFRICA. 
 
 > CHAPTJ]R I. 
 
 Page 
 
 The Geography and Climate of South Africa 23 
 
 OHAPTEK II. 
 
 The Dutch Occupation, 1650-1806 ;J7 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 The Colony of Natal 41 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 The Orange Free State , 43 
 
 CHAPTER V. : 
 
 Zululand 70 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 Basutoland 91 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 Bechuanaland 99 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 Rhodesia ,.,...... 10;-^ 
 
 la 
 
14 CONTENTS. " "^ - 
 
 CHAPTER IX. ' 
 Cape Colony, 1814-1900 126 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 
 THE TRANSVAAL REPUBLIC 139-199 
 
 Section 1. The Earlier History of the Transvaal 139 
 
 Section 2. The Transvaal, 1864-1877 -144 
 
 Section 3. Characteristics of the Boers 151 
 
 Section 4. The Transvaal Government and Native Races 161 
 
 Section 5. The Annexation of the Transvaal 169 
 
 Section 6. Through Imperial Rule to Independence 166 
 
 Section 7. The Constitution of the Two Republics , 190 
 
 CHAPTER XL 
 
 The Native Races 200-214 
 
 Section 1. Gariepine Races 201 
 
 Section 2. The Bantu Race 204 
 
 CHAPTER Xn. 
 
 The Animals of South Africa 215 
 
 CHAPTER XIIL 
 
 The Chief Industries of South Africa 231 
 
 
 V*. 
 
 :d. 
 
 PART II. 
 
 FAMOUS MEN AND LEADING TOWNS OF SOUTH AFRICA. 
 
 ■^« 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 POLITICAL WORKERS 239-284 
 
 Section 1. Earl Grey 239 
 
 Section 2. Dr. Jameson 241 
 
 Section 3. General Joubert 2.50 
 
 '".1 
 
/ 
 CONTENTS. ' ' is 
 
 , i:"..>i-''' ■■■■.; '■'■I- /".■■''.'■'•■-'■■ Page 
 
 Section 4. Sir Hercules Bobinson 257 
 
 Section 5. Olive S'chreiner 266 
 
 Section 6. Sir Theophilus Shepstone 269 
 
 Section 7. Hon. W. P. Schreiner 273 
 
 Section 8. Sir Jno. G. Sprigg .' 276 
 
 Section 9. President Steyn 278 
 
 a> CHAPTER IL 
 
 Khama, Chief of the Bamangwatos 284 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 CHRISTIAN MISSIONARIES 302-855 
 
 Section 1. The Influence of Missions 302 
 
 Section 2. Robt. Moffat 307 
 
 Section 3. David Livingstone 315 
 
 Section 4. John Mackenzie 328 
 
 Section 5. Francois Coillard 355 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 Cape Town 358 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 Johannesburg 363 
 
 - CHAPTER VI. 
 
 Eimberley and the Diamond Mines 368 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 OTHER LEADING TOWNS 378-394 
 
 Section 1. Bloemfontein 378 
 
 Section 2. Buluwayo 380 
 
 Section 3. Durban 383 
 
 Section 4. Grahamstown , 387 
 
 Section 5. Port Elizabeth 391 
 
 Section 6. Pretoria 394 
 
wmmmmmmmm 
 
 mmm 
 
 m 
 
 16 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 BOOK 11. 
 
 CECIL J. RHODES, CAPITALIST AND POLITICIAN. 
 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 Page 
 
 Introductory 461 
 
 > CHAPTER II. 
 
 The Earlier Life of Mr. Rhodes 404 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 His Early Political Life 416 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 Mr. Rhodes and the British South Africa Chartered Co 427 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 Mr. Rhodes as Prime Minister 439 
 
 CHAPTER VL 
 
 Mr. Rhodes and the Jameson Raid 446 
 
 L CHAPTER VII. 
 
 Mr. Rhodes Since the Raid 459 
 
 BOOK III. 
 
 STEPHANUS JOHANNES PAULUS KRUGER. 
 
 CHAPTER L 
 The Earlier Life of Mr. Kruger 
 
 469 
 
 vv. 
 
ip 
 
 ^mm 
 
 mmmmm 
 
 ,. /■<':/' :;' ■' ' CONTENTS. '• :v '" ' ^- , . ., 17 
 
 . - ^ ' ■ ' , '' , '' ' 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 ** ■ ' 1 ■,* -' 
 
 iTaga 
 
 Mr. Eruger and Transvaal Politics 475 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 Mr. Kruger and the War of Independence 484 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 Mr. Kruger»s First Presidency 490 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 President Kruger and the Outlanders .... 496 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 President Kruger and the Raid 511 
 
 President Kruger's Last Stand 517 
 
 BOOK IV. 
 
 THE BRITISH BOER WAR~1899-1900. 
 PART I. 
 
 THE CAUSES OF THE WAR, 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 The Transvaal and South Bechuanaland 525 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 The London Convention, 1884 ,....., . . . 531 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 The Settlement of South Berlmanaland . , 544 
 
mmmmmm 
 
 18 . CONTENTS. 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 The Outlanders of the Transvaal 551 
 
 CHAPTER V-. 
 The Story of the Jameson Raid 557 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 The Colonial Office and the Raid 577 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 The Transvaal After the Raid 582 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 The Afrikander Bond and the Presidents' Hope 590 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 
 Diplomacy and the Ultimatum 608 
 
 Summary of the Causes of the War 623 
 
 PART II. 
 
 THE PROGRESS OF THE WAR. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 The Invasion of Natal 627 
 
 CHAPTER II. * 
 
 The Invasion of Oape Colony 650 
 
 \\ 
 
 
1 ■ 
 
 * •• • 
 
 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 Page 
 Hoisting the British Flag in South 
 Africa by Dr. Jno. Maclienzie, the 
 Author's Father Frontispiece 
 
 David Livingstone and John Mackenzie 
 Frorillspiece 
 
 President Kruger.. 11 
 
 Cecil J. Rhodes 12 
 
 Cape Town 21 
 
 House of Parliament in Cape Town 22 
 
 A Pretty Suburb of Cape Town 31 
 
 Hon. W. P. Schreiner 32 
 
 Sir Alfred Milner 32 
 
 Soldiers' Monument 33 
 
 A Queen's Memorial 34 
 
 Pietermaritzburg, Capital of Natal 43 
 
 Chief Teteluki, Natal 44 
 
 Sir W. Hely Hutchinson 53 
 
 Conyngham Greene, C. B 53 
 
 Sir J. Gordon Sprigg 53 
 
 J. H. Hofmeyer 53 
 
 Soldiers' Graves 54 
 
 A Pineapple Field 55 
 
 Going to Market 56 
 
 Boers Outspanned 65 
 
 A Traveler's Difficulty 66 
 
 Zulu Kraal 83 
 
 Zulu Ladies' Reception 84 
 
 Dagga Smokers.. 101 
 
 A Native Wizard 102 
 
 A Zulu Military Review 119 
 
 Pago 
 Zulus Defying the Lightning 1 20 
 
 A Family Group 137 
 
 Inside the House 138 
 
 Zulu Warriors.. 155 
 
 Zulu Warriors Uncivilized 156 
 
 Zulu Warriors Civilized 156 
 
 Sifting Gravel for Diamonds 173 
 
 DeBeers Compound ^ 174 
 
 Chief's Kraal, Zululand 191 
 
 Native Kraal ^ 192 
 
 Building a Homestead ^...209 
 
 Waiting for the Vultures 210 
 
 The Tugela River 227 
 
 Mica Deposit In a Donga 227 
 
 Natives of Amatongaland 228 
 
 Olive Schreiner 245 
 
 Dr. Jameson «. . .246 
 
 Barney Barnato 246 
 
 Muster of Town Burghers at Pretoria. .246 
 
 Majuba Hill ^ 263 
 
 Going to Work 264 
 
 Going Home from the Mines 2S1 
 
 Diamond Field Claims in 1869 282 
 
 Ostrich Farming 282 
 
 Native Miners.... 299 
 
 Native Compound 300 
 
 Old Workings — Kimberley Diamond 
 Mines 317 
 
 Durban— Main Street 318 
 
 19 
 
20 
 
 LIST or ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 Page 
 
 Durban— Road to Berea 318 
 
 Charging the Boers' Laager 335 
 
 The Middle Mugan River— Natal 335 
 
 A Street in Johannesburg 336 
 
 Civil Prisoners Entering Pretoria 353 
 
 General View of Johannesburg 354 
 
 Gold Mines at Johannesburg 371 
 
 Wrecking an Armored Train 372 
 
 The Charge of the Lancers 389 
 
 A Boer Scout ^ 390 
 
 Wounded Boer Prisoners 407 
 
 A Warm Day at Ladysmlth ^ 408 
 
 Front Door of Mr. Rhodes' House 425 
 
 Mr. Rhodes' Library 426 
 
 The Home of Cecil Rhodes 443 
 
 Mr. Rhodes' Farm 444 
 
 General Tan Koch's State Funeral 461 
 
 Pretoria Commando Leaving for Ser- 
 vice 462 
 
 General Joubert Ready for War 479 
 
 General Joubert Ready for the Plat- 
 form 479 
 
 Dr. Leyds ^ 480 
 
 General Plet Cronje 480 
 
 President Steyn 480 
 
 Lord Roberta Face 528 
 
 General Kitchener...... " i28 
 
 Pago 
 General White Face 529 
 
 General Buller '* 529 
 
 Gen. Sir A. Hunter " 544 
 
 Gen. Sir Cornelius F. Clery " 544 
 
 Maj-Gen. Sir Wm. Gatacre " 544 
 
 Lt.-Gen. Sir F. W. B. Forestier 
 
 Walker " 544 
 
 General Methuen " 545 
 
 Col. Baden-Powell " 546 
 
 Lt,-Col. Otter and* Officers " 669 
 
 Lady Mlnto " 661 
 
 Lt.-Col. Otter " 561 
 
 Highlanders " 576 
 
 The First Canadian Contingent in 
 
 Street Parade " 577 
 
 Group of Canadian Officers^ " 692 
 
 PMrst Canadian Contingent at 
 
 Toronto " 593 
 
 Group of Artillery Officers " 608 
 
 Farewell Manitoba " 609 
 
 Boers in the Trenches " 624 
 
 General Warren " 615 
 
 General French " 625 
 
 A Wagon Breakdown " 625 
 
 The Battle of Spion Kop " 640 
 
 Hauling the Guna Up Coles Kop. . " 641 
 
 J 
 
544 
 
 545 
 
 545 
 
 66» 
 
 561 
 
 561 
 
 576 
 
 '• 693 
 « 608 
 « 609 
 " 624 
 " 61 5 
 " 625 
 " 625 
 " 640 
 . '• 641 
 
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/ 
 
 BOOK I. 
 
 The History of South Africa. 
 
 PART I. 
 
 GENERAL SKETCH OF THE STATES AND RACES OF 
 
 SOUTH AFRICA. 
 
 CHAPTER 1. 
 THE GEOGRAPHY AND CLIMATE OF SOUTH AFRICA. 
 
 SOUTH AFRICA, or, as it has been sometimes called, Austral 
 Africa, is the term given to that portion of the continent of Africa 
 which lies south of the Zambesi River, on the eastern coast, and a 
 point at or about the port of St. Paul de Loanda on the western coast. 
 The whole region is roughly shaped like a triangle, with the apex point- 
 ing south and somewhat blunted. One of the most remarkable things 
 about South Africa is the monotony of its coast-line which affords very 
 few safe harbors, and no rivers that are navigable for any distance 
 inland. This fact has undoubtedly much to do with the slow develop- 
 ment of this region, for travelers and explorers have been compelled 
 to make their land journey from the very coast by ox wagons. Until 
 within a few years only three or four ports have been much used, and 
 from these ports nearly all the development of the entire region has 
 taken place. 
 
 It is true that on the west side there is one fine harbor, known as 
 Walfisch Bay. This bay and a portion of the land round it, consisting 
 of about 800 square miles, was nearly twenty years ago proclaimed as 
 British territory and annexed to the Cape Colony. But, while the harbor 
 is good, it is as yet practically valueless on account of the dreary nature 
 of the country lying behind it. For many, many miles it consists 
 
 s 23 
 
24 GEOGRAPHY AND CLIMATE OF SOUTH AFRICA. 
 
 exclusively of barren hills and sandy plains, with only here and there 
 a small oasis or a river channel which contains water only after the 
 fall of rain. Some day it may be that this harbor wil' be of great value, 
 when a railway, which waf proposed more than ten y ars ago, runs from 
 this point across the desert into Bechuanaland. 
 
 The next break in the coastline is found at the mouth of the Orange 
 River. While this is the largest river in South Africa the estuary is 
 barred by sandy banks and thereby rendered useless for shipping. Fifty 
 miles further south is Port Nolloth, a small harbor from which cargoes 
 of copper found in Naiuaqualand are shipped to Europe. Thence we 
 come to St. Helena Bay, which is 30 miles across, but as yet con- 
 nected with no inland industry and therefore of no importance, and 
 Saldanha Bay, which, while a line natural harbor and the best on this 
 coast, is also rendered valueless by being far removed from any town 
 or sources of production. At the extreme southwest corner we come 
 upon Cape Agulhas; from that it is but a short run to Table Bay, on 
 which Cape Town is placed, and False Bay. The former has been made 
 comparatively safe for shipping by means of breakwaters, but with a 
 northwest wind the anchorage is still precarious. The much larger bay, 
 known as False Bay, contains within it a still smaller one known as 
 Simons Bay, which is thoroughly well protected and has been for many 
 years the Imperial naval station. It is of the utmost value to the 
 British Empire alike for its safety and its importance as a coaling 
 station. 
 
 The southern coast has only a few small indentations and useless 
 fiver mouths. The harbor at the outlet of the Knysna River is available 
 for small ships, which must find their way over a double bar ere th jy 
 can reach security. At the southeast corner of the continent lies the 
 well known Algoa Bay, which is 35 miles across from point to point. 
 On this bay stands the prosperous town of Port Elizabeth, which is the 
 chief shipping place for the entire eastern province of Cape Colony and 
 has in recent years run a race with Cape Town for commercial leader- 
 ship In South Africa. It has the advantage of being the central landing 
 place for Cape Colony, lying as it does about midway between Cape 
 Town and Durban. It is now connected by railway with the important 
 regions north and northwest and proposals are made for a railway along 
 
/ 
 
 GEOGRAPHY AND CLIMATE OF SOU.f AFRICA. 
 
 { 
 25 
 
 tho coast which will Htill further add to its prosperity by encouraging 
 IriduRtrics in regions hitherto practically isolated from the commercial 
 world. Algoa Bay, while now somewhat improved, used to be a n"^st 
 dangerous anchorage owing to its exposure to the terrific force of the 
 southeast winds. Storms from this direction have sometimes in a single 
 night thrown many vessels upon the shore. Beyond this point we have 
 Poll; Alfred, at the mouth of the Kowie River, and having trade con- 
 nections with the Graharastown district. Beyond that again we reach 
 East London, the third seaport in Cape Colony. The sandy bar at the 
 mouth of the Buffalo River has been, with considerable enterprise, 
 dredged and the channel deepened to allow vessels of a considerable 
 size to reach the harbor. It is connected with Queenstown by a railway, 
 which thence passes on through the Orange Free State and thus reaches 
 the Ti'ansvaal. The land journey from this point to the gold fields is 
 much shorter than either from Port Elizabeth or Cape Town. 
 
 Passing Port St. John at the mouth of the Umzimvub'i River we 
 come to the coast line of the important colony of Natal. Natal has only 
 one harbor of importance, formerly known as Port Natal, but for many 
 years as Durban. The bay is shallow throughout, with an area of 7 or 8 
 square miles. It has been well dredged and the entrance has been nar- 
 rowed by means of breakwaters so as to measure only about a quarter of 
 a mile across. On the south side of the entrance is the bluff, over 200 
 feet high. The town itself is the largest in this colony and is situated on 
 the north side of the bay. It is overlooked by the beautiful Berea Hill, 
 on whose slopes are built most handsome and picturesque residences. 
 The name is derived from a mission station which in former days was 
 situated here. Beyond this the only important break consists in the 
 straD<j:e shaped lake of St. Lucia and the mouth of the Kosi River. As 
 yet the former is too shallow to be of much use for shipping, although 
 the day may come when capital and skill may turn some portion of this 
 lake into the finest harbor on the eastern coast of Africa. Beyond these 
 again there lies the well known Delagoa Bay, which has as its central 
 port the Portuguese settlement known as Lorenzo Marques. This place is 
 connected by submarine cable with Aden in the north and with Durban 
 to the south. It is the nearest harbor to the Transvaal, whose border is 
 only 57 miles westwards, is situated in the territory of Portuguese East 
 
26 
 
 GEOGRAPHY AND CLIMATE OF SOUTH AFRICA. 
 
 
 Africa, and has attained great importance in recent years through the 
 very large increase of shipping caused by the development of the Trans- 
 vaal gold mines and the building of an important railway between Pre- 
 toria and Lorenzo Marques. For a number of years Great Britain has 
 had a treaty with Portugal affording the former the right of pre-emption 
 of Delagoa Ba}', and it has long been the opinion of South African states- 
 men that at somf no distant date that most important point must, for 
 the development of a vast portion of Austral Africa, indeed for the good 
 of the entire country, pass into the hands of the British. Delagoa Bay is 
 12 miles v/ide, over 50 feet deep at the entrance, and affords Avell shel- 
 tered anchorage for the largest vessels. Hitherto the development of 
 Delagoa Bay has been much hindered on the one hand by the incapacity 
 and corriiption of the local Portuguese officials, and on the other hand 
 by the extremely heavy charges upon goods carried from this point to 
 Pretoria by railway. 
 
 When we come to study South Africa by moving inland from the 
 coast line the first fact of imp^'i'tance is that along the coast, almost 
 around the entire region, there is a narrow strip of land not exceeding 
 500 feet in height, sometimes very narrow, at one iiint broadening to a 
 few miles and at Delagoa Bay extending even to 15 or 20 miles, which is 
 properly speaking the coast belt. On tho east coast this belt is the un- 
 healthiest part of South Africa, and i^ dangerous character increases 
 northwards towards the tropics. Europeans especially find that in this 
 strip of coast land they are liable to malarial disorders. Beyond this 
 low strip of coast land the hills lead up to a second region. Except in 
 the far northeast and in the neighborhood of Cape Town the rise is 
 somewhat gradual, while at the places named it is abrupt and rugged. 
 The second region is healthier than the first, but it again gives way to a 
 third. As the traveler passes inland he finds himself mounting towards 
 yet another terrace, through ranges of hills. When he has traveled from 
 30 to 50 miles from the sea he finds himself at a height of from 3,000 to 
 4,000 feet above sea level, and this is increased in some regions again to 
 a lofty plateau land only 60 miles from the sea coast, which rises to a 
 height of from 5,000 to 6,000 feet. These hills intersected with narrow 
 valleys or passes belong to the long range of mountains which extends 
 a distance oi 1,600 miles from Cape Town right up to the valley of the 
 
 }- M-' 
 
GEOGRAPHY AND CLIMATE OF SOUTH AFRICA. 
 
 27 
 
 Zambesi River. No name has been given to the entire range, although 
 the tendency is to extend over the whole the name Drakensberg, which 
 was first confined to that portion of the range forming the eastern 
 boundary of the Orange Free State. Only in Basutoland do the peaks 
 of this range attain the height of 10,000 and 11,000 feet. Here they are 
 even covered with snow for several months of the year. Beyond this 
 range of muantains one goes down only from 1,000 to 3,G00 feet to find 
 one's self on a vast table land. This table land is generally flat as the 
 flattest prairie land in America, or it is gently undulating, its rolling 
 contours being broken here and there by abrupt and rocky hills. At 
 some points this plateau is even 6,000 feet above sea level. This third 
 region, this great plateau we may say, is South Africa itself, since it 
 consists of no less than seven-eighths of the entire region so named. In 
 the far north it descends slightly to the channel of the Zambesi, to the 
 west it slopes gradually down and descends less abruptly to the sea level 
 than on the eastern coast. No one can thoroughly understand the possi- 
 bilities of colonization and the prospects of development in South Africa 
 who does not clearly realize the peculiar characteristics which result 
 from the extension of this plateau region. 
 
 We have referred to the importance as a geographical feature of the 
 Drakensberg Mountains. They form the most important, if we may not 
 even say the only, water-shed determining the direction of the South 
 African rivers. It has been remarked that South Africa is the land 
 where the rivers have no water and the birds have no songs, where there 
 may be thunder without lightning. It is true that many of what are 
 known as rivers of South Africa are practically just dry channels for 
 nmst of the year and contain water only during what is known as the 
 rainy season. This is true, however, in the main only of the rivers which 
 flow from the Drakensberg Mountains westwards, and is not true of the 
 rivers which from the mountain heights take the shorter course east- 
 wards to the Indian Ocean. 
 
 The greatest river system of South Africa is that of the Orange River, 
 whose chief tributaries are the Caledon and the Vaal. The Vaal is itself 
 a large river with tributario*? of its own. As the Orange River flows 
 west on its journey of 1,000 miles to the Atlantic Ocean, the number of 
 its tributaries decreases. In many parts it flows through rough and 
 
28 
 
 GEOGRAPHY AND CLIMATE OF SOUTH AFRICA. 
 
 I 
 
 wild scenery and at one point passes over what are known as the Great 
 Falls, to which some day no doubt many tourists will go as they go to 
 Niagara, or as they will go to the still more beautiful Victoria Falls on 
 the Zambesi. The Orange River with its tributaries drains an area of 
 about 300,000 square miles. The Limpopo River, otherwise known as 
 the Crocodile River, having its source in the hills near Pretoria, flows 
 northwards and then eastwards and forms the northern boundary of the 
 Transvaal, falling into the Indian Ocean north of Delagoa Bay. This 
 river also suffers from the irregularity of its water supply. 
 
 There are signs not a few that in past ages the entire region of south 
 central Africa possessed a much more abundant water supply than it 
 does to-day, and it is one of the Interesting problems of the future 
 whether by means of irrigation and the extension of verdure over the 
 central desert region a change in the annual rain fall may not be grad- 
 ually secured. South Africa at present enjoys two principal seasons of 
 the year which are known, not as summer and winter, but as the wet 
 and dry seasons. The wet season is caused by the moisture laden winds 
 from the east and southeast. As the clouds are driven towards the land 
 they are caught up on the sharp peaks of the Drakensberg Mountains 
 and pour their rains upon the highly favored eastern coast. This causes 
 of course the swollen rivers, the many floods familiar in that region ; but 
 the abundance of rain is also the reason for the remarkable productivity 
 of the eastern coast, which stands in strange contrast with the barren 
 and sandy wastes of the western shores. The rest of South Africa is 
 watered from those clouds which succeed in passing the Drakensberg 
 range. In some parts of th western region the annual rain fall is only 
 from 5 to 10 inches. The value of this, however small it may be, vanishes 
 almost altogether owing to the intense heat of the sun and the perpetual 
 thirst of the arid soil. It is the opinion of many explorers that even the 
 great Kalahari Desert, which extends from Kuruman northwards and 
 westwards, can be made to blossom like the rose in spite of its almost 
 complete destitution of rain-fall by means of artesian wells. Such wells 
 have been opened at various unpromising points with remarkable suc- 
 cess. If this can be done on an extensive scale results ought to be ob- 
 tained comparable only with vliose which followed the first turning of 
 the soil on the prairies of Nebraska and Kansas, 
 
GEOGRAPHY AND CLIMATE OF SOUTH AFRICA. 
 
 29 
 
 The famous African explorer, Sir Henry M. Stanley, in his well 
 known letters to the Times on his journey "Through South Africa," has 
 thus described the region which he traversed in Bechuaualand : 
 
 "To a new-comer it would not seem so full of promise as it was to me. 
 It would appear as a waterless region, and too dry for a man accustomed 
 to green fields and flowing rivers, but I have seen nothing between the 
 immediate neighborhood of the Missouri River and the Rocky Mountains 
 to surpass it, and each mile we travelled in Bechuanaland confirmed that 
 impression. Every few miles we crossed dry watercourses, il>ut, though 
 there was no water in sight, it does not derogate from its value as farm 
 land. The plateau of Persia is a naked desert compared to it, and yet 
 Persia possesses eight millions of people, and at one time contained 
 double that number. The prairies of Nebraska, of Colorado, and Kansas 
 are inferior in appearance, and I have seen them in their uninhabited 
 state, but they are to-day remarkable for the growth of their many cities 
 and their magnificent farming estates. All that is wanted to render 
 Bechuanaland a desirable colony is water, so that every farm might 
 draw irrigating supplies from reservoirs along these numerous water- 
 courses. For Nature has so disposed the land that anyone with ob- 
 servant eyes may see with what little trouble water could be converted 
 into rich green pastures and fields bearing weighty grain crops. The 
 track of the railway runs over these broad, almost level, valleys, hemmed 
 in by masses of elevated land which have been broken up by ages of 
 torrential rains, and whose soils have been swept by the floods over the 
 valleys, naturally leaving the bases of the mountains higher than the 
 central depression. If a Persian colonist came here he would say: *How 
 admirable for my purpose. I shall begin my draining ditches or canauts 
 from the bases of those hills and train them down towards the lower 
 parts of these valleys, by which time I shall have as many constant and 
 regular running streams as I have ditches, and my flocks and herds and 
 fields shall have abundance of the necessary element.' A thousand of 
 such Persians would create thus a central stream with the surplus water 
 flowing along the valley, and its borders would become one continuous 
 grove. As the Persians would do, the English colonists whose luck it 
 may be to come to this land may also do, and enrich themselves faster 
 than by laboring at gold-mining. 
 
30 
 
 GEOGRAPHY AND CLIMATE OF SOUTH AFRICA. 
 
 "These dry river-beds, now filled with sand, need only to have stone 
 dams built across, every few hundred yards, to provide any number of 
 reservoirs. They have been formed by rushing torrents which have fur- 
 rowed the lowlands down to the bed rock, and the depth and breadth of 
 the river courses show us what mighty supplies of water are wasted 
 every year. As the torrents slackened their flow, they deposited their 
 sediment, and finally filtered through underneath until no water was 
 visible, but by digging down about two feet it is found in liberal quanti- 
 ties, cool and sweet." 
 
 One of the remarkable features of south central Africa is its destitu- 
 tion of trees. Through great tracts of the country the forests are sparse 
 and the individual trees small and scrubby. Thorn trees abound, but 
 these are usually somewhat short and possess little beauty of form or 
 color. There are many wild fruit trees and it is possible that from some 
 of these may be developed new and luscious contributions to the break- 
 fast tables of the world in years to come. In some districts, as for 
 example at Shoshong, the former capital of the Bamangwato tribe, it is 
 known that long ago trees abounded where now few are to be seen. The 
 fact is that they have been destroyed by the native tribes themselves 
 who needed them for building their huts as well as for fire-wood. A 
 great change has been wrought in such formerly treeless districts as 
 Johannesburg and Kimberley by the planting of suitable trees and 
 shrubs, and careful watering of them. Beautiful parks and shady ave- 
 nues are now seen where all was sandy, stony and desolate twenty years 
 ago. This of course has been facilitated by the fortunate introduction 
 of the blue gum tree (Eucalyptus) from Australia. This tree has evi- 
 dently taken to South Africa in a most lively and happy manner. It 
 grows rapidly, throwing a fine shade, and has done more than any other 
 plant to make unlovely places cool and beautiful. 
 
 The climate of the country of course varies from the coast belt where, 
 in many parts, malaria is frequent, to the intense heat of the sultry in- 
 land valleys; but by far the larger part of South Africa is high and dry. 
 The result is that on the whole the climate is one of the most healthy in 
 the world and eminently suitable for European colonization. Sun-stroke 
 is unusual although the direct rays of the sun can be very fierce, espe- 
 cially in those parts that are within the tropics. Europeans, however, 
 
SOLDIERS' MONUMENT 
 
 TEis monument was erected at Pietermaritzburg, in Natal, in memory of the Natal colonial roldlers who 
 fell Id the horrible massacre of Isandhlwana during the Zulu war. 
 
Jt; 
 
 F 
 
 ■'*. ■ 
 
 -;t ./.I , ■•>-.•■■> 
 
 i < 
 
 
 A QUEEN'S MEMORIAL 
 
 The Inscription on this plain cross In far-off Zululand tells Its own story. 
 
■fif 
 
I 
 
 CHIEF TETELUKI— NATAL 
 
 Not a Bird of Paradise — a Zulu warrior— the professional rapine and slaughter maker of South Africa. 
 
■ .- , I f 
 
 -?■;• 
 
 GEOGRAPHY AND CLIMATE OF SOUTH AFRICA. 
 
 35 
 
 neither on first going nor in the third or fourth generation show any sign 
 of lassitude or loss of energy. They are big, robust, active and alert men 
 and women. Many parts of South Africa will become famous as health 
 resorts, especially for those who suffer from chest complaints in more 
 northerly regions. This salubrity of the country is due of course to the 
 dryness of the atmosphere, to the height of the plateau land above sea 
 level, which renders heat less trying and the air more invigorating than 
 would otherwise be the case in that latitude. There is a danger encoun- 
 tered by newcomers which arises from the fact that at nightfall, as soon 
 as the sun has set, a sudden coolness penetrates the air. In the winter 
 season the contrast between the heat at noonday and the often very 
 intense cold at midnight is most remarkable. This requires the exercise 
 of care and prudence on the part of all at night time. Many of the native 
 tribes suffer greatly from pulmonary complaints through the use of in- 
 sufficient covering during sleep at night. But where this alternation 
 between heat and cold is prudently prepared for it rather adds to the 
 exhilaration of the system, the cold night doing much to refresh the 
 wearied frame to endure the heat of the ensuing day. 
 
 The deadly pest of malarial fever has been already referred to as 
 I)revalent especially in the tropical coast belt, but inland it is to be 
 found in some parts, especially in the northeastern Transvaal. In fact, 
 the early Boer settlers were driven back from some portions of the Re- 
 public rather by the attacks of fever than of natives. Pretoria, which 
 lies in a well watered area among the hills, is said to suffer considerably 
 during the wet season from malaria, but Johannesburg, which is only 
 forty miles off, has no fever at all, as it lies on the top of a dry, stony 
 ridge. Far up in the north the fever is found as you reach the valley of 
 the Zambesi, but in Matebeleland, much of which is 4,000 feet above 
 the sea, it is practically unknown. 
 
 In the matter of climate one of the most remarkable portions of 
 South Africa is that known as the Karroo, which was formerly described 
 as a desert and was the terror of travellers by wagon who were hasten- 
 ing from Cape Town northwards to Bechuanaland. It is a vast prairie 
 country between the second and third ranges of hills from the coaSt. 
 Scarcely a tree or shrub is seen on its wide extent; it is covered by a 
 strong, wiry looking grass which, unpromising as it seems, has proved to 
 
I. 
 
 86 
 
 GEOGRAPHY AND CLIMATE OF SOUTH AFRICA. 
 
 be full of succulence and makes the Karroo one of the finest stock rais- 
 ing districts in the world. Sir Henry M. Stanley describes the air of the 
 Karroo as strangely appetizing. Mr. Bryce says: "The brilliancy of the 
 air, the warmth of the days, and the coolness of the nights remind one 
 ivho traverses the Karroo of the deserts of western America between the 
 Rocky Mountains and the Sierra Nevadas, although the soil is much less 
 alkaline, and the so-called 'sage-brush' plants characteristic of an alka- 
 line district, are mostly absent." And again he says: "In a landscape so 
 arid one hears with surprise that the land is worth ten shillings (about 
 |2.50) an acre, for one or two of the smaller shrubs give food for sheep, 
 and there are flowers scattered about sufficient for the flocks. The farms 
 are large, usually of at least 6,000 acres, so one seldom sees a farm house. 
 The farmers are all of Boer stock. ... At Matjesfontein, an enter- 
 prising Scotchman has built a hotel and a number of smaller villas to 
 serve as a health resort ; has dug wells and planted Australian gums for 
 shade, making a little oasis in the desert." 
 
 This entire territory of South Africa is divided between three Euro- 
 pean countries. Germany now owns since the year 1884 the regions on 
 the west coast known as Namaqualand and Damaraland. On the far 
 northeast a strip on the coast has hitherto belonged to Portugal. The 
 remainder has been developed under the influences of the British Em- 
 pire, and the war of 1899-1900 has for one of its main objects to deter- 
 mine how those influences henceforth are to be exercised and what they 
 are to secure. Cape Colony occupies the southern portion, with the 
 Orange River for its northern boundary, while South Bechuanaland has 
 since 1890 been annexed to it. The area of Cape Colony is 276,551 square 
 miles. In the east we have the colony of Natal with 20,461 square miles. 
 The native territories under the Imperial Government consist of Zulu- 
 land and Amatongaland with 15,000 square miles altogether, Basuto- 
 land with 10,293 square miles, North Bechuanaland with about 200,000 
 square miles. In addition to these we have Southern Rhodesia, which is 
 administered by the South Africa Chartered Company and whose area 
 is about 210,000 square miles. Besides these we have the two independ- 
 ent states mainly ruled by Europeans of Dutch descent, namely, the 
 South African Republic (the Transvaal) with 114,000 square miles and 
 the Orange Free State with 48,000 square miles. 
 
/ 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 THE DUTCH OCCUPATION. 1650-1806. 
 
 SOUTH AFRICA became known to Europeans in the year 1486, 
 when Diaz, the famous explorer from Portugal, discovered the 
 headland at the southwest corner of the continent. Here he 
 encountered such terrific storms that he called it "Cape of Storms." 
 It was his king who, disliking the name and foreseeing, perhaps, the 
 benefits which this discovery might bring, called it "Cape of Good 
 Hope." Some years later another famous Portuguese sailor sailed right 
 round the southern end of the continent, found his way up the east 
 coast and thence to India. This voyage opened up the great trade route 
 which henceforth was taken every year by fleets of me -chant vessels 
 plying between Europe and the East Indies. The Cape, ap t came to be 
 called, did not seem inviting in itself to any of those who passed its 
 shores. They stopped there only to obtain fresh water and to rest their 
 sailors on land for a few days ere starting out on the weeks of sea life 
 which yet lay between them and their destination in either direction. 
 About the same time the English and the Dutch East India Companies 
 thought of placing some kind of a fort on this southern point and 
 making it a regular port of call in that region. Accordingly, in 1620, 
 two ships, belonging to the English company, did actually run up the 
 English flag and took formal possession. When this action was reported 
 to the English government, they disapproved of it and no further steps 
 were taken to carry out the policy of the great East India Company. 
 This is the first of many instances which we shall note in the course of 
 our story, in which Great Britain first took a step and then withdrew it 
 in her dealings with South Africa. The habit became so confirmed that 
 an African chief, a few years ago, called the British government "The 
 government that is always going away." 
 
 But, to return. In 1652 the first permanent settlement was made by 
 
 the Dutch East India Company, with the full consent of their Govern- 
 
 37 
 
 i 
 
38 
 
 THE DUTCH OCCUPATION, 1630-1806. 
 
 ment. The crew of a ship which had been wrecked had spent Bomc 
 months on the very spot where Cape Town now stands; they liad planted 
 a few seeds, had found the climate pleasant, the soil productive, and some 
 of them reported their happy experiences to the authorities in their 
 homeland. A number of people, amongst whom were a very few wouK.'n, 
 were accordingly sent out under Jan van Riebeck to establish a hospital 
 for sick sailors, to cultivate gardens for the supply of ships with fresh 
 food, to barter with the natives for cattle and to build a fort for their 
 own protection. They were not considered as colonists in the ordinary 
 sense; they were all servants of the East India Company, living there 
 in order to facilitate the movements of their great merchant fleets. It 
 was found necessary, however, at a later date, to have the land in the 
 immediate neighborhood of the fort parcelled out into farms and to give 
 these over to colonists of another type. Towards the end of the seven- 
 teenth century the number of these colonists was very largely re- 
 enforced by the arrival of French and Swiss Protestants, who, having 
 fled from persecution in their own countries to Holland, were sent out, 
 with thtir own consent, to the Cape. These new arrivals added elements 
 of the greatest value to the little Dutch community. To them is traced 
 the beginning of that grape culture, for which Cape Town has since 
 become so famous. These French families became gradually absorbed. 
 They were forced to give up their language for Dutch and soon lost all 
 direct relationship with their own country. 
 
 At first these European settlers came into contact with the natives 
 of South Africa in the trading of cattle and sheep. As their numbers 
 increased, they gradually occupied lands which the natives had used 
 for the pasture of their cattle, and over this land question the first 
 quarrels arose. To begin with, the Dutch sought to buy the lands. At a 
 later date they gave up this formality and formed the habit of seizing 
 what they wanted for their farms. At a still later date they even went 
 the length of employing the former owners of the soil as their slaves 
 in its cultivation. The slave movement was, most unfortunately, stim- 
 ulated by the introduction of negro slaves from the west coast. 
 
 It must not be imagined that the early Dutch governors of South 
 Africa found it an easy task to administer their singular dominion. To 
 begin with, some of the governors themselves were self-seeking and 
 
 # 
 
THE DUTCH OCCUPATION, 1650-1806. 
 
 UDHcrupulouH men. They were apt to break the rules of their ofllee by 
 attempting to make their own fortunew. This brought them into com- 
 petition of a commercial kind with the very people over whose interests 
 they were supposed to rule. Further, they fell into the blunder of im- 
 posing heavy rates of taxation, which created great and increasing 
 impatience. These, and other such circumstances, induced many of the 
 farmers, or Boers as they were called, to move farther away from the 
 seat of authority and tyranny. They passed northwards and east- 
 wards, occupying all the desirable lands, often encounteiing the natives 
 in warfare and enduring great hardships. But they found it not easy 
 to isolate themselves and become sovereigns of their own domain. The 
 Dutch governors followed them over mountain ranges and across large 
 rivers into their distant homes and insisted on treating them either as 
 citizens still responsible to the Dutch government, or as rebels liable 
 to the severest punishment. 
 
 The life which these distant settlers lived was by no means unen- 
 joyable. The climate is extremely healthy. Their habits of life were 
 simple and regular. They performed their journeys, drawn slowly at 
 the rate of fifteen or twenty miles a day, by long teams of oxen. They 
 built their li'tle hoose, tilled their patch of land, looked after their 
 ever-increasing herds, fought off any of the natives who threatened to 
 be troublesome, paid their rare visits — once or twice a year — to the 
 nearest church for the celebration of the "nachtmaal" or holy com- 
 munion. Nevertheless, the life was by no means elevating, for as they 
 spread northwards they became less and less of an agricultural, more 
 and more of a pastoral people. Their farms became larger until no one 
 was contented with less than three miles square; they came to relish 
 manual labor less and less and depended wholly upon the inefficient 
 service of ignorant natives. They formed no large towns which they 
 could visit and where something of civilization could lay hold of them; 
 they learned to love hunting and traveling, and the mere independence 
 of their isolated life. 
 
 Towards the end of the eighteenth century, three or four European 
 countries were engaged in a mighty struggle iov the control and the 
 development of large portions of the world. It was being determined 
 whether France, or Holland, or England should lead the destinies of 
 
10 
 
 THE DUTCH OCCUPATION, 1650-1806. 
 
 vast regions through the nineteenth century. It was impossibl*^ that the 
 importance of the Cape should remain unnoticed by these fierce con- 
 testants, and hence we find that the South African colony changed 
 hands several times with the changing fortunes of war in Europe. The 
 European nations were contesting for supremacy in the East and the 
 Cape route was the only one available; it was therefore important to 
 determine whether France, Britain or Holland should own the 
 Cape Colony. From 1795 to 1802 it was held by Britain and was then 
 restored by treaty to Holland. But in 1806, when Napoleon was crush- 
 ing Europe, Britain felt compelled to keep the Cape from his grasp. 
 It was not then formally annexed by the British Government, which 
 looked forward to the possibility of restoring it to its former owners 
 at the conclusion of the war. In the meantime two Governors were" 
 sent out successively from London who acted with great wisdom, and 
 on the whole succeeded in allaying the first intensity of bitterness felt 
 by the Dutch colonists at being conquered and made subject to a 
 foreign power. In 1814, when she had finally overwhelmed Napoleon, 
 Great Britain had many treaties to make. She had saved Europe at 
 infinite cost to herself, and was entangled in many complicated rela- 
 tions as a consequence. At the treaty of London, accordingly, provision 
 was made with Holland for the purchase by Great Britain of certain 
 Dutch colonies, including the Cape Colony. For these Great Britain 
 paid the ^um of £6,000,000 (about $30,000,000), the interest on which 
 was more even at that time than these colonies could possibly have 
 paid in cash to the purchasers. The history of the Dutch occupation 
 of South Africa legally ended in that year and the history of British 
 supremacy in that region began its curiously uncertain and perplexing 
 course. 
 
CHAPTER III. 
 THE COLONY OF NATAL. 
 
 AB0X31 two years after the Great Trek out of Cape Colony some 
 of its leaders discovered the pleasant land of Natal. T \y crossed 
 under a brave and able man, Mr. Pieter Retief, over t e i>raken»- 
 berg Mountains, and found themselves in the region of the Tugela River. 
 This region was supposed by the Boers to be entirely new to Europeans 
 except along the coast line. But at Port Natal, the name of the harbor 
 where Durban now stands, a few enterprising Englishmen had for a 
 number of years been settled. In 1825 one of them, a British officer, had 
 already obtained a concession from the Zulus covering a lar^^e part of 
 that territory. This concession is ignored by all the pro-Boer 
 historians. These Englishmen petitioned in vain to the British Gov- 
 ernment for the formal annexation of their region and their own pro- 
 tection by British power. They, from the first, resented the idea of 
 being united with, or considered as a part of. Cape Colony, and wished 
 to have a new history and a country of their own. 
 
 When the Boers arrived in Natal they found that the splendid coun- 
 try from the Tugela River southwards to that which now is called St. 
 John's River had been almost entirely denuded of native inhabitants by 
 the ruthless wars of a Zulu tribe. This was the tribe which had been so 
 marvelously organized into an irresistible army by the great chief, 
 Chaka. He had been succeeded by his brother Bingaan, whose capital 
 was situated in a valley north of the Tugela River. The town consisted 
 of a vast circle of huts surrounding a central open space or kraal ; this 
 was the spot where his regiments were drilled and reviewed ere they 
 engaged in their vast feasts of beef and beer and engaged in their 
 weird and terrible war dances. When Retief found that Dingaan was 
 the most powerful man in that country he resolved at once to get into as 
 friendly relations with him as possible. It was his aim to obtain the 
 formation of a treaty by which Dingaan as an independent ruler should 
 
 grant to him and his Boer followers a large slice of territory. There thrv 
 
 41 
 
42 
 
 THE COLONY OF NATAL. 
 
 h± 
 
 If 1*^ ' 
 
 
 li *> 
 
 it 
 
 r: 
 
 Loped to be £»ble to settle in a region over which the British Government 
 had as yet established no authority, and where the Boers might hope at 
 last to erect an independent republic of their own. Retief was received 
 by the chief with every sign of good-will and a large territory was 
 offered to him on condition of his compelling a distant chief to repay 
 some thousands of cattle which he had taken from Dingaan. This con- 
 dition Ketief fulfilled., and, returning with the cattle, he b ought also 
 from the Orange Free State, we are told, nearly 1,000 wagons containing 
 the families and movable property of those who hoped, under his leader- 
 ship, to establish the new state. 
 
 When they descended upon the region which they expected to 
 make their home, Retie^ went with some 50 Boers and about 40 
 black men to make their final agreement with Dingaan. T'^o 
 chief received them as before, displayed his warriors and hell •./.■;■ 
 dances, and then with foul treachery, at a moment when the Boer party 
 were collected before him without their arms, he shouted to the dancing 
 warriors, "Kill the wizards," and not one of Retief s entire party was 
 allowed to escape. Swift as a thunderbolt Dingaan hurled his army 
 upon the encampments of Boers. The first was reached at a place of sor- 
 row, ever after named Weenen (place of weeping). Here they surprised 
 a party of 41 white men, 56 white women and their children to the num- 
 ber of 185, besides more than 200 black servants, and put everyone to 
 death except one young man, who hastily rode to the other encampments 
 and vvarned them of their danger. In the year '38 the various companies 
 united under a powerful lead3r called Andries Pretorius, and under him 
 they succeeded at last in crushing Dingaan's power. But several most 
 fierce and terrific battles were necessary ere this was accomplished. 
 The Englishmen at Port Natal also assisted. With more than 1,000 na- 
 tives, they attacked Dingaan. After fighting for many hours they were 
 overwhelmed by thousands of Zulus and only four Englishmen and some 
 hundreds of blacks escaped, having rushed through the Tugela River. 
 The most memorable day of battle was the 16th of December, 1838, 
 when about 450 Boers met many thousands of Zulus, defeating and scat- 
 tering the very flower of Chaka's army. This day has ever since by the 
 Boers of the Transvaal been celebrated as Dingaan's Day, with religious 
 worship and solemn rejoicing. lu memory of their victory they also 
 
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 built a church at the town which they proceeded to establish and which 
 they called Pietermaritzburg. They were enabled finally to crush the 
 Zulus by means of an alliance with one Panda, who revolted with a large 
 section of the tribe against Dingaan, the chief. The latter fled north 
 and was assassinated in 1840. 
 
 No one can fail surely to admire the courage and almost sublime de- 
 termination with which these Boers carried out the conquest of Din- 
 gaan. Whether one reads of the heroic women who urged their hus- 
 bands on to punish the chief for his act of treachery, or the men who set 
 themselves with a fierce will to rid the land of this blood-thirsty tyrant, 
 or even the young boys who went into battle with the passion of filial de- 
 votion; or whether we think of the religious fervor which characterized 
 them all through their campaigns, which enabled them to pray night by 
 night: on their marches, and to praise the God of battles after every vic- 
 tory, we cannot but feel that this story of the conquest of Natal deserves 
 to be placed as a mere story of brave deeds and dauntless enterprise 
 among the most remarkable in the history of men. 
 
 All the more must we sympathize with the keen disappointment of 
 these farmers when it came to their knowledge that the British Govern- 
 ment was about to assert its authority over Natal. Stories came to Cape 
 Town of certain efforts which the farmers were making to drive other 
 tribes away from desirable locations and to move them south and west 
 towards Cape Colony itself, thus intending to make comfort for them- 
 selves at the expense of the citizens of the older colony. When a small 
 party of soldiers at Port Natal claimed authority over them the Boers at 
 once attacked them and laid siege to their camp. At last, however, rein- 
 forcements came and the Boers at once submitted. At a meeting of their 
 Volksraad, prolonged and bitter debates took place, which ended in a 
 resolution to accept the inevitable and come under the authority of the 
 Queen. Some hundreds of families remained in Natal, and have ever 
 since enjoyed the peace, the security and prosperity of a steady and 
 strong Government; but the majority, it is said, could not brook the idea 
 of remaining under authority. It is probable that not a mere prejudice 
 against government by Great Britain led to their fresh emigration. The 
 fact is that they were once more brought into contact with the funda- 
 mental principle upon which Great Britain deals with native races. 
 
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 4G 
 
 THE COLONY OF NATAL. [ 
 
 \' 
 
 That principle in its humbling application by British Governors had 
 driven them from Cape Colony, and the prospect of its application drove 
 them from Natal. One of the chief reasons given for the assertion of 
 British authority in that region was the protection of the rights of native 
 tribes, and three conditions were announced as necessary to be observed 
 by all who would settle there as subjects of the Queen. First, there 
 should not be in the eyes of the law any discrimination founded upon 
 distinction of color or language or creed. Second, no attacks should be 
 made by private persons or bodies of men upon natives residing beyond 
 the limits of the colony without direct authority of the Government. 
 And, thirdly, slavery in any form and under any name must be consid- 
 ered as unlawful within the Queen's dominions. 
 
 It was in 1842 that Port Natal was taken; in 1845 it was constituted a 
 Colony. Between these years various parties of the Boers crossed the 
 Drakensberg Mountains and settled in various parts of the Orange Free 
 State and the Transvaal. In 1856 Natal was granted a still larger 
 measure of self-government, the affairs of the colony being managed by 
 a council consisting partly of representatives chosen by the white inhab- 
 itants and partly of officials appointed by the Crown. One of the imme- 
 diate results of the British occupation and government was that the de- 
 populated country became a haven for tribes and remnants of tribes, and 
 vast numbers of individuals who had for years been practically without 
 homes. As they flocked into the country, locations were assigned them. 
 Now the population is estimated at between 400,000 and 500,000 natives. 
 Many of these live under tribal laws and have been hardly touched by 
 either Christianity or civilization. They are increasing with enormous 
 rapidity and the wisest statesmen in Natal look forward with anxiety to 
 the problem which they will present in a few years to that Government. 
 
 Natal, with its warm climate, its rich soil, its abundant rivers, yields 
 many most valuable products, but these can only be grown by means of 
 native labor. Inasmuch as the African natives are lazy beyond com- 
 pare, the enterprising Natal Europeans hit upon the idea of importing 
 coolies from the East. Many thousands have been brought-from India, 
 of whom it was thought that they would all return to their homes, but 
 most of them find Natal as good a place to die in as India; and there they 
 remain. As they were British subjects before coming to Natal their 
 
/ 
 
 THE COLONY OF NATAL. 
 
 47 
 
 presence there has constituted a distinct and serious problem for colon- 
 ial politicians. 
 
 Like the Cape Colony it is a self-governing colony, complete self- 
 ernment having been granted in 1893. The Legislature consists of 
 <he Governor, a nominated Legislative Council, and an elected Legisla- 
 tive Assembly. The Legislative Council is composed of eleven mem- 
 bers, nominated by the Governor on the advice of his ministers, and 
 distributed between the eight counties into which the colony is divided. 
 A member of the Legislative Ck)uncil must be 30 years of age, a resi- 
 dent in the colony of ten years' standing, and possessed of immovable 
 property within the colony to the net value of £500. He holds his seat 
 for ten years. The Legislative Assembly consists of thirty-seven mem- 
 bers, elected by ballot to represent thirteen constituencies. The quali- 
 fication for membership of the Assembly is the same as the electoral 
 qualification. Electors must be 21 years of age, and possess immovable 
 property to the value of £50, or rent such property to the annual value 
 of £10, or have resided three years in the colony, with an income of not 
 less than £96 per annum. The life of the Assembly lasts for four years, 
 if it is not previously dissolved by the Governor. Members of the 
 Council and Assembly are not paid, but are entitled to a travelling 
 allowance. 
 
 The executive power is in the hands of the Governor and his Execu- 
 tive Council, the latter consisting of the Ministers for the time being. 
 They are not more than six in number, and may sit and speak in either 
 house, but vote only in the house of which they are members. Under 
 the Constitution Act a Civil List is reserved, one item in which is the 
 sum of £10,000 to be devoted annually to promoting the welfare and 
 education of the natives. 
 
i 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 THE ORANGE FREE STATE. 
 
 THE Boer farmers, who in large numbers were moving north- 
 wards, met with many strange and dreadful experiences, but 
 large numbers of them settled down in regions where they en- 
 joyed comparative peace and prosperity. Amongst these were the set- 
 tlers in what is now known as the Orange Free State. This region, 
 lying north of the Great River — now invariably called the Orange 
 [Uver — and south of the Vaal River, has for its eastern base the 
 remarkable highlands of Basutoland and the range known as Dracken- 
 berg. The country itself consists, for the most part, of rolling prairies 
 intersected with many streams. It is a rich farming country. 
 
 When the Boer farmers first reached it, they found that it had been 
 recently devastated by a section of the Zulu tribe under a brilliant but 
 ruthless leader called Moselekatse. These savages, afterwards called 
 Matebele, had swept the country, slaying the people, destroying their 
 fields and carrying off their cattle. They spared only the young boys 
 and girls, who were destined to be brought up as members of their 
 tribe. The Boers could not escape a contest with these terrible and 
 bloodthirsty warriors. One section of the Boers, under a man named 
 Potgieter, left at a certain point the women and children of their large 
 company in order that the men might explore the country further 
 north. In their absence, the families were attacked and a large num* 
 ber of them put to death by a band of these Zulu warriors. The Zulus 
 went to their headquarters for re-enforcements, and in the meantime 
 Potgieter and his company returned. He proceeded immediately to 
 form what is called in South Africa a "laager," which is a rough circle 
 of camp material formed by drawing the wagons together and filling 
 up the space between the wheels with earth and branches of trees. 
 From behind this breastwork the Europeans could use their guns stead- 
 ily and with comparative safety, while the Zulus, not possessing fire 
 
 48 
 
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 THE ORANGE FREE STATE, 
 
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 I 
 
 49 
 
 [ling 
 
 rees. 
 
 ead- 
 
 fire 
 
 arms, found themselves unable to break through the barriers and \isg 
 their terrible spears. By these means Potgieter inflicted a severe defeat 
 upon the Zulus and drove them off. The savages were so driven to 
 despair at not getting through the wagons to reach their enemies that 
 they attempted to attack them by throwing their spears over the roofs 
 of the wagons. This, of course, was a comparatively harmless pro« 
 ceeding. 
 
 Having, in several skirmishes, thrashed these Zulus and taken some 
 thousands of cattle from them, they found themselves at last attacked 
 by Moselekatse himself at the head of twelve thousand warriors. The 
 Boer farmers only numbered 135, but they were on horses and armed 
 with guns and for nine days they kept up an incessant battle against the 
 hosts of their enemies. Their method was simple, daring and most 
 effective. They approached to within a short distance of the Mate- 
 bele, used their guns with terrific precision and then galloped away 
 from the rushing onslaught immediately made upon them, thus keeping 
 beyond the reach of the Matebele assegai and shooting down no one 
 knows how many of the masses opposed to them. They at last fairly 
 disheartened Moselekatse and his famous regiments. Invincible these 
 had proved themselves against natives armed as they themselves were 
 and invincible also they had deemed themselves against the white men. 
 Great was their amazement and horror to find themselves defeated, and 
 they fled, northwards they fled, spreading death and destruction 
 throughout the whole region which they traversed. Many years after- 
 wards visitors to Matabeleland, now called Rhodesia, where Mosolekatse 
 settled, were wont to hear the older warriors of his tribe speak of their 
 ancient battles with the Boers. Always they spoke with tones of 
 respect and even of awe as of men they had found superior warriors 
 to themselves. 
 
 At the place where one of their victories was gained, namely at 
 Winburg, the emigrants formed themselves into an organized com- 
 munity, adopting articles for their self-government. That was in the 
 year 1837. It was not long before they found themselves pursued, as 
 heretofore, by the long arm of British authority. In 1846 there arrived 
 across the Orange River one of the most famous governors of South 
 Africa, Sir Harry Smith by name. He found himself involved in dig- 
 
50 
 
 THE ORANGE FREE STATE. 
 
 % 
 
 putes with these farming communities that were establishing thera 
 selves at various parts north and east from the Cape Colony. In the 
 conduct of these disputes, the British authorities were not always right. 
 They frequently made mistakes, especially in their dealings with the 
 immense variety of native tribes, many of whom were quarreling 
 amongst themselves for the possession of the lands of which also the 
 Boer farmers were taking possession. If the Cape governors and their 
 officials had known all about South African ethnology, about the cus- 
 toms and laws of native tribes, which is known now, many of their 
 worst blunders might have been prevented. Moreover, the principle 
 had been adopted and was sedulously maintained, that the Boer farm- 
 ers, being actually British subjects, could not expect to be allowed to 
 pass beyond the control of the Queen. Wherever they went, they went 
 as British citizens, responsible to the Governor at the Cape; wherever 
 they went he was responsible for them. The fact that they settled 
 among natives in territories which were not British did not seem to the 
 latter authorities any reason for disavowing their citizenship. Rather 
 did their presence, and the positions of ^'re-eminence which they gained 
 in regions hitherto occupied by native tribes involve their rulers in 
 serious obligations regarding their conduct. This principle had been 
 maintained by the Dutch government before the British came, and has 
 been generally acted upon, it is believed, by every European govern- 
 ment when groups of its citizens have settled in savage lands or unoc- 
 cupied territories. 
 
 It was in pursuance of this principle that Sir Harry Smith, in 
 1846, established what he called the Orange River Sovereignty over 
 the region described above. The Boer farmers were many of them 
 contented to have it so, but others of course were discontented. 
 These latter placed themselves under Commandant Pretorius, who, in 
 the year 1848, drove the English officials across the Orange River and 
 proposed to rule the country without them. Sir Harry Smith imme* 
 diately returned and in a fierce fight at Boomplats defeated them. 
 Pretorius, and those who were thoroughly irreconcilable, forthwith 
 set out on another trek. This time they crossed the Vaal River and 
 settled down in the region which came speedily to be known as the 
 Trans- YaaL The communities which remained \xx the re^on bietweep 
 
 
THE ORANGE FREE STATE. 
 
 :a 
 
 the Orange and the Vaal Rivers were, on the whole, well content to be 
 under British government. Unfortunately, the Governor was able to 
 leave in that region only a very small military force. When Moshesh, a 
 powerful chief of the Basutos on the eastern border, oifended the 
 Orange River authorities by making raids upon the farms and carrying 
 off thousands of cattle, this little force attempted to attack him. I'hey 
 were driven back and the farmers were in consternation. The British 
 forces were already engrossed in a protracted and severe struggle fur- 
 ther east with the natives of Kaffraria and no immediate help could 
 be expected from them. The farmers accordingly appealed for help to 
 their former commandant, Pretorius, who at this time was treated by 
 the British as an outlaw. He at once saw his opportunity and gave the 
 British their choice between recognizing his community across the 
 Transvaal as an independent republic, or meeting him again at the head 
 of the disaffected farmers of the Orange River Sovereignty. Finding 
 themselves in this dilemma the British accepted the former alternative 
 and in that year, 1852, at the Sand River convention, agreed to those 
 articles which created an independent Transvaal State. 
 
 And now Sir Harry Smith found all his plans upset from an entirely 
 new quarter. The home government in London were becoming thor- 
 oughly tired of incessant struggles in South Africa with natives they 
 could not love and Boers they could not understand. It seemed as 
 though Cape Colony were only a burden and an expense, which brought 
 no return either of wealth or of glory. Accordingly, it had been resolved 
 that the Orange River should henceforth form the northern boundary 
 of British dominions in South Africa. Sir George Cathcart was there- 
 fore commanded to abandon the Orange River Sovereignty and to enter 
 into a treaty recognizing the Europeans there as an independent and 
 self-governing State. "He called upon the European inhabitants to elect 
 "a body of representatives to take over the government; but when the 
 "representatives assembled, they objected in the strongest terms to be 
 "abandoned by Great Britain, for even while they were debating, Mos- 
 "hesh was crushing Sikonyela and another of his opponents, and adding 
 "their territory to his own. In effect, the representative assembly said 
 "to Sir George Clerk (the British special commissioner) that they held 
 "England in honor bound to reduce the great barbaric power she had 
 
52 
 
 THE ORANGE FREE STATE. 
 
 i 
 
 "done 80 much to bullfl up. When that was done, they would not need 
 "military assistance, and would be prepared to take over the govern- 
 "ment of the country, though they wished to remain permanently con- 
 "nected with the British Empire. The special commissioner, however, 
 "was prevented by his instructions from paying any attention to lan- 
 "guage of this kind, and was obliged to term those who ustvl it 'obstruc- 
 "tionists/ The assembly then sent two delegates to England to implore 
 "the Queen's government and the parliament not to abandon them, but 
 "those gentlemen met with no success in their mission." (Theal.) 
 
 After a considerable amount of negotiations, the Governor at last 
 succeeded in persuading the assembly of delegates to agree to accept 
 independence — it was asserted that it was even necessary to bribe some 
 to vote for this measure. The foUowinf^ excerpts from the articles of 
 convention, which were at last agreed to between the Queen's special 
 commissioner and the representatives of the inhabitants, may be inter- 
 esting at this point. 
 
 In Article I: "Her Majesty's special commissioner, in enterin i 
 a convention for finally transferring the government of the Orange 
 River territory to the representatives delegated by the inhabitants to 
 receive it, guarantees, on the part of her Majesty's government, the 
 future independence of that country and its government." A procla- 
 mation is promised "finally freeing them from their allegiance to the 
 British crown, but declaiming them to all intents and purposes a free and 
 independent people, and their government to be treated and considered 
 thenceforth as a free and independent government." The second article 
 declares that the British government has no alliance whatever with 
 any native chiefs or tribes north of the Orange River, with the exception 
 of one whose case is afterwards dealt with. It is, moreover, asserted 
 that this government has no wish or intention to form any treaties 
 "which may be injurious or prejudicial to the interests of the Orange 
 River government." The seventh article declares that the Orange River 
 government shall permit no slavery or trade in slaves in their territory 
 north of the Orange River. 
 
 Thus did Great Britain take a great step backwards, not merely 
 resolving to push no farther but actually to withdraw from a rich 
 territory and a prosperous community where her continued exercise of 
 
SIR W. HELY HUTCHINSrN 
 
 Governor of Natal and Zululund. 
 
 CONYNGHAM GREENE, C. B. 
 
 British Consular Agent at Pretoria, 
 
 , ■' 
 
 ^HXEnp^'^^^^^qjB^HHLf; 
 
 
 
 ' 
 
 
 SIR J- GORDON SPRIGG 
 
 Late Prime Minister of Cipe Colony. 
 
 MR. J. H. HOFMEYR 
 
 Leader of the Dutch Party In Cape Colony. 
 

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 THE ORANGE FREE STATE. 
 
 57 /' 
 
 authority was freely and profoundly desired. This is the second in- 
 stance of British withdrawal, made with as much sincerity as spon- 
 taneity, but destined, like nearly all the other instances which we 
 shall have occasion to record, to bring forth troubles more numerous 
 and more perplexing than those v/hich it was intended to ward off. 
 
 One reason why the fifteen thousand white inhabitants of this 
 territory feared to stand alone was their fear of that powerful Basuto 
 tribe which already had caused them so much loss in possessions and 
 in valuable lives. Nevertheless, the little republic settled down to its 
 extraordinary task among these ominous circumstances with a courage 
 which proved itself indomitable. The British government has never 
 had reason to interfere with the internal administration of this country 
 from that day to this. The Free Staters have proved themselves both 
 wise and firm, and good-hearted citizens. They have had the inesti- 
 mable advantage of being led by several presidents who were men of 
 great ability and high soul. They have administered their affairs with 
 care and with singular success. They have gradually increased in 
 wealth; they have paid much attention to education and thus have 
 earned for themselves the hearty respect and good-will of their former 
 rulers — ^their permanent friends — the British government. 
 
 Within five years of acceptance of their independence the people 
 of the Orange Free State found thpinselves in such litiiculties that they 
 actually petitioned the British g* u»rnment to receive them again into 
 the British Empire, annexing them to the Cape Colony. After some 
 consideration, this petition was finally refused. 
 
 On only two occasions have the British government and the Orange 
 Free State found themselves in serious difficulties with one another. 
 The first of 11 ese events occurred in the year 1867, when the Free State 
 found itself once more at war with the Basuto? On a fonner occasion 
 the Governor of the Cape had intervened t isave the Boers from the 
 Basutos. On this occasion, Moshesh, the Basuto king, finding himself 
 hard pressed, sent a message to the Governor imploring his interven- 
 tion and good offices. The Governor acquiesced, much to the indigna- 
 tion of the Boers, who hoped on this occasion to finally crush their 
 inveterate foes, annex their country and thus take one long step towards 
 the sea coast. It was one of the ambitions of this young republic to 
 
 /. 
 
 :1 
 
58 
 
 THE ORANGE FREE STATE. 
 
 Stretch its territory across the continent eastwards until it should pos- 
 sess a seaport of its own and become one of the States of the world, 
 with an international importance. The Governor of the Cape, wit- 
 tingly or unwittingly, shut this project off forever by making Basuto- 
 land a protectorate under the British crown. Very naturally the Free 
 State felt a bitter chagrin at this most unexpected move on the part of 
 Great Britain. They could point to the words of the second article of 
 the convention, quoted above, and apply the promise there made to this 
 case. The British Governor could, on the other hand, very fairly argue 
 that the protectorate assumed over the Basutos could not be proved to 
 be injurious or prejudicial to the interests of the Orange Free State as 
 it then existed. It simply made impossible the scheme of extension 
 which was not in contemplation at the time of the convention and could 
 not be fairly included under that article. 
 
 The other occasion on which the two governments clashed with one 
 another was in the year 1869-70 over the discovery and development of 
 the diamond fields. At this time the President of the Orange Free State 
 wa^ one Jan Hendrick Brand, who was first elected in 1865 and was 
 repeatedly re-elected until his death in 1885. He was a man of high 
 character, great ability and consummate tact; one of the noblest figures 
 of South African history and one of the best beloved. If he had not 
 conducted the prolonged and sometimes embittered controversy regard- 
 ing the territory in dispute, worse troubles might have arisen. 
 
 Elsewhere in these pages, the diamond industry of Kimberley is 
 described. Sufl8ce it here to say that the first diamond identified in 
 that region was found in 1867. In 1809 a native was found wearing as 
 a charm a large stone which is now always known as the "Star of South 
 Africa." When a few more had been found, it became evident that the 
 region lying in the narrow angle between the Vaal and the Modder 
 rivers was diamondiferous and the inevitable rush of prospectors and 
 fortune seekers began. No railway came within several hundred miles 
 of this district and the thousands of people who flocked thither from all 
 over the world had the hardest experiences in a i tempting to reach the 
 object of their journey. They had to travel either in wagons, or crowded 
 day after day in small coaches, or they had to tramp over the whole 
 distance. Of course, they were of many nationalities and of many varie* 
 
THE ORANGE FREE STATE. 
 
 50 
 
 ties of character. Camps that were speedily formed at the spots where 
 diamonds were said to have been found became centers of the usual free 
 and reckless life associated with mining populations. 
 
 The first question that arose had regard to the government which 
 was responsible for the maintenance of law and order among these 
 camps. Over this difficulty the British government came into its most 
 serious collision with the Orange Free State. The negotiations were 
 protracted. At times they verged on bitterness, but they were brought 
 to a termination without an open rupture, and that very largely through 
 the calm wisdom and magnificent self-control of President Brand. Of 
 course there were great divergences of opinion regarding the merits of 
 the dispute but it is ever more widely agreed, among those who have 
 investigated the story, that the Orange Free State had by far the best of 
 the argument; that the British governors at the Cape committed a 
 grievous error in law when they seized and occupied the territory of the 
 Diamond Fields. 
 
 The territory of the Diamond Fields, as we have pointed out, lies in 
 the narrow angle between the Vaal River on the north and the Modder 
 on the south. To the north of the Vaal there lived a Griqua chief by 
 name Waterboer, who employed as his business agent an exceedingly 
 clever European named David Arnot. Under the advice of Arnot, and 
 guided by his skilful diplomacy, Waterboer laid claim to the territory 
 of the Diamond Fields before an arbitration court which had been 
 constituted to settle a dispute regarding his territory on the other or 
 northern side of the Vaal River. The arbitrator does not appear to have 
 investigated at all closely this particular claim and he did not summon 
 the Orange Free State to say whether their interests were involved in 
 it. When the arbitrator, Governor Keate of Natal, issued his award, it 
 was discovered that he had assigned to Waterboer this territory of the 
 Diamond Fields. Waterboer, under the advice of his agent, immediately 
 applied to the British government for advice and aid in the control of 
 this region. 
 
 Now the Orange Free State have their story to tell concerning this 
 most valuable territory. They assert that it was bought by them in 
 earlier days from the Korannas, who had, in the ordinary course of 
 South African events, conquered and driveu out its original owners. 
 
 ■»'; 
 
 .-• -- .„.. \i 
 
60 
 
 THE ORANGE FREE STATE. 
 
 This purchase by the Boers appears to have been freely acknowledged 
 80 far back as 1850 by the British Resident, while the Orange Free State 
 was still under the British authorities. Moreover, it was afterwards 
 proved that the British authorities had themselves granted title deeds 
 to certain farms in that very district, which were filed in the office at 
 Bloemfontein, the capital of that country. Copies of these deeds were 
 produced by President Brand and shown to the Governor at the Capo. 
 In that district President Brand proved that a hundred more farms 
 had been allotted and their title deeds likewise filed. Moreover, a mag- 
 istrate had been appointed whose authority was also understood by the 
 Free State government to extend over the region where the diamonds 
 were discovered. That region itself was almost entirely barren, and 
 hence had not been settled. When the first rush of miners came, the 
 Free State authorities immediately sent a new magistrate, placing his 
 office at the little village of Pniel. He was already there and beginning 
 to exercise his office when the Governor at the Cape, having received 
 the appeal above mentioned from Waterboer, sent another magistrate, 
 appointing him to that very district. He began his work on the north 
 side of the Vaal River, but speedily crossed over with a band of police 
 and entered upon the duties of his office on the Diamond Fields. 
 
 There might, of course, have arisen a very serious condition of affairs 
 if the Free State had not been guided by President Brand. He imme- 
 diately issued a proclamation, in November, 1871, characterized by great 
 wisdom as well as dignity. He firmly and frankly described this pn)- 
 ceeding of the Governor as an hostile invasion in time of perfect peace 
 and a violation of the territory of the Free State, but he at the same 
 time ordered and enjoined the officers and citi:;ens of the State to avoid 
 any action which might lead to a collision between the two countries. 
 He expressed the fullest confidence that the information and explapa- 
 tions which were to be placed before the government in England would 
 secure the acknowledgment and recognition of their rights. The British 
 government in London was, so far as regards accurate information, at 
 the mercy of its representatives in Cape Town. Accordingly, tho 
 Colonial Office threw the responsibility upon the Cape government, ex- 
 pressing willingness to have this territory annexed only if the Cape 
 Colony desired to possess it and agreed to rule it. This the Cape gov- 
 
THE ORANGE FREE STATE. 
 
 61 
 
 eminent at first seemed willing to do, but later it declined the responsi 
 bility. 
 
 Here then was a. strange complication. The authorities in London 
 agreed to take Waterboer's territory if the ministers at Cape Town would 
 annex it to Cape Colony. The colony, after hesitation, declined. Now 
 the Governor of Cape Colony had already taken the momentous step of 
 sending a magistrate and the policemen to occupy the territory, practi- 
 cally, on his own responsibility. He therefore found himself in the 
 unhappy predicament of ruling a small territory which neither England 
 nor the Cape Colony desired to possess or had empowered him to annex. 
 But such a step is more easily taken than withdrawn, and the Governor 
 proceeded to treat the Diamond Fields, with the surrounding country, 
 as a British protectorate under the name of Griqualand West. 
 
 Throughout all these events a voluminous correspondence wad, of 
 course, passing between the two governments at Bloemfontein and Cape 
 Town. President Brand on one occasion paid a visit to Cape Town 
 when a :iew Governor had arrived. On this occasion he complained of 
 the length to which the correspondence had grown, and in illustration 
 said that one letter alone had extended to a certain very large number 
 of paragraphs. "It must be a very poor case, said the Governor, that 
 needs such a long argument." "But, your Excellency," replied 
 the President, "that was your own letter." 
 
 Curiously enough it was a British court that put the strongest 
 argument in the hands of the Free State government. It has been 
 ever the custom of the British government, when it was settling a 
 new country and found conflicting land claims, to appoint a court 
 with full power to investigate and determine these claims. This 
 happened in Griqualand West, and one of the conclusions to which 
 this court came was that Waterboer had no right to the terri- 
 tory and, therefore, that no claims to any portion of the land which 
 were based upon a transaction with him, could be held as valid. As 
 soon as President Brand obtained this powerful argument, he went 
 straight to London and there presented his case. He was very warmly 
 received, and very generously treated. But when it came to deciding 
 as to whether the Diamond Fields territory, which had now been ruled 
 by England for six years, should be handed back to the Orange Free 
 
 / 
 
 /. 
 
G2 
 
 THE ORANGE FREE STATE. 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 State, practical difficulties arose. The population was equal to fully 
 half that of the Orange Free State, and was composed of the most 
 diverse elements from all parts of the world, forming a community 
 notoriously difficult to control. The expediency of retrocession was at 
 least debatable. The British government finally said to President 
 Brand that they desired, without attempting to decide the merits of the 
 original dispute, to pay to the Free State a solatium of ninety thousand 
 pounds (about $450,000.00). President Brand does not seem to have 
 struggled very long over this offer. He accepted it, and on returning to 
 his own country applied that sum to the reduction of their public 
 debt. No doubt the Free State did feel sore over this apparent wrong, 
 and the gradual discovery that the Diamond mines were worth far 
 more than was anticipated even in 1876, may have tended to inten- 
 sify their disappointment. But, on the other hand, it must be con- 
 sidered that in the development of this region they have found a splen- 
 did market for the produce of their splendid farms, and that it has 
 brought to them a large increase of wealth without adding to the 
 burden of their administrative responsibilities. In 1880 Grequaland 
 West was annexed to the Cape Colony. 
 
 The development of the Orange Free State after the settlement of 
 the difficulties about the Kimberley diamond fields was on the whole 
 characterized by steadiness rather than rapidity. It was the policy of 
 that wise and far seeing President Brand to avoid all complications 
 which would in any wise drag his people into war or bring disorder 
 among themselves. In 1881, for example, when the Transvaal Boers 
 were preparing for their war of independence President Brand rebuffed 
 all overtures for co-operation which would have dragged him into the 
 strife. Again in 1887, when President Kruger came to Bloemfontein 
 and proposed an alliance which would have brought the two Republics 
 into the closest possible union both for commercial and for military pur- 
 poses. President Brand, in whose hands his Volksraad left the decision, 
 firmly but finally declined the proposal. Even when the Transvaal 
 President offered to pay the sum of £20,000 ($200,000) annually for ten 
 years to the treasury of the smaller and less wealthy Republic, the stal- 
 wart self-respect of President Brand thrust the temptation aside. The 
 result of President Brand's generous attitude was such as to give him a 
 
THE ORANGE FREE STATE. 
 
 / 
 
 positiou of great influence, where he enjoyed the confidence of every 
 statesman in South Africa and the ministers of the Queen. The honor 
 in which he was held in London was manifested when in 1882 he was 
 offered the decoration of K. C. M. G. by Queen Victoria. This he had 
 both the courtesy and the strength to accept, and he became henceforth 
 known as Sir John Brand. 
 
 In commercial affairs the Orange Free State has had to depend on 
 the whole upon the gradual development of its farming system. It is 
 true that a diamond mine was discovered at Jagersfontein, but it has 
 never reached large proportions, and- the prospecting craze which seized 
 the population at the time of this discovery has made it practically cer- 
 tain that every corner of the land likely to yield diamonds has been 
 searched and found wanting. One of the most important stages in the 
 commercial prosperity of this plucky and peace-loving Republic was 
 reached when the railway was built from Cape Town and carried 
 through to the Transvaal. Customs arrangements were made with Cape 
 Colony which have proved peculiarly favorable to the Orange Free 
 State. The country is subject to the affliction of recurrent droughts, 
 which are severely felt by the large farming population; but these now 
 produce less of real affliction, owing to the general level of comfort 
 which the people enjoy. 
 
 On July 14, 1888, the beloved and honored President Sir John Brand 
 passed away. The Volksraad immediately met and in the following 
 month elected Mr. F. W. Reitz to the presidential chair. It was this Mr. 
 Reitz who a few years later forsook the Orange Free State for Pretoria 
 and became Secretary to the Government of the Transvaal. In recent 
 years there have been repeated quarrels between the two Republics on 
 the matter of the tariff, but these became finally adjusted. When Mr. 
 Rcltz resigned, the present President, M. T. Steyn, was elected to succeed 
 him in the year 1896. Mr. Steyn is a son of the land, his father is an 
 honored farmer who was induced to send his promising boy to Europe 
 to complete his education. During six years of study both in Holland 
 and in London President Steyn became a master of the legal profes- 
 sion, gained an insight into the larger life of European countries, and 
 returned to become speedily a man of influence and a maker of history 
 in the Orange Free State. A solemn treaty had been formed with the 
 
 A 
 
n 
 
 64 
 
 THE ORANGE FREE STATE. 
 
 lYansvaal in which each Htate promised to assist the other if its inde- 
 pendence should be threatened or attaclied. It is this treaty which has 
 dragged the Orange Free State into the present war. 
 
 President Steyu all last year (1898) took a prominent part in the 
 events which led up to the catastrophe of war. He it was who helped to 
 secure the conference at Bloerafontein between President Kruger and 
 Sir Alfred Milner. At a later stage in the discussions he interposed with 
 a striking and powerful letter of protest and entreaty which he sent to 
 the British Government. In this despatch he wired that his Government 
 had "done all in its power to obtain a peaceful and satisfactory solution 
 of the differences between Her Majesty's Government and the South 
 African Republic," recommending important reforms in the matter of 
 the franchise and representation for British subjects who were desirous 
 of becoming burghers of that Republic. He complains that while the 
 Boer Government was trying to induce the Volksraad to accept the sug- 
 gested reforms, a change was noted in the tone of the despatches ema- 
 nating from London. "The British Government, — it is urged, — had in 
 fact departed from the basis on which negotiations were opened — that 
 of not interfering in the internal affairs of the Republic. The request for 
 the Joint Commission of Inquiry emphasized that fact beyond any 
 shadow of doubt." Still, he says, the Free State Government persisted 
 in their efforts and "once more advised the Government of the South 
 African Republic to make yet another concession, and to give yet an- 
 other proof of its willingness to meet the British Government by con- 
 senting to accept the invitation of the British Government to take part 
 in such a Joint Commission." He asserts that this advice was adopted 
 by the Boer Government, and that only then did they discover that the 
 concessions hitherto made by the South African Republic were unavail- 
 ing. The despatch goes on to assert that while the British Government 
 had promised new proposals it had persisted "in the absence of any 
 apparent cause" in the work of making extensive military preparations 
 in South Afi'ica. "This Government cannot conceive at present that the 
 points of difference that may exist on this subject justify those extensive 
 and ever increasing military preparations being carried out on this bor- 
 der, not only in South African Republic, but also in the Orange Free 
 State, and they are therefore reluctantly compelled to conclude that they 
 
 
DUTCH BOERS OUTSPANNED 
 
 The span of oxen has been taken out and placed within the inclosure for the night. The Boer trav- 
 elers have lit their Are and are cooking their evening meal. They are tall, straight, powerful men, 
 accustomed to life in the open air, to physical exposure; some will sleep within the wagon, and some on 
 the ground beneath it with their guns always within reach. 
 
THE ORANGE FREE STATE. 
 
 67 / • 
 
 must be intended to secure other objects at present unknown to the Gov- 
 ernment of this State." The President begs therefore that no effort be 
 spared to effect a peaceful settlement if possible of the points in dispute 
 and urges that pending the issue of the new proposals which were being 
 prepared by the British Government, "any further movement or increase 
 of troops on or near the borders" should be stopped. 
 
 It is now a matter of history that this despatch, powerful as it was, 
 proved powerless to arrest the course of events. While the British Gov- 
 ernment was still preparing its new proposals the Government at Pre- 
 toria suddenly issued its ultimatum and the war began. President 
 Steyn then published his "Manifesto," from which we extract the follow- 
 ing powerful and stirring paragraphs: 
 
 111 
 
 2 »< 2 
 500 
 
 -"•3 a) 
 
 ill 
 
 "Burghers of the Orange Free State! 
 
 "That moment, which we have tried to avoid by all means in our 
 power, and which we are driven to oppose against wrong aoid shameful 
 oppression, has now come. 
 
 "Our sister Republic north of the Vaal River is on the eve of being 
 attacked by a remorseless enemy, who already for many years past has 
 looked for pretexts and has prepared for the act of violence of which 
 they are now guilty; the object of which is to end the independence of 
 the African nation. 
 
 "We are related to our sister Republic, not only by ties of blood, of 
 compassion, and of common interest, but also by a formal treaty, ren- 
 dered necessary by circumstances, and we are bound to assist them 
 whenever they should be unlawfully attacked, which, alas, we hfave had 
 reason to expect for a long ti*ne already. 
 
 "We therefore cannot tolerate that wrong to be done to them, and 
 our own liberty, acquired at so high a price, to be endangered, but are as 
 men bound to oppose it; trusting in the Almighty Lord, in the firm belief 
 that He will never suffer wrong and injustice to triumph, and confiding 
 in our good right in the eyes of Him and all the world. 
 
 "Thus if we oppose a mighty enemy, with whom we have always been 
 desirous of living in friendship, in spite of wrong and injustice suffered 
 from them in the past, we solemnly declare, in the presence of the Al- 
 mighty Lord, that we are driven to do so through the wrong done to our 
 
I 
 
 !l 
 
 r>8 THE ORANGE FREE STATE. 
 
 relatioAS, and through the knowledge that the end of their independence 
 will render insignificant pur o\y^n eitistence as an independent nation, 
 and that their fate, should they have to fall before an overwhelming 
 force, .will involve U9, too, in a short time. , , 
 
 "Solemn treaties have, been of no avail to our sister Republic against 
 annexation, against cqnspiracj^, ,a^^in^t claiipso^ a .suzerainty no longer 
 existing, against 'ons^tant oppression, and me<^dling with their affairs, 
 and jaqyk^ jsg^in^t ^ p^peaied attack; the s(^le object of which is their 
 i*uiOf" ■ f . . . 
 
 . > M Then follovs. a ; statement of the- grievances which the Orange Free 
 State feela- itself to have a?eoelved) from the British! Government in the 
 early days of the Basuto quarrels. Thr^s-lead»<tQ.an important statement 
 regarding tlie franchise question which cannot but make the reader 
 wonder how far President Steyn had been sincere tand earnest when he 
 was ungio^g- Fresident Krugerto deal with that problem in a spirit of 
 compliance with the demands of the Outlandere. / . 
 
 "The consequence of this claim (i. e., of the franchise on reasonable 
 t^i'ths). if acquiesced in, 'will be that from ^66se or the^f ancestors, who 
 have saved the cbuiit'ry froni barbarism and have opened it to civiliza- 
 tion and' light with their blood and their tears, will be talcen away the 
 measure of (ionirol oviai* the affairs of their country to Which they are 
 entitled according to Divine and human laws; and thiat an excess of 
 pbwei* will' be placed iii t'he haiids of* those' who,' foreigners by birth, 
 enjoy tlie privilege qf emptying' the country ff-biii its most important 
 treasure, whereas tliey never evinced any loyaTty but to a foreign Gov- 
 eriimerit. Moreover, tlie unavoidable cdnsptiuehce'' of giving way to 
 these claims would be that the indepieridenoe of the country, as also their 
 autonomy arid sovereignty, would be irfep'arably lost.'' '"^ ' ' "' 
 
 .:.( 
 
 . . Two short paragraphs <2a»t the blame of tlie- war upon, Britain's move- 
 mentsfOa hertroops and her diploinaey> And the manifesto, concludes as 
 follows: (i -.,■., -.r!, ii, ,(.,,-, ,,.,;ii .. r , .-,,1 ,•„;;.;„;, i.,.,. 
 
 ) '• n :. s I tt 
 
 "On their heads be the blood, and may an bquitable Providence pun- 
 ish those who deserve it by their acts. 
 
 "Burghers of th^ Orange Free State! Uise to a man against the op- 
 
THE ORANGE FREE STATE. 
 
 dd 
 
 pressor and violator of justice. Let none of your deeds in the war, to 
 which we are forced now, be such as would not beseem a Christian and 
 burgher of the Orange Free State. 
 
 "Let us trust for a favorable end to this war, relying upon the aid of 
 Him without whose assistance human arms are of no avail whatever. 
 May He bless our arms. Under His banner we go to the war for 
 
 Liberty and for Fatherland. 
 
 "These passed under my hand and the Grand Seal of the Orange Free 
 State at Bloemfontein. (Signed) M.T. Steyn, 
 
 "State's President" 
 
 \-,; 
 
CHAPTER V. 
 
 ZULULAND. 
 
 THIS name is given to a narrow strip of territory which lies ol 
 the northern borders of Natal between the southeastern 
 border of the Transvaal and the sea coast. It runs north until it 
 borders with Tongaland, a small territory which again borders with the 
 Portuguese territory. The general geographical features of Zululand 
 are much the same as those of Natal. The name is derived from the race 
 which inhabits it, and they derive their name Zulu, according to some 
 authorities, from one of their early chiefs whose name was Zulu. As the 
 Zulus have, more than any other South African race except the Basutos, 
 made history in South Africa, it is worth while to describe them and 
 their political relations and influences during this century. 
 
 The remarkable and unique thoroughness of their organization as a 
 military tribe has been traced back to one man, Dingiswayo, the chief of 
 another tribe. This man belonged to the Tetwa tribe and was an exile 
 in Cape Colony during the years 1793-1799. There he closeiy observed 
 the military drill of the Dutch soldiers and noticed how their thorough 
 discipline gave them enormous power when fighting against much larger 
 forces of undrilled and undisciplined native opponents. When he re- 
 turned to his own people it was with the resolve to adapt to their posi- 
 tion and weapons the ideas of drill and discipline which he had imbibed. 
 While he was- thus perfecting the organization of his tribe there came to 
 him a young man, a refugee from the Zulus, who lived north of the 
 Tugela River. This young man, Chaka by name, born about the year 
 1787, had fled with his mother from the anger of his father, the chief of 
 the Zulus. He lived with Dingiswayo and under his instruction learned 
 the principles which that leader was applying to the development of his 
 people. When Chaka's father died the young man at once returned to 
 his own tribe, seized the kingship aiid on receiving a poriion of the 
 
 Tetwa tribe, who had become attached to him and resolved to become 
 
 70 
 
■nu ft -•*, 
 
 ZULU LAND. 
 
 71 
 
 members of his tribe, set himself with their aid to apply to the Zulus the 
 principles of military organization and warfare which he had learned 
 from Dingiswayo. Being a man of extraordinary vigor and organizing 
 genius, and bent upon the extension of the power of his people over as 
 vast a region as possible, and having adopted certain plans which stead- 
 ily increased his power, Chaka very speedily made himself a name of 
 terror almost throughout South Africa. One of the fundamental rules 
 of his kingship was not to leave the people whom he conquered to enjoy 
 their independence, nor utterly to destroy them, but as thoroughly as 
 possible to incorporate them with his own tribe. In many instances this 
 necessitated the killing of all the adults and the absorption only of the 
 young. In some cases, especially 'in the earlier period of his history, 
 whole tribes were sometimes thus incorporated where the adults were 
 willing to come completely under his sway, and were likely to prove eflS- 
 cient Avarriors. 
 
 It was from his kingdom that there went out one day a young officer, 
 Moselekatse, who crossed the Drakensberg Mountains with some of 
 Chaka's regiments, and finding that these regiments had formed a deep 
 devotion to himself, resolved not to return to Chaka, but to set up a Zulu 
 kingdom for himself. It was Moselekatse who depopulated such a large 
 portion of the Transvaal and then, partly as the result of the Boer in- 
 vasion, moved northwards beyond the Limpopo River till he settled in 
 the region called Matebeleland. Of him and his tribe we speak else- 
 where, but as the organization was practically identical with that of 
 Chaka's it may be best to take from the pages of a competent observer 
 the following description of a Zulu chief and his relations to his tribe: 
 
 "Zulu society may be said to exist for the chief. His claims are su- 
 preme and unquestioned. To him belongs every person and everything 
 in the country. The droves of cattle which you meet in every part of 
 the country belong to the chief; and if one dies he is informed of it. The 
 herd-boy who follows the cattle, and his master who lives in the adjoin- 
 ing town, belong alike to the chief. The troops of girls who rush out 
 from every Zulu town to see tLe passing wagons belong all of them to 
 the chief; the immensely fat women who slowly follow are introduced to 
 the traveler as the wives of Moselekatse. The chiefs officers or head 
 men may indeed possess private property; but the chief has only to raise 
 
72 
 
 ZULU LAND. 
 
 
 Ill 
 
 bis finger and their goods are confiscated and they themselves put to 
 death. 
 
 "The head men lead perhaps the most wretched lives under this 
 wretched government. The private soldier has little in possession or 
 enjoyment, but he has also little care. The oflQcer, on the other hand, 
 knows that jealous eyes are upon him. His equals in rank and station 
 covet his possessions, and regard the favors which he receives from the 
 chief as so much personal loss to themselves. Therefore the head men 
 are continually plotting and counter-plotting against one another. *We 
 never know,* whispered one of them to me, having first looked carefully 
 around to see if we were quite alone, 'we never know when we enter our 
 bouse at night if we shall again look upon the light of the sun.' As a 
 matter of fact such men seldom fall asleep sober, they every night call in 
 the aid of boyala (beer) to deepen their slumbers. One day a small wiry 
 man was introduced to me at Inyate by one of the missionaries. He was 
 asked where he had been the night before, and with a smile mentioned 
 the name of a certain village. This person had sharp, restless eyes, the 
 thinnest Itps I had seen among natives; his- mouth was wide, and his 
 teeth large and wide. I was told after he left that this was one of the 
 chiefs executioners; and from the frequency of his domiciliary visits he 
 was called by the Matebele 'the chiefs knife.' I thought his face befitted 
 his office. Waiting in the neighborhood till his victim has drunk the 
 last cup of beer, he gives him time to fall into that stupor of sleep and 
 drunkenness out of which he is never to awake. The chiefs knife has his 
 assistants, who are in readiness to *mak siccar* any bloody work; for 
 Moselekatse could not carry on his paternal administration with only 
 one 'knife.' According to the testimony of one of the missionaries, it is 
 nothing for him to send in one night four or five different parties of ven- 
 geance, to hurry the inhabitants of four or five different villages into 
 eternity. . . . 
 
 "The captives taken in their raids grow up in the service of their 
 captors, or of those to whom they sell them within the tribe. They herd 
 cattle in time of peace; they carry the impedimenta of the soldier when 
 he goes to war. At home they practice fighting and running with the 
 boys of their own age; in the field they are familiarized with deeds of 
 blood. Their physical frame thus becomes more fully developed than if 
 

 ZULULAND. 
 
 tS 
 
 they had grown up in their own iiiitvaW'ike a;iid ill-fedf ttibe^. T liiiVd 
 seen children of Bushmen among the Matebele whose personal appeili'- 
 ance formed a perfect contrast to th'dr ill-favored i*elaiiveb iWthfe dMert. 
 As the captive boys grow older' they- bec6m6 impati^rit of the Pe^Miilt^ 
 of their position, and laying thbir hiBfiids tog^lhel*, kll living iii A'd^ttkiti 
 town march off in a body to the chief fe ^u^rtets and f)reselit thielf tJ^ti- 
 tion to Moselekatse : * We are ni^h, 6' King ; We ai*e' no Idng^t* boyfe'; gi'Ve 
 us cattle to herd and to defend.' If' the chi^f atpjitoves df theii* p^etitfon', h'<^ 
 drives out a few cows as their heMj dhd giv^s these "boys in char^^ '6f ia'ii 
 experienced soldier, with some a^^i^tkhts, Who, in the new t()#h' 6^ bar'- 
 racks which they erect, proceed t6 ti'^itf tlieM as Ifatebfele^oldiers. This 
 is called to 'bota.' It is in this way thaft' tlie' Itfatebdb arhiy i^ supplii^d 
 
 with men. ''' '" '"' " ' '"' '' ' '' " '""' ' ' " ' 
 
 "The new military town or regim^tit l'^ called by th^'skttie'nitne'a^ 
 the one in which they lived as captiWbdys:' '"Wheh th^y jgd to Wat^tlbW it 
 is as a company of that regiment. Biit th^y'ate tto'lbhger b'ag^A^e-cat*- 
 riers; they bear their own weapon^ how like tbeli'foriiier irtasters. 
 Should they succeed in killing and taking cajitive, they at ohc^ddcutiy 
 the position of their former owners, ahd ohi'd Second War have theii*'bdy 
 to carry their food and water. Should they not succi^ed ill killing matij 
 woman or little child, their position is still bhe o^ di«i(h6h6t. They' ki-fe 
 not men. If at the camp fire they sitlh the piresehtef of cohfitadds "whose 
 spears have drunk blood, the 'latter ^ill sbnietime^ show c^iiteiipt fb'i' 
 them by rubbing their port'ioii of beai in the sand, and theti tHroWing it 
 to them as to a dog. There iS therefoj-e evfel-y pdssibi^ induc'^itieht'to 'Ani- 
 mate the youth to shed bl6od Si)^dily. On thdr 1*6111^ jbuth'^y ftbiii a 
 successful raid the da'^tlves are dtiririgthe night tied tbthfeif c^titbr^, ot 
 to trees,' to prevent their escape, fehould a cdptfve fail oh th'^ iharcli 
 aftfer hib liiaster is iired ui^gin^ him forward, he' stabs hith ahd leaves 
 his body Ih the path. The Matebele Soldier^town has nothing doriiestic 
 kbbut it ; it is hot a toWh, bht barracks. Thi^ Voice df the infant, the sdhg 
 of th6 ihbther, are aiuidst uhknoWh thete. Ohiy after sotne signal 'setV- 
 ic^ does the chief bestoW, a^ a ^eat reward to tiie soldier, a dkptiVe giW 
 tb' be 'hib Wife, who has no ehbic^ in the mdtter, btit' is delivered td h^^ 
 hewdw'her as ah ox is givi^n id another hiain, Wlidse' deeds have been idsS 
 
 :1 I 111; 
 
 ■lit 
 
 .! n 
 
 t i: ' 1 N :il 
 
74 
 
 ZULU LAND. 
 
 meritorious." ("Ten Years North of the Orange River," by John Macken- 
 zie.) 
 
 The result of this policy is of course that the Zulu people are now an 
 exceedingly mixed race. Accordingly, it is impossible to describe their 
 appearance in any adequate manner. The original Zulu seems to have 
 been of a reddish copper color and not to have possessed the flat nose and 
 the very thick lips of the negro and some other Bantu tribes. Accord- 
 ingly in Zululand there are to be found those who possess the basal char- 
 acteristics of the tribe, and those also who are of a jet black color, with 
 woolly hair, very large mouth, very thick lips and very flat nose. 
 
 Like all South African tribes the land under the Zulu ownership be- 
 longs not to the individual absolutely, but to the tribe as such, and 
 every man who desires a location on which to build his kraal must go to 
 the chief and receive from him the spot which henceforth he is to use. 
 He cannot sell it; he has it simply for himself by permission of the chief. 
 Hence it is that some have held all actual deeds of sale which Europeans 
 have alleged as having been transacted between themselves and indi- 
 vidual natives, or even between themselves and chiefs of native tribes, to 
 be illegal; since the law of the country has always been that the land is 
 inalienable, and thpt every man occupies his own portion of it at the will 
 of the tribe through the chief. 
 
 Having received the site of his future residence, the Zulu proceeds 
 first of all to make the kraal or circular pen for his cattle; its size will 
 vary according to his actual wealth or his ambition. Around this he will 
 build his huts for himself and his wives and dependents. Each hut is 
 built of the branches of trees woven together in a cup-shape, and covered 
 over with mud and grass. He shares his hut with whatever fowls he 
 has, and reserves a portion near the low, little eulrance door for his 
 goats and calves. It has never occurred to him to build a separate pen 
 for these. The Zulus are fond of ornament, and deck themselves out 
 with bracelets, necklaces, anklets and other decorations made of copper 
 and beads and whatever other materials are obtainable. Their habits 
 are lazy and sensual. The women work in the gardens, oftentimes carry- 
 ing heavy loads in harvest times as well as their children on their backs, 
 while the men loaf about the kraal, or go out hunting or sally forth on a 
 military expedition. The men care for the cattle and do the milking as 
 
ZULULAND. 
 
 75 
 
 is the custom throughout all the Bantu tribes in South Africa. No 
 woman dare enter the kraal while the cattle are there: no woman dare 
 interfere with the duty of milking the cows. This strange and ancient 
 custom has no reason for it that the modern mind can discover. The 
 Bantu man himself has no better excuse for the strong and binding law 
 than that he is afraid the women will drink the milk. Such a custom as 
 this no doubt had its origin in circumstances, perhaps thousands of years 
 ago, which made it necessary and rational, but which we cannot now 
 discover or describe. 
 
 The superstitions of the Zulu people are innumerable and have af- 
 forded scope for much investigation by students of comparative religion. 
 They believe in charms of all kinds. They carry charms in the form of 
 bits of wood or bone about their necks, which protect them against all 
 kinds of evil, from the bite of a serpent to the lightning stroke. They 
 believe in the fatality attaching to the movements of certain birds and 
 animals. If a hawk or a turkey buzzard visits their kraal or sits upon 
 the hut, or is caught in a trap, it is an evil portent; it is fatal if a cock 
 crows early in tlie night before people are asleep; if any four-footed ani- 
 mal jumps upon the hut, sickness or death is thereby portended for the 
 dwellers there. 
 
 The chief Panda reigned nearly thirty years and during his time 
 maintained a remarkable moderation in his dealings, especially with the 
 neighboring tribes. Throughout this period the Zulus counted the 
 colonists of Natal as their friends and maintained an attitude of un- 
 changing hostility to the Boers. The Transvaal Boers had gradually 
 crept down southeastwards from the center of their territory towards 
 Zululand, and entered into various treaties with the Zulus. One treaty 
 of especial importance was made with reference to the use of a consider- 
 able strip of territory which the Boers considered that they had bought 
 outright, but which the Zulus afterwards asserted had only been loaned 
 them for purposes of pasturage. It is said that the Natal people were 
 cruel as well as foolish enough rather to encourage than dissuade the 
 Zulus' hatred of the Boers. This was done for the sake of their own 
 safety. Such an acute observer as Sir Bartle Frere when he came to 
 study the facts at close quarters was amazed on the one hand that Natal 
 had remained free from Zulu aggression, and was grieved also at the 
 
76 
 
 ZULU LAND. 
 
 
 somewhat selfish attitude which Natal had assumed in relation to the 
 Boers. 
 
 Panda had two sons who, as soon as they reached manhood, both de- 
 sired the reversion of their father's position and power as king of the 
 Zulus. The inevitable contest resulted in the victory of Cetywayo. 
 When he was about to receive public recognition as the heir it was sug- 
 gested that Mr. Theophilus Shepstone of Natal should be present to 
 recognize him as the successor of Panda. This Mr. Shepstone, the same 
 who afterwards carried through the annexation of the Transvaal, was in 
 many ways a most remarkable man. He had gained great influence over 
 the Zulus. He is described as a silent and self-controlled man, with a 
 very strong and determined will, who curiously combined with these a 
 strong inclination to defer all disagreeable action and to trust that if 
 only a temporizing expedient could be discovered and employed for stav- 
 ing off the practical solution of a hard problem, time would bring that 
 solution to light. He, after some hesitation, agreed to perform this oflBce 
 for Cetywayo. But when he arrived at the Zulu capital it needed all his 
 strength and heroism to face the angry and tumultuous Zulus who 
 surged around him, threatening instant death, indignant at the thought 
 that he, a white man, should exercise the lofty privilege and function of 
 nominating the future king of the Zulus. Panda insisted, his people 
 yielded, and Shepstone who at one moment had been threatened with 
 death, found himself in a little while recognized as the king-maker, and 
 therefore as in a sense an oflficial father of Cetywayo. Henceforth he 
 was known by the latter as Father Somsteu (Father Shepstone). This 
 unique ceremony was completed when in 1873 Panda died, and Shep- 
 stone once more was present in Zululand to install Cetywayo as king of 
 the Zulus. 
 
 Cetywayo is described by a remarkable Norwegian missionary 
 (Bishop Schreuder) as "an able man, but for cold, selfish pride, cruelty 
 and untruthfulness worse than any of his predecessors. He has a curi- 
 ous lack of gratitude, and will never acknowledge the slightest obliga- 
 tion to anyone." Whereas his father had been of a kindly and merciful 
 disposition, Cetywayo showed himself cruel and ready even to torture 
 those who became the victims of his vengeful wrath. Cruel practices 
 that had been dropping into disuse were revived by him. The numbei* 
 
ZULU LAND. 
 
 11 
 
 of people who were auuually killed in his own country steadily in- 
 cita.scd. lie carried on the horrible p:*actice of "smelling out" alleged 
 criminals; that is he trusted the power of a witch who was often in 
 league with himself, to discover not only actual criminals, but those who 
 in their hearts were plotting crime against the king and tribe. On one 
 occasion the horrible massacre of young women was so atrocious that 
 the Governor of Natal was compelled formally and very earnestly to 
 protest against the deed. The answer which he received from Cety wayo 
 opened the eyes of the British authorities to the new and threatening 
 spirit which Cetywayo was introducing into Zulu policy. He spoke of 
 the matter frankly and openly asserted that it was the custom of his 
 people to kill, that he intended to keep it up. "I do kill," he said, "but I 
 do not consider that I have done anything yet in the way of killing. 
 Why do the white people start at nothing? I have not yet begun ; I have 
 yet to kill; it is the custom of our nation and I shall not depart from it. 
 I shall not agree to any laws or rules from Natal. . . . Have I not 
 asked the English to allow me to wash my spears since the death of my 
 father. Panda, and they have kept playing with me all this time, treat- 
 ing me like a child? Go back and tell the English that I shall now act 
 on my own account. The Governor of Natal and I are equal; he is Gov- 
 ernor of Natal and I am Governor here." 
 
 About the year 1876 and onwards it became evident to many observ- 
 ers that a far reaching movement was abroad.among the various native 
 tribes in South Africa. The origin of this movement appears to have 
 been in Zululand. They themselves were encouraged when they heard 
 that in the far north the native tribe of Bapedi, under the brave chief 
 Sekukuni, had repelled the Boers and that the Dutch commando had re- 
 turned disgusted as well as defeated to their homes. This helped to con- 
 firm the self-confidence of the Zulus, and the ambition of Cetywayo be- 
 came inflamed to a great heat. But more than by any of these events 
 was Cetywayo rendered suspicious and hostile to the British by their 
 annexation of the Transvaal. Especially was he amazed and embittered 
 by the fact that his own "Father Somsteu" (Shepstone) was now chief of 
 his — Cetywayo's — hereditary foes, the Boers. This fact made it certain 
 to his own mind that the British could no longer be at the same time his 
 friends. 
 
78 
 
 ZULULAND. ■ 
 
 I --^ 
 
 
 The dispute with the Boers concerning the strip of land above re- 
 ferred to became acute, and at last in 1878 a commission, appointed by 
 the British Government, attempted to investigate the claims of both 
 parties, and to reach a final and authoritative conclusion. It is said that 
 they declined to consider written documents as legal evidence when 
 those who formed one party to the contract could not read. It is beyond 
 dispute that, in many instances, white men in South Africa have at- 
 tempted to filch land from native chiefs by getting them to agree to a 
 document and to sign it, which, when read aloud in a native translation 
 to the chief, stated one set of conditions, and which, when presented 
 later before a land court or European tribunal of some sort, was found 
 to contain entirely different conditions. Such might easily have been 
 the method employed in this instance, and the commissioners therefore 
 shut out the evidence of documents which Zulus could not read. Hav- 
 ing heard and considered the evidence of both sides, the commissioners 
 decided in favor of the Zulus. Not long aft*" his Sir Bartle Frere, High 
 Commissioner for South Africa, came to Nat. a and among other matters 
 inquired into the findings of this commission. He was disappointed and 
 made up his mind that the Boers had suffered a serious injustice. He 
 attempted to atone in some measure for this injustice by warning Cety- 
 wayo that when land had been occupied so long as this land had been by 
 these European farmers they, although brought under his authority as 
 chief of the country, yet had rights in their homesteads and farms with 
 which he must not interfere. Cetywayo was in no mood to receive 
 advice or dictation from a white man, and he ignored this warning and 
 advice. His soldiers swept into the disputed territory, the farmers fled 
 before them, their homesteads were set ablaze and a fair land became 
 desolate. 
 
 On several occasions bands of Zulus had pursued the victims of their 
 raids into Natal itself, and there in defiance of local authorities had 
 seized and carried them off to be put to death. Protests against this 
 were made in vain, the chief offered to pay compensation in money, but 
 any further promise was declined. The result of their attitude and of 
 the successes of Sekukuni against the Boers, as well as of the peculiar 
 uncertainty regarding the intentions of Great Britain in relation to 
 the extension of her South African dominions, spread, as we have seen, 
 
ZULU LAND. 
 
 79 
 
 unrest throughout the entire region. The position is briefly sumuiarized 
 as follows: "Col. Lanyon had written in May, from a place on the 
 Orange River, that for 150 miles of his march thither from Kimberley 
 he had found the country deserted and all the farmers in laager, the 
 attitude of natives being insolent, and cattle stealing, accompanied by 
 acts of violence, not uncommon. In Pondoland there was apprehension 
 of trouble with the natives. In the Transvaal discontent was on the in- 
 crease among the Boers; and Sekukuni, who had successfully defied 
 the Boer levies, and was closely allied with Cetywayo, was ready to 
 break out again. . . . There were Cetywayo's unwashed spears, a 
 thunder cloud on the frontier. Everywhere the outlook was stormy." 
 ("Life of Sir Bartle Frere," by J. Martineau.) 
 
 The main fact which the rulers of southeastern Africa had to con- 
 sider was the mere existence of this great and ever-increasing tribe, 
 its thorough and stern military organization, and its complete sub- 
 jection to the will of a man who showed himself ambitious, self-con- 
 fident, and who manifested the conviction that he could overthrow 
 the power of the white people. This temper began to express itself 
 in definite acts which he knew could only be received as hostile to 
 Natal on the one hand, and the Transvaal on the other. Before the 
 award of the commissioners regarding the disputed territory was 
 reached, Cetywayo sent his soldiers into that region and drove many 
 Boer families away. On more than one occasion the soldiers crossed 
 the Tugela River into Natal in order to capture fugitives from his own 
 tribe. These invaders secured their victims and carried them ofif in 
 spite of protests of the local Natal authorities. Remonstranres from 
 the (xovernor of Natal were treated by Cetywayo with something 
 amounting to disdain. Those who know less practically of the temper of 
 such a race would no doubt to this day urge that pacific measures 
 might have maintained peace, and that it was better in any case to stave 
 off the evil day ; but men like Sir Bartle Frere, the High Commissioner 
 for South Africa, who had behind him a long and great experience of 
 savage tribes and who knew the enormous dangers which accumulated 
 upon the heads of those who imagine that a tribe of professional war- 
 riors can consider pacific measures as anything but weak compromises 
 on the part of their opponents, were and are probably unanimous that 
 
80 
 
 ZULULAND, 
 
 sooner or later the Zulu army organization must have been faced and 
 beaten by British soldiers. 
 
 Exactly the same story was repeated some years later in Matebele- 
 land. Here again it was from the beginning perfectly obvious to those 
 who knew the facts that the country could not be opened to European 
 settlement, nor the surrounding territories peacefully inhabited until 
 the military organization of the Northern Zulus there had been com- 
 pletely smashed. 
 
 Sir Bartle Frere was a man who loved peace more than war, but 
 who also lived and worked under a high sense of responsibility and 
 guided by an experience of extraordinary breadth and variety. Cruel 
 and most unjust assertions have been made against him by some his- 
 torians of South Africa in connection with the Zulu and other tribal 
 wars which took place in his time. But a reading of the despatches 
 which he sent to London throughout this period will speedily prove to 
 most that his soul desired only peace. Those documents reflect also the 
 sad conviction which grew upon him as he became acquainted with the 
 facts, that since war with the Zulus was inevitable at some time, the 
 sooner the terrible necessity was faced the easier would be the victory 
 and the more certain the arrangement of an abiding peace. He did 
 not create conditions which made the war necessary. He says in one 
 of his letters, "The die for peace or war had been cast long before I or 
 Buller or Sir Garnet Wolseley came here." And again he says, with 
 pathetic emphasis, "I certainly did not come here to spend the fag end 
 of my life, away from all I care for, in setting up strife. I hoped and 
 still hope to do something for permanent peace and good government 
 in South Africa, and should be sorry to be regarded as the evil spirit 
 of war." 
 
 Frere resolved that in sending to Cetywayo the announcement of 
 the final award regarding the disputed territory, he would also send 
 him a demand in the form of an ultimatum regarding those matters of 
 dispute between the Zulus and the Natal Government. In 'lis ulti- 
 matum a demand was made for the surrender within 20 dayc> of those 
 who had carried the refugees from the Natal territory, and the payment 
 of a fine both for those offences and the delay which had already oc- 
 curred in atoning for them, and another fine for an offence committed 
 
ZULULAND. 
 
 81 
 
 on two English officials. The most important points of the nltlmatnm 
 c'onsisteil in a demand that the existing military system of the ZuIuh 
 should be thoroughly reformed; that, for this end, the law enforcing 
 celibacy upon the Zulu soldiers must be abrogated and the men allowed 
 to marry and have homes of their own; that, while the law demanding 
 military service from every member of the nation need not be repealed, 
 the regiments were not to be assembled on the mere will of the king 
 without permission of the council of the Zulu nation and the council of 
 the Natal Government To see that all these provisions were honorably 
 carried out a British Resident must be received in Zululand, to represent 
 the Governor and to act as the friend and adviser of the king. 
 
 These demands were most wisely conceived, whether they were made 
 at the right time or not; for the threatening power of Zululand con- 
 sisted in the fierce devotion of all its people to the practices of war, the 
 ambition of every Zulu soldier to wash his spear in human blood. This 
 spirit could only be changed by a radical change in the social organiza- 
 tion of the people, and this could only be done by such alterations as 
 Frere demanded. The right to make these demands undoubtedly be- 
 longed to any or all the surrounding peoples to whom the existence 
 of the Zulu army was a constant menace and a source of unsettlement 
 and dread. The ultimatum was issued in December, 1878, and from 20 
 to 30 days were allowed to the Zulu king for considering and obeying 
 its demands. The time passed without any action on his part, and 
 there remained nothing to do but to march British troops upon Zulu- 
 land to secure by force the perfectly righteous results which could not 
 be secured by persuasion. 
 
 At this time there were available for the purpose of this war only 
 about 5,500 British troops. The Commander-in-Chief was Lord Chelms- 
 ford. Before the war began Natal volunteers were secured and some 
 Basuto troops were prepared for service. The authorities strove very 
 hard to imbue the military leaders and officers with a sense of the 
 peculiar nature of the war in which they were entering and the abso- 
 lute necessity for adopting plans not recognized as necessary or digni- 
 fied in European warfare. Boers who had fought in the famous war in 
 1838 were consulted and their evidence and advice was printed and cir- 
 culated among the troops. Just at this time Mr. Paul Kruger, after- 
 
82 
 
 ZULULAND. 
 
 ^ 
 
 m 
 ! 
 
 wards President of the Transvaal, was returning from England 
 through Natal, disappointed with the efforts which he had made in 
 London to secure the granting of independence to his country. He was 
 consulted by Sir Bartle Frere, who brought him to an interview with 
 Lord Chelmsfoi'd himself. We are told that "Mr. Kruger gave much 
 valuable information as to Zulu tactics, and impressed upon him the 
 absolute necessity of laagering his wagons every evening, and always at 
 the approach of the enemy. He urged the necessity of scouting at con- 
 siderable distances, as the movements of the Zulus were very rapid, 
 mentioning how even he had once been surprised, and was extricated 
 only by clever hand to hand fighting inside the laager." Kruger at one 
 point said : "Ask what precaution the General has taken that his orders 
 should be carried out every evening, because if they are omitted one 
 evening it will be fatal." 
 
 Alas! these efforts to bend the military leaders from their tradi- 
 tional methods or to draw them from their fatal contempt for black 
 enemies were in vain, as we shall see. The invasion of Zululand was 
 arranged to take place from three separate points, which of itself was 
 A bad plan, inasmuch as i^ divided up an already small force into three 
 widely separated columns, between whom no communication was pos- 
 sible. The plan was that they should converge upon Ulundi, the capital 
 of the country and seat of Cetywayo's power. What was called the 
 headquarters column, commanded by Lord Chelmsford himself, crossed 
 the Tugela at a place known as Rorke's Drift. Another column enteic«« 
 near the sea on the east, in which the leader of the cavalry force was 
 Major Redvers Buller, who to-day (January, 1900) is Commander of the 
 British forces in Natal. Another column entered from the northwest, 
 under the command of General Evelyn Wood, who was very deeply 
 indebted for his own deliverance from disaster and for his success, to 
 the presence and advice of a venerable and noble Boer by name Peter 
 Uys who, with his two sons, fought in this war as loyally as if they were 
 members of a Boer commando. 
 
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 hundred soldiers in charge of the commissariat. The General, having 
 crossed the river, pitched his camp under the hill called Isandhlwana. 
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 been given to him. Tlie work of scouting was so inefficiently done that a 
 vast Zulu army was able to assemble within striking distance, unno- 
 ticed and unsuspected. The camp itself was without entrenchments, 
 the tents were scattered and so placed in a hollow at the foot of the hill 
 that if an enemy attacked the front only one mode of escape was pos- 
 sible, back to the river, through an opening in the side of the hill, called 
 in South African parlance a "nek." On the morning of January 22, 
 1879, Lord Chelmsford left in the camp about 800 soldiers, and with as 
 many more moved forwards, hoping to attack and destroy a certain 
 kraal of Zulus a short distance off. After he left, scouts were sent out 
 who suddenly came in contact with a large force of Zulus. Firing at 
 once began, and the entire Zulu army, amounting to more than 10,000 
 men, rose for a united attack. They came on in front, rushing in great 
 masses upon the camp. The British soldiers were scattered about, en- 
 gaged in all kinds of employment; their ammunition was not within the 
 reach of all; they were compelled very hurriedly to assume the defen- 
 sive in disordered groups wherever it was possible; a few of them 
 rushed up the hillside to secure a retreat through the nek back to the 
 river, but almost with the swiftness of cavalry the right horn of the 
 Zulu host had swept behind Isandhlwana hill and met them at the 
 narrow pass. With irresistible force they now rushed upon the despair- 
 ing and disorganized British soldiers. 
 
 A small band of brave men on the hillside used their guns with 
 terrific effect until the last moment, and then their officer, with a 
 fierce sweep of his sword, leapt upon the encircling spears. The entire 
 800 soldiers were put to death in that horrible pit of blood. The Zulu 
 gives no quarter, dreams of no mercy; every man who is a foe is put to 
 death. A few broke through the crowds and made for the river; two 
 especially were determined to carry the colors of their regiment safe to 
 the other shore. They reached the river and jumped in to swim across; 
 the natives shot one, and the other, missing his companion, turned to 
 find him, as if his own life were valueless where the life of a romrade 
 is at stake. He helped him to the shore, and both attempted the oppo- 
 site bank. Exhausted and wounded they could nin only n short dis- 
 tance ere their fleet pursuers were upon them, and they, too, lay dead. 
 
so 
 
 ZULULAND. 
 
 I ,.-..' 
 
 The colors were found long afterwards, for whose honor they so bravely 
 fought and gave their lives. 
 
 The victorious Zulus made of course for the Tugela River, and 
 crossed into Natal. There they came upon the hundred soldiers on the 
 opposite bank. These had in some way received warning and nobly 
 determined not to flee, even in such an extremity. They had hurriedly 
 made a rude laager for themselves out of stores which they were guard- 
 ing; sacks of corn and packed biscuit boxes were piled to form a circular 
 wall around them, and behind this rude defence they awaited the tri- 
 umphant and blood-thirsty Zulus. On they came^ in rush after rush, 
 only to be met with steady, cool and accurate fire from the brave little 
 force. Time after time the dusky force recoiled and at last, cowed and 
 afraid, they made for the river and betook themselves to their own land 
 again. That heroic stand saved Natal from being overrun with men 
 as fierce as wild beasts and worse in the damage they could do. 
 
 Poor Lord Chelmsford returned to his camp only to behold the heaps 
 of dead. His force actually slept there on that fearful field; a strange 
 and tortured sleep it must have been, full of startled awakenings and 
 horrible apprehensions. At dawn they woke and made for the river. 
 Back the discomfited General came to Pietermaritzburg, worn and 
 sick at heart, an object of universal pity and sympathy. The brave and 
 noble Sir Bartle Frere alone presented a courageous front in the days of 
 gloom which followed. All Natal citizens were thrown into indescrib- 
 able panic by the idea that Cetywayo would immediately invade the 
 colony and overrun their farms and towns with his cruel and irresistible 
 hosts. They did not realize the effect produced upon him and his 
 soldiers by the resistance which tiiey met from the brave band of less 
 than one hundred men. Of course, the only thing to do v/as to send 
 Immediately to England for re-enforcements. Sir Bartle Frere tele- 
 graphed to all of the nearest points where British garrisons were estab- 
 lished for help, and within a few weeks squadrons began to arrive from 
 nere and there; the nr-^s spread through the land and up into Zulu- 
 land that hosts of soldiers were arriving from England to take revenge 
 for Isandhlwana. Meanwhile the eastern column was content to in- 
 trench itself and await developments, especially re-enforcements. But 
 Gf^neral Wood, well advised and courageous at heart, on the northwest 
 
 1 
 
 ■^ 
 
 If 
 
 IM' 
 
 
ZULULAND. 
 
 87 
 
 f 
 
 pressed on. He formed strong intrenchments at a place called Kam- 
 bula. Here on a hill, from which a gentle slope led down to a wide 
 plain, he awaited the onslaught of his self-confident enemies. They came 
 in thdir own terrific style, with yell and rush, but were thrown back 
 time after time and at last returned, baflled and ashamed, to their indig- 
 nant and angered king, leaving a thousand of their dead upon the field. 
 
 As speedily as possible Lord Chelmsford reorganized his troops and 
 once more entered Zululand. It was not until the end of June that this 
 was possible. With scarcely any resistance he was allowed to proceed 
 as far as Ulundi itself, and there the final battle took place. Forming 
 his infantry into a hollow square, with gatling guns at each comer and 
 in the center of each front, with squadrons of cavalry moving swiftly 
 from point to point according to the needs of the moment, he met the 
 onslaught of Cetywayo's entire army. The regiments of young warriors 
 were allowed to approach until within two or three hundred yard^and 
 then the full fire of the lines opposite them broke upon their compact 
 masses. They fell literally in hundreds as they came within a hundred 
 yards in their impetuous way. When the fiercely concentrated hail of 
 bullets struck them they wavered and fell back. At the right moment 
 the signal was given to the Lancers, and they charged through and 
 through the panic-stricken hosts, scattering them to the winds. 
 
 Cetywayo, who had watched the battle from a distance, was now a 
 fugitive. The enormous kraals which formed his capital, some of them 
 measuring 500 yards across the open space in the center, were burned 
 to the ground and the war was over. Not long afterwards the king was 
 caught and taken to Cape Town, where he was kept prisoner. This 
 battle took place on the 4th of July, 1879, and as soon as it was ov<'r 
 Lord Chelmsford resigned his command into the hands of Sir Garnet 
 Wolseley, who had been sent out from Enjiland to take chief command, 
 and to act as High Omimissitmer in 80uth»t»astei*n Africa. He came with 
 full power to establish the new order of thiugs in Zululand. 
 
 Wolseley was a man of undoubted ability as military commander, 
 but without any valoftble experience as administrator of native terri- 
 tories. He was, in a most fiiolish and indefensible moment in London, 
 appointed to take the plane of Sir Bartle Frere, and to act as High 
 Commissioner for that re^a in direct correspondence with London. 
 
m 
 
 ZULULAND. 
 
 Wolseley appears to have, either on his own motion or actuated by sug- 
 gestions from home, resolved not to consult Frere regarding the future 
 of Zululand. The result was that he adopted a plan as ingenious as it 
 was foolish, utterly impracticable, because based upon no experience 
 of the facts with which he professed to deal. He proposed to break up 
 Zululand into thirteen districts and to appoint a chief for each; he gave 
 the chieftainship of the largest district of all to an Englishman, John 
 Dun, a clever and kind-hearted man, but one who had lived for many 
 years practically as a Zulu, having adopted most of their customs, 
 including polygamy. This degenerate Europeai was made the most 
 powerful person in Zululand! 
 
 As soon as Sir Bartle Frere heard of the plan, he, in the most 
 courteous way, pointed out its serious effects to Wolseley ; but his advice 
 was received with ill-concealed contempt. Zululand was not according 
 to this plan to be governed by any European, nor were Europeans to 
 be allowed to settle in it, and the Zulus were even half encouraged to 
 discourage missionaries. What Frere suggested was the plan which, in 
 1883, on the complete collapse of Wolseley's plan was begun, and was 
 fully adopted in 1887! 
 
 In 1883 Cetywayo was restored, but soon died. His son, Dingizulu, 
 had to fight against another chief, Sibepu, for the succession, and in 
 order to make success sure accepted the aid of Boers living in what 
 had been the disputed territory. He promised to cede to them a large 
 and valuable region in return for their aid. Of course, he won and 
 became chief. It thus happened, in the most strange whirl-i-gig changes 
 of British policy and foolish alterations of purpose, that part of the very 
 country which Great Britain had conquered at so heavy a cost of men 
 and money was handed over to the Transvaal Government, at a time 
 when not one foot of that territory belonged to Britain, the conqueror 
 herself! As a formal annexation of Zululand to Great Britain had not 
 been announced by Sir Garnet Wolseley, the large district known as 
 Vryheid thus became a portion of the Transvaal. 
 
 In 1887 this annexation actually took place. Something like the very 
 plan which Sir Bartle Frere proposed, in 1879, was finally adopted and 
 <>I>erates with the utmost ease and comfort to-day. The country is 
 divided into sections, over each of which a European magistrate is ap- 
 
 
 
 K ] 
 
M 
 
 ZULULAND. 
 
 89 
 
 pointed. The Governor of Natal is also Governor of Zululand, a li^lit 
 but-tax cheerfully paid by the Zulus defrays all expenses of local gov- 
 ernment. The Zulus are being encouraged to accept education, the 
 Christian religion, and various elements of civilized life. Their country 
 is rich and productive, and the ease with which food can be obtained 
 tends to keep them lazy as well as cheerful, unprogressive because 
 content. 
 
 The hope of Zululand lies in the work of Christian missionaries who 
 have given their lives to the salvation of that degraded people. For 
 many years it was of course impossible to establish extensive missionary 
 operations in Zululand itself. The first success was gained by the Nor- 
 wegian Missionary Society, whose representative, Schreuder, began 
 work about the year 1844 and won his way to the approval of the Zulu 
 chief by means of his medical work. Schreuder was a man of high 
 character and great ability, who in time gained the complete confidence 
 of the Zulu monarchs with whom he had to do; so powerful indeed was 
 His position in the land that when the war broke out between Cetywayo 
 and the British, while many Europeans had to flee, Schreuder's station 
 was left untouched. No higher tribute could be paid to any man's 
 personality than that one fact. Some of the most successful workers 
 among the Zulu people have been the missionaries of the American 
 Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions. Their work has been 
 confined until recent years almost entirely to Natal, but through them 
 principally was the encire Bible translated into the Zulu language and 
 foundations were laid for an extensive system of Zulu education. To 
 this department of the work they have, with singular foresight, paid 
 very earnest awl constant attention. Through their normal schools and 
 theological seminaries they liHve aimed to provide a comparatively high 
 type of native evnngelists an<l f)reachers. Through their boarding 
 schools for Zulu girls they have aimed at reaching the motherhood of 
 the land. It is from these ediKatioual centers that the strongest in- 
 fluences are n<*w str'^aniiug thr ughout Zululand. One of the greatest 
 names inecud with Amerirau missions In Natal to the Zulus is 
 un<i<»nhr«'dly that of Dr. Lindley, who gained f«»r himself a very high 
 place in the regard of the European and native people* as well as of the 
 Dutch. He has emphasized the enormous influence exercised upon the 
 
90 
 
 ZULULAND. 
 
 native tribe by the advent of a missionary amongst them. It is the con- 
 verts to the Christian religion who became the healthy nucleus of :i 
 new and high development among the people. Their radicalism in 
 religion leads these converts to break away more easily from the cus- 
 toms of their tribes in other matters. They most quickly adopt Euro- 
 pean costume, build square houses rather than huts, use tables and 
 chairs instead of squatting on the ground. It is they who most readily 
 depart from native methods of agriculture, who use American ploughs, 
 and thus begin the healthy but remarkable change of sending the men 
 into the fields to do the work instead of women. It is they who begin 
 to protest against witchcraft and other heathenish and abominable prac- 
 tices. It is they who have learned to read and to write, and, thereby 
 gaining great power in many ways, stimulate the desire amongst their 
 fellow-countrymen to gain the same advantages. It is not unlikely that 
 with the enormous increase in population which is taking place in 
 Zululand, as elsewhere in South Africa, the problem of a livelihood will 
 become more acute than it is at present. In that case, when men must 
 work harder and a new energy is thus infused into the people, it will be 
 from the mission stations and those whom they have influenced that 
 the guidance of those new departures in history which economic cnanges 
 will make necestary, must be provided. 
 
 I 
 
* •• V . 
 
 , 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 BASUTOLAND. 
 
 BASUTOLAND is always described a« the Switzerland of South 
 Africa. A traveller of so wide experience and a mountaineer so 
 intrepid and enthusiastic as Mr. Bryce goes into ecstasies over the 
 glories of Basutoland scenery. "Its peaks," he says, "are the highest 
 in Africa, south of Mount Kilimandjaro, for several of them reach 
 11,000 feet. On the southeast this mountain-land, the Switzerland of 
 South Africa, faces Natal and East Griqualand with a long range of 
 formidable precipices, impassable for many miles. The interior contains 
 valleys and glens of singular beauty, some wild and rugged, some 
 clothed with rich pasture. The voice of brooks, a sound rare in Africa, 
 rises from the hidden depths of the gorges, and here and there torrents 
 plunging over the edge of a basaltic cliff into an abyss below make 
 waterfalls which are at all seasons beautiful, and when swollen by tlip 
 rains of January, majestic. Except wood, of which there is unhappily 
 nothing more than a little scrubby bush in the sheltered hollows, nearly 
 all the elements of beauty are present, and the contrast between craggy 
 summits and the soft, rich pasture, and corn-lands which lie along their 
 northern base gives rise to many admirable landscapes." 
 
 This wonderful country is the home of the Basuto people, who now 
 comprise portions of various tribes. In the beginning of the century the 
 region was divided among several rival tribes, but about the year 1824 
 there began the work of consolidation under a young man known to the 
 English-speaking world as Moshesh. This youth, while belonging to a 
 family by no means of first rank and even while his father was alive, 
 displayed extraordinary gifts of diplomacy as well as a warlike courage. 
 He succeeded in bringing under his control one set of people after 
 another, conquered some small tribes, and added them to his followers, 
 and then, as his power grew, proceeded deliberately to select a capital 
 for his little kingdom. With the keen eye of a born strategist he selected 
 the top of ft wountaiii, overtooKlng the western plains, which cau gu\" 
 
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 l\ 
 
 92 
 
 BASUTOLAND. 
 
 be reached by one narrow roadway through the rocks. The top of this 
 hill is a flat plateau, with its own supply of spring water, and extensive 
 enough to pasture cattle. It could therefore be hoped that it would 
 prove impregnable against direct assaults and would be able to with- 
 stand the trijils of a long siege. The name of this famous and hitherto 
 unconquered citadel is Thaba Bosigo. 
 
 As the renown of Moshesh spread more of the native tribes of this 
 region willingly came under his sway. This fame was much increased 
 by the cleverness with which he treated Moselekatse, the head of the 
 rebellious Zulu regiments who had swept the Transvaal with desolation. 
 When they attacked Moshesh, they found him of course beyond the 
 reach of the regiments; but as they retired they were surprised by an 
 embassy from Moshesh, which brought to thera provisions for their 
 journey homewards. This unexpected appeal appears to have been 
 successful; for the soldiers of Moselekatse never again attempted to 
 attack Moshesh. 
 
 In 1843 Moshesh agreed to a treaty with the British Government 
 which recognized him formally as the head of the Basuto people, and 
 which assured him not only of the moral support of the British Govern- 
 ment over his rivals, but also an annual subsidy of £75 (about |375). 
 This document had in after years to be rescinded, and there are many 
 critics of the past who assert that it was a great blunder thus to aiti 
 in consolidating the power of a man whose people were able in after 
 years to do great damage both to the English and to the Boers. It is a 
 great question, however, whe-'her after all it has not been easier to 
 deal with the Basutos as one people when the rational process of trying 
 to govern and to civilize them was seriously undertaken, than if they 
 had been left as separate rival bands, each having to be dealt with on its 
 own account. 
 
 When, in the year 1852, Sir George Cathcart heard that the soldiers 
 of Moshesh were committing depredations upon the Boer farmers of 
 the Orange River Sovereignty, he proceeded north to punish his un- 
 faithful allies. He met with an unexpected reverse when he had come 
 close to Moshesh's seat of power. No doubt by pressing on and adopting 
 other methods of warfare he might have pushed the war to a satis- 
 factory conclusion, and no doubt Moshesh, if he had been a shallow 
 
 *; 
 
 f 
 
 % 
 
BASUTOLAND. 
 
 93 
 
 pated and conceited man instead of a far-seeing and cautious states- 
 man, would have remained in his fastness, and for long have defied the 
 onslaught of English soldiers. But Moshesh once more displayed his 
 diplomatic gifts. After consultation with one of his missionaries, the 
 well known M. Casalis, he sent to Sir George Cathcart what has been 
 called "the most politic document that has ever been penned in South 
 Africa*" It ran thus: 
 
 "Thaba Bosigo, 
 "Midnight, 20tb Dec, 1852. 
 "Your Excellency: 
 
 "This day you have fought against my people, and taken much 
 cattle. As the object for which you have come is therefore a compensa- 
 tion for Boers, I beg you will be satisfied with what you have taken. 
 I entreat peace from you — you have chastised — let it be enough, I pray 
 you; and let me be considered no longer an enemy to the Queen. I 
 will try all I can to keep my people in order in the future. 
 
 "Your humble servant, Moshesh." 
 
 M 
 
 This letter does not mention the reverse which the enemy had sus- 
 tained, but simply the success he had enjoyed in carrying ofiE some 
 cattle. The letter very prudently requests peace and confesses wrong. 
 Along with the letter a message was sent in which the South African 
 habit of ninking familiar and f)uaint illustrations was employed. "I 
 am still," i " said, "the child of the Queen. Sometimes a man beats 
 his dog and ihe dog puts his teeth into his hand and gives him a bite; 
 but the dog loves his manter, and the master loves the dog, and will not 
 kill it. I am ashamed of what happened yesterday; let it be forgotten." 
 Inevitably such wisdom secured its end, for Sir George Cathcart was 
 only too glad in such a pleasant way to find a close, so soon and so 
 unexpected, to a campaign which he dreaded. Some of his soldiers and 
 many of the farmers would have preferred to see him press on and 
 puDish Moshesh, and no doubt it is, taking human nature as a whole, 
 a ui ique thing to treat an enemy generously if he has defeated you. 
 GeiuTosity is apt to be mistaken for weakness. But Moshesh was not 
 tbe ?aan to miscalculate an enemy, and he knew tha if the English 
 chose they could destroy him and his people. He therefore accepted 
 Sir George Cathcart's compliance with his letter in the n^ ht spirit and 
 boasted not that he bad beaten the English. 
 
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 Sciences 
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 2"! WEST MAIN STREET 
 
 Vv'EBSTER, N.Y. 14580 
 
 (716) 872-4503 
 
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 94 
 
 BASUTOLAND. 
 
 Moshesh had one great ambition, which was to push his territorial 
 possessions westwards so as to include a large region formerly inhabited 
 by some portions of his tribe ere they were driven out by Moselekatse 
 and the Boers. This ambition led to depredations made upon the farm- 
 ers by some of his regiments, and that led to war. In this war, in the 
 year 1858, he pressed the Boers so hard that at last they appealed to 
 the Governor of Cape Colony for mediation. He stepped in, persuaded 
 Moshesh to cease fighting and settled some of the disputes about land, 
 taking some at one part from Moshesh and some at another from the 
 Boers. The Boers of course complained that they had got the worst of 
 the bargain. 
 
 The peace did not last long. In the year 1868, after the struggle had 
 lasted oflf and on for two or three years, the Boers pressed close to the 
 famous citadel itself. On one occasion they had actually got up the 
 narrow footpath and within a few yards of the flat plateau. One final 
 rush and the history of Moshesh would have been suddenly closed, but 
 one bullet which struck the leader of the Boers settled the matter, the 
 rest fled back, the attack was over and Moshesh had breathing time. 
 Now it was his turn to sue, and he begged the Governor to intervene 
 on his behalf, as a!? earlier Governor had intervened on behalf of the 
 Boers ten years before. On this occasion Sir George Grey not only gave 
 a considerable slice to the Free Staters, thus giving them a reward for 
 their long struggle, but sought to make an end of these border disputes 
 by proclaiming che Basutos as English subjects. A resident was ap- 
 pointed and Basutoland entered on a new phase of its history. 
 
 In 1871 the Imperial Government, in pursuing their fatuous policy 
 of retiring from every direct responsibility which they could possibly 
 escape, persuaded the Colonial Government, though young and inex- 
 perienced and in many ways unsuited to the task, to annex Basutoland 
 and rule it. The Cape politicians, unfortunately for their own country, 
 accepted the heavy task. 
 
 In the disturbances to which we have made frequent reference, dur- 
 ing the years 1877-1879, the Basutos did not escape the infection of 
 restlessness which spread from the eastern coast through to Bechuana- 
 land. When, at the close of the wars in the southeast, a peace protec' 
 tioo act was passed at Cape Town, whose principal measure for 
 
 ' ; 
 
 -*•- 
 
Ptii*I.V<N' ! 
 
 • l,ll!iipWipi|«I^ll. 
 
 mmmmmmmm^mm 
 
 BASUTOLAND. 
 
 95 
 
 preserving peace waa the disarming of all native tribes within their 
 borders, they sought to apply this cure to the Basutos also. A few 
 of the better disposed obeyed immediately, but the vast majority of 
 the people considered tnis an indignity and war broke out. The Basutos 
 had by this time acquired the use of firearms and had raised a race of 
 ponies, always known now as the Basuto pony in South Africa, which 
 enabled them to move with great rapidity and security along their 
 mountainous country. They were, accordingly, foes of a formidable 
 nature whom the forces of Cape Colony were unable to conquer. The 
 sorry story ended when, in 1884, an act was passed by which Basuto- 
 land was once more separated from Cape Colony and placed under 
 Imperial authority. The Home Government accepted the responsibility, 
 on condition that the colony should help to defray the expenses of 
 government by paying the amount of customs received at the seaports 
 of Cape Colony upon goods going to Basutoland. 
 
 ' The British Government at once appointed a Resident, who made 
 his abode at Masura. They were fortunate in finding Sir M. Clarke, one 
 who was supremely fitted for this difficult post. The problem before him 
 was on the one hand fully to respect the authority of the chief, to sus- 
 tain him in the exercise of his office, and yet at the same time gradually 
 to take over those functions which had become too complicated 
 for the untrained native mind to exercise. Some white men were 
 appointed as magistrates, about 200 native police were drilled by a 
 British officer, and these dealt with all cases of a more serious nature 
 which occurred amongst the various sections of the tribe. But the 
 ordinary tribal laws regarding the distribution and use of land and 
 minor offences were left in the hands of the chief, who thus retains a 
 real, though limited, sovereignty. 
 
 The name of the present chief is Lerothodi, a grandson of the great 
 Moshesh. At this date the popuh tion amounts to about 230,000 natives, 
 with more than 600 Europeans; the latter consist almost entirely of Brit- 
 ish officials, the missionaries and traders. No European is allowed to 
 settle in the country, even traders must obtain license before doing busi- 
 ness there. Some suspect that precious minerals abound among the 
 mountains of Basutoland, but all investigation is strictly forbidden and 
 relentlessly prevented, The ftim of the Imperial Ooyerpment ie gradu* 
 
 t 
 
96 
 
 BASUTOLAND. 
 
 ally to develop the Basutos by keeping them intact, preserving them 
 from the disintegrating influences of a European influx. 
 
 This splendid experiment has been splendidly carried out during the 
 last fifteen years with the utmost possible success. The sore feelings 
 left by the struggle with Cape Colony against the indignity of disarma- 
 ment are passing away. The native respect for the Queen is firmly 
 fixed. With the absence of war more attention is being given to agri- 
 culture, stock raising and industry of various kinds. Many thousands 
 of Basutos sally forth to Kimberley, where they work in the diamond 
 mines, and return home with their wages, thus bringing money and 
 increased prosperity into the country. 
 
 Basutoland has been the scene of one of the most remarkable mis- 
 sionary enterprises in all South Africa. When Moshesh heard while 
 still a young man of the advantage to be obtained from the presence 
 of European missionaries, when perhaps especially he realized that 
 they might stand as intermediaries between himself and the Boer 
 farmers, he petitioned for missionaries. It was some years before his 
 request could be met. When missionaries did reach his country they 
 were Frenchmen sent by the Paris Evangelical Mission, men of Hugue- 
 not blood and tradition. The most important of the first group was 
 Mons. Casalis. Moshesh received them with great gladness, and him- 
 self assigned to them a spot for their station on the rich ground beneath 
 his steep and rugged fortress. He took a personal interest in their 
 work, frequently descending to their Sunday services and gradually 
 coming to an understanding of the principles of the Christian religion. 
 He himself, however, never became a professor of Christianity. He 
 attempted to use its social and political benefits while escaping its 
 personal claims of a more intimate nature upon himself. A character- 
 istic retort was made to him by one of the chiefs who had become con- 
 verted and whom he had reproved. "You told me," said the chief, 
 "when you bade me take care of the missionaries, that I was only to 
 put one foot into the church, and keep the other out; that I was only 
 to listen with one ear, and keep the other closed; I put one foot into 
 the church, but I could not keep the other out." 
 
 When Moshesh was in political difficulties with his white neighbors, 
 his trusted French missionaries proved themselves most valuable ad- 
 
BASUTOLAND. 
 
 97 
 
 / 
 
 vtserB. They earned for themselves, as so many missionaries did in 
 other parts, the hatred of the Boers, who attempted to destroy their 
 stations and whose wrath against them was so great that when, in 
 1868, a portion of Moshesh's territory which contained four mission 
 (stations was handed over to the Boers, the stations had to be abandoned 
 by the Frenchmen. The French missionaries have succeeded in bring- 
 ing into the church large numbers of Basuto people. They have estab- 
 ished many schools, and among them an industrial school where work 
 of a high grade is performed. In 1897 there were 23 French Protestant 
 missionaries, 16 main stations and 140 out-stations. There were said 
 to be no less than 1,500 adult professing Christians. Prof. Bryce 
 records that at recent public examinations at Cape Town "The French 
 Protestant missionaries sent 20 Boer boys, of whom 10 passed in honors 
 and 10 in high class, the standard being the same for whites and 
 blacks." "There are now," he aads, "150 schools in the country, all but 
 two of which are conducted by missionaries. Some of these of coui*se 
 are missionaries who have been sent in more recent years to Basuto- 
 land by Roman Catholic and English Episcopalians, but their num- 
 bers are few and their power as yet is small." ("Impressions of South 
 Africa," by James Bryce.) 
 
 The history of Basutoland during the last fifteen years is a remark- 
 able proof of the wisdom of those who have for many years very 
 strongly and persistently urged that purely native territories in South 
 Africa ought to be administered by Imperial officers, working under 
 and responsible to the High Commissioner for South Africa. If Great 
 Britain had 60 years ago adopted this plan, when strongly recom- 
 mended by Sir Benjamin Durban, or if even nearly 25 years ago it had 
 been adopted when afresh urged by Sir Bartle Frere, with all his ex- 
 perience of Indian administration to strengthen his advice, much of 
 the saddest side of British history in South Africa would not have been 
 written. The British Government were afraid of expense, afraid of 
 difficulties raised from time to time by the prejudices of the Dutch and 
 the ambitions of the colonists in general. But these oppositions would 
 long ago and very speedily have been stilled, if only the policy had been 
 clearly grasped in London and had been consistently carried out He 
 would be a bold politician either in South Africa or London to-day who 
 
■■■■■ 
 
 dd 
 
 BASVTOLAND. 
 
 should propose to change the political relations of Basutoland, and 
 what has been realized in that country might have been realized also 
 in other territories where less wise methods have been adopted and 
 where difficulties are yet to be eacaoutered. 
 
 I! 
 
.r ■■■ 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 BECHUANALAND. 
 
 THIS word as a geographical terui is only of comparatively recent 
 use. The natives of South Africa do not call any territory by 
 such a name. Bechuana is a racial term including within it a large 
 number of tribes, who early in the century must have occupied more 
 territory than any other one race in South Africa. It was they who 
 lived in the best parts of the Transvaal and upon whom Moselekatse 
 descended before the Boers reached that country. A few of their tribes 
 remained in broken remnants here and there. Most of them moved 
 westwards and northwestwards. 
 
 The divisions of the tribes were by no means fixed and constant; 
 kaleidoscopic re-arrangements were constantly taking place as this or 
 that village waxed or waned. For example the Barolong people 
 included a number of tribes, each with its chief who had headmen 
 under him, and among these chiefs there was a considerable unanimity 
 as to who occupied the position of paramount chief. This paramountcy, 
 however, was a matter of keen contest and both British and Boer author- 
 ities have been frequently puzzled therewith. The Bechuanas have not 
 gone farther west than the Kalahari Desert, but they have extended 
 their territory all over central South Africa. The leading tribes have ap- 
 parently always been independent of one another, often making war 
 upon one another and yet feeling a certain community of interest which 
 united them against attacks of all who were not of their race. Hence 
 they would help one another against the Matabele, while willing enough 
 to quarrel among themselves when occasion offered. They are not 
 on the whole a warlike race, rather do they, in contrast to the Zulus, 
 present the appearance of quietness and submissiveness. They are 
 a fairly intelligent race and have produced several men of great vigor 
 of character, able to hold their own even against the white man. 
 Amongst these must be named Montsioa, who for so many years pre- 
 sented a bold front to the aggressions of the Boers, whom the British 
 
 99 
 
i 
 
 il 
 
 fl; 
 
 100 
 
 BECHUANALAND. 
 
 Government treated so ill by deserting him in bis hours of need, but 
 who yet was clear sighted enough to know that safety for him lay iu 
 coming under the white Queen's rule. Into his hands loyal British 
 subjects in the Transvaal actually gave their possessions in goods 
 and money and cattle during the war of Independence in 1881. He ful- 
 filled his trust most honorably and his reward was neglect and aban- 
 donment to the mercy of his lifelong enemies, the Boers, until the year 
 1884. Another man of vigor was Monkoroane, whom the humorou<. 
 ofiQcers of the Warren expedition loved to identify among themselves 
 as "Macaroni." He, like Montsioa, stood faithful to the British Gov- 
 ernment on various occasions, remaining loyal when the Boers threat- 
 ened him with destruction if he did not side with them at the time 
 of the war of independence, and for his pains and loyalty was for a 
 time deserted to these enemies of his by the Government which he had 
 supported. 
 
 Truly, it may be said here parenthetically that if any people 
 in South Africa have reason to complain that Great Britain has no. 
 dealt fairly with them it is these native tribes of South Bechuanaland. 
 They have been in the strange position of always feeling and knowing 
 that Great Britain would be their best protector, and finding that she 
 repeatedly disappointed them and left them the prey to their relent- 
 less enemies on the east. Another of these chiefs of vigor and power 
 wa« Sechele, whose station it was at Kolobeng that the Boers attacked 
 when they destroyed Livingstone's mission premises. Yet another was 
 Sekhomi, and yet another his remarkable son, Ehama, of whom we 
 shall give a much fuller account. These four paramount chiefs prac- 
 tically controlled the territory from the Orange River to the Zambesi 
 River for many years. 
 
 Bechuanaland came to be used as a geographical term probably 
 from about the year 1871 and is now universally understood to de- 
 scribe the region occupied by the tribes owning the paramountcy of 
 the four chiefs we have named. South Bechuanaland entered into 
 British problems in the year 1877 and caused considerable trouble in 
 succeeding years. As we have shown elsewhere the region was for 
 awhile placed under the administration of Great Britain and was in 
 1881 abandoned. Then it became the scene of terrible confusion and 
 
ly 
 
r, I 
 
 II 
 
 NATIVE WIZARD 
 
 This may be the most powerful man in bis tribe, whom even the chief may fear. He knows too 
 much, be knows the meanings of his bones and the secret spells by which disease and disaster may be 
 burled against the foe. He can "smell out" criminals, who are generally enemies of tbe chief or himself 
 and who are done to death at his word. He deals in drugs and poisons. In some tribes only tbe 
 wizard and doctor Is allowed to wear the skin of certain animals. 
 
n- 
 
 BECHUANALAND. 
 
 103 
 
 strife through the incursion of freebooters and filibusters from various 
 white races, but almost entirely under the leadership of certain well 
 known Boers of the Transvaal. In 1884 South Bechuanaland, which 
 includes all the territory south of Mafeking, was proclaimed as a British 
 territory. This proelamation was followed by the strange, incoherent 
 events, which we describe elsewhere, connected with the names of Mac- 
 kenzie and Rhodes, and which came to an end with the Warren expedi- 
 tion. On Sir Charles Warren's departure from South Africa the country 
 was placed under the administratorship of Sir Sidney Shippard, whose 
 chief and most onerous task was that of instituting a land commission. 
 This land commission considered the multitudinous conflicting claims 
 for the best farms and farm lands in South Bechuanaland, and endeav- 
 ored to do justice both to black and white people in their settlement. 
 For about ten years the country was known as a Crown Colony, being 
 ruled directly by Imperial officers under the High Commissioner, and 
 gave promise of steady development under . that political arrange- 
 ment. The natives were proud and content to have peace and to be 
 guarded by the "white Queen." The Europeans settled in increasing 
 numbers upon territory that was so highly adapted to stock raising as 
 well as to agriculture. 
 
 In 1895 the happy arrangement was disturbed by the agitation for 
 annexing the country to the Cape Colony. 
 
 The Blue Book, which preserves the story of the annexation of 
 South Bechuanaland, represents it as opening with favorable petitions 
 from that very region. These petitions recite the desire of the signator- 
 ies for annexation to the Cape Colony, describe the advantages which, 
 they think, will accrue from that step, and boldly assert that it had 
 always been intended to transfer the country from occupation "by 
 her Majesty's Government" as soon as "the Colonial Government" was 
 prepared for annexation. It is a peculiar fact that among the names 
 of the signatories are to be found some of those who took part years 
 before in the "Stellaland" troubles, Mr. Rhodes's friends of the dark 
 days of 1884-5. They represent distinctly the Afrikander Bond interest, 
 and the documents which they sent in were redolent of the spirit and 
 full of the phrases which one is accustomed to find in the productions 
 of that remarkable association. 
 
 I too 
 
 be 
 
 Belt 
 
104 
 
 BECHUANALAND. 
 
 
 J 
 
 ! / 
 
 While these petitions were being circulated for signature alarm was 
 taken by the native chiefs, and both Montsioa, with 48 headmen, and 
 Monkoroane, with 100 headmen, sent in earnest counter petitions 
 against the proposed step. It detracts little from the significance of 
 these counter petitions that, after they found the annexation to be an 
 inevitable fact, they were induced to withdraw them and substitute 
 the statement of a certain number of conditions on the fulfillment 
 •of which they agreed to annexation. Those who are familiar with the 
 manipulation of native chiefs at once understand this story. Any chief 
 would decide that when the event had become inevitable, his duty and 
 his interest directed him to make peace «vith those who soon were to 
 be his masters. It is significant that the petitions in favor of annexation 
 were arranged for and sent in before the opponents of the plan could 
 be organized. When these at last became aware of the dangerous 
 move that had been inaugurated, they sent in one petition signed by 
 three sets of men, namely Dutch speaking farmers, English farmers 
 and merchants and Indian subjects of her Majesty. Their petition 
 is much more powerful than those referred to above. It states the 
 reasons against annexation with great firmness and persuasiveness. 
 But they were too late. Mr. Rhodes and Sir Hercules Robinson had 
 already been in constant telegraphic communication with London, were 
 pressing for an immediate decision and had got the Colonial OflSce so 
 far committed that withdrawal was practically impossible. Accord- 
 ingly Mr. Chamberlain, who in this summer became Colonial Secretary, 
 sent out a message to assure the numerous inhabitants of South 
 Bechuanaland who desired to remain under Imperial control that they 
 were mistaken in their fears, that the Home Government had consid- 
 ered all their interests and the interests of all South Africa and were con- 
 vinced that every interest would be best served by handing over that 
 Crown Colony to the Cape Government! The last steps were rapidly 
 taken, the Act was passed without a hitch through the Cape Parlia- 
 ment, was brought with surprising promptitude to the notice of her 
 Majesty, and Sir Hercules Robinson was able so early as in the month 
 of October to announce that British Bechuanaland was annexed to 
 and henceforth formed a )art of the Colony of the Cape of Good Hope. 
 
 No adequate reasons have ever been oflfered for this change in the 
 
BECHUANALAND. 
 
 105 
 
 circumstances either of Cape Colony or of Bechuanaland. Colonial poli> 
 ticians had quite enough territory and quite enough native problems 
 to discuss at Cape Town and to deal with on the spot; the addition 
 of South Bechuanaland to their responsibilities could add do wealth 
 to their treasury nor glory to their political standing, ^or did Bechu- 
 analand need for its good to be transferred from the standing of a 
 Crown Colony to become a portion of th<» older colony. The natives 
 feared and had good reason to fear the change. The wMie people knew 
 that it would bring, and it has brought, no conceivable benefit to them. 
 But in spite of these facts the measure for annexation was carried 
 through. The fact is that Mr. Rhodes had his reasons for desiring it, 
 reasons which bore neither on the good of Cape Colony nor the good 
 of Bechuanaland, nor any peculiar blessing which he desired to confer 
 upon the Colonial OflBce in London. Ilis desire for this important 
 and nazardous step was due beyond all doubt to further plans 
 which he cherished regarding Bhodesia and the British South Africa 
 Company. Already certain schemes were rapidly maturing in his and 
 other minds with regard to the insurrection at Johannesburg and its 
 support by Dr. Jameson's force, and these could not be carried out as 
 long as Bechuanaland waj under direct Imperial control. That factor 
 must be eliminated once more. These matters were in those years 
 treated by the British public at large with silence, in spite of the efforts 
 of many earnest and far-seeing men in London and elsewhere who 
 strove to have the truth known and prevent the wrong from prevail- 
 ing. 
 
 One of the sad results of this annexation came in the war which 
 broke out in 1896 between the Cape Colony and the native tribes occu- 
 pying the western portion of South Bechuanaland. The history of 
 this war has yet to be fully told. It was the direct result of Mr. Bhodes's 
 "Colonial Imperialism." Suffice it to say that it ended in a measure 
 whose significance and shame the British public has not yet fully appre- 
 ciated. It was a measure which could have only been carried through 
 by men determined to act in thorough harmony with the Boer spirit 
 itself, a measure which for the fir-^t time allowed to happen within 
 British territory what has happened, and has been by British authorities 
 most severely condemned over and over again, in the Transvaal. That 
 
106 
 
 'BECHUANALAND. 
 
 : 
 
 i!i 
 
 I 1 
 
 is to say the natives who were conquered in this Langeberg region 
 were carried wnolesale into Cape Colony and divided up among various 
 farming districts, where they were appointed to serve farmers for a 
 considerable term of years. This barbarous proceeding, this touch of 
 slavery within the British Empire, is of course an unspeakable disgrace. 
 The fact that it has been allowed can only be explained by the other 
 fact already mentioned that it was carried through not by Imperial 
 officers nor by Cape ministers of the Imperial type, but by men who 
 were under the dominance of the Afrikander Bond and who, alike 
 through their subservient ministry and their acquiescent Governor, 
 were able to prevent the Colonial Office from dealing with the facts 
 straightforwardly and abruptly. 
 
 North Bechuanaland consists for the most part of the territories oc- 
 cupied by the Bakwena and Bamangwato tribes. The history of the 
 latter is told with practical completeness in the account given else- 
 where of Ehama, its powerful chief. Suffice it here to say that one of 
 the most remarkable treaties ever proposed was that which Khama 
 submitted to Sir Charles Warren in 1885. According to this treaty he 
 offered hiLoself as a subject to the Queen, and he resigned to the Imperial 
 Government one of the richest portions of his great territory. This he 
 proposed that the Imperial Government should allot to white settlers on 
 terms which would repay the Government for its expense of administra- 
 tion. He claimed for himself that a certain portion, which he described, 
 should be reserved for himself and his tribe; within this region his tribe 
 should continue its own history and he himself retain his chieftainship. 
 This remarkable and wise offer the world can hardly believe that the 
 British Government, which is universally accused of land-grabbing 
 in South Africa, ignored for many months and finally declined. But in 
 the year 1895, when Mr. Rhodes was working for the annexation of 
 South Bechuanaland to the Cape Colony, he was working also for 
 the annexation of North Bechuanaland to Rhodesia. The one plan can 
 only be understood in the light of the other. He, as it were, said to 
 his friends at Cape Town, "I will give you South Bechuanaland and 
 I will take North Bechuanaland, and of course if we are only deter- 
 mined upon it the old fogies in London will give way." But Mr, Rhodes 
 bad reckoned without his host, his host being in this case his intended 
 
BECHUANALAND. 
 
 107 / 
 
 snbject and tributary Ehama, chief of the Bamangwato. He with 
 great enterprise allied with himself two neighboring chiefs, x>roceeded 
 directly to England, and there, by his tour through the country and the 
 powerful plea which he personally placed in one great meeting after 
 another before the public, produced so powerful an impreotiioa that the 
 Government did not dare to accede to Mr. Bhodes's desire, Th€?re can 
 be little doubt that Mr. Chamberlain would at this time Uav0 actually 
 yielded even this rich and magnificent territory into the bandi of the 
 hitherto omnipotent Chartered Company. But as the well-known tele- 
 grams which passed in that crowded Autumn between London and 
 Cape Town suflftciently revealed, Mr. Chamberlain v , pulled tip by 
 British sentiments in favi»r of Khama and this huge injtiiitice was 
 prevented. It will need ail the alertness of those who utand for the 
 right to prevent this wrong from being yet consummated. North 
 Bechuanaland is now a British protectorate and a Resident live* with 
 Khama. There are many who very earnestly hope that If the present 
 war should lead to a re-adjustment of territorial condition* in South 
 Africa, South Bechuanaland will be once more separated from the Cape 
 Colony and united with North Bechuanaland in one great and trtily 
 Imperial crown colony. This colony should stand between Bbo<le«ia 
 and the Cape Colony, the center of direct Imperial administration, tintil 
 the day comes when the influx of a white population and the civilization 
 of the blacks shall make the granting of responsible government pos- 
 sible. 
 
■■ 
 
 r 
 
 ii 
 
 4. .• 
 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 RHODESIA. 
 
 TO THE north of the Transvaal there lies a large and magnificent 
 region into which there swept about sixty ^ears ago the terrible 
 regiments of the Zulu chief, Moselekatse. We have elsewhere 
 described the ruthless manner in which this people destroyed the vil- 
 lages that lay in their way northwards. The tribe gave its name, so 
 far as Europeans are concerned, to that part of South Africa, and it has 
 always been known as Matabeleland. Eastward there lay the region 
 called Mashonaland, inhabited by a peace-loving and industrious race. 
 They became the victims of annual massacres by Moselekatse's terrible 
 regiments. The result was that a country which at one time supported 
 a large population was practically denuded of human beings. Here and 
 there villages were still to be found, inhabited by shrinking and terrified 
 creatures who knew not the day nor the hour or rather the night, on 
 which they might not hear the fierce yell and irresistible onrush of the 
 dreaded Matebele. 
 
 In the year 1889, as we have described elsewhere, the British South 
 Africa Chartered Company was established by the British Government, 
 to which was granted administrative authority as well as exclusive com- 
 mercial privileges in these territories. As soon as the charter was 
 granted vigorous steps were taken to begin the building of the railway 
 from Kimberley northwards, for the erecting of a telegraph right into 
 North Bechuanaland. Within a year we are told that the railway was 
 extended to Vryburg, a distance of 148 miles, and the telegraph to 
 Palapye, a distance of 350 miles from Kimberley. A pioneer force of 
 about 200 men was organized under the immediate command of Major 
 Johnston for the purpose of making a road 400 miles long from the 
 Macloutsie river as far as Mt. Hampden in Mashonaland. The directors 
 had been earnestly advised to avoid even the appearance of touching 
 Matabeleland and so arousing the jealous alarm of Lobengula on their 
 first entry into. these territories. It was accordingly agreed that they 
 
 108 
 
RHODESIA. 
 
 109 
 
 should go eastwards into the great and practically unoccupied terri- 
 tories of Mashonaland 
 
 The Company occupied at this time a most puzzling and dubious 
 position. They had received a charter empowering them to carry out 
 the terms of their concession with Lobengula and giving them authority 
 to exercise government, after the power to exercise it should have be- 
 come theirs; but as yet they had no territory of their own, they had not 
 bought an inch of soil nor had any been granted to them. How were 
 they then to begin their work? How could they introduce colonists into a 
 land where they could give them no titles and how could they exercise 
 iovereignty in a land where they held no possessions? They were 
 entering a country in the name of commercial transactions with Loben- 
 gula, with whom they were, or were supposed to be, on terms of peace 
 and mutual understanding. And yet when they proceeded to occupy 
 Mashonaland they felt bound not only to send forward 200 pioneers for 
 the purpose of opening the way, but found it necessary to send after 
 them a military force of 500 volunteers*. This force included some of 
 the flower of the English aristocracy, some of the dashing young officers 
 of the British army, as well as seasoned colonists of different races and 
 of many varied kinds of experience. 
 
 The money necessary for the equipment of these forces was partly 
 found by drawing upon the reserve of the De Beers Consolidated Mines 
 at Kimberley. 
 
 The charter had been signed on October 29, 1889, and in the Sep- 
 tember of the following year Mashonaland was already occupied by the 
 pioneers and police of the Chartered Company. They started from 
 Mafeking on June 10, 1890, the pioneers leaving first and having as 
 their task the making of a road and fixing upon sites for the forts which 
 it was intended to establish at various points on the long road. They 
 performed their work with great skill and courage. Their movements 
 were, for South African methods of traveling, remarkably quick. More- 
 over, the road which they chose under wise advice was one which kept 
 them outside of Lobengula's acknowledged dominions; so that while 
 his mind was in an uncertain condition a^d his regiments were full of 
 wrath no excuse was found by him or them for making an attack. 
 The Chartered Company^s forces moved, nevertheless, with all the 
 
'Wf^^mm 
 
 110 
 
 RHODESIA. 
 
 wariness of an invader. They formed the laafers carefully at night 
 and kept the steam up in the engine for their search light; they also 
 maintained strict picket duty at night and careful scouting on the 
 march. The search-light produced a great efifect upon the few Mashona 
 natives whom they came across. As it swept the country at frequent 
 intervals it seemed to them as if the white man had chained the light- 
 ning for his use. 
 
