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6
F. N ('■ L I S H C II I M 1-. S
i ■
IN
CANADA-
ta
HENRY SCADDING. D.D..
»'ANO^ I)!-' St JAME.S*. TOHONTO
'l()|{t)NT(>
I'KlXTKH W ^>{^. 1,1 AKIiIaN IumiK \\|i T.il! ((KKICK. -J riilTlT ^JT«l:^T
< I.
l^iVr.LISII CHI MLS
IN
CANADA.
HV
HENRY SCADDING, D.D.,
t ANON OK St JAMKS TOHONTd
'r»)i!nNI'(» ;
'■HIM.:.. ST •.«,.:.:,„„.,. N ,...nK .VN„,,oM .„.„.,. K. . .OMM V.HKKT
I SMI,
CVj
ysoQj
ENGLISH CHIMES IN CANADA/
> «♦> ♦-
In 1/02. what we now call tl,e Province of UntniJo was a
tanyled wilderness ; as much so as the unoccupied j)art.s of
Manitoba and Keewaytin are at this moment; and much more
difl.cult of access than they are. And now, in little more than
thrce-<iuarters of a century, what do we see ? We see every-
where m the regions earliest settled, a country all but trans-
lormed into a second Euffland.
Travel where you will, in the Niagara District, in the Home
Distiict, in the domain ruled over from 1803 to 1853 by the
ever-to-be-remembered pioneer, Colonel Talbot; in the tract
opened up by the never-to-be-forgotten Commissioner of the
Canada Company, John Gait, an.l his equally memorable co-
labourer and "warden of the forests," Dr. Dunlop- in the
quarters settled by iMr. Peter Pobinson's emigrants; in the parts
hrst reclaimed from a state of nature by the gallant Glenoany
highlanders: travel where you will in any of these parts.l.ow
and you are startled by the change which human industry, and
energy, and perseverance have wrought ; startled with the magni-
ficent aggregate result of individual isolated labour.
The saying has been fulfilled : " Indue season ye shall reap, if
ye faint not." The " due. season " has come ; if not to the toilers
themselves in every instance, it has come to us of the generation
that has followed them. Clearing has now touched clearin-
Settlement has met settlement. Fair farms are spread out befoi"e
the view, as on a gigantic plan or mai.. Jiroad spaces are to be
seen ploughed over with mathematical precision ; the perfect
parallelism of the furrows, and long drill-sown lines of grain
causing them to seem, by a curious illusion of perspective, to he
*Read in St. James's School-room, Toronto, March 15th, 1880 at a
meetmg held to promote a projected enlargement of the four dials of the
clock m St. James's steeple.
4
KNGLISII CHIMKS IN CANAHA.
in the act of radiatinf,' ofl", like the spf»kc.s of a wheel, from a
c»'utre ill the distance, as the .s])ectator is l)oriiu swiftly })ast thcin
ill the train. Countless Helds, all smooth and clean : here, grass
and inea<U»w ; tiiere, wheat, rye, the st.itely maize, and cereals of
ev(My name ; with pulse, roots, gourds, esculents of every form ;
acres of garden; acres of nursery ground; acres of aiii)le-
orcl'.aid ; in favoured regions, acres of peach-orchard and acres
of vineyard; acres of enclosures for the lesser fruits — the nu-
merous summer or winter l>erries.
And in keeping with these scenes of plenty and advancement,
there are the solid homestead dwellings distributed plentifully
ahout. almost everywhere now in view of each other; each with
its roomy surroundings of spacious sheds, granaries, stabling,
and cattle-housings ; and often its tasteful pleasure-grounds, its
tree-shadowed avenue of iipproach, its handsome entrance-gates.
A<ld vehicles for locomotion, cleverly adapted to their several
purposes; ami public higliways, broad and well-kept, graced here
and there with a survivor of the luiinitive wood, less frequently,
perhaps, than one might desire, assuming now grand dimensions
and a picturesque venerableness.
What are all these things but so many reproductions of, and
in some respects improvements on, the old mother-land, only
under a sky more cloudless, amidst an air more transparent ?
liut how many ages were destined to roll over the primeval hills
and dales of that mother-land, before its sons and daughters were
in the enjoyment of anything like the refinements, the house-
hold comfort, the facilities for neighlnnirly intercourse which
their late descendants have managed to surround themselves
with, on this new continent, in less than one century ?
It is a pleasant and a proud thing to call to mind, too, that
not only here, on this North American continent, but throughout
the habitable globe, wherever the colonist from the Britannic
islands has obtained a foothold, a like successful subjugation of
the euvth, a like happy adornment of its surface, a like conver-
sion ol its products into material wealth, and appliances for
a worthy hunmn life, have been going quietly on ; until
there, also, as well as here, the general result is equally
startling.
And now, finally, throughout the vast and varied area of this
Greater Britain which has thus developed itself, one more trait.
KSCir.Isil CHIMfa IN CANADA. g
« omw„i„j,. „„e „f li.e I,„.,„, v.f,t,i„, |„,, „f i„te years l„.e„
iiere luid there added.
sk.ll, u,Kl t„s,., ,„ ,,uie,l li„„,, „„ w«.k-,lay, and „„ .S,„„lav,, i,
almost every o„e of her eouotle., to^vers. (Continental K.ir, ,e,
« Uow, has ,ts bells; l,„t they are ,l,„re. as a rule, handle,! in
nm, n„n. ..sorderly, ar nions .ay. I speak, of eonrse,
not ol the celehrate.! cn/l,,,,, A e/arin' of Hel«iu.., a the
.c,.,ons, hnt of peals in the Knfilish sense.) The Knglish, IW
Ar 01 Mjstery. It has had amon^-st then, its Is f,„ the
cult vatnn, of the Art; aa, for e.an.ple, the aneient •■ Soeietv of
College \ouths,» in whose ranks ,S,r .Matthew Hale is said to
'i"ve rung, and other men of jireat note. It has its own teeli-
meal terms, indieative of the ingenuity and intrieaey ol in
processes : j .i.-.
" From Eight alone
The musical Bob major can be heard ;
Caters with tenors behind, on Nine thiy ring ■
On Ten, Bobs-royal ; from Eleven, Cinques ;'
And the Bob-maximus results from Twelve."
Its literature, also-the literature ot lJelI-ri„,Mn.-is eonsi.ler-
able. Ihe h„g]i,sh wuik entitled « Ca.n,.anologia," treatin-r
copiously on this subject, first pttbli.shed in 1677, appeared ic.;
the third time, enlarged and iinprove<l, in 17;i3. Lukis's book
and Gatty s, and Lomax's, on the Bell, are late contributions ; a.s
are also the interesting treati.ses by 8ir Kd.nund lieckelt and
f P ;\'"'r. ; ^''"''" '" "'•'^ '"''J^'^^' '-^"'^^ t''^' kindred one,
of Public Clocks.
The ringing of Tower bells by means of conls and levers, now
enables one man to execute a peal. The full power of the bell
IS not brought out in this way, and orthodox ringers cannot
but be expected to look with great disdain on the contrivance Jiut
the convenience accruing to congregation, and vestries is obvious
And now, as 1 have said, the finishing touch to the general
likeness to E.igland has been give.i to Canada by the introduc-
tion there, in several localities, of chimes or peals, musically
adjusted, so that the proper permutations or changes can be
rung upon them by human han.ls, either directly or throu<di the
intervention of keys. °
6
KN<il,lsn ( IIIMKS IN tANADA.
Time was, s me forty years nj^o, when nmoii},' the chicfest id'
the pleMsiires iititicipuled IVom a visit to thi' " oM country," nn
Wf speiik, was the hearing (tnce more ol" a peal of hells, rung in
the " r)l(l country " seir-ntiHc way. The emigrant, after long years
of ahsence, not only (lesire<l to see a;,'ain the ohl grey tower
whose shadow fell upon the gravt^s of his relatives aiiil former
friends and neighhours, Init he yearned, also, to hear the pleasan:
sounds from its helfry, wliich charmed him in his childhood ; and
it is helieved tiiat in not ii few instances a toilsoie.e, costly, and
perilous expedition to the mother-country was undertaken main!"'
to gratify this sentimental longing of the heart.
Wlio can forget the experiences of those days '^ What native
of tlie ancient city (jf York, in Kngland, for example, after an
exile of twenty or thirty years in the very humlde Canadian
town of the same nann', ' ut carried with him to his dying day
a vivid remembiance of the e-Mjuisite moment when he heanl
once more the Mir.ster hells ( The like may he said, of course,
of numy m emigrant in the olden time from (Janterl)ury, Irom
AVoicester, from Shrewshury, from Leeds, from the Lincolnshire
J>oston, IVom Croydon, from Sadron Walden, and a crowd of
oilier towns famous for tlieir peals of bells.
Or to sj»eak of the same kind of gratilication on a narrower
scale and in obscurer j)lacc : how deep, how real was the joy,
even to tears, when, after [tainful tossings on the ocean, and
many a tedious calm; after delays in pert and intervening towns ;
detentions in various parts l)y business or duty; after long
traversing ot hill and dale and j..., in, sunny coacli-road and shady
lane, a man found himself at last within earshot of the bells, the
very modest ])eal, probably, ol' his own native village — his old
Stoke Gabriel, his old L)ittisham, his old l)unkeswell, his old
T'dburn. or whatever else might chance to be the honest name
which, IVom the time of the Domesday-book, and long before,
it had borne.
Ah ! he had enjoyed other sounds by the way — the lark in the
sky, the redl)reast in the hedge, the cuckoo or nightingale in the
di^itant copse. Jiut here was a sound which made him realize
the most touchingly of all, the fact that he was now " home in
tlie old country."
One other experience associated with the sound of bells in
the beloved mother-land I will not forget, as characteristic of a
KN(.I,|.-,|I ciilMKS i\ canaha. 7
past ti,„e, altI..M.-li. ,u.rl,;,,H. „..t umnixi.,lly " nieny." It is that
of tl.o cru.lo ynuw^ „.:.,. tV..,,, ( ■a„a.h,. l.-nt „n seoino tl.o worM
and .u.iu.n..^^ k,unvl...l,^. as hest lu- ..m.I.I, «<„„« Hftv years since.
.7""'"''- Z'-^"" I'is iufa.Kv ly with th,. sij-ht. an,! s..,n..ls. th.
Kh'Ms a.ul (.-usf^ns of a petty settlo.nent in th. thick of a (Jana-
'l.an lurest. who can for^^et the first ni^-ht, at or ahom, that ,.erio.l
imsse.1 ,n Lon.Ion-n.ysterious, suK-inn, won-h-rfnl London^'
\^yu^i^ wakeful n, his solitary chan.b.M-, in a ventahlc. hostelry of
r S,imnel Johnson's era, in the heart of " the city," at the
VHe Sauva.e, we will suppose, or the Bull and Month, or the
historic iJlosson.s Inn, in Lawre;. > Lane, did i,e not listen in a
kMHl of stupor to the nniltitudinous hells to the east and w.-st
of h.M,, to the north and soutV of him. son-, lin^r ,„it from r!o,^k-
towers and steeples far and near—
« V
From IMde's, St. Martin'. Michael's, Overy's, How,"
with their chinie.s and .luurter-chinies ; while ever and anoti
then, came l.oomin- from St. Jniul's the final authoritative de-
termination of all differences, in tones ho'.v preternaturally deep
and awc-,ns,,irinir ! How thoroughly did these sounds make the
raw stripling from the woods feel tlut he was indeed in a stran^^e
place ; that he had come within the precinct.s of another worh] •
with what a sense of loneliness did it fill him ; to what a de-
pressing insignificance did it reduce him !
The experience again was similar when he found himself at
his mn. m the other great cities, as, for example, in the univer-
sity towns of Oxford and Cambridge, each of them a kiiul of
second Moscow for belfry-music. P>ut soon, in these last-named
places, did the morbid sense of solitii.le and isolation pass away
after the world-wide famous Christ Church bell.s, and the enutllv
renowned peal of Great St. Mary's had fallen a few times upon
the ear. '
I have not attempted to detail the experience of j.ilgrims from
this continent to htatliery Scotland and green Ireland. I r
sure that in many an instance it was similar. If pealo run" in
the English way do not abound in Scotland, it is certain "hit
there are music bells arranged for the execution of national and
other airs in the Iron Church in Glasgow, and in St. Giles's
Edinburgh ; and in the latter city I observe that the Lord Pro-
vost, Sir William Chambers, has quite recently undertaken at
1
8
EXOLISII CHIMES IN CANADA.