 The military leader of the pioneer force wa« Major Johnston, who 
 was accompanied by Mr. Colquhoun, and also by Mr. F, CI Selous, the 
 famous South African explorer and hunter. On September 12th they 
 reached the high rounded hill known as Mt. Hampden, at the foot of 
 which it was intended to make the terminus of their long journey of 400 
 miles. Here Fort Salisbury was erected, which has now grown into the 
 town of Salisburj'. Other forts which were placed on the route were 
 named Ft. Tuli, near the Transvaal border, Ft. Victoria and Ft. Charter. 
 The Chartered Company's leaders were men of marvellous ambition 
 and energy, and their energy is by nothing more remarkably displayed 
 than their action in relation to the territory known as Manicaland. 
 They knew that here there had been discovered old and long disused gold 
 mines such as are found in some parts of Mashonaland itself, and they 
 had reason to believe that Manicaland still contained large quantities 
 of the precious metal. Mr. Colquhoun and Mr. Selous accordingly, in 
 September, 1890, made a journey to the kraal of the chief Umtasa in 
 Manicaland. Now, this territory had not as yet been effectively occu- 
 pied and claimed by any European country. The Portuguese had at 
 one time hoped to establish a great colonial empire throughout the 
 region south of the Zambesi, but they had been driven back by the 
 natives themselves and by their own weakness, so that their attempted 
 occupation embraced only a few points on the coast. But the Mozam- 
 bique Company had trading stations at various places and one of 
 these was in Manicaland. 
 
 When the representatives of the British South Africa Company 
 interviewed Umtasa, they were on the whole favorably received and 
 were assured by him that neither he nor any ancestor had ever made 
 any treaty with Portugal, nor sold nor granted any concession to any 
 Portuguese individual or company. Having satisfied themselves on 
 
RHODESIA, 
 
 111 
 
 this point these forceful Britons induced him to make a treaty with the 
 company which they represented. In this treaty Umtasa bound him- 
 self to grant no land in Manicaland to any foreigner except with the 
 consent of the Company in writing. He now granted to that Company 
 the entire mineral rights of his country and gave them permission to 
 construct and establish public works of all kinds, including roads, rail- 
 ways, tramways, banks, etc. For these concessions the king was to 
 receive the assurance of British protection and the payment of an an- 
 nual subsidy either in money or in goods, at his option. 
 
 Not far distant there was an European trader, through whom these 
 transactions became speedily known in Portugal. The result was that 
 certain Portuguese officials appeared from the coast at Umtasa's kraal 
 and endeavored to coerce him into renouncing that treaty and entering 
 into relations with themselves. These officials, who were accompanied 
 with a large native convoy armed with rifles and swords, were, by about 
 forty police of the Chartered Company, put under arrest and disarmed. 
 The trader was released, the other officials were taken to Ft. Salisbury 
 and sent to Cape Town. This produced considerable excitement in 
 Portugal and a volunteer force consisting of 100 Europeans and 300 
 or 400 blacks invaded Manicaland. They were met by about fifty of 
 the Company's police, and in the battle which ensued they were put to 
 an ignominious flight. Of course this led to negotiations between Great 
 Britain and Portugal, with the result that for the first time a western 
 boundary for Portuguese possessions at this point was fixed, Manica- 
 land falling into Charterland. It was arranged that a railway should 
 be built from the nearest Portuguese seaport, named Beira, which has 
 since that time considerably grown and promises to become a most 
 important place. In fact it is through the development of the Trans- 
 vaal and of Mashonaland that Delagoa Bay and Beira have become 
 busy places and Portuguese possessions have become valuable to her. 
 
 After their arrival and after making sure of a sufficient garrison 
 for each of their forts, the Chartered Company allowed the volunteers 
 to disperse all over the country as prospectors for the precious miner- 
 als. The conditions under which they were to receive claims and 
 farms were fully made known to them. The terms appeared by no 
 means too favorable to the individual prospectors, although perhaps in 
 
112 
 
 RHODESIA. 
 
 I i)r 
 
 actual practice they may turn out to be more favorable, for it must be 
 understood that most of the gold found in Charterland i» embedded in 
 quartz rock and cannot be extracted in paying quantities without the 
 use of expensiye and elaborate machinery. Each man therefore who 
 found a claim must either be able to form a company for the purpose 
 of working his claim or he must allow the Chartered Company to do it. 
 In either case half the produce in gold must be given to the Chartered 
 Company, the remainder being reserved by the claim owner for himself. 
 
 The Company had the good fortune to acquire soon after their 
 arrival in the country what seemed to be a secure title to their owner- 
 ship of the soil. Without this they could not have allotted farms nor 
 planted towns. A man, Lippert, persuaded Lobengula to grant him 
 the right to sell lands and form townships. Lobengula thought him- 
 self quick-witted when he granted this concession. He imagined that 
 it would prove to be a checkmate of what he now saw to be the extraor- 
 dinary ambition of the Chartered Company. But Lippert almost im- 
 mediately sold his concession to the Chartered Company, which now 
 had the whole thing in its hands! On this basis and in the most lavish 
 manner titles were granted right and left to white people. Sites for 
 towns were selected and the work of active colonization was begun. 
 
 The news that Mashonaland had been successfully and peacefully 
 occupied and that the pioneer Europeans were now prospecting all 
 over the country in safety, finding what promised to be magnificent 
 mining grounds, spread like wild-fire in the cities and towns of older 
 lands and a regular stream of people from Europe as well as from 
 the colonies of South Africa moved northwards. Large numbers of 
 these never got to Mashonaland. Some of them died on the way of hard- 
 ship and fever and accident; many turned back in disgust after a few. 
 weeks of familiarity with wagon travel; some, when they did get into 
 Mashonaland, were bitterly disappointed that the towns were still 
 scrubby villages, the mines still existed only in the hopes of their dis- 
 coverers, the price of living was extremely high, the comforts of civiliza- 
 tion lay some hundreds of miles away behind them, around them 
 appeared only the rolling plains of unoccupied territories varied with 
 abrupt rocky hills here and there, and covered with scrubby thorn 
 bushes or dwarfed and sparsely scattered trees. Many, even of the 
 
RHODESIA. 
 
 113 
 
 :h 
 
 pioneers, were disappointed. Nor did the first visit of Mr. Bliodes him- 
 self in the year 1891 succeed in putting any heart into the depressed 
 citizens of Mashonaland. During that and the following year or two 
 they became exceedingly critical of the Chartered Company and its 
 administiation. They began to ask how it was that the railway was 
 not being built from Salisbury to Berea, a distance of only 380 miles, 
 and why it was that the machinery for the gold mines was not being 
 hurried into the country on that shorter and cheaper route instead 
 of being brought 1,200 miles from Cape Town. They began in fact to find 
 that Mr. Rhodes, as at once Prime Minister of Cape Colony and manager 
 of the Chartered Company, had, like his chief, the Governor of Cape 
 Colony and High Commissioner for South Africa, two functions to 
 fulfill whose interests were sometimes gravely antagonistic. It ap- 
 peared of great importance to him as a shareholder and director of the 
 mines both at Kimberley and Johannesburg that he should retain 
 the friendship of the Cape Colony and hold his position as Prime Min- 
 ister there. But this position would be seriously endangered if his 
 friends at the Cape found that he had built a railway to the eastern 
 coast of Africa, had opened a commercial traffic in that direction in- 
 stead of through Cape Colony, and was thus developing south central 
 Africa without benefiting the older colony itself. It appeared therefore 
 to the settlers in Mashonaland that their interests were being sacrificed 
 for political reasons, or at least for reasons which they could not 
 appreciate and which affected other interests not their own. Mr. 
 Rhodes is a man not easily swerved from whatsoever policy he has 
 adopted, and they did not find themselves able to obtain from him 
 either any modification of the conditions on which mining claims were 
 allowed, or any promise of an immediate improvement in their commer- 
 cial relations generally. 
 
 That improvement was not possible until the war against the Mate- 
 bele had taken place in the year 1893. As we have seen, Lobengula 
 viewed with great jealousy the advent of the Chartered Company. 
 He saw that on the strength of the concessions which he had sold to 
 them the Company had entered, not as he expected in the capacity merely 
 of commercial seekers after gain, but as a veritable government which 
 threatened to become a powerful rival of his own. This rivalry ap- 
 
114 
 
 RHODESIA. 
 
 i< I 
 
 peared in a curious form when in the year 1893 some of his regiments 
 went into Mashonaland on their usual annual raid. The poor and help- 
 less Mashona people fled to the Company's settlement for protection. Lo- 
 bengula demanded that they should be delivered up to him and would 
 listen to no arguments advanced from a European point of view re- 
 garding personal rights and liberties. He held that the Mashona were 
 as much his property as the cattle of his kraals, and were his to be dealt 
 with by himself at his good pleasure. The controversy became so acute 
 that everyone saw war to be impending. Lobengula, however much he 
 may have desired it, could not have restrained his ferocious regiments. 
 He manifested what for a savage Zulu chief was a high degree of honor 
 by warning the missionaries and white traders at his capital that they 
 remained at their own peril; that he himself did not desire to injure 
 them, but that he might not be able to hold in his warriors in their 
 passion for blood. Many of the white people, therefore, hastily left 
 the country. Two traders remained who were found as the only living 
 inhabitants of Buluwayo, when the chief had fled and left the town in 
 ashes^ The invasion of the Matabele was carried on by the Chartered 
 Company's forces from the east with about 600 men under Major Forbes 
 and a column composed largely of imperial police volunteers under 
 Col. Goold-Adams, numbering about 450, who advanced from the south. 
 The latter column was greatly assisted by a force of 1,700 or 1,800 men 
 led by Khama, the chief of the Bamangwato. These were of use as scouts 
 and in other ways. They remained with the British force until Khama 
 ascertained that Lobengula had been beaten Pud that the war was 
 virtually over. Without attempting to join in the triumphal march 
 into Buluwayo, he immediately returned to his own country. Loben- 
 gula was pursued under the orders of Dr. Jameson, who was Adminis- 
 trator of the territories of the Chartered Company, with a view to his 
 capture. It was while engaged on this mission that the sad and yet 
 thrilling disaster overtook Maj. Alan Wilson and a small company 
 of mounted men who were riding with him in pursuit of the fugitive 
 chief. They found themselves cut off from the main body, and sur- 
 rounded by large numbers of Matabele. Some of them had their horses 
 shot down from under them and the rest, who could have fled, remained 
 with their comrades to the last. As the Matabele closed in around the 
 
 I! 
 
/ <■ 
 
 \ f 
 
 RHODESIA. 
 
 115 
 
 / 
 
 devoted band they stood back to back until the last cartridge was spent, 
 then the fierce savages rushed in upon them and left not one alive to tell 
 the tale. It turned out afterwards that before this disaster Lobengula 
 had sent two white men as messengers to Dr. Jameson, giving them 
 £1,000 (about $5,000) in gold to hand to him as a pledge of peace, re- 
 questing that the terms of a treaty should be sent to him. The black- 
 hearted messengers could not resist the temptation to keep the money 
 and the message to themselves. Their treachery was not discovered 
 until some time afterwards, when they were arrested and of course 
 amid universal execration condemned to a severe sentence. Loben- 
 gula spent some miserable months in wandering and exile and finally 
 died in January, 1894. Buluwayo, which had been the capital in Loben- 
 gula's time, was immediately pitched upon as the best center for the 
 government of Matabeleland by the Chartered Company. Immediately 
 there was a rush of white people to that place, and it is said that no 
 town in South Africa, not excepting Johannesburg itself, passed 
 through the early stages of development so rapidly and successfully as 
 Buluwayo. 
 
 After the first conquest of Matabeleland in 1893 it was proposed 
 to organize the administration of Matabeleland under the Char- 
 tered Company. This accordingly was done by the British Govern- 
 ment in May, 1894. The main features of the administration were 
 as follows: The executive power was placed in the hands of an Admin- 
 istrator and a council. The council consisted of a judge who could only 
 be removed by the Secretary of State in London, and three other mem- 
 bers whose appointment by the Chartered Company was subject to the 
 approval of the Secretary of State. The Administrator had very 
 large powers and was under no final obligation to secure the 
 approval of his intentions from the council, but he was bound 
 to report all action to the council. Legislation took place when 
 the Administrator framed and issued regulations which had se- 
 cured the concurrence of at least two members of the council and the 
 approval of the High Commissioner for South Africa. The judge had 
 separate jurisdiction over all legal procedure both civil and criminal; 
 and legal procedure was to be modelled as far as possible after that 
 which obtains in the Cape Colony. In cases between native litigant!/ 
 
 .v,v, ...■.« 
 
k 1 
 
 \i V 
 
 no 
 
 RHODESIA. 
 
 native law was to be observed in so far as that law was not repugnant 
 to the principles of morality or to the legislation of the new Adminis- 
 tration. Local magistrates were to be appointed by the Company with 
 the approval of the High Ck)mmi8sioner. 
 
 These simple and sensible a?"''«ingements appear to have worked 
 fairly well. Much importance attaches naturally to the laws bearing 
 upon the treatment of the native tribes. Everything was done to pro- 
 vide for full recognition of the rights of the natives as the original occu- 
 pants of the soil, and in the following regulations a remarkable contrast 
 is presented between the spirit of the Imperial Government even when 
 acting through a Chartered Company and the spirit manifested by most 
 of those Europeans who hitherto have seized native lands in South 
 Africa. Very careful restriction was placed upon the power of the 
 European communities to levy fines on native chiefs or tribes. Fines 
 could only be imposed by the Administrator, sitting with his council, 
 and every case of the kind must be immediately reported with full 
 particulars to the High Commissioner. Natives were to receive special 
 legislation and careful treatment so as to prevent the sale of liquor, 
 arms and ammunition to them. In order to safeguard the interests of 
 the natives in the land, a special Land Commission was organized. It 
 was composed of three persons, namely, the judge, one member ap- 
 pointed by the Secretary of State in London, and one member appointed 
 by the Company. The decisions of this Land Commission are subject to 
 revision by the Secretary of State. When the Land Commission shall 
 have completed its labors and the reason for its continuance has ceased, 
 all its powers and duties will pass to the judge. Its first task was to 
 assign to the natives then inhabiting Matabeleland, sufficient and suit- 
 able land for their agricultural and grazing requirements, and cattle 
 sufficient for their needs. They were to be carefully secured and pro- 
 tected in the ownership of the land, and hence no contract for the 
 purchase or encumbering of a native's land is valid in Rhodesia unless 
 it is made before a magistrate, who must satisfy himself that the native 
 understands the bargain and must himself attest the contract. All 
 natives, of course, have the same rights as white people to acquire and 
 hold and dispose of landed property in any other part of the country 
 with perfect freedom and on their own responsibility. Should the 
 
 i 
 
' ■*•.- 
 
 RHODESIA. 
 
 117 
 
 company require any oi he land aHsigned by the Commission to natives, 
 either because of its mineral wealth, or Its adaptation for townships or 
 public works, the Company must bring Its plea before the Land Com- 
 mission. Upon good and sufficient cause being shown the Commission 
 may order the land so required to be given up, but the natives con- 
 cerned must receive full compensation in land elsewhere, and this land 
 must be, as far as possible, equally valuable for their purposes as that 
 from which they are removed. The inquiry leading up to any such Im- 
 portant action must be made upon the spot by the Commission. Such 
 regulations promise a fair future for the relations of the Company to 
 the natives. 
 
 But, ala«! the law may propose — it is the citizens who dispose. Even 
 in Bhodesla the actual relations of the Company to the native races 
 were such, after the Matabele had been conquered, as to cause Irritation 
 and fan the smouldering fires of resentment Into flames of open rebel- 
 lion. Many of the settlers acted In the spirit of Olive Schreiner's hero, 
 "Peter Halkett," and the natives were unable to obtain redress, or did 
 not know by what steps redress could be obtained. The Matabele were 
 chiefly annoyed by the administration of their affairs in respect to their 
 cattle and to the question of labor. The Company required large quan- 
 tities of cattle; they divided the country into districts and placed over 
 each district a native chief or induna who was held responsible for the 
 payment of as many head of cattle as the Company through its local 
 officers might at any time demand of him. No method of conducting 
 commerce or collecting tribute could possibly betray more ignorance 
 of the native spirit or be better calculated to quicken rebellion. Scarcely 
 less foolish in the circumstances was the method of obtaining native 
 labor by requiring from every induna as many black men as were re- 
 quired in this or that district. The Matabele had come to regard them- 
 selves as an aristocratic class, superior to those, like the contemptible 
 Mashonas, who engaged In manual labor. To be forced to labor even 
 for the Company and even for fixed wages, was to have the sense of 
 their defeat and subjection driven into their proud hearts day after day 
 and month after month. There seems abundant evidence that at certain 
 times even force had to be employed in order to bring a sufficient num- 
 ber of laborers to serve the whites. Matters were brought to a head 
 
■I 
 
 !i 
 
 118 
 
 RHODESIA. 
 
 svhi'u the news spread late in 1895 that Dr. Jameson and his force of vol- 
 unteers had left llhodesia. Only about 40 European members of the 
 police force were left to control the large number of native police, 
 who had been drawn from Lobengula's fierce regiments, and tb? coun- 
 try as a whole. It is scarcely possitle to think with pat'encc of the 
 blind folly of the administration at this time. They appear to have 
 been blinded in Matabeleland by the intensity of their gaze upon Johan- 
 nesburg. The fascination of the expected revolution in the Transvaal 
 and the illimitable possibilities which that suggested to the ambitious 
 minds of the Chartered Company, confused their judgment regarding 
 ths state of matters in Matabeleland. For some months they were like 
 people standing over a volcano, heedless of the quaking earth and the 
 rumbling sounds. All at once the volcano burst. When Dr. Jameson 
 was a prisoner at Pretoria, defeated and disgraced, the native police felt 
 their strength and wondered why they had allowed men to beat them 
 in '93 who were so easily crushed by the Boers in '96. In spite of strict 
 regulations against the sale of guns and ammunition many of the 
 natives had been able to purchase these from European smugglers, who 
 brought them into Matabeleland through Portuguese territory and the 
 Transvaal. Swiftly as news spreads through native territories the 
 word passed from kraal to kraal that liberty was at hand and that the 
 whites were at their mercy. 
 
 On March 24, 1896, the terrible rebellion of the Matabele broke out. 
 All over the land defenseless farmers with their wives and children were 
 suddenly overwhelmed and murdered, their bodie.^ mutilated, their homes 
 burned over their heads. Instantly every living white man in the coun- 
 try put himself under arms and made for Buluwayo or Salisbury. There 
 were many wonderful feats of courage, wonderful deeds of heroism per- 
 formed in those days by desperate white women and passionate white 
 men. Forces were raised also in the Colony and sent north, with the 
 result that in a short while there were more than 5,000 troops in Mata- 
 beleland under the command of Gen. Frederick Carrington. The chief 
 officers under him were Col. Plumer and Col. Baden-Powell. As these 
 troops, under magnificent and skilful management, were broken up into 
 parties who scoured the country, rescuing the whites wherever they could 
 find them and punishing bands of wandering native warriors, they grad- 
 
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 ZULU'i DEFYING THB LIGtJTNING 
 
 Among the ourious superstitions of South African natives we must place that of maklnK the rain, 
 Md the one depicted in this scene of defying the lightning. Primitive men think of nature as standing 
 Id a closer relation to human beings than we can conceive. When an eclipse occurs they heat their drums 
 Ud raise their war shouts to frighten the evil spirit away; so here, when the lightning flsBbes and the 
 thunder roars, the warriors take their shields and spears and defy the power that threatens them. 
 
RHODESIA. 
 
 Vll 
 
 / 
 
 ually drove the Matabele from the open country. Among the Matoppo 
 hills the natives took refuge, whence the white men soon found tlmt it 
 was practically impossible to dislodge them within a reaitouable time. 
 The only plan wa ; to starve them out. Towards the end of August, 1890| 
 the natives lost heart. The time for sowing their crops was at baud; there 
 was no prospect which they could see of winning the victory; they bad 
 indeed learned once more the humiliating but necessary lesson that tbey 
 were no match for the white people. Accordingly peace was concluded 
 with the leading commanders, who brought their regiments back to 
 their kraals and to their locations, and set them to work upon the sow* 
 ing of their seeds and the raising of their crops. The Company were 
 wise enough to provide the natives freely with seed corn In order to tide 
 them over the critical period lying before them. Mr. Rhodes fresh from 
 the humiliation of the Jameson Raid was in Matabeleland during the 
 war and distinguished himself by the frank courage with wbicb be 
 walked unarmed into the presence of the leaders of the rebellioo and 
 offered them peace. They were deeply impressed, as savages always are 
 when a white man defies them and their weapons in this way, and bence* 
 forth regarded Mr. Rhodes with new awe. In Mashonalaod the 
 natives had also risen encouraged by the Matabele and irritat(*d by 
 certain doings of the white people, but they were soon overwhelmed. 
 By this time the country was under the administration of Earl Grey, 
 who had succeeded Dr. Jameson. 
 
 Partly as a result of this second war as well as of the misuse of tbeir 
 power by the leaders of the Chartered Company in the orgauiisation of 
 the Jameson plan, the British Government readjusted the methods of 
 administration in Rhodesia. The necessary modifications lu the admin- 
 istration of Rhodesia by the Chartered Company were made in 1898 
 under an Order in Council issued by the Queen. The main alterations 
 and additions in the relations of the Chartered Company, as a governing 
 body, to the Imperial authorities were intended to obviate the repetition 
 of any such arbitrary action as the Jameson Raid. The British public 
 thought that it had been proved unsafe to leave the Company f n absolute 
 possession of the territories under its charge, and that some check must 
 be placed upon the possibility of disloyal proceedings. 
 
 The main feature of the new order consisted in the appointment of 
 
122 
 
 RHODESIA. 
 
 
 » 
 
 a Kesident Commissioner, who derives his authority as well as his salary 
 directly and solely from the Imperial Government, is ex-officio member 
 both of the Executive and Legislative Councils, with power to attend 
 all their meetings and the meetings of any committee thereof. He may 
 discuss whatever matters are brought before such meetings, but has no 
 vote. It is his duty to make constant and full reports of all proceedings to 
 the High Commissioner at Gape Town. An equally important alteration 
 was made with regard to the Rhodesian police. These were taken entirely 
 out of the hands of the Company and placed under the direct control 
 and authority of the High Commissioner. The Commandant-General 
 and subordinate officers are all appointed by the Secretary of State in 
 London and paid from the Imperial trea^iury. In any case where the 
 Commandant-General as an Imperial officer differs from the military 
 plans of the administration under the Company, he may apply for 
 instruction to the High Commissioner, whose authority is final. A High 
 Court was also constituted by this order, whose judges are appointed 
 by a Secretary of State on nomination of the Company; the Company, 
 however, has no right to remove any judge who has once been appointed, 
 this being reserved solely for the Secretary of State in London. Fur- 
 ther and more elaborate plans were drawn out for the conduct of native 
 affairs. These were placed under the Native Secretary with a body of 
 assistants called native commissioners, who are all appointed by the 
 Administrator acting for the Company; but the High Commissioner and 
 Secretary of State have reserved to them ultimate power in the matter 
 of appointment, salaries and the removal from office of these 
 officials. 
 
 It is thus apparent that it has been found necessary within ten years 
 of the granting of the charter to the British South Africa Company, on 
 account of the policy and conduct of the directors and officers of that 
 Company in South Africa, very seriously to curtail the powers originally 
 granted to it. Practically the present system of government of Rhode- 
 sia consists in this: First, the Company, in return for the possessions 
 and privileges granted to it, and through which it hopes to make a great 
 income for its shareholders, pays all the expenses of the actual admin* 
 istration and legislation, and has po ;/er to nominate its principal officers 
 and to appoint subordinate officers. But on the other hand, all these 
 
■"T" 
 
 mummtm 
 
 r-/ 
 
 RHODESIA. 
 
 12d 
 
 nominations and appointments must be laid for final approval before 
 the High Commissioner and the Secretary of State. The Imperial Gov- 
 ernment has reserved to itself direct control of the military forces, and 
 has made arrangements for a constant scrutiny of the entire conduct of 
 affairs both legislative and executive, as carried on by the Company. 
 Every check has been placed upon the power of the Company in any, 
 way to wrong the natives or to misuse its forces in relation to neigh- 
 boring states. Many of the wisest supporters of the Chartered Company, 
 and defenders of the policy of colonial development by means ot a 
 chartered company, are thankful for the present arrangement. Th>jy 
 allege that it enables Britain and South Africa and the Company to 
 get out of the system all the advantages of enterprise and skill which 
 the members of a commercial company must exert in their own interests, 
 while it secures also all the advantages of direct Imperial guidance and 
 control. 
 
 Since the year 1896 the development of Rhodesia has proceeded at 
 a rate hardly equalled by the early history of any colony in the world. 
 The work of administration of the natives has been carried out on much 
 wiser plans and on the whole with great smoothness and success. Peace 
 has reigned throughout Matabeleland and Mashonaland. The original 
 inhabitants of the country have shown that they realize the position in 
 which they were left by the operations of 1896. They implicitly obey 
 the orders of the administration, and, what is of very great significance, 
 they pay the hut-tax, which goes towards the expenses of administra- 
 tion, with promptitude. For the year 1899 this tax was expected to 
 produce £42,000 (about $200,000). Even in Matabeleland, where the tax 
 was levied for the first time in July, 1899, the amount collected was 
 £22,000 (about $100,000), which was considerably in excess of the esti- 
 mates made by the native officials. The tax per capita is small, of 
 course, but it is suflftcient to make the people feel that they are under 
 authority and that they have a personal stake in the righteous admin- 
 istration of the law in their midst. The great difficulty, which presses 
 hard upon the administration, is that of persuading the natives to work. 
 The wages are for them fairly high and a man can by working a few 
 weeks make enough to keep himself and family for a year. This puts 
 a premium upon laziness, and laziness is the foe of development. The 
 
124 
 
 RHODESIA. 
 
 
 chief practical problem in many South African native regions is the 
 same, — how the natives can be turned from useless, often loathsome, 
 idlers into active and progressive workers. 
 
 Perhaps the most striking feature of Bhodesian history is the build- 
 ing of the railways which connect that country with Cape Town in the 
 south and Beira on the east coast. In 1896 the railway had reached 
 Mafeking, about 850 miles north of Cape Town, in November, 1897, it 
 had actually been built as far as Buluwayo, 1,360 miles from Cape Town. 
 To celebrate this event invitations were made to eminent men in Lon- 
 don, some of whom availed themselves of the opportunity, made the 
 long voyage to Cape Town and traveled upon the new railway to Bulu- 
 wayo itself. Among these was Sir Henry M. Stanley, who, in letters to 
 the London Times, which have since been published in a volume entitled 
 "South Africa," describes his experiences and the opening of the rail- 
 way after an interesting manner. He appears to have been surprised at 
 the energy, the foresight and the ambition displayed by the Chartered 
 Company and the inhabitants of Rhodesia. The town of Buluwayo 
 itself, which had been formerly Lobengula's kraal and which within 
 one year after its selection as the capital of the country received a popu- 
 lation of no less than 3,000 white people, seemed typical to the British 
 traveler of the rapidity with which the whole country is likely to develop. 
 Of course, to start with, the class of men who settle in Rhodesia is, on 
 the whole, of very high average in character and intelligence. The 
 happy-go-lucky miner, the mere wayward adventurer has no chance in 
 that country, where prices are high and an income is only made by 
 hard work and by the exercise of intelligence. As soon as the railway 
 was opened machinery and goods of all kinds poured into the country 
 and were disposed of at prices far below anything attainable before. 
 The hope cherished by the majority of those who go to Rhodesia is, of 
 course, that they may become discoverers of gold mines. Undoubtedly 
 there are still gold districts which will become important as taey are 
 further developed, but no district in Rhodesia yet approaches the value 
 of the Rand in the Transvaal. The country, however, contains other 
 attractions. In the north along the valleys of the Zambesi there are rich 
 and splendid coal fields. In some parts rice can be grown in large quan- 
 tities and cereals, including wheat, flourish in others. Even in those 
 
RHODESIA. 
 
 125 
 
 parts which are not likely to be so productive in fruit and grain crops, 
 there are excellent facilities for stock farming. 
 
 Perhaps one of the most important facts connected with the history 
 of the Chartered Company in South Africa is the fact that the territories 
 which we have been describing are known as Southern Rhodesia and 
 that across the Zambesi there is another enormous territory known as 
 Northern Ehodesia. Through the eastern part of this territory it is 
 proposed to continue the railway and the telegraph, which have already 
 reached Salisbury. The plans have been laid out for that tremendous 
 undertaking and the estimates received. As soon as favorable circum- 
 stances aris^, the task will be undertaken to carry railway communica- 
 tion from the northern bank of the Zambesi right up to Lake 
 Tanganyika. 
 
 Since the advent of the pioneer force in 1890 Southern Rhodesia has 
 developed with extraordinary rapidity. The sums expended upon pub- 
 lic works are large and they include a considerable amount which has 
 to be employed in the maintenance of roads to the extent of 2,485 miles. 
 The native population has not as yet begun to increase. In the prov- 
 ince of Mashonaland it is estimated that there are nearly 200,000 
 natives and in the province of Matabeleland about 115,000, making a 
 total native population for Southern Rhodesia of more than 300,000. 
 Since the opening up of the country by the Chartered Company, in spite 
 of the wars which have taken place, the difficulties of travel, the high 
 price of living and the many other practical problems which face the 
 miner, the merchant and the farmer alike, the population has grown 
 to more than 13,000 Europeans. The capital city, Buluwayo, is said to 
 have now a population of more than 7,000 Europeans. When the pres- 
 ent war is over, when the railway line to Beira on the eastern coast has 
 been made more useful and transportation upon it cheaper, which will 
 be the case soon, it is to be expected that there will be a large influx 
 of white people into these territories. It is not unlikely that Southern 
 Rhodesia may yet in many respects become the rival of the Transvaal 
 and the superior of all other South African states in its mineral wealth, 
 its agricultural facilities and, above all, in the energy of its colonists. 
 Sir H. M. Stanley suggests that Buluwayo may become the Chicago of 
 Africa — and what more can be said? 
 
 
mmm 
 
 ciT 
 
 CHAPTER IX. , 
 
 CAPE COLONY, 1814-1900. 
 
 FOR some years after the occupation of the Cape by the British Gov- 
 ernment at the Cape they were singularly successful in their con- 
 trol of Colonial affairs. They sent out as Governors able and 
 high-minded representatives of their country who neither sought to 
 advance their personal wealth nor found pleasure in tyrannizing 
 over any portion of the country under their care. Lord Charles 
 Someset, for example, had the good fortune to be warmly supported 
 by the best Dutch officials in the Colony. One of these especially, a Mr, 
 Btockenstrom, received from him the very highest encomiums for the 
 fidelity, ability and energy of his services both as a judge and military 
 officer. 
 
 It is a significant fact that even in those early days the first bitter 
 troubles between the Government and the Dutch arose over the treat- 
 ment of the natives. One of the most unhappy episodes, and one that has 
 left its influence on the entire history of the Colony down to this day, 
 arose from this cause. A farmer near the frontier, of the name of 
 Bezuidenhout, was accused by a black servant of having grossly ill- 
 treated him. The latter brought his complaint before the Landdrost 
 at Graaff-Reinet who ordered a subordinate to investigate th6 complaint 
 and deal with it. This subordinate was also a Dutchman. Bezuiden- 
 hout resented what he thought to be an invasion of his private authority 
 over his servants, and it was necessary to issue a warrant for his appre- 
 hension. This the farmer resolved to resist with force of arms. He 
 prepared himelf by carrying a large supply of ammunition to a cave 
 near his house which could only be approached by one man at a time, 
 '^hither when hard pressed he retired and warned his would-be captors 
 • hat he would shoot every man who came to the mouth of the cave. He 
 .i^d companions with him to support him in his struggle. The matter 
 was soon over, however, for one of the Government officers, stepping to 
 the front, shot him down before he could take aim. 
 
 The immediate relatives of this Bezuidenhout deeply resented what 
 
 IM 
 
CAPE COLONY, i8 14-1900. 
 
 127 
 
 had been done and his brother actually collected a band together to take 
 vengeance of a murderous kind upon the civil and military authorities 
 alike. It must be remembered that the civil authorities were their 
 fellow Dutchmen. They gathered together a band of rebels whom they 
 incited with threats and with warnings that those who did not help 
 them they would leave to the mercies of the Kaffirs. In the meantime 
 the authorities gathered another force which included a great many 
 Dutchmen; the latter came under the leadership of their Dutch field- 
 commandants. So far, then, the story is simply one of border ruffians 
 fighting against the simplest rules of Government. There was no 
 poetry, no patriotism, no morality, no religion in the struggle of these 
 Boers. There was nothing to show that they had been wronged, but 
 everything to prove that they were wild and passionate men desiring 
 to be left alone to live entirely as they liked. The result was, of course, 
 that in the battle which ensued the rebels were overwhelmed, the second 
 Bezuidenhout was slain and his followers immediately surrendered. 
 Thirty-nine men were put on trial and were condemned to various de- 
 grees of punishment. The five who were identified as the chief fomenters 
 of the miserable and unprincipled rebellion, were condemned to be ex- 
 ecuted by hanging. The sentence was carried out in public, of course, 
 according to the universal custom of the day. Unfortunately, either 
 through accident or, as is suggested, through treachery, the gallows gave 
 way and the poor wretches had to pass through the agony of waiting 
 until arrangements were made for carrying the execution out. Naturally 
 appeals were made by the criminals as well as by their sympathizers 
 for mercy; but the officer iii charge, probably a man as merciful as most 
 men, saw no way of avoiding his stern military duty, on the ground that 
 an accident had occurred. The sentence was carried out. The border 
 Boers called the spot where this occurred "Slaghter's Nek" and the 
 name has been retained from that day to this, the story being told with 
 embellishing details from generation to generation to stimulate hatred 
 of the British Government and to confirm the notion that this Govern- 
 ment has always persecuted the Boers. Every Government in the 
 world whose territories have bordered upon or included men of a lower 
 race as well as their own citizens of the wilder sorts has had to perform 
 deeds like this upon its border ruffians. 
 
128 
 
 CAPE COLONY, i8 14-1900. 
 
 1 ( 
 
 ; i 
 
 Lord Charles Somerset found himself involved, as all his predeces- 
 sors and successors in the thankless office of Governor of the Cape Col- 
 ony, in wellnigh continuous difficulties with native tribes. It would 
 be needless to enter in the space at our disposal into the details of 
 the repeated negotiations and fights and peace settlements and terri- 
 torial annexations and fresh misunderstandings which were incident 
 to every one of the many contests with native tribes. 
 
 In the year 1819, in response to a suggestion from the Governor, the 
 British Government took one of the wisest steps, which has been re- 
 peated all too seldom since that day. They described to the people of 
 Great Britain and Ireland the advantages of South Africa as to climate, 
 beauty and fertility of soil. They were thinking of what is now known 
 as the Eastern Province, and offered to convey thither at the Govern- 
 ment's expense parties of emigrants to the number of 5,000. They 
 actually received 90,000 applications! On their arrival the emigrants 
 were taken in charge by officials appointed for the purpose and led to 
 the different districts suitable for settlement. They soon took root in 
 the country and took their place among the most valuable colonists in 
 South Africa. 
 
 In the year 1829 an Order in Council, dated from Windsor Castle, 
 gave to South Africa what one of the ablest and fairest historians of 
 the country (Mr. John Noble) has called "The Magna Charta of the 
 Colonial Aboriginal Races." This enactment was partly the result of 
 prolonged consultation with Mr. Stockenstrom as well as with the Rev. 
 Dr. Philip, the well known and powerful representative of the London 
 Missionary Society in South Africa. The name of Dr. Philip has from 
 that day to this been an object of intense hatred on the part of the 
 Boers. 
 
 At this time the Dutch felt some irritation over the remodeling of 
 the courts of justice and the decision to have all documents addressed 
 to the Government either written in English or presented with the 
 translation attached. These changes are nowadays referred to by a 
 certain class of historians as among the causes of the Dutch dislike of 
 Great Britain. An enactment of 1829 removed certain restrictions 
 which had been placed by Dutch law and custom upon the freedom of 
 the colored people and placed them on the same political platform as 
 
 % 
 
CAPE COLONY, 1814-1900. 
 
 / 
 
 120 / 
 
 Europeans. This was also most deeply resented, and while it ought to 
 have prepared their minds for the approaching act of slave emancipa- 
 tion, it only rankled in their hearts and added to the bitterness with 
 which they received that great transaction. 
 
 In the year 1834 there arrived at Cape Town one of the greatest 
 Governors whom South Africa has ever seen, by the name of Sir Benja- 
 min D'Urban. One of the first measures which took place under his 
 Governorship granted to the Cape a legislative council which consisted 
 of the Governor himself as President, five Imperial oflScers, and five 
 colonists who were selected by the Governor as fit and proper to repre- 
 sent their fellows in all matters of legislation and administration. It 
 was in his day that the greatest strain was put upon the loyalty of the 
 Dutch people, for he it was who had to see the slave emancipation act 
 carried into effect. On Dec. 1, 1834, the ownership of slaves ceased to 
 exist in Cape Colony, but it was very carefully provided that the negroes 
 were to remain apprenticed to their former owners for a period of seven 
 years. All those who speak of the harsh way in which the British Gov- 
 ernment is said to have enforced emancipation upon the burghers of 
 Cape Colony practically ignore the economic significance of this seven 
 years apprenticeship. It was a wise measure which if wisely used by 
 the farmers very considerably weakened the force of their fall from 
 ownership to the other, yet higher, position of employership. Great 
 Britain had set aside the sum of £20,000,000 (about $100,000,000) to be 
 paid as compensation to slave owners throughout her colonies. It is 
 calculated that in 1833 Cape Colony had 35,700 slaves out of a total of 
 780,000, which is about 1 in 22. Of the total sum set apart for com- 
 pensation no less than £1,200,000 was set apart as compensation to slave 
 owners in the Cape Colony which reached the higher proportion of 1 in 
 16. The Dutch slave owners in South Africa were therefore intended to 
 be compensated at a rate above the average paid throughout the British 
 colonies. 
 
 Of course the carrying out of this measure entailed loss upon many 
 slave owners, and the Dutch very bitterly resented what seemed to 
 them a hard and arbitrary act of the Imperial power. Too ignorant 
 to know what occurred elsewhere they considered themselves as pecu- 
 liarly wronged; too ignorant to manage their money affairs well they 
 
Il i 
 
 I ; 
 
 f i 
 
 130 
 
 CAPE COLONY, 1814-1900. 
 
 allowed greedy and clever money agents to cheat them out of a large 
 part of the compensation due to them; too full of resentment at the 
 recent act conferring political equality upon themselves and the col- 
 ored people of the colony they saw the day approaching when the men 
 who had been their slaves would have the same rights before the law 
 as themselves. To many Dutch farmers this was all too hard to bear, 
 too bitter a draught to be taken quietly and assimilated. For this 
 reason above all others that can be named, practically for this reason 
 alone, several thousands of farmers resolved to leave the Cape Colony 
 and seek some land where they could settle beyond the reach of the 
 British policy. 
 
 The number of emigrants has been variously estimated at from 
 5,000 to 10,000. They moved north across the Orange River into the 
 Orange Free State, and eastwards over the Drakensberg Mountains into 
 Natal; thence the most enterprising pushed north again across the Vaal 
 River to form the South African Republic. The story of their long 
 Journeys into unknown regions, their heroic struggles against misfor- 
 tunes of various kinds, and, above all, their fierce contests with native 
 tribes, forms one of the most stirring and picturesque pages in the his- 
 tory of European colonization. 
 
 Sir Benjamin D'Urban soon found himself under necessity to engage 
 in another Kaffir war. When it was concluded he saw a broad and 
 magnificent territory at his disposal. He immediately outlined a re- 
 markable policy; his plans was based upon the annexation of this 
 territory and provided for the direct control of native tribes and the 
 orderly settlement of the country by white immigrants. His policy 
 was a brilliant one. It was capable of adaptation to changing circum- 
 stances and yet was reared upon the fundamental principle that the 
 British Government must deal in advance with the native tnbes on or 
 near her borders through official residents at the native capitals, or 
 occasional commissioners sent by the Governor. If this policy had 
 been adopted the border wars would have been largely reduced in 
 number, the feuds between the farmers and the blacks would have been 
 prevented, the Boer farmers especially would have felt that they were 
 receiving wise and adequate protection, and, in fact, the best conditions 
 of steady progress would have been established. But alas! faintness 
 
CAPE COLONY, 1814-1900. 
 
 131 
 
 / 
 
 came over the authorities in London and they not only repudiated the 
 Governor's proclamation but compelled him to move the border of the 
 Cape Colony back to where it was prior to 1819. The Governor's very 
 earnest remonstrance against this order from London resulted in his 
 recall. It was a disastrous event, as all students of South African his- 
 tory have decided. 
 
 The succeeding years were marked mainly by a series of border 
 troubles and Kaffir wars, varied by internal administrative troubles. 
 Shortly before the year 1850 an event occurred which once more showed 
 how little the authorities in London understood the problems of South 
 Africa. So many troubles had arisen in that distant Colony, such poor 
 reports of the prospect of its development, that it gradually became an 
 object almost of contempt. This ignorant estimate of the Cape Colonists 
 led to the extraordinary decision of Earl Grey, the Secretary of State, 
 to turn Cape Colony into a penal settlement. It is said in defence of 
 the Government, that the convicts whom they intended to send there 
 were not ordinary criminals but Irish political offenders for wht^n it 
 was necessary to find a home beyond the seas where they woulr be 
 unable to foment any more plots or rebellions. Whatever the intention 
 was, the Government found themselves opposed by a unanimous deter- 
 mination of all Cape Colonists to resist this disgrace. The Colonists, of 
 course, won. Earl Grey withdrew his order and the ship-load of con- 
 victs, who had been kept waiting off the shore for weeks, were sent 
 elsewhere. 
 
 The British Government were evidently surprised by the spirit, 
 intelligence and force which their South African Colonists manifested 
 in connection with this event. They were the more willing, therefore, 
 a few years later, to grant representative government to a people so 
 intelligent and self-conscious. The first Parliament met in July, 1854, 
 for legislative purposes. The Executive Council was still retained under 
 the direct control, and its members under the appointment, of the 
 Imperial Governor. 
 
 South Africa was fortunate at this time to receive another Governor 
 of great experience and ability, capable of formulating a broad and 
 intelligent policy. This was Sir George Grey. He succeeded in raising 
 nearly £100,000 (nearly $500,000), of which Great Britain contributed 
 
132 
 
 CAPE COLONY, 1814-1900. 
 
 I 
 
 about one-half, for the purpoae of carrying out various public works, 
 including the opening of many roads and subsidizing the education 
 of native tribes. During his administration about 2,000 German agri- 
 cultural laborers, including their wives and children, were settled in 
 the eastern part of the province, and they have contributed very largely 
 to the rapid progress which that province has made. During the ten 
 years which followed the opening of Parliament at Cape Town the 
 commercial prosperity of the Colony* advanced with great rapidity. 
 While, in 1854, the exports were valued at about £700,000 (about f 3,800,- 
 000), in 1864 they had reached the amount of nearly £2,600,000 (about 
 $13,000,000); the importi» had risen from almost £1,550,000 (about 
 $7,500,000) in 1854 to about £2,470,000 (more than $12,000,000) in 1864. 
 During the Governorship of Sir Philip Wodehouse, which began 
 in 1862, various attempts were made to obtain a better administration 
 for the thickly populated native territories in the east of the Colony. 
 But this Governor became involved in difficulties through the failure 
 of the mixed syst'^u of government which had been established in the 
 Colony, to work smoothly. It was almost inevitable that friction should 
 arise between a Legislative Chamber, elected on a popular franchise, 
 and an Executive Government, appointed from outside. The result of 
 the discussions and the unhappy experiences which then occurred, 
 came in the granting of full responsible self-government, which was 
 instituted finally in the year 1872. Again, the conferring of this final 
 
 1 
 
 degree of self-government resulted in a great accession of energy and 
 commercial enterprise throughout the Colony. Now the exports 
 amounted to more than £4,200,000 (over $20,000,000); the imports in 
 the same year reached the comparatively large i^um of £5,500,000 (about 
 $27,000,000). 
 
 It was during this period that the opening of the diamond fields 
 brought a rush of Europeans and a great increase of commercial pros- 
 perity to the Cape Colony. It was the first great event which broke the 
 monotony of South African European life. Hitherto South Africa was 
 known practically as only a farm region. The attempts at viticulture 
 and the raising of fruits at the Cape or in Natal had made little or no 
 progress. The main hope of ambitious colonists had always gone in 
 the direction of developing the sheep Tarming of the country. Now for 
 
 
 lli 
 
/. ',., 
 
 CAPE COLON y, 1814-1900. 
 
 133 
 
 tlio fiPHt time in Soutli Africa tliere jfrew up a large town on a purely 
 couimerciai bauiM. Tlie rise of Kimberiey brouglit in many ways a pro- 
 found c'liange upon JSoutli Africa, uim)u Cape Colonial Hentimeuts. 
 
 In the year 1877 Sir Bartle Frere became (Jovernor of the Cai>e 
 Colony and entered upon hi» troubled reign. Elsewhere we deal with 
 the causes of his extraordinary failure. These causes lay not in him- 
 self nor in his policy nor in his methods, as we believe future historians 
 will abundantly prove. They lay, first, in the policy which curtailed 
 his sphere of authority as High Commissioner and in the failure of the 
 llome Government to grasp the real nature of the problems which con- 
 fronted him. They expected results of a kind and with a rapidity 
 which those who really knew South Africa saw to be absurd because 
 utterly impossible. 
 
 Cape Colony was deeply moved, of course, by that strange wave of 
 native enthusiasm and determination to fight the whites. It swept 
 from the east coast far across to the west side of the continent. It 
 specially affected the Cape Colony in so far as it troubled the territories 
 known as the Transkei, for which they were responsible, and, above 
 all, as it excited the warlike Basutos who had also been placed under 
 their authority. At this time the famous difference occurred between 
 the Governor and his Minfstry. He believed that the latter were acting 
 and determined to act in an unconstitutional manner, and he once for 
 all defended the Constitution by dismissing them from office. Mr. John 
 Gordon Sprigg, who became his Prime Minister, found himself involved 
 at once in all the difficulties of a most complicated situation. He 
 attempted to grapple with the Basuto problem by means of "The Peace 
 Preservation Act," whose main provision was that the natives occupy- 
 ing tribal territories under the Cape Colony should be disarmed. This 
 led to war with the Basutos, a war which lasted several years, which 
 brought no honor to the Colonial Government, which resulted in the 
 act for separating once more Basutoland from the Cape Colony and 
 restoring it to direct Imperial control. This disagreeable business was 
 finished in the year 1883. 
 
 In 1881, shortly after the advent of Sir Hercules Robinson as a 
 successor to Frere, there occurred the retrocession of the Transvaal. 
 This event thrilled the hearts of many thousands of Dutch farmers in 
 
 
■ 
 
 i;U 
 
 CAPE COLONY, i8 14- 1900. 
 
 l! |!< 
 
 Cape Colony with a new hope. The country which could give back 
 native territories in this easy way might, if pressed hard enough, give 
 back or give up still more. The Afrikander Bond was formed in the 
 heat of this hope, and the advent of that association at once exerted 
 untold influence upon both social and political life throughout Cape 
 Colony. It derived its main supporters from Cape Town and the western 
 province, and from the districts bordering on the Orange Free State. 
 Many of those members professed to be, and, no doubt, were, loyal to 
 Great Britain, but it is safe to say that many more, and they included 
 the really energetic and active members, seriously discussed together 
 ."nd nourished the hope of hastening the day when South Africa should 
 be a so-called Dutch Republic and British authority be swept into the 
 sea. One of the earliest efforts of the Bond was to restore the Dutch lan- 
 guage to a level with the English on the floor of the Cape Parliament. 
 The result was that great power was put into the hands of the organizing 
 leaders of the Bond party at Cape Town, and those retrograde pieces 
 of legislation were begun which marred the history of that Parliament 
 from 1883 down to this date. 
 
 Needless to say the Cape Colony has been deeply affected by the 
 discovery of gold fields in the Transvaal, as well as by the opening up 
 of the great C^olony of Rhodesiih It must be remembered that the Cape 
 Colonists have ever cherished pride in their State as the Premier 
 Colony of South /frica. Among them lives the High Commissioner 
 for all South Africa, and he is the Governor of Cape Colony. The 
 Cclony has been eager to employ every means for maintaining its 
 primacy in commerce as well as in education, in diplomacy as well as in 
 official dignity. It has been chiefly anxious to hinder the opening up 
 of trade routes from other coasts into the interior, since it is evident that 
 if railway lines should run from harbors whether on the east or west 
 coast north of the Cape Colony borders, and pierce into the heart of the 
 continent, they would speedily prove more popular routes than those 
 which are reached by taking the longer voyage to Cape Town or Pt. 
 Elizabeth, and making in some cases a longer journey up country. 
 
 The Cape Colony must henceforth be content to stand on an equality 
 with the other members of the sisterhood of South African colonies. 
 The prosperity of these will uHimately add to her own, while the devel- 
 
CAPE COLONY, 1814-1900. 
 
 135 
 
 opment of their distinctive resources will tend to concentrate the atteo- 
 tion of Cape Colonists upon those sources of wealth which hitherto 
 have received scant consideration. Enormous wealth lies before tho(M> 
 who will thoroughly improve the breed of sheep, who will perfwft the 
 manufacture of wine, who will open up the splendid fruit inmriog 
 regions, who will discover the best methods of stock raising ani who 
 will in these ways give to the Cape Colony the successful deyelopmeot 
 of its own characteristic treasures. 
 
 It remains to be said that in Cape Colony absolutely equal rlghtK ar 
 conferred upon black people and white people. Black people, of who li 
 there a^e now a considerable number fairly well educated and fairly 
 prosperous, may be appointed to serve on juries; and instances have 
 been known where a black man has served on a jury In a mm which 
 involved the acquittal or condemnation of a white man. The franchise 
 belongs to both races alike and on the same conditions. Aticording to 
 the laws of the land, as amended in 1892, a double test is applied. He 
 who would vote, whether black or white, must prove either that he hold)) 
 property worth £75 (about $375) or receives wages amounting t<» £50 a 
 year (about $250), and, further, he must be able to sign his name aod to 
 record his employment and his address in his own handwriting. 
 
 Individual whites no doubt show contempt for -their black neighbors, 
 and some social customs have groVn up within the Colony whieh it is 
 hard for a superior race to avoid forming in its relation to an icferior; 
 but the fundamental fact, significant for the future history of the 
 races, is to be found in this absolute equality before the law. On the 
 whole, the black people of Cape Colony are aware that before most 
 judges and especially before those of English origin they can be stire of 
 having their cases fairly heard and justice honorably administered. 
 
 The Cape Colony is at present undergoing probably the severest 
 trial in its history. The strain upon the loyalty of its Dutch people 
 must have been at certain times within the last year almost lntoli*rab1e. 
 It ought to be recorded that their patience is very largely due to the self- 
 sacrificing devotion of Mr. W. P. Schreiner and his colleagues, especially 
 perhaps Mr. Kichard Solomon. These men are fighting as brave a battle 
 as Lord Roberts or General BuUer. For the sake of their country and 
 the Empire they are confronting the muttered resentment of the Bond 
 
136 
 
 CAPE COLONY, 1814-1900. 
 
 party on the one hand ijnd the blatant Jingos on the other. When the 
 accounts are made at tl e close of this war the worth of the work of 
 these men will be seen by those who can see such things to have been 
 beyond all price. It surely says much for the future of South Africa, 
 gives us indeed a bright presage of the splendid days which are to come, 
 ♦:hat Cape Colony is passing through this afQiction without civil war, and 
 it awaits, with divided feelings no doubt, but with stem self-repression 
 and patience, the approaching day when conditions shall be established 
 under which the final reconciliation of the white races will surely be 
 begun, and the best treatment of the enormous native population will 
 be deliberately adopted and steadily pursued by all the States and 
 Colonies of South Afriea. 
 
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 CHAPTER X. 
 THE TRANSVAAL REPUBLIC. 
 
 SECTION I. THE EARLIER HI&TORY OF THE TRANSVAAL. 
 
 ONE of the Boer leaders in the fierce battle of Boomplaats, in 
 1848, where the British were victorious, was A. W. J. Pretoriuf. 
 He fled northwards, followed by a large party of the more 
 determined and irreconcilable immigrants. A reward of £2,000 (about 
 $10,000) was offered for his apprehension. The British did not pursue 
 him across the Vaal River, especially as their small available force was 
 engaged in fierce fighting with the Kaffirs in the east. While the 
 British authorities were involved in these and other difficulties the 
 Boers across the Vaal River resolved to appeal once more for recogni- 
 tion as an independent state. The Governor, Sir Harry Smith, decided 
 to grant their request and a conference was held within the Orange 
 Free State, which resulted in what has ever since been known as the 
 Sand River Convention. 
 
 It must be clearly observed that in this act the Queen of Great 
 Britain, through her representatives, was in no position of submitting 
 to terms dictated by victorious enemies nor making a treaty with any 
 organized nationality having an independent standing. She was deal- 
 ing with men whom she considered as her subjects and who were so 
 considered by the rest of the world, so far as it thought of them at all. 
 In the next place in granting them the powers of self-government the 
 Queen did so on certain conditions, on whose fulfillment the continu- 
 ance of that self-government must be supposed to have rested. The 
 document is a very simple and a very short one, and was signed on 
 the 17th day of January, 1852. The names of the signatories are curious- 
 ly mixed up, those of the British commissioners standing amongst those 
 of the representative Boer farmers with whom the agreement was made. 
 The important parts of the convention are as follows: Her Majesty's 
 assistant commissioners are represented as settling and adjusting the 
 affairs of the eastern and northeastern boundaries of the Colony of the 
 
 119 
 
 / 
 
11 
 
 140 
 
 THE TRANSVAAL REPUBLIC. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope, and they have held a meeting with a deputation 
 from the immigrant farmers residing north of the Vaal Kiver. "The 
 assistant commissioners guarantee in the fullest manner, on the part 
 of the British Government, to the immigrant farmers beyond the Vaal 
 Eiver, the right to manage their own affairs and to govern themselves 
 according to their own laws, without any interference on the part of 
 the British Government; and that no encroachment shall be made by 
 the said Government on the territory beyond, to the north of the Vaal 
 Kiver, with the further assurance that the warmest wish of the British 
 Government is to promote peace, free trade, and friendly intercourse 
 with the immigrant farmers now inhabiting, or who may hereafter 
 inhabit, that country, it being understood that this system of non- 
 interference is binding upon both parties. 
 
 "Should any misunderstanding hereafter arise as to the true mean- 
 ing of the words the Vaal River, this question, in so far as regards the 
 line from the source of that river over the Drakensberg, shall be settled 
 and adjusted by commissioners chosen by both parties. 
 
 "Her Majesty's assistant commissioners hereby disclaim all alliances 
 whatsoever and with whomsoever of the colored nations to the north 
 of the Vaal River. 
 
 "It is agreed that no slavery is, or shall be, permitted in the country 
 TO the north of the Vaal River by the immigrant farmers." 
 
 The remaining four paragraphs deal with matters of trade, courts 
 of law, certificates of marriage, and the free movement of individuals 
 from one side of the Vaal River to the other in either direction. It is 
 distinctly laid down that "mutual facilities and liberty shall be afforded 
 to traders and travellers on both sides of the Vaal River." 
 
 It must be observed that the ambitious name of the "South Afcican 
 Republic" claimed by the immigrant farmers is not used or recognized 
 by this document. 
 
 Further it is of importance to notice that nothing was said, or 
 probably could have been said, regarding the boundaries of the Gov- 
 ernment here recognized. Much of the region into which they had gone 
 was practically unexplored, and therefore unknown to the British 
 authorities. Mr. Theal has risked the statement that "roughly speaking, 
 they (the boundaries) were the Limpopo River on the north, the Vaal 
 

 THE TRANSVAAL REPUb'JC. 
 
 141 
 
 / 
 
 River and a line a little above Kuruman on the south, the Kala- 
 hari desert on the west, and the mountainous country corresponding 
 with the Drakensberg on the east." This statement concedes too much, 
 even altb-^ngh it does not go to the extreme length which the Transvaal 
 delegat' i -vent when they placed their proposals before the Earl of 
 Derby in London in the year 1883. It is of significance that the docu- 
 ment always uses the phrase "north of the Vaal River" as the one 
 geographical term adequately describing the territory in question. Of 
 course, only a small part of the immense territory now covered by the 
 South African Republic was at that time actually occupied by the 
 immigrant farmers, and the question is how much territory eastwards, 
 westwards and northwards may fairly be said to have been in viev7 
 of both parties at the time of the Convention. To say that Mr. Pretorius 
 stretched his ambition as far as Kuruman on the west or the northern- 
 most point of the Limpopo River, is surely to give him credit for a 
 much larger ambition than was possible at that time. What is per- 
 fectly evident is, that, by the strict terms of this Convention at least, 
 no land west of the western end of the Vaal River could have been 
 claimed by the immigrant farmers. If they had at that time announce<i 
 it as their conception of the case that their territory included the region 
 of Bechuanaland which had for many years now been penetrated by 
 the missionaries of the London Missionary Society, with Moffat and 
 Livingstone among them, and by the traders who followed the route 
 which they opened up, the British commissioners would, beyond doubt, 
 have disallowed this claim. In determining the actual meaning of such 
 a document the entire circumstances on both sides must be taken into 
 account; and they, as subsequent conventions have proved, indicated 
 that the terms of that Convention applied, not to an unlimited territory 
 reaching more than half way across the continent, but to the territory 
 already occupied, or which could be easily occupied within a reasonable 
 time and without injury to other interests by the immigrant farmers. 
 The Article which states that the British Government disclaim all 
 alliances with natives to the north of the Vaal River must be inter- 
 preted in the same way; and it can be proved that no such alliances 
 have ever been made since that date by Great Britain until more than 
 thirty years afterwards, when native chiefs in Bechuanaland, after 
 
■ 
 
 ;* 
 
 142 
 
 THE TRANSVAAL REPUBLIC. 
 
 repeated appeals to the British Government for protection from the 
 Boers, were declared to be under the British protectorate. But that 
 story shall be told later. 
 
 Tlie fourth Article is of immense importance not only as indicating 
 what was the prevailing and acknowledged idea concerning the attitude 
 of the Boers towards the slavery question, and their reputed treatment 
 of natives, but as forming a political basis for inquiry into the question 
 whether the conditions of the Sand River Convention were actually 
 observed by the Transvaal Boers in this as well as in other particulars. 
 This also is a story for later pages. 
 
 The immigrant farmers who had received recognition as a self* 
 governing community did not for a number of years exceed 20,000 men, 
 women and children. They were farmers distinctively and exclusively, 
 and they therefore selected from the vast territory at their disposal 
 those sections most favorable for agricultural and pastoral pursuits. 
 It is a recognized law of human history that the pastoral represents 
 a lower stage of development than the agricultural; it is therefore of 
 great significance that the Boer farmers of the Transvaal tended to 
 become lees and less of agriculturists and to attach their ideas of 
 wealth and prosperity to the extent of their flocks and herds. This 
 meant that every farm must be large, must consist of from 4,000 to 
 6,000 morgen or from 2,000 to 3,000 acres, and must be merely superin- 
 tended by the Boer owner; the actual work of attending to the stock or 
 raising the small crops necessary being left almost entirely in the hands 
 of native servants, as soon as these could be obtained and trained for 
 that purpose. 
 
 It is an interesting fact that the Transvaal Boers formed themselves 
 not into one but into several small republics. For twelve years there 
 were at least four of these, whose centers were respectively known as 
 Potchefstroom, Zoutpansberg, Lydenburg and Utrecht. Between these 
 several republics there were differences which became so bitter that on 
 more than one occasion there were brief and slight battles among them. 
 The bloodshed was happily not abundant, and the strife did not prevent 
 them from uniting in strong sympathy as soon as any movement out- 
 wards on native tribes was necessary. Efforts at the union of the four 
 began in 1857, when Pretorius, who was called President of the republic 
 
THE TRANSVAAL REPUBLIC. 
 
 143 
 
 at Potschefstroom, gradually obtained the assent of the other three 
 centers to a constitution, and at last, in 1864, the one Republic was 
 actually established. Its President was Martinus Wessel Pretorius, 
 and the Commanding-General was one whose name was destined to 
 become famous far and wide in after days, namely Stephanus Johannes 
 Paulus Kruger. 
 
 It is strange to discover that in this very year, 1852, on November 
 22d, the famous and high-sou led Robert Moffat wrote a letter to London, 
 in which he announced that the very Convention which we have de- 
 scribed was being made the basis and reason by the Boers for carrying 
 on war against tribes far distant from the main centers of the Boer 
 popiflations. After describing various attacks made upon different 
 tribes in which mission work had been begun, he goes on to say, "The 
 Boers can give no reason whatever for all this, except it be that all 
 the apprentices must become their vassals; and they conceive that 
 they have a special right to engage in wars and to depose chiefs of the 
 lands of their forefathers, on account of the late treaty between them 
 and the British Government, in which their independence north of the 
 Vaal River is acknowledged and proclaimed. Every account of rapine 
 and bloodshed is carried on with the excuse that the country is theirs 
 by authority of the Queen of England. This strange note jars horribly 
 on the ears of the natives. Their estimation of England was once very 
 high." 
 
 In the year 1857-58 the Republic began to cast its eyes westwards 
 and entered upon a policy of territorial expansion towards Bechuana- 
 land. The trouble for the Bechuanas was begun by a Bushman, who 
 committed depredations in the Orange Free State and carried his booty 
 across the Vaal River into Bechuanaland. Here he was unfortunately 
 allowed to settle by the paramount chief of the Batlaping tribe. His 
 success and apparent immunity encouraged several others to 
 follow his example, and they too succeeded in making raids both into 
 the Transvaal and the Orange Free State and bringing home a con- 
 siderable amount of live stock and some fine horses. As soon as pos- 
 sible a party of Dutchmen was sent into this district, the leaders were 
 killed and the chief himself, who had given them custody, was shot and 
 beheaded. The Dutchmen, not content with punishing so severely the 
 
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 ! 
 
 144 
 
 THE TRANSVAAL REPUBLIC. 
 
 other depredators, pushed on to the village of Taungs, where a number 
 
 of refugees from the already punished tribe had taken refuge. The 
 
 chief of this district, Mahure by name, had himself disapproved the 
 
 raids and none of his people had taken part in them, but the Dutchmen 
 
 compelled him to promise payment of an exceedingly heavy indemnity, 
 
 amounting to 8,000 cattle, 300 horses, and 500 guns, besides 10 men 
 
 accused of murder. This fine was of course an impossible one, and it is 
 
 probable that Mahure did not know its real amount when he agreed 
 
 to it. The missionaries have always asserted that none of the Christian 
 
 chiefs of the Batlaping tribe villages had taken any part in these raids, 
 
 and they felt, therefore, that the threats uttered by the Dutchmen 
 
 against the whole Batlaping tribe were unjust. Nevertheless the 
 
 Dutchmen issued a warning that in the following year they would carry 
 
 their raids westwards, even as far as Kuruman. 
 
 About that time they heard that the representatives of the London 
 Missionary Society, who were considerably increased in numbers, were 
 contemplating, under the inspiration of Moffat and Livingstone, au 
 extension of their missionary work as far north as the Zambesi River. 
 A letter was therefore sent to Dr. Moffat informing him that no mis- 
 sionaries would be allowed to proceed north without permission granted 
 by the President of the South African Republic! This warning was 
 actually made while there were still four republics in the Transvaal 
 and in the name of Pretorius, whose only center of rule and authority 
 was at Potschefstroom. On hearing of these transactions Sir George 
 Grey, the Governor of Cape Colony, sent a letter of remonstrance to 
 Pretorius which had two results. In the first place a reply was sent 
 to Cape Town, in which T»retoriu8 expressed his own admiration and 
 high regard for the noble Christian work of the missionaries at Kuru- 
 man. The second result was that the threatened invasion of Bechuana- 
 land was abandoned, and not for many years was any claim heard that 
 the Boers had rights of sovereignty in that region. 
 
 SECTION II. THE TRANSVAAL. 1864-1877. 
 
 It was in 1858 that Marthinus Wessel Pretorius, who was at that 
 time President of the little Republic at Potchefstrom, drew up the docu- 
 ment which ultimately became the Constitution of the South 
 
THE TRANSVAAL REPUBLIC. 
 
 145 
 
 Africa Republic. It took six years before the other three little states 
 adopted this Constitution and the one Government was established over 
 the whole country. The four communities were very jealous of one 
 another and several fights took place ere the union was consummated. 
 
 From that year, 1864, onward the history of the Transvaal really 
 consisted in its struggles with the surrounding tribes and the occa- 
 sional changes in its supreme ofiieers. The internal history contains 
 almost nothing that can be recorded. No progress of any kind either in 
 social or political organization was made; rather is the story of the 
 internal aflairs of the Republic the story of growing ignorance and 
 bitterness until a state of actual collapse was reached. The population 
 was increasing at a considerable rate, and as it increased the distance of 
 the furthest farmers from the little villages which they called towns, 
 became too large for anything like frequent communication. A gener- 
 ation of Boers therefore grew up who were really more ignorant than 
 the fathers who had first entered the land. Fewer of them could read or 
 write, fewer of them had ever tasted anything of an orderly government, 
 even for the pleasure of repudiating it, fewer of them had ever been 
 pricked in conscience as to their treatment of the dependent races. 
 More of them took for granted that their isolated way of life was that 
 which the will of God ordained, and that the clearing out of blacks, 
 "brambles" as they were often euphemistically called, was a divine duty 
 imposed by the Scriptures of the Old Testament. No roads were made, 
 and hardly ever a bridge was thought of. Trade was carried on by 
 means of barter almost entirely, except when a wandering trader from 
 abroad or an enterprising hunter or a hated missionary came to their 
 farms for supplies. These always were expected to pay in coin of the 
 British realm, whose value was much prized while the image and super- 
 scription were detected. 
 
 The first trouble of any importance with an outside people began in 
 the beginning of 1865, when the Baramapulana tribe offered resistance 
 to some depredations by a Boer commando. This tribe occupied a very 
 strong position in a mountainous region in the north of the Transvaal. 
 They had for some years formed the habit, as all native tribes did so 
 rapidly, of purchasing guns from white traders; and this gave them of 
 course a much greater advantage when fighting with the Boers, com- 
 
146 
 
 THE TRANSVAAL REPUBLIC. 
 
 
 is 
 
 pared with that which even more warlike tribes had enjoyed when they 
 were armed only with the spear and javelin. Mr. Theal, the well-known 
 describer of South African history from the pro-Boer and anti-mission- 
 ary point of view, states the beginning of this war as follows: "In 
 April, 1865, when searching for a fugitive offender, some of the lawless 
 Europeans and a party of blacks who were assisting them, committed 
 acts of great violence upon the outposts of the tribe, and a general war 
 was brought on." When translated into less clouded language it means 
 that some one, most probably a native and very probably a slave, who 
 at 30 years of age thought his apprenticeship, which legally came to an 
 end at 22 years of age, ought to cease, had fled across the indeterminate 
 border into the territory of this tribe, or perhaps a herd had run off with 
 some cattle, or it may be that an adventurous spirit of this tribe had 
 stolen a cow from a Boer farmer. All these were things that happened 
 all round the Transvaal territory, and were made the occasion con- 
 stantly for calling a commando to go and attack the tribe whose chief 
 and headmen may have been absolutely innocent of all wrong, who may 
 have been in the first place the injured party, and who now had no 
 alternative but to fight or lose their land and cattle without fighting. 
 
 On the occasion here referred to the Boers found themselves involved 
 in a larger task than they anticipated. The leader of the Boer forces 
 was no less a man than the Commandant General Paul Kruger. He 
 found that the southern burghers refused utterly to help their northern 
 brethren in this struggle. He himself advanced with his troops as 
 boldly as usual, but to his own chagrin and the consternation of the 
 entire country, was defeated and forced to retire. So complete was the 
 reverse that the Boer farmers had to desert the neighboring district, and 
 the rich region of the Zoutpansberg was forsaken by the white farmers 
 for some years. 
 
 The news of this native triumph spread of course as all news does 
 with the utmost rapidity from tribe to tribe. Others grew bolder in 
 every direction, feeling that defeat was not inevitable and the Boers not 
 invincible. In Bechuanaland several chiefs whose names afterwards 
 came very much to the front in connection with border disputes, at this 
 time began their courageous attitude. 
 
 On the southwestern corner a very important dispute had gradually 
 
THE TRANSVAAL REPUBLIC. 
 
 147 
 
 been gathering in bitterness and determination. The Boers claimed 
 that this territory, which is opposite the diamond fields north of the 
 Vaal river, belonged to them. The native chiefs alleged that no treaty 
 and no conquest could be produced in evidence of this claim, that the 
 territory had belonged to them and their ancestors for a long time. 
 President Pretorlus got into correspondence with the Governor at Cape 
 Town over this, and it was agreed to submit the matter to a court of 
 arbitration. They decided that in case of disagreement between the 
 two arbitrators the matter should be submitted to a final umpire. It 
 is of the utmost importance to remember the fact as often as the "Keate 
 Award," as it is called, is mentioned, whether by Boer or British, 
 whether for condemnation or approval, that Mr. Keate, who was then 
 Lieutenant-Governor of Natal, was actually nominated as umpire by 
 President Pretorius himself. The arbitrators of course disagreed and 
 Governor Keate travelled across the country to receive the evidence 
 and come to a decision. It is alleged by the Boer's friends that Pre- 
 torius and his attorneys presented their case very weakly, and that may 
 well have been the case. But no one is able to dispute that on the evi- 
 dence presented to him Governor Keate gave a sound decision. 
 Although the Transvaal had been by its President committed to accept 
 this Award, the Raad promptly rej)udiated the whole proceedings, and 
 insisted upon the resignation of President Pretorius. This occurred in 
 the end of the year 1871. 
 
 The Boers made up their minds under some strange inspiration, that 
 what they lacked in their rulers was education and acquaintance with 
 the affairs of the world. They decided therefore that the next Presi- 
 dent must be a man who knew more than the ordinary matters concern- 
 ing Boer farmers and native disputes; must be a man in fact of real 
 training, large experience and acknowledged power. Such a man they 
 thought they had found in the person of Thomas Frangois Burgers. 
 This man had at one time been a minister of the Dutch Reformed 
 Church, whose views had grown too broad for that office and who was 
 now available for service in political life. As described on all hands 
 by those who knew him, he was a man of unbounded vigor of intellect, 
 great ambition, real knowledge of affairs, and possessing also a great 
 gift of ringing and persuasive oratory. 
 
r 
 
 148 
 
 THE TRANSVAAL REPUBLIC. 
 
 No sooner was Burgers in the Presidential chair, than he launched 
 out into the most ambitious schemes. He told the Boers that their 
 country ought before long to be inhabited by 8,000,000 people, white 
 people of course, and tfcat they ought to attain a speedy international 
 standing and high dignity amongst the powers of the world. He in- 
 sisted that this could not be attained without extensive public improve- 
 ments in the Way of roads, bridges, railways, and no on. They must 
 have better laws, especially dealing in a broader way with government 
 lands and native lands. Legislation having in view all these improve- 
 ments in administration and government was secured, and in good 
 time President Burgers proceeded on an important visit to Europe in 
 order to obtain the money wherewith to begin the vast schemes which 
 he had outlined. This mission was a comparative failure. Instead of 
 the i.30C,000 (about $1,500,000) which he aimed at he could only secure 
 £90,000 (about $450,000). With this sum he purchased the material 
 necessary for building a railway, and had this transported promptly to 
 Lorenzo Marques, where it lay undisturbed for years and went to rust 
 and destruction. On his return to his country he found that the acting- 
 President Joubert and the Commandant-General Kruger had co-operated 
 ardently in the work of undoing all that he had with infinite pains 
 managed to attain. They deliberately ignored his legislation and ren- 
 dered it impossible to realize a number of his administrative schemes; 
 they also used his absence as an opportunity for stimulating public 
 prejudice against him. The chief ground of accusation against him was 
 that he was an unbeliever, while they were the servants of the Lord. 
 This contrast was driven home with such persistence and power that it 
 gradually spread through the country a feeling of dread that they should 
 be found under the direction of an unbeliever. Many of them could not 
 see how they should expect prosperity when a man accused of such ter- 
 rific departures from the faith was their President. 
 
 These things happened up to the year 1875. In the year following 
 diflBculties began with the tribe of the Bapedi, who had as their chief a 
 strong man by name Secocoeni. As usual the dispute was about land, 
 and as usual the Boers determined to end the dispute by an attack upon 
 this tribe. Burgers himself led in this war, finding himself at the head 
 of about 2,500 white men and several hundreds of black men. The 
 
THE TRANSVAAL REPUBLIC. 
 
 149 
 
 quarrel had arisen not with Secocoeni in the first place, but with hiH 
 brother, a Christian man called Johannes who lived at the miMMion sta- 
 tioii of a Mr* Merensky. He fled of course from this place when the 
 trouole began, and was protected by his brother, the chief. It mti»t be 
 remembered that this chief had never been and was in no mnm a imb* 
 ject of the Republic when this war began, and that this land bad been 
 under the actual occupation of his own brother as part of the tribal ter- 
 ritory. 
 
 The Boers were successful in two opening battles of their campai^^, 
 the second of these taking place at the stronghold which Johanna had 
 occupied. The Boers left the actual attack to their horrible ankrt4, the 
 Swazis, and allowed them when the place was captured ta AimiToy it; 
 the women and children were killed with the utmost barbarl(*m. Jo- 
 hannes himself was fatally wounded; he lingered only two day« and 
 died, taking leave of his people in the most solemn fashion, urging bis 
 brother to become a reader of the Word of God. It is scarcely po^^ible 
 to read descriptions, more than can be recorded in these page«, of attacks 
 like these upon native chiefs, some of whom were at least &% earnest and 
 religious, at least as honorable and peace-loving as the ordinary white 
 man, without feelings of the utmost shame. And when one remembers 
 that the people who did this kind of thing were not isolated Irresponsi- 
 ble blackguards, but the leaders and soldiers of a nation which in being 
 described all over the world as a distinctively religious people, and that 
 they carried on these practices under the cloak of Old Testament exam- 
 ples, natural horror at the scenes depicted becomes moral Indignation 
 at the excuses urged in their defense. 
 
 On the 2nd of August in the year 1876, the Boers attacked the moun- 
 tain on which Secocoeni himself was intrenched. Only a few oi the 
 Boers had the courage to face th.^s problem, for as soldiers they have 
 ever been accustomed to fighting in the open with those who had no fire- 
 arms, and from behind breastworks and trenches when dealing with 
 those who possessed them. This attack therefore failed, and the entire 
 Boer army returned in disgrace to Pretoria. The President had suf- 
 ficient energy to build a fort at a place called Steelport, where be after- 
 wards kept a few men to guard against invasion of the Trausvaa]. 
 
 Consternation thrilled through all South Africa, black and white, at 
 
 __. u: 
 
15Q 
 
 THE TRANSVAAL REPUBLIC. 
 
 
 the news of this disaster to the white men. The Boers themselves could 
 not be aroused to any fresh effort. A special meeting of the Raad was 
 called and it was decided to entrust the further operation of the war to 
 a body of volunteers. These were to be raised by a foreigner named 
 Schlickmann, who was succeeded later by a very clever and unscrupu- 
 lous Irishman called Ayiward. The latter, some years later, found it 
 so necessary to clear his name and to attack the British relations to the 
 Transvaal, that he wrote a considerable volume, which failed in both of 
 thes' inms. These men secured as their volunteers a strange mixture 
 of desperadoes from different parts of South Africa, men who for the 
 most part were wandering about in search of excitement, who were 
 attracted by the prospect of a war which was legitimized by a Govern- 
 ment and by the prospect of liberal rewards in lands and plunder which 
 were offered to them. Some of the horrors performed by these "filibus- 
 ters," as the newspapers of South Africa speedily nicknamed them, are 
 too dreadful for record. Of course they failed in their main object, and 
 the war lingered on in the most miserable fashion, increasing the pres- 
 tige of the black men and strengthening the convictions of the Zulus 
 and Swazis that their day of vengeance had come. 
 
 As a matter of fact Cetywayo, the powerful Zulu chief, made up his 
 mind that his hour had come for washing his spears in the blood of the 
 Boers. In the spring of 1877 he made quiet but effective preparations 
 for an attack upon the Transvaal. 
 
 The Boers then, after twelve years' effort at self-government, had 
 utterly failed. No other word can be written across the history of those 
 years than the word "collapse." These people had asked for self- 
 government from the Queen, who gave it to them; they had failed 
 egregiously not only in maintaining right relations to the native peoples 
 but in managing their own affairs; their taxes were unpaid; their 
 ofl&cers received their salaries long after they were due, and in very un- 
 certain installments. Bitterness among themselves was now approach- 
 ing a very intense degree, inasmuch as an election of representatives was 
 approaching and a supreme contest was raging between Kruger and 
 Burgers for the Presidentship. Observers of the country at this time 
 predicted that, if such an election took place war would break out 
 amongst the white men themselves. Burgers had tried in vain to obtain 
 
fi V 
 
 THE TRANSVAAL REPUBLIC. 
 
 151 
 
 /■ 
 
 loans in Europe; he had even sought alliances with various European 
 powers including Germany and Holland, but these had consistently de- 
 clined. The country therefore had a gradually increasing debt, abso- 
 lutely no credit, no administration, no taxes, nothing in fact of all the 
 activities that constitute a living government. This was the position 
 of affairs in 1876 when the British Government first stepped in. 
 
 SECTION III. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BOERS. 
 
 It has been wittily said that the Boers went to South Africa in the 
 seventeenth century and have been travelling backwards ever since, 
 This, of course, is not true of the Dutch inhabitants of the Cape 
 Colony and of the Orange Free State. The fact is that circum- 
 stances have divided the entire Dutch people of South Africa roughly 
 into two classes. One class consists of those who have had the good 
 fortune to live in or near European towns, or have possessed farms on 
 some of the main roads of travel. These have of course made great 
 progress in culture of various kinds. They are quite equal to any ol 
 their white neighbors of whatever descent, German or English or 
 Scotch. As one travels north and west in Cape Colony one finds that 
 the people gradually deteriorate in character and attainments until, in 
 the Orange Free State, the qui; i (y of the Dutch farmer suddenly rises 
 again. Hence it is that we find such contradictory accountN and such 
 confusion of mind in many directions, both in England and America, 
 when the Dutch of South Africa are being discussed. People contra' 
 diet each other with the utmost heat when they are not fliscussing the 
 same subject! In Africa the name Boer is now given to thoH* of the Dutch 
 population who have pushed farthest away from enters of civilization, 
 and the name has T^^'en long ere this used in a special manner concern- 
 ing the inhabitants of the Transvaal. The world is to 'ay chiefly inter- 
 ested not in those Dutch people who have grown in ■ the possession of 
 an ordinary European education and civilization, but in the Boers who 
 have pursued other ideals and who to-day confront Great Britain for 
 the preservation, as they imagine, of those ideals. 
 
 In the first place, be it observed that the Boers entered the Trans- 
 vaal fighting; that they have extended the borders of the Transvaal 
 until today it is larger than France, by fighting; that their whole career 
 
 
162 
 
 THE TRANSVAAL REPUBLIC. 
 
 is a career of warfare, and their principal national organizations have 
 hitherto been created for the purposes of war. Hence we must be pre- 
 pared to find the Boer a man of great vigor and independence and deter- 
 mination. His vigor is nurtured by his healthy life in the open air; 
 his independence is nourished by the largeness of his farms, for it i8 
 a small farm which measures less than three square miles in extent; 
 and his determination of will is strengthened by every attack which he 
 makes successfully upon a native tribe, by every call which his leaders 
 address to him to fear and resist the approach of an English "tyranny." 
 
 The kind of life which thus the Boer determined to pursue has re- 
 sulted in the creation of what we must call land-hunger. This is one 
 of the most curious and striking characteristics of the Boer people in the 
 Transvaal. The possession of land is the supreme social ideal. It is 
 this which gives a man status among his fellow citizens; it is this which 
 is a test of his worth, the more land the greater the man. The man 
 who owns none is an object of pity, if not of contempt. This passion 
 has exercised a very powerful influence over the entire history of the 
 country. The annual, or still more frequent, wars with native tribes have 
 always had for their main object the gaining of more land for hungering 
 farmers. The treaties made with nadves upon which afterwards gov- 
 ernmental authority was usually established had to do first of all with 
 land. Land is the Boer gold, and perhaps it may be called his god. 
 
 Closely connected with this must of course be mentioned the family 
 life of the Boer. They are famous for their large families. One man 
 is said to have boasted that he had given thirty-two citizens to his 
 country. The families usually range from six to twelve or fourteen 
 children. Of course as these grow up, provision must be made for 
 them, and the only provision possible is either the division of the 
 paternal estate or the obtaining of new farms. As marriages take 
 place very early in life the population thus increases at an enormous 
 rate and the demand for new farms makes a constant pressure upon the 
 borders of the country, forcing them out over neighboring tribal terri- 
 tories. 
 
 As is always the case with people who live far separated from ont 
 another, who have to take long journeys on various social and busines 
 occasions, hospitality becomes a highly valued virtue. Away from thi 
 
THE TRANSVAAL REPUBLIC. 
 
 153 
 
 high roads this hospitality is open and genuine. Every white face is 
 welcome, and the family arrangements are without hesitation com- 
 pletely upset that the visitors may be warmly treated. Beside the 
 high roads the farmers became liable to visits from wandering travellers 
 of various descriptions and were often made the victims of cruel jokes 
 and unjust dealings. This tended to make them suspicious and even 
 hard or greedy in their dealings with all "uitlanders" who approached 
 them. Travellers who have come long distances with wagons and oxen 
 have many needs to satisfy when they reach the verges of civilization, 
 and the Boer can help them or refuse to help them in many little ways 
 which concern their comfort. Where such travellers are frequent it has 
 become necessary for the farmers to make charges both for attentions 
 and for provisions which, away from the high roads, would be gladly 
 bestowed without charge. 
 
 In a Boer household the position of woman is by no means a high 
 one. She is hard worked, deprived of the privilege of much travel or 
 intercourse with her fellows; she is uneducated and not expected to 
 show any intelligent interest in other than domestic affairs. Visitors 
 to Pretoria have described the evident inferiority of the position which 
 even Mrs. Kruger occupies in her own household. The women go out 
 little, it is said, from the fear lest the sun destroy their complexion; the 
 result is that they are almost without exception very stout, as well as 
 very large, and that their faces iiave an unnaturally bleached look. 
 Some travellers and observers have made hard assertions upon the 
 households and personal habits of the Boers. It is not easy to find 
 excuse for whole families living in houses of two or three rooms, for 
 the neglect of the simplest habits of personal cleanliness, for the gen- 
 eral untidiness and dilapidation presented by the majority of their 
 farm buildings and agricultural methods. At the same time justice 
 must be done to them from the consideration that their life had, until 
 the last few years, taken them many hundreds of miles from any rail- 
 way; that they had no roads, and therefore little communication with 
 the outside world. Few were the influences brought to bear upon them 
 to rebuke their neglect of such matters. It was hard to obtain furni- 
 ture or ornaments, clothing, or other minor but necessary appurte- 
 nances of a civilized life. Moreover such things could usually be ob- 
 
154 
 
 THE TRANSVAAL REPUBLIC. 
 
 I 
 
 ' 
 
 tained only for cash, and of cash the Boer usually saw little. His 
 wealth consisted in the land which he occupied, in the flocks and herds, 
 the grain and vegetables and fruit which his extensive farm or estate 
 so abundantly yielded. In all these things he might be said to be rich 
 beyond the average of such farmers anywhere. 
 
 Education is by the Boers of the Transvaal by no means openly 
 despised, but almost totally neglected. So far as it is carried on it is 
 mainly by itinerate teachers who pass from farm to farm or district to 
 district, instructing the children. Their chief object is to prepare them 
 for the examination in reading the Scriptures and reciting catechism, 
 without which they cannot be received into the church, nor be allowed 
 to marry. Thus the education of the majority of the Transvaal Boers 
 has been gradually growing poorer and poorer, and it is said that a very 
 large proportion of the adults can neither read nor write. 
 
 Next to their commandos and land extension, the Boers are interested 
 in their church. Perhaps it is not fair to say next, in this manner, for 
 much of their conduct in relation to land grabbing is stimulated by their 
 religious ideas. It is, as we shall see on the authority of one who knew 
 them well and as is so often described by so many travellers, the literal 
 fact that the Boers of the Transvaal apply the Old Testament language 
 concerning Israel literally to themselves, and its language concerning 
 the Canaanites, who were to be destroyed and crushed out,, literally to 
 the native tribes. It is hard to say how much of hypocrisy there is in 
 this; it must be confessed that in a very large number of instances it 
 is no hypocrisy, but a clear belief in which they have been trained from 
 childhood. The great church events of the year are the Nachtmaal 
 seasons, when they travel by ox wagon shorter or greater distances to 
 the nearest church for the purpose of celebrating the comEiunion. 
 
 The language which the Boers speak is hardly intelligible to Dutch- 
 men from Holland. It is practically a new colloquial tongue which 
 during nearly three centuries has developed on South African soil. It 
 has become differentiated from Holland Dutch alike in pronunciation 
 and idioms, some of which are drawn from native languages and all of 
 which together combine to render it a very uncouth and imperfect 
 medium of communication. It has not even the richness and smooth- 
 ness of the colloquial native tongues. In church of course pure Dutch 
 
ZULU WARRIORS 
 
 Zulus as a people have learned to live for war. Their Chief Chaka was the first te drill his soldiers 
 In a systematic way, and thus made them practically Invincible. They use either the "asseBai" which is 
 a spear consisting of a long, wooden handle with an armored lancet-shaped point at one end, or the "knob- 
 keerie." The latter is the weapon held in their right hands by these men. In addition each man carrlea 
 a shield. In actual battle the shield is larger than those in this picture, so large as to hide a man as he 
 crouches behind it on the ground. The shield is made of dried skin stretched around a frame of wood. 
 
f 
 
 ~N*^-'-.- 
 
 
 •1: :i-;':^^^rx^^*:^Wi;&^si 
 
 r>;:.;: 
 
 fx^jitii 
 
 d %% W 
 
 if'h'fi^m I'i* *^*>|r»'%| 
 
 '■ ^ 
 
 ZULU WARRIORS, UNCIVILIZED 
 
 The first picture shows part of a Zulu regiment with Its strange bead-gear and shields and spears, 
 crouching on the ground with ouly their commander standing In front. 
 
 ZULU WARRIORS, CIVILIZED 
 
 The second shows the same class of men after they have come under the training of British 
 officers. They are armed with rifles and bayonets, and wear the light and useful clothing of the 
 native volunteers. 
 
THE TRANSVAAL REPUBLIC. 
 
 157 
 
 Is spoken, and in their Bibles they read it, but it requires more frequent 
 church attendance than many of them are able to give to enable them 
 to become proficient in the understanding of sermonic Dutch. 
 
 It is an interesting and remarkable feature that one of the favorite 
 characteristics of the Boers, one which they admire most in every one, 
 is expressed by the word "slim." When a Boer farmer speaks affection- 
 ately and admiringly of General Joubert he nicknames him "slim Piet." 
 The word means cunning, and is applied to those who in their business 
 and political dealings have shown themselves adepts at "taking in" 
 their rivals and competitors. The man who can most effectively "take 
 in" a native chief or an English trader who thinks himself smart, or 
 the English Government conscious of its power and easily making 
 agreements with its weaker neighbors, thereby displays to his admiring 
 neighbors the quality described by "slim." 
 
 On the whole, concerning the average Boer of the Transvaal, the 
 judgment of travelers and close observers has generally been that he is 
 a man of natural power whose circumstances had until the last few 
 years been dragging him backwards into barbarism, but who has shown 
 in various ways his capacity to develop rapidly into an enlightened 
 citizen of this generation. 
 
 The following paragraphs, which seem to have a certain value as 
 coming from a close student of the facts and a sympathetic observer 
 of human nature in white race or black, were written by the late John 
 Mackenzie. In his "Ten Years North of the Orange River," which was 
 published in 1871,he says: 
 
 "A few years ago, religious strife and party-spirit ran high in the 
 Transvaal country; and on more than one occasion the opposing forces 
 took the field. They kept, however, at long range from one another, 
 and happily not much blood was shed. A description of the causes 
 of the combats would take us back more than two hundred years in the 
 history of our own country. The "Doppers," as they are called, occupy 
 the position of dissenters from the Established Dutch Church in South 
 Africa; although they do not object to receive aid from the State. The 
 only difference between them and their opponents which an elder of the 
 Dutch Church could mention to me, was first that (like the Cameronians 
 in Scotland) they sing only the Psalms of David in public worship; all 
 
 / 
 
 rr- -Tifrfi-Tigaagi^pji 
 
158 
 
 THE TRANSVAAL ft^PUBLlC. 
 
 other sacred hymns being "carnal." Then there was a certain cloth 
 or covering used bj the Doppers in public worship and at the Table of 
 the Lord, different from that used in the Church. Beyond these two 
 points in ''religion" my informant could not go; although the differ- 
 ence had been the cause of bloodshed. He went on to say that in their 
 own dress the Doppers, like the Quakers, do not approve of the changes 
 of fashion. Their costume is usually a hat of the very largest dimen- 
 sions; a short jacket, part of the cloth for which would seem to have 
 gone to make the trousers, which are very roomy; a large vest, buttoned 
 to the chin; and the usual ''veld-schoen." My informant admitted that 
 the Doppers were very good people, although he thought that they 
 could be improved by "conforming" both as to the singing of hymns 
 and the wearing of longer coats. The remaining portion of the Dutch 
 community is divided ecclesiastically into Orthodox and "Liberaalen," 
 or Rationalists, as they are called in England. In Potchefstroom these 
 three sections had separate congregations — all consisting of Dutch- 
 speaking people. It was perhaps better that they should differ and 
 even fight about a hymn or a vestment than remain in the torpid routine 
 of formalism. The existence of the Orthodox, Liberaalen, and Doppers, 
 in the Transvaal, and also in the Cape Colony, is an evidence of increas- 
 ing life and thought among the people. 
 
 "The frontier Dutchman prefers the Old to the New Testament. He 
 is at home among the wars of the Israelites with the doomed inhabitants 
 of the Promised Land. And no one who has freely and for years min- 
 gled with this people can doubt that they have persuaded themselves 
 by some wonderful mental process that they are God's chosen people, 
 and that the blacks are the wicked and condemned Canaanites over 
 whose heads the Divine anger lowers continually. Accordingly, in 
 their wars with the natives, the question of religion is at once brought 
 into continual and prominent mention. Dutchmen will tell you that 
 in a certain engagement the "heathern" loss was so many, and there were 
 so many Christians murdered. Worship is conducted in the laager 
 or camp by some official of the church, who probably exercises mili- 
 tary rule as well. In their prayers the language of the heroes of the 
 Old Testament is freely appropriated; they are God's people, and their 
 enemies are His enemies. And here a geographical question presents 
 
THE TRANSVAAL REPUBLIC. 
 
 159 
 
 itself to their minds. If they are the chosen people, they must be either 
 in or out of the Promised Land. The latter is the received opinion: 
 
 "Man never is, but always to be, blest." 
 
 In their journeys northwards they would seem to have cherished 
 the hope of speedily reaching the land of Canaan. A map of the world 
 drawu by a Dutch colonist would be a curiosity. At a certain mission 
 station some Dutchmen laughed to scorn the idea that the earth was 
 round. Those, therefore, whose cosmos is what they have seen on 
 horseback, or heard described by "traveled" neighbors, are to be 
 excused if their ideas of the distance between South Africa and Pales- 
 tine are peculiar to themselves. I have been often privately questioned 
 on this point by some grave house-father. "Was Canaan near?" 
 "Where was Egypt?" "Could one go there in his wagon?" In this con- 
 nection it is somewhat affecting as well as amusing to know that the 
 farmers in some of the most northerly districts inhabited by the Dutch, 
 have names given to them indicating the longing of the farmers to reach 
 the land of promise and of rest. 
 
 "The faith and the simplicity of the devout and humble Dutch colon- 
 ist are changed into fanaticism and superstition in the case of those who 
 have only the "form of godliness," without loyally submitting them- 
 selves to its "power." What they want in their own life and character 
 they strive to make up by wonderful "experiences," of which they them- 
 selves are the only witnesses. I have listened a whole evening, in a 
 company of Dutchmen, to the recital by one and another of anecdotes 
 of Divine interpositions and warnings; of people who were told, as in 
 Old Testament times, that they would get better of some sickness, how 
 long they would live, etc. — ^the event always tallying with the predic- 
 tion. It is a fact that some Dutch hunters resort to the use of dice 
 before going out to the day's sport, a native diviner being called upon 
 to declare by this means in which direction game is to be found on that 
 day. A Dutchman in the border districts will often submit to the 
 charms and necromancy of a heathen priest and doctor, under the de- 
 lusion — ^which the native of course encourages — that he has been 
 bewitched. Not long ago a native doctor was deliberately rewarded by 
 a Dutchman, who had long been without an heir, because through the 
 
 } 
 
 msei 
 
100 
 
 THE TRANSVAAL REPUBLIC. 
 
 said doctor's charms and spells the farmer's wife had at length brought 
 forth a son. Ignorance has thus been gradually lowering the tone of 
 the people, especially in the case of those coming into contact with the 
 natives. The remark which I have often heard made by Englishmen 
 who had long resided among the frontier Dutch might no doubt have 
 been made with equal justice for several generations — that the "young 
 Dutchmen are seldom such fine men on the whole as their fathers." 
 This of course could not apply to those who have come under European 
 influence, but to those who have fled from it. 
 
 "The farther the Dutch-speaking population is removed from centers 
 of civilization, from churches and from schools, the ruder are their man- 
 ners and the more uncouth the dialect which they speak. Their fellow 
 countrymen to the south affect great contempt for their restless 
 connections on the frontier, and sometimes call them "Vaalpensen," 
 which is the Dutch for Bakalahari, the ill favored and lean vassals of 
 the Bechuanas. I have observed that many young Dutchmen, sur- 
 rounded from their youth by Bechuana servants, introduce certain 
 Bechuana idioms into their own language in ordinary conversation. 
 For instance, the Bechuanas have a hyperbolical way of speaking about 
 pain or sickness, which is ridiculous when reproduced in Dutch. If a 
 Bechuana man has a headache, the idiom of his language requires him 
 to say, "I am killed by my head;" if he has a sore finger, "I am killed 
 by my finger." This is now in constant use in Dutch in certain districts. 
 Again, when a Bechuana wishes to arouse or to hasten his servant, he 
 will say, although it should be before sunrise, "Make haste, the sun has 
 set." The Dutchmen on the frontier are learning to say the same thing, 
 not only to their servants but to one another. 
 
 "The hospitality of the Dutchmen residing in the remoter districts 
 may be said to be wonderful, and it is a most worthy trait in their 
 character. No person, black or white, leaves a frontier farm without 
 having partaken of food. Natives travelling through these districts 
 count upon such entertainment along with the farm servants, and 
 Europeans know that they may quite reckon upon a place at the far- 
 mer's own table. On much frequented roads this habit is gradually 
 changing; and a "bondle-drager," a person on foot, who carries his all 
 in a bundle, is not very welcome at farm houses, and for sufficient rea- 
 
THE TRANSVAAL REPUBLIC. 
 
 nn 
 
 sons. In the Transvaal, when gold diggers in large numbers were 
 expected through the country, I had an opportunity of observing the 
 high place which hospitality occupies in the mind of the Dutch house- 
 holder. Not wishing to invite suspicious characters to his house, a 
 farmer whom I knew proponed to build on his premises a little "house 
 of entertainment," where he Intended to supply food and a night's lodg- 
 ing to passing strangers. "The bad character of the people must not 
 cause us to fail in what is our duty," said this Dutchman; and I believe 
 he gave utterance to the feelings of many of his neighbors. But the 
 white-skin passport to the Dutchman's table sometimes leads to amus- 
 ing incidents. For instance, a gentleman living in a certain distant 
 village rode out one day to visit a Dutch neighbor. To his surprise, 
 when all had assembled at dinner, he found his own coachman among 
 the guests. He had obtained leave of absence that morning, and, not 
 knowing his master's intentions, was paying a visit here on his own 
 account." 
 
 SECTION IV. THE TRANSVAAL GOVERNMENT AND NATIVE RACES. 
 
 During the years 1864-1876 the history of the Transvaal Republic 
 is chiefly concerned with the wars carried on by the Burghers against 
 strong native tribes in the northeast, east and southeast. The student 
 of their character and social organization will also be much concerned 
 during this period with the question of their treatment of natives 
 within their own territory. According to the fourth article of the Sand 
 River Convention (1852) they were bound to have no slavery, but in 
 the "Grondwet" or Fundamental Constitution of the Republic, drafted 
 in 1855 and adopted in 1858, which is the basis of the South African 
 Republic to-day, it is determined that "the people (the Boers) will 
 suffer no equality of whites and blacks, either in State or in Church." 
 The black man possesses practically no status in the eyes of the law, 
 except in relation to such laws as limit his freedom of movement and 
 his possession of property. The policy of the Transvaal was, in a few 
 districts where they found tribes existing, to allow tribal law to 
 continue, and it has sometimes been represented as the policy through- 
 out the country; but the same class of writers also urge in another 
 breath and for another purpose that the larger part of the centra' 
 
 r 
 
 KM.;" " !! 
 
I 
 
 162 
 
 THE TRANSVAAL REPUBLIC. 
 
 i i 
 
 ' Trangyaal had been denuded of population by the terrific raids of 
 Moselekatse and his blood-thirsty Zulu regiments. When the Boers 
 settled in these unoccupied territories, the problem pressed upon them 
 how they were to obtain native labor. Natives did not and would not 
 flock to service under them as they have flocked to the diamond mines 
 or the* gold mines under the British Government, nor volunteer to serve 
 the farmers in the Transvaal as they have willingly done in many parts 
 of Cape Colony. The Boers, on the other hand, had already received 
 into iheir souls the poison which white people so often have contracted 
 where they are in the presence of such races; namely, that of a contenipt 
 for manual labor. Servants, therefore, had to be found, and one of 
 the interesting questions vital to the understanding of the economical 
 history of the Transvaal during these twelve years bears upon this 
 question. How did they find this labor? There can be little doubt 
 that during these early years the Boers were much less scrupulous 
 about the way in which they treated the native tribes than they have 
 become in recent years under the severe criticism of outlander whites 
 and of their own higher-minded fellow Dutchmen in the south. 
 
 The people who gave the blacks no equality in State or in Church 
 could iii/i;, if their principles were to be carried out, allow natives to 
 own land, oven when they had made enough money to purchase it. 
 Hence it became the custom for blacks here and there who desired to 
 own land to purchase it through, and have it registered in the name of, 
 some missionary or other white man, in whose honesty they trusted. 
 This was all that the black man could possibly attain. Further, no 
 native was allowed to move about from place to place without a pass, 
 which, needless to say, could not be obtained without some little diffi- 
 culty. The operation of these two laws resulted in this, that the native 
 adults in the Transvaal were wholly dependent for their work, rate of 
 wages and opportunities for purchase, upon the Boer farmers on whose 
 land they happened to live. Moreover, every farmer had the right to 
 impose hut-taxes upon all natives living on his lands. 
 
 N eedless to say, little or nothing was done by the Boers for the edu- 
 cation OP the religious improvement of the natives within their own 
 country. They provided themselves with churches, a ad maintained a 
 zealous form of religion, but they frankly and openly avowed that this 
 
 \:\h 
 
p 
 
 / 
 
 THE TRANSVAAL REPUBLIC. 
 
 103 
 
 religion was not intended for the blacks. It was not for many year* 
 that the ministers of the Dutch Reformed Church, many of whom bare 
 always been earnest and sincere Christian men, succeeded in perinad- 
 ing their church to promote the cause of the Gospel amoDgit their own 
 subject peoples. In fact, one of the most remarkable »t&tem€nUi, made 
 so late as the year of the London Convention, 18834, referred to this 
 very matter, and part of it may be quoted here as characterimtie of their 
 spirit and indicative of the progress they hvA hitherto made. In the 
 manifesto which they issued, addressed to the English'Speakfog people, 
 they dealt with the accusations made against them regarding the 
 treatment of the natives. They refer to the horrible mii»deed« com- 
 mitted by the Dutch in the Indian Archipelago and the EttgU^h in 
 India, and even in the present century by the Southern planters in the 
 United States. 
 
 They confess that their own people may have been guilty in earlier 
 years of the Kepublic*s history, "on that account we humbly pray to 
 the Lord, our God, to forgive us the sins that may have been committed 
 in hidden corners." "If you leave us untrammeled, we dare hope to God 
 that ere a new generation has passed by a considerable portion of our 
 natives in the Transvaal will be converted to Christianity — at least, our 
 Government is preparing arrangements for a more thorough Christian 
 mission among them." 
 
 In spite of the strenuous denials that have been made on certain 
 occasions regarding the Boer treatment of the natives, the evidence is 
 too abundant and too varied in its origin to allow of any donbt on ttro 
 points, first, that the supply of native labor was maintained by the 
 importation of captives, mostly women and young children taken in 
 their raids upon native tribes beyond the borders, and secondly, that 
 there was established within the Transvaal during the first twelve 
 years of its existence, a system which in its main principles and 
 actual working can hardly be distinguished from slavery. For many 
 years it was cloaked by what was called native apprenticeship, a 
 method whoreby the children brought from native tribes, whose parents 
 had been slain and who were therefore brought as orphans into the 
 country, were bound as apprentices to the farmers. This apprentice- 
 ship lasted until they were 21 or 22 years of age, after which ihej came 
 
164 
 
 THE TRANSVAAL REPUBLIC. 
 
 under the operation of the laws described above, whereby their life was 
 still restricted to the farms on which they had been brought up, and 
 some of the poor creatures took far longer than the rest of mankind 
 to reach their twenty-first birthda;7 
 
 No one who knows anything of the life in South Africa would criti- 
 cise the Boers for having instituted a law against vagrancy and a sys- 
 tem of passes. Where natives are held together by tribal law, lan- 
 guage and custom, they are not likely in large numbers to wander over 
 the country; but as soon as the cohesiveness of the tribe gives way, 
 consider the terrible social position in which the natives find them- 
 selves! They have no valuable property or steady industry holding 
 them to one place of abode; they can make their stay here for one 
 month and fifty miles away for another month; they can travel from 
 place to place, making their homes anywhere and their living anyhow. 
 Where natives in this condition amount to many thousands it is obvious 
 that the dangers of murder and rapine are enormously increased and 
 strict laws and supervision are needed, no less for the safety and com- 
 fort of the general community than for the social education and moral 
 development of the natives themselves. To secure this a system of 
 native locations and the employment of passes have become absolutely 
 essential. The injustice to the native comes in, when he is refuser* the 
 ordinary rights of property within the district which he inhabits, and 
 when besides that, as between him and the white man, the law asserts 
 that the one can have no equality with the other "in Church or State." 
 Few people would be found to deny, at least in Great Britain or 
 America, that black men ought to have full rights of property in the 
 country which they inhabit, and that to deny them these rights is to 
 make them dependent upon the white owners of the soil in a manner 
 which must tend continually toward slavery. Further, few people 
 would deny that a dominant people which collects taxes from black 
 subject peoples, ought to give them some direct return for this taxation 
 in the form of education and governmental measures making for their 
 social development. 
 
 It is of course very likely that some accusers of the Boers in the 
 matter of slavery have exaggerated its extent and made its conditions 
 appear darker than they actually were. It is certain also that there 
 
 ! 
 
 ■ in I 
 
/ 
 
 THE TRANSVAAL REPUBLIC. 
 
 1G5 
 
 has always been in the Transvaal a section of white farmers who dis- 
 approved of slavery, and who disliked the methods employed by their 
 fellow-citizens of dealing with native tribes. We must also be careful 
 not to accuse the Boers of slavery in regard to those tribes to whom 
 they assigned locations, and whom they left for the most part under the 
 operation of their tribal laws and customs. It must also be admitted 
 that some of the worst deeds attributed to the Boers, some of the most 
 ruthless murders of black peoples, were committed not by the high- 
 toned farmers living near the centers of population, but by the wilder 
 spirits who pressed ever towards the borders. It was they who proved 
 themselves over and over again ruthless towards native tribes; it was 
 they who carried to its logical conclusion, the Boer principle that they 
 were a chosen people, and that the native tribes were to them as the 
 Canaanites to Israel, people deprived of their rights by the will of God, 
 and destined by the same Power to become servants to their conquerors. 
 When all these allowances are honestly and fully made, there still 
 remains, it must be sorrowfully insisted, a large amount of testimony to 
 the fact that the Transvaal Boers did for the first quarter of a century 
 of their existence as a people, treat the natives to all intents and pur- 
 poses as their serfs, that they denied to them the benefits of civilization 
 and deprived them in very large numbers of blessings which they had 
 enjoyed under pative laws and native freedom. It must also be asserted 
 as proved and sure, that in order to find servants for the districts which 
 had been denuded of population before the Boers arrived, a system of 
 importing orphans was brought into operation which remains a blot 
 upon the history of the Transvaal during those years. It was a British 
 Colonial statesman who pointedly asked how it was that the Transvaal 
 found so many "orphans that it needed special Legislature by their 
 supreme Government to regulate their welfare." The answer must be 
 found in the fact that Boer commanders, for some reason or other, 
 found it constantly necessary to attack native tribes, and that they 
 would carry off the children of these tribes and distribute them among 
 the farmers of the Transvaal, indenturing them under the laws of 
 apprenticeship then in operation. When they reached their majority 
 and became free, these orphans found themselves in a position of abso- 
 lute dependence upon the farmers on whose lands they had been brought 
 
166 
 
 THE TRANSVAAL REPUBLIC. 
 
 I'l 
 
 ;fl 
 
 up; their own tribe was either far distant or obliterated from existence, 
 and their entire life cut off from any connection with their race. 
 
 In 1881, Mr. Herbert, Secretary of the Royal Commission through 
 which independence was restored to the Transvaal, said: "I do not 
 think it can be denied that the actual buying and selling of bodies 
 has almost ceased, though it did exist. But there is a form of servitude 
 more dreadful, because it is more universal and less easily detected; 
 and that is the authority exercised by the Boer farmers over the natives 
 of the kraals on their farms. There are the natives. They have 
 nowhere to go to escape this form of slavery. They are at the beck 
 •nd call of every Boer. The Boer takes their cattle and their children, 
 and there is no redress." 
 
 In the year 1865 a formal report was made to the High Commis- 
 sioner by Mr. W. Martin of Pietermaritzburg, who had paid visits on 
 two different occasions to the Transvaal, and who did not hesitate to 
 (describe the system then obtaining as slavery. He speaks of its exist- 
 ence as "a notorious fact to all persons acquainted with the Transvaal 
 Republic," and even asserts that the destitute children were bought and 
 sold as "black iyory." In the year 1866 the Governor of Cape Colony 
 addressed a letter to President Pretorius, in which he refers to the 
 •'popular sale" at Potchefstroom and its vicinity of native children. 
 This protest was based upon a report made by a Boer, a Mr. Steyn, 
 who himself had been Landdrost of Potchefstroom. He stated that 
 "every year we, the Boers, were at war with small native tribes at 
 Zoutpansberg, in the northern part of the Transvaal." After one of 
 these wars Mr. Steyn asserted that thirty-one Kaffir children between 
 the ages of 3 and 12 were publicly disposed of at prices varying from 
 £15 to £22, 10s. In some instances the price was paid in cattle. 
 In 1867 again, in one of these raids in the north, 120 children were 
 obtained from one tribe. These orphans were distributed among the 
 burghers. The Commandant General was at this time Mr. Kruger (now 
 President Kruger), who, of course, may not have known directly and 
 officially of these proceedings, or may have found it necessary to take 
 charge of these children when they had no parents left to them; but it 
 is easy enough to see how proceedings like these necessarily led to 
 Stories, which on the one haad awakened resentment amongst the bett<9r 
 
THE TRANSVAAL REPUBLIC. 
 
 167 
 
 / 
 
 class of South African Europeans of every race, and on the other hand 
 created hatred and fear of the Boer Government throughout the native 
 territories of the whole region. 
 
 The High Commissioner added in that letter, "I cannot close this 
 communication without inviting your most serious and immediate atten- 
 tion to those provisions of the laws of the South African Republic 
 under which, as I am informed, native children and youths, called 
 orphans, or perhaps made so by the murder of their parents, can be 
 registered as apprentices for a term of 21 years, and can, during that 
 term, be sold from hand to hand as a marketable commodity. I must 
 plainly state that such arrangements, no matter under what name they 
 n^ay be disguised, can only be regarded as sanctioning practical slavery, 
 and as being therefore the greatest violation of one of the most import- 
 ant stipulations of the convention between the Government and that of 
 her Majesty." He proceeds to demand a repeal of these laws and the 
 effective stoppage of "any further traffic in human beings." In 1868 
 the Lieutenant-Governor of Natal describes the system in the same way 
 and the evils to which it necessarily gave rise. At last, in August, 
 1876, one of the noblest natives in South Africa, Khama, chief of the 
 Bamangwato, addressed a letter directly to the Queen of England, 
 through the Governor of Cape Colony, in which he complained against 
 the practice of the Boers in carrying off the children of native tribes 
 and causing them to be sold. He pleads with the Queen to protect his 
 country from the Boers. He says, "I do not like them. Their actions 
 are cruel among us black people. We are like money ; they sell us and 
 our children. ♦ * • Last year I saw them pass with two wagons 
 full of people, whom they had bought at Lake Ngami." 
 
 In view of all these facts it must be concluded that the Boers' treat- 
 ment of the natives has been such as to deprive them of the sympathy of 
 all who believe in equal laws and strict justice for all men, both black 
 and white. The native problem in South Africa is an exceedingly diffi- 
 cult and perplexing one, even for those rulers who would act most fairly 
 and most generously towards them, but the difficulty is enormously in- 
 creased when their spirit has been embittered by undeniable oppression. 
 It is not asserted that the natives in any of the British colonies are 
 treated by all classes of white people with due consideration; no one 
 
168 
 
 THE TRANSVAAL REPUBLIC. 
 
 who has not lived where superior races mingle with inferior ones, can 
 conceive of the diflBiculty of maintaining right relations between them. 
 iThere will always be a tendency on the part of large numbers in the 
 yast majority of superior races to treat the members of inferior races 
 with unconcealed contempt. The result will be a setting up of customs 
 in their daily conduct and relations towards one another which are to 
 be deplored. No one would consider it therefore a matter of peculiar 
 accusation against the Boers that they have, either as individuals or 
 even as a community, formed habits of thought and conduct towards 
 these races which are open to criticism. The matter assumes an entirely 
 different complexion when it is not the silent pressure of social preju- 
 dices and private qualities that have led to injustice, but when it Is 
 the very constitution and statutes of the land which draw a line of dis- 
 tinction between the black and white, and which forbid the black 
 to have any equal claims with the white, before the laws of property, 
 education and religious freedom. It is of the latter crime against the 
 very name of a Republic that the Boers have proved themselves guilty. 
 In large parts of India the natives are governed by white people 
 and possess no vote, and in those parts the natives are liable to the 
 social and private ill-treatment of the official European classes; but 
 throughout India every native has rights before the taw. He can own 
 land, he can bring evidence in the courts of law against any man, white 
 or black, who does him wrong; he can and does even recover damages 
 against the Government when the latter is responsible for any loss in- 
 curred by him; he has offered to him opportunities of education, even in 
 government schools and colleges, that may carry him from the elements 
 up to the ripest and widest scholarship. In Cape Colony the colored peo- 
 ple suffer from social ostracism and have, no doubt, legitimate com- 
 plaints to make against the treatment which they receive from the white 
 minority inhabiting the land; but there the black man enjoys the fran- 
 chise and can vote on exactly the same terms as the white man; he can 
 own land and become rich, he can have education and religious privileges 
 as really as the white, he can even serve on a jury where a white man is 
 accused of crime. In Natal, where the proportion of white men is 
 smaller even than in the Transvaal, social and customary oppression is 
 probably greater than in the Cape Colony, and the pass system must, as 
 
THE TRANSVAAL REPUBLIC. 
 
 1G9 
 
 / 
 
 we have seen, necessarily be enforced; but even there the law does not 
 discriminate as it does in the Transvaal, making the black man practi- 
 cally the serf of the white. In all our discussions therefore of the 
 merits of the Boer Government and the claims of the Boers to independ- 
 ence and self-government, we need to weigh their claims not only in the 
 light of the complaints which a hundred thousand outlanders have 
 made against their misgovernment, but also in the light of the national, 
 deliberate, constitutional bad treatment of 700,000 natives during half 
 a century of history. 
 
 The complaints against the systematic cruelty of the Boers to the 
 natives have been accumulating steadily for fifty years or more. The 
 Boers accuse the European missionaries of having fomented this preju- 
 dice against them, and they have good reason. The Boers and the 
 missionaries have been opposed to one another during all that time. 
 Those who know, and the best men of science and students of ethnology 
 know, that the missionaries all over the world have been remarkable 
 for their fair and trustworthy evidence on all matters coming under 
 their observation, will not believe that the severe criticisms which they 
 have offered for three generations upon the Boer treatment of native 
 races, has been all that time unfounded in fact or based on inconsider- 
 able and scattered instances of cruelty. 
 
 SECTION V. THE ANNEXATION OP THE TRANSVAAL. 
 
 The course of events in the Transvaal which we have described in 
 the preceding section could not be unobserved by the Governors 
 of Natal and Cape Colony, as well as by the Colonial Office in 
 London. The Colonial Secretary at that time was the Earl of Car- 
 narvon, who had formed the ambition of signalizing his tenure of office 
 by a great achievement in South Africa. He had for two years pre- 
 viously been steadily laboring "towards one object and one end," 
 namely, "The union of the South African colonies and states." He 
 was at this time considering the details of a bill which was to be pro- 
 posed in the next session of Parliament opening the way for the con- 
 federation of these South African colonies and states into a United 
 States of South Africa, or one large and powerful Dominion. In pre- 
 paring for this great consummation Lord Carnarvon kept a very careful 
 
170 
 
 THE TRANSVAAL REPUBLIC. 
 
 
 
 if 
 
 watch over the course of events in the Transvaal, as also throughout 
 the rest of 8outh Africa. He had not been unaware of the terrible dan- 
 ger overhanging the Colony of Natal in two directions, from the 
 aggrandizement of native tribes. He had been keenly sensitive to the 
 increase of this danger through the failure of the Boer wars with their 
 native enemies. It seemed to him, therefore, that the time had come 
 for taking some definite steps which should have the double effect of 
 arresting native ambitions and bringing the European colonies and 
 states into some form of actual union with one another. 
 
 In order to further his project Lord Carnarvon took two important 
 steps. First he selected a man as High Commissioner for South Africa 
 and Governor of Cape Colony, whose past magnificent career had given 
 him wide and rich experience in dealing both with colonists and de- 
 pendent native races. This man was the noble-hearted and high-souled 
 Sir Bartle Frere. Only two or three of the long list of Governors sent 
 to South Africa have resembled this man in breadth of mind, firmness 
 of grasp and loftiness of character. It was his fate to be sent out to un- 
 dertake an impossible task, to face complicated problems created by the 
 negligencies of his predecessors and the short-sightedness of colonial 
 officers; it was his fate to have the name of High Commissioner of South 
 Africa without the real authority and power, and to be considered by 
 the unobservant and harsh judging world as responsible for calamities 
 which would almost certainly have been one and all avoided, if the 
 power placed in his hands had corresponded with the title of his office. 
 Sir Bartle Frere was the victim of a series of Imperial blunders which 
 politicians in Great Britain were clever enough or ignorant enough to 
 heap upon his name, bringing his brilliant career to a saddened close. 
 Secondly, when Sir Bartle Frere was approached with a view to 
 his appointment as High Commissioner in South Africa, Lord Carnar- 
 von had already begun to act in relation to the Transvaal. As he said, 
 Great Britain had been on the edge for some time of a great native 
 war, and the difficulties of the Transvaal Government were bringing 
 native troubles nearer and making them more dreadful. He accord- 
 ingly sent, towards the end of 1876, Sir Theophilus Shepstone, of Natal, 
 as a Special Commissioner to the Transvaal. Shepstone was ordered to 
 act with discretion, but he had authority to act as his investigation of th(» 
 
THE TRANSVAAL REPUBLIC. 
 
 171 
 
 circumstances should detenuine. If the condition of affairs in the 
 Transvaal made its annexation to Great Brita'n desirable and possible, 
 he was authorized to arrange with the Transvaal Government for car- 
 rying through the momentous change. 
 
 Shepstone arrived on December 20, 1876, and was received every- 
 where with great kindness, and, by large numbers of the Transvaal 
 people, even with enthusiasm. His coming was a proof to them that 
 Great Britain was taking an active interest in their affairs, and that 
 the unspeakably miserable experience of the last few years would be 
 brought to an end. 
 
 Mr. Bider Haggard has proved, both from his actions and his words, 
 that Shepstone did not enter the Transvaal with the fixed purpose of 
 formally annexing the land. He kept clear before him the fact that he 
 was there to investigate, and that annexation was only one of several 
 alternatives which he was allowed to entertain. One of his earliest 
 acts was to offer a Confederation Bill to the Volksraad, hoping that if 
 they approved the idea of being brought into a living union with the 
 other South African colonies and states, this would open up negotia- 
 tions by which the affairs of the Republic might be put upon a sound 
 footing. Even President Burgers, in the defence oif his own adminis- 
 tration which he left for publication after his death, bore witness that 
 Shepstone, while he avowed his purpose to annex the Transvaal, also 
 frankly gave the Boers time to call together the Volksraad for the pur- 
 pose of considering measures by which Burgers felt sure that the coun- 
 try could be delivered from its distresses and its dangers. Burgers 
 tells us that Shepstone promised that he would "abandon his design 
 if the Volksraad would adopt these measures, and the country be will- 
 ing to submit to them, and to carry them out." 
 
 Shepstone lived in the Transvaal from December 20th till April 
 12th before he took action. Throughout that time he conducted him- 
 self with the greatest tact, firmness and wisdom. He was accessible to 
 everyone, and large numbers of Boers freely interviewed him both in 
 private and in public. He concealed nothing, plotted nothing, openly 
 told them that he wa« there to investigate the troubles in which they 
 were placed, and to find a way out of them. The idea of annexation 
 was discussed throughout the length and breadth of the land, was being 
 
 snm- 
 
J 72 
 
 THE TRANSVAAL REPUBLIC. 
 
 welcomed by some thousands of white persons, including many of the 
 most influential Boers, while it was of course being tleprecatetl and 
 bitterly opposed by the maj )rity of the Boer people. With the mem- 
 bers of the Government and President Burgers throughout these long 
 months Shepstone discussed every aspect of the situation. He urged 
 them to put things right, or to show that they could be put right, or 
 even to prove that the people were willing to back up the Government 
 in any advances which they might propose. As a matter of fact, he 
 made up his mind that the state was bankrupt, that the administration 
 and legislation, as well as the taxation, were all in collapse, and that 
 the danger of devastating invasions of native tribes was very real and 
 very dreadful. 
 
 President Burgers was meanwhile carrying on his oAvn agitation, 
 striving to arouse enthusiasm among the citizens and looking forward 
 to the contest now impending for the presidentship. Mr. Kruger was 
 on the other hand busily canvassing for his own elect' and stirring up 
 the people in his own way to resist all suggestiouts of annexation. 
 Neither of them succeeded in rousing the people to take definite steps 
 in one direction or another. Disheartened and humbled the farmers 
 only gathered in excited groups here and there and talked their patriot- 
 ism, condemned their opponents within the Transvaal and without it, 
 and went home without any clear idea of progress in any direction, 
 without any action leading anywhere. 
 
 On April 10th news came to Pretoria that Cetywayo had gathered 
 his forces in three powerful columns on the borders of Zululand with a 
 view to the invasion of the Transvaal. About forty square miles had 
 been already previously overrun and every house burned. Shepstone 
 at once sent off a messenger to Cetywayo with the news that the Queen 
 was now taking over the Government of the Transvaal, and that he must 
 not fight against the Boers. At once Cetywayo gave way, disappointed 
 but obedient. "You see my impis (regiments)," he said to the messen- 
 ger, "are gathered. It is to fight the Dutch I called them together. Now 
 I will send them back to their homes." 
 
 This warning was so significant and stern that Shepstone resolved 
 to delay action no further and Burgers gave way. A very curious 
 series of negotiations took place between Burgers and Shepstone. The 
 
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THE TRANSVAAL REPUBLIC. 
 
 175 
 
 
 former in secret acquiesced in the annexation; he even read the procla- 
 mation of annexation before it waw made and proposed the alteration 
 of only two words. He did propose the addition of some matter which 
 Shepstone accepted and inserted. Burgers, on the other hand, explained 
 that it would be necessary for him to issue a protest "to keep the noisy 
 portioii of the people quiet." As a matter of fact he acknowledged that 
 the annexation was necessary, and most of the members of his Govern- 
 ment had already told Shepstone that they saw no other way out of the 
 difficulty. Burgers actually read the draft of his protest to Shepstone 
 and asked for his opinion upon it! When Shepstone complained that it 
 appeared to pledge the people to resist by and by. Burgers said it was 
 intended only to tide over the difficulty of the moment, saying that no 
 British troops were in the country within a fortnight's march, and that 
 by the time any action upon the protest was reported from London, the 
 opposition would have lost heart and retired. 
 
 In his proclamation Shepstone took high ground. He did not pro- 
 fess that the majority of the Boers desired this event, but he grounded 
 the reasons for it upon the collapse of the Government and the condition 
 of the country both from a commercial and a political point of view. 
 He promised of course that the country would be governed for the ben- 
 efit of the people, that their liberties would be observed and that con- 
 stitutional government would as speedily as possible be established. 
 Throughout South Africa this daring act was received with utter 
 astonishment and much disquietude. But when people heard that no 
 rebellion had taken place, that the Boers had gone back to their farms, 
 that British troops had entered unmolested, delight spread from region 
 to region. In the Transvaal relief came at once. Land values which 
 stood at nothing before the act of Annexation, sprang up; business 
 increased; an air of confidence reigned everywhere; people felt that 
 stable conditions had now been created and they put capital into 
 buildings and business; the native tribes were given to understand that 
 now they must reckon, not with the disheartened Boer commandos, but 
 with the organized and irresistible might of England. 
 
 At Cape Town the most surprised man probably was Sir Bartle 
 Prere, the High Commissioner for South Africa, The Transvaal had 
 been placed beyond Frere's authority, and this initial blunder is largely 
 
'./■■ ■ 
 
 176 
 
 THE TRANSVAAL REPUBLIC. 
 
 accountable for the subsequent mismanagement and disasters. Even 
 Lord Carnarvon was astounded and for a time afraid, but he loyally 
 supported the decision of the man to whom he had given a free hand. 
 England at this time was, unfortunately for South Africa, absorbed in 
 excitement over the Eastern question. The "sick man," the Sultan of 
 Turkey, was in the thought of every European politician. Before the 
 tremendous issues of that controversy, the question of annexing 
 another slice of Africa with 50,000 white people was a small affair. 
 Politicians paid it little attention. Government officials treated it aB 
 a mere incident. Thus the prolonged and irritating neglect of the 
 pressing problems of the Government of the Transvaal was made possi- 
 ble, a neglect which in itself is absolutely indefensible and which beyond 
 all doubt led to the disasters both of '81 and '99. 
 
 SECTION VI. THROUGH IMPERIAL RULE TO INDEPENDENOB. 
 
 t 
 
 It would be of course foolish to maintain that the Boers enj«yed 
 the idea of coming under the authority of the Queen. Many of 
 them, ' ^^peciaIly the wealthier and better educated Boers, as also 
 all the English settlers, and practically all the German immigrants, 
 \ ,'artily welcomed the change; to them it made all the difference be- 
 tween a harassing poverty and an immediate prosperity, all the 
 difference between a sense of security and a permanent condition of 
 alarm at the threats of native tribes. Yet the majority of the Boers 
 must not be thought to have inwardly approved or welcomed the step 
 which was taken. The protest which President Burgers published, as 
 he said to Shepstone, for reasons of policy and really to quiet the people, 
 was immediately made the basis of action by the more determined 
 antagonists of Great Britain. 
 
 The Vice-President of the country and candidate for the Presidency 
 was Mr. Paul Kruger, and the Attorney-General was a Dr. Jorissen, 
 whose legal knowledge was afterwards found to be so meager that he 
 was more than once rebuked from the bench and compelled to retire. 
 These two at the annexation retained their official positions and re- 
 ceived pay from the British Government. A letter was afterwards 
 found in the Government offices, through which Mr. Kruger made a 
 
 .<p 
 
/ 
 
 THE TRANSVAAL REPUBLIC. 
 
 Ill 
 
 definite attempt to obtain some post in the Queen's uepvlce. Mr. Jonbert 
 had the independence of mind to decline oflftce under i\n* (J«V(?rnment 
 which he hated; but the other two did not consider it IneofiMfxtent both 
 to accept pay as British oflficials and to proceed as a deputatUm to Lon- 
 don to protest agf' ' the annexation, and thereafter to wort( for the re- 
 bellion and indepti^^ „nce. Lord Carnarvon received the dcputatfoo, but 
 very firmly told them, as they had expected, that the annt'xatioii was 
 final. 
 
 While these protests wore made it must be remembered that there 
 was no active resistance within the Transvaal and no )*igD of mch. Hub- 
 mission to Great Britain was regarded as an evil, at thought of which 
 hundreds of men ground their teeth in anger, but they mem to have felt 
 it an inevitable evil. When therefore the annexation of the Tranttvaal is 
 nowadays described as an act of indefensible aggresHlon on the part of 
 Great Britain, the facts which we have glanced at mnnt be clearly 
 weighed in the balances. If Great Britain is to be convicted of perfidy 
 a d oppression then a number of facts must be explained. For example, 
 why was it possible for Shepstone to make his proclamatloa when he 
 had no British soldiers with him and was surrounded simply by a little 
 body-guard of 25 policemen? Why was it that the actual administra- 
 tion of the country passed over into his hands and the functiooM of gov- 
 ernment were exercised by him without one redcoat in the land? Why 
 was it that Mr. Kruge ind other members of the little Oovemment 
 recognized themselves as officials of the British Government and took 
 their salaries from it? Why all this, if the Transvaal Boer)» had not 
 found themselves unfit for self-government? 
 
 It is generally asserted nowadays by the opponent* of annexation 
 that the Boers could easily have resisted the natives. It muftt be re- 
 membered that Shepstone lived in the Transvaal five monthM and gave 
 them the opportunity to say this and to act upon it, and they did not do 
 so. In the very proclamation which he issued he made the threatening 
 strength of neighboring tribes one of the main reg^Kons foi the annexa- 
 tion, and no Boer commander appeared to say that thi« wa>* an error and 
 that they were ready to meet any such emergency. Ami wirely if they 
 were strong enough to crush these tribes they were Ktron^ enough to 
 defy Shepstone and 25 policemen, to laugh at hi» proelamaiion, and 
 
178 
 
 THE TRANSVAAL REPUBLIC. 
 
 %w^ 
 
 i \ 
 
 carry on the Government for themselves. Those who maintain that 
 the annexation was indefensible and perfidious must explain how the 
 annexation was actually carried through. 
 
 Candid historians will hereafter say that Gl-eat Britain did wrong to 
 annex the Transvaal ; — first, if she played them a trick or took them by 
 surprise, which is disproved by Shepstone's long residence in the coun- 
 try, and the open discussions of the entire circumstances before making 
 the annexation; — second, if she ought to have left the Transvaal as a 
 self-governing and independent community to meet the miserable fate 
 which seemed to all to be impending upon her, on the grouid that Great 
 Britain had no right to interfere in her internal affairs. There are those 
 who seriously maintain that Great Britain would have considered her 
 own interests if she had allowed this to come to pass; — third, she was 
 wrong, if it was her duty to step in and help the Transvaal out of its 
 difficulties, pay its debt, fight its battles and step out again, thus allow- 
 ing the country to enjoy its new-found strength, absolutely independ- 
 ent still. This no doubt would have been the ideal Christian method of 
 action, and there are those who maintain that this is what she ought to 
 have done. Certainly no believer in the Christian religion can criticise 
 the proposal except by saying that no nation seems as yet, as a nation, 
 to have attained this height of abnegation, and that it would be a little 
 unfair to criticise Great Britain for not having carried out a policy 
 which is so lofty that no other people has yet been found to pursue it. 
 
 On the other hand, impartial historians of the future will assert that 
 the Boers of the Transvaal were wrong when they acquiesced in the 
 annexation, if at the time they were strong enough to maintain their 
 own Government and to fight their threatening foes. But on ths other 
 hand, they did wrong, if they were at the time not strong enough for 
 these efforts, when at a later period they rebelled against the power 
 which had given them strength and deliverance. 
 
 As early as possible Shepstone made a tour of the country, travelling 
 slowly from one village to another, meeting with the Boers in all kinds 
 of ways in public meetings and private conferences. No incident hap- 
 pened seriously to mar his peace of mind or to suggest that the country 
 was indignant as a whole at the annexation. Rather did this tour seem 
 to prophesy a happy future for the country. He at once set to work 
 
THE TRANSVAAL REPUBLIC. 
 
 179 
 
 upon the new Constitution and form of GoTemment, which he had in 
 the name of the Queen promised to establish. This Constitution was 
 forwarded at once to London where, alas! and alas! it was received and 
 docketed and left in darkness and neglect. 
 
 Both in the Transvaal and in Cape Colony opinion and feeling were 
 divided regarding the act of annexation, and each division began to 
 express itself chiefly by the way of formal petitions or protests addressed 
 to Her Majesty, the Queen. One of these as a formal protest of the late 
 Transvaal Government was carried to England by the deputation con- 
 sisting of Mr. Kruger and Dr. Jorissen. This protest, however, lost 
 much of its force by the fact that it was drawn up and adopted by the 
 Government before the Act of Annexation, and that the very men who 
 carried it to England had, as we have shown, accepted oflSces under the 
 new Government! The largest petition against annexation and the 
 most remarkable was undoubtedly that which was sent in by the inhab- 
 itants of Cape Colony. It is a curious circumstance that the agitation 
 against annexation took at first a far stronger form around Cape Town, 
 and in the western province of Cape Colony geuerallr, even than in the 
 Transvaal itself. This petition was said to have been sigD^d by over 
 5,000 people. It does not attempt to describe any other way out of the 
 distress into which the Transvaal had come than that which had been 
 taken, the only practical suggestion being that the population of the 
 Transvaal "was loath to part with their independence, and willing for 
 the sake of retaining it to submit to the stringent laws which both the 
 Republican Government and your Majesty's special Commissioner con- 
 sidered necessary for the maintenance of order." This exceedingly 
 vague and unnatural statement evidently suggested that Shepstone 
 ought to have gone on making stringent laws in co-operation with the 
 Transvaal Government! How "stringent laws" could have effected t'.ie 
 transformation which was needed is of course not siiggosted. 
 
 On the other hand, petitions were presented by Cape Cohmists, in- 
 cluding many influential Dutchmen, strongly approving of the act of 
 annexation. Sir Bartle Frere who was a close observer of all these 
 events and a man of most penetrating and sane judgment, said that he 
 had given every facility he could think of to a free expression of opinion 
 on the subject, but that he did "not receive from any (piarter any prac- 
 
 ■HJiXUi... 
 
180 
 
 THE TRANSVAAL REPUBLIC. 
 
 
 tical or even plausible suggestion for any alternative course dififering 
 from that adopted." 
 
 Further, petitions were received above all in the Transvaal itself 
 from large numbers of influential citizens strongly approving of the 
 annexation. The first of these was signed by certain members of the 
 Volksraad, officials of various kinds under the previous Government, 
 land owners and other inhabitants. This petition which is very ably 
 and clearly drawn affirms that Mr. Kruger and his companion rep- 
 resented "only a small minority of the influential inhabitants of the 
 country." It emphasized the prolonged consideration of the matter 
 while Shepstone was in the country and asserts that by its silence "the 
 population practically acquiesced in the act." His mission was known 
 and yet no movement was organized against it, hence "coercion cannot 
 be maintained." The petition refers to the weakness of the former ad- 
 ministration under which, it asserts, that civil war was impending. It 
 says that Shepstone by his ready tact had already assuaged the anti-Bri- 
 tish bitterness of the farming population, that the measures of reform 
 which the Volksraad had last approved had never been enforced, and it 
 had not been shown how they could be. It insisted on the dangerous 
 state of matters in relation to the native tribes. The other petition was 
 likewise signed by land proprietors and other inhabitants. It affirms 
 that the petitioners "although they might have been well content to live 
 in an independent Republic, if it had been well governed, were satisfied 
 with the proceedings of the special Commissioner" on account of the 
 proved incapacity of the late Government to promote the prosperity and 
 insure the safety of inhabitants. Besides these there were many ad- 
 dresses from small communities, official bodies, and private individuals 
 in various parts of the Transvaal, all expressing approval of the step. 
 
 Taking all these things into consideration, the difficulty is not to 
 prove that the annexation was at the time a thoroughly righteous pro- 
 ceeding and even approved by the most powerful sections of the country; 
 the difficulty is, to account for tLe gradual rising tido of disaffection and 
 the disasters of 1881. On the whole it would seem that the following 
 facts yield the best account of this extraordinary change. In the first 
 place, a few energetic Boers with Mr. Kruger and Mr. Joubert at their 
 head, persistently carried on a public agitation. They called meetings, 
 
THE TRANSVAAL REPUBLIC. 
 
 181 
 
 interviewed individuals, went on deputations to London, interfeFed 
 wherever possible even with the executive authorities, and, in fact, did 
 all that could be done to keep alive in the minds of the farming popula- 
 tion their anc'.ent hatred of British rule. Potchefstroom, one of the 
 oldest centerb of population, became the headquarters of the agitations. 
 In the second place, and it is a most remarkable thing, that the execu- 
 tive allowed this agitation to proceed. Even when steps were taken 
 which looked like open rebellion the leaders were allowed to go unpun- 
 ished. Meetings that were avowedly revolutionary were not prevented. 
 As these events succeeded one another they failed to produce the im- 
 pression which was intended, upon the minds of the Boers, viz., that the 
 British Government was generous to all, and shrank in the name of 
 justice from hindering the expression of private opinion, and allowed 
 the Boers to do just what her own citizens were allowed to do in London 
 or Manchester. The attitude of the Government on the contrary pro- 
 duced on the minds of the Boers an impression of weakness, insincerity 
 and a lack of determination to hold the country forever. For example, 
 when Sir Garnet Wolseley in January, 1880, had the courage to arrest 
 two of the Boer leaders and put them in prison awaiting their trial, he 
 suddenly dropped the prosecution, he even went the length of nominat- 
 ing one of these men, arrested for high treason, as a member of the new 
 Legislature! The utter lack of insight into Boer nature which this dis- 
 played is astounding. The real effect is piquantly expressed in a re- 
 mark made by a Boer in a meeting two months later. "Yes," he said, 
 "it appears you must be first put in prison befoi*e you can get a good 
 appointment." It is true that both Shepstone and Sir Garnet Wolseley, 
 when he succeeded Shepstone, repeatedly spoke of the annexation as 
 final and irrevocable; their words were firm but their acts were week. 
 But in another direction the Government undoubtedly blundered. 
 They failed, as we have seen, to provide a Legislative Clamber as they 
 had promised. This failure may have been due, as some cjuggest, to the 
 opinion that if South African ctimfedeT^ation was approaching it would 
 be more easily carried tlirough before such a Legislature was estab- 
 lished; and the Legislature itaelf coold then be created so as to fit into 
 the scheme of confederation that slu^uld be achieved. It is much more 
 probable that the delay was doe to the unoonfessed fear on the part of 
 
182 
 
 THE TRANSVAAL REPUBLIC. 
 
 the authorities in London lest the new Volksraad should be captured by 
 the malcontents and become a more powerful instrument than they 
 already possessed, in their struggle for independence. The Boers were 
 not only irritated by the absence of their Legislature but by what 
 seemed to them some arbitrary acts on the part of their military rulers. 
 Especially did the conduct of affairs by Sir Owen Lanyon create disaf- 
 fection and offend the proud independence of the farmers. And they 
 hated all direct taxation, resisting even with blood any efforts to en- 
 force it. 
 
 It must not be forgotten that, by this time, the Zulu war had taken 
 placo and the power of Cetywayo had been finally destroyed. More- 
 over, towards the end of 1879 it had been found absolutely necessary to 
 meet with Secoooeni who had been carrying on with impunity various 
 little invasions of the Transvaal territory. His strong fortress had to 
 be attacked and was only conquered at considerable cost, with very 
 little help from the Boers and the expenditure of many thousands of 
 pounds of British money. Nevertheless this Transvaal enemy was also 
 conquered. The Boers in the north therefore could spread themselves 
 once more into territories which they had abandoned under their own 
 (io\ v^rnment and feel secure. In fact, one more of the great reasons for 
 the weakness of the Boer Government and causes of the annexation had 
 been removed. Independence would be safe. 
 
 Yet another explanation of the change from acquiescence in the an- 
 nexation to open and powerful rebellion must be found in the fact that 
 certain British statesmen spoke words in the heat of election contests in 
 Great Britain, which condemned the annexation in strong terms and 
 seemed to suggest that if a change of administration took place in Lon- 
 don a change would take place at Pretoria. Mr. Gladstone especially 
 during his election campaign in Mid-Lothian would appear to have pro- 
 duced this effect in the Transvaal. It is true that when he came into 
 power he ^nd his officers repudiated the notion of giving up the Trans- 
 vaal, am! spoke of the annexation as a final act, absolutely irrevocable; 
 but they as leaders had to reckon not only with their own utterances 
 but with the criticisms of some of their supporters. It is even asserted 
 that one supporter of Mr. Gladstone was treacherous enough to com- 
 municate to the disaffected Boers his idea t' at if they only persisted 
 
THE TRANSVAAL REPUBLIC. 
 
 / 
 
 183 / 
 
 / 
 
 long enough and strongly enough, Mr. Gladstone would ^ve way. And 
 he did give way. These things happened in 1880. Towards the end of 
 the year matters reached a crisis through the efifort of Sir Owen Lanyon. 
 who tried to force the payment of his taxes by a Boer who had refused 
 to do so. This was no uncommon predicament even in the days of the 
 previous Government, but the aggravating thing was that whereas the 
 Boer Government did not use force in such cases Sir Owen Lanyon at- 
 tempted to do so. He suddenly found that the Boer was ready to resist 
 and at the same time found that, through various careless movements 
 of troops, he had no adequate force at his own disposal. 
 
 It must also be once more asserted that one of the most disastrous 
 proceedings of the British Government in South Africa at this time was 
 the division of the High Commissionership, and many regard this as one 
 secret of the blundering and therefore one cause of the war. Sir Bar- 
 tie Frere made a journey during the Zulu war into the Transvaal, where 
 he met large numbers of citizens. He interviewed both in public and pri- 
 vate even the malcontents themselves, and showed in that brief period 
 the great power of his personality and the influence which he could have 
 gained over the Dutch people. It must be remembered that only those 
 could at that time deal with the Transvaal Boers successfully who were 
 known to be men of great determination and religious convictions. It 
 is easy to laugh down the notion that religion should have any part in 
 political affairs. It is not so easy for the scientific student of history 
 to ignore the extraordinary influence which religious characters have 
 exerted in most of the great crises of national history. The Boers are 
 intensely religious, even although their type of religion be very poor. 
 They understand a man who is in earnest about the eternal, they feel 
 the influence of that spirit upon his actions and his words, even when he 
 is farthest from making a religious sp€'<'<'fi or using pious phrases. It is 
 not too much to say that Sir Bartle Frer<' was fitted by reason of his 
 religious reputation >> gain in six monfliK an aucemU'ncy over the Boer 
 mind which 20 years of «.stui p<ili' ics oi stern militarism could not pos- 
 sibly have gainf' Bi. Sii Bartle Frere was, by th^* persistent and 
 disastnms and inexplicable binndrring in London, prevented from exer- 
 cising ofHclal authority in tin- FranHvaal. When Rhepstone was ap- 
 pointed he was made independent of the High Commissioner for South 
 
184 
 
 THE TRANSVAAL REPUBLIC. 
 
 i 
 
 Africa; when Sir Garnet Wolseley went out lie was appointed High 
 Commissioner for Southeastern Africa, including the Transvaal, and 
 when Sir Owen Lanyon succeeded Sir Garnet Wolseley, Bartle Frere 
 was still, as it were, told "hands off." 
 
 In the beginning of December a mass-meeting of Boers was held at 
 Paardekraal, from which it adjourned to a safer place. On Detember 
 16, 1880, a proclamation was issued which announced the re-establish- 
 ment of the Republic and named Messrs. Kruger, Joubert and Pretorius 
 as the responsible leaders of the Republic until the country should be 
 in their hands again. A messenger was at once sent to Shepstone 
 announcing this action and giving him 48 hours to surrender the coun- 
 try. On this very same day, however, fighting began at Potchefstroom, 
 where the Boers attacked a patrol of Englishmen. While the war was 
 thus formally opened, the first important military event took place at 
 Bronker's Spruit. Shepstone had ordered Col. Anstruther to bring up 
 a small force of a little more than 250 men at once to Pretoria. They 
 had to march 180 miles from Lydenburg, and were within a very short 
 distance of their destination on Sunday, the 20th of December. They 
 were marching in a long, thin line without anxiety, when all at once 
 they saw what turned out to be a force of about 500 mounted Boers in 
 front of them. A Boer advanced with the white flag and Col. Anstru- 
 ther went v.?t with a companion to meet him. While they were nego- 
 tiating under the white flag the Boers moved about, taking up every 
 vantage point which they could see. The Boer messenger announced 
 that Col. Anstruther must cease his march to Pretoria until they heard 
 Shepstone's answer to the proclamation of the Republic. Anstruther 
 replied that he must obey orders, and he intended to move on. Before 
 he could return to his men the Boers, who had surrounded the little 
 force and placed themselves behind every rock and tree that was avail- 
 able, poured a ueadly fire upon them. The officers of course were care- 
 fully picked out and every one of them was shot down, killed or 
 wounded. Col. Anstruther was actually struck in five places. Of 
 course there was only one result possible; within fifteen minutes 56 
 were killed, 101 were wounded, including a woman, and the dying Col- 
 onel gavf' the signal for surrender. 
 
 This event produced consternation throughout the country. The 
 
 
 I i 
 
THE TRANSVAAL REPUBLIC. 
 
 185 ■ / 
 
 /; 
 
 natives were in despair; the Boer insurrectionaries were exultant; tliey 
 were ''bowed down," they said, "in the dust before Almighty God, Who 
 had thus stood by them and with a loss of over a hundred of the enemy 
 only allowed two of ours to be killed." The little British garrisons 
 placed at five or six different towns were all at once attacked. They 
 were besieged until the end of the war, but not one of them was cap- 
 tured. At Potchefstroom alone was their surrender secured by the 
 redoubtable and unscrupulous General Cronje. Although by that time 
 an armistice had been arranged and active warfare had ceased, Cronje 
 deceived the Colonel in command into a surreuutr. This shameful act 
 was in keeping with Cronje's career both then and afterwards; but it 
 was repudiated generally even by the Boers themselves. 
 
 In the meantime the Boers advanced toward Natal to meet the 
 attack which they expected from Sir George Colley, who had a small 
 British force under his command in that region. Sir George Colley 
 was a popular official and administrator, but no one has yet been able 
 to account for the extraordinary tactics which he pursued throughout 
 his disastrous campaign. He exposed himself three times in succession 
 to the attacks of the Boers, under circumstances which made defeat 
 inevitable, at Newcastle and at the battle of Ingogo. 
 
 The darkest hour for the British cause and the brightest for the 
 Transvaalers came with the dawn of February 27. During the night 
 of the 26th General Colley, to the astonishment of all his officers, gave 
 orders that 600 men were to leave the camp with him. In the dark- 
 ness they set out and found themselves being led straight up the steep 
 sides of Majuba Hill. This huge round hill stands as a kind of sentinel 
 between Natal and the Transvaal. On its western and northwestern 
 slopes it looks down a steep descent upon the pass, or "nek," where the 
 road pierces the range of mountains and connects the two countries. 
 (Below that road again nowadays runs the railway tunnel.) It was a 
 terrific undertaking, which, however, was courageously carried out. 
 
 When light came the Boers were amazed, and at first overwhelmed, 
 to find that their enemies occupied this commanding position. It is 
 said that General Joubert at once ordered a retreat, that they had 
 even begun to inspan their oxen, when some quick wits noticed that 
 there was no sign of the advance of a strong force from the camp. This 
 
186 
 
 THE TRANSVAAL REPUBLIC, 
 
 i;lj 
 
 J'f.si 
 
 at once meant to them that the force on Majuba top was isolated and 
 unsupported. Immediately a few courageous hearts proposed that an 
 effort should be made to dislodge the daring company which had occu- 
 pied the mountain. Among those who urged this attempt, instead of 
 flight, is said to have been General Joubert's wife, who energetically 
 urged her husband not to retreat until this attack had been tried. It 
 looked desperate enough, but volunteers were found, it is said, to the 
 number of 150, who immediately began to climb the hill. They crept 
 from rock to rock, pausing at each to fire a shot at the figures standing 
 out above them against the distant sky line. The British troops, who 
 fringed the crest, were baffled at once by having to fire down the abrupt 
 face of the hill, and by the fact that their enemies seldom showed them- 
 selves. It was soon found that one British soldier after another was 
 shot, while there seemed to be no chance of effective retaliation. As 
 the Boers drew nearer the summit, the men at the front drew back. 
 The top of the hill is somewhat hollow and Sir George Colley, for some 
 extraordinary reason or other, allowed his men to retreat into this 
 hollow. As soon as the Boers arrived on the crest, instead of being 
 instantly shot down by wary, watchful foes, they found themselves 
 looking upon a huddled mass, terrified and disordered. They poured in 
 their fierce hail of lead and instantly the mass scattered. One Boer is 
 said afterwards to have described the way in which running to the side 
 of the hill he stood there, and, while the flying British ran pell-mell 
 down the slope, he picked them off like springboks, and watched one 
 after another as he was hit leap forward and roll headlong downwards. 
 Sir George Colley himself did not attempt flight, but, standing his 
 ground in the horrible hollow, received his death from a bullet in the 
 head. 
 
 This signal victory of the Boers, so sudden, so complete, so dramatic 
 in its circumstances, sent a shudder of amazement throughout the 
 world. At once it was seen that the Boers had gained an enormous 
 moral advantage. From their point of view the victory seemed to pre- 
 sage either a terrible vengeance from an exasperated Empire or the 
 immediate success of their cause. The British Government had to face 
 one of the most trying tasks in the history of any government. Having 
 already decided to restore practically complete self-government to the 
 
A 
 
 THE TRANSVAAL REPUBLIC. 
 
 187 
 
 ./ 
 
 Boers, they had either to withdraw from that resolve in order to avenge 
 Majiiba Hill or to prosecute it in the face of a country maddened with 
 the sense of defeat. It surely says much for Mr. Gladstone and his 
 Government that they had the magnanimity to carry out their purpose, 
 and surely it ought to be remembered to the credit of the British people 
 that they did not instantly overwhelm the Government and cast them 
 from power for doing so. 
 
 While these events were occurring at the scene of war, troops were 
 being hurried out from England under Sir Frederick Roberts (now Lord 
 Roberts), numerous enough to have made a swift victory absolutely sure. 
 But in the meantime the Government itnelf began to waver. Before even 
 the disaster of Ma juba Ilill, Mr. Gladstone's Cabinet had resolved to make 
 some arrangement with the Boors short of fighting it out and holding 
 the Republic by force. If they had weakened so far it simply became a 
 question as to how much they should give up and how little they should 
 retain. Every telegram drove them further, while every victory on the 
 battlefield increased the spirits of the Boer leaders, brought streams of 
 volunteers to their ranks, and made them more determined and proud in 
 their demands. Finally Mr. Gladstone decided that the Transvaal 
 must be given up, aiul that the only question remaining was to fix 
 the conditions under which self-povernment should be once more 
 granted to the 'oers. T'> determine this a commission was appointed, 
 which after conducting negotiations in Natal, proceeded to Pretoria. 
 A report of this commission was made the basis of the document hence- 
 forth known as the Pretoria Convention of 1881. According to this 
 arrangement he Transvaal once more received self-government, the 
 British Government appointing a Resident to live at Pretoria whose 
 functions it should be u* supervise the relations of the Boer people to 
 native tribes outside their borders and the ^reat native populations 
 within the Transvaal. An investigation of the finances of the country 
 shf^ e»i that altogether Great Britain had spent, over and above what 
 had been received in taxes, in the payment of salaries, mof^ting the pub- 
 lic debt, paying the cost of the successful expedition agaii t Secocoeni, 
 no less a sum than £800,000 (about |4,000,000). This sum the Commis- 
 sioners actually reduced to £265,000 (about $1,300,000). 
 
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 rican world with amazement and dismay. The loyalists throughout 
 every colony and state were thrown into the most dismal humiliation. 
 The Boers became elated, their hearts afire with the hope that this pre- 
 saged the dawn of Boer supremacy in South Africa. These feelings 
 were strongly enough aroused in Cape Colony, Natal and the Orange 
 Free State, but of course beyond all else was the contrast of humiliation 
 and exultation to be observed among the population of the Transvaal. 
 Thousands had remained loyal to Great Britain. To them it was well- 
 known that the victory of the Boers made their personal ruin inevitable. 
 They had been assured that the annexation was final; they had bought 
 land and built houses, invested capital in their business on this assur- 
 ance; they had resisted every temptation to disloyalty, consented to 
 face the loss of business and of money rather than join those whom they 
 called the rebels. All this they had done through faith in the words 
 not only of Wolseley and Frere and Lanyon, but even the ringing words 
 of Mr. Gladstone himself when he said after his accession to office, "the 
 Queen cannot be advised to relinquish her sovereignty over the Trans- 
 vaal." Now that ruin stared them in the face we are told by one who 
 witnessed their sad plight, "that they did not say much, and indeed 
 there was nothing to be said. They simply began to pack up such 
 things as they could carry with them, and to leave the country, which 
 they well knew would henceforth be utterly untenable for Englishmen 
 or English sympathizers. In a few weeks they began pouring down into 
 Newcastle (Natal) by hundreds; it was the most melancholy exodus that 
 can be imagined. There were people of all classes, officials, gentlefolk, 
 working people and loyal Boers, but they had a connecting link; they 
 had all been loyal and they were all ruined." (History of the Trans- 
 vaal, by H. Rider Haggard.) 
 
 But after all there was a large number of human folk who still must 
 be mentioned to whom retrocession brought yet deeper despair. These 
 were the natives, who had no other land in which they could find refuge. 
 They had most enthusiastically welcomed the British rule; they had 
 begun to taste something of fair administration, and knew what it was 
 to be recognized by a white man's government as human beings for the 
 first time. They outnumbered the Boers by far more than 20 to 1 ; they 
 had offered when the war began to aid the British and, if Shepstone had 
 
 
 • •;. 
 
 \. 
 
mmmm 
 
 THE TRANSVAAL REPUBLIC. 
 
 189 
 
 given them leave, the war would never have gone far. The bitter task 
 was laid upon Shepstone of summoning to Pretoria the native chiefs, to 
 the number of about a hundred, in order to announce to them that once 
 more they were under the Boer Government. It was a strange scene upon 
 which the English, who were present, looked, with now their hearts full 
 of passion and anon their eyes full of tears. The black people wailed 
 aloud unrestrainedly. The chiefs rose one after another to speak the 
 hot words that were in their hearts. Some of them protested against 
 being "thus treated as a stick or piece of tobacco, which couldbe passed 
 from hand to hand without question." One after another they arose 
 and protested "I am English, I belong to the English, we are under the 
 Queen, we must stay with the- Queen." One of them said, "We would 
 like to have the man pointed out from among us black people who ob- 
 jects to the rule of the Queen. We are the real owners of the land. * 
 * • Did it not belong to our fathers and forefathers before us long 
 before the Boers came here?" Another said, "Our hearts are black and 
 heavy with grief to-day at the news told us. We are in agony; we do 
 not know what will become of us, but we feel dead; it may be that the 
 Lord will change the nature of the Boer, and that we will not be treated 
 like dogs and beasts of burden as formerly, but we have no hope of such 
 a change, and we leave you with heavy hearts and great apprehension 
 as to the future." We are told that one chief who had been personally 
 threatened with death by the Boers after the English were driven out, 
 simply wept like a child. These quotations are guaranteed as repre- 
 senting the very things that were said and done at this most tragic of 
 all the tragic gatherings which, even down to this day, Pretoria has 
 seen. Another incident of a more trifling nature may be mentioned 
 because it has been recalled since the present war began (1900). While 
 the Pretoria Convention was being signed in Government House, just 
 outside about 2,000 loyalists and nati^ 3 chiefs had placed the British 
 flag in a coffin and on the coffin had written the word "resurgam" (I shall 
 arise), and solemnly buried it. 
 
 Of course justice must be done to those in England who were ignor* 
 ant of the fact that the Boer party was only a part of the white popula- 
 tion of the Transvaal even if a majority, and who forgot that all the 
 whites put together were to the blacks a mere drop in the bucket; who 
 
190 
 
 THE TRANSVAAL REPUBLIC. 
 
 forgot that four years of sovereignty had created most solemn and last- 
 ing responsibilities; that public and official pledges had been given 
 which laid the most binding moral obligations upon the British Govern- 
 ment towards many most loyal citizens of various races. They were, 
 however, to a large extent captivated by the moral glamour thrown 
 around the act of retrocession by the eloquence of Mr. Gladstone. To 
 him and to them it seemed that England was doing one of the grandest 
 and most generous things in history, restoring a country small and easy 
 to be crushed, restoring it at the very hour when passion called for 
 vengeance, restoring it in the name of that freedom, that love of democ- 
 racy and that principle that the majority must riile, which have now for 
 so long dominated English history. They expected that the world 
 would feel this generosity, nay more, that the Boers themselves might 
 be captivated by a magnanimity so extraordinary and might be won 
 over to a better understanding of England and England's heart! Alas! 
 the sad history of succeeding years has shown that this act of Mr. Glad- 
 stone's, however generous Its intention towards a few thousand Boers, 
 was a crushing blow to 700,000 natives. It did not impress the Boers 
 with Britain's magnanimity, it convinced them of her weakness; it did 
 not win the world's approval, for to-day when, in America and Russia, 
 people speak of this matter it is to condemn England for the cruelty of 
 the annexation and to praise the Boers for the bravery of their triumph- 
 ant war of independence. 
 
 SECTION VII. THE CONSTITUTIONS OF THE TWO REPUBLICS. 
 
 The coxisititutions of the Transvaal State and the Orange Free State 
 have bieen very lucidly described by Mr. James Bryce (The Forum, 
 Volume 21, 1896). The following brief account of them is largely in 
 debted to that article: 
 
 To begin with it must be remembered that the Boers who went out 
 on the Great Trek from Cape Colony did so because they disliked the 
 government under which they had been living. When they passed 
 northwards and eastwards they broke up into many separate groups, 
 and these groups usually put themselves under the leadership of the 
 most powerful man amongst them. This was on their part a voluntary 
 act, and an act of the people, as it were, taken mainly with a view to 
 
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 their effective self-defence against the attacks of native tribes. When 
 ihey settled down in any region they proceeded to arrange in a crudely 
 formal way for their mutual help and defence. 
 
 Their working ideals resembled rather tte patriarchal than any 
 other organized social system. Each farmer sought as large a farm as 
 possible where he and his large family and their native servants could 
 live practically as a law unto themselves, owning only the supremacy 
 of the father and master of the community. If they had been sure of 
 immunity from attacks by British or native enemies their form of gov- 
 ernment would very probably have remained entirely undeveloped. 
 When, as in the Transvaal, small hamlets were formed around a store 
 and a church, a nucleus was made from which the system of government 
 gradually grew. Thus we find that in the Transvaal from 1852 to 1864 
 there were really four separate little governments. These were organ- 
 ized mainly for military purposes. There was practically no taxation, 
 no legislation, no administration beyond the appointment of military 
 oflQcers in the different districts. The function of the officers was to 
 bring the farmers together when necessity for fighting with a neighbor- 
 ing native tribe had arisen. 
 
 The Boers never liked any Governors even when they were appointed 
 from among themselves. They accordingly were slow to adopt any 
 formal constitution. When in the Transvaal such a constitution was 
 drawn up in the year 1858 it remained practically inoperative until in 
 1864 the separate republics melted into one under the sway of President 
 Pretorius, 
 
 In the Orange Free State the conditions had necessitated the formal 
 establishment of a government from t'le beginning. To start with, they 
 had already lived in that country under the British Government, and 
 when the latter, against the will of the farmers, insisted that they should 
 become self-governing it was necessary to provide for the continuance 
 of offices of administration already at work. Moreover the citizens of 
 that State had from the first a great fear of the powerful Basuto tribe 
 on their eastern border. The threatening proximity of that people 
 compelled them to arrange plans at once for the effective self-defense 
 of the entire community. Accordingly we find that the Orange Free 
 State began by drawing up its Constitution, whereas the Transvaal 
 
 
T0!fmsi(rtmi 
 
 :94 
 
 THE TRANSVAAL REPUBLIC. 
 
 State did not in any of its parts apparently attempt such a thing until 
 six years after its recognition as a Qovernment, and that Constitution 
 was not adopted by the whole country until six years more had passed, 
 as we have seen. 
 
 The ideal underlying the Constitution of both Republics is that all 
 the farmers, being of course white people, are on an equality as citizens, 
 and have an equal voice in the direction of the affairs of the State; 
 Possibly, as Mr. Bryce has suggested, if they had lived within shorter 
 distances from one another they might have continued for some time to 
 carry on all legislation by direct popular vote. But from the beginning 
 they scattered themselves over so large an area that this was impossible 
 and the system of government by representation or delegation was seen 
 to be necessary. In each State accordingly provision was made for the 
 election of representatives who formed the Volksraad or people*s coun- 
 cil. This in each of these States is the supreme authority. The entire 
 legislation and appointment of officers, except the President and Com- 
 mandant, the entire internal and external policy of the State is in the 
 last resort placed in the power of this House of Legislature. 
 
 In each State it is formally and firmly provided that only white men 
 may enjoy citizenship. ' 
 
 In the Orange Free State the terms of enfranchisement have always 
 been very simple and easy. A foreigner could become a full citizen after 
 two years* residence if he owned land property to the value of £150 
 (about |750), or after three years* residence if he made an affirmation of 
 allegiance to the Orange Free State. The supreme authority in thiat 
 State rests in the Volksraad which consists of a single Chamber made 
 up of 58 members. These are elected by the wards into which every 
 District of the State is divided, together with the chief town or village of 
 each of these wards. The members are elected for four years, but half 
 of these retire every two years. The work assigned to the Volksraad 
 consists not merely in passing laws or regulating financial and com- 
 mercial as well as criminal affairs, it is empowered also to promote re- 
 ligion and education. The religion is to be promoted only through the 
 Dutch Reformed Church which is thus the established church of the 
 State. It is especially provided that the Raad shall not have the power 
 to pass any law against the right of public meeting and petitions^ 
 
 t. 
 
 \ ' 
 
 i. \ 
 
 vS'. 
 
"Tlf" 
 
 THE TRANSVAAL REPUBLIC. 
 
 105 
 
 ': H 
 
 
 The most prominent office in the Orange Free State is of coarse that 
 of President, whose incumbent is directly chosen by the entire people. 
 The Volksraad is allowed before the election to nominate one or more 
 suitable men to the electors. The President holds office for five years, 
 and may be re-elected. As a matter of fact Sir John Brand was elected 
 altogether five times. The President is expected to be present at all 
 discussions of the Baad, and may address them on any subject under 
 discussion; he may even introduce bills. But the President is not 
 allowed to vote in the House on any subject; nor when the Fouse has 
 passed a law has he the power of veto. He must report to the Baad 
 regarding the finances of the country and its interests as a whole. He 
 is surrounded by a council of five men, all of whom are appointed not 
 by him but by the Baad, he being allowed to nominate two of these. It 
 is through the President that foreign and diplomatic relations are main- 
 tained, and through him war is declared, but for all these he must have 
 the counsel of the Baad. 
 
 Every citizen is bound to take a share when it is demanded of him in 
 the military operations of the State. For this purpose every ward has 
 at its head one who is called the Veldt Cornet, and every District, con- 
 sisting of several wards, has a Commandant. These two classes of mili- 
 tary officers are elected by the people, but they meet together and elect 
 the Commandant-General who is the supreme military officer of the 
 State. 
 
 The Constitution of the Transvaal which is a much longer document 
 and drawn up with much less definiteness and discrimination, presents 
 many points of resemblance as well as contrast to that of the Orange 
 Free State. There is indeed considerable dispute amongst students of 
 constitutional law as to whether the so-called "Grondwet" or funda- 
 mental Constitution of the Transvaal is to be viewed as a fundamental 
 instrument or not; and further as to whether it is a rigid Constitution, 
 one, that is, whose provisions can only be altered under defined and diffi- 
 cult conditions, as is the case with the Orange Free State, or whether 
 it is open to continuous alteration by successive acts of the Legislature. 
 It is further a disputed point as to how far these acts of the Legislature 
 are liable to be pronounced illegal and inoperative by the supreme judi- 
 ciary of the land. As a matter of fact President Kruger has in recent 
 
19G 
 
 THE TRANSVAAL REPUBLIC. 
 
 years decided the matter by securing tliat even bare resolutions of tlie 
 I?aad sliall have the effect of law and shall be above criticism from the 
 highest judge in the land! This manifestly puts enormous power first 
 into the hands of the Legislature and second into the hands of the 
 President. The Legislature has, if this be true, no check whatsoever 
 upon its methods of legislation. Mr. Bryce strives to prove that the 
 Constitution contains the assumption within it that the voice of the 
 people shall be consulted upon every important matter of legislation, 
 except when urgency can be proved, and that in this way it was intend*"' 
 to limit the power of the Legislature. But in practice, as we have seen, 
 the vague underlying assumption which Mr. Bryce refers to has not been 
 powerful enough to check the forces whit^h were driving the Volksraad 
 toward the assumption of a power in the land which is controlled by 
 no law and by appeal to no authority other than itself. Of course this 
 power can only be exercised within certain limits, since after all the 
 members of the Baad are only eligible for two years and half of them 
 retire annually. Nevertheless even this check depends for its operation 
 upon the success with which the popular mind has been instructed and 
 aroused against any determined policy of the Volksraad. 
 
 The number of members in this Volksraad has varied in recent years, 
 but they are much smaller than in the case of the Orange Free State, 
 numbering only about 24. Besides the President who is appointed for 
 five years, the people publicly and directly elect the Commandant-Gen- 
 eral. While for a long time the latter appointment was understood to 
 be unlimited in time the practice has latterly been to hold such an elec- 
 tion every ten years. The President of the Transvaal, like his brother 
 in the Orange Free State, may speak in the Raad but not vote. He may 
 criticise by speech every act of the Legislature, and even suggest both 
 policy and laws to them; he must annually visit all the centers of popu- 
 lation in the country and there meet with all who desire to express their 
 wishes on local or state affairs to him. He is assisted by a council con- 
 sisting of four men, the Government Secretary, the Commandant-Gen- 
 eral and two others, the latter as well as the first bemg chosen and ap- 
 pointed by the Eaad itself. 
 
 Mr. Bryce asserts that the military organization when studied (in 
 189C) indicates the highly militant character of the Republic. Mr. 
 
 \ ' 
 
THE TRANSVAAL REPUBLIC. 
 
 197 
 
 Bryce might well have laid more emphasis upon the fact that the only 
 real and effective organization of the Transvaal has been that which 
 had war for its purpose and active war for its motive. There was no 
 real administration of education or religion or public works. Even the 
 judicial system remained inchoate, inasmuch as there were few appeals 
 to law, and these were usually settled in a rough and ready manner by 
 the Veldt Cornet. The Boers entered the Transvaal fighting, they ex- 
 tended their territory year by year through constant fighting on one 
 excuse or another with neighboring native tribes. It can be said that 
 hardly one year from 1852 to 18J7 can be named in which at some point 
 or another the Boers have not been "punishing** a native tribe and 
 "fining" them by taking all their valuable land and many hundreds, even 
 thousands, of their cattle. These facts explain what Mr. Bryce calls the 
 "highly militant" character of the Republic. The judiciaries are elected 
 and are said to be free and independent of the Presidont. In recent 
 years there has been established a Supreme Court, consisting of a Chief 
 Justice and four judges. By a well-known act of President Kruger's, 
 in which he was supported by the Raad, it became an accepted principle 
 of procedure in the Transvaal that the Supreme Court should itself be 
 subject to the decisions and findings of the Raad. This means that the 
 Raad cannot pass any law, however directly contradicted by the letter 
 and spirit of the Constitution, which can be annulled by the judiciary. 
 The Boers have never liked taxes, and especially have resented from 
 first to last attempts to make them pay direct taxes. The revenue is 
 raised chiefly by payments for fees and licenses and from a tax on land 
 which is not allowed to exceed f 40. 
 
 On two matters of importance the language of Mr. Bryce himself 
 must be used: "Although enacted by and for a pure democracy, it (the 
 Constitution) is based on inequality — inequality of whites and blacks, 
 inequality of religious creeds. Not only is the Dutch Reformed Church 
 declared to be established and endowed by the State, but the RomaUr 
 Catholic Churches are forbidden to exist, and no Roman Catholic nor 
 Jew nor Protestant of any other than the Dutch Reform Church is eligi- 
 ble to the Presidency, or to membership of the legislative or executive 
 councils. Some of these restrictions have now been removed. But the 
 door is barred as firmly as ever against persons of color. No one whose 
 
198 
 
 THE TRANSVAAL REPUBLIC. 
 
 father or mother belongs to any native race, up to and including the 
 fourth generation, can obtain civic rights or hold land." 
 
 "They (the farmers) had provided a method whereby the nation would 
 always have an opportunity of expressing its opinion upon legislation, 
 namely, the provision that the people should have a period of three 
 months within which t6 intimate to the Volksraad their views on any 
 proposed law, it being assumed that the Volksraad would obey any such 
 intimation, although no means is provided for securing that it would do 
 so. This provision has given rise to a curious question with reference 
 to those laws which admit of no delay (§ 12). Now the Volksraad 
 has in fact neglected the general provision and, instead of allowing the 
 three months' period, has frequently hastily passed enactments upon 
 which the people had no opportunity of expressing their opinion. Such 
 enactments, which have in some instances purported to alter parts of 
 the Grondwet itself, are called Resolutions, as opposed to laws; and 
 when opposition has been taken to this mode of legislation, these Reso- 
 lutions seem to have been usually justified on the ground of urgency, 
 although in fact many of them, though important, were by no means 
 urgent. They have been treated as equally binding with laws passed 
 in accordance with the provision of the Grondwet (but Article XII has 
 never been altered); and it is only recently that their validity has been 
 seriously questioned in the courts." The importance of this criticism of 
 Mr. Brr'ce will present itself to those who elsewhere read any account 
 of the manner in which the affairs of the Outlanders have been dealt 
 with by means of Resolutions passed in this way, under the excuse of 
 urgency, by the Volksraad. 
 
 For some years now there has existed what is called the Second 
 Volksraad which is not provided for in the Constitution. This Second 
 Chamber was created by President Kruger for the purpose of meeting 
 the desires of the Outlanders. Its special function is supposed to be the 
 regulation of mining operations. The members are chosen by those 
 who after two years' residence in the country have become naturalized, 
 and they may themselves become eligible for membership therein. The 
 value of this Chamber is practically nil, for none of its legislative acts 
 can take effect until they have been approved by the First Volksraad, 
 while on the other hand the latt r House may pass regulations dealing 
 
 
THE TRANSVAAL REPUBLIC. 
 
 199 
 
 with those very affairs professedly committed to^ the care of the Second 
 House, and such acts of the First House talce effect as laws without be- 
 ing submitted for the approval of the Second House! 
 
 Mr. Bryce attaches a deserved significance to Article VI in the Con- 
 stitution which declares that the territory of the Transvaal is open to 
 every stranger who submits himself to the laws and declares that all 
 persons within that territory are equally entitled to the protection of 
 person and property. When therefore it is asserted, as occasionally is 
 done by those who are not aware of the facts, that the Boers from the 
 beginning desired a country of their own, it must be remembered, — 
 First, that they desired a country with an abundant supply of native 
 labor while the Constitution affirms that "The people will not tolerate 
 equality between colored and white inhabitants, either in Church or in 
 State," — and Second, that the same Constitution from the beginning of 
 the history of the Republic professed the desire of the Boers for the 
 immigration of white settlers into their country. 
 
 '// 
 
 ^■z.. 
 
 u;.y.,. 
 
CHAPTER XI. 
 THE NATIVE RACES. 
 
 M '!: 
 
 'I. 
 
 SOME of the most interesting and at the same time most pressing 
 problems in South African politics arise in connection with the 
 native tribes. In India the natives have filled the country so 
 completely that even although the climate had suited Europeans there 
 would have been no room for them to settle as colonists. In Australia 
 and in North America the aborigines were so few and the unoccu- 
 pied country so enormous that the influx of Europeans resulted in 
 the disappearance of the natives from competition either through actual 
 slaughter or through their confinement to definite and limited localities. 
 In South Africa on the other hand the native population is numer- 
 ous. Some of the tribes have manifested a war-like character which 
 enables them to contest, often successfully, with the advancing tide of 
 whites for ownership of the soil. After the early period of Euro- 
 pean history in South Africa It looked, indeed, as if the extermina- 
 tion policy of Australia might be carried out here also. But when the 
 Kaffirs and the Zulus were met and when the more enlightened con- 
 science of the 18th and 19th centuries was brought to bear upon the 
 native tribes events changed their color. 
 
 The result of European occupation of South Africa has then 
 taken this peculiar form. There are large regions where European 
 colonies have been founded in a climate which is delightful and 
 suits the European excellently. The presence of a strong European 
 government has established such order among the natives as to put 
 an end to all mutual wars, to free them from the ravages of epidemic 
 disease and hence to lead to the rapid increase of the native popula- 
 tion. For long it was taken for granted in Europe that the natives 
 in South Africa were decreasing in numbers and must at last dis- 
 appear in the presence of the Europeans, but about the year 
 I87l| and from thence on, investigations were carried out which estab- 
 
: 
 
 THE NATIVE RACES. 
 
 201 
 
 lished the fact that the native populations are growing at a very great 
 rate. At present the population is estimated variously at from 2,500,- 
 000 to 3,000,000 natives of various nations and tribes. 
 
 The native tribes of South Africa are by ethnologists divided into 
 two great families. The first has generally been called the Gariepine, 
 which includes the Bushmen, Hottentots and Korannas. The second 
 is called the Bantu and comprises by far the largest number of South 
 African natives. 
 
 SECTION I. THE GARIEPINE RACES. 
 
 It was members of the Gariepine family who were first m ^ by the 
 Dutch when they settled at the Cape. The tribes who there herded 
 their cattle and lived a nomadic life were the Hottentots, but amongst 
 the mountains behind them and on the high plateau lands beyond the 
 mountains the Bushmen were also to be met. The Hottentots un- 
 doubtedly represented a mixture of races, whereas the Bushmen appear 
 to have preserved the original type of the family in their features 
 and their language. The set of their eyes and general form of their 
 face have from the first reminded many travelers of the Chinese race, 
 and in fact by the early Dutch sailors they were spoken of as China- 
 men. For the most part they are found living high up in the moun- 
 tain regions or far out on the borders of the desert, where they wan- 
 der about in small family groups in search of 1;heir scanty sustenance. 
 Their existence was miserable in the extreme. They possessed no 
 cattle, they cultivated no gardens, yet they occupied vast waste regions 
 which afterwards were developed by the Europeans into fine pasture 
 and produce lands. These Bushmen lived by the chase and when ani- 
 mals could not be procured they took to hunting for roots in the soil, 
 and for wild fruits. In their search alike for fruits under ground 
 and for game they acquired what almost seems like preternatural skill. 
 They could catch the game only by laying traps for them, which gener- 
 ally took the form of a hole in the ground made on some frequented game 
 track and covered carefully over with sticks and soil, or by shooting 
 them with little poisoned arrows. They could, of course, get near 
 enough to use their bows only by the most patient and clever stalk- 
 ing, in which they became marvelous adepts. To creep along the 
 
BSI 
 
 202 
 
 THE NATIVE RACES. 
 
 ground for hundreds of yards where grass was sparse and short and 
 bushes were few, or even to move cautiously along hidden behind a 
 large bunch of grass which they held in front of them and which 
 excited the curiosity of their prey, or to wait behind a rock or a bush 
 hour after hour in the hot sun for the time when some wild animal 
 should approach their drinking place — these were methods of hunt- 
 ing which required almost infinite patience and extraordinary skill. 
 
 But to the European the Bushman presented a still more striking 
 feature when it came to hunting for roots. One has seen them with 
 keen, little, half-shut eyes scanning the ground till they found a minute 
 leaf or plant in the sandy soil which they suddenly attacked with a 
 bit of stick or a European knife or even with their hardy little fingers. 
 They would dig round that little leaf, until grasping something hid- 
 den beneath the sand they pulled forth a root which was immediately 
 devoured with unconcealed gusto. It is interesting to watch the per- 
 formance, but one can hardly help shuddering at the thought of being 
 dependent for any great share of one's daily subsistence upon a search 
 and a discovery of that kind. 
 
 These Bushmen have one of the strangest languages on the wide 
 earth. It is far-famed as the ''click" language. It has been said that 
 far more than half of the syllables of their language begin with a 
 click. Clicks are not confined to the Bushmen only, nor to the lan- 
 guages of the Gariepine family only. They are found, though rarely, 
 in the languages of some Bantu tribes, as in Kaffir and Zulu. The 
 click is produced by striking the tongue against the teeth or against 
 the side of the mouth in a peculiar way. Some people who speak 
 English use one at any rate when uttering a repeated sound somewhat 
 like "ts" blended into one as an exclamation of surprise. Another click 
 occurs with some drivers of horses when striking the side of the tongue 
 against the cheek; that produces a sharp sound which printed 
 in Zulu is represented by the letter X. These Bushmen build for 
 themselves the rudest of all the different kinds of huts found in South 
 Africa. Very often they simply dig a hole in the ground; if they live 
 in a mountainous region they probably live in a cave. 
 
 In Bechuanaland they probably are slaves of some chief or head man 
 in a Bechuana tribe, Their slavery amounts simply to this, that they 
 
 ! \ ■t 
 
fr^ 
 
 ■Mpap 
 
 wmmmfmm 
 
 mm 
 
 \\ 
 
 THE NATIVE RACES. 
 
 203 
 
 are obliged to surrender to their master the skins of all the animals they 
 kill in the chase. They expect his visits at certain periods of the year 
 and generally strive to have ready for him sufficient spoils from their 
 hardy life to meet his demands. On the whole they are not cruelly 
 treated by their masters, though naturally they do not love them and 
 strive, if possible, especially if their hunt has not been good, to be out of 
 the way when they approach. There used to be a current belief among 
 the Bechuanas that if a Bushman suddenly saw a representative of his 
 master's tribe traveling in the distance and knew that he could not 
 escape by running, he would stand on his head, spread his feet and 
 so hold himself like the dried stump of a tree, black and motionless, 
 until they disappeared. Whether true or not this piece of gossip about 
 their tactics is an evidence of the cunning and endurance attributed 
 to them among the Bechuanas. When the Bechuana master arrives 
 at the little huts of his vassals he takes possession both of the huts 
 and of all the skins which they have collected. He generally settles 
 down for a short period of hunting. Every day now the Bushman with 
 his spear and bow and arrows and with the dogs, if they possess any, 
 and the master with his gun, sally forth in search of game. "Woe 
 betide the Bushman should it be found that he has hidden away part 
 of the produce, or that instead of keeping the skins for his master 
 he has ventured to make with some of them a mantle for himself or 
 his wife." 
 
 As to religion it has been pointed out by one who watched them 
 as closely as any European can, that they were probably the most 
 superstitious race in South Africa, The Bushman is close to a uni- 
 versal power every day of his life. Every change of weather affects 
 him more severely than it affects those who live in the towns and 
 villages. He has come to depend very largely upon the use of charms 
 and dice, the latter of which he carries on a string around his neck. 
 These bits of bone he will acknowledge are only bone and he will sell 
 them to you for a few beads, but he will speedily make another set 
 and use them again as his means of discovering the intentions of the 
 powers above. These dice and charms are undoubtedly viewed by him 
 as in some way channels for knowledge of the supernatural. The Bush- 
 men do not consider the bits of ivory or bone in their hands as a god, 
 
204 
 
 THE NATIVE RACES. 
 
 but ja some way they believe that through these an unseen power that 
 rules over their daily fortunes can be certainly questioned. 
 
 The Bushmen have frequently been employed by travelers in South 
 Africa as guides and within the range of the country which each set of 
 Bushmen calls his country no one could be found more fitted to act in 
 this capacity. Strangers have told not only of their marvelous clever- 
 ness as guides, but of their real kindness when travelers were deter- 
 mined to take the wrong road or in ignorance were moving toward some 
 disaster. 
 
 SECTION It. THE BANTU RACE. 
 
 f 
 
 The second group of South African peoples is known as the Bantu 
 race and it includes by far the largest number of South African 
 tribes. Amongst themselves they vary considerably in appear- 
 ance, language and custom, but not so much as they vary from the 
 other great South African race. They include all the Zulu tribes, the 
 so-called Kaffir tribes of Cape Colony, the Basutos, the Bechuanas and 
 others. During the course of this century they have become divided into 
 two classes, the first consisting of those tribes which are organized upon 
 a military basis, known generally as Zulu tribes, and those in which the 
 military system is subordinate to the civil. 
 
 It appears that at the beginning of this century the Zulus were 
 living much as their neighbors did, with their gardens and cattle, 
 and were not distinguished above them for prowess in war or for tribal 
 ambition; their distinctive history begins with the career of Chaka. He, 
 having learned some of the principles of a thorough military organiza- 
 tion, set to work to practise them among his own people. By drilling 
 them in regiments, teaching them some simple tactics, and arming them 
 with a short spear, he speedily taught them to overcome all other sur- 
 rounding peoples. With the courage partly born of success, he reorgan- 
 ized the civil life of the community, abolished some of the most ancient 
 and cherished customs of his race, altered many others in a most serious 
 way, with the intention of giving to the chief, as the commander of a 
 standing army which comprised every citizen within it, supreme 
 authority. 
 
 The principle of the Chief's supremacy was carried so far that a Zulu 
 
. /, 
 
 THE NATIVE RACES. 
 
 205 
 
 chief came to be spoken of as the owner of every person and everything 
 within his realm. One can see easily how this would arise from the 
 initial idea that his people existed for the purpose of war and that he 
 was the supreme commander. Absolute obedience is the first requisite 
 for military order, and when the principle of absolute obedience is car- 
 ried into the whole life of the soldier as a citizen, it implies that all his 
 property as well as his person, must be completely at the disposal of 
 his commander. The question as to whether he shall own land now 
 becomes not one of right, as with other Bantu tribes where the chief must 
 seek to allot ground to every member of his tribe, but of permission. If 
 he owns cattle they are a reward given to him and yet liable to be with- 
 drawn at the king's will ; if he receives a wife or wives and is recognized 
 as a married man, this, again, is a reward of military prowess and indi- 
 cates the dignity which he has attained in the eyes of his king. Thus 
 not only every man because he is a soldier, but every woman and every 
 foot of land, and every domestic animal, came to be spoken of among the 
 Zulus as the king's property. 
 
 Such a system resulted, of course, in extinguishing the deeper affec- 
 tion; family life was uprooted. Even those affections which twined 
 round the sense of exclusive personal possession found no support and 
 no energy in a system of arbitrary and reversible rewards at the hands 
 of an inscrutable chief. Where the affections were thus ruthlessly tram- 
 pled out, cruelty took their place. The tribe existed for war; it main- 
 tained its strength by constant war. Its members could not prove them- 
 selves worthy members unless they had washed their spears in blood. 
 When the youths were admitted to manhood and enrolled as soldiers, 
 their first ambition was to slay some human being. In Matabeleland we 
 are told that they were impatient until their chief had ordered them to 
 attack some village and bring the spoils of cattle and children to the 
 king. If they were successful in their first raid the young Zulus returned 
 rejoicing to the kraal and received the acclamation of the older warriors. 
 The sweetest praise in life was when they heard the heroes of many years 
 say, "Now, indeed, you are a man." If, by some mischance, they were 
 foiled in their raid, if the inhabitants having been warned had fled or 
 armed themselves and offered a successful resistance, the bafiled regi- 
 ments of young warriors returned ashamed to spend months in disgrace. 
 
 r/:. 
 
206 
 
 THE NATIVE RACES. 
 
 El ' 
 
 As they sat waiting for their portion of meat at their daily meal an elder 
 warrior might throw the lump of beef to them with mere contempt, allow- 
 ing it to fall in the dust as if the recipient were a dog. ' 
 
 Not only did the force of military ambitions make war necessary, 
 it was uQcessary also on economic grounds; for these warlike tribes 
 depended very largely upon the cattle and the corn which they could 
 carry oif in their raids upon the humbler and more diligent tribes around 
 them. They depended also for the maintenance of their power upon 
 bringing into their tribal life the young boys whom they could capture. 
 These were brought up as members of the tribe and trained to become 
 soldiers in their turn. Thus the entire tribal organization of these Zulu 
 peoples could only be maintained by means of the unceasing prosecution 
 of war. The Zulu war of 1878 arose from the effort of the British to 
 break down this system. 
 
 It is held by all intelligent observers of the situation to have been 
 most remarkable that Cetywayo had succeeded in restraining his people 
 from war for so many years. It must always remain a mystery how it 
 was that they did not break loose at an earlier date and fall upon sur- 
 rounding communities, whether of blacks or whites, in defiance of the 
 known wishes of the British Government. These wislies, as expressed 
 through the Governor of Natal, were the reasons which Cetywayo gave to 
 his people when stilling their ambitions and promising them time after 
 time an early opportunity for enjoying the luxury of bloodshed. It was 
 this system which nearly twenty years later confronted the British 
 South African Company in Matabeleland. There Lobengula found him- 
 self unable to do what Cetywayo so long had done. His young and ardent 
 warriors could not be restrained, and compelled him to give assent to 
 their desire for the continuance of their annual raids upon the inoffen- 
 sive and undefended Mashonas. Quite evidently, tlien, no progress could 
 have been made in the uplifting of native races or in the colonizing of 
 unoccupied territories by whites, in those regions which were devastated 
 or threatened with devastation by these ruthless military tribes. 
 
 The Zulus whom Chaka organized gave rise to several branches. Two 
 of these have become famous. One is known as the Angoni, who pressed 
 steadily northwards until they had even crossed the Zambesi and made 
 their name a terror in the region around the southern end of Lake Tan- 
 
 
THE NATIVE RACES. 
 
 207 
 
 ganyika. The next great movement was that created by Moselekatse, 
 whose tribe swept its terrible way northwards and became known a» 
 the Matabele tribe, controlling a large territoi-y between the Limpopo 
 river and the Zambesi. 
 
 Among the Bantu tribes, perhaps the most interesting feature of so- 
 cial organization is that which concerns the ownership of land. The terri- 
 tory which they call their own belongs to the tribe, and none of that 
 territory can by tribal law become the absolute property of any individ- 
 ual. The chief is the ultimate judge in all matters concerning the allot- 
 ment of the land, and is himself entitled to the use of a larger share than 
 any one else in the tribe; this is due to his position and his services. Yet 
 he simply has the use of this land which he is by public consent allowed 
 to call his own. On his death his successor may desire to occupy some 
 other portion of the territory with his herds of cattle or for his gardens, 
 but in that case he will be expected to assign the land used by his prede- 
 cessor to other members of the tribe. Every one to whom land is allotted 
 is expected to use it, and as long as he uses it the tribe expects that ho 
 will be protected in his right there. Public sentiment would not approve 
 of a chief, say in Bechuanaland, removing a man from his lands arbi- 
 trarily without good cause shown. The sense of insecurity which this 
 would create would be resented by the entire tribe. 
 
 When these principles are thoroughly grasped one can imagine the 
 indignation with which native tribes have seen white men, whether Boers 
 or English, enter their country and on the strength of certain transac- 
 tions with their chief lay claim to absolute ownership of valuable portions 
 of their territory. This, according to the laws of the land, was an impos- 
 sible arrangement, and if only both the Boer and British Governments 
 had determined to deal justly with these natives and recognize their 
 own laws, until they were changed in a legal manner, much injustice and 
 much irritation would have been prevented. 
 
 All matters connected with public policy, allotment of lands, etc., 
 are dealt with by the chief in the khotla, as the Bechuanas call the court- 
 yard adjoining the chief's residence. Here at a certain hour every day 
 he takes his place with his headmen around him and proceeds to adju- 
 dicate on all kinds of complaint which any of his people desire to put 
 before him. Witnesses are examined by himself with the assistance of 
 
I ' 
 
 i 
 
 208 
 
 THE NATIVE RACES. 
 
 his headmen, discussions take place in which each joins, and then the 
 chief gives his decision, which is as a rule accepted as final. At times 
 there occurs a more important form of meeting which the Bechuanas call 
 a Pitso, when matters of public interest, especially concerning foreign 
 relations of the tribe, are discussed. This, in fact, is an arrangement 
 not unlike that of the early Saxons out of which the House of Commons, 
 the mother of the world's parliaments, grew. In this Pitso there is an 
 opportunity for the display of oratory; and many who have attended 
 such gatherings, for they are, as a rule, free to all, have spoken with ad- 
 miration of the fluency, the eloquence, even the grace with which these 
 natives deliver their orations. They get of course much excited over 
 little, as do members of more dignified parliaments. The illustrations 
 which they employ, while often beautiful and clever, are at other times 
 weak or even foolish. Nevertheless, the Pitso affords a standard of an 
 intellectual kind which has done much to keep the life of these tribes 
 from losing all trace of intellectual interest. 
 
 The language which is heard on such occasions is the ordinary lan- 
 guage of the people, and all students of these South African Bantu races 
 bear witness to certain admirable elements, namely, the variety and 
 abundance of their vocabulary, as well as the richness and suggestiveness 
 of their grammatical forms. For musical quality some of them have been 
 compared with the sonorous beauty even of Italian. It is not without 
 regret that one contemplates the inevitable disappearance of these native 
 languages. As the English language spreads through South Africa it 
 will become gradually the desire and ideal of the natives to learn English. 
 In their schools they will demand that they be taught in English, and 
 while their native tongues will linger long in remote places and in family 
 life, they will before many years come to be regarded as unnecessary 
 burdens in the work of daily Bchools. Even those who speak the English 
 language and are proud to see it spread round the world, have times of 
 regret, when they remember that its spread is at the cost of many beauti- 
 ful and interesting tongues. 
 
 The Bantu people while on the whole living on low levels of moral 
 life, yet do recognize the institution of the family. The chief enemy of 
 the home has been the practice of polygamy; but inasmuch as it has been 
 the custom for every man to pay for his wife, and, of course, the more 
 
 
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 wives the more expense, a limit has been placed on this practice by the 
 comparative poverty of the people. Only the chief and a few of the head- 
 men have really been able to foi ake monogamy, but with them custom 
 and a sense of dignity practically made it obligatory that they should 
 have more than one wife. The remarkable story is told elsewhere of the 
 fight which the young chief Khama was forced to engage in with his 
 father, who attempted to compel his obedience to this tribal law. 
 
 Justice is, of course, dealt with in a summary fashion, the chief modes 
 of punishment being fines which are especially imposed where cattle are 
 abundant and have become a kind of medium of exchange, execution by 
 spearing for graver offenses, expulsion from the tribe, and sometimes 
 some form of corporal punishment. Much, of course, depends upon the 
 honor of the chief, who may become a persecutor of those who incur his 
 personal dislike and so may inflict great suffering upon them. Never- 
 theless public opinion puts a restriction upon any such tendencies to 
 manifest and persistent injustice; and cases are known where a tribe, 
 having at last become embittered against a plotting and cruel chief, have 
 driven him away. 
 
 Where fines for criminal offences are imposed the property passes to 
 the chief. In civil cases the fine which is imposed goes to the party 
 aggrieved, who, however, like the plaintiff in civilized lands, is expected 
 to fee those who have acted as lawyers in his case. These customs, no 
 doubt, present many temptations to greedy chiefs, with whom the pros- 
 pect of personal gain does interfere often with their honorable discharge 
 of judicial functions. Theft is punished with considerable severity in 
 the first place by means of fines ; but where a man shows himself invet- 
 erately given to theft he will sometimes find himself punished in a more 
 dreadful fashion, having his hand thrust into fire or being in some other 
 way mutilated so that he henceforth carries in his very person the terrific 
 retribution and reminder of his crime. 
 
 In religious matters the Bantu peoples present many points of in- 
 terest. They of course believe in supernatural powers, concerning whom, 
 however, their doctrines are indistinct and confused. These supernatu- 
 ral powers manifest themselves in the use of charms, in the significance 
 of portents, such as the cawing of a crow on the roof of a hut, or the 
 casting of a man's shadow upon another who is asleep, as well as in the 
 
 r 
 
212 
 
 THE NATIVE RACES. 
 
 use of enchanted medicines, the burning of various substances accom* 
 panted with the utterance of incantations by a "medicine man." The 
 Bantu people also believe in and practice rain-making, which in most 
 parts of South Africa is found to be a very necessary process, if not always 
 successful. They do not belong to the races that have a sacrificial syitem 
 or elaborate forms of public worship. They have no idols and practically 
 no habits of piayer; yet they believe in prayer, and some observant 
 Europeans have found that certain of them before entering upon an im- 
 portant hunt will step aside alone and speak to Morimo, the great god, im- 
 ploring a blessing upon their undertaking. This Morimo appears not to be 
 defined by them either as a spirit or an ancestor or an animal; he is 
 simply the great being to whom they leave all things, the distant and 
 chief god of whom they speak but seldom, yet who is acknowledged by 
 them as above all other subjects of reverence and fear and worship. They 
 do pray to their ancestors, crying aloud to them by name and pleading 
 for their aid in some distress or danger. 
 
 One peculiarity of the Bantu tribes has never yet been fully described 
 while it ought to prove of considerable importance to students of South 
 African native religions. That is the curious relic of totem worship 
 which is found among them. By a totem is understood a sacred animal 
 which a family or tribe will treat as in some sense having divine or super- 
 human power and influence over their lives and fortunes. This animal 
 they will not kill, still less will they eat it By some totem worshipers 
 even the seeing of their sacred animal is considered exceedingly danger- 
 ous. Now, in South Africa, each of the liantu tribes is named after an 
 animal which is considered sacred and dreadful among the members of 
 that tribe. The Batlaping means the people of the fish, the Bakwena 
 the people of the crocodile, the Bamangwato the people of a species of 
 antelope. These animals will be spoken of by members of these tribes 
 reluctantly and with fear. A curious and yet a historically significant 
 fact is that some tribes have as their totem an animal belonging to a 
 region which that tribe has not inhabited even for generations. 
 
 The Bantu before the advent of the Europeans were of course scantily 
 clothed. They were dependent almost entirely for clothing and for 
 covering at night upon the skins of animals. The art of tanning and 
 preserving these skins was carried to a considerable degree of perfection 
 
 ■\\, 
 
 •»». 
 
 '-'^: 
 
 \^ 
 
 \ 
 
THE NATIVE RACES. 
 
 218 
 
 by Bome of these tribes. The skin was first stretched out with pe'^h n* 
 under stones in the sun till it was thoroughly dried, then the owner ^'^ 
 it would begin the prolonged task of softening it. Some form of grease 
 was rubbed on it and then the skin was rubbed with the fists. When the 
 skin was large this was done by a group of men in a rhythmic movement 
 accompanied by a curious ejaculatory or grunting sing-song, which could 
 be heard a considerable way off. When the skin had thus been thor- 
 oughly cured and softened, it was then gone over with needle and thread, 
 the thread usually consisting of sinew from the leg of an animal. The 
 sewing was sometimes directed in the case of a large skin entirely to the 
 patching of the holes made in the killing and skinning of the animal. 
 Very beautiful rugs were also made by sewing together a number of skins 
 of smaller animals. The needle used was without an eye, each stitch 
 being completed when the hole had been made and then the thread 
 passed through with a separate effort, somewhat as the shoemaker works. 
 Many of these skins when made up in this way were very handsome and 
 lasted a very long time. 
 
 Most of the Bantu people depend for their living partly on cattle and 
 partly on their gardens. In these gardens they grow some smaller grains, 
 but in most of them they also grow the Indian corn which at some un- 
 known period was introduced into South Africa and spread rapidly from 
 region to region. It forms now one of the staple foods of native tribes and 
 is called by all Europeans in South Africa ''mealies.'' 
 
 The children of the Bantu tribes grow up in their native state without 
 p-uj education, of course excepting that which prepares them for the 
 responsibilities of their own citizenship. They are usually allowed to 
 run about as they please until youth is dawning upon childhood. When 
 they thus become men and women they are formed into regiments and 
 led out of the town in separate directions to live in camps,- where they 
 pass through various ceremonies, some being of a brutal and degrading 
 nature. They stay tl ere for several weeks and then return to be recog- 
 nized as men and women. In the case of the boys an essential condition 
 of their becoming men was that they should be thoroughly thrashed. The 
 thrashing was, in some tribes at any rate, administered by the father of 
 each boy ; and in after years a. man would point to the welds on his back 
 as a proof not only of the thoroughness with which he became a man but 
 
214 
 
 THE NATIVE RACES. 
 
 of the afPectionate heart of the father who had done his work so well. 
 Many peculiar native customs are, of course, gradually dropping away, 
 partly through the work of the missionaries, partly through the assump- 
 tion of Europ>ean dress and the habits which European dress brings with 
 it. Partly also are changes coming through the loosening of tribal bonds. 
 As the natives move more freely from one part of the country to another 
 they feel themselves inevitably cut off from many of the narrow preju- 
 dices, ignorant superstitions and traditional customs which seemed to 
 them inevitable and authoritative until travel had emancipated their 
 minds. 
 
 .f. . *!. 
 
^ 
 
 mm 
 
 / 
 
 CHAPTER XII. 
 
 //. 
 
 THE ANIMALS OF SOUTH AFRICA. 
 
 IN THE early days South Africa was a very paradise for hunters 
 and swarmed with game. The number and variety of the game was 
 
 unequaled. That lions were common, even down to the shores of 
 Table Bay, we know upon the authority of Van Kiebeek, who met one in 
 his own garden. There were 34 varieties of antelopes besides the quagga 
 and zebra — these roamed about in great herds over the central plateau. 
 The wanton destruction of these animals has resulted in many districts 
 becoming destitute of game and many varieties becoming extinct. 
 
 Tt is only in the far north, where the hunter has not yet been able 
 to destroy, that the South African fauna has a chance to regain and 
 retain its old glory. 
 
 The best sport is to be obtained in the Zambesi Valley and in Nyas- 
 saland. The Kalahari desert, described sometimes as the natural per- 
 manent home of wild game, also offers attractions to the hunter. 
 It has been suggested that the Kalahari should be made into a national 
 reserve. That such a reserve is necessary is evident and this fact has been 
 recognized by all the Governments. The Chartered Company in 1895, 
 promised to enclose » game preserve of 200,000 acres as soon as their 
 finances would permit. 
 
 Taldng the animals of South Africa, in order to examine into them 
 the Lion naturally heads the list. Amongst others of the animals oi 
 South Africa, the lion, once plentiful throughout Cape Colony, is no-w, 
 practically extinct south of the Vaal and Orange Rivers, though in 
 Rhodesia and North Transvaal there are still many to be found. It is. 
 however, quite possible to traverse the country and see no sign of a lion 
 
 While the natives maintain that there are white, red and grey 
 necked lions the naturalist only admits the existence of one species 
 The length of the full-grown South African lion is about 12 feet from 
 the nose to the tip of the tail; the height at shoulder 40 inches, and tht 
 weight 400 to 500 lbs., the lioness averages 25 per cent less than the 
 
 815 
 
216 
 
 THE ANIMALS OF SOUTH AFRICA. 
 
 ' ti r 
 
 male. Many wonderful tales are told as to their enormous strength, 
 and there is no doubt that they can leap 18 paces and carry off a large 
 bullock. The lion does not often attack man unless provoked or 
 pressed by hunger. Mr. Selous says that on a dark night these animals 
 are undoubtedly very bold and fearless. When hungry the daring of 
 the lion knows no bounds and it would be hard to mention any part of 
 an encampment that is safe from their attacks. The length of life 
 attributed to the lion is over 30 years. Though of gregarious habits, 
 the lion is frequently encountered alone. 
 
 The Leopard, commonly known as the "tiger" by the colonists (as is 
 also the cheetah), is still to be found over the whole of South Africa, 
 except where the population is very dense. The natural haunt of the 
 leopard is in rocky places, which fact prevents its rapid extermination. 
 It is often hunted for the sake of its beautiful skin. The full-grown 
 Ijopard may measure as much as 9 feet in length, and is ^ery dangerous, 
 especially when wounded. Though its natural food consists of baboons 
 and small antelopes, the leopard does not hesitate to replace this diet 
 by sheep and goats. Consequently it is customary to poison or other- 
 wise destroy these "tigers" remorselessly. The color of the skin and 
 the markings vary greatly, some "tigers" being found with perfectly 
 black skins, though belonging to the same species. 
 
 The Cheetah is smaller than the leopard, but is frequently con- 
 founded with it. It is not dangerous, except very rarely when wounded ; 
 and for this reason it is comparatively easy to kill. It is prized for the 
 beauty of its skin — black spots over a red and yellow ground. The 
 eheetah is rapidly being killed out in the Southern districts. 
 
 There are also to be found, north of the Orange River, the Seryal or 
 tiger-cat and the Red Lynx. 
 
 The Wild Cat is larger than the common cat and can be most danger- 
 ous. Its hair is coarse and the tail is short and thick. In color it is 
 grey with black markings. Formerly it was to be found all over South 
 Africa, but it is already becoming rather rare in Cape Colony and Natal. 
 The Reed-cat is much more common. 
 
 Of the Hyaena there are three varieties, although two of these, the 
 striped and the brown, are very rare. The Spotted Hyaena is 
 frequently met with in the interior, though nearly killed out of the 
 
■^',ir 
 
 THE ANIMALS OF SOUTH AFRICA. 
 
 217 
 
 Cape Colony. In color it is a yellow with darker markings and a wiry 
 short coat. In size as large as a full-sized wolf and a powerful beast, 
 the hyaena is not courageous, and generally prefers to follow in the 
 wake of a lion or other braver animal, when it regales itself on the leav- 
 ings. Hyaenas are very troublesome to the stock farmers, though they 
 will rarely attack stock in camp. They are therefore killed as vermin, 
 their skins being of no value. 
 
 The Aard-wolf resembles the hyaena in appearance, but is much 
 smaller and is practically toothless. It is hunted with hounds and is 
 to be found from the Cape Peninsula to Abyssinia. 
 
 The African Hunting Dog is a white and liver colored piebald animal 
 with black markings. These dogs hunt in packs and are very destructive 
 and in consequence are not often to be found in the neighborhood of 
 farms, as it is absolutely necessary to exterminate them. 
 
 The Long-eared Fox is a grey slender animal with a small black- 
 tipped tail and long, erect ears. It is very rare in Cape Colony, although 
 common enough in the interior. Its diet is supposed to consist largely 
 of insects. 
 
 There are three or even more varieties of Jackals. Of these the 
 Black backed or Silver Jackal is the largest and the most common. It 
 changes its color with the seasons, being black and tawny during the 
 winter and a grizzly white during the summer. 
 
 The Hare Jackal is the only other variety worth noticing; its skin 
 being of some value. , ' 
 
 Of the smaller animals there are among the carnivora, the Civet- 
 cats, rarely found south of the Limpopo, two varieties of the Otter and 
 several varieties of the weasel family, such as the Mere-cat. 
 
 The Elephant, from the point of view of sport, is now practically non- 
 existent in South Africa. In the districts where elephants are still 
 to be found they are strictly preserved in order to save them from 
 extinction. 
 
 In Cape Colony elephants are preserved in the Knysna and other 
 forests forming a narrow strip of country from Mossel Bay to Port 
 Elizabeth. In 1898 it was estimated that there were 150 head in Cape 
 Colony. These elephants are strictly preserved and may only be shot 
 by special permission of the Governor and on payment of a fee of £20. 
 
aon 
 
 •■ > 
 
 218 
 
 THE ANIMALS OF SOUTH AFRICA. 
 
 The only occasions on which permission is given is when an elephant 
 has habitually destroyed property. 
 
 The high price of ivory was the cause of the rapid killing off of the 
 elephants. Some idea of this killing off may be gained by the export 
 figures for 1875 and 1897. These are respectively £60,402 and 
 £992. 
 
 The African elephant differs from the Indian species in many re- 
 spects; its ears especially are enormous, and when extended in charging 
 are said to measure as much as 15 feet, from tip to tip, across the fore- 
 head. The brain of the Indian elephant is its most vulnerable point, 
 whereas the African elephant is almost impervious to the forehead shot 
 which is so fatal in India. Sir Samuel Baker and Mr. Selous both bear 
 witness to this fact. This hardness of the front of the skull is shared by 
 the African buffalo. 
 
 While the female elephant is always tusked, the tusks only weigh 
 from 15 to 25 lbs. each, whereas the male tusks average 120 lbs. In a 
 few cases a single male tusk has been known to weigh 200 lbs. 
 
 A bull elephant may stand as high as 10 feet 6 inches at the shoulder, 
 and is a dangerous animal to attack on foot, as its hearing and scent are 
 most acute. 
 
 Of the Rhinoceros there are or rather there were two varieties, the 
 White and the Black. The former is nearly extinct, in fact for some 
 time it was considered as unobtainable until some specimens were 
 obtained in Rhodesia by Mr. Selons. The White Rhinoceros is a very 
 large animal, larger than the black variety. It is curious to note that 
 its color is practically the same. The dimensions are as follows: 13 
 feet 9 inches in length; 12 feet in circumference; 6 feet 6 inches in height, 
 and bearing an anterior horn, very long and slender, sometimes reach- 
 ing the length of 4 feet 9 inches. 
 
 The Black Rhinoceros used once to be found all over the Cape Colony, 
 one becoming especially renowned in that it charged the coach of 
 Governor Van der Stel near Cape Town in 1685. It has two horns, of 
 which the front one is usually the longer. It is to be found in practically 
 the same districts as the elephant, viz., in the more unhealthy parts of 
 South Africa, where the tsetse fly prevents the use of horses or oxen by 
 the hunters. 
 
THE ANIMALS OF SOUTH AFRICA. 
 
 219 
 
 The Hippopotamus has beeu more fortunate than the rhinoceros, 
 but the time of its disappearance is rapidly approaching. It is 
 to be seen plunging and splashing in the waters of the Limpopo, the 
 Pungwe and the rivers of Zululand and Nyassaland. It may also 
 be found on the lower reaches of the Orange River. Its skin, which 
 is from 1^ to 2 inches in thickness, is used in the manufacture of 
 "sjamboks" (hide whips). The length of the hippopotamus is about 14 
 feet from tail to snout — in bulk and weight it is second only to the 
 elephant. 
 
 The Crocodile still holds its own to a great extent, and may be 
 found on the rivers all down the East Coast, in Zululand and in the 
 pools of Rhodesia. Into these pools Lobengula used to sometimes throw 
 offenders, to be devoured by the sacred crocodiles. In consequence of 
 these denizens of the rivers it is extremely dangerous for oxen going 
 down to drink and for wayfarers crossing over the drifts. 
 
 The Giraffe has become very scarce and there are only a few to be 
 found on the Transvaal-Matabeleland frontier and in the Kalahari dis- 
 trict. Measured perpendicularly from the head to the ground it stands 
 from 17 to 19 feet. In color it is bright yellow to almost black, the latter 
 color being peculiar to very old bulls. The flesh is excellent and the 
 hide is used for whip-lashes, it being possible to cut a strip 20 feet long 
 down its back. 
 
 The Buffalo is preserved in the Cape Colony in the forests between 
 Mossel Bay and Algoa Bay. In 1898 it was estimated that 700 head of 
 buffalo were in the preserves. Except for this there are no buffaloes 
 south of the Limpopo, though they are fairly plentiful in the un- 
 healthiest parts of the East Coast. The rinderpest in 1896-98 reduced 
 their numbers considerably; they suffered more than any other wild 
 animals. 
 
 The bufifal(T is one of the most dangerous of animals and never hesi- 
 tates to charge the hunter. Cases have occurred in which a buffalo 
 has driven one of its horns through a horse's breast and out through the 
 saddle. Its color is nearly black and its hair short and smooth. Stand- 
 ing nearly 5 feet at the shoulder, the buffalo has broad, strong horns, 
 measuring from 3 feet to 3 feet 6 inches. 
 
 One hunter describes how on one occasion the head of a buffalo was 
 
 / 
 
 / 
 
220 
 
 THE ANIMALS OP SOUTH AFRICA. 
 
 ?;«?■■ :-'.i4| ll 
 
 BO massire as to present a difficult feat to two men to carry it to the 
 camp. 
 
 The Zebra proper is almost extinct, though there are about 200 head 
 strictly preserved in the mountainous districts on the east of Cape 
 Colony. It stands about 12 to 12^ hands, and is beautifully striped 
 right down to the hoof, but not under the belly. 
 
 Burchell's Zebra is now very rare in the Transvaal, but one variety 
 is to be found in Bechuanaland. It has been proved by one or two 
 people that it is possible to domesticate these zebras and break them to 
 harness. 
 
 The Quagga has been practically exterminated, though only a gen- 
 eration back it was found in great numbers on the Free State plains. 
 
 The antelopes are known chiefly by their Dutch names and are 
 unfortunately nearly all very rare and very nearly exterminated. 
 
 The Eland is the largest of all the antelopes and weighs as much as 
 900 lbs., the meat being often both tender and juicy. It stands from 5 
 feet to 6 feet at the shoulder. The horns are really more than 2 feet 
 6 inches long. The skin is fawn-colored, shading to white underneath 
 and is sometimes marked by white stripes. 
 
 Owing to their slow rate of speed iu running, the Elands are almost 
 extinct south of the Limpopo. 
 
 Mr. Gordon Cumming writes of this antelope: — 
 
 "At length I observed an old bull Eland standing under a tree. 
 He was the first that I had seen, and was a noble specimen, standing 
 about 6 feet high at the shoulder. Observing us, he made off at a 
 gallop, springing over the trunks of decayed trees which lay across his 
 path; but very soon he reduced his pace to a trot. Spurring my horse, 
 another moment saw me riding hard behind him. Twice in the thickets 
 I lost sight of him, and he very nearly escaped me; but at length, the 
 ground improving, I came up with him, and rode within a few yards 
 behind him. 
 
 Long streaks of foam now streamed from his mouth, and a profuse 
 pr piration had changed his sleek grey coat to an ashy blue. Tears 
 ti ded from his large dark eye, and it was plain that the Eland's hours 
 wei\^ ;iumbered. 
 
 This magnificent animal is by far the largest of all the antelope 
 
hiilJ^^ 
 
 THE ANIMALS OF SOUTH AFRICA. 
 
 221 
 
 
 tribe, exceeding a large ox in size. It also attains an extraordinary 
 condition, being often burthened with a very large amount of fat. Its 
 llesh is most excellent, and is justly esteemed above all others. It has 
 a peculiar sweetness, and is tender and fit for use the moment tho 
 animal is killed. Like the Gemsbok, the Eland is independent of water, 
 and frequents the borders of the great Kalahari desert in herds varying 
 from ten to a hundred. It is also generally diffused through all the 
 woody districts of the interior where I have hunted. Like other 
 varieties of deer and antelope, the old males may often be found con- 
 sorting together apart from the females, and a troop of these, when in 
 full condition, may be likened to a herd of stall-fed oxen." 
 
 The Sable Antelope is still fairly plentiful about Salisbury; it is 
 smaller than the Eland and is dangerous when at bay, making short 
 ferocious charges. In color it is very dark tawny with white belly — its 
 face is peculiar because of the white markings of it. The eye, which 
 lies close to the horn, is very prominent. The horns are annulated and 
 curve evenly backward. 
 
 The Roan Antelope or Bastard Eland is rapidly becoming extinct 
 south of the Limpopo. Mr. Gordon Gumming says: — 
 
 "We were entering a thicket of thorny bushes when a very large 
 grey-looking antelope stood up under one of them. I could not see his 
 head, but I at once knew that it was the long-sought-for roan antelope, 
 or Bastard Gemsbok. The noble buck now bounded forth, a superb old 
 male, carrying a pair of grand scimiter-shaped horns; he stood nearly 
 five feet high at the shoulder." 
 
 The Khoodoo is the most plentiful of the large antelopes and is still 
 to be found in the Eastern Prorinces of the Gape Colony, where it is 
 preserved. Its fleah is excellent and its hide makes fine leather. Its 
 horns are twisted in a beautiful spiral and are about 3 feet 9 inches in 
 length. 
 
 Mr. Gordon Gumming writes concerning this Antelope: — 
 
 "Owing to the nature of the ground which they frequent, it is a 
 very difficult matter to ride them down, and they are more usually 
 obtained by stalking or stealing stealthily upon them. When, however, 
 the hunter discovers a heavy old buck khoodoo on level ground, there is 
 no great difficulty to ride into him, his speed and endurance being very 
 
222 
 
 THE ANIMALS OF SOUTH AFRICA. 
 
 ■? ^'1 
 
 \ ^ 
 
 
 inferior to that of the oryx. The skin of the khoodoo, though thin, is 
 extremely tough, and is much prized by the colonists for ^forelocks,' 
 or lashes for ox-wagon whips." 
 
 The Oryx or Gemsbok frequents the most remote and waterless 
 parts of the Kalahari desert and of Damaraland. Though not one of 
 the most fierce of the antelopes it has more than once been known to 
 prove a match for a lion. The two skeletons are found together, that 
 of the lion transfixed by the terrible horns of the antelope. The Gems- 
 bok has the honor to figure in the Coat of Arms of the Cape Colony. Mr. 
 Gordon Cumming gives the following vivid description of the Oryx: — 
 
 "The Oryx, or Gemsbox, to which I was now about to direct my 
 attention more particularly, is about the most beautiful and remark- 
 able of all the antelope tribe. It is the animal which is supposed to 
 have given rise to the fable of the unicorn, from its long straight horns, 
 when seen, en profile, so exactly covering one another as to give it the 
 appearance of having but one. It possesses the erect mane, long sweep- 
 ing black tail, and general appearance of the horse, with the head and 
 hoofs of an antelope. It is robust in its form, squarely and compactly 
 built, and very noble in its bearing. Its height is about that of an ass, 
 and in color it slightly resembles that animal. The beautiful black 
 bands which eccentrically adorn its head, giving it the appearance of 
 wearing a stall collar, together with the manner in which the rump 
 and thigh are painted, impart to it a character peculiar to itself. The 
 adult male measures 3 feet 10 inches in height at the shoulder. 
 
 The Gemsbox was destined by nature to adorn the parched karroos 
 and arid deserts of South Africa, for which description of country it is 
 admirably adapted. It thrives and attains high condition in barren 
 regions, where it might be imagined that a locust would not find sub- 
 sistence, and, burning as is the climate, it is perfectly independent of 
 water, which, from my own observation, and the repeated reports both of 
 the Boers and Aborigines, I am convinced it never by any chance tastes. 
 Of several animals in South Africa which are hunted in this manner, 
 and may be ridden into by a horse, the Oryx is by far the swiftest and 
 most enduring. They are widely diffused throughout the center and 
 western parts of Southern Africa." 
 
 The Hartebeest is still found in the north of Cape Colony, and in the 
 
 ijiiii 
 
THE ANIMALS OF SOUTH AFRICA. 
 
 223 
 
 Free State and Transvaal, while it is fairly common throughout Bechu- 
 analand and the Kalahari. Its height is 4 feet and its color a dark 
 chestnut. The head is long and narrow, and the horns, which measure 
 15 inches, rise from a peculiar bony protuberance in the skull. The 
 brain lying behind this makes it difficult to shoot it when charging. 
 The Hartebeest is very swift but rather stupid. 
 
 There is also the "Lichtenstein" Hartebeest. 
 
 Of the Wildebeests or Gnus there are two varieties, the white- 
 tailed gnu or black hartebeest and the brindled gnu or blue hartebeest. 
 The former is one of the supporters of the Cape Coat of Arms, and is 
 preserved in the Colony. The blue wildebeest is extinct south of the 
 Limpopo. The blue variety is the larger and has the characteristic 
 curved horn. These branch like those of an ox and curve inwards — ^the 
 forehead is shaggy and massive, the hind quarters of this antelope 
 closely resemble those of an ill-formed horse, the head being very large 
 in comparison to the body. In color the black wildebeest is dark brown, 
 while the blue variety is brown grey with dark markings. Both 
 varieties have a heavy black mane. 
 
 The wildebeest is a great wanderer and confines itself to no settled 
 district. Its preference is, however, for the plains rather than the hills. 
 
 The black wildebeests which also thickly cover the entire length 
 and breadth of the Blesbok country, in herds averaging from twenty 
 to fifty, have no regular course, like the Blesboks. Unless driven by a 
 large field of hunters, they do not leave their ground, although dis- 
 turbed. Wheeling about in endless circles, and performing the most 
 extraordinary of intricate evolutions, the shaggy herds of these eccentric 
 and fierce-looking animals are forever capering and gambolling round 
 the hunter on every side. While he is riding hard to obtain a family 
 shot of a herd in front of him, other herds are charging down wind on 
 his right and left, and, having described a number of circular move- 
 ments, they take up positions upon the very ground across which the 
 hunter rode only a few minutes before. 
 
 Singly, and in small troops of four or five individuals, the old bull 
 wildebeests may be seen stationed at intervals throughout the plains, 
 standing motionless during a whole forenoon, coolly watching with a 
 philosophic eye the movements of the other game, constantly uttering a 
 
■1 
 
 m 
 
 .! h 
 
 224 
 
 THE ANIMALS OF SOUTH AFRICA. 
 
 loud snorting noise, and also a short, sharp cry which is peculiar to 
 them. When the hunter approaches these old bulls, they commence 
 whisking their long white tails in a most eccentric manner; then 
 springing suddenly into the air, they begin prancing and capering, and 
 pursue each other in circles at their utmost speed. Suddenly they all 
 pull up together to overhaul the intruder, when two of the bulls will 
 often commence fighting in the most violent manner, dropping on their 
 knees at every shock; then quickly wheeling about, they kick up their 
 heels, whirl their tails with a fantastic flourish, and scour across the 
 plain enveloped in a cloud of dust. 
 
 The Bushbuck is one of the few remaining antelopes which can be 
 hunted in the Cape Colony and Natal. It is generally hunted with 
 beaters and is dangerous when brought to bay. In the open it is com- 
 paratively helpless because it is a slow runner; its bright dark brown 
 color renders it rather easy to detect amongst the bush which it fre- 
 quents. This antelope only stands about 2 feet 10 inches and has 
 spiral horns like those of the Khoodoo. 
 
 There are also the Inyala the Nakong, the Dinker and the Spotted 
 varieties of Bushbuck, but these are very rare. The Dinker is used by 
 Khama, chief of the Bamangwato, as a crest. 
 
 The Blesbok used formerly to be found in enormous multitudes all 
 over South Africa, but now has become rare, there being in 1898 only 
 some 280 head in Cape Colony. The horns of the blesbok are about 
 15 inches in length, cyrate, semi-annulated, pointing upwards and 
 outwards. Concerning the habits of this antelope much information 
 is given by Gordon Cumming. 
 
 The blesbok, in his manners and habits, very much resembles the 
 springbok, which, however, it greatly exceeds in size, being as large 
 as an English fallow-deer. It is one of the true antelopes, and all its 
 movements and paces partake of the grace and elegance peculiar to 
 that species. Its color is similar to that of the sassayby, its skin being 
 beautifully painted with every shade of purple, violet and brown. Its 
 belly is of the purest white, and a broad white band, or "blaze," adorns 
 the entire length of its face. Blesboks differ from springboks in the 
 determined and invariable manner in which they scour the plains, right 
 in the wind's eye, and also inth« manner in which they carry their 
 
THE ANIMALS OF SOUTH AFRICA. 
 
 225 
 
 noses close along the ground. Throughout the greater part of the year 
 they are very wary and difficult of approach, but more eHi>pcially when 
 the does have young ones. At that season, when one herd is disturbed, 
 and takes away up the wind, every other herd in view follows them; 
 and the alarm extending for miles and miles down the wind, to endless 
 herds beyond the vision of the hunter, a continued stream of blesboks 
 may often be seen scouring up-wind for upwards of an hour and cover- 
 ing the landscape as far as the eye can see. 
 
 The Springbok is to be found on the open treeless plains of South 
 Africa. Formerly it was the most plentiful of the antelopes and used 
 to migrate in countless multitudes. Thanks to the institution of a close 
 season it is probable that the swiftest of bucks may regain some frac- 
 tion of their former numbers. Gordon Gumming describes the old 
 migrations: — 
 
 "The accumulated masses of living creatures which the springboks 
 exhibit on the greater migrations is utterly astounding, and any trav- 
 eler witnessing it as I have, and giving a true description of what he 
 has seen, can hardly expect to be believed, so marvelous is the scene. 
 
 "They have been well and truly compared to the wasting swarms of 
 locusts, so familiar to the traveler in this land of wonders. Like them 
 they consume every green thing in their course, laying waste vast dis- 
 tricts in a few hours, and ruining in a single night the fruits of the 
 farmers' toil. The course adopted by the antelopes is generally such 
 as to bring them back to their own country by a route different from 
 that by which they set out. Thus their line of march sometimes forms 
 something like a vast oval, or an extensive square, of which the diame- 
 ter may be some hundred miles, and the time occupied in this migra- 
 tion may vary from six months to a year. 
 
 "On the 28th I had the satisfaction of beholding, for the first time, 
 what I had often heard the Boers allude to, viz., a *trek-bokken,' or 
 grand migration of springboks. This was, I think, the most extraor- 
 dinary and striking scene as connected with beasts of the chase that I 
 had ever beheld. 
 
 "For about two hours before the day dawned I had been lying 
 awake in my wagon, listening to the grunting of the bucks within 
 two hundred yards of me, imagining that some large herd of springboks 
 

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 iii,: 
 
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 220 
 
 THE ANIMALS OF SOUTH AFRICA. 
 
 was feeding beside my camp; but on my rising wlien it was clear, and 
 looking about me, I beheld the ground to the northward of nty camp 
 actually covered with a dense living mass of springboks, marching 
 slowly and steadily along, extending from an opening in a long range 
 of hills on the west, through which they continued pouring, like the 
 flood of some great river, to a ridge about a mile to the northeast, over 
 which they disappeared. The depth of the ground they covered might 
 have been somewhere about half a mile. I stood upon the fore chest 
 of my wagon for nearly two hours, lost in wonder at the novel and won- 
 derful scene which was passing before me, and had some difficulty in 
 convincing myself that it was reality which I beheld, and not the 
 wild and exaggerated picture of a hunter's dream. 
 
 ''During this time their vast legions continued streaming through 
 the neck in the hills in one unbroken compact phalanx. 
 
 "Vast and surprising as was the herd of springboks which I had 
 that morning witnessed, it was infinitely surpassed by what I beheld 
 on the march from my vley to old Swear's camp; for, on our clearing 
 the low range of hills through which the springboks had been pouring, 
 I beheld the boundless plains, and even the hillsides which stretched 
 away o;a every side of me, thickly covered, not with 'herds,' but with 
 'one vast herd' of springbok; far as the eye could strain, the land- 
 scape was alive with them, until they softened down into a dim red mass 
 of living creatures. 
 
 ^To endeavor to form any idea of the amount of antelopes which I 
 that day beheld were vain; but I have, nevertheless, no hesitation in 
 stating that some hundreds of thousands of springboks were that 
 morning within the compass of my vision." 
 
 Concerning the habits of the Springbok the same hunter writes: — 
 
 **The springbok is so termed by the Colonists on account of its 
 peculiar habit of springing or taking extraordinary bounds, rising to 
 an incredible height in the air when pursued. The extraordinary man- 
 ner in which springboks are capable of springing is best seen when they 
 are chased by a dog. On these occasions away start the herd, with a 
 succession of strange perpendicular bounds, rising with curved loins 
 high into the air, and at the same time elevating the snowy folds of 
 long white hair on their haunches and along their back, which imparts 
 

 
 
 
 
 
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 MICA DEPOSIT IN A DONGA 
 
 An enormous deposit of mica is made here by the continuous flow of water, which has gradually 
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 '/•//£ ANIMALS OF SOUTH AFRICA. 
 
 229 
 
 to them a peculiar fairy-like appearance, different from any other 
 animal. They bound to the height of ten or twelve feet, with the 
 elasticity of an India-rubber ball, clearing at each spring from twelve 
 to fifteen feet of ground without apparently the slightest exertion. In 
 performing the spring, they appear for an instant as if suspended in 
 the air, when down come all four feet again together, and, striking the 
 plain, away they soar again as if about to take flight. The herd only 
 adopt this motion for a few hundred yards, when they subside into a 
 light elastic trot, arching their graceful necks and lowering their noses 
 to the ground, as if in sportive mood. Presently pulling up, they face 
 about, and reconnoiter the object of their alarm. In crossing any path 
 or wagon-road, on which men have lately trod, the springbok invariably 
 clears it by a single surprising bound; and when a herd of perhaps 
 many thousands have to cross a track of the sort, it is extremely beauti- 
 ful to see how each antelope performs this feat, so suspicious are they of 
 the ground on which their enemy, man, has trodden. They bound in 
 a similar manner when passing to leeward of a lion, or any other animal 
 of which they entertain an instinctive dread." 
 
 The Klip Springer is often called the "Chamois of South Africa." 
 It is common to the whole country, but prefers the rugged, hilly dis- 
 tricts. 
 
 The Tsesebe, or bastard Hartebeest, closely resembles the harte- 
 beest, and is fairly plentiful beyond the Limpopo. 
 
 Besides the antelopes enumerated above there are various other 
 species of which the name will suffice. They are: The Waterbuck, 
 the Rcdbuck, the Bluebuck, the Reedbuck, the Red Rehbock, the Grey 
 Rehbock, the Bontebock, the Lechive, the Pookoo, the Palla, the Stein- 
 bock, the Oribi, the Gnysbock, and the Damaraland Antelope. 
 
 Amongst the lesser animals of South Africa may be mentioned the 
 Rock Rabbit — smaller than the common rabbit, allied to both the ele- 
 phant and rhinoceros; the Wart Pig and the Bush Pig, somewhat 
 diminutive specimen of the boar family, with, however, ferocious-look- 
 ing tusks; the Cape, Rock, Mountsin and Spring Hares are also found. 
 The English rabbit exists on Robben Island, but may not be introduced 
 on to the main land. 
 
 All over South Africa may be found the Ant Bear, an animal with a 
 
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 230 
 
 THE ANIMALS OF SOUTH AFRICA. 
 
 long, low body, some 6 feet in length, sparsely covered with black hair; 
 its snout, ears and tongue are also enormously long, but its legs and 
 tail are strong and short. The Ant Bear devours ants, and invariably 
 makes its burrow on the south side of the ant-hill. 
 
 The Porcupine is also found all over South Africa. 
 
 The Pangolins are peculiar to Africa. They are toothless, covered 
 with hard scales, and arboreal in habit. When attacked they coil 
 themselves into a ball. Their food is chiefly ants. 
 
 The Game Birds of South Africa are very plentiful, it having been 
 decided that there are eleven sorts of Francolin, five of Quails, three 
 of Gruinea Fowl, four of Sand Grouse, eleven of Bustards, two of Dik- 
 koi3s, three of Geese, thirteen of Duck, Widgeon and Teal, three of 
 Sripe and one of Ostrich. 
 
 There are very few wild Ostriches to be found in South Africa at 
 the present time, as they are hunted down for their feathers, which are 
 worth more than those of the domesticated birds. The wild Ostrich is 
 not fierce and is very good eating. 
 
 The ^ eat Kori Bustard or "Paauw" is the bird next in size to the 
 ostrich. A cock Bustard will sometimes stand as high as 5 feet. These 
 birds are to be found all over South Africa, but are difficult to shoot. 
 
 Besides these game birds there are three species of the Ibis (includ- 
 ing the sacred red Ibis), also varieties of the Stork, Flamingo, Heron, 
 and Pelican, etc. ; there are some fifty-two varieties of the Hawk family, 
 and thirteen sorts of Owls. 
 
 Ther*^ are some thirty varieties of snakes, many of which are 
 venomous. The Python, which attaj;a>" to a length of 20 feet, is non- 
 poisonous, and does not attack unless molested. 
 
 The Black Mamba, which is sometimes as large as a rattlesnake, is 
 very venomous and very ready to attack. 
 
 The Puff and other Adders are dangerous because of their sluggish 
 habits. Lying in the sand, they are not able to move out of the way of 
 the passer-by, and strike at once when trodden upon. 
 
 V 
 
 
CHAPTER XIII. 
 THE CHIEF INDUSTRIES OF SOUTH AFRICA. 
 
 THE industries of South Africa may be divided for the sake of 
 description into the pastoral, the agricultural, the natural pro- 
 ducts and the minerals. In the first class are sheep, mohair and 
 ostrich farming. 
 
 The areas devoted to sheep farming are fairly wide. In the Cape 
 Colony there is, first, a district in the Western Province from Caledon 
 to Mossel Bay along the coast; and in the eastern provinces and the 
 Transkei, the whole country between the Stormberg Mountains and the 
 Indian Ocean. In these areas the sheep are fed on grass. Then there 
 are the central districts, including the Karoo and the country north of 
 the great mountain ranges; here the sheep are pastured on the succu- 
 lent drought-withstanding Karoo plants. In 1896 there were 14,400,000 
 sheep in Cape Colony. Practically the whole of the Orange Free State 
 is suitable for sheep farming. In the Transvaal the high country is 
 most useful and in Natal the highest northeast plateau. The sheep in 
 Cape Colony are mainly of the merino type, and, though for a long time 
 little trouble was taken to improve the breeds, now both from Australia 
 and England champions are imported, and the cl&jiiS of wool is likely 
 >oon to be very much raised. 
 
 The total yield of wool is, however, very small and when compared 
 -vivh that of Australia shrinks almost to nothingness. In 1893 there was 
 wool exported from South Africa to the value of £2,400,000, while the 
 wool export of Australia was £25,000,000! In 1898 the export for South 
 Africa, through the Cape Colony alone, was £1,782,498 worth. 
 
 Mohair is furnished by the angora goat, which is a native of Central 
 Asia and Asia Minor. These goats are pastured in many districts, 
 especially in the inland division behind Port Elizabeth, such as Somer- 
 set East and Graaf Reinet, also in the Klip River districts in Natal. 
 The angora goat was introduced into South Africa in 1856, after many 
 
 231 
 
232 
 
 THE CHIEF INDUSTRIES OF SOUTH AFRICA. 
 
 \i I 
 
 '■ ^^'' 
 
 unsuccessful attempts. The average annual clip per head amounts in 
 weight to five or six pounds, and is worth 2/ld. The herds of goats roam 
 at will over the veldt and require little care. In 1896, in Cape Colony 
 alone, there were 5,000,000 angora and other goats. The value of the 
 annual export amounts to an average of £400,000, and forms one-third 
 of the mohair purchased in England. 
 
 Export in 1897, £676,644; 1898, £647.548 (about $3,000,000). (Through 
 Cape Colony.) 
 
 Wherever there is feed for cattle there cattle are to be found, but 
 the country is not especially adapted to cattle raising, except Bechuana- 
 land and the Free State. In 1878, there were in Cape Colony 2,000,000 
 cattle, in Natal 725,000, in the rr>^ State 900,000, while in Bechuana- 
 land Khama's tribe alone had 8G. " . As an example of how these 
 numbers were reduced by sickness, it may be mentioned that Khama's 
 800,000 shrunk to 5,000! As the railways increase and the transport 
 wagons are no longer required it is probable that the number of cattle 
 will decrease to a great extent. Hides are exported to a considerable 
 value. Export, 1897, £217,754; 1898, £199,543 (about $2,000,000). 
 (Through Cape Colony.) 
 
 Eastern Bechuanaland is considered one of the best of ranching 
 districts in South Africa, as the grass is sweet and water obtainable by 
 digging. 
 
 Ostrich farming was almost a South African specialty, but there is 
 now a little competition in Australia and America. Ostriches are kept 
 on most of the farms in Cape Colony but are more especially cultivated 
 in the Oudtshoorn district and in the districts round Port Elizabeth. 
 The price of ostrich feathers varies very much, but the average value 
 of the yearly exports is £500,000 (about $2,450,000). The ostrich is a 
 native of South Africa and there have been three stages in the industry 
 of its feathers. First, the birds were hunted and killed to obtain the 
 feathers. Then ostrich chicks up to seven months of age were caught 
 and farmed. They, however, grew up wild and unmanageable, so that 
 in 1865 there were only eighty birds amongst the live stock. In 1869, 
 however, the third stage was arrived at, when Mr. Arthur Douglas per- 
 fected his artificial incubator. This enabled the birds to be properly 
 domesticated. In 1896 the number of ostriches in Cape Colony was esti- 
 
THE CHIEF INDUSTRIES OF SOUTH AFRICA. 
 
 
 mated as 225,000. The value of feathers exported in 1897 was £605,058 
 (about $3,000,000); in 1898, £748,505 (about $3,000,000). 
 
 Under the agricultural industries are corn, wine, fruit and tobacco. 
 
 Owing to the lack of a regular rainfall South Africa is not very 
 suitable for the growing of grain. The principal grain areas in the 
 Cape Colony are: A western district, consisting of the plains at the 
 southwest corner of Africa, round Malmesbury; an eastern district, of 
 which Graaf Keinet and Middleburg are the centers; and the most 
 important area lying between the Stormberg Mountains and the Orange 
 Itiver, containing Herschel and Barkly East districts. Grain is not 
 grown in the Karoo or in the Eastern Coast districts, the former is too 
 dry and the latter are too damp. On the southeastern border of the 
 Orange Free State there is a grain district 100 miles long, from Bethle- 
 hem to Wepener, which has a periodic rainfall. In the Transvaal grain 
 can be grown in the central country, including the districts between the 
 Kiver Marico and Lydenburg. In Natal the only grain grown to any 
 extent is maize; on the high plateaus oats are also grown. There are 
 many kinds of grains grown in South Africa, from wheat to maize and 
 Kaffir corn. South Africa, however, by no means professes to be a 
 corn-growing country. 
 
 Viticulture is the oldest established industry of the Cape. There 
 was a time when wine was the best known product of the Cape, and 
 w^hen "Constantia" fetched a monopoly price in Europe. That time has 
 long passed; but wine is still exported from the Cape. If the export 
 be small it is the fault of the manufacturer, not of the grapes, for the 
 soil of the Cape Peninsula and the neighboring districts where viti- 
 culture is carried on are peculiarly adapted to the growth of the grape 
 vine. These are grown without any support, appearing like small 
 bushes. As to the suitability of South Africa for viticulture it is inter- 
 esting to note the report made by the Australian expert in 1885 to the 
 Cape Government. According to his report, the vineyards of the Cape 
 are six times as productive as those of Fnrope, and eight times as pro- 
 ductive as those of Australia. The yield in the coast districts reached 
 the fabulous sounding proportion of 80^ hectolitres per hectare, in the 
 inland districts 173 hectolitres! Yet, after all this, the export of win!" 
 is very insignificant, being in 1892 valued at £18,000 (about $88,000). 
 
 ■n. 
 

 H -1 
 
 h « ?Ji 
 
 I I 
 
 11 ] 
 
 234 
 
 r//£ Cff/£F INDUSTRIES OF SOUTH "AFRICA. 
 
 and in 1898 at £15,043 (about |75,000). The fact is that the Dutch are 
 not enterprising enough as industrialists to develop this trade. 
 
 Tobacco is grown chiefly in the Oudtshoorn district, but has not yet 
 become a recognized article of export. 
 
 Fruit of all kinds grows in profusion throughout South Africa. In 
 the Cape Colony oranges, lemons, apples are cultivated, besides many 
 soft fruits, while in Natal bananas and pineapples are the principal 
 fruits. There is now a growing export trade in fruit with Europe, prin- 
 cipally during January, February and March. 
 
 As to sugar, in Natal there are some 30,000 acres under cultivation 
 and 36 factories, notably in the districts of Durban, Alexandra and 
 Unuzuito. It is owing to this industry that Natal has become one of 
 the colonies where East Indian coolies form an important element in 
 the population. The sugar output in 1891-92 was 15,000 tons; in 1897- 
 98, 15,000 tons. 
 
 Coffee is also grown to a small extent, while cotton has been at- 
 tempted. The cultivation of tea is, however, a growing industry in 
 Natal. In 1898 it produced over £200,000 (about $1,000,000). 
 
 The want of forests in South Africa is one of the greatest mis- 
 fortunes of the country; it helps to reduce the rainfall and aggravates 
 the tendency of the rain to run off rapidly. This has been realized to a 
 certain extent, and in many districts trees are being planted for the 
 j^r.rpose of increasing the moisture and enriching the country. There 
 are, however, a few forest areas; the best known of these is on the south 
 coast in George, Knysna and Humansdorp divisions. Here there is a 
 belt of timber 150 miles long, with a depth inland of from ten to twenty 
 miles. The other chief forest region is behind King Williamstown in 
 the east. The timber includes yellow wood, stink wood and box wood. 
 In Beehuanaland there are considerable woody tracts of country, but 
 the timber is mostly thorny mimosas. The western portion of the high 
 plateau is almost bare of trees, having only scrub and a few mimosas. 
 The eastern portion, which is better watered, has more trees, but all 
 small. The new trees which are being planted are not indigenous, but 
 are chiefly the Australian Eucalyptus and occasionally British oaks. 
 The former, called, generally, gum trees, are chosen because they grow 
 quickly in dry soil. The city of Johannesburg is the best example of 
 
THE CHIEF INDUSTRIES OF SOUTH 'AFRICA. 
 
 2:^5 
 
 the change that these trees can make in about twelve years. Where 
 once was a bare ridge there is now a town crowded with gum trees, big, 
 healthy trees which would never strike the onlooker as being youthful 
 Uitlauders. 
 
 The minera> wealth of South Africa is very great, but it has for the 
 most part oi ^ jeen discovered very recently, and now South Africa 
 may be said lo be living on her capital, not her income, because of the 
 rate at which the minerals are being worked. 
 
 Copper mining is the oldest of the mineral industries of modern 
 South Africa. There have been gold and silver workings in the far 
 past, but these need not be taken into consideration here. The copper 
 deposits are to be found in the northwestern corner of Cape Colony. 
 Copper mining began in 1852, and by 1864 the export had risen to 
 £100,000 in value. Since that date the annual output has reached a 
 value varying from £250,000 to £800,000 per annum. In 1898 it was 
 £262,820 (about $1,300,000). Ookiep, where the copper mines lie, is 
 connected with Port Nolloth by a railway 90 miles long. 
 
 Silver is found in the Cape Colony, but not in payable quantities. It 
 is worked in the Transvaal in an area of about 150 square miles, east of 
 Pretoria. Its development has however been hindered by the rush for 
 the gold mines. 
 
 Coal is found in Natal, the Orange Free State, the Transvaal, Cape 
 Colony and Rhodesia. The mines in Natal are in the highest and most 
 northern of the three natural terraces in the colony. The annual output 
 is increasing, and the quality of the coal is very good. In 1898 it was 
 decided to give an annual contribution to the Imperial navy of 30,000 
 tons. 
 
 The Transvaal coal fields are close to the gold fields, but deposits 
 are found over an area estimated at 56,000 square miles. 
 
 In the Cape Colony there are mines being worked in the Stormberg 
 Mountains; these produce about 40,000 tons annually and are princi- 
 pally employed to supply the railway systems. The principal center is 
 the little town of Molteno. 
 
 Diamonds are found in the Kimberley district and to a very small 
 extent in the Transvaal. The first diamond was found in 1867 on the 
 bank of the Orange River. In 1869-70 the stones were found largely 
 
236 
 
 THE CHIEF INDUSTRIES OF SOUTH 'AFRICA. 
 
 •« i' 
 
 where Kimberley now stands. The annual output is £4,000,000, and 
 since the first finds more than £100,000,000 ($490,000,000) worth have 
 been exported. 
 
 Gold is found in Gape Colony, but not in payable quantities (at 
 Knysna and at Prince Albert). It is also found in Natal in the Tugela 
 Valley and at Umzinto, but not in any great quantities. In Swaziland 
 and Zululand there are fair deposits. At Tati in North Bechuanaland 
 and in the eastern and northeastern districts of the Transvaal, at Bar- 
 berton and Lydenburg, gold occurs. In all or nearly all these places, 
 as also ip Matebeleland and Mashonaland the gold occurs in quartz 
 reefs, and in many cases the reefs are very promising. 
 
 But in the Transvaal, on the Witwatersrand, there is to be found 
 the center of the gold mining industry of South Africa. In 1886 it 
 was found that the conglomerate reef, known as "banket," was gold- 
 bearing, in fact, was impregnated with very fine gold particles. The 
 main reef extends about thirty miles east and west of Johannesburg. 
 This reef, from Randfontein to Boksburg, is the center of the mining 
 activity. There are some 60 or more companies employed around Jo* 
 hannesburg. At first the ore was very easily reduced, but now the most 
 complicated processes are required to extract the gold. (For methods 
 of working, see on "Johannesburg"). The total value of the gold still in 
 the reef is estimated at £700,000,000 (about $3,500,000,000), and the an- 
 nual output is now about £15,000,000 (about $75,000,000). 
 
 '■ 1 
 
 i ri 
 
 . ^ 
 
/ 
 
 f 
 
 BOOK I.-PART II. 
 
 FAMOUS MEN AND LEADING TOWNS OF 
 
 SOUTH AFRICA. 
 
 J /- . ;.'.-.'. .If- I.. 
 

 
 ■B 
 
 ■•«». 
 
 ii"^ . 1 jkA^ 
 
CHAPTER I. 
 
 POLITICAL WORKERS. 
 
 SECTION I. EARL QREY. 
 
 ONE of the most interesting figures in Soutli Africa history to-day 
 is beyond all doubt that of Earl Grey. He was born in 1851, the 
 same year as Mr. Rhodes. His father, the Hon. Charles Grey, was 
 younger brother of the late Earl Grey, a childless old statesman who 
 had spent his life in the service of the Queen and whose long years of 
 old age found him inexhaustibly interested in Imperial questions, 
 especially in the problems of South Africa. His nephew and heir, young 
 Albert Grey, went to Cambridge University and there took a distin- 
 guished place, afterwards showing considerable interest in the Univer- 
 sity Extension movement. In 1880 he entered the House of Commons 
 and there remained until 1886. In the latter year he lost his seat when 
 the split in the Liberal party took place, because he had identified him- 
 self with the Liberal Unionists, the opponents of Mr. Gladstone's policy 
 of Home Rule for Ireland. 
 
 During the later years of his Parliamentary life Mr. Albert Grey 
 had become deeply interested in South Africa and proved himself a 
 valuable member of the South African Committee. He was then all 
 in favor of the policy of direct Imperialism and was one of those who 
 saw most clearly that the office of High Commissioner for South Africa 
 ought to be separated from the Governorship of one South African 
 colony. But in 1889 when the charter was granted to the British South 
 Africa Company Mr. Albert Grey went over to the other side. He ex- 
 plained that his convictions on African policy were the same, but that 
 he believed it to be necessary and good for South Africa itself that a 
 Chartered Company should take the initial work of opening up the terri- 
 tories north of the Transvaal. He hoped that with his well-known 
 sympathy towards the natives and his desire for the maintenance of 
 British supremacy in South Africa, he might be able to exercise as a 
 
 239 
 
 \ 
 
i i 
 
 240 
 
 POLITICAL WORKERS. 
 
 director of the company couHiderable influence uiM)n ttie management 
 of its affairs in its new territories. Mr. Grey probably anticipated as 
 little as anyone the course of events which afterwards led him to be- 
 come, as he is to-day, the Administrator for Rhodesia. 
 
 Having succeeded to the Earldom on the death of his uncle he found 
 himself, in 1896, appointed to succeed Dr. Jameson in the office which 
 the latter lost after the perpetration of the Raid, lie arrived in Rhode- 
 sia and found himself speedily in the midst of the terrible war of rebel- 
 lion there. He has frankly recorded the fact that experience has 
 considerably altered his ideas concerning the right methods of govern- 
 ing native tribes and the developing of unoccupied territories. As 
 regards the former he defends on the whole the administration of the 
 British South Africa Company. He holds that they ought to have 
 carried the c<mquest of Matabeleland in 1893 to completion, and that 
 the rebellion of 1896 arose from the fact that the natives were not thor- 
 oughly beaten in the first struggle. He also defends the treatment of 
 the natives even against the reports of certain Imperial officers. He 
 holds that the natives are in danger of becoming more degraded by not 
 being forced to work, while he is most emphatic in the assertion that 
 he does not mean to exert physical force in order to obtain that result. 
 He now holds, he says, that the method of direct Imperial control is 
 much inferior to that of control by a Chartered Company, and he has 
 arrived at that decision by comparing the rapidity with which Matabele- 
 land has been developed through the Chartered Company with the much 
 slower rate of progression observed in Bechuanaland, which is under 
 Imperial control. The comparison will not, however, convince even 
 those who admire Earl Grey's ability, high character and humanitarian 
 spirit. Even in Bechua'-.iland the method of direct Imperialism has not 
 received adequate attention and encouragement. Nevertheless, the 
 friends of South Africa and of the natives have every reason to be 
 thankful that in these years of uncertainty they can count upon a 
 righteous as well as a vigorous, a kindly as well as a just administration 
 being exercised in Rhodesia as long as the subject of this sketch holds 
 his position of great responsibility and magnificent promise. 
 
 t '- 
 
POLITICAL WORKERS. 
 
 •■OTION II. DR. JAMESON. 
 
 241 
 
 Dr. Leander Starr Jameson, a Hcotcliman, born in Edinburgh on 
 February 9th, 1853, is the youngest son of the late Mr. R. W. Jame- 
 son, Writer to the Signet, his mother being a daughter of Major- 
 Oeneral John Pringle. The family subsequently settling in London, 
 Dr. Jameson, after distinguishing himself at school both as a student 
 and an athlete, studied medicine at University College Hospital, 
 There his career was a brilliant one. lie obtained silver medals for 
 medicine, surgery, anatomy, and pathology, besides a surgical scholar- 
 ship, and graduated in 1875 at London University, obtaining the gold 
 medal for medical jurisprudence. Everything promised him a success- 
 ful and most lucrative practice in the highest walks of his profession in 
 London; but his health gave way under the strain of overwork, and after 
 a short health tour in America he accepted, in 1878, a partnership with 
 Dr. Prince of Kimberley. His reputation grew rapidly, and he was soon 
 recognized as one of the chief auth rities in South Africa in every 
 department of medicine. For instance, the Free State Volksraad, by 
 special resolution, requested his attendance on the late President of 
 the Orange Free State, Sir Henry Brand, at Bloemfontein. To a thor- 
 ough knowledge of his business, untiring industry, and a conscientious 
 sense of the responsibility of his work, Dr. Jameson added an amount 
 of tact and a keen sympathetic insight into human nature which gave 
 to his society the charm for which he has become so well known. 
 Among the host of firm friends made by him during his residence in 
 Kimberley, Mr. Cecil Rhodes stands out prominently; and at the time 
 when the amalgamation of the diamond mines was in process and the 
 extension of British influence northward was still a dream of the 
 future, their life was one of intimate association. At this period Mr. 
 Rhodes was only beginning to be known, and was regarded even by his 
 friends as somewhat over-sanguine. Dr. Jameson was possibly the 
 one man who gauged his powers and his plans correctly. With an 
 enthusiasm which equalled that of Mr. Rhodes, Dr. Jameson saw the 
 greatness of his friend's schemes and the possibility of their realization. 
 
 In 1888 it became necessary for Mr. Rhodes to send a trustworthy 
 agent to Buluwayo, to carry out the various delicate negotiations con- 
 
242 
 
 POLITICAL WORKERS. 
 
 nected with the development of the concession granted to himself and 
 Mr. Kudd. After much careful consideration, Dr. Jameson was selected. 
 He i^ersuaded Mr. Doyle and Major Maxwell, both skilled interpreters, 
 to accompany him to Lobenguia's kraal, and remained three months 
 with the king, whom he meanwhile cured of an attack of gout. Before 
 he left he acquired great influence with Lobengula and his principal 
 councillors, and his mission ws completely successful. The Charter 
 was formally recognized, and fall permission was ^'iven for the advance 
 of a pioneer force into Mashonaland. 
 
 Having completed his task. Dr. Jameson returned to his practice 
 in Kimberley. DiflSculties arose at Buluwayo after his departure, how- 
 ever, and at Mr. Rhodes's request he returned there, aiid once more 
 persuaded the king to agree to the proposals made on behalf of the 
 company Dr. Jameson remained in Buluwayo in communication with 
 Mr. Rhodes, and the Pioneer Expedition started on its road up country. 
 Ultimately he joined the columns and accompanied them to Salisbury 
 as the representative of Mr. Rhodes. 
 
 The next tfsk was originated by Dr. Jameson himself, and was an 
 exceedingly arduous one. Recognizing the necessity of a shorter and 
 less expensive route to the coast than the long overland journey from 
 the south which they had accomplished. Dr. Jameson, accompanied by 
 Major Frank Johnson, left Salisbury, and traversed the country east- 
 wards to the Pungwe, striking that river at about seventy miles 
 from its mouth. The two adventurous explorers proceeded down the 
 river in a portable boat brought with them in sections by native carriers, 
 and successfully reached the steamer waiting for them in Pungwe 
 Bay, after ♦.vbich Dr. Jameson proceeded to Cape Town to give an ac- 
 count of his expedition to Mr. Rhodes. The Ultimate result of this 
 hazardous journey was the laying of the Beira Railway. 
 
 Shortly afterwards, believing that Dr. Jameson could best carry 
 out his plans with regard to Mashonaland, Mr. Rhodes requested him 
 to return there as his representative, and in the latter part of 1890 
 Dr. Jameson again appeared at Salisbury. After a short stay, utilized 
 in furthering the interests of the Chartered Company and in confirming 
 much that had already been done, he determined, on the occasion of a 
 visit to Manica, close on the Portuguese border, to proceed to the Gaza 
 
POLITICAL WORKERS. 
 
 243 
 
 country, ruled over by the Chief Gungunhama, with the object of eecur- 
 ing that vast territory for the Chartered Company. * 
 
 Tt was in Manica, when Dr. Jameson was with Mr. Oolquhoun, the 
 Admiii'strator of Mashonaland, that the treaty of the Umtasa had been 
 signed. This treaty, which in reality put an end to the hopes of Por- 
 tuguese expansion in Southeast Africa, was most comprehensive. It pro- 
 vided that no one could possess lands in Manica except with the consent 
 of the British South African Company in writing; it conceded to the 
 company complete mineral rights; it gave permission for the construc- 
 tion and establishment of public works and conveniences of all kinds, 
 such as roads, railways, tramways, banks, etc. 
 
 Taking with him Messrs. Doyle and Moody, and totally unprovided 
 with comforts, or even the bare necessaries for such an undertaking, 
 he pushed across the veldt to Gungunhama's chief kraal, and arrived 
 there in spite of innumerable difficulties; he thus penetrated what 
 at that time was believed to be one of the most fever-stricken districts 
 south of the Equator. 
 
 On arriviifg at Gungunhama's "Great Place" (both of Dr. Jameson's 
 companions being prostrated with fever), he founcT the King surrounded 
 by Portuguese officials, who had with them a strong following of Por- 
 tuguese native troops. But in the face of all this the expedition resulted 
 in success, in so far as concerned the negotiations with the King, who 
 freely invited the occupation of his country by the British South Africa 
 Company. As, however, this concession was made the subject of corre- 
 spondence between the British and Portuguese Governments, then dis- 
 cussing the Anglo-Portuguese Treaty, the expedition did not result in 
 an accession of fresh territory to the Chartered Company. 
 
 This fearful march to the Limpopo left Dr. Jameson, on his return 
 to Cape Town, In a very debilitated condition, and the victim of repeated 
 and severe attacks of malarial fever. At the end of 1891 Mr. Colquhoun 
 announced his desire to resign office as Administrator of Mashonaland. 
 Mr. Rhodes pressed the appointment upon Dr. Jameson. The position 
 in Mashonaland was then exceedingly difficult. The Company had been 
 incurring enormous expense in administering the country, while at the 
 same time the Boers of the Transvaal were organizing treks to invade 
 and take possession of a portion of the territory, with a view to establish 
 
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 244 
 
 POLITICAL WORKERS. 
 
 1 k 
 
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 II 
 
 ! 
 
 I I'' 
 
 a new Boer Republic, and in addition to all this, the white population 
 was in. a condition of grave disaffection. But Dr. Jameson, ill though he 
 was, at once consented to face all these difficulties, and, receiving full 
 power from the High Commissioner to deal with the Boer trek, set out 
 for Mashonaland as Administrator. He immediately took steps to meet 
 the most pressing danger. On the banks of the Limpopo, supported 
 by a troop of the British Bechuanaland Police, he found himself near 
 a large body of armed Boers preparing to cross the river. An error 
 of judgment might have precipitated a war between the English and 
 Dutch el'^ments, but fortunately the new Administrator was equal to 
 the occasion. Alone and unarmed he met the Boers and persuaded them 
 to give up their enterprise and to return to their homes. Still suffering 
 from fever. Dr. Jameson went on to Salisbury, where he conciliated the 
 discontented colonists. 
 
 The early days of the development of all colonies are hard, and in 
 Bhodesia the settlers had to suffer many hardships and privations. 
 Mr. Rhodes's appointment of Dr. Jameson as Administrator was a ver- 
 itable inspiration, for his administration was marked both by its ability 
 and its popularity with the settlers. 
 
 In 1892, Dr. Jameson got to work and succeeded, by wonderful 
 administrative ability, in reducing the expenses of the Company from 
 £250,000 to £30,000 a year. In the short space of twelve months he 
 was able to make a financial statement in which the revenue and the 
 expenditure almost balanced. 
 
 In July, 1893, the murderous Raids of the Matabele reached right 
 up to the township of Victoria. Then Dr. Jameson, seeing that his 
 remonstrances to Lobengula were unavailing, ordered up some police 
 to restore order. The Matabele were dispersed by the police and it 
 was determined to strike promptly against the numerous bands of 
 Matabele which had invaded Mashonaland. 
 
 There were only 40 police available, but the settlers organized them- 
 selves into a formidable force. This force, under the supreme command 
 of Dr. Jameson, advanced on Buluwayo in three columns, amounting 
 in all to about 900 Europeans. After an engagement on the Shanganl 
 River, in which the Matabele were repulsed, the decisive battle was 
 fought at Imbebesi, where some 7,000 of T^obengula's best warriors were 
 
 
11 
 
 OLIVE SCHREINER 
 
 This Is the maldpii name of the most famous South African author. She Is extremely short In stature, 
 a woman of very warm heart, Impulsive, with gront power of literary expression and noble moral 
 instance. She has espoused the cause of the Boers with the utmost passion, mainly because she believes 
 that the capitalists, with Mr. Rhodes at their head, have been the cause of the troubles which led to the 
 war. She married a Mr. Cronwrlght. They are now known as Mr. and Mrs. Cronwrlght Schrelner. 
 
:i I 
 
 iff: "1 
 
 hi 'i 'I 
 
 ; II 
 
 4 
 
 DR. L. S. JAMESON, C. B. 
 
 BARNEY BARNATO 
 
 MUSTER OF TOWN BURGHERS-PRETORIA, NOV. 11, 1899 
 
POLITICAL WORKERS. 
 
 247 
 
 routed with great loss. Following their usual custom, the Matabele 
 charged the laager but could not stand before the hail of shot from the 
 machine guns. Three days later, Buluwayo, the capital of Lobengula, 
 was taken, while Lobengula himself, who had fled, was closely pur- 
 sued by Major Forbes' force. It was in this pursuit that Major Wilson 
 with some 38 men attempted to capture the fleeing monarch by a bold 
 dash. This, however, was not possible, owing to the lack of reinforce- 
 ments, and Wilson was attacked by overwhelming numbers of Mata- 
 bele. He and all his band, having exhausted their ammunition, died 
 fighting to the last. 
 
 There are few more brilliant campaigns to be found in history than 
 the overthrow of the power of the dreaded Matabele King by such a 
 small force of volunteers. Dr. Jameson deserves great credit for his 
 organization and direction of the volunteer force; the war was cheap 
 too, only costing about £100,000 (about $500,000). The main reason for 
 the success of the Matabele campaign is that Dr. Jameson struck before 
 the Matabele had had time to prepare for his attack. Thus many of the 
 best regiments of Lobengula never went into battle at all. It was a fine 
 imitation of the raids of the Matabele themselves. 
 
 After the campaign. Dr. Jameson took up his residence at Buluwayo 
 and the fine country soon drew together a great number of his volun- 
 teers and others. 
 
 Dr. Jameson was very active in stamping out witchcraft amongst 
 the Matabele, a course of action which, though distasteful to the witch 
 doctors, ameliorated the condition of the natives considerably. 
 
 After the war, when the Matabele chiefs came to learn the "Great 
 White Chiefs" will from Dr. Jameson, they came downcast, filled with 
 nameless forebodings. But at the end of the interview they were much' 
 relieved, and said: "Now we can go away and sleep?' (the Matabele 
 way of expressing that their fears had been set at rest). Dr. Jameson, 
 declared to the assembled indunas that it was the company's earnest 
 wish that the white men should live in friendship with the black. 
 As Administrator he certainly did his utmost to bring about this con- 
 summation. 
 
 Then came the disastrous Raid which forever bears the name of 
 Dp. Jameson. Acting under the orders of Mr. Rhodes, the Managing 
 
248 
 
 POLITICAL WORKERS. 
 
 ■ y 
 
 
 i I 
 
 Director of the British South Africa Chartered Company, Dr. Jameson 
 collected during 1895 on the northwest borders of the Transvaal a force 
 of mounted police. These were concentrated at Tuli and Mafeking, and 
 were placed there in order to be able to back up the British Representa- 
 tive on his arrival at Pretoria or Johannesburg, in the event of a rising 
 of the Uitlanders. Mr. Rhodes, as Chairman of the Goldfields South 
 Africa Co., was one of the prime movers in the whole conspiracy. The 
 agitators in Johannesburg, however, did not make good conspirators, 
 and they had no leader. While thoy were collecting guns and prepar- 
 ing deliberately for their coup Dr. Jameson was kept fretting on the 
 frontier, anxious to go in. Dr. Jameson repeatedly urged the necessity of 
 hurrying on the revolution, as otherwise he was sure that the position of 
 his forces would become known, and alarm the Boers into preparations 
 for defensive action. Becoming more and more convinced that the great 
 lack in Johannesburg was a leader who would be prepared to act boldly. 
 Dr. Jameson at last took the bit between his teeth, and started for 
 Johannesburg on December 30th, 1895. The two colupins from Tuli and 
 Mafeking met, and then the force under Dr. Jameson, numbering 494 
 men, pushed on with all speed towards the Rand city. The distance 
 was 150 miles and many of the troopers were unable to obtain remounts 
 on the journey. Dr. Jameson had despatched men to cut the tele- 
 graph wires, but they, being drunk, had bungled the business. Conse- 
 quently the news of his start was able to bring only consternation to 
 the hearts of the unprepared conspirators. They saw their famous 
 Jameson Plan being ruined by the Jameson Raid. Messages were 
 despatched after Dr. Jameson, ordering him to come back in the name 
 of the High Commissioner and of Mr. Chamberlain. These orders were 
 disregarded. In spite of the knowledge that the Boers were fully aware 
 of the Raid, and were concentrating in great numbers before- Johannes- 
 burg, the wild rush went on. At last they met the Boers. After many 
 hours' fighting, the little force, worn out, with done horses, reached 
 Doornkop near Krugersdorp. Here they made a gallant stand until the 
 arrival of Boer reinforcements and artillery compelled Dr. Jameson to 
 «urrender, on receiving the assurance of their personal safety from 
 the Boer commander. The Raiders were taken to Pretoria as prisoner , 
 and there was much discussion as to whether they should be shot or 
 
POLITICAL WORKERS. 
 
 24ff 
 
 / 
 
 not. President Kruger, however, decided that they should be allowed 
 to go home to England to be dealt with by their own Government. 
 
 Dr. Jameson's action took the Johannesburg revolutionists so abso- 
 lutely by surprise that they were unable to help him; they did not even 
 destroy the railway line to prevent the arrival of the Staats artillery. 
 They have often been called cowards for this non-action on their part, 
 but it is well known now that they did not deserve this reproach. The 
 feeling in Johannesburg during the period of time between the start 
 and the finish of the Raid raised the bitter feelings of the Outlanders to 
 such an extent that one of them said later that, if he had had a gun he 
 would have felt inclined to shoot Jameson as he was brought prisoner 
 into the town. Dr. Jameson seemed absolutely crushed by his failure, 
 and looked as if he would have been rather glad to be shot and sq 
 escape the sense of defeat and universal contempt. 
 
 Dp. Jameson was taken to England with his officers, and was tried 
 in Court at the Old Bailey in London. The law under which they 
 were charged was the ^Toreign Enlistment Act." The prisoners were 
 found guilty, and the Lord Chief Justice sentenced Dr. Jameson to 
 imprisonment for thirteen months as a first-class misdemeanant, while 
 the Imperial officers acting under him lost their commissions — and this 
 though they only obeyed the orders of their superior officer, who assured 
 them that he acted under Government orders! These commissions 
 have been returned to all the officers now. Dr. Jameson, after his 
 imprisonment and the investigation of the Select Committee, went out 
 to Africa again, and since then has been practically in retirement. 
 He has suffered, as so many before him have done, from the fact that, 
 while a successful revolution is a "noble struggle for rights," an unsuc- 
 cessful one is "rebellion." 
 
 Dr. Jameson was one of the few men who foresaw the present war, 
 and he was anxious to see it begin that "Doornkop" might be avenged. 
 He has been, during the first four months of the invasion of Natal, 
 locked up in Ladysmith where, on the relief of the town, he was found 
 to be struggling under an attack of typhoid fever. 
 
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 250 
 
 POLITICAL WORKERS. 
 
 SECTION III. 
 
 GENERAL^OUBBRT. 
 
 One of the most striking figures in South African history is beyond 
 all doubt that of the famous Commandant-General of the Transvaal 
 ordinarily known as Piet Joubert. He stands out in the history 
 of this country as the political opponent of President Kruger, who 
 has repeatedly contested with him for the Presidentship and who has 
 steadily opposed the policy which so completely repressed the Outland- 
 ors. If in 1888 he had been elected President it is most unlikely that 
 the franchise law would have been developed to the extreme which it 
 reached under President Kruger, and in this case the entire history of 
 the Transvaal Government would have taken another direction. 
 
 Joubert was born in Cango, Cape Colony, in 18.34^ and is, therefore, 
 nine years younger than his rival, Mr. Kruger. His parents were poor 
 and he was left an orphan at an early age. It may be due to the rough 
 experiences of his early life that his character has ever been marked 
 by a certain manliness and self-reliance, differing in quality even from 
 the sturdiness and passion for political independence manifested by 
 President Kruger. As his name indicates General Joubert is of French 
 descent, and the Huguenot blood flowing in his veins perhaps accounts 
 for a certain high type of feeling which marks him out from the char- 
 acteristic Boer. Embarked on the serious business of life as a stock- 
 farmer in the Wakkerstroom district, in the southeast of the Transvaal, 
 he soon became known as a keen man of business, with rare natural 
 ability. He prospered in his trading and rapidly acquired large landed 
 interests in his district. 
 
 Tired of his farming life, and filled with ambitions of another order, 
 he transferred his attention to law, and in the exercise of this profession 
 became something of a jurist and had practice in speaking which has 
 stood him in good stead. When he became a judge his popularity rapidly 
 spread, and in 1867 he was elected as a member of the Volksraad for 
 his district. Here he rapidly came to the front and became State Attor- 
 ney. Daring the visit of President Burgers to England he and President 
 Kruger exercised supreme authority in the land. Like his associate, 
 he was deeply disappointe<l in the failure of the President's visit to 
 Europe, and he was one of the first probably to see the direction in 
 
/ 
 
 POLITICAL WORKERS, 
 
 251 
 
 which events were moving. With deepest grief of heart he found him- 
 self compelled to acknowledge that impending national bankruptcy 
 and internal civil disorders all pointed in one direction, which was 
 thrown into clear view before the eyes of the whole land when Shep- 
 stone, the British Commissioner, arrived in December, 1876. 
 
 When the annexation took place Mr. Joubert had already retired 
 from oflftce and no pressure could induce him to assume any attitude but 
 that of intense hostility towards the British Government. He had long 
 been known for his clever management of events and for the success 
 with which through perplexing circumstances he moved to the front 
 in his career. But at this period his course of conduct was so quiet, so 
 self-controlled and so wise that henceforth he was known with a tender 
 affection amongst his own people as "slim (sly) Piet." He went with 
 Mr. Kruger on a mission to England to make their protest against the 
 act of annexation at headquarters. He was deeply concerned, in the 
 succeeding years, with all the quiet and persistent methods used by the 
 agitators to cast obloquy upon the British authorities and arouse ii> 
 fresh endeavors the courage of the Boers. When the war broke out 
 Joubert was appointed Commandant-General and it was largely through 
 his energy, his quickness of movement and his resourcefulness that the 
 invasion of Natal took place and so many battles were won. When the 
 war ended no name stood higher in the Transvaal than that of Joubert. 
 
 General Joubert has always been a personal friend of Mr. Kruger's, 
 although a political opponent. It is asserted that on one occasion (1893) 
 when they were competing for the Presidency Mi*. Joubert actually 
 secured a larger number of votes but that the counting was not fairly 
 done. After the first election of 1883, when they were rivals, Mr. Kru- 
 ger, as soon as his victory was announced, turned round, shook hands 
 with his defeated rival, Mr. Joubert, and appointed him Commandant- 
 General on the spot. To him the modern organization of the military 
 forces of the Transvaal owes its main features. He has divided the 
 country into seventeen sections with a commander for every division, 
 these again are subdivided. He has insisted that every Boer shall have 
 his rifle always in good order, food supplies for a fortnight within reach 
 in his household, and himself ever ready to respond to his General's call. 
 When General Joubert gives the signal the Boers in every district, leav- 
 
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 m 
 
 m.\[ 
 
 252 
 
 POLITICAL WORKERS. 
 
 ing their farms to their wives, ride to the local rendezvous where they 
 receive information as to their further movements. There is probably 
 no other country in the world where the forces for defensive or offensive 
 action can be so quickly mobilized. It was tested suddenly by the Jame- 
 son Raid, and the manner in which that task was carried out, proved 
 that forty-eight hours is ample time within which to assemble the 
 burghers in effective numbers and move to a definite engagement. 
 
 In 1884-5 when President Kruger both foolishly and treacherously 
 allowed his burghers to carry on systematic raids on the western borders 
 General Joubert was kept in active military service. He was sent to those 
 borders ostensibly to preserve order. The result of his presence was not 
 at all visible in any lessening of the wrongs which were being inflicted 
 upon native tribes, and it is very difficult to understand exactly what 
 Mr. Joubert was doing during those three months in this region. But to 
 his great disgust President Kruger allowed himself to be drawn into 
 making a proclamation which even his faithful supporter and military 
 adviser found utterly inexcusable. This was the well-known proclama- 
 tion by which President Kruger annexed the territory of Montsioa, 
 which a few months before had been proclaimed as British territory 
 under the explicit terms of the London Convention of the same year. 
 General Joubert as soon as this act of mingled folly, presumption and 
 unfaithfulness was made public resigned office and went in disgust to 
 his home. 
 
 At a later date it was Mr. Joubert who almost led his country into 
 difficulties in another direction and it was President Kruger who this 
 time resisted his advice and saved themselves from disgrace. Mr. Jou- 
 bert had long cast his eyes with eagerness northwards beyond the 
 Limpopo into Matabeleland and Mashonaland. So far back as 1882 he 
 wrote a letter to Lobengula, the Matabele chief, which must be re- 
 garded as one of the most extraordinary diplomatic documents which 
 have ever been put on record. He addresses Lobengula as "Great 
 Ruler" and sends his regards to him, "the son of the late king of Mata- 
 beleland, our old friend Moselekatse." This old friend, be it remem- 
 bered, was the terrific chief who had slaughtered the Boers on their first 
 entrance into the Transvaal, whom they had driven north with great 
 slaughter, between whom and themselves there had ever after existed 
 
POLITICAL WORKERS. 
 
 ^ 253 
 
 intense mutual hatred and distrust! The letter is written in order to 
 iuform Lobengula regarding the annexation of the Transvaal and the 
 glorious way in which the English had been beaten. He desires, in 
 fact, to win the chiefs heart away from his confidence in the English and 
 to create in him a corresponding trust in the Boers. The following lan- 
 guage is interesting, "The English took away our country, the Trans- 
 vaal, or, as they say, annexed it. We then talked nicely for four years, 
 and begged for our country. But no; when an Englishman once sees 
 your property in his hand, then he is like a monkey that has his hands 
 full of pumpkin seeds — if you don't beat him to death he will never let 
 go — ^and then all our nice talk for four years did not help us at all. 
 Then the English began to arrest us because we were dissatisfied, and 
 that caused shooting and fighting, then the English first found that it 
 would be better to give us back our country. Now they are gone, and 
 our country is free, and we will now once more live in friendship with 
 Lobengula, as we lived in friendship with Moselekatse, and such must 
 be our friendship that so long as there is one Boer and one Matabele 
 living these two must remain friends." He is eager to visit Lobengula, 
 but he is waiting until "the country has become altogether settled, and 
 the stink which the English brought is first blown away altogether." 
 The letter concludes by offering a present of a "blanket and a handker- 
 chief for his great wife who is the mother of all the Matabele nation." 
 .With exceeding cleverness "Slim Piet" closes this remarkable epistle 
 by describing how he had recently punished the chief of a native tribe, 
 destroying their fortifications and making them pay a fine of 5,000 
 cattle un.d 4,000 sheep and goats for their wickedness; and another 
 chief well-known and powerful must soon be punished, he adds cas- 
 ually, he must also pay a fine! With these quiet covert, warnings to 
 Lobengula, the epistle appropriately comes to an end. 
 
 In 1891 Mr. Joubert once more turned his eyes with longing towards 
 the regions of the north. He in that year organized a trek, and in 
 this project he received the support of many of his own relatives and 
 others. The plan was that they should move northwards into what is 
 known as Banyailand, occupy whatever territory seemed attractive to 
 them and there form a new republic. We are told that arrangements 
 had been ripened even to the length of naming the officers of the new 
 
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 254 
 
 "*t 
 
 POLITICAL WORKERS. 
 
 republic before the party Lad left the Transvaal. Mr. Joubert and his 
 friends thus set out on the task of founding a new nation. They moved 
 in their slow-going wagons northwards till they reached the boundary 
 of their country, the Limpopo Kiver. News of their project had of 
 course spread far and wide and at a place called Rhodes's Drift they 
 were met by the Administrator of Rhodesia, Dr. Jameson. He displayed 
 no military force, confronted them merely with the facts of the case 
 and put the matter so strongly and clearly that their journey was for 
 the time arrested. Meantime representations from still higher quarters 
 were made to President Kruger, who, under the pressure of these, at 
 last sent a message to General Joubert which compelled him most un- 
 willingly to turn his face to his own beloved country again and give up 
 the dream of founding another Boer republic in the center of Africa. 
 
 In 1896 it looked as if General Joubert would have his revenge. Dr. 
 Jameson and his officers who conducted the Raid under him were in 
 prison. The one raider now felt that he had the mastery of the other 
 raider, and it was General Joubert who most strenuously insisted that 
 Dr. Jameson and his fellow raiders should be hanged. President Kru- 
 ger, however, with a shrewder insight into the case, argued with him 
 throughout a whole night. In the morning Joubert was conquered and 
 it was his turn now to conquer his fellow-citizens whom he had excited 
 to the hanging point. His speech of persuasion was characteristic of 
 Boer oratorical efforts. Like the President, Mr. Kruger, he turns 
 naturally to incidents in animal life, or on the battlefield, or in the chase, 
 for the illustrations which are to strike his arguments home. "Fellow 
 burghers," he said, "if you had a beautiful flock of sheep, and a neigh- 
 bor's dogs got into the pasture and killed them, what would you do? 
 Would you pick up your rifle and straightway proceed to shoot those 
 dogs, thus making yourself liable to greater damage than that which 
 the dogs had done, or would you lay hold on those dogs and take them 
 to your neighbor, saying: 'Now, here are your dogs. I caught them 
 in the act. Pay me for the damage done, and they shall return to you'?" 
 There was eloquent silence while the crowd of farmers slowly and 
 steadily made the application and then the General drove it in. "We 
 have the neighbor's dogs in our jail here. What shall we do with them?" 
 Thus once more President Kruger had his way. 
 
 h { 
 
POLITICAL WORKERS. 
 
 / 
 
 In personal appearance the Commandant-General is tall, but not 
 so broad as many of the Boers are, and he usually is represented in 
 photographs with a slight stoop of the shoulders forward. He has a 
 broad, straight-furrowed brow which overhangs a pair of powerful and 
 clear gray eyes. The eyes are not shifting and furtive as those of 
 President Kruger are generally ,'aid by visitors to be. The mouth is 
 cold and hard, the corners drooping slightly, and the expression as a 
 whole is not amiable. His nose is prominent, indicating in its outline 
 a certain power mingled with a more sensitive nature than that of the 
 average Boer. General Joubert is very fond of being photographed, and 
 the last which the world has seen was taken by Mr. Benuet Burleigh, 
 war correspondent for the London Daily Telegraph, who photographed 
 him just at the opening of the war as he was making his journey by rail 
 to his first camp. 
 
 General Joubert has visited Europe on several occasions, the first 
 occasion being in 1877. Again in 1891 be visited England and then 
 extended his travels to America. He crossed the continent to the Pacific 
 coast, returning by the Canadian Pacific Railroad. In the course of this 
 journey he made several public speeches, one being delivered at New 
 York under the chairmanship of the late Mr. Henry George, and the 
 other in Toronto. It is said that he was entertained by the Knicker- 
 bocker Club at New York on his return ; he looked forward to the event 
 with glee as he promised himself that then before his fellow Dutchmen 
 he would be able to use once more his native tongue. During the 
 course of the dinner Joubert turned to the chairman and in Dutcli 
 asked him if he could make his speech in that language. The chairman 
 did not understand the question. When it was repeated in English, to 
 Joubert's consternation the reply came that there was probably only 
 one man there who could understand Dutch, and he was the Minister 
 from Holland. On returning to his hotel a friend said, "You see, Piet, 
 that here Dutch has had to give way to the English language, and soon 
 you will all be speaking English throughout South Africa." "I do not 
 mind," replied Joubert, "if English does take the place of my language, 
 if only we have our liberty and our rights left to us." 
 
 Mrs. Joubert is said to be a marvelously active woman who has been 
 in the habit of accompanying her husband on his campaigns of war, 
 
256 
 
 POLITICAL WORKERS. 
 
 providing for him in bis tent as at home. She has the credit of pos- 
 sessing more real moral courage than her husband, who is apt to yield 
 before the force of another will. While not so well educated as the 
 General, she exercises very great influence over him in the matters 
 which he has under consideration and seeks to strengthen him for carry- 
 ing through any policy or project in which he encounters opposition 
 outside. It is even said that she it was who urged the General on when, 
 at Majuba Hill, he was loath to make the attack and was in the act of 
 inspanning his oxen for a hasty retreat. 
 
 General Joubert throughout his life has been characterized by a 
 broader outlook than President Kruger. He has been at the head of the 
 progressive party in the Transvaal. In 1893 he almost succeeded in 
 winning the Presidentship at the polls from Mr. Kruger, but in 1898 
 as the result of tlie Raid and the subsequent history of the Transvaal 
 he had no chance and did not become a candidate. He has always con- 
 fessed that the reforms demanded by the Outlanders were not unrea- 
 sonable. In a letter written some months before the war he said: "If 
 you came to me to-day with a petition, praying for reforms, I assure 
 you that I would quite willingly sign my name, for I also want to better 
 the conditions of the Government, which I know is not what it should 
 be." For trample, he has admitted that the conditions of obtaining the 
 franchise by C»utlanders ought to be more liberal and more simple. 
 He would even grant it after two, three or four years' residence. He 
 would repeal the renunciation and revocation clauses of the oath, em- 
 ploying only a declaration or oath of fidelity, loyalty and obedience to 
 the Transvaal Republic, '=' ich as the Orange Free State demands. This 
 would cut a man off from his previous citizenship and bind him to the 
 South African Republic with all needeJ solemnity. He would, how- 
 ever, retain the custom that has been introduced of recent years into 
 the Transvaal by which the oath of allegiance is made at the beginning 
 of the full period which must elapse before the power of exercising the 
 franchise is conferred. 
 
 It is strange, therefore, to reflect that the old General is fighting to 
 provide what he regards as not unreasonable reforms. His is perhaps 
 the most pathetic figure in this war, as he leads his armies in what he 
 knows to be a hopeless struggle for the independence of his country. 
 
 V i 
 
 
POLITICAL WORKERS. 
 
 / 
 257 
 
 The pathos is deepened when we realize that his own policy would 
 have removed those very features of Transvaal law which occasioned 
 the disputes that led to the war. Referring to the possibility of war, 
 he declared that he could not see sufficient reason for a. conflict between 
 England and the Transvaal. In his opinion the differences could have 
 been settled peacefully and without resort to arms. He was throughout 
 unwilling to admit that the controversy would end in war, while as a 
 loyal citizen he stood ready to carry out the behests of his Government. 
 
 SECTION IV. 8IR HERCULES ROBINSON. 
 
 Sir Hercules Robinson was one of the many distinguished Britons 
 who, having been fortunate enough to become widely known under 
 their family name, have hidden themselves under a title of nobility on 
 being raised to the House of Lords. Sir Hercules Robinson became 
 Lord Rosmead at the very end of his life when his public career was 
 over. Hence we must speak of him in the following paragraphs by that 
 name which he wore throughout his life. 
 
 His fame rests upon the fact that he became High Commissioner for 
 South Africa and Governor of the Cape Colony at one of the most critical 
 turning points in the history of the country. He was sent out as im- 
 mediate successor of Sir Bartle Frere, who had been appointed for the 
 express purpose of carrying out a policy of vigor and hurry, but had 
 been recalled under a cloud of official disgrace. Others had pursued 
 that policy without wisdom and the disastrous effects were laid upon 
 his shoulders. Like many men who have been concerned in the exten- 
 sion or upbuilding of the British Empire, Sir Hercules Robinson was an 
 Irishman. His father was Admiral Hercules Robinson of Rosmead in 
 the County of Westmeath. The younger Hercules never forgot his an- 
 cestral home, and at the close of his life he assumed its name as his title 
 in the House of Lords. 
 
 While a young man Hercules Robinson held various posts in the 
 Irish civil service; then he became a justice of the peace in the County 
 of Kildare. After a short period of military service in the 87th Regi- 
 ment, he was appointed President of Montserrat, and for forty years 
 thereafter he spent his life in the Governorship of distant portions of 
 the British Empire. He became successively Governor of the Let>ward 
 
iVfl 
 
 IHi! 
 
 !i 
 
 i 
 
 I !' ■■191 
 
 i 'i '• ] 
 I ' 
 
 IM 
 
 258 
 
 POLITICAL r/ORKERS. 
 
 Islands, Governor of Hong Kong, and Governor of Ceylon. In the year 
 1872 he received remarkable promotion, and the first real opportunity 
 of his life, by his appointment to the Governorship of New South Wales. 
 Ilitherto he had been ruling over the populations of dependencies, 
 where the stage of self-government i^ad not been reached. He now 
 undertook the much more delicate task of acting as the titular ruler of 
 a great self-governing colony. He appears to have made himself both 
 popular as a man and successful as an official in this important sphere, 
 and did good service by drawing attention to the problem which since 
 those years has made gradual approaches to a solution, namely, the con- 
 federation of all the Australian Colonies. He was one of those who 
 believed in the possibility, and, if all goes well, the probability of fed- 
 erating all the great colonies with Great Britain herself in still closer 
 bonds than those which at present make them one. 
 
 Robinson as a student of constitutional history admired the Ameri- 
 can and Canadian Constitutions and saw clearly that for any state in 
 Australia to stand out of the union in the hope of benefiting itself would 
 be an act of political and even of commercial suicide. The consumma- 
 tion which he so long ago helped with others to prepare, has quite re- 
 cently been happily reached on that continent. 
 
 In the year 1881 the Governor of New South Wales received an ap< 
 pointment of a still more trying nature and the supreme task of his life 
 was laid upon Sir Hercules Robinson. It was in the year 1881. Sir 
 Bartle Frere, almost Universally loved in South Africa by Boer and Eng- 
 lish alike, who had had nothing to do either with the annexation of the 
 Transvaal or its misgovernment or with the war of independence or the 
 retrocession of the country, was made the scapegoat for the blunders 
 of others, especially of his superiors in London. He was openly threat- 
 ened with impeachment on his return, and in every way had his name 
 deliberately blackened by men, some of whom might have been honored 
 by blacking his shoes. The Government decided to put in his place 
 some one whose career had been characterized by suavity of manner, 
 correctness of official performance and quietness of purpose. They 
 found such an one, and afterwards paid the price, in Sir Hercules Rob- 
 inson. He was an ideal official, scrupulous even punctilious in the ob- 
 servance of all the routine and etiquette of hign official life. He had 
 
// 
 
 POLITICAL WORKERS. 
 
 259 
 
 spent his life in seeking to please men, and gave himself in South Africa 
 to the task of pleasing every one. He had never been compelled as Sir 
 Bartle Frere, an immeasurably greater man, to undertake labors de- 
 manding large grasp of policy and what one may call the initiative 
 impulse. He was always more led than leader. 
 
 When he arrived in South Africa Sir Hercules Robinson found the 
 Dutch party aroused to a white heat of self-consciousness and ambi- 
 tiousness by the victory of their revolutionary brethren in the Transvaal. 
 Everywhere the race feeling between English and Boers was accentu- 
 ated. The keenest minds in the Dutch Republic and in the Dutch party 
 in Cape Town saw as by a keen intuition into the wealcness of the British 
 Government, its attitude of compliance with whatever demands the 
 Boers mi ^ht make. Mr. Gladstone had avowedly restored to the Trans- 
 vaal its independence because the Boer inhabitants of the country 
 demanded it. "Where," these same men seem to have asked themselves, 
 "Where shall we find the limits to this acquiescent spirit? Where will 
 Great Britain attempt the hard task of putting down her foot and say- 
 ing, Thus far and no farther?" The result of cogitations and questions 
 of this kind in the minds of men at Pretoria, Bloemfontein and Cape 
 Town was the formation of the Afrikander Bond. Concerning this most 
 remarkable and most powerful society, the real moulder of South Afri- 
 can history since that date, we give a full account elsewhere in these 
 pages. The instinct of Sir Hercules Robinson, it may almost be said his 
 inevitable duty, in the circumstances was to please the Afrikander Bond. 
 His Governorship may therefore be summed up in this statement, that he 
 sought conscientiously and earnestly on the one side to win over the 
 trust and affections of the Dutch people by yielding to their demands in 
 all matters which seemed to him compatible with the maintenance of 
 British authority; but on the other hand this drove him at various im- 
 portant points to find a way to exercise that authority which should at 
 once preserve it from destruction and yet suit it to the ostensible aims 
 of the Afrikander Bond. In 1883 the Governor returned to London in 
 time to meet the Transvaal Delegates in conference with Lord Derby. 
 The result of their conference was the drawing up and signing of the 
 London Convention of 1884, and for this document Sir Hercules was 
 very largely responsible. In that Convention we find that once more 
 
 I 
 
 i 111 
 
 ' I 
 
260 
 
 POLITICAL WORKERS. 
 
 1 W 
 
 Great Britain has yielded a large number of vital points to the demands 
 of the Boers, without any counterbalancing gifts on their part whatso- 
 ever. At only two points did Lord Derby and Sir Hercules Robinson 
 maintain a firm attitude, the one was regarding the making of treaties, 
 the other the drawing of the boundary line in South Bechuanaland. 
 With regard to South Bechuanaland Sir Hercules Robinson publicly 
 committed himself to the policy of direct Imperial control and himself, 
 against the wish at first of both Lord Derby and John Mackenzie, in- 
 sisted upon the appointment of the latter as the first Imperial Deputy- 
 Commissioner in Bechuanaland. It is evident that at this time Sir 
 Hercules imagined that the Boers would be quieted and satisfied by the 
 policy of acceding to their demands on many important and even vital 
 matters, and that he would still be able to maintain the British suprem- 
 acy by the new policy of initiating direct Imperial administration of 
 native territories. 
 
 When he reached Cape Town he found the Dutch party full of en- 
 thusiasm over the remarkable gains which they had made in London, 
 but thoroughly aroused to the dangers in which their further plans 
 would be involved by Robinson's scheme of Imperialism. They pro- 
 duced a very considerable agitation on this matter with the result that 
 they conquered Mr. Rhodes, who was then coming to the front, and 
 Captain Bower, who was at that time named Imperial Secretary, and 
 through whom under this title communications with the administrators 
 of the new Imperial scheme were to be carried on. With their help a 
 new policy with a new title was evolved to suit the emergency. The 
 policy was known as Colonial Imperialism, and it was pursued with 
 the utmost vigor. Mr. Rhodes did his utmost to conciliate the Dutch 
 party by speaking openly of "eliminating the Imperial factor," by which 
 he meant of course the removing of direct relations between Great Brit- 
 ain and native territories or the new colonies in South Africa. The 
 policy which he at this time professed was the one which he himself 
 later finally defeated, of extending the Cape Colony up through Bech- 
 uanaland and gradually placing all South Central Africa under the 
 British flag through the expansion of this one colony. The Dutch of 
 course, while never professing enthusiasm for the scheme, allowed it to 
 proceed, as being infinitely preferable to the other. Sir Hercules Rob- 
 
mm 
 
 POLITICAL WORKERS. 
 
 261 
 
 inson, no doubt sincerely, believed that once more he could win the 
 affections of the Dutch party for Great Britain by administering the 
 pill of Imperialism under the sweet covering of colonial expansion. 
 The result, as we describe elsewhere in detail, of the adoption of this 
 policy was, that South Bechuanaland was very nearly lost to the British 
 Empire within a few months of its proclamation as a British protector- 
 ate by an Imperial officer. The only thing that saved South Bechuana- 
 land from absorption by the Transvaal as the result of Mr. Rhodes's 
 Colonial Imperialism, and the one thing that saved Sir Hercules Robin- 
 son's Governorship from an everlasting disgrace, was the sending out, 
 against the wish both of Mr. Rhodes and Robinson, of the Warren expe- 
 dition. The Blue Books show beyond all ^oubt that Sir Charles War- 
 ren was from the first hampered by both the High (Commissioner for 
 South Africa and his Deputy Commissioner in Bechuanaland (Mr. 
 Rhodes). This, Sir Charles Warren himself later proved in public print 
 with the utmost clearness. The result of that expedition was the final 
 rescue of South Bechuanaland from the Transvaal. It became a Crown 
 Colony and so continued for about ten years. 
 
 la the year 1888-89 Sir Hercules Robinson became interested in the 
 magnificent scheme of development which had gradually formed in the 
 mind of Mr. Rhodes and was kept cognizant of the various steps by 
 which concessions were being obtained from Lobengula in Matabele- 
 land. In April, 1889, the Governor sent a message to London announc- 
 ing certain of these concessions and clearly hinting that they might 
 become the basis of a Chartered Company. In that year Sir Hercules 
 Robinson's term of office reached its close, and he returned to England. 
 Having been reappointed he returned to the Cape for another term of 
 seven years. Bat to the amazement of all he made a speech which was 
 so full of anti-Imperialism, so amazingly disloyal, that the Dutch could 
 not openly defend, though they rejoiced at it, and the loyal citizens were 
 indignant. It led to his immediate recall ! He lived in retirement for six 
 years and then in the year 1894, to the utter astonishment of all men, he 
 was reappointed. His successor. Sir Henry Loch, afterwards Lord 
 Loch, had found his position in South Africa growing more and more 
 uncomfortable for himself. He could not work beyond a certain point 
 with Mr. Rhodes, nor Mr. Rhodes with him. He was not so pliant to the 
 
 4 
 
 
 
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 POLITICAL WORKERS. 
 
 purposes of the millionaire Prime Minister of the Cape Colony and ruler 
 of Khodesia. 
 
 When Sir Henry Loch retired Mr. Rhodes hastened to England and 
 himself pressed upon the Government the urgent need of sending out 
 Sir Hercules Robinson on the ground that he alone had kept the peace 
 between the Boers and the English, and was the most successful Got- 
 ernor for that reason whom South Africa had seen. It is related that 
 even President Kruger, in order to snub Sir Henry Loch, had spoken 
 with enthusiasm of Sir Hercules Robinson as a man who always kept his 
 word. So he did — to Mr. Rhodes and the Dutch party. Yet Mr. Kruger 
 did once, in 1S84, call Robinson a "liar," but that was when Robinson 
 displeased him. 
 
 One of the first questions brought to the front on his return to South 
 Africa was that of annexing the Crown Colony of Bechuanaland to 
 the Cape Colony. This annexation was not desired by the Cape Col- 
 onists as a whole; it was detested by the native chiefs with whom sol- 
 emn Imperial agreements had been made, and it was deeply disliked by 
 the majority of whites. But Mr. Rhodes had reasons for desiring this 
 annexation and Sir Hercules Robinson was only reopening the old policy 
 of Imperialism through colonial expansion; and it was always easy to 
 persuade reluctant Cape Dutch, if there were any, that the colony would 
 derive immense benefits from the annexation. The scheme was carried 
 by a majority in the Cape Parliament, and was agreed to by the Colonial 
 Oflfice in London. The English Government in this way once more 
 broke faith with native tribes and once more put them as we have shown 
 elsewhere at the mercy of Dutch prejudices and practices. 
 
 The annexation took place in October, 189.5, and in December of the 
 same year the Jameson Raid occurred. A glance nt the map will show 
 that the Raid could not have taken place if Bechuanaland had not been 
 brought out of Imperial administration into the power of Mr. Rhodes, 
 Prime Minister of Cape Colony! When this tragic event threw South 
 Africa into tumult, Sir Hercules Robinson saw for the first time the very 
 instruments which he thought he had been using throughout his two 
 administrations for reconciling the white races, used to cut them apart 
 more widely than ever. The control of Bechuanaland had been neces- 
 sary to Mr. Rhodes's scheme of supporting the revolution of Johannes- 
 
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POLITICAL WORKERS. 
 
 2C5 
 
 burg. Colonial Imperialism had been employed irst in 1884 to recon- 
 cile the Dutch in Cape Colony, and then, in 1895, to overthrow them in 
 the Transvaal. Mr. Rhodes, hailed for years as the reconciler of the 
 races, stood forth as their divider. South Africa was plunged into 
 years of the utmost misery, which have reached their deepest darkness 
 in the year now running its dreary course. 
 
 When the Uald took place Sir Hercules Robinson as soon as possible 
 rushed to Pretoria. lie came upon the scene there at a time of extraordi- 
 nary excitement and intense anxiety. He was commanded by the Brit- 
 ish Government to repudiate all connection with the Raid and its insti- 
 gators. At the same time it was his duty to obtain from President 
 Kruger as lenient a treatment as possible of the Outlanders who had 
 plunged into this difficulty, and to claim that the British subjects who 
 had invaded the Transvaal or rather their leaders and oflficers should be 
 sent to London for trial and punishment. 
 
 There can be no doubt that Sir Hercules Robinson's past friendliness 
 towards the Boers gave him some grace even amid this heat of passion 
 in the eyes of President Kruger. On the other hand, there seems abund- 
 ant proof that he once more gained the apparent good will of the Dutch 
 by avoiding an insistent tone when appealing on behalf of the Outland- 
 ers. They have ever since maintained that he allowed President Kru- 
 ger to break faith with them and that pledges made when they expected 
 that the High Commissioner would see them fulfilled, were quietlj' ig- 
 nored. When the trial of the Raiders took place in London and when 
 the special committee of the House of Commons investigated the whole 
 transaction, next to the question'regarding the complicity of Mr. Cham- 
 berlain, there was most interest in the question whether the Queen's rep- 
 resentative in South Africa had also been mixed up in the affair or not. 
 Mr. Rhodes could easily prove that all his dealings with the Govern- 
 ment House at Cape Town had been through the Imperial Secretary, the 
 same Sir Graham Bower with w^hom he had co-operated for so many 
 years in adapting Imperial policies to Cape politics. It was not quite 
 so easy for the Imperial Secretary to prove that he had kept the entire 
 correspondence and scheme absolutely secret from his chief, Sir Her- 
 cules Robinson. But on the other hand, he did before the committee 
 very strenuously maintain the position which he had assumed, bravely 
 
 Inly 
 
2(16 
 
 POLITICAL WORKERS. 
 
 An 
 
 taklnjj tlio ontiro irsponsibilily upon his own shoulders. This story baa 
 yet to be made publif, aud then it will be known whether ihe poor, a}»ed 
 IIi}j;h Commissioner was actuilly used as a tool by his subordinates 
 without his kuowledji^e, or whether he had once more been persuaded by 
 their stronger wills and determined purposes to acMjuiesce in proceed- 
 ings which his strict official mind ought to have cast utterly away 
 as impossibilities. In si)ite of breaking health and the unenviable posi- 
 tion in which he found himself, Sir Hercules Hobinson held on in his 
 office, striving hard to assuage somewhat the extreme bitterness which 
 had once more broken out between the South African white races. In 
 the year 1897, "foiled by his fellow men, depressed, out-worn," this aged 
 serxant of the Queen left the "brutal world to take its way" in South 
 Africa, and retired under the title of Lord Rosmead into private life. 
 He died before the end of the year. 
 
 SECTION V. OLIVE SCHREINER. 
 
 One of the best known names and tlie only famous lit€»rary name 
 of South Africa, is that of Olive Schreiner. This is her maiden 
 name, and she, in a fashion, retains it, for on her marriage her 
 husband and she united their surnames into one, and they are known 
 as Mr. and Mrs. Ci'onwright Schreiner. Her father was a Lutheran 
 minister in Cape Town. Her mother was an English lady whose former 
 name was Lj-ndall. Some time after her husband's death she went 
 over to the Roman Catholic Church and retired to a convent at Gra- 
 hamstown. It is her name (Lyndall) that Olive Schreiner after- 
 wards gave to the principal character in her famous novel. She early 
 left her home for the purpose of teaching, and while thus occupied gave 
 much time to very earnest and wide reading in modern literature and 
 philosophy. Possessed of a very intense and enthusiastic nature she 
 threw herself into the deepest controversies with her whole heart and 
 soul. 
 
 While yet in her teens the fashionable radicalism in matters of faith 
 stirred her soul; it found passionate expression in the year 1883 in her 
 famous and fascinating book entitled "The Story of an African Farm, 
 by Ralph Iron." Nowhere else can one find a description so faithful, 
 so vivid, so thrilling of life on a frontier farm in South Africa as in 
 
POLITICAL WORKERS. 
 
 207 
 
 1(1 
 
 this book. Seldom has a rcbollious .yoiinj; Houl pouivd out its indif^na- 
 tion ap;ainst rij>i«lit.y and insincciily in bcliof, or aj?ainHt thoso habits 
 of social lifo which it deemed senseless and hurtful, with more elo(iuenco 
 or ujore terrible earnest lU'ss. The book by reason at once of its literary 
 power, its brilliaiit descri])tive passaj^es and its bold utterances of a 
 heart's rebellion ajiainst the horrid facts of life attracted }iTeat atten- 
 tion. After her fame was made, Olive Schreiner went to Enj^land and 
 there lived for a considerable ]ieri()d. She has written various works, 
 but none comes up to her first stroke of }j;enius. Iler little book entitled 
 "Dreams," publisheil in 189t), consists of a sonu'what ambitious series 
 of spiritual allej^'ories. While beautiful and impressive they are too 
 slifjjht, with too little real body of thought in them, to give them a per- 
 manent position in literature. 
 
 At a later date she wrote her extraordinary book entitled "Trooper 
 Peter llalkett," which one may describe as a novel with a purpose. 
 The story is very slight. There is scarcely any plot, and what there 
 is has elements in it which mar its unity and its value as a work of 
 art. The book, however, is really a pamphlet, an utterance of Olive 
 Schreiner's political views. At one time a warm admirer of Mr. Khodes 
 she came to regard him as the most dangerous man in South Africa, 
 and believes so to-day. While recognizing his extraordinary power she 
 has had her eyes opened to the sinister side of his influence. She views 
 him chiefl}' as controlled by the master passion for gold, and believes 
 that he has subordinated the interests of South African politics from 
 Cape Town to the Zambesi to his schemes as a cai)italist. She has seen 
 him organize the Jameson Kaid, as she believed, in order to overthrow 
 the Transvaal Government and obtain control of it for himself and his 
 fellow capitalists. She has seen him send his i)i()neers into Mashoua- 
 land and Matabeleland and there engage in one war after another 
 with the natives, his chartered company's servants who spread them- 
 selves over the land treating the natives as dogs undei' their feet. She 
 has seen in this way Mr. Rhodes's brilliant scheme of Imperialism 
 through the Colonial Parliament and the Chartered Company worked 
 by him she believes to the disgrace of the Imperial name and the hurt of 
 South African races both white and black. 
 
 Nowhere does the difference between the Colonial and Imperial 
 

 2«8 
 
 POLITICAL WORKllRS. 
 
 .^ 
 
 W ' 
 
 ntlitiulo towards the ualivcM ivccivc more jjowci'fiil t'xpression than in 
 the foUowinjn' words of her hero, IVtor llalkctt: "Now, he (Mr. Rhodes) 
 is death on uip;f>ers; they say when he was Prime Minister down in the 
 Colony he tried to pass a law that wonld give masters and mistresses 
 the right to have their servants flogged Avheuever they did anything 
 tJiey did not like; but the other Englishmen would not let him pass it. 
 But here he can do what he likes. That is the reason some of the 
 fellows don't want him to be sent away. They say, *If we get the British 
 Government here they will be giving the niggei*s land to live on; and 
 let them have a vote and get civilized and educated, and all that sort 
 of thing; but Cecil Khodes, he will keep their noses to the grindstone!' 
 I prefer land to niggers, he says (an actual saying of Mr. Khodes). They 
 say he's going to parcel them out and make them work on our lands, 
 whether they like it or not, just as good as having slaves, you know; 
 and you haven't the bother of looking after them when they're old. 
 Now, there I'm with Khodes; I think it's an awfully good move. We 
 don't come out here to work; it's all very well in England; but we've 
 come here to make money, and how are we to make it unless you get 
 niggers to work for you or start a syndicate. lie's death on niggers, is 
 Khodes! * * « You can do what you like with the niggers, pro- 
 vided you don't get him into trouble." 
 
 Mrs. Cronwright Schreiner has viewed all recent events from this 
 point of view. She has in recent years transferred her home from 
 Kimberley to Johannesburg, and in each place she has seen in every 
 public movement the master hand of the irresistible Cecil Rhodes. 
 Brought up to love the Dutch, and trained by later experience to love 
 the Queen's Government, she has viewed with the dismay of a wounded 
 love the crash of bitterness between these two who should have been, 
 and for the good of South Africa must be, united in confidence as they 
 are united in interest. She has, therefore, during the events of the 
 last twelve months, poured out her indignation in one public utterance 
 after another, condemning in the most sweeping and scathing manner 
 the entire proceedings of Mr. Rhodes and Mr. Chamberlain, of the agi- 
 tators at Johannesburg and of their dupes and tools, as she believes, 
 in London. 
 
 Olive Schreiner is said by all who know her to possess a most 
 
POLITICAL WORKERS. 
 
 260 
 
 sti'ikiug uiitl delightful perHoiialit.v. Slu* ih tUim deHcribed by one \\\m 
 came to know hor well durlug a long voyage: "FTer features are clear 
 cut and strong, her figure below the average height, her eyes as deep 
 as dark Derwentwater, and capable of storm as well as love. Iler voice 
 is buoyant and clear; her face as open as a child's, and as swift in its 
 responsive expression of light and shade, \i'{ marked by reserve of 
 strength and will force. You find in her none <»f the marks of literary 
 pedantry. She draws you on to your best and truest, and is ready to 
 join you whether upon the ground of woman's world, the pleasures of 
 England, or the deep things of Buddha — but you must not rashly refer 
 to her own writings, especially her 'African Farm.' " 
 
 Perhaps the deepest passion of 0^'ve Schreiner's life in recent years 
 has been the longing to see the reconciliation of the white races of 
 South Africa. She has noted with enthusiasm every sign of love for 
 the Queen manifested by Dutch farmers, every expression of confidence 
 in the British Government and every movement towards sympathetic 
 action with English Afrikanders. Hence one can understand the truth 
 of the assertion that she is nearly broken hearted over the horror and 
 shame of the present war. To her it appears as the setting back of the 
 clock, the opening of the wound that was nearly healed, the rousing of 
 a hatred which had been long undergoing a quiet transformation into 
 love. To this high calling it may be said that Olive Schreiner is pre- 
 pared to devote her genius and all the years of her life. 
 
 SECTION VI. SIR THEOPHILUS SHEPSTONE. 
 
 Sir Theophilus Shepstone was one of the many able administrators 
 whom clerical families have given to South Africa. Tlis father, the 
 Rev. William Shepstone, emigrated from England to the Cape in the 
 year 1820, and became a devoted laborer among the blacks. Young 
 Shepstone was therefore in a large measure educated at the native mis- 
 sions, acquiring in this way a marvelous knowledge of the various 
 dialects of South Africa. Two of the most marked tendencies of Shep- 
 stone's character are due to the fact that he was English and not South 
 African by birth, and to the other fact that he was educated by the mis- 
 sionaries side by side with the native boys. 
 
270 
 
 POLITICAL WORKERS. 
 
 !i i 
 
 To the first fact is due his English patriotism, his constant desire to 
 serve the Mother Country, his conception of the British Empire as a 
 great unity long before such a thought had entered the consciousness 
 of (lie home-staying British themselves. It is a remarkable fact that 
 the British Empire is federating from without rather than from within. 
 It is not the central Government in London that seeks to impose a closer 
 bond; it is the outlying colonies themselves that first become conscious 
 of a desire to cling closer to the country that gave them birth, both for 
 their own sake and for hers. This desire animated Shepstone all 
 through his political life. He never forgot tliat he was an Englishman. 
 It was this desire that made him fall in so readilv with Lord Carnarvon's 
 confederation plan, and, as a preliminary to that, led him to annex the 
 Ti'ausvaal. 
 
 To the second prominent fact of his early years, his education at the 
 native missions, is due that nmrvelous inliuence which he exercised over 
 the native mind. It was through the possession of this single and re- 
 nuirkabk' cjuality that he became a power in South Africa, for few have 
 ever handled the natives as he did. All over the Empire Britain has 
 had men who by symi)atliy, knovrhnlge, and, above all. matchless nerve, 
 could entei liito tlie native mind, get a grip on it, and so drive it where 
 they vouhl, Shepstone was one of these men. lie did not think as a 
 white aian and then translate his thoughts into Kattir like the average 
 Buicaucrat, when need be, he c<mi1(1, by a)i uncanny intuition, go right 
 into the nativ" mind and tliMik what it was thinking. The influence 
 which this gave him among the blacks was obviously enormous. And 
 he never abused it — he did all in his power to protect the natives — in- 
 deed, it was the desire to jirotect the natives from the Boers as well as 
 his desire to extend British inflnence that led him to annex the Trans- 
 vaal. The natives rei)aid him with a like dev<»tion. To them he was 
 alwavs "the white father." 
 
 As an example of the mysterious power which Shi'pstone could bring 
 to bear on the native mind there is no better y^ory than that which re- 
 counts how he subdued an angry Zulu host that was thirsting for his 
 l,)lood. lie was alone, one \\iiite man ii. the midst of thonsands of 
 savages. When he rose to sj»eak (lie white teeth and eyes gleanu^l 
 ferociously in the black fa<('s, making a strange ring of fierceness round 
 
POLITICAL WORKERS. 
 
 271 
 
 him. lie began by speaking their own thoughts to them; how easy it 
 would be for them to kill him. "But," he said, and pointed to the sea, 
 "for every little drop of my blood that you shed a white army will come 
 across yonder sea and will slay you utterly." Every eye turned sea- 
 ward, expecting that very moment to see the swift oncoming of the 
 avenging hosts. Few ^ors have ever had such a compliment paid 
 them, have ever produc^^a an effect so immediate and telling. Shep- 
 stone was allowed to go. And from that moment the natives would 
 haA'e died for him. 
 
 Owing to his skill as a lii,^aist Shepstone was made headquarters' 
 interpreter of Kaffir languages at Cape Town in 1835. On the day that 
 he was appointed to this responsible post, the 8th of January, he com- 
 pleted his eighteenth year. He distinguished himself in the Kaffir 
 war of 1834-5 by leading a party of volunteers to rescue the whites shut 
 up in AVesleyville, and, as a reward, was made clerk to the Agent 
 General. It was in 1838, when he was only twenty, that Shepstoue 
 began v»hat was destined, to prove his lifelong connection with Natal. 
 A Bri ish force under Major Chart eris occupied Natal temporarily in 
 1838, and a skilled native agent Avas required to deal with the Natal 
 natives. Shepstone's previous services had marked him out, young as 
 he was, as the best man for the post, and accordingly he was appointed. 
 He acquitted himself so well that when Natal was constituted a separ- 
 ate GoA'ernment in 1815 he was made agent for the native tribes. In 
 185C), when the powers of ti Natal Government were enlarged, Shep- 
 stone became Secretary for Native Affairs, and a member of the Execu- 
 tive and Legislative Councils. In the discharge of his duties he met 
 with a good deal of opposition from sentimentalists, who wished to 
 change a good Zulu into a bad European by the simple process of rig- 
 ging him out in an old pair of pantaloons. But Shepstone was a strong 
 man and would not allow himself to be driven. lie maintained that 
 civilization must go slow, if it is to go sure, anu)ng the black population. 
 Old customs must not be swei>t violently away, else the black, deprived 
 of tribal habit and not yet sustained by a new rule of conduct, will be 
 left without any guidance whatsoever. Therefore black customs, un- 
 less they are monstrously offensive to morality and good government, 
 are not to be lightly jiMMldJed with. In this, as in other '-ases, Shep- 
 
 
 I 
 
 

 2T2 
 
 POLITICAL WORKERS. 
 
 stone was actuated by his extraordinary feeling for what was going on 
 in the inside of the Kaffii^'s mind. 
 
 In 1872 Shepstone was sent into Zululand to arrange for the peace- 
 ful succession of Cetywayo. He accjuired an enormous influence over 
 Cetywayo's mind, and thus we see the two influences that animated 
 Shepstone's life coming together to produce a single and definite result. 
 His power over the natives now comes to the aid of his Imperial pa- 
 triotism, and helps him to aggrandize Britain by annexing the Trans- 
 vaal, for there can be no doubt that Shepstone scared the Boers by 
 asking what would hapi)en "if he withdrew his hand from Cetywayo," 
 and so made them more willing to come under English authorit /. 
 
 Shepstone had doubtless been encouraged in his Transvaal scheme 
 by the visit he paid to London, in 1876, to represent Natal at the con- 
 ference on South African affairs. Lord Carnarvon, then Colonial Sec- 
 retary, wished to confederate South Africa on the same lines as Can- 
 ada. As the Transvaal was bankrupt, unable to defend itself, and a 
 source of weakness to the other white states in South Africa; and as, 
 further, nearly 8,000 voters out of a total of 8,000 were asking for Brit- 
 ish intervention, it cannot be said that it was a wrong or a foolish move 
 on the part of Shepstoue to further Carnarvon's designs by taking over 
 the Boer (lovernment. The only charge that can be brought against 
 him is that he acted with undue precipitancy. It is confldently said 
 that if he had waited six months, the troubles of the Boers would have 
 been so pressing that not three but seven thousand Boers would have 
 been praying for his intervention. In that case the Boers could not 
 have turned round afterwards and said that the annexation was 
 against their will. True; but it should be remembered that if Shep- 
 stone's promise to the Boers had been carried out at once they never 
 would iiave had occasion to turn roiind and protest against the annexa- 
 tion. Shepstone i)romised them representative government — and he 
 meant them to have it, too. He drafted a constitution for the Trans- 
 vaal, but it was pigeon-holed in London and forgotten. Then Shep- 
 stone was superseded, and, for various reasons, his designs were not 
 carried out by his successors. And so the Boers rose in revolt; but the 
 fault was not Shepstone's. 
 
 He retired from public servi<e in 1880, and lived in retirement until 
 
 i(> 
 
POLITICAL WORKERS. 
 
 273 
 
 his death in 1893. That retirement was only broken once — when he 
 was asked to perform the ceremony of reinstating the deposed Cety wayo 
 as chief of the Zulus. He had been made a Knight of the Cross of St. 
 Michael and St. George in 1876. 
 
 SECTION VII. HON. W. P. SCHREINER. 
 
 The present Prime Minister of the Cape Colony is a native of South 
 Africa. His father was a Lutheran minister wlio had liA'e children, 
 all of whom in (me wav or anotlier have alreadv made their mark 
 in South African history. There are thre(^ brothers, of whom tlie 
 eldest is an eminent educationalist and the other an enthusiastic 
 preacher. There are two sisters, the elder of whom has devoted her life 
 to the cause of temperance and has exercised remarkable intiuence upon 
 the lives of many who have become victims of the drink craving. The 
 younger sister is the far-famed writer Olive Schreiucr. The five broth- 
 ers and sisters are known for tlieir strong individuality and the utter 
 frankness with which they express their diflerences of opinion to one 
 another. Yet this is done without creating bitter divisions in the 
 family affections. For example, the two sisters stand on opposite sides 
 in their judgment of the necessity of the present war, W. P. Schreiner, 
 the Prime Minister, is sui)i)orted in his political lift* by the Afrikander 
 Bond, while one of liis elder brothers, Thomas, has I'^'cently put on 
 public record tlie fact tliat in 1881 he declined to join the Afrikander 
 Bond because he saw that its constitution imjdied disloyalty to the 
 Queen; and Mr. Iteitz, afterwards President of the Orange Fr^e State, 
 and at present Secretary in President Kruger's Government, one of the 
 founders of the Bond, was unwilling to deny that tliis miglit be th<^ case. 
 
 While yet a lad V>\ V. Sclu-einer made his way to Kimberley and 
 worked for several years in the mines there. But this was a mere epi- 
 sode in his career. The trend of his mind Avas in an entirely different 
 direction, for he turned to the study of law and made his profession of 
 a barrister the basis of his career. He was not long in coming io the 
 front as a legal adviser and served in this capacity both with Sir Henry 
 Loch and Sir Francis De Winton during the prcdonged negotiaiions re- 
 garding Swaziland. From both of tliese gentlemen he received high 
 praise for his services. 
 
 
 
 ;( 
 
 i 
 
274 
 
 POLITICAL WORKERS. 
 
 In 1898 he became the leader of the Cape bar in point of practice, and 
 in that year he reached the high position of official head in Mr. Khodes's 
 cabinet. He had already for some yoar.j been a member of the Cape 
 Parliament as a representative of Kimberley and had* acted also as 
 Attorney-General. 
 
 Critics of his style affirm that there is a great difference between 
 Mr. Schreiner's manner as a speaker when he pleads in the courts of 
 law and when he addresses the Cape Legislature. In the former he 
 appears as the quiet, judicial, self-restrained conversationalist, while 
 in the latter his voice is loud, his style rhetorical, his tone aggressive 
 and insistent. Like manv able members of small houses of legislature 
 lie is said to be somewhat domineering in manner and unable to endure 
 criticism and opposition. 
 
 In the beginni;^ig of 189G when the elameson Kaid broke out it was 
 Mr. Schreiner Avho visited his former chief and found him in that condi- 
 tion of despair, as if all his hopes were broken, and uttering piteous, 
 affectionate com])lainings against his friend Di*. Jameson, which Mr. 
 Hchreiner afterwards described to tlie world. He came to London and 
 gave evidence before tlie select committee of the House of Commons in 
 the following year. In the year following that again (1SJ)8) Mr. 
 Schreiner brought forward a motion expressing want of conlidence in 
 Sir Gordon Sprigg, the Prime Minister who had succeeded Mr. Khodes. 
 He denounced the administration of Sir Gordon Sprigg for three-quar- 
 ters of an hour in the most unsparing fasliion, denied that the issue 
 before the country as between th<' two ])arties was that of British 
 supremacy, affirmed that he and his friends and tli<' Avhole Bond i>arty 
 were as tirnily attached to the Queen and flag as the Progressives, who 
 claimed that virtue as their monopoly. He had by tliis time completely 
 broken witli Mr. liliodes and lost no o])])ortr.nily of denouncing the 
 p<»licy by which Mr. l{ho<les had for so long liyi)notized the Dutch l)arty 
 ill Cape Town while pre))aringto strike a faiul blow at Dutch supremacy 
 in the Transvaal. As a result of 'ic strong agitation whicli in and out 
 of the House ]Mr. Schreiner kept u]) against th<' party formerly led by 
 ^fr. IJlMxles, he was at tlie next election carried by a considerable 
 majority into uffice and became Prime Minister of the Cape Colony. 
 Jt is well known of course thai (iiere he has reigned by grace of Mr. 
 
POLITICAL WORKERS. 
 
 275 
 
 y 
 
 V. 
 
 Ilofmeyr and that the latter has a price for all the favors which he 
 extends. 
 
 When in October, 1808, Mr. Schreiner made a declaration of his party 
 policy he laid emraasis upon the fact that they would endeavor to 
 maintain, departmentally and as a Government, friendly relations be- 
 tween Cape Colony and Rhodesia, lie reco<j;nized of course that his 
 predecessor by opening up those northern territories had once for all 
 changed the balance of power in South Africa and that the day would 
 speedily come when the Cape Colony could not si and out as pre-emi- 
 nently the most powerful European community in South Africa. One 
 of the most interesting phases of recent history in South Africa is this 
 los« by the Cape Colony of its ancient position as the dominant force in 
 South African development, and the loss is not being accepted without 
 many an effort to prevent it. Hence 't was noi an unnecessary asser- 
 tion which Mr. Schreiner made, when he assured the i)ublic that the 
 Cape Government would in no way attempt to iiit(q'f(>re with the prog- 
 ress of Khodesia. Towards the two Dutch Kepublics Ik- expressed cor- 
 dial sympathies. His Government would recognize the autonomy and 
 independence of the two sister States, and he trusted to be able to 
 foster a condition of mutual good feeling between the older Colony and 
 the two Kepublics. 
 
 As the cloud of this war began to spread over the South African sky 
 Mr. Schreiner's position as Prime Minister b(>cam(» exceedingly ditticMilt 
 and full of delicate problems for himself and others. He exerted him- 
 self to the utmost to prevent the negotiations of IS'M) from developing 
 into an open rupture and so strongly did he press the n(HMl of i)atience 
 upon Sir Alfred Milner and the Hritish (lovernuient that it looked at 
 one time as if he must resign his otti<'«' in onler lo maintain his self- 
 r;.^pect. But a dee]) sense of duty to his country undoubttNlly restrained 
 him from what would have been the rash and most dangerous step of 
 resignation. By retaining his ]»osition as l*rime Ministrr and from that 
 high station voicing tlie sentiments of tho Afrikander Bond, he has dcme 
 UKMv by far than at present <ait bt* *p])re<iat«Hl to steady the Dutch 
 sentiment in the Colony and to priTfut 'isaffi*rtion from spreadin"- 
 through the land. It may be that wli^j thr %\ar is over among tho repu- 
 tarions that have been strengthen«il and am^uig the characters that 
 
27C 
 
 POLITICAL WORKERS. 
 
 bave been more highly developed by the Htrain of the tremendous respon- 
 sibilities and self-sacrifice imposed by patriotism we must number W. P. 
 Schreiner, the Prime Minister of the Cape Colony. 
 
 SECTION VIM. 8IR JOHN G. 8PR1GG. 
 
 Like many well-known South Africans, Hir Gordon Sprigg was 
 sent out to that land in his youth in search of health. He was 
 the son of a Nonconformist minister at Ipswich in England; he first 
 entered into general business and tluui, in 185G, went to London to 
 serve on Gurney's staff of reporters in the committee rooms of the 
 Iloiises of Parliament. It was liere that he fell seriously ill and, his 
 lungs being affected, was driven to seek recovery in a sunnier clime. 
 lie settled in Kaffraria as a farmer and there married a Miss Fleischer. 
 In 1873, one year after the Cape Colony received the full Constitution 
 of a responsible government, Mr. Sprigg was elected as member of the 
 Legislature from East LiMidon. lie lias reninined continuously in 
 the Colonial Parliament from that day l<» this. 
 
 In 1878 he was suddenly calhMl upon by Sir liartle Frere to the high 
 post of Prime Minister, Sir JJartle Frere had just compelled his Min 
 isfers to resign office on grounds wlilcli constitutional lawyers have since 
 defended as of vast importance to I lie safe conduet of the affairs of the 
 Empire in the Colony. NevertJieless Frere's strong act which demanded 
 coolness and courage on liis part, produced a large amount of temp(uary 
 irritation and of course the new I'riine Minister had to face his task in 
 unpleasant circumstances. Mr. Sprigg, however, retained his ofTice as 
 Prime Minister and Colonial Secretary foi* three years. 
 
 In 1881 the difficulties which had lasted so long between the Rasutos 
 and the Cape Government reached a crisis. The Prime Minister had 
 passed through the Cape Parliament in the preceding year an act of 
 disarmament under which all native tribes under the jurisdiction of 
 the Colonial Ministry were to be deprive<l not only of their guns but also 
 of their native weapons, the assegais and kerries. This arose from the 
 widespread disturbances whi<'h in those years were arousing the Rantu 
 races into hostile activity towards the whites in various parts of South 
 Africa. The result of the iinplensantiiess was that Mr. Spi'igg resigned 
 his post. In ISSJJ his successors, among Wiiom Mr. Cecil Kho<les held 
 
 %■ 
 
POLITICAL WORKERS. 
 
 277 
 
 office, were compelled to give up Basutoland to the Rritisli Government. 
 
 Mr. Sprigg in order to carry his act into operation felt it necessary to 
 visit Basutoland in person. He appeared at Maseru and there, through 
 an interpreter, addressed a large pitso or general assembly of the tribe, 
 in vain he argued with them in favor of his scheme of disarmament. 
 They resented alike the plan and the reasons adduced for it. Indeed 
 many of the chiefs treated him with considerable freedom in their 
 speeches, making numerous remarks of a character which the judicious 
 interpreters took care not to translate. In the year 1884 when his 
 friend Sir Thomas TJppington became Prime Minister, Mr. Sprigg ap- 
 peared once more on the Government bench as Treasurer-General. In 
 1886 he succeeded that brilliant and versatile Irishman in the high 
 office of Prime Minister and held it until 1890, when he was succeeded 
 by Mr. Cecil Rhodes. 
 
 At the time of the Queen's jubilee year, 1887, Mr. Sprigg took 
 part in the celebrations in Loudon and received knighthood in honor 
 of the event. During this period of official responsibility Sir (lordon 
 Sprigg paid much Jittention to the question of railway development and 
 proposed a relatively large scheme for the construction of new lines and 
 the extension of existing railways in South Africa. The colonists, 
 however, especially the Dutch farmers, shrank from raising so large a 
 sum as £10,000.000 (about $50,000,000). The scheme was therefore 
 throAvn out and he was compelled to resign. 
 
 Sir Gortlon Sprigg failed in the tactics of an opposition leader, and 
 besides was unhappy under the shadow of defeat. The hour came, 
 therefore, when his hostility to Mr, Rhodes cooled and the latter seized 
 the opportunity to appoint him once more to the office of Treasurer, 
 where he i*emained until January, 189(5. In that year Mr. Rhodes, as 
 tke result of tl'e Jameson Raid, was compelled to give up his office, and 
 Sir Gordon Sprigg became his successor. In 1898, however, when 
 fresh elections took place, the revival of Dut'lj enthusiasm, which had 
 been caused by th^ Janit'son Raid, brought ji strong majority into power 
 for the support of the Afi'kan- ^r liond; a< a consequence Sir Gordon 
 Sprigg was imme<i' lyXj niiven from offlco and the present frime Min 
 ister, Mr. W. 1'. Schrf^iner, took his jdace, 
 
 A glan('(» over this story of his career throws into prominence the 
 
2T8 
 
 POLITICAL WORKERS. 
 
 :!.. 
 
 W 
 
 frequency with which Sir Gordon Sprigg has been in and out of office, 
 a fact which creates in many minds an unfavorable impression of his 
 character. There can be no doubt that he loves to be in office and that 
 he has sometimes appeared to give up his principles of to-day in order 
 to accept office to-morrow. It must be remembered, however, that party 
 politics in Oape Colony have not always proceeded upon large and 
 clearly defined differences of policy, and hence that the man who opposes 
 a ministry on one measure may agree with them on another line of legis- 
 lation. Nevertheless, while it must be acknowledged that Sir Gordon 
 Sprigg has not used his position for self-enrichment and has preserved 
 his personal honor without stain, he has laid himself open to criticism 
 for the ease with which he has stepped into office under or along with 
 those whom he had opposed. 
 