Ins own cost, to put in onler and render serviceable twenty-
three ancient public music hells, as also a peal of eight in St
Ciles s. And as to Ireland, there are, as not a few here could
testily, English peals in many places, as. for example, in the
cathedral of St. Patrick, so n.unilicently restore.!, bells and all
^ in 1807, by the late Sir Benjamin Guinness. Also, as I kiuuv
in Deny, in Limerick, and in Cork ; and I doubt not there has
heen many an Irishman besides Francis Mahoney ready, on re-
visiting the latter place after a long absence, to say as he does
of a famous peal near that city :
" I've heard bells chiming
Full many a clime in,
Tolling sublime in
Cathedral shrine ;
While at a glibe rate
Brass tongues would vibrate-
But all this music
Spoke not like thine ;
" For memory dwelling
On each proud swelling
Of the belfry knelling
In bold notes free,
Made the bells of Shandon
Sound far more grand on
• The pleasant waters
Of the river Lee."
And not wholly to omit Wales: I am personally aware that
I^nghsh peals are frequent there; and that enthusiastic rin-ers
from that romantic, proud, and musical Principality have been
and perhaps still are, resident amongst us.
And now, as I have already intimated, these sounds of the
other hemisphere, so long mere matters of report, or sentimental
recollection amongst us, are beginning to be transferred to the
American continent-like the London sparrow, and, in propped u
the ark (tor the lark, we may suppose, will in due time be'
heard here, after the Duke of Argyle's suggestion). To the many-
signs and symbols of advanced civilization in Canada, the crown-
Hig trait of merry England has, here and there, been added
^o longer now need the emigrant from the British Islands
traverse the wide Atlantic to satisfy an old hunger of the heart
lu this reoard. As he sits under his own vine and his own fi.r
KXUMSII CHIMES IN CANADA.
9
tree in the country of his adoption. l,e can, in an increased
number of localii.es, hear now the chimes from a church tower-
" Falling at intervals upon the ear
In cadence sweet ! now dyintj all away,
Now pealing loud again, and louder still !
Clear and sonorous as the gale comes on."
We have gained something l>y all this ; hut we have lost some-
thing, too. We have lost the ex.i.usite fre„hness of the .natiti-
cat.on referred to when now we encounter it on our occasional
visits to the old mother-land for recreation or business
In a multitude of other respects Ijcsides, no longer can the
sons and daughters of Ontario have the san.e keen sense of
surprise and enjoyment which their predecessors of tho -renen-
tion passing away so delightfully had, when translated in rears
gone by, from their usual haunts here to the shores of Greit
Britain and Irelund. so assimilated have we become to the
mother-land in all our surroundings, in city, town, and country
Ihe places, however, are, as yet, not very numerous in Caim.la
Where a peal of church bells, rung in the scientiHc way, is to be
lieard. At Quebec there has been one rung in the Kn-.H,!, ,, vle
in the English cathedral, since about the year 1S30 Christ
Church, Montreal, has not yet been provided with a peal but it
has a horloi,e, which gives the quarters. St. Thomas's Church i„
Montreal, has a peal, and the Church of St. James the Apostle
IS siiortly to have one, as I hear. The cathedral of Fredericton
has a peal, and also a clock with (luarter ciiimes. St Ann's
Iivdericton, has likewise a peal; and the church at liau' del
Unts, ^ew Ihunswick, has a peal. St. Paul's, Ifalifav the
oldest church in Halifa.v, still a structure of wood, has a 'peal
In Newfoundland, an English peal has not yet been heard • but
in two places there is a j^rospect of one. I note, in passin-.. a
remarkable bell at Greenspond, in tliat island, on account of The
beautiful inscription which it bears, in Latin, after the manner
ot bells in many of the ancient peals,-" Cano misericordiam et
justitiam. ' (" 1 sing of mercy and judgment.")
In Newfoundland, as my frie;.d and neighbour, Mr. Pearson
informs me, flags in a great measure take the place of belis'
The setth^ments, for the most part, are at the edge of the sea"
W hen JJivine service is about to be held, a flag is run up as a
10
ENGLISH CHIMES IN CANADA.
notification of tiie fact, to the inhabitants on the adjacent coasts.
In London, Canada West, as we used to speak, tiiere is a peal ;
and in the city of Hamilton there is a peal, but not appertaining
to the principal church. In the ancient town of Niagara is a
peal, in the tower of St. Mark's there, the munificent gift of the
Messrs. Dickson, in 1877. In Wiiitby there is a peal in the
Church of All Saints ; and at St. Bartholomew's Church, near
Ottawa, there is to be forthwith a peal, the gift of Her Royal
Highness the Princess Louise of Lorne.
The Cathedral Church of St. Janu'S, Toronto, has been in
possession of a peal since the year 181'5. It is a peal of nine,
secured principally through the e.xertions of the late Thomas
Denny Harris. The weight of the largest bell is 4,857 pounds,
and that of the smallest 590 pounds. They were, at the outset,
occasionally rung by amateur bell-ringers, of whom a goodly
few were discovered in Toronto and the neighbourhood, and are,
doubtless, latent there still. But the bells are now ordinarily
rung by means of ropes attached to the clappers, and passing
down to levers below, working in a frame. Mr. Eawlinson, who
first presi led at this apparatus, soon made the public ear in
Toronto familiar with the beautiful permutations of whicii a
peal of nine, handled in the Englisli scientihc manner, is capable.
In addition to the peal, the tower of St. James's was enriched
in 1875 by the acquisition of the " Great Benson Clock," the
noble gift of citizens to the Cathedral, on the occasion of the
completion of its tower and spire. Tliis clock marks the quar-
ters of each successive hour by a certain combination of musical
notes exactly copied from the clock in the tower of the Palace
of Parliament at Westminster, which itself is a reproduction of
the clock in the belfry of Great St. Mary's, in Cambridge.
Thus, then, step by step, from east to west, lias the English
chime or peal, harmoniously rung, been extended, and, step by
step, we expect it further to extend ; and by the time the wave
of pleasant sounds has reached the sources of the Saskatchewan,
we may feel pretty sure that it will be met by a like undulation
moving eastward from British Columbia, where the customs of
Old England are, of course, being encouraged and propagated as
determinedly as they are here.
Speaking of England and her military posts scattered over
the face of tiie " round world," the memorable words of the
KXCI.lSIf CHIMKS IN f'ANADA.