 Sir Gordon Sprigg holds strong views regarding the development 
 of what is known as Imperial Federation. He hopes to see the day, that 
 is, when all the colonies of the Empire shall be represented in an Im- 
 perial Parliament in London, and when in this way the Empire shall be 
 bound into a closer organic unity than exists at present. 
 
 In appearance Sir Gordon Sprigg is lithe and wiry and his features 
 are fine and pleasing. In the House he speaks quietly, and an occasional 
 smile lights up his kindly eyes. His hair is now an iron gray and is a 
 reminder that the ex-Prime Minister is growing old. His chief power 
 is shown in attention to the details of administrative work. He is a 
 very diligent man who does not shrink from hard tasks and prolonged 
 labor. While not manifesting the qualities of a statesman of the first 
 rank he is yet looked upon as a thoroughly conscientious and hard-work- 
 ing and intelligent servant of his country. 
 
 SECTION .IX. PRESIDENT STEYN. 
 
 Marthinus Thennis Steyn attained the easiest governing position in 
 the world when he was elected President of the Orange Free State. 
 Many people have considered him to be the one man in South Africa 
 who could control the events of the future. That impression is not a 
 well-foundpd one, and it is probable that President Steyn, whilst an 
 able man, is not capable of ever becoming a great man. 
 
 He was born im 1857, three years after the signing of the Rloemfon- 
 
POLITICAL WORKHRS. 
 
 2.!) 
 
 toin Convontion, doso to the capit.al of tlie Fret' State. His father was 
 a meinbc'i' of the Executive Council and a close friend of Sir John 
 IJrand, who was President of the Orange Free State as well as an Eu<^- 
 lish knight. 
 
 Young Steyn received his education at the Grey College in Bloeni- 
 fontein, and after leaving school, at the age of 10, worked on his 
 father's farm. Here he learned the use of the rillc and became an expert 
 horseman. It was at that time all his ambition to become a successful 
 farmer, but in 1(S7<I a visit from Mr, Justice Buchanan, of the Free State 
 High Courr, changed the whole course of his life. Mr. Buchanan was so 
 struck with the nint^teen-year-old boy that he persuaded his father to 
 send his son to study law in Europe. The journey was in those times very 
 costly and very difficult, as there were no railways to the coast. Steyn 
 studied in London and in Holland, spending in all six years away from 
 home. He took special interest in the reasons of British greatness and 
 in the British Constitution. He conceived a great admiration for the 
 system of government Avliich makes England as free as the best Ke- 
 public. 
 
 In 1882 the young laAvyer returned to his native country, twenty- 
 five years of age and anxious for hard work. He practised at the Bar 
 for six years; was made Attorney (leneral in 1889, and became a judge 
 after less than a year's interval. He was only 32 when he attained 
 this responsible i)osition. 
 
 A romantic story is told of young Steyn and the lady who is now 
 his wife. When he left for England, in i is 2()th year, there was a little 
 girl of twelve years on the slii]). During the long voyage he naturally 
 saw a good deal of her and got to know her well. When he left the shi]» 
 he lost sight of her until he icturned to Bloemfontein as a barrister. 
 He was ju'esented to her at a recei)ti()n held directly after his arrival 
 home. Taking this as a clear sign, the two fell in love with each other 
 and became engaged. The finances of the future President Avould not 
 permit him to support a wife iude])endently of assistance from his 
 parents. Thus it was only after some consideral.de time that, in 1887. 
 Miss Fraser became his wife. She is a most efficient and capable liclp 
 to her husband, and, indeed, assists him greatly in his official work. 
 
 President Steyn is very devoted to his home life and enjoys nothing 
 
280 
 
 J'OLI riC.lL ll-i)HKIU\'S. 
 
 '"' I-. .*r 
 
 M 
 
 r^^ 
 
 bottcr than (o b<> jiblc (<» spend his liiiic with his wife, his son and Ills 
 Ihrro little girls. 
 
 During his career on the Orange Free State Bench, Mr. Steyn had 
 frecjuently to ride circuit over the Avhole of the country. It was at 
 this time and during these rides, or, rather, drives, that the future 
 President made the ac(|uaintance aiul won the respect of his fellow 
 burghers. In six years the people had plenty of o])portunities of discov- 
 (>ring if they could trust Mr. Sleyn or not, and when it came to voting 
 they showed what their decision was. 
 
 There are few uncommon incidents in the story of Mr. Steyn's judge- 
 ship, though it is said that none of his judgments were reversed. In 
 1893 he had the chance of becoming Chief Justice, but i)referred to 
 sacrifice his own advancement to the good of the State and persuaded 
 the then Chief Justice to reconsider his decision to resign. 
 
 In 189G, just after the Jameson llaid, a contest for President took 
 place between Mr. Steyn an«l Mr. J. (}. Fraser, his wife's uncle. It was 
 an unfortunate time for a Scotchman to appeal to a Dutch people, even 
 although he was chairman of tlie ^'olksraad and trusted almost as one 
 of themselves in tinu's i)ast. It is difticult to say how'much the Jameson 
 Kaid affected the I'esult of the election, but it suffices to say that Mr. 
 Steyn beat his oi)i)onent by six to one. Considering that the election 
 took place only five weeks after the Kaid one nuiy imagine that the 
 Dutch feelings of the burghers were well to the fore when they recorded 
 their votes. 
 
 Since he became President, Mr. Stevn has alwavs been anxious 
 to remain at peace with Great Britain, to a great extent because he 
 had no wish to lose his native State and his post at the same time. 
 Both before and after the Bloemfontein Conference of 1800 he endeav- 
 oi'ed to close the widening breach between the Transvaal and the British 
 Government. 
 
 It is said in some quarters that President Steyn was against the 
 ])r(^seut war and that he was quite ready to overlor)k the treaty with the 
 Transvaal in order to escape, but he was forced by his burghers to an act 
 which he knew well was both impolitic and suicidal. This, however, 
 may be untrue. 
 
 The position of the President of the Orange Free State is not clearly 
 
the 
 
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 GOING HOME FROM THE MINES 
 
 Thpsi^ two Boolnianas have been workiiiR at Kinibciliy or .Jobaiinesbm'K, have reit'ved tbPlr pay <a 
 the golden coin of tho British ri'Rlni and are traveling on their roud from 100 to 40c miles to th<»ir 
 distant home. They earry a few trophios purchased in the (jreat city, and reckon vhemselvi's as they 
 approach their own town anions the heroes and wise men of their tribe. 
 
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 DIAMOND FIELD CLAIMS ON DE BEERS' FARM IN 1869 
 
 Best view now possible of the scene where Cecil J. Rhodes, as a youth of twenty, began work on 
 bis claim. This spot Is now occupied by the extensive buildings and operations of the De Beers 
 Mlntne Company. 
 
 
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 SCENE ON AN OSTRICH FARM 
 
 OBtrlches are here kept for the sake of obtaining their feathers for European and American markets 
 
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 POLITICAL WORKERS. 
 
 283 
 
 defined, and, while the burghers regard him as a powerful ruler, the 
 Volksraad does not even allow him the right of "veto" over its acts. 
 Thus if a President docs not agree he has no other course but to resign. 
 Mr. Steyn is not at all content with this state of things and has cherished 
 the intention of having it altered by direct appeal to the people. 
 
 It is of interest to see what are President Steyn's views on Rhodes, 
 as expressed in 1898, at Bloemfontein. He said: 
 
 "Looking north, there was a great Imperialist under the guise of 
 philanthropy, calling the working man into the land to slave for him, 
 for he had a monopoly in the country. Down South, the great Im- 
 perialist had tried to ingratiate himself into the good books of the 
 Afrikander Bond, his only object being the hoarding up of money bags. 
 Just now he was an ultra-Imperialist, but if he did not get his way he 
 would become a Republican. Here in this land the race feeling had 
 been engendered by the great Imperialist, who has traded on the na- 
 tional feelings of the people, all for the sake of riches. It is against the 
 capitalists that we have to fight." 
 
 As to the personal appearance of Mr. Steyn, the description given 
 by Mr. Bigelow, in 1897, a warm admirer of the President, may be 
 quoted: 
 
 "The eyes of President Steyn are those of a frank as well as fearless 
 man. . . . The whole expression of his face is eminently that of 
 harmony and strength. His nose is a strong one, but not, as in Paul 
 Kruger's case, an exaggerated feature of the face. Both Presidents have 
 the large ears characteristic of strong men, and both are b'oad between 
 the cheek-bones. The full beard of President Steyn gives to him so 
 great an aspect of dignity that I, at least, was much surprised on learn- 
 ing later that he was not yet forty years old. His ample forehead adds 
 to his dignity, and he has, also, from much poring over books, allowed 
 one or two folds of skin to droop over his upper eyelids. . . . Like 
 Paul Kruger, Mr. Steyn is a man of great physical strength, stands full 
 six feet high, and weighs 200 pounds." ("White Man's Africa," by 
 Poulteney Bigelow.) 
 
 .: » 
 
mm 
 
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 CHAPTER II. 
 
 KHAMA, CHIEF OF THE BAMANGWATOS. • 
 
 ONE of the most interesting figures in South African history for 
 nearly forty years has been that of Khama, the far-famed chief of 
 the Bamangwatos. His territory is a very large one, extending 
 from about the 24th deg. of latitude northwards to the 18th on the banks 
 of the Zambesi, and from about the 22nd deg. of longitude to the 28th. 
 A part of this square must be cut out of the northeastern corner and 
 assigned to the Matabele. The Bamangwato tribe was at the beginning 
 of our story by no means one of the most powerful of the Bechuana 
 tribes, nor would its chief stand in rank in the first place; there were 
 other tribes to the south who were considered more powerful and whose 
 chiefs were superior. But the raids of the blood-thirsty Matabele had 
 for many years been destroying the balance of power among these 
 Bechuana tribes £nd there were also quarrels among themselves which 
 resulted in alterations of their reputation and strength in relation to 
 one another. The chief Sekhome, the father of Khama, had the 
 audacity to resist the Matabele and on one occasion when forty of 
 Moselekatse's men were sent to gather tribute from Sekhome the latter 
 put them to death. The result of his courageous and successful stand 
 against the universally dreaded tyrant was not only to increase his 
 reputation but his population; for small tribes, some of them remnants 
 of tribes whom the Matabele had destroyed, came from different direc- 
 tions to settle at Shoshong under Sekhome. Sekhome of course had a 
 wide welcome for all. He was himself a dark-hearted, selfish, suspi- 
 cious, clever and cunning man; he lived in an atmosphere of plottings 
 and ambitions, of black fears and intense hatreds. He was proud, how- 
 ever, of his sons. 
 
 The eldest son of Sekhome was Khama, who liad a younger brother 
 close to him in age and sympathy named Kharaane. These two as 
 youths came under the influence of a Hanoverian missionary, a Mr. 
 Schulenborg. By him they were brought to the Christian faith and 
 baptized. 
 
 284 
 
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 KHAMA, CHIEF OF THE BAMANGWATOS. 
 
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 285 
 
 About the year 1862 John Mackenzie of the London Mlnafouary So- 
 ciety settled at Shoshong and became at the critical time of their life 
 the friend, teacher and adviser of the young chiefs. Kltuma was a man 
 who early manifested his remarkable gifts. UIm apprehension of Chris- 
 tian truths was so clear and firm that he seems to have shed most of the 
 heathen superstitions in which he was brought up without any trouble, 
 and to have passed beyond them, never fearing their shadow again. 
 He from the first refused to have anything to do with the heathen prac- 
 tices in which the chiefs son was expected to take port. While thus 
 running counter to the habits and doctrines of his tribe he nevertheless 
 won the admiration and love of a large majority of hig people, and in the 
 difficult times which came to him he had often reason to Im? grateful for 
 the singular attachment which the people had formed for him and which 
 stood as a bulwark between him and hostile plotters over and over 
 again. 
 
 In 1863 Khama and other young Christians had an opportunity of 
 showing their real metal. The natives had come to believe that Chris- 
 tianity knocked the spirit out of a man. Because he ceased to be 'a 
 murderer, ceased to plot for selfish ends, ceased to desire vengeance or 
 to relish tribal wars, it was imagined that he had lost courage of soul. 
 When therefore the news suddenly came that the Matabele were coming 
 to attack Shoshong many in the town immediately wondered how the 
 young chiefs and their sympathizers would meet this emergency. To 
 the amazement and delight of all, and above all to the Intense satisfac- 
 tion of the suspicious father Sekhome, they showed themselves true 
 patriots. Their missionary told them that in this crisis they who were 
 known to be haters of warfare must show themselves heroes, when it 
 came to defending their homes and loved ones. Sekhome of course 
 resorted to witchcraft in order to consult the invisible powers as to his 
 plans and prospects of success. Khama abruptly urged him to put 
 these things away and to discuss what they were going to do, as he was 
 eager to meet the enemy. This unexpected outburst rather pleased 
 than annoyed the surprised old chief. At la^t the two youngest regi- 
 ments, namely those of Khama and his brother Kbamatte. were ordered 
 out to meet the enemy. 
 
 The town of Shoshong lies along the foot of a sht»rt mountain range 
 
'/ • 
 
 280 
 
 KHAMA, CHIEF OF THE BAMANGWATOS. 
 
 running east and west. At one point there is a deep cleft or kloof in 
 the mountain where the channel of the river runs. Here there really is 
 no river except after heavy rains in the wet season, but far up in the 
 kloof in what must be called the bed of the river there are wells which 
 can be opened by a little digging and from which the town receives its 
 water supply. Between the town which lies out partly on the plain 
 and these wells was the spot where the missionaries lived and did their 
 work. This open space between the narrowest part of the kloof and the 
 wider plain on which the town stood was chosen by Sekhome as the 
 place of defence if the Matabele should actually attack his town. The 
 women and children and the old men fled up to the mountains and hid 
 among the rocks and caves, while the young men and the experienced 
 soldiers assembled below and sent out their fighting parties and their 
 scouts in various directions. Shoshong was therefore somewhat of a 
 stronghold which it would not be easy for the Matabele to capture. 
 
 Nevertheless the two regiments were sent out to meet the dreaded 
 enemy in the open country around the western shoulder of the moun- 
 tain. The Matabele were found to be marching in three companies, two 
 of which were together, and the defending party chose these for their 
 first attack. The Matabele had no guns, the Bamangwato had a few, 
 and this really settled the matter for the Matabele found themselves 
 being shot at and some of their number being shot down before they 
 could reach their enemies with their short spears. At last it was time 
 for a Bamangwato charge, and Khama with seven or eight other men, 
 on horseback, rushed on the Matabele. The latter turned to flee and 
 were fleeing, when the third regiment from whom they had been sep- 
 arated came upon the scene of action. The Bamangwato found them- 
 selves now surrounded by the enemy and were speedily disorganized. 
 They took to flight, their horsemen doing all in their power to shelter 
 them by cutting in between them and their pursuers. The Matabele 
 might well consider that they had won the victory except that they had 
 lost more men and that after all they had been confronted and their 
 advance actually checked by two regiments of despised Bechuanas. 
 
 .One of the amusing incidents of this fight took place when a Bam- 
 angwato warrior found himself too closely pursued by a Matabele, and 
 took to his heels. The former had a gun which he carried upon his 
 
[7 
 
 -;i c^ 
 
 KHAMA, CHIEF OF THE BAMANGWATOS. 
 
 287 
 
 shoulderB as he ran. He had not courage enough even to stop and fire. 
 All at once while both were running the gun by some accident went off, 
 the owner probably being as much surprised at the unexpected event as 
 his pursuer, who immediately stopped. The latter evidently thought 
 that a man who could shoot backwards while running at full speed was 
 too dangerous for further pursuit. 
 
 These things occurred on a Friday. Strangely enough on the Sunday, 
 in the ordinary exposition of the Sermon on the Mount, the missionary 
 (John Mackenzie) had come to the passage in the 5th chapter of Mat- 
 thew in which men are commanded to love their enemies. It gave him 
 an opportunity to discuss frankly and in the presence of the very facts 
 the difference between a righteous war in defence of home, and the 
 spirit that seeks vengeance as such, or which would make war for the 
 purpose of personal gain. He even urged his hearers to pray for the 
 Matabele, and believed that some of them did. The subject of this 
 address was naturally much discussed throughout the town, even Sek- 
 home who never attended church service hearing of it and expressing 
 his approval of "the Word." He said, "We expected that all the men 
 of the Word of God would have ascended the mountain with the women 
 and children. But to-day those who pray to God are our leaders." An 
 old man remarked, "In forbidding covetousness the Word of God 
 stopped all war, for all Bechuana wars are begun through covetous- 
 nefes." 
 
 The result of this war was to raise Khama and his brother higher 
 than ever in the regard of the people. But it did not deliver them from 
 persecution in the days to come. Khama had been married for some 
 time to the daughter of Tshukuru, one of the leading under-chiefs of the 
 tribe, and Tihamane was engaged to marry another daughter of the same 
 chief. Now it was both a matter of policy and a sign of dignity in a 
 Bechuana tribe that the chief should marry several wives, the daughters^ 
 of various under-chiefs. In that way he made powerful friends for him- 
 self and maintained his royal state. Khama refused to marry the 
 daughter of another chief whom his father had assigned to him; no 
 arguments could persuade him to take the step which his religion for- 
 bade. The wrath of his father was backed up by the jealousy of other 
 head men who did not relish the idea of seeing one man the proud 
 
288 
 
 KHAMA. CHIEF OF THE BAMANGWATOS. 
 
 father-in-law of the two young chiefs. Sekhome tried various schemes, 
 he even in his wrath and hatred attempted to get his people to attack 
 his sons, but he found his people loved them too much. Every plot he 
 made was exposed in advance, sometimes by the very men whom he 
 had selected to carry it out. 
 
 Khama moved through all these events without anger, without 
 vengeance of spirit, calm, clear of mind and strong of will. At last 
 danger came close to him and he had to flee. His sympathizers went 
 with him and his brother, and they ascended the mountain over the 
 town with a few cattle and goats, and there awaited events. Sekhome 
 fired upon them, and civil war began. It lasted six weeks, the final step 
 consisting of a close siege during which Sekhome attempted to starve 
 his sons and their followers into submission. At the end of that time 
 peace was made. Khama was careful to lay down as a condition that 
 he should not be marched into the town and into the khotla, or royal 
 courtyard, as if he was a conquered captive, but that his father should 
 take his place and allow Khama and his friends to enter as usual and 
 take their places in the ordinary way. 
 
 Peace did not last long, and Sekhome in the madness of his anger 
 attempted another foolish plan which made years of misery both for 
 himself and his people. There was living in another town a half- 
 brother of his, by name Macheng, who, according to native laws, had a 
 better claim to be chief of the Bamangwato than Sekhome himself. 
 The latter resolved to name him as his successor, and sent for him to 
 come and settle at Shoshong with that end in view. Macheng who had 
 been brought up among the Matabele and had imbibed many of their 
 abominable habits and principles, came of course very readily, wondering 
 at the turn of events which brought him within sight of so lofty a posi- 
 tion. When he came strange scenes were enacted. The people disliked 
 him and Sekhome disliked him; and he soon saw that all the flattering 
 speeches of welcome which they uttered were hollow and insincere. 
 Sekhome had said to him beforehand that he wished him to come in 
 order to kill Khama and Khamano and win the heirship for himself. 
 Macheng speedily found that those whom he had come to kill were the 
 only people whom he could trust. Khama, when his turn came to make 
 a speech of welcome, spoke with a courageous frankness worthy of the 
 
KHAMA, CHIEF OF THE BAMANGWATOS. 
 
 269 
 
 bravest men that have lived. "King," he said, "it would appear that 
 I alone am to speak unpleasant words to you this day. The Bamang- 
 wato say they are glad to see you here. I say I am not glad to see you. 
 If Sekhome could not live with his own children but drove them from 
 the town and shot at them, how is he to submit to be ruled by you? If 
 I thought there would be peace in the town, I would say I was glad to 
 see you; I say I am sorry you have come, because I know that only 
 disorder and death can take place when two chiefs sit in one khotla." 
 Continuing he claimed his freedom. Let him have his own horses and 
 wagon, and he would go where he liked; he would have nothing more 
 to do with the politics of the town, with night meetings and with plot- 
 tings, he would only attend conferences held in daylight. "I am sorry, 
 Macheng, that I cannot give you a better welcome to the Bamangwato." 
 
 This bold and honest way of speaking fell like a thunderbolt in that 
 assembly of hypocrites, and Macheng with a certain manly grace ac- 
 knowledged it. When he spoke, having referred to the other addresses, 
 he said, "All these I have heard with the ear; one speech, and one only, 
 has reached my heart, and that is the speech of Khama. I thank 
 Khama for his speech." Macheng assured Khama that no injury would 
 come from him, and Sekhome's plot had once more failed. Khama's 
 prophecy was very speedily fulfilled, for Sekhome could not endure the 
 presence of Macheng, and very soon began plotting to get rid of his 
 guest. He arranged with his supporters that on a certain day, as they 
 were all assembling in the khotla, they should attack Macheng and his 
 party when he woula give a signal. While they were assembling ac- 
 cordingly Sekhome stepped out from his quarters and suddenly with 
 one blow knocked one of Macheng's followers to the ground. He turned, 
 expecting his supporters to rush to his assistance and to overwhelm the 
 other side. To his dismay he saw them stand still, and when he re- 
 turned to them they gathered around him and advised him to flee. This 
 he did, slipped out of his own courtyard and took refuge in the moun- 
 tains. That evening when the sun was setting there was only one 
 house in all his town to which he could go with confidence. That was 
 the house of the missionary, against whom for years he had been speak- 
 ing, and whose very life he had threatened to destroy. 
 
 Macheng ruled as chief for several years and throughout those years 
 
lino 
 
 KHAMA, CHIEF. OF. THE BAMANGWATOS. 
 
 ■*£' 
 
 Khama behaved with consummate tact, modesty and goodness. Ma- 
 cheng, however, became more brutal as time passed; a drunken and 
 sensual man, he gradually made himself intolerable; at last he even 
 attempted to get rid of Khama by means of poison. Native charms and 
 medicines would not do it, so he resolved to buy strychnine from a white 
 trader. He got the help in this of a degraded European whom he sent 
 to the store to buy it. The sharp-witted trader suspected mischief and 
 sold to the white man instead of strychnine marking in'i. This was 
 destined by Macheng to be put into the cups of coffee which he would 
 invite Khama and Khamane to take; but they declined the invitation, 
 and Macheng was doubly foiled. At last for the sake of his very life 
 once more, long after his best friends had advised him to take the step, 
 Khama drove the chief away, and he himself was the acknowledged chief 
 of the Bamangwato tribe. This occurred in the year 1872. 
 
 Khama once said, "When I was still a lad I used to think how I 
 would govern my town and what kind of a kingdom it should be." No 
 royal dreamer ever resolved more wisely than he. On the one hand he 
 determined to have no nand in heathen practices. On the other hand 
 he determined to forbid no one from continuing these practices who still 
 believed in them. Freedom of thought and action were to characterize 
 his kingdom. Further he resolved that one matter which had long been 
 familiar to his mind should be firmly dealt with: that was the use of 
 intoxicating drinks. Not only did his own people make a strong native 
 beer which did much mischief among them, but alas! and alas! Euro- 
 pean traders were in the habit of bringing in strong drinks which they 
 were willing to sell to the natives, and which they too often consumed in 
 large quantities themselves. Khama's heart had- been sickened times 
 without number at the sheer devilry wrought in these men's lives by the 
 bad brandy in which they dealt. He resolved to cleanse his land of this 
 curse. "I wanted," he said, "to rule over a nice town, and no town could 
 be nice where there was drunkenness." But while these projects were 
 ripening in his mind he took a step which no one of his friends has ever 
 been able to explain. He actually sent for Sekhome, his father, and 
 brought him back to Shoshong. 
 
 The old chief began plotting on the day of his arrival. He quickly 
 saw that the younger brother, Khamane, was ambitious and jealous of 
 
KHAMA, CHIEF 0I> THE BAMANGWATOS. 
 
 29 L 
 
 Khama, and their father eet himself to win Khamane'H cuutideuce and 
 to use him for the overthrow of the elder brother. When Khama real- 
 ized that plots were again afoot and that his own brother had turned 
 against him he once more with a singularly Christian heart resolved not 
 to fight. He went forth with a few of his friends to a fountain not 
 many miles away and there settled down. To the astonishment of the 
 usurpers practically the whole town, family by family, put together their 
 few possessions and went out to Khama. Soon he had nearly all his 
 people around him again. Then he moved to the northern part of his 
 kingdom and settled on the river Zouga; but within two years, finding 
 that the usurpers did not relent but rather sought in every way to com- 
 plete the work of his overthrow, he returned to Shoshong. Ue then 
 gave battle and quickly conquering in the sharp fight which took place 
 in the kloof, established himself once for all chief of the Bamangwato. 
 
 One of the great ceremonies of his people was that of rain-making. 
 No harvest could be successful it was thought unless at the proper sea- 
 son the native wizards used their concoctions and incantations to secure 
 abundant rain and a rich harvest. Khama firmly determined to have 
 nothing to do with it, but proposed rather that they should meet for 
 solemn prayer to God, who alone could give them rain. This the mass 
 of the people declined to do, and the ceremony of rain-making was car- 
 ried through without the chief. There ensued a rainless season, no 
 harvests and a terrific famine. The miserable creatures perished of 
 hunger notwithstanding all the efforts used by the missionaries and 
 traders and by the noble and generous Khama himself, to procure food 
 and to distribute it freely. 
 
 The missionary, Rev. J. D. Hepburn, proposed a week of prayer to God 
 for rain. The native wizards attributed the drought to the god of the 
 rain who was punishing them for deserting his worship. Great was their 
 confusion of face when this very week of prayer closed on the day on 
 which most abundant rains descended. The Christians were strength- 
 ened in their conviction, and rightly so, that the Living God answers 
 prayer, and the heathen were in large numbers so overwhelmed with the 
 facts before them that they became learners of the Word. This prac- 
 tically ended rain-making among the Bamangwato. The heathen cere- 
 
2U2 
 
 KHAMA, CHIEF OF THE BAMANGWATOS. 
 
 im 
 
 mony has given way to an annual Cbriitian lervioe of worship and 
 prayer. 
 
 But Khama's hardest flight, the struggle in which moral courage of 
 the noblest order was manifested by him, was when he arose for his 
 contest with the drinlc flend. In spite of many remonstrances he found 
 that the English traders insisted on bringing drinl< into his country. 
 They brought it in indeed under the guise of other goods; but this kind 
 could not be hidden long, for as soon as the bud brandy of Bouth Africa 
 has been taken, the man who takes it immediately announces the fact 
 to all beholders and all hearers. At last tlie matter reached a crisis 
 when it was ascertained that the majority of tlie traders were deter- 
 mined to defy him. He went personally from one to another of their 
 wagons and houses and saw the most horrible scenes conceivable. At 
 one place he found a group with their white shirts stained with blood, 
 their goods strewn all over the floor, a huge cask of water upset and 
 many things swimming in it, the men themHelves raving with drunken- 
 ness. This was on a Saturday. On the Monday all the traders had 
 been summoned to the king's courtyard. 
 
 "A cold, dreary, dark day, the chief in the sternest mood he ever 
 assumes, but which, it is said, always means a fixed purpose with 
 Khama. He did not ask any questions, but simply stated what he had 
 seen; how he had taken the trouble to warn them, and they had des- 
 pised his laws 'because he was a black man, and for nothing else.' 
 
 " 'Well, I am black,' he said, 'but if I am black I am chief of my own 
 country at present.' He went on: 'When you white men rule in the 
 country then you will do as you like. At present I rule, and I shall 
 maintain my laws which you insult and despise. You have insulted and 
 despised me in my own town because I am a black man. You do so 
 because you despise black men in your hearts. If you despise us, what 
 do you want here in the country that Ood has given to us? Go back to 
 your own country.' 
 
 "And he mentioned them one by one by name. 
 
 " 'Take everything you have; strip the Iron roofs off the houses; the 
 wood of the country and the clay of which you made the bricks you can 
 leave to be thrown dov i. Take all that Is yours and go. More than 
 that, if there is any other white man here who does not like my laws 
 
KHAMA, CHIEF OF THE BAMANGWATOS. 
 
 203 
 
 let him go, too. I want no one but friends in mj town. If you are not 
 my friends, go back to your own friends, and leave me and my own 
 people to ourselves. You ought to be ashamed of yourselves. 
 
 " *I am trying to lead my people to act according to tbit word of God 
 which we have received from you white people, and you show them an 
 example of wickedness such as we never knew. You, the- people of the 
 word of God! You know that some of my own brothers Lave learned to 
 like the drink, and yoii know that I do not ,/ant them to see it ever, that 
 they may forget the habit; and yet you not only bring it in and offer it to 
 them, but you try to tempt me with it. I make an end of it to-day. Go. 
 Take your cattle, and leave my town, and never come back again.' 
 
 "The utmost silence followed Khoma's words. Shame and utter 
 bewilderment fell upon most of them. They had expected nothing like 
 this, and they lost the very power to reply." 
 
 Several individuals attempted to plead with him. "One man espe- 
 cially pleaded that he had grown up from being quite a lad in the coun- 
 try, and Khama and he were old friends. 'Surely, for old friendship's 
 sake, he would pity him?' 
 
 " 'Friendship,' said Khama; *do you call yourself my friend? You 
 are the ringleader among those who insult and despise my laws. If 
 you have grown up in the country, then you know better than anyone 
 how much I hate this drink. Don't talk to me about friendship. I give 
 you more blame than any of them. You are my worst enemy. I had a 
 right to expect that you would uphold my laws, and you bring in the 
 stuff for others to break them. You do not know what pity is, and yet 
 you ask for pity. You ask for pity and you show me no pity. You des- 
 pise my laws, and defy me in the presence of all my people. My people 
 and I are not worthy of pity because God has made our faces black and 
 yours white. No, I have no pity.' " ("Twenty Years in Khama's Coun- 
 try," by J. D. Hepburn.) 
 
 Needless to say Khama in this instance gained the victory, and drove 
 the drink sellers out of his town. To this day he has maintained his 
 determination that no drink shall be brought into his country from 
 abroad, nor made within his country. It has cost him much to carry 
 on the struggle against his own i :ople, against brutal white traders, 
 and even against the British authorities, but his tremendous moral 
 
 
 i I 
 
 A-". ■;-u^i *iJ.'.i.-^.4>:f:V 
 
m^ 
 
 294 
 
 KHAMA, CHIEF OF THE BAMANGWATOS. 
 
 'M 
 
 
 determination lias carried bim victoriously through his difficulties, und 
 his country is to-day practically clear of the disgrace of drunkenness. 
 
 Khama has baffled all students of his motives in his dealings with 
 Sekhome, his father, and Khamane, his youngest brother. They both 
 plotted repeatedly against his life and threatened the destruction of hip 
 people. The latter became, alas! a worthless drunkard. Khama had 
 the right according to native laws and customs on many occasions to 
 put them to death. He had as much right to do so as Cromwell to be- 
 head Charles I. In many lands plottings like these would have received 
 short shrift, but Khama has always had only one answer to those who 
 inquire on this matte**, "He is my father; he is my brother." No other 
 reason does he offer, but this one has been final throughout his life. At 
 last Sekhome died and the weaker machinations of Khamane became 
 less important as time went on. 
 
 In the year 1876 Khama wrote to the British High Commissioner 
 at Cape Town, requesting to be protected from inroads of the Boers. 
 The Boers had cast their eyes upon many rich and lovely parts of 
 Khama's kingdom, and many of them had determined to trek north- 
 wards and settle there and elsewhere in the northern part of Austral 
 Africa. Needless to say he did not receive the protection he desired. 
 In 1885 Sir Charles Warren visited Shoshong and Khama proposed to 
 him a treaty, one of the most remarkable documents in South African 
 history. He put in a map on which was marked off a considerable por- 
 tion of territory which he reserved for himself and his people. There 
 they were to enjoy their farms for raising stock and agriculture and for 
 hunting as hitherto. Within those limits also he was to continue to be 
 chief and to rule his people according to his own laws and customs, and 
 yet he proposed to receive a British Resident as bis friend and adviser. 
 All the rest of his territory, comprising some of the finest land in South 
 Africa, amounting to no less than 70,000 square miles, he offered to cede 
 to the British Government who should have the power at once to divide 
 it up into farm lands and townships, and send in European settlers. 
 The British Government would be solely responsible for the control of 
 these districts occupied by Europeans. This most wise and liberal 
 proposal received no answer for many months, and at last in 1886 was 
 declined! So much once more for British aggression! The folly of this 
 
KHAMA, CHIEF OF THE BAMANGWATOS. 
 
 295' 
 
 step can only be seen and felt bj those who realize the difference which 
 would have been made in South Africa affairs today had Khama's 
 statesman-like proposals been heartily accepted and earnestly put into 
 practice. The besetting British habit of refusing responsibility and 
 withdrawing from South African territories, which we have remarked 
 so repeatedly in these pages, we see once more doing its fatal work here. 
 It must be remembered that already Great Britain had proclaimed a 
 protectorate over all Bechuanaland, and that fact makes the treatment 
 of Khama's offer the more amazing in its dullness of vision and weak- 
 ness otwill. 
 
 At last, however, a Resident was appointed in Sout.x Bechuanaland 
 who was understood to be in correspondence with Ehama. In the year 
 1888 Khama sent to this assistant'Commissioner, Mr. John Smith Mof- 
 fat, a letter in which he complained that on the Limpopo river forming 
 the boundary between his country and the Transvaal, a number of Boers 
 were gathering in a deliberate and suspicious way, with wagons and 
 abundance of ammunition, that they were building a pontoon for trans- 
 porting their wagons and cattle across the river, and that he regarded 
 their presence and actions there as threatening his territory. Now in 
 the preceding year the High Commissioner at Cape Town had kindly 
 informed Khama that he must keep the subordinate tribes in his own 
 territory in order himself, and that if Boer intruders invaded his terri- 
 tory he must expel them himself. Accordingly, as no time was to be 
 lost, Ehama not only sent this letter to Mr. Moffat but also sent a party 
 of his own men under the command of a near relative of his own, to the 
 Limpopo river, telling them that they must on no account fight, but that 
 they were to command any Europeans found in his territory to come to 
 him, Ehama, to explain their actions and their purposes. 
 
 The natives found that one wagon had already crossed the Limpopo, 
 and contained a large amount of ammunition. The head of this Boer 
 expedition was a man of the name of Grobbelaar. When Khama's men 
 came to him he behaved towards them in a brutal way, and in this he 
 was backed up by some degraded English travellers with him, and 
 other Boers. The Bechuanas displayed great courage and also great 
 patience. Grobbelaar pc'nted his revolver at them, pressed it against 
 the head of their leader, pummelled first one and then another, exclaim- 
 
 ^\ 
 
29G 
 
 ^ KHAMA, CHIEF OF THE BAMANGWATOS. 
 
 j! 
 
 Ir, 
 
 ing in a loud voice repeatedly, "I will shoot you, I will shoot you." At 
 last the struggle took a more serious form, and in spite of the efforts 
 of the Bechuana leaders to maintain peace and to explain that Khama 
 did not wish to fight but only wished their company to come to him for 
 explanations, shots were exchanged. One of the bullets struck Grob- 
 belaar, who died of the wound. The scene was repeated on two con- 
 secutive days. Several of Khama's people were killed. The incident 
 produced much excitement and correspondence between the British 
 Government and the Transvaal took place. Beyond a doubt this con- 
 stituted another of the many breaches of the London Convention on 
 the part of the Transvaal Government, for it should be distinctly under- 
 stood that in a country like the Transvaal and among a people like the 
 Boers no such movement as that of Grobbelaar can take place without 
 prolonged discussions, careful preparation, and various steps' of which 
 the Government officials necessarily become perfectly cognizant. This 
 instance also displayed Khama's wisdom and moderation. 
 
 It is another instance of the real weakness and lack of insight at 
 Cape Town that while this outrage occurred in a British Protectorate, 
 instead of sending Sir Sidney Shippard, the Commissioner in Bechuana- 
 land, to investigate the incident and report. Sir Hercules Robinson 
 actually invited President Kruger to join him in an investigation. 
 Kruger sent General . Joubert, and Joubert and Shippard of course 
 disagreed. Then the Governor actually proposed a reference of the 
 matter to the Chief Justice of the Cape Colony, and Kruger proposed the 
 President of the United States or the President of France! The Impe- 
 rial Government was carefully kept out as if by common consent. 
 
 Perhaps the event just described brought to a head certain plans 
 over which Khama had long brooded. As we have said the town of 
 Shoshong is situated on a singularly dry and barren region. It had 
 served its purpose in the stormy days of the past as a stronghold against 
 the Matabele, but now the fear of Matabele invasions was practically 
 at an eud and that reason for remaining at Shoshong existed no longer. 
 Khama looked out for a new site on which to place his capital. He 
 selected a spot called Palapye, sixty miles northeast of Shoshong. There 
 are mountains near but the site itself consists of rolling ground with 
 abundance of trees and grass and abundance of water. It is in every 
 
KHAMA, CHIEF OF THE BAMANGWATOS. 
 
 2J)r 
 
 way a most striking contrast to Slioshong. Khama planned that his 
 town should occupy about twenty square miles which he divided into 
 five quarters, each being under its own head-man. After the plans were 
 completed the removal began. It lasted for weeks and months, streams 
 of people marched almost daily from Shoshong, past the mission houses, 
 through the kloof, and away to the new city where each company was 
 shown to its own quarter and set to work to build its own houses. It 
 was no slight undertaking thus to transfer from 20,000 to 30,000 people, 
 but Khama carried the whole project through with great skill. Of 
 course, an appropriate and as it appears a most beautiful site was 
 selected and set apart for the mission station. In a short time the sum 
 of £3,000 (about |15,000) was raised for the building of the new church. 
 The church is of Gothic architecture", well built of brick, and holds about • 
 a thousand people. Arrangements were made for schools in every quar- 
 ter and the energetic missionary, Rev. J. D. Hepburn, speedily had his 
 native teachers at work. Khama has maintained through all these years 
 his deep religious devotion, and makes it plain at every step in his life 
 that he acts ever under the guidance and inspiration of his strong and 
 clear Christian faith. 
 
 Khama's selection of a site was wise on political as well as economic 
 grounds. By this move he put himself into the heart of the region 
 which he wished to retain permanently for his own tribe. He also 
 placed himself on the direct road between the Transvaal and the unoccu- 
 pied territories to the north, so that any Boers who henceforth should 
 wish to "trek" northwards must come into close quarters with him ere 
 they could reach their destination. 
 
 Khama has in recent years more than once shown his determination 
 to be a faithful member of the British Empire and loyal to the Queen. 
 When the pioneer party of the British South Africa Company went 
 north to occupy its territory in the year 1890, they received most valu- 
 able assistance from the men whom Khama sent with them as guides, 
 scouts and workers. It has been acknowledged that they greatly facili- 
 tated the movements of the pioneer force. When the war between the 
 British South Africa Company and the Matabele tyranny took place 
 Khama once more assisted by himself accompanying the Imperial troops 
 under Major Goold- Adams with a body of his own soldiers; and once 
 
^^ 
 
 298 
 
 KHAMA, CHIEF OF THE BAMANGWATOS. 
 
 I!'' »* 5 : ' 
 
 more his men proved themselves valuable. A slight incident at the 
 close of this war helps again to illustrate the dignity and high sense of 
 honor of this native chief. He ascertained through his scouts that the 
 Matabele had fled and that the war was at an end before the white scouts 
 were able to obtain the same information. Khama himself immediately 
 returned to Palapye with his troops. It was at first thought that he 
 had deserted the British force, and the leaders of the latter were for a 
 time indignant. This was reported to Mr. Rhodes, and when Mr. 
 Rhodes reached Palapye he addressed Khama with great indignation. 
 Khama resented what he felt to be an unjust rebuke. Mr. Rhodes after- 
 wards discovered the true facts and at once honorably sent a message 
 through Dr. Jameson to Palapye to express his regret for the misappre- 
 hension and for the words spoken under that misapprehension. Khama 
 himself said, "If the words were so spoken it is enough. I have already 
 forgotten them." Some time afterwards Khama was asked to give an 
 account of this incident, but he abruptly refused. "Mr. Rhodes," he 
 said, "has asked me to forgive him for words which he spoke when he 
 was misinformed, and I cannot go back on what I have already forgot- 
 ten." 
 
 It came to be known that Mr. Rhodes coveted North Bechuanaland, 
 and that he desired the British Government to give that glorious ter- 
 ritory into the possession of the Chartered Company. This had not been 
 altogether unexpected, and the British Government had already re- 
 ceived many protests against such a scheme. It had been pointed out 
 that it was one thing to accept Khama's cession of his territory and rule 
 it directly under Imperial officers, who invariably maintain order and 
 Justice among native tribes and who would develop the country for the 
 sake of its inhabitants both white and black; while it would be quite an- 
 other thing to hand it over to the tender mercies of a purely commercial 
 organization. Nevertheless the pressure was so great that in the year 
 1895 Khama, accompanied by two other neighboring chiefs, paid a visit 
 to Great Britain. Their arrival in the country created widespread 
 interest. The name of Khama was already familiar and his character 
 admired by various sections of the British public, ard wheresoever he 
 went he found himself warmly received by the leading citizens of the 
 land. Large meetings were organized where he made his statements 
 
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 which were interpreted with great force and vivacity by the Rev. W. C. 
 Willoughby, Khama's missionary at Palapye. Wherever the chiefs ap- 
 peared they aroused the sympathy and even the admiration of both rich 
 and poor. Khama especially became a kind of lion even in society. In 
 London the Duke of Westminster gave a great reception in his honor, 
 which was attended by many members of the nobility, leading poli- 
 ticians, philanthropists and others. People very generally w ere inclined 
 to feel a kind of pity for the black men, imagining that they would feel 
 miserable and uncomfortable in the presence of the glitter, formality 
 and dignity of such an occasion. But tears started to many eyes and 
 many hearts beat with warm admiration when, through the great recep- 
 tion hall of Grosvenor House, even although a certain silence fell over 
 the large assemblage, Khama entered and moved forward with as much 
 ease and composure and dignity in his manner as the noblest there to 
 greet his host, and to be introduced to those who were present to do him 
 honor. Many spoke in utter amazement of the high-souled character 
 which shone out in Ehama's bearing throughout these trying and test- 
 ing scenes. 
 
 Khama gained his political end for the time being while he con- 
 sented to the cutting off of a strip of territory on the east and southeast 
 for the purpose of building a railway through into Khodesia. To-day, 
 he retains his own country while he has the assistance of an Imperial 
 Resident and the protection of a body of Imperial troops. Long may 
 this ideal arrangement last! And long may Khama the Good live to 
 see his people advancing in education and religion and becoming mas- 
 ters of the arts of civilization. 
 
CHAPTER III. 
 
 CHRISTIAN MISSIONARIES. 
 
 SECTION I. THE INFLUENCE OP MISSIONS, 
 
 IT WOULD indicate a very superficial view of South African history 
 if any review of it omitted to describe the influence which Christian 
 
 missions have exercised. The progress of science has led us far past 
 the day when it was supposed possible to treat the development of a 
 people without regard to the nature of the religion of that people and 
 the power which it exerted upon their character and history. 
 
 All the native tribes of South Africa had religions of a more or less 
 definite kind to which some reference is made elsewhere in this work. 
 When the Dutch East India Company sent its first batch of servants to 
 establish the settlement at Cape Town it did not select for this 
 purpose people who were noted for their religion, but simply those who 
 would otherwise be likely to go anywhere as its servants on ordinary 
 commercial terms. The attempt to parallel the arrival of the first 
 Dutch settlers in South Africa with the arrival of the Pilgrims at Ply- 
 mouth Bock is ludicrous. At first it is said that the Dutch Company 
 provided their immigrants with a Catechist, but it was not for about 
 twelve years that they sent an ordained minister of religion to live 
 among them. Since then they have always possessed representatives 
 of the Dutch Reformed Church, and that is the church to which the bulk 
 of the white people in South Africa have hitherto belonged. The min- 
 isters of this church did not go out as missionaries to the heathen, but 
 as pastors of the Dutch people, and we find very little trace of any ef- 
 fort made by them for 150 years to reach the Kaffirs with the Christian 
 religion. The fact is that the Dutch, having decided early in their his- 
 tory to grant no civil rights to the black people, were prevented by thai 
 resolve from granting them religious benefits; for it was one of their 
 doctrines that a baptized man could not be a slave. Hence if any effort 
 were made to prepare black slaves for baptism it meant their loss as 
 slaves, and very few owners could be brought to face that issue. 
 
 101 
 
CHRISTIAN MISSIONARIES. 
 
 / 
 303 
 
 During the nineteenth centurj' the Dutch Keformed Church, having 
 lost sympathy with the religious atmosphere of Holland, drew its min- 
 isters largely from Scotland, and the influence of the Scottish ministers 
 and their descendants has gone far towards creating that powerful mis- 
 sionary sentiment which animates many sections of the church to-day. 
 
 In the early part of this century European missionaries to the native 
 heathen tribes began to appear. The largest number and the most pow- 
 erful of these missionaries were sent by the well-known London Mission- 
 ary Society. The pioneer was, strange to say, a Dutchman from Holland 
 by the name of Vanderkemp. This man, who h?d passed through a 
 much varied career, had only late in life become a religious man, and 
 then gave himself completely to his new devotion. He was a thorough 
 scholar and a man of science, but placed all his training and his powers 
 at the service of these native peoples. He was accompanied by several 
 other British representatives of that society. Their work was impaired 
 by misfortunes from the beginning, one of them becoming detached by 
 accepting a pastorate over white people, another enduring great dis- 
 couragement. The heroic soul was this Vanderkemp. He was from 
 the first opposed by the frontier Boers, and both he and the natives 
 whom he instructed suffered much from them. 
 
 It must of course be admitted that of all the scores and hundreds of 
 missionaries who have labored in South Africa some have made serious 
 mistakes of various kinds. There have been injudicious men amongst 
 them, who have not exercised discretion while teaching the natives con- 
 cerning the liberty which the Gospel confers; there have been some 
 who have undoubtedly made accusations against the Boers which in 
 individual cases they were unable to prove at courts of law; some have 
 not succeeded in making many converts nor in visibly doing much to 
 raise the level of civilization amongst the people whom they taught. 
 
 Nevertheless, when all deductions have been made it must be 
 acknowledged by every fair student of South African history that the 
 European missionaries from France, Germany, Switzerland, Scotland, 
 England, Ireland and America have rendered an immeasurable service 
 and exercised a boundless infliuence upon that history. It is they who 
 have in many instances penetrated into practically new regions, and by 
 settling down with distant tribes have opened up the route for traders 
 
:]04 
 
 CHRISTIAN MISSIONARIES. 
 
 
 i 
 
 to follow. Wherever a missionary settled u safe resting place was 
 found, trade in European clothing and implements and tools was cre- 
 ated. Some of the main roads in South Africa were originally known 
 as the "missionary road." The missionaries have exercised very power- 
 ful influence upon the chiefs of iiibes with whom they live; they have 
 prevented them from making many a blunder in their relations with 
 white people which would have led to disastrous results; they have 
 l)roposed many a step which has led to the creation of friendly relations 
 with the English Government. Elsewhere in these pages are described 
 in fuller detail some instances of this influence. When Kobert Moffat 
 persuaded his convert, the terrible Afrikander, to go to Cape Town and 
 see the Governor, who had placed a price upon his head; when the 
 same intrepid evangelist penetrated to the kraal of the fierce Mosele- 
 katse and won his heart for the remainder of his days; when Living- 
 stone, and after him his brother-in-law, Price, lived with and advised 
 Sechele, the chief of the Bakwena tribe; when William Ashton in the 
 troublous times of the '70g, in South Bechuanaland, guided more than 
 one of the local chiefs safely through stormy experiences ; when Schreud- 
 er gained such influence over Cetywayo that during the Zulu war he 
 and his mission station, while open to attack, were kept perfectly safe; 
 when Casalis gained such influence over the Basuto Chief Moshesh as to 
 become his political adviser and deliver him from imminent danger 
 at more than one crisis; when Mackenzie moulded Khama; when J. 
 S. Moffat brought his personal influence and family name to bear upon 
 Lobengula before the advent of the Chartered Company, priceless ser- 
 vices were rendered to the cause of humanity in those regions. 
 
 It is true that the Boers profess to have another story to tell and 
 that Mr. Theal, who writes his South African histories from the Boer 
 j)oint of view, speaks with peculiar disparagement of missionaries as a 
 whole. But these facts are explained by the simple circumstance that 
 from the beginning the Boers found the missionary influence everywhere 
 strengthening and building up native communities, while the mission- 
 ary found that everywhere the influence of the aggressive and far- 
 traveling Boers wf s hostile to his humanitarian purposes. From the 
 beginning of their work in South Africa with singular unanimity all 
 missionaries who have been placed anywhere near the frontiers have 
 
 IV; I st>il 
 
 Ml 
 
CHRISTIAN MISSIONARIES. 
 
 305 
 
 had only oue story t tell concerning the cruel ill-treatment of native 
 tribes and individuals by the Boer farmers. They assert that the latter 
 have been unscrupulous in seizing the lands, and even in destroying 
 the persons of the former. It has never been considered a serious crime 
 that parties of Boers should, on the slightest excuse, set out to slaughter 
 the inhabitants of a native village, and then take possession of their 
 cattle and their fountains. It is not possible here to enter into details 
 on this matter. To most minds the fact that the missionaries, whose 
 testimony on all kinds of actual events and facts coming within the 
 range of their knowledge is considered by students of all kinds as on the 
 whole impartial, honest and thoroughly trustworthy, has been for near- 
 ly 100 years steadily and persistently against the Boers, will be con- 
 sidered of itself final evidence. Mr. Theal's attempt to disprove the 
 statement that the Boers wrecked -Dr. Livingstone's mission station 
 and carried off his furniture, destroying his books and papers as value- 
 less, is a specimen at once of the desperate nature of his case and the 
 inadequacy of his evidence. Men still live who personally knew the 
 individuals who took part in that raid upon Sechele's town, who knew 
 the Boer houses to which the missionary's furniture was taken. Dr. 
 Livingstone himself explicitly described the event in details which no 
 native could have invented, and which he himself would not have sug- 
 gested without careful inquiry. Dr. Livingstone's evidence taken on 
 the spot within a short time of the events, and the evidence of a man 
 like Mr. J. S. Moffat, or the late John Mackenzie, to whom the Marico 
 district, from which the raiders went, was quite familiar, will always, 
 throughout all history, be considered as settling this question. 
 
 The principal missions in South Africa have been as follows: First 
 we have those of the Scotch Presbyterian Church, mainly confined to 
 Cape Colony and Natal. Their most remarkable achievement has been 
 the creation and development of the Lovedale Institution. Then we 
 have the work of the American Board (Congregational), which has been 
 mainly confined to the Zulus in Natal and Zululand. They once made an 
 effort to settle in the Transvaal, but the Boers settled that effort. Next, 
 coming west, we have the missions of the Paris Evangelical Society in 
 Basutolaud, whose remarkable work we have described in speajcing of 
 that most interesting country and people. The Hanoverian Society at 
 
306 
 
 CHRISTIAN MISSIONARIES. 
 
 one time wuh much favored by the BoerM, who thought that itH agents 
 would be more in sympathy with themiolveN, an<l sought to have thcni 
 placed in North Bechuanaland. They withdrew from that region and 
 have only a few stations left in the land. The Methodists have worked 
 widely and well, but principally in Cape (!oiony. The Moravi; ns have 
 worked at various points. The Epif-eopalians, while hit^ ^rto confining 
 themselves to operations through the Bishop of Cape Colony, have lately 
 developed great energy by the creation of Bishoprics in Natal and the 
 Orange Free State and Rhodesia. 
 
 The largest number of pioneer missionaries In Houth Africa have 
 been sent out by the London Missionary Hociety, and the most famous 
 amongst South African missionaries have ttrisen from among them. 
 They began work when the Colony was still small. At first they at- 
 tempted as other societies did to form settlements of natives, where 
 those who were willing to receive instruction could be gathered and 
 organized into communities, with the hope that they would form civil- 
 izing nuclei from which the whole native world might be reorganized. 
 This hope has not on the whole been realized, and their settlements 
 have nearly all been given up one by one. The agents, as they were 
 called, of this society, early entered in Bechuanaland, and were the 
 first to reach the Zambesi from the south. Their mission stations now 
 extend from Kuruman right up to Matebeleland and Lake Ngami. 
 Their first great pioneer was Robert Moffat, their second was David 
 Livingstone. He early formed the purpose of establishing Christian 
 operations at many points and of training native teachers to occupy 
 these places. If his plan had been carried out, Bechuanaland would 
 have advanced in education and religion far beyond the point she now 
 has reached. He had started this development and had begun the first 
 few of a chain of mission stations extending eastwards, when his work 
 was entirely broken up, his teachers driven away and his own station 
 wrecked, as we have seen, by the frontier adventurers of the Transvaal 
 Republic. This fact it was which directed his eyes northwards, and 
 brought it about that the London MiHsionary Society's stations have ex- 
 tended in a long thin line between the Kalahari Desert on the west and 
 the boundaries of the Transvaal Republic on the east, for a distance of no 
 less than 1,200 miles. When one remembers that these great distances 
 
CHRISTIAN MISSIONARIES. 
 
 807 
 
 bad to be tra versed by meanH of ox wagouH, journeying p', the rate of 
 from ten to twenty miles a day, one can faintly estimate at once the 
 enormous labor and the apparently enormous loss of time which have 
 been Involved In the work of establishing the Christian religion amongst 
 the widely scattered tribes of these regions. 
 
 It will not be possible to give a vivid account of missionary work 
 In South Africa without describing somewhat In detail the lives of sev- 
 eral representative missionaries. In doing this no attempt is made to 
 say who are the greatest, or to maintain that those who are described 
 In the following pages are greater than some whom It has been found 
 Impossible to Include. The personalities and work of Dr. Philip of Cape 
 Town, of Vanderkemp, of Dr. Llndley of the American Board, of Casalis 
 and Ashton and Hepburn, were well worthy of full description, but 
 the following four have been selected partly because their missionary 
 work was in their cases very closely allied with remarkable Influences 
 of another kind. Mons. Colllard stands out for the beauty of his Influ- 
 ence In Basutoland, and for his remarkable work in opening up the 
 French mission In the far distant Barotse Valley. Robert Moffat was 
 the great evangelist and traveler and translator of the Scriptures. 
 David Livingstone was the mighty explorer, and John Mackenzie, the 
 man who worked at missions with the instincts both of the statesman 
 and of the evangelist. If we understand these men we understand 
 something of what missions have done in the course of South African 
 history. 
 
 SECTION II. ROBERT MOFFAT. 
 
 One of the greatest names in South African history Is that of Robert 
 Moflfat. He was born in 1795 near Edinburgh, Scotland. He was 
 brought up in a pious household and listened in his early years to 
 thrilling accounts of the missionary pioneers who at that time were 
 leaving the shores of England and Scotland for China, India, Africa and 
 the South Seas. His parents were plain people with a very humble 
 income, and gave their children a simple schooling and an earnest spirit- 
 ual training. Young Robert Moffat was naturally a boy of daring and 
 adventurous spirit. Having resolved to become a sailor, and fiiiding 
 his parents opposed to this he, like so many others, ran away and went 
 to sea. After a number of voyages in the coast trade and some hair- 
 
■Mi 
 
 mm 
 
 308 
 
 CHRISTIAN MISSIONARIES. 
 
 m ''} 
 
 breadth escapes from death he became disgusted with his life and re- 
 turned home. He was on his return only eleven years of age. He was 
 sent back to school, but remained there only six months, and then 
 became apprenticed to the trade of a gardener. While this was the 
 end of his schooling he had, we are told, a craving which clung to him 
 through life to learn something of whatever he came in contact with; 
 and many of the accomplishments of which he thus gained a smattering 
 proved themselves invaluable to him in after years. Like his future 
 son-in-law, David LivingstOxiej he studied Latin and mathematics in the 
 evenings. 
 
 At the age of sixteen he removed to England, having received what 
 was for him an important situation in the garden of a country gentle- 
 man belonging to the county of Cheshire. Here he came in contact with 
 the Methodists and through their influence was drawn into a warmer 
 Christian life. After some time an incident occurred which in the most 
 unexpected way determined his future life. While entering a small 
 neighboring towp on a business errand and crossing a bridge, he ob- 
 served a placard which he stopped to read It was a missionary plac- 
 ard announcing an approaching missionary meeting, and it was the 
 first placard of that kind he had ever seen. He stood long "eading it, 
 staring vacantly at it, while there passed before his mind in vivid 
 remembrance, as if fresh from her lips, story after s*ory of the Moravian 
 missionaries which his mother had read to him v irs before. He savs 
 that an indescribable tumult took hold of him. Having made his pur- 
 chase he returned to the placard, read it again and went home "another 
 man, or rather with another heart." Robert Moffat determined to be a 
 missionary. He immediately consulted the Rev. W. Roby of Manchester 
 and by him was encouraged to make application to the London Mis- 
 sionary Society. His parents felt at first as if it were a severe blow, 
 but at last consented and bade him God-speed with affectionate resig- 
 nation. 
 
 Having been designated to the South African field Moffat proceeded 
 thither in the year 1817. W^hen he landed, he found that there was con- 
 siderable unrest throughout the Colony owing to the movements of 
 Kaffir tribes beyond the borders. At last he received the consent of 
 the Governor and proceeded with two companions to the northwest, 
 
CHRISTIAN MISSrONAklES. 
 
 ''*( 
 
 309 
 
 into the country known as Namaqualand. He remained iiere only 
 twelve months; but they were important twelve months, for he met - 
 here with a man called Afrikaner who had formerly been a robber 
 chief and had been pursued for some time by the Cape Government. 
 The Government had set a price? upon his head. But recently he had 
 become a Christian to the amazenieut of all, both black and white, and 
 of those at the Cape, who inmgined that the blacks were unreachable 
 by the lofty ideals of the Christian religion. Moffat's influence over this 
 man became very powerful, and he succeeded even in persuading him 
 to visit Cape Town itself. There the greatly feared robber and captain 
 of robbers was looked upon with mingled wonder and awe, but he was 
 kindly received even by the Governor. The £100 ($500) which had been 
 once offered for his head as an outlaw was ultimately spent in giving 
 him a fresh start in life. 
 
 Throughout the year of service in Namaqualand Moffat was a lonely 
 bachelor, and he gives humorous accounts of the miscellaneous practices 
 in which he was engaged in addition to housekeeping. Besides all his 
 earnest religious labors, he says, "Daily I do a little in the garden, daily 
 I am doing something for tlu? people in mending guns. I am carpenter, 
 smith, cooper, tailor, shoe-maker, miller, baker and housekeeper — the 
 last is the most burdensome of any. Indeed none is burdensome but 
 that." His experience as a gardener came even here to be of value, and 
 he began to reap harvests which none other had dreamed of obtaining 
 in those regions. 
 
 On the death of Afrikaner his tribe was dispersed and Moffat had no 
 natives to work with. He accordingly removed to labor among the 
 Bechuanas. Ills intended, Miss Mary Smith of Manchester, came out 
 from England and thoy wor(> married at Cape Town in the year 1819. 
 In 1820 they set out upon tlieir long ox-wagon journey to form a mission 
 station at Lattakoo. The journey was not without adventures and dis- 
 appointments, but at last they found themselves in their new scene of 
 labors. Eventually they removed to the magnificent fountain at Kuru- 
 man. There were but few people here, but it was a splendid center 
 from which the missionary could make itinerating tours for many miles 
 around, and the population of the village itself gradually increased. 
 
 A touching incident occurred in connection with the formation of the 
 
 // 
 
if 
 
 310 
 
 CHRISTIAN MISSIONARIES. 
 
 church. For long it seemed as if no Bechuana would receive the Gospel. 
 They became amenable to education and a little industrial training, but 
 the Christian religicn did not seem to reach them. The brave young 
 wife was, however, full of faith, and one time, before there were any 
 converts, or any baptisms or any communicants, while all seemed dense 
 as night, she wrote to a friend in England saying, "Send us a com- 
 munion service; we shall want it some day," At last and long after- 
 ward the light broke, and many who had been heathen men and women 
 came forward offering themselves for baptism. The cautious mission- 
 aries only admitted six to begin with to the church of Christ, and with 
 those six resolved to hold their first communion service and form their 
 first church. On the very day preceding this memorable occasion a 
 box from England, which had been for many months on the road, ar- 
 rived. On being immediately opened it was found to contain to their 
 utter astonishment the vessels for the. communion which Mary Moffat 
 had asked her friend to send nearly three years before! 
 
 In the year 1829 another event occurred which profoundly affected 
 the future of South Africa and introduced many remarkable episodes 
 into Moffat's life. Away to the east and northeast terrible things were 
 occurring among the native inhabitants of what is now the Transvaal, 
 which at that time had scarcely been trodden by the foot of any white 
 man. Moselekatse, the young Zulu chief, was spreading massacre and 
 devastation through great regions with his highly trained and blood- 
 thirsty regiments of young warriors. The story was a most remarkable 
 one which reached the missionaries from time to time. Only one 
 method was pursued by these ruthless fiends when they attacked any 
 village. The young women and children were taken captive, every full 
 grown man and woman was put to death. Thus a large strip of country 
 was rapidly depopulated and broken-hearted remnants of tribes fled 
 westwards from one village to another, seeking some place of safety 
 from their foes. 
 
 In the year mentioned above, news reached the chief Moselekatse of 
 some wonderful white people at Kuruman who were not roving traders, 
 but who settled down and became teachers of strange things to the 
 natives. They built strange houses nd possessed strange and magical 
 weapons for killing game. The young chief had his curiosity aroused 
 
 / 
 
Hpaii 
 
 ■m 
 
 ->■' 
 
 / 
 
 'CHRISTIAN MISSIONARIES. 
 
 311 
 
 and sent an embassy to the mission station consisting of two head men 
 and three attendants. The march of these men across the country- 
 spread terror everywhere. They brought an -invitation to the white 
 men to visit Moselekatse. Robert Moffat with a courage which cannot 
 be too highly praised resolved to go. It took him a month of steady 
 travelling before he reached the encampment and beheld the great chief. 
 For eight days he remained there, nor did he shrink to act as a mission- 
 ary before that fierce and powerful savage warrior. He told him of God 
 the Creator of all things, and Commander among the nations; he 3peniy 
 and fearlessly discussed the wickedness and horror of destroying the 
 inhabitants of a country as Moselekatse had done. He did all this and 
 remained himself unharmed, nay rather, admired and trusted the more; 
 for it is such men as he who have ever most surely won the confidence 
 of even suspicious savages, — men, that is, of high personal character, of 
 unselfish spirit, thoroughly honest, and therefore both fearless and un- 
 suspicious. The ignorant are quick to read such facts in a man's face 
 and bearing. The extraordinary power of General Gordon and David 
 Livingstone and many others who have overcome the fears and enmity 
 of savage tribes lay just there, in that manner of warm assurance, that 
 look of piercing insight and above all of personal rectitude. 
 
 At this time Moffat so impressed the savage Moselekatse with a 
 sense of his unselfishness and honor and kindness that when they parted 
 Moselekatse, laying his hand on Moffat's shoulder, said, "My heart is 
 white as milk ; I am still wondering at the love of a stranger who never 
 saw me. You have fed me, you have protected me, you have carried me 
 in your arms. I live to-day by you, a stranger." A few years later the 
 Boers had got the length of Moselekatse's territory, and of course war 
 began. They were intent on doing just what he had done, possessing 
 themselves of the best land they saw at any cost to its previous possess- 
 ors. Yet in 1835, although white men had now become objects of dislike 
 to this Zulu tribe, Moffat agreed to escort a scientific exploring expedi- 
 tion into Moselekatse's country. The journey was made in perfect 
 safety. Moffat promised to see that teachers were sent to Moselekatse, 
 and corresponded through Dr. Philip of Cape Town with the American 
 Board whose missionaries arrived in due time and settled down. The 
 Boer adventurers, however, broke in upon this arrangement. They 
 
I 
 
 312 
 
 CHRISTIAN MISSIONARIES. 
 
 soon proved too much for even Moselekatse's people with their swift 
 horses and their musketry fire. Moselekatse decided to move north- 
 wards, the mission station was broken up, the American missionaries 
 were sent eastwards. 
 
 It was not until the year 1853 that Moffat again encountered his 
 strange friend, this powerful chief. The missionary had been in poor 
 health and resolved to make the long journey to Matabeleland with the 
 hope of at once restoring his strength and reopening communications 
 with Moselekatse. He found him sadly prostrated with disease. Mof- 
 fat undertook the somewhat delicate and precarious task of medical 
 adviser, and was, fortunately for him, able greatly to improve the chiefs 
 condition. Moffat's friend Livingstone was at this time still further 
 north, and he wished to follow him up with the supplies which he knew 
 the solitary traveller would require, but Moselekatse was not at all 
 anxious that his friend should leave his country, lest he become enam- 
 ored with another beyond him. A party of men, however, were sent 
 out with the supplies which did in a most remarkable manner reach the 
 hands of Livingstone. 
 
 In 1857 Robert Moffat made his fourth visit to this chief, his second 
 journey into Matabeleland. This time he had a definite plan in his mind 
 for opening up a number of stations in the interior on a much more 
 extensive scale than he had attempted hitherto. He wished not only to 
 reach Moselekatse but to plant mission stations among the tribes all 
 around him, with the hope that in this way an influence would be exerted 
 which in time would end the terrible raid policy of the Matabele regi- 
 ments. It was a daring and great project and Moffat felt that he must 
 himself prepare the way. Provisional consent was given and the cour- 
 ageous missionary returned, passing southwards even to the Cape. 
 Hardly had he got back from the Cape to Kuruman and begun work 
 again when the weary journey of one thousand miles had to be under- 
 taken afresh. This time he met with one of the most trying experiences 
 of his life, for the king kept him waiting for weeks and months before 
 giving his consent to the establishment of the mission. At last the sky 
 cleared suddenly, the old king, fickle, suspicious, and incalculable, sum- 
 nvoned the missionaries, appointed them ground upon which to build 
 their station, and outwardly was most cordial. When the veteran mis- 
 
 
c 
 
 ', ^ 
 
 CHRISTIAN MISSIONARIES. 
 
 313 
 
 sionary had seen his younger brethren fairly otitablUhed, he and the 
 veteran master of bloodshed bade each other their ltt«t farewell. 
 
 It is evident that between these two men, hu utterly unlike each 
 other, a powerful attachment had sprung up. What was strong and 
 commanding in each, won the admiration of the other. The Christian 
 man felt that in the cruel heart of this savage there were remnants of a 
 better nature which he might influence yet to a better destiny, while 
 this dark-hearted savage, as he looked at the lift? of the strange white 
 man and heard his teaching, obtained gllmps<»H of a purer and a better 
 world than he had ever seen even in his best dreaintt. 
 
 It is worth while to think of the five long journeys, so lonely and 
 anxious and long, which Moffat made to visit Moselekatse between the 
 years 1829 and 1859. They throw into relief the Intrepid, active, mas- 
 terful spirit of the man and his self-sacriflees. Each journey was like 
 banishment for many months from his home, eueh was attended by dan- 
 gers innumerable and each yielded but a small measure, compared, as 
 the outside judgment would imagine, with th(» expenditure of time and 
 labor, of physical and moral energy which they demanded. But Mof- 
 fat did more than any other man by these journeys to open up the 
 interior of South Africa to commerce as well as to missions. He made 
 the long roads safer for all who followed, he aeeustomed the most dis- 
 tant tribes to dealing with white men. It may be hoped that he even 
 did more, and that Moselekatse did receive some modification of his 
 cruel ambitions from the influence and teaching of his white friend. 
 
 During his life at Kuruman, Robert Moffat was a tireless evangelist. 
 He preached constantly to the people of his own station, and went out 
 frequently upon tours lasting from a few days to a number of weeks 
 finding entrance for the Gospel in neighboring towns and villages. But 
 that which to most minds must stand out as the crowning achievement 
 of his remarkable life remains to be mentioned. Other men in South 
 Africa have faced lions and savages, other men hav(? been the means of 
 converting many heathen to Christianity, of eHtttbllMhlng even stronger 
 native churches, of doing far more for native* education which was his 
 weak point. But only one man, single-handiMl, translated the Bible 
 from Genesis to Revelation into the language of the Bechuanas. Amid 
 his journeyings many, his building of houseM, his planting of gardens, 
 
I. I !■ ' 'In 
 
 iPMBMPPI 
 
 wmm^ 
 
 314 
 
 CHRISTIAN MISSIONARIES. 
 
 the tineut in South Africa, amid his preaching and conversing, Moffat 
 achieved this huge work. 
 
 Let no one imagine that it is easy to picture what he endured in the 
 pursuit even of this one aim. About the year 1825 Moffat began the 
 history of Bechuana literature by drawing up a spelling book which he 
 sent to Cape Town to be printed. Before the year 1830 he had trans- 
 lated several parts pf the New Testament, and went himself to Cape 
 Town to have them printed. He actually found it necessary to go into 
 the Government Printing Office, and learn to do it himself. This was a 
 fortunate misfortune, as it happened, for soon afterwards he was able 
 to buy a printing press which with much diflficulty was transported to 
 Kuruman, and which proved an incalculable gain to the work of the 
 mission. In 1836 Scripture Lessons were finished and formed a volume 
 of 443 pages. The Shorter Catechism was also in print and in use. 
 
 At last in 1838 the entire New Testament was translated and it was 
 decided that, for the printing and publishing of this, a journey to Eng- 
 land was necessary. This was their first visit to the home land, and 
 they spent five years there, five of the busiest years of Moffat's life. 
 Kailways had not yet come into existence, but he travelled in coaches 
 and carriages all over the land, speaking to great audiences concerning 
 his mission work. Throughout his journeyings and amidst his public 
 labors, he was busy with the printing of his New Testament. In addi- 
 tion, he translated the Psalms and other selections from the Old Testa- 
 ment and also wrote his large and well-known book entitled "Missionary 
 Travels," and none knows what else. To go back to Kuruman from this 
 kind of life must have been a relief. And then it took him another 
 twelve years ere he finished the Old Testament. 
 
 To many minds this stands out as the most splendid performance of 
 
 Moffat's life. It must be remembered that he had the task of reducing 
 
 the language to writing, of mastering its grammar and of overcoming 
 
 tVe enormous difficulties of finding the idioms of that language to suit 
 
 1 9 Idioms of Scripture. It must also be remembered that for this great 
 
 \ he had in his youth received no adequate training or linguistic 
 equipment, yet with the most dogged perseverance he set himself to 
 compare one version with another in various languages, laboriously and 
 slowly, when at critical points he found himself in doubt as to the find- 
 
■«p 
 
 ^w 
 
 CHRISTIAN MISSIONARIES. 
 
 315 
 
 ing of Bechuana equivalents. No wonder that, after the task was com- 
 pleted, he complained that he felt as if he had "shattered his brain." 
 
 Throughout his life Moffat was upheld and inspired by the singu- 
 larly noble character, and marvellous energy of his wife, Mary Smith 
 Moffat. Her letters are among the most brilliant that have been writ- 
 ten from any mission field. Her self-denial was beyond measure. 
 When her husband went on his long journeys with her God-speed, she 
 was the head of the mission. It was with perhaps a noble pride that 
 »he said in London when their long life work was done and the period 
 of rest had come, "Robert can never say that I hindered him in his 
 work," and this her husband corroborated from a full heart. 
 
 In 1870 Moffat, amid a scene of singular pathos, surrounded by a 
 great crowd of natives who had come even from distant towns and vil- 
 lages, and who stood mourning and weeping around his wagons, with a 
 fatherly benediction commending them to the Divine Grace, left Kuru- 
 man for the last time. It was a little more than 54 years since he 
 landed in South Africa. The rest period of Mary Moffat, his wife, was 
 not long, for she died in January of the following year. But Robert 
 Moffat lived until the year 1883. He was the recipient of many honors, 
 among the most important of which were the presentation of £5,000 
 (about 125,000) from his admirers, and the bestowment of the Doctor's 
 degree by the University of Edinburgh. 
 
 Moffat's name will forever be connected with some of the most im- 
 portant features in South African development. It will remain as an 
 inspiration for all who admire complete consecration to the service of 
 man, in the faith of Jesus Christ. 
 
 SECTION III. DAVID LIVINGSTONE. 
 
 Among the greatest names of the 19th century must be placed that 
 of the greatest African explorer, David Livingstone. The man who 
 began life as the son of humble and even poor parents in a little 
 Scottish village, whose body was laid in Westminster Abbey amid the 
 admiration and grief of the whole civilized world, is one whose life 
 story in itself is of great importance to all men. To us in these pages 
 it is important because more than half of his missionary and exploring 
 life was given to South Africa, and in various ways the life of David 
 
 .n^Ki-. > 
 
? > 
 
 31G 
 
 CHRISTIAN MISSIONARIES. 
 
 Livingstone produced marked effects upon the history of that country. 
 He was born in the year 1813, at the village of Blantyre, near 
 Glasgow, Scotland. His parents, Neil Livingstone and Agnes Hunter, 
 were, while poor, yet intelligent and pious. After a scanty elementary 
 education David Livingstone was sent as an apprentice to a weaving 
 establishment at ten years of age. His first wages he put into his 
 mother's lap, and immediately afterwards used some of his wages to 
 buy a Latin grammar. The little lad of ten years introduced himself to 
 that language, working after his long day of toil in the mill by lamplight 
 even until 11 and 12 o'clock at night over his Latin grammar and dic- 
 . lionary. He became an omnivorous reader, devouring, we are told, every 
 kind of book that came in his way except novels. In this he differed 
 from some people nowadays who never read any kind of book except 
 novels. He early manifested a great interest in natural science, col- 
 lecting plants and specimens of fossils and in every way extending his 
 knowledge of nature. In the year 1836 he entered the Glasgow Uni- 
 versity as a student, returning when the winter session was over to 
 work at the mill for his living. He paid all his own expenses, only once 
 having found it necessary to borrow a little money from an elder 
 brother. At the end of two years, during which he studied principally 
 in the department of medicine he carried out a long-formed resolve to 
 become a missionary, by applying to the London Missionary Society. 
 His idea was, at this time that he might be sent to China and undoubt- 
 edly his mind was directed towards tlie interests of that great empire. 
 After two years more of study in London, which were divided between 
 the classics, theology and medicine, he was, in November, 1840, ordained 
 as a missionary and sailed for South Africa. It was a long voyage, as 
 the ship first crossed the Atlantic to Brazil before proceeding to the 
 Cape, but Livingstone used this time as few passengers have been able 
 to use similar opportunities in hard study at theology and in acquiring 
 the art of taking observations with the quadrant. The captain became 
 interested in him and spent night after night instructing him in what 
 became to him of vast importance when in after years exploring new 
 lands and fixing the geographical situation of new places by means of 
 sun and stars. His first long journey by ox wagon was made from Port 
 Elizabeth to Kuruman, a mission station in South Bechuanaland about 
 
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CHRISTIAN MISSIONARIES.' 
 
 319 
 
 200 miles from the present town of Kimberley, where the famous Robert 
 Moffat had his station. He felt the restrictions placed upon him by 
 the African mode of travel keenly, enjoyed of course the freedom for 
 walking, riding, shooting, and observing the phenomena of nature, but 
 he missed the opportunity for consecutive reading and study. In the 
 year 1842 he set out on a tour in Bechuanaland, partly for the purpose 
 of fixing upon new mission stations and partly for the purpose of 
 throwing himself thoroughly among the natives so as to acquire an 
 intimate knowledge of their language and manners. 
 
 Livingstone's first station was at Mabotsa, situated more than 100 
 miles northeast of Kuruman. Here he set to work, as almost every 
 South African missionary has had to do, to build his own dwelling 
 house, to make his own garden, and to carry on these operations with 
 the most inefficient help conceivable. 
 
 It was while living in the lovely valley of Mabotsa that Livingstone 
 had that encounter with the lion which is associated with his name 
 wherever that name is known. The district was infested with lions, 
 which had become terribly bold through their comparative in. nunity 
 from attack. The natives, being without guns and being of a timid dis- 
 position, had been unable to slaughter even one of their fierce assailants. 
 Livingstone agreed to help them, knowing that if even one only of the 
 lions was killed the others would probably move away from the district. 
 He accordingly summoned the people to join him in hunting them, and 
 a large body of men moved out towards a small wooded hill which they 
 were known to infest. They formed a large ring around this hill and 
 began to close in upon it. One or two lions were seen, but the attempt 
 to shoot them failed until at last they came upon one standing on a rock 
 looking upon his human assailants in terrible wrath. Livingstone, who 
 was only about thirty yards distant, promptly fired at it with both 
 barrels in quick succession. The natives shouted, "He is shot, he is 
 shot," but ere Livingstone could reload his gun the great beast was 
 upon him. He himself has told the story in the following words: 
 
 "Starting, and looking half round," says Livingstone, "I saw the 
 lion just in the act of springing upon me. I was upon a little height 
 He caught my shoulder as he sprang, and we both came down to the 
 ground below together. Growling terribly close to my ear, he shook me 
 
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 f ■ I 
 
 ,- "^ 
 
 320 
 
 CHRISTIAN MISSIONARIES. 
 
 RH a terrier does a rat. The Hhoek produced a Htupor similar to that 
 which seems to be felt by a mouse after the first shake of a cat. It 
 caused a sort of dreaminess, in which there was no sense of pain, nor 
 feeling of terror, though quite consclouH of all that was happening. 
 It was like what patients, partially under the influence of chloroform, 
 describe, who see all the operation but feel not the knife. This singular 
 condition was not the result of any mental process. The shake annihi- 
 lated fear, and allowed no sense of horror In looking round at the beast. 
 This peculiar state is probably produced in all animals killed by the 
 carnivora; and, if so, is a merciful provision made by our benevolent 
 Creator for lessening the pain of death. Turning around to relieve 
 myself of the weight, as he had one paw on the back of my head, I saw 
 his eyes directed towards Mebalwe, who was trying to shoot him at a 
 distance of ten or fifteen yards. His gun, a flint one, missed fire in both 
 barrels; the lion immediately left me, and, attacking Mebalwe, bit his 
 thigh. Another man, whose hip I had cured before, after he had been 
 tossed by a buffalo, attempted to spear thv Hon while he was biting 
 Mebalwe; he left lebalwe and caught this man by the shoulder, but at 
 that moment the bullets he had received began to take effect, and he 
 fell down dead. . . . Besides crunching the bone into splinters, he 
 left eleven teeth wounds in my arm." 
 
 The memory of this story should always include the name of the 
 brave native teacher who came to the rescue of Livingstone, and with- 
 out whose courageous act the lion might very probably have had time to 
 inflict a vital wound upon its victim. Livingstone, through the re- 
 mainder of his life, suffered from tliis wounil. He was unable per- 
 fectly to set the bones of his own arm and Lad no surgeon to help him, 
 the result being that ever after he could use the arm only in certain 
 positions and with pain. It is said also that exactly one year from 
 the infliction of the wound it broke out again, causing him great suf- 
 fering and trouble. Livingstone's magnificent journeys of exploration 
 which took him through the most toilsome experiences possible, were all 
 carried out under the limitations put upon his bodily strength and 
 agility by this misfortune in his early missionary career. 
 
 In the year 1844 he became engaged to Mary Moffat, the eldest 
 daughter of the famous Robert Moffa** of Kururann. After their mar- 
 
 i 
 
 -1 ; 
 
> I 
 
 CHRISTIAN MISSIONARIES. 
 
 321 
 
 riage they found it necessary to remove to another station, from v> liioh 
 again they moved to Kolobeng, the town of the well known Bochiiana 
 chief named Sechele. At each of these stations the labor of building 
 had to be undertaken, and the hard work of beginning missionary work 
 in a new field had to be faced. Sechele himself became an ardent friend 
 of the missionaries, learned to read, and spent much time in reading the 
 Christian Scriptures. It was long before he was able to make an open 
 profession of Christianity, and to the last there were many unfriendly 
 critics of his somewhat complex character who doubted his sincerity 
 and pointed to unmistakable defects in him as proof positive that his 
 profession was born of prudential motives. 
 
 It was while here that Livingstone came for the first time, but with 
 the worst result to himself, into contact with the Boers. The Boers, as 
 "we have seen elsewhere in these pages, had at this time crossed the Vaal 
 River, formed themselves into various companies or commandos, with a 
 very loose connection with one another, and considered that the entire 
 region in which they found themselves was their land to occupy and 
 deal with as they chose. Each native tribe they considered, to start with, 
 as an enemy that must be crushed. Especially did they found their claim 
 to the land upon the victory over the Moselekatse and his Zulu warriors 
 whom they had driven oil. The Boers intensely disliked the efforts of 
 the missionaries sent from London by the London Missionary Society 
 to push east and north into the heart of the continent, for wherever 
 these men went they proved themselves the courageous and unfailing 
 friends of the natives, and the stern opponents and exposers of all 
 ruthless and unjust deeds done upon them by white men of any class 
 or of any race. Frequently the Boers interfered with their plans and 
 prevented the undertaking of journeys which would have been greatly 
 for the benefit of the mission work. On one occasion they turned back 
 another son-in-law of Dr. Moffat, who was moving northwards to open 
 a new station beyond Dr. Livingstone. They succeeded in persuading 
 him to return only by using personal violence against him. Next 
 to the white missionary the Boers intensely disliked every effort to 
 settle a native missionary in any of these native towns. Moreover it 
 must be observed in the bare name of truth and reality that the Boer 
 commandos held no national or international standing whatsoever at 
 
I ! 
 
 » 
 
 h 
 
 h'' 
 
 322 
 
 CHRISTIAN MISSIONARIES. 
 
 this time. They had no fixed authorities, they moved about and spread 
 themselves over the country, invading the lands occupied by organized 
 and not savage native tribes, whom they destroyed or deprived of the 
 best of their lands and then treated practically as their vassals. Their 
 interference accordingly with the efforts of missionaries to begin work 
 either personally or through native agents in these Bechuana towns 
 is absolutely without excuse or defense. Their proceedings very serious- 
 ly interfered with the development of plans which were being initiated 
 and pushed by Dr. Livingstone regarding the appointment of native 
 teachers, which would have very surely altered for the better the entire 
 history of that vast region during the last fifty years. During this 
 early period of his life Livingstone made many journeys. On these 
 journeys he made it a practice to carry on observations of the most 
 valuable kind regarding plants, animals, as well as human tribes and 
 customs of the land. Much of what is now known concerning the fauna 
 and flora as v/ell as the geology of South Cci;iitral Africa began to be 
 known through the reports which this wide-minded and intrepid mis- 
 sionary made from time to time to men of science in England and Scot- 
 land. 
 
 In the year 1847 the Boers, enraged at Sechele's independent spirit, 
 attacked Kolobeng while Dr. Livingstone was absent in the south. 
 Livingstone has himself given a full account of the wreck of his own 
 station, the destruction of his medicines, his books, his valuable diaries, 
 and the carrying off of his precious furniture by these white marauders. 
 All attempts to disprove this act of the Boers must be confronted with 
 the plain fact that Livingstone himself shortly afterwards on his return 
 to the station considered the evidence absolutely conclusive that not 
 the natives, as some would suggest, but the Boers themselves had 
 wrought this cruel vengeance upon the missionary o^" the Gospel and 
 the friend of the natives. In the year 1849 Livingstone set out upon his 
 second journey northwards. On the former occasion he had traveled 
 as far as a point about ten days journey distant from Lake Ngami; on 
 this occasion he determined to press onwards until he should reach 
 the land of the lakes and rivers of which accounts frequent and en- 
 thusiastic had reached him from the lips of natives. They told him 
 of a region that was entire!; unlike the vast deserts familiar to him 
 
CHRISTIAN MISSIONARIES. 
 
 323 
 
 and his fellow misHionaries In Beehuanaland, "A country full of rivers," 
 they said, "so many no one can tell their number, and full of large 
 trees." It was in the month of August, 1849, that at last Livingstone 
 made his first great geographical discovery, and stood on the shores 
 of Lake Ngami. He has recorded with enthusiasm the feeling of joy 
 and triumph that swept through bis heart when he beheld ihat noble 
 sheet of water. He traveled back along the banks of the Zouga River, 
 which flows out of Lake Ngami, but which, alas, ere long loses itself 
 in the desert sands; for a considerable distance it is as he /»lls 
 us a glorious river, its banks lined with gigantic trees and the egion 
 inhabited by a "fine, frank race of men." 
 
 Dr. Livingstone on this occasion had failed to reach what be most 
 desired, a healthy region where European missionaries might settle 
 without danger of incurring the deadly fever. Accordingly, in the year 
 1850, he set out again in the same direction and penetrated farther than 
 before. In 1851 he made the long and weary journey once more, 'i'his 
 time he took with him his family, and terrible were the sufferings of 
 himself and his wife and children as they crossed the wide, waterless 
 deserts. On one occasion they were for four or five days without water, 
 and the agonized parents *'»lt as if they must watch their children perish 
 with thirst when a native appeared with a small supply, and guided 
 them to the fountain from which it came. 
 
 No doubt in one way this brave missionary was aided in his 
 dealings with the natives by the presence of Mrs. Livingstone 
 and the children, for the natives were suspicious of any lone white 
 man traveling with guns and servants, and unable to give to them an 
 account of himself which they would feel to be intelligible; but when 
 he brought his household with him the proof was at hand that he desired 
 above all to settle among them, not as a marauder or a conquering war- 
 rior, but simply as a teacher seeking to do them a good which they 
 could not appreciate perhaps, but Avhose reality seemed great to him. 
 Everywhere missionaries have borne witness to the influence exerted 
 upon the minds of the heathen by the presence of their wives and chil- 
 dren. Nevertheless at the conclusion of this journey Dr. Livingstone had 
 decided that it would not be expedient to take his precious ones with 
 him on the next great exploration, which already was in his mind. 
 
324 
 
 CHRISTIAN MISSIONARIES. 
 
 Accordingly he decided that they must go to England and remain there 
 until he should go foi them. He went to Cape Town to arrange for 
 their voyage home, and bid them farewell, and also to have a slight 
 operation performed upon his throat which was necessary to his health 
 and comfort. The pain with which he parted with his children finds 
 expression over and over again in letters written at this time. In one 
 passage he avows that the only explanation and defence he can of^er 
 18 that he feels confident of a call of Providence summoning him to 
 legions beyond. He had two overwhelming motives for this extraor- 
 dinary and tremendous burden which he was undertaking. First, he was 
 determined to find that healthy region which must lie beyond and above 
 the level of the lakes and rivers he had seen, where missionaries could 
 be settled and Christian work begun. Secondly, he had come to see 
 that the slave trade was invading southern Africa. Tribes hitherto 
 innocent of that degrading practice had recently been drawn into it by 
 the discovery chat they could exchange children for guns. Guns had 
 come to be considered the most precious of possessions, inasmuch as 
 only those who owned and used them could hope to hold their own 
 against other tribes already so armed. Livingstone was determined to 
 see if no other route ould be opened up either to the east or to the 
 west coast of the continent, which should make it possible to develop 
 trade connections of a healthier order between the European world 
 and these benighted tribes of Central Africa. They were too far from 
 the Cape arc! the journey too expensive to allow of regular trade in 
 that direction. Dr. Livingstone imagined there might be water com- 
 munications between the coast and these central regions, which as yet 
 had not been discovered or made use of. These were the hopes and 
 these the motives which filled the mind of that true hero of our century, 
 when, having bidden farewell to his nearest, he set out alone on a toil- 
 some journey which lasted no less than five years. 
 
 To begin with he covered the route already so well known 
 to him, passed Lake Ngami up to the Zambesi, at a point 
 which he had discovered, till he reached the lovely country 
 of the Barotsi, which by the bye has long been said to be 
 an object of eager desire on the part of the Boers of the Transvaal. 
 Dr. Livingstone there labored, us he always did evervwheie, amongst 
 
 m 
 
CHRISTIAN MISSIONARIES. 
 
 325 
 
 
 the native tribes as a simple missionary of the Gospel. He preached and 
 succeeded in deeply interesting large numbers of the people. At last 
 with twenty-seven followers to whom he gave a pledge before they would 
 consent to accompany him that he would bring them back, he set out for 
 St. Paul de Loanda, a Portuguese seaport, in the province of Angola, 
 on the west coast. The entire journey was made on foot or on ox-back. 
 He was attacked over and over again with fever, and was reduced to 
 great weakness; nevertheless he persevered in taking his astronomical 
 observations and accurately fixing the route from day to day. He did 
 not reach the coast until May 31, 1854, and there remained some months 
 in the home of t)ie English consul, months of intense satisfaction to 
 him and comfort of mind. His companion and host was a man evi- 
 dently well fitted to awake his interest and confidence, and he ever 
 afterwards remembered his kindness during these months. From here 
 Livingstone wrote long letters of a personal nature and learned com- 
 munications to men of science at the Cape and in London. These, un- 
 fortunately, were lost by the sinking of the vessel which conveyed them, 
 and Livingstone had to stop after having set out on his eastward journey 
 to copy out once more these precious documents through weeks of 
 patient labor. It is well at this point to note that men of science were 
 amazed and filled with admiration at the extraordinary accuracy and 
 value of Livingstone's geographical observations. One of them, Mr. Mac- 
 lear, the Astronomer Royal at the Cape, repeatedly gave expression to 
 this admiration and on one occasion, after detailing the laboriousness 
 of this branch of his work and the enormous amount of it, he exclaimed: 
 "How completely all this stamps the impress of Livingstone on the 
 interior of South Africa. I say, what that man has done is unprece- 
 dented. You could go to any point across the entire continent, along 
 Livingstone's track, and feel sure of your position." 
 
 Dr. Livingstone might have been moved to sail from Loanda for 
 England but for that immovable fidelity of soul which compelled him 
 to return with his native companions to their own country as he had 
 promised to do. He started from Loanda Sept. 20, 1854, retravereed 
 most of his former route until he came to Linyanti. Thence he set out 
 for the east coast. Shortly after starting he came upon the now famous 
 Victoria Falls, the marvelous rivals of the American Niagara, which he 
 
326 
 
 CHRISTIAN MISSIONARIES. 
 
 first of intelligent Europeans saw and named. At this point the great 
 Zambesi River, hundreds of yards in width, comes upon a fissure in the 
 earth which is only 80 feet wide and 310 feet deep. The whole river 
 falls into this rent, sending up columns of steam into the air. At the 
 bottom it runs along this strange crack in the crust of the earth which 
 zig-zags for thirty miles, after that the river flows out into a calm and 
 visible and noble stream again. Between this point and the coast 
 Livingstone met with terrific difficulties with the tribes, nearly all of 
 whom received him with a suspicion and hostility surpassing any of his 
 former experiences. On several occasions it seemed as if he must perish 
 at their hands. But he had v5nite tact and strong Christian patience. 
 He never threatened vengea>^ ' e never lifted a gun, but trusting 
 to the persuasiveness of a frank l anner and a kind eye and a firm will 
 he won his way through tribe after tribe in safety. It should be here 
 said of Livingstone, what alas cannot be said of many of the great 
 African explorers, that wherever he went it was easier for a white man 
 to follow. Other men who bullied and fought and shot made it infinitely 
 hard for any others to pass in safety through those regions where they 
 left a trail of cruelty and bloodshed. It was not until May 20, 1856, 
 that Livingstone completed his magnificent task by reaching the sea- 
 port of Quilimane. He himself records that Arabs had made this 
 journey from west to east before him, but he was the first European who 
 had made it and the first man to make it with an intelligent purpose, 
 and so describe it as to enable others to follow in his footsteps. The 
 magnificence of the heroism aroused enthusiasm throughout the civil- 
 ized world and his name became immediately famous as that of the 
 humble missionary who had walked literally to the front of all living 
 travelers and explorers. 
 
 It must not be forgotten that wherever Livingstone went 
 at this time or hereafter he went as the Christian preacher who used 
 every opportunity to make known his message, and who had, above 
 all, undertaken the great work of exploration with the single pur- 
 pose of opening up the dark continent to the light of religious 
 truth. It was therefore in strong conformity with his abiding purpose 
 that he said, "Viewed in relation to my enterprise the end of the 
 geographioal feat is only the beginning of the enterprise." When Liv- 
 
f \ 
 
 CHRISTIAN MISSIONARIEH. 
 
 327 
 
 ingstone reached London he found himself the Hon of the day. He whh 
 honored, yea, loaded with honors and compelled to Mpeak on all kinds 
 of platforms until he felt as tired of his life in England as of any African 
 journey he had made. It was stated in public by one who knew, that 
 at this time he had performed journeys amounting to no less than 
 11,000 miles. When one remembers that most of that was done on foot 
 it is interesting to read his own words on that matter. "Pedestrian- 
 ism," he says, "may be all very well for those whose obesity requires 
 much exercise; but for one who is becoming aH thin as a lath through 
 the constant perspiration caused by marching day after day in a hot 
 sun, the only good I saw in it was that it gave an honest sort of a man 
 a vivid idea of the tread-mill." 
 
 After spending about two years In h!« home land Living- 
 stone set out, this time as a British Consul and the official 
 head of an exploring party, for the Zambesi in the spring of 
 1858. On this journey he once more reached Llnyantl, where he was 
 distressed to find that missionaries of the London Missionary Society 
 who had expected to meet him there had arrived during the previous 
 season and many of the party had perished with fever. Thereafter 
 Livingstone's journeys and explorations belong to the history not of 
 South but of Central and Northern Africa. Ills name, however, is 
 stamped upon the history of South Africa as the man who so repeat- 
 edly made those journeys northwards from Kolobeng, that he thor- 
 oughly opened the entire region up to and beyond Lake Ngami. He 
 first, by his journey from west to east, drew the line along the great 
 river systems which, since found, has been treated as marking the 
 northern limits of South or as it has been called Austral Africa. Sufiice 
 it to say that he did more than any man to arouse an Intelligent interest 
 in those vast regions, to draw not only the attention of missionary so- 
 cieties but of great commercial companies to the poHnlbllltles for religion, 
 civilization and commerce among the peoples and in the glorious regions 
 of Central Africa. When he died on that last journey of his, and his 
 faithful native servants embalmed his body and carried It hundreds of 
 miles at the danger of their own lives eastward to Zanzibar, and thence 
 brought It to England, the whole civilized world was moved to Its 
 depths at the contemplation of his glorious life. And when It was re- 
 
■'"«.., 
 
 328 
 
 CHRISTIAN MISSIONARIES. 
 
 solved to lay this son of a humble Scotcli workman, himself trained as 
 u weaver, and ordained as a missionary to South African natives under 
 the roof of Westminster Abbey consecrated as the receptacle of the dust 
 only cf the greatest of Britain's sons, men universally felt that this sou 
 deserved that honor even above many who have received it. 
 
 SECTION IV. JOHN MACKENZIE. 
 
 A few years ago no name was more constantly in the mouths of 
 South African rulers and statesmen than that of the Scottish mission- 
 ary, John Mackenzie. He was born in the north of Scotland in the year 
 1835, finished his schooling when he was about 13, and then became 
 apprenticed to a printer with whom he served nearly seven years. He 
 obtained release from his contract in order to proceed to London to 
 prepare for his career as a missionary of the Gospel. In the year 1858 
 he was ordained in the city of Edinburgh, and married, and sailed in 
 June on the S. S. "Athens" for the Cape of Good Hope. He was one of 
 a band of young missionaries who were being sent out to open a new 
 mission station among the Makololo, far north on the banks of the Zam* 
 besi. These people were driven to an unhealthy region by the Matebele 
 tribe of Zulus. In their new habitat they had been visited by Dr. Liv- 
 ingstone, who somehow got the impression that they would be willing 
 to move to a higher and healthier region on the north bank of the Zam* 
 besi River and there receive missionaries. 
 
 Livingstone had originally intended and attempted to extf.nd his 
 missionary operations eastwards from Kolobeng across the north part of 
 the Transvaal, but in this he had been checked by the hostility of the 
 Boers. The policy of the London Missionary Society who had sent him 
 out was therefore changed by the Boers at that early date, and they 
 were forced to seek an extension of their work by penetrating into the 
 heart of the continent. The young missionaries proceeded first, by ox 
 wagon of course, to Kuruman, where they gathered around the vener- 
 able Robert Moffat for the study of native languages and customs, and 
 in order to prepare for their bold and yet magnificent venture into the 
 regions beyond. It was deemed advisable that, at first, Mr. Helmore 
 and Mr. Roger Price, with their wives and families, should proceed in 
 the year 1859, and that they should be followed in the ensuing year by 
 
CHRISTIAN MISSIONARIES. 
 
 321) 
 
 John Mackenzie with fresh supplies. The road as far as Shoshoug, at 
 tliat time the capital of Khama's country, was to some extent familiar 
 and without danger, but after that the diflaculties began. Passing to 
 the north ast of what is now the town of Buluwayo they had to tra- 
 verse a ctically desert region in the dry season. Both years the mis- 
 sionary travellers suffered intensely. John Mackenzie somehow man- 
 aged to escape the extreme privations which his predecessors encoun- 
 tered, but the sufferings even of his party were at several points most 
 critical. They were dependent upon the guidance of Bushmen, whose 
 language they did not understand and of whose faithfulness they were 
 not always sure. 
 
 After a tedious and exhausting experience John Mackenzie found 
 himself in the region of Lake Ngami on the Zouga River, where, to his 
 consternation, he began to hear rumors of a disaster having overtaken 
 his fellow missionaries ahead of him. At first the rumors were rejected 
 as due to the desire on the part of a certain tribe to deflect the course 
 of his journey to the capital of that tribe, who desired also to have the 
 honor of receiving white missionaries. The stories became more and 
 more definite until on the banks of the Zambesi one dreadful day he 
 found himself face to face with his friend Roger Price, the latter sick 
 in body and evidently sorely stricken at heart. Gradually the dreadful 
 story was unfolded which John Mackenzie in after years related in 
 his first book entitled "Ten Years North of the Orange River." Dr. Liv- 
 ingstone had not met the party and they had waited on in a malarial 
 region through the rainy season, contrary to all prudence. They 
 sickened one after another, children died, native servants died, the 
 Helmores died, Mrs. Price died, and the sick who remained had to rise, 
 shaking with fever, from their beds of despair to bury the sick who had 
 died. 
 
 The news of this disaster produced a great sensation in England 
 and the project of settling with the tribe in question was of course 
 abandoned. 
 
 After a considerable period of uncertainty, the minds of the directors 
 in London being undecided, John Mackenzie settled at the important 
 center of Shoshong. At that time the chief of the tribe was Sekhomi, 
 a dark minded, able, crafty, and inveterately heathen man. His two 
 
Ill i! 
 
 \l S! 
 
 V (i 
 
 fi 
 
 330 
 
 CHRISTIAN MISSIONARIES. 
 
 sons, Khama and Kliamane, were brought into the Christian life mainly 
 through the efforts of a Hanoverian missionary who had been stationed 
 there for several years. But the training of these two young men now 
 fell into the hands of John Mackenzie. Theirs was no easy lot. Khama 
 as the eldest son was expected to take part in various heathen practices, 
 which, however, he firmly but finally refused to do. Then the father 
 insisted that in order to uphold his dignity he must marry more than 
 one wife. This led, on Khama's refusal, to war. Khama and his sym- 
 pathizers, who were numerous, fled to the mountain top, overlooking the 
 town, and there hid themselves among the rocks and caves. For some 
 weeks they remained there and efforts were made from time to time by 
 Sekhomi to dislodge them. Skirmishes took place, in which, however, 
 there was little loss of life. An attempt was made on one dark night to 
 poison the well at which Khama's people obtained water, but to the 
 terror and chagrin of Sekhomi the poor wizard and poisoner was himself 
 shot dead. This and other instances displaying the courage and inde- 
 pendence of the young chiefs at last broke down Sekhomi's determina- 
 tion and they returned. 
 
 During these weeks of strife John Mackenzie had a diflScult task. 
 He was of course known to be the teacher of Khama and instigator, 
 therefore, of his rebellious attitude, as it was called. As a matter of fact 
 it was largely his influence which not only kept Khama steady and 
 stroMg in his Christian determination, but respectful and deferential 
 in every matter and even in the discussion of this matter towards his 
 heathen father. When the strife broke out the missionary went down 
 to the court of the chief and interviewed him. The chief pretended to 
 be in a great rage at him and threatened him, but was met with un- 
 flinching and quiet courage. On the first Sunday the missionary went 
 down and announced it as his purpose to go up to the mountain and 
 hold services with the chiefs sons. This seemed a startling proposal 
 and once more evoked expressions of rage from the chief. Undaunted, 
 the missionary went. On another Sunday he saw the chief summon with 
 significant looks one of his worst emissaries of evil, into whose ear ho 
 whispered something and who immediately slunk away from the court. 
 This man or one sent by him was seen by .Tohn Mackenzie with u gun, 
 lurking among the rocks beside the path which he must take to reach 
 
 ■ Tar www— 
 
CHRISTIAN MISSIONARIES. 
 
 3;)] 
 
 the refuge of the outcast sous. He walked quietly past, without shriuk- 
 ing, and nothing happened. Thereafter he went and came unquestioned 
 and unhindered, preaching ever the good tidings, and advocating both 
 with father and sons the love of peace and the ways of righteousness. 
 It was beyond doubt that the influence of his powerful and yet calm 
 character and demeanor did much to arrest the progress of this civil 
 war. 
 
 The Bamangwato, which is the name of the tribe over whom Sek- 
 homi was chief, had long been threatened by an attack from Moselekatse, 
 the dreaded and ruthless chief of the Matebele tribe. He who had oblit- 
 erated tribe after tribe in his terrible march from Natal to the region of 
 the Zambesi felt himself able easily to descend upon the un warlike 
 Bamangwato and scatter them to the winds. The news came, borne by 
 swift and excited messengers from the northeast, that several regiments 
 of the Matebele were on their way to attack Shoshong. At once Sek- 
 homi proceeded to make arrangements for meeting the dreaded foe. His 
 plan of campaign depended upon the question whether the Matebele 
 would attempt to attack the town by descending through the narrow 
 kloof or gorge between the hills, through which the little river ran, or ap- 
 proach the town from the other side, attacking it on the open plain. He 
 consulted much with his sons and with the missionary. The latter 
 offered to go out and meet the Matebele, and attempt to dissuade them 
 from their proposal; but the natives were unanimous in asserting that 
 this would prove a most dangerous, very probably a fatal adventure. 
 Khama especially was urgent that no such risk should be run. 
 
 The chief was delighted while also surprised at the alert and eager 
 patriotism of his Christian sons. Khama was placed in command of a 
 regiment and had with him a few men on horseback. They proceeded 
 forth to try to encounter the enemy on the plains. The story of their 
 victory is told elsewhere in this book. In the meantime the missionary 
 and his family had been urged to leave the little house and flee, like all 
 the non-combatants of Shoshong, to the mountains. Here they lived 
 for about a week close to the caves of wild and fierce denizens, driven 
 forth by the inrush of human beings. It was a trying experience for a 
 mother with three little children to sleep on the open mountain side in 
 the cold nights in a hastily constructed little hut of sticks and straw^ 
 
332 
 
 CHRISTIAN MISSIONARIES. 
 
 .i 
 
 and to sit unprotected through the glare of the noonday. When the 
 Matebele retired, batBed by the unexpected vigor of the Bamangwato 
 soldiers, the refugees came back from the mountains to their homes in 
 the valley. 
 
 At a later date John Mackenzie made a journey to the Matebele, and 
 spent several months there engaged in special work. He observed very 
 closely the political and social life and organization of the tribe. He 
 himself was an object of curiosity and suspicion inasmuch as it had been 
 rumored that he had actively assisted the people of Shoshong in their 
 battle. Some Matebele soldiers pointed to his horses and remarked 
 significantly that surely these were among the horses that came against 
 them. 
 
 John Mackenzie, like all South African missionaries, was compelled 
 to undertake very different kinds of work. He not only had his preach- 
 ing, and his teaching in the elements of reading and writing of those 
 who showed an inclination to learn; he not only had to administer sim- 
 ple medicines to those who brought their diseases to him, and occasion- 
 ally to act as surgeon or even as dentist; he had to be architect and 
 builder. It was his task also to build a mission house and a church. 
 In order to. do this he had to employ native workmen, and this could be 
 only done with the permission of the chief. These workmen had to be 
 trained in brick making, in sawing timber for which a saw-pit was con- 
 structed, and then also in preparing the lime and mortar, and laying 
 the bricks and floors. For the roof of the house corrugated iron was 
 brought a thousand miles from the Cape to the wonder and astonish- 
 ment of the natives. Various were the adventures, innumerable the 
 annoyances and trials, deep sometimes the disappointments connected 
 with tasks like tliese. But the men who had given themselves for life 
 to the self-sacrifice of the Christian missionary, could only carry out the 
 purpose of their consecration by triumphing over the difficulties and 
 conquering the temptations of the way. 
 
 In the year 1869 John Mackenzie returned home and during his fur- 
 lough wrote his first book above referred to. Shortly after his return to 
 South Africa he was appointed the first tutor of the Moffat Institution 
 for the training of native pastors in South Africa, for which public 
 subscriptions had been raised in England in honor of Robert Moffat. The 
 
CHRISTIAN MISSIONARIES, 
 
 iVS'A 
 
 latter had retired to spend his remaining years in quiet at home. At 
 first this Institution was placed at Shoshong, where John Mackenzie liud 
 as his colleague the Rev. J. D. Hepburn. But it was felt throughout the 
 missionary circles of Bechuanaland that the true place for the Moffat 
 Institution was at the famous station of Kuruman, where Moffat himself 
 had passed the longest period of his life. Thither accordingly it was 
 moved in 1870. Once more John Mackenzie was involved in all the dis- 
 tractions and difficulties of building. Extensive buildings were reared, 
 affording room not only for the tutor and his family, as well as class- 
 rooms and offices, but also for dwelling houses of the students them- 
 selves. These were never very numerous inasmuch as the educational 
 side of the missionary work in Bechuanaland had been most sadly and 
 unfortunately neglected during the preceding forty or fifty years. It is 
 one of the strange blunders which have hindered seriously the devel- 
 opment of South Africa that no strenuous and well conceived plan of 
 education was brought into operation in Bechuanaland. There might 
 have been years ago schools and seminaries whose existence and influ- 
 ence could have put Bechuana tribes on a far higher level than they 
 occupy to-day. 
 
 Shortly after the settlement of John Mackenzie at Kuruman the 
 troubles with the natives began which we describe elsewhere. When 
 a strong body of natives came, fully armed, to the station of Kuruman, 
 and when wandering parties of natives had cut off connection with 
 Kimberley, vague and alarming rumors spread throughout South Africa 
 regarding the fate of the missionaries and traders at that station. The 
 traders had implored John Mackenzie at the very beginning of the 
 troubles to demand assistance from the British Government, but to this 
 the missionary sternly objected. He made, as in duty bound, a formal 
 report of the events, but he had expressed no desire for military aid on 
 the ground that as a missionary he had once for all undertaken the 
 responsibility for himself and his family of living beyond the confines of 
 civilization and British administration, and he had no right to make 
 any such appeal as was proposed. But he told the traders they were free 
 to act as they liked, and he agreed that all the Europeans at the station 
 should take refuge in the recently completed Institution buildings. 
 Those were strong enough to have held out against a considerable force 
 
334 
 
 CHRISTIAN MISSIONARIES. 
 
 for a considerable time. One day, uiiiiriiu'd tiiiil alone, Jolin Mackeuzio 
 walked across to the camp of the diMalVj^ted iiailveH and interviewed 
 the chief. Oalraly and firmly he reb\iked him, told him of the wrong 
 h<» was doing to his own country, doMcrlbed U) liim the ill-effects that 
 would follow any attack upon the EuropeauH, and succeeded in produc- 
 ing a great change in the attitude of the threatening force. 
 
 When succor arrived from Kimberley and still more when Col. War- 
 ren began the work of thoroughly pacifying the? region by punishing the 
 murderers and robbers, the missiouary'n hands were full. He knew 
 all the natives for many miles and miles around, and he enjoyed their 
 perfect confidence and the deep affection of most of them. To him they 
 came with their pleas, and to him Col. Warren came with his inquiries 
 for information. When the military forces departed the missionary 
 was left as the acting administrator and repres/;ntative of the British 
 Qovernment, and this work he did without pay, after all his ordinary 
 labors of teaching and preaching were over, daily and weekly for many 
 months. He had been urged by Colonel (afterwards Sir Owen) Lanyon 
 to give up his missionary work and formally undertake the position of 
 administrator. This proposition was afterwards renewed at Kimberley, 
 where he met Sir Bartle Frere, the High (jommissioner for South Africa. 
 The latter had conceived a real admiration for the missionary who had 
 the qualities of a statesman, and made an offer which on its worldly 
 side was both flattering and attractive; but the missionary had long ago 
 as a young man decided to spend his life as a preacher of the Gospel 
 to the heathen, and to this early ambition he still clung at this crisis. 
 He laid the proposal aside and retired to the work of his life at Kupu- 
 man. 
 
 In the year 1S82 John Mackenzie returned once more to England, 
 after having spent a second period of eleven years in continuous work 
 on the field. As soon as he arrived in London he threw himself into 
 the task of rousing the sentiments of the whole of England in regard to 
 her responsibility in South Africa, On his journey from Kuruman to 
 Kimberley he had met parties of Boer» and English adventurers who 
 were invading Bechuanaland for the purpose of seizing native farms, 
 and that made his heart burn within him. When he fovnd that the 
 British Government had finally retired from the responsibilities of ad- 
 
CHARGING THE BOERS' L4AGER 
 
 The Lancers at work; the Doer wagon drivers forcing the oxen to run; the Boers, unable to reach 
 their horses, tako refuge In the wagons. 
 
 THE MIDDLE MUGAN RIVER IN NATAL 
 

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 CHRISTIAN MISSIONARIES. 
 
 337 
 
 ministration which It had exercised for three years, the fire waxed 
 fiercer. The love of his heart had gone out to these native tribes. The 
 b 3st years of his life had been spent in their instruction and civilization. 
 Ht had taught them the principles of farming and of commerce as well 
 as of morality and religion; he had urged them to raise crops and stock 
 and send them to the colonial markets; he had in fact labored for their 
 advancemeni in every direction. And the reward came. He began to 
 see natives growing In social intelligence and in material wealth by car- 
 rying out the precepts and directions given by himself and a few other 
 broad-minded missionaries. 
 
 But now he saw the land abandoned by Britain and seized by bandit 
 adventurers. He knew that it was absolutely of no use merely to speak 
 to a few officials in London and, by swaying their minds, attempt to 
 change the national policy. He had indeed gained the approval and 
 influence of the Governor of Cape Colony, Sir Hercules Robinson, for 
 his views; and through him he was able to reach the Colonial Secretary, 
 the Earl of Derby. But that was not enough. The Government would 
 take no more forward steps in South Africa, without a public sentiment 
 to compel and to support them. The earnest missionary-statesman saw 
 that he must reach and move the English people as a whole. To his 
 amazement he found that even among the active-minded people who 
 took a deep interest in Imperial affairs, no interest but only a great deal 
 rt prejudice and impatience, was felt regarding South Africa. This 
 discovery only aroused the full powers of the man. He proceeded to 
 write articles for the reviews, letters to the newspapers and memoranda 
 to the Colonial office. He also sought out those leaders who were 
 likely to exercise their influence for the good of South Africa, if once 
 they intelligently grasped the situation, and discussed the whole sub- 
 ject with them. Meetings wer^* arranged for him in Scotland as well 
 as in England. In London the South African Committee was formed 
 which comprised among its members noblemen, members of Parliament, 
 well known philanthropists and others. As a result of all these well- 
 directed operations, togetlier with the full information, the broad views 
 and the powerful arguments with which in private and in public he 
 urged his case, this unknown man, single-handed, profoundly altered 
 
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 CHRISTIAN MISSIONARIES. 
 
 the attitude of the public and the official British miud towards South 
 Africa during the eighteen months which he gave to this great task. 
 
 Elsewhere in these pages the story is told of the visit of the Trans- 
 vaal delegates to London in 1883-4. They reached London after John 
 Mackenzie had been at work for more than a year. When it became 
 known in South Africa that the delegates were going to London, Manko- 
 roane, one of the leading chiefs in South Bechuanaland, on learning that 
 he himself could not be received in London to represent his own interest, 
 requested that John Mackenzie might be admitted as his representative. 
 Lord Derby declined to allow the South African chief to appear either 
 personally or by representative, but added that the Government would 
 be glad to receive all statements made on his behalf by John Mackenzie. 
 During the whole period of the conference between the Transvaal dele- 
 gates and the British Government John Mackenzie was kept in con- 
 Htant, almost daily, intercourse with the Colonial office. This inter- 
 course took place chiefly through the medium of Sir Hercules Robinson, 
 and there is abundant proof that the information which he gave, the 
 arguments which he urged, the policy which he proposed, had very great 
 influence in determining the conclusions embodied in the London Con- 
 vention of 1884. 
 
 Most especially did he concentrate attention upon the one great pur- 
 pose of keeping South Bechuanaland out of the Transvaal. He saw that 
 if he failed in this, not only would the native tribes to whose salvation 
 he had given his life, be denuded of all their lands and all their rights, 
 and have their progress fatally arrested, but the great central route 
 into the interior would be closed to Great Britain. When the results of 
 the Convention were made known John Mackenzie was acknowledged 
 by journalists and others who knew the facts in London as the man 
 who had prevented this great blunder; but the clearest and most em- 
 phatic testimony to his influence in this matter is to be found in the 
 language employed regarding him by President Kruger when he re- 
 turned to his Volksraad and which we quote elsewhere. 
 
 The policy which John Mackenzie had very slowly elaborated in his 
 own mind and had long urged upon the Imperial authorities was the 
 result of his study, at first hand, of the social and political developments 
 caused everywhere in South Africa by the constant movement of the 
 
/■ 
 
 CHRISTIAN MISSIONARIES. 
 
 ' 389 
 
 ' ■■ -^ ' ■ . ^ 
 
 white races northwards and of the black races southwards. This study 
 
 he began in 1858 during his first northward journey. He had also 
 studied closely the history of the relations of civilized governments to 
 native races in other parts of the world, chiefly in the United States of 
 North America and in the Empire of India. The result of his studies 
 was the conviction which remained clear and strong in his mind to the 
 end of his life, that the best development of South Africa would take 
 place when all the vast native territories of that region were taken 
 under the direct control of Imperial officers. He urged that the colonies 
 had mighty tasks of their own in which they were acquitting them- 
 sehes sometimes magnificently, generally with credit, but that colonial 
 officers were as a rule unfitted for the most difficult and momentous 
 labor of ruling directly great native populations. He knew that if ' 
 British Residents were placed among native tribes which retained their 
 independence, and British administrators were placed over tribes where 
 the chiefs had lost control and native government had become im- 
 possible, the expense of such officers could all be paid easily by local 
 taxation, which would be no burden to the tribes themselves. He knew 
 that Imperial officers were almost invariably just and generous in their 
 treatment of the native tribes, wise and patient in seeking their educa- 
 tion and social elevation, wars would be prevented, oppressions would 
 have an end, European colo ,ts could obtain vast unoccupied terri- 
 tories and develop them, true pi(»8perity would spring u)>, und, at last, 
 self-governing communities would ar ! * under the direction of these 
 Imperial officers without stealing any tribi.l lands Oi inflicting injustice 
 upon any native people. The scheme as he detailed it nnd as he urged 
 it through the press and from the platform gained the adherence of some 
 of the most experienced Governors of South Afi iea and large numbers 
 of the best f rieud& f that land. 
 
 When the London Convention was drawn up it Wii . announced that 
 the Earl of Derby had, on a strong recommend; .on of Sir Hercules 
 Robinson, the Governor of Cape, appointed John Mackenzie as Deputy 
 Commissioner for Bechuanaland. In this office he was to represent 
 and be in correspondence with the High Commissioner. He was to 
 proceed to Bechuanaland, there proclaim the countiy as under the 
 protection of the Queen, and proceed to educe order out of chaos in 
 
^m 
 
 340 
 
 CHRISTIAN MISSIONARIES. 
 
 
 which the region had become involved. It was estimated that he 
 would require 200 mounted police to enable him firmly to deal with 
 individual offenders and clearly to manifest the determination and 
 strength of the Imperial purpose. In the discussion and settlement 
 of all these measures John Mackenzie was constantly dependent upon 
 the man who was to be his chief and with whose help he was to carry 
 through his task. The missionary was too devoted to his work to step 
 aside from it and to undertake unwonted responsibilities without very 
 great reluctance. This reluctance was overcome by the arguments and 
 promises which he received from the Colonial office, and especially 
 from the High Commissioner for South Africa. Judging from all that 
 he saw and heard in London, he concluded that this was a most 
 favorable opportunity for putting his long pondered scheme into actual 
 operation. It would enable him to work amongst the people whom 
 he loved and who loved him; he would go forth without hostility to 
 any race, to deal honorably and justly with Boer and English, black 
 and white, firmly but impartially. Great satisfaction was expressed 
 when his appointment was made known, and John Mackenzie sailed for 
 Cape Town, not without earnest brooding over the future but with 
 great confidence that his work was right in the sight of God and likely 
 to prove of benefit to men. 
 
 When he landed at Cape Town the Deputy Commissioner found that 
 his appointment was severely criticized by two classes of people. The 
 first consisted of the Transvaal Boers, and the second of their sympa- 
 thizers and pliant supporters among the politicians at Cape Town. 
 Nevertheless he had behind him, as he imagined, the force of a sup- 
 porting Government in London and a sympaihetic High Commissioner 
 at Cape Town. 
 
 When he reached the field of his operations he began first by dealing 
 with the so-called Republic of Stellaland. At Vryburg there had 
 gathered a considerable number of white people, a large majority beinjj: 
 lioers from the Transvaal, who had organized a Government, selected 
 their officers, adopted and raised their flag. When >fr. Mackenzie ap- 
 peared among them he had no alternative but to announce his mission. 
 His mission was to proclaim that the territory was n.)W by the London 
 Convention outside the Transvaal, and by the act of proclamation which 
 
 I 
 
w^mmmm 
 
 mmm 
 
 CHRISTIAN MISSIONARIES. 
 
 ')** 
 
 341 
 
 he now made was brought within the Queen's dominiontt. He explained 
 that there could not be two governments In one country, and there- 
 fore to the breathless astonishment of certain big Boer leaders he 
 announced that the Stellaland Government was no longer in existence. 
 He attempted to make things easier for the future by appointing certain 
 of the Stellalanders to office under hlmst'lf. IJe named a Mr. Van 
 Niekerk, one of the most adventurous and able leaders, as the local 
 commissioner. He promised that at a future date all claims which 
 any of them were ready to make regarding land, and all alleged debts 
 which they as a Government had incurred In a reasonable way would 
 be investigated. So successful was he that the stellalanders accepted 
 the situation, most of them speedily gained confidence in his fairness 
 and integrity, and welcomed the advent of the Imperial authority and 
 even persuaded him to allow the absurd Btellaland flag to be pulled 
 down and the British flag to take its place. 
 
 During these proceedings the Deputy Commissioner was in daily 
 correspondence with his chief at Cape Town by telegram. lie speedily 
 became aware that the mind of Sir Hercules Hobinson was not as it 
 had been. The result of this was felt immediately in the criticism by 
 telegram which followed his movements and the persistent refusal to 
 act upon suggestions which he made, especially In the matter of raising 
 and organizing the police force which he bad been promised. It was 
 a strange predicament for an nonorable man who was conscious of 
 rectitude and power to do his work, who had given up his life career 
 at great cost to his feelings for the sake of this duty. At one stage in 
 these events he proposed that he should be allowed to return to Cape 
 Town in order to confer with the High ComnilHsioner, but this request 
 which was a reasonable one in the circumstances was refused on the 
 ground that he was much needed in his sphere of duty. 
 
 When he reached the northern part of Ills territory and came iu<(> 
 the lands owned by the tribe of which Montsloa was chief he found a 
 more forbidding and dangerous condition of affairs even than in Stella- 
 land. The Boer filibusters, as they were called, were here of a more 
 reckless order and were prepared to go further than the Stellalanders 
 in their open ill-treatment of fne natives and their resistance of Britisli 
 authority. They had formed or were forming another republic in what 
 
«n 
 
 342 
 
 CHRISTIAN MISSIONARIES. 
 
 they called the land of Goshen. They had settled around one of the 
 finest fountains in that region, which was on the Transvaal side of the 
 border but supplied with its waters the territory reserved for Mont- 
 sioa's tribe on the west. This position gave them practical advantages 
 which they used to the full extent. They were able to take, and they 
 had taken, the cattle of the Bechuanas, and driven them across the 
 border, knowing that the Bechuanas would respect the boundary line 
 which they were told the Queen had laid down. The natives steadily 
 avoided any act which might be called an invasion of the Transvaal, 
 even in the pursuit of their own property. On the other hand, when 
 the Boers found that protests had reached Pretoria and when a Trans- 
 vaal official appeared, or was about to appear, to investigate the alleged 
 disturbances and find out the guilty parties, the latter received plenty of 
 warning, and simply crossed the border into Bechuanaland. When the 
 official returned to Pretoria he was able to announce, and his announce- 
 ment was wired to Cape Town and thence was cabled to London, that 
 the Boer marauders had left the Transvaal before he reached the spot, 
 and were "out of the country." It is true that many, perhaps most 
 of the respectable Dutch farmers in the southwest of the Transvaal, 
 heartily disapproved of these proceedings, and if one were to judge 
 of the acts of the Transvaal by the opinions and character of these 
 staid and thoughtful citizens, that Government would have to be ac- 
 quitted of all complicity in these events. But when one finds that that 
 Government had for many years past allowed exactly the same j^ro- 
 ceedings to take place on all its borders; when one finds that among 
 these freebooters were relatives and friends of well-known politicians 
 at Pretoria; when one finds that the leaders of the Afrikander Bond, 
 even at Cape Town, hindered every action intended to end this free- 
 booting, and supported every policy that would nourish it, one is bound 
 in the name of common sense and fidelity to indisputable facts to hold 
 the Government at Pretoria responsible for the continuance of these 
 proceedings on the part of her own citizens. 
 
 At this place (the district of Rooi Gond or "Goshen") Mr. Mackenzie 
 met with the chief and with him entered into a formal tre.^*», the chief 
 most earnestly and gladly welcoming the advent of the Queen's pro- 
 tection and help in the government of his country. After a few days 
 
CHRISTIAN MISSIONARIES. 
 
 343 
 
 It became evident that a section, even of the white settlers in Goshen, 
 were sick of the brutal and lawless ways of their leaders. Some of 
 them came to the Deputy Commissioner and spontaneously expressed 
 their sympath^v with his objects, and their desire for an orderly and 
 firm government. Here, too, Mr. Mackenzie left behind him a represen- 
 tative in the person of a Mr. Wright, whom he knew well and whose 
 fitness for the work had already been proved. Then the Deputy Com- 
 missioner continued his journey through Bechuanaland, meeting with 
 one chief after another, and concluding treaties with them all. They 
 received him and his Imperial message with unfailing and unassumcd 
 gladness. 
 
 During the period of this journey he was under the impression that 
 steps had been taken by Major Low to organize his police force. His 
 amazement and disappointment may be imagined when he found that 
 at Cape Town it had been resolved that he should not have any police, 
 at one time because he did not need them, at another time because 200 
 would not be enough and there was no money to equip more. During 
 this time some very curious work was done by means of cables to 
 England, which announced from time to time that the Deputy Com- 
 missioner was in difficulties, was hated and opposed by the white men, 
 was threatened, and, at last, it was announced that he had been mur- 
 dered. As there was never any shadow for these rumors in the events 
 which actually occurred in Bechuanaland, and they were all sent from 
 one source at Cape Town, inference has been very naturally drawn that 
 in this as in other cases in connection with political events in South 
 Africa, someone at Cape Town had the power and the evil spirit to 
 attempt to produce political results in England by means of a series of 
 well-concocted statements which were never corroborated, had no con- 
 ceivable foundation, and were almost never contradicted or corrected. 
 
 When permission was given him to raise police the conditions had 
 become complicated in Bechuanaland, and the permission itself was 
 made of no effect by the proposals with which it was accompanied. At 
 last, when the time seemed right to those who were manipulating the 
 wires at Cape Town, the request was made to John Mackenzie that ho 
 should visit Cape Town for the purpose of conference with the High 
 Commissioner. When he arrived there ho found that those who had 
 
zu 
 
 CHRISTIAN MISSIONARIES. 
 
 'CP 
 
 influence with his chief, and the chief himself seemed to be convinced 
 that an entirely new policy must be adopted, the distinctive feature of 
 which was "the elimination of the Imperial factor" and the annexation 
 of Bechuanaland to Cape Colony. 
 
 The next steps that were taken in the effort to set that land in 
 order were carried out by those who were in sympathy with the so- 
 called Colonial policy. The reason given by the Cape politicians for 
 tbis step was that they did not believe the Imperial Government to 
 be sincere in professing to undertake the direction of affairs in 
 Bechuanaland. Those who have studied the number of retreats made 
 by Great Britain in South Africa during this century cannot be amazed 
 at the feeling of suspicion and almost smiling contempt felt by South 
 Africa for any new profession of Britain's determination to make an 
 advance in that part of the world. They could not imagine and did. 
 not believe that the British conscience had been touched and British 
 interest in Bechuanaland aroused to any high and fixed resolve. They 
 accordingly decided that the only alternative was, since a protectorate 
 had been proclaimed in Bechuanaland, to bring that region under the 
 tender mercies of South African politicians themselves. 
 
 It is only just to other men and due to the truth to state that 
 there was one strong personality at Cape Town who for fifteen years 
 exercised what must be on the whole described as a malign influence 
 on the relations of the Imperial Government to South Africa, that 
 was a military gentleman who occupied the position of Imperial Secre- 
 tary to the High Commissioner. His influence over the High Com- 
 missioner appears to have been far more than is expected on the part of 
 a secretary over a great Imperial oflBcer. He did much to swing round 
 the mind of Sir Hercules Robinson; he it was, who, on the strength of 
 a few days' hurried visit to Bechuanaland, contradicted at Cape Town, 
 in the ears of their common Chief, reports as to actual occurrences made 
 by the Deputy Commissioner in Bechuanaland; to him must be traced 
 the animus which appears in the telegrams addressed to John Mac- 
 kenzie by the High Commissioner; to him is undoubtedly due some of 
 the most absurd proposals and fatal mistakes ever made during the 
 events of those two years (1884-5) ; to his steady misrepresentations and 
 his determined hostility to the Imperial factor (and he was known as 
 
CHRISTIAN MISSIONARIES. 
 
 m/ 
 
 / 
 
 the Imperial Secretary!) it is partly due that once more at this time the 
 position of Great Britain in South Africa was made to tremble in the 
 balance. When he, with the assistance of Mr. Rhodes, had succeeded in 
 cornering John Mackenzie by persuading the High Commissioner at 
 last to recall him to Cape Town, the steps which they took in relation 
 to the freebooters strengthened the grip of the latter upon Bechuana- 
 land, dismayed the many loyalists, crushed the hearts of the native 
 chiefs and made it seem inevitable to many of the most thoughtful and 
 faithful South Africans that the final retreat was being made and the 
 door into the interior was being fast closed, and closed forever, by the 
 weakness and blundering of those who were supposed to represent 
 Imperial power in that region. 
 
 It may be said here that down to the time of the Jameson Raid 
 the influence of the Imperial Secretary seems ever to have been directed 
 towards schemes which showed the strange combination of vigor and 
 incapacity, of determination to act in ways which deepened rather than 
 relieved existing complications. 
 
 It may be also remarked that probably at no time in the history 
 of South Africa was John Mackenzie's doctrine regarding the High 
 Commissionership more fully justified than at this period. The High 
 Commissionership, during the years 1884-5, touched the lowest point 
 which that office has reached in its many peculiar moments of dipping 
 in South African history. John Mackenzie urged with all the more 
 passion in after years that Great Britain would never exercise her 
 full moral influence over Austral- Africa as a whole, would never suc- 
 ceed in awing the passionate ambitions of the Transvaal Boers, would 
 never secure a prolonged, steady, constant policy in relation to the 
 great native territories and the development of colonization in the 
 vast unoccupied territories of the North until the High Commissioner- 
 ship of Austral Africa should be severed from the Governorship of Cape 
 Colony. The man who is responsible for all South Africa ought not to 
 be the same man who is holding delicate relations with the ministry of 
 one Colony at Cape Town. That ministry can reach him as High Com- 
 missioner, and has reached him in many unworthy ways, and to the 
 serious detriment of many other portions of South Africa. 
 
 Alike when John Mackenzie attempted to act in the name of the 
 
346 
 
 CHRISTIAN MISSIONARIES. 
 
 Imperial Government, and when Sir Charles Warren, in the following 
 year, did so with a military force at his back, the most perplexing 
 opposition which these representatives of the supreme Government met 
 in South Africa was offered to them, not by the Transvaal directly but 
 by President Kruger, acting through the Afrikander Bond, which in turn 
 acted upon the High Commissioner for South Africa. The High Com- 
 missioner offered this opposition because compelled thereto by the men 
 who surrounded and influenced him as the Governor of Cape Colony. 
 
 When John Mackenzie returned to Cape Town he found not only 
 that he had been deliberately checkmated in attempting to carry out 
 the instructions which he received from the Earl of Derby and Sir 
 Hercules Kobinson in London, but that, to use his own words, he had 
 been "tripped up." In London he had friends like the late Mr. W. B. 
 Forster, who had been watching the telegrams and who suspected that 
 underhand dealings of the kind hinted at above were being employed 
 by the enemies of direct Imperialism in South Africa. These friends 
 demanded to know the facts of the case, but their demand was ignored. 
 When John Mackenzie returned to Cape Town it was to state the facts, 
 not as the false telegrams which were being showered from the interior 
 represented, but as they actually were, and to urge that the most 
 dangerous policy, the one which would lead to serious difficulties, if 
 not even to war, was the abandonment of the Imperial plan. He was 
 willing to return at once to his responsibility on condition that he 
 should be backed up in carrying out the commission put into his hands 
 by the Earl of Derby and Sir Hercules Robinson a few months before. 
 He found that the mind of the man who had induced him to change the 
 whole course of his life and to accept the post was now against the 
 scheme on which they had united. He had been both "tripped up" and 
 deserted by those pledged either by word or office or both to support 
 him. There remained nothing for him to do but to hand in his resigna- 
 tion. He was urged not to do so by some in Cape Town, who held that 
 a firm stand must be made against the trickery and disloyalty which 
 ruled the hour. Nevertheless he was too honorable to seem as if he 
 clung for his own sake to a position of such importance. He was will- 
 ing to allow Captain Bower, the Imperial Secretary, and Mr. Rhodes, who 
 would succeed him, and Mr. Uppington, Prime Minister of the Colony, 
 
CHRISTIAN MISSIONARIES. 
 
 u 
 
 ^ 
 
 to try their hands at the task of reducing Bechuunaland to order. In 
 his letter of resignation he emphasized the fact that all the native 
 tribes trusted him, that the heads of the little Government at Stella* 
 land urged and desired his return, that he had ignored all race dis- 
 tinctions among Europeans, and his impartiality was well known 
 amongst those with whom he had dealt in Bechuanaland. But at the 
 same time he felt that he ought no longer to stand in the way of those 
 who, whether justly or unjustly, whether sincerely or for political 
 reasons insincerely, professed to see a way out of the muddle in South 
 Africa other than that which he had pursued. The High Commissioner 
 immediately telegraphed to London, recommending that the resignation 
 be accepted, and even proposed with cruel kindness that the expenses 
 of his journey to his mission station should be allowed to John Mac- 
 kenzie! It is a strange fact and one significant of the troubled and 
 doubtful state of mind in which the authorities of the Colonial oflBce 
 found themselves in London that this resignation was not formally 
 accepted by the Earl of Derby until several months later. 
 
 John Mackenzie had too high a sense of the task which, as he 
 believed, God had laid upon him to do for South Africa, to leave Cape 
 Town and desert his responsibility. He remained at Cape Town, closely 
 watching the succession of events. He saw the Transvaal Government 
 attempt, in utter defiance of the London Convention, which was only a 
 few months old, to annex Montsioa's country. He watched the insane 
 attempt of the Colonial Ministers to go down to Bechuanaland and 
 solve the problem on what they were pleased to call Colonial lines. 
 He saw the announcement of the action which Mr. Van Niekerk dared 
 to take reversing the proclamation of annexation which an Imperial 
 officer had made. He saw his own successor, Mr. Rhodes, approving 
 that action of Mr. Van Niekerk and Captain Bower giving back the 
 cruelly symbolic flag of Stellaland to the same Transvaal citizen who 
 called himself "Administrator of the Republic of Stellaland." He saw at 
 the same time that in Cape Town and in the Colony there were literally 
 hundreds and thousands of loyal citizens of both English and Dutch 
 descent who were humiliated and even disgusted at the extraordinary 
 folly which was being x>erpetratod in the name of Imperialism before 
 their eyes. 
 
318 
 
 CHRISTIAN MISSIONARIES. 
 
 Those who felt themselves In sympathy with John Mackenzie's point 
 of view gradually came together and organized at last a public meet- 
 ing, which was held in the Exchange at Cape Town, on the evening 
 of September 24, 1884. Heavy rain was falling; the meeting was called 
 avowedly in the name of real Imperialism, and not the sham and dan- 
 gerous Imperialism of the Afrikander Bond, working through Messrs. 
 Uppington and Rhodes; and yet that great hall was crowded to the 
 door, men occupied the open windows and gathered with eager faces on 
 the outside, straining to catch the words ihat were spoken within. The 
 Mayor of Cape Town was in the chair. It Is significant that in the 
 opening of his speech he referred to the crisis in Bechuanaland as a 
 test of loyalty to the Queen, loyalty to th(» flag of the British Empire. 
 One of the most eloquent speeches was delivered by the Hon. J. W. 
 Leonard, Q. C. He lifted the subject to a high level, raised it above 
 all personality, described the actual events occurring at Hooigrond and 
 Stellaland. He said: "This is the way, gentlemen, in which the Lon- 
 don Convention has been maintained. I can produce incontestable 
 proof that they (the marauders and invaders) were supported by Mr. 
 Joubert, General Joubert, of the Transvaal." John Mackenzie himself 
 made the leading speech. The newspapers announced that when he 
 arose the audience stood up in a body and gave him a reception which 
 utterly surprised himself, as well as the leading organizers of the 
 meeting. 
 
 The enthusiasm created by this great meeting was speedily spread 
 throughout the Colony. It fell to the lot of John Mackenzie to travel 
 to all the main centers and to deliver lectures on the subject of the hour. 
 In this way he visited Stellenbosch, Port Elizabeth, Grahamstow^n and 
 various places in the eastern province. The outburst of loyalty through- 
 out the Colony was so remarkable, and the resolutions passed so 
 strong and so unanimous, that they produced great influence at last 
 •upon the Home Government. In the meantime things had been going 
 from bad to worse in Bechuanaland. The successors of John Mackenzie 
 had matters worse even than he had found them. At last, when the Earl 
 of Derby received from President Kniger the cool request for permis- 
 sion to annex the most valuable part of Bechuanaland, even his im- 
 
CHRISTIAN MISSIONARIES. 
 
 340 
 
 patience was aroused. The result was the sending out of the Warrou 
 Expedition to South Africa. 
 
 When Sir Charles Warren landed at Cape Town the enthusiasm 
 of the people knew no bounds. But as soon as he landed he found 
 himself confronted with the forces which had battled John Mackenzie. 
 From the beginning he foi-.nd the High Commissioner out of sympathy 
 with him, and eager to throw every obstacle in the way of his under- 
 taking. Sir Charles W^arren resolved that he must have on his staff 
 as the chief source of information regarding Bechuanaland the pres- 
 ence of John Mackenzie. He was warned against this by the High 
 Commissioner, on the ground that Mackenzie was "not a persona grata 
 to the Transvaal Government." Sir Charles, of course, acted on his 
 own judgment, and found as his expedition proceeded that the presence 
 of this missionary did not add any complication to dealings with the 
 Boer Government. On the contrary, when he met President Kniger 
 himself at Fourteen Streams, John Mackenzie was present, and was 
 treated with both respect and kindness by the President and his com- 
 panions. The malignity of those whom he had at last defeated pursued 
 John Mackenzie from step to step. It even went this length, — when 
 Sir Charles Warren wired to Cape Town a. warning that in certain parts 
 of the Colony near its northern border secret meetings were being held, 
 only a few miles from his lines of communications, by people who were 
 avowedly disloyal, and that he considered the Colonial authorities under 
 obligation to receive and act upon this information, they replied by 
 asking whether "it was true that the Rev. John Mackenzie, the late 
 Deputy Commissioner to Bechuanaland, was then in the camp of Sir 
 Charles Warren, and personally advising him." This inquii*y was 
 repeated several times. It was one of the few blows which John 
 Mackenzie confessed that he felt bitterly. The suggestion that he was 
 biasing the mind of Sir Charles Warren against any class of the col- 
 onists, that he was attempting deliberately to sow the seed of discord 
 and excite suspicion, was absolutely gratuitous and revealed the depths 
 to which his accusers had allowed themselves to be dragged by hostility 
 to his policy and dislike of his spirit. 
 
 Throughout the Warren expedition John Mackenzie lived very close 
 to the General, advising him regarding the native tribes, acting as 
 
mmm 
 
 350 
 
 CHRISTIAN MISSIONARIES. 
 
 interpreter and intermediary between the chiefs whom they visited and 
 this brilliant representative of Great Britain. From the south of the 
 country right up to Shoshong, where they met with the chief Khama, 
 the expedition moved as a continual triumph. When the expedition 
 was over and Sir Charles Warren made his formal report to the Home 
 Government regarding the conduct of the expedition and those who had 
 rendered Imperial service, 'le placed the name of this missionary first 
 on the list. It was with a smile of amusement that the missionary 
 noticed in the papers the decorations and rewards bestowed upon all 
 the other oflBcers of the expedition whom the General had praised, while 
 to him was left only the satisfaction of having been thanked by Sir 
 Charles Warren, and of having rendered, at great personal cost, the 
 most arduous service of which he was capable, for the good of the land 
 to which he had given his life and his love. 
 
 On his return to London, John Mackenzie, in 1886, set himself to the 
 task of writing the history of Great Britain in South Africa during the 
 preceding ten years, and this was published in the year 1887, in two 
 large volumes, under the title, "Austral Africa, Losing It or Ruling 
 It." Thereafter he remained in London for several years, strenuously 
 working for South Africa. No man could have loved any land or given 
 himself more devotedly and unselfishly to her best interests than John 
 Mackenzie during these years of work for South Africa. The South 
 African Committee was revivified once more; the pen was in his hand, 
 and his voice was heard from various platforms; once more he at- 
 tempted to expound the true meaning of an Imperial policy in South 
 Africa; once more ne urged that the High Commissiouership must be 
 untrammeled by personal and delicate relations w;lh any one Colony, 
 but must remain free as the acknowledged overseer of all the colonies 
 and territories, the visible, indubitable representative of Imperialism 
 in South Africa. Once more h'^ plead for native tribes, worked to save 
 this one from the "jrasp of the Transvaal, and that one from the grasp 
 of a Chartered Company, and that o-'her from the grasp of a yet youthful 
 colony. He worked every hour ol every day through these years, at 
 -gieat cost to his health, for South Africa. 
 
 In 1889 an entirely new direction was given to the history of 
 S'outh African development by the formation of the Chartered Cora- 
 
"iPfiBPfiilfiPWIf 
 
 mmnfmmmmmmi'* 
 
 /■ 
 
 CHRISTIAN MISSIONARIES. 
 
 351 
 
 pany. Some wealthy noblemen and South African capitalists obtained 
 from Parliament a charter, granting to them the right to develop the 
 rich unoccupied territories of Mashonaland and Matabeleland, between 
 the borders of the Transvaal and the Zambesi River, between Portu- 
 guese East Africa and Khama's country. John Mackenzie saw at once 
 two things; first, that this would realize one of the plans which he 
 had for years urged, viz., that those territories should be saved from 
 the Boer Government, settled with English and Scottish colonists, and 
 their rich resources peacefully developed. Secondly, he saw that 
 a Chartered Company was an unsuitable and antiquated instrument to 
 use for this end. His view was unchanged and had been indeed con- 
 firmed from year to year by events in South Africa, that the best 
 possible mode of government which could be adopted for those new 
 regions was that of direct Imperial control, as in India. This de- 
 velopment of Mr. Rhodes' policy placed him in a delicate position. He 
 must not even appear to oppose the occupation and development of 
 Mashonaland, and yet his conscience would not let him accept the 
 method of the Chartered Company. The forces against his view and 
 those who sympathized with him were too powerful, however, to be over- 
 borne. The charter was granted, the company entered upon its mag- 
 nificent, responsible and dangerous task. During this period he was 
 much interested also in discussions regarding Swaziland, Basutoland, 
 Tongaland, as well as both North and South Bechuanaland. 
 
 At last he felt that this portion of his life work had come to an 
 end. In 1890 he went to the London Missionary Society and announced 
 that now he was ready once more to undertake the work they had pro- 
 posed to him. The appointment which he receiveu took him to an 
 entirely new region, away from his beloved Bechuanas, away from the 
 regions he had traversed ho often, away from the problems upon which 
 he had spent his life, to learn a new language, to live in a region new 
 to him, and deal with people at a stage of civilization with which he 
 had not been closely familiar. It was not without great effort, but it 
 "was with the humble soul, the pure intent, and the invincible self- 
 control which had ever characterized him that he went to the little 
 township of Hankey, near the coast, fifty miles west of Port Elizabeth. 
 Here he labored an a preacher in Dutch as well as in English, and as 
 
 \,. 
 
"■' 
 
 352 
 
 CHRISTIAN MISSIONARIES. 
 
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 the administrator of a large estate, tiie director of extensive engineer- 
 ing and agricultural operations, and as a visiting pastor and spiritual 
 adviser. The climate did not suit him, and the story of his seven years 
 there is the story of hard work, endless worry, undertaken without 
 complaining in the face oi increasing bodily infirmities. He did not 
 lose his interest in the mightier problems to which he had given his 
 best years, and with which he was still best fitted to cope, but only 
 occasionally did his local worries and responsibilities allow him time 
 for writing on these subjects. He became a member of the Congrega- 
 tional Union of South Africa, and in the larger service of the brother- 
 hood of churches to which this connection called him he gave unsparing 
 and affectionate service. In the end of 1898 a stroke of paralysis laid 
 him low. He recovered for some months, went to visit his son, Dr. J. 
 Eddie Mackenzie, at Kimberley, and there passed away on March 23, 
 1899. 
 
 So much space has been given to the life of this missionary and 
 statesman, partly because his work is so recent, partly because much 
 of that work has influenced the recent and present history of South 
 Africa so profoundly, and partly also because it seemed right to pre- 
 sent this sketch of a man who combined the intense devotion of the 
 evangelist with the broad and powerful views and impulses of the 
 statesman. It is not too much to say that John Mackenzie was one 
 of the fii*st men to dream of South Africa as a whole, one of the 
 first who could honestly and earnestly say that he loved, not this 
 colony or that native terrivory, but South Africa. And he was one of 
 the first, if not the first, to take definite and intelligent steps of a 
 public nature tov.ards the great goal which now is so clear, and seems 
 so near to the eyes of all the world, but which only twenty years 
 ago lay far off in the mists of the horizon, hardly visible and power- 
 less to inspire. He loved South Africa, not first of all because of 
 its wealth, as a man of commerce might, nor first of all as a portion 
 of the British Empire, as patriots of the limited vision might, but for 
 her own sake, for the sake of the people who would fill her vast plains 
 and wooded valleys in generations to come, of the races that there would 
 live in unexpected harmony, enjoying an ever-increasing prosperity. 
 He saw South Africa of the future, presenting to the world, as he dared 
 
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 to hope, a field upon which the reconciliation of the races might be 
 wrought out in the spirit and by the power of the Christian religion. 
 
 SECTION V. FRANOOItt OOILLARO. 
 
 Frangois Coillard went to South Africa under the auspices of the 
 French Protestant Basuto Mission in the year 1857. It was not until 
 the end of 1896 that he returned from the mlHHlon field in which he 
 labored for forty years. It is often asked how It comes that French 
 missionaries are to be found converting the natives In lands that are 
 under the British flag. In the preface of his Interesting book "On the 
 Threshold of Central Africa," Mr. Coillard hlmsolf supplies the reason. 
 In the first place, in the early part of the prenent century the Protes- 
 tants of France were prohibited from mlHsioiuiry work in their own 
 colonies. In the second place, the places In which French missionary 
 influence is now strong were not under the British flag when the Hugue- 
 not pastors first went there. About 1830 the Keforined Churches of 
 France were anxious to find a field for missionary effort. But no field 
 seemed open to them, until they received an appt'al from Dr. Philip, the 
 head of the London Missionary Society at Cape Town. In response to 
 this appeal they founded the French Protestant Bosuto Mission. And 
 it was in connection with this mission that Frungols Coillard went to 
 the Cape in 1857. 
 
 Mr. Coillard married a Miss Mackintosh, the daughter of the Rev. 
 Lachlan Mackintosh, a Scottish Congregational minister. For twenty 
 years they toiled among the Basutos, and for the greater part of that 
 time they had no settled home, but roamed th(» country everywhere to 
 preach the Gospel. It was not till 1877 that they had a church and 
 house at Leribe, the great grain-bearing dlstrit^ of Basutoland, and 
 even those they were not permitted to enjoy long, as they were shortly 
 afterwards called upon to conduct a missionary expedition among the 
 Banyai. One evening in 1877 M. and Mme. Coillard were walking in 
 their pretty garden, which they had just planted, and Mme. Coillard, 
 pausing before a quince hedge, said, "I wonder after all these wander- 
 ings if we'll be allowed to rest for awhile and taste our own quinces.* 
 But her hope was not fulfilled. In a few months she wa» accompanying 
 her husband through the wilds of Banyallaud. 
 
 
"^•v. 
 
 356 
 
 CHRISTIAN MISSIONARIES. 
 
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 During- their sojourn among the Basutos the Coillards had many 
 bitter experiences. In 1865 the Boers of the Orange River Free State 
 expelled all the missionaries from Basutoland, except those who had 
 taken refuge on the top of Thaba Bosigo. Poor Madame Coillard was 
 packed off in such a hurry that she had not even time to take her bread 
 from the oven. "Make the best of it," said the Boer Commandant, de 
 Villiers, brutally, "for you'll never see Basutoland again." But in 1868 
 the country came under the protection of the British, and the Coillards 
 went back to their much loved toil. Their efforts were attended by 
 remarkable success. It was really their Basuto converts whose mis- 
 sionary ardor led them north to Banyailand and Barotseland. It 
 happened in this way: 
 
 In 1875, a young missionary, Dieperlen, set out to conduct a party of 
 native Basuto teachers through the Transvaal, on the way to a mission 
 field among the Banyai. The Banyai are a native race in what is now 
 Rhodesia, near the famous ancient ruins of Zimbabye, of which, by the 
 way, M. Coillard has given an interesting account. Dieperlen and his 
 Christian Basutos passed through Pretoria in broad daylight without 
 being challenged by any of the Boers. Two days later, however, the 
 party was arrested by two Boer cornets, the women and children were 
 sent to a farm house, the wagons confiscated, and the native mission- 
 aries lodged in jail, one of them in the condemned cell. There was no 
 excuse whatever for this outrage, except the well-known Boer dislike of 
 any attempt to Christianize the natives. Poor Dieperlen had to return 
 to Basutoland, after paying a fine of seventy dollars for no adequate 
 reason whatsoever. 
 
 The Coillards felt that it was incumbent upon them t o make another 
 attempt to guide the native teachers to Banyailand. They were on the 
 point of setting out for Europe to enjoy their first furlough for twenty 
 years, but they willingly gave it up, and in 1877 set out through the 
 Transvaal. Pretoria was now in the possession of the British, who 
 gladly passed them on to the Limpopo. But no sooner had they entered 
 Mashonaland than they were robbed of almost all their belongings by 
 Masonda, a native chieftain. A few weeks later they were seized and 
 carried before the terrible Lobengula. By him they were kept in a 
 state of semi-captivity for a period of four months. It was not against 
 
 (I 
 
CHRISTIAN MISSIONARIES. 
 
 367 
 
 the Coillards but against the Basuto missionaries that Lobengula*s 
 anger was excited; he detested the latter because their chief, Malopo, 
 had given up his kinsman Langalibal^le to the British. The Coillards 
 witnessed some terrible scenes in Lobengula's camp during their en- 
 forced stay; on one occasion Lobengula burned a child's lips off with a 
 fire-brand because he had detected him in some petty falsehood. He 
 would not believe that the missionaries had come through the Trans- 
 naal, because Queen Victoria, he said, was not sovereign of the Trans- 
 vaal, and, if they had come through her domains, she would certainly 
 have sent him a present! One of the party incautiously said that per- 
 haps she did not know of his existence. "What?" said Lobengula, 
 "never heard of ME?" Mme. Coillard saved the situation by saying, 
 "Yes, there are people so benighted as never to have heard of you, great 
 king," whereat the dusky monarch was satisfied. It was owing to Mme. 
 Coillard's influence that the missionaries were finally allowed to go 
 among the Banyai, where they founded these missions that are now 
 being carried on by the Dutch Reformed Church. 
 
 After a two years' holiday in Europe from '80 to '82, during which 
 time he gathered funds for his work, Coillard proceeded to Barotseland 
 in the northwestern corner of the vast territory that now bears the 
 name of Mr. Cecil Rhodes. Here he labored for sixteen years, founding 
 five important missionary settlements which are now carrying on the 
 good work he initiated. His devoted wife died in Banotseland, but he 
 was much comforted in his niece Elise, who had married one of his help- 
 ers M. Jeanmairet. In 189G Coillard's health broke down, and he was 
 only saved by an operation performed at Kimberley by Dr. Mackenzie, 
 the son of the Rev. John Mackenzie. It is interesting to notice that M. 
 Coillard thoroughly approved of the suppression of the Matabele jKJwen, 
 and, on the other hand, thoroughly disapproved of the bigotry and 
 cruelty of the Boers. This support of the orthodox British opinion is 
 the more noteworthy as Coillard is a Frenchman and therefore little 
 likely to view British neighbors with any great favor. At the end of 
 '96 Coillard returned to Europe, after spending forty years in a noble 
 effort to Christianize the black population of South Africa. 
 
m\ 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 CAPE TOWN. 
 
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 I'" If 
 
 'I li 
 
 "Hail, snatched and bartered oft from hand to hand ..." 
 
 — Rudyard Kipling. 
 
 FIRST owned by the Portuguese and used by them almost exclu- 
 sively for 90 years as a port of call for their Indian trade, Cape 
 Town became gradually the regular calling station for all the 
 fleets of merchantmen trading with the East. In 1652 Van Riebeek, 
 with three small ships, founded the Dutch settlement, consisting of 
 a "fort and garden," at Cape Town, from which the Colony has grown. 
 The sole aim of the Dutch East India Company was to establish a 
 place of refreshment for their ships, outward and homeward bound. 
 In 1795 a British force, under Sir George Keith Elphinstone, landed 
 at Cape Town and the rule of the Dutch East India Company ended, 
 after having lasted 143 years. By the treaty of Amiens in 1802 the 
 colony was given back to the Dutch and in 1803 the Dutch flag again 
 waved over the Castle at Cape Town. The new regime, however, was 
 destined to last for a very short period, as in 1806 the British again 
 resumed control over the colony with their chief military post at Cape 
 Town. Thus ended the bartering and change in the ownership of Cape 
 Town and the Colony; since then the British have remained in undis- 
 turbed possession. 
 
 But we must turn from the historical to the geographical point of 
 view, both of which are necessary to enable us to grasp the actual 
 conditions of life and the traditions controlling them at Cape Town. 
 The town lies under the shadow of Table Mountain, and its three 
 attendant peaks of Signal Hill, the Lion's Head and the Devil's Peak. 
 The narrow strip of land between the sea and the mountain is filled 
 by the business portion of the town, while the suburbs run round 
 the base of the mountains. The city, therefore, forms almost a 
 
 358 
 
 .'iil 
 
CAPE TOWN, 
 
 359 
 
 semicircle round its guardian mountain. Tlie peninsula upon which 
 Cape Town is situated is provided with two excellent harbors — Table 
 Bay in the north and False Bay in the south. Gape Town lies on the 
 shores of the former, while Simonstown, the naval headquarters, is 
 situated on the western shore of the latter, and larger, bay. The close 
 proximity of the towns to the mountains makes it liable to heavy rains. 
 As the clouds are caught passing eastward from the sea, they discharge 
 their contents on Cape Town, while the suburbs on the other side of 
 the mountain may be enjoying dry, fine weather. Similarly the heat 
 is often most oppressive in Cape Town proper, as the sun's rays are 
 stopped by the slopes of Table Mountain, while the hot winds, unable 
 to pursue their course freely, seem to settle down as regular inhabit' 
 ants of the luckless city. Cape Town, when seen to the accompani- 
 ment of hot winds and dust storms, is not at all likely to charm the 
 visitor or to bear out the prospect unrolled before him as his ship 
 approached the harbor. The suburbs of Cape Town, however, enable the 
 residents to avoid these plagues, and indeed they gain by them through 
 the relief felt on escaping from the Gehenna of the sweltering town. 
 After that any suburb would appear cool and refreshing. And the sub- 
 urbs of Cape Town are by no means to be despised, even when judged 
 on their merits. They have abundance of trees and shady walks, while 
 the views of the mountains are exquisite in their variety. 
 
 But to everyone who visits Cape Town there is one scene which 
 always lingers in the memory and which compares favorably with every 
 other scene the world over. Not even Sydney harbor, the entrance to 
 Hong Kong, or Nagasaki harbor can excel in beauty the view of Cape 
 Town from the anchorage in Table Bay. Seen in the early morning, 
 when the mists are slowly melting before the rays of the sun and as 
 the town and mountain are revealed, it is more exquisite than at any 
 other time in the day. Moonlight, of course, gives an indescribable 
 beauty to the sleeping town and harbor. But in the morning it is 
 as if a curtain were slowly being drawn away from before a master- 
 piece and when finally the whole panorama lies revealed it is indelibly 
 engraved on the memory. 
 
 Alas, that on landing the idyllic must fade into the real and the 
 dream of the distanqe into the matter-of-fact commonplace of close prox- 
 
360 
 
 CAPE TOWN. 
 
 Imity. But to say that Cape Town is commonplace would be to give a 
 wrong impression, becavse it is never that. There is always something 
 strange and picturesque to be seen or lieard, and though the town is too 
 sleepy to compare favorably with the eastern ports of Port Elizabeth 
 and Durban, it gains rather than loses charm for that reason. Every- 
 where can be seen the Dutch and the English styles jostling each other, 
 in calm disregard of all rules of uniformity or symmetry. The low Dutch 
 house with its wide stoeps stands side by side with the new fashioned 
 English store or hotel. This mixture of two such varying styles can 
 have but one effect, that of giving a ragged, unkempt look to the streets, 
 and to the whole town. Adderley street is the best example of the 
 impossibility of making a modern street which has to include these 
 antique houses. Every now and then the pavement is broken up by 
 an old fashioned stoep, which, obstinate like its builder, persists in 
 running out into the street in its own way. So, spite its fine build- 
 ings. Cape Town can never hope to aspire to be a really modern look- 
 ing town : at least until the Dutch citizens are helped to imagine that 
 the ugly new English houses are to be preferred'to their own comfort- 
 able and useful style of building. 
 
 That Cape Town has some fine buildings no one can deny. The 
 station, the post-oiffice, and the parliament buildings are excellent 
 examples of modern architecture and worthy of the capital of the 
 Cape Colony. The Government House is not at all modern; the old- 
 est portion dating from 1740 and various additions having been made 
 irrespective of appearances. The whole, looked at from an architec- 
 tural, point of view, resembles a patchwork quilt more than anything 
 else. However, it is proposed to erect a new Government House in the 
 suburbs, near Rondebosch, probably. 
 
 Pleen street is the second street of importance and is the center 
 of all the cheap emporiums of the town. On Saturday nights the 
 scenes are frequently of the wildest and gayest description, as the 
 Malays come out, gaudily dressed in their best, to do their shopping. 
 
 The Parade Ground, laid out in 1699, lying at the back of the post- 
 office, is a vast expanse of open ground utilized for Saturday auctions 
 and for reviews of the troops of the garrison. 
 
 However interesting may be the town itself it can scarcely com- 
 
CAPE TOWN. 
 
 3G1 
 
 pare with the interest to be derived from the population. A leading 
 Australian politician well said of Cape Town that "while in his colony 
 the population was homogeneous, here there waa all the world." And 
 so it would seem. Here are, of course, British and Dutchmen, while 
 representatives of all the other European races are to be found. INIalays 
 and Kaffirs abound, while half-castes and mixed breeds of all degrees 
 and of all shades crowd together along the roads. Here also mcy be 
 seen Chinese, patient gardeners, always able to make cabbage grow 
 where it is impossible for any one else to succeed. Emblem of the 
 yellow danger: the little blessing of cabbage and the great curse of 
 a virile nature, endowed with endless patience, combating the domin- 
 ion of the white man! All types are here and all are subject to the 
 law, the law of the Empire, and are able to live peaceably together in 
 a way impossible under any other rule. 
 
 After Table Mountain the pride of Cape Town is its system of docks, 
 which although of national importance, has been paid for by the 
 Colony alone. As far back as 1743 steps were taken to protect the 
 bay and since then work has been steadily proceeding until now there 
 is safety for a number of ships. There is besides a graving dock, and 
 a large outer harbor is rapidly approaching completion. The work 
 on the breakwaters is practically all done by convicts, principally men 
 from Kimberley condemned for the offence of illicit diamond buying or 
 selling. 
 
 Within the last few years a system of electric trams has been in- 
 stalled and gives every satisfaction. It is well to note that in practi- 
 cally all the large South African towns American trams are in use. 
 Electric light is also in use in the streets and the docks. The water 
 supply is derived from Table Mountain, where there are imnionse res- 
 ervoirs. 
 
 The principal suburbs of Cape Town are Green and Sea Points to 
 the west, and Woodstock, Maitland, Rondeboseh, Claremont and Wyn- 
 berg to the east. The western suburbs have the advantage of the sea 
 view and of the sea breezes while they have excellent connection with 
 Cape Town by electric tram and by rail. The eastern suburbs are also 
 connected with Cape Town by a railway, which rui« down to Simons- 
 town, passing Kalk Bay, a favorite watering place on Fal;3e Bay. 
 
362 
 
 CAPE TOWN. 
 
 The population of Gape Town, accordlDg to the census of 1801, is 
 51,083, of whom 25,253 are Europeans, and 8,265 Malays. The re- 
 mainder are Kaffirs and other natives. The population both black and 
 white has, however, increased considerably in the last nine years. 
 
 At the present moment Cape Town is one of the most important 
 points in South Africa. Here the whole of the British army corps 
 will land and here they will entrain for the north. It may be well 
 just to glance at the distances of Cape Town from the various towns 
 of South Africa. From Southampton 5,078 miles, from Kimberley 647 
 miles, from Buluwayo 1,361 miles, from Bloemfontein 750 miles, and 
 from Johannesburg 1,014 milesv 
 
 Cape Town must always be remarkable for its lovely view, for 
 Table Mountain, and as the finest example that can be had of the re- 
 sult of the attempt to combine two stubborn northern races and to weld 
 them into one nation. 
 
 i h':: i;il 
 
■ ( 
 
 / 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 JOHANNESBURG. 
 
 THE CITY OF GOLD AND DRINK AND DUST. 
 
 THE greatest of all the many interests centered in the town of 
 Johannesburg is the fact that it did not exist before 1886. Only 
 thirteen years old and yet so incredibly big and so incredibly 
 bad. The very rapidity of its growth has been the cause of its ruin; 
 nowhere else could such a city have arisen in so short a time. The 
 mere fact of there being a gold reef would not, in itself, be sufficient 
 to have called a substantial town of some 102,000 inhabitants into 
 being. But when the reef is not quartz, but a conglomerate, in which 
 the gold runs regularly and evenly, without breaks and faults, then 
 and only then can it call up such a permanent town. Wherever else 
 gold has been discovered the tendency has always been to avoid build* 
 ing the houses too well for fear that it might be money thrown awa^ 
 if the gold gave out. But on the Band there is no talk of such a 
 posHibility; the mine proprietors in Johannesburg feel as secure in the 
 future of their gold as does the De Beers Company at Kimberley in 
 the future of their diamonds. 
 
 Thus the little fact that the gold runs regularly through the reef 
 makes Johannesburg a substantially built town instead of a corrugated 
 atrocity. It is as well that the town should have the satisfaction of 
 being well built, because that is about the only thing it has to be 
 proud of. Of course much must be forgiven to such an infant com- 
 munity and nobody would expect it to rival or even approach older 
 towns in its municipal and social arrangements. Certainly it is as 
 well not to expect anything good, because very little will be found to 
 reward such expectations. 
 
 Johannesburg extends over an area of some six square miles and 
 contains 126 miles of roads and streets. The parks occupy an area 
 of 84 acres. The site on which the pioneers of the Band elected to 
 found their city lies on the southern slope of the Witwatersrand Bange, 
 
 363 
 
 I 
 

 364 
 
 JOHANNESBURG. 
 
 one of the bleakest and most elevated spots in the Transvaal, where 
 land for agricultural or pastoral purposes was of so little value that 
 farms changed hands sometimes for the value of a team of oxen. Of 
 course the conditions are much changed now, or rather were so in the 
 time of the boom in 1896 and 1897, when two stands in CJommissioner 
 street sold for £22,000 (about |110,000) and one in Pritchard street 
 brought in £40,000 (about $200,000). At the time of the boom 
 there was nothing talked of but land and "stands" (as the buil4ing 
 sites are there designated.) At breakfast people announced their 
 intention of buying so much land at £5 (|25) a foot; at dinner in the 
 evening the news came out that they had sold it at £10 (|50) a foot 
 during the day. Everybody was land-mad and the boom recalled in 
 many respects the Australian land booms when land covered with 
 water fetched fabulous prices for building sites! The boom broke, as 
 all booms do, and the price of land (even before the war) was ridicu- 
 lous and so low as to lead new-comers to disbelieve the stories of the 
 prices paid in 1896 and 1897. Whereas a house in 1896 would bring 
 in £60 ($300) rent it now brings in £10 ($50) to £15 ($75), if it be so 
 fort^mate as to be let. 
 
 Tiie gold, with its steadily increasing output, saved Johannesburg 
 from the worst effects of the breaking of the boom. Ten years ago 
 the value of the output was £1,490,568 (about seven and a half million 
 dollars); this year it ho'! reached the huge total of over £20,000,000 
 (over $100,000,000). 
 
 But the very atmosphere of Johannesburg is unhealthy and charged 
 with the fever of speculation. The only object of the presence of the 
 great majority is to make money. There is no thought in their minds 
 as to the welfare of the town or of the government of the Transvaal. 
 The mining tax does not touch the rank and file directly, as it does 
 the companies, and the question of obtaining the franchise does not 
 weigh so much with the great majority of the Outlanders as does the 
 price of the latest fashion in drinks. 
 
 The first intimation the traveler receives that he is nearing the 
 Golden City is when the railway passes beside the outlying mines on 
 the reef. There are no stations near to the greater number of these 
 mines so the general practice of those wishing to reach them is simply 
 
 fiiii; 
 
•V ■'-' 
 
 JOHANNESBURG. 
 
 365 
 
 to jump off the moving train into the red dust of the veld. Of course 
 the trains do not move extremely rapid, but it is a wonder that more 
 accidents do not happen, especially during the night. The Park Sta- 
 tion at Johannesburg is really a very fine modern erection, lit with elec- 
 tric light and boasting all the conveniences of an up-to-date railway 
 terminus. This e" "mce is by no means shared by the majority of 
 Transvaal stationb. i^' or luHtanco, on the journey from Durban, it is 
 impossible to obtain refreHhments after crossing the Natal frontier! 
 
 The prevailing color of Johannesburg and the inhabitants is red; 
 clothes and collars are .jpmediately covered with the fine red dust 
 and sand from the mines and the veld. Dust storms are very preva- 
 lent and many hours may be spent in almost absolute darkness, while 
 the air is thick with red dust and the traffic in the streets is discon- 
 tinued. Of course the water supply is so defective that none can be 
 spared for watering of the roads. Thus the dust has its own way in 
 Johannesburg; it must be acknowledged that it makes good use of 
 itf? freedom! 
 
 The principal streets are Commissioner street, Pritchard street and 
 President street. These are lined by many stately piles of buildings, 
 containing offices and stores, which have had enormous sums expended 
 upon them. 
 
 The town is overlooked by TTospital Hill, which rises to the north. 
 While it takes its name from the hospital built on it, by far the most 
 conspicuous building it. 'he jail, with, close at hand, the fort and the 
 police barracks. The danger from the fort is not great as it could 
 not withstand a determined assault, and as for harming Johannesburg, 
 that can be done more easily with explosives in the town and mines 
 themselves. But undoubtedly its erection there and its aspect as it 
 threatens the town with its guns, give it an "uncanny" place in the 
 minds of the citizens. 
 
 Viewed from Hospital Hill the most striking feature of the town 
 is the great numbers of trees which break up the blocks of houses. 
 To look at a view of Joliannesburg in 1886 and then to see the results 
 of thirteen years' work makes one doubt one's eyes. The big buildings 
 can be understood, but how was it possible to induce trees to grow in 
 such profusion? The open spaces in Johannesburg r.re fairly numer- 
 
 I 
 
 

 I 
 
 366 
 
 JOHANNESBURG. 
 
 - / 
 
 ous and, though having rather -^ oieserted and forlorn aspect, they 
 must condace greatly to the health of the town. "^ 
 
 One of the finest parts of the town is the road above the railway 
 bridge on the way to Dornfontein on the north, along which the 
 tramway runs between Kruger's and Joubert's Parks, under a broad, 
 handsome avenue of blue gum and other trees, leading directly to Hos- 
 pital Gardens and to the hospital. There are also some- very pleasant 
 suburbs within easy reach of the town by tram. Here the trees are 
 to be seen in even greater profusion than in Johannesburg itself. 
 
 One of the great drawbacks to Johannesburg is tJ9 fact that the 
 natives, employed in the mines, are not kept in compounds, but are 
 free to wander about at will. When this is coupled with the fact that 
 there are in the town an enormous number of low public houses and 
 canteens (almost in the proportion of one to every hundred of the popu- 
 lation), there can be no denying the serious nature of the danger. 
 
 The police force is defective and unable to cope with the diflQcul- 
 ties that arise. The men are principally Germans or Hollanders and 
 no British are allowed to join the ranks. The "zarps" (constable^) 
 always proceed in twos and frequently do not hear inconvenient calls 
 to duty. 
 
 The most noticeable feature of the crowds in the streets is the great 
 number of Jews that are to be seen. Polish Jews, Russian Jews, 
 German Jews, all sorts and conditions of Jews are there, but always 
 well to the front, with the customary display of diamonds. Round the 
 Stock Exchange and the headquarters of the innumerable lottery and 
 sweepstake offices they naturally are well represented. But really the 
 whole of the male population seems to think it as much their duty to 
 take a lottery or sweepstake ticket as it is to drink with any acquaint- 
 ance they may meet. The moral tone of the community is debased 
 and degraded. Amusements with drinking are (or very many of them) 
 the only methods of spending the evening on returning from work at 
 the mines. 
 
 Cape carts and the rickshas are the means of conveyance at the 
 disposal of those who do not wish to use the trams. The great Market 
 Square used to present a very fine sight in the mornings with the 
 countless teams of oxen and the half tilted wagons. Since the rinder* 
 
:-i' 
 
 JOHANNESBURG. 
 
 307 
 
 pest, however, the old scenes have never really been repeated. The 
 Market Place has the distinction of being the largest in South Africa. 
 
 Water is laid on to the houses in pipes, the principal source being 
 at Zuwebekom, 15 miles from the town. Although not so expensive 
 as formerly, Johannesburg is still one of the most costly places of 
 residence in the world. Half-a-crown there equals in purchasing power 
 one shilling in London. 
 
 As a curious instance of the backwardness of many of the institu- 
 tions which we have been taught to consider indispensable, mention 
 may be made of the condition of the post-office in 1897, on the arrival 
 of the English mail. The counter at which letters were given out was 
 about nine feet long at one end of a smallish room. Consequently as 
 soon as the room was packed the crowd would extend far out into the 
 square and there they would have to wait for hours before they could 
 approach the counter, possibly to find that there were no letters for 
 them. This sight is one that lingers longest in the memory of spec- 
 tators and longer still in the memory of participators! 
 
 All day and all night Johannesburg resounds with the noise of the 
 stamps in the batteries until, when Sunday arrives, the very quietness 
 seems oppressive. Now, however, all the stamps are quiet and in all 
 probability the whole of the solid and magnificent machinery of the 
 Band will be destroyed by the Boers. In emulation of the Eussians who 
 burnt Moscow in the hour of Napoleon's victory, the Boers will strike 
 a last blow at their enemies by destroying the millions of pounds' worth 
 of machinery and shafts. Johannesburg, the city of gold, is silent and 
 deserted now, and has only to look forward to the ruin of her wonderful 
 development in a few moments of scientific destruction. Like the cities 
 of the plain she may be destroyed, but as long as there is the gold 
 reef, men will flock to obtain it and a new Johannesburg will arise 
 from the ruins. 
 
 K'i 
 
 1 
 
I 'm 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 KIMBERLEY AND THE DIAMOND MINES. 
 
 THE DREARIEST AND THE LIVELIEST TOWN IN SOUTH AFRICA. 
 
 THIS seeming paradox is easily explained. To realize the 
 first definition we must imagine a straggling town in brick, iron 
 and wood, standing in the level veldt. For miles around there 
 te nothing much higher than a dwarf bush. To be sure it must be 
 admitted that for a few months after the rains this veldt is unrecog- 
 nizable with its carpet of lovely flowers and tender grass. This beauty, 
 however, may be said only to accentuate the dreariness of the flat sur- 
 roundings during the rest of the year. There are no woods to visit, 
 there are no country drives to be taken, there is simply nothing except 
 Kiraberley. There is no country near Kimberley. There is, to be sure, 
 boating to be had at Modder River, but that necessitates a railway 
 journey and cannot come under the head of a regular element in the 
 relief of the dreariness of Kimberley. The very debris heaps from 
 the mines, low, drab, uncanny looking hills of dirt, add to the utter 
 desolation of the surroundings of the town. Truly, if any town can 
 lay claim to the title of dreariness, Kimberley should be that town. 
 But the very fact of the dreariness causes the second definition to be 
 true. The inhabitants, having no outside means of enjoyment and 
 amusement, make up for the lack by a most complete cultivation of 
 the art of internal amusement. 
 
 Neighbors do not stand aloof from neighbors, but rather vie with 
 them in promoting the general gaioty and happiness of the town. 
 Outdoor games are largely patronized, bicycling gives ample oppor- 
 tunities for gymkhanas .id picnics; balls and dances, concerts and 
 dramatic performances enable the inhabitants of Kimberley to sup- 
 port the dreariness. Not even the siege of the town by the Boers 
 could discourage the people of Kimberley from giving a dance, even 
 though it might be preceded by a skirmish. But really they are to 
 
 368 
 
 iii 
 
KIMBERLEY AND THE DIAMOND MINES. 
 
 3({9 
 
 be envied, these citizens of the dreariest town in South Africa! It 
 would be almost worth while to isolate isome of the large towns of the 
 northern hemisphere if it would enable U8 to enjoy ourselves as thor- 
 oughly as do t^e people of Kimberley. 
 
 But apart from the social affairs of the people, the cause and reason 
 of Kimberley is the diamond. 
 
 Kimberley is the seat of the industry which first saved AMca. 
 Kimberley is the real home of the prince of gems. Golconda, of In- 
 dian fame, is but a phrase beside it. It boasts the biggest and the 
 richest holes of man's making in the surface of the earth. 
 
 One day, rather more than twenty-eight years ago, a trader out- 
 spanned at a farm between the Vaal and Orange rivers, and noticed 
 a pretty white stone in the hands of a Griqua serving lad: 
 
 A something poitled-bodled boy 
 That knuckled at the taw. 
 
 The stone fetched £500. It was the "first diamond." The Griqua 
 urchin, you may say, was innocently playing chuck-penny with the 
 destinies of South Africa. 
 
 The river diggings on the Vaal are still Buccessfully worked. 
 
 In 1870, however, the whole industry was turned upside down by 
 the discovery of the "Diggings." Where Kimberley now stands, with 
 its population of perhaps twenty-eight thousand (nearly half of whom 
 are workers in the mines), there were three farms In the flat, bushy 
 plain, the names of which or of their owners were presently immor- 
 talized by the proclamation of the diamond mines of I)u Toit's Pan, 
 Bultfontein, and De Beers. 
 
 The mines were worked by many small companieH and groups of 
 miners until finally in 1891 the celebratinl amalgamation of all the 
 mines and companies took place. Tbt- reason was not far to seek, mv 
 excessive competition had rapidly reduced the price of diamonds to 
 its lowest ebb. The formnes of Kimberley bung In the balance. Only 
 one thing could save them — amalgamation. But that, with so many 
 and such conflicting inter<»sts, sewned at first imp<»«8ible. 
 
 Guided by Mr. Cecil Rhodes and by bis fellow worker, Mr. Beit, the 
 

 m 
 
 
 370 
 
 KIMBERLEY AND THE DIAMOND MINES. 
 
 w\ 
 
 De Beers Company began secretly and steadily, through agents, to 
 acquire the main interest in all the others, until one fine day it was 
 found that they were masters of the situation. Remoulding themselves 
 into the "De Beers Consolidated," with a trust deed empowering them 
 to engage in any and every undertaking conducive to their end, the 
 directors in this way amalgamated first De Beers and then all the 
 other mines into one colossal syndicate. The company acquired also 
 a preponderant interest in the only other diamond diggings which need 
 be considered, and controls to-day the diamond industry of the world. 
 
 Thus we see how, by the simple process of amalgamation, Kim- 
 borley became what it is to-day, a De Beers town. Whether it would 
 have been better for the town under the old regime or not is a diffi- 
 cult question to answer. Though the amalgamation had at first a 
 bad effect in reducing the population by about one-half, the tide has 
 now turned and there are ample signs that in the future it will be one 
 of the most important and largest towns in South Africa. 
 
 If it was the boast of Augustus that he found Rome of brick and 
 left it of marble, the enterprising men of Kimberley may claim to 
 have effected an equally striking transformation, for they are fast 
 turning the Kimberley of iron into one of brick. The town labors 
 under the disadvantage common to most mining towns, in that its 
 most striking feature is the irregularity with which it is laid out. The 
 straight streets, crossing at right angles and at equal distances, so 
 generally found in South Africa, as well as in America, are replaced 
 by a want of uniformitj', due no doubt to its gradual growth along 
 the cart tracks used amongst the mines. While this irregularity has 
 many disadvantages, it is calculated to please the eye of the British 
 emigrant and to remind him of home. Probably, however, the citizens 
 of Kimberley would prefer to be able to displease the old fashioned 
 idea of new-comers. They believe that there are so many delightful 
 things in Kimberley that the very straightest of straight roads could 
 not destroy its charm. 
 
 Before passing to the all important subject of the Diamond mines 
 it would be as well to say a few words as to the suitability of Kim- 
 berley as a health resort. Situated as it is over 4,000 feet above the 
 level of the sea, and enjoying a singularly dry climate, it would seem 
 
 as 
 
 i 
 
im 
 
 1 
 
 "i 
 
 H 
 
KIMBERLEY AND THE DIAMOND MINES. 
 
 373 
 
 as if it should be peculiarly adapted to those suffering from diseases 
 of the chest. Acting on this assumption patients are sent out from 
 Great Britain and elsewhere in all conditions and in all stages of dis- 
 ease. As often as not they are unable to afford the price of special 
 treatment at the Sanatorium and expect that the mere fact of being 
 at Kimberley will cure them. The great majority succumb to the 
 bad food and to the irritation caused by the dust. Besides doing no 
 good to themselves the patients are a great source of danger to the 
 inhabitants generally, the ever present dust affording an admirable 
 medium, for spreading the germs of the disease. 
 
 Besides the Sanatorium there is an excellent hospital with accom- 
 modation for 250 patients (European and native). 
 
 The population of Kimberley is 28,000, of whom 12,600 are of Euro- 
 pean extraction. Situated as it is, so close to the frontier of the Orange 
 Free State, during the present war it is inevitable that numbers of 
 the burghers should be able to enter the town and ascertain all par- 
 ticulars as to its means of defense and the position of its intrenchments. 
 
 It seems strange, however, that even up to the actual investment, 
 Boers were allowed to come in as they chose, even although none of 
 the inhabitants were allowed to penetrate through the Boer lines. 
 
 The principal road is the Du Toits Pan road, in which are situated 
 many of the best buildings. For a short distance it has quite an import- 
 ant aspect, but soon its houses become straggling and small. Every- 
 where, however, one is conscious of the fact that it is the Diamond 
 Town and that De Beers owns it. If it is not a debris heap that re- 
 minds one, it is a chimney or else a glimpse of some of the winding 
 plant at the head of the mine. As the mines seem omnipresent, it 
 may be as well to deal with them at some length. They are unique 
 and well worth a much longer description than we have room to give. 
 
 The old system of open workings has been abandouod in the case 
 of the two most important mines — the Kimberley and the De Beers — 
 as although considerably cheaper, it was impossible to continue it in- 
 definitely owing to the falling in of the walls. Consequently now the 
 blue diamondiferous ground is worked by means of underground shafts. 
 
 First of all it is as well to understand clearly the conditions of 
 mining at Kimberley, and how the diamonds are found. 
 
 ■' 
 
374 
 
 KIMBERLEY AND THE DIAMOND MINES. 
 
 § 
 
 The mines are simply pipes, bored up to the surface while Mother 
 Earth was yet a-boil, piercing the common shaly and basaltic forma- 
 tions of the country, and filled with a sort of blue cake, in which the 
 plums are diamonds. The half-baked cake apparently simmered up 
 and down in the pipe with enough pressure to crystallize the cai'bon 
 in it, but not to boil altogether over at the top. Broken bits of the 
 case through which it pushed — "floating reef" they are called, were 
 imbedded near the top, which in each mine was funnel shaped. Be- 
 low the funnel the pipe runs straight into the bowels of the earth, 
 with but little bulging or hollowing of the sides. The "blue ground" 
 in which are the plums is a not very hard rock of a dull, French gray 
 color. 
 
 The blue ground is blasted out from the tunnel and shafts and 
 conveyed to the surface by a great skip, capable of hauling out 9,000 
 tons in a day. At the surface the precious "blue" is run in trucks by 
 an endless rope to the drying grounds, which are some miles away 
 and some square miles in extent. On the "grounds" the "blue" is 
 softened by the sun and air, broken with picks, and then conveyed 
 back to begin that process of reduction which magically transmutes 
 each ton or two of dull and heavy earth into a tiny brilliant, destined, 
 perhaps, to flash from the forehead of an empress. 
 
 First, the ground goes into the washing machine — the primitive 
 "cradle" on a large and perfected scale — the working of which de- 
 pends on the fact that the high specific gravity of the diamond 
 makes it behave differently from other stones under the joint action 
 of centrifugal force and gravitation. Spun round in perforated cylin- 
 ders and pans under a whirlpool of water, the bulk of the ground 
 flows ofP in "tailings" of gray mud. The residue of divers stones of 
 divers sorts and sizes is then jogged about with more water in the 
 "pulsator." This machine is a huge framework of graduated sieves 
 and runlets, which sorts the divers stones into several sizes, and after 
 much percolation, delivers each uniform lot at a separate receptacle. 
 After the pulsator there remain a number of "dry-sortings," and re- 
 sortings on various tables, by hands both black and white, all under 
 lynx-eyed surveillance, the pretty red garnets and other valueless 
 pebbles being swept off by dozens with a bit of tin, the diamonds 
 
•*»'■' ,'■■ 
 
 KIMBERLEY AND THE DIAMOND MINES. 
 
 ftTR 
 
 dropped into a sort of locked poor box; until finally the coveted hoard, 
 all scrutinized, classified, and valued, lies on the office table of the com- 
 pany on its way to their impregnable safes. 
 
 The excitement of the sorting table is one in which the more favored 
 visitors may indulge. To sort the wet gravel with a small piece of 
 metal, spreading the stones out on the sorting table and picking out 
 the diamonds is a source of never ending pleasure to the novice. It 
 seems, however, a great shame to have to put the diamonds away into 
 a tin as soon as they are found. After the wet-sorting, the gravel is 
 dry-sorted by native convicts. A great number of convicts are "rented" 
 from the Cape government and work under strict supervision by armed 
 keepers — no convicts are employed underground. 
 
 At the final sorting the sight in tho offices of De Beers makes dia- 
 monds seem almost cheap. Here are diamonds of every shape, and 
 size, and tint, from the perfect octahedron, which will lose but little 
 of its bulk in the process of cutting, to the irregular lump destined, 
 unless of the finest water, to be split up into four, eight, or sixteen 
 pieces. Here are stones from the size of a pin's head to that of a wal- 
 nut, and from the purest and most limpid white to mantling yellow or 
 orange. Here, again, is one which has been blown black indelibly by 
 a charge of dynamite. Others are astonishingly bright for uncut 
 stones. They have left Nature's hands so polished that it is only by 
 the addition of g, 'ncing facets that art can better them. Then there 
 are the "fancy stouts" — blue, green, brown, purple, puce, yellow, rod- 
 dish and even black — for diamonds are of all those tints. The black 
 ones, known as "boart," are excessively hard. Spurned by the beauty, 
 these negro gemp serve the purpose of the mechanic better than bril- 
 liants of the purest water. 
 
 The countless little heaps of diamonds reposing on white paper, in 
 severe rows equidistant from ono another, remind one more of the 
 heaps of sugar and other crystals set out by children in a game of 
 shops, t:> 1 of a possible, realizable king's ransom. The output is sold 
 to a £yin!'.ate, which again sells to the diamond dealers. Owing to 
 the f ax r nat they control the diamond market the De Beei> Company 
 are able to keep up the price of diamonds. Last year's work bi ought in 
 the huge total of £3,647,874-13-11 (about $18,200,000), which gave a 
 
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 KIMBERLEY AND THE DIAMOND MINES. 
 
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 of the two important mines was .80 caret or 21s. 2d. (about $4) per load. 
 
 The De Beers Company affords yet two other sources of interest 
 both to the inhabitants and to visitors. The former find much delight 
 in the leafy arcades of the village of Kenilworth, while moonlight 
 rides past the reservoir to the village are a regular feature of life in 
 Kimberley. Kenilworth is the model village of De Beers and lies about 
 two and a half miles to the northwest of Kimberley. It is built en- 
 tirely upon ground belonging to the company and was designed to pro- 
 vide residences for their employees. The village is simply planned, 
 having four main avenues (two only of which are at present built upon) 
 bounded on the north by an avenue, on the south by the main road to 
 Kimberley, and intersected by a central avenue. The avenues are 
 broad and well kept, lined with gums, fir and pepper trees and bor- 
 dered by wide sidewalks and gardens in front of the semi-detached 
 villa-like residences. The prices of rental for the villas or for the 
 apartments for single men are moderate enough to be within the 
 means of any employee. 
 
 Besides the residences there is a spacious club and the village boasts 
 its own post and telegraph office. There is also a school for the child- 
 ren, below the fifth standard; above this standard the children attend 
 the regular Kimberley schools, being conveyed on the trains free of 
 charge. The nurseries and orchards of the company present at certain 
 seasons of the year a beautiful sight and reflect great credit upon those 
 placed in charge of them. But the same may be said of the whole vil- 
 lage, with its private gardens, recreation grounds, tennis courts and all 
 the varied arrangements for the enjoyment of outdoor sport. 
 
 With all these material advantages, with cleanly surroundings and 
 health giving breezes, Kenilworth is deservedly popular. The 2i 
 houses built in 1889 have increased to 119, with a population of about 
 five hundred, and at the present time there is not a single house unlet. 
 Such experiments are well worth encouraging and every success should 
 lead to the formation of similar institutions elsewhere. 
 
 To the visitor De Beers supplies the interest to be derived from a 
 \ralk through the native compounds attached to the mines. Here live 
 the natives employed in the diamond works, shut off from the world 
 
■■•Pin 
 
 iPHHi 
 
 KIMBERLEY "AND THE DIAMOND MINES. 
 
 377 
 
 during the time of their contract. The great proportion of the work- 
 ers in the mines are natives and one has only to remember the state 
 of affairs in Johannesburg v; ith its gold mines to appreciate the ad- 
 vantages of the compound system. It benefits the inhabitants of Kim- 
 berley, it benefits the company inasmuch as it prevents to a great 
 extent the il#cit diamond buying and selling which was once so rife, 
 and most of all it benefits the natives themselves. They are well housed; 
 and there are stores within the compounds, where they can buy every 
 necessity and many luxuries with the exception of intoxicating liquor, 
 which is absolutely prohibited. A hospital is included in each com- 
 pound. If anyone doubted the happiness of the natives under the re- 
 straint that is imposed, a visit to the compounds on a Sunday after- 
 noon would convince him to the contrary. In the largest compound, 
 that of De Beers or the West End, covering four acres, there are 3,750 
 natives. 
 
 Altogether the diamond mines employ 10,340 natives and 1,800 
 Europeans. This forms a large proportion of a population numbering 
 28,000. 
 
 The great enemy of the diamond company is the practice of illicit 
 diamond buying, or I. D. B. Against this the strictest laws have been 
 passed until now no one is allowed to own a rough unregistered dia- 
 mond in Kimberley and the finding of such a stone is sufficient to 
 secure a prosecution and in many cases a conviction. 
 
 There is much more that is interesting in Kimberley, but the best 
 summing up it can have is simply "The Diamond Town, the dreariest 
 and the liveliest town in South Africa." However homesick the new- 
 comer may be on his arrival the saying in Kimberley is: "Give him six 
 months here and he will never want to leave the town." Happily for 
 the rest of the world all the visitors are not able to stay six monthi in 
 Kimberley. 
 
• > 
 
 "/' 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 OTHER LEADING TOWNS. 
 
 SECTION I. BLOEMFONTEIN. 
 
 ALTHOUGH Bloemfontein has now been the capital of the Orange 
 Free State for many years it has never risen to be anything more 
 than a quiet rural town. It has about 10,000 inhabitants, 7,000 of 
 whom are whites. The town stands upon a plain at an elevation of 
 4,518 feet, surrounded by low hills. The air is dry and bracing and pre- 
 sents special attractions to sufferers from pulmonary complaints. On 
 one of the hills to the south there is a small fort, erected by the British 
 Government in 1846 — it is usually armed with two maxims and is 
 scarcely formidable. Close to the fort is a small monument to the 
 memory of those killed in the Basuto war of 1865-68. 
 
 Many English live in Bloemfontein, and the little town is the seat 
 of both Anglican and Roman Catholic Bishoprics. The Anglican Church 
 is the second largest in the town, and has a very good interior. The 
 Dutch Reformed Church is naturally the principal one and is noticeable 
 through possessing two spires. 
 
 The town is laid out regularly round a large market square; this 
 square is the center of the town, and here begin all the principal streets. 
 These are wide anfl very well kept — they are lined with trees, and these 
 have grown so large that from the neighboring hills the houses look 
 like little boats on an ocean of green. 
 
 As capital of the State, Bloemfontein is able to boast the possession 
 of some very creditable public buildings. The New Raadzaal is a very 
 handsome building, with a dome-shaped tower some 90 feet high. The 
 interior is very well arranged, and the principal chamber is equal to 
 any to be found in the Colonies or the American States. This building 
 cost £57,000 (about $280,000). The old Raadzaal is now used as a law 
 court, and is not nearly so handsome as the present Zaal. In front of 
 the old Zaal is a statue of the famous and noble President, J. H. Brand 
 (1864-1888). 
 
 The next most striking building in the town is the residence of the 
 
 171 
 

 / 
 
 OTHER LEADING TOWNS. 
 
 379 
 
 President, which cost about £15,000 (about $75,000), and is substan- 
 tially built of stone. One of the characteristics of nearly all the public 
 buildings is the happy combination of red brick with a peculiarly fine- 
 grained white stone, quarried in the neighborhood. On one side of the 
 town the villas have spread on to the slope of the hills and already 
 the higher ground beyond has been laid out for building purposes. 
 
 The town hall, with its large hall used for concerts, etc., is not 
 striking, but the post and telegraph office on the Market Square is a 
 credit to the town. There are also two hospitals, one of which (the 
 Government hospital) has accommodation for 200 patients, and the 
 other (the Old Cottage Hospital) contains a ward erected in commemo- 
 ration of the Diamond Jubilee of Queen Victoria. The well-arranged 
 National Museum is contained in part in one of the first buildings 
 erected in the town. This has been a church, a raadzaal and a court 
 house, and was the one in which the British Convention was signed in 
 1854, which convention gave its independence to an unwilling State. 
 
 There are several excellent educational institutions in Bloemfon- 
 tein. The Grey College (a handsome building, presented by Sir George 
 Grey), and St. Andrew's College for boys; the Ladies' Government 
 Institute and St. Michael's Home for Girls, fully supply the needs of the 
 community. 
 
 The water supply of the town is obtained from a spring and from 
 Sannah's Post, on the Modder River. From the latter source there have 
 been 34 miles of pipes laid, costing about £80,000 (about f 384,000). The 
 water supply is a municipal enterprise, as is the electric lighting now 
 in process of erection. 
 
 In Bloemfontein living is not by any means cheap, although the 
 majority of the inhabitants live very simply. There is scarcely any 
 poverty and not very much wealth. Its inhabitants boast that it is the 
 most idyllic community in South Africa, and it certainly is a fitting 
 capital for the Orange Free State, whose arms are a lion and a lamb 
 standing on opposite sides of an orange tree, with the motto: "Freedom, 
 Immigration, Patience, Courage." 
 
 There is an excellent club in the town, besides which are to be found 
 a good cricket ground, race course and golf links. Bloemfontein is 
 distant 449 8-4 miles by rail from Port Elizabeth. 
 
380 
 
 OTHER LEADING TOWNS. 
 
 •■OTION II. BULUWAYO. 
 
 \K glance at the map of South Africa will show that somewhere in the 
 region known as Rhodesia, south of the Zambesi, at a point where rail* 
 ways from the far south and the farther north will meet with railways 
 from the Indian Ocean on the east and the Atlantic Ocean on the west, a 
 great commercial center may be expected to grow up. Some people 
 think that Buluwayo is going to become the Chicago of Austral Africa. 
 
 Where four or five years ago stood the Koyal Kraal of th( Matebele, 
 a flourishing township has arisen with a white population of 4,000. The 
 actual site of Buluwayo is an open, treeless plain, two or three miles 
 from the Royal Kraal, which has been destroyed and replaced by Gov- 
 ernment House. The tre^ under which Moselekatse and Lobengula used 
 to dispense judgment has been left standing. The name of the town is a 
 Zulu word meaning "the place of the killing," and that name will pre- 
 serve forever the memory of the horrid massacres and assassinations in 
 which the Matebele rejoiced. 
 
 Buluwayo is one of the most astonishing towns in South Africa be- 
 cause it does not owe its rapid growth to diamonds or gold to such an 
 extent as do the two other great towns. There is gold of course, as there 
 are also lead, copper and iron to be found in the neighborhood. Then 
 again the country is most suitable for pastoral pursuits, and Buluwayo 
 stands in what is likely to be one of the largest cattle and sheep districts 
 in the colonies^, 
 
 The town is laid out on the rectangular system round a large square 
 ' — the streets run north and south and the avenues east and west. Both 
 the streets and avenues — ^the latter are called by numbers while the 
 former have names — are broad and promise to be very handsome when 
 the buildings are completed. But already there are many fine buildings, 
 and it is a great shock to many, when they visit Buluwayo, to find that it 
 is not possible to live as in the wild, unsettled country. 
 
 Connecting Government House with the town there runs an avenue 
 2,542 yards long and 130 feet wide, lined with trees along its full length. 
 Both Government House and the avenue are the property of Mr. Rhodes. 
 
 The principal thoroughfare in the town is Rhodes Street, which runs 
 through the center of Market Square, The sides of the Square are 
 
wmm 
 
 OTHER LEADING TOWNS. 
 
 / 
 
 381 
 
 formed by 7th and 8th ayenues on the north and iouth, Grey and Fife 
 streets on the west and east. All the principal public buildings are to 
 be found near the Market Square. 
 
 There are the public offices and court houMe, the Stock Exchange, the 
 postoffice and several banks. These are nearly all edifices which would 
 and will do credit to a much larger town; — the inhabitants know that in 
 a short time the town will have grown very much larger and therefore 
 have made the public buildings much larger than would seem necessary 
 at present. 
 
 The market house is a substantial building of two stories, with a 
 dome and lantern, 86 feet high, very well arranged and lighted by elec- 
 tricity. But indeed the whole lighting system of Buluwayo is admir- 
 able, and having made so good a start it is probable that Buluwayo will 
 never suffer from underlighting. 
 
 The hospital is erected on ground specially granted for the purpose, 
 and cost £6,500 (about |30,000). It is dedicated to the memory of Major 
 Wilson and those who fell with him at the Shangani River, on December 
 4, 1893. 
 
 There are churches of nearly all the principal religious bodies, some 
 of the edifices being very well arranged and well built. In 1898 there 
 were 8 schools, in which the total attendance was 424, of which 338 were 
 white children. 
 
 To the north of the town are the Queen's Club Athletic Grounds and 
 a little beyond is the Native Reserve. The native location lies some dis- 
 tance to the northwest. To the east of the town lies a valley through 
 which the Matsheumhlope River runs, and beyond this is the suburban 
 township now rapidly being built over, and the stands of which com- 
 mand a high price. Between the two towns the ground is laid out for a 
 park and botanical gardens. 
 
 Of course, there are a race course and several athletic clubs in the 
 town. Cricket, golf, polo and lawn tennis are amply provided for, while 
 bicycling is an almost universal practice. 
 
 Some idea of the growth of Buluwayo may be gained from the fact 
 tha^ in 1897 the municipal valuation was £1,682,278 (about $8,240,000), 
 while in 1898 it had increased to £2,045,000 (about 110,000,000). In the 
 former year statistics show that of the 578 houses in the town more 
 

 /'';■: r 
 
 iii 
 
 1 ; 
 
 II 
 
 382 
 
 OTHER LEADING TOWNS. 
 
 than half were built of brick. This is a wonderful record for so young a 
 town and must be explained by the fact that excellent clay and lime are 
 found close to the town. 
 
 Water supply and lighting reservoirs and filter beds to hold some 
 40,000,000 gallons have been constructed near the railway station. 
 There is a fall of over one hundred feet, and this is used to provide the 
 electric power for the lighting of the town. The three lakelets lie 
 amongst most picturesque surroundings and are capable of supplying 
 6,000 persons with 10 gallons per head for 18 months. The great diffi- 
 culty in storing water here is the impossibility of stopping percolation. 
 Water can generally be obtained by sinking wells to a depth of from 20 
 to 30 feet. 
 
 Buluwayo lies at a height of 4,250 feet and is very healthy. From 
 May to August the weather is very cold, with southeast winds; between 
 November and March, 25 to 35 inches of rain falls. The average tem- 
 perature for the six summer months (October-March) is about 72 deg. F. 
 and of the winter months about 64 deg. F. Dust storms are frequently 
 troublesome. 
 
 A colossal statue of Mr. Rhodes is to be erected in Buluwayo and the 
 pedestal is to be ornamented with a bas-relief of Major Wilson and his 
 comrades, the names being given of the different troopers who fell with 
 him. The total cost will be £3,000 (about $15,000) and the statue is being 
 made in England. 
 
 Buluwayo is by no means a cheap place to live in. It is diflScult 
 to live for much less than £20 (about $100) a month, though after the 
 war it is probable that the prices will be higher for some time. 
 
 The town is situated on the Cape to Cairo Railway, and lies 1,361 
 miles from Cape Town by train; 713 miles from Kimberley; 490 from 
 Mafeking4 1,199 from Port Elizabeth; 1,260 from East London; 1,109 
 from Bloemfontein. From Johannesburg, by train, it is 1,373 miles; 
 but on Congo by coach or to Mafeking, 144 miles; and thence it is 512 
 miles by train. to Buluwayo. Coaches used also to run from Johannes- 
 burg, through the Zoutspanberg district to Tuli, and thence to Bulu- 
 wayo. 
 
 «/ 
 
 A 
 
i ■ / 
 
 OTHER LEADING TOWNS, 
 
 / 
 
 383 
 
 6BGTION III. DURBAN. 
 
 The town of Durban is the largest in Natal and differs from 
 the capital, Pietermaritzburg, in that it was founded by the British 
 (in 1835), not by the Boers. Its name it bears in honor of Sir Benjamin 
 D'Urban, one of the most able Governors of the Cape Colony. Origi- 
 nally it was known as Port Natal, which name it received from the great 
 Vasco da Gama, who visited it on Christmas Day in 1497, — he gave it 
 the name in honor of the nativity of our Savior. 
 
 Durban is one of the most important ports of South Africa, and, 
 though the railway distance to the Gold Mines of Johannesburg is 
 greater than from Delagoa Bay, merchants prefer to ship their goods 
 via Durban rather than trust to the tender mercies of the Portuguese. 
 Any success that Durban may achieve as a port is owed almost entirely 
 to the Hon. Harry Escombe, once Prime Minister of the Colony. He has 
 devoted his life to the work of removing the bar and artificially con- 
 structing an entrance to the harbor. That he has succeeded may be 
 shown by the fact that during the present war the troopships are able 
 to steam into the harbor, over a bar which used once to have only 11 
 or 12 feet of water covering it. Mr. Escombe looks forward confidently 
 to the time when there shall be 30 feet of water on the bar at high 
 tide. 
 
 The channel is kept well defined and clear from silting sand by two 
 breakwaters, the northern on»;, 2,900 feet long, and the southern 2,550 
 feet. This latter breakwater runs out from under the Bluff, a head- 
 land some 220 feet above the sea level, on which is situated the light- 
 house. Here are also to be found two batteries of garrison artillery, 
 considered capable of defending the harbor mouth. After passing 
 through the quarter-mile wide channel the ships enter into the land- 
 locked bay, which has an area of 7^ square miles of open water. This 
 bay is, however, very shallow, except near the mouth, where are the 
 wharves, fringing the northern spit of land — opposite the Bluff — known 
 as "The Point." There is a fine new quay of dressed stone, 500 feet in 
 length, as well as the old timber structnire, 1,800 feet in length. Besides 
 these there i« St. PauPs Wharf, used by the sailing ships. All these 
 wharves are connected with the railway line, and thus the work of 
 
 
-•< 
 
 884 
 
 OTHER LEADING TOWNS. 
 
 discharging cargo is carried on very quickly. The electric light enables 
 work to be continued during the night when necessary. The work of 
 loading and unloading is done by about 1,000 natives and 200 whites — 
 no Indians do any of this work. 
 
 The business town of Durban lies on the plain between the bay, 
 
 the Berea and the sea; the residential portion is mainly situated on 
 
 the hill behind the town, known as the Berea. This hill received its 
 
 name from a missionary settlement, which was there in the early days 
 
 and which was called after the Berea mentioned in Acts XVII., 10:11. 
 
 Durban is a notable contrast to many of the other South African 
 
 towns in that it bears plain evidence of the fact that its citizens take a 
 
 pride and an interest in their home. It is tidy to a wonderful degree, 
 
 and, though the town itself cannot be called beautiful, yet the JBerea 
 
 is wonderfully gay with flowering trees and brilliant garden patches. 
 
 The roads are hard and smooth, a state of things which is a great 
 
 relief to anyone who has had experience of other roads. Of course the 
 
 fact that so much of the traffic is done in rickshas explains to a great 
 
 extent the excellence of the roads. The rickshas in Durban are much 
 
 larger and more comfortable than the average Japanese ones, while it 
 
 would be difficult to imagine a more striking contrast than that between 
 
 the stalwart big Zulu ricksha boy of Durban and the little coolie of 
 
 Japan. The Durban ricksha men have to wear a certain amount of 
 
 clothing by the police regulations, but they indulge in a great amount 
 
 of extra ornamentation, calculated to attract the attention of the 
 
 public. It is very quaint to see the Zulus prancing about and generally 
 
 making a great display of friskiness in order to get a fare. 
 
 The streets of the town are laid down at right angles, and the three 
 principal thoroughfares are lined with substantial stores, hotels and 
 public buildings. The buildings in Durban are built well and in good 
 taste, and there is none of that crude unfinishedness so very noticeable 
 In Johannesburg. 
 
 A' very fine tram system serves the town and its suburbs. Starting 
 from The Point the line traverses West Street from end to end, then 
 passes along Florida Boad, and, crossing over the railway, it mounts 
 the Berea Hill. Up this slope the trams run, under trees and past beau- 
 tiful flowering and sweet-scented shrubs. The line does not run on the 
 
 'iJiillMI:: 
 
OTHER LEADING TOWNS. 
 
 385 
 
 road, but has a special track at the side. After reaching the summit 
 of the Berea, the trams run along the brow of the Ilill. The trams are 
 drawn by horses, indeed it would be a pity to spoil the town by intro- 
 ducing any other method of traction — unless it were electricity. Every, 
 body uses the trams in Durban, though the ricksha charge for a short 
 distance is only 3d — "a tickey." There are no cabs; if there be much 
 luggage a series of rickshas are engaged and follow in procession. 
 
 The Berea is one of the prettiest places in South Africa. Its pictur* 
 esque villas, nestling amongst a wealth of trees and flowering shrubs, 
 command charming views down to the Bay, the sea and the Bluff. 
 It is also remarkable as having been used in one of the first experiments 
 at municipal socialism. 
 
 The municipality bought the land, and by selling or leasing it in 
 lots as the values increased, has secured a revenue which keeps local 
 taxation very low and enables many improvements and enterprises to 
 be entered upon. 
 
 Durban has the reputation of being the best managed and the most 
 self-respecting town in South Africa. 
 
 One of the things which causes most pride to the citizens of Durban 
 is their town hall. This stands in West Street, facing some public gar- 
 dens, and is, therefore, not too closely enclosed to allow of a full display 
 of its fine effect. The town hall was completed in 1885, at a cost of 
 £50,252, and in 1894 a fine organ was erected in the main hall by the 
 corporation. There used to be great rivalry between the organists of 
 the Durban and Pietermaritzburg town halls as to the relative worth 
 of their instruments. Since the town hall at the latter place was de- 
 stroyed by fire, organ and all, the Durban organ has now no rival in 
 South Africa. Certainly one of the features of the town is the excel- 
 lent use to which the organ is turned to account. There are regular 
 free organ recitals, and numerous musical works are given during each 
 year by a capable choral society, trained and conducted by the organist. 
 
 The botanical gardens of Durban are very well laid out and very 
 well kept. Indeed they would do credit to a much larger town than 
 even the largest town in Natal. 
 
 The observatory is situated on the upper slope of the Berea, im- 
 mediately above the botanical gardens, at a height of 260 feet above 
 
 \ 
 
aso 
 
 OTHER LEADING TOWNS. 
 
 the sea. Originally founded through the exertions of Mr. Escombe and 
 some other citizens, in 1883 the institution was taken over by the Natal 
 Government. Some excellent observation work has been done at this 
 observatory. 
 
 One of the most striking things in Durban is the number of Indian 
 coolies and merchants. It gives quite an eastern air to the town at 
 the first glance, but Durban is too English to allow even 40,000 Indians 
 to make it more eastern. Indeed, so frightened are the Natalians of the 
 power of the Indians, that it is extremely difficult for an Indian to 
 obtain the franchise. These brown Uitlanders, however wealthy and 
 respectable they may be, have very little chance of obtaining the fran- 
 chise after any number of years — in fact, when they do obtain it, it is 
 as a favor, not as a right. 
 
 In 1897 the citizens of Durban became seriously alarmed at the 
 intelligence that many shiploads of Indians were coming to Natal, 
 driven away from home by the famine. Protests were made, and, finally, 
 on the arrival of one ship, the Durban people lined the quays and 
 refused to allow the Indians to land. Eventually the Indians were 
 allowed to enter Durban, but now an act has been passed by which all 
 immigrants may be excluded who tnnnot write in European characters 
 a letter applying to be exempted from the provisions of the law. What- 
 ever may be their wrongs and their dangers, there is no doubt that 
 they add a groat deal to the picturesqueness of the town. 
 
 The climate of Durban in winter, the dry season. Is delightful, but 
 in the hot, wet season it becomes rather oppressive. The average annual 
 temperature is C9° to 70°, and the rainfall 40 inches per annum. On 
 occasion, however, it can be very hot indeed in Durban when the tem- 
 perature will stand at 109° in the coolest shade, while in the sun 155" 
 will be registered. Despite the nearness to the sea, it is possible to 
 ride and walk, even in the immense heat of 109° in the shade, without 
 feeling the effects seriously. The raoistness in the air induces perspira- 
 tion; in Durban the nights are not cool as they are in the higher lying 
 portions of South Africa. 
 
 The native policemen of Durban are a curious sight, but have a 
 great opinion of thoniselv s and are a very fine set of men. There is, 
 however, something very curious and quaint in seeing a man fully 
 
OTHER LEADING TOWNS. 
 
 387 
 
 equipped in the police garments down to tlic knee, tlicn bare legs and 
 feet. The policemen carry knobkerries and keep remarkably good 
 order. 
 
 To the west of Durban, behind the Berca, arc the park-like slopes 
 and hills of Durban County. To the north, the more open country of 
 Victoria County, covered with the brilliant green sugarcane fields, and 
 the bold bluffs of the Inanda Range are visible. 
 
 Durban has a great future before it, and a very pleasant present. 
 
 SeOTION IV. QRAHAMSTOWN. 
 
 Grahamstown has the reputation of being the most English town 
 in South Africa. It is the metropolis of the Eastern Provinces and lies 
 on the slopes of the Zuurberg Mountains, near the source of the Eowie 
 Bivers. It is situated at a height of 1,741 feet above the level of the 
 sea, and may be reached by rail from Port Elizabeth in 9 34 hours. 
 The populatioi: of 10,436 contains 6,271 whites. 
 
 The town is one of the oldest in the Colony, as It was founded in 
 1812. It became a military station in 1819, nnd next year was selected 
 by the colonists as their rallying place in the event of native troubles. 
 In 1819 an attempt was made by a Kaffir chief, with 10,000 warriors, 
 to surprise the town, but the garrinon of 320 men drove them back, with 
 great loss. In 1834, 1846 and 1864 the wars between the colonists and 
 the Kaffirs raged round Grahamstown, so that it would be difficult 
 to find any kopje or valley which has not witnessed some struggle be- 
 tween white and black. 
 
 Grahamstown is the seat of two Bishoprics, the Anglican and the 
 Boman Catholic, both of which have a cathedral in the town. The 
 superintendency of the Wesleyan Methodist body is also located at 
 Grahamstown. The public buildings are substantial, but have no claim 
 to architectural merit The town hall is in the Gothic style and is 
 situated in High Street, the principal thoroughfare. It was completed 
 in 1882, at a cost of £18,000 (about $90,000). A square clock tower, 
 projecting on arches over the pavement, commemorates the early strug- 
 gles of the settlers with the natives. The Eastern District Court House 
 is also in High Street; it is in Grecian stylf and presents a rather top- 
 heavy appearance. There are three resident judges. The possession 
 
 I M 
 
 'A 
 
388 
 
 OTHER LEADING TOWNS. 
 
 i ; k 
 
 of the two Bishoprics and the fact that it is the seat of the law court* 
 of the Eastern Provinces gives a very much higher tone to the society 
 of the town than is often found in South African towns. 
 
 Grahamstown is one of the principal educational centers of South 
 Africa. In addition to St. Andrew's College, founded in 1885, there 
 are the public school, St. Aidan's College (Roman Catholic), and the 
 Cathedral Grammar School, all for boys; with the Diocesan College, 
 the Wesleyan High School (erected at a cost of £10,000, or about $50,- 
 000), and the Convent School, for girls. 
 
 The streets of Grahamstown run regularly and are wide and lined 
 with trees. While not possessing any very special attractions, there 
 are many features in favor of the town as a place of residence. Living 
 is cheap and good. The agricultural population are the most progres- 
 sive in Cape Colony; as regards dairy produce, Grahamstown is one 
 of the few places in the Colony where cheese is made. The water supply 
 is excellent and is laid on to the houses in pipes. The surrounding hills 
 are well wooded and afford opportunities for pleasant drives and rides. 
 The climate is very highly recommended, though the rainfall is too 
 evenly distributed throughout the year to render it suitable for phthisi- 
 cal patients. 
 
 The botanical gardens are approached from the High Street, through 
 the old Drostdy or Court House, which is now used for military pur- 
 poses — Grahamstown being a garrison town. Parliament sat in this 
 building in 1864. The gardens, which are considered the finest in South 
 Africa, cover 100 acres and are well irrigated, and the natural beauty of 
 the valley in which they are placed has not been destroyed. 
 
 The most interesting feature of the town is, however, the Bacterio- 
 logical Institute, which is under the direction of Mr. Alexander Edding- 
 ton, formerly first principal medical officer in Cape Colony. The insti- 
 tute is one of the largest and probably the most complete in the world, 
 and is subsidized by all the South African States, including the Trans- 
 vaal and the Orange Free State. 
 
 The primary reason for which it was established was that of making 
 investigations into the diseases peculiar to South Africa, and elaborate 
 researches have been made into "horse-sickness," with a view to discover 
 a vaccine. Dr. Eoch used the laboratory of the institute for his re- 
 

A BOER SCOUT 
 
 The Boer Is trained to a mode of warfare In which scouting on swift horses Is a prominent feature. 
 Re carries his belt of cartridges, and a water bottle over his shoulder, and wears his wide-brimmed 
 hat. The rope rou d the horse's neck is used for knee-haltering, which allows the horse to move 
 slowly about, browsiug on the grass during a time of rest. 
 
OTHER LEADING TOWNS. 
 
 391 
 
 ^^B 
 
 searches into the nature of rinderpest in 1896-7. Despite the general 
 indifference on the part of the public the institute has made extraor- 
 dinary progress and has been a marked commercial success. From its 
 laboratories vaccine and other serums are made and supplied in their 
 purest forms. 
 
 SECTION V. PORT ELIZABETH. 
 
 Port Elizabeth is the geographical capital of CJape CJolony, while 
 Cape Town is the historical. It is the second city of the Ck)lony in 
 importance, with a white population of 13,000, besides the natives, who 
 number 12,000. 
 
 In 1820 a large body of emigrants was landed in Algoa Bay, on 
 the shores of which Port Elizabeth now stands. At that time there 
 were only a few houses clustered around the little Block House. The 
 town was laid out by order of Sir Rufane Donkin, Acting Governor, 
 and he erected a stone monument on the hill above in memory of his 
 deceased wife. Lady Elizabeth — "one of the most perfect of human be- 
 ings, who has given her name to the town below." Since 1820 the town 
 has grown very steadily and has earned the title of the Liverpool of 
 South Africa. The custom dues received during the 18 years ending 
 1896 reach the sum of £9,567,082 (about $47,275,000), as compared with 
 £7,482,798 (about $37,665,000) received at Cape Town. 
 
 The town does not yet possess a real harbor and ships have to 
 anchor in the bay; the anchorage affords good holding ground and is 
 sheltered from all winds but those blowing from the southeast. These 
 are, however, the most dangerous of all, and it is often extremely dif- 
 ficult for the tugs and lighters to pass between the ships and the jetties. 
 At present all the harbor accommodation consists of two wrought-iron 
 jetties, 840 and 1,152 feet long, costing, with their equipment, some 
 £250,000 (about $1,225,000). They are lit by electric light, and are well 
 furnished with cranes. In 1856 a breakwater was commenced and car- 
 ried out for 1,700 feet; it had, however, to be removed in 1869, as the 
 harbor had been rendered useless by the silting up of the sand. In 1897 
 a scheme was prepared by which it was proposed to construct a shel- 
 tered harbor, at a cost of from two and a half to three million pounds 
 sterling (from $10,000,000 to $15,000,000.) This, however, has not yet 
 been commenced, and all the work is carried on at the jetties which are 
 
 ! ■■■i 
 
 ' I 
 
 !] 
 
 i| 
 
 iture. 
 mmed 
 move 
 
 ! 
 
392 
 
 OTHER LEADING TOWNS. 
 
 
 connected with the railway. Vessels drawing 20 feet can lie alongside 
 the jetty during favorable weather; statistics show that this occurs on 
 four days and five nights out of six. 
 
 Viewed from the bay, or even from the north jetty, Port Elizabeth 
 presents a rather dusty and colorless appearance, owing to the absence 
 of trees and the sandy hills on either side. The town lies at the foot, 
 on the slope and on the top of a hill. The slope is so steep that steps 
 often take the place of roads, and the houses rise one behind the other, 
 the ones in front not in any way impeding the view of those higher up. 
 
 Electric trams run from the Markot Square down Main Street to 
 North End Park, a distance of two and one-half miles, and another line 
 runs up the hill. The total length of the electric tramway is twelve 
 miles, and the fare unit is 3d (6c). 
 
 On entering the town from the north jetty the railway station, a 
 substantial white stone structure, is the first building on the right; on 
 the left are the new harbor buildings and the custom house. Jetty 
 Street leads into Market Square, which is the center of the town, and 
 round which the principal buildings are clustered. By far the most 
 striking building in Port Elizabeth is the town hall, on the south side 
 of the square. It is built in the renaissance style, at a cost of £26,000 
 (about 1128,000), and has a fine clock tower. Besides the public offices 
 it contains a public library of 25,000 volumes, which, although not the 
 largest, is the most perfectly arranged in South Africa. This library 
 is to be transferred to a special building. In front of the town hall are 
 the post and telegraph offices — a new postoffice is being erected at a 
 cost of £75,000 (about |367,000). 
 
 The market buildings occupy a conspicuous position on the square. 
 The site for these buildings had to be literally excavated from the side 
 of the hill, and this is the principal cause for the heavy cost of construc- 
 tion (£70,000, about $343,000). Some idea of its size may be gained when 
 one learns that the Feather Market Hall will seat 5,000 people. Besides 
 this hall there are the Fruit Market and Wool Market Halls. 
 
 Main Street is the principal thoroughfare of Port Elizabeth, and 
 is one of the finest in the Colony. The end near the Market Square is 
 particularly fine and contains some very handsome buildings. The fur- 
 ther away from the square the road runs the worse the houses become, 
 
 
OTHER LEADING TOWNS. 
 
 393 
 
 until nobody could, with truth, praise it. Strand Street, below Main 
 Street, has been improved recently and now contains some handsome 
 offices. 
 
 The upper part of the town, known as "The Hill," a flat tableland 
 overlooking the sea, is composed of villas, and 's best approached by 
 White's Road, leading from Market Square to St. George's Park. There 
 are numberless churches in Port Elizabeth, both for whites and for 
 natives. There is also one hospital, the Provincial, known as one of the 
 best conducted in South Africa. 
 
 St. George's Park is well laid out, with shady avenues, lawns and 
 conservatories, and is all the more interesting because of the fact that 
 most of the soil h'ad to be carted to the spot. Adjoining the park there 
 are cricket and tennis grounds. It is well to remember that Port 
 Elizabeth has been the pioneer of tennis tournaments in South Africa, 
 and that the championship meetings are still held there each year. 
 
 On the north of the town is Prince Alfred Park, close to which are 
 the golf links. The south end of the town is divided from "The Hill" 
 by "The Valley," formed by Baaken's River. 
 
 Apart from the town, on the east side, are to be found the native 
 locations. It is impossible to find anything which cannot be utilized 
 in the making of the dwellings in the location. Of course corrugated 
 iron forms a large part of the building material, but everything else 
 seems to find its place. For absolute ragged untidiness the native 
 locations of Port Elizabeth beat even the wildest and newest alluvial 
 mining camp. The iron, rusty in parts, and pierced and battered, has 
 to be rendered water and wind proof by paper, by rags, or, in fact, 
 by anything handy. The one redeeming feature of the native location 
 .^ that it commands a magnificent view over the bay and its shipping 
 (548 vessels entered the port in 1898, with a tonnage of 1,802,541). It 
 is unfortunate that the natives do not feel so happy in the possession 
 of the view as they would do if someone offered them a piece of corru- 
 gated iron without a hole in it. However, it must be said that it is 
 only the poorer natives whose dwellings are so raggedly put together. 
 
 The water supply of the town, brought 27 miles from Van Staadens 
 River, is excellent, and has been the means of greatly improving the 
 town. The dam holds about 30,000,000 gallons, and the daily capacity 
 
 i< I 
 
 11 
 
 ;; 
 
 
304 
 
 OTHER LEADING TOWNS. 
 
 is about 600,000 gallons. The surrounding country is flat, sandy and 
 not particularly attractive. 
 
 When the railway, running along the coast from Cape Town to Port 
 Elizabeth, is completed it will be of great advantage to both towns, 
 opening up the intervening rich, fertile country, well fitted for fruit 
 growing and agriculture. 
 
 The principal distances by rail from Port Elizabeth are: Kimberley, 
 485 miles; Bulawayo, 1,199; Bloemfontein, 449; Johannesburg, 714; 
 Cape Town, 839 (by sea, 436 miles). 
 
 That Port Elizabeth has a very great future before it cannot be 
 predicted, as it is probable that it will always be more of a forwarding 
 station than a metropolis. That it will, however, become an important 
 shipping place there is no doubt whatever. 
 
 SECTION VI. PRETORIA. 
 
 The fact that Pretoria is the recognized capital of the Transvaal 
 lends it an interest which it would not otherwise possess. In reality, 
 however, Pretoria is not the capital, for, by the first article of the 
 Grondwet, Lydenburg is named the capital. This Grondwet was re- 
 vised in 1898, but the first article still stands. However, it makes very 
 little difference since Pretoria has been the seat of Government since 
 1863. 
 
 The town, Avhile lying 4,700 feet above the level of the sea, is sur- 
 rounded by hills, especially in the direction of Johannesburg, which is 
 40 miles distant. Seen from one of the surrounding hills, Pretoria looks 
 extremely well, owing to the number of trees fringing the streets and 
 growing in the gardens. There are one or two exceedingly picturesque 
 blue gum and willow avenues, while there are many rose gardens dotted 
 here and there through the town. 
 
 The present population of Pretoria is about 12,000, of which 8,000 
 are whites. The town is very quiet and appears more so than it really 
 is, from its close proximity to Johannesburg. 
 
 The main feature in Pretoria is the huge open space known as 
 Church Square. The fact that the greater part of the surrounding 
 houses are not very tall makes the square appear really bigger than it 
 is. On this square are situated the Raadzaal and the new government 
 
 
 ;i 
 
OTHER LEADING TOWNS. 
 
 395 
 
 offices. The center is occupied by a dreadfully ugly Dutch church, 
 which deserves nothing better thun to be pulled down and destroyed 
 utterly. The Kaadzaal, which contalnn many of the Government of- 
 fices as well as I'.e two chambers of the h'gislature, is said to have cost 
 £200,000. One curious story is relute<l about the building of this Zaal. 
 Having been originally planned to r(?a(;h a c(.Ttain height, it was altered 
 when someone suddenly discovered that the Parliament Ilouse of the 
 Republic would be one story lower than the big hotel next door. That 
 of course could not be endured; one more story was added to the plan. 
 Strange to say, the change was so well nmnaged that experts declare it 
 to be one of the few oases where* tlu; ('Xtensiou of an original design has 
 produced an artistic result. The Kuail/iaal certainly is a most imposing 
 structure, and does credit to the prestige and ambition of the burghers. 
 
 Pretoria has not grown much hUh-v it was made the capital, but 
 still remains quiet and sleepy. The IiHIh which surround it are, alas! 
 now crowned with forts. These are plnced (m sites chosen by British 
 officers while the Transvaal was in the liunds of the British. 
 
 The streets are wide and not cared for; the traffic is so small that 
 they seldom need repairing, and Htlll more seldom get it. After a rain 
 the mud is quite appalling, and to add 1(» the general misery the little 
 streams which run down the sides of many of the streets overflow and 
 make the crossing of a road a hazardous and unpleasant proceeding. 
 
 Even after the Raid the feeling against the British was much less 
 marked in Pretoria than in JohanueMburg. After the Gold town, the 
 Capital comes as a relief, and has u very English aspect. There are 
 many English residents and their influence is considerable. To prop- 
 erly appreciate the extent to whicli JCnglisli is spoken and read, it may 
 be of interest to note that then? are two English papers published in 
 the town, one bi-weekly, witli u clr<;ulation of 2,000 copies an issue, 
 and the other weekly. 
 
 The main interests in Pr(»torIa center round the Legislative Cham- 
 bers and the Law Courts. In tlie lallcr tliere is never any lack of work, 
 because the gold fields of the I{an«l ennnre endless litigation. There are 
 very many lawyers in Pretoria, and one whole street, known as Das- 
 vogelsnest (Vulture's Nest), is lllled wllli tlieir offices. Many of these 
 lawyers are British colonists, and nearly all have been in England to 
 
396 
 
 OTHER LEADING TOWNS. 
 
 Mk Si 
 
 receive their training. Tliis legal element forms the most cultivated 
 and leading section of society — not but that the leading Dutch families 
 also supply well-educated representatives from their younger genera- 
 tion. 
 
 The room in which the First Volksraad meets is a spacious chamber, 
 having the national colors hanging across the ceiling. It is interesting 
 to note that on the right hand of the Chairman there is a chair for the 
 President of the Republic, while the Executive Council and the heads of 
 Administration sit to the right and left below — there being five of each. 
 None of these eleven is a member of the Baad, but they all have the right 
 to assist in its work. The President has the right of speaking as often 
 as he likes; of this privilege he avails himself very often, rising and 
 replying to each member at the end of his remarks. He becomes very 
 indignant at opposition, and when aroused pours forth his ideas so fast 
 as almost to render himself unintelligible. He never prepares his 
 speeches, but simply takes up the subject of the moment on which he 
 urges his view with all his might. 
 
 When the President drives up to the entrance he is escorted by 
 mounted troopers and on some occasions at any rate he is accompanied 
 by two troopers as he passes through the corridors to his room in the 
 Volksraad building. 
 
 The behavior of the members is not dignified, — but then it would be 
 hard to find a house of Parliament where it is. Smoking is allowed and 
 is much indulged in, while some practical joking is carried on to the 
 general interest of the rest of the members. But taken as a whole and 
 considering the various absolutely different types of men amongst the 
 representatives, the chamber is conducted very creditably. Each mem- 
 ber has a desk and a seat to himself and there is ample HGom, — indeed 
 the actually occupied space does not cover much more than half the 
 floor. 
 
 A large portrait of President Kruger hangs in the Raadzaal. 
 
 The Second Volksraad is really of no account and can only submit 
 suggestions on certain industrial and coiiiuiercial matters to the First 
 Volksraad, which suggestions are generally disregarded. 
 
 The President lives in a long, low cottage, with the usual wide stoep. 
 The reception rooms are large but not luxuriously furnished. The Presi- 
 
OTHER LEADING TOWNS. 
 
 397 
 
 dent scarcely ever stirs from his house, taking very little exercise. There 
 is now always a guard of two soldiers at the garden gate, though for- 
 merly there used to be no precautions taken. Directly opposite the 
 President's house is the church of the Dopper sect where Kruger occa- 
 sionally preaches. The name Dopper means "dipper" or Baptist. 
 
 The railway station at Pretoria is very primitive and lies a good dis- 
 tance from the center of the town. There are many very comfortable 
 and even fine private residences; while the Wesleyan Methodists have a 
 substantial church and school. 
 
 One of the most striking features of Pretoria is the fondness of the 
 inhabitants for lions in their decorations. There are lions to be found 
 on one of their bridges, there are lions in front of their President's house 
 (Barnie Barnato's gift), and there is even a natural lion's head at the top 
 of a neighboring waterfall, known as the President's Waterfall. It is 
 probable that these lions are not looked upon as representing the British 
 Lion, but rather that of the Netherlands. 
 
 From Pretoria coaches start to the Bechuanaland border, and to 
 many towns in the Transvaal, not yet reached by the railway; it is a 
 very picturesque sight to see them starting from Church Square with 
 their team of eight to ten mules. They are awful torture chambers in or 
 on which to travel, as the roads help the constructors to destroy all pos- 
 sible hope of ease and comfort. 
 
 Pretoria, though lying so high, is not very healthy and is very hot. 
 Possibly the sickness may be explained by the fact that the system of 
 drainage is very, very primitive and the situation is so damp that ma- 
 larial fever is prevalent during the hot season. 
 
BOOK II. 
 
 CECIL J. RHODES, CAPITALIST AND 
 
 POLITICIAN. 
 
CHAPTER I. 
 
 INTRODUCTORY. 
 
 THERE is probably no man living about whom more public curios- 
 ity is entertained than the subject of this Mkcti'h. It has been 
 jocularly said that the most important p<'rHonag(?H in the British 
 Empire, and those about whom most peoph* in tin* Empire are anxious 
 to know, are the Queen, and her Prime Minister, and Mr. Uhodes. 
 
 Concerning no man could there be so diverst? and even contradictory 
 opinions formed. He has large numbers of friends who appear to be 
 deeply, even passionately, attached to him. They speak of his winning 
 personality as well as his enormous force of character; they dwell upon 
 the vast plans which he has cherished and the singular ctmcentratiou 
 of purpose with which he has sought to carry tliem tlirough; they point 
 to the achievements of his life in finance and statesumnship; they tell 
 us of the steady success with which he built up his enormous fortune, 
 and the equally steady unselfishness with wliicli lie spends his income 
 year by year in the development of his ideas; tliey point to the position 
 which he has gained through the establiHlimeiit of the British South 
 Africa Company, the energy with which he occupied tlie great territory 
 placed under the administration of that company; they cite also the 
 power he gained for himself for some years wh(»n lie was Trime Minister 
 of the Cape Colony; they point to the calm self-control with which he 
 met the terrific shock of the Jameson Haul, and 1 he determined words of 
 prophecy with which he asserted that even after that disaster his career 
 was only beginning; they point to the masterful and quiet deliberation 
 with which he entered into negotiations wit li th<» King of Belgium and 
 the German Emperor in order to secure from on<> or the other of these 
 the power of completing his proposed t(»l ('graph line connecting 
 Cape Town with Cairo. All these and other facts combine, his admirers 
 say, to stamp Mr. Rhodes as one of those men of genius who rise but 
 rarely upon the horizon of human history; men who by the combined 
 originality of their conceptions and invincible persistence of their wills 
 
 401 
 
402 
 
 CECIL J. RHODES. 
 
 
 ;( ■ ■'it 
 
 make history; men to whom other men are but the figures on a chess 
 board, and even the forces of an empire are but the instruments of their 
 hands. 
 
 On the other side we have those who, in Africa and in England alike, 
 deny all virtue and praise to this man; who speak of him with rage in 
 their voices, a rage which is caused by the very fact that they admit the 
 power of the man whose character they dislike and whose influence they 
 despise. These speak of Mr. Rhodes as the colossal capitalist who uses 
 his fortune for the purpose of a colossal selfishness; they delight to 
 dwell on the darker side of the transactions through which the great 
 consolidation of the diamond companies took place making the for- 
 tune of Mr. Cecil Khodes ; they assert that he has a contempt for human- 
 ity, holding the doctrine that every man has his price, and that the 
 power of money can secure any en(^ which a man cherishes; to them 
 this capitalist is a man who has used his money with ruthless disregard 
 to honor for the pui'pose of achieving his political ends; they assert that 
 he is superior to the mere money accumulator, the mere j)ossessor of 
 wealth for wealth's sake, in that his supreme passion is the possession 
 and exercise of power over men, and especially of power in that most 
 intoxicating of all forms, the power of the Governor, of the Statesman 
 who finds Empires and peoples pliant to his will; this is the cj-v^cial and 
 most thrilling wine of life to Mr. Khodes they say — to drirk this he will 
 pay any price. The love of power they hold to be t»ie key to his char- 
 acter, the light which explains every path on wlsitu he has chosen to 
 tread. They accuse Mr. Khodes of using money to obtain the Charter, 
 of using the Charter to obtain money; they accuse him of fomenting the 
 insurrectionary excitement at Johannesburg and proposing that Dr. 
 Jameson should support the insurrectiouaries; they accuse him of work- 
 ing with Mr. Chamberlain to "get even," as it is said, with President 
 Kruger, exav since the disastrous days of Dr. Jameson's blunder when 
 President Kruger got the upper hand of Mr. Khodes. One of the most 
 ordinary and frequent cries in connection with this war arises from the 
 belief that it has been caused by the capitalists; and when people speak 
 of capitalists in South Africa they usually in their imagination sum up 
 all others under the one dominant and most influential name of Mr. 
 Kliodes. 
 
 -^^^— L 
 
CECIL J. RHODES. 
 
 403 
 
 Evidently, then, we have a career here which must strike the imag- 
 ination as one of the most dazzling in recent historj^, and a character 
 which combines elements so diverse that honest men and women who 
 have known this person ality will take the most opposite views of his 
 moral standing and value. The day has not come yet for an authorita- 
 tive attempt to unravel the complexities which a nature so constructed 
 must present to the mind. Only when the life story is complete, when 
 many portions of it yet unknown have been described, and when motives 
 can be discussed with a freedom which would be unseemly while Mr. 
 Rhodes is alive and amongst us, only then can we hope that some one 
 may arise who shall tell us all the facts, give us the real reconciliation of 
 the contradictions which appear upon the surface and describe to us 
 the real man as he actually has been, and the value of his personality in 
 the light of the higher moral standards. But then that day may lie far 
 ahead of us all, for Mr. Rhodes is still only about forty-seven years of 
 age, and made his fame as the amalgamator and financier at Kimberley 
 when he was about thirty. 
 
 1 1 
 
CHAPTER II. 
 
 THE EARLIER LIFE OF MR. RHODES. 
 
 MM 
 
 I * 
 
 CECIL JOHN RHODES was born in 1853, and was the fourth 
 son of the late Rev. Francis W. Rhodes, rector of Bishop 
 Stortford near London. He is therefore now only forty- 
 seven years of age, of apparently sound health, and possessed of 
 a bodily constitution which assures him of many years more 
 of active life. When he had finished with his schooling in 1871 
 and was ready for college, he became threatened with a pulmonary 
 trouble and was sent out to South Africa for his health. An elder 
 brother had already preceded him to that country for the same cause. 
 This elder brother, Herbert, was engaged in cotton growing in the 
 Colony of Natal. In the following year young Cecil Rhodes returned to 
 England and entered as a student in the far-famed Oriel College, Oxford. 
 Here he caught a chill while rowing, and his lungs became again seri- 
 ously affected. This drove him immediately back to South Africa. 
 
 The two brothers having heard of the discovery of diamonds in Gri- 
 q:ialand West gave up their ideas of settling in Natal and went to hunt 
 for diamond claims in the new and wonderful scene of fortune-iaaking. 
 Here they speedily settled to work. After a time the elder brother, Her- 
 bert, left, and in 1877 died while engaged on a hunting expedition in Cen- 
 tral Africa. Mr. Cecil Khodes was froi i the first successful in the diamond 
 fields, so successful indeed that after a while he resolved to return to 
 Oxford to complete his college course and take his degree. This un- 
 doubtedly is an illustration of that persistence and force of will which 
 characterize the man. For two or three years he spent the larger part 
 of the year in Oxford, returning for the long vacation to his work on 
 the diamond fields. It was during one of these journeys toward Kim- 
 berley that young Rhodes found himself sitting beside an older man who 
 was evidently a British officer. With that strange reserve which Eng- 
 lishmen exercise even toward one another, and which all other peoples 
 so severely criticise, the two men sat for a long time in utter silence, 
 
 404 
 
CECIL J. RHODES. 
 
 405 
 
 the elder watching with surprise his companion as he studied the Prayer 
 Book of the Church of England. At last the officer tisked him what he 
 was reading, and was told that he was a student at Oxford and was 
 studying the Thirty-nine Articles of the Church of England for his next 
 examination. The older man was Colonel (afterward the famous Gen- 
 eral Sir) Charles Warren. The acquaintance made in that Cape post 
 cart on the way to Kimberley was the beginning, if not of a friendship, 
 at any rate of an intercourse which brought them some very exciting 
 experiences in after years. 
 
 It was while at Oxford that, according to Mr. W. T. Stead, he came 
 upon an idea which had much influence in moulding his future life. 
 "When Mr. Rhodes was an under-graduate at Oxford," we are told, "he 
 was profoundly influenced by a saying of Aristotle as to the importance 
 of having an aim in life sufficiently lofty to justify your spending your 
 life in endeavoring to reach it. He went back to Africa wondering what 
 his aim in life should be, knowing only one thing: that whatever it was, 
 he had not found it. For him that supreme ideal was still to seek. So he 
 fell a-thinking. The object to which most of those who surrounded him 
 eagerly dedicated their lives was the pursuit of wealth. For that they 
 were ready to sacrifice all. Was it worth it?" We are told that having 
 compared the burdens and anxieties of wealth with the pleasures of its 
 possession, he made up his mind that wealth as such was not worthy of 
 becoming his aim in life. Politics as he saw them did not attract him. 
 In the church with its Christian creed he was unable to find rest. Hav- 
 ing come upon the deeper problems of existence and of life, and having 
 decided that there might be a God, that his life must be shaped in view 
 of that possibility, he made up his mind that histoiy ought to disclose to 
 him the supreme purpose of that God. and that he would be fulfilling the 
 ideal of his life if he sought to keep in line the expenditure of his ener- 
 gies with the direction of that purpose. Therefore, Mr. Stead tells us, 
 the first thing that he sought to find out was what God is doing in this 
 world. Here the modern doctrine of Evolution assisted him to his con- 
 elusion. He perceived that if the Darwinian doctrine of natural selec- 
 tion is to be applied to human history then he must find out which of 
 the races on the surface of the earth seems to promise most in the future 
 development of mankind. Now the tests of the race best fitted to impel 
 
 :■ 
 
 I 
 
 
406 
 
 CECIL J. RHODES. 
 
 the world on its upward course must be found in three great character- 
 istics. It must be the race which of all others most completely promotes 
 justice, liberty and peace. He of course speedily decided that the race 
 which of all others gives justice, liberty and peace to those who come 
 under its influence is what we call the English-speaking race, whether 
 British or American, Australian or South African. " 'Therefore,' said 
 Mr. Rhodes to himself, in his curious way, *if there be a God, and He 
 cares anything about what I do, I think it is clear that He would like me 
 to do what He is doing Himself. And as He is manifestly fashioning 
 the English-speaking race as a chosen instrument by which He will 
 bring in a state of society based upon justice, liberty and peace. He must 
 obviously wish me to do what I can to give as much scope and power to 
 that race as possible.' " The practical conclusion of all this theology 
 and metaphysics, this sociology and ethnology was found in this that, 
 "He would like me to paint as much of the map of Africa British red as 
 possible!" 
 
 This sounds more like Mr. Stead than Mr. Rhodes, most people will 
 imagine; but as Mr. Stead has undoubtedly received many confidences 
 from Mr. Rhodes, personal and political, it may be taken that on the 
 whole Mr. Stead has in this vivid way set forth some thoughts which in 
 the early years of his Kimberley activity and his brooding anticipations 
 Mr. Rhodes actually did cherish. 
 
 The life at Kimberley in those days was by no means conducive to 
 the safe development of a young man's life. Before the compound 
 system was introduced, drunkenness and crime were terribly rife 
 amongst the many thousands of black people, as well as amongst 
 the reckless white people who streamed thither from all direc- 
 tions in search of fortune. Any young man who survived the tempta- 
 tions and dissipations of those days, as well as the business excitements 
 and fluctuations of fortune, must have possessed a strong will and a cool, 
 clear head. 
 
 On the business side matters were complicated for the diamond 
 seekers by the fact that as they dug deeper and deeper in search of 
 precious stones the claims began to fall in upon one another. The hole 
 which one man had dug melte<l into the hole which his neighbor had 
 dug, and these two into others, and these larger holes grew ever larger. 
 
< I 
 
»l 
 
CECIL J. RHODES. 
 
 409 
 
 This meant of course that all kimls of bur^aliilng, of l>uying and selling 
 were going on among those who owned and worked these mines. The 
 inevitable tendency was to reduce Hie iintnber of individual claims. As 
 the number was reduced partnershlpM became more common, these grew 
 into larger companies, and so the procession moved toward the final 
 consolidation. But the severest strain upon the diamond industry came 
 when at last it was apparent to all eyes, as it had long 
 been apparent to some, that ojjen diggings could noc be pur- 
 sued further. The "blue ground" in wlih'h the diamonds are found 
 sank down into the soil in a funnel shape, with the narrower end toward 
 the center of the earth. As the digging jiroceeded downwards the upper 
 soil in ever larger masses fell in upon and once more covered up the 
 precious blue ground in which the g<'mH were contained. It became 
 necessary therefore at last to arrange for underground mining, and this 
 brought about the largest change Iji th(? <'onditions of ownership which 
 had yet been seen. Many men were ruined when the fall of the soil 
 stopped the work and the output of diamonds ceased. Others who fore- 
 saw the future bought the cheapened shares and held them. One man, 
 known to the present writer, who had sunk practically all his money in 
 these shares when they were at their lowest, retired to the old country 
 to a little town and settled down as a local photographer! He was 
 quietly waiting his time. When at last the companies had introduced 
 the new machinery and penetrated to the "blue ground" by subterranean 
 mines, diamonds were once more brought to the surface in abundance, 
 dividends rose, the values of shares leajit to great heights, and the man 
 who had been a photographer began to receive an income of many 
 thousands of dollars every nuarter. Home men were made millionaires 
 at this time as the reward of their patience and courage. 
 
 In the year 1880 the great I)e Heers Mining Company was founded 
 with a capital of £200,000 (about ^1,(H)0,000). In three years it was 
 expanded into the De Beers Consolidafed Mines, Limited. By the year 
 1885 only four important mines remained, and these were still owned by 
 42 companies and 56 private owners. It was about this time that Mr. 
 Rhodes began to forge his way inio the very front rank. He had been 
 quietly buying up one interest after another until at last he was one 
 of the principal shareholders in the De Beers Mine. Simultaneously 
 
;■/ 
 
 410 
 
 CECIL J. RHODES. 
 
 
 
 K 
 
 Va 
 
 with the growth of the De Beers consolidation that of the great Kimber- 
 ley Mine had been going on. These and the smaller companies were 
 still rivals, putting out as many diamonds as they could annually, and 
 selling them off as rapidly as possible. It was evident that this was 
 driving the price of diamonds down while there was no assurance that 
 the supply would be found inexhaustible. In the interests therefore of 
 the companies it was evident that some arrangement must be reached 
 by which they should restrict the annual output and maintain a steady 
 price. In this way a large annual revenue would be assured, and the 
 continuance of it spread over many more years. It is said that Mr." 
 Rhodes called one day on one of the Rothschilds in London, and having 
 stated his case and applied for their financial backing, received it the 
 same day, and went to Africa sure of his future success. 
 
 There were determined men in all the companies and able financiers, 
 but the three most famous names in Kimberley were those of Mr. Rhodes, 
 Mr. Beit and Mr. J. B. Robinson. tJradually these three came to an 
 understanding, and in 1888 the two great companies finally amalga- 
 mated. This was Mr. Rhodes's first great financial achievement, and all 
 competent students maintain that of itself it reveals financial genius of 
 a high order. Of course transactions so numerous, involving so many 
 interests tending toward common industrial ends, and resulting in the 
 enrichment of a few men over all the rest, do involve the infliction of 
 wrongs more or less serious and more or less deliberate upon many indi- 
 viduals. There are in various parts of the world men who once, in Kim- 
 berley, felt that fortune was at their feet until they met the machina- 
 tions of the consolidators; and these men spend their disappointed years 
 in cursing very earnestly the names of those financiers who led in this 
 transaction. It is hard t< know where blame and how much blame in 
 such cases must fall. That men become cruel in the excited pursuit of 
 business success is too obvious; that men who in the other relations of 
 life are tender and considerate will ruthlessly ruin the position of a rival 
 or vf\\\ send the poor victim of a misfortune into bankruptcy is beyond 
 question. It is not for the historian to unravel all the mysteries of con- 
 science and apportion to the subject of his narrative exactly measured 
 blame and praise, as if the inner world of motive and intent were open 
 to his gaze. 
 
CECIL J. RHODES. 
 
 411 
 
 Four great minos wore brotiglit into tlic Do Hcofh Consolidated Com- 
 pany. Two of these were shut down and have not sinee been mined. 
 Tliey wait until the other two, known as the Kiinberley and l)e Beers, 
 shall be exhausted. No one can tell when that limit will be reached. 
 This company practically controls the diamond markets of the world. 
 The price is maintained at 23s (about 15.75) per carat. The capital of 
 the company is £4,000,000 (about 120,000,000). The annual output of 
 diamonds is said to be about £3,000,000 (about |15,000,000) in value, and 
 the Company pays 25 per cent in dividends. 
 
 In arranging the terms of the final amalgamation Mr. Ehodes took a 
 very peculiar but characteristic step. His doctrine is said to be that the 
 possession of wealth means nothing unless the wealth be used for prac- 
 tical and wortliy ends. For some years Mr. Rhodes had cherished a 
 definite political ideal regarding South Africa, and with his eyes upon 
 possible developments in the future he sought to have inserted in the 
 articles of the amalgamated company a provision, authorizing the direc- 
 tors to appropriate from time to time such funds as they found it advis- 
 able to set apart out of their profits for political or imperial purposes. 
 It is said that Mr. Rhodes discussed this extraordinary proposal with 
 Messrs. Robinson and Beit through one whole night until four o'clock 
 in the morning, and that in the end his rivals and partners yielded to 
 the strength of his desire and agreed to the insertion of this article. 
 This provision was found of great practical value by Mr. Rhodes when a 
 little later he needed money quickly and suddenly to open up the great 
 country of Mashonaland. That work, it seems, would have been delayed 
 for some time had he not been able to turn to the reserved surplus of the 
 De Beers Company and appropriate £150,000 (about |750,000) towards 
 the expenses of the pioneer expedition into Mashonaland. 
 
 Diamonds having proved so successful, Mr. Rhodes turned his atten- 
 tion to the gold fields of the Transvaal. Along with a well known 
 friend, Mr. C. T. Rudd, he founded the Cold Fields of South Africa 
 Company, which developed ultimately into the Consolidated Gold Fields 
 of South Africa, Limited, and gained a position of predominance in Jo- 
 hannesburg. It was when possessed of the enormous financial power 
 which these two companies gave him that Mr. Rhodes at last found him- 
 
412 
 
 CECIL J. RUOni'S. 
 
 
 ■ t 
 
 ■j ' 
 
 1 
 
 i'. 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 I: 
 
 1 
 
 
 n 
 
 1 
 
 self i'('4i<ly to iiiul»M'<iiko llio still more ciiornions risks and rosiionslbUUics 
 involved In tho fornintloii of the Hritlsh Soulh Africa Company. 
 
 It iH said tliat about the year ISSl, when ho was about 2S viais of 
 aj^o, and when his tinanclal position had beronie secure, Mr. Rhodes was 
 found by a friend one day studying- the niaj) of Sctuth Africa with tlio 
 utmost intentness. lie was asked what he was doin}jf, and answered 
 that he had made up his mind to see that the liritlsli Empire shouhl be 
 extended to the Zambesi river. lie had found, in the spirit of Aristotle, 
 the aim which hencefortli became the contrtdliuf; thou}^ht of his life. 
 That he saw clearly from the tirst all his plans or understood his {jjeneral 
 purpose need not be believed. We may find reason for the conviction 
 that both the plan and the means of securinjjf it Arere not for many years 
 crystallized into definite form, but shiiumered and wavered before his 
 vision under the intluence of his political surroundin}j;s and the ever- 
 changing atmosphere of South African thought and feeling. But honor 
 must be given to the young man Avho, when wealth was coming to him, 
 felt that its chief attraction for him lay in the poAver Avhich it would 
 confer upon its possessor to carry out a design so gigantic as the forma- 
 tion of Austral Africa from the Cape to the Zambesi into one great and 
 homogeneous Dominion. 
 
 And yet the relations of men to the wealth which thej' possess and 
 which they pursue is one of the most subtle and intricate subjects of 
 study. Few have been the men who could say that their desire for 
 Avealth was simply and solely a desire to secure some definite object with 
 that. wealth. Many young men have set out on the road to AAealth with 
 philanthropic ambitions, and these ambitions have been driven from 
 their thought and their affection the higher they mounted. In Mr. 
 Khodes's case it is not always possible to see clearly the indications of 
 his desire to possess wealth only for the purpose of using it. Ilis 
 critics confront those who make this statement with the fact that all his 
 chief political achievements, even the development of Khodesia, Avhich 
 he used his wealth to secure, have tended to make hiui wealthier still. 
 It is one thing for a man to become Avealthy and spend Avhat he has on 
 objects that absorb his gifts, he "hoping for nothing again;" it is quite 
 another thing to use his wealth upon even great and beneficent schemes 
 which, while helping others, enrich him again still further. The sim- 
 
 
CECIL J. RHODES. 
 
 413 
 
 I»lu'lty of motive iii the latter case iH one which no outsider has a rij»ht 
 to criticise, unless the evidence become so varied and so abundant as 
 to compel the fear into a suspicion, an<l the suspicion into a conviction, 
 because the wealth which has been pursued for the sake of political 
 power has, throuj»h its political power, steadily added weaUh to itself. 
 
 It must of course be freely acknowledj^ed that Mr. Khodes has in 
 many and various ways shown his willingness to spend money on experi- 
 ments of a costly kind which have brou«'ht no pecuniary return to him- 
 self or the companies to which ho belongs. That indubitable fact must 
 be reckoned as one piece of evidence in favor of that theory regarding 
 his attitude toward wealth which Mr. Stead so enthusiastically and 
 confidently expounds and defends. There is one fact concerning Mr. 
 Rhodes which ought at this point to be mentioned. It is often brought 
 against him and other millionaires of South Africa that they have no in- 
 tention of making South Africa their homes, that they are only exploit- 
 ing the mineral wealth of that region in order to retire to luxury and dis- 
 tinction of life in their old homelands later. This is as yet distinctly un- 
 true of Mr. Rhodes. He has spent his money freely in South Africa, . i 
 South African project^s; he has not bought estates in England nor buiii 
 houses and set up elaborate establishments there; as yet he counts him- 
 self a South African, committed evidently to what ma}' yet prove a long 
 career of prominence and power in that region. If his intention in this 
 direction is persistent and unwavering, then on all South African sub- 
 jects he has as much right to speak, and with all South African problems 
 he has as much right to deal, as any man in that land. 
 
 It was in the early "eighties," and when he had begun his political 
 career, before indeed he was quite 30 years of age, that Mr. Rhodes first 
 came in contact w'ith the great and noble General Gordon. The two 
 were thrown together and Gordon conceived apparently a strong adurlr- 
 ation for the genius and energy of the young colonist. They must liave 
 had many discussions in which they opened their hearts to each other, 
 for we are told that on one occasion Mr. Rhodes asked General Gordon 
 why, after the conclusion of his services to the Emperor of Chinn, when 
 the Emperor olt'ered him a cluimber full of gold, he had declined. Gor- 
 don replied like a true Scotchman by asking another question, — "Would 
 you have taken it?" "Certainly," Mr. Rhodes replied, "and three more 
 
414 
 
 CECIL J. RHODES. 
 
 II, ,', 
 
 i ' f : 
 
 rooiiiK full If I coiilil have ^{\\ (hem." lie j;avc a rcanou for this williug- 
 110H8 toa<'('(>pt wealth in any amount. IIi* maintained that a man cannot 
 carry out IiIh idean liowever \*{nn\ they may be unless he has wealth at 
 his back. "That," he said, "is the reason why I have always tried to 
 (■ond)in(> the commercial with the ima^inativ(>, and that is the reason 
 why I have not fjilled in my undertaUin<;s." This remark of Mr. Khodes 
 himself would naturally lead the reader into deep and sometimes sad- 
 dened wondering; on the comparison between the progress which j;reat 
 ideas nmke in the political world, whoso only force is in their truth and 
 benelicence, and other ideas, whose success tlows from the money that is 
 used to i>ush them towards realization. And truly, Mr. Khodes has on 
 more than one occasion confronted with his ideas, backed by his money 
 power, ideas held by others which were not so backed. Mr. Khodes has 
 carried the day ami his ideas have appeared for a time as those which 
 must win. Kut the (pu'stion is at leawt debatable, after all, as to whether 
 his ideas and plans have not proved less helpful, even when backed with 
 money, than those ol ' .rs which have not received this supi)ort. In every 
 land where this feature of social development is presented to ns our deep- 
 c'st consolation comes from observing; that wealth can only for a time give 
 potency to false ideas. Hooner or later false ideas, mistaken policies, be- 
 gin to manifest their error in the social and political diseases which they 
 produce, and men, without suspecting or confessing that the big idea 
 nnderlying their movement is the cause of evil, begin to minimize its 
 intluence by tinkering here and there at the system which it has created. 
 It is only gradually and jtainfully, but thank Uod it is surely, that the 
 correcting of the wrong proceeds and the bringiiig in of the true ideals 
 rejected htng ago is concurrently carried on. Seme think it is possible 
 to prove that certain of the political ideals of Mr. Khodes in South 
 Africa and certain of his methods have been wrong, have gained a tem- 
 porary victory because he employed and confessedly employed the 
 [>ower of wealth to force them into operation, but that the process of 
 their alteration and linal removal has begun. Perhaps it may be possi- 
 ble in the course of this story to give some proof of this assertion. 
 
 We are told that on one occasion, during the period of the troubles 
 with the Kasutos, (Jordon and Mr. Khodes were serving together and 
 saw much of each other, (lonhm disa}.]tr()ved of the dogmatic spirit in 
 
CECIL J. KllUDliS. 
 
 41.1 
 
 which hiH youn^ friend toolv hold oT \\\h idciiN iiiid itiHlHti'd upon thnn. 
 "You tliinli," ho said, "your viowH arc alwayM ri^lil and everyone elsi? 
 wrong." Now tlie llasutos, lilie all na(lv«'M, had formed an intense ad- 
 miration for (lordon; wheresoever lie went anion^ primitive and sava^^ie 
 peoples he invariably secured their coidldencj' and their love. Mr. 
 Khodes, it is said, put (Jordon's humlllly of H|)irit and pcjwcr of self- 
 abnegation to a severe test one day. "I hav<' an opinion," he said, "that 
 you are doing wrong. You should let the ihiHUtoH know that it is Wauer 
 who is the great man, not you." This Mr. Hauer was a South African 
 lawyer who at the time was secretary for native affairs in the Cai»e 
 Government, and was, therefore, ottlcially the HUperior of (Jeneral Oor- 
 don whom that Government had employed. The keen and sensitive 
 conscience of the Christian soldier felt the sting of this accusation. At 
 the very next Indaba or council of the chiefs he stood up before them 
 and, pointing to Mr. Sauer, explained to their asl(»nishmeut that he was 
 the great man amongst them. "J," he said, "am only his servant, only 
 his dog, nothing more." Gordon afterwards confessed that it was 
 "hard, very hard" to do this, but that he had done it because it was the 
 right thing. No story could possibly put the two men who seemed to 
 esteem one another in a more strange contrast, for while Mr. Khodes 
 had the quick wittedness *ind the cynical humor to play thus upon the 
 sensitive strings of (Gordon's conscience, no one suspects that he had 
 deemed it a reasonable thing or a step that lay in his own path of duty 
 to humble himself before his fellow-men in so cutting a fashion. But 
 that, after all, marks the difference between the one man who will take 
 all the wealth he can get in order to jmsh his ideas, and the other man 
 who will trust that the ideas of right shall at last, in himself and in the 
 world, overcome even the hostilities of wealth an<l by their sheer force 
 compel human hearts and human society to take their shape and mani- 
 fest their spirit. We are told that not long afterwards when (jeneral 
 Gordon was about to start on his last sad misHlon to the Soudan in 1884, 
 and was hxdiing round for men of energy and of ideas who should 
 accompany him, one of those Avhoni he selecled was young Cecil Ilhodes 
 of Cape Colony, but at this time Mr. Uhodes was so deeply involved in 
 (\ape Colony politics that he had to decline CJeneral Gordon's '>ff'er. 
 
ii i.. 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 HIS EARLY POLITICAL LIFE. 
 
 AB'TER the annexation of Griqualand West to the Cape CJolony the 
 leading men of Kimberley, which was thus taken from under 
 direct Imperial control, decided to have their interests repre- 
 sented in the Cape Parliament. This was the moment at which Mr. 
 Rhodes entered the larger aren . of political life. He stood for the rep- 
 resentation of the Barkly West constituency and was elected. He has 
 held this seat in the Cape Parliament continuously from that day to this. 
 A man of his energy and of his ideas could not longer remain an obscure 
 or inactive member of any Parliament, and although still under thirty 
 years of age, he speedily made his way to the front. While not pos- 
 sessed of oratorical gifts he is yet described as a clear and incisive, if 
 somewhat abrupt, speaker, wlio p.ims at no ornament, no flights of elo- 
 quence, but speaks warmly and directly on every matter with which he 
 deals. 
 
 In the year 1882 a marked change was brought about in the political 
 life of Cape Colony throu^n the passing of an act which allowed the 
 Dutch language to be spoken on the floor of the House. Already a 
 political association had been for several years at work among the farm- 
 ers of Cape Colony, striving to arouse their interest, especially in legisla- 
 tion which affected agricultural affairs. This effort had proved by no 
 means successful, until they knew that once more their own language 
 was being recognized and that their own representati\ es would speak 
 that language in the House of Legislature itself. This seems to have 
 put new life into them. They sent a new class of represeitatives, took 
 a new interest in parliamentary discussions and in the measures which 
 were proposed on their behalf by the leaders of their party. South 
 Africans tell us that the change was not all for good, because the repre- 
 sentativefi who were now sent to C.ipe Town and who v*'ere willing to 
 take advantage of the new law, were as a rule men who had not educa- 
 tion enough to speak English. Many of the constituencies were there- 
 
 416 
 
CECIL /. RHODES. 
 
 417 
 
 fore represented by a poorer class of legislators whose chief task it was 
 to follow the guidance of those whom they recognized as their party 
 leaders. 
 
 Another effect of this change was to give these directors of the Dutch 
 party an enormous increase of influence. The chief of these was Mr. J. 
 II. Hofmeyr. This si;igularly astute man, the head of the Afrikander 
 Bond, and therefore the mouth-piece of all South African Dutchmen in 
 the Parliament at Cape Town, adopted the clever plan of refusing to 
 take the reins of power into his own hands. He would neither be the 
 "vorlooper" who leads the team of oxen, nor the driver who wields the 
 whip; he would be the master who sits on the box and decides on the 
 route they are to take and the places at which they are to stop. He 
 became the king-maker, as it were, in Cape Colony from the year 1881 to 
 the year 1899. Having the Dutch majority at his back, he practically 
 decided who was to be Prime Minister, and what his policy should be. 
 This has been felt of course by the Dutch party to be a great boon. We 
 must leave the nature of that boon to be judged by those who will read 
 the kind of laws which that party was instrumental in passing. But it 
 was a bad eveiit for the atmosphere of Cape politics; it immediately 
 lowered the tone by making the ministers feel themselves the creatures 
 of another force than that of public and intelligent opinion ; it undoubt- 
 edly made one or two well known Cape politicians too pliant as tools of 
 their master; it drove others of stronger and more independent convic- 
 tions permanently out of office. This power it was which Mr. Rhodes 
 found himself compelled to face when he had been only a short time an 
 important member of the Legislature, and it was the sudden uprising of 
 this influence aj^ much as anything else which produced that sudden 
 change in the policy of the Governor (Sir Hercules Robinson) which we 
 describe elsewhere. 
 
 The first and most natural occurrence was the recognition of Mr. 
 Rhodes's great financial ability by his appointment as Treasurer for the 
 Colony. Later he held the office of Commissioner of Works. The first 
 prominent action which he took in regard to the relation of Great 
 Britain to the interior is to be found in an amendment to a motion which 
 he put before the House in August, 1883. It was in the very period 
 when, as we have ek^awhere seen, the free-booters were busy in South 
 
418 
 
 CECIL J. RHODES. 
 
 li'^f 
 
 III . 
 
 if 
 
 Bocliuanalaud robbing the liocLuauas and threatening to occupy the 
 whole territory. This wouUl close up the road to the interior. John 
 Mackenzie the missionary, had just reached home and was about to 
 begin his work on this subject in England. Mr. IJhodes in Cape Town 
 moved "that Uer Majesty's Government be moved in the meantime, in 
 the interests of this colony, to appoint a Kesident with the chief Man- 
 koroane." This most wise suggestion fell through with the motion to 
 which it was proposed to be added. Mr. Ilofmeja* was not anxious to 
 encourage any step that would interfere with the plans of his fellow 
 Bondsmen in the Transvaal. If Mr. Ehodes's wise suggestion, which 
 was identical with proposals submitted three or four years before, earn- 
 estly and fully, by John Mackenzie to Sir Bartle Frere, had been carried 
 out, much ill would undoubtedly have been avoided. 
 
 The next important experience in this line was reached by Mr. 
 Khodes in the following year. He was in Cape Town when the agitation 
 against John Mackenzie's appointment to Bechuanaland began. lie 
 was in Kimberley when Captain Bower and Sir Hercules Kobinsou 
 resolved to invite the Deputy Commissioner to visit Cape Town for a 
 conference on the progress of his work, and it seemed to them a natural 
 step to propose that Mr. Khodes should act for him during his absence. 
 In fact Mr. Bhodes was consulted by telegram as to the recall of the 
 man whom he was intended to supplant! Mr, Rhodes accordingly pro- 
 ceeded to Bechuanaland. What he found there was this; that the 
 so-called Kepublic of Stellaland had been established for some time 
 with one J. Van Niekerk as its Administrator and he was a citizen of 
 the Transvaal! This little Republic which had a flag of its own, lay 
 partly in the Transvaal, as defined by the new Convention, and partly 
 outside the new boundary in Bechuanaland. Mr. Van Niekerk lived on 
 the Hart River on the Ti'ansvaal side of this boundary, and there his 
 coadjutors lived with him. They never were inhabitants of that por- 
 tion of Stellaland which fell outside the Transvaal. Mr. Rhodes found 
 further that when John Mackenzie arrived at Vryburg, the capital of 
 Stellaland, he had lived there about three weeks, studying the situation 
 and seeking to win the trust of the inhabitants, lie had met with Van 
 Niekerk and other leaders both in private and public meetings; he had 
 formally otTered to Van Niekerk, who seemed a capable mai , the posi- 
 
 fe^' 
 
CECIL J. RHODES. 
 
 419 
 
 
 tion of local C<3iumi«siouor ou coiulitioii that he should take the oath of 
 allegiance to the Queeu ou eutei'injj; upon his ol'lice. This offer A^an Nie- 
 kerk had considered and had deliberately but finally declined. John 
 Mackenzie had been further persuaded, even against his own will, to 
 allow the Stellaland flag to be taken do^•n and the British flag to be 
 raised in its place. This seems the natural consequence of the step 
 which he had been fully empowered to take, when he proclaimed Bech- 
 uanaland as under the protectorate of the Queen and proceeded to re- 
 organize its administration. When John Mackenzie proceeded north 
 to complete his tour of Bechuanaland he made arrangements for a ten- 
 tative conduct of affairs in Stellaland during his absence. This, Van 
 Niekerk and his companions could not brook. They were not fully 
 persuaded of the sincerity and earnestness of the British Government 
 in its new step, and resolved to run considerable risks in the way of 
 defiance. They therefore proceeded to act as if they still held authority 
 in Stellaland, and claimed to be the masters of Vryburg itself, which 
 was now in British territory. All these acts of these free-booters living 
 in the Transvaal had created great unrest, had struck fear into the 
 hearts of those who rallied round John Mackenzie, and threw the entire 
 district into disorder. It was a disorder which a few police could have 
 met and dealt with adequately if the promise of Sir Hercules Robinson 
 to his Deputy Commissioner in this matter had been kept. 
 
 When Mr. Khodes was asked to act for the Deputy Commissioner 
 during his absence at Cape Town he at once went into Stellaland. lie 
 met Mr. Mackenzie at Vryburg, who explained to him all that had taken 
 T)lace, and especially dl^scribed the political attitude of Van Niekerk, 
 ,v'5io persisted in acting not only as a foreigner but as a hostile foreigner. 
 l\ii*. Rhodes took the, as yet, unexplained step, of ignoring all that had 
 been done and entered once more into friendly negotiations with Van 
 Niekerk. Not only so, the small police force at Vryburg which was just 
 being organized was disbanded; the proclamation made in virtue of his 
 commission by Mr. Mackenzie was said to be annulled; Captain Bower 
 was summoned from Cape Town and he brought back with him the 
 Stellaland flags whi<-h Mr. Mackenzie had handed to him, and he, a 
 British officer, actually restored them to Van Niekerk. Both Mi'. 
 Rhodes and Captain Bower either knew Van Niekerk well and had 
 
420 
 
 CECIL J. RHODES. 
 
 Liin.: 
 
 
 I, I 
 
 reasons for trying to please biiu, or imagined him to be a weak man 
 whom they conld use for their own ends and through whom they could 
 gain ascendancy over the Stellaland people. Mr. Rhodes received the 
 draft of an agreement from this hostile foreigner regarding the Govern- 
 ment of the British protectorate and this agreement is one of the most 
 extraordinary documents in the whole history of these affairs. The 
 document consisted of five articles, the first of which declared "that all 
 matters transacted in Stellaland by Mr. Mackenzie be cancelled." It 
 must be remembered that this included acts performed by him officially 
 as an Imperial representative, and which were thoroughly covered by 
 his commission. The second article arranged that the Stellaland Gov- 
 ernment as it existed before t - " r'val of Mr. Mackenzie should con- 
 tinue to act, "pending annexatio. > the Cape Colony." The Commis- 
 sioner, however, was to be nominated by the Cape Government. The 
 third article made the extraordinary and generous provision that the 
 land titles in Stellaland "as issued and signed by the Administrator 
 (Van Niekerk) and registered in the Deed's office (Van Niekerk's office) 
 be recognized." That is to say, Mr. Rhodes was to promise that all the 
 titles which Mr. Van Niekerk had given to white men in that land should 
 be accepted as final by the British Government without further investi- 
 gation. This preposterous and absolutely indefensible provision was 
 followed by one which provided for a court to investigate cattle thefts, 
 but before the investigation should take place this article actually i)ro- 
 posed "that Mankoroane (the Bechuana chief) shall have to repay cattle 
 at once;" that is to say, his alleged thefts or responsibilities for theft 
 were not to be investigated! lie must be fined immediately before the 
 court of investigation into all other alleged thefts could be constituted. 
 The fifth article was another direct insult to all those who had favored 
 the Imperial Government and had put their trust in it on the represen- 
 tations of Mr. Mackenzie. It provided that none of these "will be 
 allowed to obtain a Government situation in Stellaland." 
 
 Captain Bower seemed to see no harm in this document, and trans- 
 mitted it to the High Commissioner. The agreement which afterwards 
 (m the 8th of September Mr. Rhodes, did sign did not fall far short of the 
 claims made here by Van Niekerk. The first article was accepted with 
 altered phraseology; the second article was also in substance accepted 
 
CECIL J. RHODES. 
 
 421 
 
 with the Ufldition of the words "recognizing however Her Majesty's 
 protectorate and subject to the conditions that all executive acts must 
 be taken in concert and with the consent of the Commissioner of Rech- 
 nanaland." But the fifth article in the new document actually sus- 
 pended the operation of the second article for the period of three 
 months! The result of this was that a territory which had been form- 
 ally announced as under the Queen by a Deputy Commissioner sent 
 from London for that purpose, and in which Imperial officers Avere 
 already at work, was for three months to be placed once more under 
 the power and full executive authority of a group of men who lived in 
 the Transvaal, and who were openly and avowedly and intensely hostile 
 to that Imperial Government. No one, not even Mr. Rhodes, has been 
 able to explain what he hoped to gain by thisinost extraordinary agree- 
 ment. When Mr. Rhodes went north to the land of Goshen he found 
 that the Boer free-booters had become bolder than ever and had engaged 
 in acts of bloodshed and fresh aggressions upon the territory recently 
 brought under the protection of the Queen. Here his failure to secure 
 any intercourse with the free-booters was signal and complete. 
 
 It is quite evident then that Mr. Rhodes's first experiment in political 
 administration resulted not in clearing the atmosphere, not in heighten- 
 ing the regard of the Boers for the Imperial Government, but on the 
 contrary in making that Government once more the object of laughter 
 among the border Transvaalers as well as in Pretoria. The apparently 
 bold step which the Imperial -Government had taken in the action of 
 Mr. Mackenzie, was now withdrawn through the influences working at 
 Cape Town and through the very agreements which Mr. Rhodes was 
 making. How Mr. Rhodes expected in this way to keep the trade route 
 into the interior open, to secure South Bechuanaland for the Cape Col- 
 ony, to clear it of the Transvaalers whose grasp on its administration he 
 himself now deepened and strengthened, it is impossible to understand. 
 He became aware himself that matters were becoming confused and 
 serious and wired to Cape Town to that effect. Cape Town was other- 
 wise becoming alive to the real meaning of the events transpiring in 
 Bechuanaland, and the result as we have seen elsewhere came in the 
 loud demand for an expedition from England and the presence of Sir 
 Charles Warren in Bechuanaland. 
 
422 
 
 CECIL J. RHODES. 
 
 Mr. Kliodos, as wo have socn, liad of old foi'iiicd a personal acquaint- 
 ance with Sir Cliark's and know tlioroforo tlio strength of the man who 
 •was coniinj?. A peculiar and never explained transaction took place 
 when Sir Charles Warren was still at Cape Town. Mr. Khodes was for 
 some reason, he maintains that it was for the sake of his own honor and 
 the honor of Her Majesty the Queen whose representative he had been, 
 anxious that his agreement with Van Niokork should be honored by his 
 successor to the full. That very agreement, it must be remembered, 
 was the one which cancelled and dishonored the acts of his own predeces- 
 sor who also had been a representative of the (Jueon. Somehow or an- 
 other Sir Charles Warren was persuaded to wire from Cape Town a 
 promise to Van Niekerk that he would fulfill that agreement. Wlien he 
 reached the scene of all these transactions, when he came to know and 
 understand the real events, when the real disgrace, weakness and danger 
 of Mr. Khodes's agreement stared him in the face. Sir Charles of course 
 found it impossible to fulfill th(» promise which he had perhaps rashly, 
 at any rate, ignorantly, made. ]\Ir. Khodes was indignant at what he 
 interpreted as a personal affront, and sent a message to the High Com- 
 missioner tendering his resignation. He was, however, persuaded to 
 remain in ofTice. 
 
 Mr. Khodes had during these experiences reached the conclusion 
 that the best method for the development of Rochuanaland was the em- 
 ployment of what he called Colonial Imperialism, instead of the direct 
 Imperialism advocated by Mr. Mackenzie. lie maintained in the House 
 at Cape Town that "in Bechuanaland lay the future of South Africa," 
 and that the Transvaal must be prevented from spreading itself across 
 the continent so as to close the Cape Colony out of the interior. He now 
 held that in order to carry this policy out the "Imperial factor must be 
 eliminated." This startling phrase aw(dio the anxieties of large num- 
 bers in South Africa who did not at once see its real moaning. It 
 startled them, but it pleased a great many who thought they did under- 
 stand it. These others were the friends of the Afrikander Bond, the 
 people who secretly or avowedly, clearly or confusedly, hoped the day 
 would come when the Dutch race would control all South Africa and 
 Imperial connection would l)o cut olT. For them the "elimination of the 
 Imperial factor" from South African affairs, the refusal to allow the 
 
 I 
 
CPXIL J. RHODES. 
 
 423 
 
 lusion 
 
 he em- 
 direct 
 House 
 frica," 
 across 
 Te now 
 
 nust be 
 
 re num- 
 r. It 
 imder- 
 )ntl, the 
 the day 
 ica and 
 
 Dn of the 
 low the 
 
 Imperial Government to Hend oJliccrM of ilK own to control events in 
 any part of South Africa, was a neceHHjiry Ktep towards that {grander 
 consummation. Now Mr. llhodcH did not mean this. What he did 
 mean was that the British Government Hlionld in a general way superin- 
 tend the course of events in South Africa, standing between Cape Colony 
 and any oth European power that slionld attempt to interfere in 
 South Africa, watching also tlie critical moments in the relations be- 
 tween Cape Colony and the Transvaal when the Government of the 
 latter should show itself too aggresHive or too insistent; but in the 
 meantime the Imperial Government Hhoiild allow tlie Cape Colony to do 
 the developing Avork in the interior. l''or this purpose Bechuanaland 
 must be annexed as speedily as jioHMible, Mr. Uhodes thought, to the 
 Colony. During his brief period of administration in South Bechuana- 
 land his plan seems, therefore, to have? been to hold things in statu quo 
 until an act of annexation should be passed through the Cape Parlia- 
 ment and receive the Queen's sanction. All this, he expected, would be 
 secured and carried out under the British Hag by a British Colony. 
 "Colonial administration in the name of the Empire" may be said to have 
 been the motto of his policy at this period. Mr. Uhodes did not himself 
 realize the weakness of a young Colonial Government, nor did he suf- 
 ficiently foresee the vacillations of purpose through which the Ministry 
 at the Cape would pass on this very matter, vacillations surpassing even 
 those of London. The previous Prime Minister, Sir Thomas Scanlen, 
 had in London assured the Earl of I)<'rby that Cape Colony would annex 
 Bechuanaland. His successors in the Mifiistry at the Cape made up 
 their minds that nothing would induce them to annex Bechuanaland. 
 When John Mackenzie was succeeding in Stellaland and the work 
 seemed fairlj^ easy and inexpensive, when it was realized that there 
 were not merely 50 but 500 European setth-rs in that country, the prize 
 once more seemed too good to htsc, and the annexation policy was once 
 more approved. It was during this period that Mr. Uhodes made his 
 remarkable agreement with Van Niekerk "pending annexation to the 
 Cape Colony." When, a litth' lat«'r, two (»f the Cape Ministers them- 
 selves visited Bechuanaland and ]>ressed a policy which brought dis- 
 grace both upon their of!ice and the ImjH-rial Government, while they 
 made themselves for a while objects of derision and pity throughout 
 
424 
 
 CECIL J. RHODES. 
 
 South Africa, annexation was once more set far off as impossible and 
 undesirable. 
 
 In the mean time the only people who knew their minds were the 
 Transvaalers who saw Bechuanaland as they thought falling completely 
 into their power, and the Afrikander Bond leaders at Cape Town, who 
 viewed this result with complacency. Mr. Rhodes's earlier efforts at the 
 substitution of a "Colonial" for a direct Imperialism were thus rendered 
 /utile. 
 
 ,. ,._, 
 
FRONT DOOR OP MR. RHODES HOUSE 
 
 Over this handsome doorway Is a bronze bas-relief by Tweed representing the landing of Van Rlebeek 
 
 in Table Bay in 1652. 
 
'» 1 
 
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 CO 
 
 
CHAPTER IV. 
 
 8 
 
 
 MR. RHODES AND THE BRITISH SOUTH AFRICA 
 CHARTERED COMPANY. 
 
 IT WAS known for many years that gold and other minerals were to be 
 found in the regions north of the Transvaal, known as Matabeleland 
 
 and Mashonaland. Indeed, Lobengula, the chief of the Matabcle, was 
 pestered for a long time by Europeans who sought to obtain treaties and 
 concessions from him granting them the ownership of various parts of 
 his country and mining rights therein. It was in the year 1888, however, 
 that the eyes of the most capable and wealthy men were turned in that- 
 direction. In October of that j'ear three men api>eared before Loben- 
 gula, and obtained from him the concession upon which ulti- 
 mately the great Chartered Company was established. These three 
 men were Messrs. C. D. Rudd, R. Maguire and F. R. Thompson. The 
 concession was drawn up Avith the help of the Rev. C. D. Helm, a well- 
 known and highly respected missionary of the London Missionary So- 
 ciety. He had ever held himself ready to aid as interpreter, without 
 fee or rewr.rd, in any ncgptiations between white men and Lobengula. 
 His strong influence over the natives gave them confidence in him, and 
 his interest in them prompted him often to undertake this task that he 
 might protect them from unjust dealings by unscrupulous concession 
 hunters. He certified that the concession to which we refer was by 
 himself fully interpreted and explained to the chief and his full council 
 of headmen, and "that all the constitutional usages of the Matabele na- 
 tion had been complied with prior to his executing the same." It must 
 then be acknowledged that this concession was granted by the chief 
 with full knowledge of its contents and clear understanding of its con- 
 ditions. It does not fall into that class of documents with which the 
 history of South Africa abounds, whose main characteristic was their 
 rascality towards ignorant natives. 
 
 In this most important concession Lobengula granted "the complete 
 and exclusive charge over all metals and minerals situated and con- 
 
 427 
 
tl 
 
 .a,] 
 
 \ 
 
 ,1 
 
 42S 
 
 CECIL J. RHODES. 
 
 taiued iu my kingdoms, priiudpalitioH, and dominions, together with full 
 power to do all things that they may deem necessary to win and procure 
 the same, etc." In addition to this authority to engage in mining oper- 
 atioii> u most important responsibility was laid upon the receivers of 
 this concession. Lobengula complains that he had been much molested 
 by divers persons seeking and desiring to obtain similar grants and 
 concessions; but he now authorized the holders of this concession to 
 take all necessary and lawful steps to exclude such persons from his 
 land and promised to render them such needful assistance as they might 
 require for that purpose. The holders of this concession practically, 
 then, received nil mining rights in Matabeleland and even police power 
 to cast possible rivals out of the country. In exchange for this Loben- 
 gula received 1,000 Martini-Henry breech-loading rifles and 1,000 rounds 
 of suitable ball cartridges, and in addition an annual sum of £1,200 
 (about I8»(),000) to be paid in equal monthly installments. 
 
 These three gentlemen were not the only ones who had their eyes 
 upon this region. Mr. Cecil Khodes was concerned in the matter from 
 the beginning, and other men representing other exploring and gold 
 mining companies were moving in the same direction. It is an inter- 
 esting fact that Sir Hercules Kobinson, the Governor of Cape Colony, 
 was not only necessarily kept aware of these developments, but seems 
 to have known also to what they might lead; for on March 18, 1889, 
 referi'ing to the monopoly granted to Mr. Rud 1 and his friends, he says 
 that "it may possibly develop into a royal charter." He places before 
 the Colonial Office in a positive and clear way the alternative which lay 
 before Her Majesty's Government. Either they might allow any num- 
 ber of foreigners to ()btain concessions in Matabeleland and so cause a 
 conflict of interests and innumerable quarrels, such as perplexed the 
 administrators of Swaziland; or they might allow one powerful com- 
 pany to control the commercial development of those regions. But 
 further the question arises as^to the relation of the British Government 
 to those regions, and here Sir Hercules IJobinson speaks almost as a 
 critic of his own past, for he points out that either the British Govern- 
 ment must make itself thoroughly responsible for the administration 
 of those territories and face the question of expense before the tax- 
 payers, or make some other provision for that administration. It is a 
 
CECIL J. RHODES. 
 
 42<.» 
 
 strange thiug which every thoughtful Htudent of Houth African hintory 
 finds hard to underHtand, tliat tlic HHtlMli tax-payer haH played so im- 
 portant a part in despatches between Lonilon and Cape Town and has 
 unwittingly exercised so restrictive an Influence upon the development 
 of Imperial interests in those regions. Every opportunity for a formal 
 Imperial advance has been hindered or stopped by complaints of the 
 Treasury at London or fears lest the Treasury should complain. This 
 has not happened with the direct Imperial development of other regions 
 such as New Guinea, or South Sea Islands, or even other territories in 
 West Africa, not to speak o*f the Empire of India. The very despatch 
 of Sir Hercules Robinson's now referred to, threatened that to take in 
 hand the Government of Matabeleland and Mashonaland would cost 
 the British tax-payers for some time at all events an annual expenditure 
 of not less than a quarter of a million pounds sterling! This extra- 
 ordinary and exaggerated calculation undoubtedly had its influence in 
 London. The fact is that all these • .gions might long before that year 
 1889 have been paying by means of reasonable native hut-taxes the 
 expenses of a simple but adequate British administration. 
 
 On April 30, 1889, Sir Hercules UoblnHon's prophecy was fulfilled 
 when the Colonial OflQce in London received an application for a charter. 
 The application was made by Lord GUI'onl V. C. in name of the Explor- 
 ing Company, Limited, and was backed up by Mr. Rhodes and others 
 representing the Gold Fields of South Africa Company. At first the 
 proposal was put in a moderate and tentative manner. The objects of 
 the company were said to be four, namely, the extension of the railway 
 and telegraph systems towards the Zambesi, the encouragement of 
 immigration and colonization, the promotion of trade and commerce, 
 the development and working of minerals and other concessions. The 
 company promised to begin with the railway and telegraph system ex- 
 tensions immediately. Nothing was said in these first letters regarding 
 the exercise of administrative authority by the proposed chartered com- 
 panr. 
 
 The proposal of course involved the union of a number of rival com- 
 panies and the reconciliation of their apparently conflicting claims. In 
 the negotiations between the Colonial office and the applicants for the 
 charter, as well as between the Colonial office and Lord Salisbury, the 
 
430 
 
 CECIL J. RHODES. 
 
 >^■\^'i ;. i i 
 
 I' Sk 
 
 5^- 
 
 ttt. \ 
 
 Piiine Minister, the idea of administrative functions granted to the pro- 
 posed company was gradually introduced. It was on June 28, 18S9, 
 that Lord Salisbury was asked for his final opinion, and was told that 
 the charter as drafted woild incorporate the company for trading and 
 working the concessions which had been obtained, but Avould also em- 
 power the company "if and when it acquired from the native chiefs 
 grants or power of govornmei't, to assume such functions of government 
 as Her Majesty may think desirable for it to undertake." Mr. Rhodes 
 was in a hui'ry to return to Africa and Lord Salisbury was asked there- 
 fore to decide the mat ter in a few days. This was accordingly done, and 
 the negotiations steadily proceeded until at last the charter was finally 
 ilrawn up and was granted on October 15, 1889. It required the assent 
 of the House of Commons, but that was easily secured in spite of the 
 known disapproval of many members and large sections of the British 
 public. This assent was obtained by bringing the matter before the 
 House at the end of a session and in an unexpected hour. The country 
 was surprised to find that with so little discussion, so sweeping a charter 
 had been granted. On the whole the step was received with considera- 
 ble enthusiasm by the press of the country. Attention was naturally 
 concentrated by most people upon the commercial and colonizing as- 
 pects of the scheme; the political advantages were of course emphasized 
 in the fact that thus (Jreat Britain finally secured for herself the position 
 of territorial paramountcy in South Africa as a whole. But not much 
 attention was paid to the most important, nay the vital part of the 
 scheme, which gave to this company not only an enormous territory for 
 its own pos;;vssion and use with vast commercial privileges and facili- 
 ties, but enormous responsibilities and powers of a political and admin- 
 istrative nature. 
 
 The petitioners to M'liom the charter was granted and who were 
 named as first directors of the Company were the Duke of Abercorn, the 
 Duke of Fife, Lord Gifford, V. C, Mr. Cecil John Khodes, Mr. Alfred Beit, 
 Mr. Albert Grey and Mr. George Canston. These persons had been 
 selected with singular astuteness and were drawn from divers and 
 influential sections of society. The Duke of Fife was within the Royal 
 circle, the Duke of Abercorn was one of the leading noblemen of Great 
 Britain, Lord Giftord was one of her bravest soldiers, Mr. Beit was not 
 
CECIL J. RHODES. 
 
 431 
 
 a British subject but a European capitalist of great influence, Mr. Albert 
 Grey had been long prominent in connection with the South African 
 Cominittee as one of the most earnest men in England concerning the 
 Imperial development of South Africa and the recognition o^ native 
 rights and preservation of native interests. He was the nephew and 
 heir of Lord Groj', whose profound interest in South African affairs had 
 lasted for many years. There seemed to be in this list a full guarantee 
 to the British public that all the proceedings of the Compiinj'^ would 
 aim at the noblest kind of administration in the territories assigned to 
 them. The charter itself was granted avowedly on account of commer- 
 cial advantages to British subjects in the United Kingdom and the 
 colonies, which would accrue from the operations of this Company; but 
 emphasis was also laid in the preamble upon the benefit that would be 
 bestowed upon the natives through the civilizing influences that could be 
 brought to bear upon them by this form of administration. The slave 
 trade would be suppressed, the liquor traffic would be regulated, immi- 
 gration of Europeans would be both encouraged and directed, aud thus 
 the native peoples would be presciwed from disaster and have tlieir cIa-^- 
 ilization advanced. The territory assigned to the Company was said to be 
 north of British Bechuanaland, thus iucludiug Khama's country, whicli, 
 however, has never yet been actually placed under the Company, north 
 and west of the Transvaal and west of Portuguese territory. No north- 
 ern boundary was assigned, leaving, let us suppose, all the territory as 
 far as Cairo unclaimed aud unassigned! All the regulations and admiu- 
 istrative functions of theCompany were to be subject to the approval aud 
 open to the constant investigation of the Secretary of State in London, 
 and his decision on all matters was to be considered final by the Com- 
 pany. The Company must annually report on its income and expendi- 
 tures in connection with its administrative work, and describe also its 
 public proceedings and the condition of the territories under its Govern- 
 ment. It was provided that the Imperial Government reserved the 
 right to alter or annul the chapter if any of the proceedings relating to 
 administration and public matters were not satisfactory. In any case 
 the charter would come up for consideration at the end of twenty-five 
 years when it might be repealed or altered, and thereafter for similar 
 consideration at the end of every ten years. 
 
"iV 
 
 ' i '>> 
 
 11 l\ 
 
 m' 
 
 432 
 
 CECIL J. RHODES. 
 
 It must be granted that these provisions, as well as the description 
 of the purposes of the Charter in the preamble, were well calculated to 
 satisfy the public that the granting of this Charter did not mean a return 
 to the antiquated system of the old East India Chartered Company. 
 Full powers were reserved by the British Government, which seemed to 
 make it certain that no serious departures would be made from tradi- 
 tional methods of Imperial administration; and the tone of the docu- 
 ment was such as to suggest powerfully that the directors of the Com- 
 pany would keep the well-being of the native races continually in view 
 and that towards them the most benevolent relations would be main- 
 tained. 
 
 The securing of this charter was a masterstroke from the point of 
 view of those who saw the unfitness of Cape Colony to do such work, 
 the unreadiness of the Imperial Government to undertake it, and the 
 serious results that would follow if it were left to the Boers of the 
 Transvaal to found new "Republics" therein. It must be regarded as 
 one of the crowning achievements of Mr. Khodes's life when thus re- 
 garded. True Imperialists held and hold another view of those who 
 gTanted the Charter instead of sending an Imperial administration into 
 that region. 
 
 The opposition to the granting of the Charter to the British South 
 Africa Company was both considerable in extent and very strong in 
 feeling. The conviction of many of the best minds in Great Britain was 
 that a chartered company must ever be a very dangerous instrument of 
 government. The danger arises from the fact that, as the modern mind 
 more clearly perceives every day, the exercise of government must be 
 based on high ideals and carried out by untainted officials. 
 
 Government is for the sake of the governed; the authority and fame 
 and the enjoyment of power, belonging to those who rule as legislators 
 and administrators must be their supreme reward. The suspicion that 
 legislators and administrators become wealthy through or in connection 
 with their exercise of these functions is now seen to cast a direct dis- 
 honor upon tliem. This responsibility of Governorship is one of the 
 loftiest to which any man can aspire, and the higher it is seen to be in its 
 moral connections, which constitute its true glory, the further must 
 those who would carry it as their life burden remove themselves from 
 
CECIL J. RHODES. 
 
 433 
 
 the accusation of corruption. On tlie other hand the commercial enter- 
 prise exists mainly for the purpose of adding to the wealth of those who 
 form it. The day may be coming when commercialism shall also be 
 subjected to the same lofty ideals which are now before our eyes con- 
 quering the sphere of government. It was once as hard to suppose that 
 kings and soldiers, legislators and judges should consider the poor and 
 needy and arrange for the long, patient process of upraising the 
 oppressed and degraded, which we see in India, as it is to-day to imagine 
 that mighty commercial corporations and syndicates should show by 
 their methods that they exist for the benefit of the small dealer and in- 
 
 * 
 
 eflftcient working men. At present the ideal of government in the actual 
 practice of most modern states has far outrun the working ideal of com- 
 mercialism. Hence the danger of attempting to unite the two as was 
 done when the British Grovernment in a weak hour, which many mem- 
 bers of that Government have repented since, granted its charter to the 
 British South Africa Company. According to the Charter, as we have 
 seen, that Company was to be treated both as a commercial company, 
 exploiting the nortliern part of Austral Africa for the enrichment of its 
 shareholders, and a governing body, clothed with the power to make and 
 administer laws both for the whites and blacks living in that region. 
 Whether Mr. Rhodes and his co-workers succeeded in uniting these two 
 apparently inconsistent functio- lionorably, in their commercial de- 
 velopment of the territories assign' 1 to them for government, or in the 
 government of the territories assigned to tliem for commer- ial develop- 
 ment, we must try .to see. 
 
 In the meantime it is of great importance for an understanding of 
 the last ten years of British history in South Africa to realize, however 
 painful it be to do so, both clearly and deeply that the existence of this 
 Chartered Company has brought a tainted atmosphere about even the 
 House of Commons, ihat noblest legislature knoAvn tn history. For 
 many years it has been the well-grounded boast of t" British people 
 that their rulers were incorruptible, that no statesni.ui in the House of 
 Commons or the House of Lords could be "reached" by any one Inter- 
 ested in a bit of legislation with any offer of personal or private reward. 
 The pressure of public sentiment had become so powerful, and the criti- 
 cal light so searching, that the moral tone in this regard had been raised 
 
434 
 
 CECIL J. RHODES. 
 
 m ■: 
 
 i:ll '■ 
 
 i 
 
 I i. : i 
 
 IPIMi 
 
 high above any standard which probably the world had ever seen. 
 But since the day when members of the Koyal family and Dukes and 
 wealthy politicians became members of this Chartered Company, and 
 since its directors began to operate in London as well as at Cape Town 
 for the development of plans affecting South Africa, plans which worked 
 all together towards the ultimate aggrandizement of that Company, the 
 English people have been troubled with an uncomfortable and often ill- 
 defined suspicion. They have not hitherto been easily affected by the 
 vague cry and the indefinite accusations against capitalists as such; yet 
 they have come to feel that through the influence of this Company 
 capitalists have at last succeeded in actually touching and directing 
 Parliamentary affairs, for their own sakes. 
 
 This influence is by some people traced so far back as to the time 
 when Sir Hercules Kobinson as High Commissioner for South Africa 
 discouraged the British Government repeatedly and strongly against 
 undertaking Imperial responsibilities in Bechuanaland and Matabele- 
 land and Mashonaland. Powerful influences were at work before the 
 year 1889 in England, as we have shoAvn elscAvhere, which were steadily 
 making progress, and which would in a sliort time haxe secured that 
 the desires of many native chiefs in those regions and the offers of trea- 
 ties formally and repeatedly made by them should be accepted ajid 
 acted upon, and the Imperial administration established there. Un- 
 doubtedly the influence of Sir Hercules Kobinson was steadily and 
 powerfully exerted against this movement. At the very same time, dur- 
 ing the years when he maintained that Great Britain had no direct 
 interest north of Mafeking, he seems to have been aware that wealthy 
 Englishmen and Colonists were busily striving wi( h one another to buy 
 concessions in those very regions. As we have seen he even seems to 
 have known when Mr. Ixhodes's agents (Mr. Itudd and otliers) were se- 
 curing their great concession from Lobengula that tliis might blossom 
 into a chartered company. 
 
 Some people observe that, largely through the influence of Mr. 
 Rhodes, who was at once manager of the Chartered Company and Prime 
 Minister of Cape Colony, the valuable territorA^ of Swazilam? as offered 
 on certain conditions to the Transvaal Government, and ^liat among 
 
CECIL J. RHODES. 
 
 435 
 
 these was a covert warning against a threatened influx of Boers upon 
 the Chartered Company's territories to the north. 
 
 Some people remember the fact that the magnificent Crown Colony 
 of South Bechuanaland was, contrary to the expressed and urgent de- 
 sires of the native chiefs and the bulk of the white inhabitants, annexed 
 to the Cape Colony only a few months before the Jameson Raid. 
 
 Some people have been also aware that the large majority of the 
 leaders of both the threatened insurrection at Johannesburg and the 
 invading force of Dr. Jameson were shareholders in the Chartered Com- 
 pany. 
 
 People have observed with increasing distress that one great journal 
 after another both in Great Britain and in South Africa suddenly swung 
 round from opposition to the warmest approval of the Chartered Com- 
 pany and its methods. They have observed that the news published by 
 these journals as well as the editorial comments have been colored very 
 deeph' by their new-born partiality. Specific instances connecting Mr. 
 Khodes or his leading friends with influential personages upon at least 
 several of these journals, have stimulated suspicion and distrust. 
 
 People remember that more than once Mr. Khodes has spoken, even 
 in London, words which indicated his firm belief that money can do any- 
 thing, and that he has not met the man who cannot be bought. The 
 latter statement is popularly ascribed to him; but it must be corrected 
 by another in which it is said that he has condescended to name two or 
 three men whom he has met in South Africa whom he could not buy. 
 
 People remember now that the Chartered Company has, as we shall 
 see, been seriously accused on very full and substantial evidence of 
 olfences against the principles of honorable British administration in 
 its management of its new dominions, but the public has not been al- 
 lowed to hear these facts with any fulness. 
 
 People remember that Mr. Rhodes managed to hoodwink the Gov- 
 ernment, — he even, Mr. Chamberlain asserts, managed to hoodwink 
 himself, the wide-awake and most alert Colonial Secretary, — when he 
 was preparing for the attempted masterstroke of his life, the insurrec- 
 tion at Johannesburg and the invasion from Rhodesia. 
 
 People remember that when Mr. Rhodes returned to England for the 
 Parliamentary inquiry he himself was not sent to prison when his South 
 
436 
 
 CECIL J. RHODES. 
 
 iM 
 
 African co-adjutors were; that it was proved that he k£pt Sir Hercules 
 Robinson's financial secretary, Sir Graham Bower, informed of his 
 projects, while the latter did not inform the poor old gentleman who 
 had been brought once more to South Africa to serve the purposes of 
 his smiling friends there. 
 
 People remember that the inquiry was suddenly closed and that Mr. 
 Rhodes's character, while utterly condemned by the findings of the Com- 
 mittee, was utterly cleared by Mr. Chamberlain on the floor of the 
 House. 
 
 People who have remembered these things have felt throughout the 
 past year a deep and invincible suspicion that even the controversy 
 with the Transvaal Government was tainted, and the path of Sir Alfred 
 Milner and Mr. Chamberlain towards the securing of justice to the Out- 
 landers was made tortuous and impossible both by the past reputation 
 and the present influences of South African capitalists. 
 
 All this mass of suspicion has grown in the English mind, slowly 
 but steadily and powerfully, and has spread though many circles a 
 warm indignation at the existence in English history to-day of a com- 
 pany whose functions are felt to be inconsistent with one another 
 and whose influence upon the relations of Great Britain to South Africa 
 have proved to be poisonous in their spirit and almost fatal in their 
 issue. 
 
 To-day, while the war goes on, the mind of England is confused. 
 Patriotism and the instinct of self-preservation bid the Empire stand as 
 one man till the final victory be gained and supremacy in South Africa 
 once for all asserted. That seems for the moment to many people incon- 
 sistent witli a close scrutinj' and a severe condemnation of those Imperial 
 measures and mistakes which have led to the present conflagration. 
 Keen minds are, however, at work upon tJie subject, j.nd the wide- 
 spread suspicion to which we have referred, regarding the influences 
 which have moulded South African history for the last fifteen years, 
 Avill lead, every true Imperialist hopes, to the public unmasking of the 
 malign forces which have been at work. The mightiest of these have 
 been, as it seems to an increasing number of British minds, the in- 
 trigues in London and Cape Town of the Chartered Compan^ 
 
 It is this haunting suspicion, whidi has so many successive political 
 
• :■■> 
 
 CECIL J. RHODES. 
 
 437 
 
 transactions to suggest it and Htluiulntc? it and clothe it with horror, 
 that has made the only serious difticulty for the consciences of true Brit- 
 ons in the prosecution of the war. They have felt that the British 
 GoTernment, being responsible for the creation of the Chartered Com- 
 pany, is ultimately responsible fop all those events which it produced 
 and which co-operated to produce this war. 
 
 Yet such Britons find it also necessary to remember the other side 
 of the South African history, which we have sketched elsewhere, which 
 shows that Great Britain, acting an an Imperial force in South Africa, 
 has been on the whole most compliant and good-humored in her rela- 
 tions to the Transvaal Government, and that she is face to face now 
 not merely with complications largely caused by the Chartered Com- 
 pany, but with complications caused also by the rising ambition of the 
 rulers of the Transvaal. They have seen, as it were, Great Britain 
 binding her own hands and feet with the thongs of that Company, 
 while actually freeing from all bonds those ambitious personalities in 
 South Africa who have worked steadily against British supremacy for 
 a number of busy years. The question before Great Britain at the 
 present hour as the result of her own changeful policy, the Chartered 
 Company's steady self-aggrandizement, and President Kruger's in- 
 tensified Afrikander ambitions Is this — Whether, because of mistakes 
 which she must confess herself to have made, it is her duty now to 
 abandon all the responsibilities which have accumulated upon her 
 shoulders in South Africa during the whole century, and practically 
 leave that region to be controlled and developed by, she knows not 
 whom; or. Whether, still confesFllng and more deeply confessing the 
 egregious mistakes of the past, she shall resolve, even through blood 
 and fire, to carry out in a more g(»nerouH and more statesman-like spirit 
 the Imperial responsibilities which Houth African history has placed 
 upon her shoulders. 
 
 This is all perfectly germane tf> a study of Mr. Rhodes's life; for he 
 made the Chartered Company and moulded its policy. What it has 
 done is his doing, both of good and bad. If it has hampered Britain's 
 dealings with the Transvaal and quickened Transvaal hatred of Brit- 
 ain, Mr. Rhodes must carry that burden of guilt. 
 
 Before the charter was granted Mr. Rhodes had given yet another 
 
438 
 
 CECIL J. RHODES. 
 
 M ir 
 
 proof of the limitless ambitiou filling his mind. He made an agreement 
 with the African Lakes Company, Limited. The directors of this com- 
 pany hoped that as commercial men they could contribute, by opening 
 up Central Africa for purposes of trade, to help in securing David Liv- 
 ingstone's passionate desire — tJie destruction of the slave trade. The 
 company was well known for its high tone and philanthropic spirit. 
 It now controlled a vast territory in the vei-y heart of the continent 
 and immediately north of the Zambesi river. Mr. Rhodes cast his eyes 
 in imagination across that river to whose south bank he saw his own 
 territory approaching, and resolved to prepare for the future by offer- 
 ing to subsidize the African Lakes Company. They accepted a sub- 
 scription of £20,000 to their capital and an annual subsidy of £9,000, 
 granting Mr. Rhodes the right of taking over the subsidized company 
 at a later date, if desired. This right has since been exercised and the 
 British South Africa Chartered Company has given the name of 
 Rhodesia not only to the territory embracing Matabeleland and 
 Mashonaland, south of the Zambesi, which is now known as Southern 
 Rhodesia, but to a still vaster territory on the other side of the Zambesi, 
 which is now marked on the maps as Northern Rhodesia. 
 
 As soon as the charter was obtained Mr. Rhodes sailed for South 
 Africa and preparations were made with extraordinary speed and 
 energy for taking possession of the lands now assigned to its care. 
 In all his plans Mr. lihodes was assisted In^ the devotion to his scheme of 
 Sir Hercules Robinson, the High Commissioner for South Africa. 
 
 fll 
 
 I' 1 
 
CHAPTER V. 
 
 MR. RHODES AS PRIME MINISTER. 
 
 IN THE year 1890 Mr. Rhodes, as the result and reward of his co- 
 operation with the Dutch party in the Cape Parliament, became 
 Prime Minister, The Governor and High Commissioner at that 
 time was Sir Henry Loch. Mr. Khodes's influence and power in Cape 
 politics may be measured by the fact that earlier in the same year he 
 had been allowed to attend and take part in the conference between 
 Sir Henry Loch and President Kruger which was held at Fourteen 
 Streams, a little spot central and beautiful where the famous confer- 
 ence took place between the President and Sir Charles Warren in 1885. 
 The subject of discussion between the Governor and the President was 
 the future of Swaziland, a territory lying between the eastern boundary 
 of the Transvaal and the sea, concerning Avhich President Kruger and 
 his Government cherished great hopes. Mr. Ilhodes's presence empha- 
 sized the policy of which he was the protagonist, that Imperialism in 
 South Africa must be conditioned by working through Colonial chan- 
 nels; and it meant that he, as Prime Minister, and at this time an ardent 
 Cape Colonist, must have some part in deciding how Great Britain 
 should deal with the Transvaal concerning Swaziland. This of course 
 implies that Sir Henry Loch when acting as High Commissioner for all 
 South Africa and dealing with distant parts was compelled to consult 
 the opinions and wishes of the ministry at Cape Town, because he was 
 Governor of the colony. How deeply Mr. Ehodes was interested in the 
 questions dis-cussed at Fourteen Streams and what he hoped to make 
 of them, is indicated by the events which took place after he became 
 Prime Minister. 
 
 At this period, then, Mr. Cecil Rhodes, who was still under forty 
 years of age, occupied the following positions of enormous power and 
 influence: First, he w^as Prime Minister of the Cape. As such he was 
 dependent upon the support of the Dutch voters, and hence his policy 
 must be shaped as regai-ds internal affairs so as to please them, even at 
 
 439 
 
440 
 
 CECIL J. RHODES. 
 
 m 
 
 iiljj'' 
 
 i" ■\ 
 
 yw- 
 
 the expense of the prejudices of the remaining white population; and 
 as regards South African politics in the larger sense he must so shape 
 his plans as to convince both the Dutch party and all others that 
 Cape Colony was being kept in her position as the premier colony of 
 South Africa. To secure the latter aim it would be necessary so to 
 shape events as, on the one hand, to increase the influence of the Cape 
 Colony by expansion of her territory, and, on the other hand, to ob- 
 tain by conventions of some kind commercial privileges that would 
 maintain her position and add to her wealth. 
 
 In the next place Mr. Rhodes, as the most influential member of 
 the British South Africa Chartered Company, carried upon his shoul- 
 ders virtually the entire responsibility for opening up and settling the 
 vast territories placed at his disposal by the British Government. He 
 had practically complete power of attorney put into his hands, so that 
 he could act even on the most important matters without waiting for 
 advice or consent of the Board of Directors in London. Now in this 
 high office it was his duty first of all of course to occupy the new terri- 
 tories without war, to devise the administration under which they 
 were to be placed, to select the men upon whom the responsibility of 
 founding a nation must be laid. He must also, in order to do this 
 successfully, induce many settlers to enter and hence must find ready 
 means of access to the country both cheap and rapid and as short as 
 possible. How could he carry this through without awakening the 
 jealousy of the Cape Colony and yet without hindering the develop- 
 ment of his new dominion? He was also called upon to determine 
 how he must meet the possibility of a great movement of Boers from 
 the Transvaal into some portion of Charterland. 
 
 In addition to these two great positions Mr. Rhodes, it must be 
 remembered, was recognized as one of the most powerful personalities 
 in the world of South African capitalists. Only those who are students 
 of social economic conditions in detail are aware of the ramified and 
 extensive power possessed by a man who holds under control any 
 large portion of the capital of a country. Mr. Rhodes was of course 
 the head of the great diamond "Trust" at Kimberley. He was also 
 a director in the great company called "The Consolidated Gold Fields 
 of South Africa, Limited," the center of whose operations is at Jo- 
 
CECIL J. RHODES. 
 
 441 
 
 hannesburg. Now capitalism liad its problems to present to him just 
 as Cape Colony and the Chartered Company had their problems. He 
 could no more shirk decisions regarding the development of erents 
 in the realm of capitalism than he could avoid the ever insistent voices 
 demanding from him consideration and action as Prime Minister of 
 Cape C<'lony and as virtual ruler of Rhodesia. 
 
 Seldom has it been given to any man to occupy positions so various, 
 so powerful and at certain points so hostile to one another. He was 
 a man of unspeakable boldness who sought, and a man of undeniable 
 power who obtained these positions. The supreme test of his worth 
 as a man and a statesman must be found in the history of his dis- 
 charge of these remarkable offices. That Mr. Rhodes acted with energy 
 rs to say that it was Mr. Rhodes who acted. But did he act with wis- 
 dom? Did he display the insight of a true master of men? Did he 
 manifest the unselfishness of the true ruler of men? Did he present 
 to the world either the inexhaustible resourcefulness and subtle skill 
 of Disraeli, or the majestic moral fervor and broad human symjjathies 
 of Gladstone, or did he attempt to found a new empire in South Africa, 
 a new United States, by manifesting the glorious unselfishness of George 
 Washington? In the end it must be acknoAvledged that Mr. Rhodes 
 will receive his place in the esteem of his fellow men not for the mere 
 boldness of an idea, nor the mere energy of a will, but for the character 
 and wisdom with which that will has sought to move through all inter- 
 vening obstacles and entanglements to the attainment of its distant 
 goal. Mr. Rhodes professed, probably sincerely enough, that he desired 
 to work towards a federation of South Africa under the British flag — 
 emphasized federation when in South Africa and the flag when in 
 London. In the year 1890 he found himself attempting to drive three 
 coaches at once, and the story of the following nine years tells us 
 whether he showed himself a driver skilful and powerful enough to 
 attain a federated South Africa under the British flag, without bring- 
 ing any dishonor upon his own name or a catastrophe upon his 
 country. 
 
 The first effort of Mr. Rhodes was directed towards the Transvaal 
 and it seemed to him that the desire of the Transvaal for the possession 
 of Swaziland afforded to him the desired opportunity. Accordingly, as 
 
■u- 
 
 442 
 
 CECIL J. RHODES. 
 
 fi ;• , 
 
 the result of the conference which we have referred to above, Sir Henry 
 Loch, acting of course with, if not for, Mr. Kliodes, proposed to the 
 Transvaal that if they would have their way with Swaziland first of all, 
 they niiist promise not to enter Mashonaland or Matabeleland, thus 
 closintr Hicir power of territorial enrichment northwards, and, secondly, 
 they must ai^ree to enter into a customs union which had already been 
 formed between Natal and the Cape Colony and was intended to in- 
 clude all the South African states and colonies. It is little to say 
 that the Transvaal declined these proposals, the latter of which they 
 resented with great bitterness as being eciuivalent to a proposal that 
 they should give up their commercial self-government. Kather ought 
 it to be said that the Transvaal Government Avere astonished and 
 angered. They knew at once that while the messenger who brought 
 these terms to I'retoria belonged to Sir Henry Loch's staff the mes- 
 sage which he conveyed had been conceived in the brain of Mr. Rhodes. 
 From that hour it may be said fairly that Mr. Kruger and his Govern- 
 ment have sufl'ered from "Khodes on the brain" — and that not without 
 reason. They felt at once that this strong will was determined on 
 the one hand to limit their poAver and on the other hand to drag them 
 step by step into a federation, which meant into the British Empire, 
 
 At this very event, we may venture the judgment, that Mr. Khodes's 
 mind showed its severe limitations. He attempted to deal with a 
 government as he had been accustomed to deal with financiers. The 
 essence of financijil negotiations consists in bargainings which ignore 
 or are supposed to ignore all appeals to the deepest sentiments of men. 
 All that is at stake in a financial transaction is usually the question 
 whether A shall contnd this business or B. If B can make proposals 
 whose final issue A does not appreciate and can persuade A on short- 
 sighted considemtion to accept them, that brings a financial or business 
 triumph, and B shows himself the master of the occasion. In this work 
 of course Mr. Bliodes had proved himself already to be a genius of the 
 first order. But statesmanship is infinitely more than that. The man 
 who touches statecraft is putting his fingers upon the deepest interests 
 and passions of human nature. A word which the clumsy diplomatist 
 imagined to be innocent looking and suggestive only in one direction 
 will send the blood coursing through a thousand indignant hearts. 
 
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 CECIL J. RHODES. 
 
 445 
 
 Moreover in statecraft those who are sensitive lest they be attacked, 
 as the Boers have habitually been, form the habit of seeing in every 
 proposal all manner of possible issues that may be fatal to their national 
 honor or existence. Now in this opening negotiation the Prime Minister 
 of the Cape Colony showed himself quite unable to forecast the influence 
 of his seemingly clever proposals upon the future inner thoughts and 
 feelings of the Transvaal Government. He failed to appreciate the 
 determination of the Transvaal not to enter a South African Customs 
 Union, and he failed to foresee that the people at Pretoria would know at 
 once that the effort to confine their ambitions northward came not from 
 Cape Town but from Rhodesia. And such failure is not statesmanship. 
 Mr. Rhodes returned from his first visit to Mashonaland in the year 
 1890 through the Transvaal. When he approached Pretoria Mr. Rhodes 
 was met by an official who rode up to ask if these were the wagons of 
 "President Rhodes." An invitation was immediately delivered from the 
 Transvaal Government proposing that he and his friends should be the 
 guests of the Government during their stay at Pretoria. A little further 
 on the party were met by state carriages and driven to the hotel amidst 
 loud cheering from the inhabitants. The morning after his arrival Mr. 
 Rhodes drank coffee with President Kruger and h^d a frank conversa- 
 tion with him. The two great South African rivals parted with mutual 
 expressions of pleasure at the personal acquaintance thus formed, and 
 rhe parting guest was escorted with due honor for some distance by 
 a regiment of Transvaal soldiers. 
 
mm 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 MR. RHODES AND THE JAMESON RAID. 
 
 DIJEING the years 1892-1894 Mr. Rhodes was chiefly concerned 
 with Cliarterhmd. Uis duties as Prime Minister were indeed 
 important enough, but as bearing upon his personal life they 
 sink into insignificance when compared with the importance attaching 
 to his relations through the Chartered Company with events in Rhode- 
 sia. He was of course deeply concerned with the outbreak of the first 
 war and exceedingly active in the negotiations which succeeded the 
 establishment of peace with Matabeleland. Then for the first time he 
 had to undertake the actual work of organizing his administration. 
 
 It may be well to state here one striking feature of Mr. Rhodes's 
 character, namely, his lavish use of money in the promotion of his great 
 schemes. Mr. Stead in his latest appreciation of his favorite Imperialist 
 has insisted with much emphasis upon calling Mr. Rliodes "an imperial 
 socialist." By this he does not mean that Mr. Rhodes believes in any 
 specific theories of organizing capitalism upon a national basi*^ but 
 that he thoroughly believes in the responsibility of all capitalists to the 
 entire community for the use of the wealth which they had received from 
 or through the community. Hence he spends his money very freely, we 
 are told, in the advancement of the causes which he has at heart. For 
 example, he has spent many thousands of pounds in experiments with 
 a view to discovering the agricultural methods best adapted to South 
 Africa in its various parts. In Kimberley he has devoted large sums 
 out of the funds of the De Beers Com] any to the beautifying of the town 
 and the building of a residential neighborhood for the employees of the 
 company, called Kenilwortli. He has enormous wealth at his disposal 
 and is always spending it, but very little comparatively upon personal 
 pleasure or the satisfaction of his private tastes. 
 
 In the meantime Mr. Rhodes was not bMnd to events occurring in 
 the Transvaal, nor was President Kruger unwatchful of the movements 
 
 446 
 
 I if If \ 
 
,*JJJlHBiiii I 
 
 CECIL J. RHODES. 
 
 447 
 
 of Mr. Rhodes. Mr. Statham, the biographer of Paul Kruger, describes 
 the President's attitude of mind throughout this period towards Mr. 
 Rhodes in an exceedingly vivid manner. lie says, "This is the picture 
 that has to be placed before the mind as expressing the situation in the 
 Transvaal from the middle of 1890 to the present day — Mr. Rhodes ever 
 on the alert to assail and overthrow the independence of the Republic, 
 with Mr. Kruger ever on the alert to defend it." (Paul Kruger, by Regi- 
 nald Statham, p. 212.) Possibly Mr. Statham, with his accustomed ease 
 of interpreting events has read the later mood of Mr. Kruger in the 
 period succeeding the Raid into his attitude of mind preceding that 
 event. 
 
 During the year 1894 Mr. Rhodes as Prime Minister of the Cape 
 Colony gave much attention at once to the chief trade problems of South 
 Africa and the prospect of Federation. He had come to believe that it 
 was through the former that the latter might be reached. We have 
 seen that as early as 1890 he made definite proposals to Mr. Kruger re- 
 garding the adhesion of the Transvaal to the Customs Union of South 
 Africa. In spite of tlie rebuff which he then received he held to his 
 purpose, as if it were clear to his mind that the Transvaal could 
 be persuaded to enter into such a union without the fear of losing its 
 independence. Mr. Rhodes according!}', in 1894, persevered with nego- 
 tiations for the establishment of a commercial union and also, what Was 
 no less important, a railroad union throughout South Africa. He pro- 
 fessed that this object could be secured while each State kept its own 
 flag and cherished its own national sentiments. His eye was fixed upon 
 the distant goal of a United States of South Africa, and he believed 
 that the straight road thither would be traversed by consolidating the 
 material interests of all the communities involved. We have already seen 
 that in holding this theory, Mr. Rhodes evidently discounted the in- 
 tensity of the anti-British feeling in the Transvaal and the degree of 
 suspiciousness with which every proposal was there considered which 
 even looked as if it might ultimately load to an assimilation of the 
 Transvaal and tlie Orange Free State with the British Empire. In fact, 
 Mr. Rhodes seemed to believe that the cherished purpose of Mr. Kruger 
 and his sympathizers, of founding a Dutch Republic throughout South 
 Africa, and driving Britain entirely off that portion of the continent, 
 
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 CECIL J. kHODB^. 
 
 was a purpose which could be defeated, a hope which could be stnrv^ed, 
 by gradually drawing the Transvaal into a substantive Federation with 
 the other States of South Africa upon a commercial basis. He was met 
 at every point by the unbending determination of the dreamers con- 
 cerning an Afrikander independence, to avoid every step that would 
 even look like a temporary acquiescence in the presence of British 
 authority. No argument of Mr. Rhodes could persuade Mr. Kruger to 
 adopt any of his plans and Mr. Rhodes was driven to seek some other 
 way of reaching the consummation of his plans. 
 
 It is not easy as yet to state the time at which, or the steps by which, 
 Mr. Rhodes first became involved in the plot at Johannesburg. Mr. 
 Fitzpatrick asserts very boldly that during the agitations preceding 
 the year 1895 the leading capitalists at Johannesburg had no desire 
 even to consider the possibility of a revolution. Their aim was to obtain 
 redress of their wrongs w^holly by constitutional means. They labored 
 accordingly with great persistence and patience by the use of public 
 meetings and petitions and personal deputations, to influence President 
 Kruger in the direction of reform. When they found that ordinary 
 constitutional means failed in their hands they resorted openly and con- 
 fessedly to the use of bribery. Mr. Reitz in his pamphlet entitled "A 
 Century of Wrong," quotes letters from at least one of the wealthier 
 men at Johannesburg in which he openly affirms that this was the only 
 means left them to employ. In spite of the expenditure of many thou- 
 sands of pounds the desired reforms were not realized. Accordingly in 
 1895 when they realized that the party which supported President Kru- 
 ger and the Volksraad was a fixed majority, fixed in its hostility to the 
 Johannesburgers, the necessity of employing violent measures began 
 to be discussed even by those who hitherto had most disliked the idea. 
 What part Mr. Rhodes took in the earlier considerations of a revolu- 
 tionary plan it is impossible to say. His brother, Colonel Francis 
 Rhodes, was in Johannesburg, Mr. Lionel Phillips represented Mr. 
 Alfred Beit, the great German capitalist of the firm of Wernher, Beit 
 & Co., and it was through these men that the two non-resident capital- 
 ists exerted their influence. The men on the spot were of course the real 
 plotters without whom the outsiders would have been powerless. It is 
 authoritatively asserted that while the idea of a revolution gradually 
 
 f.'l 
 
^ i 
 
 CECIL J. RHODES. 
 
 449 
 
 grew up in Johannesburg into a fixed purpose in the minds of many 
 individuals and no one can claim to be its originator, the idea of bring- 
 ing help from without had its birth in the brain of Mr. Rhodes. To him 
 it seemed a natural and an easy thing to send 1,500 men from Rhodesia 
 into Johannesburg when the crisis had arrived, when the outbreak had 
 taken place, when the Boers were hurrying to surround the struggling 
 city. Mr. Rhodes's plan evidently was this, that first of all, the Johan- 
 nesburgers should provide themselves with an abundance of arms and 
 ammunition so that the town could endure a siege for a reasonable 
 time, that as soon as the fort at Pretoria was captured and its military 
 strength destroyed, word should be sent to Cape Town that Johannes- 
 burg had risen and was in desperate need of intervention from without. 
 The Boers, it was understood, would of course attack the city. As soon, 
 therefore, as the news of the event reached Mr. Rhodes he would inform 
 the High Commissioner, who would at once hurry into the Transvaal 
 to make peace. Mr. Rhodes, of course, would go, too. In the meantime 
 the latter would send word to Dr. Jameson, who would immediately 
 ride across country from the western border of the Transvaal to succor 
 the men, women and children who were surrounded by Boer com- 
 mandos. It was calculated, Mr. Fitzpatrick tells us, that to cut his way 
 through and to make his aid effective. Dr. Jameson would need at least 
 1,500 men. 
 
 The early part of 1895 Mr. Rhodes spent in England and there opened 
 negotiations for the annexation of South Bechuanaland to the Cape 
 Colony and of North Bechuanaland to Rhodesia. These acts were neces- 
 sary in order to give Mr. Rhodes power to move the troops under his 
 authority in Rhodesia southwards to a point from which they could 
 swiftly and suddenly strike at Johannesburg. During the ensuing 
 months Mr. Rhodes was in constant telegraphic communication with 
 London regarding the various steps which were necessary to lead up to 
 the great consummation. At first he had in London as his confidential 
 correspondent, Dr. Ruth erf oord Harris. Many of the earlj-^ telegr-ams 
 are destroyed, but most of those belonging to the months of November 
 and December have been preserved and were presented before the 
 Select Committee of the House of Commons in 1897. 
 
 One of the earliest telegrams refers to the fact that Mr, Chamberlain 
 
450 
 
 CECIL J. RHODES. 
 
 m 
 
 ^iH 
 
 i>.>r'? 
 
 had resolved upon an active Imperial policy in order to secure a South 
 African federation. Mr. Chamberlain had, of course, been in correspond- 
 ence with President Kruger over the closing of the drifts, that is, the 
 fords across the river between the Orange Free State and the Trans- 
 vaal. This, Mr. Chamberlain insisted, was being directed against the 
 free entrance of commerce from Cape Colony and hence was a breach of 
 the London Convention of 1884. Mr. Rhodes had been at one with him 
 in the endeavor to crush Mr. Kruger on this point and was ^pt unwill- 
 ing to see Mr. Chamberlain send President Kruger an ultimatum, as 
 indeed he did. But Mr. Chamberlain, before he did undertake the re- 
 sponsibility of sending an ultimatum had the cleverness to insist that 
 he must have the open consent and co-operation of the Dutch party in 
 the Cape Colony. Mr. Rhodes as the Parliamentary leader of that party 
 consulted his followers, who were so incensed at the time by President 
 Kruger's manifested hostility to Cape interests that they agreed, in the 
 event of war taking place, that Cape Colony would bear half the ex- 
 pense. Now, Mr. Rhodes was willing enough to have fought President 
 Kruger on those conditions, when the Colony would not only bear part 
 of the responsibility but would also share the distribution of benefits; 
 but Mr. Rhodes had no liking for the idea that Great Britain should 
 undertake any direct strong dealings with the Transvaal, which should 
 increase the prestige in South Africa of the Colonial office or the "Im- 
 perial factor" Avithout adding to the strength of Cape Colony — or, say, 
 Mr. Rhodes. Dr. Harris's cablegram was therefore intended to rouse 
 Mr. Rhodes to push his Jameson plan. 
 
 In this month of November an interesting figure appears in the midst 
 of these masculine negotiations and plottings in the person of Miss 
 Flora Shaw, a well-known correspondent of the London Times, who, 
 from the entire tone of the telegrams which refer to her or which she 
 herself sent, appears quite evidently to have acted as the London agent 
 of the British South Africa Chartered Company. Iler appearance on 
 thfe scene alike through the cablegrams and when she appeared as a 
 witness before the Parliamentary committee has undoubtedly added a 
 touch of color and piquancy to the entire series of events. 
 