11
American orator. Duniel W.l.ster. wore: " Hor inorninu .Irum-
l.ea 8, follow.nj,. the sun rtu.l koq.in,,' conipnny with thr hours
cm- e the earth daily with one continuous and unbroken strain
of the n.artuil airs of Knylau.l.' I w.uhl rather that we shoukl
have jt ,n our power to trace the course of Kn^land's n.arch by
the advance round the .lobe of other sounds than n.artial airs
and the drum-beat. In chimes or ,..als. understood in the
l'^"Sl.«h sense and han.lled in the Kn.irlish wav, n.troduced in an
">creas,n;,^ number of places, lot us see an omen of the better
iuture. Jor they ou^d.t to be, and 1 think they ^au.erally are
H. every conununity where they are to be heard," the svmbols of
hu'^ish sentiment present there -Kn,t,d,sh heartiness; Ku-dish
tolerance, Enylish freedom, civil an<l reli-ious.
1 add here, that in the lJ,.itea States there are blood-brethren
ot ours who are as intent as ourselves on transferri.,. to their
midst this especial English element. Already, at lUulah, and
I^etro.t, peals of bolls, scientitically rung, salute the ear of
dwellers on the Canadian shore, just as the sweet tones of the
chime in the venerable St. Mark's, at Niagara, are regarded as a
boon amongst our neighbours on the Xew York side of the river
And, doubtless, in the coming age, all along the line which is
the common limit of the two countries, from Lake Superior to
the Pacific, happy interchanges of this kind will be takin-- place
1 do not think that many of the iniial)itants of the I'dices I
have named would now willingly forego their chimes and peals
Such things help to make men love their homes and feel satisfied
with the land where their lot is cast. They shed a grace on the
place of their al,o.le, and minister to the cheerfulness of the
scene ot their daily avocations. Young and old, gentle and •
simple, get to be proud of them, where they exist ; and they
become a kind of public heirloom of the communitv which
must be guarded and maintained. To the poor they Ci'eld one
of he few lu.Kuries which they know. To the unlettered and
duU-witted they are oftentimes as "songs without words" e.x-
pressing, for them, natural emotions which they could not them-
selves interpret in speech. For this, the tutored ear puts up
with the thin music of the p.alm-tune or secular air while
relishing chiefly the peals and changes.
As to an injunction, said in the'puWic papers to have been
lately obtained against the bells of a church in Philadelphia -
12
ENGLISH CHIMES IN CANADA.
i» all i,rol,ability ti.ere ^vas some exceptional self-assertion on
tl<e part ol tln.se who had the control of them. If so the in-
junction was just. We must beware of egotism and selfishness
e en ,n bcn-nng.ng. It would be well to suspend on the walls
the bell-chamber, in city churches, some such reminder as
this, in the monkish style, but not in the monkish spirit :
" NoUs intempestivis
Jure irascitur civis,"
^^ith the interpretation added :
" With knolls out of season
Your neighbour quarrels, with reason."
A mcdian-al theory was, ti.at it is the duty of towns to follow
closely the routine of the monastery. The attempt to reduce
such a theory to practice was, of course. Quixotic. IJufthis
only in passing.
We of this generation have relin.prished the superstitions
M Inch, m the matter of bells, were inculcated amon^^ our fore-
fathers when m a somewhat low condition of civilization J,i
giving an imuation of a monkish distich, just now, 1 sli-htlv
anticipated myself. There is a short series of jinxes of°this
kind whrch 1 have decided to read to you, simply as" curiosities,
some ol them alluding to the superstitions from which we have
been relieved. You are already familiar with portions of this
series. \uu will remember the "Vivos voco : mortuos planoo:
lulgura irango, prefixed to Schiller's Lay of the Bell ; and the
babl,ata pango : fuuera plango : solemnia clango," at the head
ol Irancis Mahoney's (Father Front's) " Shandon Bells " You
will also recall duplicates of several of them in the Prolo-rue to
Longfellow's G.lden Legend, where the "Powers of the\ir "
are represented as trying to tear down the cross on the spire of
btra.sbuig Cathedral. ^
Uf the same stamp as the " Fulgura frango," "I .juell the
lig itning Hashes, quoted by Schiller, are those given by Lon-r-
ellow : " Di,.sipo ventos,' " I disperse the winds,''-where, uud^r
winds the evil '^s- aits of the air " are included-and " Pestem
lu«o, 1 drive off the plague." We know. now. if anv such
ellects as these were ever observed to follow the clan-'of the
medueval bell, they were due, not to any virtue in its metal, but
KNGLISII CIIIMK.S JN CANADA.
13
to the l.eaity prayers of (Jl rislian n.cri u.ul Chriatirtn women put
up at tl.e l.Khlin- of tlie somul ; or else, under (}od, that is to
say, m accordance with a 1 iw of His. to a salutary a;,rilution in
the particles of the air. produced l.y oucussiou, such as is sou-rht
to he hrouuht ahout iu one of the cases conte.nplated, viz, the
i'PI'ioach oj i)estilence, even in n)odern times occasionally hy
tiie hrin^r off of heavy ordnance.
As to the other functions of the Bell, as enumerated by the
monastic versifiers, we shall he .iuit(, williu- to say of our
niodeni chimes and p.eals that they likewise perform them.
Let me lead you the wiiole list, in a completer form than is
usually to he met with. I have collected tonether the parts from
Wands Popular Antitpiities, Sir Henry Spelmau's Glossary, and
other ),ooks, m which they lie disperse.l, with many discrepan-
cies in the sequence and substance of tlie clauses. I shall ven-
ture to uivo you the Latin lines themselves for the sakt; of the
sound, in which, I suppo.se, the rin- of an old rude {.eal is in-
tended to be, to some extent, imitated, before the scientitic order,
peculiarly insisted on in iMigland, was thought of.
Tlie chief Bell speaks :
Ln ego campana : nuiu|uam denuncio vana.
Vox mea vox vitae : voco vos : ad sacra venite :
Defunctos ploro : pes'em fugo : festa decoro :
Laudo Deum venim : plebem voco : congrego clerum :
Sanctos collaudo : tonitrua lugo : tlainina claiido :
Funera plango : fulguia hango : Sabbatapango :
Excito hntos : dissipo ventos ; paco cruentos.
I have nowhere seen the whole of these lines turned into
English verse to correspond, as doubtless thev mi.dit be were it
worth -he trouble. But I give an attempt iu'this direction
by Kichard Warner, (juoted in Brand, in regard to two of them.
The chief Bell is again supposed to speak :
" Men's death 1 tell By doleful knell :
Lightning and Thunder 1 break abunder :
On Sabbath, all To <:hurch I call :
The sleepy head I raise from bed.