 On November Otli Mr. Rhodes sent the following most important 
 telegram to Dr. Uarris: "As to English fiag they must very much 
 
■■■■I 
 
 CECIL J. RHODES. > ^ ,, 451 
 
 • .-■■ •■ ^ - ^^ / .. 
 
 misunderstand me at home. I of courHc would not risk everything as I 
 am doing except for Britinh flag." This telegram taken in conjunction 
 with subsequent eventH to whidi we shall refer indicates that Mr. 
 Rhodes at this stage in the London-Cape Town-and-Johanneshurg con- 
 spiracy found himself in a very critical position. As an avowed Im- 
 perialist he of course denlred that the British flag should fly over all 
 South Africa, Now, as lh(» h'ader of the Cape Colony Dutch party he 
 did not dare to say thlH, while, as co-operating with the Colonial Olflce 
 he did not dare to assume even the appearance of hesitation thereupon; 
 but, still further, he knew that the leaders at Johannesburg had made 
 up their minds very flrmly to remain loyal to the Transvaal flag. Mr. 
 Hays Hammond, indeed, at on(t stage of the proceedings made the com- 
 mittee stand up and swear alh'glunce to the Transvaal. The leaders at 
 Johannesburg were by no tneanH unanimous in favor of Great Britain. 
 Many of the most powerful men in the movement averred that they 
 would not lift a finger to bring llie Transvaal under British control. 
 
 Mr. Rhodes was therefore* In a v^ry perplexing position. In the tele- 
 gram quoted above he pracf icnily assures those with whom Dr. Harris 
 was negotiating tliat he is working for the British flag, but when a 
 deputation hurried in the month of December from Johannesburg to 
 Cape Town in order to assure llieniselves on that very point, Mr. Rhodes 
 undoubtedly gave tliem to believe that there was no reason to fear that 
 the result of a successful revolution would bring the Transvaal within 
 the British Empire. But this is anticipating. 
 
 While the earlier extant telegrams were being sent backwards and 
 forwards in the month of November a deputation consisting of Messrs. 
 Leonard and Phillips went to (*ai»e Town from Johannesburg in order 
 to have a clear and explicit understanding with Mr. Rhodes. They 
 read to him the draft of tlu'lr "Declaration of Rights." When they came 
 to that part of the document in which the policy of free trade in South 
 African products among all Houlh African states and colonies was in- 
 sisted on, Mr. Rhodes (»nergetically declared that that was for him the 
 kernel of the niovoment. All the rest would come in time he said. "We 
 asked him how he hoped to recoup himself for his share of expense in 
 keeping Jameson's force on the border, which should be borne by us 
 jointly. He said that seeing the extent of his interest in the country. 
 
/ 
 
 452 
 
 CECIL J. RHODES. 
 
 U 
 
 he would be amply repaid by the improvement in the conditions which 
 it was intended to effect." 
 
 Subsequent telegrams between Mr. Rhodes and London show how 
 hard he was negotiating with the Colonial Office for the immediate 
 possession, before a certain fixed date, of the strip of land in Bechuana- 
 land which was to be placed under his authority for railway purposes 
 and along which he would have the right to move his police southwards. 
 
 At last, the burdened Imperialist and conspirator at Cape Town saw 
 the end approaching. In the third week of November Mr. Rhodes sum- 
 mons Dr. Harris from London to South Africa, saying that Dr. Jameson 
 had visited Johannesburg and had made everything right He intimates 
 also that arrangements are under way by which when the event takes 
 place Mr. Alfred Beit and the High Commissioner and the Prime Min- 
 ister himself shall immediately proceed to Johannesburg. On Novem- 
 ber 26th- Dr. Harris sends a "very confidential" cablegram in which he 
 very clearly indicates that at the Colonial Office there was considerable 
 apprehension lest the Johannesburg committee should carry out thoir 
 undertaking "without assistance from the British South Africa Com- 
 pany and also independent of the British flag." Dr. Harris drives this 
 home by saying, "It would have serious effect on your position here." 
 He adds the peculiarly interesting statement, "Flora suggests 16th 
 December celebrate Pretoria," which being interpreted means that Miss 
 Shaw had suggested that the great Boer anniversary known as Din- 
 gaan's Day should be fixed as the appropriate date for the overthrow of 
 the. Boer Government at Pretoria! Bat the important part of the tele- 
 gram is that which indicates a fear awakened in London somehow lest 
 the reformers at Johannesburg, if they succeeded, should do so in entire 
 independence of outside help. This would, of course, establish the 
 Transvaal forever on a firm republican basis with its own flag, and the 
 British Government knew, as President Kruger ought to have known, 
 that the real independence of the Transvaal would be more secure in 
 that event than before. Obedient to instructions from Mr. Rhodes Dr. 
 Harris left in the end of November in order to share with Mr. Rhodes 
 the triumphal entry of the Imperialist party into the Transvaal. From 
 that date the telegrams from London to Cape Town are sent by Miss 
 Bhaw, who reveals in them a laudable journalistic ambition, a sense of 
 
■ i. I i 
 
 CECIL J. RHODES. 
 
 453 
 
 the importance of tlie European newspaper world in the shaping of 
 public sentiment regarding the approaching events in the Transvaal. 
 The most daring and deadly of her messages was that dated December 
 17, 1895, which contained the following words: "Chamberlain sound 
 in case of interference European powers but have special reason to 
 believe wishes you must do it immediately." Ilistorical or literary 
 critics will of course forever be unable to read anything out of that 
 sentence other than the plain fact that, whether through one or more 
 intermediaries, Mr. Rhodes was in actual correspondence with Mr. 
 Chamberlain regarding the entire transactions. On December 27, Dr. 
 Harris sends a message to Miss Shaw in which he says that there are 
 divisions in Johannesburg. It was at this very date that the Johannes- 
 burg reformers found themselves once more roused to deep suspicions 
 regarding the ultimate purpose of Mr. Rhodes. They had sent off 
 Messrs. Leonard and Hamilton on Christmas Day to Cape Town to hold 
 one more interview with Mr. Rhodes. On Sunday the 29th the deputa- 
 tion sent back a telegram to Johannesburg saying, "We have received 
 perfectly satisfactory assurance from Cecil Rhodes, but a misunder- 
 standing undoubtedly exists elsewhere. In our opinion, continue prep- 
 arations, but carefully, and without any sort of hurry, as entirely fresh 
 departures will be necessary in view of changed condition. Jameson 
 Las been advised accordingly." This telegram proves that Mr. Rhodes 
 had not fully settled the suspicions of the deputation from Johannes- 
 burg, that somehow or other behind his protests of loyalty to them they 
 saw signs of positive interference from some other quarter and had de- 
 cided that there must be an entire revision of the plans of the revolution. 
 Hence their anxiety to prevent Dr. Jameson from undertaking any rash 
 enterprise. Mr. Fitzpatrick tells us that at once at Johannesburg they 
 began to alter their plans, one main feature of their new proposals 
 being that they should avoid the invasion of the Transvaal by an armed 
 force. Instead of this they thought of bringing in a large number of 
 soldiers under the disguise of mechanics and merchants. This they 
 thought could be speedily done. In this way, or ever the suspicions of 
 the Government at Pretoria were aroused, they would have in Johan- 
 nesburg as many military men as they needed for its effective defence. 
 While Mr. Rhodes was in this extraordinary predicament. Dr. Jame- 
 
454 
 
 CECIL J. RHODES. 
 
 
 pifsi 
 
 son suddenly broke away from all his en«»agements, overthrew all the 
 plans of his coadjutors both in Cape Town and Johannesburg, plunged 
 with less than 500 men *nto the Transvaal and into disaster. It was 
 probably the most crushing blow which Mr. Khodes had ever experi- 
 enced. When Mr. W. P. Schreiucr, a member of his cabinet, went to 
 see him, the Prime Minister was indeed in darkness. It is said that he 
 manifested the utmost distress; he could only moan as if with living 
 pain, "Poor old Jameson, twenty years we have been friends, and now 
 he goes in and ruins me. I cannot hinder it. I cannot go and destroy 
 him." ^Nevertheless his courage soon returned. He telegraphed to Miss 
 Shaw on December 30tli as follows: "Inform Chamberlain that I shall 
 get through all right if he supports me, but he must not send cables like 
 he sent to the High Commissioner in South Africa. To-day the crux is. 
 I will win, and South Africa will belong to England." The following 
 djay Mr. Khodes sent another telegram to London urging that the Iligh 
 Commissioner should at once be sent to Joliann'^^nrg. lie still hoped 
 that on his arrival there he would have a spleudMl reception, that the 
 'City might be strong enough to hold out against the Boers and the posi- 
 tion still be turned to the advantage of England. These desperate tele- 
 grams show that Mr. Khodes did not realize hoAV completely Dr. Jame- 
 son's movement had taken the Johannesburgers by surprise, how utterly 
 unprepared they were to engage in active warfare, and how unwilling 
 they would be to cari-j- on a fierce struggle if persuaded that the end 
 must be the handing over of the Transvaal to Great Britain. This was 
 not statesmansliip. 
 
 It is very difficult indeed to understand Mr. Rhodes's failure to grasp 
 the situation throughout these transactions, difficult also to defend his 
 conduct in relation to them. In the first place, of course, he had mani- 
 festly and egregiously blundered; his attempt to drive three or four 
 coaches at once had ended in a terrible collapse. He could not at the 
 same time be faithful to England and the Bond party and his friends 
 at Johannesburg and his responsibilities in Rhodesia. It must be frank- 
 ly stated that all who highly value the elevation of the standard of 
 honor amongst public men, all who earnestly desire to see great capital- 
 ists and great statesmen dealing with their responsibilities in a spirit 
 of sincerity and truth, as well as in breadth of mind and largeness of 
 
I 
 
 I I ' 
 
 CFXIL /. RHODES. 
 
 465 
 
 vision, must be profoiindly thankful tliat Mr. KLodcs's sclienio of com- 
 plicated political immoralities failed before the eyes of the whole world. 
 It is impossible, of course, not to pity the man who spent his dark hours 
 in that beautiful house near Cape Town overwhelmed by the sense of 
 personal defeat and disgrace; but sympatliy with the human sufferer 
 is perfectly compatible Avith joy over the facts which caused the suffer- 
 ing. It is impossible not to admire the splendid courage with which he 
 immediately laid hold upon life and went forth to pursue his vast de- 
 signs; but this admiration is compatible with a deep satisfaction that 
 wrongdoing on a most comprehensive scale had been exposed to the 
 condemnation of the conscience of all men. 
 
 The first steps which Mr. Rhodes took when he found that the move- 
 ment in the Transvaal was a complete failure, were to resign his offlce 
 as Prime Minister of Cape Colony and to put the resignation of his post 
 as managing director of the Chartered Company into the hands of the 
 Directors. Needless to say, when he took the former step he realized 
 that he had once for all lost the confidence of the Dutch party in the 
 Cape Colony with whom he had been working for more than ten years. 
 Before he became Prime Minister he had voted steadily for the plans 
 presented in the Cape Parliament to forward the purpose and strengthen 
 the spirit of the Dutch population. And after he became Prime Minister 
 he pursued the same course, with the difference that now he was pub- 
 licly responsible even for the introduction of such bills to the considera- 
 tion of the country. The laws which affected the sale of liquor were so 
 altered as to add to the wealth of the Dutch districts and to the misery 
 of native peoples, and Mr. Rhodes supported these. An effort was made 
 to pass a law prohibiting the sale of liquor in certain native districis 
 and Mr. Rhodes was the only man of English descent who voted against 
 it. A law Avas passed which very seriously altered the basis of the 
 franchise. It did indeed recognize equality of treatment of both black 
 and white, but resulted in taking the franchise from thousands of black 
 men who had enjoyed it as well as from a few white men, the "poor 
 whites" so well-known in South Africa. This was one of the most power- 
 ful strokes ever delivered by the Dutch party in South Africa against 
 the influence of the British spirit in the Cape Colonial Legislature; for 
 it was a notorious fact that the constituencies which contained large 
 
HA 
 
 ■'■<■ 
 
 ' > 
 
 456 
 
 CECIL J. RHODES. 
 
 numberH of native voters stendUy seut anti-Dutch representatives to the 
 Parliament and many of them were represented for long years by the 
 best members of the House. Mr. Khodes s)ipp<irted that piece of pro- 
 Dutch and anIi-Knglish lej^islation. When the well-known Glen Grey 
 Act was introduced which again dealt with native problems, Mr. lUiodes 
 once more Icil in a proceeding which r^^presented a Dutch rather than 
 an English sentiment. Mr. Rhodes has indeeil in some directions shown 
 great wisdom in his treatment of the exceedingly difficult and, indeed, 
 tremendous questions regarding the control and uplifting of the native 
 races in Houth Africa; but he has also in other directions been respon- 
 sible for legislation and even for administration which, while it no 
 doubt pleased the supporters of the Afrikander Bond, displeased no 
 less surely those who regarded these problems from the typical English 
 point of view. 
 
 Through this long course of sympathetic action with them Mr. 
 lUiodes had apparently won the complete trust of the Dutch i)arty. They 
 had at times in return for all these favors followed him in his attempts 
 to wring privileges from the unwilling hands of President Kruger, 
 especially when these would benefit Cape Colony. But now when the 
 Raid had exposed all to view, and thoy found that Mr. Rhodes had used 
 his position at Cape Town to plot for the overthrow of the Dutch oligar- 
 chy in the Transvaal, his allies rose in unmitigated and undying wrath 
 against him. In fact, the man who had for many years been proclaimed 
 without much reason as the unifier of the two races did at this time 
 strike the heaviest blow against that union and drove the races further 
 apart than they had ever been since 1835. 
 
 In the year 1897 Mr. Rhodes returned to England to give evidence 
 before the Select Committee regarding the Jameson Raid. He began 
 his journey from Rhodesia, travelled to Beira, thence by boat to Durban 
 and Pt. Elizabeth. At Pt. Elizabeth he was in one of the strongest 
 centers of British loyalists in South Africa, and here he was received 
 with the greatest enthusiasm. He ended his speech with the significant 
 assertion: "I do not propose to close my public career and I am still 
 determined to strive for the closer union of South Africa." From Pt. 
 Elizabeth to Cape Town Mr. Rhodes's progress was something after the 
 style of a triumphal procession. In one of his speeches during this 
 
CECIL J. RHODES. 
 
 457 
 
 ?nce 
 Uan 
 
 return journey he used an expreHMlon wlih'h linH ever been regarded an 
 one of the most cynical that could Im* iiltcreil by a man in liin position. 
 When spealiing of his going to London and the sentiment of Great Brit- 
 ain which he would have to encounter, lie Hpoke of it as an "unctuous 
 righteousness" with which he must take a<'count. The phrase is one 
 of the most offensive which can b(» applied to any man or community. 
 It was not only ludicrous when used by Mr. Rhodes in his circumstances, 
 It was a revelation to the whole world of an apparent incapacity to look 
 upon the situation from the numil standpoint. To him It appeared as 
 If the indignation of Englishmen at his conduct proceeded from a super- 
 ficial and hypocritical profession of rtght<»ou8ne88, which to his eye, 
 perhaps, held concealed a desire that he had succeeded. It looks as if 
 Mr. Rhodes has never been able to reall/.e that even although his plan 
 had succeeded, multitudes of his fellow citizens. If they had discovered 
 the story, which indeed success ndght Iiave hidden forever from view, 
 would have felt deeply disgraced. He apparently has no feeling for the 
 judgment of the civilized world that men holding the high positions 
 which he and his coadjutors occupied committed a great crime against 
 the honor of their ow^n country in having deliberately undertaken the 
 Jameson plan. 
 
 When Mr. Rhodes appeared before the Select Committee he took 
 up a position which, while puzzling to many at the time, It is impossi- 
 ble not to admire. He said to a friend before the Inquiry began that it 
 was not his intention to betray the part which the Colonial Secretary 
 had taken in the plot. "He has stuck to me," Mr. Rhodes said to this 
 friend, "how can I go and give him away?" Mr. Rhodes accordingly 
 adopted the very effective plan of declining to answer all those ques- 
 tions which he could not answer truthfully without letting the real facts 
 regarding the Colonial Oflflce leap into public light. lie rather endured 
 the scorn which the Committee heaped upon him, and he very bravely 
 faced the personal obloquy which was increased by Iiis concealment of 
 the facts. He even allowed the Inquiry to bo completed and the final 
 Report, which so completely condemned his conduct and blackened his 
 name, to be drawn up and to be presented to the House of Commons. 
 From that day to this he has remained absolutely silent on the whole 
 matter. In spite of the frequent and prolonged discussions in the House 
 
mm 
 
 458 
 
 CECIL J. RHODES. 
 
 U m 
 
 and in the newspapers and by tUe general public, he has held very firmly 
 and steadfastly to the policy which he announced before the inquiry 
 began. He will not utter one word to relieve himself of any portion of 
 the burden of blame by laying it upon those whp were higher in oflBce 
 than himself. Mr. Chamberlain did his best, when the Report was 
 presented before the House, to shield his former coadjutor, and his 
 deliverer, from the worst form of public condemnation. In spite of his 
 agreement with the lleport which so thoroughly condemned Mr. Rhodes, 
 he stood up to deny that the personal honor of Mr. Rhodes had been in 
 any wise traduced. If by the words "personal honor" he meant that 
 Mr. Rhodes, had not aimed at the mere making of money or had not 
 stoojjed to the utterance of lies, he may have been right, though many 
 doubt. Perhaps Mr. Rhodes would not have undertalien his tremendous 
 task merely to add to his bank account. But if the phrase "personal 
 nonor" is extended beyond these ideas to the observance of the duties 
 and responsibilities of high office and the avoidance of concealed and 
 treacherous uses of public oflSce even for public ends, it is hard to say 
 that Mr. C'haniberlain's words can be defended. At the same time Mr. 
 Ciumberlain was undoubtedly saved awhile by the loyal silence of Mr. 
 Rhodes. 
 
/ i 
 
 ./ 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 L.'.:: RHODES SINCE THE RAID. 
 
 WHEN the Johannesburg plot had become a fiasco, when Mr. 
 Khodes had cer-'^d to be Prime Minister and when he had re- 
 signed his position as Managing Dire tor of the Chartered 
 Company he yet remained the most powerful Diiector of that Company, 
 and one of the most powerful men in South Africa. He immediately left 
 the Cape Colony and proceeded to Buluwayo where he undertook the 
 carrying out of various practical schemes for the development of 
 Rhodesia. In a short while, however, he was summoned by his fellow 
 Directors to England. lie made a hurried journey and had interviews 
 not only with the Directors of the Company but with Mr. Chamberlain. 
 IV' ich had to be done in reorganizing the directorate and the work of the 
 Company, for it was soon seen that one or two of the Directors, includ- 
 ing the Duke of Fife, by reason of their high station could no longer 
 compromise themselves and others by remaining on that board. He 
 also hod interviews with Mr. Chamberlain. 
 
 Finding that no pra- 'ical steps were to be taken in England soon, 
 he started again for Khodesia, reaching Africa at Beira and traveling 
 into his own country from that point. Not long after his arrival the 
 terrible rebellion of the Matabele took place, when many of the whites, 
 men, women and children, were massacred. Mr. Rhodes entered in the 
 month of May with a relief force from Mashonaland and reached Bulu- 
 wayo, the capital, in June. He was present at several of the engage- 
 ments which took place. After a number of these had been fought it 
 became evident to Mr. Rhodes that with the comparatively small forces 
 at his disposal General Carrington Avould be unable to bring the war 
 to a speedy close. lie accordingly proposed that he himself should try 
 to arrange matters with the native chiefs who had retired to the Matop- 
 po Hills and occupied practically impregnable positions there. It was 
 a brave deed, and it greatly impressed not only the English but the 
 natives who beheld it. Mr. Rhodes w^alked into the presence of the 
 
 459 
 
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 €' 
 
 ^^1 
 
 m 
 
 460 
 
 CECIL J. RHODES. 
 
 leadin.s: induna or chief of the Matabele. After a preliminary discussion 
 Mr. Khodes suddenly and peremptorily asked, "Is it peace or war?" 
 The induna lifting his stick and holding it high above his head ex- 
 claimed, "This is my gun, I throw it at your feet." Other indunas fol- 
 lowed his example and it was peace. When Mr. Rhodes had further ex- 
 plained the situation, when he had heard their grievances and prom- 
 ised to redress them one of the indunas summed the matter up thus: "It 
 is good, my father, you have trusted us, and we have K^ooken. We are 
 all here to-day a id our voice is the voice of the nation. We are the 
 mouths and ears of the people. We give you one word. It is peace. The 
 war is over. We will not break our word; we have spoken." From 
 that day the Matabele chiefs have kept their word, as, on the other hand, 
 from that day they have been more kindly treated and more intelligently 
 ruled. There seems every prospect under the new method of govern- 
 ment which lias been instituted, and which places adequate checks by 
 means of direct Imperial officers upon the legislation and administration 
 of the Chartered Company, that the Matabele may never again have 
 complaints serious enough to cause a rebellion and may be gradually 
 led into the ways of civilization. 
 
 Mr. Rhodes selected for himself a farm at the foot of the Matoppo 
 Hills, where he built a strange residence. It looks like a series of native 
 huts exceptionally well built and connected with one another so as to 
 form the rooms of one house. Here Mr. Rhodes is apt to retire when 
 formal and fashionable functions are going on at Buluwayo, which he 
 does not desire to attend. 
 
 It was in 1S97, as we have seen, that Mr. Rhodes returned to England 
 to give evidence before the Select Committee. 
 
 Since then Mr, Rhodes has been principally occupied with the devel- 
 opment of Rhodesia and with his scheme for connecting Cape Town with 
 Cairo by means of both a telegraph line and a railroad. In the further- 
 ance of this tremendous scheme he has paid one or two visits to Europe. 
 On one of these he made a famous journey to Brussels and thence to 
 Berlin in order to negotiate with the King of Belgium and with the 
 German Emperor regarding a certain portion of the line which in 
 order to pass from one British boundary to another must cross either th(» 
 Congo Free State, which is under Belgian control, or German East 
 
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 Africa. He succeeded in obtaining a concession from the German Gov- 
 ernment which enables him to proceed with the Trans-Continental 
 Telegraph which will so soon connect North Africa with South Africa. 
 
 It is sai'\ that Mr. Rhodes has deeply felt the neglect of Sir Alfred 
 Milner to consult him during the negotiations of last year. Like every- 
 one else he believes that the war ought to have been avoided, but like 
 the very great majority of English people who know South Africa well, 
 he believes that the Boer Government have for years been working 
 towards a great war that should cast British authority entirely from 
 South African shores. He therefore is inclined to believe that unless 
 negotiations had succeeded which would have gradually given the pro- 
 gressive party in the Transvaal the upper hand and so broken Mr. 
 Kruger's dream, the war wa.^ inevitable. 
 
 As soon as the war broke out Mr. Rhodes, with characteristic audac- 
 ity, went to Kimberley. How much preparation he had made for a 
 siege of that town no one at present knows. His arrival there directed, 
 of course, the attention of the Boers with greater joy and determination 
 towards the task of capturing it. Mr. Rhodes, it is said, despatched a 
 message announcing that he was as safe in Kimberley as in Picadilly. 
 Subsequent events may have sometim<?s shaken his belief in that asser- 
 tion. 
 
 There can be no doubt that his presence in Kimberley has proved 
 of enormous value to the citizens, while, on the other hand, it may have 
 doubled the efforts of the Boers to conquer the place. He has met 
 with great energy the task of controlling the large native population 
 who were shut up in the town by the Boer array and whom the latter 
 would not allow to leave. It has been said that Mr. Rhodes set them 
 to work to lay out a new suburb, to open new streets and plant trees. 
 One of the avenues, the world has heard, will be named Siege Avenue. 
 
 Shortly after the siege ended tbe annual meeting <^f the De BeerH 
 Company took place, and at this meeting Mr. Rhodes made a remarkable 
 speech. He announced that once more the Companj had made the enor- 
 mous sum of £2,000,000 profits (about 110,000,000). He further made 
 public Ae remarkable fact tfcat arrangements had been made between 
 the De Beers Company and the Chartered Company by which the De 
 Beers Company will own all tke diara4'nd mines that may be discovered 
 
 
II r* 
 
 464 
 
 CECIL J. RHODES. 
 
 in any territory where the Chartered Company extends its operations. 
 He then once more referred to his favorite idea concerning the two great 
 classes of people, namely, those who amass and spend their wealth with- 
 out imagination and those who make it the servant of their imagination. 
 The unimaginative, by which he means those who form no large and 
 unselfish ideals, simply use their money upon themselves and their 
 families and leave it to their children. The imaginative class of share- 
 holders in the De Beers Company will dwell upon the thought that a 
 hundred years hence the mines which it still controls shall still be send- 
 ing forth their treasures into the world, enriching South Africa and 
 other regions and contributing through an indefinite period to the 
 building up of civilization. Referring to the war, he declared that the 
 two Dutch States were not Republics but oligarchies, and roundly assert- 
 ed that they had been long conspiring to subjugate British South Africa. 
 Each Government consists simply of a political gang who deceive the 
 jjoor and Ignorant Dutchmen by appealing to their patriotism and urg- 
 ing them to war, while dividing the spoils of the administration among 
 themselves and their friends. He made the remarkable statement 
 which, coming from Mr. Rhodes, seems to be as significant concerning 
 his own past as concerning those whom he accused. He asserted that 
 the Afrikanders, meaning the Dutch, had been working for independ- 
 ence for twenty years and made the statement, which will no doubt 
 astonish some, while it is no surprise to those who know South Africa, 
 that Mr. Reitz, the former President of the Orange Free State, the pres- 
 ent Secretary of the Transvaal, the very one who conducted the nego- 
 tiations with Mr. Chamberlain all last year, said: "Years ago I vowed 
 that my only ambition in life was to drive England out of Africa." Then 
 rising to his climax, Mr. Rhodes said: "We have done our duty in pre- 
 serving and protecting the greatest commercial asset in the world — 
 Her Majesty's flag." 
 
 The survey of Mr. Rhodes's character and career which we have made 
 will suffice, no doubt, to convince every reader that in him we have one 
 of the most remarkable and powerful personalities of our day. The 
 breadth and boldness of his plans must be universally acknowledged 
 even by those who dislike them. The strength of purpose, the untiring 
 enthusiasm with which he seeks to realize them are indisputable. 
 
■M 
 
 If 
 
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 // 
 
 CECIL J. RHODES. 
 
 465 
 
 He knows how to ipend money lavishly on enterprises which bring ' 
 him no personal return but which serve to further the social and politi- 
 cal objects which he has in view. He has spent thousands of pounds 
 in attempting to find a cure for the phylloxera which destroys the vines 
 of South Africa. He has spent money in experiments upon stock raising 
 with a view to the development of the best forms of stock farming in 
 Cape Colony, Rhodesia and other parts of South Africa. He is no 
 miser, nor is he niggardly in his business methods. Mr. Rhodes has 
 also shown to the world that he knows how to stand by his friends even 
 at great cost to himself. He has refused to desert those who had failed 
 or disappointed or even betrayed.him. He knows also in some directions 
 how not to forgive, which shows that he is not completely generous. 
 
 The side of Mr. Rhodes's career which seems most open to criticism 
 and has been most severely condemned by close students of his work 
 and influence, is that which concerns the methods which he is willing 
 to employ and the treatment of his fellowmen which he thinks necessary 
 and justifiable in order to attain his ends. On the whole, it must be 
 not without regret acknowledged that he is, in his estimate of the 
 honor of men, a cold cynic. He not only believes but acts upon the belief 
 that men can be bought and that it is right to buy them, that men can 
 be manipulated in the political uh well as in the commercial world, and 
 he has manipulated them or attempted to do so freely and constantly. 
 His fatal policy of estubllHlting prematurely a colonial imperialism was 
 really born of his inveterttt<! idea that men can be manipulated. For, 
 in J^iuth Africa, this jK>ll<'y necessitated at once the pretence to the 
 Dutch party that they w(»r«' in (control of the affairs of South Africa and 
 to the British (Government the pretence that by leaving all South 
 African affairn to the CaiM* (hhmy, Imperial interests would be best 
 served. £hv entire story of the liuUi is, of course, the story of manip- 
 ulation. 
 
 One of the qi]«*rstlon« upfwrmost in the minds of many when they 
 think of the close of the i ?>^«T) war » with regard to the future of Mr. 
 Rhodes. Eve^- "oe f «*U t jat much will depend up<;rj the position which 
 he 18 about v. (ccupy M a political factor in South Africa. Many won- 
 der what shall' he will havr, directly or indirectly, in d^-termining the 
 policy of the British Government henceforth in South Africa. 
 
i. ' 
 
 ■■H 
 
 y*"^^' - 
 
 BOOK III. 
 
 STEPHANUS JOHANNES PAULUS KRUGER. 
 
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 1 
 
 i 
 
CHAPTER I. 
 
 THE EARLIER LIFE OF MR. KRUGER. 
 
 THE ordinary notion that tlie Dutch of South Africa are a homo- 
 geneous race derived from Holland is a mistaken one. As a matter 
 of fact, Holland was in the seventeenth century an asylum for 
 European refugees of different nationalities. Thither Spanish Jews had 
 been fleeing from earlier times, and thither the French Huguenots 
 crowded for shelter from their persecutors. .There also the persecuted 
 Puritans of England found a resting place and freedom to worship their 
 God as they saw right. The Dutch East India Company profited as a 
 commercial organization by this influx of strangers and foreigners. 
 Their officers entered into negotiations from time to time through their 
 government with these homeless people, and proposed that they should 
 volunteer for service of the Company in South Africa. No doubt the 
 splendid climate, the natural beauty, and the remoteness from hostile 
 attack of the new southern world at the Cape of Good Hope were all 
 persuasively describf'd to them. The result was that South Africa re- 
 ceived many Germans and French as well as at a later time large num- 
 bers of Engj -h and Scotch people as immigrants and settlers. 
 
 In the begii. ning of i he eighteentli century in the year 1713 there were 
 sent out by the Dutch East India Company, amongst others, one Jacob 
 Kruger, who came from Berlin, and who, having settled in South Africa, 
 there marri*^ and had eighteen children. From him, therefore, have 
 descended most of the long list of Krugers who inhabit Cape Colony, the 
 Orange Free State, the Transvaal, and other parts of South Africa. 
 Large families seem to be one feature of th( Kruger connection, for in- 
 termediate between Jacob and the President there was another who had 
 twolve children, while President Kniger himself has sixteen. The father 
 of tUo President was one Caspar Jan Hendrik Kruger, who was born in 
 1706. He married into the family of Steyn, so that tht *wo Presidents 
 of the Dutch Republics at this time are able to claim sonu kind of blood 
 relationship with one another. The hero of our sketch, Step^anus Johan- 
 
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 THE EARLIER LlFE OP MR. KRUGER. 
 
 nes PauluB Eruger, was born at the little town of Golesberg, on October 
 10, 1825. This town, which has for long been in the Colony, a little south 
 of the border of the Orange Friee l^tate, h(fe attained fame in the course 
 of the present war. Mr. Reginald Statham, who has written the fullest 
 biography of President Kruger, says that Paul Kruger was not the eldest 
 of the family, and adds, ourioutdy, ''He had at least a sister, some six 
 years older than himself." When young Pauluf wa» about ten yearb of 
 age his family ''trekked." First they paused north into the Orapge f^ree 
 State; there in a short time they, with their large company, came into con- 
 tact with Moselehfltse, and Paulus, as a young boy, bad his first taste of 
 actual war. When the small band of fifty white men were surrounded in 
 their laager by many thousands of fierce and ruthless savages, they were 
 assisted energetically by their wives and daughters, who cleaned and 
 loaded their guns and in other ways helped those who were actively fight 
 ing. It is not at all unlikely that at this time young Paul himself handled 
 a gun and did his best to shoot down some of the dusky warriors who 
 rushed upon them. He early became noted for great physical strength 
 and untiring activity, and must have displayed considerable ability, 
 judging by the early promotion which be received. No doubt his educa- 
 tion was scantily snatched up at rare intervals an bis elders tried to 
 teach him the simple rudiments of reading and writing. He learned 
 enough to read his Bible, and, as is well known, that book has formed 
 the sustenance of his intellectual as well as spiritual life throughout his 
 career. When he was about seventeen years of age he received the ap- 
 pointment of assistant Veldt-Cornet and three years later he was made 
 VeldtrCornet. About this time he was placed in charge of a commando, 
 who proceeded to the northwest to attack various Bechuana tribes. 
 
 Paul Kruger, like most of his countrymen, married while still a very 
 young man. His wife l)elonged to the family of Bteyn, of which the 
 President of the Orange Free State is a member. This young wife died 
 before long. Some time thereafter he married her niece, who still lives 
 and who has had sixteen children. She is said to be a woman of remark- 
 able gifts> but is forced by the customs of her people to live in obscurity. 
 She seldom appears in public, is not allowed by her husband to discuss 
 politics, is prevented by tradition even from sitting down at dinner with 
 him. It is said that on one occasion be restrained her from engaging in 
 
 I 
 
TkR EARttER LIFE OF MR. KRUGEk. 
 
 in 
 
 I 
 
 a'ltolitical discuBsion with tUe remark iMt if »1l& li^teiled to all thiit 
 people were saying about politics, shie Wonld Just l)fe led feWaty like the 
 Oiitlanders. Keveifihel^ss, Mrs. Kriiger is 'ktaoWh tb posseiss a tender 
 heart, and if oiily the (Conditions' df doih^stiblife anmngst the Boisrs had 
 be^h iiioi^fe civilized, if thfey hM alltrwed fls much frleedoih eveh ftsEng- 
 lalid and America ^snjoyfed in thfe setieiiteenth'ciBntui'y, she'wdlild have 
 won th^ affections iElud thie pdtsohAl adniiratioti Of the pedple. At 'the 
 tiiiie When a large plaint of J^ohdnhie^btirg was destroyed by the greiit 
 dynamite explosion alnd maily liV^ were lost, ]4frs. Ki^uger coUld not 
 restrain h^i* feelihgs 6f coihpai^ibn, even thdttgh ^he kn^Wenou|^ to 
 know that hei* htlsbfthd had no lovb fot Jbhfeilnesbtlrgers. "Oh, it hurt» 
 my heart to think of it," lihe Srild ; "it htirts ttiy h^rirt to think df it" So 
 seriously did this calaitiity df the foreigh^rs affect h6r, that she became 
 in wiih grief attd fretting. She, like mttliy 'Boer'ladies, has had hitturtilly 
 cdnsiderahle expeyiehce in ti^tihg cases of illness &nd has gdihed a 
 certain skill in the lise of simple medidnes. Th^se lUre chiefly made 
 from plants, and as k herb^iSt she has sdhie reputation amOhgSt her 
 people. It is said ' th d-t the orily time wh^n ahe has her own way with the 
 President is when he is ill. Then it hlas b<6iBn her lifelong cuStbm to 
 shut him up in his tobm in sblitude ahd dbse him with her simples ilnd 
 mixtiites till his iniglity cbnStitution reaS^lfts itself. BUmOr hUs it that 
 sbme of the Holland officials at Pretoria were, when they first came, 
 induced to put their ailments dhdei* the c^aire df the t*resideiit?s wife, 
 i^he experience was peculiajr. When, therefore, biie of them now-a-days 
 tries to eScape work by pleading ill-health the President comes down on 
 him by siaying, "Ja, ja, you must have a little of my wife's senna." T^his 
 is said usually to produce an immedilate recbvery of health, and Obm 
 Paul chuckles as he sees his victim go off to his work. 
 
 Biit Mrs. Eruger possesses in a curious iiitensity the cbhsei^vative 
 instincts of the Doppers. She c^Hkr for nothing new. To her, as 'to her 
 husband, the advent of the multitude of foreigners dnd foreign W«ys is 
 a perplexity alid a pain. She will have nothing to do with the idea of 
 progress and the instruments of civilizatioh. When the railroad' reached 
 Johannesburg she was urged to go down tb see the first train ai*rive. "!No, 
 my child," she said, "I have grown to be an old wbmttn Withbtlt seeing 
 these things; why should I look at them nbw?" BTet dbm^tic ea]^es 
 
.'"Ss' 
 
 472 
 
 • THE EARLIER LIFE OF MR. KRUGER. 
 
 occupy her entirely, of which the chief one naturally is the task of pre- 
 paring the daily meals. These are always simple but always abundant. 
 The President, while a good eater, is remarkably abstemious in the mat- 
 ter of alcohol. Coffee he drinks in large quantities and he smokes to- 
 bacco incessantly; but alcohol he uses with great care, and drunkenness 
 he absolutely loathes. One day a government clerk was slightly the worse 
 of liquor, entered the executive chamber and came too close to the Presi- 
 dent looking for a paper. The latter turned upon him in an immediate 
 passion. "Go out of the room, sir," roared the old lion, "you stink !" A 
 peculiar little incident of Dopper bigotry and domestic tyranny is told 
 of the President in connection with the rigid custom held by their sect 
 that while worshipping God women must have their heads covered. 
 This applies even to the act of worship in the saying of grace before and 
 after meals. Two of the President's granddaughters, bright girls who 
 had been educated in Europe and felt themselves emancipated from some 
 of these notions, did not wear their hats for the opening grace at a dinner 
 which was attended by their grandfather, the President. When it came 
 to the closing gra<ie he turned and said, " Ja, ja, you put on your hats, the 
 lot of you." The command was, of course, obeyed; but, alas! so eman- 
 cip/ited were they that their hats were not even in the room, and the 
 poor women wore table napkins for the occasion as an improvised head- 
 dress. 
 
 In or about the year 1850 there came a crisis in the inner life of young 
 Paul Kruger. The story goes that under the sway of deep religious in- 
 terest he left his home without explanation and remained out among the 
 hills night and day for some days. When he came back the battle was 
 fought, he had entered upon the life of faith from which he has never since 
 swerved. While belief in the existence of God and his actual Providence 
 is held firmly by practically all of the Boern of the Transvaal, it is by 
 no means all to whom this belief becomes a living fact of the soul and a 
 means of personal religious experience. It must therefore be held that 
 the reality and force of this event in his life helped very largely to give 
 that strength of purpose, that lofty patriotism, that profound con- 
 fidence in the favor of God which have characterized President Kruger 
 throughout his career. The form of piety which is dear to Paul Kruger 
 is that which many describe by the word "mystic." By this it is meant 
 
r > 
 
 THE EARLIER LIFE OF MR. KRUGER. 
 
 473 
 
 that he believes not only in the light of the Scriptures without him, but 
 in an immediate and direct shining of the spirit of God inwardly upon his 
 own heart He is in direct communion with the eternal Jehovah who 
 communicates his will to him and directs his life. This, of course, is 
 eminently a Christian doctrine, but it is held by Christians ordinarily 
 with other views of Scripture which prevent certain elements in it from 
 becoming dangerous. Many of the most famous fanatics of the East have 
 believed themselves to be thus illumined with the immediate light of 
 God, have believed themselves to be the direct instruments of God, have 
 believed themselves tc be guaranteed by him against error and against 
 defeat. Something of this fanatical type of mysticism has ever charac- 
 terized Paul Kruger. He can look back over a most remarkable life, 
 tracing it from the time when at ten years of age with a small company 
 of brave men he resisted the onslaught of the Matabele hordes to the 
 hour when the Almighty put Dr. Jameson into his hand. Through that 
 long life of exciting events how many battles with fierce native tribes 
 has he fought, how many hair-breadth escapes has he made ! It is said 
 that he has never been wounded except once by accident when his own 
 gun shot his thumb away. And yet his clothing has been pierced over 
 and over again with bullets. Indeed, so remarkable have been his escapes 
 that some of the natives think him to be possessed of a charmed life. 
 Moreover, Mr. Kruger, from the time when at thirty years of age he be- 
 gan his career as an agitator and leader of the Doppers, has seen all his 
 great schemes successfully carried through and his highest personal am- 
 bitions achieved. Little wonder is it if, with the intensity of his faith, 
 the boldness of his plans and the remarkable success of nearly all his 
 undertakings, he has come to regard himself as under a peculiar and 
 direct Providence which guarantees to him the rightness of all his pur- 
 poses and the certainty of success in their pursuit This, of course, is 
 a noble kind of life, presenting on one side a remarkable beauty and 
 thrilling attractiveness to every one in whom rdigious instincts are quick. 
 But his future biographers will ask themselves whether or not the grim 
 old President, so sure that he is always right and that the Almighty God 
 will prove it before the eyes of a sceptical world ; so sure that his people 
 are the Israelites and the KaflSrs the Canaanites and the land is intended 
 for the Israelites by the living God ; so sure that all Outlanders are as 
 
474 
 
 THE EARLIER LIFE OF MR. KRUGER. 
 
 / 
 
 Egyptiails kkid As^yHahs'aUd alltlidr idti^igues and thei^ (idnvleiitioiiB 
 likie fittacikB of the Wolf oU the fbld— hda b^b misIM'by the velry Intensity 
 ahd Viyidhess of the^ c6ntidti6ils. Undoubtedly the hold which the 
 President has upon his people th^oU^h his Doj^p&r coni^titiiency explains 
 in pjEif t the obstinacy of his ot^positibn to allp^oposalls of generous deal- 
 ings with the Outlanders. Undoubtedly also that unwillliigneiss to take 
 advice, to yield to the criticism of prdi)osal's etJBn by fallow countrymen 
 like (Tbubert, is in part due to th^ strength of his fsiith th^t What he s^s 
 to l)e right is the command of God, and thctt GOd is {Pledged to support 
 him in 'the doing of it. 
 
-^ 
 
 ( 
 
 / 
 
 ' {' / 
 
 CHAPTER II. \ * 
 
 WR. KRUGER AND TRANSVAAl, POLITICS. 
 
 DURING thQse years %v. Kruger formed one alliance which though 
 primarily of a religious or ecclesiastical nature has proved to be 
 of the utniost political importance. The Transvaal Boers, while 
 all belonging to the Dutch Beform^ Church, fell into discussion over 
 matters qf doctrine and practice, which ended Iq the division of their 
 church into at least three portipns. One of these, which comp^rises the 
 iqost rigid and conservatiye elements, is called the Dopper Church. The 
 Doppers have for their distinctive outward feature the simplicity of their 
 service. Like the Scotch Presl]|yterians two generations ago or the Irish 
 Presbyterians of this very d^y, they believe only in using the Psalms of 
 pav^d or paraphrases of Scripture ip their pvtblic worship, and allow, of 
 course, no instrupiental music, president Eruger early became and has 
 ever since remained a Dopper. Naturally this i^arty would include many 
 of the most earnest and the mostdetermined mepof the country, for those 
 who adopt and maintain conservative positions in religion are usually 
 those have have profpund convictions and will mf^ke sacrifices for them. 
 The "forward" parties include many of the s^me spirit, but generally 
 sweep along with them all those whom Bupyan has called Mr. Pliable 
 and Mr. Worldly Wiseman. Mr. Kruger owes a large part of his political 
 success in the Transy^al to his upbending fidelity as a Dopper. That 
 party have kept him to the front, have worked for him constantly, have 
 used every fluctuation of put^lic foitune, religious enthusiasm or political 
 controversy aft an "opportunity of keeping their favox'ite candidate to the 
 front. 
 
 During the years which succeeded the real formation of the Trans- 
 vaal Republic in 1864, Mr. Kruger's public life was mainly spent in 
 military o^^ei'&tions against native tribes. He was by no means uni- 
 formly successful, for the natives gradually learned how to baffle the 
 wellrknown tactics of the Boers, and Mr. Kruger was more than once 
 discomfited. As Commandant-Qeneral, he was perfectly familiar with 
 
 47S 
 
 

 47G 
 
 MR. KRUGER AND TRANSVAAL POLITICS. 
 
 the wicked ways in wliich the border Boers inveigled native chiefs into 
 treaties and agreements, and then found reasons for "punishing" them. 
 He was instrumental in helping to organize the commandos which, as 
 the better Boers themselves at last bitterly complained, went every year 
 against some tribe or another — like Zulu regiments on annual raids! 
 In any case, he must be held responsible for what went on while he 
 was Commandant-General. This responsibility will include even the 
 cruel practice of carrying off wagon-loads of native children, whom the 
 Boers called "orphans," and dividing them as "apprentices" among the 
 farmers. Of course, those who condemn Mr. Kruger for his undoubted 
 share in all these painful transactions must remember, on the other 
 hand, that they are in keeping with the traditions of his people, and that 
 they are covered by the religious views which Mr. Kruger and his people 
 have held concerning Boers, natives and land respectively. 
 
 During the early years of the South African Republic, from 1852 to 
 1864, there was continual strife between the leaders of different bands. 
 Partly they were separated by political ideals, partly also by political 
 jealousy and personal rivalry. Several men were ambitious of being the 
 leaders of the people and several townships were ambitious of becoming 
 the center or capital of the new Republic. The story of these years of 
 mutual discord leading at various times to active war is a very miserable 
 and sordid one indeed. Throughout them Paul Kruger was one of the 
 most active spirits. While not yet himself a candidate for the presi- 
 dency, he intervened more than once with great vigor under the authority 
 of his oflSce as Commandant, and succeeded in compelling those who were 
 opposed to his faction to desist from their plans. One of the most curious 
 incidents in this period of his life is that connected with an attempted 
 invasion of the Orange Free State. There has always been and is now a 
 very strong and sometimes openly active opposition between the Boer 
 inhabitants of the Orange Free State and the Boer inhabitants of the 
 Transvaal. In those early days the hostile sentiments weie quite as 
 powerful as at any later date. The Free Staters seem to have felt them- 
 selves insulted by certain actions of Pretorius, the would-be President 
 of the Transvaal, when he was on a visit to Blomfontein. They prac- 
 tically expelled him from their borders, and this was resented not only 
 by Pretorius but by many other Transvaalers, and amongst them was 
 
MR. KRUGER AND TRANSVAAL POLITICS. 
 
 477 
 
 Paul Kruger. An invasion of the Orange Free State was planned and 
 was being carried out, a battle was impending, when the unwilling hosts 
 resolved to attempt another way of settling their difficulties.. The Trans- 
 vaalers sent out young Paul Kruger under a flag of truce to beg the Free 
 Staters for peace. A commission was appointed consisting of twelve 
 representatives from each side to deal with the matters of dispute and 
 arrange for their settlement. Among these representatives we again 
 find the name of Paul Kruger. 
 
 These things occurred in 1857. In the following year Mr. Kruger was 
 despatched to the far north for the purpose of attacking a native tribe in 
 that region. He was successful in this expedition, but on his return 
 found himself again involved in military operations which were in- 
 tended to restrain those of his own race who were hostile to his party. He 
 at this time learned the secret not only of active warfare, but of political 
 agitation aiid rebellion against the "powers that be," a lesson which 
 proved valuable to him at various periods of his later career. 
 
 When in the year 1870 President Pretorius, with whom Mr. Kruger 
 had been for many years politically and officially identified, incurred 
 the wrath of the Transvaalers by accepting arbitration over the Bechu- 
 analand borders, one of his most strenuous and indignant opponents 
 was his Commandant-General, Paul Kruger. Pretorius was compelled 
 to resign and a successor was looked for. It had become evident to the 
 people of the land that they were unable to cope with foreign diplomacy 
 and were unable to meet the increasing complications of internal admin- 
 istration which the growth of the white population placed upon their 
 shoulders. They decided therefore to look for a man whose education 
 and ability pointed him out as likely to lead them into a course of rapid 
 national development Hardly in history can one find a more pathetic 
 juncture than this, at which a people whose hearts are filled with a pas- 
 sionate love of independence confessed their incapacity for self-govern- 
 ment. The passion was mighty and struggled like a giant, blind and 
 bound with thongs, under the tasks imposed upon it. But' in vain. The 
 tasks were not those which sheer passion and brute force could perform, 
 and this nation of farmers practically confessed that they needed another 
 kind of equipment than that which hitherto they had thought to be neces- 
 sary and sufficient. They therefore looked outside of their number and 
 
478 
 
 MR. KRUGER AND TRANSVAAL POLITICS. 
 
 ¥■' : 1 
 
 found, as they imagined, a fit man, a map of Ei^ropean training, of great 
 oratorical gifts, of powerful intellect, in Thomas F. Burgers. Many of 
 them, and, of course, Paul I$[ruger among theip, were by no means 
 pleased at this appointment, but they were unable to offer any strenuous 
 opposition. The fact of their incapacity, stared them in the face. 
 
 Paul Kruger wa^ not a map to lie down under what he felt to be in 
 a certain measure a personal criticism and a personal disgrace ; fpr, next 
 to their late President, he and Mr. Joubert were the most prominent 
 citizens of, the country, ^pd the bringing in of an outsider as their Presi- 
 dent wasi thecon^enap^tion of the actual leaders of the land. Quietly but 
 steadily Paul, Eruger's opposition to Burgers was brought to bear upon 
 his policy and his opera tlops. Upquestiopably Kruger dislilced the ap- 
 parent irreligion of Burgers; he sipcerely believed that the blessing of 
 Almighty God must be withdrawn from their country for the very reason 
 that an "unbeliever" ha4 been chosen to rule them. He felt that they had 
 departed from the Lord even as Israel did when ungodly kings ruled at 
 Jerusalem orS'an^aria. It could be with no courageous heart or high spirit 
 that Kruger would go forth to war even for his country while the country 
 was under the ban of the King of Kings. Now,if Mr. Kruger had kept this 
 despair to himself Burgers might have succeeded in winning the alle- 
 giance of many whose allegiance he lost. But Mr. Kruger from the first 
 has b^n a born agitator, always "agin the Government," like the prover- 
 bial Irishman, until he had the Government in his own hapds. Accord- 
 ingly his dislike of President Burgers broke early into active opposition 
 to the schemes whjch the President proposed. An active propaganda was 
 created among the Doppers and through them among otjiers against 
 the unbelieving head of the nation. When in 1874 I^resident Burgers 
 made his joprney to Europe on behalf of his country, full of enthusiasm, 
 of large plans, of bright expectations, he left the Government in the 
 hapds of Paul Kruger, tjie Vice-President, and Piet Joubert, the Com- 
 mandant-General. He could not have done worse for his own position 
 and, the success of his schemes. The two men who acted on his behalf 
 proceeded to undo what little he had already accompllshfsd, They para- 
 lyzed the offices which he had created, used their position to spread dis- 
 like of his ambitious and far-reachipg schemes. So successful were they 
 IP this, most people will call, it treacherous, work, that when he returned 
 
s; 
 
 S S 
 
 I 
 
MR. KRUGER AND TRANSVAAL POLITICS. 
 
 481 
 
 o •§ 
 pr £ 
 
 W ^ 
 
 « i 
 
 o 
 
 he found himself in a moBt unenviable position. The people whom he 
 had aroused were now in despair, and the very operations for which he 
 had borrowed money no one would undertake. His railroid plans fell 
 through and the material which he had bought in Europe was .dlowed 
 to lie at the coast unused to go to destruction. When the \vdr broke out 
 against the native tribe under Secocoeni, President Burger^i resolved to 
 put himself at the head of the Boer forces. This, no doubt, he did with 
 the hope of winning their confidence, of inspiring them v.'ich courage, of 
 completely identifying himself with their interests. It was in vain. The 
 agitators against him argued that no war could be blessed in which this 
 unbeliever was their commander. All heart and vigor was taken out of 
 his forces. When on meeting a vigorous resistance from the natives the 
 Boers turned to flee. Burgers was overwhelmed with grief and shame, he 
 even shouted to them to shoot him, rather than desert him. It was in 
 vain. The Transvaal citizens, who detested more than most things defeat 
 at the hands of native tribes, had been taught in recent days to detest 
 even more than that the leadership of this President. 
 
 About this time people began to think in the Transvaal of the expira- 
 tion of President Burger's term of office, and of the election of a new 
 President which must then take place. By this time Paul Kruger had 
 come to occupy a position of such influence in the country by means of 
 his prolonged and persistent agitations, that he was evidently marked 
 out as the candidate whom the conservative citizens must support in 
 opposition to President Burgers. Mr. Kruger allowed his name to 
 be put forward as a candidate for the Presidentship, and for months the 
 country was absorbed in preparations for this contest. Paul Kruger had 
 this advantage, that he could go about more freely among the citizens 
 than the President ; that he could stimulate criticism and organize oppo- 
 sition which in political matters is always easier than to maintain a suc- 
 cessful defence. 
 
 When Shepstone, the British Commissioner, arrived in the country 
 towards the end of 1876 he found the population distracted over this keen 
 and prolonged contest. Months must yet elapse before the election, but 
 already the struggle had reached a wl/ite heat of passion. It became 
 evident that the two parties in the country were both deeply in earnest. 
 They were so full of resentment against each other, so full of intense 
 
V 
 
 482 
 
 MR. KRUGER AND TRANSVAAL POLITICS. 
 
 
 and sincere dislike for each other's policy, that the day of the election 
 might easily bring the dawn of a civil war. In fact, the Boers themselves 
 were preparing their minds for such a result. Here the Progressives 
 were determined not to come under the domination of the retrogressive 
 Doppers, and there the Doppers were heart and soul devoted to the task 
 of destroying the power of the ungodly Progressives. 
 
 Mr. Rider Haggard has preserved for the delectation of the world 
 at large a specimen of the arguments employed by one of the most 
 powerful newspapers supporting President Kruger's candidacy. This 
 paper although published in Cape Colony exercised at this time enor- 
 mous influence in the Transvaal by uniting that form of religious faith 
 which the Doppers loved with the most intense form of what is called 
 "Afrikander" patriotism. In one of its articles this newspaper accounts 
 for the weakened and degraded condition of the Transvaal country by 
 an appeal to the experience of Israel. "Look at Israel, while the people 
 have a godly king, everything is prosperous, but under a godless prince 
 the land retrogrades, and the whole of the people must suffer. Bead Lev. 
 chapter 26, with attention, etc. In the day of the Voortrekkers (the 
 Boer farmers), a handful of men chased a thousand Kaffirs and made 
 them run ; so also in the Free State ( Deut 32 : 30 ; Josh. 23 : 10 ; Lev. 
 26: 8). But mark, now, when Burgers became President; he knows no 
 Sabbath, he rides through the land in and out of town, he knows not the 
 church and God's service (Lev. 26: 2, 3), to the scandal of pious people. 
 And he formerly was a priest, too. And what is the consequence? No 
 harvest (Lev. 26: 16), an army of 6,000 men runs because one man falls 
 (Lev. 26: 17)," etc. Then the writer passes to advocate the claims of 
 Paul Kruger as the successor of Burgers, and amongst other reasons the 
 following are given : "Because there is no other candidate. Because our 
 Lord clearly points him out to be the man, for why is there no other 
 candidate? Who arranged it this way? Because he himself announces 
 in his reply that he is incompetent; but that his ability is from the 
 Lord. Because he is a warrior. Because he is a Boer." Then Mr. Kruger 
 is compared to Joan of Arc. 
 
 This article proceeds to advise the candidate whom God has chosen 
 that since the Lord gave him the heart of a warrior he must deliver the 
 land from the Kaffirs. This evidently was one of theargumentA which told 
 
MR. KRUGER AND TRANSVAAL POLITICS. 
 
 483 
 
 most in the Transvaal in favor of Mr. Kruger, for the fear of the Kaffirs 
 was heavy upon the Boer heart at that time, and he who had been prom- 
 inent in all their wars, both civil and foreign, for a quarter of a century, 
 was felt to be a man, if any was in the land, who could arise and drive 
 them out. But the editor of this paper was evidently aware that what, 
 after all, the Transvaal needed was a man of wider training than even 
 Paul Kruger had received, and his article adverts to the day, therefore, 
 when, his warrior's task being done and the country made safe from the 
 Kaffirs, he would acknowledge that he is no statesman and would turn 
 round in the spirit of supreme patriotism and self-den''! asking his 
 people to choose a President better fitted for statecraft than himself! 
 
 The very heat and strength with which Kruger's agitation was car- 
 ried on increased the confusion of voices in the land, prevented the 
 Transvaal people from arising with indignation at the intrusion of Shep- 
 stone, prevented them from standing loyal in this humiliating crisis to 
 their actual President and their actual Government. Undoubtedly the 
 fierceness of this candidacy and the grounds upon which it was based, 
 helped largely to spread that feeling of weakness and dismay through the 
 land which so astonished Shepstone and convinced him that this people 
 had proved themselves incapable of self-government. He may have been 
 wrong. It may be that in the very party led by Mr. Kruger, which was 
 creating this temporary low tide, lay the forces which, when the time 
 came, would carry the people forward into a vigorous future. But to the 
 searching eyes alike of the Boers and their government, as well as of the 
 keen-witted and calm-souled Shepstone, no such promise seemed to be 
 contained in the circumstances which were before them. 
 
 It must be remembered that at this very time Mr. Kruger held office 
 under the President whom he was denouncing, a relation which once 
 more throws into relief the incapacity of the Boers at that time for intelli- 
 gent self-government and the peculiar conception of duty and personal 
 honoi which Paul Kruger has throughout his life cherished and acted 
 upon. When, therefore, in April, 1877, the British Government assumed 
 the reins of power, while Joubert immediately declined to serve under 
 a government which he hated, Paul Kruger retained his office. But 
 now there was substituted for his former opponent. President Burgers, 
 a new opponent in the person of the Queen's representative. 
 
/ 
 
 iai 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 MR. KRUGER AND THE WAR OF INDEPENDENCE. 
 
 IN THE month of May, 1877, within a few weeks therefore after the act 
 of annexation by Shepstone, Mr. Kruger, accompanied by Dr.Jorissen, 
 
 a Hollander of considerable ability and education who identified him- 
 self completely with Transyaal interests, proceeded to England to carry 
 the protest against annexation to the highest authorities. Shepstone 
 wrote, saying, ''I do not think that either of them wishes the act of annex* 
 tion to be cancelled; Dr. Jorissen certainly does not.'^ They paid a visit 
 to Kimberley and there met a Mr. J. D, Barry, who wrote to Sir Bartle 
 Frere that the two delegates did not ''have much faith in their mission.'' 
 He adds a strong corroboration of Bhepstone's remark by saying, "Dr. 
 Jorissen thinks that the reversal of Bir Tbeophilus's act would not only 
 be impossible, but a great injury to the country." The delegates were 
 well received in London, were taken as his guests by Lord Carnarvon to 
 his country house; but he firmly told them that there could be no re- 
 versal of the act of annexation. They returned immediately to the Trans- 
 vaal, and to their work under the British Government. Mr. Kruger, how- 
 ever, dung to his hope of a restored self-government and watched with 
 his characteristic shrewdness and employed with his determined will, 
 every event which seemed capable of use in that direction. In the follow- 
 ing year (1878) Mr. Kruger once more made the long journey to Cape 
 Town and the long voyage to London. He was accompanied by his life- 
 long rival, Mr. Pieter Joubert, with Mr. Bok as secretary. This time they 
 could claim that they were sent by a formal meeting which had been 
 convened on April 4th and by whose authority they once more carried 
 the Boer protest to the British Government. The answer which they 
 received was the same with which they bad been met before. They were 
 told that the Queen's sovereignty could not now be v/ithdrawn. 
 
 Mr. Kruger made the return journey through Natal and found him- 
 self there at the very time when Sir Bartle Frere wa« preparing for the 
 war against Zululand. Naturally the Boer leaders were not at all unwill- 
 
 m \ 
 m 
 
' i 
 
 / 
 
 THE WAR OF INDEPENDENCE. 
 
 485 
 
 ing to see the British win in the approaching fight, since the rictory^ 
 would mean the destruction of the power which for some years now had 
 threatened the Transvaal. They therefore frankly and heartily gave all 
 the advice Sir Bartle Frere asked of them. 
 
 Frere was kept a considerable time in that region, and it was not 
 until May, 1879, that he was able to make his long contemplated visit 
 to the Transvaal. Then the agitation in the country had been carried 
 on with such persistence, had been met by the British authorities with 
 such weakness, that it had assumed portentous proportions. Sir Bartle 
 Frere was invited to meet with the Boers, and he found them encamped 
 at a place called Kleinfontein. Here they had actually gathered some 
 thousands of men. The scene is described very vividly and in striking 
 detail by the biographer of Sir Bartle Frere. The high-souled representa- 
 tive of the Queen carried himself with splendid courage, and with his un- 
 failing wisdom and irresistible tact when he met men face to face. His 
 mingled firmness and courtesy produced due impression, and there can 
 be no doubt that ere his conference with them was over he had gained 
 the warm respect and even the trust of most of those Boer leaders. They 
 wished him, and Mr. Kruger especially urged it, to present their views to 
 the British Government and strove hard to persuade him to support them 
 with his own personal approval. The latter he of course explained 
 frankly that he could not give, but he agreed to forward to his Govern- 
 ment a statement of the views which they themselves should approve as 
 adequately representing what they had urged upon him, and promised 
 that he would at any rate urge upon the Government the importance 
 of considering these views. This was done and the document which he 
 drew up was signed by five of the Boers, including M. W. Pretorius, who 
 acted as chairman of the conference, and Mr. Kruger. At the same 
 time Sir Bartle Frere presented his own views, in which he strongly 
 urged that the Transvaal be retained, expressing the conviction that 
 large numbers of the Boers were forced into this movement by the leaders 
 and that most of the ills of which they complained were due to faults in 
 the policy of the British Government since they occupied the land. 
 
 Frere remained at Pretoria for about a fortnight, and during that 
 time found that the agitation was becoming dangerous. The more rest- 
 less and reckless of the Boers had repeatedly to be restrained by Mr. 
 
486 
 
 THE WAR OF INDEPENDENCE. 
 
 s ■ /> 
 
 "Kvvigev and the more prudent section, from making an immediate attack 
 upon the representatives of the Queen at Pretoria. During his stay 
 Frere had repeated meetings with the leaders, and there is the best 
 evidence that he made a most favorable and powerful impression upon 
 them. Mr. Kruger, in fact, is reported to have said, "The people and 
 committee have all conceived great respect for your Excellency, because 
 your Excellency is the first high official of Her Majesty who has laid bare 
 the whole truth ; and that esteem will not easily be lost whatever more 
 you may say, for the people have seen for themselves in writing what 
 your Excellency has said." Among the ordinary folk Frere made him- 
 self at home and won the hearts of many of them. His religious character 
 became known and increased their faith in his wisdom and his sincerity. 
 "As for this Governor of yours," one Boer said, "from all I hear he might 
 be a *regt Dopper,' " which may be translated, "A right godly Boer." 
 No higher compliment can be conceived as coming from a follower of 
 Mr. Kruger. 
 
 In the following year, 1880, it became known to Mr. Kruger and his 
 friends that a strong effort was being made to carry through the scheme 
 of confederation of the South African states and colonies, and that a 
 conference was proposed which would be held at Cape Town to deal 
 with the matter. The Prime Minister at Cape Town, Mr. Gordon Sprigg, 
 was in sympathy with the movement, and his ministry was understood 
 to be acting in that direction. These facts led Mr. Kruger to make one 
 more long journey on behalf of his country. He went to Cape Town 
 along with Mr. Joubert and Dr. Jorissen and there spent some time 
 with the double object of arousing a stronger sympathy among the Dutch 
 people and of defeating the proposal to hold a conference on confedera- 
 tion. In these purposes he was signally successful. Frere was still in 
 the country, but nearly everybody was aware that, since the Liberal party 
 had returned to office in London, his days of Governorship were num- 
 bered. Mr. Kruger had in fact in recent days been greatly encouraged 
 by the accession of Mr. Gladstone to power. A little group of determined 
 Radicals in England, who made it their life's aim to undo all that 
 had been done by their pet aversion. Lord Beaconsfield, were working 
 steadily towards the retrocession of the Transvaal. Mr. Gladstone, it is 
 tru«', affirmed after his accession to office that a reversal of the aunoxa- 
 
 iiii 
 
THE WAR OF INDEPENDENCE. 
 
 / 
 
 48T 
 
 tion could not take place; but the Radicals referred to steadily per- 
 sisted in their pressure upon the Prime Minister and steadily encouraged 
 Mr. Kruger to carry on his agitation. It was to one of these, Mr. Leonard 
 Courtney, M. P., who may claim the distinction of having had much to 
 do with securing the war of independence and the act of retrocession, 
 that Mr. Kruger reported the success of his mission to Cape Town. "It 
 is a satisfaction to us," he said, "candidly and without reservation, to 
 inform you that the conference proposal has failed through our efforts." 
 Mr. Kruger appears to have become aware at this time that Frere had 
 lost influence in London and would be removed before long, and this 
 encouraged him as much as any other circumstance connected with his 
 mission. 
 
 In December of that year, 1880, the prolonged, careful, persistent and 
 shrewd machinations of Mr. Kruger reached a head. There gathered at 
 Paardekraal some thousands of Boers who proceeded in the most open 
 fashion once more to organize their Government. They assumed as a 
 logical and practical starting-point that their Volksraad had never been 
 dissolved, and that therefore it could assemble once more and pick up 
 the threads which it had dropped on April 11, 1877. Mr. Kruger accord- 
 ingly appeared in his former capacity as Vice-President, Mr. Joubert 
 as Commandant-General, while Dr. Jorissen resumed his place as State 
 Attorney from which he had been so ignominiously removed on the 
 ground of legal incompetency by the hated British. Of course there wa.s 
 no President, but the work was carried on practically by those who have 
 just been named, and as all were working with unanimity for one end 
 this difficulty was not keenly felt. It was considered politic to move to 
 Heidelberg where their assembled force would occupy a position of great 
 strategic importance between Pretoria and Natal. 
 
 The story of the war which immediately broke out need not be 
 repeated here. Throughout its course, Mr. Kruger was active. He was 
 present at headquarters most of the time and was of course deeply con- 
 cerned when the armistice was arranged, as also in the negotiations 
 on which, the Convention of Pretoria was founded. Throughout these 
 negotiations he made his own contribution of shrewdness and determina- 
 tion, and helped to win the diplomatic victory which must be recorded as 
 having been gained by the Boers m addition to their military triumphs, As 
 
488 
 
 THE WAR OF INDEPENDENCE. 
 
 iSrfJ' 
 
 soon aB the Convention was agreed to by the negotiators, the Volksraad 
 was summoned and Mr. Eruger presented the Convention, not without 
 some apprehension that his people would disapprove of its provisions. 
 In fact he had considerable difficulty in obtaining their consent to it. 
 They felt that this was not the independence which they had enjoyed 
 down to the year 1877. They were undismayed by the facts that once 
 more, with the suddenness almost of a cyclone, land values had gone 
 down, capiital had begun to leave the country and commercial collapse 
 was before them. Their eyes were upon their ideal. Their memories 
 were faint already regarding the condition of affairs in 1876; they were 
 conscious now and proud of having beaten the British, of having prac- 
 tically no powerful native tribes left to threaten them; they were pos- 
 sessed of all the enthusiasm which belongs to the beginnings of a great 
 national movement. It appeared to them therefore humiliating that a 
 British Resident should, in terms of this Convention, live at Pretoria to 
 control their dealings with foreign nations and with all native peoples ; 
 humiliating to be told that the right of Great Britain was reserved to 
 march her troops through the Transvaal if occasion demanded such a 
 step; humiliating to be told that thus they were forced to acknowledge 
 the suzerainty of the Queen. But Mr. Kruger had had enough of uncer- 
 tainty and of war. He knew that the British Government had gone as 
 far as at the time it could, and that a rejection of its terms might lead 
 to the renewal of hostilities. He himself also had enough knowledge of 
 the world to appreciate the magnanimity of Mr. Gladstone, a magnan- 
 imity which his people did not then understand and have never since been 
 able to regard as anything but the submission of a conquered man. His 
 people believed that they had actually smitten the British power hip 
 and thigh, as Israelites smote their enemies of old. To them the great- 
 ness of Great Britain was but a vague and distant rumor. All these 
 circumstances led Mr. Kruger eagerly to desire and passionately to urge 
 that the Convention should be immediately approved. And at last it 
 was approved, but with the very bold assertion that this was done "for 
 the time and provisionally," in order to submit the articles of the Conven- 
 tion to a practical test. 
 
 Mr. Kruger found himself carrying a crushing load. The Boers in- 
 deed were once more a self-governing people, but they found themselves 
 
 C 
 
THE WAR OF INDEPENDENCE. 
 
 489 
 
 Tthese 
 urge 
 
 in the nnenTiable position of having still the debt upon their shoulders, 
 a people still unwilling to pay taxes, and a country whose commerce was 
 once more reduced to the bare necessities of life. The busy streets of 
 Pretoria became deserted and overgrown with vegetation, and the public 
 works began speedily to decay. Nevertheless the leader of this people 
 carried himself with great courage and fixity of purpose. 
 
 In the year 1883 the first election of a President took place. The 
 candidates were Mr. Eruger, representing the Doppers, or conservative 
 element, and Mr. Joubert, representing the progressives. The former 
 was elected by 3,431 votes to 1,171. 
 
 •N 
 
'!|: 
 
 i 
 I I 
 
 \ 
 
 hi* 
 
 • t 1 
 I' 1 1 
 
 r'l 
 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 MR. KRUGER'S FIRST PRESIDENCY. 
 
 AS SOON as he was in the President's chair, Mr. Kruger began 
 to work for the amendment of the Pretoria Oonyention. He 
 arranged for another Deputation to Great Britain. Once more 
 was he most courteously received in London; once more was he 
 successful in winning from the British Government the greater part 
 of the desires which he placed before them on behalf of his people. The 
 British Besident was removed, the debt was reduced, and other benefits 
 were granted, in return for which Great Britain asked and received 
 absolutely nothing. She retained indeed authority over the foreign 
 treaties of the Transvaal ; she insisted, in the negotiations leading to 
 the Convention, that she occupied such a relation to the Transvaal 
 that the Convention could not be regarded as a treaty between two 
 contracting powers, but as a statement of the conditions under which a 
 grant of privileges was conveyed by the Queen to those who had been 
 her subjects. It must ever be remembered in the discussions of the 
 relation of Great Britain to the Transvaal that this position has been 
 constantly maintained since 1852. Great Britain stands in a relation 
 to the Boers so peculiar that all agreements made with them are in the 
 nature of gifts made to them along with the statement of conditions on 
 which these gifts are made. Even the ever compliant Earl of Derby put 
 that position very clearly before Mr. Kruger and his companions at the 
 very beginning of their negotiations in London in November, 1883. 
 
 President Kruger had other objects in view in making this trip to 
 Europe besides the winning of a new Convention from Europe. He 
 desired especially to come to terms with the Portuguese Government 
 regarding certain railroad concessions which, when really adjusted, 
 would put the Transvaal in a more favorable position for establishing 
 railway connections between Pretoria and Delagoa Bay. He accordingly 
 asked authority under the new Convention from Lord Derby, or rather 
 Lord Derby offered to him the assurance that he need have po difficulty 
 
 49(^ 
 
MR. KRUGER'S FIRST PRESIDENCY. 
 
 491 
 
 in making such arrangements as he found necessary in the interest of his 
 country, even although the new Convention had not yet been ratified. It 
 was pointed out that no such agreement with a foreign power would be 
 binding before ratification, but that he could rely upon Lord Derby's 
 willing and active assistance in making any such agreement on the ba^is 
 of the Pretoria Convention. 
 
 It was therefore with a good deal of gratitude, mixed with consider- 
 able regret, that President Kruger bade farewell to London and entered 
 upon a continental tour. He proceeded to several of the European 
 capitals and was everywhere received with due honor and kindliness. At 
 Amsterdam of course his arrival was celebrated with especial interest 
 and enthusiasm.. Here perhaps the most important event waet his dis- 
 covery of a young man who had just taken his doctor's degree at the 
 University, who was willing to engage himself as, to begin with, private 
 secretary to President Kruger, and who has since proved himself a most 
 faithful, enthusiastic and powerful supporter and diplomatist of the 
 Transvaal Government. This was Dr. Leyds. From Amsterdam Presi- 
 dent Kruger went to Berlin, thence to Paris, from Paris to Lisbon, where 
 he secured the arrangements which he desired with the Lisbon Govern- 
 ment, and returned to South Africa in triumph. Beyond all doubt the 
 negotiation of the London Convention and the successful carrying out 
 of his visits to the European capitals gave to President Kruger a position 
 in South Africa that had been reached by no other South African states- 
 man, not excepting Sir John Brand. He had proved himself the most 
 powerful and sagacious, the most self-respecting and determined diplo- 
 matist. He returned to his own land with fresh prestige and the 
 opportunity for making a brilliant career. The Dutch world of South 
 Africa looked up to him with new confidence and a feeling even of rev- 
 erence, even as Israel unto Moses. He had proved that he could now do 
 more than lead filibustering expeditions against native tribes, that he 
 could do more than sweep his Dopper constituencies into line to support 
 his political schemes, that he could do more than present a bold front to 
 British representatives in South Africa. Avowedly ignorant of the 
 world, narrow in spirit, inexperienced in statecraft, he yet showed him- 
 self able to cope in distant lands with the very authorities and wielders 
 of European power. 
 
"A 
 
 492 
 
 MR. KRUGER'S FIRST PRESIDENCY. 
 
 ^>'^di 
 
 We have mentioned one reason for regret which he carried back with 
 him to Pretoria. There was only one side of the Convention which 
 proved a bdtter disappointment to his Volksraad, as it had been to 
 himself. This was the fact that Great Britain actually manifested firm- 
 ness enough to put down on thf map a western boundary for the Trans- 
 vaal. Hitherto such a thing had been practically unknown or in serious 
 dispute. It was like closing a large window of a house and asking people 
 to live with the same freedom as they had before. The Transvaal Boers 
 with their land-hunger had always been accustomed to look out upon 
 Bechuanaland as through an open window. The idea of having a boun- 
 dary line seemed like shutting them into an unnatural darkness. The 
 idea that Montsioa, with whom they had picked one quarrel after another, 
 should now be beyond their reach under the Queen's protection, and that 
 the lands of Mankoroane, whose territory they had already begun to seize 
 in the usual way, should be proclaimed as a part of a new British pro- 
 tectorate! These were indeed occasions of deep grief and despair at 
 Pretoria. So deep, that the Volksraad seemed almost to forget all the 
 other ills from which they had suffered and which Lord Derby had 
 simply swept away because they asked him to do so. The Boer mind 
 could not grasp the fact that they had been treated with a generosity 
 which no other European country could possibly have been per- 
 suaded to show to them. They took all that they had got, and then 
 nursed bitterness in their souls over the one fact iiat they were 
 now compelled to have a western boundary and to respect the rights of 
 the native tribes beyond. It needed indeed a very strong speech from 
 President Kruger himself to persuade the Volksraad that they must 
 accept that part of the Convention. They were inclined to berate the 
 Government in the usual terms of Boer vituperation against Britisli 
 rulers; but President Kruger, fresh from his triumph in Europe and 
 fresh from his kindly intercourse with the members of the British Gov- 
 ernment, could not endure this. He accordingly rose to explain that 
 the British Government was not to blame, that they would have given 
 him all that he asked, yea, that he might have had all Bechuanaland 
 and the road into the interior, — not even th*» British people were to be 
 maligned in this matter, — their disappointmeiit was wholly due to the 
 
MR. KRUGER'S FIRST PRESIDENCY. 
 
 493 
 
 "intrigues" of two "lia»'H," namely, Mackenzie tlie miasionary, and Sir 
 Hercules Robinson, the High Commissioner! 
 
 President Kruger now had his hands full. It was his task to re- 
 organize affairs so far as was necessary upon a new basis within the 
 Transvaal itself. But this work of development was interrupted suddenly 
 by the disturbances which broke out on tUe western border. Parties of 
 Boers had in the previous two years extended their settlements into the 
 very region now proclaimed as a British protectorate. They had formed 
 two republics. While they formed these two republics and while they 
 continued to maintain them even after the Convention had been ratified 
 by the Volksraad, most of them were actually domiciled within the Trans- 
 vaal. Repeated remonstrances were addressed to Pretoria, but all in 
 vain. In one way or another excuses were found by President Kruger 
 for taking no action. Van Niekerk and his company, who called them- 
 selves the "Stellaland administration," lived, as was well known, near 
 the Hart River within the Transvaal, and they crossed the line freely 
 even after Stellaland had been proclaimed by a Deputy-Commissioner 
 of the Queen as British territory. His followers actually attacked Vry- 
 burg itself, terrorising and assaulting the leading loyalists there. Yet 
 there was no redress. The insincerity of President Kruger's dealings 
 in this matter within a few months of his visit to London, is shown by 
 nothing more clearly than the treaty which he attempted to make and a 
 proclamation of annexation which he issued with reference to the lands 
 of Montsioa on which one of the new republics (Goshen) had been 
 formed. The excuse for this inexcusable transaction was that Montsioa 
 wished the protection of his Government, which had never been true and 
 never could be. But upon this excuse he based a conditional annexa- 
 tion, announcing that the territory was now brought under the protection 
 of his Government "subject to the 4th article of the London Convention." 
 
 It is impossible to regard this event, which General Joubert saw at 
 once to be a blunder in diplomacy and which he repudiated by resigning 
 his office under President Kruger, as anything else but a contemptuous 
 assumption that Great Britain would never be in earnest about anything 
 in South Africa, The President found this to be a profound error. There 
 were some things which even Great Britain could not endure, limits to 
 the power of acquiescence possessed even by a Colonial Secretary. The 
 
494 
 
 'MR. KRUCER'S FIRST PRESIDENCY. 
 
 ^'b\i 
 
 •I.fM 
 
 answer to thi» bold chulleuge of President Kruger was the Warren ex- 
 pedition. President Kruger liad already succeeded in bringing influence 
 to bear at Cape Town which resulted in the resignation of the first Dep- 
 uty-Commissioner for South Bechuanaland (John Mackenzie). lie now 
 attempted in the most serious way to prevent the Warren expedition 
 from coming, and, when it came, to pi'event it from being ^f any service. 
 He had skilfull allies in this work at Cape Town in the persons of the 
 Afrikander Bond leaders and even of the Governor himself, the same 
 Sir Hercules Robinson, who had become plastic under their hands. Mr. 
 Reginald Statham, the biographer of Paul Kruger, whose work is inac" 
 curate at various important points, actually has the courage to write 
 concerning the Warren expedition that it was completely muzzled and 
 was withdrawn at the earliest possible moment The fact is that no mili- 
 tary expedition was ever so successful in at once attaining all the ends 
 for which it was sent, and doing so without one battle. The Boers were 
 thoroughly cowed all along the western border by this display of British 
 determination and by the brilliant generalship and the brilliant diplo- 
 macy of Sir Charles Warren. Mr. Statham says that "in the end Bechu- 
 analand became a British colony." This was the very purpose of the 
 expedition and was fully secured by it, for when Sir Charles in a leisurely 
 fashion concluded his work, he left behind him au Administrator who 
 had already begun his active service in Bechuanaland. 
 
 During this expedition, an interview was arranged between President 
 Kruger and Sir Charles Warren which took place a short way within 
 the Transvaal territory at Fourteen Streams. Probably at no time in his 
 life before had President Kruger found himself so unable to obtain new 
 concessions or compromises as on this occasion. He and his Government 
 were openly and undeniably in the wrong and all his efforts to aasert him- 
 self, to humble the expedition and render it abortive, were in vain. 
 
 In this very year, 1885, the most rapid development of the gold mining 
 system in the Transvaal began. It was these developments which with- 
 drew the attention of the Boers from the people beyond their borders 
 and concentrated it upon internal problems. For a number of years gold 
 miners had already proved themselves the bane of the Transvaal Govern- 
 ment. East of Johannesburg there had grown up the community called 
 Barberton where the first important gold mines were found. That had 
 
 I %,t ■ 
 
MR. KRUGER'S FIRST PRESIDENCY. 
 
 495 
 
 been one of the centers of disaffection and the source of ai«ti )yance 
 for several years before tlie annexation. When tlie extraordinary gold 
 deposits were discovered under the arid ridges of the Witwatersrond the 
 Transvaal entered upon the most extraordinary period of history ever 
 encountered by any people. Hitherto the chief gold districts of the world 
 have been discovered beyond the verges of European civilization. The 
 gold miners who have rushed in have found themselves in regions where 
 they at once formed the community and created the government. But 
 in the Transvaal there already existed a nation of farmers whose old 
 system of legislation and administration was adapted to a rustic popula- 
 tion. Upon them in their primitive mode of life there came at once the 
 possession of unexpected and unmeasured wealth and the task of meeting 
 a peaceful invasion more difficult to thrust back than British soldiers, 
 and more terrible to contemplate e^en than a British Resident. 
 
m.r 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 PRESIDENT KRUGER AND THE OUlLANDERS. 
 
 THERE can be no doubt that the place which President Kruger is U 
 occupy in the estimation of posterity will be determined by the 
 way in which he has met the conditions created in the Transvaal 
 by the gold mines. The stoi'y can not be fully, still less can it be impar- 
 tially told, until some more years have elapsed and the passions of the 
 hour have been stilled; but the day is coming when historians will turn 
 over the archives of the Boer Government and trace the course of legisla- 
 tion which President Kruger has steadily initiated from the year 1885 to 
 the year 1899. There, and in the records of various public companies, 
 as well as in the despatches which have passed between Great Britain 
 and the Transvaal the whole story is forever recorded of the capacity 
 or incapacity of Mr. Kruger to meet the invasion of the Transvaal by 
 the Outlanders in response to his own Mvitation. 
 
 First of all of course, in sheer justice to President Kruger, the his- 
 torian will concentrate attention on the tumultuous life c ?ated by the 
 arrival in a constant stream of tens of thousands of Europeans and 
 Americans. They will tell how these spread th-mselves over one farm 
 after another, scratching the ground for golf, making bargains with 
 bewildered and astounded farmers for the purchase of their lands, 
 and floating companies without number, many of which enriched the 
 founders and ruined countless investors. He will tell how some of 
 these farmers became enormously rich who until that year had been, 
 as regards the possession of cash or a bank account, notoriously or 
 even distressingly poor. He will tell how it was that President Kruger 
 sold some of his own land for £100,000 (about |500,000). He will record 
 the fact that in a few years the Outlanders owned more than half the 
 land of the Transvaal. 
 
 But he will turn to another side of the story. He will describe the 
 Inevitable panic which came in 1888 when company after company 
 collapsed and the whole work of development had to be begun over 
 
 498 
 
PRESIDENT KRUGER AND THE OUT LANDERS. 
 
 497 
 
 ;er ia t<i 
 by the 
 ansvaal 
 } impar- 
 Lg of the 
 n\\ turn 
 E legislii- 
 r 1885 to 
 oapanies, 
 t Britain 
 capacity 
 isvaal by 
 
 , the his- 
 jd by the 
 eans and 
 one farm 
 lins with 
 Av lands, 
 iched the 
 some of 
 lad been, 
 iously or 
 it Kruger 
 ill record 
 half the 
 
 scribe the 
 company 
 jgun over 
 
 again on a sound financial and an honorable commercial basis. He will 
 then tell the story of the arrival of experienced organizers and engineers 
 who formed strong syndicates and adopted the most modern methods 
 of mining, adaptirg these to the unique conditions found on the Rand. 
 He will tell how this beginning of a healthier life in the Johannes- 
 burg community led to the rapid building up of a splendid city. He 
 will tell how the very nature of the gold deposits, demanding the high- 
 est financial and engineering as well as organizing skill, brought to 
 the country from England and America and Australia men of the 
 highest education and experience; how they brought as subordinate 
 oflBcers of their companies hundreds of younger men, to whom this city 
 was to become a permanent home and who proceeded to build com- 
 fortable residences and lay out lovely gardens on the dreary arid ridges 
 of the Rand. He will tell the story of the arrival of scores of thousands 
 of black people from every direction who, pouring into the service of the 
 miners, found themselves in the midst of a life utterly strange, full 
 of excitement, offering temptations only to evil and opportunities un- 
 dreamed of for intoxication and crime. 
 
 In view of these extraordinary conditions, the historian will inevit- 
 ably be driven to ask himself, how did the strenuous and shrewd Pres- 
 ident of the Republic meet the perplexing problems thrust upon him 
 and his farmer associates in the Government of the country? The 
 final judgment of President Kruger's worth as a man, as a patriot, and 
 as a statesman will depend upon the answer to that question. 
 
 Before we attempt to forecast the lines along which, as it seems 
 to us, the answer will certainly come into view, let us pause to consider 
 with deepest sympathy the position of this man. We must recall his 
 birth in a frontier village, his early years passed in a continual series 
 of wagon journeys and native fights, his young manhood given over to 
 the care of cattle and warfare, now with rival sections of his own race, 
 and anon with the aboriginal inhabitants of the land. We must recall the 
 fact that during these very years when a far cleverer man than he 
 was President, himself Vice-President and Joubert Commandant-Gen- 
 eral, the Government of the Transvaal notoriously and indisputably 
 collapsed. It proved itself unfit to govern 50,000 white people, almost 
 aU of whom were farmers, and the native chiefs among and around 
 
 
F( ' '^' ! 
 
 '"■»,li 
 
 1 1 -'Ti 
 
 
 498 
 
 PRESIDENT KRUGER AND THE OUTLANDERS. 
 
 them. We must remember that the Are of patriotism in these people 
 was kept alive by two passionate desires, the desires namely to control 
 the native tribes and to be uncontrolled by the British Government. 
 "We must recall the fact that throughout the period of four years after 
 the annexation President Krugor burned with this fire of patriotism, 
 and that in 1881 the Government of the Transvaal, which had once 
 more been given to the farmers themselvett, rested mainly, almost en- 
 tirely, upon the insistent will of this one man and the concentration of 
 his life upon one idea. We must recall also the fact that during the 
 four or five years succeeding the restoration of the independence the 
 Boer Government did practically nothing in the way of reorganiza- 
 tion of public works. In fact the earlier years of President Kruger's 
 administration boded no good to his career; In 1884 poverty once more 
 began to stare them in the face and signs of disaflfection were not 
 awanting. But from the year '85 onwards President Kruger and his 
 Government were confronted by a situation unparalleled in the history 
 of any white community. They found themselves in charge of European 
 cities whose natural problems were severely intensified by the influx 
 of lawless and irresponsible natives. What were the farmers to do 
 with these people? What was President Kruger to do with them? 
 Was his mind large enough in grasp, his heart deep enough in sym- 
 pathy, his imagination broad enough to see that the safety of his 
 Republic lay along a certain line of conduct, and that another road 
 which opened before him must lead to destruction? 
 
 As we have said above this question can only be answered by looking 
 at the actual course of legishi Ion and the actual effect of the Boer 
 administration upon the happinesH of their own cities and the pros- 
 perity of their own country. The defenders of President Kruger's 
 administration make it as their strong jMiInt that, while he himself 
 desired throughout to act generously towards the Outlanders, to grant 
 them all the reasonable demands which J hey made, he was restrained 
 by the conservatism of his farmers. They who are his strong supporters 
 would have rebelled, it is said, if they had seen him proceed suddenly 
 to the passing of measures which accorded rights to the Outlanders 
 that would place them in a suj. 'rlor political position to the rustic 
 population who hitherto had ruled the land. The difficulty in the way 
 
PRESIDENT KRUGER AND THE OUTLANDERS. 
 
 409 
 
 of carrying through this theory, that President Kruger has really 
 been a broad-minded statesman working under the appearance of nar- 
 rowness in deference to his constituents, arises from three facts. First, 
 that a considerable party led by Joubert have always been opposed to 
 the narrower measures of Mr. Kruger. If he had lost the support of 
 some he would have gained, it would seem, the powerful support of his 
 former rival by progressive legislation. In the second place, most of 
 the legislation for which he is responsible actually and positively im- 
 posed restrictions upon the Outlanders which did not exist when they 
 began to arrive. It was surely within his power to have refused to 
 initiate this class of legislation instead of being as he was the untiring 
 originator of it all. And in the third place, it is, we believe, amply proved 
 that a considerable amount of the legislation which he did persuade the 
 Raad to enact was rendered useless by the method of administration 
 which he employed. So much was this the case th^t a large part of the 
 bitterness of the Outlanders was caused by the repeated disappoint- 
 ments which they experienced when they found that legislation which 
 the President had promised them, when hard pressed by their demands 
 and their arguments, proved utterly unreal when it was put into prac- 
 tice. Either the Government was incompetent to make and administer 
 effective legislation or President Kruger was forced, or imagined him- 
 self forced, to deceive the Outlanders time after time in order to get rid 
 of their importunity and preserve his unyielding position at the same 
 time. 
 
 A very impressive illustration of the difficulties and temptations 
 which fell like a thunderbolt upon Mr. Kruger and his associates can be 
 found by a mere glance at the history of the financial position of the 
 Transvaal. In the year 1874 the revenue of the country was just about 
 £50,000 (about $250,000), and the expenditure about £45,500 (about $225,- 
 000). In the year 1882 the revenue had risen to about £180,000 (about 
 $900,000), while the expenditure only reached about £115,000 (about 
 $570,000). In the year 1886 the relation of the revenue and expendi- 
 ture maintained the same healthy appearance, for in that year while 
 the income was nearly £200,000 (nearly $1,000,000) the expenditure was 
 little more than £150,000 (about $750,000). This was the year when the 
 gold mines at the Witwatersrand were opened and Johannesburg was 
 
 

 ■I It ~' 
 
 Mf^ 
 'W^' 
 
 500 
 
 PRESIDENT KRUGER AND THE OUTLANDERS. 
 
 established. In the followiHg year the income had reached the sum of 
 nearly £640,000 (considerably more than $3,000,000); the expenditure 
 still fell far behind the income, amounting to somewhat more than 
 £590,000 (less than $2,900,000). Another great leap was taken in the 
 year 1894, another again in 1897. In the year 1899 the Budget esti- 
 mates placed the revenue at the enormous figure of £4,087,852 (about 
 $20,000,000), while the expenditure was estimated at £3,951,234 (about 
 $19,350,000). 
 
 A still more astonishing and suggestive range of thought is opened 
 up by a glance at the growth of the fixed salaries paid by the Transvaal 
 Government to its oflficials. In 1886 the salaries amounted to a little 
 more than £50,000 (about $250,000). In the year 1893 they had risen to 
 £360,000 (about $1,700,000). In 1899 the Budget estimate of the sal- 
 aries amounted to the astonishing figure of £1,216,000 (about $6,000,000). 
 That is to say the salary list had been multiplied in thirteen years to a 
 sum iwenty-four times what it was at the beginning of that period. Now 
 the white population upon whose interests these officials expend their 
 lives had during that period been little more than doubled. To put it 
 in another v/ay, the Transvaal is inhabited by somewhere near 200,000 
 white people, men, women and children. The salaries paid to the Gov- 
 ernment officials, apart from all other expenses incurred in directing 
 the affairs of that population, amounted to about $6,000,000 last year; 
 if applied to the United States population of 70,000,000 the same scale of 
 official salaries would reach the sum of $2,000,000,000. 
 
 The significance of these figures is enormous when we remember 
 that after the recovery of their independence the Boers finally 
 decided to secure in the work of administration the aid of men of 
 European training and preferably of Hollander birth and education. 
 These men went out to the Transvaal into the service of President 
 Kruger's government, or went out on his invitation to form commercial 
 syndicates of various kinds, without any deep love for the country 
 which was not their native country or for the farmers who constituted 
 its ruling population, but who were one and all beneath themselves 
 in culture and experience. They went there to make their fortunes, 
 and large numbers of them have done so. They accepted office and 
 entered upon their work of administration in the same spirit exactly 
 
 ;/ 
 
 ,..*'_,- 
 
'PRESIDENT KRUGER AND THE OUTL'ANDERS. 
 
 501 
 
 and for the same purpose that another set of Hollanders went to the 
 gold mines. The real inward history of all the commercial troubles and 
 the legislative struggles in the Transvaal for the last twelve or fifteen 
 years can not be told unless the historian grasps and knows in detail the 
 facts concerning the prolonged rivalry between the men who were 
 seeking to make their fortunes by means of the gold mines and ordinary 
 commercial enterprises, and the other set of men who were seeking to 
 make their fortunes by means of Government concessions or monopolies 
 and the use of governmental appointments. It is a sordid and despicable 
 story, but the conscience of the world when it knows the facts will con- 
 demn most thoroughly, not the men who frankly sought wealth by the 
 ordinary means of open individual competition, but the men who sought 
 it through the hypocrisy of public service and the method of govern- 
 mental monopolies. Who would expect that President Kruger could 
 hold his own or even begin to see daylight amidst the darkness of these 
 enormous financial transactions and commercial rivalries? To him the 
 very language employed in the very laws which he was supposed to 
 initiate, to administer and to defend was a new language, and the 
 economic conditions v/hich he was expected to control and direct were 
 such as he had only heard of or only seen superficially when he visited 
 the capitals of Europe and which he had always despised as a religious 
 man, feared as a politician, and hated as a farmer. Well might he in 
 the utter confusion of his mind often cry out, "Who is sufiftcient for these 
 things?" 
 
 As a matter of fact President Kruger in his capacity as President 
 has been a man possessed and driven by one sole political idea, namely, 
 that of the independence of his country. By this he meant simply at first 
 the freedom of the Transvaal from British control. For this he has sacri- 
 ficed all else. In order not to be under British rule he put his officiai 
 appointments into the hands of Outlanders from Holland. In order to 
 prevent all possibility of British influence he shut the door of the fran- 
 chise in the faces of all British and American citizens, keeping it wide 
 open for Hollanders who came to be officials of his Government, or could 
 prove that they had been of service to the State. Even South Africans 
 from Cape Colony and Natal, and at times even from the Orange Free 
 State, were treated by him with a jealousy not evidently cherished 
 
502 
 
 PRESIDENT KRUGER AND THE OUTLANDERS. 
 
 Vim s^.'.^r^^*'- 
 
 ;«f; 
 
 ^'' L 
 
 w 
 
 
 >' I 
 
 towards those whom he had adopted and rested upon as advisers of the 
 State. Thus his passion for the independence of the Transvaal was 
 swiftly changed into the determination to maintain the supremacv of 
 one race within the Transvaal. 
 
 The main legislative and administrative problems which have 
 haunted President Kruger's recent years arose from three directions. 
 First, the organization and government of Johannesburg, second, the 
 treatment of the Outlanders, especially those who spoke English, in 
 matters of the franchise and education, third, the development of com- 
 mercial undertakings by means of government concessions or monopo- 
 lies. The evidence appears .to be abundant that in all three directions 
 President Kruger became the miserable victim of the official class wbom 
 he had created, who misled him with their advice, played upon his fear 
 of British interference, involved him in responsibilities which made him 
 the supporter of their dishonorable proceedings. In fact the man who 
 had shown himself brave on the battlefield, noble in his passion for 
 patriotism in that war of independence, shrewd when dealing with 
 British diplomatists about simple matters like a boundary line or the 
 payment of a debt, was utterly swamped by the onrush of complex 
 financial and administrative problems which he had neither the train- 
 ing nor perhaps the brains to comprehend. But he brought into this life 
 if not a new capacity, at any rate the old tenacity; an idea once seized 
 by him is seized forever, it apprehends him and holds him as its servant 
 henceforth. Let us see how this can be illustrated in somewhat of 
 detail. 
 
 First then did President Kruger encounter the municipal problems 
 of Johannesburg in an adequate manner? It must be remembered that 
 Johannesburg has grown in ten years to be a city of more than 100,000 
 people. More than half of these are Europeans, most of them men of 
 great energy, large numbers of them highly educated and powerful per- 
 sonalities. Hundreds of them knew far more of municipal affairs than 
 President Kruger, with whom the last word regarding the history and 
 condition of their city always remained. After considerable trouble 
 Mr. Kruger was induced to grant a municipality to the citizens. Natu- 
 rally one would expect this to mean that the citizens as a whole should 
 elect their own council and this council should direct under general 
 
 (^ 
 
PRESIDENT KRUGER AND THE OUTLANDERS. 
 
 503 
 
 legislative limitations or precautions the internal affairs of the city, that 
 they should manage their own sanitation, their own street cleaning, 
 etc. As a matter of fact, according to the system established at Johan- 
 nesburg, it was secured that the majority of the council should be repre- 
 sentatives of the small Boer element in the city and practically crea- 
 tures of the national executive. Still more the mayor of the city was 
 not elected by the citizens but appointed by the Government, that is, 
 by President Kruger; and the mayor had the right of absolute veto 
 upon all their resolutions and ordinances. 
 
 The result of this legislation was to get the actual control into the 
 hands of tbose who on every matter obeyed the will of the President 
 and Executive Government of the State. Various most miserable com- 
 plications arose with regard to sanitary affairs, the enforcing of local 
 laws, the police control of vile black criminals and innumerable other 
 matters which caused discomfort and dispeace in the city, and which 
 those who were in authority were in reality unfit to cope with and to 
 put right. It would be absolutely unfair to blame President Kruger 
 for all the failures in the municipal government of Johannesburg. 
 New cities which grow rapidly must ever have domestic problems of 
 organization laid upon them which they will find it perhaps impossible 
 to undertake. That which however strikes one in reading the history 
 of the Johannesburg municipality is the absence of trust, or, rather, the 
 continual influence of distrust which President Kruger openly mani- 
 fested towards the citizens long before the year 1895. He would not 
 allow the Government to give them the opportunity for bringing their 
 city under modern methods or municipal organization. The system of 
 municipal gove/nraent which he allowed was chiefly inadequate because 
 of its dependence upon himself through the relation of its chief officials 
 to himself. 
 
 But to turn in another direction let us inquire how President 
 Kruger dealt with the question of the franchise. It must be remem- 
 bered that in 1881, when matters were being discussed at the Pretoria 
 Convention, the question was raised as to how the foreigners were being 
 treated and would be treated. President Kruger made a statement 
 which was accepted as a pledge and as a sincere description of his 
 policy, or the spirit of his policy, for the rest of his life. He said that 
 
ilil 
 
 
 ia-H!4ii 
 
 504 
 
 PRESIDENT KRUGER AND THE OUTLANDERS. 
 
 all foreigners were treated with generosity when they came into the 
 Transvaal, and that they became full burghers or citizens at the end of 
 one year. In the year 1882 it is true that the law had already been 
 modified and Great Britain had made no objections. At that time 
 foreigners could become naturalized and enfranchised citizens at the 
 end of a five years' residence, this residence to be proved by registration 
 in the books of the Veldt-Cornet, a local official in each district. Great 
 difficulty was of course found in complying with this law where Veldt- 
 Cornets, as was so often the case, were uneducated men who did not 
 know how to keep books. In the following year, 1883, President Kruger 
 made his famous visit to London, and in April of 1884, while still in 
 London, he issued through the press his famous announcement that the 
 Transvaal Government welcomed foreigners, promised them generous 
 and fair treatment, even desired them to come in for the development 
 of the gold industry. He had, just six weeks before, signed the Conven- 
 tion, in which he bound himself to accord to British citizens in all their 
 undertakings justice and fair dealing. Of course no stipulations were 
 made about the franchise because no one dreamed at the time, and 
 President Kruger less than anybody else probably, that anything so 
 unjust in fact, and so untrue to the spirit of the Convention, could 
 possibly be undertaken as the franchise legislation which began in the 
 year 1890. From the year mentioned onwards the laws regarding 
 naturalization and enfranchisement in the Transvaal have undergone 
 repeated alteration. Until last July, 1899, these alterations all tended 
 to complicate the matter for Outlanders, to make the possession of the 
 franchise so difficult and the steps to it so disagreeable that the majority 
 of foreigners were unable or unwilling to fulfill the conditions. The 
 result was a law, v hich, of course. President Kruger introduced, de- 
 fended and urged before the Volksraad, and for which his main argu- 
 ment was that it would preserve the independence of his people. This 
 law we have described elsewhere. In brief it may be stated that it 
 demanded the oath of allegiance, which secured naturalization, two 
 years after registration on the books of the Veldt-Cornet. This naturali- 
 zation placed a man under all the obligations of citizenship, including 
 that which in the Transvaal has ever been the most prominent and to 
 foreigners the most disagreeable, namely, the liability to military ser- 
 
PRESIDENT KRUGER AND THE OUTLANDEliS. 
 
 505 
 
 the 
 indof 
 
 been 
 
 time 
 it the 
 ration 
 Great 
 Veldt- 
 id not 
 slruger 
 3till in 
 aat the 
 merous 
 )pment 
 ;jonven- 
 ,11 their 
 as were 
 ne, and 
 hing so 
 I, could 
 
 1 In the 
 ;arding 
 ergone 
 tended 
 
 of the 
 ajority 
 IS. The 
 Iced, de- 
 |in argu- 
 e. This 
 that it 
 on, two 
 aturali- 
 eluding 
 and to 
 ;ary ser- 
 
 vice. Every citizen was bound to fight against any one whom the 
 Commandant-General described as enemies of the Republic. A week 
 therefore after taking the oath of allegiance any citizen of Johannes- 
 burg was liable to be sent off with rifle and cartridge-belt to the bor- 
 ders, to attack some native tribe with whom a quarrel had been picked 
 and whose lands were to be divided amongst the younger sons of Dutch 
 farmers. At the end of ten years after the oath was taken the Outlander, 
 who was not yet a full citizen it must be remembered, might apply for 
 the franchise; his application must be supported by two-thirds of the 
 burghers of his neighborhood, must come before the President and his 
 Executive Council and be by them approved ere the full rights of citi- 
 zenship could be confirmed!! Of course it was absolutely uncertain 
 whether the President would give the franchise to any individual even 
 after ten years of waiting for the right. If the individual were an 
 influential man of a progressive type his chances were small indeed. 
 It was in 1893 that this law received its greatest development and most 
 strenuous conditions. It was introduced as usual suddenly into the 
 Volksraad and was passed rapidly over all opposition. Some of the 
 most intelligent men spoke with intense earnestness against the pro- 
 posal, but they spoke in vain. It is r.eported that one of the Boerg, 
 when the debate was closed and the law was carried, exclaimed: "Now 
 our country is gone! Nothing can settle this but a fight and there is 
 only one end to the fight. Kruger and his Hollanders have taken our 
 independence more surely than ever Shepstone did." (Fitzpatrick, The 
 Transvaal from Within, P. 77.) Mr. Fitzpatrick, the most detailed 
 historian of this critical period on President Kruger's life, says that the 
 passing of this measure revealed for the first time to the entire com- 
 munity Mr. Kruger's unbending hostility towards the Outlanders. Many 
 of them and many of his own citizens had not hitherto lost hope that 
 the day of reconciliation would come, that under pressure he would 
 yield and accord them their real rights; but the passing of this law 
 compelled, through a wider area than before, the conviction that Mr. 
 Kruger would never yield, that he was determined rather to use every 
 means for preventing the Outlanders from becoming citizens of the 
 Transvaal. "It might be said that within an hour the scales dropped 
 
^ 
 
 
 
 
 50(i 
 
 PRESIDENT KRUGER AND THE OUTLANDERS. 
 
 from the eyes of the too credulous community, and the gravity of the 
 position was instantly realized." (Fitzpatrick, Ibid.) 
 
 It is of the utmost importance, in order to do justice to the facts, 
 that we should keep in clear view the very pitiable position in which 
 President Kruger found himi.'^lf at this time. He did not understand 
 the spirit of the British and American immigrants, but he hated them. 
 He took for granted that when they became citizens they would unite 
 their political energies to bring the Transvaal under the British flag. 
 He feared that if they became citizens, and outnumbered the Boer 
 voters, they would prevent the development of the great Afrikander 
 ideal which looked towards the establishment of a Dutch Republic 
 throughout South Africa. Of course these things could never happen. 
 There is abundant evidence that all who would have forsaken their 
 British citizenship in order to become Transvaal burghers would have 
 remained true to their oath of allegiance; in fact, it is practically cer- 
 tain that they would have been as determined to maintain their inde- 
 pendence and self-government as President Kruger himself. But then 
 President Kruger had avowedly denounced and could not understand 
 them. Moreover, he had surrounded himself with the class of men 
 already referred to, the Hollander official class, who were now making 
 fortunes out of enormous salaries and innumerable government con- 
 cessions. It was they who nourished his poor fear, who embittered 
 his reiterated cry, "The independence of my people." To them the 
 whole matter was a mere selfish contest, it was capitalist against capi- 
 talist, fortune-seeker against fortune-seeker. They were in the happy 
 position of being officials and therefore appointed by the President 
 and his Executive to enjoy the full privileges of citizenship. They did 
 not wait twelve years, they were exempt as an official class from military 
 burdens, and they kept poisoning the heart of the now aging, bewil- 
 dered but stubborn President against men of far higher attainments 
 and quite as lofty characters, who were eager to be as faithful citizens 
 as they. Here, therefore, again perhaps through no fault of character, 
 President Kruger as a statesman was a failure. 
 
 President Kruger took one step in the year 1890 which seemed to 
 promise the beginning of new days for the Outlanders and was, there- 
 fore, cordially welcomed by them. This was the institution of a second 
 
PRESIDENT KRUGER AND THE OUTLANDERS. 
 
 r>o; 
 
 legislative chamber or Lower House. This House was avowedly created 
 for the sake of the raining cities. The members were chosen by all 
 who had been naturalized, and all who had been naturalized for a 
 certain brief period and were thirty years of age, were eligible for 
 membership in it. It was created for the purpose of superintending 
 the affairs of the mining population and especially the industrial inter- 
 ests thereof. This, Mr. Kruger's friends urged, was a very great step; 
 it was taken with a view on one hand to conciliate the Outlanders and 
 to do them justice, and on the other hand to prepare his own suspicious 
 and conservative Boer population for the inevitable day when the for- 
 eigners must possess full powers of citizenship in the country. Such a 
 measure was of course most wise and statesmanlike; and if it had been 
 faithfully carried out it would have redounded to the lasting credit of 
 President Kruger. But that which his critics assert and which his 
 friends are unable thoroughly to demolish is, that the Second Volks- 
 raad was never allowed to become an efficient source of legislation even 
 on the matters placed within its power. A few enactments took ^lace 
 no doubt, but it is alleged that the most important were invar' bly 
 rejected. The whole legislation of this Second Raad was subject to 
 rejection by the First Raad, in which the Outlanders were not repre- 
 sented. On the other hand, it is alleged that enactments were freely 
 passed by the First Volksraad without the criticism or approval of 
 the Second House which dealt with the very sphere ostensibly placed 
 under the care of the latter. If these allegations be true, and they are 
 well supported, then President Kruger was not statesmanlike but 
 cunning in the creation of this Second House. It gave him the appear- 
 ance of magnanimity, while in reality he retained all the former power 
 in his own hands. 
 
 A similar accusation is made in relation to the important matter 
 of education among the Outlanders. Laws were passed which imposed 
 heavy taxes, mainly upon the. Outlanders, for the support of a public 
 system of education. But the application of the taxes was so directed 
 that the Outlanders could only have the service of inferior and inef- 
 ficient teachers. The result was that they had to raise very large sums 
 by private subscription in order to secure a reasonable education for 
 their children. 
 

 508 
 
 PRESIDENT KRUGER AND THE OUTLANDERS. 
 
 It was suggested ai)ove that the three directions in which the success 
 or failure of President Kruger as a ruler must be tested were the con- 
 trol of the municipalities, the political treatment of the Outlanders, 
 and the development of the commercial interests of the country in 
 general. Under the third class must be placed the difficult and dubious 
 matters connected with the granting of concessions by the Transvaal 
 Government. By a concession is of course meant here a monopoly in 
 the old and hateful sense of the term, a contract according to which the 
 Government guaranteed to an individual or a company the sole right 
 to deal in certain articles of commerce and protection from attempted 
 competition. For this privilege the monopolist paid nothing. There 
 can be no doubt that these concessions were given into the hands of 
 individuals or syndicates, all of whom were political supporters of 
 President Kruger and his policy! 
 
 The most important of these concessions is undoubtedly that bear- 
 ing upon the development of the railway system. Of course a railway 
 system is peculiar and the entire subject of the treatment of railways 
 an exceedingly Jifflcult one. Yet it can be openly said that seldom in 
 the history of railway legislation has there been a monopoly more 
 arbitrary in its beginnings, more dangerous in its development than 
 that created by President Kruger. To begin with. President Kruger 
 was opposed to all railways until he found the pressure too heavy upon 
 him. He was induced and was able to induce his burghers to agree to 
 the making of a railway along the Rand, connecting the various mines 
 together, only after some genius thought of describing it not as a rail- 
 way but as a "steam-tram." The rulers of the Transvaal who feared a 
 railway considered a steam-tram a safe development. But the entire rail- 
 way system of the country was put in 1887 into the hands of a company 
 called the Netherlands Railway Company, most of whose shareholders 
 were and are Europeans. The distribution of votes among shareholders 
 was so arranged that out of 112 votes TfiT were held by Hollanders, who, 
 therefore, held complete control of the policy of the company. The story 
 of the building of the railway upon which this company entered is a 
 very peculiar one, into the details of which w^e cannot enter here. 
 Enormous sums of money were spent with apparently little result in 
 the extension of the railway to Iretoria. Protests were repeatedly 
 
PRESIDENT KRUGER AMD THE OUTLANDERS. 
 
 500 
 
 made to President Kruger, explunatioiiH attemptiug to show that the 
 country was being cheated were urged upon his attention, but all in 
 vain. The story spread over the country that the llollauders should 
 control the railway and not men of English or American birth. He 
 refused to believe that the country suffered in any way, and in spite 
 of the most elaborate expositions of fraud practised upon him, stub- 
 bornly remained loyal to the managers of the company. In connection 
 with the building of a railway called the Selati Kailway an instance of 
 corruption is told by Mr. Fitzpatrick ("The Transvaal From Within," 
 p. 09 f.) which can hardly be beaten by similar events in any other 
 country. The company was backed by the Government. It "arranged 
 with the contractors to build the line at the maximum cost allowed 
 in the concession, £9,600 per mile (about $48,000). Two days later this 
 contractor sublet the contract for £7,002 per mile (about $35,000). As 
 the distance is 200 miles the Republic was robbed by a stroke of the pen 
 of £519,000 (more than two and one-half million dollars)." This kind of 
 thing has gone on elsewhere, but nowhere else is successful swin- 
 dling like this considered anything but a proof of the incapacity or 
 the wickedness of those who hold supreme power. Nowhere else is it 
 defended as patriotism! There appears to be no doubt that this 
 Netherlands Company, whoso shareholders and managers were as much 
 Outlanders as any of the gold miners or the business men of Johannes- 
 burg, obtained a grasp upon the commercial life of the community 
 which resulted in great injustice and widened the breach between the 
 Government and the Outlanders. So extensive was the influence of 
 the Netherlands Company that Mr. Fitzpatrick, the thoroughly compe- 
 tent and evidently trustworthy historian of this period, puts the matter 
 in the following very strong way: "As the holder of an absolute 
 monopoly, as the enterprise which has involved the State in its national 
 debt, and as the sole channel through which such money has been ex- 
 pended, the company has gradually worked itself into the position of 
 being the financial department of the State; and the functions which 
 were elsewhere exercised by the heads of the Government belong here, 
 in practice, entirely to this foreign corporation." 
 
 Another concession which President Kruger was drawn into grant- 
 ing is the notorious dynamite monopoly. Everyone will understand that 
 
510 
 
 PRESIDENT KRUGER AND THE OUTLANDERS. 
 
 an enormous amount of dynamite is needed constantly in mining opera- 
 tions. A company was formed, to which a monopoly was given for 
 what pretended to be the domestic manufacture of dynamite in the 
 Transvaal. The possession of this monopoly was of course made the 
 occasion for charging a much higher price than could have been charged 
 if there had been competition. It is true that another company had, up 
 to the year 1890, made very heavy charges, but it must be remembered 
 on the one hand that no railways were in existence at that time and 
 that there was no competition. The Outlanders only claimed, as it 
 would seem, that the creation of a Government monopoly prevented the 
 very competition which \/as n*»cessary to reduce the price of dynamite 
 to a reasonable figure. It has been asserted that the resultant loss to 
 the Witwatersrand mines alone, which is due to the excessive price 
 charged for dynamite, amounts to £600,000 per annum (nearly $3,000,- 
 000). A large amount of agitation naturally expended itself upon the 
 effort to have this monopoly abolished, but here as elsewhere President 
 Kruger stood faithfully by his allies and political supporters. One 
 curious reason which Lc gave in self-defence was that "the independ- 
 ence of the country" was at stake even in the granting or withdrawing 
 of this monopoly. The reason for this is that a dynamite manufactory 
 is also a powder manufactory, and his suggestion was that he must 
 have that retained within the country in order to have a base for 
 supplying the Republic with powder. The curious fact is that the 
 materials for making the powder and dynamite are not found by any 
 company in the Transvaal, and this monopoly company itself has to 
 import all the materials from abroad! Either President Kruger was 
 himself kept by his advisers in deep ignorance of a fact so important as 
 thiSj which makes his argument look like nonsense, or he grasped at it 
 as a mere excuse for maintaining a position upon which he had deter- 
 mined on entirely different grounds. 
 
 This monopoly system was extended to a large number of materials 
 alike foi* industrial purposes and even for the feeding of the people. 
 
CHAPTER VI. 
 
 PRESIDENT KRUGER AND THE RAID. 
 
 THE daily pressure of all the wrongs or legal injustices which were 
 steadily inflicted upon the Outlanders under President Kruger's 
 administration could not but create an ever deepening and widei 
 iug sense of wrong. If no one of them was enough to justify a revolutio' .,. 
 their accumulation may well have become intolerable. Time after time 
 representations were made to thePresident by individual citizens of vari- 
 ous nationalities, by a committee of capitalists, and at last by a large 
 association which worked under the name of the Reform Committee. 
 President Kruger continued to meet them with uncompromising hos- 
 tility. He carried out to the bitter end the policy which he announced 
 at an early period when a deputation from Johannesburg came before 
 him to protest against a certain measure. The President rose sud- 
 denly in a passion and blurted out the blunt truth and exposed his 
 desperate policy by saying: "Protest! Protest! What is the good of 
 protesting? You have not goi the guns. I have." To the bitter end 
 President Kruger has acted upon the theory that he has the guns, and 
 when he found that he did not have enough, as we shall see, he pro- 
 ceeded to get more. Matters reached a climax, as we have fully related 
 elsewhere, in the year 1895, when the Jameson Raid took place. 
 Throughout that year the Outlanders had with unceasing persistence 
 attempted to win some amelioration of their circumstances from him. 
 One by one the leading men of the city were forced to confess that they 
 had no hope of reform at his hands. They accordingly resolved upon 
 a revolution from within. The taunt has been hurled at them, even 
 by Sir H. M. Stanley, that they were unwilling to fight for their rights 
 and liberties; and, undoubtedly, Dr. Jameson and his friends after their 
 fiasco persuaded the world that the Johannesburgers had failed at the 
 pinch and acted in a cowardly fashion. This accusation is profoundly 
 unjust The citizens of Johannesburg were arming themselves, were 
 organizing for act;;al warfare; they did stand ready to shed their blood 
 
 Sll 
 
!il! 
 
 IP 
 
 imm 
 
 512 
 
 PRESIDENT KRUGER AND THE RAID. 
 
 in order to overturn a government wbicb they now found from pro- 
 longed experience to be hopelessly corrupt and determinedly unjust. 
 Dr. Jameson with hi» impatient self-will, anxious to be the Clive of this 
 decade and of South Africa^ anxious to be on the spot when heroic 
 glory should make him great forever, threw all their projects into ruins. 
 For them the hardest part of their experience came not merely when 
 he and the other British officers overthrew all their plans and made 
 them fools before the world, but when they turned round upon ther- the 
 citizens of Johannesburg, and heaped ui>on them the unspeakable re- 
 proach of cowardice. No doubt Dr. Jametton and his officers did in this 
 way, by professing contempt for the Johannesburgers, win a little grace 
 for themselves in the eyes of President Kruger, but they added no honor 
 to their own names in the eyes of the world. The Reformers, happily 
 for Dr. Jameson, suffered and suffered severely rather than expose him 
 
 President Kruger's conduct when the Kaid occurred, was character 
 ized by a great vigor and patriotic indignation. It was one of the 
 great hours of his life. He stood forth before the world as the victim 
 of th*» most vile conspiracy imaginable. An Emperor blessed him and 
 decent citizens of all civilized lands sympathized in their souls with 
 him. He knew well how to use this opportunity to the utmost advan- 
 tage, and nothing covld exceed the shrewdnesH, the determination and 
 the success with which he carried through the negotiations ensuing 
 upon the Raid. Throughout, his aim was to stand before the world as 
 a deeply-wronged man who was displaying at every step an unlimited 
 magnanimity. When Dr. Jameson and his officers surrendered to 
 General Cronje they received from hlin in writing the assurance of their 
 personal safety. When they got to Johannesburg this condition was 
 ignored and they were treated as men who were entirely at the mercy 
 of President Kruger. This of course was not the case. But it enabled 
 President Kruger to be magnanimous, to claim first that they were at 
 his mercy, and then show them mercy. 
 
 In relation to the Reform Committee in Johannesburg his attitude 
 was somewhat the same, although manifested through a longer period, 
 in which he kept his victims In fearful and harrowing suspense. 
 
 Poor Sir Hercules Robinson hurried from Cape Town to Johannes- 
 burg to act as the adviser of botli parties. He had the ur pleasant task 
 
PRESIDENT KRUGER AND THE RAID. 
 
 513 
 
 of facing the Transvaal Government in tlie capacity of a Governor 
 whose own subordinates had deceived him and had attempted to carry 
 through a huge conspiracy without his knowledge. He therefore stood 
 before Mr. Kruger and his sympathizers without dignity and without 
 clearness of conscience. He found that Mr. Kruger had determined only 
 to treat with the reformers after they had surrendered. The President 
 threatened to use force, if it were necessary, to compel them to make an 
 unconditional surrender. There can be no doubt however that when Sir 
 Hercules Robinson persuaded the reformers to give themselves up, he led 
 them to understand that not a hair of their heads should be touched. 
 One of the powerful arguments which he was able to bring to bear was 
 that Jameson and his companions were in serious danger so long as 
 the reformers maintained an attitude of resistance. For Sir Hercules 
 did not know that Cronje had guaranteed their personal safety. It was 
 therefore for the sake of Dr. Jameson and with the assurance of their 
 own personal safety that the reformers finally resolved to surrender 
 themselves to the Government. 
 
 Then proceeded a long series of events in every one of which Presi- 
 dent Kruger was personally concerned, connected with the trial, the 
 condemnation, the appeal, the imprisonment and at last the liberation 
 of the prisoners. As Mr. Fitzpatrick tells the story. President Kruger 
 does not come out of these events with his reputation for sincerity and 
 probity of heart enhanced; rather does it seem as if he had been deter- 
 mined on the one hand to put the blame very heavily upon the Outland- 
 ers, whom his soul detested, and on the other hand to get as much out 
 of them as the circumstances would allo^ of cash and of glory. He 
 took every step to have them condemned. He even allowed them, con- 
 trary to the agreement with Sir Hercules Robinson, contrary to all 
 modern notions of justice, to be tried before a foreign judge imported for 
 the occasion. This judge allowed them to plead guilty without knowing 
 the system of law under which they were pleading, and when they pled 
 guilty, he accepted their plea and then placed their case under the law 
 which involved the sentence of death. Having thus secured their legal 
 condemnation to capital punishment President Kruger then, after 
 prolonged consideration, magnanimously changed their sentence to a 
 fine and mulcted each of the foiir leaders to the extent of £25,000 (about 
 
514 
 
 PRESIDENT KRUGER AND THE RAID. 
 
 
 < I ■ w ' 
 
 II !■ 
 
 W' 
 
 m4, 
 
 $125,000). President Kruger then wished them to sign a document ex- 
 pressing their profound sense of his magnanimity; but they declined 
 on the ground that they were paying for their liberty in cash. The other 
 reformers were condemned to imprisonment and then, after a period 
 of miserable and undignified haggling were released on certain terms. 
 Two men, Messrs. Sampson and Davies, feeling that they had been 
 cheated, utterly refused to sign any petition for the amelioration of their 
 sentence, on the ground that bare justice would acquit them under the 
 terms of their surrender. When all the rest were released these two 
 unfortunate men were kept in a vile imprisonment, all whose details 
 were daily adjusted by their keeper so as to crush their spirits, for thir- 
 teen months. Every we '^ne of the leading newspai>ers of the Cape 
 announced, "To-day Messrfo. ipson and Davies complete the — week 
 of their imprisonment in Pretoria jail for the crime of not signing a 
 petition." • 
 
 Of course there is another side to all this. Undoubtedly the reform- 
 ers had suffered and undoubtedly their pleas for reform had been stead- 
 ily and unjustly wrecked. But undoubtedly also President Kruger, 
 believing himself to be the legal ruler of the land, had every right to re- 
 sent an insurrection and above all to resent the crime of an alliance with 
 Dr. Jameson and the crime of the Raid itself. There was abundant and 
 good reason for a burning indignation on the part of President Kruger, 
 and so far as he believed in the collusion of the British Government and. 
 the scheme of Mr. Rhodes, he had the best grounds for indignation and 
 resentment against them. If therefore he had dealt severely with those 
 who attacked his Government and threatened the independence of the 
 country he would have received the approval of the world in general. 
 But on the other hand, no one who has read the details of his treatment 
 of the whole case can admire his spirit or approve his methods. 
 
 After the Raid it might be well expected that the life of the Trans- 
 vaal should begin over again. No ruler of a republic anywhere 
 ought to have allowed such an event to occur without strenuous investi- 
 gation into the causes which had produced that catastrophe and the 
 resolve to remove them. But let it be remembered that, if the Raiders 
 dishonored themselves, they no less revealed to the world the inward 
 dishonor and failure of the Transvaal Oovernment. Any government 
 
\'/- 
 
 PRESIDENT KRUGER AND THE RAID. 
 
 515 
 
 ent ex- 
 eclined 
 e other 
 period 
 [ terms- 
 id been 
 of their 
 ider the 
 ese two 
 ; details 
 for thir- 
 he Cape 
 — week 
 igning a 
 
 B reform- 
 en stead- 
 Kruger, 
 rht to re- 
 ince with 
 dant and 
 Kruger, 
 ent and 
 tion and 
 ith those 
 ce of the 
 general, 
 reatment 
 
 .8. 
 
 e Trans- 
 
 nywhere 
 
 s investi- 
 
 and the 
 
 Raiders 
 
 ,e inward 
 
 ivernment 
 
 which cannot make laws and carry on an administration to the satis- 
 faction of intelligent and honorable citizens such as those of Johannes- 
 burg, is condemned before all the world for incapacity and injustice. 
 Undoubtedly then an inquiry was to be expected which should thor- 
 oughly investigate the entire course of events which had produced this 
 shame, and reveal the open sore of the Transvaal to the entire civilized 
 world. After much pressure President Kruger was induced to appoint 
 through his Executive an "Industrial Commission of Inquiry." Evi- 
 dently the President imagined at this time that his Government had 
 been perfectly honorable and perfectly efficient, and that if such an 
 inquiry were held it would prove to the world that the entire responsi- 
 bility rested upon the greed, wickedness and disloyalty of the Outland- 
 ers. The Industrial Commission included a member of the Executive, 
 Mr. Schalk Burger, the Government railway commissioner, Mr. J. S. 
 Schmidt, the Government Minister of Mines, Mr. Christian Joubert, the 
 state mining engineer, Mr. Schmitz-Dumont, and the first special judi- 
 cial commissioner at Johannesburg, Mr. J. F. De Beer. A financial 
 adviser was appointed in the person of the manager of the National 
 Bank, and advisory members were in addition elected by the Govern- 
 ment. This Commission was therefore appointed from the very circles 
 that had detested and hated the citizens of Johannesburg. Some of 
 them had avowedly avoided every opportunity of becoming acquainted 
 with those citizens, and confessed that they had no trust in them. No 
 commission, therefore, could have proceeded to its work with more 
 prejudice and partiality than this one. The commissioners sat in 
 Johannesburg for several months, inquiring into the details of every 
 complaint which the citizens made. They did this with the utmost 
 thoroughness and conscientiousness, and when the work was completed 
 presented their Report, which was afterwards printed by the Chamber 
 of Mines in a volume of more than 700 pages. 
 
 The result of their inquiry was to create an almost complete change 
 of opinion in the minds of these repT-esentatives of the Government. 
 Their report, or rather the change of mind which it implied, is one of 
 the most startling evidences of a most extraordinary situation. Pre- 
 toria, it must be remembered, is only about thirty miles distant from 
 Johannesburg, and the Government at Pretoria had now for ten years 
 

 nifi 
 
 PRESIDENT KRUGER AND THE RAID. 
 
 been ruling Johannesburg and carrying on a continual controversy with 
 its citizens. This Report shows that the official Government at Pre- 
 toria simply had not known the population with which they were dealing 
 nor understood the problems which they were discussing. If, therefore, 
 President Kruger is, as, alas! he must be, along with his Government, 
 condemned for inefficiency and injustice, a large part of it must be put 
 down to ignorance of the factsi of the case. 
 
 In its conclusions the Commission advised the Government, in order 
 to prevent the closing down of the mines which seemed inevitable, to 
 co-operate with the mining industry. It urged that the Government 
 should so "alter its fiscal laAvs and systems of administration as to meet 
 the requirements of its principal industry." Above all the report 
 asserted as follows, "Your Commission entirely disapprove of conces- 
 sions, through which the industrial property of the country is hampered." 
 They report that the wages paid to white men were not excessive 
 and that therefore the necessaries of life should be imported free of duty 
 and conveyed to the mines as cheaply as possible in order that the white 
 laborers might establish their homes in the Kepublic. It had been 
 proved, the Commission said, that the "liquor law was not carried out 
 properly, and that the mining industry had real grievances arising from 
 that fact." The Commission urged that food stuffs should be imported 
 free of duty inasmuch as "it is impossible to supply the population of 
 the Kepublic from the produce of local agriculture." As to the dyna- 
 mite monopoly the decision of the Commission was another great tri- 
 umph for the Outlanders. They proved that on every case imported 
 from 40 to 45 shillings (flO to |11) went as clear profit to the sharehold- 
 ers of the company. Even the tariffs of the Netherlands Railway 
 Company were roundly and finally condemned as excessive. Finally 
 they recommended what the Outlanders had long desired, a fairly rep- 
 resentative and competent local board for the care of the city and 
 mining industry'. 
 
 In a word, it may be said that, in this year succeeding the Jameson 
 Raid, a Commission appointed by President Kruger did actually and 
 surely justify almost all the complaints which for years the Outlanders 
 had been urging in vain, and for urging which they had been denounced 
 by the President as disloyal to the liepublic. 
 
PRESIDENT KRUGER AND THE RAID. 
 
 517 
 
 What then did President Kruger do after he had received the report 
 of his own Commission? It is of interest to know that while the Com- 
 mission was sitting in Johannesburg Dr. Leyds, the most important 
 member because most able and acute of President Kruger's Hollander 
 officials was in Europe, pushing the interests of the Republic at various 
 capitf r When he heard of the report of the Commission he hastened 
 to Pretoria and the result of the pressure which he and others brought 
 to bear upon the President was that almost nothing resulted in the way 
 of practical reformation. For a time it seemed as if no honorable gov- 
 ernment could possibly be prevented from doing something substantial, 
 but this Government was prevented. While the Outlanders for a time 
 hoped, their hopes were crushed as soon as the President and the Volks- 
 raad met for practical consideration of the matters in hand. As a result, 
 the world would hardly believe it, but as a result practically nothing 
 was done. The President called Mr. Schalk Burger a traitor for signing 
 such a treaty, and set himself with great determination to prevent any 
 attempt at serious or thoroughgoing amelioration of the scandals, which 
 his own Commission had exposed to public view. 
 
 PRESIDENT KRUGER'S LAST STAND. 
 
 These events constituted the second last of the various opportuni- 
 ties which have been afforded President Kruger to become a reforming 
 ruler in his beloved land. From that year, 1897, to 1899, matters went 
 from worse to worse. 
 
 The Outlanders found themselves still hampered in their com- 
 merce and industries, low-grade mines were incapable of being worked 
 owing to the heavy burdens imposed by indirect taxation in innumer- 
 able directions. High-grade mines paid, and some of them, of course, 
 paid handsomely. The amount of gold taken out of the mines increased 
 year by year until enormous figures were reached. It was calculated 
 that this year (1900) the output of gold from these mines would have 
 placed the Transvaal in the third place among the gold producing coun- 
 tries of the world. Nevertheless the wrongs of the citizens, were not 
 removed. 
 
 It was In the spring of 1899 that the Outlanders once more took pub- 
 lic and powerful action in relation to their wrongs by encouraging the 
 

 
 518 
 
 PRESIDENT KRUGER AND THE RAID. 
 
 British citizens to draw up a petition to tlie Queen, imploring lier inter- 
 vention on their behalf. It was sought to prevent the signing of this 
 petition in any careless or fraudulent way that should afterwards dis- 
 credit it, with the result that, while it has been impeached, every im- 
 peachment has been met on oath by credible witnesses who have sup- 
 ported the genuineness of practically all the signatures. President 
 Kruger immediately saw the very great importance of this petition and 
 caused another to be drawn up and presented to him by another section 
 of Outlanders, protesting against the petition to the Queen. But the 
 latter the British Government could not ignore. The result of the 
 negotiations which passed was the conference at Bloemfontein between.' 
 President Kruger and Sir Alfred Milner, in June, 1899. 
 
 President Kruger was evidently surprised by the attitude which Sir 
 Alfred Milner assumed. Its very moderation perplexed him. It is true 
 that the President firmly and consistently held that the proposals of 
 Sir Alfred Milner regarding the franchise could not be adopted by his 
 Government; but he was evidently puzzled by the fact that Sir Alfred 
 Milner utterly declined to discuss the particular grievances complained 
 of by the Outlanders, with a view to their rectification. The Governor 
 asserted that only one matter could be discussed as a practical problem 
 between the two governments. This was the question of the franchise. 
 The President acted on his life-long passion for bargain-making by 
 attempting to name certain matters outside those at present in dispute, 
 on which it seemed to him that the British Government could make 
 concessions to him in return for concessions in the direction proposed 
 by Sir Alfred Milner. If he could return to Pretoria and point to some 
 definite gains which he had made for the country, either in territory or 
 otherwise, that would give him gi'eat power over his burghers in pro- 
 posing modifications of the franchise law. To all such proposals the 
 Governor brought his frank and final answer that the question of 
 justice to British citizens was not a matter which the British Govern- 
 ment could deal with in a bargaining spirit, nor was it his opinion that 
 President Kruger ought to make the rendering of justice to the inhabi- 
 tants of his own country a subject for commercial dealing with another 
 Government. President Kruger objected to the proposal of Sir Alfred 
 Milner that he should grant naturalization and the franchise at the 
 
PRESIDENT KRUGER AND THE RAID. 
 
 ;i9 
 
 same time, as is done in ail other countries, and that this should take 
 place at the end of five years' residence on the ground "that it would 
 be virtually to give up the independence of my burghers." "In the Re- 
 public," he explained, "the majority of enfranchised burghers consider 
 they are the masters. Our enfranchised burghers are probably about 
 30,000, and the newcomers may be from 60,000 to 70,000, and if we give 
 them the franchise to-morrow, we may as well give up the Republic. 
 I hope you will see clearly that I shall not get it through with my 
 people." To this the answer of Sir Alfred Milner was an exceedingly 
 moderate and fair one, namely, that he did not ask for a law which 
 should at once result in swamping the Dutch burghers with foreign 
 voters. This proposal would be repugnant to the mind even of the 
 British Government. Ultimately he proposed to the President that for 
 the new citizens a limited number of constituencies should be granted, 
 so that they might have, say, four seats out of twenty-eight in the First 
 Raad. His purpose was not that the foreigners should at once usurp 
 the Government, which would manifestly be a hard thing to demand, 
 but, as he said, that they should be able to discuss the interests of their 
 constituents inside the Volksraad. "It is obvious," Sir Alfred Milner 
 said, "that you could not let in the whole crowd, without character or 
 anything — I do not ask it — but you want such a substantial measure 
 that in elections of members of the Volksraad the decision of the new 
 industrial population should have reasonable consideration. They have 
 not got it now, and when the questions that interest them come before 
 the Volksraad it is too evident that they are discussed from an outside 
 point of view. The industrial population are regarded as strangers. I 
 have not the least doubt that the laws that are made appear best to 
 the people that make them, but it is the universal opinion of free and 
 progressive nations that laws are best made by people who have to obey 
 them, and not by people outside. It would make all the difference in 
 the world if, when laws are discussed affecting the new population, some 
 representatives of the new population should be present to explain the 
 views and wishes of that population from the inside, not from the 
 outside." 
 
 After several prolonged conferences, during which President Kruger 
 plaintively, and, it is said, even with tears, urged that he could not 
 
1 
 
 J 
 
 11 
 
 
 ■s 
 
 !i4i 
 
 
 
 
 
 f 
 
 
 
 620 
 
 PRESIDENT KRUGER AND THE RAID. 
 
 modify tlio franchise law, he actually produced a proposed law drawn 
 out in such fullness of detail and with such care that it is impossible 
 not to believe that he and his associates had it in their pockets all the 
 time. In this law the franchise was to be granted at the end of seven 
 years, but naturalization with the oath, as before, at the end of two 
 years. No definite provisions were made for new constituencies and the 
 operation of the law was surrounded with so many perplexing and 
 minute conditions as to make it practically certain that very few Out- 
 landers would ever be able to fulfill them; while even after fulfilling 
 the conditions, they would be still in the precarious position of depend- 
 ing upon the decision of the supreme government as to whether they 
 should receive the franchise or not. The main objects urged against this 
 scheme by Sir Alfred Milner were that it would not become immediately 
 operative and that its conditions made the effect of its operation entirely 
 uncertain. Besides, it would not create the opportunity for the presence 
 of representatives of the Outlanders in the First Raad, which is the only 
 house having real effective control even over the mining interests of 
 the country. He accordingly could not encourage the idea that the 
 British Government would consider this law as sufficient. His own 
 proposal he had put forward in no bargaining spirit, simply as affording 
 a reasonable opportunity for securing an exceedingly small but real 
 representation in the First Raad. His propK)sals must therefore be 
 considered as an irreducible minimum. Less than that which he pro- 
 posed would do absolutely nothing to relieve the acute situation in the 
 Transvaal itself. 
 
 In reading the discussions at Bloemfontein it is difficult to decide 
 whether one must admire most the shrewd persistence with which Pres- 
 ident Kruger strove to make a bargain over any degree of acquiescence 
 which might be wrung from him, or the clear-headed firmness with 
 which Sir Alfred Milner seized and held fast the simple proposition 
 which he refused to modify by subtraction or addition, and which very 
 few thoughtful people anywhere will describe as anything but fair and 
 reasonable. 
 
 When the conference broke up with mutual expressions of personal 
 regard, and regret at the failure of their discussions, President Kruger 
 returned immediately to Pretoria for the purpose of there introducing 
 
PRESIDENT KRUGER AND THE RAID. 
 
 521 
 
 to the Volksraad and pressing rapidly into statute law the very scheme 
 which Sir Alfred Milner had so elaborately discussed and pronounced 
 to be unsatisfactory. With that incident the personal history of Presi- 
 dent Kruger so far as public records have made it known comes to a 
 termination. All further negotiations were carried through by means 
 of the diplomatic officials under him. The last that we see of him is as 
 he stands in the Volksraad in July, 1899, urging upon his obedient 
 burghers the necessity of passing this new franchise law in spite of 
 protests not only of the Governor in Cape Town, but even of his own 
 Dutch sympathizers in the Colony and the Free State. Sturdily he 
 stands to the last, speaking in his rapid and often incoherent way, 
 bursting at times into terrific passionate exclamations, compelling the 
 burghers who have feared and trusted him for so many years once more 
 to take a step whose meaning they could not understand, to pass a law 
 whose details not the clearest head in the Transvaal could thoroughly 
 interpret and whose working no man living could forecast. Sturdily he 
 stands creating confusion even in the laws of his country that he may 
 create confusion in the minds of his enemies,enforcing his will even upon 
 the burghers under the conviction that in this way only can he at the 
 same time appease the insistent rage of Great Britain and retain the 
 mastery of the country in the hands of his own people. 
 
 Perhaps it may not be inappropriate to conclude this sketch of 
 President Kruger by quoting the w:ords which he uttered to Sir Alfred 
 Milner on the morning of June 1, 1899, when he said, **You can follow 
 our history from the time we left the Cape Colony ; we have never been 
 the attacking party, but always the defending, and even against the 
 weakest barbarians we never were the first to attack unless they had 
 committed offences, such as murder and other things. We follow what 
 God says: 'Accursed be he that removeth his neighbor's landmark* 
 (beacon); and as long as your Excellency lives you will see that we shall 
 never be the attacking party on another man's land," 
 
 

 BOOK IV. 
 
 THE BRITISH BOER WAR. 1899-1900. 
 
 PART I. 
 
 THE CAUSES OF THE WAR. 
 
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 CHAPTER I. 
 THE TRANSVAAL AND SOUTH BECHUANALAND. 
 
 AS WE have seen elsewhere, the Sand River Convention of 1852, 
 which granted independent self-government to the Transvaal 
 Boers, did not name any boundaries of the territory which was to 
 be considered theirs. Moreover, the British at that time imagined that 
 they could, and consequently decided to, confine their possessions and 
 responsibilities in South Africa south of the Orange River. Accordingly 
 they pledged themselves to form no treaties or alliances with native 
 tribes north of the Vaal River. We have seen already how impossible it 
 was to avoid complications with the Basutos and with the Griquas. Nev- 
 ertheless Great Britain did on the whole keep that part of her convention 
 with the Boers very faithfully indeed, and practically no dealings had 
 she with native tribes beyond her northern borders until after the 
 annexation of the Transvaal in 1877. That event brought her into 
 immediate contact with those tribes on the east and northeast which 
 had menaced the Boers so seriously, as we have seen. It was also with- 
 out her wish and entirely contrary to her cherished policy that Great 
 Britain became involved also by this event in relations with the tribes 
 of South Bechuanaland — relations which reflected credit upon her 
 policy of faithfulness to her convention with the Boers, and deep dis- 
 credit for unfaithfulness to the natives as we shall see. 
 
 In the year 1877 she was involved in the far east with diflSculties 
 among both the Zulus and the Kaffirs. News of these difficulties spread 
 with great rapidity and in exaggerated form westward. Some local 
 irritations among the natives of Griqualand and the borders of Cape 
 Colony served as a hot-bed into which the suggestions brought from 
 the east fell like seed of a noxious plant. The tale-bearers told the 
 chiefs whom they could reach in Bechuanaland that the white people 
 were about to be driven out of the country; that if they arose and fought 
 vigorously they could stem the hitherto irresistible tide of invasion. 
 These suggestions and evil temptations found too ready acquiescence 
 
 525 
 
is' 
 
 52G 
 
 THE TRANSVAAL AND SOUTH BECHUANALAND. 
 
 among some of the lesser chiefs aad i^orae of the more ambitious spirits; 
 but there were others who, not in vain, had lived close to Christian mis- 
 sionaries for forty years, and they hesitated, or straightforwardly con- 
 sulted the missionaries of their diHtrict. The advice which they re- 
 ceived was, of course, the wisest advice — to have nothing to do with 
 fighting or bloodshed, still less with any attempt to resist the coming 
 of whites into the country. 
 
 In spite of pacific infiuencefi, however, the bitterness increased. 
 There were many whites of a lawless type in that country now, and 
 many complications had arisen in the mutual relations of native chiefs; 
 indeed, the quarrelings among the chiefs as to supremacy in this district 
 and in that, had been fomented by Interested white people, whether 
 Boer farmers or English traders. In fact the country was rapidly de- 
 scending into anarchy. Ancient tribal traditions, customs and laws, 
 which hitherto had preserved civil order, were rapidly losing their 
 power, and no central authority had arisen on whom the various sec- 
 tions of this troubled race could rest. Matters were brought to a head 
 when in the spring of 1878 an English farmer and his family, by the 
 name of Burness, not far from the border of Cape Colony, were cruelly 
 murdered. This created great excitement far and wide, and instant 
 demands were made upon the chief of the district for the capture and 
 punishment of the murderers. These demands served still further to 
 rouse many of the secretly disaffected natives, and bodies of their war- 
 riors began to move in this direction. News reached Kimberley and 
 Cape Town that the famous missionary station at Kuruman, where sev- 
 eral missionary families and a number of traders lived, was in danger 
 of immediate attack, and it was at once determined that these people 
 must be delivered from their danger. The High Commissioner tele- 
 graphed from Cape Town to Kimberley that help must be immediately 
 sent 
 
 In the meantime at Kuruman all the white people had tal^en refuge 
 in the strongly built and capacious premises of the Moffat Institution, 
 whose head was the Rev. John Mackenzie. A small party of volunteers 
 left Kimberley for the relief of the station, but they were unexpectedly 
 attacked and defeated by a regiment of natives. The news of this native 
 victory, hugely exaggerated, still further aroused the confidence of the 
 
THE TRANSVAAL AND SOUTH BECHUANALAND. 
 
 52T 
 
 people. It served, however, to arouse also the English military authori- 
 ties, and Col. Lanyon, afterwards Sir Owen Lanyon, Administrator of 
 the Transvaal, and Col. Warren, R. E., now Lieut. General Sir Charles 
 Warren, G. C. M. G., proceeded from Griqualand to the succor of the 
 European families. No real attack was made upon Kuruman by the 
 natives, and no battle took place there. Col. Warren, an adept in South 
 African methods both of warfare and native administration, soon dis- 
 persed the bands of Bechuana warriors and set to work on the pacifica- 
 tion of the country. 
 
 Strange to relate, the advent of British administration was wel- 
 comed with real gratitude and enthusiasm by these poor natives of 
 Bechuanaland. To them the name of the Queen had for many years 
 been a name of hope and confidence. They had repeatedly expressed 
 their longings to come under the government of the great and good 
 Queen, "the white Queen," whose officials were famed for their justice 
 and kindly dealings with native dependants. More than one chief had 
 petitioned repeatedly to be taken under the British Crown. It is in- 
 deed recorded that one man at this very period actually offered to 
 replace the cattle stolen by his brother from some Griquas, saying, "If 
 we are to be regarded as people and as subjects of the Queen, I for my 
 part wish to enter with a white heart." Sir Charles Warren personally 
 won their admiration and love, I as long as he, with strantfol v mingled 
 severity and kindness, justice and gentleness, strove to )riug a new 
 order out of their terrible anarchy, tl; y were full of the happiest 
 expectations. High authorities gave every reason to believe that Eng- 
 land would never again leave this region to the terribl* dangers in 
 which it had recently been involved. The High ('oniniissioner fully 
 approved of the occupation of the country by th* military forces till 
 definite arrangement?- could be made for its civil government. This 
 territory was a wide and rich one, extending from tl Orange River 
 north to the Molopo, from the Langberg Hills, we-i of Kuruman, to 
 Lichtenburg on the east, a place which is now far within the limits of 
 the Transvaal, but which at that time was beyond its government. 
 
 The first sign of weakness and danger came when, in April, 1879, the 
 Secretary of State for England sent out from London a weak and hesi- 
 tating message regarding the future of the region. His Government 
 
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 528 
 
 r//£ TRANSVAAL AND SOUTH BECHU AN ALAND. 
 
 shrunk, evidently, from what they called the "assumption of such in- 
 creased responsibilities," and yet hesitated to give the scheme entirely 
 up in case something should yet come out of that premature dream of 
 a South African Confederation which had already worked such mischief 
 is South African history. 
 
 Warren left in ill-health in October, 1879, and immediately difficul- 
 ties began. The Cape authorities, into whose hands the responsibilities 
 fell, lacked either the power or the heart to carry out the broad-minded 
 and generous scheme of government which already was being put into 
 operation. As a matter of fact, they neither desired nor were fitted to 
 do it. The police, who had been so helpful in the province of Bechu- 
 analand were gradually withdrawn, and as they were withdrawn the 
 usual bands of lawless Boers and English began to stream in upon the 
 most promising farm lands of the unfortunate and defenseless natives. 
 The latter could not now fight because they were under the British 
 Government! And the British Government did not guard their inter- 
 ests because it was not sure whether it wanted increased responsibili- 
 ties! Mr. Mackenzie tells us that on one journey in that year he met 
 40 or 50 white men armed and mounted invading the country with their 
 wagons, carrying plows, spades and other instruments. On his report- 
 ing what he had seen, police we^e sent who brought these men back. 
 It was found that they were an organized band of men under a specu- 
 lative land-agent who had arranged to go out and seize farms wherever 
 they found them, begin to till the soil, and employ this agent whenso- 
 ever a land court should be appointed to hear and adjudicate upon 
 claims in that part of the country. One of these men escaped the 
 clutches of the police, "and was found by them, after complaint had 
 been lodged by a native farmer, plowing at one' end of this native man's 
 fleld, while the native was plowing at the other." 
 
 It was not until April of 1881 that all of the police were finally re- 
 moved from Bechuanaland. This country had thus been for three years 
 under British occupation, peace had been brought to it by British offi- 
 cials, law and order were being established, the native chiefs were 
 grateful to be the Queen's subjects, and there was evt^-y prospect of an 
 orderly and honorable development of the territory if only the Home 
 Government had not been guilty once more of the criuie of retrocession. 
 
ly re- 
 years 
 ih offi- 
 were 
 of an 
 Home 
 ssion. 
 
 1 
 
 
THE TRANSVAAL AND SOUTH BECHUANALAND. 
 
 529 
 
 This act, which in some instances may have been prompted by lionor- 
 able enough motives, as in the case of the Transvaal in 1881, has been 
 repeated over and over again by Great Britain in South Africa where 
 the motives were not honorable. Retrocession in South Africa has 
 usually represented, not a sense of honor towards peoples for whom 
 independence was a better condition than subjection to British rule, 
 but pusillanimity in the face of responsibilities. These needed only to 
 be faced bravely in order to be carried easily, but when shirked in 
 this manner they have brought a terrific retribution with unfailing 
 regularity. 
 
 In the year 1881, when the Transvaal received again its independ- 
 ence, a considerable portion of this Bechuanaland territory, which for 
 administrative reasons had been placed under the British administrator 
 at Pretoria, was not separated again from the Transvaal. It consti- 
 tuted one of those free gifts which the British bestowed upon the Boer 
 Government h.t that time. As soon as the Boer Government had begun 
 its work after that date, and it was apparent that the British authorities 
 had been withdrawn again from Bechuanaland, difficulties among the 
 natives once more increased. This time the main charge brought 
 against them was that of cattle lifting and quarrelsomeness. Two 
 chiefs (Moshette and Massouw), who were included within the Trans- 
 vaal territory, found that part of their -little dominion was on one side 
 of the border, and part on the other. These chiefs were indignant when 
 they found themselves subject to the Transvaal Boers, and in one in- 
 stance proceeded actually to remove the beacons put up as boundary 
 marks. The Boers interpreted this to mean that they did not wish a 
 part, but the whole of their territory to be placed within the Transvaal! 
 In the rivalries between native chiefs those who were within the Trans- 
 vaal territory were induced to accept the aid of Boer volunteers in at- 
 tacks upon their rivals beyond the border. This was interpreted to 
 mean that the Boers protected them and stood in the position of super- 
 iors. 
 
 Of course these raids of the Boers, even when acting as volunteers 
 under native chiefs, were not unknown to the higher authorities at Pre- 
 toria. Indeed several of them were members of the Volksraad. These 
 were compelled, after the matter was officially brought under the notice 
 
 ' 1 
 
 - 
 r 
 
o30 
 
 THE TRANSVAAL AND SOUTH BECHU AN ALAND. 
 
 of the Transvaal government to resign their places, but no further 
 punishment was imposed. Not in name but in reality all the raidings 
 which took place on the southwest border during that and the following 
 three or four years were carried on under the full cognizance, although 
 without the formal approval of the Transvaal government. The dif- 
 ficulty of the situation for the independent chiefs was increased by the 
 fact of their readiness to obey the English High Commissioner who 
 warned them against making war and whose authority prevented white 
 men from enlisting as volunteers in their support. Two chiefs, namely, 
 Montsioa of Mafeking, and Mankoroane of Taungs, had, during the war 
 of independence of the Transvaal, proved themselves very loyal, even 
 against strong temptation, to the British government; and when this 
 fact was brought to the notice of the High Commissioner and the Secre- 
 tary of State in London their consciences began to move in the matter. 
 
 But that which finally awoke righteous indignation was the treach- 
 erous conduct of certain of these Boer intriguers and marauders to- 
 wards the first of these two chiefs. They persuaded Montsioa and his 
 rival within the Transvaal border to sign a treaty of peace which had 
 been drawn up by the Transvaal volunteers. After this had been 
 signed another was proposed to Montsioa in which he was made to say 
 that he absolutely declined the British government and desired to come 
 under the government of the South African Republic. Although fully 
 threatened with immediate war if he refused, he did refuse utterly to 
 sign this most unrighteous document. Seeing him so stubborn one of 
 the Transvaal volunteers afl&xed tbe cross to Montsioa's name, and 
 thereafter this document was given out as a treaty by which this native 
 chief gave himself up to the South African Republic. 
 
 Thoroughly consistent with these proceedings and their traditional 
 methods was the attempted formation of two Boer "republics" outside 
 the Transvaal border, and within Bechuanaland, one of which was 
 named Stella-land and the other Goshen. The story of these little "re- 
 publics" and of the trouble which they gave must be told later. 
 
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 CHAPTER II. 
 
 THE LONDON CONVENTION. 1884. 
 
 WE MUST now transfer ourselves to the atmosphere of England. 
 The years during which the disturbances above described were 
 taking place in South Africa were the years when what has 
 been called "Little Englandism" held powerful sway over the colonial 
 policy of the government. Some of those whose names have been asso- 
 ciated with this movement, such as Mr. John Morley, were never guilty 
 of the extreme positions which were assumed and defended by others. 
 The more moderate men held the opinion that Great Britain had already 
 undertaken in various parts of the world responsibilities large enough for 
 her energy and her resources. They advocated therefore a policy which 
 may be characterized as the avoidance of further expansion. But they 
 were brought into public action alongside of men who went further; men 
 who, in the madness of the moment, as it now seems, and reasoning from 
 the mere abstract conception that every country ought to rule itself 
 (which is true if it is fit to do so), concluded that Great Britain ought 
 to resign her dependencies and confine her energies entirely to home 
 politics and the development of domestic prosperity. These extremists 
 brought their wiser friends into the same reproach which their own 
 policy deserved and which was at once described and stigmatized as 
 "Little Englandism." John Bright, the great Tribune of the people, 
 the man of peace and a democrat of democrats, found it necessary, in 
 one of his last greatest speeches from the public platform, to disclaim all 
 sympathy with the notion that England had no right or responsibility 
 in India. Speaking in tones made solemn with religious fervor and 
 deep conviction he urged that England would involve herself in a most 
 dreadful responsibility if she left India to find her own way henceforth 
 unaided, unguided and uncontrolled. 
 
 The "Little England ers" succeeded in doing damage in only one 
 direction, namely, ir. South Africa; but there the damage they did was 
 very great and its bitter results are being experienced now. It was 
 
 531 
 
532 
 
 THE LONDON CONVENTION, 1884. 
 
 W 
 
 very largely their influence which helped to make men silent who 
 would otherwise have spoken out on South African problems; it was 
 their influence which, without instructing, quieted the public con- 
 science, dulled the public interest in South African afifairs. It was not 
 that they succeeded in persuading England as a whole to give up South 
 Africa, but that they restrained her hand when she was, in the name of 
 duty, about to stretch it out for the protection of dependent races. This 
 restraint was enforced in the name of liberty for those people, in the name 
 of economy in the use of public moneys, and in the name of everything 
 else that is good and which was only the more certain to be destroyed 
 by the very policy suggested. 
 
 In South Africa it was the sight of England once more avowing 
 responsibility to-day and retreating from it to-morrow, which produced 
 the greatest bitterness. The colonists were once more aghast at being 
 forsaken when they had, as they supposed, received promises and 
 pledges of a clear and a noble policy. As at the time when the Orange 
 Free State was given up, at the time when the independence of the 
 Transvaal was a second time declared, so now, when Bechuanaland, 
 after three years of British rule, was abandoned to the misrule of dis- 
 organized native tribes and to the depredations of organized Boer and 
 English "filibusters," many colonists even of English blood and, of 
 course, still more of Dutch blood, who had believed in and loved and 
 hoped for the British control of those regions, at sight of her base deser- 
 tion of unquestionable responsibilities, turned round in bitterness of 
 soul and avowed themselves henceforth the enemies of "the Imperial 
 factor" in South Africa. 
 
 Lest the story of the following paragraphs should be misunderstood 
 there must be introduced by a quotation from the writings of one man 
 who at that period had done as much as any other for South Africa, 
 and who may yet do more than even he has done for that region. This 
 is Lieutenant-General Sir Charles Warren, who, in an article in the Con- 
 temporary Review for November, 1899, and when speaking of the very 
 period under discussion, used the following words: 
 
 "Fortunately there was one in South Africa who had sufficient 
 ability, personal weight, and knowledge of the subject to bring before 
 the public, both in South Africa and Great Britain, the true position 
 
THE LONDON CONVENTION, 1884. 
 
 533 
 
 into which the British government had drifted, and the deplorable posi- 
 tion into which the British colonies had been forced, and who was 
 untiring in his efforts on behalf of the Empire. 
 
 "It is not too much to say that the Empire is indebted to John 
 Mackenzie, the Kuruman missionary, the successor of Moffat and Liv- 
 ingstone, for stemming single-handedly the tide of the 'giving up policy' 
 and bringing round public opinion to a sense of the duty of the Empire 
 as the paramount power. 
 
 "The history of these times and the account of the action taken by 
 John Mackenzie have yet to be written; in Britain's days of difficulty 
 men have always risen fitted for the occasion, and on no more mo- 
 mentous occasion was a true son of Britain required than in the dark 
 days of South Africa, the years 1881 to 1884. He was not merely a 
 missionary speaking for the South African natives — as such he would 
 have had less effect on public opinion; but he took a high aim as a 
 true Imperialist, and asked for fair play for all, British, Dutch and 
 natives. 
 
 "It was no local cry of 'Africa for the Afrikanders,' nor was it a 
 narrow-minded proposition to tread down the Dutch under the British, 
 but he took the broad view that all who were fitted for the position were 
 fellow subjects of Great Britain, and he lectured on the matter in the 
 Cape Colony to the Dutch and English, Boers and British Afrikanders, 
 and won the hearing and suffrages of many." 
 
 When Mr. Mackenzie reached England, in the summer of 1882, he 
 immediately set himself to the task of swinging round the opinion of 
 the country on this, to him and to South Africa, all-important question. 
 He had by no means an easy task. Almost everyone of importance to 
 whom he went spoke in utter discouragement. Said one to him, 
 "Mackenzie, if you s^ay a good word for South Africa you will get in- 
 sulted. They won't hear a word on its behalf in England — they are so 
 disgusted with the mess that has been made." Another, a very influen- 
 tial journalist, said: "I assure you we are not going to try it again 
 after the one fashion or the other; neither after wliat you would pro- 
 pose, nor what any other would propose. We are out of it and we mean 
 to remain so." He was told by yet one more, a leading politician and 
 one who was supposed to know South African affairs intimately, "that 
 

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 534 
 
 THE LONDON CONVENTION, 1884. 
 
 the public could not be got to sanction any scheme of government in 
 South Africa which would demand an increase of responsibility and an 
 extension of territory." He affirmed that no one could gain the hearing 
 of the public with such proposals to make. The missionary statesman 
 was, however, a stern and persistent son of Scotland, and nothing 
 daunted he gradually gathered together and helped to organize a num- 
 ber of leading men in London, who for nearly ten years worked with the 
 utmost sympathy and intimacy with him. To them and to their work 
 are largely due some of the most important developments which have 
 taken place in South African history of recent years. Amongst these 
 must be named the late Mr. W. E. Forster and his son, Mr. Arnold-Fors- 
 ter, Sir T. F. Buxton, Sir R. N. Fowler, the late Earl Grey, Mr. F. W. 
 Chesson and Mr. Arthur H. Loring. Mr W. T. Stead lent prompt aid to 
 the cause in his evening paper, the Pall Mall Gazette Public meetings 
 were held in various parts of the country from London to Edinburgh, nd 
 speeches were made by men who were intimate with the facts and enthu- 
 siastic in favor of a forward movement. The result was that within a few 
 months a very great amount of information was put before the public 
 and the subject was much discussed in newspapers; as a consequence, 
 numerous converts to the new ideas were made even among officials of 
 high and of long standing. A great change was wrought in the British 
 conception of the relation of Great Britain as the paramount power to 
 the natives of South Africa. 
 
 By a strange and wonderful Providence which had allowed this mis- 
 sionary to have his furlough in this year 1882 it was in the very next 
 year that the Transvaal Government decided to open negotiations with 
 London for the alteration of the Pretoria Convention of 1881. By an- 
 other coincidence of events Sir Hercules Robinson, Governor of Cape 
 Colony and High Commissioner for South Africa, was also in London. 
 It was in June of this year (1883) that the Transvaal Government first 
 proposed to send a deputation to reconsider the Convention. The Earl 
 of Derby, who was at this time Secretary for the Colonies, agreed to re- 
 ceive the deputation and fixed the month of November as the earliest 
 date at which the meetings would take place. It was one of the significant 
 facts connected with the whole case that the Government of the day had 
 appointed to the responsible position of Colonial Secretary such a man 
 
THE LONDON CONVENTION, 1884. 
 
 535 
 
 as the Earl of Derby in recent years had become. Whatever the causes 
 of his misfortune were, he was known to have fallen into an attitude of 
 mind the very opposite (f intense, progressive and energetic He was a 
 most curious individual, easy apparently in disposition and carrying the 
 heaviest load of responsibility as lightly as a feather. From such a one 
 no vigorous grasp of the protean problems of a region not considered 
 particularly interesting was to be expected. But he bad now to feel the 
 force of a resurgent wave of public feeling and opinion. lie was un- 
 doubtedly greatly strengthened in his subsequent negotiations with the 
 Transvaal delegates by the fact that Sir Hercules Robinson himself had 
 become an enthusiastic convert to the plans advocated by Mr. Mackenzie. 
 
 The negotiations began with a personal interview on Nov. 7, 1883. 
 The deputation consisted of President Kruger, Mr. S. J. Dutoit, superin- 
 tendent of education, and Mr. N. J. Smit, a member of the Volksraad. 
 They were requested to submit in writing the proposals which they hatT 
 to make regarding the revision of the Convention. In doing so the depu- 
 tation did not shrink from criticising the Convention of 1881 as a whole, 
 in regard to its general purpose, as well as in most important particu- 
 lars. It has sometimes been urged that the earlier Convention had not 
 been ratified by the Volksraad; but in this document the deputation 
 themselves asserted that it was ratified although they said, "under com- 
 pulsion, to prevent further bloodshed." 
 
 The negotiations began with a request from Lord Derby that the 
 Transvaal delegates should put into writing an outline of those matters 
 regarding which they desired a change in the relations of the two coun- 
 tries. With this the delegates immediately complied and submitted a 
 document in which they boldly demanded that the Pretoria Convention 
 of 1881 should be completely abrogated and that the Sand River Convene 
 tion of 1852 should be made the basis of a new Convention. The motives 
 for this need not be dwelt upon as they became transparent in the 
 course of the negotiations which we must describe. 
 