The winds so fierce I do disperse :
Men's cruel rage I do assuage."
But a plain prose translation of my own I will add, for the
sake of the uninitiated : omitting the clauses of wiiicli I have
14
ENGLISH CHIMES IN CANADA.
spoken a.s now obsolete. We sliall see tliat our chimes and peals
at this day say much the same as they did to our forerathers.
Once more the chief Bell speaks :
" Lo : I the church-hell send down no empty spell [message]
(the i.iyme is accidental) : my voice is a vital voice : 1 bid you
come to the sacred rites : I wail the dead : I add grace to festi-
vals : 1 sound to the praise of the true God. I summon the
laity. I gather the clergy. I sound out the lauds of all the holy
ones. I toll to the funeral. I mark the days of rest. I rouse
the sluggish. I calm the sanguinary."
To the extent here indicated are we not all content to have our
bells gifted with speech, and possessed of meaning in tiieir music :■
Are we not all ready to have them mark our Sabbaths, to render
cheerful our holy days and festive seasons : to summon our
pastors and those who work with them, to their weekly or daily
gatherings, and to their annual conjoint assemblies s Would wj
not have them, so far as they may, rouse the lukewarm, anil
soothe the contentious ? Would we not have them lend a decent
solemnity to the obse<[uies of the dead, and give expression to the
community's fellow-feeling when one of its number suffers be-
rtavement ?
These uses of the bell are such as the common sense of man-
kind will pronounce apt and legitimate ; and for purposes such
as these the bell will doubtless continue to be employed in the
years that are to come. We thus accept the bell simply as an
implement of convenience. We lay no stress upon it. We have
learned well to draw the line between its abuse and its use. In
this case, as in so many others in those days, we have come
back to the first use. it was simply in the ways just described
that bells in the first instance were employed in Cln-istian
churche?. The superstitions that gathered around them, as about
other things, in the lapse of time, were all after-thoughts. Vnit
while reg.irding the bell as a thing indifferent, I think every one
will allow that when rung in connection with divine service or
solemn gatherings for any purpose, it should be rung, botjj when
hanging alone and when associated with a peal, with due submis-
sion to a canon aljove dispute in every church : " Let all tilings be
done with an eye to seemliness, and in accordance with au-
thorized rule."
I am so far superstitious, however, as to entertain the notion
KNGI.I3H tlIIMi:S IN CANADA. 15
tliiit the application of the l)ell to purposes connected with religion
imparts a ([uantuui of sacredness to it, in its secular relatiotis,
somewhat as the wave-sheaf had a oonsecratin-,' efli'Ct, by repre-
sentation, on all the sheaves of the harvest-field. To what serious
uses is the secular hell now put ! It summons the men, the
women, the children of a community, to and froui their several
avocations every day — in the warehouse, in the factory, in
the f(jundry, in the school. It renders service of incalculable im-
portance, through the intervention of electricity, in the case oi' fire.
It gives signals, preservative of life and liml) and property, in
locomotion by steam, on land and water, and in the c(juduct of
navigation in our harbonrs, and along our rivers and canals.
The use of one and the same instnunent, viz., the bell, for
serious practical ])urposes, in the two depirtments of religion
and onlinary life, tends, 1 say, to beget, in my own nund at
least, the abiding thought, that all the activities of man might
and ought, in some intelligible sense, to l)e consecrated to the great
(Jod who has endowed man with all the i)ower which he j)osse.sse3
to put forth those activities. I aim to encourage this thought,
wliich [ know, as a matter of fact, exists, and is fruitful, in not a
few. And thus it is that what the Christian poet says proves
true :
'■ There are in the loud stunning tide
Of human care and crime,
[ThoseJ with whom the melodies abide
Of the everlasting chime, —
Who Ceiny inuiic in their heart
'rhrough dusky lane and wrangling mart,
riying their daily task with busier feet,
IJecause their secret souls a holy strain repeat.'
It
As a conclusion to my remarks on " Knglisii Chimes in
Canada," 1 transcribe a passage which will immediately be recog-
nised as taken from Tennyson's flue and profouiul series of musings
entitled " In Memoriam." The words which I shall read were in the
first instance suggested to the poet ')y the sound of a peal heard,
near midnight, ringing the old vear out and the new vear in.
These lines have become classic in the English language ; and
they occur to me now as a not inaj^t embodiment of aspirations,
wdiich may possibly arise in the hearts of many amongst us
whenever they hear in our young country the chiming of bells :
16
KNT.LISII CHIMKS IS CANADA.
n luxury which, thoncrh still novil to our ears now, will i^dljiihly
henceforward he a thiui^ of use and wont in our midst.
We a»e drawing near the close of the nineteenth century. If
within the coni})ass of a lifeline our eyes have seen surh
a Ivances as those of which I spoke at the l)e},Mnninj4 of this
address, made on this continent under conditions in many res])ects
adverse, what may not he the scenes of lieauty, physical and
moral, over which our descenchints may he summoned to rejoice,
as they draw e([upny near the close of the twentieth century,
under conditions every way more favouralde !
The poet whose words I am ahout to cite wrote in the mother-
land, and his utterances have their primary application there.
He gh'uices at ills having existence there ; hut ills which are all,
by wise legislation and enlightened social effort, in process of
being removed out of the way, and replaced, each by its opposite
good. So for as the ills alluded to have been transported hither,
or to any other region of our continent, as in a degi^ee they
inevitably have been, there is no one, 1 think, amongst us wdio
will refuse his Amen ! to each of the poet's aspirations when he
hears them, or whenever hereafter they may be suggested to him
by the chiming of hells or otherwise. The ills spoken of cannot
iiave become invetei-ate with us. Plastic for good as well as evil,
a young society like oui'S may all the more easily throw them off,
and, under the Divine guidance, mould itself to the desired shape
and condition.