 The substance and sum total of the demands of the deputation may 
 be stated in the words, — Complete independence of Great Britain and 
 complete control of South Africa north of Cape Colony. Inasmuch as 
 the majority of the inhabitants of Cape Colony are Dutch this proposal, 
 if it had been accepted, would apparently have led very speedily to the 
 
. ■ "^4^ 
 
 l^ 
 
 ¥ I 
 
 
 H I m 
 
 & ; li , si'-. 
 
 m 
 
 536 
 
 THE LONDON CONVENTION, 1884. 
 
 establishment of that dream which had beguxi to take definite shape and 
 form in the minds of the Boers, of an Afrikander or Dutch Republic that 
 should embrace the entire territories of South Africa within its boun- 
 daries. 
 
 Lord Derby very firmly but clearly decided that there was no possi- 
 bility of going back to the Sand River Convention. "It is not possible," 
 he said, "to entertain the suggestion that that Convention has now any 
 vitality, or that, if it could be revived, it would meet the requirements 
 of the present case. That Convention, like the Convention at Pretoria, 
 was not a treaty between two contracting powers, but was a declaration 
 made by the Queer, and accepted by certain persons at that time her 
 subjects, of the conditions under which, and the extent to which. Her 
 Majesty could permit them to manage their own affairs without inter- 
 ference." Lord Derby asserted in consequence that if any agreement 
 was now to be reached it must be through a fresh series of negotiations 
 whose results should be embodied in a "new instrument." 
 
 The first of the four sets of proposals made by the delegates had re- 
 gard to the western boundary of the Transvaal. They urged that the 
 boundary line as fixed by the Pretoria Convention had been a source of 
 endloss trouble: it had occasioned "robbery, murder and countless dis- 
 t'lrbances." It was urged that some of the tribes had repudiated the 
 line, and had even refused to allow the beacons erected upon it to re- 
 main. This was due, of course, as we have explained above, to the fact 
 that their territories were split in two, part being placed within the 
 Transvaal and part without. "The lawful territorial chiefs," it was said, 
 "have refused to accept this boundary; have even formally and repeat- 
 edly protested against it, because they did not wish to be shut out from 
 the protection afforded to them by the Republic." A man must be a 
 South African, or at any rate know somewhat intimately the atmos- 
 phere of native thought and feeling around the Transvaal borders re- 
 garding the Boers, after fifty years of trekking and fighting, fully to 
 appreciate the humor of this argument. It could only have been seri- 
 ously formulated and defended in London, 6,000 miles away from the 
 poor native chiefs whose opinions were being discussed, and whose terri- 
 torial rights were being determined without a single one of them being 
 allowed to be witness in his own behalf or to urg( his own rights. 
 
 M 1 1' . 
 
THE LONDON CONVENTION, 1884. 
 
 537 
 
 When asked to make a definite proposal regarding this boundary the 
 delegates put no limit to their boldness. They demanded that the whole 
 of South Bechuanaland should be placed within their territories, nam- 
 ing as the outside limit of their country, a straight line drawn from 
 the most westerly point of Lake Ngami to the northernmost point of the 
 Langeberg. A glance at the map will show that this line would fall 
 west of Kuruman; in fact they demanded that the entire interior of 
 South Africa should be placed within their boundary lines. In this 
 case Great Britain would have been shut out from all possibility of ex- 
 pansion northward, her trade route would have been closed, and she 
 would have ceased to be the paramount power in South Africa. 
 
 In favor of their claims the Boers submitted a long historical state- 
 ment regarding their relations to the native tribes in Bechuanaland, a 
 statement which can only fill with amazement those who know the facts 
 of the case. Tribes were named as in subjection to them in whose ter- 
 ritory not a single Boer had ever settled, and against whom they had 
 gained no victories. One chief (Montsioa) already referred to was most 
 specially discussed, the history of whose relations to the Doers is one 
 of the most pathetic of all. His father had rescued the pioneer Boers 
 from destruction at the hands of the Zulu-Matabele savages; had been 
 treated as their ally and friend. During Montsioa's own day the Boers 
 had proposed to fix the boundary line between his territory and theirs, 
 and this had been done. At a later time, alas, it was against him and 
 his authority that they had turned. They discovered an obscure man, 
 named Moshette, whom they had exalted as paramount chief, and whose 
 battles they had fought as volunteers against Montsioa, the true chief. 
 It was Montsioa also who had repeatedly petitioned the British Govern- 
 ment for protection from the Boers. He was one of the chiefs whose 
 valuable and central territory the Boer delegates now claimed .as theirs, 
 on the ground of conquest and occupation. 
 
 No less baseless, but much more ridiculous, were the claims to the 
 territory of Sechele, the friend of Dr. Livingstone, and the territory 
 around Ku' uman, where Scottish missionaries had settled for three- 
 quarters of a century. 
 
 To all these claims Lord Derby made a very firm answer, which as 
 much astonished as it disappointed the Transvaal deputation. Lord 
 
538 
 
 THE LONDON CONVENTION, 1884. 
 
 *«i 
 
 Derby was now able to say "that there is a strong feeling in this 
 country in favor of the requests of these chiefs that their independence 
 may be secured if they cannot come under British rule." In his own 
 proposals, with the usual spirit of compromise which has marked British 
 dealings with the Boers from first to last, he agreed to add to the recog- 
 nized territories of the Trai.^vaal the lands of Moshette and of Massouw. 
 These two men had allowed Boer volunteers to fight their unrighteous 
 battles, to settle in their country, and it was perhaps a fair retribution 
 that they should lose their independence in this fashion. Lord Derby 
 further, and to prevent any more argument on the matter, stated that a 
 British resident or commissioner was about to be appointed who would 
 have these very regions under his direction. This was the first notice 
 which the deputation had recelve<l of the significant change in the 
 attitude of the British Government, which had been produced by the 
 agitations of Mr. Mackenzie and tlie Houth African committee. It was 
 with considerable reluctance that President Kruger and his associates 
 found themselves contemplating this unexpected development in their 
 South African relations, and they strove hard to adduce reasons and to 
 prophesy events with a view to arrest the proposed advance of British 
 authority inland upon Bechuannland. But Lord Derby was in this 
 matter fully advised from day to day, and his position was confirmed 
 by the advisers whom he consulted and by the strong adhesion of the 
 High Commissioner for South Africa, Sir Hercules Robinson, to the new 
 policy. 
 
 The second matter with which the delegation was concerned was 
 that of the suzerainty. This word had occurred only in the preamble 
 of the Pretoria Convention of 1881. It was a word hitherto unknown 
 to international law or to any of the relations of the British Empire. 
 Its significance was defined in the articles of the convention. It was 
 especially defined by the presence of a British Resident at Pretoria 
 through whom all the correspoii<lence of the Boer Government with any 
 other Government had to pass, and to whom all new laws regulating 
 the government of natives within the Trnnsvaal had to be submitted. 
 The deputation urged that tlie presence of this Resident at Pretoria 
 rather hindered than facilitated the work of government. They found 
 that this way of corresponding with foreign powers was roundabout and 
 
THE LONDON CONVENTION, 1884. 
 
 539 
 
 any 
 
 complicated, and further they urged that since only through the British 
 Resident were they able to communicate with native chiefs outside of 
 the Republic, it "had led to a great increase of cattle thefts by the 
 Kaffirs." That is to say, the Transvaal Government professed to be 
 hindered in its administration of justice on its own borders, and in the 
 enforcement of the law against cattle stealing, by the presence of a 
 British Resident who was appointed to co-operate with them in all such 
 measures! 
 
 The third matter of complaint was that inasmuch as all new regula- 
 tions regarding the native inhabitants of the Transvaal had to be 
 approved by the British representative, the interests of these natives 
 also were rather injured than conserved by this method, for, they urged, 
 "mild or and at the same time more satisfactory measures could be 
 taken, if we were at liberty to at once make provision suitable to every 
 emergency than if a previously sanctioned law has to provide generally 
 for every possible occurrence." 
 
 The result of the prolonged negotiations was that the British Govern- 
 ment agreed to withdraw its Resident and to grant full power to self-gov- 
 ernment to the South African Republic, which now was for the first time 
 formally recognized under that title. A British officer would be ap- 
 pointed to reside at Pretoria, or elsewhere within the South African 
 Republic, to "discharge functions analogous to those of a consular 
 office." The independence of the Transvaal, which was thus granted 
 without being in any article asserted or defined, was at one important 
 point seriously and finally curtailed. The fourth article decides as 
 follows: "The South African Republic Avill conclude no treaty or en- 
 gagement with any state or nation other than the Orange Free State, 
 nor with any native tribe to the eastward or westward of the Republic, 
 until the same has been approved by Her Majesty, the Queen." This 
 article it is which in the eyes of international law deprives the Transvaal 
 Government of the possession of full international sovereignty. It does 
 stand in all the important relations which it may occupy to all other 
 governments, European or South African, except one only, or even to 
 native tribes, in a relation of real dependence vnon the British crown. 
 
 Other articles there were which dealt with the relations of the Boer 
 Government henceforth to their own citizens. The presence of these 
 
540 
 
 THE LONDON CONVENTION, 1884. 
 
 articles in this convention beyond all question makes the Transvaal 
 Government responsible to Great Britain for their fulfilment, and the 
 British Government responsible if they should be steadily ignored and 
 broken. According to the eighth article, "The South African Republic 
 renews the declaration made in the Sand River Convention, and in the 
 Convention of Pretoria, that no slavery or apprenticeship partaking 
 of slavery will be tolerated by the Government of the said Republic." 
 The ninth article provides for complete religious liberty. The fourteenth 
 article is one whose importance is very great in view of the controversies 
 which have arisen regarding the position of Outlanders in the Trans- 
 vaal, controversies which culminated in the ultimatum of October 9, 
 1899. 
 
 The last of the four matters with which the delegates asserted that 
 they were much concerned was that of the debt which the Transvaal 
 Government owed to Great Britain. This debt had been incurred dur- 
 ing the time of British occupation, partly through the payment of the 
 original national debt of the country, amounting to £128,352, or about 
 three-quarters of a million dollars, partly through the expenses of gov- 
 ernment during the years of occupancy over and above the income 
 derived from taxation in that disturbed period, partly through the 
 war against Secocoeni. The total amount of the debt at the date 
 of this delegation was £380,856 (about $1,900,000). The delegates com- 
 plained of various things, but at last secured the remission of the deficit 
 incurred during the British administration of the country, amounting 
 to £127,000, £6,000 more were struck off for no clear reason, and the 
 debt was determined to be from that date forward £250,000 (about 
 11,250,000), on which interest was to be paid at 3^ per cent. 
 
 When one reads the Pretoria Convention of 1881 and then the articles 
 drawn up at the London Convention and agreed to in 1884, one is amazed 
 at the extraordinary success of the Transvaal delegates. Either their 
 diplomacy was remarkable in its cleverness, or the British Government 
 were acquiescent in the extreme. Whatever the cause is, the fact is 
 that on every important point the Transvaal delegation got their way 
 except on one. It is true that there is in this Convention no definite 
 statement that Great Britain shall have no right of further interference 
 with the internal government of the Transvaal; that seems to have 
 
THE LONDON CONVENTION, 1884. 
 
 541 
 
 been taken for granted, but is not stated, except in so far as those mat- 
 ters of internal government are concerned which were specifically named 
 in these articles. 
 
 The one object which the delegation had very largely failed to secure 
 was evidently regarded by them as of supreme importance. The tone in 
 which they afterwards discussed the (Convention revealed their deep 
 dissatisfaction, as if the main proposal of the delegates had failed. 
 There can be no doubt that they had set their hearts upon obtaining 
 possession of Bechuanaland. That one plan was a key to the future of 
 their history. If realized it would have made the Transvaal at once 
 and without dispute the paramount power in South Africa, more im- 
 portant than Natal or the Orange Free State or even Cape Colony, 
 more important than the Imperial authority itself. Having failed to 
 secure this hope the delegates found their country still less than Cape 
 Colony in importance, and less than the Orange Free State in power. 
 The Convention not only fixed the boundaries so as to leave the road into 
 the interior open to Great Britain, but in the second article it bound 
 the Government of the South African Republic to "strictly adhere to the 
 boundaries defined," and to "do its utmost to prevent any of its inhab- 
 itants from making any encroachments upon lauds beyond the said 
 boundaries." A faithful adherence to these articles would compel 
 them immediately to withdraw their citizens who had gathered on the 
 western borders, and to compel those who had settled beyond the 
 boundaries, and forsooth had set up two new Boer republics in 
 Bechuanaland, to retire to their own country, leaving the Bechuana 
 tribes unmolested. It is true that these petty republics had not been 
 mentioned by the delegates, who did not dare to recognize their exist- 
 ence in London, nor by the British Government, who oflQcially knew 
 only of native tribes and their rights. But the moral obligation was 
 beyond doubt laid on the Transvaal to exert its influence immediately 
 to put an end to these encroachments and these attempts at new repub- 
 lics. How was it that this scheme of the delegates was thus successfully 
 disappointed? 
 
 We have already referred to the presence of the Rev. John Mackenzie 
 and of Sir Hercules Rpbinson, the High Commissioner for South Africa, 
 in London at this time. The High Commissioner was of course a party 
 
ill' 
 
 jI 
 
 
 1 : -t ■! 
 ■1-: ?-:\ 
 
 '^^m^ 
 
 542 
 
 THE LONDON CONVENTION, 1884. 
 
 to the Convention, and he indeed it was who signed it on behalf of Great 
 Britain. When the negotiations began a letter was submitted from 
 Monkoroane, one of the leading chiefs in Bechuanaland, whose territory 
 was at stake. In this letter he said that having been prevented by the 
 Acting Governor at Cape Town from coming personally to London, he 
 desired to appoint Mr. Mackenzie as his official representative, and he 
 claimed the right to be represented in this discussion. 
 
 The British Government, without adducing any good reason, but 
 very probably from a desire not to offend President Kruger at the out- 
 set, declined to receive any representative from this or any other chief, 
 but at the same time avowed their willingness to receive and consider 
 any representations which might be made on his behalf. In spite of 
 this restriction upon his official authority, Mr. Mackenzie was kept by 
 Lord Derby and Sir Hercules Robinson in constant consultation with 
 them. He was a man of indubitable, and indeed of widely known. In- 
 tegrity and purity of character. He was also more thoroughly and 
 intimately acquainted with the history, politics and customs of the na- 
 tive tribes in Bechuanaland than any other living man. His advice 
 therefore was given with all regard for justice and fairness towards 
 both the Boers and the Bechuanas. He did not conceal his convictions 
 that the claims of the Transvaal delegates were absolutely without 
 foundation in history or in justice. He no less openly avowed his con- 
 viction that the native tribes had most sacred rights within their own 
 territories which the British Government were bound in honor to recog- 
 nize and to conserve. His whole energy was therefore given to the 
 preservation of these native tribes in their own rights, and at the same 
 time to keeping open to British influence and if possiblr bringing under 
 British control the great road leading through this region into the heart 
 of the continent. 
 
 It was then Sir Hercules Robinson and this missionary, whose work 
 together in London succeeded in enlightening the British Government 
 as to their responsibilities and duties in relation to Bechuanaland. 
 That this fact was perfectly well known to the Boers themselves is evi- 
 dent from the violent and passionate speech which President Kruger 
 allowed himself to make when the Convention was being discussed by 
 the Volksraad at Pretoria, The Raad accused the British Government 
 
THE LONDON CONVENTION, 1884. 
 
 543 
 
 of injustice, and President Kruger defended the (government by blam- 
 ing those whom he called "traitors and intriguers, of whom Mr. Macken- 
 zie was one." He explained "that Her Majesty, the Queen, was bound 
 to receive and accept as final the advice of her officials, and these 
 officials were dependent upon information received from others." "At 
 present the Government went on the lies of liars. If it had not been 
 for Mr. Mackenzie and the High Commissioner I should have been all 
 right. These liars had stirred up the people to stand in the way of the 
 Government, and therefore the deputation had approached the people 
 with their memorandum. The whole ministry had listened to them 
 with attention; that was a fact, and so His Honor did not blame 
 Her Majesty nor Her Majesty's Government." He claimed that the liars 
 and intriguers whom he had mentioned were the reason that every- 
 thing was not settled as they wished. "The High Commissioner and 
 Mackenzie were the origin of the opposition experienced." This quota- 
 tion is made not only to show the lengths to which the powerful and 
 shrewd President can go in traducing the character of honorable men 
 who have differed from him, but as showing the vast importance which 
 in 1884 the Transvaal Government attached to the possession of Bech- 
 nanaland. 
 
 M^ 
 
 ii 
 

 i-.!i;|k,.Jji- 
 
 JM' 1 ■ ■ fr 
 
 '.1 
 
 '^'*'l|;;i ii = 
 
 -.5 
 
 mi 
 
 i -I 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 THE SETTLEMENT OF SOUTH BECHUANALAND. 
 
 AT THE close of the conference with the Transvaal delegates which 
 resulted in the London Convention of 1884, the Earl of Derby an- 
 nounced to President Kruger and his associates that the British 
 Government had now undertaken to establish the authority of the Queen 
 in Bechuanaland, and that they had appointed Mr. John Mackenzie as 
 deputy commissioner. On theGovernment side this step was taken on the 
 very strong advice of Sir Hercules Robinson, Governor of Cape Colony, 
 who had for some time been in close correspondence with Mr.. Mackenzie 
 and who knew of the administrative work he had done in former years 
 under Colonel Warren and at the invitation of Sir Bartle Frere. Mr. 
 Mackenzie has described the unwillingness with which he gave up his 
 missionary work. He had already more than once declined similar 
 invitations, but on this occasion it seemed to him to be the path of duty 
 that he should attempt to guide the affairs of a territory which he knew 
 so well, all of whose chiefs trusted him and were ready to accept his 
 advice and follow his directions. He had the promise of a force of not 
 less than 200 police, a number which was deemed amply suflScient to 
 enable him to assert the Queen's authority and manifest her determina- 
 tion to take over South Bechuanaland once for all. 
 
 As soon as the news of this appointment was telegraphed to Cape 
 Town replies came that the appointment had been received with great 
 disfavor. The disfavor was, however, confessedly confined to the Trans- 
 vaal Government and its sympathizers in the Afrikander Bond at Cape 
 Town. Mr. Mackenzie probably hardly realized at that time the extra- 
 ordinary power which the Bond was about to exert, and the efforts 
 which the Boer leaders were about to make at Cape Town to render the 
 recent decision of the British Government regarding Bechuanaland of 
 none effect. He went out relying thoroughly upon the consistent sup- 
 port of his friend. Sir Hercules Robinson, and his own past experience 
 of unfailing friendliness both with natives and with Boers whensoever 
 
 544 
 
 mm 
 
GEN. SIR A. HUNTER 
 
 GEN. SIR CORNELIUS F. CLERY 
 
 
 MAJ.-GEN. SIR WILLIAM GATACRE 
 
 LT.-GEN. SIR F. W. E. FORESTIER 
 WALKER 
 
if » 
 
 i,!^ 
 
 ^i 
 
 
THE TRANSVAAL AND SOUTH BECHUANALAND. 
 
 545 
 
 ! 
 
 I 
 
 9 
 
 CO 
 
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 i 
 
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 CD 
 
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 s 
 
 Q 
 
 tee 
 
 o 
 
 • 
 
 K 
 
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 (9 
 
 I 
 
 he came Into personal dealings with them. It was with high hopes and 
 the best wishes of the best friends of South Africa that this missionary 
 statesman sailed from the shores of England in the spring of 1884. lie 
 proceeded as speedily as possible northwards, going by ox wagon from 
 Kimberley into Stellaland and Goshen. When once in Bechuanaland 
 he very soon discovered that hostile influences were at worlc behind him 
 in Cape Town, and to his amazement found that even the chief whom 
 he trusted was not acting upon the promises made in London. He was 
 hampered by the lack of police and the refusal of the Governor to supply 
 him with police, and was actually left to go into the hostile camps of the 
 tiny Boer Republics practically alone to represent the Queen's author- 
 ity, proclaim the Imperial protectorate over Bechuanaland, and begin 
 the work of administration. Single-handed and unarmed he met the 
 leaders of both Republics. A striking scene took place in Stellaland 
 when the people persuaded him to let them haul down their own flag 
 — on which, by the by, there was represented a fish with a spear through 
 it, the fish being the sacred emblem of the native tribes of that district 
 and the spear announcing what the Stellalanders intended to do to them 
 — and in its place to raise aloft the Union Jack. 
 
 There were innumerable complications and troubles with regard to 
 the so-called Administration of Stellaland, the occupants of oflflce, pay- 
 ment of salaries, the settlement of land claims created by the existence 
 of this Republic for two or three years. After dealing with these in 
 the temporary and tentative fashion which was alone possible, the 
 Deputy Commissioner went north to Rooi Grond. Here the Boers were 
 fiercer and more defiant than at the southern point, and no one can fail 
 to wonder at the daring of the little band of English representatives who 
 rode right up to a point within 300 yards of the Boer laager, where the 
 Boers were seen riding about on their swift horses, fully armed aud 
 able in ten minutes to make an end of those who came in the name of the 
 Queen. 
 
 The British party lept from the saddle, sent their horses out of their 
 own reach to the water, and waited till representatives of the Boers 
 approached them. When challenged to say what their presence meant, 
 Mr. Mackenzie announced that he had come in the name of the Queen 
 to proclaim the British protectorate. "In replying," he says, "I stood 
 
54«J 
 
 THE SETlLEMENr OF SOUTH BECHUANALAND, 
 
 ,!!• 
 
 up and showing them my commission, informed them that my business 
 would not need a long time to accomplish. This was my commission 
 from Her Majesty's High Commissioner. Its purport was that Her 
 Majesty's authority was established in Bechuanaland, and in the Baro- 
 long country as a part of that; that fact I now announced to them in 
 reply to their message and as my answer. 'But we were not told to 
 listen to anything of that sort,' they said, moving off. 'That may be,' 
 I answered, 'you are the judges of your own conduct; but it is my duty 
 to reply to your message, and my reply is what you have heard, that 
 the Queen's authority is established, and the management of affairs is 
 in my hands.' By this time they had turned their horses' heads and 
 were moving off, evidently not wishing to hear too much." 
 
 Throughout his journey through Bechuanaland the Deputy Commis- 
 sioner was received with the utmost enthusiasm and joy by the native 
 chiefs. They felt absolute confidence in the Government which had 
 now stepped in and had sent him as their representative. Throughout 
 his journej', alas! he was also pursued by the feeling, which was in^ 
 creased with almost every telegram he received from Cape Town, that 
 the attitude of the High Commissioner towards himself had changed 
 and that he was not receiving the support which was due to him. Ac- 
 cordingly he returned to Cape Town in order to come to an understand- 
 ing with those without whom he could not act. Mr. Mackenzie soon 
 discovered that the High Commissioner, whose deputy he was, would 
 not longer act with him, and laid the blame upon the Transvaal Govern- 
 ment and their sympathizers at Cape Town. The obvious answer from 
 Mr. Mackenzie's side was, of course, that since he had been appointed 
 to undo the bad work done by the subjects of the Transvaal Government 
 and with the connivance of that Government, the last thing that could 
 be expected was that he, or any other man, appointed to do that work 
 and attempting to carry it out, would be approved by them. Neverthe- 
 less, although he had the right to hold his ground and to appeal even 
 to the Earl of Derby for the fulfilment of explicit promises made to 
 him, he decided to resign his oflfice, and allow those who thought they 
 could bring order out of chaos to do so. 
 
 Nowhere was this resignation received with more keen disappoint- 
 ment and dismay than in Stellaland itself. The Stellalanders, in fact, 
 
THE SETTLEMENT OF SOUTH DEC HU AN ALAND. 
 
 547 
 
 sent in a petition expreHsing to the High Commissioner their desire tluit 
 Mr. Muclienzie should be reinstated in his former office, and promising to 
 afford every material assistance in their power in the support of his 
 administration. The petition was of course opposed by the more de- 
 tennined of the Boer party, who then said that they would rather await 
 the arrival of Sir Charles Warren. Nevertheless, the petition was 
 signed by a majority of the actual land owners in Stellaland, and of 
 those who signed no less than ninety-two were Boer farmers! Need- 
 less to say, this petition received absolutely no attention from those 
 who were determined that nothing less than a military expedition 
 should convince them of England's determination to hold and govern 
 South Bechuanaland. It was retained in his own hands by Mr. Rhodes 
 for three months, and was sent to London only four months after its 
 first receipt in Cape Town. When the Stellalanders found how their 
 petition had been treated, and that Captain Bower and others accused 
 them of disloyalty, they sent to Sir Charles Warren and demanded a 
 judicial inquiry into the value of the petition. Out of the 171 names, 
 it was found that seventy-four were land owners, ninety-two were per- 
 manent residents, and only four were temporary residents or travelers. 
 One signature was disallowed. Sir Charles Warren in view of this 
 petition made a special report to the Imperial Government, asserting 
 that it was a matter of very great significance that in spite of the coer- 
 cion of the Boer faction ninety-four farmers had signed this petition. 
 "I am convinced," he said "that if Mr. Mackenzie had had fair play he 
 would have settled this territory at the time he came up without a 
 stronger force than 200 police." 
 
 Mr. Cecil J. Rhodes was appointed from Cape Town to act in Mr. 
 Mackenzie's place in Bechuanaland. Mr. Rhodes immediately at- 
 tempted to conciliate the Stellalanders and in this was assisted by Cap- 
 tain Bower, who was believed by many to be the real tool among Im- 
 perial officials of the Afrikander Bond at this time, and a man whose 
 strong will had swung round the weaker will of Sir Hercules Robinson, 
 forcing him to give up the plans which he had seen so clearly and 
 adopted so heartily in London a few months before. A visit to Bechu- 
 analand was also made a little later by the Ministers of the Cape Col- 
 ony. Mr. Rhodes even went the length of signing an agreement with 
 
lull H 
 
 m 
 
 548 
 
 THE SETTLEMENT OF SOUTH BECHU AN ALAND. 
 
 the Stellalaiiders which revoked the proclamation made by his prede- 
 cessor and recognized the Stellaland Republic as an actual govern- 
 ment within the Imperial protectorate of Bechuanaland. Mr. lihodes 
 in fact formed an agri'eement with the Stellalanders in September of that 
 year (1884) which practically handed over the government of that region 
 to the Boer freebooters, whose chief and able leader was a Mr. Van 
 Niekerk, and who lived in territory then known to be within the Trans 
 vaal. Mr. Van Niekerk immediately used the power put into his hands 
 to quell loyalty to the British and to stimulate the desire for annexation 
 to the Transvaal. He actually caused a petition to be made to himself 
 and his fellow Governors, imploring them to apply to Pretoria for protec- 
 tion and government. At about the same time, as the result of a visit of 
 General Joabert to the other Boer Republic called Goshen, though with- 
 out his approval as to time and manner, a formal proclamation was made 
 by President Kruger and the Executive at Pretoria by which, in the 
 interests of humanity and for the sake of native chiefs, Goshen was 
 taken into the Transvaal and under their control. The proclamation 
 was so ill-timed that even General Joubert condemned it as breach of a 
 treaty. This proclamation, as well as even the consideration of the pro- 
 !»)*al regarding Stellal.ind, constituted a distinct and grave breach of 
 the London Convention, v.hich had only been signed by President 
 Kruger himself a few months before. Needless to say, the proclama- 
 tion was at once withdrawn vhen that step was demanded in the 
 month of October by the Imperial Government. During that time a 
 movement had taken place in Cape Colony which thoroughly aroused 
 the Imperial authorities. 
 
 In the meantime neither Mr. Rhodes, nor Captain Bower, nor the 
 Cape Ministers, succeeded in doing anything; they only increased the 
 complications in Bechuanaland. It looked as if once more the British 
 Government must retire from that territory^, and as if, after all, the 
 Transvaal Government would gain, by brow-beating at Cape Town and 
 in Bechuanaland, what they had failed to secure by fair diplomacy in 
 London. It looked to many people as if Bechuanaland would soon be- 
 come a part of the Transvaal. 
 
 Once more, therefore, Mr. Mackenzie set out upon the process of 
 educating the puWic mind. This time it was Cape Colony he had to 
 
THE SETTLEMENT OF SOUTH BECHUANALAND. 
 
 549 
 
 educate. He began at Cape Town and lectured. His pronouncements 
 were received with the utmost enthusiasm. He did not inveigh against 
 the Dutch as such; he always won their ear when he had the chance of 
 speaking to them candidly on the real principles on which the Gov- 
 ernment of South Africa could be peacefully conducted. He met the 
 same experience ^'' '^'^ he traveled from one town to another throughout 
 Cape Colony. E;.. . .siasm was awakened throughout the land for the 
 establishment of British authority in Bechuanaland, and the result came 
 in the overthrow of the Ministry at Cape Town, which had acted as the 
 tool of the Transvaal ani had stood in the way of British sovereignty, 
 and in the loud demand of the Colony for a military expedition. The 
 demand for an expedition was coupled with the suggestion that Colonel 
 Warren should be its commander. The Colonial demand was so loud, so 
 determined and so enthusiastic that the British Government at last 
 awoke to activity and sent out the famous Warren expedition, which 
 consisted of about 5,000 men. This expedition cost nearly £1,000,000 
 (about $5,000,000) of money and was sent to do what every intelligent 
 m .n in South Africa, and Sir Charles Warren himself believed thjit Mr. 
 ILdckenzie could have done a year before with 200 police. It was 
 a heavy price to pay for weak mindeduoss at Cape Town and dilatoriness 
 in London. The Warren expedition on which Mr. Mackenzie served 
 as a Civil Commissioner, proceeded from Kimberley up the western 
 border of the Transvaal as far as Shoshong. It made treaties with all 
 the native chiefs, who a ^"?e enthusiastic once more over the establish- 
 ment of the sovereignty of the good Queen. The Boer freebooters dis- 
 appeared over the borders, or submitted with as much grace as possible 
 to the establishment of the British authority. The result of the expedi- 
 tion was the formal creation of the Crown Colony of South Bechuana- 
 land. 
 
 A brief reference should not be omitted to the remarkable and inter- 
 esting meeting which took place on the border of the Transvaal at a 
 spot called Fourteeh Streams, between President Kruger and Sir 
 Charles Warren. The General had consented to hold this conference 
 within the Transvaal, inasmuch as a law of the Transvaal forbids its 
 President from leaving the country without the special permission of 
 the Volksraad, and the Volksraad was not at this time in session. 
 
 ^11 
 
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 M' J- n 
 
 55() 
 
 THE SETTLEMENT OP SOUTH BECHUANALAND. 
 
 Arcompanyiug Sir CharloH VVarT<*n were Mr. Khodes, Mr. Mackenzie, 
 and some of his staff, togoi: h with 200 soldiers. President Kruger 
 appeared with Mr. Leyds, Mr. de Villiers and others, together with fifty 
 members of the State Artilh'ry, The conference was interesting for the 
 firmness with whicli Sir CliarleH denounced the freebooters, especially 
 those in the case of Goshen, who had lived on the Transvaal side of the 
 border and attacked British HiibjectH on the other. President Kruger 
 made a remarkable effort to prevent Sir Charles from tailing his entire 
 force north with him, proposing that they two, the President and the 
 General, should ride to Goshen together, marking off the boundary line 
 and accompanied by twenty-five Moldlers apiece. This clever suggestion 
 would have destroyed the entire moral effect intended to be produced 
 upon the country by the appearance of the military expedition, and Sir 
 Charles Warren firmly decUn<'<l the proposal. The President had abso- 
 lutely no excuse to offer for the action of the freebooters, and his attempt 
 to argue that the Transvaal (Government was not responsible for them 
 was exceedingly weak and quite insincere. It is to be noted that the 
 President met both Mr. Jthodes and Mr, Mackenzie with frankness and 
 cordiality, and that he urged against the latter and his work no argu- 
 ment of a personal nature, but siniply the technical one that he had 
 appeared in Bechuanaland and cHlablished the protectorate before the 
 Volksraad had ratified the London Convention. As Mr. Mackenzie him- 
 self observ(Kl, this criticism reduced the Boer objections to his appoint- 
 ment to the one fact that he represented in a sincere and thorough-going 
 manner the proposal that (Jreal Britain should directly and actually 
 contiol the Government of Bechuanaland. 
 
CHAPTER IV. 
 THE OUTLANDERS OF THE TRANSVAAL. 
 
 THE TRANSVAAL. 
 
 DURING the seventies it became known that gold was to be found 
 here and there in the Transvaal and mining work began at 
 two or three centers. But it was not until the year 1885 that 
 the extraordinary richness of the gold mines near Pretoria was discov- 
 ered. About thirty miles south of Pretoria, amid very bleak and bar- 
 ren scenery, beside a little stream called the Witwater (the white water) 
 there is a long, low ridge or "Rand" which has been found to con- 
 tain, packed within its soil, one of the richest gold deposits ever dis- 
 covered. When the rich reefs were found and work began there was 
 a rush to the place which in a very few years transformed the waste 
 land into a huge city of 100,000 people. 
 
 The Boer government had already been troubled in mind at the in- 
 crease of immigration caused inevitably by the mining developments. 
 Political questions had immediately arisen which divided the citizens 
 into two parties. The one led by Kruger represented the unbending 
 Tories, the unreasoning conservatives of the country. To them the 
 advent of foreigners in such numbers was nothing but a disturbing fact 
 with which they could not bring themselves into any kind of har- 
 mony. They saw that if they granted equal rights of citizenship on 
 former terms to all who arrived the government would speedily pass 
 out of their own hands. The other party was led by Joubert, tb^^ fa- 
 mous commander-in-chief of the Transvaal army. He is a man of much 
 wider travel, better read and more open minded. He has always main- 
 tained that the foreigners must be welcomed and must receive a rea- 
 sonable political status in the country where they make their homes. 
 In the contest between these two parties Kruger has hitherto won 
 at the polls, and his unbroken victories, even when gained by a mere 
 
 551 
 
 
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 I 
 
552 
 
 THE OUT LANDERS OF THE TRANSVAAL. 
 
 ■H ■ 
 
 majority, have suflBced to bring the Transvaal government into the ter- 
 rible position in which this year it finds itself. 
 
 A large number of the original citizens of the Transvaal have made 
 the most of the opportunities which the economic changes in their 
 country made possible. Many of them sold their farms at prices which, 
 if to-day they seem small, at the time of the sale brought them more in 
 cash than they ever dreamed of possessing. The growth of the great 
 city and of the smaller centers has opened markets for their farm pro- 
 duce larger than they ever saw in the past. Some of the leading citi- 
 zens have profited enormously by some of the business arrangements 
 which the Government has seen fit to make. Even if the dynamite 
 monopoly, concerning which owners of the mines have made such loud 
 complaints, is a monopoly not held by the Government itself, yet 
 individual members of the Government have large interests in it. 
 
 The political difficulties have been increased in one way by the fact 
 that Johannesburg is not like the other mining camps which have 
 sprung into existence in other regions. The gold is found underground 
 in a hard soil almost like rock, which needs to be crushed with ma- 
 chinery ere the minute particles of gold which are distributed through 
 it with amazing regularity can be extracted. This one fact has neces- 
 sitated the use of capital from the very beginning in the development of 
 1 hese mines. The town accordingly has grown up largely through the 
 arrival of great numbers of people who came to take up the positions 
 of wage-earners and salaried officials, intelligent, enterprising, hard- 
 working, educated men in the service of the lajge corporations. While 
 therefore the city does contain elements of life and character which 
 are to be expected in every such miscellaneous community, there is 
 also a strength and steadiness belonging to it hitherto unknown amid 
 ordinary mining populations in the earlier stages of their history. 
 While numbers of these immigrants ave shiftless adventurers and many 
 of them of positively bad character, and while much of the city life 
 is reckless and wild, spending itself in gambling and self-indulgence, 
 the fact must be univerLally recognized that very large numbers also 
 are people of high character, of far higher education and training than 
 the Roers, people who represent the best foresight, energy and radi- 
 calism of the world. 
 
THE OUTL ANDERS OF THE TRANSVAAL. 
 
 553 
 
 than 
 radi- 
 
 Here then are the conditions plain and obvious of a very diflficult 
 political complication. If these foreigners had even formed a strong 
 minority of the whole population their presence would have presented 
 many thorny problems to the inexperienced rulers; but when with rapid 
 strides the ^.oreign population approached and equaled, and then far 
 outstripped the numbers of the Boers the situation became aggra- 
 vated. If again, the Boer government had exercised their proverbial 
 shrewdness by satisfying the foreigners in every reasonable demand 
 concerning their commercial projects and their domestic happiness, 
 these foreigners might have lived many years without finding any just 
 ground of complaint against their masters. Unfortunately the Trans- 
 vaal government have fallen into some very serious blunders of admin- 
 istration and these blunders have produced a feeling of chronic irri- 
 tation and driven men to think of the changes that would follow if 
 only they could exercise the franchise. The ordinary grounds of com- 
 plaint are said to be that the great city is ruled and its municipal 
 affairs conducted by incompetent officials, that while the majority of 
 the white inhabitants of the country speak English their children are 
 not allowed to be taught in the English language in the schools which 
 their parents are taxed to support, that the methods in which indi- 
 rect taxation is arranj^ed and in which the enjoyment of Govern- 
 ment concessions is upheld, lay an inordinately heavy burden upon 
 the income of the citizens. The same policy seems to bo pursued by 
 the Dutch ruling minority of the Transvaal which is pursued by the 
 Dutch ruling majority in the House of Assembly of Cape Colony; 
 namely, that of arranging that the taxation shall fall more heavily 
 upon the inhabitants of the towns and cities than upon the farming 
 population. But no one in Cape Colony dreams of api)ealing to Great 
 Britain, simply because the minority are represented in their parlia- 
 ment. Further it is asserted that foreigners do not receive justice at 
 the hands of the Transvaal courts, and that the Yolksraad (national 
 legislature) has the power by passijig a mere resolution at any time 
 and under any circumstances to alter the law of the land, the judges 
 having no power to question tiie authority of such a resolution even 
 in the light of the constitutiom of tlfce republic. Many complaints are 
 made regarding, for example, the treatra**nt of the natives, the arrange- 
 
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 i 1 
 
Ell i 
 
 
 
 \ri 
 
 554 
 
 THE OUT LANDERS OF THE TRANSVAAL. 
 
 ments for transportation, and other matters which bear more or Ighh 
 directly upon the commercial prospects of the community. The posi- 
 tion may be briefly summed up as Mr. W. T. Stead has put it, "The South 
 African Republic was in the position of the inverted pyramid; tho 
 majority of the population, possessing more than half the land and 
 nine-tenths of the wealth, and paying nineteen-twentieths of the taxes, 
 had practically no share in its administration and no voice in its legis- 
 lature." 
 
 When the pressure upon the Government became severe President 
 Kruger was always able to use one argument which he appears to have 
 found convincing and effective. He warned his followers that if tho 
 foreigners had the franchise they would wrest the Government from tho 
 Boers and hand over the country to Great Britain. It is here that, as 
 it would seem, President Kruger's far-famed shrewdness absolutely 
 deserted him. Nothing can be more certain concerning such a matter 
 than that, if the foreigners had received the franchise, even with safe- 
 guards intended to preserve the pre-eminence of the Dutch element in 
 the country, the republic as then constituted would have been as 
 strongly anti-British and as little likely to submit to the authority of tho 
 Queen's government as President Kruger himself. Here Joubert has 
 had the open eye and Kruger has been blind. 
 
 There were others, however, who were not blind and who were 
 prepared to give another turn to the course of events in the Transvaal 
 than that contemplated either by Kruger or by the invading liost 
 against whom he fought. In the year 1895 the citizens of Johainu'shiirg 
 decided that their wrongs had reached the point which made a revolu- 
 tion necessary. Accordingly, a number of the leading spirits of the city 
 resolved to prepare for such an event. They felt, however, their incom- 
 petence to carry the matter through against the armed Boer citizens 
 who would be immediately brought against them. Accordingly tlicy 
 looked round to discover some helper from the outside. They appeal«'<l 
 to the Right Honorable Cecil .T. Rhodes. Mr. Rhodes at that time was 
 the most composite political personage on the wide earth. He was n 
 memb«r of the Privy Council of Queen Victoria; he was Prime Minister 
 of Cape Colony with his seat of authority in the south at (J!t».,ye Town; 
 he was also managing director of the British South Africa Chartered 
 
■'*- . 
 
 THE OUTLANDERS OF THE TRANSVAAL. 
 
 »;>.> 
 
 Company, which means that he was practically the administrator of the 
 vast territory ruled by that company to the north of the Transvaal; he 
 was also chairman of the De Beers Diamond Mining Ojmpany at Kim- 
 berley, which means that he was at the head of the largest money pro- 
 ducing industry in Cape Colony; he was at the same time one of the 
 leading capitalists of the gold mining industry in the Transvaal. As 
 a capitalist he was personally interested in the development of Johan- 
 nesburg, as administrator of Rhodesia he "had military forces under his 
 control, as Prime Minister of Cape Colony he had the ear of the High 
 Commissioner of South Africa and of the British government in London. 
 He knew personally and intimately many of the men engaged in the 
 conspiracy at Johannesburg. He saw that if their insuiTection placed 
 them in power they would form a stronger independent State than 
 Britain had to deal with in the present Boor government. Accordingly, 
 it seemed to him not only in the interests of the revolution but in the 
 interests also of the parties ruling in South Africa that he, as represen- 
 tative of the British, should place the new Government of the Transvaal 
 under deep and permanent obligations to himself. 
 
 Mr. Rhodos made the momentous resolution to help the revolution. 
 His action may be judged from different points of view. If the proposed 
 insurrection was wrong, his action was wrong. If it was right, the 
 Tightness of his action depends i)ortly upon the relative strength of the 
 motives which led to his decision, and partly on the question of his 
 fidelity to other authorities under whom he was placed. As to his 
 motives, no man can judge; as to his integrity as an occupant of a 
 number of i)ublic offices, much may be said. Mr. Rhodes endeavored to 
 pot himself in the right in this direction by communicating at once with 
 the Colonial Office in London. 
 
 Now iTi London the Colonial Secr<'hiry was ]Mr. Joseph Chamberlain, 
 one of the most striking figures in the history of British politics during 
 the last twenty years. Mr. Chamberlain, n former Radical of the most 
 advanced typ^, is a memb«T of n Conv'-rvative government. He holds 
 his po8iti(»n as leader f th; portion of rhe Liberal party which revolted 
 from Mr. (x\sn\ ume on the question of Irish Home \i\\]o It is largely 
 through tii. influeB4*e of hims«'lf, and of his companions In this revolt, 
 that the Conservative party has held sway so long in Great Britaia. 
 
556 
 
 THE OUTLANDERS OF THE TRANSVAAL. 
 
 1,"P '-. 
 
 m 
 
 He has used his position of extraordinary influence with consummate 
 skill and with inscrutable modifications of his Radical conscience. 
 Presumably one of the chief ambitions of Mr. Chamberlain's life as 
 Colonial minister has been to distinguish his period of ofllce by some 
 great and striking deeds of Imperial splendor. It was his duty of 
 course to keep himself thoroughly aware of everything that occurred 
 which might affect in any way the prosperity of any British colony. 
 Hence it was his simple duty to welcome any information that might be 
 given to him concerning prospective revolutions in the Transvaal. Nor 
 was he bound by any consideration to make this information known 
 outside his office. If he were informed that this revolution was inevit- 
 able and that it might be turned to a profitable account for the other 
 colonies of South Africa, and for South Africa as a whole, he was not 
 bound to publish his knowledge. But it is strongly suspected, indeed 
 Mr. Stead's pamphlets have made it practically certain, that Mr. Cham- 
 berlain took another step of a more serious nature. When Mr. Rhodes 
 proposed to him, through a trusted messenger, that assistance from a 
 British territory should be given to the revolutionists at Johannesburg, 
 Mr. Chamberlain seems to have acquiesced in the proposal, or, at least, 
 to have agreed not to prevent it. Of course the forces directly under 
 the control of the British government, of the War Office in London, 
 could not be so employed. But Mr. Rhodes, as administrator of Rhod- 
 esia, was also master of a large force of efficient volunteers in that 
 region, whose skill and valor had already been amply proved. 
 
 mi 
 
CHAPTER V. 
 
 THE STORY OF THE JAMESON RAID. 
 
 THE priiicipal difficulty which confronted those who desired to use 
 the Volunteers of Rhodesia for the deliverance of Johannesburg 
 consisted in the distance which separated the former from the lat- 
 ter place. Mr. Rhodes and his friends conceived that this little difficulty 
 could be easily surmounted by the very simple and, to them, obvious and 
 most desirable plan of placing north Bechuanaland, the country of King 
 Khama, under the administration of the British South Africa Company 
 and annexing South Bechuanaland to Oape Colony. This would not 
 only add an enormous and valuable territory to the posses- 
 sions of the Company, but it would give the Company the right to 
 move their police to the southern limits of their extended domain. 
 When they were thus removed to the south they would be within about 
 150 miles of Johannesburg, v/hich was supposed to be an easy striking 
 distance. But at this very time King Khama and two other chiefs were 
 making a notable visit to England to prevent this very transaction from 
 being carried out. The chiefs were received with very considerable 
 popular enthusiasm, were very pleasantly entertained by some of the 
 highest personalities in the country, and their earnest protest against 
 the proposal to give them indirect instead of direct imperial protection 
 warmed the hearts of England. Accordingly, Mr. Chamberlain was 
 unable to gratify the desire of his friends. 
 
 But this proposal was not made to Mr. Chamberlain in the coarse 
 and open way of saying that Mr. Rhodes desired the control of the 
 territory near Johannesburg, where he could place his police. The 
 reason given to Mr. Chamberlain for the annexation of Bechuanaland 
 to Rhodesia was a much better one than that. It was that the British 
 South Africa Company desired to make a railway from Cape Town 
 right up through the heart of the country into Rhodesia. They 
 could not be expected to build this railway through Bechuanaland 
 as long as Bechuanaland was neither a real colony nor the property of 
 
 557 
 
 ' i. 
 
 11 ! 
 
 '"ix.. , 
 
558 
 
 THE STORY Of THE JAMESON RAID. 
 
 Im 
 
 a colony. Confessedly, this was the form in which the proposals regard- 
 ing Bechuaualand were presented to the Colonial Secretary. By a stroke 
 of genius on the part of some one it was proposetl at a critical point in 
 the negotiations that if Bechuanaland as a whole could not be given to 
 Mr. Khodes, at least a narrow strip along the western border of the 
 Transvaal might be so given, through which the railway might be built. 
 When this proposition was made to Khama he received it with uncon- 
 cealed delight. King Khama is probably almost as shrewd as President 
 Kruger, and it may be taken for granted that his smile of delight was 
 due not merely to the fact that he was escaping thus the unpleasant 
 domination of Mr. Khodes and his company, but that now he would 
 have, as it were, a "buffer state" between him and the much-dreaded 
 Boers. He had often in the past been made to fear lest the Boers should 
 insist on taking part of his territory within the Transvaal, if now a 
 narrow strip of territory intervened all along his eastern boundary be- 
 tween himself and the Transvaal this fear would be forever stilled. 
 
 King Khama's complacency enabled Mr. Chamberlain to grant to Mr. 
 Rhodes this important territory for his railway. The other part of the 
 plan was quietly secured through the Cape Legislature when Mr. Rhodes 
 was a Prime Minister; the »toTy of this annexation of an unwilling 
 people to the Cape Colony is told elsewhere. Mr. Rhodes and Dr. Jame- 
 son immediately began to use Bechuanaland as the "jumping-off ground" 
 from which they could most rapidly and unexpectedly, as they thought, 
 reach Johannesburg. 
 
 In the city of Johannesburg the reformers were carrying on their 
 constitutional agitation for amendment of the laws of the land and 
 improvement of administration. At the same time they were ripening 
 their plans for a revolution. The plan which they formed was one 
 which at first promised to be easily carried through and certain of suc- 
 cess. One million rounds of ammunition and 5,000 rifles and three 
 Maxim guns were to be smuggled into Johannesburg. In addition it 
 was thought that there would be about 1,000 rifles in the hands of pri- 
 vate owners already in the city. This seemed to promise that a very 
 strong force of men, amounting to nearly 10,000, might be rapidly armed 
 and prepared for action. That which, however, gave most encourage- 
 ment to the conspirators, was the fact that at this time the fort at 
 
THE STORY OF THE JAMESON RAID. 
 
 551) 
 
 their 
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 Pretoria was very poorly guarded by about lUO men, and was Known to 
 contain a large amount of ammunition, besides rilles and supplies. One 
 of the conspirators says, — "The surrounding wall of the fort, a mere 
 barrack, had been removed on one side in order to effect some additions; 
 there were only about 100 men stationed there, and all except half a 
 dozen could be counted on as being asleep after 1) p. m. There never 
 was a simpler sensational task in the world than that of seizing the 
 Pretoria fort — fifty men could have done it. * * * It was desig:ied 
 to seize the fort and the railway on the night of the outbreak and, by 
 means of one or two trains, to carry off as much of the material as possi- 
 ble and destroy the rest." Again he says, — "Without doubt the Pre- 
 toria arsenal was the key of the position, and it is admitted by Boer 
 and alien alike that it lay there unguarded, ready to be picked up, and 
 that nothing in the world could have saved it — except what did." 
 (FitzPatrick.) 
 
 That which did save it was Dr. Jameson. From the beginning of 
 the movement we are told that some of the Keformers in Johannesburg 
 4«»eply dreaded the attempt to co-operate witli the forces of the British 
 South Africa Company. That was the one feature of their plan which 
 they feared to be unwarranted by prospects of success and likely to in- 
 troduce an elemeii* of wrongdoing that would be their undoing. And as 
 it turned out thej ere rigb' .' But the majority seemed confident that 
 if Dr. Jameson could arrange to have 1,500 men on the border who were 
 ready to rush to the assistance of Johannesburg as soon as the insur- 
 rection began, the arrival of his f<jrce would produce a great effect both 
 upon the conspirji rors and the Boer Government, and would virtually 
 force the latter to give in at once to the inevitable and render justice 
 to the Outlanders. The date arranged with Dr. Jameson was Saturday, 
 January the 4th, and it was planned to issue public announcements 
 summoning a mass meeting for Monday, the 0th, in order to deceive 
 the autiK-n ies. In the meantime a manifesto was issued on behalf of 
 the Beforniers which was written and signed by their chai, 'tan, Mr. 
 Charles L(\Miard. As Mr. Leonard, a former member of the Caj Legis- 
 lature, is a man of high education and honorable character as a\ "11 as 
 great eloquence, and his manifesto contains a frank and full stati; oent 
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 suffering, and of the reasons which led them to form their conspiracy, 
 and inasmuch as this document was composed, first of all, not to defend 
 the Reformers before the world, but to state their grievances and ex- 
 plain their motives to the Transvaal Government itself, It is necessary 
 to give here some account of its contents, 
 
 Mr. Leonard says that the constitution of the National Union, as the 
 reform association was called, was very simple. "They set three objects 
 before them: first the maintenance of the independence of the Republic, 
 second the securing of equal rights, and third the redress of grievances." 
 The Union had recently made various attempts at Improvement of the 
 conditions which were felt to be so oppressive. They had been deeply 
 disappointed that in the recent election of new members for the First 
 Volksraad the progressive party had received no great increase of 
 strength. They had recently presented a petition signed by 38,000 per- 
 sons which sought to obtain the franchise. As the result of the petition 
 they were called unfaithful for not naturalizing themselves. But 
 naturalization (which included the taking of tlie oath "fter two years 
 of residence) meant only that' they should give up their original citizen- 
 ship and get nothing in return except liability to military service and 
 other iisabilities. One member of the Volksraad had openly challenged 
 the petitioners to fight for their rights, and no one In the house had 
 reproved the challenge. This was the sole result of the honest endeavors 
 of the Outlanders to secure fair legislation, and an Improvement in the 
 administration of the affairs of the country. Not only were they ex- 
 cluded from the franchise, but even their children, born In the Trans- 
 vaal, were by law deprived of the rights of citizenship unless their 
 father took the oath of allegiance. The taxation policy of the govern- 
 ment was open to severe criticism in that (a) a much greater amount 
 was levied from the people than was required for the needs of govern- 
 ment; (b) it was either class taxation pure and simple, or by the selec- 
 tion of subjects, though nominally universal, it was made to fall upon 
 the shoulders of the Outlanders; (c) the necessaries of life were unduly 
 burdened." 
 
 In the midst of this severe criticism of the Transvaal Government 
 a tribute is paid to the "small band of enlightened men in the Volks- 
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 THE STORY OF THE JAMESON RAID. 
 
 561 
 
 warned them of Its danger/' but President Kruger is spoken of in terms 
 of utmost severity. It is asserted that "there was no true responsibility 
 to the people, none of the great appointments of State were controlled 
 by Ministerial officers in the proper sense, the President's will was vir- 
 tually supreme. He had been the author of every act directed 
 against the liberty of the people. II was well that President Kruger 
 should be known for what he is. Contradiction was challenged of the 
 statement that no important act had found a place on the Statute books 
 during the last ten years without the stamp of President Kruger's 
 approval uyon it; nay, he was the father of every such act. He had 
 expressly supported every act by which the right of acquiring the 
 franchise had been progressively restricted, by which taxation had 
 become at last almost confined to the Outlanders, and by which the 
 rights of the Press and of public meetings had been attacked." 
 
 "The judges of the High Ck)urt had been the sole guardian of their 
 liberty, and on the whole did their work ably, but they were under- 
 paid, their salaries insecure, and the most undignified treatment had 
 been meted out to them on more than one occasion. Trial by jury was, 
 so far as the Outlanders were concerned, an unreality, since in every 
 case, however grievous, they could be tried only before a jury of Trans- 
 vaal burghers." The manifesto also described the extraordinary amount 
 of extravagance and corruption which characterized the administration 
 whose income had risen within recent years so far beyond its natural 
 legitimate expenditure. In this connection it was asserted that the 
 public credit had been pledged to the support of the Netherlands railway 
 company, that enormous sums were expended in ways which practically 
 secured them for foreigners, who had come from Holland to become 
 officials of the Government. It is asserted that the presence of these 
 Hollanders had angered a large proportion of the Boers themselves; 
 but that President Kruger and his party stuck obstinately to their policy 
 of employing Hollanders for those departments of service which needed 
 educated experts, and made them their special pets. Examples are given 
 of the way in which in connection with railways, customs, and govern- 
 ment concessions heavy sums of money were extorted from the public 
 for the benefit of this class of men. The manifesto does not complain 
 that the direct taxation of the mines is too heavy, but that the indirect 
 
 II 
 
pap 
 
 ^■IH 
 
 Sfi2 
 
 THE STORY OF THE JAMESON RAID. 
 
 taxation, imposed through the excessive charges of the railway com- 
 panies and the excessive custom duties, conf^red no eonceivable benefit 
 upon the community, and served to pass large sums of money into the 
 pockets of officials and their relatives. No well audited account of these 
 sums could be obtained by the public. The most monstrous hardships 
 it is alleged result to consumers through the trading policy of the Gov- 
 ernment which is cleverly described as "protection without production," 
 since it was not intended for the purpose of nurturing manufacturing 
 within the Transvaal. The Government was openly accused of having 
 twice entered into competition with traders who had paid their licence 
 and rents before that competition was instituted. On one occasion, 
 when grain was scarce, the Government were petitioned to suspend the 
 duties, which were very high, in order that the laborers on the mines 
 might be fed. The Government refused on the ground that it could not 
 suspend duties without the permission of the Volksraad; but within a 
 few days it was found that the Government had granted a concession 
 to one favored individual to import grain free of duty and to sell it in 
 competition with the merchants who had paid duty. The story of the 
 famous and notorious dynamite concession is also openly told. In brief, 
 it is asserted that the holders of the monopoly are entitled to charge 
 about $18 a case for dynamite, while if there were no concessions it 
 could be bought for $6. One member of the Government had been for 
 years challenged to deny that he had enjoyed a royalty of fifty cents 
 on every case of dynamite sold, and the challenge has never been tfiken 
 up. The last four paragraphs of this historic manifesto are so important 
 in their revelation of the experience of those who were behind the re- 
 form movement that they must be given word for word. . ' . 
 
 ; ; " . ' "HATRED OP THE SAXON. 
 
 "There is no disguising the fact that the original policy of the Gov- 
 ernment is based upon intense hostility to the English-speaking popu- 
 lation, and that even against the franchised burgher of this State there 
 is the determination to retain all power in the hands of those who are 
 enjoying the sweets of office now, and naturally the grateful crowd of 
 relations and friends and henchmen ardently support the existing 
 regime; but there are unmistakable signs, and the President fears that 
 the policy which he has hitherto adopted will not be sufficient to keep 
 
 ■i~1f-^: 
 
 ..*• 
 
 -^ 
 
THE STORY OF THE JAMESON RAW. 
 
 5«3 
 
 in cheek the growing population. It seems the set purpose of the Gov- 
 ernment to repress the growth of the industry, to tax it at every turn, 
 to prevent the working classes from, settling here and making their 
 homes and surrounding themselves with their families; and there is no 
 mistaking the significance of the action of the President when he 
 opposed the throwing open of the town lands of Pretoria on the ground 
 that 'he might have a second Johannesburg there,' nor that of his speech 
 upon the motion for the employment of diamond drills to prospect Gov- 
 ernment lands, which he opposed hotly on the ground that 'there is too 
 much gold here already/ 
 
 "THE POUCY OP FORCE. - 
 
 "We now have openly the policy of force revealed to us. Two hun- 
 dred and fifty thousand pounds is to be spent upon the completion of a 
 fort at Pretoria, one hundred thousand pounds is to be spent upon a fort 
 to terrorize the inhabitants of Johannesburg, large orders are sent to 
 Krupp's for big guns, Maxims have been ordered, and we are even told 
 that German officers are coming out to drill the burghers^ Are these 
 things necessary or are they calculated to irritate the feeling to breaking 
 point? What necessity is there for forts in peaceful inland towns? 
 Why should the Government endeavor to keep us in subjection to unjust 
 laws by the power of the sword instead of making themselves live in the 
 heart of the people by a broad policy of justice? Wh«t can be said of a 
 policy which deliberately divides the two great sections of the people 
 from each other, instead of uniting them under equal laws, or the policy 
 which keeps us in eternal turmoil with the neighboring States? What 
 shall be said of the statecraft, every act of which sows torments, discon- 
 tent, or race hatred, and reveals a conception of republicanism under 
 which the only privilege of the majority of the people is to provide the 
 revenue, and to bear insult, while only those are considered Republicans 
 who speak a certain language, and in greater or less degree share the 
 prejudices of the ruling classes? 
 
 "A STIRRINQ PEP ORATION. 
 
 "I think this policy can never succeed, unless men are absolutely 
 bereft of every quality which made their forefathers free men; unless 
 we have fallen so low that we are prepared to forget honor, self-respect, 
 and our duty to our children. Once more, I wish to state again in un- 
 mistakable language what has been so frequently stated in perfect sin- 
 cerity before, that we desire an independent republic, which shall be a 
 true republic, in which every man who is prepared to take the oath of 
 allegiance to the State shall have equal rights, in which our children 
 shall be brought up side by side as united members of a strong com- 
 
564 
 
 THE STORY OF THE JAMESON RAID. 
 
 monwealth; that we are animated by no race hatred, that we desire 
 to deprive no man, be his nationality what it may, of any right 
 
 "THE CHARACTER OF THE UNION. 
 
 "We have now only two questions to consider: (a) What do we want? 
 (b) How shall we get it? I have stated plainly what our grievances are, 
 and I shall answer with equal directness the question, 'What do we 
 want?^ We want: (1) The establishment of this Republic as a true 
 Republic; (2) a Grondwet or Ck)nstitution which shall be framed by 
 competent persons selected by representatives of the whole people and 
 framed on lines laid down by them — a Constitution which shall be 
 safeguarded against hasty alteration; (3) an equitable franchise law, 
 and fair representation; (4) equality of the Dutch and English lan- 
 guages; (5) responsibility of the Legislature to the heads of the great 
 departments; (6) removal of religious disabilities; (7) independence 
 of the courts of justice, with adequate and secured remuneration of the 
 judges; (8) liberal and comprehensive education; (9) efficient civil ser- 
 vice, with adequate provision for pay and pension; (10) free trade for 
 South African products. That is what we want. There now remains 
 the question which is to be put before you at the meeting of the 6th 
 January, viz.. How shall we get it? To this question I shall expect 
 from you an answer in plain terms according to your deliberate judg- 
 ment. 
 
 "(Signed) Charles Leonard, 
 
 "Chairman of the Transvaal National Union." 
 
 The conspirators at Johannesburg were alarmed toward the end of 
 December from two directions. From the opening words of the Man- 
 ifesto it is evident that the design of the reformers was by no means 
 to bring the Transvaal State under the British Government, as the 
 secretary of the Union himself has insisted. The reform party in Johan- 
 nesburg included not only enthusiastic Britishers but men of other 
 nationalities and of other sympathies, and they could only work together 
 on the condition that they did not seek to bring the Transvaal under the 
 Queen. The objects they had in view were purely remedial legislature 
 and just administration within the Transvaal itself. "It had been re- 
 peatedly and emphatically stated that the object was not to deprive the 
 Boers of their independence, or the State of it« autonomy, but to alter 
 the system of government in such a way as, first to obtain betterment 
 of the economic conditions which affected everyone, and afterwards to 
 
THE STORY OF THE JAMESON RAID. 
 
 565 
 
 introduce a policy more in accordance witli tlie general South African 
 eentiments." (FitzPatrlck.) 
 
 During the concluding weeks of preparation various sections of the 
 Outlander community still made efforts to persuade President Kruger 
 to adopt a better line of policy towards them. On one occasion he was 
 interviewed by men who are described as not "by any means at one with 
 the reformers, but the leading members of which still urged the neces- 
 sity for reformation." The President, addressing them, laid down this 
 principle, "Either you are with me in the last extremity or you are with 
 the enemy; choose which course you will adopt." He then challenged 
 them to call a meeting for the purpose of repudiating the Manifesto, 
 "Or," he said, "there is final rupture between us." His interviewers 
 declared that on the Manifesto the entire city of Johannesburg was 
 absolutely agreed, and the President significantly replied, "Then I shall 
 know how to deal with Johannesburg." 
 
 In America much interest must be excited by the fact that on one 
 of the last days of the year 1895, President Kruger received a deputation 
 of Americans from Johannesburg. They are described by the secretary 
 of the National Union as men of the highest position and influence in 
 the community. They believed that peaceful measures had not yet been 
 exhausted, and that the Government must surely yield if confronted 
 with the serious consequences that would inevitably result from their 
 policy of repression and oppression. He listened to all that they ad- 
 vanced and then told them that "it was no time to talk when danger 
 was at hand, — that was the time for action." The deputation urged that 
 the whole danger lay in the President's own policy, and assured him 
 that if he adopted a liberal attitude towards them the people of Johan- 
 nesburg would prove themselves a most law-abiding and loyal com- 
 munity. The President answered merely by the question: "If a crisis 
 should occur, on which side will I find the Americans?" The answer 
 was, "On the side of liberty and good government, always." The Presi- 
 dent replied, "You are all alike, tarred with the same brush; you are 
 British in your hearts." 
 
 It does not seem to have occurred to the reformers to make this a 
 permanent condition of their relations to Mr. Rhodes, and it was about 
 Christmas time when some event (Mr. Stead says it was a message 
 
 1 1 
 
 i 
 
566 
 
 THE STORY OP THE JAMESON RAID. 
 
 directly or indirectly from Mr. Chamberlain), occurred, which alarmed 
 the reformers and compelled them to send representatives to Cape Town 
 to protest against the idea that the revolution was to be brought about 
 under the British flag. While these messengers were away, alarming 
 news came from the direction of Dr. Jameson, who had gathered with 
 nearly 500 police under the command of Sir John Willoughby on the 
 western border of the Transvaal at Pitsani and Mafeking. Dr. Jameson 
 seemed to be in haste, and to be threatening an invasion before he had 
 received the signal from Johannesburg. Immediately two messengers 
 were sent to Dr. Jameson himself, and demands made upon Mr. Rhodes 
 that he should communicate with Dr. Jameson in order to prevent any 
 such wild and fatal movement. Their efforts were all in vain, for Dr. 
 Jameson, impelled by some impulse which to this hour is inexplicable 
 even to his friends, on Sunday, December 29, started for Johannesburg. 
 Before starting he read to his police a letter which had been put into 
 his hands weeks before by the leaders of the movement in Johannesburg, 
 but which he represented as having just reached him. This famous 
 letter, signed by five men, describes in the first part the wrongs which 
 the Outlanders felt that they were suffering, and sums up the policy of 
 the Transvaal by asserting that "every public act betrays the most posi- 
 tive hostility, not only to everything Ennflish, but to the neighboring 
 states." It goes on to describe the failure of all efforts at constitutional 
 agitation, and asserts that the policy of the Government had made an 
 armed complication inevitable. Then it goes on to speak as follows: 
 "What we have to consider is, what will be the condition of things here 
 in the event of a complication? Thousands of unarmed men, women and 
 children will be at the mercy of the well-armed Boers, while property 
 of enormous value will be in the greatest peril. We cannot contemplate 
 the future without the greatest apprehension. We feel that we are 
 justified in taking any steps to prevent the shedding of blood, and to 
 insure the protection of our lives." 
 
 "It is under these circumstances that we feel constrained to call 
 upon you to come to our aid, should a disturbance arise here." They 
 expressed the confidence that Dr. Jameson would help, and guarantee<l 
 any expense that he might incur in doing so. 
 
 Looked at in the light of after events, this letter seems very ridicu- 
 
THE STORY OF THE JAMESON RAID. 
 
 567 
 
 lous, and Dr. Jameson's action upon It unfaithful, both to the men whom 
 he deceived by reading it and to the men who had given it to him on a 
 certain understanding which he was about to ignore. 
 
 The two forces started and met speedily within the Transvaal bor- 
 ders. There is evidence which is gradually accumulating that the Boer 
 Government were not without knowledge of what was about to happen, 
 and the rapidity with which their forces were gathered and the skill 
 with which all their plans were carried out indicate careful forethought 
 as well as clever execution. Starting on the evening of December the 
 29th from the Pit.sani camp, the commander met the other column next 
 morning at the village of Malmani. The combined forces numbered 
 about 494 men. The smallness of the number constituted another breach 
 of his contract on the part of Dr. Jameson, inasmuch as the agreement 
 was that he have 1,500 men, and many had expressed dissatisfaction 
 when he said some weeks before that he might not be able to get more 
 than 1,000. He now started with less than one-third of the number 
 originally arranged for. From Malmani the movements of this extraor- 
 dinary band of soldiers constituted one exciting adventure after another. 
 They hurried on the Monday through a narrow pass at the Lead Mines, 
 and learned afterwards that only three hours later several hundreds of 
 Boers assembled in that pass who would, without doubt, have been able 
 to prevent them from advancing further. Some hours later Dr. Jame- 
 son received a letter from the commandant-general of the Transvaal, 
 demanding the reasons for this extraordinary movement. Dr. Jame- 
 son answered in terms of the letter which he had read to the force. 
 On the next day, Tuesday, the 31st, a mounted messenger overtook 
 them and presented a letter from the High Commissioner at Cape 
 Town, ordering Dr. Jameson and Sir John Willoughby to return at 
 once to their respective posts. They declared that now to comply with 
 these instructions was an impossibility. Their horses were jaded; 
 they could not go back over the road, where there was absolutely no 
 food for men or horses; a large force of Boers was known to be behind 
 them, who would attack them, and, further, they presumed that by this 
 time Johannesburg had risen and must be defended. On the 31st they 
 captured a lieutenant of the Boer volunteers, who was released at Dr. 
 Jameson's request. On the morning of New Year's Day a second letter 
 
668 
 
 THE STORY OF THE JAMESON RAID. 
 
 arrived from the High CommiBBioner, which also failed of ite purpose. 
 All this time the troop was pressing forward on its long march and 
 striving to make for Erugersdorp, which is only a few miles out from 
 Johannesburg. As they approached this place they discovered that 
 the number of the Boer forces opposed to them was rapidly increas- 
 ing. The invaders were now becoming exhausted from lack of foou 
 and sleep, and they were disappointed in one place after another to find 
 no provisions. The raiders had until now avoided any offensive attack 
 upon the Boers, but found themselves forced on the afternoon of New 
 Year's Day to open fire upon those who defended the approach to 
 Krugersdorp. An attempt to outflank the enemy on the left was 
 checked, and gradually they were compelled to move towards the right. 
 This was exactly what the Boers desired, those who were in front of 
 them and on the left thus compelled them to move towards a certain 
 point, where further resistance on the part of the invaders would speed- 
 ily be rendered impossible. The night was spent by them in great weari- 
 ness and in great danger. At dawn on the morning of January 2 the 
 final battle began. They were driven even further into the trap which 
 had been cleverly planned for them. At last they found themselves 
 in a hollow through which the road led round a hill. The hill was held 
 by the Boer forces, ;^ho now practically surrounded the entire company 
 of raiders. Seeing at last that further resistance was hopeless, and 
 would result only in a useless spilling of blood, Willoughby, with Jame- 
 son's permission, sent word to the commander, Cronje, that he would 
 surrender on the guarantee of a safe conduct out of the country being 
 given to every member of the force. The commander replied in writing 
 by guaranteeing the lives of all, provided that they laid down their arms 
 and paid all expenses. 
 
 So ended one of the most foolish and one of the most disastrous un- 
 dertakings known to modern history. Dr. Jameson and tlie British 
 officers who acted with him were marched with their men to Pretoria, 
 a band of disgraced men, who had invaded a foreign territory in time 
 of peace on their own accord, and indeed against authoritative instruc- 
 tions from all to whom they were responsible, or with whom they had 
 to do. 
 
 One need not pause to describe the excitement which was felt 
 
THE STORY OF THE JAMESON RAID. 
 
 5Ut) 
 
 me 
 uc- 
 lad 
 
 relt 
 
 throughout the world at this extraordinary fiasco. All Europe uud 
 America were filled with indignation. Mr. Chamberlain, it is true, tele- 
 graphed immediately to Pretoria repudiating t'\e raiders and disown- 
 ing any responsibility on the part of Great Britain for their action; and 
 the High Commissioner at the Cape immediately set himself with great 
 energy to make what reparation was possible to the injured State. 
 Mr. Rhodes, it is said, was crushed for a time by the blow, able only to 
 moan that his friend Jameson had ruined him. To add to the compli- 
 cations the German Emperor sent his famous telegram of sympathy 
 to President Kruger, and this action more than anything else caused 
 the recoil in England. There, to start with, amazement and anger were 
 predominant at Dr. Jameson's action, but these feelings were speedily 
 revised when that telegram wab published, and Dr. Jameson gradually 
 became the hero of a certain "jingo" section of the public in England. 
 
 After the raid had taken place it could be said that no one con- 
 cernc-d in the whole of the events was in the right; but for the world 
 at large Dr. Jameson had put Great Britain very much in the wrong, 
 and made President Kruger and his government stand as the insulted 
 and injured party. Up to that time no one could have been found who 
 would have seriously defended the policy of the Boer Government. 
 Beyond all doubt President Kruger and his clique of advisers from 
 Holland had been carrying out a policy which no citizen of a free and 
 democratic country could possibly approve. This policy had avowedly 
 injured all of the Outlanders except those groups of Outlanders who 
 came from Holland and who were appointed to official positions or re- 
 ceived Government concessions. It must be clearly understood that 
 while accusations are made, of a more or less indefinite kind, of corrup- 
 tion against President Kruger and members of his Government, it is 
 the Hollanders, brought to the Transvaal during the years of its pros- 
 perity, who obtained much influence as advisers of Kruger, and who 
 themselves received enormous pecuniary profits from the policy which 
 they induced him to adopt. 
 
 If the attempts to overthrow the oligarchy at Pretoria, consisting as 
 it did of narrow-minded pp^riots and foreign mercenaries, had pro- 
 ceeded from the citizens of Johannesburg and had been carried through 
 by them under the flag of the country, the world would, beyond doubt. 
 
 
 
 
/ 
 
 y 
 ^ 
 
 570 
 
 THE STORY OF THE JAMESON RAW. 
 
 have seen once more that they were fighting the old battle for free- 
 dom, which in ancient times was fought in Holland and England, and 
 during the last century in America. The advanced peoples of the world 
 would have said that it served Kruger right for attempting to rule his 
 country in the nineteenth century on antiquated principles, which no 
 modern citizen can defend. 
 
 But now, Dr. Jameson had attacked the country from without, himself 
 being a foreigner and a British citizen, had attempted to overthrow 
 the Government of the Transvaal, there being at the time no actual in- 
 surrection or disturbance in that country. The right now and at that 
 point was on the side of Mr. Kruger. Inasmuch as the world immedi- 
 ately judged that the British Government must have had a hand in the 
 matter this sympathy was of course deepened, and resentment against 
 the brutal Briton was aroused. 
 
 It only remained for President Kruger and his Holland advisers, of 
 whom at that time Dr. Leyds was chief, to recognize the real limits of 
 this foreign sympathy and to shape his policy so as to retain it perma- 
 nently by deserving it. The world would judge him by the policy he 
 adopted alike toward the raiders from without and the would-be reform- 
 ers within his country. No less closely would his treatment of the Out- 
 landers be considered in the light of these events. President Kruger 
 proceeded to act with a shrewdness and determination which elicited the 
 admiration as well as the disapproval even of those who became the 
 victims of his policy. Says one of them: "In reviewing the whole of the 
 circumstances of the raid, not the most biased and most interested of 
 persons can withhold a tribute of admiration to the President's pres- 
 ence of mind, skill and courage in dealing with circumstances already 
 without precedent; and in quiet moments, when recalling all that has 
 happened, if human at all, His Honor must indulge in a chuckle now 
 and then, to think how completely he jockeyed everybody." 
 
 First let us see how he dealt with the citizens of Johannesburg. The 
 difficult matter here was to obtain possession of distinct evidence con- 
 cerning the individuals who were leaders in the attempted rebellion. 
 Many of these men were generally known to be leaders of reform, but 
 Incriminating material had not yet fallen Into the hands of the Boers. 
 They had indeed, as it turned out, found a dispatch box belonging to 
 
THE STORY OF THE JAMESON RAID. 
 
 571 
 
 The 
 con- 
 
 llion. 
 but 
 
 5oerB. 
 
 njf to 
 
 one of the officers of Dr. Jameson's force, which he ha4 most foolishly 
 and inexplicably carried with him on the raid. This box contained a 
 copy of the famous letter to Dr. Jameson, and other documents, besides 
 telegrams and letters which revealed the whole story to President 
 Kruger. But still only a few names of Johannesburg citizens were in 
 this way incriminated. A Government commission was appointed con- 
 sisting of two judges and a member of the executive, who met with the 
 leaders of the committee in order to discuss the way out of the compli- 
 cations in which they found themselves. Mr. Lionel Phillips wa« 
 spokesman for the reformers, and he, after Uiiuerstanding that the ne- 
 gotiations were carried on in good faith and with a view to peace, de- 
 scribed their plans in full. The member of the executive at a certain 
 point urged that they had no proof that the movement was one gener- 
 ally approved by the citizens of Johannesburg, as they only knew the 
 names of a few of the leaders. In order to prove to him that the move- 
 ment was a popular one, in which a large proportion of the citizens were 
 personally responsible, Mr. Phillips agreed to give a full list of those 
 who had been active in the matter. The list which was obtained in 
 this way was the only basis upon which the Government were able to 
 proceed in the indictment of individuals. The list was ultimately made 
 up of sixty-four names. In order to show how widespread was the in- 
 terest it is important to note that among these ?ixty-four who were 
 convicted twenty-three were Englishmen, sixteen were Souih Africans, 
 nine were Scotchmen, six Americans, two Welshmen, one Irishman, 
 one Australian, one Hollander, one Bavarian, (>ne German, one Cana- 
 dian, one Swiss and one Turk. It afterwards appeared that those who 
 were most stubborn in their opposition to the Government were the 
 men of South African birth, who considered that in being treated as 
 they had been in South Africa itself they had been in a sense robbed 
 of their birthright. The indictment consisted of four counts, of which 
 the first was the most important. It asserted that "all and each or one 
 or more of them (the accused) wrongfully, unlawfully and with a hostile 
 intention to disturb, injure or bring into danger the independence or 
 the safety of the Bepublic, treated, conspired, agreed with and urged 
 Leandor Starr Jameson, an alien, residing without the boundaries of 
 this Republic, to come into the territory of this Republic at the head 
 
 It 
 
 I 
 
572 
 
 THE STORY OF THE JAMESON RAID. 
 
 of and with armed and hostile troops, there to make a hostile invasion 
 and to march through to Johannesburg aforesaid." In the second 
 count they were accused of actively assisting Dr. Jameson during the 
 invasion and attempting to arouse the people to utand by him. The 
 third count accused them of importing and distributing weapons and 
 ammunition and in organizing a military corps. The fourth accused 
 them of having taken in hand the government of Johannesburg as they 
 had actually done during the days of the disturbance. 
 
 After much consideration it was finally agreed (hat the four leaders 
 only should be asked to plead guilty of the first count, while the re- 
 mainder of the prisoners should plead guilty to the less important ac- 
 cusations. These four leaders were Colonel Francis Khodes, Messrs, 
 Lionel Phillips, George Farrar and John Hays Hammond. At the time 
 that it was decided that these four should plead guilty to the first of 
 the counts in the indictment, it had not been decided whether they were 
 to be tried under statute law, which allowed alternative penalties for 
 their cfrime, or Roman-Dutch law, which only allows of capital punish- 
 ment. After they had pled guilty the judge, a Mr. Oregorowski, who 
 had been imported for the occasion from the Orange Free State, decided 
 to bring their case under Roman-Dutch law, and passed sentence of 
 death upon those four men, Mr. Hammond, the American, receiving 
 his sentence last of all. The other prisoners were condemned to suffer 
 two years of imprisonment, or to pay a fine of £2,000 (about f 10,000) 
 each, and thereafter to be banished from the state for three years. 
 Much criticism has been made upon the judge for allowing the men to 
 plead before they knew the law under which they were to be tried, as 
 also for accepting a plea of guilty to a charge involving capital punish- 
 ment contrary to the universal practice of all law courts in South 
 Africa. The ensuing scene has been described by one of the partici- 
 pants as follows: 
 
 "The bearing of the four men won for them universal sympathy 
 and approval, especially under the conditions Immediately following 
 the death sentence, when a most painful scene took place in court. Evi- 
 dences of feeling came from all parts of the room and from all classes 
 of people; from those who conducted the defence and from the Boers 
 who were to have constituted the jury. The Interpreter translating 
 
THE STORY OF THE JAMESON RAID. 
 
 
 athy 
 wing 
 Evi. 
 ■isses 
 oers 
 ting 
 
 tlie sentence broke down. Many of the minor officials lost control of 
 themselves, and feelings were further strained by the incident of one 
 man falling insensible." 
 
 At the end of twenty-four hours it was announced to the prisoners 
 that the death sentence would be commuted by the clemency of the 
 President. 
 
 Various accounts have been given of the painful days that followed 
 when the prisoners were kept shut up under disgraceful sanitary con- 
 ditions, uncertain as to the fate that actually lay beforethem. Nego- 
 tiations were opened first by the Government, and the conduct of these 
 negotiations if they occurred as there is no reason to doubt, as Mr. Fitz- 
 patrick has described them, tend to show that the poor President was 
 striving on the one hand to humiliate the prisoners, and on the other to 
 stand in an attitude of magnanimity before the world at large. The 
 efforts to make the prisoners sign petitions were repeated, and in the 
 meantime their treatment was intended to make prison life as hateful 
 as possible that they might adopt any means of escape from it. Two 
 of the men stood out, absolutely refusing to sign even the most mod- 
 erate petition, and they were compelled to serve their full term of im- 
 prisonment. The others obtained release upon payment of their 
 fines, but it is alleged that their release came only after President 
 Kruger found that his treatment of them was rousing all South Africa 
 against him, and that even his fellow Dutchmen in Cape Colony and 
 the Orange Free State were in large numbers angered at his policy. 
 In fact resolutions were passed in more than two hundred towns in 
 South Africa, including many towns in the Orange Free State, in criti- 
 cism of Kruger's attitude, and the mayors of these towns began flocking 
 to Pretoria to enter their protest in person. It was not for some time 
 after these protests began to arrive that President Kruger dealt with 
 the case of the four men who had been sentenced to death (negotiations 
 were opened to see what they would propose), the prisoners were made 
 to understand that the offer of a considerable sum of money would prob- 
 ably obtain their release, and after much hesitation and dislike of the 
 proceeding, they agreed to offer £10,000 (about |50,000) apiece. The 
 President and his advisers thought that some mistake must have been 
 made and that instead of $200,000 for the four they must have meant 
 
 \'\ 
 
'\ij- 
 
 
 THE SrORY OF THE JAMESON RAW. 
 
 $200,000 from each. The matter was finally referred to the judge who 
 had passed the death sentence, and he determined that instead of death 
 these men should pay £25,000 (|125,000) per head. The prisoners, in 
 agreeing to this, stated in plain terms that they looked upon it as a sim- 
 ple bargain; that they were not accepting any favor, but paying their 
 way out of prison. On June 11th, after about six weeks of imprison- 
 ment, the fines were paid and the prisoners were released. All the pris- 
 oners were bound by a promise that they would not meddle in politics 
 for at least three years. 
 
 Out of the Johannesburgers, it appears then, that the Government 
 of the Transvaal received the sum of £212,000 (about $1,060,000) in fines 
 for their attempted revolution. 
 
 f 
 
CHAPTER VI. 
 THE COLONIAL OFFICE AND THE RAID. 
 
 WE HAVE already seen that The Raid in the earlier stages 
 of the plot which Dr. Jameson brought to an unexpected 
 and ignominious conclusion, Mr. Chamberlain, the Colonial! 
 Secretary in London, had been more or less definitely consulted. So 
 far as he seem» to have known and approved of it, it consisted simply 
 in this, that since the Johannesburgers were determined to create 
 a revolution and fight for their rights, even as a member of 
 the Volksraad had actually challenged them to do, it would be 
 not unfitting that a force belonging, not to the British Gov- 
 ernment directly, but under the control of the rulers of Rhodesia, should 
 be ready to go to the assistance of those citizens when requested to do 
 so. In fairness to Mr. Chamberlain it should be understood clearly that 
 at the very time when these negotiations were on foot he was already 
 engaged in a very serious controversy with the Transvaal Government 
 on another matter. We have seen that a railway company owned by 
 Hollanders had obtained almost entire control over the financial system 
 of the Transvaal. Their power in fixing freight charges over the three 
 main lines was unrestricted by any law. It was part of their policy 
 to develop the trade which brought goods over the longest lines, namely 
 those from Natal and Delagoa Bay. They proceeded accordingly to raine 
 the freight charges on the railway which brought goods from Cape 
 Colony and the Orange Free State. So far did they carry this discrim- 
 ination as to charge SJd (17 cents) per ton per mile on the Cape Colony 
 Free State line from the Vaal River to Johannesburg, a distance of 
 only fifty miles, as against a rate of about 3d. (6 cents) charged on the 
 otner two lines. In addition to this they thriew all kinds of obstructions 
 in the way of traffic conducted over the first-named or Southern line. 
 The Cape Colony and Orange Free State traders adopted a plan of un- 
 loading the train where It crossed the Vaal River, placing the goods on 
 wagons and carrying. them over the remainder of the journey by road. 
 
 676 
 
576 
 
 THE COLONIAL OFFICE AND THE RAID. 
 
 i 
 
 For this purpose they employed "drifts" or fords, which had been long 
 in use and which only the growth of the railway system threatened to 
 bring into disuse. President Kruger, urged by the Holland Outlanders 
 with whom he was working, resolved to close these drifts, but was sud- 
 denly confronted by the fact that he could only do so by breaking one 
 of the articles of the London Convention. 
 
 The Dutch traders in the southern states were themselves aroused 
 against Kruger, but especially against the Hollanders who were his 
 advisers, and who as a class were no more beloved by the ordinary 
 Boers in the Transvaal or anywhere else than the Outlanders in general. 
 When the drifts were closed, Dutch anger in the Colony and Free State 
 was very bitter. So bitter was it, that Mr. Chamberlain actually sent 
 the Transvaal Government an ultimatum. President Kruger, of course, 
 gave in, when he found that he had gone against the sympathy of his 
 Dutch coadjutors in the south. 
 
 Now, it was at this very time that Mr. Rhodes's proposals were 
 made to Mr. Chamberlain. His position then was this, that the 
 Transvaal had striven in this instance to break an explicit article 
 of the Convention of 1884, as in relation to the Outlanders they 
 were defying the spirit of both Conventions as well as promises made 
 outside the Conventions. While dealing with these matters, it was to 
 his own official interest rather to favor than to hinder a movement at 
 Johannesburg which would help to bring a solution to all these prob- 
 lems. If it was likeiy to encourage the movement at Johannesburg he 
 seems to have felt that it would not be very wrong to wink at the pro- 
 posals regarding Dr. Jameson. 
 
 But as soon as the Raid took place in the wild and wicked form which 
 Dr. Jameson gave to it, it became evident that that was neither what 
 Mr. Rhodes had proposed, nor he, Mr. Chamberlain, had approved. 
 Therefore on receipt of the news he immediately telegraphed to the High 
 Commissioner, to President Kruger, to Dr. Jameson, that the Raid was 
 repudiated by the British Government. It is certain that h« had kept the 
 knowledge of his plans within a very small circle in London, and above 
 all that he had not divulged them to his Queen. When, therefore, it 
 became known that Dr. Jameson and his companions were being sent 
 home for trial in London, when it became clear that the House of Com- 
 
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THE COLONIAL OFFICE AND THE RAID. 
 
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 mons must appoint a committee to investigate the whole affair, what 
 attitude was Mr. Chamberlain to assume? It was one of the most trying 
 positions in which any public man has ever been placed, one In which 
 it needed the clearest conscience and the purest heart as well as the 
 firmest will to guide a man unerringly. He had many things to con- 
 sider. There was the credit of his Sovereign, who, it is understood, had 
 given her word that her Government had not planned the Jameson Raid; 
 there was the honor of a British statesman to maintain, of whom it is 
 generally understood that whether his policy be clever or not, it shall 
 not be mean and shall not break international law; there was the stand- 
 ing of his party to consider and the effect which might be produced 
 upon its fortunes, if the whole story were made public ; there were the 
 interests of many prominent officials at stake whose tenure of office 
 would undoubtedly be rendered impossible by the publication of the full 
 truth; and, lastly, let us hope in his own mind least of all, there was 
 his own career to consider, the career of one of the most ambitious and 
 forceful statesmen of recent British history. What was Mr. Chamber- 
 lain to do? 
 
 The House of Commons appointed its Committee in the summer of 
 1896. It did not begin its work until the beginning of February, 1897, 
 inasmuch as many of the individuals who were to be examined and most 
 of the material to be dealt with were in South Africa and preliminary 
 arrangements were necessary. The Committee consisted of fifteen mem- 
 bers, including nine on the Government, that is, the Conservative side, 
 and six from the side of the Liberals. It held twenty-nine sittings, at 
 which it examined witnesses and then proceeded to make its report, 
 which was finally approved on July 13th, 1897. Mr. Chamberlain had 
 made the fatal resolve which rendered the investigations of the com- 
 mittee practically of no effect. He in no way assisted the committee 
 to obtain the really important material; he did not enter the witness 
 box except on two occasions for a few moments to weaken some dam- 
 aging evidence given by certain witnesses; he contented himself with 
 the public affirmation he had made that he neither knew of nor approved 
 the Jameson Bald. Mr. Rhodes was in the witness box for five days and 
 a half, and we are told that he answered 2,126 questions. All these 
 answers were rendered practically valueless by the fact that when any 
 
 I 
 
 i 
 
' i' 
 
 578 
 
 THE COLONIAL OFFICE AND THE RAID. 
 
 queition was put the true answers to which would incriminate Mr. 
 Chamberlain, Mr. Rhodes simply declined to answer. He refused to 
 commit perjury by lying, he refused also to betray the Colonial Secre- 
 tary by telling the truth. Mr. Chamberlain could, of course, satisfy his 
 conscience by saying that he did not know what Dr. Jameson intended to 
 do and never would have approved of what he did do. The actual Raid 
 in the time and circumstances of its actual accomplishment was a 
 matter which he could with a clear conscience repudiate. But beyond 
 all doubt his silence meant much more; it meant the concealment of the 
 fact that the plan of Mr. Rhodes and Dr. Jameson and the Johannes- 
 burg citizens had been known to him and had not received his condem- 
 nation and disapproval. Nothing can ever be said which can clear Mr. 
 Chamberlain from the severe blame of those who hold that he ought 
 not to have approved of the plan in the first instance, and that he ought 
 to have confessed his complicity in the crucial hour which came to him. 
 There were various facts in the case which rendered the work of the 
 Committee of investigation not only exceedingly delicate but very diflft- 
 cult. In the first place, Mr. Chamberlain himself was on the Committee. 
 It was undoubtedly a matter of form that when any serious occurrence 
 took place in the Department of the Colonies the Colonial Secretary 
 should be the leading investigator of the trouble. But while official 
 traditions and order demanded his presence on this committee, Mr. 
 Chamberlain undoubtedly ought to have refused to act. From the be- 
 ginning of the controversy regarding the Raid he stood in the position 
 of an accused party, and, indeed, that which was the most serious ele- 
 ment in the whole case for the British Government, was the extent of 
 the alleged complicity of the Colonial Office in the plot which Dr. Jame- 
 son crushed. The other members of the committee representing the 
 Conservative party were unlikely to push beyond the lead which would 
 be given them by Mr. Chamberlain himself. Representing the Liberals 
 there were some very strong men on the committee, including Sir 
 William Harcourt and Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman. The former 
 is a trained and most astute lawyer, thoroughly versed in the arts of 
 gathering evidence and examining witnesses; and the latter is noted 
 for the shrewdness of his mind und the independence of his judgment. 
 Besides these, the Liberals were represented by the redoubtable Mr, 
 
. » 
 
 THE COLONIAL OFFICE AND THE RAID. 
 
 nio 
 
 tary 
 cial 
 
 Mr. 
 
 be- 
 lition 
 
 ele- 
 nt of 
 ame- 
 
 the 
 ould 
 erals 
 
 Sir 
 rmer 
 
 s of 
 loted 
 
 ent. 
 
 Mr. 
 
 Henrj Labouehere. He has had much experience iu ferreting out the 
 truth concerning many questionable enterprises in England and t'lnc- 
 where. He has from the first most bitterly opposed the Chartered Com- 
 pany and denounced the whole policy and spirit of Mr. Uhodes. Neither 
 is he a lover of Mr. Chamberlain. But Mr. Labouchere lacks breadth 
 of mind and statesmanship, and so largely did Mr. Rhodes bulk in his 
 view that he did not see clearly, at the time, what the real and deepest 
 problem before the world was. 
 
 The consequence of all these and other circumstances was that the 
 Committee spent almost its entire time in investigating most minutely 
 and thoroughly the actual events connected with the Raid itself, and 
 the connections therewith of Mr. Rhodes and his friends. The committee 
 did not get the length of probing the deepest question, that regarding 
 the complicity of the Colonial Office. If this had been merely an over- 
 sight the Committee would not have received the disapproval which 
 now hangs over its name. Unfortunately there seems to be evidence that 
 at last the leaders on both sides were driven to face the worst, and they 
 collapsed. There was one man whose evidence would almost certainly 
 have brought the truth to light inasmuch as he had acted as an inter- 
 mediary in the negotiations. This was Mr. Rhodes's London lawyer, Mr. 
 Hawkesley. When he came to the witness box it was evident that he 
 neither desired, like Mr. Chamberlain, to hide the whole storj', nor had 
 Mr. Rhodes's reasons of a personal nature for refusing to answer the 
 incriminating questions. Only a few questions were put to him, when 
 suddenly a motion for adjournment was made and immediately carried. 
 
 What happened before the committee reassembled in the following 
 week no one knows. There are strong grounds for believing that the 
 leaders of the Liberal party were told of some fact which closed their 
 mouths, and made them acquiesce in an immediate and hurried stoppage 
 of the investigations. Various surmises have been made as to what this 
 fact was. The most commonly accepted and most probable suggestion 
 is that they were informed that the telling of the whole story would 
 bring a stain upon the honor of the Crown. Not that any member of 
 the Royal family was involved in the plot or knew of it, but that the 
 highest Royal guarantee had been given that the British Government 
 was not involved in this guilt. Whether this is so or not it would seem 
 
 
> 
 
 nso 
 
 THE COLONIAL OFFICE AND THE RAID. 
 
 ■1! 
 
 that Home feeling of loyalty to some interest which they considered 
 MUppeme sealed the lips even of the leaders of the Opposition. 
 
 When the committee drew up its report it had done a great deal 
 of real and valuable work, and on that i* based its judgment. 
 The Kaid was uneq iivocally repudiated. Iv'ost of all did it con- 
 demn the conduct of Mr. Rhodes; in terms of the utmost sever- 
 ity was his share in the plot described and denounced; all others 
 were likewise condemned who had been associated with the plot as 
 British subjects and officers. But a remarkable event occurred when 
 this report was presented to the House of Commons. There Mr. Cham- 
 berlain made a speech, in the course of which he uttered the astounding 
 statement that Mr. Rhodes's personal honor had not been aspersed by 
 the findings of the Committee. There were private members of the 
 House who, though puzzled, were prepared to follow the lead of those 
 whom they trusted as the heads of their respective parties, but whose 
 minds utterly refused to accept both the findings of the committee con- 
 cerning Mr. Rhodes and Mr. Chamberlain's astounding and virtual with- 
 drawal of those findings in his speech. One of them (Mr. Albert Spicer) 
 rose and put the dilemma, which was present to many minds, clearly 
 and tersely before the House. The effect of this and many other pro- 
 tests was to produce a strange silence among the leaders of both sides 
 and the report of the committee was adopted by the House, the large 
 majority of whom felt that they were voting in the dark upon a ques- 
 tion on which they longed to have full light. 
 
 Mr. Chamberlain has since those events occupied what is in the 
 minds of the country at large an uncertain, and must be to his own 
 mind an uncomfortable, position. He has on many occasions denounced 
 the Jameson Raid and laid the blame of succeeding complications with 
 the Transvaal upon that event. In answer to all challenges he has 
 simply denied that he knew of or approved of the Raid, which is true 
 in the sense described on an earlier page. But when challenged to pro- 
 duce certain documents which would tell the truth, he has within the 
 last few months declined to do so on the ground that his challengers 
 were not men who had a right to make such a demand, and he has had 
 the courage, if not rather the bravado, to hand the challenge over to 
 Sir William Harcourt and Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman, saying that 
 
THE COLONIAL OFFICE AND /F//; PAID. 
 
 58L 
 
 if they as leaders of the Opposition malie this de: land he will produce 
 the documents referred to. Mr. Chamberlain did this knowing full well 
 that these two leaders were already pledged by their previous acts not 
 to betray him by. any such act. 
 
 Great Britain has yet to reckon with Mr. Chamberlain's whole con- 
 duct of the relations of his country to the Transvaal, since the time 
 when he first heard of the proposed revolution at Johannesburg. If he 
 had openly avowed his knowledge of the conspiracy and publicly statetl 
 the reasons for the steps which he had taken he might have lost his 
 present office, but he would have retained the honor and trust of large 
 sections of the public. If he had done so, his successor in the Colonial 
 Office could have dealt with the further proceedings and policy of Presi- 
 dent Kruger and his Hollander advisers and officials in an entirely differ- 
 ent manner from that which has been possible. The British repudia- 
 tion of the plottings of the conspirators could have been made with a 
 clear conscience, and at the same time all attempts of the Transvaal to 
 arm itself and raise a great army could have been forbidden and pre- 
 vented. But, as it was, Mr. Chamberlain, by remaining in office, gave 
 the entire power to President Kruger. Mr. Chamberlain could not for- 
 bid him, knowing what he knew and what President Kruger knew, aiid 
 President Kruger could and would have defied Mr. Chamberlain if he 
 had tried to remonstrate about the military ambitions and developments 
 of the Transvaal Republic. The British authority was, from the time of 
 the Raid, paralyzed not only by the absurd and wild action of Dr. Jame- 
 son nor by the deeply-laid scheme of Mr. Rhodes, but above all and 
 through all by the suspected complicity of the Colonial Office itself in 
 these nefarious and dishonorable proceedings. 
 
/ 
 
 s f-- 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 THE TRANSVAAL AFTER THE RAID. 
 
 THE occurrence as we have described it caused a large number of 
 fresh complications. The Transvaal government was naturally 
 thrr 7/n into a mood of permanent suspicion. President Kniger 
 knew enough of the internal history of the Johannesburg plot and its 
 connection with the Colonial Office in London to convince him that 
 Mr. Chamberlain had made a serious effort to rob the Transvaal of its 
 independence. If the allegations against Mr. Chamberlain are true, as 
 they seem to be, the President had abundant reason for resentment and 
 suspicion. » 
 
 The event, even as he saw it, was calculated to open up before him 
 two entirely different paths, one of which only could it have been safe 
 and wise for him to pursue, and the other of which must lead him into 
 fresh difficulties. He chose the latter. If his far-famed shrewdness 
 had not deserted Kruger he must have seen that his treatment of the 
 Outlanders had been far too selfish and short-sighted, that his policy 
 with them had goaded them into uncontrollable anger, that they had 
 won the sympathy of nearly all th". citizens of the democratic countries 
 who became aware of their soci^«^ «nd political conditions in the Trans- 
 vaal. If, pursuing this line of argument. President Kruger had listened 
 to the leaders of his own fellow citizens, like General Joubert, who 
 belonged to the progressive party, he must have concluded that the 
 future peace of his country and the safety of its independence could only 
 be secured by granting citizenship to the huge population of foreigners 
 under reasonable terms, and making concessions to them on the other 
 matters in regard to which they felt themselves unjustly treated. This 
 was tho plan which the President most unfortunately rejected. He 
 may have been moved to some extent by the usual prejudice which 
 every leader of a party in any country feels against openly giving way 
 and adopting the policy advocated by the leaders of the opposini^ ?arty. 
 
 888 
 

 THE TRANSVAAL AFTER THE RAID. 
 
 583 
 
 To have yielded on these points would have been to confess that in all 
 their previous discussions General Joubert and his followers had been 
 right. Most probably Kruger was impressed by the conviction that 
 these xoreigners would not become loyal citizens of the South African 
 Republic, and might, as he has so often urged that they would, speedily 
 outvote the Boers at the polls, oust them from leadership, eventually 
 make them a mere struggling minority in their own country, and per- 
 haps even resign their independence by accepting a formal connection 
 with the I'ritish Empire. But then the very quarrel between the leaders 
 at Johannesburg and Mr. Rhodes which had precipitated the Jameson 
 Kaid, ought to have made it clearer still to President Kruger that the 
 betrayal of their independence was not in the least likely to become 
 part of the policy of the Outlanders if they should govern the Trans- 
 vaal. 
 
 The other fear of course was a very hard one to face. Undoubtedly 
 in time the Outlanders will outnumber and outvote the Dutchmen in 
 the Transvaal. This is in the nature of things absolutely inevitable. That 
 which President Kruger, as probably every one now feels, might have 
 very well arranged for was that the conditions of the franchise should 
 be such as to give the Outlanders a real representation and a real 
 legislative influence in the Volksraad, while securing that for a number 
 of years at any rate they should be unable to obtain a majority of the 
 votes in that house. The fairness of this plan was obvious even to Sir 
 Alfred Milner, who openly said that he had no desire to demand from 
 President Kruger terms of franchise for the Outlanders which should 
 at once give them the majority in their legislative assembly. 
 
 Driven then by these fears, President Kruger, with his executive, 
 resolved not merely to withhold any privileges which the Outlanders 
 had sought, but to devise repressive measures which should make a 
 repetition of their conspiracy impossible. The adoption of this plan 
 led to a series of transactions which have undoubtedly very seriously 
 aggravated the internal social conditions of the Transvaal. A system of 
 espionage was set up in Johannesburg by which every Outlander was 
 treated as a possible conspirator. Public meetings for the agitation, 
 even in an open and orderly manner, of their wrongs and their pleaii 
 were forbidden or dispersed. The mines and the homes of the citizens 
 
584 
 
 THE TRANSVAAL AFTER THE RAID, 
 
 of Johannesburg were searched from time to time for arm* and ammu* 
 nition or incriminating matter of any kind. The Dutch burghers were 
 drilled and trained for war on a more extensive scale than ever, and for 
 this purpose European officials were hired and brought to the country. 
 Large and larger supplies of guns and ammunition were imported, most 
 of them beicg carried through British territorlei. Fort8 were built at 
 Pretoria and Johannesburg. At the latter place the fort was so built 
 as to command the town itself and cannons were placed there with their 
 threatening muzzles pointed at the city. Along with these unconcealed 
 and formal measures of a threatening order, there must of course be 
 reckoned the less palpable but none the less dispiriting and irritating 
 influences exerted by the ntw social and political relations set up be- 
 tween the Boers as individuals and the Outlanders as individuals. As 
 their national income increased beyond all their previous dreams, and 
 increased through the taxation of the very citizens whom they suspected 
 and repressed, and as their own commercial or military power waxed 
 stronger the Boer citizens were tempted to adopt offensive manners 
 and to make contemptuous speeches to the men whom they considered 
 to be enemies within their power. We must not of course blame the 
 Boers too much for a sentiment which every race, alas, has shared 
 towards its subject peoples in similar circumstances; yet, on the other 
 hand, it is only fair to acknowledge that all these circumstances could 
 not but create still deeper feelings of unjust treatment in the hearts of 
 the Outlanders. 
 
 The bitterness of the Outlanders was aggravated by a series of events 
 which ought to have removed it. In 1897 President Kruger was at last 
 persuaded to appoint a commission to investigate the complaints of the 
 citizens of .Johannesburg. The Report of the Industrial Commission 
 shows that the appointees of Mr. Kruger sat for several months exam- 
 ining witnesses at Johannesburg, and that to their own utter surprise 
 and confusion they were compelled to announce that the complaints of 
 the Outlanders which the Government had so scorned and trampled upon 
 were justified! Everyone who asserts that the Johannesburgers had no 
 real wrongs and were driven on, like silly sheep, by a few capitalists to 
 revolution in 1895 and +o the petition to the Queen in 1899 ought to 
 know that their wrongs were In 1897 pronounced by President Kruger's 
 
THE TRANSVAAL AFTER THE RAID. 
 
 585 
 
 own commission to be both real and serious. The question whether 
 they were serious enough to warrant the actions taken is one which 
 may be safely left to their own common sense. The Report of the 
 Industrial Commission was received by President Kruger with his accus- 
 tomed indignation of heart and vigor of language. He called a mem- 
 ber of his Executive Council who served on the commission, disloyal, for 
 agreeing to its report. The practical results of this commission 
 appear to have been practically nothing. Mr. Reitz appears to prove 
 that on one set of matters, viz., the Liquor Law, the Pass Law and Gold 
 Thefts, some progress was made. But on all other matters even he gives 
 no evidence that the Government made a serious attempt to fulfill the 
 demands made in the report of its own commission. ("A Century of 
 Wrong," pp. 61-65. Cf. Fitzpatrick, "The Transvaal from Within," pp. 
 302-312.) 
 
 It is often brought as a matter of reproach against the citizens of 
 Johannesburg that they were reformers in the interests of capitalism. 
 Capitalists, it is urged, were those who stimulated their agitation and 
 the hope they had in view was simply the increase of their profits 
 as gold seekers. This of course is an assertion which can not be denied. 
 A large part of the difficulty created in the Transvaal was caused 
 by the desire of men for wealth, and the passion of wealthy men for 
 still more wealth. But unless we are going to condemn utterly the pur- 
 suit of wealth in any degree or form the mere assertion that the reform- 
 ers were pursuing wealth does not necessarily carry with it the con- 
 demnation of their agitation. It does lay it open, unfortunately for 
 human nature, to grave suspicion. The Boers have steadily asserted 
 and believe that the impelling force behind the whole agitation was 
 Mr. Rhodes, whose ambition has been, they say, to obtain control of 
 the Transvaal as well as of Rhodesia. His control of the Transvaal 
 would be reached through the huge company entitled the Consolidated 
 Gold Fields of South Africa, which owns an enormous share of nearly 
 all the large mining companies in the Transvaal. They felt persuaded 
 that if the Ontlanders received the franchise they would necessarily be 
 under the dictation of Mr. Rhodes, as the Boers themselves were under 
 the dictation of Mr. Kruger. Now whether Mr. Rhodes as an individual 
 has cherished any such designs or not, and no one who appreciates 
 
586 
 
 THE TRANSVAAL AFTER THE RAID. 
 
 his courage has any right to say that liis ambition has had any limits 
 even in this direction — the question of the justice of the Outlanders' 
 position in relation to President Kruger's Government remains to be 
 determined. It is asserted that recently the taxes in the Transvaal 
 amounted to .f 110 per capita annually, while in England they amount to 
 .f 15. Further, the miners have proved that they were compelled to spend 
 75 per cent of their net profits in the payment of taxes. In 1897 the 
 dividends which were paid amounted to £2,727,000 (about 113,000,000) 
 while the collected revenue of the Government for the same year was 
 £3,956,000 (about |19,500,000). In the year 1898 for the first time the 
 dividends paid to the shareholders equalled the taxes paid by the 
 mining industries to Mr. Kruger's Government. Mr. J. Hays Hammond, 
 the eminent consulting engineer of Johannesburg, in his report of 
 October 23d, 1899, estimated that if they had good government in the 
 Transvaal the value to the gold miners of the resulting direct and 
 indirect benefits would represent the value of about 6 shillings (|1.50) 
 per ton of crushed ore and speaks of that as a conservative estimate. 
 On the preceding year's tonnage this would mean an increase of about 
 £2,600,000 (about $12,800,000) in annual dividends. 
 
 Of course it does look as if, and it is the case that, in a controversy 
 regarding facts like these the Outlanders are fighting partly for an in- 
 crease of wealth. Their claim that the Transvaal Government has robbed 
 them of a large share of their profits does not awaken the sympathy of 
 the average man when he believes that the profits were enormous even 
 as things went. But surely there is another point of view. A govern- 
 ment does not exist arbitrarily to restrict the productivity of its people, 
 nor arbitrarily to limit the profits which they are to enjoy from their 
 productive labors. The real agony of the situation in the Transvaal 
 is just here, that the Outlanders found so large a portion of the produce 
 of their labors going into the hands of an official class, whose labors 
 as officials were vastly over-paid, and into Government monopolies, 
 which were unfair and exercised a restrictive influence upon the coun- 
 try's development. In fact it would appear that it is the old struggle 
 between the productive and the parasitic classes. In this case the 
 parasites were those who received the enormous wealth represented 
 in the indirect taxes imposed by the governmental system of the Trans- 
 
THE TRANSVAAL AFTER THE RAW. 
 
 687 
 
 vaal. The productlves were represented by those whose genius and 
 power were obtaining gold from the mines and attempting to fill the 
 Transvaal with manufactured goods from all the countries of the world. 
 If the Transvaal Government had paid reasonable salaries even though 
 large, if they had made the monopolies government monopolies, and 
 shown in thoroughly audited accounts that the large profits went to 
 the Government, if the ever-increasing revenues of the country amount- 
 ing to many millionH had been spent visibly and reasonably upon 
 building railways to help the poverty stricken farming districts, or to 
 build much needed bridges and roads and much needed school houses 
 and even parish churches, if it had been used to appoint educators and 
 honorable magistrateH for 700,000 black people j if, that is to say, the 
 75 per cent of net profits mentioned above as paid in taxes of all kinds 
 by the gold miners, had been spent honorably by the Government for 
 the good of the country the whole world would have approved of the 
 motive actuating President Kruger, would have seen that in the end 
 the money so spent would return to the miners themselves in the form of 
 innumerable blessings, the world would have said that for once we had 
 in President Kruger a man so religious and so patriotic as to see that 
 every farthing of even heavy taxes was spent upon the true elevation 
 of the entire people under his rule. 
 
 Instead of all that, what we do actually find is that nearly all the 
 money which was thus gathered from the productive class has been 
 spent partly in bk)ated salaries, partly in unearned premiums to the 
 shareholders of monopolies, partly in the formation of the Transvaal 
 into a military camp, partly in a large secret service fund whose extent 
 and operations may never be determined. Surely the productive class 
 had a legitimate rlglit to protest against a taxation which, while it did 
 not impoverish them, enriched a parasitic class and left the country 
 after all struggling in a bad position socially and economically. 
 
 It is evident that under these conditions, while the output of a few 
 mires did rapidly increase, the development of commerce as a whole 
 was seriously hindered. Capitalists were unwilling to invest their 
 money in a region which resembled a suppressed volcano. Some 
 people may of course argue tlint the people were making enough money 
 as it was, and of some of them it^ is no doubt true. But no intelligent 
 
 
 I 
 
688 
 
 THE TRANSVAAL AFTER THE RAID. 
 
 man can imagine that in a commercial community the people will be 
 content if, when they see plans of commercial development upon which 
 they could easily enter and which would add to the population of the 
 country, its general wealth and power, they find also that arbitrary 
 restrictions are placed upon their efforts to carry out these plans. 
 
 It ought in all fairness to be observed that these transactions, 
 especially the development of the Republic's military resources and 
 efficiency, were not interfered with by the British government even 
 although it was only against her or her colonies that this military 
 force could be exerted. It is perfectly safe to say that there is no other 
 country in the world which would have allowed this development to 
 go on unchecked. Neither Russia, nor Germany, nor France would 
 have patiently endured these circumstances for a single year. 
 
 During these years Mr. Chamberlain made several speeches in which 
 he showed that he appreciated the continued gravity of the situation 
 and yet desired by all means to avoid any approach to a war. For 
 example, on February 14, 1896, Mr. Chamberlain declared that Great 
 Britain had always sought to secure the sympathy and support of the 
 Dutch in South Africa, and had shown her willingness to make sacri- 
 fices of territory and even of prestige for that end. He said: "We are 
 constantly reminded of the fact that our Dutch fellow citizeps are in a 
 majority in South Africa, and I think I may say for myself as for my 
 predecessor, that we are prepared to go as far as Dutch sentiment will 
 support us. It is a very serious thing, a matter involving most serious 
 considerations, if we are asked to go to war in opposition to Dutch 
 sentiment." On the 8th of May, 1896, Mr. Chamberlain in the House of 
 Commons used the following clear and emphatic language: "In some 
 quarters the idea is put forward that the Government ought to have 
 issued an ultimatum to President Kruger — an ultimatum which would 
 have certainly been rejected, and which must have led to war. Sir, I 
 do not propose to discuss such a contingency as that. A war in South 
 Africa would be one of the most serious wars that could possibly be 
 waged. It would be in the nature of a civil war. It would be a long 
 war, a bitter war, and a costly war. As I have pointed out, it would 
 leave behind it the embers of a strife which I believe generations would 
 hardly be long enough to extinguish. To go to war with President 
 
THE TRANSVAAL AFTER THE RAID. 
 
 589 
 
 Kruger in order to force upon him reforms in the internal affairs of hi.s 
 State, with which successive Secretaries of State standing in this place 
 have repudiated all right of interference, that would have been a course 
 of action as immoral as it would have been unwise." Yet again, on 
 March 28, 1897, when Sir Alfred Milner was about to leave for his 
 position as High Commissioner for South Africa and Governor of Cape 
 Colony, Mr. Chamberlain used the followinn- language: "The problem 
 before us and before him is not an insoluble problem. For what is it? 
 It is to reconcile and persuade to live together in peace and good will 
 two races whose common interests are immeasurably greater than any 
 differences which may unfortunately exist. ..." 
 
 The Outlanders could not long avoid the utterance of protests 
 against the treatment that they received. During the winter of 1898-99 
 affairs became rapidly complicated and embittered. A small event will 
 in such circumstances create great excitement. Siich an event was the 
 murder of a man Edgar in December, 1898. In itself, this event was not 
 likely in ordinary times to create any public feeling of a political 
 nature, but it was like a spark of fire in a mass of the most combustible 
 material. It led to the holding of a demonstration, and the arrest of 
 Messrs. Webb and Dodd, two of the leading protestors. This Mr. Dodd 
 is one of two brothers from the north of England, men of the lower 
 middle class, not capitalists, not firebrands, but intelligent and earnest 
 men who have been accustomed to the political freedom of their home 
 land, and who, by public work and preaching of the Gospel, seek, 
 whether at home or abroad, to help their fellow-citizens. In January, 
 1899, a large open meeting of Outlanders was held in the amphitheater, 
 at which speeches '.rere being delivered when the police interfered and 
 dispersed the gathering. The excitement grew and took shape at last 
 in the sending of a petition to the Queen, signed by 21,684 British 
 subjects, which was forwarded through Sir Alfred Milner. President 
 Kruger at this time made several public addresses, none of whieh 
 indicated any serious desire to solve the problems at issue, but he 
 welcomed a counter petition to the address to the Queen which was 
 presented to himself and signed by 9,000 Outlanders, 
 
' -^ 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 THE AFRIKANDER BOND, AND THE PRESIDENTS' HOPE. 
 
 I. 
 
 THE full significance of the South African organization known as 
 the Afrikander Bond has yet to be measured. When all its 
 spirit and policy, its various efforts and influences since its founda- 
 tion in 1881 are reckoned up, one of the most important chapters in 
 the recent history of South Africa will then be written. 
 
 This Bond or Association is composed almost entirely of Dutch 
 people living in South Africa. According to the terms of its consti- 
 tution all Afrikanders, that is, all persons born in South Africa of 
 European descent, are eligible for membership; but as a matter of fact 
 exceedingly few have become members who are not of Dutch or Dutch- 
 French descent. The Bond was formed, in the year 1881 at the very 
 time when the success, or apparent success, of the Transvaal war of 
 independence had awakened Dutch enthusiasm throughout the country. 
 That was also the very time when the Imperial Government was delib- 
 erately loosening its grasp elsewhere in South Africa. "Politicians," 
 it has been said, "went from town to town in England advocating the 
 desertion of South Africa, retaining only the Cape as a coaling station, 
 thus constituting another Gibraltar in the southern seas. Who can 
 wonder at the direct result in South Africa — the formation of the 
 Afrikander Bond? The Anti-English people thought of a Republic, 
 and prepared for it; the English and loyal colonial population ground 
 their teeth, and remained silent and downcast, as colonists who were de- 
 serted by the Mother country. A few Cape politicians of English race 
 were perhaps the most rabid against the old country. They, rightly or 
 wrongly, nursed a sense of personal desertion, and shrieked rather than 
 said that they would never trust England again. Young English col- 
 onists left the country in cases where that could be done. Older men 
 set to work to learn the Dutch language, and be prepared for future 
 possibilities. And yet the great body of Cape Colonistf, of whatever 
 
 500 
 
THE AFRIKANDER BOND. 
 
 m\ 
 
 extraction, w€Pe far from being disloyal to England." (J. Mackenzie, 
 Austral-Africa, Vol. 1, pp. 396.) The same writer again says, "Th*? 
 most cruel drag upon the progress of the Cape, upon its Legislature, and 
 especially upon the efforts of the most enlightened and most reliable 
 Cape politicians, is the uncertain and vacillating policy of England 
 towards South Africa. This was the real cause of the formation of the 
 Afrikander Bond and its subsequent increase in membership. The 
 people were taught to believe that England was about to abandon South 
 Africa; and the leaders of the movement pleased themselves and their 
 hearers with the idea that they would then form themselves into a 
 Republic under their own flag." These words were written from per- 
 sonal and intimate knowledge of the facts so long ago as 1887. 
 
 The Afrikander Bond is not confined to Cape Colony or to any one 
 part of South Africa. Dutch sympathisers with it may become mem- 
 bers of it wherever they live in South Africa. It has affiliated branches 
 in the Transvaal and the Orange Free State as well as in Cape Colony. 
 As the principles of this Bond are not generally known and are of 
 immense importance in the interpretation of recent South African his- 
 tory its platform must be given in its own words: 
 
 "(1) The Afrikander National Party acknowledges the guidance of 
 Providence in the affairs both of lands and peoples. 
 
 "(2) They include under the guidance of Providence the formation 
 of a pure nationality and the preparation of our people for the estab- 
 lishment of a United South Africa. 
 
 "(3) To this they consider belong, (a) the establishment of a firm 
 union between all the different European nationalities in South Africa, 
 and (b) the promotion of South Africa's independence (zelfstandigbeid). 
 
 "(4) They consider that the union mentioned in Art. 3 (a) depends 
 upon the clear and plain understanding of each other's general interest 
 in politics, agriculture, stock-breeding, trade and industry, and the 
 acknowledgment of everyone's special rights in the matter of religion, 
 education and language, so that all national jealousy between the 
 different elements of the people may be removed, and room be made 
 for an unmistakable South African national sentiment. 
 
 "(5) To the advancement of the independence mentioned in Art. .S 
 (b) belong: (a) that the sentiment of national self-respect and of patriot- 
 
 ''I 
 
592 
 
 THE AFRIKANDER BOND. 
 
 ism towards South Africa sliould above all be developed and exhibited 
 in schools, and in families, and in the public press; (b) that a system 
 of voting should be applied which not only acknowledges the right of 
 numbers, but also that of ownership and the development of intelli- 
 gence; and that is opposed as far as possible to brlbei-y and compulsion 
 at the polls; (c) that our agriculture, stock-breeding, commerce and 
 industries should be supported in every lawful manner, such as by a 
 conclusive (doeltreffende) law as regards masters and ser\ants, and also 
 by the appointment of a prudent and advantageous system of protec- 
 tion; (d) that the South African colonists and states either each for 
 itself or In conjunction with one another shall regulate their own 
 native affairs, employing thereto the forces of the land by means of a 
 satisfactory burgher law, and (e) that outside Interference with the 
 domestic concerns of South Africa shall be opposed. 
 
 "(6) While they acknowledge the existing Governments holding 
 rule In South Africa, and Intend faithfully to fulfill their obligations 
 In regard to the same, they consider that the duty rests upon those 
 Governments to advance the Interests of South Africa In the spirit 
 of the foregoing articles; and, whilst on the other hand they watch 
 against any unnecessary or frivolous Interference with the domestic 
 or other private matters of the burgher, against any direct meddling 
 with the spiritual development of the nation, and against laws which 
 might hinder the free Influence of the Gospel upon the national life, 
 on the other hand, they should accomplish all the positive duties of a 
 good Government, among which must be reckoned: (a) In all their 
 actions to take account of the Christian character of the people. (b) 
 The maintenance of freedom of religion for everyone, so long as the 
 public order and honor are not injured thereby, (c) The acknowledg- 
 ment and expression of religious, social and bodily needs of the people 
 In the observance of the present weekly day of rest, (d) The applica- 
 tion of an equal and judicious system of taxation. (e) The bringing 
 Into practice of an impartial and, as far as possible, economical admin- 
 istration of justice. (f) The watching over the public honor, and 
 against the adulteration of the necessaries of life, and the defiling of 
 ground, water or air, as well as against the spreading of Infectious 
 dlsaases. 
 
[hiblted 
 system 
 right of 
 intelli- 
 ipulsion 
 rce and 
 as by a 
 and also 
 f protee- 
 ?ach for 
 eir own 
 ans of a 
 vith the 
 
 holding 
 ligations 
 on those 
 lie spirit 
 y watch 
 domestic 
 neddling 
 iTs which 
 )nal life, 
 ties of a 
 all their 
 >le. (b) 
 g as the 
 Qowledg- 
 le people 
 
 applica- 
 bringing 
 
 1 admin- 
 nor, and 
 
 ?filing of 
 
 afectious 
 
 u1 
 
 
 GROUP OF OFFICERS, SECOND CONTIISOENT CANADIAN MOUNTED 
 
 RIFLES, AT TORONTO 
 
I 
 
THE AFRIKANDER BOND. 
 
 503 
 
 "(7) In order to secure the influence of these principle*!^ they stand 
 forward as an independent party, and accept the co-operation of other 
 parties only if the same can be obtained with the uninjured main- 
 tenance of these principles." 
 
 It is evident, of course, that much of this document is most praise- 
 worthy in its spirit. But South Africans are bound to read behind 
 some even of the religious affirmations a meaning which would not be 
 placed upon the same words in America or England; such as the 
 elastic clause in (6) (b), which safeguards religious freedom by adding 
 "so long as the public order and honor are not injured thoreby." Many 
 will think at once of the blacks, and the persistence with which, for so 
 long, the Boers opposed all mission-work among them, for "tlie public 
 order and honor." The weight of all such documents is to be found not 
 in the matter-of-course details or the aims and statements of aims which 
 are the commonplace of all modern political associations and creeds, 
 but in the distinctive affirmations which mark out the purpose and 
 policy of this specified organization and give the reasons for its being. 
 
 To begin with, it is important to remark that the Afrikander Bond 
 took the place of an older Association which existed to further many of 
 the social aims described in these Articles of the Bond. The new ele- 
 ment, the i.itense "Afrikanderism," expressed in words about "pure 
 nationality," "independence" and "interference from without," came 
 from the new spirit wakened by the retrocession of the Transvaal. 
 People in Britain and America should realize once for all that, through- 
 out South Africa when men of any party speak of "Af rikanderism" or the 
 spirit of the Bond, they refer to the meaning underlying the phrases 
 just quoted. Further be it noticed that those who are members 
 of it are described as the Afrikander National Party. They, under 
 the guidance of Providence, aim at the creation of what is called "a 
 pure nationality" and the use of such means as will secure a United 
 South Africa. (The phrase "pure nationality" is a very peculiar one, 
 often used by Afrikander Bond speakers. What does it mean?) In 
 order to secure a United South Africa they affirm that two things are 
 necessary, the first is a mutual understanding and union between the 
 different European nationalities; the. second is tlie "promotion of South 
 African independence." Under Section 5 (e) it is again affirmed that 
 
rm 
 
 THE AFRIKANDER BOND. 
 
 
 the advancement of its independence includes opposition to outside 
 interference with the domestic concerns of South Africa. These clauses 
 are vague, and can only be interpreted for us by the actual life and 
 work of the Association. They may mean merely that the Bond Party 
 desire South African Home Rule under the British flag. But, as we 
 shall see, subsequent events show that for many members of the Bond 
 they have meant much more. 
 
 Our judgment of the righteousness of the Association which has 
 this distinctive and definite aim must depend upon several considera- 
 tions. In the first place the Association includes the Dutch citizens 
 of two states, namely, the Transvaal and the Orange Free State, which 
 ha/e been, as regards internal affairs, completely independent of the 
 Imperial Government. Further it is of importance to notice that while 
 Sir John Brand was President of the Orange Free State, he opposed 
 the formation of the Bond, but that since his death the heads, the Presi- 
 dents, of both of these independent states have been members of the 
 Afrikander Bond. Further, it is to be remarked, that it has its head- 
 quarters at Cape Town in a colony whose self-government is as com- 
 plete as that of an Australian colony, or the Dominion of Canada, or 
 England herself, a colony which is treated as a part of the British 
 Empire, enjoying a full and real internal Legislative and Executive 
 administrator. If then the object of the Bond has been to secure a 
 greater independence than these two Dutch states and the South Afri- 
 can Colonies already enjoy, that can mean one thin^; only, which is the 
 cutting of the last tie between England and South Africa. There are 
 not many who after recent developments will be able to resist the con- 
 clusion that this has been and is the policy and ultimate aim of the 
 Afrikander Bond. What then are we to think of the action of Presi- 
 dent Kruger and President Steyn, who for years have been members of 
 the Bond, have cherished this policy and jought, through the Bond, 
 to advance this aim? 
 
 One of the founders of the Bond was Mr. F. W. Reitz, afterwards, for 
 a short time, President of the Orange Free State, and now State Secre- 
 tary of the Transvaal. He seems to have been active in securing mem- 
 bers for the Bond, and among others, approached Mr. Theodore 
 Schreiner, brother of the present Prime Minister. When Mr. Schreiner 
 
 ^f 
 
THE AFRIKANDER BOND, 
 
 ;i5) 
 
 objected that the Bond aimed ultim.itely "at the overthrow of the 
 British power and the expulsion of the British flag from South Africa," 
 Mr. Reitz said, "Well, what if it is so?" When Mr, Schreiner expostu- 
 lated saying, "You don't suppose that that flag is going to disappear 
 from South Africa without a tremendous struggle «nud fight?" Mr. 
 Reitz answered, "Well, I suppose not; but even so, what of that?" It is 
 this very Mr. Reitz who last year (1899) discussed the question of Suze- 
 rainty with Mr. Chamberlain and who, as he tells us, did n. base his 
 claim to self-government on the Conventions of 1881 and 18^.4, "but 
 simply on the ground of its (the South African Republic) being a sov- 
 ereign international state." <^"A Century of Wrong," by F. W. Reitz, 
 pp. 58.) It is the same astute lawyer and eloquent writer who closes 
 this pamphlet with the following paragraphs: 
 
 "May the hope which glowed in our hearts during 1880, and which 
 buoyed us up during that struggle, burn on steadily! May i prove a 
 beacon of light in our path, invincibly moving onwards through blood 
 and through tears, until it leads us to a real Union of South Africa. 
 
 "As in 1880, we now submit our cause with perfect confidence to 
 the whole world. Whether the result be Victory or Death, Liberty 
 will assuredly rise iu South Africa like the sun from out the mists of 
 the morning, just as freedom dawned over the United States of America 
 a little more than a century ago. Then from the Zambesi to Simon's 
 Bay it will be 'Africa for the Africanders.' " 
 
 Here then we have the most authoritative interpretation of that 
 famous phrase, which has been universally accepted in South Africa 
 as the unofficial motto of the Afrikander Bond. Mr. Reitz tells us that 
 the hope of throwing Great Britain out of South Africa has been strong 
 in, their hearts since 1880. 
 
 Shortly after its creation the Afrikander Bond showed at once its 
 determination to influence events and the direction which that influence 
 would take. In October, 1883, it sent to the British Government a 
 petition expressing the deep sympathy of "many thousands of Her 
 Majesty's faithful subjects, mostly of Dutch extraction, residing in the 
 Colony of the Cape of Good Hope," "with their compatriots of the Trans- 
 vaal Stnte.'* The object of the petition was to beg humbly that the 
 Imperial Government would grant the requests about to be made by 
 
/ 
 
 596 
 
 THE 'AFRIKANDER BOND. 
 
 '^tiii':';'!^ 
 
 Prpsicleut Kniger and other members of the deputation which was 
 being sent to London at that time, and whose proposals and success we 
 have described elsewhere. Practically they asked the Imperial Gov- 
 ernment to give the deputation everything they wanted, "most particu- 
 larly'" in connection with the boundaries on the west and southwest 
 of the Transvaal State. It was a clever effort to influence the Govern- 
 ment with the idea that they would please, as they of course did please, 
 the Dutch in Cape Colony by agreeing to make the Transvaal practically 
 the most powerful State in South Africa. 
 
 It was the Afrikander Bond more than any other force which in 
 the years 1884-1885 opposed every effort that was being made to estab- 
 lish the British Protectorate of South Bechuanaland, and through its 
 subservient ministry at Cape Town strove to obtain some cr^^iiit and 
 some life for the petty Boer Republics which were being fo' ;',:-; ithin 
 that territory. It was the Bond with its machinations in the interests 
 of the Transvaal Republic which twisted the High Commissioner around 
 its little finger, and so weakened the Imperial policy that it required 
 the Warren Expedition of 1885 and the expenditure by Great Britain 
 of several millions of dollars to put matters right in South Bechuana- 
 land. It was the influence of the Bond which, through a weak Gov- 
 ernor, tried to defeat this very expedition by attempts to thwart the 
 plans and limit the authority of Sir Charles Warren, even after he had 
 landed with his troops on South African soil. 
 
 Mr. Bryce, in his interesting work, "Impressions of South Africa/* 
 has expressed the opinion that during the years between its format' i 
 and the Jameson Raid the Afrikander Bond tended to lose its tn 
 English spirit and he attributes this partly to the influence of Mr. 
 Rhodes, who at the same time reeeivefl the support of the Bond and 
 maintained his reputation as a strong Imp<»riali8t, "eager to extend 
 the range of the British power over the continent." It may be said 
 here that as a matter of fact Mr. Rhodes was for a long time more 
 famous as an Imperialist in Ehigland than in South Africa, and better 
 known in South Africa than in England as a co-worker witl the 
 Afrikander Bond and promoter of its policy. But it is not he 
 case that the Afrikander Bond allowed its main aim and pur- 
 pose to fade during those years. There is abundant evidence that 
 
THE AFRIKANDER BOND. 
 
 597 
 
 the course of political events in Cape Colony was quietly but con- 
 stantly shaped during those years by the Bond, and that the legislation 
 which it promoted tended steadily towards the aggrandisement of the 
 power of the Dutch in Cape Colony and the prevention of Imperial 
 growth in South Africa. Mr. Bryce ought surely to have allowed some 
 weight to the fact that during those years the Bond party at the Cape 
 held the reins of power and that its powerful and astute leader, Mr. Uof- 
 meyr, held the nomination of the Prime Minister in his own hands. 
 The Bond was not idle one year and its persistent influence moved 
 events ever towards one goal. 
 
 As a matter of fact a great deal of legislation even under Mr. 
 Rhodes Was helpful to the Bond in its main purjxjses. Most of all this 
 appeared perhaps in the legislation by which large sections of the 
 native community in Cape Colony were actually disfranchised. It was 
 not and could not be proved that the natives misused their privilege; on 
 the contrary it is a matter of history that many of the best educated 
 and most powerful members of the Cape Legislature, were sent up from 
 constituencies where the native vote predominated. These constituen- 
 cies almost invariably supported men of high character and broad edu- 
 cation and sterling English sympathy, while they refused to be repre- 
 sented by Dutchmen of a pronounced type. Whatever excuse, therefore, 
 might be made for thr act of disfranchisement, the real effect of it was 
 to weaken the Imperial party in the Cape Legislature and to strengthen 
 the political grasp of the Bond upon the colonies. Does any one in 
 South Africa doubt that the Bond leaders foresaw this effect? 
 
 The existence of the Bond does also explain the policy of Mr. Rhodes 
 with regard to what was called the "Imperial Factor" in South African 
 affairs. Mr. Rhodes of course felt and sincerely believed that the best 
 way to secure Imperialism was to denounce the Itoperial Factor, as 
 he did; that the best way to attach the Cape Dutch to England was to 
 give way to the policy of the Afrikander Bond, as he did. Perhaps he 
 seemed to see a way through his policy to the strengthening of Imperial- 
 ism over South Africa as a whole, and the gradual consolidation of all 
 South African states into a great dominion under the British flag. But 
 whatever his aim was, his policy has undoubtedly failed. 
 
 If Mr. Rhodes had felt that his policy was succeeding he would not 
 
598 
 
 THE AFRIKANDER BOND. 
 
 \ 
 
 \ 
 
 \ 
 
 have run the risk of that final defeat which it certainly met by his 
 alliance with the citizens of Johannesburg and his organization of the 
 plan that degenerated suddenly into the Jameson Raid; if his relations 
 as Prime Minister of Cape Colony with the Afrikander Bond at Cape 
 Town, and thereby with President Kruger, had remained friendly, if he 
 had seen that on this way his peculiar Imperialism was certain to suc- 
 ceed, he would have found some other means of persuading President 
 Kruger without the exertion of force. Most persons will believe that 
 in 1895 Mr. Rhodes had found that the Afrikander Bond would not 
 help him to secure from President Kruger the alleviation of the condi- 
 tions of the Oi *'"'5'^rs. 
 
 The influence le Bond was very marked in relation to the pro- 
 posal to send peasant farmers from Great Britain to Bechuanaland to 
 develop valuable unoccupied territories in that Colony. The Bond's 
 voice at once shouted that this was "English interference" in South 
 Africa! But at the same time President Kruger was inviting settlers 
 to come from Belgium and Holland to the Transvaal, and winking 
 at the efforts of his own subjects to "interfere" with Bechuanaland 
 affairs, and the Bond uttered no protest. 
 
 In relation to the development of the Cape Colonial railway system 
 the influence of the Bond appeared over and over again. For years 
 the railway into the northern portion of the Colony failed to reach 
 Kimberley, the largest town in South Africa at that time. The reason 
 for this laxity of the Government was undoubtedly that Kimberley was 
 a city of "outlanders," and that the large amount of trade which would 
 flow along the line of the railway, if it were completed, would enrich 
 the farmers of various nationalities in Cape Colony, but as long as the 
 railway was uncompleted, it would go mainly to the enrichment of the 
 Orange Free State and the southern part of the Transvaal. So also 
 when proposals were made for the Trunk line from Kimberley north- 
 ward through Bechuanaland, the same anti-British influence served 
 for long to hinder the realization of this project. 
 
 The steady effect of each movement of the Bond during these years — 
 at Cape Town, be it remembered — was to strengthen the Boer Republics 
 and to restrain the development of the British colonies. 
 
 No one who studies the history of Cape politics since 1881 can doubt 
 
THE AFRIKANDER BOND. 
 
 599 
 
 that the real ruler of many crises in legislation and In Imperial policy at 
 Cape Town was President Kniger. If this be so our appreciation of 
 his shrewdness, his far-sightedness, his cunning, his indomitable will 
 must be immeasurably deepened. 
 
 The policy described in the constitution of the Afrikander Bond, 
 and explained by Mr. Reitz, one of the founders, accounts for the enor- 
 mous and successful efforts to enlarge the military resources both of 
 the Transvaal and of the Orange Free State. Before tlie Jameson 
 Raid proposals were already being made to build larger forts in the 
 Transvaal, and already some steps had been taken to make it stronger 
 as a military power. In more recent years the Orange Free State has 
 been importing ammunition, employing foreign oflBcers and preparing 
 itself for war. All this was being done in times of perfect peace and 
 by two co-operating countries which never actually could fight with 
 any other than the British Empire or its colonies or dependencies in 
 South Africa, The world has only now discovered with amazement 
 how far this conspiracy for war had gone during the last ten years. 
 The Afrikander Bond made it possible, combined with the wealth of 
 the mines and the grandmotherly placidity of England. 
 
 The purpose behind the organization of the Bond is the same that 
 has urged President Kruger in his unbending opposition to the enfran- 
 chisement of the Outlanders. If they had been enfranchised on the 
 terms which were in operation when they were invited into the country 
 and when the last Convention (1884) was made with Great Britain, the 
 Afrikander Bond would have been paralyzed, and the Afrikander 
 dream forever dissolved. Those who hold that this war is the outcome 
 of a plan deliberately formed years ago and silently but sturdily pur- 
 sued during the interval, will now read another meaning behind the 
 passionate words of President Kruger in his Conference with Sir Alfred 
 Milner at Bio mfontein and in his dealings with the reformers' com- 
 mittees from Johannesburg. His one cry was "the independence of my 
 people," or "of my burghers." By this he meant, of course, in the 
 first place, the power of his 30,000 Boer voters to control the 750,000 
 natives of the Transvaal, a» well as the 60,000 Europeans who were 
 fitted to qualify to vote within his own country. That form of "Inde- 
 pendence" he had undoubtedly hungered to preserve. But was there 
 
& 
 
 600 
 
 THE AFRIKANDER BOND. 
 
 no deeper meaning in his cry? Was not that independence of which 
 the Constitution of the Afrikander Bond speaks also in his mind, the 
 settlement for which he had been working so skillfully, so patiently, so 
 successfully for nearly twenty years? If he gave the franchise to the 
 Outlanders he would not only give them justice, he would make the 
 presence of Great Britain in South Africa finally secure. 
 
 What has been said regarding the actual influence of the Afrikander 
 Bond in the history of South Africa and the policy cherished by its 
 founders and leaders must not be taken as inevitably leading to the 
 condemnation of Mr. Kruger., Those who hold that the Boers had a 
 sacred right, if they saw the chance, to fight for the overthrow of the 
 British power and the establishment of a Boer Republic throughout 
 South Africa, will of course hold that the Afrikander Bond was an 
 obvious and legitimate means for furthering that end. In that case 
 President Kruger had a right to plot against England; had a right to re- 
 fuse the franchise to the Outlanders, since the granting of it would de- 
 stroy his great ambition ; had a right to influence legislation and policy 
 in general at Cape Town through Mr. Hofmeyr and his fellow- workers; 
 had a right to spend millions of dollars received in taxation for the Gov- 
 ernment of the country, in building up the splendid and efficient army 
 system which to-day is causing such trembling in England and amaze- 
 ment throughout the world; had a right, as he proposed to President 
 Brand in 1887, to subsidize the Orange Free State Government so 
 lavishly in order to induce it to form the closest popisible alliance with 
 the Transvaal. 
 
 But if those who sympathize with President Kruger*s purpose ap- 
 prove also his employment of the Afrikander Bond for that purpose, 
 they cannot blame those who on the other hand call that treachery and 
 believe that England had a right to employ all means for defeating that 
 purpose. Those who believe that it would be best for South Africa, 
 even for the Boers, much more for the vast native populations, to be 
 controlled by Great Britain than to be under a so-called Boer "Re- 
 public," will be inclined to condone all that England has done to defeat 
 the Afrikander Bond. But they will have little indeed to condone; they 
 will grieve rather that the Imperial Government has been so blind, so 
 deaf to the advices of her friends, so unwilling to form a masterful 
 
THE AFRIKANDER BOND. 
 
 601 
 
 counter-policy and to carry it out with vigorous consistency. They will 
 assert that Britain has only blundered when she has tried to act, and 
 only vigorously acted too late when she was driven to it by the most 
 portentous events. 
 
 11. 
 
 y 
 
 The subject discussed above is of such importance as to warrant 
 restatement in another form and in answer to the direct question: — Has 
 there been among prominent individuals in the Transvaal, Orange Free 
 State and Cape Colony a conspiracy to drive Great Britain out of South 
 Africa? It is of course generally recognized that if such a conspiracy 
 has existed, Great Britain would stand instantly justified before the 
 whole world, even if she had forced on the present war. But ludicrous 
 demands are made regarding the proof of such a conspiracy. Incrimi- 
 nating documents are asked for, quotations from speeches are demanded 
 in which any such conspiracy is explicitly confessed or described by the 
 conspirators! Now it must be remembered that not all conspirators give 
 themselves away so easily as those concerned in the Jameson Raid. 
 
 It is a familiar fact in South Africa that the Afrikander Bond, like 
 most large organizations, has comprised members of diverse natures and 
 purposes. There has been a section of the Bond who infinitely prefer be- 
 ing protected from London to being ruled from Pretoria, and who have 
 shown during this war that they are loyal to Great Britain. Even if they 
 would be glad to see the Union Jack thrown into the sea they at least 
 do not wish Mr. Kruger to run up the new flag, and they do not think a 
 change would be safe yet. These members have been interested in the 
 Bond as Dutchmen who saw in it an engine for gaining political and 
 commercial advantages for their own race in Cape Colony, quite irre- 
 spective of more general or Imperial problems. Mr. Hofmeyr's careful 
 speeches would indicate that he belongs to that section, although many 
 doubt his sincerity. But those supporters and even leaders of the 
 Bond who avowed themselves loyal have yet to explain how they en- 
 dured association with those others, like Mr. Reitz and Mr. Steyn and 
 above all Mr. Kruger, who saw in the Bond an engine for realizing that 
 hope which Mr. Reitz has now at last so openly interpreted to the world, 
 "Africa for the Africanders." 
 
 The question whether this war is really the outcome of a conspiracy 
 
 i 
 
 I' i 
 
 \i 
 
602 
 
 THE AFRIKANDER BOND. 
 
 m 
 
 when put in the light of historical fact resolve* itself into three ques- 
 tions. First, Has or has not the Afrikander Bond, or a section of it, 
 confessedly been preparing the way for the last twenty years for driv- 
 ing out Great Britain and establishing a Dutch Government in South 
 Africa? The evidence seems to be abundant and in its kind most con- 
 vincing, that the answer to the question must be in the affirmative. 
 South African newspapers whether hostile or friendly to this purpose 
 teem with proof that throughout these years, that has been generally 
 accepted as the ultimate aim of a certain section of the Dutch people 
 who used the Bond as their means of communication and constant in- 
 spiration. 
 
 Second, If it is thus proved that the Presidents of the Orange Free 
 State and the Transvaal were in organized affiliation with one another 
 and with citizens of Cape Colony to further this plan, is that affiliation 
 to be called a conspiracy or not? To this there surely can be only one 
 answer. This is conspiracy. The very man who stood out before the 
 world as the indignant victim of a conspiracy at Johannesburg, was 
 actually then and had been for years discussing with the head of a 
 neighboring State and with British citizens in a British Colony the 
 ways and means of securing "Africa for the Africanders!" 
 
 Third, Has this conspiracy taken practical shape in actual and con- 
 certed preparations for the war which should drive the British flag out of 
 South Africa? This also must be answered very confidently in the 
 affirmative. Preparations had begun before the Jameson Raid, but 
 that event undoubtedly hastened and encouraged the work. The simple 
 facts are that the Orange Free State and the Transvaal have been for 
 years buying war material, and drilling their citizens, forming artillery 
 regiments under European officers. Now there is no other country 
 against which they could possibly fight except Great Britain; for, even 
 if the Transvaal had attacked Portugal, Britain would have intervened. 
 The most earnest and extensive operations date from 1896. The Raid 
 created the very atmosphere in which the work could be pushed with- 
 out interference from Great Britain (for obvious reasons), and with the 
 approval of many Dutch citizens in the Colonies who, hitherto hindered 
 by caution, were aroused to a white heat of indignation by that mon- 
 strous wrong. 
 
THE AFRIKANDER BOND. 
 
 f.o:$ 
 
 Mr. Keitz has hiiriHelf cited the strongest proof that after the Kaid 
 the conspirators saw and seized their unexj^ected opportunity. The 
 paper which Mr. Keitz has called "The Organ of the Africander Party" 
 said in 1896, "This is truly a critical moment in the existence of Afri- 
 kanders all over South Africa. Now or never! Now or never the foun- 
 dation of a wide-embracing nationalism must be laid. The iron is red 
 hot, and the time for forging is at hand." The writer of those word;^ 
 then passes to an utterance which has a vital importance. He says 
 that the Colonial Dutch in Natal and Cape Colony have been brought 
 into close sympathy with the Kepublics, and that the longed for union 
 is at hand. "The partition wall has disappeared." It is the great hour 
 when all Dutchmen can be united. "Never has the necessity for a 
 policy of a Colonial and Republican Union been greater; now the psy- 
 chological moment has arrived; now our people have awakened all 
 over Africa; a new glow illuminates our hearts; let us now lay the 
 foundation stone of a real United South Africa on the soil of a pure and 
 all-comprehensive national sentiment." (Mr. Reitz's "A Century of 
 Wrong," p. 50.) 
 
 From that date the Governments of the two Republics have con- 
 sentaneously pushed their preparations. And the result of their steady 
 labors was that last summer, as Mr. Chamberlain asserted, the Trans- 
 vaal had been turned into a military camp. 
 
 This then is what is meant by a conspiracy in South Africa. The 
 two Presidents have resolved to drive Britain out of South Africa, out 
 of her own colonies which are as much part of the Empire as Canada, or 
 Australia. Behind all the strenuous resistance of the Outlandors' claims 
 since 1890, behind the claims of Mr. Reitz, in 1899, that the South 
 African Republic Is a "sovereign international state," behind the alliance 
 of the Orange Free State and the South African Republic, behind the 
 diplomatic correspondence of the last ten years, and of last year, there 
 has been this steady purjwse. The world sees to-day that for years the 
 conspiring Presidents have been preparing an army, trained and armed, 
 to conquer Natal and Cape Colony, to annex them to the Dutch Re- 
 publics (as has actually been done!), and thus to establish a Boer gov- 
 ernment "from the Zambesi to Simon's Bay." 
 
 The two main arguments urged against the belief that President 
 
 7 
 
604 
 
 THE AFRIKANDER BOND. 
 
 Kruger and President Steyn have been deliberately preparing for a war 
 whose result should be that which we have described above are as ial- 
 lows: First, it is said that the enormous expenditure of money by 
 President Kruger upon military preparations dates from the Jameson 
 Kaid and is based upon his fear lest Great Britain should invade the 
 Transvaal. This argument loses nearly all its force from the fact that 
 the Raid enabled President Kruger to push on a purpose already long 
 cherished more boldly and more rapidly than had been possible before. 
 As a matter of fact he had received before all the world the strongest 
 assurance possible that whatever individual officers had guiltily at- 
 tempted, Great Britain as a country and a Government repudiated the 
 accusation that she desired to subdue the Transvaal. No assurances 
 more solemn or more public could have been given than those which 
 Great Britain gave. These assurances were confirmed by the fact that 
 she made no protest while she watched President Kruger arming him- 
 self to the teeth. Nor did she direct any protest against the sudden 
 military activity which broke in upon the Arcadian peace of the Orang<^ 
 Free State. Great Britain has never shown any inclination to invade 
 the territories of civilized and competent governments without just 
 cause, and it is impossible for candid people to suppose that she would 
 have begun with the Transvaal. Moreover President Kruger, if his 
 desire was supremely and simply to ward off a British invasion while 
 doing justice within his borders to all the people of his land, must have 
 seen that the independence of the Transvaal as a self-governing na- 
 tionality would be more secure than ever if he admitted all these Out- 
 landers into full citizenship. For on the eve of the revolution at Johan- 
 nesburg the i^merican, Mr. Hays Hammond, made the committee stand 
 up and swear allegiance to the Transvaal. Moreover the revolution 
 was largely wrecked by the repeated negotiations which resulted from 
 the fear lest Mr. Rhodes should attempt to hoist the Union Jack if Mr. 
 Kruger's government was overthrown. No stronger bulwark could he 
 have raised against a British invasion than a generous franchise! But 
 the President knew on the other hand that the same Outlanders would 
 finally stamp out the conspiracy in which he and Mr. Steyn and Mr. 
 Reitz were engaged. What President Kruger then decided to do was 
 both to resist any possible British invasion and to retain the power of 
 
m 
 
 THE AFRIKANDER BOND, 
 
 «or> 
 
 the OoTernmont in the hands of those whom he calls "my burghers." 
 (The conference with Sir Alfred Milner at Bloemfontein last June made 
 this perfectly clear.) Was this purpose connected or was it not con- 
 nected with that other "hope" which he confessedly has cherished for 
 many years and which his own State Secretary has so eloquently ex- 
 pounded? Let him who thinks it possible, believe that President Kruger 
 has kept separate compartments of his mind unconnected with one 
 another, in which he has pondered and planned, in the first, his resist- 
 ance of the claims of the Outlanders; in the second, the maintenance 
 of a Boer oligarchy in the Transvaal; in the third, the establ'shment of 
 a Boer Government over all South Africa, and in the fourth, the build- 
 ing up of a strong military system in the Transvaal and the Free State. 
 If he succeeded in thinking of these various aims of his without refer- 
 ence to one another and without making the one in any wise subservient 
 to the other, he is a man more remarkable than anyone has yet supposed 
 him to be. These four things he has done or tried to do, and they belong 
 to one another. 
 
 Second, it is urged that the Boers cannot possibly have looked for- 
 ward to a successful war with Great Britain and that therefore they 
 have never cherished or prepared for the mad design of confronting 
 Great Britain in a final struggle for the mastery of South Africa. In the 
 first place this view is contradicted flatly by the very boasts of the Boers 
 themselves. There can be no doubt whatsoever that, alike in the Trans- 
 vaal and in the Orange Free State, it was freely used as an argument 
 for war, that they could and would conquer the British forces. It is 
 well known that the Boer representatives in Europe and elsewhere have 
 made it their constant boast that Great Britain was engaged in what 
 must prove a disastrous struggle. That is to say, the evidence simply 
 abounds that the Boers when they began this war believed that they 
 would win. Further, this point is strengthened by the fact that the 
 Boers had hitherto found Great Britain always unwilling to make great 
 militarv exertions in relation to South Africa. More than once she has 
 spent a large sum of money on an expedition and then quietly given up 
 its fruits. They had seen her compel the Orange Free State unwillingly 
 to accept independence; they had seen her eagerly throw Bechuanaland 
 and other large territories into the hands of the Dutch Government at 
 
 
 ! 
 
 ■ 
 
 n 
 

 ()0(; 
 
 THE AFRIKANDER BOND. 
 
 CiiIH' Town; they h»tl sfpn hor in the face of humiliating defeat restore 
 Helf-jT()vernmeut to the Transvaal itself; they had seen her three years 
 later give up what now the world sees to have been powers of inesti- 
 mable value over the Transvaal, without asking a single bonetit in 
 return, giving nearly all that was asked because President Kruger pled 
 that it would enable him to govern his country better. The Boers had 
 therefore every reason for supposing that Great Britain would only put 
 a moderate army in the field. At the beginning of this war President 
 Kruger and Mr. Steyn calculated, and knew well, that with 60,000 men 
 moving rapidly and entrenching thoroughly they could resist 80,000 or 
 even 100,000 British soldiers. It had not been heard of in the history 
 of the world, we must remember, that any country would or could send 
 200,000 soldiers on a voyage of 6,000 miles upon any war, however im- 
 I)ortaut. This had never been heard of, and it is safe to say the Boers 
 <lid not dream it to be possible. Conscious then of their own recent 
 training and thorough equipment in arms and ammunition the Boers 
 f<'lt that they were quite a match for any army which it seemed the 
 least reasonable to suppose that Great Britain would send. 
 
 Lastly, it must be carefully remembered that last summer the Trans- 
 vaal Government found themselves face to face with the supreme choice 
 in all their history. It was perfectly evident to them that if the Boer 
 i'lement should become a minority in the Transvaal the dream of "Africa 
 for the Afrikanders" in the Boer meaning (if that cry would be at an 
 <'nd. The Government would pass into the hands of Europeans, the 
 majority of whom, while they would not betray the independence of the 
 <'ountry, would always refuse to engage in a terrible war against Great 
 Jtritain in order to realize a Boer ideal with which they had no sym- 
 pathy, it came therefore to be seen that the Dutch people of South 
 Africa must either this year or within a short period choose between 
 giving the franchise to the Outlanders or entering upon the supreme 
 contest. It would have been better for the Transvaal if she could have 
 waited until Great Britain were elsewhere entangled in military affairs, 
 when it is to be presumed she would have been less able to concentrate 
 all her attention and all her forces upon South Africa. But the insist- 
 ence of Mr. Chamberlain and of Sir Alfred Milner pressed the choice 
 home upon the Presidents of the Transvaal and the Free State and made 
 
THE APRIKASDER BOND. 
 
 fiO( 
 
 it imiMiRsible for them t«) avoid action any longer. Tliey must oitlior 
 begin to lose tlieir grasp of power or win it once for all on the battle- 
 field. President Kruger and President Steyn chose the latter. 
 
 It is not, of course, necessary to prove the reality of the Boer con- 
 spiracy, as we have described it, by adducing evidence that the Dutch 
 of the Cape Colony have been organized for active war. Happily many 
 thousands of them would infinitely prefer their present form of full self- 
 government to the unknown something that Mr. Kruger and Mr. Steyn 
 and Mr. Leyds and Mr. Reitz would fain substitute for it. But, that 
 many individual Dutchmen in the Cape Colony have been ready to stand 
 by the conspirators when their day came has been well known in the 
 Colony. All that the real conspirators at Bloemfontein and Pretoria 
 needed was the moral assurance that as the federal armies occupied 
 colonial territory the farmers in the latter would join their ranks. And 
 as events have shown, they have not been disappointed. If Britain had 
 not sent an army larger tlian the conspirators ever thought possible, 
 large portions of the colonies would have been occupied and more of 
 the Cape Dutch would have joined them. Then a terrible civil war, from 
 which the Cape natives could not have been kept out, would have 
 deluged the colonies in blood. 
 
 Many bare facts have been set forth in this chapter. If they carry 
 fairly and clearly the interpretation here put upon them, then the con- 
 clusion is obvious that Great Britain is fighting not really for a matter 
 of internal legislation at Pretoria, but for her own colonies, her own 
 life, against a gigantic and an almost successful conspiracy headed by 
 President Kruger, Mr. Reitz, Dr. Leyds, President Steyn — and some 
 others. 
 
 r 
 
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 V 
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 CHAPTER IX. 
 
 DIPLOMACY AND THE ULTIMATUM. 
 
 THINGS were evidently reaching a crisis and some kind of inter> 
 vention on the part of Great Britain rnpidly became inevitable. 
 Accordingly, on May 5th, Sir Alfred Milner telegraphed a 
 dispatch to London which thoroughly startled the British authorities. 
 The following are the most important sentences from that dispatch: 
 "The right of Great Britain to intervene to secure fair treatment of the 
 Outlanders was fully equal," he said, "to her supreme interest in secur- 
 ing it. They were our subjects; only in very rare cases had they been 
 able to obtain any redress by the ordinary diplomatic means. The true 
 remedy was to strike at the root of all these evils. The case for inter- 
 vention was overwhelming. The spectacle of thousands of British sub- 
 jects kept permanently in the position of political Helots, constantly 
 chafing under undoubted grievances, and calling vainly to Her Majesty's 
 government for redress, steadily undermines the influence and reputa- 
 tion of Great Britain and the respect for the British government within 
 the Queen's dominions. A mischievous propaganda in favor of making 
 the Dutch Republic the paramount power in South Africa was pro- 
 ducing a great effect upon a large number of our fellow colonists. Thou- 
 sands of the Cape Dutch were being drawn into disaffection. Nothing 
 could put a stop to this propaganda, except some striking proof of the 
 intention of Her Majesty's government not to be ousted from its position 
 In South Africa. This could be done by obtaining for the Outlander a 
 fair share in the government of the country." 
 
 Some phrases in this paragraph have been very severely criticised, 
 but the paragraph puts the case very powerfully from the point of view 
 of those who believe that the treatment of the Outlanders was entirely 
 unworthy of a civilized government. One of the most important points 
 in Sir Alfred Milner's message is undoubtedly that which refei*s to the 
 
 effect being produced upon the Dutch in Cape Colony by the ccndition of 
 
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DIPLOMACY AND THE ULTIMATUM. 
 
 609 
 
 affairs in the Transvaal. Many, both in the colonies and in Englandj 
 have formed the very strong opinion that the unchecked military ag- 
 grandisement of the Transvaal and its sturdy residents, in the very 
 midst of British colonies and dependencies, had quickened in the minds 
 of many Dutchmen in other parts of South Africa the feeling that it 
 would not be impossible to make the Transvaal the leading power in 
 South Africa. This was, as our history may have shown, not the first 
 time that the dream of an absolute, sovereign and internationally recog- 
 nized independence seemed on the point of becoming a practical possi- 
 bility for the Boer republics of South Africa. This seems to be clearly 
 indicated in Sir Alfred Milner's dispatch, and many feel that one so 
 careful as he is would never risk a momentous statement of that nature 
 unless his evidence was fairly complete and convincing. He says 
 "thousands of the Cape Dutch are being drawn into disaffection," and 
 he proposes to counteract this by obtaining for the outlanders a fair 
 share in the government of the country. 
 
 When it became apparent that the Governor had assumed such a 
 position an.i had evidently begun to form a clear policy regarding the 
 further procedure of Great Britain in South Africa, the influential men 
 of the Afrikander Bond at the Cape began to intervene. Mr. Hofmeyr, 
 the most powerful pr^sonality in the Dutch party at Cape Town, pro- 
 posed to Sir Alfred ii . r that he should hold a conference with Presi- 
 dent Kruger at Bloemtontein, the capital of tie Orange Free State. 
 President Steyn of the Free State becam<^ an intermediary and wel- 
 comed the proposed convention, which finally took place, beginning on 
 May 31st and concluding on June 5th, 1890. 
 
 Before we attempt to describe the nejrotiations concerning the fran- 
 chise which began at this time and which became very complicated, it 
 ijmay be well first to describe the conditions of naturalization and fran- 
 chise as they have existed until this year in the South African Republic. 
 The country is governed by two legislatiw chambers, each consisting of 
 twenty-seven members. The lower chamber has practically no power 
 at all, as any law which is passed has no authority until it is passed by 
 the first chamber, while the first chamber can pass laws absolutely on 
 its own initiative and without reference to the lower house. Citizens are 
 only eligible who have fixed property and who profess the Protestant 
 
eiio 
 
 DIPLOMACY AND THE ULTIMATUM, 
 
 religion. The electors whose representatives constitute these two 
 chambers are themselves divided into two groups. The first chamber is 
 elected by the first-class burghers. These comprise all male white resi- 
 dents who were living in the republic before May 29th, 1881, or who 
 took an active part in the war of independence in 1881, the native war 
 in 1894, the attack upon Jameson's troops in 1895-6, and all other 
 military expeditions and battles of the republic, and children of such 
 persons from the age of sixteen. The second-class burghers who elect 
 the second chamber comprise the naturalized male alien population and 
 children from the age of sixteen. The process of becoming a full citizen 
 or first-class burgher is divided into two stages, first that of naturaliza^ 
 tion, which may be obtained after two years' residence, after registra- 
 tion on the district books, taking the oath of allegiance and paying the 
 sum of two pounds ($10.00). Those who have passed through naturali- 
 zation may, after twelve years, receive the franchise, but only by special 
 resolution of the President and Executive. The sons of aliens, born in 
 the republic, if they register at sixteen years of age, may become natur- 
 alized at eighteen, and receive the rights of first-class burghers after 
 ten years more by special resolution. The President and the 
 Commandant-General are of course elected by the first-class burghers 
 only. Consideration of tnese conditions makes it clear that no man can 
 become an enfranchised citizen of this republic within fourteen years 
 of his settlement in the country, and even then his enfranchisement de- 
 pends upon a special resolution of the Government itself. That is to say, 
 in a country comprising something like 100,000 foreigners about 30,000 
 retain the privilege of choosing out of the remainder those who shall 
 become voters. 
 
 At this point it may be well to glance at certain statements which 
 are made on each side of this bitter controversy between the Boer gov- 
 ernment and the British, regarding the relation of the Outlanders to 
 the franchise. It is urged on behalf of the Boer government that every 
 country has the right to make its own laws of naturalization and deter- 
 mine the conditions of the franchise, that these foreigners were not 
 invited and their presence was not even desired by the Boers to whom 
 the country belonged, that, therefore, if tht'v found the conditions of 
 life there to be distasteful it was always open to them to leave; it is 
 
mm 
 
 DIPLOMACY AND THE ULTIMATUM. 
 
 611 
 
 further urged that many of the British Outlanders openly avowed their 
 dislike for that part of the conditions of naturalization which demanded 
 not only the oath pf allegiance to the Transvaal government, but the 
 forswearing of their previous allegiance to Queen Victoria, that if they 
 did not wish to give up th^ir British citizenship they could not complain 
 at having no vote among Transvaal citizens and that no country would 
 admit as citizens those who avowed that they retained their allegiance 
 to another power; it was still further urged that in spite of the actual 
 trouble which had arisen between these Outlanders and the Boer gov- 
 ernment the British authorities had no right to interfere, inasmuch 
 as by the London convention they had bound themselves not to take " 
 any part or assume any authority in the internal affairs of the Trans- 
 vaal government, and further that in the article by which the Boers 
 promised fair and equitable treatment to British subjects this question 
 of the franchise was not included in the list of matters named. 
 
 These, no doubt, are felt to be by their advocates powerful arguments 
 against the attitude assumed by Great Britain; but, on the other hand, 
 no less powerful counter arguments are adduced which may be sum- 
 marized briefly as follows: 
 
 In the first place, it is urged that the Outlanders are in the Trans- 
 vaal by exactly the same right as the Boers themselves. The Boers 
 arrived about the yea- 1850; the gold seeking Outlanders began to 
 arrive in small numbers from about the year 1875, and in still larger 
 numbers from the year 1885. At this present date, therefore, some of 
 the Outlanders have been half as long in the Transvaal as the oldest 
 Dutch inhabitants, and many of them have been quite as long in the 
 country as a third of the Dutch who possess the vote. The Boers entered 
 the country because it suited them and their purposes in life, the Out- 
 landers entered for the same reasons, and the motives of the former can 
 hardly be said to have excelled those of the latter in any high degree. 
 Still further it is urged under this point, that when President Kruger 
 and his fellow delegates were in England, in the end of 1883, some capi- 
 talists approached the President and asked him whether if they pro- 
 ceeded to invest their money in the Transvaal in the development of 
 mines their work would be welcomed and supported. It is said that the 
 President turned with something like indignation upon them and asked 
 
 f 
 
 '! 
 
\y'- 
 
 612 
 
 DIPLOMACY AND THE ULTIMATUM. 
 
 them what kind of people they thought that he and his people wei'e. 
 Of course they would be welcomed, he assured them. It was after this 
 interview and in the light of this strong assurance that men who had 
 held back proceeded to invest their capital in the projects which so 
 speedily transformed the face of history in that republic. President 
 Kniger published his open invitation to foreigners to settle in the 
 Transvaal in the London Times in April, 1884! 
 
 In the second place it is urged by the supporters of the British 
 that when the earliest Outlanders arrived in the Transvaal, encouraged 
 by Kruger himself, and sheltered, as they imagined, by the London con- 
 vention, the terms of naturalization and franchise were simple and 
 reasonable. When, however. President Kruger and his party found 
 that the Outlanders were invading the country by tens of thousands 
 instead of by scores as hitherto, they took alarm at the prospect of so 
 speedily losing their grasp on the reins of government and accordingly 
 altered the terms of the franchise and naturalization. Under the terms 
 of the new law no foreigner could become naturalized before he had 
 been two years in the country. At the time of naturalization he must 
 take the oath, thus becoming a loyal citizen of the Transvaal, and 
 ceasing to be a citizen either of Great Britain or of any other country. 
 But even when he had become thus naturalized he could not receive the 
 franchise for other twelve yt^rs and, at the end of the twelve years, 
 only as the upper chamber of the Volksraad passed favorably upon the 
 case. This means that a would-be citizen of the Transvaal must for- 
 swear his previous citizenship for the bare chance that at the end of 
 twelve years he might be elected into the list of electors. It is urged 
 that this method was invented in order to make the process of becoming 
 citizens of the South African Republic as hard and repellant as possible, 
 and that it is a poor trick of argument by which the Outlanders who 
 shrank from this prolonged suspense are reproached for being unwilling 
 to take the oath on these conditions. 
 
 It is urged in the third place that the methods employed to keep 
 British subjects and other foreigners in a condition of dependence and 
 subordination towards the Dutch minority were in defiance of that 
 article of the London convention by which these subjects were prom- 
 ised fair treatment. It is true that the franchise was not mentioned 
 
DIPLOMACY AND THE ULTIMATUM. 
 
 61.3 
 
 among those matters in which this fair treatment was to be manifested; 
 but it is felt by the supporters of the British that inasmuch as, at the 
 time of the convention, the conditions of the franchise were perfectly 
 reasonable, and there was no prospect of their alteration, and, inas- 
 much as the possession of the franchise underlies the whole life of 
 freedom and prosperity enjoyed by the leading European countries, the 
 practical denial of this franchise constitutes a real instance of unfair 
 discrimination against these foreigners in the government of that coun- 
 try, and therefore is a real breach of that spirit of justice and equity 
 which was intendcsd to find expression and security in that article of the 
 London convention. 
 
 Those who feel that the weight of the argument lies with the 
 points above stated on behalf of the Boe:^ will of course conclude 
 that in the present quarrel Great Britain is fundamentally wrong; 
 while those who feel that most weight attaches to the set of argu- 
 m(;nts last described will feel that President Kruger is defending not 
 his land against a foreign invader, but rather his party against a 
 victory of the majority of the civilized inhabitants of bis own country. 
 
 Sir Alfred Milner, as we have seen above, made up his mind that the 
 first thing to do was to obtain some one concession from President 
 Kruger which should lead to the gradual removal of the oth«?r wrongs 
 from which the Outlanders undoubtedly suffered. In a country fairly 
 governed under a parliamentary system the fundamental condition of 
 freedom, justice and progress is the possession by the people and the 
 unhindered exercise by them of the franchise. 
 
 Sir Alfred accordingly decided not to urge any immediate decision 
 on any other matters however important, but to strive for the granting 
 of the franchise to the Outlanders. It must be evident from perusal 
 of the conditions described above that it was practically impossible for 
 any but a very small minority of the Outlanders to obtain the franchise. 
 If only President Kruger would agree to an alteration of the conditions 
 which should give the Outlanders hope of progress, and some feeling of 
 legislative influence without the danger of their outvoting the Boers, 
 the worst of their political grievances would be removed and the way 
 paved for the further gradual removal of the rest in years to como. 
 Accordingly the Governor proposed to Mr. Kruger that he should allow 
 
614 
 
 DIPLOMACY AND THE ULTIMATUM. 
 
 the Outlanders the full franchise after a residence of five years in the 
 country and that Johannesburg, although containing more adult whites 
 than all the rest of the country, should have four seats in the Volksraad 
 out of twenty-seven. The venerable President could not, of course, 
 and perhaps was hardly expected to agree to this liberal policy all at 
 once. After considerable hesitation he was persuaded to propose 
 another scheme. Accordingly he introduced the following scheme: 
 The Outlanders should receive the full franchise seven years after their 
 arrival in the country, and five years after their naturalization. That 
 seemed a very great effort to meet Sir Alfred Milner half way. But, 
 alas! attached to this was a long list of conditions which so complicated 
 the matter that it was certain many years must pass before more than 
 a very few Outlanders could possibly possess the franchise. Even the 
 first stages of naturalization required a complicated system of registra- 
 tion and the fulfillment of vaguely stated conditions difficult of inter- 
 pretation and application. Five years after naturalization the granting 
 of the franchise would in every case be dependent upon the fulfilment of 
 the many other conditions, such as continuous registration, continuous 
 residence, and after all the Volksraad must vote in every case. It is 
 perfectly evident that the shrewd and wily President was striving to 
 give as little as possible while seeming to give much. 
 
 When he was discussing some of the other matters outstanding 
 between the Transvaal and the British government he fell back once 
 more upon a principle on which the Boers have from the beginning 
 acted in relation to the British government, namely, that matters in 
 dispute could be settled if Great Britain would grant a quid pro quo, 
 generally in the form of an extra slice of territory taken from adjacent 
 native chiefs. On this occasion the President hinted that he could not 
 face the burghers unless he could point to something which had been 
 given to them. He chiefly desired the gift of Swaziland, a magnificent 
 county on his eastern border, which would give him access to the sea ; 
 he also pressed for a treaty of arbitration, without, however, naming 
 any details. It was in vain. Sir Alfred stuck close to his principle 
 that his proposal was not that the Boers should gJve anything to Great 
 Britain, but peace and justice to their own people, and that they could 
 only do this by giving the franchise on conditions which would satisfy 
 
DIPLOMACY AND THE ULTIMATUM. 
 
 615 
 
 the Outlanders without overwhelming the Boers and ousting them from 
 power. Sir Alfred, at the same time, scrupulously avoided the appear- 
 ance of interfering with the internal affairs of the Transvaal beyond 
 making his suggestions regarding the franchise. 
 
 The Conference ended without any definite result. President Kruger 
 returned to Pretoria to introduce the Bill which Sir Alfred Milner had 
 pronounced to be inadequate to meet the case. Even strong sympa- 
 thizers with the Transvaal Government felt that he must modify the 
 numerous, absurd and perplexing conditions attaching to the Bill. Ulti- 
 mately Mr. Kruger did make considerable alterations. But this policy 
 of his had produced a bad impression. It suggested that he was not 
 acting sincerely, that even now he was trying to give without giving, 
 to appease the Imperial Government without making any real and 
 effective change in the position of the Outlanders. If President Kruger 
 was insincere, Mr. Chamberlain appeared to be no less irritating by the 
 positive tone of certain public utterances in which he managed to con- 
 vey the impression that he was determined at all costs to make the 
 Transvaal Government give way to his demands. Neither of these two 
 diplomatists aided the cause of peace by his course of conduct. For in 
 diplomacy both insincerity and bluntness may seem to hinder the solu- 
 tion of a difficulty and to hasten an international catastrophe. 
 
 After the conference at Bloemfontein the Transvaal Government 
 made another effort to persuade Great Britain to agree to a scheme of 
 arbitration. The proposals sketched by Mr. Reitz were, however, very 
 vague just at the important points. For example, he proposed in one 
 article "that no matters or differences of trifling importance shall be 
 submitted to arbitration," and a little later "that each shall have the 
 right to reserve and exclude points which appear to it to be too import- 
 ant to be submitted to arbitration!" This idea of an arbitration scheme 
 was not absolutely ruled out of consideration by Sir Alfred Milner. But 
 he clung with pertinacity to his one principle of action, that the griev- 
 ances of -the Outlanders must be remedied first. A calmer atmosphere 
 would then be created which would be more favorable to the devising 
 of a scheme of arbitration. 
 
 On July 20 the Bill proposed by President Kruger was passed 
 ^.Wrough the Volksraad after sundrj^ important alterations had been 
 
 
 It 
 
616 
 
 DIPLOMACY AND THE ULTIMATUM. 
 
 made. It offered the Franchise seven years after notice had beet given 
 of the intention to become a citizen, and five years after the oath of 
 naturalization had been tal^en. A man was still liable to spend five 
 years after he had given up his former citizenship without enjoying the 
 privileges of his new citizenship. And even then, he was still left 
 dependent upon the decision of the State Attorney or the Executive 
 Council as to whether any "legal obstacle appears" to his reception into 
 full burghership of the first class. At a later date in the same month, 
 it was resolved to grant five seats in all, out of thirty-one, or four out 
 of thirty-two, to the mining communities of Barberton and Johannes- 
 burg. The exact number was uncertain. 
 
 On July 27, Mr. Chamberlain sent a long and important despatch, 
 in which he attributed the responsibility for "party feeling and race 
 hatred," which the Government of the South African Republic had 
 deplored, to the policy of that very Government itself, in that it "alone, 
 of all the States of South Africa, has deliberately placed one of the two 
 white races in a position of political inferiority to the other." The 
 British Government is responsible and under obligation to take action 
 in this matter for three reasons, he says, and these are of great import- 
 ance for understanding the attitude of Great Britain. First, he names, 
 "the ordinary obligations of a civilized power to protect its subjects in 
 a foreign country against injustice; " second, "the special duty arising 
 in this case from the position of Her Majesty as the paramount power 
 in South Africa ; third, the exceptional responsibility arising out of the 
 Conventions which regulate the relations between the Government of 
 the South African Republic and that of Her Majesty." Mr. Chamberlain 
 points out that when the Conference was held preliminary to the Pre* 
 toria Convention of 1881, Mr. Kruger pledged his country to give "equal 
 protection for everybody" and "equal privileges." He explicitly said on 
 that occasion, "We make no difference so far as burgher rights are con- 
 cerned." The British Government had every reason, even in granting the 
 London Convention of 1884, to believe that "the conditions of equity be- 
 tween the white inhabitants of the Transvaal" would continue. On the 
 contrary, they had been completely reversed. In dealing with the new 
 Franchise Law, Mr. Chamberlain points out that there is still much 
 uncertainty regarding certain of its provisions as well as regarding 
 
DIPLOMACY AND THE ULTIMATUM. 
 
 617 
 
 the real effect of its operation upon the righteous claims of the Out- 
 landers. He therefore proposes that a joint-commission should be formed, 
 consisting of delegates from each Government, to discuss the worliing 
 of the law and report the result of their consultation and submit their 
 recommendations. The object of this proposal was, on August 2, ex- 
 plained to the Transvaal Government by Sir A. Mllner as being to 
 discover whether the Outlander population would "be given immediate 
 and substantial representation" under the new law. It was manifestly 
 useless to attempt a solution of the problem by means of a law which 
 would leave the actual and pressing bitterness to last several years 
 longer in hope that it would gradually die down. If, as the British 
 Government maintained, these citizens had been treated unjustly, then, 
 it was felt the remedy of their ills should be at once anc* ieflnitely 
 effective. 
 
 The announcement of this proposal of a joint Commission of Inquiry 
 produced' alarm at Pretoria, and steps were at once taken to make new 
 proposals. The British agent at Pretoria held very earnest conferences 
 with the State Attorney of the Transvaal Government. lie urged that 
 the situation was most critical, and that the British Government could 
 not now take any steps backward. Their actions hitherto constituted 
 pledges to the Outlanders that they would secure attention to their 
 demands. The result of these conversations at Pretoria came in a 
 remarkable scheme from the Transvaal Government, which was made 
 on August 15. According to this new plan, Mr. Reitz, the State Secre- 
 tary, proposed "a five years' retrospective franchise," ten representatives 
 from the goldflelds constituencies in a house of thirty-six members, 
 equality of the new with the old burghers in election of the State Presi- 
 dent and the Commandant-General. The Transvaal Government further 
 express<nd willingness "to take into consideration friendly suggestions 
 regarding the details of the Franchise Law." It is safe to say that if 
 this proposal had been made in June — for it is practically the equiv- 
 alent of Sir A. Milner's minimum demands, and even goes further — 
 the negotiations would have then ended peaceably and the Outlanders 
 would by this time have had a substantial share in the government of 
 the country.* But alas! the proposals came when both sides had been 
 roused; when people were openly talking about war; when the pride 
 
018 
 
 DIPLOMACY AND THE ULTIMATUM. 
 
 of both countriett had been aroused. In such circumstanceB diplomacy 
 ift more than an affair of cold words and clear-cut paragraphs. The 
 words take the color of the atmosphere, and the paragraphs pulsate with 
 confused and confusing suggestions and suspicions. The Transvaal 
 Oovernment made the proposals described above, with three most im- 
 portant conditions attached. On these conditions they kept their eyes 
 fixed, and determined to shape their course solely by Mr. Cliamberlain's 
 reply to them. The first of these conditions was as follows: "(a) That 
 Her Majesty's Government will agi*ee that the present intervention 
 shall not form a precedent for future similar action, and that in future 
 no interference in the internal affairs of the Republic will take place." 
 Mr. Chamberlain's answer to this was, of course, that the British Gov- 
 ernment hoped that by "the fulfilment of the promises made and the 
 just treatment" of the Outlanders, no intervention would be rendered 
 necessary; but inasmuch as the Colonial Secretary had avowedly 
 taken all his action in intervening "under the Conventions," it would 
 have been virtually confessing that he had no right to intervene now 
 if he gave the absolute promise never to do so again. He held that the 
 Conventions covered this case, and would compel similar action if a 
 similar case recurred. Besides, the British Government had held that 
 in this instance they were protecting their subjects from injustice in a 
 foreign country, and no civilized power could divest itself of the ordin- 
 ary obligation to do so. The second condition was: "(b) That Her 
 Majesty's Government will not further insist on the assertion of the 
 suzerainty, the controversy on the subject being allowed tacitly to 
 drop." This referred to a long discussion in long despatches earlier 
 in the year in which Mr. Reitz had very ably argued that Great Britain 
 had now no form of suzerainty over the Transvaal, referring to the 
 London Convention (1884) and Lord Derby's assertion that "suzerainty" 
 had been withdrawn ; Mr. Chamberlain claiming that he agreed with the 
 same, Lord Derby's speech in the House of Lords, that, while the word 
 was dropped, the substance was retained. Mr. Reitz had at last founded 
 his claim regarding the absolute non-existence of suzerainty upon this 
 one fundamental assertion, that the South African Republic, independ- 
 ently of the language of any or all Conventions, is a "sovereign, interna- 
 tional State." All this Mr. Chamberlain had then most strenuouslv de* 
 
DIPLOMACY AND THE ULTIMATUM. 
 
 CI 9 
 
 nlcd, and he could not now in August agree even to the appearance of 
 modifying his position on that fundamental question. The third con- 
 dition (c) was that a plan of arbitration should be at once set on foot, to 
 come into operation as soon as the proposed Franchise Bill should become 
 law. To this Mr. Chamberlain heartily agreed. He added, unfortunately, 
 an irritating paragraph about "other matters of difference^' which would 
 have to be settled concurrently with those now under discussion, and 
 which were not proper subjects for reference to arbitration. 
 
 Mr. Reitz of course concluded naturally that the rejection of even 
 one of the conditions which he had described as essential, amounted to 
 rejection of the entire proposal, and involved recurrence to the discus- 
 sions which preceded it. The Transvaal Government considered that 
 the proposal had lapsed, but was surprised, it "could never have antici- 
 pated that the answer of Her Majesty's Government to their proposal 
 would be unfavorable." It now proposed to go back to Mr. Chamber- 
 lain's plan of appointing a joint-commission to consult regarding the 
 operation of the seven years' Franchise Law, whicu was now passing 
 into actual operation. But this, in a despatch dated September 9, the 
 Colonial Secretary declined to do. This is undoubtedly one of the steps 
 at which his procetlure is most open to criticism. It looks as if the pro- 
 posal which he made on August 19 he might have accepted when it was 
 made to him again on September 9. He gave two reasons for declining 
 to retrace any steps in the controversy: first, that he was now convinced 
 that the law as passed would not "secure the immediate and substantial 
 representation" of the Outlanders, and needed no commission now to 
 consult over the matter; and, second, that the Transvaal Government, 
 having "themselves recognized that their previous offer might be with 
 advantage enlarged, and that the independency of the South African 
 Republic would be thereby in no way impaired," progress ought to be 
 made in that direction. Mr. Chamberlain therefore now suggested that 
 the Transvaal Government might repeat this last offer of a five 
 years' franchise (the Bloemfontein minimum) without the conditions 
 attached! This despatch producer! a very strong protest from Mr. 
 Reitz, who, arguing the matter in detail, wished to show that his Gov- 
 ernment had in their last proposal gone beyond the line of safety to their 
 Republic; but they had undertaken the risk in order to maintain peace, 
 
 
620 
 
 DIPLOMACY AND THE ULTIMATUM. 
 
 He further argued that the British Government had no right to propoHO 
 that they should agree to the five years' franchise without the con- 
 ditions which to their minds alone made the concession safe; and he re- 
 turns to the proposal made by the Imperial Government for a conference 
 by Joint Commission while deprecating the "making new proposals more 
 difficult for this Government, and imposing new conditions." He con- 
 cludes with a strong and pathetic plea for a return to the idea of "a Joint 
 Commission as first proposed by the Secretary of State for the Colonies 
 in the Imperial Parliament, and subsequently proposed to this Govern- 
 ment and accepted by it." 
 
 To this Mr. Chamberlain replied on September 22 in a very import- 
 ant despatcb, practically the last which the rush of events allowed him 
 to send. He most solemnly assured the Transvaal Government that 
 the British Government had "no desire to interfere in any way with the 
 independence of the South African Republic, provided that the con- 
 ditions on which it was granted are honorably observed in the spirit 
 and in the letter, and they have offered as part of a general settlement 
 to give a complete guarantee against any attack upon that independ- 
 ence." He repeats that the British Government had claimed n») rights of 
 interference in the internal affairs of the Transvaal, except those con- 
 ferred by the Conventions and those possessed by every neighboring 
 Government for the protection of its subjects and its adjoining pos- 
 sessions. The despatch concluded with the announcement that as the 
 protracted negotiations of nearly four months had failed, the British 
 Government felt "compelled to consider th<? situation afresh and to 
 formulate their own proposals for a final settlement of the issues which 
 have been created in South Africa bjv the policy constantly followed 
 for ma^iy years by the Gorernment of the South African Republic." 
 
 During the weeks which preceded this communication there had been 
 passing between the respective Governments other very important 
 despa^jhes regarding the movements of troops which were taking place. 
 So early as the month of June, the inhabitants of Johannesburg wore 
 aware of active movements among the Boers which indicated a prepara- 
 tion for war. So loud and boastful was the talk and so definite the 
 steps taken by the Boers that, while soiie Outlanders called it "bluff" 
 and did not believe President Kruger would actually fight, others 
 
DIPLOMACY AND THE ULTIMATUM. 
 
 021 
 
 believed the war to be then inevitable and made arrangements for the 
 removal of their families. As the British Government only maintained 
 comparatively small garrisons in South Africa, it became expedient to 
 strengthen those quietly. This work was going on, on a small scale, in 
 July. There was as yet no attempt to throw an army in South Africa 
 which would be capable of invading the Transvaal. That would have 
 been a serious and unfriendly measure, inconsistent with the attitude 
 of the Government even up to Mr. Chamberlain's last despatch as quoted 
 above. But it was the plain duty of the Government to strengthen its 
 defensive position at those points which were most exposed to attack. 
 These were Natal and the portion of Cape Colony near, and including, 
 Kimberley. On August 15th President Steyn of the Orange Free State 
 telegraphed to Sir Alfred Milner to inquire if it was true that Imperial 
 troops were being placed on the southern borders of the Free State. 
 The answer of course was that the "report was entirely unfounded." Sir 
 Alfred added, "I, on my part, receive many reports, which seem to be of a 
 much more substantial character, with reference to the importation of 
 large quantities of munitions of war into the Orange Free State 
 and the general arming of the burghers." This, he said, would warrant 
 "a defensive movement" on the part of the British Government, but none 
 such was in contemplation. To this President Steyn made a curious 
 reply, in which he first denied that unusual military movements or pur- 
 chases were going on in the Free State, and then explained that the 
 "war ammunition" which had been placed in possession of the burghers 
 was intended to reassure the people "against sudden attacks either from 
 natives or from freebooters, numerous reports of which were, and are, in 
 circulation!" The President adds: "I trust, nevertheless, that Your 
 Excellency and Her Majesty's Ministers do not attach any credence to 
 the rash and malicious reports which are "brought into circulation prin- 
 cipally by a certain section of the press that designs exist for making 
 an attack on the adjacent British Colonies. I wish to give Your Excel- 
 lency the assurance that such reports are devoid of all foundation." 
 On September 19th Sir Alfred Milner wired to President Steyn to ex- 
 plain that the movement of a regiment to Kimberley and to guard the 
 Orange River Bridge was "in no way directed against the Orange Free 
 State, nor is it due to any anxiety as to the intention of the latter." He 
 
 ■% 
 
^^ 
 
 y 
 
 022 
 
 DIPLOMACY AND THE ULTIMATUM. 
 
 adds that, while the Imperial Government Btill hoped for a peaceful 
 settlement with the Transvaal, they did, in case of disappointment, ex- 
 pect the Free State to preserve a strict neutrality. In return they 
 would "give formal assurances that in that case the integrity of the 
 territory of the C-?Jige Free State will under all circumstances be 
 strictly respected." President Steyn replied In a letter of distrust and 
 resentment. Because Kimberley and the railway line which needed 
 to be protected were near the Free State western border he felt that the 
 movement of troops there might be considered by his burghers as a 
 menace to this state. "If unwished-f or developments should arise there- 
 from, the responsibility will not rest with this Government." Still later 
 it was explained that the movements of British troops had been made 
 necessary by the policy of the other Government which had trans- 
 formed the Transvaal "into a permanent armed camp." 
 
 During the months of August and September extensive and active 
 preparations for war were being made in the Transvaal. The "com- 
 mandeering" of money and property from Outlanders was insisted on. 
 It was only after a formal protest from the British Agent at Pretoria 
 that the Transvaal Government desisted from forcing British citizens 
 to take up arms against their own Government. As the weeks passed 
 the excitement grew. At last the order went out that all foreigners 
 must leave the country except those who received f rmal permission to 
 remain. The railways became congested as crowds of civilians were 
 packed into all kinds of cars and trucks for their long and miserable 
 journey. The Boers showed themselves merciless. 
 
 All uncertainty was ended when, in the month of October, 1899, Mr. 
 Reitz sent the ultimatum of the Transvaal Government to Sir Alfred 
 Milner. The despatch begins by reciting the history of the controversy, 
 denying- the right of Great Britain to intervene with regard to the 
 political standing of her citizens in the Transvaal since that was not 
 named in Article 14 of the London Convention. Then it complains of 
 "an increase of troops on a large scale" which were stationed on the 
 borders of the Republic. This had createil "an intolerable condition of 
 things," which the Transvaal Government, for tlie sake not only of that 
 Republic, but also of all South Africa, desired to end as soon as possible. 
 
 It makes four demands: (a) that every dispute be settled by arbi- 
 
DIPLOMACY AND THE ULTIMATUM. 
 
 623 
 
 tration; (b) that troops on the borders of the Republic "be instantly 
 withdrawn;" (c) that all reinforcements which had arrived since June 1, 
 1899, "be removed from South Africa within a reasonable time;" (d) that 
 troops then on the high seas be not landed in South Africa. An answer 
 was demanded within forty-eight hours. 
 
 The writer of this knew that the answer could only be war. Mr. 
 Chamberlain answered next day, October 10, informing the Transvaal 
 Government that the conditions demanded by it were such as Her 
 Majesty's Government deemed it impossible to discuss. 
 
 SUMMARY OF CAUSES OF THE WAR. 
 
 The preceding chapters of this Book have aimed at presenting to the 
 reader a survey of the forces which have combined to produce this war. 
 First we have on the one side the hatred and dread of the British Gov- 
 ernment by the Boers of the Transvaal, and on the other the irritating 
 and self-complacent vacillations of British policy. No responsible 
 statesman gave to Great Britain a clearly outlined South African policy 
 which could command the general assent of the country. 
 
 Second, we have as a consequence of these vacillations the feeling of 
 the Boer Government that they could with impunity ignore the provis- 
 ions of the London Convention, esx>ecially as to the extension of their 
 borders and commercial relations with the neighboring Colonies. 
 
 Third, we have the misgovemment of the Outlanders by the Trans- 
 vaal, a misgovemment which has no reasonable defenders anywhere in 
 enlightened countries. 
 
 Fourth, we have the confused and blundering policy and the embit- 
 tering influence of Mr. Rhodes, who began by trampling on the true 
 imperialists of South Africa and ended by walking all over the most 
 sacred affections of his own allies, the Dutch. His part and lot in the 
 Raid spread a permanent cloud over all South Africa. 
 
 Fifth, we have the confessed "hope" of Mr. Reitz and the official 
 organ of the Afrikander Bond that the day would certainly come for 
 the disappearance of the Britii'ih flag from South Africa, a "hope" which 
 simply cannot have been unconsidered when the two Presidents in 
 collusion built up the military system on which the world gazes with 
 astonishment and admiration to-day. This "hope'' fired the zeal of 
 
 % 
 
 ^ 
 
624 
 
 DIPLOMACY AND THE ULTIMATUM. 
 
 
 militai-y development, united the two Republics more closely, prevented 
 justice to the Outlanders, who would have defeated it, and strengthened 
 the claim of international sovereignty. 
 
 Sixth, we have the claim of Great Britain that under the Conventions 
 she had a right to intervene, not in the ordinary self-government of the 
 Transvaal, but when that Government was so mismanaged as to con- 
 stitute a sore injustice to British citizens within the Transvaal and a 
 disturbance to the peace and prosperity of the neighboring Colonies 
 and dependencies of Great Britain. On the other hand we have the 
 claim of the Transvaal Government to be a sovereign international state, 
 a claim which she pushed to the last and which Britain absolutely 
 disallowed. 
 
 Seventh, we have the distrust of Mr. Chamberlain which President 
 Kruger has cherished ever since he found reason to suspect that the 
 former had been privy to the Johannesburg revolution and the 
 Jameson invasion. Beyond all doubt this distrust did very deeply taint 
 and embitter on both sides all the negotiations of all last summer. It 
 had also since 1895 prevented Great Britain from peremptorily forbid- 
 ding the two Republics to make military preparations which could only 
 be directed against herself. 
 
 Eighth, we have the alliance of the two Republics, which now appears 
 to have been understood as binding the Free State to fight with the 
 Transvaal whenever the latter alleged that its independence was threat- 
 ened. This alliance dragged the Free State, with which Great Britain 
 had absolutely no ground of dispute and no actual dispute, into the des- 
 perate act of invading the Colonies of Natal and Cape Colony. 
 
 
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 THE BOERH IN THE TRENCHES AT THE TUGELA FACING GENERAL BULLER 
 
 This picture iriublcH ono to undorHtand the complete Invisibility of the Boers while flghtlng. 
 HoldlcrH hav«! returned home wounded In three or four places who declare 
 that they have never seen their opponents. 
 
 British 
 
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 LIEUT.-GEN. SIR CHARLES WARREN 
 G. C. M. G. 
 
 LIEUT.-GEN J. D. P. FRENCH 
 
 A WAGON BREAKDOWN IN A DRIFT 
 
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 BOOK IV. 
 
 THE BRITISH BOER WAR, 1899-1900. 
 
 PART II. 
 
 THE PROGRESS OF THE WAR. 
 
 
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 CHAPTER I. 
 
 THE INVASION OF NATAL. 
 
 THE union of tho Grange Free State with the Transvaal Republic 
 for the purpoHe of carrying on this war increased the difficulties 
 of the British, not only by adding thousands of soldiers to the 
 Boer army, but by vastly extending the frontier, which must be at- 
 tacked or defended. If we consider these two States as one, a glance 
 at the map will show hov.' many hundreds of miles comprise the bound- 
 ary line between them and the British possessions. Along the western 
 border we have first Bechuanaland in the north and the Cape Colony 
 from ]\rafeking down to the Orange Free State. For the southern border 
 we have from near the point where the Kimberley railroad crosses the 
 Orange River right across to Basutoland. From the northeastern bor- 
 der of Basutoland the boundary line extends northwards to the tip 
 of the Natal triangle at Majuba Hill, then eastwards and northwards 
 until the Portuguese territory is reached, a little south of Lorenzo 
 Marquez, near Delagoa Bay. Along the western and northern borders 
 the country may be described in general as consisting of what in 
 America we call prairie lands, which may either be perfectly flat for 
 many long miles or change into a rolling country. This is true of a 
 good part of the southern border of the Orange Free State, but as one 
 goes eastward towards Colesberg and Aliwal North the country be- 
 comes much more hilly. Here and there on these prairie lands are scat- 
 tered strange and characteristic eminencc^s, which often rise quite soli- 
 tary and steep from the level plain and which are known in South Africa 
 as "kopjes." These afford, of course, most valuable shelter for troops, 
 are easily fortified and not easily captured. North of Basutoland there 
 stretches between Natal and the Boer States a long and magnificent 
 range of mountains. These are rugged and steep, some of the peaks 
 rising to many thousands of feet in height. These are crossed at c&rtain 
 points by passes, through which the main roads of communication have 
 been made. 
 
 627 
 
028 
 
 THE INVASION OF NATAL. 
 
 Obviously ii border liko ihv one last described can be easily fortified 
 and rendered almost imprejinable aj^jainst many thousands of the best 
 trained troops. Ono of the first quest ions, therefore, which the world 
 asked when the war was announced by the sending of the Boer ultima- 
 tum to London was, at what point or points in this very extensive border 
 will the invasion, or invasions, be likely to occur? 
 
 Closely connected with this and with the general problem was the 
 inquiry as to the number of soldiers whom the Boers could muster for 
 their desperate struggle. Estimates varied according to the basis of 
 calculation which was adopted. Some maintained that they could not 
 reach more than 30,000, while a few other extremists put in a number 
 as high as 100,000 men. The latter estimate was avowedly based upon 
 the presumption that the Dutch farmers of Cape Colony could be 
 counted upon to rise in a. mass and join their brethren of the north. 
 The safest and most accurate calculation bo' 1 itself upon the fact that 
 Kruger told Sir Alfred Milner at Bloemfonl. .u that he had only 30,000 
 burghers exercising the vote. As the total Dutch population of the 
 Transvaal is about 80,000, and the total white population of the Orange 
 Free State is about the same, viz., 80,000, it is safe to calculate that the 
 Free Staters would not put into the field more than the same number 
 of men, namely, about 30,000. This total of 60,000 must undoubtedly 
 be increased by the addition of several thousand foreign volunteers in 
 the Transvaal, and of Boer volunteers from the colonies, which would 
 bring up the total nominal force of the Boers to something near 70,000. 
 But from that must be subtracted all those whom (official duty, old age, 
 sickness and other events must have prevented from entering upon 
 active warfare. Further there must be subtracted at least a few thou- 
 sand of the Free Staters who must be retained on their eastern border 
 to watch all movements in Basutoland, prepared to meet a possible 
 invasion by the fierce native Highlanders whom the Dutch have so 
 much cause to dread. If from these and other causes we subtract 
 15,000 men, we are left with 55,000 as the utmost possible number of 
 soldiers whom the Boers can obtain to send into the field for actual 
 fighting. These 55,000 men are of course, almost all of them, citizen 
 soldiers, men whose ages vary from sixteen to sixty or more, and who 
 have left their farms and their firesides to fight for what they feel to be 
 
THE INVASION OF NATAL. 
 
 629 
 
 the cause of liberty ami juHtiee, Already sij^iis not a few have appeared 
 that many of them have entered upon the war with very little idea 
 either as to the merilH of the eause they are defending, or the character 
 of the enemy against whom they are going. Their appearance on the 
 battlelield is a pal^'U«, fact, one that has stirred the blood and drawn 
 foi-th the synii)athy of innunierabk' citizens of other lands, not even 
 excluding that England againwt whom they tight. Whether their cause 
 in the main be right or wrong these Hoers as individuals have attracted 
 the deepest interest of open-minded and intelligent men and women 
 throughout the world. 
 
 The plan adoi)ted by the Boers very soon showed itself to consist 
 in a simultaneous advance on the Uritish territory at three or four dif- 
 ferent points. The first and most ini])o! taut attack, that which absorbed 
 by far the largest part of their foiccs, was made upon Natal. Another 
 snuill force, estinuited at various numbers from 8,000 to 5,000, was 
 directed against Mafeking, the northernmost town in Cai)e Colony. 
 Another larger force of at least 5,000 was sent to invade the very im- 
 portant town of Kimberley. Several other commandos crossed the 
 border at several points between Kimberley and Basutoland, their 
 object being to occupy some of the northern colonial towns, to reach 
 and interfere with railway communication from the south, and to 
 destroy the bridges across the rivers. 
 
 Even before the war began it was known that the Boers were ar- 
 ranging their forces for the prompt and vigorous invasion of Natal, 
 accordingly the British authorities had been most earnestly urged to 
 hasten sufficient troops to that colony to resist suth an invasion. The 
 Boers had three reasons very probably for con<'entrating their most 
 powerful attack upon this region. In the first place Natal is rich, its 
 farm lands are prosperous, and an enemy who should suddenly descend 
 upon it would find it comparatively easy to support his soldiers by loot- 
 ing among the inhabitants. 
 
 In the second place Natal has a very small proportion of Boers 
 among its inhabitants; accordingly the invading army would not feel 
 that they were fighting against kinsmen or robbing fellow Afrikanders 
 for the support of the troops. 
 
 In the third place, Natal is on the sea coast, and if the final victory. 
 
oao 
 
 THE INVASION OF NATAL. 
 
 \kH iiiuuy of the Boers expected, should be theirs they would be able to 
 make a very strong claim for an exteusiou of their territory to the 
 Hca-coast. This long cherished and deep-felt ambition would give 
 them at once a status among the nations which they never can possibly 
 reach while they exist even as an independent and self-governing com- 
 munity surrounded on every side by British territory. 
 
 The British authorities Avho had not been idle although they had 
 not entered with any conspicuous vigor upon the task of gathering 
 trooj»s in South Africa, had sent a few regiments in response to the 
 appeal of the Natal government to Durban, and these, under the com- 
 man<l of a brilliant Indian soldier, Sir George Stewart White, had been 
 massed for the most part at the town of Ladysmith, which is about 
 l.'{5 miles from the soa-poii: of Durban. The importance of Lady- 
 Hmlth arises from the fact that at this point two main roads from the 
 Oi-ange Free State and the Transvaal meet and become one road to 
 rielcrnmritzburg and Durban. If the General decided to prevent the 
 junction of the Free Staters and the Transvaalers it must be at this 
 point. In order to do this he sent forward about four thousand men 
 to occupy the town of Dundee, about thirteen miles farther north. This 
 section of his force was placed under General Sir William Penn Symons, 
 who made a camp for it between Dundee and the railway junction at 
 Gh'Ucoe. These were the men who first felt the full brunt of the force 
 which the Transvaal sent into Natal. 
 
 The Boer's plan of campaign was very wisely conceived, and if only 
 it had been as thoroughly carried out the small British force might very 
 speedily have been destroyed. The general plan arranged for an in- 
 vasion of Natal by three columns. The western column was to go from 
 the Orange Free State, passing through Van IJeenens Pass and the 
 Tintwa Pass. This column consisted of Free State and Transvaal sol- 
 diers intermixed. The main central column was commanded by General 
 Joubert himself, assisted by General Erasmus. It came through the 
 pass known as Laing's Nek, almost under the shadow of sad Majuba 
 Mill, and through Mt. IMospect, where Sir George Colley had his camp 
 before the fatal battle in which he fell, eighteen years ago. Another 
 force under General Lucas Mej er invaded the Transvaal by a road cross- 
 ing the border farther east. The two last columns concentrated on the 
 
THE INVASION OF NATAL. 
 
 631 
 
 town of Newcastle, which they occupied, then they moved southwardH 
 upon (Hcncoe. Their movements were rapid but not well timed, the 
 result being that at the critical moment when their leading force came 
 in contact with the garrison at Glencoe it had not met and was unsup- 
 ported by the larger force on which its movements depended for success. 
 
 
 The First Battle of the War. 
 
 On October 20, 1899, General Yule announced from Dundee that the 
 first battle of the war had been fought and won by the British. To the 
 east of the town of Dundee there rises a steep hill at a distance of more 
 than 5,000 yards. The hill itself, which is variously named Dundee 
 Hill, Smith's Hill and Talana Hill, is nearly 1,000 feet in height from 
 the level of the camp. It stands close to a road which enters Dundee 
 from the east. It was evidently the purpose of General Joubeii: to have 
 one portion of his force approach on this road and occupy the hill, 
 while he coming on the straight road from the north should attack the 
 left flank of the British force. On Thursday afternoon and evening, 
 October 19th, the British became aware that actual fighting had begun. 
 Their pickets thrown out at some distance from the town discovered 
 the movements of stealthy Boer skirmishers in the valley, and from time 
 to time through the night shots were interchanged. 
 
 It was not until the daylight of Friday morning, October 20th, had 
 dawned that General Sir W. Penn Symons and his troops discovered 
 the true state of matters. The Boers had during the previous evening 
 and night carried out a most daring and effective movement. They had 
 dragged some heavy guns to the top of that hill and were there gathered 
 in force, apparently sure that they were safe from capture. They an- 
 nounced their triumphal movement in a very startling way by firing a 
 shell right over the town of Dundee, which lay between them and the 
 camp. That was the first intimation which General Symons had of 
 their clever maneuver and their powerful position. A number of shells 
 were fired, which fell harmlessly outside the camp. One only exploded 
 on an open space within the camp without doing much damage. 
 
 Against the glow of the morning sky dim figures of many men could 
 be descried on the hill-top, moving hurriedly about. No one kne^v or 
 
 I 
 
(i32 
 
 THE INVASION OF NATAL. 
 
 yt ' 
 
 could guess what their numbers were, nor how many guns they had 
 dragged to the hill top. Accordingly the British forces had to begin 
 with their artillery, whose firing was intended not merely to silence the 
 guns, but if possible to reveal the strength of the enemy. For some time 
 the battle consisted of an artillery duel, which resulted, however, in the 
 silencing of the Boer guns. An eye witness says that the British Hhells, 
 fired with remarkable precision, broke into little balls of white smoke, 
 as it seemed from a distance, right among the enemy. Under cover of 
 this accurate artillery tire the infantry moved forward towards the foot 
 of the hill. Those chosen for this daring and momentous work were 
 the King's Royal Kifles, the Dublin Fusileers and the First Koyul Irish 
 Fusileers. These moved out in open array in order to present as sin all 
 a mass at any one point for the Boers to aim at as possible. Having 
 reached the foot of the hill they began to climb, pausing as they moved 
 up to fire at the Boers, who were raining down rifle balls upon them. 
 Scrambling and pushing up the hard and stony steep they readn-d a 
 wall running round the hill, said to be about half way from the summit 
 of the hill. 
 
 In spite of th*^ heavy artillery fire and the steady rifie shooting of the 
 British the Boers returned again and again to the outer edge of the liill 
 and fired with terrific effect upon the men who were storming their 
 citadel. In the meantime General Symons moved with his staff to the 
 right of his advancing fovce and there waited for his din nee to c]uirg(» 
 round the hill. Another battery had been moved leftwardt^ to the north 
 of the hill in order to intercept the re-enforcements which Joubert, wlio 
 was only a few miles off with thousands of soldiers more, was sending 
 liurriedly forward. This battery opened fire with such effect as to aiTcst 
 for a time the advance of the new troops. 
 
 It was long after mid-day, after seven or eight hours of in<'esHant 
 fighting, that the British infantry were about to make their last dash 
 from the cover of the wall which protected them awhile to the top of 
 the bravely defended hill. They Avent with a will. Many of thciii 
 dropped, shot dead or wounded by the Boers, just as they reached tlie 
 crown of the hill, but the thoroughly disciplined and seasoned regulars 
 of the British army could not be thrown into confusion by the fall of 
 their comrades. With their own irresistible cheer and rush they threw 
 
THE INVASION OF NATAL. 
 
 633 
 
 themselves upon the now disordered forces of the Boers, who were hur- 
 rying downwards to reach their horses and take to flight. As the fugi- 
 tives approached the level they were attacked by the squadrons that 
 had been sent round both the right and the left of the hill, some 
 mounted infantry on the left chasing them until they were met by re- 
 enfo its that were hastening to their succor. One of these squad- 
 
 rons, as afterwards became known, having pushed too far in its eager- 
 ness, found itself surrounded by the enemy and all were taken prisoners. 
 The Boers had evidently no idea that they would be driven so quickly 
 from the hill, for not only their guns, but also a large number of their 
 wagons and supplies, fell into the hands of the British. 
 
 At first it was imagined that this reverse would throw the Boers into 
 despondency, so complete and by the Boers so evidently unexpected, 
 was the victoi-y which had been gained. The event did not, however, 
 produce this result, although it would appear from news that subse- 
 quently leaked out that the Boers were surprised at the terrific force 
 of the British charge. The battle of Majuba Hill was actually reversed. 
 But the result was insignificant in this case as compared to the other, 
 for here the defeated Boer force was able to fall back immediately n\H)U 
 the main forces from the north and from the northeast, which lia<l now 
 united and were moving southwards in seemingly countless numbers. 
 On the other hand the victory gave great hope undoubtedly to the vic- 
 tors. T^iey found themselves opposed by people acknowledged to be 
 among the ui-avest men and the best rifle shots in the world, and alike 
 the officers and privates had proved tliemselves possessed of a swift 
 energy and a steel-like courage. 
 
 From the point of vieAV of military tactics this victory, while it could 
 not prevent, Avould undoubtedly for a brief time check the advance of 
 General Joubert. This check interfered with the original plans for 
 concentration with the Orange Free State forces upon Ladysmith. The 
 victory at Dundee made possible the next victory at Elandslaagte. The 
 latter again in turn made possible the hurried retreat of the forces 
 from Dundee, and the union with the main body of the British troops at 
 Ladysmith. The victory of the British was bought at a heavy price in 
 that General Symons fell, mortally wounded. He lay for a few daya 
 in a hospital in Dundee, and received every attoatiou that wa^^ possible, 
 
634 
 
 THE INVASION OF NATAL 
 
 but the wound v,as in a Vj> i- jart and no recovery waH possible. He 
 died on Monday afternoon after his army had loft the camp, and was 
 laid to rest close to the little Episcopal church on Tuesday morning 
 without the usual military honors; no guns were llred, no military dis- 
 play took place. A few medical officers and a few civilianH, with the 
 English clergyman, surrounded his grave. The command of the troops 
 at Glencoe passed into the hands of General Yule. 
 
 The Second Battle. 
 
 In the meantime another battle had been fought farther south. Sir 
 George White, with 4,000 or 5,000 men, occupied a enm]) chtse to the 
 town of Ladysmith, whose importance we have aln-ady pointed out. 
 His eyes were directed chiefly towards the west, whence he ex])('cted to 
 hear of the arrival of the large forces from the Orange I-'rec Htate, but 
 he discovered that a few miles north of his camp railway communication 
 with Glencoe had been cut off. A scouting party tlJHcovercd ( liat a Boer 
 force had captured the railway station at Elandshuigte, seized a train 
 loaded with provisions for Glencoe, and was intrenching ilself in a very 
 strong position on a hill several hundreds of feet high and about a mile 
 and a half southeast of the railway station. Tliis force had evidently 
 taken the direct and shorter route from NewcsiHlie in the far north 
 instead of going round by Glencoe and Dundee, lis object was to cut 
 off communication between the two British camps and find a strong 
 position where the Boer troops could gather for tlie purpose of inter- 
 cepting any attempted British retreat from the north or advance from 
 the south. Sir George White immediately saw llie enoruious import- 
 ance of driving this force from the position whiili lliey had occupied. 
 Accordingly the morning of the 21st was occupied in moving his troops 
 out to the scene of the expected battle. 
 
 It was not until about half-past three o'clock in the afterroon 
 that the train conveying his heavy guns and infiiulry soldiers reached 
 a spot opposite the hill on which the enemy were enl reached. The 
 latter occupied with their guns two small hillH whicli fornu'd spurs 
 on each side of the central "kopje." On the laller the main force of 
 the Boers was placed. As soon as the Boers <'auglit sight of the 
 
THE INVASION OF NATAL. 
 
 635 
 
 British guns they opened fire upon the train. Their attack was 
 briskly returned. The British prepared to take their heavy guns 
 across the open ground between tlie railway and the Boer's strong- 
 hold. This was done by making short, rapid dashes forward and stop- 
 ping to shell the Boer guns into silence. Every time they were silenced 
 another swift move forward was made. The Boers on their side fought 
 with a courage which woke the surprised admiration of the gallant 
 General opposed to them. The extraordinary precision of the British 
 guns scattered them from their guns time after time, but as soon as the 
 forward movement of their foes began the Boei*s returned and trained 
 their guus once more upon the advancing artillerymen. The Boers sent 
 out from each side of the hill mounted infantry, intending with them to 
 attack each flank of the British troops, but they were met with 
 ecjual courage and did not succeed in turning the flank of the enemy. At 
 last, wlun dusk was settling over the fearful scene, the moment had 
 come for which the British were all along jireparing. The signal was 
 given for those men to move forward who had been chosen to undertake 
 the desperate work of charging up the steep face of that crag and driv- 
 ing the Boer riflemen from their place. Among the well known regi- 
 ments represented in this storming party were the Gordon Highlanders 
 who so recently had sent their name around the world once more, ring- 
 ing with the glory of the charge up the heights of Dargai in India. 
 It is said that after this charge against the Boers they confessed that 
 the capture of Dargai was child's play compared with that of tlie hill of 
 Elandslaagte. The Boers do not appear to have expected that their 
 enemy would reach the top of the hill. The withering Are from above 
 made the British two or thre'» times waver for a moment, but each time 
 recovering themselves they resumed the rush forwar:ls and upwards. 
 When they were among the enemy the struggle was over, Uw the Boers 
 are practically defenseless when it comes to a hand to hand encounter 
 with soldiers drilled to perfection in the use of the bayonet, sword and 
 lance. 
 
 When the Boers took to flight it was already dark and tlie lancers 
 charued through and through their routed ranks, sending the 
 poor, bewildered men flying in every direction. The Boers lost in this 
 battle the furniture of their camp, some horses and two guns. The train 
 
-■^-.^ 
 
 036 
 
 THE INVASION OF NATAL. 
 
 of supplies which they had captured was recovered as well as nine 
 English prisoners. But for them the most serious loss was in the death 
 of General Kock, one of their most famous leaders, besides a nephew of 
 General Joubert. The British also took prisoner a German of the name 
 of Schiel, to whom is given much of the credit for having drilled the 
 Boer soldiers in the use of large guns. Such a battle could not be fought 
 without severe loss on the side of the attacking party, who, throughout 
 these movomonts, were exposed both to the cannon and rifle shooting 
 of the enemy. 
 
 In each of these early battles the world was amazed at the very 
 large proportion of British officers who were shot or wounded. This 
 was said to be due to two causes; the first being that every officer weans 
 a sword and is otherwise dearlj^ distinguished in his uniform from the 
 soldiers under him; the second being that v,hon in charges made across 
 exposed places the soldiers are ordered to lie down in shelter behind 
 a hillock or a bush, the officer remains on his feet, exposed practically 
 alone to the attention and fire of the enemy. The British learned a les- 
 son from these battles which they quickly put into practice in this very 
 war, for Lord Methuen, commanding the force that advanced to the 
 relief of Kimberley, ordered his soldiers to strip themselves of distinctive 
 features in their uniforms and in the charges which his regiments made 
 it was at once noticed that the proportion of officers struck was very 
 much smaller. A prisoner taken at one of his battles reported that cer- 
 tain men were set apart by the Boers, whose work it was to deliberately 
 pick out the British officers, and aim at none but them. 
 
 The result of the brilliant attack at Elandslaagte was to drive the 
 defeated force northAvards again, to restore railway communication 
 with Glencoe and make possible that retreat of General Yule which the 
 enormous forces of General Joubert and their repeated and threatening 
 attacks upon the camp at Giencoe made absolutely necessary. 
 
 The Retreat of General Yule. 
 
 If, as has been calculated, (General Joubert had brought with him 
 from tlie north not less than 15,000 men with heavy guns it is quite 
 evident lliat the 3,000 or 4,000 British soldipis at Glencoe were in euii- 
 
THE INVASION OF NATAL. 
 
 637 
 
 nent danger of boing oriiHliod. On Saturday, after the battle of Dun- 
 dee Hill, the IJocrK again Ix^gan to gather within the range of the camp. 
 On Sunday they Mhclled the liritinh camp throughout the day, making 
 it necessary for <ieneral Yule to exercise a ceaseless vigilance in moving 
 his troops and keeping them out of danger. On Monday it was decided 
 to make a spec'dy retreat upon Ladysmith. It must have been very hard 
 for the General to decide that he must leave the wounded, including 
 General Symons, behind him. He must consent to lose his stores of pro- 
 visions and resign the custody of his prisoners, but these were facts 
 which he f^iced with as good courage and grace as possible. Later in the 
 afternoon the long and hazardous march began. The most exciting part 
 probably was reached long after dark as they came to a narrow pass 
 through the Biggarsberg Mountains, which is six miles long and could 
 be very easily defended by a small force. To add to the misery of the 
 situation a very heavy rain fell throughout the night, and the unfortu- 
 nate soldiers had to tramp or ride mile after mile in the dark, cautiously, 
 anxiously, drenched with rain and no doubt depressed in spirit by the 
 mere fact that t hey were retreating. General Yule was wise and careful 
 enough not to choose the direct road but to make a detour eastwards, 
 which considerably increased the length of his march, but put him 
 beyond the reach of any forces which might attack him from the east. 
 Sir George White heard of the retreat and the direction taken, and at 
 once determined to cover the retreat by moving some part of his force 
 northwards so as to jirevent the Boers from trying to intercept General 
 Yule. On Tuesday, October 21th, he discovered the enemy scnen miles 
 out in a strong position west of the road. The tiring c^msisted entirely 
 in the use of ailillery, in which the British proved themselves superior, 
 and the enemy p^tired wewtwards. <^n the Wednesday General White 
 found that his army from the north had reached the Sunday's Kiver, and 
 was resting ther*' for awhile. It was not until noon on Thursday, Octo- 
 ber 26th, that (}eneTul Yule's army marched into Ladysmith, after 
 another night of b<'avy rain. The men were worn out but in good 
 spirit X, and no tUmht thoroughly thankful that their enterprise had not 
 rereived any check. 
 
 Up to this pornt in thew operations it was evident that the Boers, 
 •while defeated in single battles* had yet on the whole succeeded in so 
 
638 
 
 THE INVASION OF NATAL. 
 
 far as having now driven the north column in upon Ladysmith, they 
 were able to gather their own various columns together unmolested, and 
 to make plans for surrounding and bombarding the British force in 
 the camp at Ladysmith, as also for carrying on their invasion of Natal 
 southwards along the railway line towards Pietermaritzburg and 
 Durban. 
 
 These operations were carried on with considerable skill and with 
 great rapidity of movement. The Boer forces streaming in from 
 the Orange Free State and moving in still larger numbers from 
 the north began completely to surround Ladysmith and to occupy the 
 southern road connecting it with Colenso and Pietermaritzburg. It is 
 not yet perfectly clear why Sir George White settled down in this place. 
 No situation could have been found more open to attack, for the town 
 lies in a hollow and is surrounded in every direction with the charac- 
 teristic kopjes of South Africa. One reason given is that there had 
 been collect i'<l at Ladysmith an enormous amount of stores both of provi- 
 sions and ammunition, which were far too valuable to be allowed to fall 
 into the hands of the enemy. Another and more probable theory is 
 thatSir (Jeorge White had bo(-n as ill-informed as the rest of the British 
 generals at that time regarding the real strength of the enemy, both in 
 numbers and in armament. Otherwise he surely would have kept moving 
 southwards, occupying one vantage point after another and presenting 
 to the Boer forces a stern and successful resistance, such as they have 
 since presented to the British. If he had crossed the Tugola and en- 
 trenched himself on the south banks he might have for a long time pre- 
 vented their crossing and kept his communications open southwards 
 and seawards. The unwelcome fact had soon to be accepted by the 
 British that Sir George White was surrounded in Ladysmith and that a 
 prolonged siege had begun. 
 
 THE SIEGE OF LADYSMITH. 
 
 During the earlier movements of the Boers Sir George White showed 
 great enterprise and activity, and made a number of successful sorties 
 which were daily hailed throughout the British world as striking vic- 
 tories, presaging a speedy termination of the war. Pride was tempered, 
 however, and hope was somewhat clouded by one or two unfortunate 
 
THE INVASION OF NATAL. 
 
 G39 
 
 incidents. The chief of these was undoubtedlj the disaster at Nichol- 
 son's Nek on Monday, October 30th. As a part of a general attack upon 
 all the enemy's important positions Sir George White sent a force of 
 1,200 men to occupy a point of vantage known as Nicholson's Nek. The 
 troops carried the usual amount of ammunition and had with thera wag- 
 ons hauled by mules bearing larger guns and reserve supplies of ammu- 
 nition. It is said that the Boers succeeded in stampeding the mules by 
 rolling down rocks upon them and that they were startled in any case by 
 the sudden shock of rifie fire. They left the troops dismayed and de- 
 nuded of part of their reserves. When morning dawned the column were 
 fiercely attacked but held their own, oxijecting reinforcements to arrive 
 speedily. These for some reas{)n or another were not sent and the men 
 at last surrendered. The whole story is still clouded in mystery. Why 
 they could not retreat earlier is not known. Whether or not their ammu- 
 nition was really exhausted is not yet absolutely certain. It is even 
 affirmed that the surrender was due to an error on the part of a subor- 
 dinate officer who, finding himself out of sight of the rest, with only a few 
 companions, imagined himself to be isolated and raised the white flag 
 which committed tlie entire force to the laying down of their arms. The 
 real incidents have yet to be discovered which made it possible for the 
 B()(TS without much expenditure of life to take about 1,200 officers and 
 men as prisoners to Pretoria. In other directions also Sir George Wliite's 
 forces were on this disastrous day driven back. When the news of 
 Nicholson's Nek reached the European world all generous hearts were 
 stirred to admiration by the form in which Sir George White made the 
 report. Instead of blaming his men or his subordinate officers, he gal- 
 lantly took the entire responsibility for the misfortune upon himself, 
 asserting that the disaster was due to a miscalculation, for which he 
 was alone responsible. 
 
 It was a fortunate event fhat the very day before the road to the 
 south wa*; linally clos<*d the naval guns from II. M. S. Powerful arrived 
 at Ladysmith, wh'« h were sub«equently of such enormous importance to 
 the beleagui ted rm.v. Thes»» guns being magnificently manned and 
 able ' ' i'iiVY} an explosive shell with great ac<iira(y of aim a distance of 
 S,000 ^.irds, proved indispensable Sir George Whi^o was then able to 
 keep the big guns of the Boers at a very great distauce, and that gave 
 
640 
 
 THE INVASION OF NATAL. 
 
 him considerable range of territory within which to operate his troops, 
 to preserve their health and to feed their horses. Without these guns 
 they would have been more closely hemmed in and the siege would un- 
 doubtedly have ended in disaster. 
 
 During the early part of November the British made several small 
 fights, attacking suddenly and with great force one position after an- 
 other even at a distance of several miles from the town. They were of 
 course unable to hold these permanently, and the positions which they 
 captured were, as a rule, speedily reoccupied by the enemy. On Novem- 
 ber 9th the Boers made their first combined effort to overwhelm the 
 British forces. In every direction they were successfully repulsed. 
 Humane arrangements had been made between the opposing Generals 
 for the placing of the Ladysmith hospital three miles down on the south- 
 ward road W'here the wounded, and the women and children also, were 
 l)laced in safety. During this period General White selected several 
 camps, which he thoroughly entrenched and which proved to be im- 
 pregnable against every assault. 
 
 The Boers, as we have said, moved southwards. Their movements 
 were rapid and, being unopposed, they speedily covered a considerable 
 amount of territory to the intense alarm of all Natal. Colenso they 
 found practically undefended, and at last they reached the neighborhood 
 of Estcourt. While they were moving towards the latter towTi there 
 occurred the famous incident of the armored train. From Estcourt there 
 sallied forth on the railroad an armored train filled with one company 
 of Hie Dublin Fusiliers and one company of the Durban Volunteers. 
 There went with them the correspondent of a London newspaper and 
 son of the late Tx)rd Randolph Churchill, Mr. Winston Churchill. When 
 they had proceeded almost as far as Chieveley the train was suddenly 
 attacked by a force of Boers who succeeded in throwing one car off the 
 rail. A number of British immediately leaped to the ground and under 
 the energetic direction of their officers and the enthusiastic help of Mr. 
 Churchill, proceeded to cut off the engine and the other car; these hur- 
 ried back to Estcourt. It was impossible, however, to take all the men 
 back, and there were left behind two killed, ten wounded and fifty-six 
 who i^ame prisoners. Amongst the prisoners was Mr. Churchill. 
 They were taken immediately to Pretoria, where they still remain — all 
 
 ^fn-'MH 
 
THK BATTLE OF SPION KOP 
 
 This plpturc HhowK the HrltlKli ciirrylnK thoir ticad an.l wounded romrades down the hill during 
 
 Unit terrific struggle. 
 
HAULING THE GUNS UP COLES KOP 
 
 The men of "H" Company, Essex Regiment, thirty men to eaeh rope, ninety In all, dragging up the 
 guns to the top of Coles Kop, 1,4U0 leet above the plam. 
 
I 
 
 THE INVASION OP NATAL. 
 
 041 
 
 t'xcppt the entorprising newspaper correspondent. The story of his 
 romantic escape is not yet fully known. It is said, however, that after 
 reading John 8tuart Mill on "Liberty" he resolved to seek his own. lie 
 obtained a disguise, scrambled over the enclosing fence or wall, walked 
 through Pretoria to the railroad; thence jjartly by long night marches 
 and partly by using a freight car he succeeded in reaching Portuguese 
 territory, and from Delagoa Bay returned to Durban. It is said that 
 if he had waited one day longer he would have received an order for 
 his discharge from General Joubert, who did not wish to retain a news- 
 paper correspondent as a prisoner. 
 
 On November 23d the B(»ers were at Estcourt striving to dO' for 
 General Hildyard what they had already done for Sir George White. Tie 
 however proved himself t()<> strong to be isolated. With the help of a 
 supporting force from Weston he drove the Boers back and cleared the 
 road once more as far as Frere. The swiftness of the Boer movements, 
 the comparative immunity which they had enjoyed thus far in their 
 invasion of Natal, roused the most intense excitement not only thrcmgh- 
 out that colony, but throughout the British Empire. It became evident 
 to all that the Boer army was much more powerful than anyone outside 
 the secr«'ts of tin two Republics had ever guessed. Anything in the way 
 of victorv seemed for a time t> be possible to them. The inhabitants of 
 Pieterm. 'Hzburg were panic-srricken and began to prepare themselves 
 for a vigor. »us defence of the capital city of Natal. 
 
 General Sir RMvnPs Buller, who had been appointed Commander of 
 the entire forces in South Africa and who, during the month of Novem- 
 ber, had remained mainly at Cape Town directing his forces northwards 
 to repel the invasion of Cape ( olony as well as eastwards to meet the in- 
 vasion of Natal, soon saw that the latter was at the time the most serious 
 problem. In the beginning of December he sailed for Durban and 
 speedily moved to the front. ITe recognized at once that the situation 
 vas extremely grave and dangerous. He resolved not to leave the 
 d'velopment of the British defence and the counter- attack in Natal to 
 any of his subordinate generals, but to undertake it t nself. This deci- 
 sion was undoubtedly a brave one, for it involved General Buller in so 
 close a study of local events in Natal that he was unabh -^o direct affairs 
 powerfully and intelligently in the other distari scones (* ' invasion and 
 
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 r//£ INVASION OF NATAL. 
 
 battle. His original plan, it is said, had been that which Lord Roberts 
 with slight modifications has now carried out, namely, to invade the 
 Orange Free State from the south with a large army and make straight 
 for Bloemfontein, If he had had enough troops at his disposal, both 
 to withstand any further invasion of Natal and to initiate the invasion 
 of the Free State, he would undoubtedly have carried out that plan. 
 He had to choose, how^ever, between the enormous risk of the successful 
 occupation of the whole of Natal by the Boers and the delay of his 
 original plan by bringing enough troops into Natal to drive the Boers 
 back. He chose the latter course and his decision will probably be felt 
 by all men to have been in the circumstances wise if not indeed obvious 
 and inevitable. 
 
 At the end of the first week of December General Buller had reached 
 the Frere camp and began operations by moving northwards towards 
 Ladysmith. In the meantime Sir George White still maintained con- 
 siderable activity. On the night of December 7th he sent out his force 
 eastwards to attack a strong position occupied by the Boers on Lom- 
 bard's Kop. This was a fierce struggle and it ended in victory for 
 the British general. A similar and very successful sortie was made 
 in another direction on December 10th. Of course he lost men, both in 
 killed and wounded, on all these occasions. The British newspapers 
 faithfully printed the names of all who were cut off by death or wounds 
 or capture, and painfully added up each week the sad and disastrous 
 totals. 
 
 One of the humorous features of the war has been the extraordinary- 
 habit of the Boers of minimizing their losses to a ridiculous extent. The 
 telegrams from Pretoria have usually announced, even after a severe 
 fight, that while the British lost many the Fetleral forces lost perhaps 
 one killed and two wounded, or four killed and eight wounded. The 
 numbers announced have seldom passed ten or a dozen. Tlie outside 
 world has not been deceived by the monotonous repetition of these trivial 
 numbers. Most probably their real purpose was not to attempt a de- 
 ception of Europe and America, but to keep the crushing truth from 
 the people of the Transvaal. The Boers, of course, are citizen soldiei"*} 
 who have gone from their farms to this bitter war; and the story of 
 heavy losses would produce a strong reactionary feeling throughout the 
 
mrn^i^m 
 
 THE INVASION OF NATAL. 
 
 64^ 
 
 horncn that heard of loss after loss. President Kruger would have a 
 uuw war uf a new kind to meet w ithin his own territories, if the women 
 and children vere told that their fathers and husbands and brothers 
 were falling by hundreds on distant and bloody battlefields. One of 
 the most diHmal and, indeed, harrowing features of the war comes into 
 view when one reflects that_ the organization of the Boer armies prob* 
 ably makes it hard for them to announce in their home newspapers 
 the names of those who are slain or left wounded in distant hospitals. 
 There is a day of terrible despair coming to the Transvaal when its 
 women wake up to the fact that the fearful tnith has been hidden 
 from them, and that thousands are bereaved instead of the mere scores 
 that have been reported. 
 
 The week ending Saturday, December 15th, was one of the darkest 
 in the entire history of the war for Great Britain and all British sym- 
 pathizers. In that one week three great reverses took place which, 
 while they did not materially improve the position of the Boers, dis- 
 turbed tlie self-confidence of Great Britain and opened for the first 
 time the eyes of the Government to the enormous task which she had 
 assumed. After the defeat of Lord Methuen, elsewhere described, and 
 after the disaster to General Gatacre, the British turned with strong 
 confidence to the movements of General Sir Redvers Buller. It was 
 known that he had taken under his personal charge the large army 
 which now confronted General Joubert on the Tugela at Colenso, only 
 thirteen miles from Ladysmith. It seemed to those war experts and 
 others who regard events from a distance of 6>000 miles a practical 
 certainty that General Buller would be able to carry the positions of 
 the enemy and bring relief to Ladysmith. The consternation of the 
 world was supreme, therefore, when news came that the British forces 
 had sustained a serious r'^verse. As the details of the reverse became 
 known its moral significance seem to grow larger and more portentous. 
 
 It was early on Saturday, December 15th, that General Buller began 
 the attack. The enemy had been for several weeks patiently employed 
 In dragging their guns to advantageous positions and in digging exten- 
 sive Intrenchments for their troops. The British seem to have been 
 unaware, even when the battle began, of the position of some of these 
 Intrenchments. On the north side of the Tugela the main Boer positions 
 
644 
 
 THE INVASION OP NATAL. 
 
 were establiHhed on the face of the liiliH which were crowned by their 
 guns. EtiHt and west their linen extond(?d, in a semi-circle eight miles 
 long, not folh)wing the windings of the river very closely, but on the east 
 coming pretty close to the British right, ( leneral Barton, with a brigade 
 consisting of four battalions of English, Welsh, Hcotch and Irish, re- 
 spectively, was placed here. On the extrenu* left General Hart's bri- 
 gade, composed mainly of Irish reginients, moved westwards for the 
 purpose of reaching a certain ford, known as Bridle Drift. If he could 
 carry that he would turn tlie enemy's right think as General Barton 
 on the other wing was intended to turn their left. The entire British 
 front measured about six miles. Each wing was supported by heavy 
 guns and in the center on a little hill where stood General Buller and 
 his staff there were placed the naval guns. The battle began about 6 
 o'clock in the morning. For some time tin? enemy made no reply to the 
 heavy guns and few of them sliowed tliemselves anywhere along the 
 hillsides. At last, however, when th'.* British approached tlie river, 
 especially near Colenso, botli muskerry and heavy guns opened fire. 
 The Boers, however, who lined the river banks remained concealed. 
 Tempted, it is not known yet by what i<len, (Vdonel Long on the right 
 rushed his guns forward beyond his infantry supports. He was allowed 
 to approach until within 600 yards of the river banks, when sud- 
 denly the Boers sprang to their feet and opened a terrific fire with their 
 Mauser rifles. Tlie drivers and horses were mowed down and the guns 
 had to be abandoned. Several tlirllllng in<'idents took place in the at- 
 tempts of the riders and officers to recover some of these field pieces. 
 The only son of Lord Roberts, Lieutenant Roberts, volunteered to make 
 the effort, took with him several companions and tried to haul one of the 
 big guns away. He wa« hit and died of his wound not long after. 
 
 While this was happening on the right General Hart's Irish regi- 
 ments were encountering an opposition as sudden and as terrific on the 
 far left. In spite of the slaugliter which took place in their ranks 
 the Irishmen rushed through the river, a U•^\ of them drowning in the 
 attempt, and occupied the north banks. If they coul 3 have been effectu- 
 ally supported at this time they might have held their own, but as it 
 was they were compelled to withdraw, Tliese two disasters of course 
 made the advance of the center imiM^Hsible and it became evident to- 
 
THE INVASION OF NATAL. 
 
 645 
 
 wards noon that the elaborate attack of General Biiller had ended in 
 disaster. The losses were very serious in men and in guns. ' 
 
 While the Boer armies had in this engagement made no headway 
 and revealed no power of successfully attacking the British forces or 
 carrying the invasion of Natal any further, the reverse was most 
 serious because of the effect which it would produce through- 
 out South Africa, encouraging the Dutch to a more hopeful opposition, 
 and depressing the entire British force, and chiefly, of course, the already 
 disappointed troops in Ladysmith. It was not accurately known how 
 much amn anition Sir George White possessed, nor how long his pro- 
 visions would hold out. lie himself continued to send forth cheerful 
 messages announcing successful sorties in one direction or another, and 
 promised to hold out indefinitely, even for months, if necessary. 
 
 On January 6th, General Joubert made his supreme effort to reduce 
 General White's army by force. The attack seems to have been elab- 
 orately planned and threatened at one time to be successful. The strug- 
 gle was undoubtedly one of the three or four fiercest which occurred 
 during the first five months of the war. The Boer Commander concen- 
 trated a large part of the troops which held the hills on the Tugela 
 against General Buller^ in a movement northwards upon the southerji 
 camps of General White. The chief objective points were two camps 
 lying side by side, known as Caesar's Camp and Wagon Hill. The former 
 was reached by the enemy who moved silently and quickly about 3:00 
 o'clock in the mornings At 9:00 General White was able to send a 
 message to General Buller that fighting still continued while every- 
 where he had succeeded in holding the enemy off. At mid-day another 
 message was sent which showed that the Boers were conscious of being 
 engaged in a supreme effort. Although driven back they moved for- 
 ward again in great numbers both from the south and north. 
 General White bore witness in his last message that the 
 enemy had pushed their attack with the greatest courage and 
 energy, and the last words which the heliograph could convey 
 that night were the ominous words — "Hard Pressed." The Boer 
 armies were determined to capture the intrenchnients of Wagon Hill 
 which would bring them close to the main camp and so make their 
 final victory practically certain. Tlirce times during the awful hours 
 
646 
 
 THE INVASION OF NATAL. 
 
 ^^■- , 
 
 of that long, long day di^ the enemy charge the intrenchmenta and 
 drive the British soldiers from them. And three times did the latter, 
 under Colonel Ian namilton, return to the attack and drive the enemy 
 back again. One position, which General White did not name, was 
 occupied throughout the day by the enemy, but, as darkness was fall- 
 ing, the soldiers of the Devonshire regiment, led by Colonel Park, ad- 
 vanced against this point. A very heavy rain storm, was falling, which 
 thickened the air and made progress very difficult. Nevertheless they 
 charged home with great dash and gallantry and recovered the lost 
 ground. The newspapers had some thrilling stories of the incidents 
 of that day, for during these attacks and counter attacks there must 
 have been heroic deeds as well as ghastly scenes. General White's 
 troops must have fought with a courage of despair throughout those 
 crushing eighteen hours. The impression of the British Commander 
 was that the Boers had lost much more heavily than he did, but the 
 usual Transvaal telegram announced that after 15 hours of fighting 
 and facing the withering fire of six batteries and being driven back at all 
 points, they had four killed and 15 wounded! It was reported that the 
 soldiers of the Free State were those who suffered most in this battle. 
 
 It is easy to criticise after the event, and the Boer Commanders 
 no doubt have their own sad experiences from the war experts who 
 decide at a distance what ought and what ought not to have been 
 done. • Some have, it seems, published their theories that General Jou- 
 bert committed a great mistake in making this effort; that it disheart- 
 ened liis own men by showing them their inability to attack an enemy 
 even after having held him for two months in a close investment. But 
 General Joubert has quite enough to say on the other side. The very 
 fact that General White felt the strain so severely and that he tele- 
 graphed at one point that he had little hope of holding out, that he 
 was "hard pressed," proves that General Joubert while he did fail and 
 did reap the unfortunate fruits of failure, yet had undertaken no foolish 
 and hopeless adventure. 
 
 During the month of February General Buller made one effort after 
 another to cut into the enemy's lines and deliver the beleaguered army 
 in Ladysmith. Having received the addition of the fifth division, under 
 Lieutenant-General Sir Charles Warren with 10,000 men, he attempted 
 
p^ 
 
 THE INVASION OF NATAL. 
 
 G47 
 
 to attain his purpose by making a wide movement to the west. First 
 be captured a drift, called Potgieter's Drift, higher up the river than 
 (.'olenHO, and crossed some of his troops at that point. In the mean- 
 time Sir Charles Warren moved still further west until he reached 
 a ford under a high hill called Spion Kop. His movements here were 
 of course not unopposed by the enemy, who rapidly spread their forces 
 among the hills on the north side of the river westward as far as the 
 Britii^h went. Some of General Warren's troops had to cross the river 
 under fire, but they succeeded in doing so and drove the enemy back 
 from the immediate neighborhood of the river. On January 24th Gen- 
 eral Warren sent a portion of his troops to attack Spion Kop. Bravely 
 they mounted under the galling fire and when they reached the top they 
 Hent the Boers flying down the three sides of the hill. All night they 
 remained there. Efforts were made to secure suitable spots for the 
 implacement of the heavy guns but these could not be dragged up the 
 steep slope. The soldiers strove to dig intrenchments and only par- 
 tially succeeded. This was of course hard work, as they were exposed 
 to a shell-flre from the tops of the neighboring hills to which they could 
 not reply. Under cover of this fire the Boers moved again up the 
 UHcent on the south side and firing with accuracy and rapidity they 
 compelled the British to withdraw after a fierce and desperate struggle. 
 General Buller at once saw that this made further advance at that point 
 impossible and he retired with his troops across the river. 
 
 Once more the British people throughout the world had their ardor 
 damped and their hopes darkened by reverse. Undaunted, General 
 Buller tried again and again to secure a footing on the north side of the 
 Tugela. Every time that he won some point which promised to cut into 
 the enemy's lineS; he was compelled to withdraw from it. Gradually he 
 moved his experiments eastwards until, towards the end of February, 
 having driven the enemy back from the ground which they had occupied 
 on the south side of the river during a temporary retirement to re-or- 
 ganisse his troops, he once more resumed his way towards Ladysmith. 
 The experts hazarded the guess, and not without reason, that General 
 Buller made these persistent efforts, even when there seemed not much 
 hope of success, under injunctions from Lord Roberts to keep the enemy 
 thoroughly and actively employed. For Lord Roberts had now massed 
 
 i,.| 
 
:/ ■ 
 
 648 
 
 THE INVASION OF NATAL. 
 
 a large army at De Aar Junction and Modder River, and was preparing 
 for tlie remarkable turning movement by which he suddenly changed 
 the whole direction and complexion of the war. General BuUer was 
 aided in his further attempts to reach Ladysmith by this success in the 
 central scene of war. For the Boer Generals were compelled to deplete 
 their armies in Natal in order to defend the Orange Free State. Day 
 after day General White's men saw the loi;g trains of wagons and 
 troops moving westwards on the road to \i\n Keenen's Pass. By this 
 time the long confinement, the miserable food and the unsanitary con- 
 ditions had so reduced the energy of the unhappy men that they had no 
 chance of making any attack. They could only wait, ready only for 
 self-defence, but eager for the arrival of their long desired deliverers. In 
 the last week of February General Buller announced that he had dis- 
 covered a ford below the waterfall, had moved some troops across at that 
 point and captured the impending height called Pieter's Hill. The Boers 
 were intrenched in sufficient numbers here to make the battle a long 
 one, lasting for several days, and a fierce one, costing many lives. The 
 British had to press painfully up the hills, making for themselves shel- 
 ters with the innumerable stones and behind the rocks which covered 
 the bare steep sides of the hills. Day and night some of them served in 
 such exposed positions, but at last the height was cleared of the enemy 
 and the road into Ladysmith was under command. 
 
 In the meantime, as it afterwards turned out, the people in Lady- 
 smith, hearing the British guns drawing closer and closer, watched with 
 chagrin the long line of retreating Boers as they moved westwards 
 towards Van Reenen's Pass. In vain they longed to harass their retreat, 
 for their animals had either been killed for.food or were too weak to haul 
 the guns, and the Boers moved beyond their range, steadily and safely. 
 
 General Buller immediately sent forward Lord Dundonald with his 
 cavalry to explore the road into Ladysmith, fearful lest still the enemy 
 might hold some unknown point of vantage on the way. Carefully they 
 felt along the way while the day ended and darkness deepened. They 
 moved over hill and valley, rocky road and grassy slope as quickly as 
 possible until suddenly pulled up by the challenge of a British picket, 
 "Who goes there?" The thrilling answer was "Ladysmith relief army." 
 A storm of thunder and lightning broke upon the scene, giving strange 
 
THE INVASION OF NATAL. 
 
 
 649 
 
 fitful and lurid light to the events which took place as the relieving 
 cavalry moved on towards the town. As the news spread rapidly 
 from camp to camp cheer after cheer arose from the half frantic 
 and worn out heroes of the siege. When Sir George White and his staff 
 rode out to meet their deliverers it is said that all were deeply affected. 
 It seemed too good to grasp at last, this which they had hoped for for 
 long, long weeks, which seemed often to approach only again to recede; 
 which had tantalized them with promise and with disappointment. Even 
 the little children were excited, gathering in groups entL'isiastic and 
 joyful. It is said that General White passing some of these shouted to 
 them cheerily, "Plenty of sugar and jam now. No more siege rations." 
 The relieving army were saddened and depressed by the appearance of 
 the soldiers whom they saw in the camps around Ladysmith, — white- 
 faced, hollow-eyed, weakened men. The story of their experience 
 during the last few weeks must have contained most harrowing details. 
 They are said to have been living on half a pound of meal a day with 
 horse or mule flesh added. More people died of sickness than were 
 killed by the rifles or shells of the Boers. Latterly there was no means 
 of restoring the vitality of any upon whom disease had fastened its 
 fangs; to lie down sick meant to die. Among those who died of typhoid 
 fever was the brilliant correspondent, George W. Steevens. 
 
 The news of the relief of Ladysmith, following as it did the story of 
 the relief of Kimberley and the surrender of General Cronje at Paarde- 
 berg, awoke enthusiasm throughout the British army and, indeed, 
 throughout the British Empire. Even hostile Europe, jealous of Brit- 
 ain's power, Europe anxious to see Britain humbled, yet dreads to see 
 what she would like to see. For Britain humbled or the British Empire 
 crushed would mean an alteration so profound in international relations 
 throughout the world, that not the wisest political seers can foretell 
 what would follow; no nation would be as it was before and no nation 
 knows in advance what such a disaster to Great Britain would mean to 
 itself. Hostile Europe breathed a sigh of relief and began to say less 
 about intervention. In South Africa the relief of Ladysmith meant the 
 deliverance of Natal. Those portions of Natal which were annexed to 
 the Transvaal and ruled by the Boers for four months, were speedily 
 reoccupied and the colony begun to resume its natural ways again. 
 
■(■■•■■■^B 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 INVASION OF CAPE COLONY. 
 
 THE united armies of the Transvaal and the Orange Free State 
 were not content with the invasion of Natal, they had reasons also 
 for at once crossing the frontiers into Cape Colony. This they did 
 at various points. In the far west they attacked the town of Mafeking 
 where Colonel Baden-Powell had been busily fortifying his position, 
 which he defended with less than a thousand men. Another column 
 attacked Kimberley, beginning the siege only three or four days after 
 the declaration of war and quickly making the investment complete. 
 Other forces invaded the Cape Colony from the southeastern corner of 
 the Orange Free State, making for Aliwal North and pushing on even 
 as far as Queens town. Various commandos were sent across the bor- 
 ders at different points and these proceeded to occupy such places as 
 Vryburg, Taungs, Barkly West, near Kimberley, and Kuruman, the 
 famous mission station. In some of these places only a feeble resistance 
 wa» presented to the invaders, indeed at several of them the Dutch sym- 
 pathizers were so strong as to compel the loyalists to submit as cheer- 
 fully as possible and allow the enemy to take possession. Kuruman, 
 where a British Resident lives, was besieged for a considerable time 
 and held out with great patience and courage. The beleaguered force 
 was, however, too small and untrained to make a successful defence 
 possible. Wherever the Boers obtained possession of a town or a dis- 
 trict they at once manifested their ultimate purpose by proclaiming its 
 annexation. Evidence is accumulating that in some places where the 
 loyalists fled from their farms, the farms were at once occupied by others 
 who no doubt expected, if their armies triumphed, to hold them as their 
 permanent property. Great confusion was created in these districts by 
 the fact that through these months the territories were treated as practi- 
 <'a11y under the Government of the Federal forces, and that not merely 
 for military but even for civil purposes. 
 
 650 
 
I,-. 
 
 THE INVASION OF CAFE COLONY. 
 
 THE SIEGE OF KIMBERLBY.' 
 
 
 651 
 
 Kiraberley, just before the attack of the enemy, received for its de- 
 fence a British regiment, commanded by Colonel Kekewich. As soon as 
 war appeared to be imminent the civic authorities began to prepare for 
 the attack which they knew would inevitably be made upon the great 
 diamond town. To add at once to the interest and the complications of 
 the situation Mr. Cecil Rhodes hastened from Cape Town to Kimberley 
 and at once made up his mind to remain there to the end. His presence 
 undoubtedly did something to encourage a certain section of the citizens, 
 and he appears to have put great energy into the work of restraining the 
 native population. It has been reported that he set large bands of 
 natives to the task of laying out a new suburb for the town. This 
 consisted in making streets and planting trees. One of the avenues 
 the world knows already is to be called "Siege Avenue." Undoubtedly 
 it needed a strong hand and the possession of money to control the 
 thousands of black people who were locked up in the city when the 
 s?ege began. Most of these did not belong to the town and were there 
 simply as mining laborers on contract for a definite period. If they 
 had got out of hand through the pressure of famine or danger of any 
 other kind it would have been a serious matter for the entire population. 
 At one time it is said that the Boers were asked whether they would 
 allow some thousands of these to pass through their lines, but they, 
 naturally, thinking of their own interests and of the increasing difficul- 
 ties which the presence of the natives made for the inhabitants, abso- 
 lutely refused the request. 
 
 The town of Kimberley stands on a flat plain and the military author- 
 ities set to work at once to make the best of their position. They had 
 the immense advantage of being able to use the huge heaps of debris 
 from the mines for purposes of fortification, and for making bomb-proof 
 refuges for the women and children. Upon these artificial heights 
 searchlights were placed which not only served to reveal attempted 
 movements of the enemy, but also to flash messages to the British forces 
 under Lord Methuen, some twenty miles away. The citizens provided 
 a large number of volunteers, both for medical service and for active 
 warfare. These, at the very beginning of the trouble, showed them- 
 
^l. 
 
 662 
 
 THE INVASION OF CAPE COLONY. 
 
 selves posHeBsed uf all the qualities uecessury to make a volunteer force 
 efifective. On their first trial summons, by means iff signal bells and 
 whistles, they rushed from their homes and businesses to their resi^ective 
 places of rendezvous, astonishing and delighting the Colonel in com- 
 mand with their quickness and courage. In addition to internal means 
 of defence, extensive defences were erected all round the town by means 
 of barb-wire fences, which in this war have been over and over again 
 proved to be so baffling to an enemy. The fighting at Kimberley 
 
 ' was less exciting than anywhere else. The forces were not able to 
 make effective sorties on more than one or two occasions, while the 
 Boers were, of course, unable to cross the open plain and come 
 within a distance which would make hard fighting possible. The 
 outside world, therefore, was only able to hear, from time to time, 
 that all was well, and yet that the distress of the inhabitants was in- 
 creasing week by week as food decreased and as the supplies of water 
 became precarious. The women and little children were, it seems, sent 
 down into the mines or into passages excavated in the debris heaps 
 while active bombardment was proceeding. Altogether 120 people, most 
 of whom were natives, have been reported as killed in the course of the 
 operations. 
 
 As soon as General Buller was able to gather his troops at Cape 
 Town he sent forward a strong force under General Lord Methuen to 
 undertake the relief of Kimberley. With remarkable rapidity he col- 
 lected his troops on the Orange River, which he was allowed to cross 
 near Hopetown, and then to begin his movements northwards/ His 
 first battle was on the ridges of Belmont. On the morning of November 
 
 . 23rd he sent his troops against the enemy, who were intrenched on the 
 first ridge. He had the good fortune to command a naval brigade, which 
 rendered here as at Ladysmith most important service with their guns. 
 But the brunt of the battle was borne by his infantry, whom Lord 
 Methuen sent in frontal attack to capture one after another of three 
 ridges in succession. Each time his own men suffered severely but 
 swept up the steep ascent and, bayoneting the enemy, drove them back 
 with irresistible^ force and most brilliant courage. The Boers, as Lord 
 Methuen confessed, fought both with courage and skill, so bravely in- 
 deed that it was evident if they had had time to intrench themselves 
 
I ;• 
 
 THE INVASION OF CAPE COLONY. 
 
 /' 65a 
 
 more thoiouj;hly the Britmh losses would have been far greater. In 
 three days he liad moved forward to another station on the railway 
 line ealled Oraspan, and here on the 25th, at 6 oVlock in the morning, 
 he began his second battle. It was calculated that about 2,500 Boers 
 with six guns and two machine guns were ready to meet him. Once 
 more the fighting was desperate, but once more the Boer forces were 
 compelled to retire. A minor fight ut Honey Nest Kloof completed the 
 opening of the railroad to the Modder Kiver. Once across the Modder 
 River it seemed as though Lord Metiiuen would speedily be able to 
 reach Kimberley, which was only about twenty miles farther north. 
 He was allowed to ^ross and found himself confronted by the enemy 
 who occupied a long high kopje, at Magersfontein. 
 
 Lord Methuen made up his mind on December 11th to carry this new 
 position, and was naturally tempted to do it in somewhat the same 
 way as that which had proved so successful on former occasions. His 
 attack was evidently very carefully planned. The enemy before him 
 were intrenched on their heights, and it was his object to turn their left 
 wing so as at once to cut off their retreat to the Orange Free State and 
 to open the direct road to Kimberley. The form of his attack which 
 ended in disaster has been ever since that fatal day a subject of con- 
 stant discussion and criticism. Criticism concentrates itself upon the 
 use which he made of his magnificent Highland brigade, which was 
 under the command of General A. G. Wauchope, one of the ablest and 
 most popular oflflcers in the British army. The fighting began with an 
 attempt to surprise the enemy on the British right by a forward march 
 before daybreak. The Highlanders were sent forward with a view of 
 reaching the trenches and using their bayonets before the Boers could 
 leap to their feet and use their Mauser rifles. Various war correspond- 
 ents have described in a most thrilling manner the experiences of that 
 strange and awful morning. Some of the soldiers lost their w^ay in 
 the dark; the main body moved straight forward, but through some acci- 
 dent gave warning to the enemy, who immediately turned the search- 
 light upon them. There stood disclosed to the Boer soldiers the High- 
 landers moving in close formr^;ion a very short distance away. It was 
 the work of a moment for the defenders of the trenches to leap to their 
 feet and pour in upon the almost solid mass of blinded, startled, dis* 
 
684 
 
 "THE INVASION OP CAPE COLONY. 
 
 
 ordered men a terril5c and annihilating rifle fire. Scores of Highlanders 
 fell aud amongst them their magnificent and inspiring leader himself. 
 Even as he lay, with bullets in him, he cheered on his brave fellows. 
 It is said, and the incident has added largely to the intense feeling 
 of the public throughout the civilized world, that General Wauchope 
 deprecated the movement upon which he was sent, and as they set out 
 in the dark to attack an enemy they could not see and whose strength 
 they did not know, he protested to his men that they must not blame 
 him for the mad adventure. However that be, mad adventure it un- 
 doubtedly was. When daylight broke gradually upon the wide ex- 
 tended battlefield it was to show that some miles to the left Lord 
 Methuen had sent his cavalry, his mounted infantry and a battery, and 
 that they were doing th^ir best to get at the enemy on their side. All 
 day long the battle raged, time after time the Highlanders were sent 
 forward to attack the enemy in their trenches and among the trees 
 where they lay hidden. It was a fearful thing to watch the baffled men 
 go back at the word of command in open formation, moving forward 
 without being able to see the enemy, to watch them as they came near 
 the dreaded line and began to fall one by one. Those who survived 
 moved on with short rushes or cast themselves on the ground, until at 
 last the bravest heart rebelled against the useless and maddening sacri- 
 fice and turned to move slowly to the starting point, looking over his 
 shoulder sternly yet fearfully every moment as if to see what was hap- 
 pening, or if anything was moving among the horrid trees that concealed 
 the secret of death. Lord Methuen summed the day's work up when he 
 announced that the attack had failed and that his loss was great. Next 
 day he was compelled to retire and moved back to his camp on the 
 Modder River. He had succeeded in taking some prisoners, who told him 
 that his enemies had also lost heavily under the searching fire of shrap- 
 nel and the shock of lyddite shell. 
 
 The news of this reverse struck horror and shame to the hearts 
 of the British everywhere. It was the first of a series of most humiliat- 
 ing reverses. It was still hoped that Lord Methuen might be able to 
 develop some form of attack which would turn the enemy's flank and 
 enable him to reach his destination, and as news came at intervals, time 
 after time, of movements made by certain of his cavalry forces west- 
 
// 
 
 THE INVASION OP CAPE COLONY. 
 
 ■t! 
 
 655 
 
 wards even as far as Douglas the hope of a general advance was always 
 reawakened. Nevertheless the weeks and months passed and Lord 
 Methuen was unable to make another effort, beyond continuing long 
 range firing upon the trenches of the Boers. In the meantime the latter 
 made their mountain like a fortress. They made tunnels and deep, 
 wide trenches through which their men and even their guns were 
 moved with great rapidity unseen by their enemy. It would appear 
 that General Cronje, who here commanded the Boers, was so sure of 
 victory that he allowed his people to bring wmnen and children in their 
 wagons and these lived with the army througii all the weeks until the 
 14th of February. 
 
 The result of these reverses in Great Britain was the arousing of 
 the entire nation and all its colonies to fresh and extraordinary exer- 
 tions. It was resolved at once to send out 50,000 more men with full 
 equipment and to dispatch Field-Marshal Lord Roberts as Commander- 
 in-Chief, with Lord Kitchener as his Chief of Staff. The appointment 
 of these two brilliant Generals was received with great enthusiasm 
 throughout the British Empire, and was considered by the Boer leaders 
 as a great compliment to their armies, their skill and their prowess. 
 
 Lord Roberts is peculiarly beloved throughout the British army and 
 is usually spoken of by his soldiers as "Bobs" or even as "Little Bobs." 
 He was born in India, where his father was in service before him, and 
 he himself spent 41 years in India, whose history he has described in 
 two large, important and fascinating volumes. He was one of the 
 younger heroes of the mutiny, when he displayed undaunted courage; 
 and he earned the Victoria Ci'oss while yet a young Lieutenant. His pro- 
 motion was steady and he passed from grade to grade until he reached 
 his present position of supremacy in the military world of the British 
 Empire. He was noted trom the beginning not only for his brilliant 
 ability as an officer but for his geniality and wisdom as a man. He ii 
 at once a stern fighter, a genius in strategy and a diplomatist of the 
 first order. His appointment to South Africa was almost coincident 
 with the news of the death of his son at the battle of Colenso, and he 
 himself is far on towards 70 years of age. But at the call of his country 
 he accepted the huge responsibility laid upon him and proceeded speed- 
 ily to the Cape. 
 
656 
 
 THE INVASION OF CAPE COLONY. 
 
 y ,■ 
 
 Lord Kitchener was in the Soudan of course and there received hk 
 appointment by telegram. With the promptitude and energy of his 
 unique personality he started immediately and was able to join the ship 
 on which Lord Roberts sailed, when it called at the island of Madeira. 
 Lord KitcL{>ncl^s portrait has been once for all clearly and almost 
 startlingly set forth in George W. Steevens' rapid but powerful sketches 
 entitled "With Kitchener to Khartoum." Lord Kitchener is yet under 
 50 years of age and has spent nearly all his military life in Palestine 
 and Egypt. He is beyond all others the organizing genius of the British 
 army. Mr. Steevens shows that the subjugation of the Soudan was 
 due to Lord Kitchener's extraordinary power of organization. Patiently, 
 silently he prepared all the steps necessary not only for smashing the 
 terrific Dervish army, but also for henceforth holding the Soudan. He 
 it is upon whom Lord Roberts relies for attending to every detail in 
 the vital department of transport. No stronger combination could have 
 been found by any country than that which is presented in the brains 
 of these two men, and the events in South Africa which immediately 
 followed their arrival on the scene of operations fully vindicated their 
 appointment in combination. 
 
 Lord Roberts as soon as he arrived began to show his power as a 
 diplomatist. He selected, his body guard from colonial troops, he issued 
 a proclamation announcing at once the firm determination of Great 
 Britain to win in the struggle against an enemy who had invaded her 
 territories, but also announcing the clemency of the British authorities, 
 their desire to injure no one unnecessarily, to conduct the war humanely 
 and even to treat rebels with consideration if they should surrender. 
 He has made several other proclamations which have all tended to as- 
 suage bitterness and to create confidence in the integrity of Great 
 Britain. Ho delivered a remarkable speech to the Highland Brigade 
 which suffered so terribly at the battle of Magersfontein. In this speech 
 lie said that the Highlanders had made him; that he had never yet fought 
 without having Highlanders as a portion of his force, and that he relied 
 upon them most thoroughly to aid him in this struggle. No appeal 
 could possibly have been more thrilling and eloquent than that which 
 he thus addressed to his trusted Highland troops, smarting from their 
 sore experience at Magersfontein. There can be little doubt that every 
 
y 
 
 ■s\ 
 
 THE INVASION OF CAPE COLONY. 
 
 067 
 
 
 man of them would willingly rush into any struggle at the command of 
 Lord Roberts. 
 
 It may be said that the Highland Brigade was by this time 
 placed under the command of General Hector Macdonald, "uother 
 of the most popular heroes of the British army. He began hiti career 
 as a private soldier, the son of a poor farmer in the north of Scotland. 
 He early distinguished himself for his intrepidity and was marked out 
 by Lord Roberts for advancement. His extraordinary courage as well 
 as his power as a leader of men won for him his promotion and appoint- 
 ment &» a commissioned officer. He has fought in many wars and seen 
 many desperate fights. It is said that on one occasion he was one of two 
 men who out of a little company of nineteen alone survived a terrific 
 fight on an exposed position. He wa^s on Majuba Hill also on that fatal 
 day and resisted to the last. It is said that one Boer who approached 
 him was knocked down with his fist, and another was about to shoot him 
 when a third, a wounded Boer, threw up his gun, saying, "Do not shoot 
 him, for this is a brave man.'' He was in the Soudan campaign under 
 Lord Kitchener, and there again he fully maintained the reputation 
 which has earned the sobriquet of "Fighting Mac." 
 
 Several weeks passed during which th^ two Generals were busy with 
 preparations necessary to reorganize the scattered forces as well as 
 to educe out of the confusion some unity of plan and purpose. During 
 this period Lord Roberts remained at Cape Town. At last early in 
 February it was announced that he had gone to the front, and men's 
 hearts all over the world beat quicker as they road the news. He pro- 
 ceeded to the Modder River, where he had without any display gathered 
 a large army. He summoned to his side General French, who had dis- 
 tinguishe<1 himself by his cavalry operations in the Colesberg district, 
 and gave into his charge a large cavalry brigade, which immediately 
 proved to be of immense power. He sent occasional parties westward 
 and allowed General Cronje to believe that the fight would be continued 
 on the lines marked out by Lord Methuen, that his main purpose was 
 to move directly on the railway line towards Kimberley, probably to 
 pass on towards Mafeking. But on I'ebruary 13th he began a series of 
 swift movements in an easterly direction, which fairly startled both 
 the enemy and the entire world that was keenly watching developments. 
 
058 
 
 THE INVASION OP CAPE COLONY. 
 
 (Jkneral French was sent forward with a large force of cavalry to cross 
 the Modder River at a drift considerably to the east. This force was 
 followed up by others, which were accompanied by Lord Roberts him- 
 self and his staff. Eo moved his headquarters camp to Jacobsdahl, 
 from which the enemy bad been driven. He was now in the Orange 
 Free State and the inhabitants were surprised to find that the British 
 soldiers did not loot their homes and help themselves to everything in 
 their stores. On the contrary perfect order prevailed.. At every shop- 
 door a British sentry was posted and no one was allowed to take any- 
 thing except for payment. In the meantime the advance troops had 
 made their way forward. General French swept one small party after 
 another from before his path and then with a sudden dash struck north- 
 westward, and before the enemy realized or could defeat his purpose he 
 was at Kimberley, and the besieged town was relieved! 
 
 General Cronje had no doubt made up his mind for a very fierce 
 battle and was determined to occupy the positions which he had made 
 so strong at Magersfontein, but when the news came that Lord Roberts' 
 army was on the left cutting him off from the Orange Free State and 
 that General French had started for Kimberley it became evident that 
 his position was desperate indeed. Hurriedly, on that dark night, the 
 active and energetic Boer commander gathered all his forces together 
 and struck out eastward. His convoy was hauled by slow-going oxen 
 which hampered his movements exceedingly. Through the dark they 
 pushed on and on, the tired oxen lashed and lashed again to make them 
 drag their weary steps. It is said that they were compelled to cover 
 during that night and the \iext day no less a distance than thirty miles, 
 an ox-wagon journey that can hardly have been excelled in all South 
 African history. General Cronje slipped through between the rear of 
 General French's force and the advance guard of Lord Roberts's main 
 army. It is said that the latter were detained by a drift which was 
 deeper than they expected to find it, and that if this had not been the 
 case the gap which allowed General Cronje to pass through would never 
 have existed. 
 
 At Kimberley, of course, rejoicings filled the air with great shouts 
 and songs of triumph. The beleaguered inhabitants had for some time 
 sufT«red great distress from lack of food. They had been reduced to 
 
' r'r 
 
 • I 
 
 THE INVASION OF CAPE COLONY. 
 
 659 
 
 horseflesh, at which it is said the women and children fairly sickened. 
 Nevertheless the town itself remained as a whole in good health, there 
 being but little fever and the water supply having been maintained. 
 Lord Roberts made a hurried visit to the town, where he at once authori- 
 tatively set some things right that evidently had been confused by an 
 attempted struggle for authority between the Colonel in command and 
 certain civilians. Mr. Rhodes held a meeting of the De Beers Com- 
 pany, at which he spoke with enthusiasm and high hope of the issue 
 and results of the war, and asserted that "the greatest commercial asset 
 in the world" is "Her Majesty's flag." 
 
 In the meantime Lord Roberts's army was in pursuit of the Boer 
 army, who were overtaken on the Modder River, where they had seized 
 the banks and intrenched themselves near Paardeberg. Lord Roberts 
 speedily surrounded them and attempted reinforcements were beaten 
 off in detail by General French's swift and resistless cavalry. For 
 the flrst time the Boer commanders found themselves confronted on 
 open ground with cavalry forces as mobile as their own. In every direc- 
 tion in which they moved they were outwitted and their advance was 
 checked. General Cronje held out for ten days while "all the world 
 wondered." His people burrowed holes in the banks of the river, where 
 they took refuge beyond the reach of danger. General Roberta placed 
 his guns so as to command the entire Boer camp, which at first measured 
 about a mile square. By night and day a terrific bombardment took 
 place, which must have resulted in the deaths of many, but which prob- 
 ably produced more terror than actual destruction of human life. It 
 was said that General Cronje himself desired to surrender but was 
 restrained by his younger men. On the other hand some of the pris- 
 oners afterwards declared that he ought to have surrendered sooner 
 than he did, and that holding out had meant a needless sacrifice of life 
 and needless misery to his people. There were women and children in 
 considerable numbers in that terrible camp throughout all the fierce and 
 crushing terrors of those days. No doubt General Cronje was encour- 
 aged to hold out by the hope that reinforcements would be able to 
 reach him and as he heard the sounds of fighting from time to time he 
 was led on day after day by this hope. At last on the night of the 26th, 
 some of Lord Roberts's troops, which included the Canadian volunteers, 
 
000 
 
 THE INVASION OF CAPE COLONY. 
 
 reduced the distance between them and the camiJ from 600 to 200 yards. 
 This was done by brilliant work on the part of the Canadians during the 
 night, and they held their position, where they had intrenched them- 
 selves, the next day with magnificent determination. This seemed to 
 take the heart out of General Cronje and his advisers. On the morning 
 of February 27th the Boer General sent a letter to Lord Roberts in 
 which he stated that he surrendered unconditionally. Lord Roberts then 
 demanded that he himself must appear at the British camp and that 
 his forces must lay down their arms and come out of their laager. This 
 accordingly was done. The General walked out and was met by hia 
 victorious enemy with great courtesy and kindness, his first words being, 
 "I am glad to see you, sir. You are a brave man." The dejected Boer 
 leader asked for kind treatment, and also asked that wherever he was to 
 be sent his wife and grandson, his private secretary and others might 
 be sent with him. All his requests were promptly complied with, and 
 he was conveyed to Cape Town under the charge of a Major-General, who 
 handed him over to the General-in-Command at that place. The pris- 
 oners, who numbered nearly 4,000, were sent in detachments in the same 
 direction. 
 
 Needless to say, this event produced immense joy throughout Great 
 Britain, while the Boers and their friends everywhere appreciated 
 the significance of the disaster to their interests. The fact that the 
 surrender occurred on the anniversary of the battle of Majuba Hill 
 could not fail, of course, to awaken various feelings according to the 
 character to men. Perhaps those who make war their profession and 
 to whom military pride is very dear, may in some measure be forgiven 
 for their joy over the fact that in this way Majuba had been, as they 
 would say, avenged. Nevertheless, there are multitudes of Britons to 
 whom thoughts of vengeance even in connection with the war are for- 
 bidden, and who deprecate the suggestion that Great Britain is seeking 
 to recover any honor that she lost on that distant and fateful day. 
 
 The surrender of General Cronje hastened the departure of the troops 
 from around Ladysmith. It struck dismay to the hearts^ especially 
 of the inhabitants and soldiers of the Orange Free State. They now 
 saw a considerable part of their own Republic occupied by the British 
 
n 
 
 THE INVASION OF CAPE COLONY. 
 
 061 
 
 1 1 
 
 armies, with no prospect of any army being rallied strong enough to 
 drire them back. 
 
 *i, became evident that henceforth the question was not whether the 
 Boer armies could conquer the British colonies, but how soon the British 
 armies could complete the invasion of the Orange Free State and over- 
 whelm the Transvaal. , 
 
 THE SIEGE OF MAFEKING. 
 
 One of the most striking and picturesque portions of the entire story 
 of the war is undoubtedly the siege of Mafeking. This town is on the 
 extreme north of the Cape Colony, close to the borders of the Transvaal, 
 and on the railway between Kimberley and Buluwayo, about 200 miles 
 noi'th of the former town. In the end of September it was occupied 
 by Colonel R. S. Baden-Powell. He could only muster less than a 
 thousand men fit for war. Knowing that this was one of the points 
 which the Boers would be sure to attack immediately. Colonel Baden- 
 Powell set to work to prepare for that event. He knew that the siege 
 might be a long one if his communications with the south were cut off. 
 He accordingly gathered in all the provisions that he could, as well 
 HH cattle, and proceeded to fortify the place as thoroughly as possible, 
 lie selected the sites for his forts and connected them with the center 
 of the town by means of telephone wires. He erected a bomb-proof 
 mhelter on a central spot for himself and his staff. He also caused bomb- 
 proof shelters to be dug in the ground in various parts of the town. He 
 Helected a place as the women's laager where the wives and children of 
 the inhabitants could be gathered, which would be marked off somewhat 
 from the rest of the town, so that the Boers could recognize it and avoid 
 deliberately shelling it. For a time he tried to keep command of the 
 railroad by means of his armored train. When at last the road, both 
 Honthwards and northwards, was cut off it is said that he laid rails 
 round the town so that his armored train could carry help to any part 
 where It was suddenly needed. 
 
 When the Transvaal troops arrived they met with a warm reception, 
 but Inasmuch as they were several thousand strong and were well armed 
 both with rifles and big guns, they were able gradually to drive the 
 Colonel's soldiers back upon their lines of defence and to hold them 
 
662 
 
 THE INVASION OF CAPE COLONY. 
 
 there for the ensuing five monthB. Throughout that long period Mafe- 
 king was witnout reinforcement of any kind. It was left to CJolonel 
 Baden-Powell himself to discover methods for keeping his numerous 
 and ingenious and aggressive enemy at bay. While thus planning with 
 great resourcefulness for his successive efforts to dishearten the foe, he 
 was compelled also to discover ways of keeping up the hearts of the 
 besieged. The civil population as well as the military required to be 
 kept in good humor and of good courage. It will stand to the honor of 
 his name for many years to come that he succeeded so brilliantly in both 
 directions. His cheery messages amused and surprised and thrilled all 
 readers. He succeeded from time to time in getting dispatches through 
 the lines of the enemy; no doubt this was done most frequently by 
 means of native carriers who in the dark could slip silently through the 
 pickets of the Boer force, carrying in the corner of a skin, or in the bowl 
 of a pipe, or in the handle of a spear a little roll of paper with the 
 precious words upon it which the world hungered to hear. 
 
 Colonel Baden-Powell frequently made sorties against the enemy, in 
 some of which he signally succeeded and others of which were disheart- 
 ening failures. It is said that at first he used to send his men out at 
 night to attack the Boers in their trenches. The latter in the earlier 
 days were surprised and lost heavily in this way, but they learned to 
 take precaution against these tricks and latterly they were seldom if 
 ever attempted. One night, as the story goes, 24 hours after one of these 
 sorties had been made, a red light was sent out of the town and placed 
 on a spot about the middle of the plain, where, as soon as it was sud- 
 denly uncovered, it at once attracted the attention of the enemy. The 
 latter thereupon spent the remainder of the night in expending a vast 
 amount of ammunition where there was no enemy. 
 
 Towards the end of February Lord Roberts sent a message to Mafe- 
 king to say that reinforcements would be hurried as soon as the relief 
 of Kimberley had been effected. But in the beginning of March the 
 news was published of the extreme distress into which the gallant little 
 garrison and the patient population of this town had come. They were 
 now limited almost entirely to horseflesh. Other food was extremely 
 scarce and could only be doled out in the smallest quantities day by day. 
 The little graveyard received constantly its additions from little chil- 
 
V 
 
 THE INVASION OF CAPE COLONY. 
 
 66;i 
 
 dren and frail women as well as from brave soldiers who fell. Bome of 
 the children died simply of exhaustion, others were killed by shells 
 which the enemy frequently sent into the women's laager; many of the 
 natives who moved freely about the town were also shot. Altogether 
 the prospect was dreary and oppressive; even the soldiers were now 
 on such short rations that physical energy had to be husbanded with the 
 utmost care. The day of aggressive and lively sorties was past, the 
 utmost that could be hoped for being that they would have force enough 
 to resist a direct attack of the enemy. 
 
 While the large force under Sir George White was beleaguered at 
 Ladysmith and while the large European population was held in help* 
 less captivity at Kimberley, the world regarded the brave resistance of 
 Mafeking with a deep but somewhat pensive and patient interest. It 
 was well understood that the former places were not only much nearer 
 geographically, but much more important from the political and mili- 
 tary points of view. The capture of the little native town and the small 
 British force at Mafeking would have added neither military glory nor 
 much practical advantage to the Boers. But as soon as Kimberley and 
 La.ysmith were relieved and Lord Roberts was safely in possession of 
 Bloemfontein, an intense impatience arose regarding tlie heroes of Mafe- 
 king, alike among Boers and British. The former realized that it would 
 be a deep discredit to their military skill and courage if they failed utter- 
 ly to capture so small a garrison, while all British sympathizers found the 
 sentimental desire for the deliverance of Colonel Baden-Powell becom- 
 ing an even stronger passion in their hearts. People recalled the bright 
 and striking things which he had said in the earlier days of the siege, 
 the message to General Oonj^ that "You can't take Mafeking by sitting 
 down and looking at it," the answer to inquirieti, that they could "sit 
 tight" and hold on for a long time. They remembered that for months 
 the besieged men, women and children had been on short rations. They 
 heard that there was no failure of spirit in their leader or in those whom 
 he inspired with his bright confidence. It is said that the depressed in- 
 hab!ta ts got new courage when they saw and heard Baden-Powell go 
 down the main street whistling. No wonder, then, that the world waited 
 with almost painful eagerness for the result of this long and apparently 
 unequal conflict. When Lord Roberts sent General Lord Metbuen north- 
 
G64 
 
 THE INVASION OF CAPE COLONY. 
 
 wards it was instantly assumed that now the latter would be able to 
 push rapidly on to Mafeking. But the Boers had gathered from various 
 points with great rapidity to resist this moyement, and at Fourteen 
 Streams Lord Methuen was compelled to stop. For a time it seemed 
 as if nothing were b^lng done, and some quick-tempered people were 
 inclined to blame the field marshal for neglecting the little garrison 
 on which the world's eyes were fastened. 
 
 During all this time it must be remembered that Colonel Flumer 
 with a small force was persistently trying to reach Mafeking. He had 
 with great difficulty pushed his way south from Rhodesia, but when 
 he got to the neighborhood of the town the superior numbers of the 
 Boers drove him back. 
 
 But Lord Roberts was not idle. He sent a message to Colonel Baden- 
 Powell in which he named the eighteenth day of May as the time at, 
 or hoped, which relief might be expected to arrive. In the meantime 
 all observers were kept guessing as to how the thing was to be done. He 
 allowed the rumor to spread that General Sir Fred. Carrington might 
 be expected to descend suddenly from the north. He gave another im- 
 pression by the movements of General Hunter's Division that the latter 
 would march right up by the railway. In the meantime the date he had 
 named was drawing near and General Hunter was still a long way off, 
 and there seemed no possibility of help from the north. 
 
 Whether it was that the world's taunts regarding their cowardice 
 or inefficiency, or both, had reached the ears of the Boers around Mafe- 
 king, or whether the approaching May 18th made them pluck up courage 
 it may not be possible to discover. But whatever the cause, the fact is 
 that at last the Boers made up their minds to do what for five months 
 they had shrunk from attempting in any effective manner. On May 12th 
 Commandant Eloff, a son-in-law of President Kruger, led a bold and 
 even daring attack upon a fort in the inner line of defenses. The move- 
 ment appears to have been suddenly and skilfully made, and at first 
 promised to be very successful. A band of British soldiers, including 
 several officers, with Major Hose among them, were compelled to sur- 
 render. But Colonel Baden-Powell, who seems to be most skilful as 
 a strategist, rapidly laid plans for turning a threatening defeat into a 
 brilliant victory. Through the whole fierce day he directed hi» troops, 
 
 « i<iiiilr«i 
 
THE INVASION OF CAPE COLONY. 
 
 6B5 
 
 his aim being to cut off Boer reinforcements and isolate Captain Eloff. 
 In tiiis he was aided by many armed natives, who entered into the death 
 struggle against their ancient foes with great zeal. The result of the 
 British efforts was that the Boers found themselves gradually driven 
 back and EJloff surrounded. His own men seem to have proved false 
 when the fiercest of the fight came upon them, and it is said that he and 
 his bravest followers actually turned round and fired at their own men 
 whom they saw precipitately fleeing. A dramatic moment came when 
 Eloff, seeing himself not only beaten but surrounded, gave himself up 
 as a prisoner to his own prisoner. Major Hose. A considerable number 
 of Boers were allowed to escape because the people of Mafeking could 
 not afford to feed so many additional mouths. 
 
 Commandant Eloff was taken to Colonel Baden-Powell and intro- 
 duced to him. The latter said in his cheery way, "How do you do. 
 Commandant. Won't you come and have some dinner?" which, no 
 doubt, after a long day's fight the brave Boer was glad enough to do. 
 
 But, after all, relief was nearer than Colonel Baden-Powell knew. 
 Quietly Lord Roberts had caused a flying column of 2,000 picked men to 
 be formed under Colonel B. T. Mahon, one of the men who have won such 
 rapid promotion under Lord Kitchener in the Soudan. They were able 
 to travel at the rate of 20 to 25 miles a day. Starting from Barkly West 
 on May 4th, they moved swiftly north along the well-known route. After 
 they had passed Vryburg their movements became known to the Boers, 
 who tried to entrap them. A sharp battle was fought when the Boers 
 attacked them suddenly from some thick brush, and the relief column 
 was victorious. Knowing that as they approached Mafeking the num- 
 bers of the Boers opposed to them would increase rapidly. Colonel 
 Mahon is said to have completely baffled his enemies by disappearing 
 westwards into the desert He made a detour westward and then north- 
 ward, sent on word to Colonel Plumer and effected a junction with him 
 on the 17th of May. It must be ever a satisfaction to British people, 
 and especially to Canadians, that a detachment of Canadian artillery 
 also joined Colonel Plumer on the morning of that very day! They had 
 made the most rapid journey ever known in those regions through Rho- 
 desia from the coast. To facilitate their movements it is said that the 
 manager of the service of coaches between Salisbury and Buluw.ayo 
 
666 
 
 THE INVASION OF CAPE COLONY. 
 
 stopped that serrlce and transferred his coaches and mnles to the sec- 
 vice of these Canadians. They were in time to talce part in a glorious 
 act. For on that 17th of May the Boers all at once found themselves 
 attacked in irresistible force and fled precipitately aiv. ignominiously; 
 from the scene of their long failure to capture Maieking. The relief wa« 
 effected on the morning of the day previous to that which Lord Roberta 
 had named a month before. 
 
 There were rejoicings at Mafeking. Speeches were made, interviews 
 with the chief hero of the day were eagerly sought by newspaper cor- 
 respondents. Through all Colonel Baden-Powell carried himself with 
 that brightness and modesty which betoken the thoroughly balanced 
 mind. He claimed no glory for himself but handed the compliments on 
 to the faithful hearts that had been loyal to him as their trusted leader 
 for those long and fearful months. ' In a speech at a rapidly improvised 
 feast he addressed warm words of gratitude to all sections of his little 
 force and the civil assistants of all kinds who had so bravely faced the 
 dismal trials of the siege with unexhausted courage and enthusiasm. 
 
 Throughout the Empire, but specially in London, the joy was exuber- 
 ant. The siege had lasted 217 days, and thus stood among the longest 
 sieges of modern times. The entire history of it was from the outside, 
 romantic and fascinating by reason of the circumstances under which 
 from a military point of view it was carried on. Yet more fascinating 
 even than circumstances is personality; and after all is said, the per- 
 sonality of Baden-Powell had w^on the affectionate admiration of the 
 world. It is not too much to say that most people looked at this relief 
 as being the relief of Baden-Powell, the setting of victory upon his brow. 
 And the relief of the rest of the people in Mafeking was chiefly interest- 
 ing to the public because Baden-Powell had led them and made their 
 deliverance possible. 
 
 Among the force which relieved Mafeking was a brother of its bril- 
 liant defender, Major B. F. Baden-Powell. Many would have liked to 
 see the meeting of those two brothers. They belong to one of the most 
 gifted families in England. Their father was a famous theologian of 
 the Anglican Church, deeply interested in science and earnest about 
 proving the consistency of the scientific spirit with a Christian faith. 
 His children are all accomplished people. The hero of Mafeking is him- 
 self skilled as an artist and an author, as a huntsman and a soldier. 
 
CHAPTER III. 
 THE INVASION OF THE ORANGE FREE STATE. 
 
 UP to the date when Lord Roberts moved his forcea so rapidly from 
 before Magersfontein, the entire course of the war had been 
 passed in British territory. Not a foot of soil of the two Boer State* 
 had been occupied by the Imperial forces. As he have seen, Lord Roberts 
 sent General French with his powerful forceof mounted infantry straight 
 to Kimberley. He himself made directly eastwards for the Free State 
 capital, Bloemfontein, This long march of one hundred miles across 
 the veldt was an arduous undertaking. There was the blazing sun over- 
 head and the hot, heavy, blistering sand underfoot ; there was the lack 
 of water, which can only be found at certain infrequent springs; there 
 was the ever alert enemy ready to pounce down upon isolated companies 
 or unguarded convoys, — all these difficulties and more had to be con- 
 sidered ere the field marshal could organize his vast force for that long 
 march. Above all, there was the question of food for an army of 40,000 
 men. When he found that General Cronj^ had fled eastwards, he had 
 to decide rapidly upon the reorganization of his forces and to carry out 
 many far-reaching changes in his whole arrangements to meet the new 
 situation. It is said that at one point his decision to pursue imme- 
 diately the Boer general and then push on with irresistible force to the 
 capitol of the Free State depended upon the state of the commissariat 
 department. Lord Roberts knows that a soldier expects to be fed, and 
 to be fed in a manner that should maintain his vigor and his spirit. An 
 un-L.erfed army has no "go," no spring in its step, no eagerness in its 
 heart. Having summoned the chief of the supply department, he asked 
 him if he could promise full rations for the new movement. "I cannot, 
 sir." "Three-quarter rations?" "No, sir." "Half?" "I cannot promise." 
 A pause ensued, and then the field marshal asked gravely, "Quarter 
 rations?" "Yes." A second pause, and the commander-in-chief said, 
 "Well, I think they will do it for me." Evidently "Bobs" trusts "Tommy" 
 as much as the latter loves him. 
 
 867 
 
 'i 
 

 G68 
 
 THE INVASION OF THE ORANGE FREE' STATE. 
 
 THE MARCH ON BLOEMFONTEIN. 
 
 The pause at Paardeberg, for the capture of Ci'onj^'s army, enabled 
 the British generals to perfect their organization before entering on the 
 longest and most serious part of their march. The result was that the 
 supply department was able to do better than it promised, and pro- 
 visions kept up with the army all the way in a most remarkable manner. 
 
 There was no serious battle before Bloemfontein was reached. The 
 wide territory over ./hich the extended wings of the British array swept 
 every day prevented the Boers from occupying any place successfully. 
 The two Presidents are said to have met and unitedly devised means for 
 disposing and encouraging their troops. But all was in vain. Time 
 after time, when they imagined themselves to be well-placed and 
 strongly entrenched, they found themselves outflanked by a mobile Brit- 
 ish cavalry, and were compelled to abandon their positions precipitatel3% 
 Skirmishes of varying importance took place every day, but no pitched 
 battle was attempted by the outnumbered and baffled Boers. The most 
 serious attempt at a stand was madr at Poplar's Grove, and it resulted 
 in a sudden rout which amazed alike the British and the Boer com- 
 manders. It is here that an army like that of the Boer ^hows its weak- 
 ness. When once thoroughly disheartened it is unable to face the vic- 
 torious enemy, with its steady and disciplined ranks. It will break up 
 into swift moving and effective bands, whv * harass the enemy by at- 
 tacking convoys and overwhelming with superior numbers isolated 
 bands of its foes here and there. But no longer can it hope to meet the 
 latter for a serious conflict. 
 
 The fact is that Lord Roberts utterly surprised the Boers, and per- 
 haps the rest of the world, by the swiftness of his movement across the 
 veldt to Bloemfontein. When they neared the capital of the Free State, 
 General French was sent forward to seize the railway station and the 
 entrance to the town. Major Hunter Weston and ten men performed a 
 daring deed by stealing round to the north side of the town, where they 
 broke up the railway. In this way a numbei* of railway engines and 
 much rolling stock were captured. 
 
 Lord Roberts' entry into the capital was an imposing military spec- 
 tacle. It must be remembered that in the Orange Free State there has al- 
 
> 
 
 THE INVASION OF THE ORANGE FREE STATE. 
 
 GC9 
 
 ways been a strong admixture of English and Scottish families. These, 
 along with a considerable number of the more intelligent Dutch, have 
 always felt well towards Britain, and they very strongly opposed Presi- 
 dent Steyn's policy of alliance with the Transvaal. It can readily be 
 imagined that to this section of the community the choice which recent 
 events had presented to them between annexation to the Transvaal and 
 annexation to Great Britain would be easily made in favor of the latter. 
 No doubt they would have much preferred to remain independent; but 
 as a matter of fact it had evidently been determined that their inde- 
 pendence should cease however this was ended, and the Free State 
 should be absorbed by the victor. These people then were prepared to 
 welcome Lord Roberts as a deliverer from a worse fate. They lined the 
 streets of the town as he marched through it, first to the Government 
 Buildings and then round to the Presidency, where Mr. Steyn had lived 
 till a recent day. They cheered lustily, they even sang "God Save the 
 Queen." But undoubtedly there were many sad hearts among them 
 even as they sang, and there were some whose sorrow was so deep that 
 they neither cheered nor sang. These stern patriots and loyal souls — 
 while they saw their beloved flag lowered and the Union Jack, the one 
 which Lady Roberts made for this very occasion, was run up in its place 
 — stood in a silent agony with tears streaming down their faces. The 
 citizens of Bloemfontein are said, like those of Jacobsdahl and other 
 Boer villages, to have been surprised at the perfect order with which 
 the town was occupied, at the absence of looting, at the respect for the 
 rights of private individuals. They, whose lives had been felt for some 
 time to be insecure, gripped them again as firmly as ever and called 
 them their own. 
 
 On the evening of Tuesday, March 13th, Lord Roberts sent off the 
 following message to London: "By help of (lod and by the bravery of Her 
 Majesty's soldiers, the troops under my command have taken possession 
 of Bloemfontein. The British flag now flies over the Presidency, vacated 
 last evening by Mr. Steyn, late President of the Orange Free State." 
 
 REORGANIZATION AND SKIRMISHING. 
 
 When the British reached Bloemfontein it became evident that 
 they must remain there for a considerable time. The 40,000 men who 
 
 .;.>• 
 
 X 
 
 ,-.^- 
 
'••■ 
 
 670 
 
 THE INVASION OF THE ORANGE FREE STATE. 
 
 marched there needed a great deal of reorganizing before the march 
 northward could be undertaken. For one thing of course the commissa- 
 riat's departme'it. must move its headquarters to this city that the base 
 of supplies might not be too far behind the ever hungry army. For 
 another thing, the horses had died by thousands, and no movement of 
 any importance couid now be undertaken without remounts. A still 
 stronger reason for delay must be found in the fact that ere Lord 
 Roberts could move north, he must have Cape Colony finally cleared of 
 the enemy, and also the southeast section of the Free State. Otherwise 
 he would be leaving behind a number of scattered Boer commandos 
 who, by combining, would become powerful enough to cut off his com- 
 munications. 
 
 The commander-in-chief decided that he could not move from Bloem- 
 fontein in less than three weeks. He was gratified by the news that on 
 the day after his entry into that town. General Gatacre had finally 
 driven the Boers from northern Cape Colony and had crossed the Orange 
 Kiver into the Free State. He at once sent troops southwards to join 
 hands with him. General Brabant had already entered the Free State 
 farther east and his march north along the border of Basutoland gave 
 rise to a very exciting minor siege, in which again the Boers failed to 
 distinguish themselves, although confronted with a comparatively small 
 force. This took place at Wejjener, when the gallant colonial officer 
 found himself penned in against the Basuto border, which he must not 
 cross, unable to retreat or advance and beyond the reach of speedy rein- 
 forcements. One of the exciting facts of the situation was this, that the 
 Basutos were able to watch *he whole proceedings at close quarters, 
 were yearning to aid the beleaguered soldiers of their own Queen, and 
 were forbidden to do so. They received a brilliant lesson in courage. 
 We are told that they stood amazed to see Brabant's men facing the 
 Boer shells and rifle volleys day after day, with inadequate shelter and 
 inadequate numbers, and yet holding out, unflinchingly and undismayed. 
 They said, "These men have big hearts." 
 
 Undoubtedly Lord Roberts's delay at Bloemfontein put fresh courage 
 into the Boers. If he had been able at once to drive on to Winburg and 
 Kroonstadt, giving them no re ^ and no time for recovery, the Free 
 Staters might have been far sooner subdued. But this was impossible, 
 
r* 
 
 I. 
 
 THE INVASION OF THE ORANGE FREE STATE, i 
 
 671 
 
 and the result was that the Boers had time to reconsider the entire flela 
 and adapt their tactics to the new situation. As they surprised one 
 British force after another and either defeated or captured them, the 
 desperate hopes of all were reflred. Large numbers of the farmers who 
 had surrendered or professed to surrender their arms to the British and 
 returned to their farms, willingly or unwillingly were drawn back into 
 the commandos from which they had retired. These commandos kept up 
 great activity, and displayed on several occasions a most romarkable 
 strategic ability. 
 
 They sadly discomfited several British generals with their cleverness 
 and their thorough knowledge of the country. One of these skirmishes 
 or immature battles in which the Boers outwitted and humiliated the 
 British has surely seldom been surpassed in the whole history of modern 
 warfare. It is known as "the affair of Koorn Spruit," and it occurred 
 on Saturday, March 31st. 
 
 Koorn Spruit is a deep and dry water channel running nearly north 
 and south across the road which leads eastwards from Bloemfontein to 
 the Waterworks. It is crossed not by a bridge but by a "drift," the 
 ordinary road descending abruptly the steep banks of the spruit, which 
 is here vei-y broad,and ascending again on the other side. Colonel Broad- 
 wood of the Cavalry Brigade had been left at Thaba Nehn, east of the 
 waterworks, under the impression that the country was quiet and 
 that the farmers, accepting the inevitable, would fight no more. The 
 Colonel soon found that this was a mistake. The farmers were in a 
 few days up In arms and threatened to surround his small force. He 
 had under him the 2nd Cavalry Brigade, some representatives from 
 various colonial volunteer regiments, and two six-gun batteries of the 
 R. IT. A. Colonel Broad wood resolved to hasten westwards rather than 
 encounter tlie large numbers that now threatened him. The Boers, 
 under Commnndant Olivier, pursued him. On the night of Friday, 
 March 30, they resolved upon a bold and brilliant plan. Knowing that 
 next morning the British must go down that narrow road into the deep, 
 broad spruit, where their movements would be much hampered, they 
 resolved to hurry on during the night and obtain command of that drift. 
 They divided themselves into four companies and placed two on the west 
 of the spruit — one on each side, and two on the east side — one on each 
 
/ 
 
 ii72 
 
 THE INVASION OF THE ORANGE FREE STATE. 
 
 % . side of the road. They were carefully hidden and waited for the arrival 
 of the British column. To the intense delight of the concealed but 
 watchful Boers, they saw that the column was not led by an advanced 
 guard or by scouts, but by wagons of luggage and provisions! Then a 
 strange scene indeed took place. "Am each wagon dropped below the 
 sky-line into the drift the teamHters were directed to take their teams 
 to right or left as the case might be, and the guards were disarmed 
 under threat of violence. No shot was fired. Each wagon in turn was 
 captured and placed along the »lult, so that those in rear had no knowl- 
 edge of what was taking place to their front until it became their turn 
 to surrender. To all intents and purposes the convoy was proceeding 
 forward. The scrub and high ground beyond the drift was sufficient to 
 mask the clever contrivance of the enemy. Thus all the wagons except 
 nine passed into the hands of the enemy. Then came the artillery, in 
 battery column, 'U' Battery leading, with Roberts's Horse moving par- 
 allel to their left. Just as the leading battery was arriving the first shot 
 was fired and the presence of the enemy disclosed. Report has it that 
 Sergeant Green, of the Army SeiTice Corps, was the first man to fire. 
 Called upon to surrender, he threw his revolver loose as if to tender it 
 to the Boer at his horse's head, and then shot him dead. He was himself 
 shot a moment later. This Incident, if true, must have taken place just 
 as *U' Battery came level with the drift, for the gunners' first knowl- 
 edge of the real state of affairs was when armed Boers stood up all round 
 them shouting, 'You are prlgont»rH— you must surrender!' The drivers 
 were ordered to dismount and leave their teams. The men had no alter- 
 native but to obey. Major Taylor, commanding *U' Battery, with great 
 presence of mind, was able to slip away, seize a loose horse, and inform 
 the officer commanding *Q' Battery of what had occurred. At that 
 moment Roberts's Horse nnle up to the drift. An old Dutchman stood 
 up and waved them to move off down into the drift and there to sur- 
 render their arras. Major Dawson grasped the situation in a moment. 
 Standing up in his stirrups he shouted, 'Pours about! Gallop!' The 
 files swung round. The drivers of 'Q' Battery whipped round their 
 teams. There was a temporary pause and then the storm burst The 
 enemy saw that nothing further was to be gained by silence. Every 
 buHh on the donga bcnl, every foot of the railway embankment, every 
 
 JL.i^,,::=j ! !saj-xx. i -u j 
 
/ 
 
 THE INVASION OF THE ORANGE FREE STATE. 
 
 673 
 
 yard of the kopjes above the drift spouted Mauser-fire. The drift became 
 a pandemonium. The captured gun teams stampeded hopelessly, min- 
 gling with loose mule spans and dismounted Boers, while four guns of 
 *Q' and one of *U' thundered back 1,000 yards to the tin buildings, des- 
 tined some day to be Koorn Drift Station. Roberts's Horse went with 
 them, a wild, broken mass taking magazine fire in the back. The tin 
 walls were no cover from the fire which now swept the flat, but 
 they marked a term to the stampede. 'Action rear!' came the 
 clear, calm order. The mad pace checked, the guns seemed to 
 divide automatically from the limbers. The teams and wagons dis- 
 appeared behind the station buildings, and 'with shrapnel at 1,100 
 yards' the epoch of our defence began. The supreme moment had come, 
 the force had rallied, and Broadwood was equal to the occasion. One 
 misjudged order, one mistaken gesture, and all would probably have 
 been lost. But no mistake was made. The Household Cavalry and the 
 10th were sent to clear the nullah from the flank. Rimington's Scouts 
 and the mounted infantry were each directed to positions. The force 
 was to break out from its left rear in retirement, to rising ground, which, 
 if reached, would be defensible. 
 
 "The discipline of British gunners under fire has often claimed the 
 admiration of the world. The fighting of *Q' Battery is another in- 
 stance of how devotedly guns can be served to save the situation for all 
 arms. Surrounded by a semi-circle of marksmen, the gunners stood to 
 their guns. Man after man, horse after horse, dropped, until each unit 
 was surrounded by a little mound of slain. Three men were loading, 
 laying, and firing a gun — then two, and then a single man — in one case 
 an officer alone. But the end was gained. When the order came for 
 the guns to retire ten men and one officer alone remained upon their feet, 
 and they were not all unwounded. The teams were as shattered as the 
 gun groups. Solitary drivers brought up teams of four — in one case a 
 solitary pair of wheelers was all that could be found to take a piece 
 away. The last gun was dragged away by hand until a team could be 
 patched up from the horses that remained. As the mutilated remnant 
 of two batteries of Horse Artillery tottered through the line of prone 
 mounted infantry covering its withdrawal the men could not restrain 
 their admiration. Though it was to court death to ^^ow t^ lian^j meu 
 
pwR«Pfpi 
 
 ^^PF 
 
 ^^^ 
 
 ■P"* 
 
 ■IJi 
 
 «■ 
 
 ■■PHMI 
 
 674 
 
 rH£ INVASION OF THE ORANGE FREE STATE. 
 
 leaped to their feet and cheered the gunners as they passed. Seven guns 
 and a baggage train were lost, but the prestige and honor of the country 
 was saved. Five guns had been extricated. 
 
 "Having extricated the main portion of his force Broadwood set him- 
 self to attempt the recapture of his lost guns and baggage. He brought 
 his skeleton of two batteries again into action and faced his little force 
 about. Though he was not aware of the fact at the time when his guns 
 were finally in action, the regiment of mounted infantry, the division of 
 infantry which had come out to reinforce him, was behind Bushman's 
 Kop not four miles away. If the brigade division of artillery belonging 
 to General Colvile's Division and the mounted infantry had been pushed 
 forward between 10 and 11 o'clock that Saturday they could have pre- 
 vented the enemy from removing the captured guns and wagons. But 
 no forward move was attempted until 2 in the afternoon. By that time 
 the enemy had utilized the time to remove all the wheeled prizes from 
 the scene of the attack. That night they destroyed the Waterworks."' 
 A few successful ventures like this roused the enthusiasm of the 
 Burghers once more, while they annoyed the leaders of the British army. 
 In spite of such events, huv/ever, the main object of Lord Roberts, which 
 was to obtain control of the south and southeastern parts of the Free 
 State was achieved. Then it was his task to hurl his strength against 
 the Boer army which lay on the road northwards before it could be rein- 
 forced by the various commandos which were being dislodged from the 
 occupancy of the southeastern region. His enormous preparations were 
 now complete, and on May 1st the advance began. The aged general 
 moved again with wide extended wings, moved rapidly day after day 
 and before him in spite of an attempted resistance the outnumbered and 
 outgeneraled Boers retreated from place to place. General Hamilton 
 was for a whole week in continual touch with General Botha's rear- 
 guard, indeed Winburg was entered by the British scouts before the 
 Burgher army had got clear of the town. 
 
 On May 6th, after a long march of 19 miles, the Vet River was 
 reached, and on the 10th the Zand River, — made famous by the "Sand 
 River Convention" of 1852, which granted self-government to the Trans- 
 vaal — was crossed easily. A great struggle was expected at Kroonstadt, 
 1 Special correspondent of The Timed. 
 
THE INVASION OF THE ORANGE FREE STATE. 
 
 675 
 
 which was said beforehand to be a place of great natural advantages 
 for resisting an advance and to have been fortified. Lord Koberts sought 
 to surround this place and to cut off the retreat of the Burghers by 
 throwing General French far out to the west and having him move 
 rapidly round to the north of Kroonstadt. The general had some fight- 
 ing, but so far succeeded in his object. On the evening of the 10th his 
 force had marched 40 miles in one day and had been two days without 
 food. A very bold attempt was made by Major Hunter Weston, assisted 
 by a scout, Mr. Burnham, to cut the railway in the north before the last 
 drains could get away. They had sappers with them and exciting, 
 adventures, as they had literally to move alongside of and almost among 
 the retreating Boer forces. At last the two named reached the embank- 
 ment above and blew it up. Alas! the last train had gone. On their 
 retreat these bold and skillful men brought away seven prisoners with 
 them ! 
 
 From Kroonstadt the Transvaal Burghers retreated to the Vaal 
 River, determined, as they said, to fight no longer in the Free State. 
 President Steyn appears to have been indignant at their virtual deser- 
 tion of him, and his own countrymen must surely have shared his indig- 
 nation. The original war quarrel was not theirs, and they had under- 
 taken the war ostensibly to fulfill a pledge of help to the sister republic. 
 The soldiers of the latter were now leaving Free Staters to fight as they 
 could for their own country, while the former retreated to theirs. 
 
 Ten days later the British army began to enter the Transvaal, on the 
 Queen's birthday, May 24th. By very rapid marching Lord Roberts had 
 been able to frighten the enemy from every position they had intended 
 to ocpupy iind to prevent the destruction of coal mines in the neighbor- 
 hood of the Vaal. 
 
 President Steyn resolved to cling to his own country and moved 
 eastward. He showed great skill and courage thereafter in the manage- 
 ment of his troops. He had a number of small successes, but found him- 
 Hclf gradually surrounded from the pushing of Generals Bundle and 
 Brabant from the south, the occupation of the southeast of the Trans- 
 vaal by General Sir Redvers Buller, and the bringing of all these forces 
 into even closer relations with those of Generals Lord Methuen and 
 Hunter from the west and northwest. 
 
M 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 THE INVASION OF THE TRANSVAAL. 
 
 THE war between Great Britain and the Boer Republics began, as 
 we have seen, through certain dispatches between the Transvaal 
 Government and that of Queen Victoria. Few Englishmen be- 
 lieved when it began, early in October, 1899, that it would be the 
 middle of May, 1900, before the largest army which Great Britain ever 
 sent out could reach the Transvaal. It was not without an undercur- 
 rent of deep excitement that the people read of Lord Roberts' having 
 at last crossed the Vaal and entered upon the march to Johannesburg. 
 The great gold city was only about 50 miles away now, and all kinds of 
 rumors had from the first been kept afloat as to the extent of the prepar- 
 ations either to destroy or to defend it. Certainly, it was announced, 
 if Johannesburg is captured there remained Pretoria. The capital was 
 said to have been so powerfully fortified that it could easily resist a two- 
 years' siege, and thus the Boers would fight to the bitter end. 
 
 From Vereenigung, the little railway station on the southern border, 
 Lord Roberts entered upon another series of swift, widespread and irre- 
 sistible movements. On Sunday, "May 29th, the field marshal reached 
 Germiston, a suburb of Johannesburg and an important railway station. 
 Having occupied this place without much trouble, he immediately set 
 himself to discover the state of affairs in Johannesburg. He proved 
 that it was under the command of one Dr. Krause, who subsequently 
 acted with great wisdom and honor. In response to a flag of truce, the 
 commandant came to Lord Roberts' camp and explained that while 
 it was not intended to defend the place, a good many Burgher soldiers 
 were still in Johannesburg and he begged the General to defer his oc-. 
 cupation of the town for 24 hours, until those men had left. With his 
 usual and winning grace and humanity, the great leader of armies 
 agreed to this. The formal entry took place on Thursday, May 31st. Dr. 
 Krause rode by his side to the Government ofl&ces, where, thanks again 
 to the wisdom of the Commandant, arrangements had been made that 
 
 676 
 
 v 
 
 t 
 
 
THE INVASION OF THE TRANSVAAL. 
 
 677 
 
 " 
 
 the present occupants of the offices should carry on their work. The 
 town of Cown was denuded of most of its inhabitants, and those who 
 were present are said to have given the troops a cordial welcome. 
 
 It was on this eventful day that the beautiful little incident occurred 
 which shows how gentle and loving a soul lives within the iron frame 
 of Britain's great warrior chief. Lord Roberts returned from the proud 
 entry into Johannesburg to the inn where he was staying at Ger- 
 miston. There he was found by one of the officers of his staff, sitting 
 with the little daughter of the inn-keeper on his knee, teaching her to 
 write the letters of the alphabet. Looking up with a smile, he said to 
 the officer in a mock-protesting tone, "Don't come just now, don't you 
 see that I am busy?" 
 
 The next matter was Pretoria. All kinds of contradictory rumors 
 were in the air. Green said resistance would be desperate. Officers an- 
 nounced that the capital, after all the expenditures of money, after all 
 the vows and the boasts, was to be abandoned by President Kruger and 
 his army. 
 
 Undoubtedly the sad collapse of Boer strategy and determination 
 was largely due to the death of General Joubert. Ever since that day 
 in the end of March when, after a short and severe attack of inflamma- 
 tion, the brave old hero died, the heart of the Boer republic had been 
 sick and weak. Joubert was a man of heroic mould, and no one could 
 take his place. His successor. Christian Botha, was known to be capable 
 and brave, but he had not the experience, still less the national prestige, 
 of either Joubert or Cronje, or even of Kock, who fell in Natal early 
 in the war. 
 
 Lord Roberts' reputation for quick movements seems to have filled 
 Pretoria with alarm. They expected that, as soon as Johannesburg was 
 occupied, he would sweep on to the capital. The telegram announced 
 that they expected his arrival there on May 30th as he had reached Ger- 
 miston on the 29th! At the same time the news reached Europe that 
 President Kruger had fled and that he had taken the national treasure 
 with him. For several days there was great confusion as to the exact 
 facts. After the President's departure and collapse of the Govern- 
 ment, a committee of Boer generals took the city under their control, 
 A9 they still hoped to make a successful defense. 
 
 
678 
 
 THE INVASION OF THE TRANSVAAL. 
 
 The Burghers did oppose the advance from Johannesburg with great 
 energy, and it required much manoeuvering of his troops and hard fight- 
 ing ere Lord Roberts was able to drive them back. As usual, wheu Lord 
 Roberts arrived on the south side of the town. General French with his 
 extraordinarily effective mounted infantry had already swept around 
 on the left, driving all before him, and had arrived on the north side. 
 
 General Botha attempted to dictate terms of surrender of the town, 
 but was told that only an unconditional surrender could be considered. 
 He resolved accordingly to abandon the defense and retreated eastward 
 in the direction taken by Mr. Kruger. On Tuesday, June 5th, therefore, 
 Lord Roberts entered and occupied Pretoria. 
 
 It is a curious and interesting fact illustrating the reputation of Lord 
 Roberts and his soldiers among the Boers, that both President Kruger 
 and General Botha left their wives in Pretoria. 
 
 It is also an interesting fact that while there were rejoicings in Lon- 
 don over the occupation of Bloemfontein, Johannesburg and Pretoria, 
 these rejoicings in no case equalled for enthusiasm and abandon those 
 which took place when the three British towns, Kimberley, Ladysmith 
 and Mafeking, were relieved. 
 
 « 
 
 GENERAL BULLER'S ARMY. 
 
 w 
 
 After the relief of Ladysmith much time was required for the re- 
 equipment of the army, which had so long struggled against tremendous 
 difficulties and had overcome them at such cost. Towards the middle of 
 May, Sir Redvers Buller began the reconquest of Northern Natal. The 
 forces opposed to him were of course considerably reduced in number, 
 but they were still able to present a stubborn resistance. They fought 
 In a region ideally fitted for defensive warfare and the Boers knew how 
 to take advantage of every natural stronghold on the way northwards. 
 Slowly but surely the patient and stern General Buller pushed his way 
 along the very roads which had been traversed so hastily in the opposite 
 direction six months before. Much anxiety was felt as the struggle 
 neared the mountain passes on the extreme north of Natal, where it 
 was always believed that a very small force could hold a large army in 
 check. It says much for the genius of Sir Redvers Buller that he was 
 able without any serious reverses to force his way through Van Reenen's 
 Pass, through Laing's Nek, and at last to plant his standards in the 
 enemy's country. There were still thousands of Boers who occupied 
 
h 
 
 THE INVASION OF THE TRANSVAAL. 
 
 679 
 
 various points of vantage in front of him, and it required both time and 
 thought to clear the country over a wide space so as to leave behind him 
 no part of southeastern Transvaal of which the enemy retained any 
 grasp. Many small skirmishes occurred, many brave deeds were done 
 on both sides, but the Boers allowed no pitched battle to occur from 
 which the enemy could secure any moral and strategi<! advantage. At 
 last, on August 15th, the advanctnl portion of General BuUer's army 
 came in contact with the right wing of Lord Roberts' forces, who were 
 pushing eastwards from Pretoria. Forthwith, as we shall see. Sir Red- 
 vers Buller was assigned a position of the greatest prominence among 
 the forces with which General Roberts Avas advancing towards Lyden- 
 burg. 
 
 ORANGE RIVER COLONY. 
 
 It will be remembered that when Lord Roberts crossed the Vaal 
 River he left behind him in the eastern portion of the Free State a 
 large Boer army unconquered, and full of energy. The p* sence of these 
 forces in his rear of course caused considerable annoyance from time 
 to time, and it was only with much trouble that his generals were able 
 to overcome them. The Boer commanders of these forces were Com- 
 mandants DeWet, Olivier, and Prinsloo ; and they still commanded from 
 8,000 to 10,000 men. Lord Roberts gave orders that his generals should 
 enclose this Boer army in a trap by moving gradually in upon them, and 
 occupying all the roads along which escape was possible, forcing them 
 back against the border of Basutoland. This gave rise to most interest- 
 ing and exciting movements. At last General DeWet sawthat the cordon 
 was drawing very tight and resolved upon a desperate venture. Taking 
 1,500 picked men with two horses for each man, and five guns, and put- 
 ting his ammunition on light carts, he moved close to the camp of one 
 of the British generals. Finding that he did not completely cover the 
 road of escape DeWet, in the darkness of one night, slipped between 
 the hills and the British forces. In the morning his daring escape was 
 discovered, and he was pursued. General DeWet, however, covered his 
 retreat with his guns, and when the next night came passed beyond the 
 reach of his pursuers. He left behind him about 6,000 men; of these 
 another 1,000 were conveyed in a like skilful manner by General Olivier 
 past the British forces. Alas! for a brave and resourceful man. General 
 Olivier, with his three sons and a number of men, were shortly after- 
 
680 
 
 THE INVASION OP THE TRANSVAAL. 
 
 I ( 
 
 wards made prisoners by a iiictlKHl whith tlic IJoeis had found so suc- 
 cessful a few weeks before, and which may be called the ''donga dodge." 
 Eight volunteers from Queenstown occupied a narrow gully or donga 
 right in the march of Olivier and his men. As the latter moved down 
 the steep bank to cross the donga they were compelled to surrender one 
 by one without firing a sliot. As each gave up Ids gun he was led aside 
 out of sight until nearly tlnrty men altogether Avere placed under tin? 
 care of two men. When the leaders thought they had secured as many 
 as they could hope to control they moved forward and opened a vigor- . 
 ous fire upon the main body of the Boers, who, thinking themselves at- 
 tacked in force, took to flight. It only remains to be added that a little 
 later Commandant Prinsloo surrendered to General Hunter with over 
 4,000 men. 
 
 Throughout these weeks the Free State remained in a most dis- 
 tressing condition, for while many were continually deserting from the 
 Boer ranks and giving up their arms, the swift movements of DeWet's 
 Commandoes from place to place kept the people in a ferment of un- 
 certainty. As long as they felt themselves liable to be commandeered 
 afresh they were naturally unwilling to surrender to the British, and 
 yet as the po.ver of the latter increased the folly of further fighting was 
 borne in upon the minds of most of the farmers. So early as July 8 
 the Free State officials had all, excepting only President Steyn, con- 
 fessed the uselessness of the struggle and surrendered. Steyn and De 
 Wet maintained their intrepid attitude of defiance, avowing that they 
 would fight to the bitter end. 
 
 THE CONQUEST OF THE TRANSVAAL. 
 
 D 
 w 
 
 When Lord Roberts swept with such rapidity from Bloomfontein 
 past Kronstadt to the Vaal River, he separated two sections of tlie 
 Boer army from one another, De Wet wi< h the Free State forces being 
 behind him and Louis Botha with the Transvaalers and foreign mer- 
 cenaries retreating northwards before him. The British commander 
 had to chose between two alternatives. He might stop his advance 
 towards Pretoria and turn his whole army upon the task of crushing 
 De Wet; this plan would allow General Botha full time and oppor- 
 tunity to strengthen the defenses of Johannesburg and Pretoria. Or ho 
 might push his pursuit of Botha so as to prevent the latter from os- 
 tablishing himself in any stronghold; this plan would allow General 
 
 — s^—- ■.— ----- 
 
I t 
 
 THE INVASION OF THE TRANSVAAL. 
 
 681 
 
 De Wet a HploiKlid oijpoituiiity for eultiii}; liia conimuuicatiouH Moiith- 
 Avards. There were great risks aud advautages in each plan. Lord 
 Koberts chose to push on. Tlic moral gain from the occupation of Pre- 
 toria would immensely outweigh the effect of any temporary successes 
 which might be won by I)e Wet in his rear. Having nuide this decisi(»n 
 in full view of the possibilities, Lord Uoberts was probably not at all 
 surprised when, shortly after his occupation of Pretoria, news' came 
 that De Wet had attacked and broken up the railway. A force was 
 immediately sent southwards which, without diittculty, drove the enemy 
 off, rebuilt the railway, and restored communications. From time to 
 time the British commander was placed under the necessity to send 
 small forces southwards and westwards where scattered commandoes 
 had begun to carry on a guerrilla Avarfare. But his main task lay east- 
 wards. 
 
 In Pretoria itself not much difficulty seems to have been experienced 
 in maintaining order. For one thing the inhabitants had been much 
 astonished and even disgusted at the unexpected abandonment of the 
 capital by President Kruger and his officials and immediately after- 
 wards by the Transvaal army itself. When it was found by the gov- 
 ernment officials at Pretoria that Mr. Kruger had carried away the 
 gold from all the banks, to the amount it is said of ten million dollars, 
 and that the paper 'iioney which had been specially issued to them in 
 payment of their salaries could not be cashed, their disappointment as- 
 sumed a bitterer form. At one time it seemed as if trouble mi^ht arise 
 from the influx of impoverished foreigners from Johannesburg. Their 
 condition was in truth becoming desperate and a plan was set on foot 
 for their desertion to General Botha's army. This was discovered 
 and they were promptly made prisoners and their respective consuls 
 were informed of the fact and the reasons for it. Another plot had a 
 more tragic ending. In the middle of August a young Lieutenant 
 Cordua was tried and condemned for breaking his parole and joining a 
 conspiracy against the British commander. For this he was sentenced 
 to be shot. It is some satisfaction to be told that in a last letter to his 
 mother the young man admitted the justice of his sentence, and that 
 he died bravely. 
 
 When General Botha fled from Pretoria he moved eastwards along 
 the railway line which runs to Lorenzo Marquez. His first stand was 
 made on the first range of steep hills which run north and south a few 
 
 
mmm 
 
 •M* 
 
 MM 
 
 THE INVASION OF THE 'TRANSVAAL. 
 
 miles from Pretoria. The center of his defense was placed at a craggy 
 kloof or canyon called Pienaar's Poort, through which the railway runs. 
 The position looked impregnable; and its strength was increased by 
 the fact that he extended his lines north and south along the summit 
 of the hills. His front extended altogether twenty-live miles. Lord 
 Roberts here encountered one of his hardest tasks and his generals fought 
 through three or four most anxious days. The only method of attack 
 consisted of sending General French with his much reduced cavalry 
 brigade to take the enemy's right, and General Ian Hamilton south- 
 wards to roll back Botha's left wing. Each of these tasks proved to be 
 very difficult. For two whole days the British troops were exposed in 
 the open to a most galling fire from the guns on the hill-tops. Des- 
 perate courage and skilful handling of their own guns by the British 
 gradually silenced and drove back the enemy. Then Lord Roberts 
 hurled his remaining forces at Botha's weakened yet most formidable 
 center. The face of the hill was secured, guns dragged up to the 
 plateau on the top, and the enemy were found to be retreating rapidly. 
 Had the British been able with fresh horses and men to pursue the re- 
 treating enemy no doubt General Botha might have been almost 
 crushed; but, as on so many occasions in this war, the exhaustion of the 
 horses prevented an effective pursuit and robbed them of the ordinary 
 fruits of victory. Thereafter Lord Roberts, who was now joined by 
 General Buller, movod from point to point on the railway, capturing 
 one stronghold after another. 
 
 ■ When the approach of British forces became alarming, the Pres- 
 ident bade farewell to Mr. Steyn, and, crossing the boundary line into 
 Portuguese territory, traveled straight to Lorenzo Marquez. Here he 
 was kindly received and well entertained. But it was soon explained 
 to him by the authorities that he could not be allowed to carry on any 
 official intercourse or correspondence with General Botha, or any rep- 
 resentative of the Transvaal Government. At fir^t some imagine<l 
 that the British Government would be glad to capture the fugitive 
 President, but a message from Lord Salisbury to the government of 
 Holland announced that the British would offer no objections to any 
 plans which the latter government might make for Mr. Kruger's re- 
 moval to Europe. As a matter of fact the escape of President Kruger 
 relieved the British authorities of a very delicate problem. The custody 
 of a defeated Monarch or President must always be a difficult problem 
 for the conquerors. 
 
,/ -J. 
 
 
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 Sandy Deserts: V ; ; Salt Lalce3:^Si 
 
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 ixaudrla 
 
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 f'»0? 
 
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 Ihari Desert^ 
 
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 V'lTTiefcrsburgJ 
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 MAfttjUEzI 
 
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 Dtcbl 
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 Mreneo Marqaei 
 
 1 I Fmnrh 
 \ f Oerman 
 
 TuiicL 
 
 Barrow 
 
 mi Italinn 
 
 1 I Portuguese 
 
 I I Spaniuh 
 
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 II. I 4..f.i i ..,r. ..ij, 
 
 .^ - ^ II. I 4,. ! ,l i ..,r. ..IJ ..! ' . / ■ ^ : 
 
 
 
 SjI 
 
 minult. 
 
z 
 
 «kuic 
 
 iroheikh. 
 
 Rha 
 
 / 
 
 "^ 
 
 50 100 'iOIJ 300 400 500 000 iOO NO 
 
 Equat«r 
 
 O 
 
 ^ ® Be'unlon or^'"**'*V 
 ^^J '^ Bourbon I. "J^,j / 
 
 "fionilro 
 
 __.Trop{c_„, Capricorn 
 
 i* 
 
 S 
 
 i^n. 
 
 Comparative Area. 
 PENN8YCVANIA 
 
 45,215 Square Miles. 
 
 Principal Capitals-. & 
 Railroads (completed: 
 
 Seoondary Capftalvi • 
 
 ( Under Construotion or Proponed: ••> 
 
 • .Dennis I. 
 North I. . SeychelleBls. 
 -I TIiVn t J ■ ^m >CHet<£*i La Digue 
 - *'" "i ■ hIE? Fort Victoria 
 
 Submarine and Overland Tel^raph Ltnea:. 
 
 Boundary Lines: .~ Buins:.% 
 
 Sandy Deserts: i:.^.- Salt Lakes:< 
 
 Unexplored Rivers: — /^.^..^ Falls and Raplds:VC 
 Wady or partly dry Rlvers h . » — ■'■■ 
 Principal Caravan Bontes: 
 
 tHi( MATTHEWSHtORTMNUP CO., lUPFALO) H.r, 
 
 PRINCIPALi DIVISIONS OF AFRICA 
 WITH AREA AND POPULATION. 
 
 AiaA IN so.!!. 
 
 ABTSSmiA, empire, 400,000 
 
 £OTFT, under Tnrko-Britlsh control, 400,C00 
 KONGO FREE STATE, oontroUed by 
 
 Belgium, 900,000 
 
 LIBERIA, repnMlo. 14,360 
 
 MOROCCO, empire. 219,000 
 
 ORANGE FREE STATE, republio. 48,326 
 SOUTH AFRICAN REPUBLIC 
 
 (Transvaal), 119,1.39 
 
 TRIPOLI and Barca, Tnrkiah, 398,738 
 
 BRITISH COLONIES AND DEPENDENCIES: 
 
 Ascension Island, 35 
 
 British Central Africa, 251,000 
 
 British Central African Protectorate, 42,217 
 
 British East Africa, 1,000,000 
 
 British South Africa, including Mat- 
 
 abeleland, Mashonaland, and Be- 
 
 ohnanaland, 
 
 Cape Colony (Cape of Good cHope), 
 
 including South Becbuanalaud, 
 
 Walftsh Bay and Basntoland, 287,058 
 
 Gambia, . 2,700 
 
 Gold Coast, including Protectorate, 46,600 
 
 Lagos, including Protectorate, 20,070 
 
 Mauritius, and Dependencies, 1,085 
 
 Natal, 35,000 
 
 Niger Territories, 500,000 
 
 Saint Helena Island, 47 
 
 Sierra Leone, 30,000 
 
 FRENCH COLONIES AND DEPENDENCIES: 
 
 •97, 
 
 nmiAttom, 
 6.000,000 
 9,734,405 
 
 'Oft 
 
 •97, 
 •98, 
 •90, 
 
 '98. 
 
 •n, 
 
 •98, 
 •98, 
 •97, 
 
 90,000,000 
 
 1,068,000 
 
 8,000,000 
 
 207,603 
 
 1,094,166 
 1,300,000 
 
 430 
 
 650,000 
 845,558 
 
 Algeria, 184,474 
 
 Algerian Sahara, 123,500 
 
 Dahomey, including Protectorate, 14,140 
 
 French Guinea, 42.471 
 
 French Kongo, 497,000 
 
 French Somallland, 8,640 
 French Sudan, including Kanem, 
 
 Wadai and Bagirmi, S56,000 
 
 Ivory Coast, 64,420 
 
 Madagascar. 228,500 
 
 Mayotta and the Cumoro Islands, 760 
 
 Reunion, 965 
 
 Senegal, including Protectorate, 115,800 
 
 Tunis, 51,000 
 
 GERMAN COLONIES AND DEPENDENCIES: 
 
 German East Africa, 384,180 
 
 German Suiith-VS^est Africa, 322,450 
 
 Kanierun, 191,130 
 
 Togolaud, 33,000 
 
 ITALIAN COLONIES AND DEPENDENCIES: 
 
 Eritrea. 88,.'H)0 
 
 Italian Somaliland, 100,000 
 
 •91, 
 
 *Oft 
 
 tfO$ 
 
 •98, 
 
 '91, 
 •98, 
 
 •98, 
 
 '96, 
 '98, 
 •98, 
 •97. 
 •98, 
 '98, 
 
 •98. 
 •98, 
 '98, 
 •98, 
 '93, 
 •98, 
 '98. 
 
 •98, 
 '98, 
 •98, 
 •98, 
 
 '98, 
 '98. 
 
 PORTUGUESE COLONIES AND DEPENDENCIES : 
 
 Cape Verde Islands. 1,480 
 
 Madeira Islands. 505 
 
 Portuguese Guinea, 4,440 
 
 Portuguese West Africa, ' 484,800 
 
 St. Thomas and Princes Islands, 360 
 
 State of East Africa, 301,000 
 
 SPANISH COLONIES AND DEPENDENCIES: 
 
 Canary Islands, 2,808 
 
 Rio de Oro and Adrar, 243,000 
 Fernando Po. and other small islands 
 
 and possessions, 877 
 
 '96, 
 '90, 
 •98, 
 '98, 
 
 '87, 
 '98, 
 
 AFRICA, eoMtlHent, 
 
 I 
 
 i^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 4-..^.-^- 
 
 387,728 '98, 650,000 
 
 2,016,040 
 
 50.000 
 
 1,473,882 
 
 3,000,000 
 
 390,863 
 
 829,005 
 
 30,000,000 
 
 4,116 
 
 250,000 
 
 4,434,443 
 
 .w.ooo 
 
 600,000 
 
 647,555 
 
 5,000,000 
 
 30,000 
 
 6..'^;o,ooo 
 
 650 000 
 
 3,500,000 
 
 64,640 
 
 171,713 
 2,000,000 
 1,700,000 
 
 4,000,000 
 
 200,000 
 
 3,500,000 
 
 2,500,000 
 
 4.W,000 
 400,000 
 
 114,130 
 134,040 
 
 820,000 
 
 4,119,000 
 
 24,660 
 
 3,120,000 
 
 291,625 
 100,000 
 
 .36,000 
 
 1 1,608, 79S '98,170,000,000 
 
 l^ 
 
 111151 
 
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