Tennyson, as we shall observe, speaks of ringing out the old
and ringing iu the new ; not, of course, the old as such, nor the
new as such. It would ill become us wdio are among the first-
born, as it were, of a nation and people having their root in a far,
wonderful and glorious past — it would ill become Christian men
and Christian women, anywhere, of whatever name, wlio appeal
for justification of themselves, in a thousand points, to precedents
and records of transcendent antiquity, to exclaim against the old
iir the abstract, or to clamour for the new in the abstract. P»ut,
as explained immediately, by "old" the poet means the false,
which has become invested with the presci'iptiou of age ; and by
" new " he means the true, which, from having been long disguised,
overlaid, and hidden, unhappily seems an innovation, and strange
when restoi'fd. And when, after glancing at the ills which he
bemoans, and at the boons and blessings for which he yearns —
)
KNGLISH CHIMKS IN CANADA. 17
after invoking li^'ht wlierever lie sees darkneHS, he sums up all by
a jmssionnte cry for the Christ tliat is to be— he expresses thus, in
one wonl, the anticipation which in the ages all along prophets
and true poets have indulged, of a day in store for Christendom
and the human race, when men and women, with asimplitied faith
and a more truthful conception of their relation to the Father c*"
spirits and their fellow-creatures, will have grace ami p )\ver to
lead lives calmer, happier, worthier, and more fruitful tlmn the
most of their ancestors in preceding years were apparently aide
to do.
The passage of the " In Memoriam " to which I refer reads
thus :
Ring out the old, ring in the new, ♦ *
Ring out the false, ring in the true,
* * * * *
Ring out the feud of rich and poor,
Ring in redress to all mankind.
Ring out a slowly-dying cause
And ancient forms of party strife ;
Ring in the nobler modes of life,
With sweeter manners, purer laws.
Ring out the want, the care, the sin,
The faithless coldness of the times ;
Ring out, ring out, my mournful rhymes,
But ring the fuller minstrel in.
Ring out false pride in place and blood,
The civic slander and the spite ;
Ring in the love of truth and right,
Ring in the common love of good.
Ring out old shapes of foul disease,
Ring out the narrowing lust of gold,
Ring out the thousand wars of old,
Ring in the thousand years of peace.
Ring in the valiant man and free.
The larger heart, the kindlier hand ;
Ring out the darkness of the land,
Ring in the Christ that is to be.
)
APPENDIX.
{Krlrnd from an address which followed the reading of the precfdinrj paper.)
It will lie rt'iiicmlic'i'iMl liy must ul'
Mill tliat ill IHTIJtlif coii^'icnalinn nl'
St. .liiiiiiv-' ( '.itliiMJnil iiiiii])lt'tc<i tlicii-
towiT ami -iiiiv, in aiidiilainc witli
the i)ii,i,'iiial (li'.-*ij,'ii ol' tlic l>iiililiii^'.
I iit'i'il iml .say what a imlilc linish
was tliiTcliy Lrivcii to mir Kiiij,' Stivi't
ill till- i-yi.-.s n{ tlidSL- wild ha\t> ucca-
.-ioii tit travi'i'M- imrliniis uf it cvciy
• lay t'liiiii west td I'tisf or cast, tn west.
Nay, I DiiLrht ratlicr to say, what a
iniMc liiiir^li wa.s thiifliy ^'ivi-ii to tiic
wlidlf city ; I'lir, as a i'uiii|)(i>itiiiii in
tilt' aiti.--lic sense, the view t»l' Tnrontn,
ill ven nearly every iliivctiitn, is niaile
cDiniilete liy llie proininence ami |ire-
eiiiilieine (it the eatliednil spire. Ks-
peiialiy, I shipiild add, is the steeple
oi' St. James' haih'd and reiiieiiiliereil
as "a tiling' ol' lieauty and a jny f'or-
evei'," hy humlreds every year wlio
make their first aeiiuaintaiue wiili
TDriiiitn diiriiii,' their ii])[ir(iaeli to it
l»y water linni th(! snntii. The coii-
{^rej^utidii f)t St. ,lanies', however, some
years lielnre they supplied the <^'eiieral
jiicture dt' Tdnnito with a tine eeiitral
object, hail cijiifcrrcd on tlic whole
city the hoon of a ma^'iiiticent peal of
nine bellis. On rohuildiii;,' the churcli
after the L'reat tire of 1H49, the tdwer-
portion df the edifice was carrieil up
only Id tlie level of the crestiiij:; over
the nave. When the hells were i)ro-
eured, the tower wa.s built up a staj,'e
hi,i,'lier, mainly tlirou<;h the zeal and
iiiilustry of the ladies of the congre-
gation, so as to form a chamber for
the reception of the bells ; but the
half-tinished condition of the steei»Ie
still had, of necessity, a disfiguring
ell'ect upon the edilice, and on the
general panorama of the city ; until.
a> ! have said, in I'sTIJ, the whole
striiitiiie of the luthedral was liap[>ily
Cdii:pletii!, in great measure thinugh
the strung repieseiitatidiis and en-
lightened advocacy of Col. (j/dwski.
V \) to the time nf the destruction of
the church in 1S4!», tin iv liad been
but niie i>ell attached to St. James's,
a bell ol alidiit :i<!() pounds in weight,
imported jiom Kngland proba lily .soon
after the year IM.^, when the original
.St. James's, a humble structure of
wood, was enlarged by \)y. Strachan,
and provided, for the Hist time, with
a stee|)le. The bell, a llleie bagatelle
for si/e as we should now deem it,
wa.s nevertlu'less ponderous enough
to shake the lower and the whole
editice unite sensibly, at every stroke
of its clapper, as 1 used, as a boy, to
observe every Sunday, when seated
in one of the jiews iiehtw. This bell,
suspeiiih'd in an ojieii turret at the
top of the towi'f, also rlid duty as the
one coiiinicn lire-alarm for the town ;
for which purpose there was a ham-
mer arranged underneath, lifted nj)
ami down, by a cord coming u]) from
IhIow. As to the tone of this lirst
bell, if any one desires to recall it. its
e.\act counterpart was that of the bell
of St. Mark's church, Niagara, up to
1877 ; and it can still be heard com-
ing from that l)ell now hung, 1 am
glad to learn, in the turret of tlie
Brock Miinorial Clmrch at Quecii.s-
loii, to which editice St. Mark's con-
gregation generou.sly consigned their
old and beloved Sunday-monitor after
a .service of jireci.sely fifty years, when
the Messrs. Dickson, of Niagara, in
187:3, presented St. Mark's with the
muniticent gift of a jieal of six bells^
M ll.NMN.
Till- .iii-inal -"lit.iiv I. II il M „\\'- i' a 'hi. .In:ii:t>, "iii.|'l> i'. ili''
.l.nih-.'< clnirrli > aim t^ a \ ;u!, m ni.l. nasKivc i-iiiiiii' I' > "f il^ .i|i-iilal tliaii-
ll [Mli-lHil ill tin -lv;.l til. u| |sHl re!, it-' tiv i I'li-S ll- till hIn ll-<
aIi.II it- llliilt.ll lll.l.ll lM-|,,l||r|rii 1m1||\. il> 1,11. I\ M pnllll i -|'ilf,
ilir |.av.Mii»iit al tin- l.".| ..| ill.' l.. ii - \ . i \ a|.( \ all |.. rif. tf.i : iMia-l-
i..W(i, iiiivf.l ii|' uilli lli.ii "I Ml ill;; iN" till' |..i->.>-H'ii I't' a jMiil .>!
Attmiuv -( J.'ii. lai hiain'i'- <\-'<k nit..' nm-i.al l» 11- ; ii"\v il wa-. I -a.v ,
whiili |i.ii-^li.'.l at ill.' -am.' tilin'. tliat lli.-. ;;.|i.i.ai- . ill.-.i.l.' rii'inl-
|..T|.'riiiiii;.' il- tun. ti..|i- aii'l a. Iiiallv iHtlimivhi tli.iii "I u.l- .aiiiiiL.. ■" l"
U'iviliv "111 til. I1..111 at thi liiMiiK 1,1 -|M ak. ill.' tilil.-l." •! ..liti.'"l.\ inalxlli;;
ill.' iiiii'I llai.i.'~ iva.li.'.l 11- Mill- il- .-.liva.iv v.'iv .iiii|.l.l> . .|iiiiiiii.iit,
iili.l pill a -il.M.li -l..|. Im h- Mit. !■ 1 . liipl.'t.'l -till. Iiv all a.l.llliuii _lil..-I
aiiM'. 'I'll.' >iu..>-.a ..| ilii- ImII in .l.'-iial.l. aii.i iii.'-t ama^iaial.'. 'rii.'\
ill.' ii.-w . Inil'.'li wa- ..111' ..t al'.ait ti\f |.iir. liii.-.''l. l'\ a \"liiiitai\ -ii)>-.. i ll.-
l li.ai-aii.| |..'iiii.|> in wrl-iil, aii.l .if a ti..ii.at uiiat .■..-I. ami pla.'..! in it-
\.i'\ liih' t..lit'. lail. iimI w.aUii'..; u.'ll 1.. Ill \ . the " (Ii'.'al l'..|i.-'.iii ( 1. 1, k. ^n-
with til.- I'l'iil iii..\i.k'.l in i'^T:l. it .alli-.l. a iiia-niti.'. lit |.i.'.c ..I' \\<nk-
wa.'- .•x.'lian^'i'.l li'i' lii.' |.|. -vnt -'v.ii iiian-lii|.. alr.'a..l\ ..| u.'il.lw i.lf ii'i'ii-
i.rll. W'liili' .•.u|i|.|\in:. lli.iii-.'l\.'> lati'.ii. il liaviir.; 1.. 'ii |.i..ii"iiii" .1
witli a ii..l.|.' |.lac-i i.f u.Jislii]., an. I willinit a rival at tin..' .'t tk-' '.i.iit
Inrni-liiiiL; ii with . ii.-ti.iiiav\ a|>iili- Int. rnatknial K\i».>ili.'n> ; al tli;,! nt
an. .'-. ill.' ...n-r.';ali..ii m| Si. .laiii.'s-. I..in.|.ai in I ^C:.'. that "I I'ari^ Jn
.■i> I liav.' i.k-.'i\..l, . ..nl'.iiv.l iiiii..'r- l^'iT. an.l that .'t \'i''nna in I '■T:*.
Ian! Ii.'n"lil- .ai lh.'(it'.. A l..',iii:iliil ih'- "iilx Minilai jpi.c' ..f iim' haiii-ni
huihliii.' in a .(.ii-i.i^in.n.- .-ilnati.iii. h' Li t'. )■>■ il> -ii].. ri.ir I'.-i, ■ that
an.l a |..'al ..f l..'ll- haiitll.-.l with wlii.h i- 11. 'Xv .'ii. ..t th.' -i.u'ht- iiial
-kill, -ririir.'. la-li' an.l !.'. liii'j. .an h..a.-l.- ..I lli.- .apil.il .'I' th.' .'ni|.ii.-.
ii.it Imt 111' -.iiiiv.'s III iil.'a.-iiiv lli a llu' -i^'at Cl.iikiil' l>.iit an. I I'.r. k.'tt
uli.ih' iiiiiiiniiiiil.v. All thi.'- wa- Iflt in th.' .l... k-t.iwir nt tin I'ala..' nl
liv a thuii-htt'iil lew aiiiniiu the .ill- I'ailiaiii.'iit at \Vc>tiiiiii>t. r. Lik.'
/.'IK : an.l th.' inacli.al .int(.iii,c ..! thai imlih- -lUTiiiii'ii nl hiiinan -kill
ihi' l..'liii,u at h iiu'th \va- th.' \>Vi- ami iii^i'iiiiitv, the .h"!'. in.-.iitf.l l"
-.'iitati.'ii 1.1 St. Jain.'-'- .ath.'.lral. a- Si. .Ianii'-"< M'l.r.."ln.'i'.- al-n th.' laimms
a t'ri'f .uift, "t till' iiia:jnili.'.'nt ami i|iiarl.i-.liiiii.-^ .'I < Jivat St. Maiv'-
ii>>tl\ .hi. k whi.'h n.iw t.'lls .ait iIk' Chiif.h, in ( ■anilni.i.L;''. iiiiaii,u.'.l m
ImiiiN tr..|ii the -t.'.'i.h' i.r Ihat luiihl- iT'-'k .'Xa.tiv .m.' IiiiihIiv.I y.'ar- nu".
in.;. Tlii-^ in.'iil.'iit will. I think. 1..' li\ Dr. < 'int.'li ii..ni nut.- -ii|iiili.;.l hv
n-iii'.l.'il in I'lilni-.' lina-s ,is .an' ..l th.' IIaii<!.'i. I ^'iv ih.' iiaiii.'.-. -.■ lar a-
iii..-t iiit.M'.'stiii- t.i ill- nii't uith in 1 ha\. li.'.n :ihl.' l.. r.-.nvrr th.'iii, .'I
ihi' ciiiil. niii.iiarv anii..l> nl' 'r.u.nit.i. th.' ri.mniitti.' .'T . ili/.t-n-^ wh.. uml.T-
ll.T,' was a imiciv v.iliiiilar\ iill'.'iiii.u tn.^k ami .airicl .ait thi- wmk ni
nil till' |Mii i,r I'lii'ml- ill 11.1 wa\ .■on- ili-inti'i.'-tcl ,^.i.nl-will •.--Mi. Alex,
n.'.'t.'.l with till' lalh.ilral rlinnh ; ilainill. 11. Mr. .'"hn I'at.'i'-.iU. .Mr.
lait it w.is miti'il I'V tlif.-^.' .lUt-i.h' Lai. Haw (tli.' li.'a.! .111. 1 rnml ami
I'livml.- what th.' .'.iii-rf-iiti.in nt St. nrnvin^' spirit nl ih.' wlmh- .'iit.'i-
.laim.-'s. .■.ais.i.iiislv iiV un.'.ai-. iun-lv, i>ii.-i'). .Mi. Sanni.l. Mr. I >avi.ls<iii.
ha.l .lli'.l.'.l; it w,is i.'nicnilMT.'.l that Mr. Dav.x. ('apt. IMwanls, Mr, Ham-
that iliui.h was liti'i'allv the in.iih. 1- -av. Th.' iiim.' I think .-t th.- a.ti.m
. liitn.'li ..f th.' pla.'.' ; that it wa- ih. .il th. -. In. -ml- ami tlu'ii (•..-w.irk.'rs,
tii'st li.ai.sc (.r I'nlili.- W.ifsliii. .'wr the imm I aiii 1111]. kss,,! with tlic
I'lictcl in th.' .itv; it was km-wii -iini'insity ami nia'^naniinily whi.li
alsu tliat il ha.l hc.'ii its hit t.i lii- il .li-plays : ami 1 .aiiimt lalp t.<-l-
.'.miiti'i- a sinuiilar snii'r- ..f .lisastcis : iii'^ . .iiis,'i..iis that it has us \\\ lic'ii
ami ii.iw, wii.'ii, aft. T th.' laj.-.' <it' i.'.-.i-ni/' .1 ^ml a.h'.iualcly^ r.ali/.'.l
manv vwus, it ha.l at last h.-i'ii l>.'i- hv imly a iVwiiimm-st us. 'P.. inc the
mitt.'.l't.i staml f.iith li.-fiiiv the .'V.'s in. iih'ni s.m'Iiis as a .Ir-i riii!.; "im-n
..r all, as an anhitctiiial wlmh'. t.. h.' jiim-.l tn ..tluTs. ot ih.- l"tt''i
with th.' ai.p.'iula'^i's inlcmlci i-. tim.' .h'stim-l, as 1 hope, L. «lu\vu
\ri'KM'!\
II]. II II- 1.1 iillr llr.-irl|.la!lt-. Il i,^ ! Ilr I al.IDMh, ll.i- |Poll. 1 lii II: l!i. Ili^llt-
111. w .|r-iiril Ipv till- (iii.,'Miiil i)ni:iiiN M ,1 1 1 1 iiiiii 11 . 1 1 !■ ■ nl t ■•) H 1. 1 1 1 ! • 1 1 1 1).- >ick ;
"I ill' •••Jri-:lt lii'MMill ( 'IdcK,'' ali'l liN !;.\\ ;in.| tli.-li .1 ^nlil,i'\ i"\.iliii, lii'i'c
M!liri>, t.i i..ihl.-r thai ■/]{) stil! inure jiiJ tliciv, wmilil lilm-.-li !:.■ 1 i.aitkt'iil
il!'. .liv I- ami i.f wiijrr iitilifv in lln' |..i it. .M..r.>\ rr. ;ii. ii,.i.a^i-(l illii-
i-.'iniii'iiiity. Till. ]n-r.-i. 'lit ilial-)ilalt's iniiiatnl ;iiia nt' il- '.■■1.. -i-lo woiilil
ale ImuihI tu lie lallici' sin, ill. If ;. ikIit Si. .lain.-- ..mi a iidl iiii-
l.r.iii,'iit intii iifarcr aricid \\illi llir nmIcuiiii. ajilit i..ii:il |.i. u .. ami laml-
i'l.ip.'ii ii>ii iili>i'r\'ei| l>ct\\ri-ii ill. mark 111 ni.iiiiiii . ,1..! .iini-i-.-, tar ..ut
li.i,-';l aliDVi' llic )i,t\(iiic)it atiil 111.- 'i|iitii l„,k.- Oiiiiii... Ti|.' airliilr. I>.
-i/..' 1. 1 till' (lial-])lntr- ill tin- rlmk- .\l. ■>.-<).-. I.m;,']. ,. !,.,iij|,v iV llnikr.
t'lW .-r lit' llir I'alaiT III' l\-U'liaiiii'til at liavr ,-li..\\ii ili,.: il-.- i.rojinsci! !iii-
W c-tiiiiii.-l'.r. tlicir |>i'i|nT sizr \vniil i ).i..\ciii.!ii i- .imi^, j.i ii-tiral'l< . 11'
I. !■ all.. lit til'lcrll I'ci-t ai-ln.-s in-tiMil . .) ,,..\v tli.- ..riu'iil'i ■li.!i..lsnr tliri'i..ik
.-i-\.-|l. 'riliM-f i-an lie 111) (li.illil ll'i. .1 -111. Ilii-^ ."J^rj.ail. iit ol' (lir ilials.
i.'llVi'nil.lll'i' ami l.rlirtit aciTllilr^J 1.. , '|.l a).' tl|. I —I', r- willill;^ .-till til
till' jnililic liy <ljt,v aii.l liv iii.i;iit, fimi! a-si-t m 'in - .i ;r in;^ the xalar nf
tlic cliifl., winilil 111' tliii> ,L;rcat!v i\- jlii'ii .jilt, I ''liiiK it wmili! l.r a
I' iiiK'il. I'rrsiii).- riii,'a;4i-il in tli.- uia'du! an.' ''•.■. ..miii^ tliiiiL; in '. .iuii'_;
-' M ii-i' ill (lie iiiDmiiinitv. in ;. a^.il i>l.i ain i;.:-; it- ;.. ii-ial a l.i liiiiii;-
liiimli-i-il iisi'l'iil ami iiii|iiiil.iijt A\a\- i. nul i- 1>!i'),!ii.^ ai'mit tin- r\)ifrt('(l
u -iilil I'l'ti-iitiiii' - !i- l!i iiikl'.r ;..r 11 )«--:;It.
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